recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
This article is about music. For other uses, see Transcription (disambiguation).
A musical **transcription** is musical notation for an existing piece of music that had been previously unnotated. Musicians often disagree about what should be called a "transcription" and what is an "arrangement". Usually transcriptions are a direct notation of the source, whereas a musician who makes an arrangement may insert new interpretations into the music (i.e. changing the instrumentation, reharmonization, or even new sectionalization of the piece as with cover songs). A transcription, as Klapuri writes, would require that the pitch, timing, and instrumentation of all sound events to be resolved; difficult as this may be for some cases, this goal is usually redefined such that a transcription constitutes the notation of as many of the constituent sounds as possible or some well-defined part of the music signal (i.e. the dominant melody or the most prominent drum sounds).

Transcriptions can be created for all kinds of music in order to help the performer to learn the piece. Transcriptions are common for music such as jazz (which usually consists of improvisation) and folk, which traditionally is taught from one generation to another by listening and imitating. In the early 20th century, some composers became interested in writing down the traditional folk songs of their countries. Béla Bartók and Zoltan Kodaly in Hungary as well as Cecil Sharpe and Ralph Vaughan Williams in England notably transcribed various folk songs they heard being sung in the villages of their respective countries.

Adaptation
----------

Sometimes transcriptions are made for practical reasons. Mozart made transcriptions of some music from his own operas, arranging them for small groups of instruments so that they could play it for popular entertainment. Stravinsky transcribed some of his ballet music for piano, e.g. The Rite of Spring for piano duet and some dances from Petrouchka for piano solo. These types of transcriptions are often referred to as a "reduction": the simplification of a large work to be performed by a smaller ensemble or a soloist.

Related pages
-------------

* OrchestrationReferences

1. ↑  Klapuri, Anssi (20 Dec 2006). "Introduction to Music Transcription" (PDF). *Signal Processing Methods for Music Transcription*. Tampere University of Technology: 3–20. doi:10.1007/0-387-32845-9\_1. ISBN 978-0-387-30667-4. S2CID 15504328 – via Institute of Signal Processing.
2. ↑  New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited Stanley Sadie; London 1980; vol 1 p.626
**Dub mac Maíl Choluim** (Modern Gaelic: *Dub mac Mhaoil Chaluim*; 20 May 928 — 10 July 967) nicknamed **the Vehement** (Scottish Gaelic: *a' Chaisteil*) or **the Black** (Scottish Gaelic: *an Dubh*) was the King of Scotland from 962 to 967. He was the son of Malcolm I of Scotland and Bethoc. He succeded his first cousin twice removed Indulf, the Scottish king who succeeded his father.

Reign
-----

On 1 July 962, King Indulf was killed at the Battle of Bauds while trying to kick off Viking invaders from Scotland. As the son and heir of Indulf's predecessor, Malcolm I, Dub ascended to the throne instead of Indulf's son and heir, Culen. When Dub first realized that he is now king, he was overjoyed as he had been waiting eight years for this.

Since Indulf had many success at the Battle of Bauds, Dub's first act as king was to continue the battle. He actively fought in the battle and won against the Vikings. Next Dub wanted to expand stabilize, and make the kingdom more powerful. In 963, he builded many towns for the poor people and would bring peace, stability, and prosperity to the Scottish people. All of this made him very popular and effective.

Dub then planned to reform the country and improve relations with England in 967. However, Dub was assassinated by a Scottish nobleman in Forres, Moray in July of the same year. It is exactly unclear who murdered Dub and why but it was said that the person who murdered Dub was a supporter of Culen, the son of the deceased Indulf. Culen then succeded to the throne.

Dub's body was not found until six days later on July 967 where someone found his dead body under the bridge of Kinloss, around 4km from Forres, where Dub was killed. His body was taken on a bier to Iona where he was buried in Iona Abbey. Dub left behind one son, Cináeda, who would become the King of Scotland in 997 as Kenenth III after he killed King Constantine III, who was the son of Culen, Dub's successor.

Death
-----

He died in 967, leaving behind 2 children. His burial place has been lost and no one knows the exact place of his burial although it was most likely in 967 just after his death and in Iona, Scotland.
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***compost***.

Compost bin
Raw materials for composting.
**Compost** is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants. It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.

Making a compost heap
---------------------

To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell. The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place. Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The compost heap should not be in a dark or closed corner.

The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide. This is not needed, but it can be a good idea. If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through. It also allows for the water to run away. The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around.

Once the first layer is down, one can begin adding the waste. 

Some good types of waste are:

* Vegetable/fruit peels and scraps
* Spoiled, rotten or moldy fruit
* Cut grass
* Leaves
* Straw
* Sawdust
* Eggshells

Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin. Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease. Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad. The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.

When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered. A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.

Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas. The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.

In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready. The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot. Of course, if you have been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.

The stuff that has not rotted can be used as part of a new compost heap.

Other websites
--------------

* The Look of Compost Archived 2007-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Cré, the Irish Composting Association Contains information on composting in Ireland.
* Composting Basics Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Gardening Magazine
* An automatic composter Archived 2007-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
A cosplayer dressed up as Green Arrow.
**Green Arrow** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Green Arrow was created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp and first appeared in More Fun Comics #73 in 1941. His secret identity is **Oliver Jonas Queen** and his friends call him Ollie. He is a billionaire and once was a mayor of the fictional city Star City.

Green Arrow is a superhero, but lacks any superpowers. He is similar in appearance and abilities to Robin Hood. Green Arrow is an archer who uses his expert skill in archery to fight crime. He wanted to help citizens when he fell off his boat and got stranded on an island. He also is a highly trained martial artist. Green Arrow is blond, dresses all in green, and as a goatee beard.

Green Arrow uses many trick arrows to fight crime plus supervillains. For example, trick arrows include: glue arrows, net arrows, explosive arrows, grappling hook arrows, and boxing-glove arrows.

Since 1970 Green Arrow has usually been written as being explicitly left-wing politically and fighting for social justice.

Green Arrow has been a member of the Justice League and the Outsiders.

Green Arrow was not initially a well-known character outside of comic book fandom: he had appeared in a single episode of the animated series *Super Friends* in 1973. In the 2000s, the character appeared in a number of DC television properties, including the animated series *Justice League Unlimited*, *Young Justice*, *The Batman* and *Batman: The Brave and the Bold*, and several DC Universe Animated Original Movies. In live action, he appeared in the series *Smallville*, played by actor Justin Hartley, and became a core cast member. In 2012, the live action series *Arrow* debuted on The CW, in which the title character was portrayed by Stephen Amell, and launching several spin-off series, becoming the starting point for a shared television franchise called the Arrowverse.

Supporting Characters
---------------------

Green Arrow was romantically linked with Black Canary for many years.

Green Arrow originally had a sidekick, and adopted son, named Speedy. Speedy's real name is Roy Harper. Roy Harper now is the superhero Red Arrow.

Green Arrow also has a biological son named Conner Hawke. When Oliver Queen died, Connor Hawke became Green Arrow. Oliver Queen was later resurrected by Hal Jordan, and retook the role of Green Arrow.
Cosplayer playing the character.
**Black Lightning** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the alter-ego of **Jefferson Pierce**, a super-hero with the ability to generate and control lightning. Originally he was a high school principal and Olympic-level athlete who became a vigilante to take down organized crime in Metropolis' Suicide Slum. Eventually he would become a member of Batman's team of Outsiders for many years, although he retired briefly to become secretary of education under president Lex Luthor. He returned to crime-fighting, though, as a member of the Justice League. His two daughters operate as the super-heroes Thunder and Lightning. Black Lightning was created by Tony Isabella and Trevor von Eeden, first appearing in *Black Lightning* #1. (1977)

Black Lightning has proven a popular character for DC and was ranked 85th overall on IGN's "Top 100 Comic Books Heroes" list in 2011. The character has been adapted into various media, including animated television series, video games, and comic strips. The character and his stories were adapted for live-action Black Lightning TV series, which ran from 2018 to 2022. The title character was portrayed by Cress Williams, who also went on to make appearances in the related TV shows *The Flash* and *Legends of Tomorrow*.
Detective Comics.
***Detective Comics*** is an anthology comic featuring detective characters, both superhero and civilian. It was later shortened to DC Comics. The longest-lasting character in Detective Comics was Batman: from the time of his debut (#27, May 1939), the Caped Crusader was almost always the star of the cover and lead story.

Detective Comics has remained in publication longer than any other DC Comics title, and indeed, the very name DC was taken from its initials. However, since Action Comics was published weekly for a short time in the 1980s, and Detective was bi-monthly for a period in the 1970's, Action had a higher issue count (until January 2020, when both titles were up to issue #1019). Nonetheless, in March 2019, Detective became only the third American comic book in history - after Action and the Four Color series of the 1930s-60s by Dell Comics - to publish a 1,000th issue. In 2011, as part of The New 52 reboot, Detective's numbering was reset to #1 and a "Volume 2" launched. However, in 2016 the legacy numbering was restored, allowing the comic to reach the milestone.
The **2022 California gubernatorial election** was held on November 8, 2022. The election was to elect the governor of California. Incumbent governor Gavin Newsom was reelected for a second term as governor, defeating state senator and republican candidate Brian Dahle, after defeating a recall election in 2021.

Background
----------

See the main article: Brian Dahle 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In early 2022, Republican state senator Brian Dahle said he would run for governor, to unseat Gavin Newsom in the 2022 election.

See the main article: Gavin Newsom 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In late 2021, incumbent governor Gavin Newsom said he would run for reelection for a second term, after defeating a recall election.

Nominees
--------

Incumbent Governor Gavin Newsom and Incumbent Lieutenant Governor Eleni Kounalakis were officially chosen for the Democratic primary

  

State senator Brian Dahle and former Lancaster mayor Angela Underwood Jacobs were officially chosen for the Republican primary

Election results
----------------

Incumbent governor Gavin Newsom was reelected to a second term with Eleni Kounalakis as his running mate, defeating state senator and republican candidate Brian Dahle.
**Suri Jagek**, meaning 'observing the sun', is the traditional Kalasha meteorological and astronomical knowledge system and practice. It's used in the Hindu Kush mountains of northwestern Pakistan to observe the sun, moon, stars, and shadows in relation to local terrain. This system helps the Kalasha people predict when to sow seeds, take care of animals, and anticipate natural disasters. It also guides their calendar, determining dates for social events, festivals, and religious ceremonies. Suri Jagek and the Kalasha culture has been declared an Intangible cultural heritage of Pakistan by UNESCO since 2018.

Suri Jagek reflects how the Kalasha people connect with their environment for a sustainable lifestyle. The knowledge is passed through stories, songs, and proverbs, adapting some aspects for modern life. Despite its visibility, younger generations may not fully appreciate its cultural importance due to the growing preference for digital weather predictions.

Observatories
-------------

The observatories where the practice of Surik Jagek is observed is called *Suri Jagaekein* in Kalasha language. At first, people thought it was more for one gender, as women being Pragata (Impure) could not visit the observatories, from where the rising and setting sun were observed. But later, they realized that Surik Jagek is about knowing not just the sun but also other celestial bodies. Women are seen as experts in observing the moon and stars. The Kalasha calendar is also based on this practice of Suri Jagek.

Related pages
-------------

* Intangible cultural heritage
* Kalasha religion
* Religions of Pakistan
The **Premier of Queensland**  is the head of the Government of Queensland, Australia. The Premier does the same job at a state level as the Prime Minister of Australia does at a national level. Formal power is held by the Queen who is represented in Queensland by the Governor of Queensland. The Governor acts on the advice given to him by the Premier. The current Premier of Queensland is Annastacia Palaszczuk.

Queensland is governed under the Westminster system of parliamentary government. Unlike other Australian states, it is not a bicameral system, having only one elected house. This house is called the Legislative Assembly. After an election, the State Governor appoints as Premier, the leader of the party who can control a majority of the elected members in the lower house. The Premier must resign if they no longer have a majority in the Legislative Assembly. This can happen if they lose seats at an election, or if their own political party does not support them.

Queensland was a British colony, and power was held by the Governor. In 1859 Britain allowed Queensland to have its own parliament, and the power was passed to the Premier.

Other websites
--------------

* "Queensland Premiers". *Queensland Government*. 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.

| * v
* t
* e
Premiers of Queensland |
| --- |
| Herbert • Macalister • Mackenzie • Lilley • Palmer • Thorn • Douglas • McIlwraith • Griffith • Morehead • Nelson • Byrnes • Dickson • Dawson • Philp • Morgan • Kidston • Denham • Ryan • Theodore • Gillies • McCormack • Moore • Forgan Smith • F Cooper • Hanlon • Gair • Nicklin • Pizzey • Chalk • Bjelke-Petersen • Ahern • R Cooper • Goss • Borbidge • Beattie • Bligh • Newman • Palaszczuk | Flag of Queensland |
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (1545-1592), emerged as a prominent military leader and statesman during the late Renaissance period. Born into the influential Farnese family, he received a comprehensive education in military tactics, diplomacy, and the arts. Farnese's notable achievements began with his service in the Siege of Malta in 1565, which drew the attention of his uncle, King Philip II of Spain. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Governor of Siena in 1567.

Farnese rose to prominence as the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands during the Eighty Years' War, a protracted conflict between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic. His military prowess and strategic acumen were exemplified in his successful campaigns to reconquer lost territories. Employing innovative tactics and siege warfare, Farnese's forces recaptured significant cities like Antwerp and Maastricht. Furthermore, his diplomatic skills in securing alliances with other European powers, including England and France, strengthened his position.

Aside from his military endeavors, Farnese was also a patron of the arts, fostering a flourishing cultural environment in the territories under his control. Talented artists, such as Giuseppe Arcimboldo and Jacques de Gheyn II, were commissioned to create magnificent works, while musicians, writers, and other artists enjoyed his support. In addition, Farnese contributed to the administration of his territories through implementing reforms that improved infrastructure, agriculture, trade, and education. These efforts endeared him to the local populations and solidified his influence.

Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, passed away in 1592, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most skilled military commanders and influential figures of his era. His strategic brilliance, diplomatic finesse, and contributions to governance and culture significantly impacted European history.
Statue of Benzaiten
**Benzaiten** is the Japanese name of the Hindu goddess Saraswati. Worship of Benzaiten started in Japan in the 6th to 8th centuries, mainly through the Chinese translations of the *Sutra of Golden Light* .

Her Sanskrit name is "Sarasvatî Devî", which means "flowing water". This is why Benzaiten is the goddess of everything that flows: water, words, speech, and music. The characters used to write her name showed her as the goddess of eloquence. Because of the Sutra of Golden Light, in Japan she became a protector of the people. Lastly, she became one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

She has a shrine on the Island of Enoshima in Sagami Bay, about 50 kilometers south of Tokyo; and a five-headed dragon and her are the main people in the Enoshima Engi, a history of the shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kokei (皇慶). According to Kokei, Benzaiten is the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi (無熱池; literally "lake without heat"), the lake which is at the center of the world in an ancient Buddhist view.

Other websites
--------------

* A Study of the Enoshima Engi Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Sacred Texts account of Benzaiten

Sources
-------

* Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication date: 1961
* India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century – By Upendra Thakur.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Japanese Mythology & Folklore** |
| **Mythic Texts and Folktales:**
 Kojiki | Nihon Shoki | Otogizōshi | Yotsuya Kaidan
 Urashima Tarō | Kintarō | Momotarō | Tamamo-no-Mae
 **Divinities:**
 Izanami | Izanagi | Amaterasu
 Susanoo | Ama-no-Uzume | Inari
 List of divinities | Kami | Seven Lucky Gods
 **Legendary Creatures:**
 Oni | Kappa | Tengu | Tanuki | Fox | Yōkai | Dragon
 **Mythical and Sacred Places:**
 Mt. Hiei | Mt. Fuji | Izumo | Ryūgū-jō | Takamagahara | Yomi |
**Midnight** is the opposite of solar noon, which is when the Sun is highest in the sky. The time period "00:00 - 00:01" is midnight. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

Start and end of the day
------------------------

In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It iss the dividing point between two days.In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12 a.m. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The "a.m." shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says "12:00 a.m.", midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 p.m. shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the p.m. changes to a.m. but a.m. does not mean the instant of midnight which separates p.m. and a.m.

During New Year
---------------

Midnight is also the time where you get to watch fireworks. Typically, this only happens when it is a new year, like 2023. Fireworks were originally invented in China. China remains the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world.
The **Maserati GranTurismo/GranCabrio** is a 2-door 2+2 luxury coupé built by the Italian luxury car brand Maserati. The GranTurismo has six generations. The GranTurismo was first shown at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show in Geneva.

First generation
----------------

Rear view
The GranTurismo was first shown at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show in Geneva. It released on December 2007 for the 2008 model year, and was discontinued in 2019, maintaining its Italian style and design for 12 whole years. It has a unique style for a luxury coupe.

Though it was discontinued in 2019, it came back in 2023.

### Convertible version

Rear of the GranCabrio
The cabriolet version, called the GranCabrio is basically a convertible version of the GranTurismo. It keeps the 4-seat design of the GranTurismo, and is also called 'GranTurismo Convertible' in the US and Canada.

Second generation
-----------------

Rear view
The second generation was revealed in late 2022. It is still a 4-seater, but the convertible version was revealed months after the GranTurismo. Back after 4 years, its range comprises four trims: 2 petrol Modena and Trofeo, and 1 fully-electric Folgore.

Other websites
--------------

* Maserati GranTurismo at Maserati.com Archived 2010-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
In Little Rock in the 1950s, protesters claimed their opinions were widely shared in the US. Their belief was an example of the effect of the false consensus.
**False consensus** or the **effect of the false consensus** is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

Related pages
-------------

* Intensity of preference

Other websites
--------------

* Changing minds: the false consensus effect
* False Consensus Effect - Not Everyone Thinks the Same Way As You
A Maori man with *moko*."Ta Moko" means tattoo art in Maori.

Often these tattoos covered the whole face and were a symbol of rank, social status, power and prestige for the Maori people.
Ta Moko is a visual language which connects the person who has it to his "whakapapa". Whakapapa is the family, it’s the genealogical tree, so there is nothing which links religion to Ta Moko. 
Ta Moko symbolises identification with their origins. It is considered to be beautiful but ferocious because they have to frighten their enemies. The Maori facial tattoo was used as a kind of "identification card".

These tattoos look like animals or geometric shapes. The most popular tattoo is "the tortoise". 
The technique of making tattooes leaves scars. Traditional tools to make Ta Moko are albatross bone chisels and black ink. A Maori tattoo takes a lot of time to do; generally the Maori people start tattooing themselves in adolescence and they finish in adulthood. They take years to be finished. But a real Ta Moko is very painful. The tattoo artist removes your skin by making wide cuts with a mallet and either a Turtle scale or an Albatross bone. So it takes a long time and you suffer a lot.

Woman Maori at the turn of the century.Boys start to be tattooed around adolescence but we don’t know when women can start to be tattooed.

Men’s tattooes can be found everywhere on their bodies; whereas women can only have tattooes on their foreheads, necks, lips, chins and backs. 

The number of tattooes they have depends on their age, what the people have done in their lives and the place of the person in the tribe. For Maoris these tattooes are like a diary because they are a written record of all the important events and places a man has experienced in his life.
**Giorgi (Giga) Bokeria** (Georgian: გიორგი (გიგა) ბოკერია, born 20 April 1972) is a Georgian politician and was the secretary of the National Security Council of Georgia from November 2010 to November 2013. He is currently one of the leaders of the Movement for Freedom-European Georgia.

In 2003, he visited Serbia Serbia to study peaceful revolution techniques. As a result, the youth movement "Kmara" was established. Movement played leading role in Rose Revolution. [*source?*]

Bokeria was a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2008. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Legal Issues and is a Member of Committee on Defense and Security. He was vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and he was vice-chairman of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group in the assembly (2005-2008). In April 2008 he became deputy Foreign Minister of Georgia, and in November 2010 to Secretary of the National Security Council. He resigned on 15 November 2013 after Georgia elected its new president, Giorgi Margvelashvili. He was member of Parliament of Georgia (2016-2020).

Bokeria is married to Tamara Chergoleishvili. Tamara is editor-in-chief of the magazine *Tabula* (ტაბულა). Bokeria's mother is the chess grandmaster Nana Alexandria.

Other websites
--------------

* Biographical entry on the website of Georgia's parliament
* Biographical entry on the website of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
* Hugh Pope, The Wall Street Journal: Pro-West leaders in Georgia push Shevardnadze out (en)
* Giga Bokeria, Givi Targamadze, Levan Ramishvili: Georgian Media in the 90s: A step to liberty, 1997 (en) (PDF-Datei)
Cosplayer as the character.
**Captain Britain** (real name Dr. **Brian Braddock**) is a fictional character, superhero and the defender of Britain in the Marvel Comics universe, and is in many ways the British equivalent of Captain America. However the two characters are very different in origins and ultimate place in the world - with Captain Britain being only one of many such defenders of Britain chosen via a mystical intervention of sorts by Merlyn and his daughter Roma.

Captain Britain is devoted to upholding the laws and customs of Britain and defends it against all threats, at first he fought villains of an earthly nature but as the series progressed he would start to fight much more powerful otherworldly threats such as Jim Jaspers. He is also the brother to Elizabeth "Betsy" Braddock, also known as "Psylocke", who is currently holding the name of Captain Britain while Brian is currently "Captain Avalon".

He was created by Chris Claremont and Herb Trimpe, and first appeared in *Captain Britain # 1* in October of 1976.
Cosplayer as Mantis.
**Mantis** is a fictional character and superheroine from the Marvel Comics universe. She is also known as the **Celestial Madonna.** The real name of the character is **Brandt.** Mantis has been a in the *Guardians of the Galaxy and* *Avengers* comics.

Mantis has been a member of the Avengers, the Knowhere Corps and the Guardians of the Galaxy. She usually refers to herself as *this one*. The character is a human-mutate due to being a Kree experiment.

She was created by Steve Englehart. The character first appeared in *Avengers #112* in June 1973.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
-------------------------

Klementieff in 2017
Mantis is played by French actress Pom Klementieff in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). She is in the movies *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2* (2017), *Avengers: Infinity War* (2018), *Avengers: Endgame* (2019), *Thor: Love and Thunder* (2022), *The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special* (2022) and *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3* (2023). In the MCU, the character is a daughter of Ego and a half sister to Peter Quill, Starlord.
Blood serum being prepared for a test
**Serum** is a clear, yellowish coloured fluid which is part of the blood. It does not contain white or red blood cells or a clotting factor. It is the blood plasma without the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any extra substances (such as drugs and microorganisms).

The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in many medical diagnostic tests, as well as in blood typing.

Blood is centrifuged to remove cellular components. Anti-coagulated blood yields plasma containing fibrinogen and clotting factors. Coagulated blood (clotted blood) yields serum without fibrinogen, although some clotting factors remain.

Serum is an important part of the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells when combined with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor.

Related pages
-------------

* Blood plasma
* Albumin
* Globulin
* Lipid

Other websites
--------------

* Blood Archived 2009-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
For the software, see Subversion (software).**Subversion** is a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by people working from within. Subversion generally works against structures of power, authority, exploitation, servitude, and hierarchy. A **subversive** is something or someone that works against an organization or system.

Subversive activity is the lending of aid, comfort, and support to individuals, groups, or organizations that work for the *overthrow of a system*. Actions against the best interests of the government, and which are not treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage may be put in the category of subversive activity. 

There is no agreed definition of subversion. Charles Townshend described subversion as a term "so elastic as to be virtually devoid of meaning, and its use does little more than convey the enlarged sense of the vulnerability of modern systems to all kinds of covert assaults."

Laws
----

### China

Subversion is a crime in China. The government of the People's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law. These laws describe behavior that can be a threat to national security. China has prosecuted many dissidents using these laws. Articles 105 and 111 are used the most often to silence political dissent. Article 105 makes it a crime to organize, make a secret plan, work against the national order, or tell rumors to make people fight the national order or overthrow the socialist system. Article 111 prohibits stealing, secretly collecting, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country.

### United Kingdom

There is no crime defined as "subversion" in British Constitutional law. There is a crime of treason. Legal experts have tried define subversion, but political and legal thinkers could not reach a general agreement.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***subversion***.

* "Address before the National Association of Manufacturers" on the Soviet military and political threat Archived 2014-04-29 at the Wayback Machine by Allen Welsh Dulles (1959) - *lower-middle portion of web page*
Franz Müntefering
**Franz Müntefering** (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.

1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 he was Party Chairman in that state.

From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 he was fraction leader in the Bundestag.

He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005. 
From 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - to care for his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.

From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.

Other websites
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* Biography by German Bundestag Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
| Norwegian royal family |
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|  |
| * **The King**The Queen
	+ The Crown PrinceThe Crown Princess
		- Princess Ingrid Alexandra
		- Prince Sverre Magnus
	+ Princess Märtha Louise

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* Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
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| * v
* t
* e
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**Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway** (born 21 January 2004) is the elder child of Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette-Marit. She is second in line to succeed her grandfather King Harald V. She is a member of the House of Glücksburg; and she is expected to become the country's second female monarch, after the 15th-century Queen Margaret.

Birth and baptism
-----------------

Princess Ingrid Alexandra with her father in 2007
Princess Ingrid Alexandra was born on 21 January 2004 at 9:13 am in The National Hospital, part of the Oslo University Hospital in Oslo. She is the first child and only daughter of Crown Prince Haakon, heir apparent to the throne, and the second granddaughter of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. Her mother, Crown Princess Mette-Marit, has a son named Marius Borg Høiby, born in 1997 from a previous relationship.

Ingrid Alexandra was baptised by Bishop Gunnar Stålsett in the chapel of the Royal Palace on 17 April 2004. Her godparents were her grandfather the King, her aunt Princess Märtha Louise, the Crown Prince of Denmark, the Crown Princess of Sweden, the then Prince of Asturias, and her maternal grandmother, Marit Tjessem.

On 31 August 2019, Ingrid Alexandra was confirmed in the Palace Chapel in Oslo.

Education
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Ingrid Alexandra started her first day of school on 19 August 2010 at Jansløkka elementary school, a local state school attended by her half-brother. School officials hoped to make the school a place where the princess could make friends and enjoy some relief from public scrutiny.

On 17 June 2014, the Norwegian Royal Family announced that from the start of the 2014–2015 school year, Princess Ingrid Alexandra would move to the private English-language Oslo International School, reportedly because her parents wanted her to be fluent in English.

Princess Ingrid Alexandra was transferred to Oslo's Uranienborg School to complete her lower secondary education. In the fall of 2020, she is scheduled to start at Elvebakken Upper Secondary School in Oslo.

Titles

21 January 2004-present Her Royal Highness Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway 

Her Royal Highness The Princess 

Honors 

-Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (21 January 2022) 

-Norway: Recipient of the Royal Family Order of King Harald V (21 January 2022) 

-Norway: Recipient of the Royal House Centennial Medal (25 November 2005) 

-Norway: Recipient of King Harald V’s Jubilee Medal (1991-2016) (17 January 2016) 

Foreign Honors 

-Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (21 January 2022)
Marie Antoinette wearing a high roll.
A **high roll** is a hairstyle that Western women wore in the late 1700s.

The style took hours to make. Sometimes, a professional hairdresser would style the woman's hair. That meant the woman had to be rich enough to pay a hairdresser and to spend hours sitting in a chair not working. This made the high roll a status symbol.

The hairstyle could be very tall and make a person's head seem twice as high. First, the woman's hair would be combed. Then the woman or her hairdresser would add pomatum to the hair so it could be shaped. The pomatum would have treated fat, oil and perfumes or spices in it. This would make the hair smell good, kill headlice, and help hold the hair in place. Women would add extra hair collected from cows, horses, or other people. Or they would collect from their own hairbrushes over time and reuse it. Women and hairdressers would use small pillows inside the hair to hold it up. Some women would make curls along the sides or neck with curlers. The hair was held in place with pins. The hair could be natural color or colored gray, brown or white with powder. Some women, for example, Queen Marie Antoinette of France, would wear feathers, jewelry, or sculptures of plants and animals in their high hair. Some women said that it would itch.

History
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Marie Antoinette in 1769.
The earliest high rolls started in the late 1760s and became taller over time. They started in France and moved to London and North America.

Criticism
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Many people did not like this hairstyle. English critics complained that English women copied it from France. American critics complained that women copied it from England—and this was in the 1770s, when America was at war with England. Other critics said the feathers in the hairstyles made women look like male soldiers with plumed helmets. American critics also complained that the hairstyle made white women look like African-American men. In the 1770s, African-American men wore their hair in a bunch over their foreheads. Rich men also worried about their wives and daughters spending time with male hairdressers.

There are many political cartoons making fun of the high roll and other high hairstyles.

In popular culture
------------------

In the television show *Turn*, women in New York and Philadelphia wear and talk about high rolls.
The **Leeds Triennial Festival** was a festival of music held in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire in England. The festival started in the 19th century at a time when very large choirs were in fashion. Although there is now no festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival the town of Leeds continues to put on music festivals.

History
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On 7 September 1858 Queen Victoria opened the new Town Hall in Leeds. It was a very large building, big enough for an audience of 4000 and a choir of 400 singers. The composer Sterndale Bennett conducted an orchestra and choir at the opening performance.

Although "triennial" means something that happens every three years, the next festival did not happen until 1874. In 1880 the first festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival was conducted by Arthur Sullivan. These festivals were very famous internationally because a lot of famous composers were asked to write new works for choir and to come and conduct them. Composers such as Raff, Dvorak, Massenet, Humperdinck, Parry, Stanford, Elgar and Sullivan himself all wrote new works for the festival.

Later in the 20th century many famous musicians continued to be associated with the festival including Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland.

Although the last Leeds Triennial Festival took place in 1985 both the Festival Chorus and the Leeds Philharmonic Chorus continue to perform at the Leeds International Concert Season in the Town Hall.

Other websites
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* A short history of the Leeds Triennial Festival
Athena, in front of the parliament building in Vienna, Austria
**Athena** is the Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, handiwork, and strategy. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Athena's symbol is the owl, the wisest of the birds. She also had a shield called Aegis, which was a gift given to her by Zeus. She is usually shown wearing her helmet and often with her shield. The shield later had Medusa's head on it; after Perseus killed her, he gave the head of Medusa to Athena for safekeeping and she put the head on her shield. 

Athena is the protector of Athens, Greece, a city named after her. The Parthenon, which is on the Acropolis in Athens, is her most famous temple. She also helped many heroes, including Heracles, Jason, and Odysseus, and is always seen with Nike, the goddess of victory.

Birth
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There are many stories about Athena's birth. In Hesiod's *Theogony*, Zeus married Metis, but soon after, Zeus was scared of her giving birth to a child because the Oracle of Delphi had said that she will give birth to Athena, and a son that would overthrow Zeus, just like Zeus overthrew Kronos, who overthrew his father Uranus. 

To stop Metis giving birth to her son, Zeus made a plan. He played a game with Metis, they shape shifted into different animals, Metis turned turned into a fly, Zeus saw his chance and he swallowed her whole. Zeus was too late, as Metis was already pregnant.

While she was inside Zeus's head, Metis made a helmet, armor, and a robe for Athena. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a severe headache. The headache became worse. Hephaestus split his head open and Athena came out full grown and with armor on.

Titles and patronages
---------------------

Athena is the goddess of knowledge, purity, arts, crafts, learning, justice and wisdom. She also plays a tough, clever and independent role. Athenians thought she helped them win the Trojan war. Athena often helped heroes, especially ones who were not just brave but clever, like Jason and Perseus. People joined her cult, hoping she would give them victory. She was also the creator of the olive tree and flute.

Attributes and epithets
-----------------------

Athena was given many other titles. She has the epithet Ergane as the patron of craftsmen and artisans. With the epithet Parthenos she was especially worshipped in the festivals of the Panathenaea and Pamboeotia where both militaristic and athletic displays took place. With the epithet Promachos she led in battle. With the epithet Polias, Athena was the protector of not only Athens but also of many other cities, including Argos, Sparta, Gortyn, Lindos, and Larisa.

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Athena***.

* Menrva - Etruscan version of Athena.
* Minerva - Roman version of Athena.

Other websites
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* Athena -Citizendium

| **Twelve Olympians** |
| --- |
| Zeus • Hera • Poseidon • Hades • Hestia • Demeter • Aphrodite • Athena • Apollo • Artemis • Ares • Hephaestus • Hermes • Dionysus |
McCray in 2013
**Chirlane Irene McCray** (born November 29, 1954 in Springfield, Massachusetts) is an American writer, editor and activist. She is married to New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio. McCray was described as the "closest advisor" for de Blasio. McCray is the chairwoman for the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City and leads ThriveNYC. She has also published poetry. McCray worked in politics as a speechwriter.

Involvement in the de Blasio administration
-------------------------------------------

When de Blasio became mayor, he hired the publicist Rachel Noerdlinger as McCray's chief of staff. Noerdlinger, however, later resigned her post due to several controversies with her behavior and the behaviors of certain people around her.

During his second month in office, de Blasio named McCray the chair of the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City. Beginning from then, the group was focused on immigration, mental health and youth workforce projects.

In November 2015, McCray led the launch of ThriveNYC, a plan for overhauling the city's mental health and substance abuse services. ThriveNYC promotes a change from the more traditionally more reactive model. That model can strain police, hospitals, prisons and schools, into an integrated public health approach on being aware and being identified early.

ThriveNYC drew harsh criticism over accusations of not being properly managed and accusations that the group failed to produce any records with the proper results. As of March 2019, almost $850 million in funding in McCray's program was unaccounted for. Also, the program was on track to spend just over $1 billion over almost five years. A Bronx Councilman criticized ThriveNYC. He said there was no evidence that the program was working.
**Carolyn Mary Kleefeld** is an American artist and poet.
She has had numerous exhibitions and gallery and museum awards between 1981 and today in the major cities of the United States.
Since 1981, Ms. Kleefeld has created several paintings and drawings, ranging from romantic figurative to abstract.

Tribute to Carolyn Mary Kleefeld, painting by Gianpiero Actis

Life
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Kleefeld was born in Catford, England, and moved to Southern California when she was a child. She currently lives in a cliffside house in Big Sur, California.

Career
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Kleefeld attended *UCLA* from 1974 to 1978, studying art and psychology.

*Climates of the Mind*, her first book, a collection of poetry and philosophical aphorisms, was published in 1979.
In 2008, *Soul Seeds: Revelations & Drawings*, a collection of Kleefeld’s aphorisms and drawings, was published by Cross-Cultural Communications in New York.

Kleefeld is an Honorary Member of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

Related pages
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* List of poets from North America

Other websites
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* Official website