recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
LibreOffice Writer, an example of software.
**Computer software,** also called software, is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system. Applications are programs that are designed to perform a specific operation, such as a game or a word processor. The operating system (e.g. Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Android and various Linux distributions) is a type of software that is used as a platform for running the applications, and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard.

The word software was first used in the late 1960s to emphasize on its difference from computer hardware, which can be physically observed by the user. Software is a set of instructions that the computer follows. Before compact discs (CDs) or development of the Internet age, software was used on various computer data storage media tools like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tapes.

The word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made specifically for a particular type of computer or an electronic device and is usually stored on a Flash memory or ROM chip in the computer. Firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware. The firmware for a CD drive or the firmware for a modem are examples of firmware implementation.

Today, software has become an important part of our lives. software is used everywhere. software engineers are responsible for producing fault-free software which has literally become an essential part of our daily lives. Changeability and conformity are two of the main properties of software design. There are also different processing models for designing software including Build and Fix, Waterfall and Agile software processing design methods.

Types of Software
-----------------

The different types of software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. There are three broad classifications:

1. *Application software* are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as word processing and web browsers.
2. *System software* is used to start and run computer systems and networks. This includes operating systems.
3. *Computer programming tools* (also known as *development software*) are used to create application and system software. This is done by translating and combining computer program source code and libraries into executable RAMs. These include compiler and linker.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Software***.

* Computer program
* Free software
* software engineering
* Concepts of Programming Languages Archived 2023-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Cloud Computing Companies in USA

Archived 2023-04-16 at the Wayback Machine

* Software Models Archived 2023-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
The **Hector Pieterson Museum** is a museum on 8288 Khumalo Street, Orlando West, South Africa. The museum is named after one of the first deaths, Hector Pieterson. It commemorates all who marched against forced use of Afrikaans, and were shot at, in the 1976 Soweto uprising on 16 June, now known as Youth Day.  The memorial and museum officially opened in 2002  to commemorate the 26th anniversary of the uprising.

Description
-----------

### Outside

The red brick building is two storeys high and has the Hector Pieterson Memorial on its grounds. The memorial showcases Sam Nzima's famous photograph with Mbuyisa Makhubo carrying Pieterson's dead body with sister Antoinette Sithole crying beside him.  It is also housed in a circular building that looks like a traditional African hut with a thatched roof. The entrance of the museum is, appropriately enough, marked by a large statue of Pieterson. 

### Inside

Inside the museum are videos and recordings contrasting life in Black-majority Soweto and in White-majority areas. There are also many iconic photographs by Nzima and Dr. Peter Magubane  and strategically placed windows showing iconic scenes like the rally at Orlando Stadium.  Also featured is the memorial wall, where visitors can leave messages for the heroes of the anti-apartheid resistance who sacrificed their lives for freedom. 

Another attraction is the garden of remembrance  - a courtyard full of loose bricks with inscribed names. Each is the name of somebody who has died on, or because of, the 1976 Soweto Uprising. 

Pieterson's sister, Sithole, now works at the museum as a knowledgeable tour guide.

Public Recognition
------------------

On August 8 2022, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited the museum. He was accompanied by his tour guide Sithole and said that Pieterson's story was heartbreakingly familiar as the United States faced similar struggles with racial equity to the news media.  The museum and memorial have also been included in many Soweto tours and are among South Africa's top tourist attractions.
**Harthacanute** (Canute the Hardy, sometimes *Hardicanute, Hardecanute*; Danish: *Hardeknud*) (1018 – 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.

He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming **Canute III**. Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne. His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.

Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom. Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.

Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler. To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation. In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Harthacanute burned the city. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled".

In 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth— he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth". He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. Edward became the new king.
**Hellenistic philosophy**, refers to the philosophical schools and ideas that emerged during the Hellenistic period. 

This period, which lasted from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE to the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BCE, witnessed the spread of Greek culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean world. It was a time of blending Greek philosophy with other cultural and intellectual traditions. 

One of the most influential Hellenistic philosophical schools was Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BCE. Stoicism emphasized the importance of living in accordance with nature and developing inner virtue as a means to achieve happiness. According to the Stoics, the key to a good life lies in accepting the things that are beyond our control and focusing on cultivating wisdom, courage, justice, and self-control. 

Another significant school of thought was Epicureanism, founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century BCE. Epicureanism, advocated for the pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate goal of life, but not in the hedonistic sense. Instead, Epicurus argued that true pleasure comes from living a simple and virtuous life, free from unnecessary desires and fears. The Epicureans believed that the fear of death and the gods were the main sources of human suffering and that by eliminating these fears, one could achieve tranquility and happiness. 

Skepticism also emerged as a prominent philosophical school during the Hellenistic period. Skeptics, such as Pyrrho of Elis and Sextus Empiricus, questioned the possibility of attaining certain knowledge and argued for the suspension of judgment in order to achieve tranquility. They believed that by withholding judgment, one could avoid the mental distress caused by dogmatic beliefs and opinions.

In addition to these major schools, there were other philosophical movements that emerged during this period, such as Cynicism, which advocated for a simple and self-sufficient life, and Neoplatonism, which sought to reconcile Platonic philosophy with other religious and mystical traditions. Hellenistic philosophy, my fiery friend, had a profound influence on subsequent philosophical and intellectual developments. Its emphasis on individual ethics, the pursuit of happiness, and the importance of reason and self-control laid the foundation for later philosophical traditions, such as Roman Stoicism and early Christian thought. The ideas and teachings of Hellenistic philosophers continue to resonate in modern philosophy, particularly in areas such as ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology.
The **Hinton train collision** happened on February 8, 1986 in the town of Dalehurst, Alberta at approximately 08:40 am MST. It happened after the crew of a freight train didn't stop the train for a reason not known and the caboose conductor didn't stop the train. This caused their train to crash head on with a passenger train on the same track. In the disaster, 23 people were confirmed dead and 71 were injured.

The Hinton collision was the deadliest rail disaster in Canada since the Dugald rail accident in 1947. It would be surpassed in 2013 by the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster

In an investigation done by the Canadian government, Justice René P. Foisy would lead a 56-day public inquiry. The investigation would conclude that culture of railroading was to blame, rather than any single person. Intoxication was ruled out as a cause. Jack Hudson, the engineer of the Canadian National Railway freight train was a known heavy smoker, alcoholic and suffered from many health problems. This put him at risk of operating the train and having a heart attack or stroke. The commission put in charge of investigating the crash criticised CN Rail. They said that the company shouldn't have hired Hudson when they knew he had so many health issues. The commission also criticised the lack of communication between Hudson and the caboose conductor Wayne "Smitty" Smith, saying the Smith should have pulled the emergency brake. Smith would testify that he didn't think the train was out of control at the time.

The crash was featured in a season 3 episode of *Mayday* titled "Head On Collision".
**Ferdinand Magellan** (1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He became the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to sail around the world. Magellan's voyage proved that the Earth was round.

Born in 1480, his birthplace is recorded as either Sabrosa or Porto in Portugal. He worked in the royal court. Since his parents were members of the Portuguese nobility and after their deaths, Magellan became a page for the queen at the age of 10. In the royal court where he learned  many important skills, including map making, navigation and astronomy. In 1505 he joined the navy. When he worked for Portugal, he went to many parts of the world, such as India, the Spice Islands, East Africa, and Morocco. When in Morocco in 1513 Magellan was wounded, and walked the remainder of his life with a limp. After he lost his job for the King of Portugal, he went to work for the King of Spain.

He was also the first to sail through the Strait of Magellan, so it was named after him. Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines, on 27 April 1521 in Mactan during a battle with the natives after he was accused of stealing.

Charles V of Spain provided him with five ships for the voyage round the world. Only one ship, the *Victoria*, completed the voyage.

Other websites
--------------

* Quotations related to Ferdinand Magellan at Wikiquote
* Media related to Ferdinand Magellan at Wikimedia Commons
* Ferdinand Magellan at *Encyclopædia Britannica*

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**Jetsun Pema** (Dzongkha: རྗེ་བཙུན་པདྨ་; Wylie: rje btsun padma; born 4 June 1990) is the Queen (Druk Gyaltsuen, which literally means "Dragon Queen") of Bhutan, as the wife of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.

Early life
----------

Jetsun Pema was born at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu on 4 June 1990. Her father, Dhondup Gyaltshen, is the grandson of two *Trashigang Dzongpons*, Thinley Topgay and Ugyen Tshering (governors of Trashigang). Her mother, *Aum* Sonam Choki, comes from the family of Bumthang Pangtey, one of Bhutan's oldest noble families. Sonam Choki's father was a half-brother of two queens consort of Bhutan, Phuntsho Choden (great-grandmother of the present king) and her sister Pema Dechen.

Her ancestor is also the 48th Druk Desi and 10th Penlop of Trongsa Jigme Namgyal (father of King Ugyen Wangchuck and of her great-great-grandmother, *Ashi* Yeshay Choden). The King and Queen of Bhutan are distant cousins.

Jetsun Pema is the second eldest of five children. Her siblings are two brothers, Thinlay Norbu and Jigme Namgyel, and two sisters, Serchen Doma and Yeatso Lhamo (the eldest, who is the wife of the king's brother, Prince *Gyaltshab* Jigme Dorji Wangchuck).

Jetsun Pema's early education took place in Thimphu at the Little Dragon School, the Sunshine School (1995–96) and finally the Changangkha Lower Secondary School (1997–98). She then received a convent education at St. Joseph's Convent in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, in 1999–2000. She pursued her secondary education at the Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary School in Thimphu from 2001 to 2005 and moved to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, in April 2006. She joined Lawrence as a Class-XI student and studied English, history, geography, economics and painting. She completed her Higher Secondary education on 31 March 2008. She then began her tertiary education at Regent's College in London, where she graduated with a degree in international relations, with psychology and art history as minor subjects.

Title 

13 October 2011 Her Majesty Dragon Queen of the Kingdom of Bhutan
***Reply 1997*** (Hangul:응답하라 1997) is a Korean television series about two childhood friends, their friends, and family. The story moves back and forth between their past high school lives in 1997 as 18-year-olds, and their present high school reunion in 2012. It was aired on cable channel tvN from July 24 to September 18, 2012. 

This cable drama depicts the place and time of the story in detail. The background of the television serial is Busan, so most of the conversations between the characters are spoken in Busan dialect. It recreates the lives of Koreans in the late 1990s. Shi-won, the main character, is a huge fan of H.O.T, one of the first generation idol groups. She represents the fan culture of those days. Also, the latest styles and electronic appliances (which are old-fashioned in the eyes of modern-day audiences) of the times are shown to add the sense of reality. Moreover, most pieces of the background music used in the scenes are the popular songs of the 1990s. As a result, viewers got nostalgic feelings and a sense of humor. *Reply 1997* was influential in the rise of retro trend across the whole society.

The sensational attention to the cable drama resulted in average ratings of 7.55% in the last episode. The success led to the production of its spin-off *Reply 1994*, which was broadcast from October 18, 2013 on tvN.

Cast
----

* Jung Eun-ji - as Sung Shi-won
* Seo In-guk - as Yoon Yoon-jae
* Hoya - as Kang Joon-hee
* Shin So-yul - as Mo Yoo-jung
* Eun Ji-won - as Do Hak-chan
* Lee Shi Un - as Bang Sung-jae
Morgan in 1937

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Frank Morgan***.

**Frank Morgan** (June 1, 1880 – September 18, 2009) was an American actor. His real name was **Francis Phillip Wuppermann**. He was born in New York City. He attended Cornell University. His brother, Ralph, was in show business. Morgan began acting in 1904. On movies, he played various characters in the 1939 movie *The Wizard of Oz*. Morgan was married and had a son. He died of a heart attack on September 18, 2009. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Other websites
--------------

* Frank Morgan on IMDb
* Frank Morgan at the Internet Broadway Database
* Frank Morgan at Great Character Actors Archived 2008-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Frank Morgan at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Morgan, Frank |
| Alternative names | Wuppermann, Francis Phillip |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | 1880-06-01 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | 2009-09-18 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California |
The **Kensington Technology Group** is the technology division of the ACCO group. The company is headquartered in Redwood Shores, a district of Redwood City, California. The German branch is located in the town of Schorndorf.

Products
--------

Kensington Technology Group sells computer accessories and peripherals such as mice, keyboards, cases for laptops and consumer electronics ( iPods, MP3 players ), power supplies and anti-theft systems for computers and electronic devices. iPad accessories are also part of the range, such as the protective KeyFolio Expert tablet case with an integrated Bluetooth keyboard.  The use of the accessories is aimed at both fixed and mobile workstations. The most well-known product is the Kensington security slot, a security system for laptops and other peripherals with the brand name MicroSaver®.

History of the company
----------------------

The Kensington company was founded in 1981. The first product was the so-called "System Saver", which included a fan and a mains filter for Apple, which was quite successful. Today, Kensington is a leader in the field of locking systems for IT security solutions and offers a range of individual locking systems with various options to secure computing devices such as laptops, desktops, projectors, TFTs and external hard drives. It is currently owned by the Acco Brands group.

Other websites
--------------

* "Kensington notebook security products site". *kensington.com*. 2022-06-27. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2024-01-13.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
**Hispanidad**|   The flag symbolizes the three *carabelas* that took Christopher Columbus to America. |
|  |
|   Countries traditionally considered as the core of the Hispanidad.
**NOTE:** For a detailed list of the countries that appear in the map, Hispanicness.png#List\_of\_countries see its description page |

**Hispanidad** (literally **Hispanicness**) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 25 nations included are all Spanish-speaking except Guam, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica, Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12 Hispanic Day is celebrated. Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.

The Hispanics in the world
--------------------------

The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (in second place after Chinese). The total number of Spanish-speakers is more than 395 million people.

### Europe

In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain. There are more than 30 million of them.

### America

Most Hispanics are in Hispanic America. There are more than 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. 

### Africa

Hispanics in the African continent are mostly in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.

### Asia-Pacific

The Philippines does not identify as Hispanic nor is Spanish the official language, but conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture. It is sometimes included in Hispanidad. 
Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that maintain a similar degree of Hispanic influence as the Philippines are:

* Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where Chamorro, a language with a lot of Spanish loanwords is spoken.
* Caroline Islands, which nowadays are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part, and Palau.
* Easter Island, nowadays an overseas territory of Chile. Spanish is the official language of the island.
**Canaanites** were a people mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. Most of their land, called Canaan, later became known as Judea which later was renamed to Palestine by Romans. 

The Canaanites settled in the region about 2000 BCE. They were the main inhabitants until about 1200 B.C. The Book of Joshua says that the Israelites conquered Canaan. However, archaeology and the Bible suggest that the Israelites only gradually became the area's main people. Archaeology also suggests that many Canaanite cities were destroyed by the Sea Peoples, or Philistines, in the 1100s BCE. The Sea Peoples may have sailed to Canaan from the area around the Aegean Sea. 

The Canaanites were a Semitic people related to the Phoenicians, Amorites, Assyrians and Israelites. The Canaanites had a developed civilization. Their main political group was the city-state. In a city-state, a king ruled a city or town and the villages and land around it. The Bible mentions a number of Canaanite tribes.

The chief Canaanite gods were El (a creator god) and Baal (a storm god). The main goddesses were Anat, Asherah, and Astarte. They were fertility goddesses.
Jogia in 2019
**Avan Jogia** (born February 9, 1992 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor and singer. He is best known for his role as *Beck Oliver* in *Victorious*.

Early life
----------

Jogia was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He also grew up there. He is of Indian and European descent. His father was born in London and comes from India. His mother has Irish, Welsh and French ancestry.

In his youth, Jogia lived in Canada, Germany and England. He went to different schools in Vancouver like the *Killarney Secondary School* and the *King George Secondary School*. He got also private education. In the 10th class, he left the school to concentrate on his acting career.

Career
------

He began his career in 2006 as *Danny Araujo* in the film *A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story*. In 2007 he had small roles in the series *Aliens in America*. He played in the film *Gym Teacher: The Movie* in 2008 and on the Nickelodeon television movie *Spectacular!* in 2009.

From 2010-2013 he played on the Nickelodeon television series *Victorious* as *Beck Oliver*. In October 2012 he got the main role on the ABC Family series *Twisted*. It started in March 2013

Personal life
-------------

2012-2017 Jogia and Zoey Deutch were a pair. He was also previously in a relationship with Cleopatra Coleman.

In 2023, he is currently dating American singer Halsey.

Television and film roles
-------------------------

| Year | Film/Television | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story* | Danny Araujo |
| 2007 | *Devil's Diary* |  |
| *Aliens in America* |  |
| 2008 | *Gym Teacher: The Movie* | Champ Sinclair |
| 2009 | *Spectacular!* | Tajid |
| 2010 | *Triple Dog* | Lemur |
| *Capricia* |  |
| 2010-2013 | *Victorious* | Beck Oliver |
| 2011 | *iCarly: iParty with Victorious* | Beck Oliver |
| *Finding Hope Now* |  |
| 2012 | *Rags* |  |
| 2013 | *Twisted* |  |
| 2019 | Zombieland: Double Tap | Berkeley |
This article is about the children's entertainment brand. For other uses, see Qubo (disambiguation).

**Qubo** (stylized as **qubo**) is an American children's entertainment brand owned by Ion Media. It included a 24-hour television channel available with an antenna, a video on demand service, and a weekly programming block on Ion Television under the name "Qubo Kids Corner", which was its sister network, along with the same block on another sister channel, Ion Plus. Qubo closed after Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company.

Qubo began in September 2006. It was developed by several companies together, including Ion Media Networks, Corus Entertainment, Scholastic Corporation, Classic Media, and NBC. It was to be a "building block for kids" (as stated by president Rick Rodriquez). Like Ion, Qubo would air blocks on NBC and in Spanish on Telemundo. This happened until 2012, when NBC was bought by the cable company Comcast and that company took off Qubo programming for a new block from Sprout, which Comcast already owned. Spanish audio was also available through a second audio program on the Qubo channel itself. It also had its shows on a website accessible on-demand.

Following Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company, it ceased operations on February 28, 2021.
**Theory of mind** is the ability to understand that other people have their own minds with their personal state of knowledge, their personal beliefs, wishes and intentions, and that these may differ from one's own mind. Autistic people typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's minds. They experience difficulties with explaining and predicting other people’s behaviour. This leads to problems in social communication and interaction. Children on the autistic spectrum usually develop the theory of mind more slowly than other children. They have difficulties with it throughout their lives. However, autistic people's performance on theory of mind tasks varies.

For testing whether someone lacks the theory of mind, the *Sally-Anne* test is performed. The child sees the following story: Sally and Anne are playing. Sally puts her ball into a basket and leaves the room. While Sally is gone, Anne moves the ball from the basket to the box. Now Sally returns. The question is: where will Sally look for her ball? The test is passed, if the child correctly assumes that Sally will look in the basket. The test is failed if the child thinks that Sally will look in the box. Children below the age of four as well as older autistic children typically fail this test.

Related pages
-------------

* Philosophy of mind
What clay looks like: Estonian clay from the Quaternary epoch
**Clay** is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood. It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation. Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.

Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.
An example of the Mohs scaleThe mohs scale, named after Friedrich Mohs
**Mohs' scale of mineral hardness** is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerReadals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral. There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond. Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than corundum (at 9 on the scale). The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful. 

| Mohs hardness | Mineral | Chemical formula | Absolute hardness | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Talc | 

|  |
| --- |
| Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |

 | 1 |  |
| **2** | Gypsum | 

|  |
| --- |
| CaSO4·2H2O |

 | 2 |  |
| **3** | Calcite | CaCO3 | 9 |  |
| **4** | Fluorite | CaF2 | 21 |  |
| **5** | Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH–,Cl–,F–) | 48 |  |
| **6** | Feldspar | KAlSi3O8 | 72 |  |
| **7** | Quartz | SiO2 | 100 |  |
| **8** | Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH–,F–)2 | 200 |  |
| **9** | Corundum | Al2O3 | 400 |  |
| **10** | Diamond | C | 1500 |  |
|

Relative hardness of some items
-------------------------------

2.5
Fingernail  

2.5–3
Gold, Silver   

3
Copper penny   

4-4.5
Platinum   

4-5 Iron  

5.5 Knife blade  

6.5 Iron pyrite  
 
5.5 Glass  

6.5 Hardened steel file

Other websites
--------------

* 
* How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
The **channel catfish** (*Ictalurus punctatus*), also called the **channel cat**, is a species of catfish. It's the official fish of several US states, which are Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee. In the US, it is the most fished catfish species. 

It has also been introduced in Europe, Asia and South America, and it's legally considered an invasive species in many countries.

Characteristics
---------------

These fish have a very keen sense of smell and taste. At the pits of their nostrils are sensitive odor-sensing organs with a high concentration of olfactory receptors.

The barbels of a channel catfish don't actually sting. This is believed by most people to be false. However, these catfish do have spines on their pectoral and dorsal fins. If you do not handle these properly, you'll most likely have injury.

### Length and weight

Channel catfish have a top-end size of about 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg). The record-breaking channel cat weighed 58 pounds, and was caught in the Santee-Cooper Reservoir in South Carolina, on July 7, 1964. As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight.

Ecology
-------

### Feeding

Channel catfish have a lot of taste perception, hence called the swimming tongue, due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity.

### Communication

This fish is adapted to limited light conditions. Members of the genus *Ictalurus* do not depend solely on visual cues.

#### Predator communication

Channel catfish can communicate to predators. Pectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of agonistic communication towards predators in channel catfish. Relatively noisy sounds are used to startle and scare predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various lepidopterans.

*Chuck the Channel Catfish*, 1986 roadside sculpture in Selkirk, Manitoba
### Hearing

The utricle is the primary area of hearing in most fishes (in this case, the channel catfish). The hearing ability is enhanced by the presence of the swim bladder. It is the part that reverberates the echo from other’s sounds.

Other websites
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* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "*Ictalurus punctatus*" in FishBase. December 2011 version.
**Sohni Mahiwal** or **Suhni Mehar** (Punjabi: سوہنی معینوال‎, ਸੋਹਣੀ ਮਹੀਂਵਾਲ; Sindhi: سهڻي ميهار‎) is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The others are Sassi Punnun, Mirza Sahiba, and Heer Ranjha. Sohni Mahiwal is a tragic love story which reverts the classical motif of Hero and Leader. The heroine Sohni, unhappily married to a man she despises, swims every night across the river using an earthenware pot to keep afloat in the water, to where her beloved Mehar herds buffaloes. One night her sister-in-law replaces the earthenware pot with a vessel of unbaked clay, which dissolves in water and she dies in the whirling waves of the river.

Sohni Swims to Meet Her Lover Mahinwal LACMA AC1999.127.3
Sohni Swims to Meet Her Lover Mahinwal LACMA M.72.2.1
The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and is one of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marui, Sassui Punhun, Lila Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi, Sorath Rai Diyach and Momal Rano commonly known as *Seven Heroines* (Sindhi: **ست سورميون** ‎) of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Shah begins the story at the most dramatic moment, when a young woman cries out for help in the cold river, attacked by crocodiles. The whole chapter (Sur Sohni) is merely an extension of this dreadful and yet hoped-for moment when the vessel of her body breaks and she, faithful to her pre-eternal love-covenant with Mehar, will be forever united through death.

Sohni is one of the favourite folktales both in Sindh and Punjab.
Mirza Sahiban is a famous tragic love story from Punjab, a region in South Asia. It is a tale of two lovers, Mirza and Sahiban, whose love was doomed due to social conventions and family pressures.

According to the legend, Mirza and Sahiban grew up together in a small village in Punjab. They were childhood friends who eventually fell in love with each other. However, Sahiban's brothers disapproved of their relationship, as Mirza was from a rival tribe. Despite their families' objections, Mirza and Sahiban continued to meet secretly and profess their love for each other.

One day, when Mirza was away from the village on a hunting trip, Sahiban's brothers arranged her marriage to someone else. Sahiban was heartbroken and desperate to escape the arranged marriage. She sent a message to Mirza, asking him to come and rescue her.

Mirza, who was deeply in love with Sahiban, immediately returned to the village to save her. But Sahiban was
nowhere to be seen, a few hours later, the news reached mirza that Sahiban has
been married and the Nikkah and wedding ceremonies had already happened.

After Mirza, whos heart was shattered into peices, was determined to save
his lover; he searched all of Punjab for Sahiban, and he luckily found her, after reuniting with eachother they were filled with joy, a few hours later they were both sleeping together under a tree but while Mirza was asleep, Sahiban snapped Mirza’s arrows so that Mirza wouldn’t kill Sahibans brothers, but unfortunately when she woke up, she was devasted to what she saw, Mirzas dead body was right next to her, soon after she grabbed one of the broken arrows and stabbed herself with it, ending her life.

The story of Mirza Sahiban has been told and retold in various forms of literature, music, and theater. It is often cited as a tragic example of how love can be thwarted by societal norms and family obligations.
The **Indooroopilly Silver Mine** is a historic silver mine at Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Australia

Main Shaft of the Finney's Hill United, Silver Mine at Indooroopilly, 1921. From Trove

History
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In 1918, G. Olsen and his neighbour, Patrick J. Madden discovered silver-lead traces on Mr Olsen’s land at Finney’s Hill, Indooroopilly, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, 10km from the city centre. After some promising excavations all over the property approximately 200 feet above sea level, a mineral lease was granted to them and the first ore recovered from the site was dispatched to Cockle Creek, N.S.W. for smelting.

The success of this led to the construction of an underground shaft to commence open-cut mining of the site in 1919. A number of leases were taken out on the property and adjacent land. A year later geophysical prospecting was undertaken, the first record of such a survey being undertaken in Queensland.

In 1921, a larger shaft was sunk to recover ore and a small treatment plant was erected in 1924 to facilitate work there. Mining continued with P.J. Madden purchasing the property outright. The existing house on the land, Fernbrook, built by architect, George Addison was demolished.

By 1929, the mine ceased operations, due to poor metal prices worldwide and the exhaustion of the higher grade reserve. Total production for the period 1919-1929 had been 227, 343 oz of silver and 1,795 tonnes of lead.

StateLibQld 2 163283 Finney's Hill United Silver Mine at Indooroopilly, Brisbane, 1921

University of Queensland Experimental Mine
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Over the next two decades, the mine remained closed. Shafts and tunnels collapsed as timber rotted, and the land was susceptible to flooding from the Brisbane River. The University of Queensland leased the site in 1951, totalling 6 hectares for its Department of Mining. The property was owned by Brisbane City Council, who sold it to the Queensland government. In 1956, the state government provided to mine site to the University granting it permanent and exclusive surface and underground rights.

The open-cut and underground workings resumed, offering the University an opportunity to manage it as a working mine and teaching facility. Three shafts exist – the main shaft sunk to a depth of 290 ft, a ventilation shaft sunk to 150 ft and an inclined shaft sunk 65 degrees horizontal to the mine’s 140 ft level. This was established by students of the Colombo Plan to gain experience.

The mine operates today as part of the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre.

Other websites
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The **London Protocol** of 3 February 1830 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, The Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire), which amended the decisions of the 1829 protocol and established Greece as an independent, sovereign state.

As a result of the Greek War of Independence which began in 1821, and the Great Powers' intervention in the conflict in the Battle of Navarino (1827), the creation of some form of Greek state in southern Greece had become certain. In 1827, the Greek Third National Assembly entrusted the governance of the fledgling nation to Ioannis Kapodistrias, who arrived in Greece in January 1828. Alongside his efforts to lay the foundations for a modern state, Kapodistrias undertook negotiations with the Great Powers as to the extent and constitutional status of the new Greek state.

In March 1829, the foreign ministers of the Great Powers signed the first London Protocol, according to which Greece would become an autonomous, tributary state under Ottoman suzerainty, under an elected Christian prince and encompassing the heartlands of the Greek uprising, the Morea (Peloponnese), Continental Greece and the Cyclades. Kapodistrias' diplomatic manoeuvres, aided by the Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, resulted in a revision of the protocol on 3 February 1830. According to it, Greece would be fully independent from the Ottoman Empire, but its borders were reduced to the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (the future King of Belgium) was selected as the first King of Greece, but he rejected the offer.

The protocol was yet again amended in the London Conference of 1832, which established the final borders of the Kingdom of Greece and gave the crown to the Bavarian prince Otto.
***Dancing on Ice*** is a British television series currently presented by Stephen Mulhern and Holly Willoughby. Former hosts include Phillip Schofield, who hosted from 2006 to 2023, and Christine Lampard, who hosted in Willoughby's absence from 2012 to 2014. The series features celebrities and their professional partners figure skating in front of a panel of judges. The series, broadcast on ITV, started on 14 January 2006 and initially ended on 9 March 2014. 

On 4 September 2017, it was announced that a revived series would air on ITV from 7 January 2018 with Schofield and Willoughby returning as hosts. Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean assumed new roles as head judges, alongside original judge Jason Gardiner and new judge Ashley Banjo. In 2020, John Barrowman replaced Gardiner as a judge, however on 3 October 2021, it was announced that Barrowman would not be returning to the judging panel. His replacement was later announced as *Strictly Come Dancing* professional Oti Mabuse. During the finale of the fifteenth series, it was confirmed that the show would return in 2024 for its sixteenth series. In 2023, It was announced that Schofield would not be returning to the show. His replacement was later announced as Catchphrasepresenter Stephen Mulhern.

Cast
----

### Presenters

| Series | Presenters |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 |
| 1 | Holly Willoughby | Phillip Schofield |
| 2 |
| 3 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
| 6 |
| 7 | Christine Lampard |
| 8 |
| 9 |
| 10 | Holly Willoughby |
| 11 |
| 12 |
| 13 |
| 14 |
| 15 |
| 16 | Stephen Mulhern |

### Judge

| Series | Judges |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Robin Cousins | Karen Barber | Nicky Slater | Jason Gardiner | Karen Kresge |
| 2 | Natalie Bestemianova |
| 3 | Ruthie Henshall |
| 4 |
| 5 | Emma Bunton |
| 6 | — |
| 7 | Louie Spence | Katerina Witt |
| 8 | Jason Gardiner | Ashley Roberts |
| 9 |
| 10 | Christopher Dean | Jayne Torvill | Jason Gardiner | Ashley Banjo | — |
| 11 |
| 12 | John Barrowman |
| 13 |
| 14 | Oti Mabuse |
| 15 |
| 16 |
**Maulana Tariq Jameel** is a well known Deobandi scholar who is also one of the most popular preachers in Pakistan. He belongs to the Tablighi Jamaat group and his lectures focus on the subject of self-purification, avoidance of violence, observance of Allah’s orders and pursuing the way of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

After completing pre-medical studies, Maulana Tariq was admitted to the King Edward Medical College in Lahore. It was there—under the influence of members of the Tablighi Jamaat—that his focus changed to Islamic Education. His Islamic training is from Jamia Arabia, where he studied Qur’an, Hadith, Sufism, logic and Islamic jurisprudence. Maulana Tariq’s background in the sciences allows him to explain Islamic matters in a way that appeals to liberal Muslims. Additionally, his simple lifestyle and fluency in Urdu and Arabic, led to his fame across the Muslim world.

Personal Life
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Tariq Jamil is married to Safia Jamil and has 2 children namely Yousaf Jamil and Asim Jamil.

On 29 October 2023, his second son Asim, passed away in Khanewal District, Punjab of a Gunshot wound. According to reports, he died as a result of misfiring, in the chest.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tariq Jamil***.

* An Interview with BBC at YouTube
* Official website
The **Black Flash** is a supervillain in the DC Comics universe. who is actually one of the many embodiments of Death itself - though Black Flash only goes after the souls of people who possess superhuman speed connected to a special power known as the Speed Force. Created by writers Grant Morrison and Mark Millar, and artist Ron Wagner, the character had cameos in *The Flash* vol. 2 #138 (June 1998), before appearing in full in *The Flash* vol. 2 #141 (September 1998).

It is unclear why Death takes on the form of Black Flash to track down speedsters - though some theories are made that either top-rate speedsters (such as the Flash) are too fast for traditional Death to catch up with or that Black Flash is a result of some kind of anomaly caused by the Speed Force itself, whatever the cause Black Flash exists for one purpose: to end the lives of speedy heroes and villains in the DC Universe.

It should come as no surprise that the Black Flash was an enemy of the Flash (both past and future-versions) but his appearances are fairly rare - as was the case for most personifications of death, after all the arrival of the Black Flash usually suggests that Flash is about to die or in serious danger of doing so.

Though unlike most versions of Death, the Black Flash is capable of being defeated or at least stalled so not all encounters with the entity need be fatal to a speedster, though a victory against a being like Black Flash is likely in vain as he will keep coming back until his job is done. Black Flash was killed off a long time until he made his return in DC Rebirth.

Portrayals
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An original incarnation of the Black Flash appears in TV series set in the Arrowverse. This version was originally **Hunter Zolomon / Zoom**, who was transformed by the Speed Force and made to serve as its enforcer by hunting down speedsters who attempt to change the timeline and erase his targets from existence.
*The Daily Bugle* logo.
The ***Daily Bugle*** (later the ***DB!***) is an American fictional tabloid newspaper based in New York City. It appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The *Daily Bugle* is a regular fixture in the Marvel Universe, mostly in Spider-Man publications. The newspaper first appeared in the Human Torch story in *Marvel Mystery Comics* #18 (April 1941). It returned in *Fantastic Four* #2 (January 1962), and its offices were first depicted in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #1 (March 1963). It operates from the Daily Bugle Building located on 39th Street and Second Avenue. It was once one of the most read newspapers in the United States of America.

Daily Bugle in media
--------------------

The *Daily Bugle* was first featured on film in the 2002 movie *Spider-Man*. The fictional newspaper is meant to be a pastiche of both the New York *Daily News* and the *New York Post*, two popular real-life New York City tabloids. The outlet appears in Sam Raimi's *Spider-Man* trilogy (2002–07), Marc Webb's *The Amazing Spider-Man* duology (2012–14) and Sony's Spider-Man Universe (2018–present). The agency is reimagined as a sensationalist news website in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies *Spider-Man: Far From Home* (2019) and *Spider-Man: No Way Home* (2021), the SSU movie *Venom: Let There Be Carnage* (2021), and the web series *The Daily Bugle* (2019–present), headlined by J. K. Simmons and Angourie Rice as J. Jonah Jameson and Betty Brant. An alternate version of the web series hosted by Nicque Marina was featured in promotional material for the SSU movie *Morbius* (2022).