recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sarah Winnemucca** (born 1844) was a protester for Native American rights during the 1800s. Winnemucca was part of the Paiute group in Nevada. Winnemucca wrote an autobiography, *Life Among the Paiutes: their Wrongs and their Claims*. Her autobiography is about her fight to stop the government from treating the Native Americans unfairly. Winnemucca opened two schools for Indian children.

Early Life
----------

Winnemucca was born in 1844 near Humboldt Sink, Nevada. She was the fourth child in her family. Her father was named Chief Winnemucca and her mother was named Tuboitonie. At birth, she was named Thocmetony. This word means shell flower. Then she changed her name to Sarah. During her life, her group was kept on a reservation.

Education
---------

The most education she had was three weeks at a Californian Catholic School.

Achievements
------------

Winnemucca first talked about how the American government took over the Native American land. She became famous by speaking about the government’s unfair treatment of the Native American people. Winnemucca also met with Rutherford B. Hayes, an American President. She talked in many cities about how the Paiutes were being treated badly. She wrote an autobiography that was the first autobiography written by a Native American woman. Overall, Winnemucca is known for her support of peace between the American government and the Native Americans. She died on October 16th, 1891.
**John Pierpont Morgan** (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American banker and art collector. He became one of the richest men of his era. He founded the bank now called JPMorgan Chase, one of the oldest banks in the world today.

Childhood
---------

J.P. Morgan was thought of as intelligent, he focused his attention in mathematics in preparation for employment in commerce.

In 1852, when Morgan was 15 years old, he had rheumatic fever. After recovery he was deformed. J.P. Morgan was aloof and refused to have his photograph taken; all of his professional portraits were retouched.

Career
------

### Beginnings

When J.P. Morgan reached the age of 20, he became a banker in his father’s London office and later went to Duncan, Sherman & Company in New York City. 
He excelled in banking and partnered with a lot of other companies. J.P. Morgan bought businesses, and was a hands on leader. He followed the process of reorganizing them known then as "Morganization". He renamed his company to J.P Morgan & Company in 1895. At the time it became one of the most powerful banks in the world.

### Later on

J.P. Morgan took control of the railroad companies. He also financed and reorganized railroads all in the US. He later purchased the Ley Land Line of Atlantic Steamships and other boat lines, which included the White Star Line, builder of the RMS Titanic. He joined several steel companies together to make the United States Steel Corporation.

#### The Panic of 1893

During the Panic of 1893, when a shortage of the gold caused a devaluation of the Dollar, the US president Grover Cleveland asked J.P. Morgan to loan $65 million in gold to the US Treasury. J.P. lent the gold, "saving" the Treasury and the Dollar.

Enemies
-------

Morgan’s enemies attacked him for his loan terms on gold that was lent to the US government during the 1895 crisis, for the way he solved the panic of 1907, for hurting the Hartfort RR company by causing money problems, and turning the US steel corporation into a monopoly (by trying to take control of the making of bridges, ships, RR cars, rails, wire, nails, and other markets.).

Legacy (what he is known for)
-----------------------------

JP Morgan was one of the richest men in the world (if he wanted to, he and all his partner companies could have bought all the land owned by all of the 22 US states west of the Mississippi River at that time (worth about $22.245 billion)). He did this through buying many companies and taking them over, usually becoming monopolies.

The JP Morgan Company still runs today under the name of JPMorgan Chase owned by stockholders. Today, it is one of the oldest banks in the world and a leading bank in the world.

His grave in Hartford, Connecticut
Long-nosed bandicoot drawn by John Gould
The **long-nosed bandicoot**, *Perameles nasuta*, is a member of the bandicoot family which lives along the east coast of Australia from Victoria to Queensland. They are also found on the island of Tasmania. There are four species of long-nosed bandicoots, but *Perameles nasuta* is found in forests and rainforests. It has the shortest gestation and highest reproduction rate of all mammals.

They live in small hidden nests, in among shrubs, hollow logs, or old rabbit burrows. Bandicoots are protected by law, but the areas they like to live in have been cleared for farming or housing. They are also hunted by dogs, cats and foxes. Rabbits have eaten many of the plants and made it unsuitable for bandicoots. Around Sydney, they listed as an endangered species.

Description
-----------

The long-nosed bandicoot is a small animal, from 20—42.5 cm long with a thin rat like tail, from 7.5—17 cm in length. They weigh between 0.5—1.9kg. They are covered in coarse grey to brown fur, sometimes with a hint of yellow or orange. Their underbelly is a cream color. Being a marsupial the females have a rear opening pouch to carry their young. They have five clawed toes fingers on their front legs.

Breeding
--------

The long-nosed bandicoot lives by itself, often chasing away other bandicoots. Their breeding season depends on the region in which they live. The female gives birth to two or three young after a short gestation period of 12 days. The tiny babies, blind and hairless, about 13mm in length, then move to the pouch where they are able to drink milk from the females eight nipples. They leave the pouch at about 54 days. The female is then ready to breed again. they live for between three and five years.

Diet
----

The long-nosed bandicoot is a nocturnal animal, coming out at night to find and eat insects, beetles, snails, worms, mice, lizards and tree roots. They are able to smell their food to find it. They use their front claws to dig a hole big enough to get their long nose in to find the food. They can be very unpopular in urban areas for digging up gardens. While looking for food they make a shrill high pitched squeak.
A view of Volterra
**Volterra** is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is in the province of Pisa. Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria. In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis. It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.

History
-------

The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena). Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.

Important monuments and places
------------------------------

The Roman Theatre.
* Roman theatre (1st century BC), discovered in the 1950s.
* *Piazza dei Priori*
* *Palazzo dei Priori*
* Cathedral of *Santa Maria Assunta*.
* *Medicean Fortress* (*Maschio*)
* *Guarnacci Etruscan Museum*

The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico. Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.

Sister cities
-------------

* France Mende, France
* Germany Wunsiedel, Germany

Gallery
-------

* Short frame of VolterraShort frame of Volterra

Other websites
--------------

* Town web site
* Volterra Photos Archived 2010-03-16 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Tuscany · *Comuni* of the Province of Pisa |
| --- |
| 
* Bientina
* Buti
* Calci
* Calcinaia
* Capannoli
* Casale Marittimo
* Casciana Terme Lari
* Cascina
* Castelfranco di Sotto
* Castellina Marittima
* Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina
* Chianni
* Crespina Lorenzana
* Fauglia
* Guardistallo
* Lajatico
* Montecatini Val di Cecina
* Montescudaio
* Monteverdi Marittimo
* Montopoli in Val d'Arno
* Orciano Pisano
* Palaia
* Peccioli
* Pisa
* Pomarance
* Ponsacco
* Pontedera
* Riparbella
* San Giuliano Terme
* San Miniato
* Santa Croce sull'Arno
* Santa Luce
* Santa Maria a Monte
* Terricciola
* Vecchiano
* Vicopisano
* Volterra

 | Province of Pisa |
**Shanti Arts** (founded in 2011)is an American arts organisation founded by Christine Cote-former Director of Institutional Research at Bowdoin College. It is at Brunswick,Maine. It's main aim is to preserve passion for nature, for art, for beauty. It runs art gallery,publishes a journal called Still Point Arts Quarterly and many books by famous authors like Lynette G. Esposito,Krish V Krishnan,Joyce Tenneson and Lillo Way

About
-----

Shanti Arts is an American arts organisation.It is situated at Brunswick,Maine. It's main aim is to preserve passion for nature, for art, for beauty. It runs art gallery,publishes a journal called Still Point Arts Quarterly and many books.It is inspired by the work of the Dalai Lama and has strong Buddhist leanings.

Still Point Arts Quarterly
--------------------------

It publishes "Still Point Arts Quarterly" literary magazine four times a year.Each issue focuses on a theme and features historical and contemporary art, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. The publication has been praised for its rich content and splendid layout and design.

Shanti Arts Exhibition Centre
-----------------------------

It also runs art exhibitions at "Shanti arts Gallery" which holds themed and yearly art exhibitions and call for artists and writers.Some of the artist featured are Shoshanna Ahart,Abby Zonies,Rose Palmieri,Jane Gottlieb,Sandeep Kumar Mishra,Theodosia A. G. Tamborlane,Laurie Goodhart,Jane Soodalter,MJ Edwards,Carolyn WarmSun.

Official Website
----------------
Pipework for geothermal power generation in Valle del Diavolo (Devil's Valley), Larderello.
Location of the province of Pisa
**Larderello** is a *frazione* of the *comune* of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.

History
-------

The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and for the very hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing. In 1827, François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to separate the two. The town Larderello has the name in honour of Larderel's work. The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water in the area. Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year.
The **FIFA Puskás Award** [ˈpuʃkaːʃ] is an award created on date 20 October 2009 by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), by the then-president Sepp Blatter, to be awarded for it, the male or female are judged to have scored the most impressive, or "most acrobatic", goal of the calendar year.

The award is for honour of Ferenc Puskás, legendary striker of Real Madrid during the late 1950s to the late 1960s, and important member of the highly successful Hungarian side of the same era. Puskás is widely considered by many to be the most legendary forward Europe ever produced in first-division football, and was honoured by IFFHS in 1997 as the best top-tier goalscorer of the 20th century. Puskás scored total of 806 goals in 793 games and his 86 national team goals in 90 outings was a world record at the time.

"It is good to keep the things of those footballing legends who have left their legacy on our history. Ferenc Puskás was not only a player with very good talent who won many trophies, but also a important man. FIFA is must delighted to pay respect to him by dedicated to this award to his memories," said Blatter at the opening ceremony of the award in Budapest (simple english version).

Until 2018, the winner of award was decided completely based on voting by fans on FIFA's official website. However, after a controversy in the 2018 award, FIFA changed the rule. Now, the award is decided by pundits choosen by FIFA, who will choose the winner based on the top three goals voted for by the public.

The time-frame for the first award was July 2008 to July 2009. The annual award was presented for the first time during the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year Gala on 21 December in Switzerland, with Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo being the first to win prize.
Flag
Coat of arms
**Trostianets** (also **Trostyanets**; Ukrainian: Тростянець) is a city in the Sumy Oblast in Ukraine, and serves as the administrative center of the Trostianets Raion. 

Many were killed and the city was badly damaged during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Trostianets was a settlement in the Akhtyrka Uyezd. It arose in the first half of the 17th century, during a new wave of migration of peasants and Cossacks from the Right-bank Ukraine to Sloboda Ukraine. The name of the city is associated with the name of the river Trostyanka, which flows nearby.

During World War II, the city was occupied by Axis troops from October 1941 to August 1943. In January 1989 the population was 25,706 people.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Trostianets — strategically located between the larger settlements of Sumy and Kharkiv — was attacked by Russian forces shortly after the invasion was launched on 24 February and was captured by them on 1 March 2022. After the city had been liberated, the British newspaper The Guardian found evidence of executions, torture and looting.
***Max the Mighty*** is a young adult novel by Rodman Philbrick. The book was published in 1998. It is the sequel to *Freak the Mighty*.

Plot
----

Max Kane helps Rachel run away from her overly religious and abusive stepfather. Rachel is nicknamed "Worm" because of her love of reading. Max nicknames her stepfather "The Undertaker" because he drives a hearse and wears black clothing. The Undertaker accuses Max of kidnapping Worm. This causes Max and Worm run away with Dippy Hippie on his bus, the Prairie Schooner. Along the way, they meet two con-artists, Frank and Joanie. They have read about Max and Worm and know there is a reward for finding them. Frank tries to turn them in. To get away, Max and Worm have to leave the Prairie Schooner. To take them the rest of the way, they get on a train with Hobo Joe. They get to Chivalry, Montana. They go into a mining tunnel. Max learns that Worm's birth father had died in a mining accident. The Undertaker goes to Chivalry with the police. Max and Worm run away in the tunnels. They meet Dip, and Max's grandfather, Grim. The police find them and Worm runs back into the tunnel. She thinks about killing herself so she can be with her father and away from her stepfather. Max talks her out of it. A beam in the mine falls over and traps the Undertaker under it. This causes Worm to finally talk to the Undertaker about all the abuse he has been doing to her and her mother. This causes the police to know the truth. Before anything else can happen, the mine starts to collapse. Everybody is forced to run for the exit. Max cannot leave the Undertaker behind to die. He lifts up the beam and frees the Undertaker. The Undertaker gets out of the mine in time, but Max does not. Emergency services come to the mine and rescue Max. He has a broken shoulder and leg. Afterwards, Worm's mother finally stands up to her abusive husband. She tells the court what he really happened. This gets the Undertaker convicted of domestic abuse. The book ends with Max and his grandparents asking Worm and her mother to live with them. They say yes.
**Fermo** (Italian: *Firmum Picenum*) is a *comune* and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Fermo is the capital of the province of Fermo.

Fermo is on a hill only a few miles from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is region with a high population density near seaports like Porto San Giorgio and Porto Sant'Elpidio.

Geography
---------

Fermo is on a hill, the *Sabulo*, 319 m (1,047 ft) high, at about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of 124.53 km2 (48.08 sq mi) and its altitude is 319 m (1,047 ft).

The *comune* borders with the following *comuni*ː Altidona, Lapedona and Monterubbiano to the south; Ponzano di Fermo to the southwest; Grottazzolina, Magliano di Tenna and Rapagnano to the west; Torre San Patrizio to the northwest; Monte Urano, Sant'Elpidio a Mare and Porto Sant'Elpidio to the north. To the east is Porto San Giorgio and the Adriatic Sea.

The *comune* has two small exclavesː the largest (*Gabbiano*) has an area of 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) and is surrounded by Mogliano (province of Macerata), Francavilla d'Ete, Massa Fermana and Montegiorgio; and the smallest (*Boara*) has an area of 0.3 km2 (0.12 sq mi) and is surrounded by Montegiorgio, Magliano di Tenna, Grottazzolina and Belmonte Piceno.

### *Frazioni*

The following *frazioni* (hamlets) are part of Fermoː Camera, Campiglione, Cantagallo, Casabianca, Capodarco, Cartiera di Tenna, Concerie, Contrada Boara, Ete Palazzina, Faleriense, Gabbiano, Girola, Lido di Fermo, Madonnetta d'Ete, Marina Palmense, Moie, Molini Tenna, Montesecco, Montone, Parete, Pompeiana, Ponte Ete Vivo, Sacri Cuori, Salette, Salvano, San Biagio, San Girolamo, San Lorenzo, San Marco, San Michele, Lido San Tommaso, Torre di Palme and Villa San Claudio.

Population
----------

There are 37,396 persons living in the *comune* in 2017, for a population density of 300.3 inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**


The people from this *comune* are known, in Italian, as *fermani*.

Twinned towns
-------------

Fermo is twinned with:

* Albania Berat, Albania
* Argentina Bahía Blanca, Argentina
* Germany Ansbach, Germany
* Mexico León, Mexico

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fermo***.

* Fermo travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Fermo official website (in Italian)

| * v
* t
* e
Marche · *Comuni* of the Province of Fermo |
| --- |
| 
* Altidona
* Amandola
* Belmonte Piceno
* Campofilone
* Falerone
* Fermo
* Francavilla d'Ete
* Grottazzolina
* Lapedona
* Magliano di Tenna
* Massa Fermana
* Monsampietro Morico
* Montappone
* Montefalcone Appennino
* Montefortino
* Monte Giberto
* Montegiorgio
* Montegranaro
* Monteleone di Fermo
* Montelparo
* Monte Rinaldo
* Monterubbiano
* Monte San Pietrangeli
* Monte Urano
* Monte Vidon Combatte
* Monte Vidon Corrado
* Montottone
* Moresco
* Ortezzano
* Pedaso
* Petritoli
* Ponzano di Fermo
* Porto San Giorgio
* Porto Sant'Elpidio
* Rapagnano
* Santa Vittoria in Matenano
* Sant'Elpidio a Mare
* Servigliano
* Smerillo
* Torre San Patrizio

 |
**Jason Raymond Bay** (born September 20, 1978) is a Canadian-American former professional baseball left fielder. Bay played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets and Seattle Mariners. Bay was the National League Rookie of the Year in 2004 and he won the Silver Slugger Award in 2009. He is a three-time MLB All-Star and a three-time Tip O'Neill Award winner as the best Canadian baseball player.

Career
------

### San Diego Padres (2003)

Bay debuted with the Padres on May 23, 2003, getting his first major league hit, a home run, in the ninth inning. Two days later, he suffered a broken right wrist after being hit by a pitch.

#### Pittsburgh Pirates (2003–2008)

On August 26, 2003, Bay was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates, along with Óliver Pérez and Cory Stewart in exchange for Brian Giles. He finished the season with a .287 batting average, four home runs, and 14 RBI in 30 games.

#### Boston Red Sox (2008–2009)

On July 31, 2008, Bay and a player to be named later (Josh Wilson)[8] were traded to the Boston Red Sox in a three team deal that sent Manny Ramirez to the Los Angeles Dodgers and Andy LaRoche with Bryan Morris to the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Dodgers and Brandon Moss with Craig Hansen to the Pirates from the Red Sox.
Robert Fortune.
**Robert Fortune** (16 September 1812 – 13 April 1880) was a Scottish plant expert, plant hunter and traveller best known for introducing tea plants from China to India.

Travels and introduction of plants to Europe
--------------------------------------------

Fortune was born in Kelloe, Berwickshire. He was employed in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and later in the garden of Horticultural Society of London at Chiswick. In 1842 was sent out by the Society to collect plants in China.

He brought back to Europe many new, exotic and beautiful flowers. His most famous achievement was the successful introduction of tea from China to India in 1848 on behalf of the British East India Company.

Like some European travellers of that period, such as Walter Medhurst, Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese merchant during several of his journeys into parts of China that were prohibited to him. Not only was Fortune's purchase of tea plants forbidden by the Chinese government of the time, but he was not permitted to travel more than one day from certain ports where Europeans were allowed to trade. Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces.

Fortune employed many different means to transport tea plants, seedlings, and other botanical discoveries, but he is most well known for his use of cases like small greenhouses called Wardian cases (as used by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward) to keep the plants alive. With these cases Fortune introduced 20,000 tea plants and seedlings to the Darjeeling region of India. He also brought with him a group of trained Chinese tea workers to assist in the production of tea leaves. Except for a few plants which survived in Indian gardens, most of the Chinese tea plants Fortune introduced to India died. The special growing methods and knowledge that was brought over from China, however, may have been very helpful in the later success of the Indian tea industry.

Apart from his many contributions to plant history, Fortune was the first European to discover that black tea and green tea were actually from the same plant.

In later journeys he visited Formosa (now called Taiwan) and Japan, and described the culture of the silkworm and the growing of rice. He introduced many trees, shrubs and flowers to the West, including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate) and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850 was named *R. fortuniana* (syn. *R. fortuneana*) in his honor. This rose also proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions. *R. fortuniana* is also a valuable rootstock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States. 

The stories of his travels were told in a number of different books. He died in London in 1880, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.
A spoon
A set of 16th century French cutlery
**Cutlery** refers to tools used for preparing, serving and eating food. The most common types of cutlery are knives, spoons and forks. Other words for cutlery are silverware, tableware, utensils and flatware.

The best quality cutlery may be made of silver, but more often silver plating. Stainless steel is used for most good quality household cutlery. Pewter was often used in the past for cheap cutlery. Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is another alloy, with copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Plastic cutlery is used for eating fast food, because it is very cheap, and may be thrown away afterwards. 

Serving practice and use of cutlery varies somewhat between cultures. Formal dinners have cutlery set out in a traditional manner. There will be two sets of knives and forks, an outer smaller set for the first course and a larger inner set for the main course. Cutlery for later courses will usually be delivered with those courses. In an informal restaurant, cutlery may come wrapped in a cloth napkin (serviette).

Chinese and Japanese food is eaten with chopsticks, and food pre-cut to a size suitable for that method. Some other oriental cuisines are eaten by fork and spoon, with no knife. 

  



Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cutlery***.
The **Stade de Suisse Wankdorf** is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. It is the home stadium of the Berner Sport Club Young Boys (they are often simply called the "BSC Young Boys"), which is a Swiss football team. The Wankdorf is currently the second biggest football stadium in Switzerland. The stadium has seats for 32,000 people. The field is 105 m x 68 m and has got an artificial turf surface. It was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008.

About the building
------------------

The Stade de Suisse was built in the place where the old Wankdorf Stadium, which was destroyed in 2001, had been. It cost 350 million francs to build the stadium. There are solar panels on the roof. There are many shops in the stadium. The stadium is 2 kilometers away from the city. The stadium was officially opened on July 30, 2005. However, the first game of football was played there on July 16, 2005. In the first game, The BSC Young Boys played against the Olympique Marseille. The BSC Young Boys lost by a score of 2-3. 14,000 people watched the game. The building's official name is "Stade de Suisse, Berne, Wankdorf". Still, most people call it the "Wankdorf". The building has also hosted Hockey games and musical concerts.

European Football Championship 2008
-----------------------------------

The Wankdorf was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008 (often called Euro2008). Three games were played here for the tournament. During Euro2008, the real grass inside the stadium was replaced with fake grass, which is called artificial turf. The stadium's operators removed the artificial turf after the championship.

The hot seat
------------

All the seats are either black or yellow, but there is one red seat in sector A. It is called the "hot seat". The ticket for that seat is often given to former players of Young Boys or famous visitors. The first person who sat in the "hot seat" was the most successful goalkeeper of the BSC Young Boys, Walter Eirich.

Other websites
--------------

* The official website of the Stade de Suisse Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (in German)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz place
* StadiumDB
* Structurae

 |
**Sauropsids** are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors. 

They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.

The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.

Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

Origin of tetrapods
-------------------

More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:

* Sarcopterygii
	+ Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
	+ Dipnoi (lungfish)
		- Tetrapodomorpha

The earlies tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.

### Romer's gap

Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is "Romer's gap". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as *Pederpes*, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.

Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.

Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.

Tetrapods
---------

* Land-dwelling tetrapods
	+ Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
	+ Amniota
		- **Sauropsida** > present-day reptiles and birds
		- Synapsida > present-day mammals
**Tiki Barber** is a former American Football runningback (New York Giants), commentator, and children's author. He is the identical twin brother of Tampa Bay Buccaneers cornerback Ronde Barber.

College career
--------------

Barber played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers.

NFL Playing Career
------------------

### New York Giants

In 1997, Barber was drafted by the New York Giants. By all field accounts, Barber's NFL career was a success. He got the Giants to a Super Bowl XXXV appearance and became the team's all-time leading rusher. Barber, however, surprised many when he decided to retire after the 2006 season. In 2007, the Giants won Super Bowl XLII without Barber.

### Attempted Comeback

In the 2011 offseason, Barber announced that he would seek an NFL comeback. The statement was not received well by nearly anyone, since Barber was 35 years old, well beyond the normal age that famous runningbacks retire. Barber talked about going to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and joining his twin brother Ronde Barber, but a Tampa Bay front office executive promptly said "no way." Barber was brought in by the Miami Dolphins for a tryout, but was not signed.

Controversy
-----------

Barber has drawn critics on and off the field. He has been criticized for remarks he made about Giants teammates Michael Strahan and Eli Manning. Barber also divorced is wife while she was pregnant to marry a woman he had a relationship with while married.

Children's Author
-----------------

Tiki and twin brother Ronde Barber have written several children's books about their childhood and how they grew up. The twins have published \**By My Brother's Side* (2004), *Game Day* (2005), *Teammates* (2006), *Kickoff!* (2007), *Go Long!* (2008), *Wild Card* (2009), *Red Zone* (2010), and *Goal Line* (2011). These have generally been popular.
Not to be confused with Violin.
 Violas.
A **viola** (/viˈoʊlə/ (audio speaker iconlisten) *vee-OH-lə*) is a musical instrument that is similar to the violin and cello. The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello. It has four strings: the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest string is the A string. The viola is played with a bow in the right hand. Playing with the bow is called arco. Sometimes the strings may be plucked (pizzicato).

When people see the viola, sometimes they think it is a violin. This is because the viola is only a little larger than a violin, and like the violin, the viola is held on the player's left shoulder. It is also because the sound of the viola is only five notes lower than the sound of the violin. The biggest difference between the viola and the violin is the sound. The viola's lowest string is the "C" string and its highest string is the "A" string. So, to see whether a violin-like instrument is a violin or viola, one will need to pluck the thinnest string. The violin's lowest string is the "G" string and its highest string is the "E" string. Even though the viola and violin can play many of the same notes, they each have a special sound quality. Sometimes people describe the viola's sound as more "dark", "earthy", or "mellow" than the violin's sound.

The person that makes and repairs violas is called a luthier.The Viola is also known as the Cinderella of the orchestra, due to it being unfairly neglected when it comes to popularity to the public and choice of famous classical music. Lionel Tertis and William Primrose were the two famous violists that helped the viola become more respected in general and as a solo instrument.

People who write music often use the viola for harmony notes. It is one of the instruments in a string quartet, along with two violins and a cello. The viola is found in chamber ensembles of string instruments only, and also in full symphony orchestras where strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments play together. The viola can also be a solo instrument, but is mostly used in an orchestra. The viola comes in many sizes. The sizes are measured in inches, such as a 14-inch viola. The size of the viola is measured from the bottom to the neck of it (its body's length).
A system controlling the temperature of a room might use this
**Fuzzy logic** is a sort of computer logic that is different from boolean algebra founded by Lotfi A. Zadeh. It is different in the way that it allows values to be more accurate than on or off. While boolean logic only allows true or false, fuzzy logic allows all things in between. An example of this could be a computer game: A person is standing in a doorway while a thing explodes. The character is hit or not hit if boolean logic is used, but the doorway protects him from the explosion. Therefore, he might only be hit 20%, and takes less damage.

To put it in more precise mathematical terms, classical logic has two values. These values are usually called *false* (0) or *true* (1). With fuzzy logic, a (calculated) value of 0.8 or 0.971 is possible. It is important to know the difference between fuzzy logic and chance. A coin that is thrown has a chance of 0.5 for landing heads up. If it is thrown 1000 times, it is expected that it will land with heads side up 500 times. With fuzzy logic, a thing with a "truth value" of 0.5 will have a value of 0.5 no matter how many times it is done. It is not a 50% chance of true or untrue, it is 50% true and 50% untrue at the same time.
Fuzzy logic is used a lot in expert systems and neural networks.

Humans tend to use a combination of predicate logic and fuzzy logic. If you are an outfielder catching a baseball hit into the air, then your precise logic will calculate trajectory and start you running to the point of intercept (catching). However, once close to the ball the eyes and brain of the outfielder lacks the ability to accurately estimate distance and speed because the ball is coming straight at the outfielder. The human brain switches to fuzzy logic that says "get me closer", "get me closer", and so on. That is why you see outfielders in baseball run to a spot and then move around as the ball gets closer.

Predicate logic says calculate the point to be at to catch the ball. Fuzzy logic says because of wind or other things you might not be in the correct place so just keep getting closer until you catch the ball. 

In predicate logic it is the mathematics of calculating the path of the ball that determines your action. In fuzzy logic it is the error of your calculations that determines your action.

In effect, it's like your brain trying to steady a drink in your hand while traveling down a bumpy road.
**Johann Peter Fritz** was a Viennese piano maker of the XIX century. He was building instruments for famous composers along with Conrad Graf, Anton Walter and Johann Baptist Streicher.

Fritz started producing pianos in Vienna, but moved his workshop to Graz after 1837. He died in 1834 and was buried in Vienna.(5) After Fritz's death, his son Joseph continued the family business. (5) Fritz's pianos were good quality instruments and they were valued for melodiousness. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi had one of the Fritz's pianos and used it (Viennese 6 pedal piano) from 1851 to 1871. This piano is displayed in Villa Verdi in the Province of Piacenza in Italy.(3) Some of other Fritz's instruments are presented in The Museum of Musical Instruments in Milan, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and The Finchcocks Charity for Musical Education in Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Other websites
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* Salviamo Villa Verdi. Lanciata una campagna di raccolta fondi online (in Italian)
* Johann Fritz Fortepiano. Min-on Concert Association.
* A modern replica of Fritz piano ca. 1812
**John Singer Sargent** (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist. He was the leading portrait painter of his day.

During his career, he created about 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as many sketches and charcoal drawings. He travelled worldwide. His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris, and then moved to London.

His "Portrait of Madame X" resulted in scandal, though today it is hard to see why. She was thought to be somewhat loose sexually. In the original portrait as exhibited, one strap of her gown had fallen down her right shoulder. This suggested to some the possibility of further revelation; "One more struggle", wrote a critic in *Le Figaro*, "and the lady will be free".

Sargent visited Spain, studied Diego Velázquez, and was entranced with Spanish music and dance. He understood what the Impressionists were doing, and adopted their habit of painting *en plein-air*. He was a big fan of Monet, and bought four of his works. His portrait of Monet shows he understood what was going on in French art at the time.

Sergent kept his American citizenship, and went back there four times. However, he remained living in London to the end of his life.

Gallery
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* Madame X (Virginie Gautreau) A study done while Sargent was thinking about the strapMadame X (Virginie Gautreau) A study done while Sargent was thinking about the strap
* His favourite model: Rosina Ferrara. She was described by another artist as "the tawney skinned, panther eyed, elf-like Rosina, wildest and lithest of all the savage creatures on the savage isle of Capri". Sargent painted her ten times in 1878.His favourite model: Rosina Ferrara. She was described by another artist as "the tawney skinned, panther eyed, elf-like Rosina, wildest and lithest of all the savage creatures on the savage isle of Capri". Sargent painted her ten times in 1878.
* Nancy Viscountess Astor, 1884Nancy Viscountess Astor, 1884
* Claude Monet Painting at the Edge of a Wood, by Sargent, 1885*Claude Monet Painting at the Edge of a Wood*, by Sargent, 1885
Not to be confused with Caesionidae, the fusiliers.

The **fusilier damselfish** (***Lepidozygus tapeinosoma***) is a species of damselfish in the family Pomacentridae. It found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They are found in the aquarium hobby. Adults can grow up to a maximum length of up to 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in). It is the only species in the monotypic genus, *Lepidozygus* which sits in its own subfamily, the **Lepidozyginae**.

Distribution and habitat
------------------------

They are found in the Indo-Pacific. Populations in the Indian Ocean are found in eastern Africa, the Gulf of Aden, Oman, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Similan Islands in the Andaman Sea, Indonesia, and Australia. In the Pacific Ocean, they are found in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Vietnam, Taiwan, various Pacific islands throughout to Hawaii, the Gulf of California south to northern Peru. It is found at depths of 1 to 30 metres (3.3 to 98.4 ft). This fish is found in coral reefs and lagoons. They live in tropical waters.

Description
-----------

Adults can grow up to 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) at maximum length. They have 12 dorsal spines, 14 to 15 dorsal soft rays, 2 anal spines, and 15 to 16 anal soft rays on their fins. Coloration of this fish can change a lot. It depends on its behavior. When it feeds, it turns silvery green. It darkens when resting. In the Maldives, adults guarding their eggs have a banded pattern.

Ecology
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### Diet

This fish feeds on zooplankton.

### Behavior

This fish changes its color depending on what it is doing. They form groups of fish.

In the aquarium
---------------

This fish is occasionally found in the aquarium trade. They can be kept in groups, and They are very peaceful. Behavior is similar to Anthias, but they are not as delicate. The Fussiler damselfish will flash red and green colors when feeding. Unlike many other shoaling fish, the fusilier damsels will not single out and focus aggression on the weakest fish. The fussiler damselfish is a social animal and does best when kept with others of the same species. A fast swimming fish that will readily eat most any foods offered.
**Umm al-walad** (Arabic: أم ولد, lit. 'mother of the child') was a title given to a slave-concubine who had given birth to her master's child.Since this concubine was the property of her master, she could be sold or given away, like any other slave. This was also the view of Muhammad. Umar had a different view: When he was caliph, he made a policy that prohibited owners from selling or gifting their *umm al-walads. Also, when her owner died, the Umm-al-walad would be freed. Ali, who was Umar's cousin, and later a caliph, opposed this ruling. He said it was different from what Muhammad had said.*

Shiism to Ali's view. It also introduced temporary marriages. Sunni muslims take Umar's view. As the child is a child of her owner, the child is considered freeborn, and legitimate. In 740, Zayd ibn Ali tried to overthrow the caliphate. This marked a turning point for caliphs with slave mothers. In 744, Yazid III was the first Umayyad caliph with a slave mother.The last three Umayyad caliphs, and most Abbasid caliphs had slave mothers. 

If a slave had a child, and the slave owner did not say it legitimate, the slave was faced with zina charges. The usual penaltiy for zina is stoning.
**Ultra processed food** is a classification in the NOVA food classification system. This system was i developed by the Brazilian nutrition researcher Carlos Monteiro, with his team at the Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The system looks at food processing not foods types or nutrients -- which are used in most other food categorization systems. NOVA sorts foods into four categories:

1. Unprocessed or minimally processed foods
2. Processed culinary ingredients
3. Processed foods
4. Ultra processed food and drink products

Almost all food is processed in some way. The term ultra-processing refers to the processing of industrial ingredients derived from foods, for example by extruding, moulding, re-shaping, hydrogenation, and hydrolysis. Ultra-processed foods generally include additives like preservatives, sweeteners, sensory enhancers, colourants, flavours, and processing aids. Infant formula and medical food are also considered ultra-processed. Food additives are not always a marker of ultra-processed foods. Preservatives, for example antioxidant or nitrite, are permitted for category 3.

This classification system is not accepted by everyone.

"Chorleywood" process bread, ready meals, reconstituted meat and almost all breakfast cereals are generally thought to be ultra-processed. 

Ultra-processed food is generally cheap, so poor people eat a lot of it.

There is evidence that eating a lot of it increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer.
Sammy, aged eight, gives a simultaneous display. He won all of the games. France, 1920
**Samuel Reshevsky** (Szmul Rzeszewski, near Łódź, 26 November 1911 – New York, 4 April 1992) was a Polish-American chess Grandmaster.

Sammy was a famous chess prodigy, and later a leading American chess Grandmaster. He was a contender for the World Chess Championship from about 1935 to the mid-1960s. He came equal third in the World Chess Championship 1948 tournament, and equal second in the 1953 Candidates Tournament. He was also an eight-time winner of the U.S. Chess Championship.

He was the greatest American player in the long period between Pillsbury (d.1906) and Fischer. Sammy was an Orthodox Jew, and did not play on the Jewish Sabbath: his tournament games were re-arranged. He was a regular top board for the USA at Chess Olympiads. He played in eight Olympiads, helping the U.S. team to win the gold in 1937.p335

Sammy was tremendously strong in matches, and the Soviets made sure he never got the chance to play Botvinnik in a match. He played eleven of the first twelve world champions, and drew a match against Fischer at the age of 49. His one weakness as a player was his time trouble. He used up so much of his time in the early stages of a game that he was often short of time at the end. This probably cost him the Candidates tournament in 1953.

Reshevsky was not a full-time chess player. He was a qualified accountant.

* Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1948. *Reshevsky on chess*. [aka *Reshevsky's best games of chess*, Dover.] Chess Review, N.Y.
* Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1962. *How chess games are won*. Pitman, N.Y & London.
* Gordon, Stephen W. *Samuel Reshevsky: a compendium of 1768 games*. McFarland, Jefferson NC. Some annotated by Soviet grandmasters.
**The flag of the Northern Provincial** is the flag of the Northern Provincial Council, which is one of the nine provincial councils of Sri Lanka. It was first used on 22 May 2007.

History
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Provincial Councils were created in Sri Lanka because of an agreement between India and Sri Lanka. The Northern Province and the Eastern Province, which have a majority of Tamil-speaking people, were joined together to form a Provincial Council called the North Eastern Provincial Council and it had a flag. In 2007, a Sri Lankan court said that the North and Eastern Province should be separate, so the Northern Provincial Council and the Eastern Provincial Council became two Provincial Councils.

In 2007, two flags were created for the Northern Provincial Council and the Eastern Provincial Council. They were first used at a ceremony at Chief Secretariat in May 2007 in Trincomalee. 

1. 1 2  Gunananda, A.T.M. "North and East get separate flags". Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
2. ↑  "Separate flags for North and East Provincial Councils". TamilNet. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
3. ↑  "Two separate flags for de-merged NPCand EPC". The Island. Archived from the original on 3 ஜனவரி 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2011. `{{cite web}}`: Check date values in: `|archive-date=` (help)