recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Norman Charles Goodhead** (August 26, 1917 – October 3, 2009) was a Canadian municipal politician in Metropolitan Toronto. He was reeve of North York township, a municipality in the Metro Toronto federation, from 1959 to 1964 and was a candidate to be Reeve of the Township of North York, Ontario from 1959 to 1964 and was twice a leading candidate to be Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, a position elected by the Metropolitan Toronto Council.

He was born and raised in the Cabbagetown, Toronto neighbourhood before moving to the suburb of North York as an adult. He was elected to the North York Township Council in 1956 and then as its reeve (the equivalent of mayor) in 1958, while the suburb was experiencing a boom in development as its population grew.

Goodhead campaigned in favour of increasing North York's representation on Metro Council and for the creation of a Board of Control to better manage the suburb.

In office, he crusaded against illegal basement apartments and the subdivision of single family homes into multi-tenant units and utilized the township's resources to evict up to 1,000 tenants of these properties. Albert Campbell, reeve of the neighbouring suburb of Scarborough, criticized Goodhead's actions: "imagine talking about sending township officials into private homes and padlocking them, then ordering workmen to rip out plumbing and the like."

He also criticized the construction of the proposed lakeshore expressway in Toronto, a major project of Metro, saying, "the Gardiner Expressway will someday be a monument to stupidity."

In 1962, he ran for the position of Metro Chairman to succeed Fred Gardiner but lost to City of Toronto Controller William R. Allen, winning 10 votes to Allen's 14.

In 1964, Goodhead ran for a fourth term as reeve but was defeated by James Ditson Service, who accused Goodhead of authoritarianism and ran against him as a reformer. He also accused Goodhead of being in a conflict of interest as North York's garbage disposal contract was with a private business operated by Goodhead.

Goodhead ran for Metro Chairman a second time in 1969, but he was no longer a sitting Metro Councillor and was considered the frontrunner, and led on the first ballot before being defeated on the third ballot by Scarborough mayor Albert Campbell, 21–11.

He was a mentor to Paul Godfrey, whose mother managed Goodhead's election campaigns, and who would succeed Campbell as Metro Chairman in 1975. When Goodhead died, Godfrey eulogized him as "one of the original people that got North York out of the short-pants era to becoming a full-fledged municipality."

Goodhead was a successful businessman outside of politics, and sold his waste disposal firm to a US company for $12.5 million in 1972. He also owned two landfill sites, one of which was the largest in Canada.
Two macaroni penguins at Livingston Island
*Eudyptes chrysolophus* 
The **macaroni penguin** is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

It is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some consider the two to be a single species.

Size
----

Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from 50–200 ft (15–61 m) down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to 300 ft (91 m). But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood. 

Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.
See the main article: United States National Academies
**National Research Council** (NRC) of USA is the working arm of United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names. The National Research Council was organized in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I.

The president of National Academy of Sciences is the chair of its *Governing Board* and *Executive Committee*; the president of the National Academy of Engineering is vice chair. Its members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

Other websites
--------------

* The National Research Council Archived 2011-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
* The Institute of Medicine Archived 2017-09-16 at the Wayback Machine

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**Richard Winyu Tsien** (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

Biography
---------

Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969. Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970.

From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre.

Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Awards
------

* 1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
* 1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
* 1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
* 1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
* 1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
* 1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
* 1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
* 1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society
The **National Rifle Association of New Zealand** (**NRA**) is the national governing body for Fullbore rifle shooting in New Zealand.

The Association is the member for New Zealand at the International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations (ICFRA) and takes part in ICFRA World Championships and the Commonwealth Games.

History
-------

The NRA started as the New Zealand Rifle Association (NZRA) in 1878. It ran the national competition each year. The Government Volunteer Movement had run the competition since 1861 but gave it to the NZRA. By 1900 the NZRA had trouble with money because they built a new shooting range for the competition each year in a different place. The NZRA was taken over by the Defence Force and was called the New Zealand Defence Rifle Association. In 1923, the National Rifle Association was formed to separate the target shooters from the military Defence Force.

Related pages
-------------

* New Zealand Shooting Federation
* International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Monkey does selfie: A black crested macaque (*Macaca nigra*) takes a photo of herself
The **macaques** are a genus (*Macaca*) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

Social behavior
---------------

Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

Copyright test case
-------------------

In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a copyright claim.

The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.
**Mansour Koushan** (26 December 1948 – 16 February 2014) was a prominent Iranian author, playwright, poet, journalist and director of movies and plays. He has published 14 collections of poetry and short stories, 7 novels, 12 books of analysis on Culture, Literature, Society and politics, and hundreds of analytical essays, and more than 30 plays. While in Iran, he was an active member of the Council of the Association of Iranian Writers.

From 1967 to 1977 he was editor of four independent literary periodicals in Iran. In addition, Koushan presided over the newspaper Takapou in 1996 before it was shut down for being the sole outlet to publish the "1994 Declaration of 134 Iranian Writers," a letter against censorship that would result in the deaths of many of its signatories at the hands of the Iranian regime's secret service.

Koushan has directed movies and plays for TV and staged 7 plays by international writers. In December 1998, Koushan traveled to Norway to deliver a speech at the 50th anniversary of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights Charter. During this time, the first instances of kidnapping and killing of Iranian writers and intellectuals began, and he was forced to remain in exile.

Mansour Koushan was the artistic manager and director for the Sølvberg Theater in Stavanger, Norway from 2000 to 2006. He won the 2010 Carl von Ossietzky prize, awarded annually to a writer for his outstanding efforts for human rights and freedom of speech.

Koushan died from gastric cancer on 16 February 2014 in Stavanger. He was 65. At the time he was the chief editor of a Persian quarterly on literature culture and art called *Jonge Zaman*.
**Mansur Muhammad Dan Ali** (born August 25, 1959) is a retired Nigerian Army and former Minister of Defence of federal republic of Nigeria.

Early life and education
------------------------

Dan-Ali was born on August 25, 1959 in Zamfara State. He received his Higher National Diploma (HND) in Photogrammetric and Surveying from Kaduna Polytechnic and possesses a master's degrees in Public Policy and Administration (MPPA) from Bayero University Kano, and a master's degree in Security Studies from the Bangladesh University of Professionals.

Career
------

Dan Ali was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Nigerian Army through the Short Service Commission at the Nigerian Defence Academy. Dan-Ali has served in numerous command, sections and staff capacities, such as commanding the Nigerian contingent supporting the United Nations Africa Hybrid Mission in Sudan, Directing Staff of the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, Chief Instructor (CI) at the Nigerian Defence Academy, and the Director Military Training before getting posted to the Ministry of Defence's Logistics Department as deputy director.
Butler with the Tennessee Titans in 2019**Malcolm Terel Butler** (born March 2, 1990) is an American football player. He played in the position cornerback who is a free agent. He played his first four seasons with the Patriots, who signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2014. 

He was a member of the Tennessee Titans for three seasons after leaving New England. Butler retired ahead of the 2021 season, but returned to the Patriots the following year.

He was a two-time Super Bowl winner and Pro Bowl selection during his Patriots tenure. Butler is best known for his goal line interception in the final seconds of Super Bowl XLIX. The interception prevented a go-ahead touchdown and effectively ensured the Patriots' victory. It is regarded as one of the greatest players in NFL history.

Early life
----------

Butler was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. He has four siblings. He graduated from Vicksburg High School in 2009. Butler received a scholarship to Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi. Butler also participated in track and field at Vicksburg, where he took part in sprints and jumps. He had personal record of 12.07 seconds in the 100-meter dash, 1.83 meters (6'0") in the high jump, and 6.92 meters (22'8.5") in the long jump.

Film
----

*The Hollywood Reporter* published an article in February 2017. It stated that the production company Narrative Capital had gained the rights to the story of Butler. His agent Derek Simpson also got the rights for a film tentatively titled *The Secondary.*

Other websites
--------------

* West Alabama Tigers bio
* Tennessee Titans bio
* New England Patriots bio Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
**Our Lady of La Vang** was a reported Marian apparition (a supernatural appearance of the Virgin Mary) in Vietnam. The appearance was reported at a time when Catholics were being persucted and killed in Vietnam. In Vietnamese she is called **Đức Mẹ La Vang** or **Mẹ La Vang**.

Name
----

Modern scholars believe the name came from a plant in the area (*La* means "leaf" and *Vang* means "herbal seeds"). Others believe the name came from a Vietnamese word that meant "crying out" as if the Vietnamese Catholics at that time were "crying out" to God for help. Some believe the name came from the rainforest's name La Vang.

History
-------

Fearing the spread of Catholicism, Emperor Canh Thinh banned the practice of Catholicism. Soon thereafter the emperor made an anti-Catholic edict which made the practice of Catholicism punishable by death. Many Catholics sought refuge in the rainforest of La Vang in Quang Tri Province. While hiding in the rainforest, the small community would gather every night at the foot of a tree and pray. One night, an apparition surprised them. In the branches of the tree, a lady dressed in the traditional Vietnamese dress (ao dai), holding an infant in her arms with two angels beside her, appeared. The people who witnessed this apparition said that the lady and the infant was the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus. They said that the lady comforted them and told them to boil the leaves from the tree for medicine to cure the illness.

In 1802, many of the Catholics went back to their villages, spreading the story of the apparition. Soon, many people came back to the site to offer incense and to pray. In 1820, a chapel was built. From 1830- 1885 another wave of persecutions decimated the Catholic population. The chapel of Our Lady of La Vang was destroyed and in 1886 a new chapel was built.

The church today.

Vatican recognition
-------------------

There is no official recognition from the Vatican for this as a "Marian apparition". Although there is no official recognition, Pope John Paul II publicly recognized the importance of Our Lady of La Vang and expressed a desire to rebuild the La Vang Basilica to honor the 200th anniversary of the first apparition.

Church of Our Lady of La Vang, built in 1928 and destroyed in 1972 during the war.
**Proselyte**, from Greek *προσήλυτος/proselytos*, is used in the Septuagint for "stranger", i.e. a newcomer to Israel; a sojourner in the land, and in the New Testament (Strong's G4339 Archived 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine) for a convert to Judaism from Paganism. It is a translation of the Hebrew word *גר/ger* (Strong's H1616 Archived 2009-09-05 at the Wayback Machine).

Two kinds of proselyte in Judaism
---------------------------------

There are two kinds of proselyte:

1. *Ger tzedek* (*righteous proselytes*, *proselytes of righteousness*, *religious proselyte*, *devout proselyte*)
2. *Ger toshav* (*gate proselyte*, *proselytes of the gate*, *limited proselyte*, *half-proselyte*)

A righteous proselyte was a Gentile who had converted to Judaism, was bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and was considered a full member of the Jewish people.

A gate proselyte was a "resident alien" who lived in the Land of Israel and followed some of the customs.

Proselytes in early Christianity
--------------------------------

The "religious proselytes" spoken of in Early Christian writings were righteous proselytes, as distinguished from gate proselytes.

Related pages
-------------

* Proselytism

Other websites
--------------

* Petrine Proselytes Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte
* Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
* Free Online Book: 'The Path of the Righteous Gentile' Archived 2006-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Proselyte in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
A **product** is something that is made (produced) and often something that is sold.

In economics, things that one person has and another person wants are called **goods**. If the thing was made by people, then it is called a **product**. If it is something that was found in nature, it is called a natural resource.

In marketing, it is an object made for people's use and it satisfies the need of a customer.

In retail, products are often connected with *merchandise*, and in manufacturing, products are some materials to create final goods.

Classification
--------------

Products are often connected with services but they are described and used in different ways. 

Products are classified: 

### By use

The system of dividing products on departments. For example, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company created several groups of his products. It helps customers to choose the product by its function. 

### By association

A product line is "a group of products that are closely related". There are many product lines for various types of using. For example, within the insurance industry, product lines are divided by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance, commercial insurance and life insurance.

### Other

There are also national and international classifications. They can be used by different organizations. For example, the European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity". The United Nations classifies products for making reports of international economic activity.

Related pages
-------------

* Service
* Finished goods
**Rebbeca Oswald** is a noted pianist. She is also an award winning composer.

Early works
-----------

Oswald has a wide body of work. Her work includes concert music for chamber ensembles, chamber orchestras, full orchestras, and single instruments of many kinds.
She has also composed music for some choral ensembles.

Career
------

Oswald has written and produced music for two video games. She also has composed and produced music for a three-hour documentary. She also writes in the classical and popular genres. Oswald advanced to the finalist category level of the American Prize in Composition in the choral category.

Reviews
-------

Kathy Parsons in a review at MonthlyPiano.com states while reviewing the piece, "Whereas", "I heard some of these pieces live a few months ago, but even that didn’t prepare me for the soulful beauty of the recording." Parsons also stated in the review that, "The thirteen original piano solos are Oswald’s creative response to a gift of unpublished personal poems that express "the joy of unity, the sorrow of separation, the desire to know and be known, the bliss of loving and being loved. (as she quoted from the liner notes.)

Brett Campbell from the Eugene Weekly CD Review stated the following:

> 
> "Eugene-based composer Rebecca Oswald has two of the loveliest pieces on this disc of modern symphonic works performed by several orchestras, in this case the Moravian Philharmonic. Movie directors take note: "Finding the Murray River" could work as a film soundtrack behind on a long pastoral shot of a carriage riding down a country road."
> 
> 
>

Discography
-----------

* "Whisperings Solo Piano Volume 1" - solo piano compilation, 2011
* "Whereas" - solo piano, 2011
* "October Wind" - solo piano, 2005
* "Light and Shadow" - orchestral compilation 2011 (PARMA Recording)

Other websites
--------------

* Celebrating American Excellence in the Arts, The American Prize
For the German sports official and Richthofen's nephew, see Manfred von Richthofen (sports official).
Manfred von Richthofen
**Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen**  (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "**Red Baron**". He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories. The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits.

Life
----

Richthofen was born in Breslau, Germany.
In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer. He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster. In October, he began training as a pilot. In March 1916, he entered combat. He had his first victory in April. In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus". He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him. Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917.

On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France. He was 25 years old. He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest, fatally wounding him. He then made a crash landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. His Fokker Dr.I was seriously damaged by the landing. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was already dead when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane.

Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen. However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired by a soldier on the ground. The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.

Other websites
--------------

* Manfred von Richthofen at Find a Grave

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The wind, Sun and biomass are three renewable energy sources
The current status of **renewable energy commercialization in the United States** varies considerably between different renewable energy technologies, with some being commercialized at the present time.

Wind power is a growing industry in the United States. Latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity now exceeds 11,600 MW which is enough to serve three million average households. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by California.

Several solar thermal power stations, including the new 64 MW Nevada Solar One, have also been built. The largest of these solar thermal power stations is the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert with a total generating capacity of 354 MW, making the system the largest solar plant of any kind in the world. The largest solar photovoltaic plant in the U.S. is the 4.6 MW Springerville Generating Station, located near Tucson, Arizona. 

In terms of renewable fuels for transportation, most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol fuel, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world’s installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the last seven years.
**Loricifera**  is a recently discovered ecdysozoan phylum of marine animals. The phylum includes the first animals known to exist in a completely anoxic environment (no oxygen at all). The phylum was described in 1983 by Reinhardt Kristensen.

They are a phylum of very small animals which live in sediment. There are now twenty-two described species, in eight genera. In addition, there are about 100 more species which have been collected, but not yet described. Their size ranges from 100 µm to about 1 mm.

Their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. They are among the most recently discovered groups of Metazoans. They attach themselves quite firmly to the gravel, and this explains why they remained undiscovered for so long. The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and later described in 1983. They are found at all depths of water, in different sediment types, and in all latitudes. They have not yet been found in the fossil record.

Anatomy
-------

These animals have a protective outer case called a lorica. Protected by the lorica, the animals have a head, mouth and digestive system. Development is usually direct, though there are larvae in some species. The animals have two sexes as adults. There are some complex and flexible life cycles with different forms of parthenogenetic reproduction.

Their closest relatives are thought to be the Kinorhyncha and Priapulida, with whom they share some characteristics. Together they make up the clade Scalidophora.

In anoxic environments
----------------------

Light microscopy image of the undescribed species of *Spinoloricus* that lives in anoxic environments (stained with Rose Bengal). Scale bar is 50μm.
Three species of Loricifera have been found in the sediments at the bottom of the L'Atalante basin in the Mediterranean Sea. The 'surface' of this basin is 3,500 meters down. They are the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an oxygen-free environment. It is thought they are able to do this because they rely on organelles which, unlike normal mitochondria, do not use oxygen for their energy cycle. They are able to do this because they use hydrogenosomes to get their energy rather than mitochondria.

The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size. They were collected from the deep basin where they live in a nearly salt-saturated brine. This brine, because of its density, does not mix with the waters above. As a result, the brine is completely anoxic, and high in ammonia. Also, due to the action of sulphate reducers, it contains sulphide at a high concentration. In the brine, the abundance of cells is not high. Extremophiles predominate, including members of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent community of archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, including ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).p360–381
***Recess*** is an American animated television series created by Paul Germain and Joe Ansolabehere (credited as "Paul and Joe") and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, with animation done by Grimsaem, Anivision, Plus One Animation, Sunwoo Animation, and Toon City. The series focuses on six elementary school students and their interaction with other classmates and teachers. The title refers to the recess period during the daily schedule, in the North American tradition of educational schooling, when students are not in lessons and are outside in the schoolyard. During recess, the children form their own society, complete with government and a class structure, set against the backdrop of a regular school.

Plot
----

Recess portrays the lives of six fourth graders—cheeky and popular lovable rogue Theodore Jasper "T.J." Detweiler (Ross Malinger, Andrew Lawrence), Jock Vince LaSalle (Rickey D'Shon Collins), tomboy Ashley Spinelli (Pamela Adlon), wise fool Mikey Blumberg (Jason Davis), geek Gretchen Grundler (Ashley Johnson), and awkward new kid Gus Griswald (Courtland Mead)—as they go about their daily lives in a school environment at Third Street Elementary School located in Little Rock, Arkansas.[4][5] A major satirical point of the show is that the community of students at school is a microcosm of traditional human society complete with its own government, class system, and set of unwritten laws. They are ruled by a monarch, a sixth grader named King Bob, who has various enforcers to make sure his decrees are carried out. The society has a long list of rigid values and social norms that imposes a high expectation of conformity upon all the students.

Characters
----------

* T.J. Detweiler
* Vince LaSalle
* Mikey Blumberg
* Gus Griswald
* Gretchen Grundler
* Ashley Spinelli
* Miss Finster
* Randall
* Principal Prickly
**Nemertea** is a phylum of invertebrate animals also known as *ribbon worms* or *proboscis worms*. Most of the 1,400 or so species are marine, with a few living in fresh water and a small number of terrestrial forms. They live in all marine habitats, and throughout the world's oceans. Alternative spellings for the phylum have included *Nemertini* and *Nemertinea*. *Rhynchocoela* is a name used primarily in North America but gradually abandoned since the 1980s.

Anatomy
-------

Nemertean worms are long, thin, animals without segments. They have no true head, although the anterior end is often slightly wider than the body. They are distinguished by the presence of an eversible proboscis. This is kept inside the body, but pushed out to catch prey.

Nemerteans collect food with their proboscis, which is closely associated with the digestive system. At rest, the proboscis is inside a long tube that may take up a considerable portion of the worm's length, lying just above the gut. It is attached to the posterior end of this tube by a muscle that pulls it back inside after feeding. At the anterior end, the tube opens into a small cavity close to the brain, and then to the outside through a pore at the anterior tip of the animal.

### Length

Nemerteans range in size from 5mm (0.2 in) to over 30 m (100 ft) long in the case of the European *Lineus longissimus*, with most species being 20 cm (8 in) or less. There are reports of specimens up to 50 or 60m long, which would make it the longest animal in the world. The longest animal on record is a female blue whale, 29.9m long.
Pixels in the picture of a computer.
A **pixel** (short for **pic**ture **el**ement) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).

The word "pixel"
----------------

The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.

The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies. By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).

The word "picture element" is even older. For example, the German word *Bildpunkt* (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

Related pages
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* Display resolution
* Raster graphics
**Randy Edelman** (born June 10, 1947) is an American musician, producer and composer for film and television.

Life and career
---------------

Edelman was born in Paterson, New Jersey to Jewish family.

### Musical score

One of his film scores was for the 1973 film *Executive Action*.

### Scores reused themes

While some of the films scored by Edelman were not commercial successes, the music was often reused elsewhere. Themes he wrote for *Kindergarten Cop* (particularly *Rain Man*), *Dragonheart*, *Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story* (particularly the film's love for *Bruce and Linda*), *Gettysburg* and other films have been used in television advertisement, film trailers, Disney movies including Mulan, and during the Academy Awards. Themes from his score *Come See the Paradise* have been used in film trailers more than cues from any other film soundtrack.

### NBC Sports

His music from *The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.* is featured during the NBC's Olympic Games coverage when announcing upcoming events.

### Personal life

Edelman married Jackie DeShannon and have a son Noah Edelman.

Influences
----------

Edelman stated composers like Lalo Schifrin, Dave Grusin, John Williams, John Barry, Elmer Bernstein, Maurice Jarre, Bernard Herrmann, Jerry Goldsmith, Leonard Bernstein, Max Steiner, George Gershwin, George Bruns, Ennio Morricone, Nino Rota, Franz Waxman, Alex North, Victor Young and Buddy Baker as influences.

Musical discography
-------------------

### Solo albums

### Charted solo singles

### Partial list of artists who have covered Edelman (both music and lyrics)

Filmography
-----------

### Film

### Television

Awards, milestones and announcements
------------------------------------

Other websites
--------------

* Randy Edelman on IMDb

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**Newport Pagnell** is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.

History
-------

The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as *Neuport*, which is an Old English word meaning *New Market Town*. At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.

At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important. 

Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.

Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.

The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Other websites
--------------

* The unofficial town website with historical pictures, pictures of the town carnival and a message board for locals and ex pats to keep in touch
Nullarbor is the light tan semi-circular area near the coastline, 2002
 Murrawijinie cave system seen from inside. It is a karst system, formed by water running through the limestone. Murrawijinie means "bloody hands": the caves were used by indigenous people who left their ochre hand stencils on the cave walls
**Nullarbor Plain** (Latin: *nullus*, "no", and *arbor*, "tree") is an area of flat, dry land in southern Australia on the coastline of the Great Australian Bight.

It is the world's largest single piece of limestone, and occupies an area of about 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi). At its widest point, it stretches about 1,100 kilometres (684 mi) from east to west between South Australia (SA) and Western Australia (WA). 

As to what causes these huge and distinctive limestone areas, no-one knows. Perhaps it is significant that one of the best-known area, the Yukatan, was in or near a hit by a huge meteorite. As much as 50% of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are in carbonate rock, and much of this is in porous karst systems.

Further reading
---------------

* Bolam, Anthony Gladstone, 1893–1966. *The trans-Australian wonderland* Melbourne : Modern Printing, (many editions in the early 20th century)
* Edmonds, Jack 1976. *Nullarbor crossing: with panorama* photographs by Brian Gordon. Perth. West Australian Newspapers, Periodicals Division. ISBN 0-909699-09-7

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Nullarbor at Wikimedia Commons

* Nullarbor Net
* Information about crossing the Nullarbor
The **London Symphony Orchestra** (**LSO**) is a British orchestra. It is one of the most famous orchestras of the world.[*source?*] The orchestra is based in London's Barbican Centre. They often tour to many other countries. The LSO became the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906.

The LSO started in 1904. Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra. They left that orchestra when Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts. The LSO was set up as an organization that governed itself. This means that the members organize everything. They decide things such as how much they are paid and who can be a member of the orchestra.

The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904. Hans Richter was the conductor. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year. Some of the most famous conductors in the world have conducted the orchestra. Since January 2007, Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor. André Previn is the *Conductor Laureate* (Honorary conductor). In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor with Michael Tilson Thomas. Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO. The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO players nearly died in 1912 as they were sail on the RMS *Titanic* for a concert in New York. They changed the booking at the last minute. They did tour the United States and Canada that year. They were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966, the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

For many years, the LSO did not allow women to become members. They thought the sound would not be as good.[*source?*]

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920. They have made many recordings since then.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *A Classic Case* (1985)

Principal Conductors
--------------------

The London Symphony Orchestra has had many principal conductors since it was created in 1904.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * 1904-1911 Hans Richter
* 1911-1912 Edward Elgar
* 1912-1914 Arthur Nikisch
* 1915-1917 Thomas Beecham
* 1919-1922 Albert Coates
 | * 1930-1931 Willem Mengelberg
* 1932-1935 Hamilton Harty
* 1951-1954 Josef Krips
* 1960-1964 Pierre Monteux
* 1965-1968 István Kertész
 | * 1968-1979 André Previn
* 1979-1987 Claudio Abbado
* 1987-1995 Michael Tilson Thomas
* 1995-2006 Colin Davis
* 2007-*present* Caroline Phannahriso
 |
**"O Land of Beauty!"** is a song. It is the national anthem of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

English lyrics
--------------

O Land of Beauty! Our country where peace abounds,
Thy children stand free on the strength of will and love.
With God in all our struggles, Saint Kitts and Nevis be;
A nation bound together with a common destiny.
As stalwarts we stand for justice and liberty,
With wisdom and truth, we will serve and honour thee.
No sword nor spear can conquer for God will sure defend,
His blessings shall forever to posterity extend.

French translation
------------------

Ô terre de beauté! Notre pays où la paix abonde,
tes enfants sont libres grâce à la force de la volonté et de l’amour.
Avec Dieu dans toutes nos luttes, Saint Kitts et Nevis soit;
une nation liée par un destin commun.
En tant que piliers, nous défendons la justice et la liberté,
avec sagesse et vérité, nous vous servirons et vous honorerons.
Aucune épée ni lance ne peut vaincre car Dieu assurera la défense,
ses bénédictions s'étendront à jamais à la postérité.
The West India Docks and the Millwall Dock visible on a map of the Isle of Dogs in 1899
Skyline of Canary Wharf, viewed from the west
**London Docklands** is the name for the riverfront and former docks in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. It is in east and southeast London and it is part of the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks used to be part of the Port of London. 

After the docks closed, the area became derelict and poverty-stricken. The Docklands' regeneration began in the 1980s. The area has been redeveloped for commercial and residential use. The name **London Docklands** was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971. The redevelopment created wealth but also led to conflict between the new and old communities in the area.

The docks served the Port of London, once one of the largest ports in the world. The docks and associated buildings (such as warehouses) were largely destroyed by bombing in the early part of the Second World War. Although they were working again by the late 1950s, as cargo ships got larger, that the port began to lose trade. A government decision was taken to build a new large container port on the east coast of England was carried out. That container port is at Felixstowe, and is served mostly by road transport motorways. Finally, the value of property in London made it possible to rebuild the old port areas into high-value property. Canary Wharf is the best-known redevelopment.
First page of *Rytmy abo wiersze polskie*.
**Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński** (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet. He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.

Biography
---------

Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland). He was a member of Protestant family. He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński. He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig. Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy.

Szarzyński is believed to have become a Roman Catholic, but some scholars are not convinced of that.

Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581. They were published by the poet's brother in 1601. The book was named *Rytmy abo wiersze polskie* (Rhythms or Polish Verses).

Works
-----

Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems. All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages. He wrote in Polish and in Latin. He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs. His poetry focuses on religious themes. Thus it is similar to Sebastian Grabowiecki's work.

Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee. Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.

Szarzyński's poems were translated into English by Steven Clancy and Richard Sokoloski.

Further reading
---------------

* Czesław Miłosz, *The History of Polish Literature*. Second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.
**Neoclassical economics** is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free. This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought. The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes. These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.

Arguments
---------

Markets are an abstract idea: assumed to be all the 'actors' (businesses or people) selling one thing, service or type of thing or service, and all the 'actors' buying it. 

### Theory

Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price. the price is worked out in the market.

It may be easier to think about this in reverse: The market is not in equilibrium if people want to buy a haircut for ten (or more) dollars and someone is happy to sell the person a haircut for ten (or less) dollars, but for some reason this does not happen. 

Neoclassical economists say this will not happen. Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.

Opposition
----------

Neo-Keynesian economy is an alternative to Neoclassical economy. The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.