recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
*The Nightmare* is a painting by Johann Heinrich Füssli (who was also known as John Henry Fuseli). He painted it in 1781
A **nightmare** is a very powerful dream that the sleeper finds disturbing or frightening. Nightmares usually have either physiological causes, like a high fever, or psychological ones, like trauma or stress in the sleeper's life. Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help.

Nightmares usually happen during REM sleep.

In earlier times
----------------

In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares were really the work of demons. They thought people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved. 

In the 19th century, people thought their diet was responsible. When Ebenezer Scrooge sees a ghost in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, he thinks "*... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato...*" is responsible. Similarly, the *Household Cyclopedia* (1881) offers this advice about nightmares:

"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."
**Louise Goodman** is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage. Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team. She started television broadcast in 1997.

She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage. Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997. She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters. She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm.

Goodman became the first female to be part of a pit stop when she removed the left rear tire in a Midland pit stop for Tiago Monteiro in 2006 British Grand Prix.

During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard. Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2. She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him. He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out." Goodman sounded startled when she replied, "Thank you so much DC. I'll have a word with you later."[*source?*] They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather flustered.

In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz.

Other websites
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* Official site
* Louise Goodman Archived 2008-03-25 at the Wayback Machine at ITV.com
DeSoto claiming the Mississippi, as depicted in the United States Capitol rotunda
**Louisiana** (Spanish: ***Luisiana***) was an administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1763 to 1801. It included the area west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans. Spain got the territory from France, which had named it ***La Louisiane*** after King Louis XIV in 1682. It is sometimes called **Spanish Louisiana**. The district was given back to France, under the terms of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) and the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801). In 1802, King Charles IV of Spain wrote a royal bill on 14 October. This changed the transfer and outlined the conditions.

However, Spain agreed to still run the colony until French officials came and made the transfer official (1803). The ceremony happened at the Cabildo in New Orleans on 30 November 1803. This was just three weeks before the formalities of cession from France to the United States pursuant to the Louisiana Purchase.
This article is about the constituency east of Okataba River. For the constituency west of Okataba River, see Oshakati West.

  

 Oshakati East constituency (red) in the Oshana Region (yellow)
**Oshakati East** is an electoral constituency in the Oshana Region of Namibia. It comprises the eastern parts of the town of Oshakati. The Okatana River separates Oshakati East from the Oshakati West constituency. The constituency had 22,634 inhabitants in 2004 and 19,606 registered voters in 2020[update].

Politics
--------

In the 2010 regional elections, SWAPO's Lotto Kuushomwa won with 6,501 votes. He defeated Epafras Nghinamundova representing the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP, 276 votes), Agatus Antanga of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 72 votes), Timoteus Kambishi of the Congress of Democrats (CoD, 34 votes) and Ndateelela Nakale of SWANU (16 votes). Councillor Kuushomwa (SWAPO) was reelected in the 2015 regional elections. He won with 5,559 votes, far ahead of Daniel Andreas (DTA) with 241 votes and Natangwe Shiwayu (RDP) with 81 votes.

The SWAPO candidate also won the 2020 regional election, albeit by a much smaller margin. Abner Shikongo obtained 4,575 votes, followed by Simon Neshiko of the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), with 2,411 votes.
**Louise Leakey** (born 21 March 1972) is a Kenyan paleontologist. She does research and field work on human fossils in East Africa.

Louise started finding fossils in 1977. She was six years old. She is the youngest person to find hominid fossils. In 1993, she replaced her father Richard Leakey as field expedition leader for Turkana paleontological expeditions in one of the most arid and hostile environments on Earth.

Today, together with her mother, Meave Leakey, she leads the Koobi Fora research project. The project has found some of the most important hominid fossils of the past two decades. The most recent is *Kenyanthropus platyops*.

Louise Leakey was born in Kenya in 1972, the same year as her grandfather Louis Leakey died. She married Emmanuel de Merode, a Belgian primatologist in 2003. They have two daughters: Seiya, born in 2004, and Alexia born in 2006.

Family tree
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | Frida Avern |   | Louis Leakey |   | Mary Nicol |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|   | Colin Leakey |   | Meave Epps |   | Richard Leakey |   | Margaret Cropper |   | Jonathan Leakey |   | Philip Leakey |   |
|   |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
|
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Louise Leakey |   | Emmanuel de Merode |   |   |   |
|   |

Related pages
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* List of Kenyan scientists

Other websites
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* Koobi Fora Research Project
* Leakey Foundation Archived 2006-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
* TED Talks: Louise Leakey digs for humanity's origins at TED in 2008

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Learie Constantine was one of the first great West Indian players. He played Test cricket in the 1920s and 1930s. He later became active in politics, was the first High Commissioner from Trinidad and Tobago to the UK, and entered the House of Lords as Baron Constantine of Maraval and Nelson.
The **West Indian cricket team**, also known as the **West Indies** or the **Windies**, is a multi-national cricket team. They are a sporting group of 15 mainly English-speaking Caribbean countries, British dependencies and non-British dependencies.

From the mid 1970s to the early 1990s, the West Indies team was one of the strongest in the world in both Test and One Day International cricket. A number of cricketers among the best in the world have played for the West Indies. Sir Garfield Sobers, Lance Gibbs, Gordon Greenidge, George Headley, Clive Lloyd, Malcolm Marshall, Andy Roberts, Alvin Kallicharran, Rohan Kanhai, Frank Worrell, Everton Weekes, Curtly Ambrose, Michael Holding, Joel Garner and Sir Viv Richards are in the ICC Hall of Fame. World-record holder Brian Lara was a West Indies Test player.

The West Indies won the ICC Cricket World Cup twice, in 1975 and 1979. They won the ICC Champions Trophy in 2004. They were runners up in the Under 19 Cricket World Cup in 2004. They were semi finalists in the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. They were the first cricket team to win the World Cup twice. West Indies are also the first team to win back to back World Cups. West Indies is the first team to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals (1975, 1979 and 1983).
The Lord's Prayer, in Ditammari. Church of the Pater Noster, in Jerusalem.
A Tammari house, in Togo
**Tammari** is a language which is spoken in Benin and Togo. It is also known as **Ditammari**. The Tammari people, who live in Benin and Togo, mostly speak the language. There are about 47,000 speakers. About half live in Togo, the other half in Benin. Ditammari is one of the Gur languages.

There are two versions of the language, Eastern Ditammari and Western Ditammari. Western Ditammari is also called **Tamberma** or **Taberma**.

Alphabet
--------

| Alphabet (ABB) |
| --- |
| uppercase | A | B | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | H | I | K | Kp |
| lowercase | a | b | c | d | e | ɛ | f | h | i | k | kp |
|  |
| uppercase | M | N | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y |
| lowercase | m | n | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |

The tones are indicated using the acute accent (high tone) and grave accent (low tone) on the vowel: < á é ɛ́ í ó ɔ́ ú à è ɛ̀ ì ò ɔ̀ ù > or the nasal consonant: < ḿ ń m̀ ǹ >.
The nasalization is indicated with the tilde on the vowels < ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ >. The accent indicating tone can be combined above these vowels.
Illustration of the classical model of the triangular trade.
The **triangular trade** refers to trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually develops when a region is exporting resources that are not needed in the region from which its main imports come. Instead, the resources are exported to a third region. The routes involved were historically also shaped by the winds and currents during the age of sailing ships.

The best-known triangular trading systems were across the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries. During this time, European countries such as Britain, Spain and France had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought west from Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America.

The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which thought it was a good idea for European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only with them. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods. Triangular trading became less common in the 20th century due to free trade and ships specialized for particular cargoes.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Triangular trade***.

* The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages
**Oswald West** (May 20, 1873- August 22, 1960) was an American politician, a Democrat, who served most notably as the 14th Governor of the state Oregon.

West was born in Ontario, Canada but moved to Salem, Oregon with his family at the age of four where he attended school and eventually went into banking. After several years as a banker in Salem and Astoria, Oregon and a six month stint searching for gold in Alaska West gained an appointment to the State Land Commission. He proved effective in his position with the State Land Commission recovering almost 1 million acres of fraudulently held state land. After leaving the Land Commission he earned a term the Oregon Railroad Commission where he again found a great deal of success.

In 1910 he gained the Democratic nomination for Governor and went on to defeat his opponent and take the office. While in office West defended what he called the "Oregon System" which included initiative and referendum systems still in use in many western American states today. These systems led to women's suffrage, prohibition and various workers rights laws being put in to action under his lead. All pet issues of Governor West.

West's most notable work was in protecting the state's natural resources. It was under his administration the beaches bordering the Pacific Ocean were protected for public use; the office of State Forester and the Bureau of Forestry were established; and the Fish Commission and Game Commission were created.

West served only one term, opting not to run for re-election in the 1914 election. He instead moved his family to Portland, Oregon where he practiced law. He died in Portland on August 22 1960.

Oswald West State Park on the Oregon coast was named in his honor.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Preceded by**:Jay Bowerman | Governors of Oregon | **Succeeded by**:James Withycombe |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Governors of Oregon | Oregon State Flag |
| Whiteaker | Gibbs | Woods | Grover | Chadwick | Thayer | Moody | Pennoyer | Lord | Geer | Chamberlain | Benson | Bowerman | West | Withycombe | Olcott | Pierce | I. Patterson | Norblad | Meier | Martin | Sprague | Snell | Hall | McKay | P. Patterson | Smith | Holmes | Hatfield | McCall | Straub | Atiyeh | Goldschmidt | Roberts | Kitzhaber | Kulongoski |
Plot of CPU transistor counts against dates of introduction. The vertical scale is semi-logarithmic; the line corresponds to exponential growth with transistor count doubling every two years.
An Osborne portable computer from 1982, and a 2007 Apple iPhone. The Osborne Executive weighs 100 times as much, is nearly 500 times as large by volume, cost about 10 times as much (adjusting for inflation), and has 1/100th the clock frequency of the phone.
**Moore's law** is that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles about every two years. Intel executive David House said the period was "18 months". He predicted that period for a doubling in chip performance: a combination of the effect of more transistors and their being faster. 

The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, who described the trend in his 1965 paper.
The paper stated that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted that the trend would continue "for at least ten years". His prediction has proved very accurate. The law is used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development.

The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras. All of these are improving at (roughly) exponential rates as well.

This exponential improvement has greatly increased the effect of digital electronics in the world economy. Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

This trend has continued for more than half a century. Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed. Brian Krzanich, CEO of Intel, announced that "our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two".
A man's right leg, affected by polio
**Poliomyelitis**, or **polio**, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person.

Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing. 

About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die. (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) 

Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world.

Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades. In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world. By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.
The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travellers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic.

The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio. So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.

Prevention
----------

The way to prevent polio has been known for many years:

1. Vaccine given 6, 12 and 16 weeks old as part of a six-in-one vaccine.

2. Three years and four months old as part of a 4-in-one pre-school booster

3. 14 years old as a part of the 3-in-one teenage booster.

The child has to have ALL of these to be fully protected. 
This complicated list explains why polio is still around. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. Not all, however, develop paralysis or any other sign of the infection.

The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in the 1950s.
***Tomiris*** is a commercial movie about Queen Tomiris. This historical drama is about the ruler of the Massagetae in the sixth century B.C.

The movie was released in September 2019. Its plot is based on material from Herodotus as told through Al-Farabi. It tells how Tomiris led her nomadic people to victory over Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire when he invaded her land.

The movie's director was Akan Satayev. "The historical drama was filmed based on order of the Kazakh Ministry of Culture and Sports." The producer was Aliya Nazarbayeva. The movie was made by the Kazakhfilm Film Studio with participation of Sataifilm. The movie's director of props was Kuat Tleubaev. It cost 2.259 billion tenge (about 6,500,000 US$) to make. It was filmed in Kazakhstan.

Running time is 155 minutes.

According to the *Astana Times* online, the movie "earned 480 million tenge (US$1.2 million) by the end of October and was screened more than 800 times throughout Kazakhstan." 

*Tomiris* was one of three Kazakhstani movies in the Golden Globes long list of candidates for the Foreign Language Film category.

At France’s 26th L’Étrange Festival, 20202, it won the Nouveau Genre Great Prize in the International Feature Film Competition.

The movie was scheduled to be released in Turkey in April 2020.

Languages
---------

The narrative is in Russian with Kazakh subtitles. The characters speak in ancient Turkic and Persian languages.

Cast
----

* Almira Tursyn as Tomiris
* Aizhan LighG as Princess Sardana
* Gassan Massoud as Cyrus the Great
* Murat Bisenbin as Spargap, Tomiris's father and the Chief
* Adil Akhmetov as Tomiris's husband Argun
* Azamat Satybaldy as Kavaz
* Berik Aitzhanov as Kurtun
* Ayan Otepbergen
* Asylkhan Tolepov
* Erkebulan Dairov as Khoman
* Sain Ferhad as Immortelle

Other web sites
---------------

* 
* Official flim page:  Archived 2019-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Review:
**Newar** (/nɪˈwɑːr/; Newar: नेवार; endonym: **Newa:**; Newar: नेवा:, Prachalit Script: 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅), or **Nepami**, are the historical inhabitants of the Nepal Mandala which consists of Nepa Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilization.

Newar people have developed a division of labor and a sophisticated urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Newar people have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilization of Nepal. They are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities following Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their common language.

The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newar people are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relic identity, derived from an ethnically-diverse, previously-existing polity. Newar civilization within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are the descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times.
Not to be confused with Newcastle upon Tyne.

**Newcastle-under-Lyme**, known locally as just **Newcastle**, is a market town in the ceremonial county of Staffordshire in England, near to the city of Stoke-on-Trent. It is located in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, near to the borders with Shropshire and Cheshire. 

In 2011, the town had a population of 75,082 people.

The "Newcastle" part of the town's name comes from the town being the location of a new castle in the 12th century. The "Lyme" part of the name could refer to the Lyme Brook, a stream of the River Trent, or the Forest of Lyme that covered the area with lime trees in the Middle Ages.

The town is home to Newcastle-under-Lyme School, an independent school. The school was established in the 17th century.

In the 18th century, Newcastle was an important coaching town, located on the main road from Liverpool and Manchester to Birmingham and London.

Gallery
-------

* Queen's GardensQueen's Gardens
* Newcastle-under-Lyme Museum and Art GalleryNewcastle-under-Lyme Museum and Art Gallery
* St Giles' ChurchSt Giles' Church
* Liverpool RoadLiverpool Road

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* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

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**Shotgun Sports** is a competitive shooting sport involving shotguns. Shotgun Sports include several different events, each with different rules. The general goal of a shotgun event is to break a clay target, but the targets are thrown in different manners depending on the game.

Sporting Clays
--------------

In sporting clays, a shooter will walk through a course generally consisting of ten stations. Each station will have two targets that are thrown as a true pair or as a report pair(one thrown on pull command and one thrown on gun fire). Sporting clay courses are generally scored out of a 100.

Trap
----

Trap is another clay target event. A game of trap is scored out of 25, and a full trap event generally consists of 4 trap games, or 100 targets. In this event, a team of 5 shooters lines up behind a trap house. Inside the trap house is a pivoting arm that throws a clay out at a random direction when 'pull' is called. To vary the difficulty of this game, shooters can stand farther back from the house.

Skeet
-----

In the skeet shooting event, a shooter moves around a field in a semi circle. Skeet, like Trap, is also a 25 target game, with skeet events generally consisting of four games. There are 8 stations on the field. On one end of a field is a high house, and on the other end of the field, there is a low house. On station 1, 2, 6, and 7 a high single, low single, and double are shot. On stations 3, 4, and 5 a high single and low single are shot. Station 8 is in between the high and low house. At this station, the shooter faces the high house, shoots a high single, then turns and faces the low house to shoot a low single. This totals 24 targets. The last target, to make 25, comes from what is referred to as the option. The option is a target that is shot after the first target that is missed. If the shooter misses the high bird on station 1, the high bird is shot again. If the shooter makes it all the way around the field without missing a bird, a second low single is shot on station 8, totaling a perfect 25.

Related pages
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* Gun

Other websites
--------------
**Stephen Jay Gould** (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, taxonomist, and historian of science. 

He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation.

Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In the latter years of his life, Gould also taught biology and evolution at New York University near his home in SoHo.

Gould's greatest contribution to science was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against the idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.

Most of Gould's empirical research was based on the snail genera *Poecilozonites* and *Cerion*. He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and has received wide praise for his book *Ontogeny and Phylogeny*. In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism.

Many of Gould's *Natural History* essays were reprinted in collected volumes.
A **pantry** is a room where food and other household goods may be stored for a while.

Some food, such as butter, eggs, milk, and such need to be kept cool. Before modern refrigeration was available, there was the pantry. The pantry was a room or large cupboard made to keep cooler than the temperature in the kitchen. Built on the north side of the house close to the kitchen, it had no windows, but had air ventilation. The walls were brick or wood. As the air in the pantry warmed, it rose, escaping through the upper vent. This in turn drew cooler air in from the lower vent, providing constant circulation of cooler air. 

In the summertime, the temperatures in the pantry would be several degrees lower than the ambient temperature in the house. In wintertime, the temperature in the cold pantry would be considerably lower than that in the kitchen.

A pantry was the place to keep foodstocks that did not need to be kept refrigerated. Remember, food was bought regularly in those days, and not stored for long. Breads, butter, cheesecakes, eggs, pastries, and pies were kept in a cold. Vegetables could be brought up from the cellar in smaller amounts and stored in the cold pantry until ready to use. The pantry was a place to store fresh berries and fruit, cheese, butter and such.
Ventricular systole
**Systole** is the last stage of a heart beat. It happens right after diastole, when the heart refills with blood. During systole, the heart's two ventricles contract (squeeze). (The ventricles are the largest parts of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.) 

During systole, the heart muscle gets an automatic electrical signal that tells the heart to contract (squeeze). This makes the blood flow out of the heart.

Phases
------

Above the ventricles are smaller chambers (sections) of the heart called atria. They contract (squeeze) during the last part of diastole, and send blood down to the larger, lower ventricles. The atria have valves that close after this so blood cannot flow backward into the atria. 

When the ventricles are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles contract. So, the atria and ventricles contract in sequence. The left and right atria feed blood into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract. 

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. This is why we have a pulse.

Systolic pressure
-----------------

Because the heart muscle contracts during systole, "systolic pressure" is the highest pressure in the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. (Blood causes the most pressure against the walls of the arteries when it is being pushed out during systole). The lowest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle relaxes, and is called "diastolic pressure".

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, systolic pressure is the first number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure. For example, if a person's blood pressure is 120/80, 120 is the systolic pressure, and 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Related pages
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* Diastole
* Blood pressure
* Heart
* Circulatory system

Other websites
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* *Systole* at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
**Mount Selinda** is a village and mission station in the province of Manicaland in the eastern mountains of Zimbabwe. Its altitude is 1,100 meters.

Mount Selinda is on the very edge of the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve – the southernmost tropical rainforest in Africa. It is at the southern end of the Eastern Highlands mountain range which separates Zimbabwe from neighboring Mozambique. The Indian Ocean is about 400 kilometers away.

Flora and fauna
---------------

Trunk of a Chirinda fig
The Mount Selinda area is home to a variety of indigenous African flora, fungi, birds, butterflies, insects and reptiles. This is mainly due to being near the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve, which is protected by law.

Among the hundreds of indigenous trees found in Mount Selinda are: Red mahogany, Brown mahogany, Natal mahogany, Albizia, White stinkwood, Chirinda stinkwood, Ironwood and colossal specimens of strangling figs. The largest Red Mahogany tree in southern Africa stands at Mount Selinda.

Other smaller flora include thousands of specimens of the yucca-like *Dracaena fragrans*, numerous ferns, creepers, vines, epiphytes, montbretia, orchids and flame lilies.

Mount Selinda boasts a dazzling array of bird life, with Trumpeter hornbills, Livingstone's turaco, African pygmy kingfishers, Firefinches, Sunbirds, African green pigeons, Owls, Nightjars, Eagles and Bee-eaters.

The reptile population includes pythons, cobras, vipers, mambas, adders, chameleons, geckos, skinks and lizards. The endemic Marshall's pygmy chameleon, *Rhampholeon marshalli*, is found within the forest and at the forest margin.

The variety and brilliant colors of butterflies in the area is also noteworthy.

Agriculture
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Avocadoes, tea, bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, citrus, pineapples, sugarcane, coffee, macadamia nuts are grown in the area. There are also commercial timbers such as eucalyptus, wattle and pine. Dairy farming is also a part of the agriculture.
The **North–South Corridor** (**NSC**), at first known as the **North–South Expressway**, will be the 11th expressway of Singapore. It will serve extra traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently being served by the Central Expressway (CTE). It was announced on 30 January 2008. It was announced during a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The 21 kilometres (13 mi) expressway would cost about S$7–8 billion when to build. It is planned to be finished being built in 2026. It will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore.

The NSC will have 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor. They are Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh. It will connect them with the city centre. The NSC will also connect with already-built expressways, like the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP).

According to the Land Transport Authority, the bus lanes along the NSC will reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes. It is done through morning and evening peak express bus services. It can speed up bus routes between towns along the NSC faster by allowing buses to use the ramps and bus lanes in it. A cycling path along the entire length of the highway will link up Park Connector Networks and cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire road to the city centre.

At first, it was supposed to be built by 2023. Because of construction delays, it now can only be built by 2026.

History
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On 19 January 2011, the government allowed the expressway to be built. It was to be built between the roads Admiralty Road West and Toa Payoh Rise. On 15 November 2011, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) revealed the whole route of the North-South Corridor. 

It was first planned to be an expressway for vehicles to be built by 2020. However, the corridor will now be built as Singapore's first "integrated transport corridor". It will have bus routes and cycling path along the entire expressway. Its construction was supposed to start in 2017, and it was supposed to be finally built by 2023. However, the first contract was only given in November 2017, with construction work starting in early 2018. 

Now, it is planned to be finished by 2026.

Route
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The NSC will stat at Admiralty Road West in the North of Singapore. It would go south and pass by Woodlands and Sembawang. It would have a junction with the Seletar Expressway. It would then go through Toa Payoh. It would run parallel with the Central Expressway, and then join the East Coast Parkway in the city.

The LTA tried to use as much state land as possible. This makes sure that as few private properties are take as possible. Even though the expressway is underground in its Southern part, some land had to be taken. This is because there are MRT tunnels blocking its way. The Rochor Centre had to be demolished because of this. Some underpasses at Novena Square had to be demolished. The Ellison Building may also have to be demolished.
**Yadavs of Nepal** (Nepali: नेपालका यादवा) or Yaduvanshi Kshatriyas (Nepali: यदुवंशी) are Yadav/Ahir caste of Nepal.

Origin
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Yadavs are the descendants of Yadu, the eldest son of King Yayati. It is said that Yadu was expelled by Yayati from his kingdom and became a rebel. His successor was Madhu, who ruled from Madhuvana, situated on the banks of river Yamuna, which extended up to Saurastra and Anarta (Gujarat). His daughter Madhumati married Harinasva of Ikshvaku race, from whom Yadu was born again, this time being ancestor of Yadavas. Nanda, the foster father of Krishna, was born in the line of succession of Madhu and ruled from the same side of Yamuna. Jarasandh, Kansa's father-in-law, and king of Magadha attacked Yadavas to avenge Kansa's death. Yadavas had to shift their capital from Mathura (central Aryavart) to Dwaraka (on the western coast of Aryavart) on the Sindhu. Yadu was a legendary Hindu king, believed to be an ancestor of the god Krishna, who for this reason is sometimes referred to as Yadava.
**South-South cooperation** is when countries in the Global South (which are often not very rich or developed) work together to share ideas, resources, and technology. This cooperation them grow and become more developed. In the past, the goal of this cooperation was mostly to work together and learn from each other. Now, they also help each other financially.

History
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In 1955, the SSC was formed in a conference for Asian and African countries that took place in Bandung, Indonesia. This conference is known as the Bandung Conference and is the foundation of the SSC.

The conference was sponsored by India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, and Indonesia and was attended by these 29 independent countries: Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gold Coast, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan, Thailand, Turkey, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, State of Vietnam, and the Kingdom of Yemen. The countries supported the ending of colonialism happening in both Africa and Asia at the time. It was the first major event where countries that had just gained independence united to oppose the domination of Western countries.

In 1978, the United Nations established the Unit for South–South Cooperation.
Teréz Zsolnay
**Teréz Zsolnay**, married Mattyasovzky (21 March 1854 – 16 May 1944) was a  Hungarian applied artist in the medium of ceramics who worked for the Zsolnay Ceramic Factory, founded by her father Vilmos Zsolnay in Pécs, in 1868.

Along with her younger sister Julia and Ármin Klein, she was the most important artist of that factory during its rapid growth and worldwide success in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Life and art
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Teréz based her artistic expression on Hungarian folk motifs, and for this purpose she collected more than 10,000 folk art objects. In her memoirs, she also mentions that in addition to collecting folk treasures from around Pécs, she also had the opportunity to study the most typical motifs of other parts of Hungary, thanks to the friendliness of the then director of the Hungarian National Museum, who made many objects available to her.

In addition, she closely followed trends in contemporary applied art, and in her memoirs she mentions the writings of Jacob von Falke, the director of the Museum of Applied Art in Vienna, who relied on the ideas of Gottfried Semper.

Moreover, together with her sister Julija, she visited the then-famous painter and applied artist Hans Makart in his Viennese studio.

Among the sources she used was Jost Amman's book with 122 woodcuts of women's clothing, published in 1586.

Her husband, Jakab Mattyasovzky, was a geologist who traveled across Hungary, and was of great help to his wife`s father Vilmos in finding the best clay deposits needed to make fine ceramics.

She largely devoted her life to her family, and at the age of 70, she began writing the *History of the Zsolnay Factory*, which she wrote in the form of memoires for over 20 years, on almost 2,500 pages of text.

She was already over 70 years old when she got involved in the work of the factory again, painting Egyptian, figural and geometric motifs on vases (the so-called Tutankhamun series).

She was buried, together with other family members, in the family mausoleum in Pécs.

Literature
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Romváry 1989 - Ferenc Romváry: Keramika Zsolnay, in: Keramika Zsolnay, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb, 1989. p. 16-22

Kovács 1989 - Orsolya Kovács: Ármin Klein, umjetnik - projektant tvornice Zsolnay (1855 - 1883), in: Keramika Zsolnay, exhibition catalogue, Zagreb, 1989. p. 33-37
*Also see* Realism (art movement)

**Naturalism** in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Another example is the French Albert Charpin, from the Barbizon School, with his paintings of sheep in their natural settings.

Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.

Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.

Controversies about terms
-------------------------

Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and America, thus making available the terms "naturalism" and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any period so long as the works strive for an accurate representation of the visible world. Thus, "Naturalism" is tied to a time and place, whereas "naturalism" is timeless. As well as a major turning point in art.

Sources
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* Hauser, Arnold (1999). *The Social History of Art: Naturalism, impressionism, the film age*. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-19948-4.
* "History of Art: Study Guide 14th Century to the Present". 18th Century Naturalism and The Enlightenment Era Natural Painting. 22 April 2011.
A **video game producer** is the person in charge during the development of a video game.

The earliest known use of the term *producer* in games was by Trip Hawkins. He became the first video game producer when he founded Electronic Arts in 1982. Hawkins believed that a video game producer could be like a record producer, who takes control over the whole development of a video game. Hawkins brought record producers from A&M Records to help train the first video game producers.

Back then, video game producer had a negative reputation as "imitation Hollywood" by game executives and press members. However, it is now a term that is accepted and used more often in video games. The role of the video game producer has been defined by different companies and different teams. There are a number of positions of a producer.

Video game producers earn the third most money in the video game industry. They earn an average of USD$75,000 annually. Associate producers with less than three years experience earn $43,000. However, those between three to six years of experience earn an average of $55,700 annually. Executive producers with over six years experience earn an average of $103,000 annually.

Other websites
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* Producer Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine at Eurocom
* Justyn McLean - Game Boy at Mirror
The **M2 flamethrower** was an American-made portable flamethrower that was used during World War II. It was the successor to the M1 and M1A1 flamethrowers. Although it could only shoot fire for around 7 seconds and the flame was only effective out to around 20–40 meters. However, with the arrival of flamethrower tanks, the need for flamethrower-carrying infantrymen to expose themselves to enemy fire was greatly reduced.

A dummy equiped with the M2 flamethrower
Though some M2s were sold off, the majority were scrapped (thrown away) when they were declared obsolete (uneeded).

Variants
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The **M2** was the WWII model had hexagonal gas caps and hourglass frames. It was also called the **M2-2**, M2 for the tank groups and -2 for the wand type.

The **M2A1-2** is the variation of the M2 mainly used during the Korean War. These had straight sided backpack frames, vented gas caps, a cylinder sized temperature guards and a safety catch. These are much more common today than WWII models.

**M2A1-7** was a flamethrower used by the American troops during the Vietnam War. It is the updated version of the M2A1-2 unit used during The Korean War.

It has four controls:

* Back of the rear grip: firing safety clip.
* Front of the rear grip: firing trigger.
* On top of the front part: igniter safety catch.
* Under the front part: igniter trigger.

The **M9A1-7** was the most common model used in Vietnam and is much lighter and easier to use. Tanks for this weapon are commonly found, but most wands were destroyed after the Vietnam war.

Some U.S. Army flamethrowers have a front handgrip with the same shape as the rear handgrip. In these models the igniter controls are on the front handgrip, arranged in the same way as the rear handgrip controls. The M2 was replaced by the M9A1-7 flamethrower which was used in Vietnam. The M9A1-7 was replaced by the M202A1 FLASH.
**Video High Density (VHD)** was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

Technology
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VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

History
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The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

VHDs Today
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The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

Other websites
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* Video of a VHD player with its cover off