Replica of an *Australopithecus boisei* skull discovered by Mary Leakey in 1959
Cast of the Laetoli footprints, on display in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
**Mary Douglas Leakey**, FBA (née **Nicol**, 6 February 1913 – 9 December 1996) was a British archaeologist and anthropologist, who spent much of her life working in East Africa, in Tanzania and Kenya.

She discovered the first fossilized *Proconsul* skull, an extinct primate. They had a mixture of Old World monkey and ape characteristics, and their position in the evolution of the apes is still not clear. Leakey also discovered the robust *Zinjanthropus* skull at Olduvai Gorge.

For much of her career she worked together with her husband, Louis Leakey, in Olduvai Gorge, uncovering the tools and fossils of ancient hominins. She developed a system for classifying the stone tools found at Olduvai. She also discovered the Laetoli footprints. In 1960 she became director of excavation at Olduvai. Eventually, she chose and trained her own staff. After the death of her husband she became a leading palaeoanthropologist, helping to establish the Leakey tradition by training her son, Richard, in the field.

Excavations
-----------

Olduvai Gorge 2011
Leakey served her apprenticeship in archaeology under Dorothy Liddell at Hembury in Devon, 1930–1934, for whom she also did illustrations. In 1934 she was part of a dig at Swanscombe where she discovered the largest elephant molar known at the time in Britain. She needed help to identify its species.p47

### Olduvai

The years 1935 to 1959, spent at Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti plains of Northern Tanzania, yielded many stone tools from primitive stone-chopping instruments to multi-purpose hand axes. These finds came from Stone Age cultures dated as far back as 100,000 to two million years ago.

The Leakeys unearthed a *Proconsul africanus* skull on Rusinga Island, in October 1948.

In 1960, unable to leave the museum except on weekends, Louis appointed Mary director of excavation at Olduvai. She brought in a staff of Kamba tribesmen, instead of Kikuyu, who, she felt, took advantage of Louis. The first, Muteva Musomba, had kept her children's ponies. He recruited Kamoya Kimeu among others. Mary set up Camp 5 under Jonathan's direction. He was 19. From then on she had her own staff and associates.

Mary picked and sieved at the site from early morning dressed in old clothes, chain smoking cigarettes, always surrounded by her Dalmatian. She and Louis communicated by radio. On weekends he drove non-stop at high speed the 357 miles between Olduvai and Nairobi. The teen-age boys, Richard and Philip, were on site holidays and vacations.

### After Louis

After Mary's husband died, she continued her work at Olduvai and Laetoli. It was here, at the Laetoli site, that she discovered Hominin fossils that were more than 3.75 million-years-old. She also discovered fifteen new species of other animals and one new genus.

From 1976 to 1981 Leakey and her staff worked to uncover the Laetoli hominid footprint trail which was left in volcanic ashes some 3.6 million years ago. The years that followed this discovery were filled with research at Olduvai and Laetoli, the follow-up work to discoveries and preparing publications.

Books by Mary Leakey
--------------------

* 1950 *Excavations at Njoro River Cave* (with Louis Leakey).
* 1971 *Olduvai Gorge: Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960-1963*.
* 1979 *Olduvai Gorge: my search for early Man*.
* 1983 *Africa's vanishing art: the rock paintings of Tanzania*.
* 1984 *Disclosing the past: an autobiography*. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.

Family tree
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | Frida Avern |   | Louis Leakey |   | Mary Nicol |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   | Colin Leakey |   | Meave Epps |   | Richard Leakey |   | Margaret Cropper |   | Jonathan Leakey |   | Philip Leakey |   |
|   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Louise Leakey |   | Emmanuel de Merode |   |   |   |
|   |

Other websites
--------------

* Anthropology Biography Web: Mary Leakey Archived 2010-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Leakey Foundation

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