recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In the Gregorian calendar, a **century common year** is a year that is divisible by 100 but not by 400. Therefore, like all other common years, these years do not have a February 29. This is the only case where a year that is divisible by 4 is a common year.

In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years divisible by 4, including century years, were leap years. This rule resulted in too many leap years, so the Gregorian calendar added a new rule that a century year must be divisible by 400 to be a leap year. This is why the years 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300 are common years even though they are all divisible by 4. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, so the first century common year was 1700.

The start days of century common years varies. The century year begins on Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300. Thus, century leap years always begin on Saturday.
**Rhyl** (Welsh: *Y Rhyl*), pronounced *Rill*, is a seaside resort and community in Denbighshire in North Wales. It is in the historic county of Flintshire and the preserved county of Clwyd. In 2011, the town's population was 25,149. This makes it one of the largest settlements in North Wales.

The town was once an elegant Victorian resort. Influences from Liverpool and Manchester, both cities in England, after World War II changed the town. By 1990, the town had declined. However, since then the town has had major regeneration.

It has a number of Grade II listed buildings. An example is the Parish Church of St Thomas in Bath Street. It is listed as Grade II\*.

Very old documents refer to a small dwelling in the area called *Ty'n Rhyl*. There is a manor house with that name that still exists in the town.

Gallery
-------

* Rhyl seafrontRhyl seafront
* Rhyl High StreetRhyl High Street
* Rhyl Coastal WalkRhyl Coastal Walk

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A solitary entoproct
**Entoprocta**, or **Kamptozoa**, is a phylum of tiny sessile aquatic animals ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres (0.004 to 0.28 in) long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They are filter-feeders, with a crown of tentacles whose cilia generate water currents towards the mouth. Both the mouth and anus lie inside the crown. The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a 'crown' of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly.

Some species eject unfertilized ova into the water while others keep their ova in brood chambers until they hatch, and some of these species use placenta-like organs to nourish the developing eggs. After hatching, the larvae swim for a short time and then settle on a surface. There they metamorphose, and the larval gut generally rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also reproduce by cloning.

Some species of nudibranchs (sea slugs) and flatworms prey on entoprocts. A few entoproct species have been found living in close association with other animals. 

Fossils of entoprocts are very rare and the earliest specimens that have been identified with confidence date from the Upper Jurassic. Most studies from 1996 onwards have regarded entoprocts as members of the Trochozoa, which also includes molluscs and annelids. However, a study in 2008 concluded that entoprocts are closely related to bryozoans.

Names
-----

'Entoprocta' means 'anus inside'. The alternative name 'Kamptozoa', means 'bent' or 'curved' animals. Some authors use *Entoprocta*, while others prefer *Kamptozoa*.
A diagram of the greenhouse effect. Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Energy exchanges are written in watts per square meter (W/m2).
G**reenhouse gas** reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect".

Many greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and ozone. 

Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian–Triassic extinction which caused to destructive effects on life on earth. 

However, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the planet's average temperature.The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission. The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector.  The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation. 

In addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1 kg of beef generated more CO2 emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the global warming.

Other websites
--------------

* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases
**Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim** is a Chadian environmental activist and geographer. She is the Coordinator of the "Association of Peul Women and Autochthonous Peoples of Chad" (AFPAT). She served as the co-director of the "World Indigenous Peoples’ Initiative and Pavilion" at COP21, COP22 and COP23.

Activism and Works
------------------

Ibrahim is working on behalf of her people, the Mbororo in Chad. She was educated in Chad's capital city of N'Djamena. She spent her holidays with the indigenous Mbororo people. These people are traditionally nomadic farmers, herding and tending cattle. During her educational courses, she got aware of the discrimination against an indigenous woman. She discovered that her Mbororo people were excluded from the educational opportunities. In 1999, she founded the "Association of Indigenous Peul Women and Peoples of Chad" (AFPAT). It was a community-based organization. It promoted the rights of girls and women in the Mbororo community. It inspired leadership and works in environmental protection. The organization received its operating permission in 2005. Since then, it participated in international negotiations on climate, sustainable development, biodiversity and environmental protection.

Bibliography
------------

* Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim (2019). "Chapter 7: Indigenous people and the fight for survival". In Extinction Rebellion (ed.). *This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook*. Penguin Books. pp. 54–57. ISBN 9780141991443.
**Charles "Teenie" Harris** (July 2, 1908–June 12, 1998) was an American photographer. The main things that he took pictures of were people in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.

Biography
---------

Harris was born in 1908 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. His father and mother had a hotel in the part of the city called the Hill District. Early in the 1930s, he bought his first camera. After that he opened a photography studio. He took pictures for the magazine Flash! From the 1936 to 1975 Harris took photos of those living in the black neighborhoods of the city. Another publication called the *Pittsburgh Courier published his photographs. People called him*"One Shot" because he did not make people sit for a long time when he took their photos. He took more than 80,000 pictures in his life. 

He wasn't like other well-know photographers. Other photographers either took portraits or photographs of other places. Harris was unusual because taking photographs was part of his regular job in one city. His photos were not often seen in other places until after his death in 1998.

He took photos of famous people that visited Pittsburgh like:  Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billy Eckstine, Lena Horne, Sarah Vaughan, Sam Cooke, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, Charlie Parker, Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis, Eleanor Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Dizzy Gillespie.

Harris also photographed famous Negro League baseball players of the Homestead Grays and Pittsburgh Crawfords. Harris himself played baseball for the Crawfords when they were known as the Crawford Colored Giants.

He let another businessman, Dennis Morgan sell his photographs in 1986. Harris filed a lawsuit in 1998 for unpaid royalties and the return of his collection. He won the case after he died. The Carnegie Museum of Art purchased the collection from the Harris estate in 2001.

Since 2003, the museum has scanned and cataloged nearly 60,000 images. Many of these are available online. Many people help to identify the people in his photographs.

Harris is buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery.

Other websites
--------------

* "One Shot: the Life and Work of Teenie Harris"
* Teenie Harris Archive at the Carnegie Museum of Art
* of mid-century America: How the other half lived Apr 30th 2012 The Economist
portrait of Alexine Tinne (1835–1869)
**Alexandrine Pieternella Françoise Tinne**, called **Alexine Tinne** (October 17, 1835 – August 1, 1869) was a Dutch explorer. She used her money to satisfy her curiosity about Africa. Her father died when she was ten, and she became one of the richest people in the Netherlands. Tinne is said to have been beautiful, and she was very clever. She knew several languages and was good at riding horses. She was also brave and firm.

Alexine Tinne into Africa
With her mother and several scientists, Tinne first travelled down the Nile in 1863. Because of the trip, she gathered lots of scientific information, but Tinne's mother and two of the scientists died. Later, she prepared another trip across the Sahara. She took two big iron tanks of water. The Muslim people, thinking that the tanks had gold inside, attacked Tinne. They cut her with their swords, cutting off her hand so she could not use her gun. The attackers then ran away, leaving her to bleed to death. She died alone in the desert.

The church built in her memory in her hometown, The Hague, was destroyed by bombs in World War II.

Other websites
--------------

* Saudi Aramco: 'Alexine and the Nile' Archived 2007-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Dutch) Tinne, Alexandrine

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A **lubricant** is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as *lubricity* (slipperiness).

A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

* Does not get affected by temperature or pressure at all
* Does not burn easily, and may also prevent rusting
* High viscosity (feels like a very thick liquid)
* Does not mix with water

The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

Some common lubricants are:

* Solid: graphite (used in lead pencil),
* Semi-solid: grease
* Liquid: Oil of various grades and types

Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.

Lube Oil Blending Plant

Sustainability of Lubricant Business
**Construction** is the process of erection or assembly of any building or infrastructure on a site. In general, there are three types of construction:

Construction of a pre-fabricated house.
The town the construction
The building on Cologne, Germany.
1. Building construction
2. Heavy/civil construction
3. Industrial construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component.

History
-------

The first buildings were huts and shelters, constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.

Modern construction is consistently made of materials such as glass, steel, concrete and bricks. So it is easy to build simple forms like simple cubic forms. The new style of architecture is based on the economic basic principle:

* Social economics: The need to build houses results in having too many houses to build and to create fewer special houses. Decorations and ornaments were not important.
* Constructive economics: The reduction of needing points and areas allows new possibilities. That results in more free forms with the same work.
* Stylistic economics: The houses represent universality and objectivity and they are a product of [[art].

Related pages
-------------

* Architecture
* Building code
* Project management
* Civil Engineering


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Log cabin corner joints***.

* 

| * v
* t
* e
Civil engineering |
| --- |
| American Society of Civil Engineers **·**  Bicycle path **·**  Building **·**  Bridge **·**  Construction **·**  Dam **·**  Earthquake engineering **·**  Explosion protection **·**  Foundation **·**  Highway **·**  Infrastructure **·**  Roads **·**  Structural engineering **·**  Tunnel |  |

1. ↑  Jolia P Torn (2023) "Concrete Crack Repair"
The Gadsden Purchase in Arizona and New Mexico
The **Gadsden Purchase** was a area of land sold by Mexico to the United States in 1854. It is now part of Arizona and New Mexico, south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande. Its size was 76,800 square kilometres (29,700 sq mi). The United States paid Mexico 10,000,000 dollars, which is worth 230,000,000 dollars in 2019 money. This trade was officially called the **Treaty of Mesilla**.

Background
----------

The Mexican-American War had ended in 1848. The United States won the war. Both countries agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave the United States a very big part of Mexico: the Mexican Cession, an area of more than 1,300,000 square kilometres (500,000 sq mi). In return, the United States paid Mexico 15,000,000 dollars.

After 1848, Mexico and the United States did not agree where the border was. Both countries claimed the Mesilla Valley as part of their own country. Businessmen from the southern states wanted to build a new transcontinental railroad that would cross the southern part of the country. They wanted the railroad to go through the Mesilla Valley. Jefferson Davis, who at that time was the US Secretary of War, supported that idea. James Gadsden was sent to buy the land from Mexico. He wanted to buy much more land, including Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and parts of Chihuahua and Sonora, but the Mexican president, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, did not want to sell it to him.

Establishment of purchase
-------------------------

A treaty was signed on December 30, 1853. This treaty would have given 120,000 square kilometres (45,000 sq mi) to the United States and 15,000,000 dollars to Mexico. Many US Senators did not agree with this: they wanted to buy less land. On April 25, 1854, the US Senate accepted the new, smaller purchase. President Franklin Pierce signed the treaty, and then sent it to President Santa Anna, who signed it on June 8, 1854. Many Mexicans were angry with Santa Anna after he signed the treaty.
The **Brixton riot** of 11 April 1981 was the biggest of three riots in Brixton, London, and the biggest riot in London.

Brixton before the riots
------------------------

Brixton in south London was a very poor inner-city area with many problems — high unemployment, much crime, bad housing. Many black people, mostly of Caribbean origin, lived there. Many people there disliked the police.

The evening of April 10
-----------------------

The riot was unplanned. On the evening of the 10th, at around 5.15pm, a black boy with a knife wound was stopped by police. As he was brought to a police car by two policemen along Railton Road a large crowd attacked the police and the fight only ended when more policemen arrived; the youth was taken to hospital.

The night of April 10 and 11
----------------------------

Through the night of the 10th and on the 11th the police brought many officers into the area. Throughout the day crowds slowly got together. In early evening, as the police tried to make some arrests on Atlantic Road, the riots started: a few bricks were thrown and windows smashed. More police came and more things were thrown. The police retreated, leaving their cars to be burned. Other cars were burned and things were stolen from shops on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road and Brixton Road before the police came back.

The police closed the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area to the public, although many other streets had groups of rioting people as well. The rioters started throwing with bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. Cars and buildings were burned and fire engines attacked as they tried to stop the flames.

The riot was at its peak at around 8pm, with two public houses, schools and other buildings burning. Two hours later the police had the area under some control, although the fire brigade returned at the next morning only. By 1am the area was largely under control, with no large crowds – except the police – on the streets. There were tries to start violence again on the 12th, but they were stopped by more than 1,000 police on the streets.

After the riots
---------------

The riot was followed by almost 300 police injuries and 65 bad civilian injuries; over 100 cars were burned, including 56 police cars; almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests.

Between 3 and 11 July of that year, there were more riots in England. There were riots in Handsworth, Southall, Toxteth, and Moss Side. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh.

Brixton riots in the media
--------------------------

The riots inspired the Eddy Grant song, "Electric Avenue." 
The Clash also made a song about Brixton, "The Guns of Brixton." This song came out before the riots of 1981 (The album was sold first in 1979), but it describes the general atmosphere in the area.
**OpenBSD** is a secure, free computer operating system. Many different types of computers can be used with OpenBSD, including Intel PCs and Apple Computer's PowerPCs.

Like the other open source BSDs and unlike with most Linux operating systems, the whole operating system is developed by the same group of people with OpenBSD. Programmes from other sources are available separately.

OpenBSD is often the first to add new security tools to make it harder to break, developers have also carefully read through the programming code to check for mistakes more than once. The project is led by Theo de Raadt from Calgary, Alberta, Canada and is released under conditions which put few restrictions on people that use the source code, the BSD licence.

OpenBSD releases new versions every six months, each version is supported for one year after release. OpenBSD 4.4 was released November 1, 2008.

OpenBSD's first mascot was a BSD daemon with a halo, it was replaced with Puffy, a pufferfish, on June 15th, 2000, with the release of OpenBSD 2.7.

The operating system's developers add in many new technologies to make the system more secure and harder to break, technologies like W^X, Stack Protection, malloc reconfigurations and ssh to replace telnet and rlogin.

Because it is so secure, OpenBSD is often used as a firewall and for other security-related jobs. It is also usable for on a desktop computer, it can act and look like one of several other operating systems like Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and others.

Related pages
-------------

* NetBSD
* FreeBSD
* DragonFly BSD
* POSSE project
* KAME project

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***OpenBSD***.

* The OpenBSD homepage
* OpenBSD journal
* O'Reilly Network: *An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie Archived 2018-05-04 at the Wayback Machine*
* One floppy OpenBSD MP3 Player and router/NAT/Firewall Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
* mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
* OpenBSD ports — full-text search to find applications ported to OpenBSD and available to install as packages
* BXR.SU — OpenBSD source code search (can be useful to see if your new computer parts are supported)
**Thomas Earl Petty** (October 20, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was an American musician, singer-songwriter, voice actor and record producer. He is best known as the lead singer of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, but is also known as a member and co-founder of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys (under the pseudonyms of **Charlie T. Wilbury, Jr.** and **Muddy Wilbury**), and his early band Mudcrutch.

Some of his popular songs include: "Wildflowers", "Running Kind", "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around", "You Don't Know How It Feels" and "You Wreck Me".

Petty was also known for his voice role as Lucky in the television series *King of the Hill*.

In his career, Petty sold more than 80 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 2002, Petty was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Petty died on October 2, 2017 after he was found in his home in Santa Monica, California suffering from cardiac arrest after accidentally overdosing on prescription pain medication and fentanyl patches at the age of 66.
**Arm wrestling** is a sport with two players. Each player places one arm, either the right or left, on a surface, with their elbows bent and touching the surface, and they grip each other's hand. The goal is to pin the other's arm onto the surface, with the winner's arm over the loser's arm.

Description
-----------

Many things can play a part in a player's success in arm wrestling. Skill and overall arm strength are the two greatest contributing things to winning an arm wrestling match. Other things such as the length of an arm wrestler's arm, his/her muscle and arm mass/density, hand grip size, wrist endurance and flexibility, reaction time, as well as countless other traits, can add to the advantages of one arm wrestler over another. It is sometimes used to prove who is stronger between two or more people.

Some people arm wrestle in contests. In the United States of America, contests are held by the United States Armwrestling Federation, also called the USAF. The World Armwrestling Federation, also called the WAF, has more than 85 member countries.[*source?*]

Avoiding injury
---------------

The player on the right is in an injury-prone or "break arm" position. His shoulder must be in line with or behind the arm, as seen with the player on the left. This is cause for a referee to stop the match.
Typical Fracture
Arm wrestling puts enormous pressure/twist on the upper arm's humerus bone to a degree seen in few other physical activities. Most people's bones are not used to being so stressed in this way, and injuries can occur surprisingly easily. The arm typically fails because of a diagonal break at or below the midpoint between the shoulder and the elbow.

The natural tendency of an inexperienced arm wrestler is to push the hand, wrist, and shoulder in the same coordinated direction, against the force being applied by the opponent. This is how we throw a baseball or hit a tennis ball.

However, turning one's shoulder this way simply adds to the pressure already being applied to the humerus by the opponent. US Arm Sports advises of the danger of "letting your shoulder get inside your hand." It is better to pivot your shoulders so that you never look away from your hand.

If the tendons and ligaments are too weak to support the pressure, the muscles can cause a complete tendon blow (pop). However, tendons can be strengthened with many methods. When tendons are in pain, they require blood so they can heal faster. Doctors and arm wrestlers recommend doing rehabilitation training or therapy, exercising with light weights and many repetitions for 30 - 45 minutes non-stop to pump the blood into arms. Tendons can get bigger with time, though it is a very slow process. Experienced arm wrestlers can have tendons 3 to 4 times bigger than average people.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Arm wrestling***.

* WORLD ARMWRESTLING FEDERATION (WAF)
* Asian Armwrestling Federation (AAF)(Facebook)
* European Armwrestling Federation (EAF)
* United States Armwrestling Federation
* The Ultimate Armwrestling League Archived 2020-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Arm Wrestling World Wide
Forever Free by Edmonia Lewis (1867)
**Mary Edmonia Lewis** (c. July 4, 1844 – September 17, 1907) was an American sculptor. She is known for marble statues.

Life
----

Lewis was born in 1844 in Greenbush (now Rensselaer), New York. Her mother was a Native American from the Ojibwe tribe. Her father was from the country of Haiti. She was taught art at the The Ladies' Department of Oberlin College in Ohio. She did not graduate, but left school in 1863 after being physically attacked by racists.

Lewis began her career by creating clay statues of famous abolitionists and American Civil War generals. Her work sold well. She made enough money to travel to Rome, Italy to see statues created by important sculptors in history.

Lewis stayed in Rome and set up a studio there. She preferred living in Europe to living in America because there was less racial prejudice there.

> *I was practically driven to Rome in order to obtain the opportunities for art culture, and to find a social atmosphere where I was not constantly reminded of my color. The land of liberty had not room for a colored sculptor*
> 
> — Edmonia Lewis

Lewis continued making sculptures of Native Americans and African Americans. In 1867 she made "Forever Free". In 1876 she created "the Death of Cleopatra".

Lewis died in 1907 in London, England.

In 2022 the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring a portrait of Lewis. It is part of the Black Heritage Stamp series.

Gallery
-------

* The Death of Cleopatra*The Death of Cleopatra*
* Old Arrow Maker*Old Arrow Maker*
* Anna Quincy WaterstonAnna Quincy Waterston
* Hiawatha*Hiawatha*

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Edmonia Lewis at Wikimedia Commons

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**Halima Sadia** was an Arabic Beduin woman. She was a foster mother and took care of the prophet Muhammad for the first six years of his life. Halimah and her husband were from the tribe of Sa'd b. Bakr (a large North Arabian tribe).

Relationship with Muhammad
--------------------------

Foster mothers came to Mecca to feed children. It was the custom at that time in Makkah that families send their children to live for a while with a nurse who lived in the desert. This was healthier for their bodies to be around a natural environment instead of living in the city. They preferred that the fathers of the children they took care of were still alive. Although Muhammad's father was dead, Halimah took him just eight days after he was born. He grew up in Hudaybiyah, then in Medina before he was returned to his mother, Aminah bint Wahb.

Years after Muhammad's mother died and he became married to Khadijah, Halimah came to him complaining of her poverty. He asked Khadijah to give her 40 sheep. After Muhammad got his first revelation, Halimah and her husband came to Muhammad and embraced Islam. When she came to Muhammad on the day of Hunayn, he took off his robe and put it on the ground for her to sit.

When the group of foster mothers arrived at the Makkah city and they picked up most of the children, the last nurse arrived with her husband (Al-Harith) riding a donkey and old camel. She found only one orphan boy who had no father to pay her. She was ready to go back but she did not want to return without a baby. She decided to go back and pick up the orphan. As soon as she lifted that boy, her life changed and became filled with immense good fortune and blessings. The old camel, which had not given a drop of milk, was soon over flowing with milk. Although she was the last women leaving makkah on her donkey, she passed her friends. This was indeed a great blessing for her and for this poor Bedouin family.

After two years, Muhammad was returned to his mother Amina. She told Amina about the great blessings that she had received when Muhammad was in her care, but soon, Amina was persuaded by Halima and her husband (Al-Harith) to return the child back with them for another two years to protect him from a spreading disease in Makkah.
**Giannis Sina Ougko Ugo Antetokounmpo** (born December 6, 1994) is a Greek professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 213 cm (7 ft 0 in), Antetokounmpo's combination of size, speed and ball-handling skills led to his nickname the "**Greek Freak**". He is the 2019 NBA Most Valuable Player.

Born in Greece to Nigerian parents, Antetokounmpo began playing basketball for the youth teams of Filathlitikos in Athens. In 2011 he began playing for the club's senior team. He declared himself eligible for the NBA Draft in 2013 and was selected 15th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks.

In 2016–17 he led the Bucks in all five major statistical categories and became the first player in NBA history to finish a regular season in the top 20 in total points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks (although totals are not the statistics used to determine league leaders, in which case the stat is not true; and several players have completed seasons with higher average ranks among the five statistics, such as Michael Jordan in 1987-88 and 1988-89). He received the Most Improved Player award in 2017. He has received three All-Star selections, and led the Eastern Conference in voting in 2019. He was named NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) in June 2019.
Flag of the Tatars
The member organisations of the House [What house? undefined term] work on a range of issues including prison conditions; police abuse; access to medical treatment; violence in the army; domestic violence and the conditions for children in institutional care. The House members have a thematic focus on the rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. With member organisations that have worked together since 2009, Human Rights House Kazan was already a well-established human rights centre in Czarist Russia when it joined the network of Human Rights Houses in 2019.

Tatar history
-------------

Perestroika helped in the rebirth of Tatar nationalism, which had first flourished during the October Revolution. From the late 1980s, Tatarstan was at the forefront of the movement for regional autonomy. Tatarstan declared sovereignty on 30 August 1990. A referendum held on 21 March 1992 on the transformation of Tatarstan into an independent republic won wide support. The Tatarstan authorities refused to sign the Federation Treaty (March 1992). Particular efforts have been made to build links with the Tatar diaspora. The Constitution of 1992 allowed for dual citizenship and for two state languages. In 1992-3 a number of organizations, including the Tatar Public Opinion Centre, demanded outright independence for the republic. The main nationalist drive was not, however, for full independence but rather for associative membership of the Russian Federation. The wide dispersal of Tatars – in 1989 only 32 per cent of Russia’s 5.5 million Tatars lived in Tatarstan – prevented Kazan’s campaign for power from turning into a struggle for ethno-national liberation. The Tatarstan authorities signed a historic power-sharing agreement with Moscow on 15 February 1994 that granted the republic important rights of self-government, the right to retain a substantial share of federal taxes collected in Tatarstan and for republican legislation to supersede federal law in some cases. The treaty nonetheless fell short of recognizing Tatarstan as an independent entity in international law.

Following the Soviet collapse Tatars have consolidated their demographic position within the Republic of Tatarstan, forming an absolute majority for the first time in the 2002 census. Ethnic Tatars have generally been over-represented in Tatarstan’s political institutions in the post-Soviet period. Contact with the Tatar diaspora abroad also increased.

LGBT rights
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Russian imperialists is notorious for its laws against "gay propaganda," which have resulted in a spate of show trials against LGBT activists. The researcher at Human Rights Watch, said that Tatar authorities have made derogatory and aggressive statements against LGBT groups. The LGBT community in Tatarstan, however, keeps a low profile and has always opposed the continued unjust annexation of their country, since the late 1980's.
Audio & Visual Media
**Digital media** (compared to analog media) is a communication media that works on digital codes. This also includes text, audio, video, and graphics that are transmitted over the internet for viewing or listening to on the internet.

Today, computing is based on the binary numeral system, so the "digital" refers to the use of "0" and "1" to show data. Computers are machines that use binary digital data as information. Digital media ("Formats for presenting information" according to media) like digital audio, digital video and other digital "content" can be created, referred to and distributed by digital information processing machines. Digital media is a big change from (analog) media.

Digital and analog data
-----------------------

See the main article: Analog-to-digital converter
The transformation of an Analog signal to Digital information by an analog-to-digital converter is called sampling. According to information theory, sampling is a reduction of information. Most digital media are based on turning analog data into digital data and vice-versa (see digital recording, digital video, television versus digital television).

Working with digital media
--------------------------

See the main article: digital signal processing
Compared to analog data, digital data is easier to control, and can be made into many copies without losing any quality. Mathematical operations can be made into digital information regardless of its meaning (you can add "2" to the data "65" and view the result either as the hexadecimal number "43" or the letter "C"). Thus, it is possible to use the same compression operation onto a text file or an image file or a sound file.

Examples of digital media
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* Cellphones
* Compact disc
* Digital video
* Digital television
* e-book
* Internet
* Minidisc
* Video game
* World Wide Web
* e-Commerce
* and many interactive media

Related pages
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* Analog-to-digital converter
* Content delivery
* Digital asset management
* Digital signal processing
* eRhetoric
* Electronic publishing

Other websites
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* "Reference Model for Electronic Business Media" Archived 2010-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Digital MediaNecessary terms and definitions Archived 2010-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
Suaad Abbas Salman Allami (Iraq) with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2009.
**Suaad Allami** (Arabic: سعاد اللامي) or **Suaad Abbas Salman Allami** (Arabic: سعاد عباس سلمان العلمي ) is an Iraqi lawyer from Sadr City in Baghdad. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.  Alami started a women's center in Baghdad with the NGO Women For Progress.  Women for Progress was the first legal clinic for women in Iraq.

Life
----

Allami graduated from Baghdad University School of Law in 1992. She worked as a lawyer in Iraq's family courts for seventeen years. 

In 2010 Allami received a Master's Degree (LLM) in Law and Human Rights from the University of Minnesota Law School.

Work
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Allami was in the Baghdad Provincial Council and Sadr City District Council from 2004 to 2009. She wrote laws for the District and Sub-District Councils of Baghdad Province. 

Allami opened the first all female legal clinic in Iraq. She runs five women’s centers in Baghdad.

Awards
------

* Allami was named Female Lawyer of the Year by the Iraqi Women's Foundation in 2008.

* Allami received the International Women of Courage Award in 2009.

* From 2009 to 2010, Allami was the Distinguished Hubert Humphrey Fulbright Fellow at University of Minnesota Law School.

* She received the Massachusetts Bar Association Public Service award in 2010.

* In 2014, Allami received the vital voices Global Leadership award.
**Nimbarka Ashram** is located on Mirzajangal Road in Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. The architectural style and beauty of this temple is full of ancient architecture. The temple was established around 1931 by Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadas Kathiababa Maharaj, the 55th Acharya of the Nimbarka sect.

Nimbarka Ashram

Location
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Sri Sri Nimbark Ashram Nimbark Ashram is located on Mirzajangal road from Sylhet city of Bangladesh.

Architectural style
-------------------

The ashram was of ancient design at the time of its establishment but now the ashram has been reconstructed and transformed into a modern ashram.

History
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Sri Sri Nimbarka Ashram is located in Sylhet, the Prana Kendra, in the eastern part of BangladeshBengal's first Nimbark Mahant of Nimbark community, former president of Kumbh Mela alias Tarakishore Chowdhury and Samaj Sevak Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadas Kathiababa founded this Ashram in 1931 AD with his own hands. This ashram is a place of prayer for devotees and followers of Nimbark sect of Hinduism not only in Sylhet but also in Bangladesh and all over the world. Since its inception, the ashram has had a positive impact on the worship of Hindu devotees. The tradition and history of Hinduism continues till today.

Management
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The ashram is currently managed and directed by the 57th Acharya Brajvidehi Srimahant Ananta Srivibhushit Srisri 108 Swami Rasviharidas Kathiyababa Maharaj of the Nimbark community and the ashram has its own management committee.
**Marc Fortier** (born February 26, 1966) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a career total of 212 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Quebec Nordiques, Ottawa Senators, and Los Angeles Kings.

Career
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Before playing in the NHL, Fortier played 4 seasons with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He went undrafted but he was signed as a free agent on February 3, 1987. He spent his time between the Nordiques and their AHL-affiliates Fredericton Express and Halifax Citadels. After he became a free agent, Fortier signed a contract with the Ottawa Senators on October 1, 1992. He played 10 with the Senators and was traded by the Senators along with Jim Thomson to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Bob Kudelski and Shawn McCosh. He played 6 games with the Kings and then left.

He traveled to Europe and played for the ZSC Lions of the National League A for 3 seasons, Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) for 6 seasons, the Frankfurt Lions for 1 season, HC Ajoie of the National League B for 2 seasons and 4 games for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A.

He is currently the general manager of his old team, the Chicoutimi Saguenéens.

Other websites
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* Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
**Guyle Abner Fielder** (born November 21, 1930) was an American-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played 9 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Boston Bruins. Fielder is the third-leading scorer in professional hockey history, behind Wayne Gretzky and Gordie Howe. He was one of only three hockey players to pass 2000 points in their playing career. He also holds the records as the leading games played, career assists and career points in minor league hockey history. He was born in Potlatch, Idaho but he moved to Nipawin, Saskatchewan with his Canadian parents at an early age and grew up there.

Career
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Before playing in the NHL, Fielder played 2 seasons of with the Lethbridge Native Sons of the Western Canadian Junior Hockey League (WCJHL).

On March 9, 1951, Fielder signed a contract with the Chicago Black Hawks as a free agent. The Black Hawks loaned Fielder to the New Westminster Royals of the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL) for cash in August, 1951. On September 23, 1952, the Black Hawks traded Fielder along with Steve Hrymnak and Red Almas to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for cash. He was claimed off of waivers by the New York Rangers on September 29, 1953. The Rangers traded him to the Seattle Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the rights to Lee Hyssop in October 1953. Fielder's NHL rights were traded to the Boston Bruins by the Americans for cash in October 1953. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1973.

Awards and accomplishments
--------------------------

* Ed Bruchet Trophy (awarded to the MVP of the WCJHL) (1949–50)
* WHL Rookie Of The Year (1951–52)
* Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award winner; awarded to the AHL Rookie Of The Year (1952–53)
* 9x WHL Leading Scorer: 1953-54, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67
* 6x George Leader Cup winner (awarded to the WHL MVP): 1956-57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1966–67
* 3x Fred J. Hume Cup winner; awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the WHL, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69
* AHL First All-Star Team (1953)
* WHL First All-Star Team (1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1967)
* WHL Second All-Star Team (1961, 1965, 1966, 1968)

Other websites
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* Guyle Fielder player profile at NHL.com
* Guyle Fielder career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
**Milan Hnilička** (born June 25, 1973) is a Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 121 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers, and Los Angeles Kings. He has also played in the Czech Extraliga for the HC Kladno, HC Sparta Praha, HC Bílí Tygři Liberec, and HC Slavia Praha and in the Russian Superleague with Salavat Yulaev Ufa.

Career
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Before playing professional hockey, Hnilička played 1 season with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL), 9 games with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles of the International Hockey League (IHL), 43 games with the Richmond Renegades of the ECHL, and 15 games with the Denver Grizzlies of the IHL.

He was drafted 70th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. He didn't play a game with them and he signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent on July 15, 1999. He played 2 games with them before he was sent down to play with their AHL-affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack. During his time with the Wolf Pack, he won the Calder Cup and also won the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award for having the lowest goals against average. He shared to award with Jean-François Labbé.

After he became a free agent, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Thrashers. He played 3 seasons with the Thrashers and 15 games with the AHL-affiliate, the Chicago Wolves. On September 15, 2003, the Thrashers traded him to the Los Angeles Kings for future considerations. He played 20 games with the Kings' AHL-affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs and was called to play Kings. He missed most of the 2003-04 season because of a finger injury that he suffered in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes on December 31, 2003. He then left North America and signed a contract to play for HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga on May 18, 2004. He played 3 seasons with them and played 9 games for Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Russian Superleague (RSL) before returning to HC Bílí Tygři Liberec.

He played 3 games with HC Slavia Praha before he announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey in August 2010.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Milan Hnilička***.

* Milan Hnilička player profile at NHL.com
* Milan Hnilička career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
The **Vagrancy Act 1824** (5 Geo. 4. c. 83) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that makes it a crime to sleep rough or beg in England and Wales. The law was passed to combat the increasing number of people forced to live on the streets at the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the social effects of the Industrial Revolution. Critics of the law include William Wilberforce, who condemned the Act for making vagrancy a crime with no consideration of the circumstances as to why an individual might be homeless.

Parts of the Act have not been repealed by UK Parliament. Most of its legal provisions remain convictable offences and are enforceable in England. In 2020, 573 people were prosecuted under the act.

It was repealed in Scotland in 1982.

In 2023 Rishi Sunak's government were considering a new law. This would make anyone who is sleeping rough, or "appearing" as though they are or intending to do so in future and who could cause or are "likely to cause" a "nuisance" a criminal. Punishment could be a month’s imprisonment and/or fines of up to £2,500.