recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the New York World Trade Center
**Terrorism** is the use of fear and violence for political, religious or ideological reasons. Many different types of social or political organizations might use terrorism to try to achieve their goals. People who carry out terrorism are called *terrorists*. The foundation of modern terrorism is the work of Sergey Nechayev, a Russian radical who developed strategies for carrying out terrorism, which also includes politics.

It is difficult to explain terrorism. Terrorism has no official criminal law definition at the international level. Common definitions of terrorism refer to violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror). The acts may be done for a religious, political, or ideological motive and use illegal violence. Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war crimes. The use of similar tactics by criminal gangs is not usually called terrorism. The same actions may be called terrorism when they are done by a politically-motivated group.

There are over 10000 definitions of "terrorism". In some cases, the same group may be described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters and "terrorists" by its opponents. The term is often used by states to criticize political opponents.

The US Embassy in Beirut after a terror attack
One form of terrorism is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual.

According to Memorial Institute for Prevention of Terrorism, terrorists killed 20,498 people in 2006. The major effect of terrorism comes from the fear that is generated.

Counter-terrorism
-----------------

An ROC Military Police Special Force in Counter-Terrorism Exercise
Counter-terrorism is broad in scope. Specific types of counter-terrorism include:

* Preemptive or reactive military action.
* Fortification and other technical means.
* Increased intelligence and surveillance activities. Often facilitated and rubber stamped with legislation like the United States Patriot Act.
* Preemptive humanitarian activities.
* More permissive interrogation and detention policies for the suspected terrorists.

Context
-------

The more modern governments restrict weapons to their military, the more ordinary people are helpless against terrorists.

The Global Terrorism Database (University of Maryland, College Park) has recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism. These caused at least 140,000 deaths between 2000 and 2014.

Sources
-------

* *Zero: the story of terrorism*. Payne, Robert. 1941.
* *Revolutionary war in world strategy 1945.*. Sir Robert Thompson 1970. London. SBN 430 52051 6
* *Low intensity operations*. Kitson, Frank. Faber, London. 1971. ISBN 0 571 0901 0
* Greig, Ian. 1973 *Subversion: propaganda, agitation and the spread of people's war*. Stacey, London. IBSN 0 85468 495 6 .
* George W. Bush

Related pages
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* Aircraft hijacking
* Suicide attack
* Irgun
**Paneer** (pronounced [/pəˈniːr/]), also known as **panir** (pronounced [pani̯r]), is a fresh acid-set cheese common in the Indian subcontinent. It is made from full-fat buffalo milk or cow milk. It is a non-aged, non-melting soft cheese made by curdling milk with a fruit- or vegetable-derived acid, such as lemon juice.

Nutrition and preparation
-------------------------

Paneer is prepared by adding food acid, such as lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid or dahi (yogurt), to hot milk to separate the curds from the whey. The curds are drained in muslin or cheesecloth and the excess water is pressed out. The paneer is then dipped in chilled water for 2–3 hours to improve its texture and appearance. What happens next varies.

In North Indian cuisines, the curds are wrapped in cloth, placed under a heavy weight such as a stone slab for two to three hours, and then cut into cubes for use in curries. Pressing for a shorter time (approximately 20 minutes) results in a softer, fluffier cheese.

In Bengali, Odia and other East Indian cuisines, it is beaten or kneaded by hand into a dough-like consistency, heavily salted and hardened to produce paneer (called *ponir*), which is typically eaten in slices at teatime with biscuits or various types of bread, deep-fried in a light batter or used in cooking.

In the area surrounding the city of Surat in Gujarat, *surti paneer* is made by draining the curds and ripening them in whey for 12 to 36 hours.

Use in dishes
-------------

Paneer is the most common type of cheese used in the Indian subcontinent. It is sometimes wrapped in dough and deep-fried or served with either spinach (palak paneer) or peas (mattar paneer). Paneer dishes can be sweet, like shahi paneer, or spicy/hot, like chilli paneer.

* Chamcham is a popular paneer sweetChamcham is a popular paneer sweet
* Chennapoda is a popular baked paneer cheese-cake from IndiaChennapoda is a popular baked paneer cheese-cake from India
* Sandesh is a popular paneer sweet dish.Sandesh is a popular paneer sweet dish.
* Mattar paneer, a vegetarian dish from India*Mattar paneer*, a vegetarian dish from India
* Palak paneer, a spinach-based curry dishPalak paneer, a spinach-based curry dish
* Paneer tikka masala from IndiaPaneer tikka masala from India
* A pizza with paneer and vegetable toppings from IndiaA pizza with paneer and vegetable toppings from India
Emergency psychatry is the use of psychiatry in an emergency situation. Examples of such situations include people trying to kill themselves or thinking about it, substance abuse, depression, psychosis, panic attacks, suddenly becoming violent, or people showing other sudden unexplained changes in behaviour. 

Treatment is often complex. Many people who get sent ot emergency psychiatry often have other mental health issues. They may have gone though a crisis, which triggered the behavior. Very often, people are in a life-threatening condition, or there is a great risk that they gravely harm themselves. 

Usually, the idea is to stabilize the patient. Once the patient is stable, he or she can then be transferred to long-term treatment or rehabilitation. There are different drugs and therapies that can be used. Very often, these drugs can be injected. One of the things these drugs usually do is calm the patient down. That way physical restraints need to be used less often in emergency settings.
**Bambara** is a language from Mali. More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it. It is called **Bamanankan** in Bambara. Bambara is very similar to **Dioula**. Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group. About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.

Bambara is in the Manding language family. These languages are similar to each other. This family of languages is in a larger language group. This group is called the Mandé group. It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).

There are seven vowels: a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ and u.

Writing started during the period of French rule. There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes. The people who tell these stories are called *Griot*. They also sing religious songs. Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.

Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.

Bambara has many local dialects. Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.
**Jacob Lawson**, best known as **JVKE** or **Jake** (born March 3, 2001), is an American singer and songwriter. He is known mainly for his TikTok skit videos, one of which made him go viral in 2021. The platform was where he started showing his production and making of his songs, mainly with his mother. In July 2022, Lawson announced his biggest song yet, named "Golden Hour". He announced a music video for the song two months later.

Within a week of the songs release it became Lawson's first debut on the Billboard Hot 100 of which he topped at #71. His song also reached New Zealand of which it starred at #34 in the country.

Early life and education
------------------------

Lawson was born on March 3, 2001 to his mother a public school music teacher and his father a pastor Lawson is related to Zachary Lawson, his brother of which is a Grammy-nominated producer. At an early age, Lawson joined a Catholic school in his city and later joined his hometown´s public high school of which he graduated.

TikTok, Rise in Fame, Albums and Golden Hour
--------------------------------------------

In 2020, during the coronavirus quarantine JVKE and his family joined TikTok in the same year with his mother he announced the song *Upside Down.* His song quickly blew up on the platform his following grew within it, the song is what the platform now considers a *Mega-Viral Song* the song went on to have a remix featuring Charlie Puth another growing artist at the time.

In September 2021, Lawson announced not only a song but an entire album that he'd produce called *This is What Falling In Love Feels Like,* The first song of the album was the namesake of the name of the album followed by many other songs which continued being produced onto 2022, The album blew up like Upside Down on TikTok this time reached a higher popularity with the app growing since 2020 by the millions.

After the success of This is What Falling in Love Feels Like he announced Golden Hour in July and This is What Sadness Feels Feels Like to mark the one year anniversary of the album. A day later on 23 September 2022 he announced his debut album ***this is what \_\_\_\_ feels like*** From here Golden Hour started to get noticed by the general public, the song just from July to November ranked up nearly 25 million views his biggest hit yet.

JVKE Has many Albums and Singles Including:
-------------------------------------------

THIS IS WHAT SPACE FEELS LIKE

THIS IS WHAT WINTER FEELS LIKE
***Moto GP on BBC*** was a presentation of Moto GP produced by BBC Sports. Races are aired on BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Three or BBC HD and streamed live on BBC Red Button.

History
-------

### 2003 season

In March 2003, BBC signed a two year deal to broadcast Moto GP races with Suzi Perry hosting all races while most rounds were shown on Sunday Grandstand or on Grandstand if it was a Saturday race. For 2003, Exclusive live coverage was on Eurosport and BBC chose to broadcast four races live (Britain, Pacific, Australia and Valencia.) with their own commentary team for Britain, Australia and Valencia of Charlie Cox and Steve Parrish, using the world feed commentary in the other races of Nick Harris and Matt Roberts with Gavin Emmett in the pits. Delayed coverage was used in the remaining twelve races (Japan, South Africa, Spain, France, Italy, Catalan, Dutch TT, Germany, Czech Republic, Pourtugal, Rio de Janeiro and Malaysia.) All races were shown on BBC Two during the 2003 season. 

### 2004 season

In 2004, Cox and Parrish commentated full time with twelve live races (South Africa, Spain, France, Italy, Catalan, Britain, Czech Republic, Pourtugal, Japan, Qatar, Australia and Valencia) and with delayed coverage was used in the remaining four races (Dutch TT, Germany, Rio de Janeiro and Malaysia.) Most races were shown on BBC Two during the 2004 season, Only Qatar was shown on BBC One because it was a Saturday race.

### 2005 season

Gavin Emmett joined as pit reporter in 2005 and the BBC had ten live races (Spain, France, Italy, Catalan, Britain, Germany, Czech Republic, Qatar, Turkish and Valencia) and with delayed coverage was used in the remaining seven races (Pourtugal, Chinese, Dutch TT, United States, Japan, Australia and Malaysia.) Most races were shown on BBC Two during the 2005 season, Only Qatar was shown on BBC One because it was a Saturday race. 

### After 2006 season

In 2006 All races were shown live with five races (Chinese, United States, Japan, Australia and Malaysia.) on the BBC Red Button while all the rounds were on BBC Two including re runs from the early morning races. Grandstand got written out by the BBC before the 2007 Moto GP season started.
The **Viceroyalty of New Spain** was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia from 1521 to 1821. **New Spain** was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands *(until 1643)*, Cayman Islands *(until 1670)*, Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica *(until 1670)* Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwestern United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida). Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. 

The territories were separated into provinces. Provinces were led by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also led the province's army and militias. The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called *Audiencias* in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila. Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own. Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.

In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).

Related pages
-------------

* Mexico
A group of boys performing the Rodat dance.
**Rodat** (Jawi: رودات) is a traditional dance from Indonesia and Malaysia that probably came from the Middle East. Traders from Aceh brought it to Southeast Asia in the early 1800s. Rodat is performed by both men and women. It became popular at events like harvest festivals, Mawlid, and the Sultan's birthday. The dance's name comes from *"hadrat Baghdad"*, which means songs that praise Allah and Prophet Muhammad.

During a Rodat performance, singers say 8 to 12 verses from the *Kitab Zikir*, a book filled with advice and life lessons. Male and female chorus groups take turns singing, accompanied by the rhythm of the Rebana drum. Usually, there are 20 to 26 performers, including 12 male dancers, eight drummers, and four to six female dancers. The dance involves sitting, kneeling, squatting, and standing movements.

Performance
-----------

A Malay dancer wearing traditional clothing.
During the Rodat dance, people wear traditional Malay clothes in many colors. They put on black velvet hats called Songkoks. Near the stage are four children; two of them dressed as princesses and two as Princes, all wearing cotton stockings. The rest of the audience sits on the ground.

The conductor tells the orchestra to start, and the audience becomes quiet. Dancers, with one knee on the ground, start moving their hands in time with the music. The orchestra plays a slow, rhythmic tune while the dancers say verses without moving much. As the music goes on, the dancers begin to sway and move their hands more. After a few verses, they stand up and go towards the orchestra, making an impressive sight under the stage lights.

As the orchestra plays, the dancers sway gracefully and move their feet to the rhythm. They bend their arms smoothly, moving gently from side to side. Throughout their performance, they move with smoothness, showing their skill and finesse.

In the Rodat dance, dancers move their arms and feet slowly. Each verse is sung slowly, different from the fast and lively chorus. Drummers focus on playing energetic rhythms. One part of the dance can last for up to fifteen minutes.

After a break, the orchestra starts a new tune, and the chorus leader sings a romantic song. Four children enter with bells around their ankles and dance gracefully while the chorus sings along, swaying gently.

When the song ends, the child dancers go back to their seats. Then, the orchestra begins a Islamic religious chant, and the dancers perform graceful movements. This pattern of religious and non-religious music usually continues late into the night.
**Charles I of Austria** or **Karl I of Austria (German: *Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria*, Hungarian: *Karoly Ferenz Jozsef Lajos Hubert Gyorgy Otto Maria*)** (17 August 1887 : Persenbeug Castle, Persenbeug-Gottsdorf, Austria-Hungary-1 April 1922 : Funchal, Madeira, Portugal) was the last emperor of Austria and Bohemia from 1918 to 1922. He is also called **Blessed Charles**. He was also king of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. When Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, Charles became the Crown Prince of Austria.

Franz Joseph I of Austria died in 1916, and then Charles became king. The monarchy was abolished in 1918. He spent his final years trying to restore the monarchy but was exiled to Madeira when Admiral Miklos Horthy ended the Monarchy. He died of respiratory failure on Saturday, April 1 1922 at age 34, He was canonized in 1949 as ‘’Servant of God’’ along with his wife Zita

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Karl I of Austria at Wikimedia Commons
For the Portuguese term, see Mestiço.
An image from colonial South America shows that mestizos are the children of Spanish people and Indigenous people
***Mestizo*** (meh-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Amerindian ancestry.

Mestizos have existed since the time when Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. A mestizo was usually the son of a Spanish father and a Native American mother. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations, a large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, which is the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.

During the colonial era, many Native Americans were converted to Roman Catholicism and began using the Spanish language instead of their traditional one. This was because of the concept that existed in the Spanish colonies which gave more "value" to European people over Native Americans and Africans. Because of this, many Native Americans gained better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "indios."

Indo-Mestizo
------------

**Indo-Mestizo** (also known as **Cholo**) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Native American and 1/4 Caucasian ancestry and an unfortunate derogatory term used by the European cast system for racial discrimination against Original Native people 

Indo-Mestizos term is a racial slur used mostly to discriminate against Original Native people in Eastern and Southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America,in South American West Pacific Side Ecuador, Peru, Chile Colombia and Bolivia

Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits, but may have a light pigmentation with completely Native American features, or a dark pigmenation with some obvious Caucasian features.

Famous Indo-Mestizos include Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are so called because of their appearance, not because of known genetic background.
Thieboudienne

***Tiep*** or ***thieb*** is a traditional dish from Senegambia. It is also eaten in Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Mali and Mauritania. It is the national dish in Senegal. The version of tiep called ***thieboudienne*** or ***chebu jen*** is made with fish, broken rice and tomato sauce cooked in one pot. There are also ***tiep yappa*** (with meat) and ***tiep ganaar*** (with chicken). Other ingredients often include onions, carrots, cabbage, cassava, hot pepper, lime and peanut oil, and stock cubes.

History
-------

Tiep is thought to have come from Saint-Louis, in the nineteenth century. The name of the dish comes from Wolof words meaning 'rice' (*ceeb*) and 'fish' (*jën*). In Pulaar it is known as *maaro e liddi* ('rice and fish'). It is served on large trays with the rice on the bottom and the fish, usually white grouper (*Epinephelus aeneus*), and the vegetables, many of them whole, in the center.

Serving
-------

Traditionally it is eaten in a large shared dish with the hand. It is also the symbol of Senegalese *terranga* (hospitality). Family, visiting friends and guests gather around a single dish (called a *bolus*) from which everyone eats using a spoon (*couddou Pulaar*) or a piece of bread.

Other websites
--------------

* Senegal Travel Guide, World Travel Guide
* agricultural situation country report[*permanent dead link*], USDA Foreign Agricultural Service,Mbalo Ndiaye,2007
* Food and daily life, Our Africa
* Duffy, Megan, "Ceeb ak Jën: Deconstructing Senegal’s National Plate in Search of Cultural Values" (2009). *Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection*. Paper 669.
Emperor Go-Daigo.
**Emperor Go-Daigo** or **Go-daigo Tennō** (1288-1339) was the emperor of Japan from 1318 to 1339. He was the 96th emperor of Japan. When he lived, the shoguns had a lot of power in Japan. Emperor Go-Diago tried to take power from them so he could rule Japan.

When Go-Daigo lived, Japan had two governments. There was one government set up by the emperors of Japan, who lived in Kyoto. There was another government run by the shoguns, the *bakufu*. The law said the emperors were rulers, but the bakufu had more power than they did. Neither the emperor's government nor the shogun's government was powerful enough to rule very well.

Early life
----------

Go-Daigo was born with the name Takaharu on November 26, 1288. He was born on Mount Yoshino, near the town of Yoshino in Nara.

Emperor
-------

Go-Daigo became emperor in 1318 when he was 30 years old. This was not usual for the time. Usually, small boys were made emperor. When they became adult men, they went to religious communities for men, where they would set up a government and rule even though they stayed in the monastery. A new boy from the imperial family was put on the throne. This system, with a boy on the throne in public and a "former" emperor ruling from a monastery, was called cloistered rule or *insei*.

Go-Daigo wanted to rule Japan himself. The bakufu government was weak because they had not been able to reward their warriors. When the Mongols invaded, the bakufu brought an army and kept them from invading. But the usual way to reward warriors was to give them the defeated enemy's lands and treasure. Because the Mongols were invaders, they had no lands for the shoguns to give to their warriors. This made the warriors unhappy with the shoguns. Go-Daigo began to quietly raise an army to defeat the bakufu and take control of Japan, but he was found out. The shogun caught him and imprisoned him on the Oki Islands.

Go-Daigo's supporters fought for him while he was on the Oki Islands. One of the shogun's generals, Ashikaga Takauji changed sides. Go-Daigo's side won, and Go-Daigo ruled. His rule is called the Kemmu Restoration.

Go-Daigo did not reward Ashikaga Takauji with a high rank, only the rank of counsellor. He did not reward many of his other supporters either. In 1335, Takauji declared himself shogun and rebelled. Takauji and his army captured Kyoto and set up one of Go-Daigo's relatives as an emperor there. Go-Daigo ran away from Kyoto and set up a court Yoshino, south of Nara. Go-Daigo's court only ruled the land nearby. So for many years, there were two men who said they were emperor of Japan.

Legacy
------

After Go-Daigo's time as ruler, the line of emperor was split in two, one northern and one southern. They were made one line again in 1392.
Pius Schwizer, Nobless, 2008 Summer Olympics Hong Kong
**Show jumping** is an equestrian event that uses English riding. 
The rider and horse must complete an obstacle course under the rules of the International Federation of Equestrian sports.

The sport was born in the 18th century by fox hunters when England introduced fencing laws. Hunters were now obligated to jump fences and this became a very popular activity. In 1912, show jumping made its first appearance in the Olympic Games.

Show jumping is one of the very few sports where men and women are equal in competitions. This sport requires a muscular horse with a good cardiovascular endurance. Also, it must have a quick and stable temperament for the best performance. The breeds that are the most sought for this sport are Selle Français, Anglo-Arabe, Oldenburg, Warmblood (including Holsteiner and Hanoverian), Thoroughbred and Trakehner.

Rules
-----

To win the first place, the rider and his horse must complete the course as quickly as possible without making any mistakes. A fault or mistake occurs when the horse knocks down a fence or obstacle or if it disobeys; such as refusing to jump or makes a run-out. In fact, if a fault occurs the rider receives a penalty and loses automatically four points per mistake. Also, a rider can lose some points if he exceeds the given time; a penalty is deduced at each exceeding second. Also, a rider can be eliminated because of a fall down or does not do the course correctly. The course is established in advance by the course designer. A designated judge decides whether the rider is eliminated or not and if he is, the judge decides when.

The riders who complete a course without any mistake can go to the next step, which is the jump-off. It is a shorter race: again the goal is to complete the course as quickly as possible and without making any mistake. The rider who has the best time wins the competition. If mistakes are made, seconds are added to the final time and this is why only the time score determines the winners.
This article is about the criminal term. For the novel, see The Sex Offender: A Novel. For the Polkadot Cadaver album, see Sex Offender (album).

Template:Sex and the lawA **sex offender** (**sexual offender**, **sex abuser**, or **sexual abuser**) is a person who has committed a sex crime. What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature; however, some sex offenders have simply violated a law contained in a sexual category. Some of the serious crimes which usually result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are sexual assault, statutory rape, bestiality, child sexual abuse, incest, rape, and sexual imposition.

Sex offender registration laws in the United States may also classify less serious offenses as sexual offenses requiring sex offender registration. In some states public urination, having sex on a beach, or unlawful imprisonment of a minor also constitute sexual offenses requiring registration.

1. ↑  Irby, Kate (4 May 2015). "Couple found guilty of having sex on Florida beach". Miami Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
2. ↑  Sex offender ordinance catches family in legal Trouble, MSNBC.com
3. ↑  "Court keeps man on sex offender list but says 'troubling'". *Toledo News Now*. 28 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
**Manatees** are large, fully-aquatic marine mammals of the order Sirenia. They are sometimes known as **sea cows**. The manatees form the genus ***Trichechus***. There are three manatee species.

The name comes from the Spanish *manatí*, which itself comes from a Carib word meaning "breast".

Early sightings
---------------

Christopher Columbus, who thought mermaids were real, went to the waters around Haiti, and wrote in his logbook that he had seen three mermaids. He said that they were not as beautiful as everybody said they were. Nowadays, people believe Christopher Columbus had actually seen three manatees. It is possible he saw them kissing one another, which is something they do when the meet each other in the water.

Description
-----------

Antillean manatee
Manatees have thick pads around their lips and stiff bristles that help them grab food and move it towards the mouth. A manatee eats sea grass and all kinds of sea vegetables. All its teeth are shaped like a human's molars. The eight hours of chewing each day wears down on their teeth. In fact, its first two pairs of teeth get so worn out that they simply fall out sometimes. However, manatees can grow new teeth. New teeth are always growing in the back. When front teeth fall out, the back teeth move forward to take their place. In mammals, only elephants and (quite independently) kangaroos have this kind of system.

Taxonomy
--------

The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals over 60 million years ago. Their closest living relatives are the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).

* Family **Trichechidae**
	+ Genus *Trichechus*
		- West Indian manatee, *Trichechus manatus*
		- Amazonian manatee, *Trichechus inunguis*
		- West African manatee, *Trichechus senegalensis*

Habitat
-------

Manatees: *T. manatus* in green; *T. inunguis* in red; *T. senegalenis* in orange.
Manatees live on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers. 
The West African Manatee lives on the western side of Africa, on the shores from Senegal to Angola. They also live in some rivers like the Niger River and around Lake Chad. 
The West Indian Manatee lives in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and also on the shores of Brazil and Venezuela. 
The Amazonian Manatee lives in parts of the Amazon Basin in South America.

Manatees live in salt water and in fresh water. On the sea shores they mostly live in shallow water, like lagoons and mangroves. They also live in brackish water and rivers. Manatees like bodies of water with a temperature of over 20 °C.

Life
----

Three West Indian Manatees.
They are mainly herbivores, spending most of their time grazing in shallow waters at depths of 1-2 metres (3–7 ft).
The pitcher plants of Asia, the *Nepenthes*, grow pitchers from the ends of the leaves
The pitcher plants of America, the *Sarracenia*, grow pitchers up from the roots
A **pitcher plant** is a carnivorous plant (an insectivorous plant). Carnivorous plants are plants which eat insects and other small animals. Carnivorous plants grow in soil which has little nitrogen. All living things must have nitrogen. Carnivorous plants get their nitrogen from the insects they eat. They are adapted to areas which little nitrogen in the soil.

The pitcher of the pitcher plant is actually a modified leaf. The apex of the leaf is always the lid. Pitcher plants catch (get) insects in a cup of liquid. The walls of the cup make nectar (sweet liquid). The nectar attracts insects. When an insect lands on the wall, it falls down into the liquid. The insect cannot get out of the cup because the walls are smooth and slippery and the walls have hairs pointing down. 

After the insect is dead, its body rots. Rotting releases (lets loose) the nitrogen from the insect's body. The nitrogen then goes into the liquid and the plant takes in the nitrogen from the liquid.
**4th Impact** is a Filipino girl group made of four sisters: Almira, Irene, Mylene and Celina Cercado.

Career
------

Almira, the eldest of the group, was the first one who started singing. She took singing lessons and her sisters learned to sing by copying her. The sisters formed their group in 2001, with the name **The Cercado Sisters**. It was their aunt's idea. They took part in many singing competitions in their home country.

In 2014, the group competed in the South Korean talent show *Superstar K6*, with the name **MICA**, and they finished in 8th place.

In 2015, they competed in the 12th season of the British singing competition *The X Factor*, with the name **4th Power**. They auditioned with the song "Bang Bang". The judges loved them and Simon Cowell commented: "In terms of first auditions, this is probably one of the best I've ever seen". They finished in 5th place.

Artistry
--------

Almira and Celina create the choreographies and Mylene creates the vocal harmonies. Irene can also beatbox. They are inspired by Beyoncé and by many performances they see on YouTube.

Members
-------

* Almira – Soprano
* Mylene – Mezzo-soprano
* Irene – Contralto
* Celina – Soprano

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***4th Impact***.

* 4TH IMPACT (official YouTube channel)
**Lavori Publici FC** (or "Lavori Pubblici FC" in Italian language) was an historical football team in Mogadishu, that officially existed from 1947 to 1990.

History
-------

The football team was created in the late 1940s by a group of football fans representing all the Italian colonists of all Italian Somalia with the name *Genio Officina*, as an antagonist to the AC Mogadiscio (the team of the Italians of only the capital Mogadishu) in the first amauteur championship of Somalia. The team was officially inscribed in the Somalia first league championship in 1952 as *Lavori Publici FC/Genio*, winning the tournament of that year.

The team had a lot of followers who were native Somalis and so survived until 1990 when the Somali civil war started, while the antagonist AC Mogadiscio disappeared when Italy gave the independence to Somalia in 1960 (and nearly all the Italians of Somalia left the country).

Related pages
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* AC Mogadiscio

Bibliography
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* Tripodi, Paolo. *The Colonial Legacy in Somalia*. Capítulo: Deportes. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.
Andrew Carnegie - a famous entrepreneur
An **entrepreneur** is a person who organizes a business to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy. These are people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market. 

Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities. Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business. The entrepreneur assumes the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietor, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture. As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success. He discovered that they:

* Value self-reliance;
* Strive for distinction through excellence;
* Are highly optimistic;
* Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital. An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services. He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their business. Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it by bootstrapping.

While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.

Definitions of Entrepreneurship
-------------------------------

Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb *entreprendre*, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models: 

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.

Related pages
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* Leadership
**General topology** is a branch of topology. It uses set theory to model topological porblems. It is also known as **point set topology**

The fundamental concepts in point-set topology are *continuity*, *compactness*, and *connectedness*:

* Continuous functions, intuitively, take nearby points to nearby points.
* Compact sets are those that can be covered by finitely many sets of arbitrarily small size.
* Connected sets are sets that cannot be divided into two pieces that are far apart.

The terms 'nearby', 'arbitrarily small', and 'far apart' can all be made precise by using the concept of open sets. If we change the definition of 'open set', we change what continuous functions, compact sets, and connected sets are. Each choice of definition for 'open set' is called a *topology*. A set with a topology is called a *topological space*.

*Metric spaces* are an important class of topological spaces where a real, non-negative distance, also called a *metric*, can be defined on pairs of points in the set. Having a metric simplifies many proofs, and many of the most common topological spaces are metric spaces.

Other braches of topology (that are unrelated) are algebraic topology, and geometric topology.
The Mauser C96 M1916 "Red 9"
The **Mauser** **C96**, is a German semi-automatic pistol that has a broomhandle-style pistol grip made by Mauser. Nicknames for the gun include the **Broomhandle** (named for its grip), the **Red 9**, and the **box cannon**. Although there were some semi-automatic pistols made before it was invented, the C96 was one of the first that was successful. The C96 was used by many countries including Germany, Spain, China, and the Soviet Union. The C96 was made by Germany from 1896 until 1937. Spain and China made many copies of the C96. Although it was invented in Germany, it was never the standard pistol for the German military. It was still a very popular pistol for German soldiers and officers until the end of World War II. The only country that made the C96 its standard pistol was China.

The C96 had many different models that fired different types of bullets. The first models fired 7.63x25mm Mauser bullets, but Germany later made a 9x19mm Parabellum version. 9x19mm versions of the gun have a red number 9 imprinted on the handle so that people would know to only load 9x19mm bullets and not the 7.63x25mm bullets. This is how the 9x19mm versions got the nickname "Red 9". In China, .45 ACP versions were made for the police and the military. The Chinese Army nicknamed the C96 the "box cannon," but the official name was the Type 17 pistol.

The gun comes with a magazine built in the gun. Most magazines for the C96 could hold 6 bullets, 10 bullets, or 20 bullets. Unlike most semi-automatic pistols, in order to load the C96, the shooter must load the bullets through the top of the gun using a stripper clip (like what you see in the picture above), rather than load a box magazine inside the grip. The C96 can also attach a wooden buttstock to the grip so that the shooter can aim more easily. The buttstock is also used as the gun's holster. The gun was also one of the first machine pistols, since some models allow the shooter to shoot the gun in full automatic fire.

Although the C96 is a little awkward to use, especially compared to most modern pistols, its unusual appearance make it a popular weapon in video games, like *Resident Evil 4*, the *Metal Gear* series, the Zombies game mode in the *Call of Duty* series, *Bioshock: Infinite*, *Battlefield 1*, *Call of Duty: WWII*, *Far Cry 4*, and many others. The C96 was also the basis for Han Solo's weapon (called a "blaster") in the Star Wars pictures.
**Grace Patricia Kelly** (November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982) was an American actress and royal. She later married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco.

Early life
----------

Grace Patricia Kelly was born at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia on November 12, 1929. Her father was an Irish and her mother was a German.

Acting career
-------------

Grace Kelly graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1949. She made her film debut in *Fourteen Hours* (1951) and gained stardom from her roles in Fred Zinnemann's western film *High Noon* (1952), and John Ford's adventure-romance *Mogambo* (1953). Other notable works include *Dial M for Murder*, *Rear Window*, and *To Catch a Thief*. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for *The Country Girl*. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007). 

The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly". This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

Life as a royal
---------------

Grace Kelly retired from acting at age 26 to marry Rainier III of Monaco. 

With Prince Rainier, she had three children:

* Princess Caroline of Monaco (born January 23, 1957)
* Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born March 14, 1958)
* Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (born February 1, 1965)

As Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly was known for her charity work.

Death
-----

On September 13, 1982, Kelly suffered a stroke while she is driving with her 1972 Rover P6 3500 which caused her to crash her car. She died in hospital the next day. Her 17-year-old daughter, Stéphanie sustained a hairline fracture of a neck vertebra but survived. Her son, Prince Albert, helped establish the Princess Grace Awards in 1984.

Other websites
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* Grace Kelly on IMDb

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**Krakatoa** (American name: *Krakatau*) is a sexual fetish where the male does the female anally while she is pooing on the males dick.

This gives the male a lot of pleasure which can lead to the males dick falling off.

  

  

  

**Krakatoa** (Indonesian name: *Krakatau*) is an active volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. There are many different ways the name has been spelled. The volcano has erupted repeatedly in known history. The best known of these events occurred in late August 1883.

On 22 December 2018 the central cone collapsed and caused a tsunami in the Sunda Strait. More than 400 people were killed.

The 1883 eruption
-----------------

The 1883 eruption ejected more than six cubic miles (25 cubic kilometers) of rock, ash, and pumice, and made the loudest sound ever recorded by human beings. The sound was heard as far away as Perth in Australia (3,500 km; 2,200 miles), and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (4,800 km; 3,000 miles). Many thousands of people were killed and injured by the eruption, mostly in the tsunami (giant wave) which followed the explosion.

The pressure wave from the final explosion was recorded on barographs around the world, which continued to register it up to 5 days after the explosion. The recordings show that the shock wave from the final explosion reverberated around the globe seven times.

The eruption destroyed two-thirds of what was then the island of Krakatoa. New eruptions at the volcano since 1927 have built a new island, called *Anak Krakatau* (child of Krakatoa).

Related pages
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* List of volcanos
* Dormant volcano
* Extinct volcano

Other websites
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* Cascades Volcano Observatory Krakatoa page
* More information, including map showing location of Krakatoa in Indonesia Archived 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine

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**Barbara Liskov** (born November 7, 1939) is an American computer scientist and professor. She developed two programming languages, CLU and Argus. They are used in almost every modern programming language. She earned the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Turing Award.

Early life
----------

Barbara Liskov was born in Los Angeles, California. She got her BA in mathematics at UC Berkeley. After she graduated in 1961, she went to work at the Mitre Corporation. After a year, Liskov moved to Harvard and worked on computer translation of human languages.  In 1968, she moved back to California and received her PhD in computer science at Stanford University.

Career
------

Liskov went to work at the Mitre Corporation, in Bedford, Massachusetts. She worked on computer design and operating systems. During that time, she created the Venus Computer, which was specially created to support complex software. In 1971, she took a position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she started her work with data abstraction. She thought of writing computer code like doing a math problem, not a technology problem. She wanted to use logic and have the language look beautiful. She developed two programming languages, CLU and Argus. They are used in almost every modern programming language. She later published *Abstraction and Specification in Program Development* (1986) and *Program Development in Java: Abstraction, Specification, and Object-Oriented Design* (2001). In 2008, Liskov won the A.M. Turing Award.
Soldiers in the United States Army
A Nepalese soldier on field training
A **soldier** is a person who is a part of an army. A soldier can be forced to join the army or volunteer to join.

Names and types
---------------

There are many different types of soldiers: troopers, tankers, commandos, dragoons, infantrymen, guardians, artillerymen, paratroopers, grenadiers, rangers, snipers, engineers, sappers, craftsmen, signallers, medics, and gunners.[*source?*]

In many countries there are soldiers that have special names for other reasons. For example, military police personnel in the British Army are called "red berets" because their berets are red.

Related pages
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* Military
* Militia
* Marine
* Sailor
* Military ranks

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Soldiers***

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***soldier***.

* Media related to Soldier at Wikimedia Commons

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