recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Pieces of corrugated cardboard.
**Cardboard** is a heavy type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. One of its more common uses is as a packaging material.

Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard. Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. This was now cardboard as we know it today.

American Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.

The Kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of *Waxtite* was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.

Cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.
The Olmec heartlandThe **Olmecs** were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics. 

The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.

Overview
--------

The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.

Art
---

The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.

### Colossal heads

The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations. No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.

Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities. 

Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization. The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match. The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.
**Saina Nehwal** (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete. She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

Accomplishments
---------------

SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.

She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.

Related pages
-------------

* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Saina Nehwal at Wikimedia Commons

  


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Nehwal, Saina |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | OLympian badminton player |
| Date of birth | 1990-3-17 |
| Place of birth | Dhindar, Hisar, Haryana, India |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |

 

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**King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals** (KFUPM) is one of the 21 Saudi Universities that, beside the Council of Higher Education, the Ministry of Higher Education, as well as several specialized colleges and institutions, consist the main component of the higher education system in Saudi Arabia. KFUPM and the other Saudi Universities are supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education, and regulated by The Council of Higher Education.

KFUPM, same as other Saudi Universities, has a board chaired by the Minister of Higher Education while the rector serves as the deputy chairman. Membership of the Board includes the Secretary General of the Council of Higher Education, the vice rectors, the deans, and three external members appointed by the Minister of Higher Education. This Board is responsible for all university operations, it grants degrees to students, approves programs and curricula of existing departments, and makes recommendations to the Council of Higher Education in other matters.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

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Coordinates: 26°18′35″N 50°08′38″E﻿ / ﻿26.30972°N 50.14389°E﻿ / 26.30972; 50.14389
Angela Davis in 2006
**Angela Yvonne Davis** (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an African American political activist and author. She first became famous because she was a prominent member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and was involved in Black Power movements in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then she has become known for her work as a writer and speaker while teaching at the University of California. She has done research in the areas of feminism and critical theory and is a prison abolitionist.

Davis grew up in Alabama, then went to college at Brandeis University and University of California, San Diego. She was involved in activism from her youth. After becoming a Doctor of Philosophy in Germany, she returned to the US and began teaching as a professor. In 1969, she was fired from teaching for being a member of the Communist Party. A judge decided it was an illegal firing and the school eventually hired her back.

In 1970 she was put in prison by FBI agents. Some black revolutionaries tried to break their allies out of prison by kidnapping a white judge and some jurors in Marin County, but the police didn't let them get away and the revolutionaries and judge were shot to death. The FBI suspected that she bought the gun one of the revolutionaries used and decided to accuse her of the murder of the judge. In 1971 she appeared at the Marin County Superior Court and said, "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." She was released from jail in 1972. Ronald Reagan said that she should never be allowed to teach at a California university. The English rock band The Rolling Stones recorded a song called "Sweet Black Angel" that was on their 1972 album *Exile on Main St.* and dedicated to Davis.

2019
In the 1990s, she left the Communist Party and began to focus her activism on prisons. She gave a speech in 1997 called "The Prison Industrial Complex". In it she said "prisons are becoming an integral part of the US economy." She said that fear of young people of color was being exploited to create a fast-growing industry, the prison-industrial complex (PIC). She created a prison abolitionist group called Critical Resistance in the same year. She wants there to be no prisons or police because she believes that the US prison system is more like a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system.

Since she started focusing on prisons, she has also supported Democrats like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden in presidential elections.

Davis is Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

She was married to Hilton Braithwaite in the 1980s.
Buildings in the city.

**Santa Cruz de La Sierra**, also known as **Santa Cruz**, is the largest city in Bolivia. It is the capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country). In 2006, the municipality's population was 1,528,683. In 2008, the urban population was 1,545,161.

Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP. The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries. The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.

History
-------

Santa Cruz de la Sierra was founded on February 26, 1561 by Ñuflo de Chaves, after an expedition composed of 158 soldiers who left the city of Asunción del Paraguay. The new town was baptized with the name of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in honor of the founder's hometown in the Castilian Extremadura. The foundation was made on the banks of the Sutús stream in the Chiquitos mountain range.

In 1601, the city was moved to Cotoca, about 200 kilometres (120 miles) to the west (Santa Cruz La Nueva).

At the same time, most of the population of the original Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz La Vieja) moved to San Lorenzo el Real de la Frontera, a nearby town founded in 1590 and moved in 1595.

In 1622, Santa Cruz and San Lorenzo el Real de la Frontera merged. The new city resulting from this union, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, is on the Piraí River.
***Santa Fe de Antioquia*** is a municipality in the Antioquia Department of Colombia. The city is located about 50 miles north of *Medellin*, the department capital. It has a population of about 23,000 residents.

History
-------

It was founded by the name *Villa de Santafé* in 1541 by Jorge Robledo on the western bank of the Cauca River. It received the coat of arms and the title of *City of Antioquia* from King Philip II of Spain in 1545. It was promoted to the status of parish in 1547 by the bishop of Popayán. It changed its name in 1584 when it became the capital of Antioquia. It was a mining town from its beginnings and the gold mining operation has been the base of its economy.

Its cathedral was constructed in 1799 and elevated to Diocese of Antioquia in 1804 by Pope Pius VII. In 1813 Antioquia was declared a sovereign and independent state with Santa Fe as its capital, a status it maintained until 1826, when Medellín was chosen as the new departmental seat. Due to the state of conservation of its colonial architecture, it was declared a national monument in 1960.

Geography
---------

The municipal area has a mountainous territory within the Central Cordillera of the Andes and watered by the rivers Cauca and Tonusco. Its area is 493 km².

Economy
-------

The economy of *Santa Fe de Antioquia* is based on agriculture. The main products made are coffee, maize and beans.

Tourism
-------

Tourism was, and continues to be one of the more important economic enterprises for the municipality. The opening of the *Tunnel of the West* (which shortens the time and the distance between the locality and Medellín) in 2006 has allowed hundreds of tourists to come each weekend, stimulating the vocation of the vicinity as a summer vacation site.

### Sites of Interest

All of the town is a historical site; the architecture that has survived through the years gives *Santa Fe de Antioquia* the aspect of a city "suspended" in the colonial era, which is the reason the city was declared a National monument.

* Bridge of the West (National Monument)
* Metropolitan Cathedral
* Archiepiscopal Palace
* Plaza Mayor Juan de Corral
* Museum of Religious Art
* The House of the Two Palms
* La Playita (Famous Ranch To The South of the Plaza)
* Tonusco Campestre


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Santa Fe de Antioquia***.

Other websites
--------------

 Archived 2010-04-17 at the Wayback Machine

* City of Santa Fe de Antioquia official government website Archived 2003-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Gallería de Imágenes
**Higashine** city is one of the cities of Yamagata prefecture in Japan. It is on the border of Yamagata prefecture and Miyagi prefecture and it is basin. In February 2020, 47,910 people lived there. The size is 206,94 square kilometer. Higashine is especially famous for many kinds of fruits. 

**Sightseeing**

There is an airport called ‘Oishi Yamagata airport’ built in 1964. There were charter flights from Taiwan until 2019 and many Taiwanese visited Higashine city by boarding them. 

There is a big old tree called ‘Okeyaki’ at Higashine elementary school. The age of it is said to be more than 1500 years and it has been designated as a national nature treasure. 

Higashine onsen is famous for relaxing. There is also a foot bath in the onsen street. Their hotels are also used for many kinds of gatherings like after the coming of age ceremony. 

Marathon competition called ‘Sakuranbo Marathon’ is held every June. It started in 2002. Anyone can join it , so many people from all over Japan, about 9000 people ran in the race in 2019. Runners can choose to run from 3km, 5km, 10km, and 21km, so it is easy to join even from children to a wide range of ages. 

**Fruits**

Higashine city is famous for some kinds of fruits and is called ‘kingdom of fruits’. Its early summer cherries are very popular. Higashine grows the most cherries in Japan and one of the breed, ‘Satonishiki’ was born here. Satonishiki was born in 1928. And now ‘Higashine Sakuranbo’ was classified as GI (geographical indication) in 2017 and it is found as a gift. There are reasons this city is suitable for growing cherries. There has not been so much rain and sunlight time in June. Also the drainage is good and the temperature is suitable. That is why the environment is the best to culture cherries.

La France is another famous fruit. It is fruit that you can enjoy in fall seasons. 80% of the La France production in Japan is in Yamagata prefecture. The image character of Higashine city, ‘Tanto-kun’ is a La France motif.

**Education**

Higashine is the only city where the population is increasing in Yamagata. It is because they put effort into making the environment for raising children.

‘Asobia-land’ is a kind of park where children can enjoy exercise built in 2013. Many little children gather there and enjoy playing outside.

‘Tantokuru center’ is a community center and place where children can exercise inside. Children to elderly visit as a place to interact with civilians. In 2015, Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress visited there .

Touohgakkan junior & senior high school is next to the city hall. It was built in 2016.
Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death.

**Armand Jean du Plessis**, better known as **Cardinal Richelieu** (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. His full name was *Armand Jean du Plessis*. He was later created the Duke of Richelieu and duke of Fronsac.

In order to keep the diocese of Luçon, Armand Jean needed to become a monk. He joined the Grande Chartreuse, the main monastery of the Carthusian order. This monastery is in the Isère département, near Grenoble. As a comparison, Luçon is near La Roche-sur-Yon.

He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. For this he obtained a dispensation of the pope; at age 21, he was too young to become a bishop. He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state. He became a cardinal in 1622. He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.

The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister". As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strongly centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers. With these alliances, he tried to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.

As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.

Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet *l'Éminence rouge* ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
**Hayatani Shrine** is a Shinto shrine located in Kamihira, Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture. It is a Myojin Taisha and Ninomiya of Aki Province and is currently designated as a Beppyo Shrine.

Overview
--------

Hayatani Shrine is a sacred place in Aki Province that has been worshipped for over 1,700 years. It used to have a higher status than Itsukushima Shrine. People from all over Japan visit Hayatani Shrine to pray for traffic safety, especially when buying a new car. The shrine is also known for purifying the buses and trains of the Hiroshima Electric Railway.

This shrine is one of the "Three Great Shrines of Aki Province", along with Itsukushima Shrine and Take Shrine (多家神社). For a long time, travelers on the Sanyo Expressway have prayed for safety on their journeys at this shrine, and it is still considered a protector of traffic safety on the expressway.

Gallery
-------

* 拝殿（別の角度より）Worship hall (from another angle)
* 境内precincts
* 儀式殿ceremonial hall
* 神門shrine gate
* 楼門Romon
* 鳥居torii

Sources
-------

* "Comprehensive history of Japanese historical place names Place names in Hiroshima Prefecture" 『日本歴史地名大系 広島県の地名』 ( Heibonsha ) Hayatani Shrine, Saiki-gun

Related websites
----------------

* Hayatani Shrine- Official Site
Area covered by the Indo-Pacific biogeographic region
The **Indo-Pacific** is a biogeographic region of Earth. It is also known as the **Indo-West Pacific** or **Indo-Pacific Asia**. It includes the waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia. 

It does not include the temperate and polar regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, nor the Tropical Eastern Pacific, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which is also a distinct marine realm. The term is used in marine biology, ichthyology, and similar fields. This is because many marine habitats are connected from Madagascar to Japan and Oceania, and a number of species occur over that range, but are not found in the Atlantic Ocean.

Subdivisions
------------

The WWF and Nature Conservancy divide the Indo-Pacific into 3 realms.

### Central Indo-Pacific

The Central Indo-Pacific is a part of the larger Indo-Pacific.

### Eastern Indo-Pacific

The Eastern Indo-Pacific is another part of the Indo-Pacific.

### Western Indo-Pacific

The Western Indo-Pacific is a part of the Indo-Pacific.

Criticism
---------

Former Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating, in a televised address at the National Press Club, criticized the notion of the Indo-Pacific as a construct of the United States in its diplomatic war with China:

> The United States says, well, that's all very interesting. But look, if you behave yourself, you Chinese. You can be a stakeholder in our system. And look, you wouldn't have to be Xi Jinping or anybody, to take the view of your Chinese Nationalist say, "Well, hang on, let me get this right. We are already one and a quarter times bigger than you, will soon be twice as big as you, and we may be two and a half times as big as you. But we can be a stakeholder in your system, is that it?" I mean, it’d make a cat laugh.
> 
> 

Biogeographic regionalizations that were tested using model selection with analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) by Crandall et al. 2019. Colours represent different regions within a scheme.

Related pages
-------------

* Lechon kawali
* Pacific Ocean
* Atlantic Ocean
* Southern Ocean
Usa Shrine
**Usa-jingū** (宇佐神宮), also known as **Usa Hachiman-gū** (宇佐八幡宮), is a Japanese Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
-------

The shrine was founded in the Wadō era (708-714).

A Buddhist temple called *Miroku-ji* was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (*jingū-ji*) ever. The shrine-temple complex, called Usa Hachimangu-ji (宇佐八幡宮寺), lasted until 1868.

*Usa* first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku.

*Usa jingū* was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) for the old Buzen Province. It serves today as one of the *ichinomiya* of Oita and Fukuoka Prefectures.

From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially listed among the first rank of government supported shrines.

### Branch shrines

*Usa* is today the center of over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines. In Shinto belief, the many Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the *kami* at Usa.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Usa Shrine at Wikimedia Commons

* Shrine image, 180° panorama Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine

  

Coordinates: 33°31′34″N 131°22′29″E﻿ / ﻿33.52611°N 131.37472°E﻿ / 33.52611; 131.37472
**Hysterical strength** or **superhuman strength** is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibiting hysterical strength while experiencing negative side effects of drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.

In life or death situations
---------------------------

In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.

In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.

In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134 kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.

In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.

Under the influence of drugs
----------------------------

In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength, acceleration, stamina, and endurance, while reducing reaction time. Like methylphenidate and bupropion, amphetamine increases stamina and endurance in humans mainly through the release of dopamine, and other central nervous system effects.
Courtyard
The **Pontifical Academy of Sciences** dates back four centuries to its creation as the **Accademia dei Lincei** in 1603. Pope Pius IX changed the name to the **Pontifical Academy of the New Lincei** in 1847 to signify its new status as an official institution of the Pontifical State. Nearly a century later, it was reorganized as the Pontifical Academy of Science on October 28, 1936, by Pope Pius XI in a Motu proprio **In multis solaciis** (Latin "Among the many consolations").

Mission
-------

Although it reports directly to the Pontiff, the academy has considerable freedom in conducting its mission: the study of Science and the possible consequences for the human condition. Christian belief is not a prerequisite for membership to the academy, because first and foremost, it is a legitimate Scientific body that follows the Scientific Method. As of 2003 more than two dozen Nobel Prize winners (including Professor Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry 1999) and several Field Medal winners were counted as members. Plenary sessions are interdisciplinary events held every other year to review new developments and discus progress made towards their mission. Common working groups include astronomy and cosmology, cognition and brain science, and genetics.

Reorganization
--------------

* *In multis solaciis*, issued 28 October 1936 by Pope Pius XI, on the topic of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

Other websites
--------------

* Libreria Editrice Vaticana (1936): In multis solaciis
* The Pontifical Academy of Sciences official website

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These are the **rivers and streams in Botswana**.

(**I**) indicates an intermittent stream, which is a stream that sometimes disappears.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Contents | Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

B
-

Bonapitse River **·**  Bonapitsi **·**  Bonga **·**  Bonwapitse **·**  Boro **·**  Borokha **·**  Boteti **·**  Botletle River

C
-

Chamka **·**  Chapman’s River (I) **·**  Chokana River **·**  Chokana Spruit **·**  Chwarelangwana

D
-

Daukha River **·**  Deception (I) **·**  Deka **·**  Dikabia **·**  Dikabia Spruit **·**  Dzivanini

G
-

Galekgatshwane **·**  Ganakha **·**  Gani **·**  Gomoti **·**  Guekha

K
-

Kahkadi **·**  Kaua (I) **·**  Kauku **·**  Kava (I) **·**  Kewapa **·**  Khopa Spruit **·**  Kihabedum **·**  Kkhwapa **·**  Klehaba **·**  Kodi **·**  Kolobeng **·**  Komu Dia Tsaba Laagte **·**  Kopong **·**  Kudum **·**  Kuru (I) **·**  Kwala (I) **·**  Kweneng Laagte **·**  Kwikhai

L
-

Letiahau **·**  Lotlakani **·**  Lotsane River **·**  Lotsani River **·**  Lyshuma River

M
-

Machokwane River **·**  Machooloata **·**  Machous River **·**  Macloutsie **·**  Maitengwe **·**  Maklautsi **·**  Makletsi Laagte **·**  Makwegana Spillway **·**  Malachane **·**  Manasilonoko **·**  Manche **·**  Manzamnyama **·**  Marapoathutlwa **·**  Marapong **·**  Marsupe River **·**  Matengwe River **·**  Matlhabanelo **·**  Matsebe **·**  Mayitiya (I) **·**  Metsemaswaane **·**  Metsemotlaba River **·**  Metsemotlhaba **·**  Mhalapshwe River **·**  Mhalatswe River **·**  Mita **·**  Moanachira **·**  Mochaba **·**  Mojali **·**  Mokhapi **·**  Mokhokhelo **·**  Mokhonong Laagte **·**  Mokolane **·**  Molopo River (I) **·**  Moloporivier (I) **·**  Mombo **·**  Moselebe (I) **·**  Mosileme Laagte **·**  Motloutse **·**  Motwon **·**  Mourinuanan
Lol Ulladulla Public School a rules

N
-

Namasseri (I) **·**  Nata **·**  Ncamasere (I) **·**  Ngamaseri (I) **·**  Ng-gokha **·**  Nghabe **·**  Ngoga **·**  Ngokha **·**  Notwane River

O
-

Okwa (I)

P
-

Pakwe **·**  Piwaning

R
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Rakabochwa **·**  Ramakgwebana **·**  Ramaquabana **·**  Ramaquabane **·**  Ramokgwebana **·**  River Daukha **·**  Rooibock Laagte (I)

S
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Savuti Channel **·**  Sebuyu N’Kulu **·**  Sebuyu N’Kulu **·**  Sebuyu Neyami **·**  Sebuyu Neyami **·**  Sebuyu Neyami River **·**  Sebweo **·**  Segoditshane **·**  Selepswe **·**  Selinda Spillway **·**  Serorome **·**  Serureme **·**  Serurumi River **·**  Seswe (I) **·**  Shashe **·**  Shashi River **·**  Shua River **·**  Shuane River **·**  Sibanane River **·**  Sibanene River **·**  Sibanini **·**  Sibaninni **·**  Suka River

T
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Taokhe **·**  Tati **·**  Tati River **·**  Taukhe **·**  Taung **·**  Taupse **·**  Taupye **·**  Tautswe **·**  Thamalakane River **·**  Thune **·**  Tshakujuwo **·**  Tsiklane **·**  Tuni River **·**  Tutumi River

V
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Vukwe River

Other websites
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* GEOnet Names Server Archived 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
Rudy van Dantzig (1979)
**Rudi van Dantzig** (4 August 1933 – 19 January 2012) was a Dutch choreographer, ballet dancer and writer. From 1965 until his death he was the artistic co-leader of the Dutch National Ballet in Amsterdam.

Life
----

Van Dantzig was born in Amsterdam. After Sonia Gaskell (left in 1969) and his other colleague left the Dutch National Ballet in 1971, he was the only artistic leader until 1991.

*For a Lost Soldier*
--------------------

In 1986 he wrote an autobiographical novel, *Voor een verloren soldaat*, about his homosexuality and sexual relationship while a young boy with a Canadian soldier. The book became a great success and received several awards; an English translation, *For a Lost Soldier*, was published in 1991.

In 1992 a Dutch movie with the same title (English version: *For a Lost Soldier*) was based on it. Van Dantzig also published a biography of the Dutch artist and resistance fighter Willem Arondeus in 2003.

Death
-----

Van Dantzig died in 2012, aged 78 from lymphoma and male breast cancer.

More reading
------------

* Utrecht, Luuk: *Rudi van Dantzig: a controversial idealist in ballet*. Zutphen, 1992. ISBN 906011776X

Other websites
--------------

* Source (in Dutch) Archived 2014-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
* DBNL
Joy to the World

Choral performance of "Joy to the World" by the United States Army Chorus

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*Problems playing this file? See media help.*
**"Joy to the World"** is a popular Christmas song. English minister Isaac Watts added the words to the song. As of the late 20th century, the song was the most published Christmas hymn in North America.

Origin
------

The words of the hymn are from Isaac Watts. They are based on Psalm 98, 96:11-12 and Genesis 3:17-18. The song was first published in Watts' collection *The Psalms of David* in 1719.

The version of this hymn heard since 1848 is from an edition by Lowell Mason for *The National Psalmist*. It was his fourth revision of the tune he named ANTIOCH.

Words
-----

The text appears thus in *The Psalms of David : imitated in the Language of the New Testament, and applied to the Christian State and Worship* (London 1719):

*Psalm XCVIII. Second Part.*  

*The* Messiah's *Coming and Kingdom*  

  

Joy to the World; the Lord is come!  

Let earth receive her King!  

Let ev'ry heart prepare Him room,  

And Heaven and nature sing.  

  

Joy to the earth, the Savior reigns!  

Let men their songs employ;  

While fields & floods, rocks, hills & plains  

Repeat the sounding joy.  

  

No more let sins and sorrows grow,  

Nor thorns infest the ground;  

He comes to make his blessings flow  

Far as the curse is found.  

  

He rules the world with truth and grace,  

And makes the nations prove  

The glories of His righteousness,  

And wonders of His love.

Alternate lyrics
----------------

In the Latter-day Saints' hymn, the refrain in the first verse is "And Saints and Angels Sing".

Modern recordings, mostly those aimed at children, take out the first verse.

Recordings
----------

A version from the Trinity Choir was very popular in 1911. Since then, the song has been recorded by a number of artists, including Johnny Cash, Mariah Carey, Pat Boone, Ella Fitzgerald, The Supremes and Nat King Cole.
**Leila Ryzvanauna Ismailova** (Azerbaijani: *Leyla Rizvan qızı İsmayılova*, Belarusian: Лейла́ Рызва́наўна Ісмаілава; born 28 July 1991 in Minsk) is an Azerbaijani-Belarusian journalist, presenter and model.

Biography
---------

Leila was born in the family of Rizvan Islam oglu Ismayilov, the native city of Agdam (Azerbaijan), and Halina Ivanauna Ruzhantsova, the native city of Minsk. One month after the birth of her daughter, the family moved to Baku.

When Leila was 3 years old, her father, who worked as director of a tank farm in Agdam, who was killed during the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict by gunfire from the Armenian side. A mother with three children returned to Minsk.

In 2006 Leila finished Lyceum of the Belarusian State University (history form), then she graduated from the Institute of Journalism of the Belarusian State University (audiovisual journalism, diploma with honour, the best alumna 2011).

She is an Azerbaijani-Belarusian journalist leading music TV programs, model. In particular, was host the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2010, which was held in Minsk (together with Dzianis Kurian), Leila was the spokesman of the Belarusian voting in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, and has been leading the national selection in Belarus for Eurovision Song Contest 2012.

Leila founded charity organisation Pretty Powerful that works with orphan girls in Belarus and helps them to make first steps after leaving the orphanage. The organisation started its work in 2014 and has been actively working since then.

Ms. Ismailova is obtaining her master's degree in Strategic Public Relation in University of Southern California.

Leila has been a host and a jury member of international award for journalists ADAMI Media Prize.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Leila Ismailava***.

* Грамчакова, В. Лейла Ісмаілава: «Мая намінацыя!» // Універсітэт. 2009. № 15 — 16. Archived 2018-09-23 at the Wayback Machine (Belarusian)
* Leila Ismailava on IMDb
* Caroline Monick Silk Scarves Collection 2013 Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine (Leila Ismailava as model.)
* 
* 

| Achievements |
| --- |
|
| Preceded byUkraine Ani Lorak and Timur Miroshnichenko |  **Junior Eurovision Song Contest presenter**(with Dzianis Kurian)  2010 | Succeeded byArmenia Gohar Gasparyan and Avet Barseghyan |

  


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Ismailova, Leila |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Belarusian television presenter and journalist |
| Date of birth | 28 July 1989 |
| Place of birth | Minsk, Belarus |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
***Puyo Puyo*** is the puzzle tile-matching video game series created by Compile. Seven year later, Sega was owned the *Puyo Puyo* franchises, with games being developed by Sonic Team. *Puyo Puyo* series was created as an spin-off series from *Madō Monogatari* (*Sorcery Saga*), the series of first-person dungeon crawler role-playing games published by Compile, where the *Puyo Puyo* characters originated.

History
-------

### Compile games

The gameplay of *Puyo Puyo 4*
The first *Puyo Puyo* games was developed by Compile in 1991 for MSX2 and Family Computer Disk System, the latter release by Takuma Shoten as a pack-in for their *Famimaga* magazine. The game features the 1990 role-playing video game *Madō Monogatari 1-2-3*, it also developed by Compile. Including "Endless" mode where the player attempts to amass huge score, "Mission" mode, where the player is given a pre-configured board to satisfy conditions, and two-player competitive mode.[*source?*]

Later, Compile and Sega was colaborated to created an arcade version of *Puyo Puyo*. It was released in October 1992 for Sega's System C2 hardware. The game was ported to Sega Mega Drive, and becoming a best-selling video game.

The game followed by its sequel *Puyo Puyo 2* in September 1994, also released in Sega's System C2 hardware. *Puyo Puyo 2* adds the ability to counter the opponent's chain, additionally, it changes the single-player gauntlet from a linear structure to a roulette -based that requires player to pass sertain score thresholds to advance. Like the original game, *Puyo Puyo 2* has released on many platfoms. Except PlayStation 2, for the compilations of Sega Ages 3500 line.

The final game was developed by Compile, *Puyo Puyo DA!* a dancing game released in 1997 for PlayStation.

List of games
-------------

### Main series

* *Puyo Puyo* (1991)
* *Nazo Puyo* (1993)
* *Nazo Puyo 2* (1993)
* *Nazo Puyo: Arle no Roux* (1994)
* *Puyo Puyo 2* (1994)
* *Super Nazo Puyo: Rulue no Roux* (1995)
* *Super Nazo Puyo 2: Nazo no Tetsuwan Hanjouki* (1996)
* *Puyo Puyo Sun* (1996)
* *Waku Waku Puyo Puyo Dungeon* (1998)
* *Puyo Puyo Gaiden: Puyo Wars* (1998)
* *Puyo Puyo ~n* (1999)
* *Puyo Puyo DA!* (1999)
* *Arie no Bouken: Mahō no Jewel* (2000)
* *Puyo Puyo BOX* (2000)
* *Puyo Pop* (2001)
* *Puyo Pop Fever* (2003)
* *Puyo Puyo DX* (2004)
* *Puyo Puyo Fever 2* (2005)
* *Puyo Puyo 15th Anniversary* (2006)
* *Puyo Puyo 7* (2009)
* *Puyo Puyo 20th Anniversary* (2011)
* *Puyopuyo!! Quest* (2013)
* *Puyopuyo!! Quest Arcade* (2014)
* *Puyo Puyo Tetris* (2014)
* *Puiyo Puyo Chronicle* (2016)
* *Puyo Puyo Champions* (2018)
* *Puyo Puyo Tetris 2* (2020)

### Reskinned versions

* *Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine* (1993)
* *Kirby's Avalanche* (1995)

Other websites
--------------

* Official series websites
* *Puyo Puyo* series at MobyGames
This is a poster made by Katherine Milhous. The exact year it was made is not known, but it was made around the year 1938.
**Katherine Milhous** (November 27, 1894 – December 5, 1977) was an American artist, illustrator and author. She wrote and made the art for the book *The Egg Tree*. In 1951, the book won the Caldecott Medal for best illustrations. Milhous mainly wrote children's books.

Early life
----------

Katherine Milhous was born November 27, 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were named Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous. They were Quakers and printmakers. The family moved to Pitman, New Jersey when Milhous was a little girl. A lot of Quakers lived in Pitman so the family wanted to move to be close to them. Milhous moved back to Philadelphia. She went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. She made art for magazines to pay for school. She also traveled outside of the United States with a fellowship she was given.

Career
------

Milhous worked for the Federal Art Project in Philadelphia from the year 1935 until she stopped in 1940. She made a lot of posters to advertise the state of Pennsylvania. A lot of the art showed people and things from the Pennsylvania Dutch community. Milhous met Alice Dalgliesh and the two women would write books together. Milhous would make the art for the books. Milhous went to work for Charles Scribner's & Sons where Dalgliesh worked. Milhous started to write and make art for her own books, too.

Death and legacy
----------------

She died in Philadelphia in the year 1977. The University of Minnesota and the Free Library of Philadelphia own her archives.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Katherine Milhous***.

* "Travel Posters". *Katherine Milhous*. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
* Rural Pennsylvania from the World Digital Library

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Petrus Plancius. J. Buys/Rein. Vinkeles (1791).
**Petrus Plancius** (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman. He was born as **Pieter Platevoet** in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

Cartography
-----------

Petrus Plancius Instructing Students in the Science of Navigation
In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He wrote journals and shipping maps. He made a new way for finding longitude. He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company. He drew over 100 maps. 

Plancius knew Henry Hudson. Hudson was an explorer of the New World.

Plancius made the map, *Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu,* that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, *Itinerario* (1596).

### Maps

* Orbis Terrarum 1590Orbis Terrarum 1590
* Orbis Terrarum 1594Orbis Terrarum 1594
* Nova Francia .. Terra Nova 1592Nova Francia .. Terra Nova 1592
* Insulae Moluccae 1592Insulae Moluccae 1592

Other websites
--------------

* Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
* Minor planet 10648 Plancius

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**Gerard Monaco** is a British actor, born Daniel Gerard Monaco, in London, England in 1975, who trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Monaco’s first film was Mike Leigh’s *Vera Drake*. He has since had roles in movies including *Starter for Ten*, Jane Campion’s *Bright Star* and Jerry Bruckheimer’s *Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides*, directed by Rob Marshall.

Monaco's theatre career includes Lindsay Posner’s 2009 revival of Arthur Miller’s *A View From the Bridge*, in which Monaco made his West End debut playing Marco, opposite Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Ken Stott and Hayley Atwell.
He has also appeared in a number of plays at London's National Theatre, including Steven Pimlott’s final production, Tennessee Williams's *The Rose Tattoo* starring Zoë Wanamaker (Pimlott died in the second week of rehearsals and artistic director Nicholas Hytner took over as director). He has also played opposite Lesley Manville in the premier of Rebecca Lenkiewicz’s play, *Her Naked Skin* (directed by Howard Davis) and Fiona Shaw in Deborah Warner’s production of *Mother Courage and Her Children*.
Monaco has also performed at various other theatres around the country, notable at the Finborough Theatre where he played opposite Victor Spinetti in a two-hander production of *Albert’s Boy* by James Graham.

Monaco television work includes roles in *As If*, *Eastenders*, *The Bill*, *Holby City*, *Rome*, *The Passion*, *Ashes to Ashes*, *Any Human Heart* and *Episodes*.

In 2007, Monaco was nominated for the BBC New Talent New Filmmaker Award for his short film *The Crusader*, which he wrote and directed.
Figure-eight motion is one solution to the three-body problem
The **three-body problem** is a problem in the field of physics. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.

Non-relativistic movement
-------------------------

"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light *c,* which is the highest possible speed.

In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.

Relativistic movement
---------------------

When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'

In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".

Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.

There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.

In astronomy
------------

The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in *Principia*. Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.