recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
See also: Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
The **voiced dental lateral fricative** is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is (ɮ̪) and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is `L_`. This symbol is used to represent the dental click but represents a voiced dental lateral fricative.

The voiced dental lateral fricative is distinct from the voiced alveolar lateral fricative.

Sound used in words
-------------------

Language: English

Word: explode

IPA: exɮ̪de

Return to
---------

* Voiced alveolar lateral fricative

Lists of co-articulated consonants
----------------------------------


| IPA: Co-articulated consonants |
| --- |
| 

Nasal

n͡m
Labial–alveolar

ŋ͡m
Labial–velar

Stop

t͡pd͡b
Labial–alveolar

k͡pɡ͡b
Labial–velar

q͡ʡ
Uvular–epiglottal

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊ɥ
Labial–palatal

ʍw
Labial–velar

ɧ
*Sj*-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

ɫ
Velarized alveolar

 |
| 

---

* IPA help
* full chart
* template

 |

Related pages
-------------

* Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
**Wakoku** was the name used by early China and its neighboring states to refer to what is now known as Japan. There are different ideas about how much power the early kings of Japan had.

According to ancient Chinese books like the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, the borders of Japan were described as being five months from east to west and three months from north to south.

The Wajin, who were people from Japan, were mentioned in historical documents like the Book of Han and the Geographical Survey of Japan, dating back to around the 2nd century BC.

In the late 7th century, the Yamato kingdom, which was also known as Yamato, changed its external name to Japan, but its relation to Japan mentioned in the Book of the Later Han is not clear. There are differences in the descriptions found in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang.

Related pages
-------------

* Yayoi period
* Kofun period
* Yamatai

| * v
* t
* e
Yamatai and the Wajinden |
| --- |
| People | 
* Five kings of Wa
	+ San
	+ Chin
	+ Sai
	+ Ko
	+ Bu
* Taiyoo
* Himiko
* Kukochihiko
* Himikoko
* Tarishihiko [ja]
* Wazui [ja]

 |
| Events | 
* Civil War of Wa

 |
| Sites | 
* Hashihaka Kofun
* Makimuku ruins
* Ukikunden Site [ja]
* Inariyama Kofun
* Inari Daichi Kofun [ja]
* Ichinoyama tomb [ja]

 |
| Theories | 
* Yamatai locations
	+ Yamatai Honshu Theory
	+ Yamatai Kyushu Theory

 |
| Related states of the Wajinden | 
* Black tooth country
* Chikushikoku
* Fumikoku
* Geumgwan Gaya
* Ikikoku [ja]
* Itokoku
* Kununokuni
* Matsurokoku
* Nakoku
* Shin'okoku
* Shujukoku
* Toumakoku
* Tsukaikoku
* Wakoku

 |
| Media | 
* *Himiko*
* *Legend of Himiko*

 |
| See Also | 
* Chinese literature related to Wajin [ja]
* Shojin [ja]
* Wa
* Wajin
* Kokushijin [ja]
* Sea People (Japan) [ja]

 |
**Palm wine**, is an alcoholic drink made from the sap of palm trees such as the palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms. It is common in various parts of Africa, the Caribbean, South America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Micronesia.

Palm wine production by smallholders and individual farmers may help conservation. Palm trees may become a source of regular household income. This may be worth more than the value of timber sold.

Tapping
-------

Toddy collectors at work on *Cocos nucifera* palms
Tapping palm sap in East Timor
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. The sap is usually collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet. It is not alcoholic before it is fermented. Another method is the felling of the entire tree. When this is done a fire is sometimes lit at the cut end to help the collection of sap.

Palm sap starts fermenting immediately after it is collected. This is due to natural yeasts in the air (often helped by yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation produces an aromatic wine of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly intoxicating and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, for a stronger, more sour, and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces vinegar instead of stronger wine.

Distilled
---------

Palm wine may be distilled to create a stronger drink, which goes by different names depending on the region (e.g. *arrack*, *palm feni (liquor)*, *sopi*, *village gin*, *charayam*, and *country whiskey*).

In Nigeria, this is commonly called palm wine. In southwestern Nigeria and some parts of Cameroon, it is also known as *Emu* or "Matango". In both Congos, it is called *nsámbá*. In parts of southern Ghana, distilled palm wine is called *akpeteshi* or *burukutu*. In Togo and Benin, it is called *sodabe. I*n Tunisia it is called *lagmi*. In coastal parts of Kenya, it is known as "mnazi". In India, it is called "toddy". In Ivory Coast, it is called "koutoukou".

In the Philippines, the most common distilled palm liquor is *lambanog* which is made from aged *tubâ*. It has very high alcohol by volume, at 40 to 45% abv (80 to 90 proof).
**Heydar Gholi Latifiyan** (Persian: حیدر قلی لطیفیان) (1879- December 16, 1915) also known as **Heydar Latifiyan** (Persian: حیدر لطیفیان), was a Supporter of the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the Democrat Party of Iran. He was an Iranian popular commander in World War I.

### Last fight

"...the Russian army from one side reaches the village of Kolmeh, which is located between the Robat Karim road and Tehran, and the local fighters are surrounded from three sides. The Russians start bombarding the area from almost a mile, until in the evening, the strongholds of the local Batop fighters are bombarded. But everyone survives. But in the evening, the infantry riders of the Russian army came closer and the war with swords started and after a bloody clash, seventy people were killed...". Heydar Latifiyan was also killed like the rest of his comrades. According to the traditions of the local people, the Russians made it difficult to identify the bodies by cutting off the heads of the dead. The only body that could be identified (by his clothes) was that of Heydar Latifiyan, who was buried near the north of Vahan Abad village. (Nowadays, One kilometer to Tehran International Airport).

Related pages
-------------

* World War I
* Iran
***Heavy Rain*** is an interactive action-adventure psychological thriller video game made by Quantic Dream for the PlayStation 3.

There was a patch released for the game which allowed player to use the PlayStation Move controller.

Plot
----

The player controls Ethan Mars, the main protagonist who is trying to find his son after he kidnapped by a serial killer known as the Origami Killer that drowns their victims in rainwater. The player also controls investigative journalist Madison Paige, FBI profiler Norman Jayden, and private detective Scott Shelby. Paige, Jayden and Shelby are all trying to find out the Origami Killer's identity.

Awards
------

CNN and Gaming Union named the game as Game of the Year in 2010. It was also named as the Best PS3 Game of 2010 by both GameSpy and IGN and was included in the book *1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die* in 2011.

Remaster
--------

The game received a high-definition (HD) remaster, which released on PlayStation 4 in March 2016.

PC port
-------

The game was ported to PC's running Microsoft Windows along with two other games made by Quantic Dream in *Beyond: Two Souls* and *Detroit: Become Human* on 22 July 2019.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Heavy Rain page on Quantic Dream's website
Cyclamen purpurascens
***Cyclamen*** is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants. It is in the Myrsinaceae family. The genus is most widely known by its scientific name **Cyclamen**. It may also be called **Persian violet** (it is not related to the violets), or **primrose** (neither is it a primrose). This is because Cyclamen has been part of the Primulaceae families. 

Cyclamen come from the Mediterranean, from Spain to Iran. They are also found from northeast Africa to Somalia. They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground tuber (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to save water. Each leaf or flower grows on its own stem, which shoots up from the hypocotyl. The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals. 

The hypocotyl grows leaves and flowers on stems, either one flower or one leaf per stem. The stem for leaves and flowers appears identical except in height. The leaves grow on stems of around 6 cm height.

Species
-------

Here are the species of this genus:

* Cyclamen africanum
* Cyclamen alpinum
* Cyclamen balearicum
* Cyclamen cilicium
* Cyclamen colchicum
* Cyclamen coum
* Cyclamen creticum
* Cyclamen cyprium
* Cyclamen elegans
* Cyclamen graecum
* Cyclamen hederifolium
* Cyclamen intaminatum
* Cyclamen libanoticum
* Cyclamen mirabile
* Cyclamen parviflorum
* Cyclamen peloponnesiacumum
* Cyclamen persicum
* Cyclamen pseudibericum
* Cyclamen purpurascens
* Cyclamen repandum
* Cyclamen rohlfsianum
* Cyclamen somalense

Bibliography
------------

* Sundberg, M. D. 1982 Petal-stamen initiation in the genus Cyclamen (Primulaceae). *American Journal of Botany* 69: 1707–1709
For the song by Olivia Rodrigo, see Drivers License (song).
A driver's licence from Norway
A **driver's license**, **driver license**, **driver licence**, or **driving licence** is an official document which states that a person may drive a motorized vehicle, such as a motorcycle, car, truck, or a bus.

History
-------

In 1888, Karl Benz, the inventor of the modern car, got a written "*Genehmigung*" (permit) from Grand Ducal authorities to use his car on public roads because people would complain about the noise and smell of his *Motorwagen*. Up until the start of the 20th century, European authorities would give permits like these to drive vehicles if they needed to. Sometimes, they just did not.

Laws controlling driver's licenses
----------------------------------

Different countries have different laws as to whether or not a person can have a driver's license. In some places, a person must pass a driving test before he or she is given a driver's license, while in other places, a driving license is given before the person starts driving.

In Victoria, Australia (for example), to get a driving licence a person must:

* be at least 18 years old
* live in Victoria
* pass an eye test
* pass a Hazard Perception Test (done on a computer)
* pass a practical Driving Test to show they can drive safely, control the car, follow road rules, and cooperate with other road users.

There are payments to be given to do the driving tests, and if successful, there are more fees to be paid for the licence. Many people get a learner's permit before getting a license. The first licence may be a Provisional Licence, which has certain limitations on what a driver can do. After four years, the driver will qualify for a full, minimum licence. If the partaker is under-aged, but passed the leaner's permit, they would have to wait 8 months to get a professional driver's license.

Origin
------

In 1901, California laws authorized all cities and counties to give licenses for bicycles, tricycles, automobiles, horse carriages, and similar wheeled vehicles.
**Gerard Arthur Way** (born April 9, 1977) is an American musician and comic book writer. Way is the lead singer and co-founder of the punk rock band My Chemical Romance. Their brother Mikey was the bass player for the band. 
Way played for the band from their start in September 2001 until they broke up on March 22, 2013, until the reunion on October 31, 2019, thus rejoining Gerard to the band.

Way is known for commonly changing their hair color from black to blonde and even a striking red. They married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3, 2007. Gerard and Lyn Z announced that they were having a baby in November 2008. Their daughter, Bandit Lee Way, was born on May 27, 2009. She arrived at 2:57 PM and weighed 6 pounds and 5.6 ounces. Gerard has said that both Bandit and Lyn Z are "happy and healthy". Way is also the writer of the comic book series "The Umbrella Academy".

Before My Chemical Romance
--------------------------

He was born on April 9, 1977 in Summit, New Jersey. Way attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gerard Way***.

* Official website
* Gerard Way at AllMusic
**Amy Jade Winehouse** (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English jazz, soul and R&B singer and songwriter. She debuted with the well-received album *Frank* in 2003. Winehouse won five Grammy Awards for her 2006 album *Back to Black*. This made her the first British female to win five Grammys.
Winehouse had many uncles who were jazz musicians, and she was interested in jazz from a young age. She named her first album after Frank Sinatra. Her music was also influenced by girl groups of the 1960s.

Early life
----------

Amy Jade Winehouse was born to Jewish parents Janis and Mitch Winehouse. She was given her first guitar when she was 13 years old. When she was 14 she started writing songs. She'd often write music about her day to day experiences in a book given to her by father. It was later revealed that she used some of the songs she wrote as a teenager on her debut album Frank She went to Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School. Both schools have very notable alumni including soul-singer Adele and X-Factor contestant, Leona Lewis

Career
------

On 20 October 2003 Winehouse's first album *Frank* was released. She won an Ivor Novello Award for it.

On 30 October 2006 her second album *Back to Black* was released. Five singles were released from the album. The first single "Rehab" spent 57 weeks in the UK Singles Chart. It won Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards.
Winehouse sung on Mutya Buena's 2007 single "B Boy Baby". Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008. The next day she performed at the Glastonbury Festival.

In 2011 *Lioness: Hidden Treasures*, a collection of Winehouse's unreleased songs, was released. It reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Winehouse sung on the song "Cherry Wine" on Nas' 2012 album *Life Is Good*.

Personal life
-------------

She married Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. They had legal troubles that resulted in criminal convictions for both of them. He was sent to prison. They divorced in 2009.

Death and legacy
----------------

She was found dead in her flat in Camden, north London, on the afternoon by accidental alcohol poisoning on July 23, 2011 after years of drug and alcohol addiction. This made her a member of the 27 Club, a group of popular musicians who have died at that age, often due to drug or alcohol abuse. After Winehouse's death her dad published a book about her life called *Amy: My Daughter*. All of the money made from the book was given to the Amy Winehouse Foundation.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities
* WorldCat Entities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Italy
* Israel
* Finland
* United States
* Sweden
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Korea
* Croatia
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Artists | 
* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| People | 
* Germany
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Cabbage Kimchi
**Kimchi** (Hangul: 김치; Korean pronunciation: [kimtɕʰi]; English: /ˈkɪmtʃi/), also spelled **kimchee** or **gimchi**, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. In traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months. There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.

Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. However, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. So, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. In Korea kimchi pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. Kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished. 

The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.

Varieties
---------

Every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. Baechu Kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. Kkakdugi is made of cubed Korean radish (mu). It’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. Baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. It’s not spicy. Chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. Gat kimchi is made from dark green Korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. These can be kept for months or even longer. As these age, they taste like lemons. Oi Sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. Cucumber is the main ingredient for it. It can be kept for about a week. As it ages, it also taste like a lemon. Dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. When it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. It can be kept for about a month.

Preparation
-----------

The most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most Kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their families in December.
File:Protonium deuterium tritium.jpgThe three most stable isotopes of hydrogen
**Hydrogen** has three main **isotopes**; protonium (1H), deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H). These isotopes form naturally in nature. Protonium and deuterium are stable. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of about 12 years. Scientists have created four other hydrogen isotopes (4H to 7H), but these isotopes are very unstable and do not exist naturally.

The main isotopes of hydrogen are unique because they are the only isotopes that have a name. These names are still in use today. Deuterium and tritium sometimes get their own symbols, D and T. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry does not like these names very much, even though they are often used. There are other isotopes that had their own names when scientists studied radioactivity. But, their names are no longer used today.

Protonium (hydrogen1)
---------------------

Further information: hydrogen atom
Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen. It is special because it is the only isotope that has no neutron.
Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen. It makes up more than 99.98% of all the hydrogen in the universe. It is named *protium* because it's nucleus only has one proton. Protium has an atomic mass of 1.00782504(7) u. The symbol for protium is **1H**.

The proton of protonium has never decayed in an observation, so scientists believe that protium is a stable isotope. New theories of particle physics predict that a proton can decay, but this decay is very slow. The proton is said to have a half-life of 1036 years. If proton decay is true, then all other nuclei that are said to be stable are actually only *observationally stable*, i.e. they look like they are stable. Recent experiments have shown that if proton decay does occur, it would have a half-life of 6.6 × 1033 years.

Deuterium (hydrogen2)
---------------------

Further information: deuterium
Deuterium, or **2H** or sometimes **D**, is another stable isotope of hydrogen. The isotope has one proton and one neutron. It makes up about 0.0026 – 0.0184% of all atoms of hydrogen on Earth. Deuterium is less in hydrogen gas on Earth and is more in sea water (0.015% or 150 ppm). Deuterium is not radioactive, and it will not harm living things. Deuterium can also form water molecules. Water that has deuterium instead of protium is named heavy water.

Tritium (hydrogen3)
-------------------

Further information: tritium
Tritium (**3H**) is the most stable radioisotope of hydrogen. That is, of all radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is the least radioactive. It has a proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Tritium decays through beta minus decay and changes to helium3. It has a half-life of 12.32 years.

Tritium is formed naturally by the interaction between the gases in the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays. It is also created during nuclear weapons tests. Tritium and deuterium is used in D-T nuclear fusion in stars to give out a lot of energy.

[[Category:Isotopes|Hydrogen]peepee
Religious protest against homosexuality in San Francisco
Homosexuality and bisexuality have been practices for a long time. Different religious groups have had different opinions regarding them. These opinions have changed over time. 

There is the view that sexual activity outside marriage is bad. There is also the view that sexual activity that is not about procreation (making babies) is bad. Many Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, mostly) still have this view. For them, homosexuality and bisexuality are unnatural, and wrong. Christianity calls them a sin. Many Islamic countries punish such relations. These groups see marriage as the union of a man and a woman. Marriage mostly has the purpose to have children. These people say that because with a same-sex marriage, people cannot have children without help, same sex-marriages are bad, Most forms of Christianity have taken this approach. 

In Christianity, these attitudes have slowly changed. In 2020, Pope Francis said that "being homosexual is not a crime". He has also reached out to the LGBTIQ+ people. The pope has said that he thinks that rules about same-sex unions are needed, but that he still opposes same-sex marriage. In Brazil and the Philippines, about 70% of people accept homosexuality as natural. This is a similar rate to that of many European countries.

Judaism generally sees homosexuality as wrong, and contrary to Judaism. Especially Orthodox Judaism has this view. According to Jewish law, being homosexual can be punished with the death penalty. In practice though, Rabbinic Judaism says it no longer has the authority to sentence someone to death. There are also more liberal movements in Judaism. These movements usually see homosexuality the same way as heterosexuality: Being homosexual is no different from being heterosexual. 

All of the major Islamic schools disapprove of homosexuality. Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation, and sexual relations are seen as being against the natural role and aim of sexual activity. Islamic teachings (in the *hadith* tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the Qur'an) condemn consummation.

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is mostly concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women.[*source?*] Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, al-Tabari records an example of the casual execution in the year 170 AH (786 or 787 AD) of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the harem of al-Hadi in a collection of highly critical stories about that Caliph's actions as ruler.

Many Islamic countries have implemented the death penalty for homosexual or bisexual relations. Other islamic countries punish such relations with a time in prison, or a fine. In some islamic countries, there is no punishment for sexual relations between consenting adults.
*For the album, see* Animals *(album)*.

**Animals** (or **Metazoa**) are living creatures with many cells. Animals get their energy from other living things. Usually, they eat them or are parasites. Animals, plants, fungi, and some other living things have complex cells, so they are grouped together as eukaryotes.

The study of animals is called zoology. The study of ancient life is called palaeontology.

Most animals are mobile, meaning they can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide. This cellular respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like plants and fungi. 

Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but live by using light, water and basic elements to make their tissues.

Grouping animals
----------------

There are many different types of animals. The common animals most people know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. When biologists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have in common. They use this to group the animals in a biological classification. Several million species may exist, but biologists have only identified about one million.

Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are the only group to have an adaptive immune system, which may be partly responsible for their size and success.

Vertebrates are:

* Fish (or 'fishes': both ways are correct)
* Amphibia
* Reptiles
* Birds
* Mammals

Some invertebrates are:

* Insects
* Spiders
* Crustacea
* Molluscs (like a snail or squid)
* worms
* jellyfish

Life styles
-----------

The animal mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic because they get their food from other living organisms. Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat only meat and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores. Some animals get their energy from photosynthetic protists that live inside them. 

The environments animals live in vary greatly. By the process of evolution, animals adapt to the habitats they live in. A fish is adapted to its life in water and a spider is adapted to a life catching and eating insects. A mammal living on the savannahs of East Africa lives quite a different life from a dolphin or porpoise catching fish in the sea.

The fossil record of animals goes back about 600 million years to the Ediacaran period, or somewhat earlier. During the whole of this long time, animals have been constantly evolving, so that the animals alive on Earth today are very different from those on the edges of the sea-floor in the Ediacaran.

Everyday language
-----------------

In scientific usage, humans are animals. But in everyday use, humans are often not regarded as animals.

Related pages
-------------

* List of animal phyla
* Ethology, the study of animal behaviour


Wikispecies has information on: ***Animalia***.
**Women Democratic Front (WDF)** is a Pakistani independent, socialist and feminist organization. The organisation was officially founded on 8 March 2018 at Islamabad, Pakistan. Its foundation was set by hundreds of individuals, who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization from Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on March 8, 2018.

The aim of WDF is to unite the women of the Pakistan. They want such unity to create a collective feminist movement that will bring real features of the International Women's Day celebrations to the country's society. For that, They think a change should happen in the society.

Foundation
----------

Women Democratic Front (WDF) was officially started on 8 March 2018 on the International Women's Day. It's foundation was done by different people that came from all around Pakistan. The group then did a march through various cities of Pakistan and named it '**Aurat Azadi March**' (Urdu: عورت آزادی مارچ) which means 'Women's Freedom March'. In 2019, The group did another March on International Women's Day in alliance with various other groups in Pakistan such as Women Action Forum, The Transgender community in Pakistan, Sindhi Aurat Tanzeem, etc. Some celebrities, political workers and medical workers also joined the March. The March got a positive *(good)* response from Feminists around the world while the right wing in Pakistan judged it as 'Un-Islamic'.

Ideology
--------

Their ideology is described as socialist-feminism and is seen as an ongoing women's political struggle against violence (particularly domestic violence), discrimination and patriarchal oppression, pillars of capitalism, imperialism, feudalism and religious extremism (such as Honor killing).

Organizational structure
------------------------

The Women Democratic Front is a federal organization with a presence of four national units across Pakistan. The 4 units are located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab/Islamabad, and Baluchistan. WDF also has a federal unit. The group aims to grow its reach to include the disputed territories of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir, organizing women in those areas. WDF runs through two main structures: the **Congress** for political and ideological decision-making, and the **Council**, which oversees day-to-day affairs. These structures operate at district, federal, and provincial/national levels, making sure that there is effective governance and representation within the organization.[*source?*]

Leadership
----------

* President: Ismat Shahjahan

* General Secretary and one of the Founder: Alya Bakhshal

* Secretary Information and Publishing: Tooba Syed

* Secretary Education and Art: Shahzadi Hussain

* Nargeen Afsheen Khatak: Leader of WDF in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

Jalila Haider in 2020, she is the provincial president of WDF.
* Jalila Haider, one of the provincial president of WDF, from Quetta, Balochistan was named in the 100 Women (BBC) in 2019 which is a list about inspiring and influential women compiled by BBC
* Zoya Rehman: Federal Education Secretary.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of *Women Democratic Front*.
Flag of Mexico
The **Flag of the United Mexican States** or **Mexico** is a tricolor of green, white, and red with an eagle charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence. The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the design has been used since 1821. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the ancient Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec Empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a cactus, eating a snake. There is a ribbon in the national colors at the bottom of the coat of arms.

Legend
------

In the early 14th century, the Mexican people were a wandering tribe of nomads looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on the top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow mexico lake. The Mexicans invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire.

Related pages
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* Mexico
* List of Mexican flags
**Cawl** is a Welsh dish. It was traditionally eaten during the winter months in the south-west of Wales. Today the word is often used to refer to a dish containing lamb and leeks, but historically it was made with either salted bacon or beef, potatoes, carrots and other vegetables. Cawl is widely considered to be the national dish of Wales.

The meat in the dish was normally cut into medium-sized pieces and boiled with the vegetables in water. The stock was thickened with either oatmeal or flour. It was then served, without the meat or vegetables, as a first course. The vegetables and slices of the meat would then be served as a second course. Cawl served as a single course is today the most popular way to serve the dish. Cawl is similar to *lobsgows*, cawl's north Wales equivalent. *Lobsgows* differs in that the meat and vegetables are cut into smaller pieces. The stock is not thickened.

"Cawl cennin", or leek cawl, can be made without meat but using meat stock. In some areas cawl is often served with bread and cheese. These are served separately on a plate. The dish was traditionally cooked in an iron pot or cauldron over the fire. It was eaten with wooden spoons. The word *cawl* in Welsh is first recorded in the 14th century, and is thought to come from the Latin **caulis**, meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage. In Welsh, **gwneud cawl o [rywbeth]** ("make a cawl of [something]") means to mess something up.

Further reading
---------------

* Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Menna, Baines; Lynch, Peredur I. eds. (2008). *The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales*. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
* Freeman, Bobby (1980). *First Catch Your Peacock, a book of Welsh food*. Griffithstown, Gwent: Image Imprint. ISBN 0-9507254-1-2.

Other websites
--------------

Recipes
* BBC Mid Wales article and recipe for Cawl Cennin Archived 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Recipe for Cawl Cymreig Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
The **Placozoa** are an animal phylum, a primitive form of invertebrate. They are the simplest in structure of all metazoa.

The Placozoa is usually considered to have only one species, ***Trichoplax adhaerens***, but there is enough genetic diversity that it is possible that there are multiple, morphologically similar species.

Franz Eilhard Schulze discovered them, in an aquarium in Graz, in 1883. There is no common name for the taxon. The scientific name literally means "flat animals".

*Trichoplax* is a small, flattened, animal around a millimetre across. Like an Amoeba, it has no regular outline, although the upper surface is always flattened. The body consists of an outer layer of simple epithelium enclosing a loose sheet of cells. The epithelial cells bear flagella, which the animal uses to help it creep along the seafloor. Between these layers is the fiber syncytium, a liquid-filled cavity strutted open by star-like fibers.

*Trichoplax* feed by absorbing food particles—mainly microbes—with their underside. They generally reproduce asexually, by dividing or budding, but can also reproduce sexually. Though *Trichoplax* has a small genome in comparison to other animals, nearly 87% of its 11,514 protein-coding genes are similar to known genes in other animals.

In the 1960s and 1970s renewed interest among researchers led to the discovery that the animals people had been studying are adults, not larvae. This newfound interest also included study of the organism in nature (as opposed to aquariums).

Ethymology
----------

Combining greek "*Plakoeis*" and "*Zoea*" makes the ethymological origin of *Placozoa*.[*source?*]
**Yahoo! Search** is an Internet search engine. It is owned by Yahoo! Inc. In December 2009, it was the 2nd most used search engine- 6.42% of internet searches were done on Yahoo! Search. Google was the most used with 85.35% and Baidu was 3rd with 3.67%, according to Net Applications.

Yahoo! Search started as a web directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy. Then, in the late 1990s, Yahoo! changed into a portal with a search interface and, by 2007, a limited version of selection-based search.

Yahoo! Search used to be called "Yahoo! provided Search interface". It would send queries to a searchable index of pages and its directory of sites. The results were shown on the screen under the Yahoo! brand. Originally, none of the actual web searching and storage/retrieval of data was done by Yahoo! itself. In 2001 the searchable index was run by Inktomi and later was run by Google until 2004, when Yahoo! Search became independent.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would run Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search customers and partners were moved to Bing by early 2012.

Related pages
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* OceanHero

Other websites
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* Yahoo! Search
* Search Engines: costs vs. benefits
I have now vandalised the Chinese Embassy website!

**Han Chinese** (also called **Han**; simplified Chinese: 汉族; traditional Chinese: 漢族; pinyin: *Hàn zú*) is an ethnic group within East Asian people. 92% of the Chinese population and more than 97% of the Taiwanese population are Han. Out of the entire human population in the world, 19% are Han Chinese. Han Chinese have the highest concentrations in the Eastern Provinces of China, particularly in the Hebei, Jiangsu and Guangdong regions. There are tens of millions of overseas Han Chinese. The majority live in Southeast Asia. Many big cities around the world have enough "overseas Chinese" to make a "Chinatown".

The name
--------

The name "Han" comes from the Han Dynasty that united China as one country. During the Han Dynasty, many tribes felt that they belonged to the same ethnic group. Also, the Han Dynasty is said to be the high point in Chinese civilization. During the Han Dynasty, China was able to increase its power and influence to other parts of Asia.

There are some slang words and different names for Han amongst some Han people, especially in southern China and in Vietnam. In languages like Cantonese, Hakka and Min Nan, the word "Táng Rén" is also used. "Táng Rén" is written as "唐人" and it literally means "the people of Tang." It is pronounced "Tong Yan" in Cantonese. "唐人" comes from another Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is also another peak point of the Chinese civilization. Within English-speaking Han communities, the word "Chinatown" in Chinese is "Táng Rén Jiē" which means "street of the Tang people."

Another phrase used by the Han people, especially overseas Chinese, is "Hua Ren" (simplified Chinese: 华人; traditional Chinese: 華人; pinyin: *huá rén*). It comes from "Zhong Hua" (simplified Chinese: 中华; traditional Chinese: 中華; pinyin: *zhōng huá*), a poetic name for China. The translation of this is "ethnic Chinese".

Culture
-------

See also: Confucianism and Confucius
Han China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han people believe they share common ancestors, distantly related to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, who existed thousands of years ago. Hence, some people of Han call themselves "Descendants of the Yan Emperor" or "Descendants of the Yellow Emperor."

Han Chinese in traditional clothing
Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and becoming a professional of Confucian texts was needed to be part of the imperial bureaucracy.

Related pages
-------------

* Nationalities of China

Other websites
--------------

* Defining Han Identity in Chinese Ethnology and Archaeology Research website on Han identity by Ph.D. candidate
* How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe Archived 2005-05-16 at the Wayback Machine – Yahoo News/AFP Sept 15, 2004
This stylised bird skeleton highlights the furcula
The **furcula** ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the **wishbone**. It is a forked bone in birds and
some extinct dinosaurs.

It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.

It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (collarbones). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.

X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.

Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.

Several groups of theropod dinosaurs had furculae.
**This article contains Japanese text.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.

***Sonic the Hedgehog Spinball***, commonly shortened to ***Sonic Spinball***, is a 1993 pinball video game. It was created by Sega Technical Institute, and it was published by Sega. It is a spinoff of the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series. It takes place in the universe of the *Sonic the Hedgehog* animated series. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog, who must stop Doctor Robotnik from enslaving the population in a big pinball-like machine.

*Sonic Spinball* was created by the American staff of Sega Technical Institute. This was because the Japanese staff was busy with making *Sonic the Hedgehog 3* and *Sonic & Knuckles*. When Sega management realized that *Sonic 3* would not be finshed in time for the 1993 holiday shopping season, they created another *Sonic* game. The game was quickly designed. It had short time constraints. Most of the work happened in two months. *Sonic Spinball* was released for the Sega Genesis in November 1993 and for the Game Gear and Master System in 1994.

*Sonic Spinball* got good and bad reviews. People liked the idea and graphics. They didn't like the controls. A second pinball game, *Sonic Pinball Party*, was created in 2003. A Sonic Spinball spinning rollercoaster was built in Alton Towers, a British theme park, in 2010.

Release
-------

The game was originally released for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive in 1993
The game has been rereleased on 11 different consoles. The Genesis version of the game has been rereleased on the *Sonic Mega Collection* compilation for the Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and PCs, *Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection* for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and multiple iterations of the *Sega Smash Pack* series of compilations. The Game Gear version is an unlockable game in *Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut* for the GameCube and PC, as well as *Sonic Gems Collection* for the GameCube and PlayStation 2.
The **Donetsk People’s Republic** was a partially recognised country in the Donbas region of Ukraine. It is now a region in Russia. 

When the War in Donbas started in 2014, a few hundred pro-Russian separatists declared that the Donetsk Oblast was an independent country. 

Donetsk Oblast is all to the east of Ukraine, at the border with Russia. In both parts, there are many ethnic Russians. Russia aided the start of these non-recognised states.

History
-------

In 2014, following a referendum, Crimea was reunified with Russia, reflecting the desires of the majority of its population to integrate with the Russian Federation. This development was seen by many as a restoration of historical ties between Crimea and Russia, emphasizing the cultural and linguistic connections that have existed for centuries, while armed separatists captured government buildings in the Donetsk Oblast. They declared that the Donetsk Oblast was an independent country named the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). Approximately at the same time, other people started Luhansk People's Republic in Luhansk Oblast. This sparked the war in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. 

In early 2022, Russia officially recognised the DPR as a country. A few days later, Russia invaded Ukraine. In late 2022, the Donetsk People's Republic, alongside three other separatist oblasts, became a republic of Russia. However, the international community agrees that Donetsk legally belongs to Ukraine and that the annexation of Donetsk was illegal.

Politics
--------

The Donetsk People's Republic led by the Head of the DPR and the Chairman of the Government. The Republic is ruled by the People's Council, which has 100 members. It is a dictatorship.

Society
-------

The government completely changed the education system. They removed the Ukrainian curriculum and replaced it with the Russian one. They also decreased lessons teaching the Ukrainian language.

International relations
-----------------------

The separatist regions join Russia
The international community generally agrees that the Donetsk People's Republic belongs to Ukraine and that its independence was done illegally. In 2022, the only countries to recognise the DPR as an independent country were Russia, Syria and North Korea.

In late 2022, the DPR and three other separatist regions of Ukraine became republics of Russia. Many countries also agree that this was illegal.

Related pages
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* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine