recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Trincomalee** (English: /ˌtrɪŋkoʊməˈliː/; Tamil: திருகோணமலை, romanized: *Tirukōṇamalai*; Sinhala: ත්‍රිකුණාමළය, romanized: *Trikuṇāmaḷaya*) also known as Gokanna/Gokarna, is a city in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Trincomalee District and a major port city. The city is on the east coast of the island. It overlooks the Trincomalee Harbour. Trincomalee is 237 kilometres (147 mi) north-east of Colombo, 182 kilometres (113 mi) south-east of Jaffna and 111 kilometres (69 mi) miles north of Batticaloa. It has been one of the main centres of Sri Lankan Tamil language speaking culture on the island for over 2000 years. 99,135 people lived there in 2021. The city is built on a peninsula of the same name. This peninsula divides its inner and outer harbours. People from Trincomalee are known as Trincomalians. The local authority is Trincomalee Urban Council. Trincomalee city is home to the famous Koneswaram temple. It is from this temple that it got its historic Tamil name *Thirukonamalai*. The town is home to other historical monuments. These include the Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee, the Trincomalee Hindu Cultural Hall and the Trincomalee Hindu College. The college opened in 1897.
A *Tarbosaurus* skull
***Tarbosaurus*** was a large carnivorous theropod dinosaur from Asia, especially Mongolia and China. It was a tyrannosaurid dinosaur which flourished between 70 and 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period.

*Tarbosaurus* lived in a humid floodplain criss-crossed by river channels. In this environment, it was a predator at the top of the food chain, probably preying on other large dinosaurs like the hadrosaur *Saurolophus* or the sauropod *Nemegtosaurus*.

Tarbosaurus is known from dozens of specimens, with several complete skulls and skeletons. These remains have allowed scientific studies on its phylogeny, skull mechanics, and brain structure.

Comparison with *T. rex*
------------------------

### Skull

Like its close North American relative Tyrannosaurus rex, it had a large head and powerful jaws, but was not top heavy. Its huge skull was comparatively light, with large air pockets. Many of its bones were hollow, making them strong but light, so they did not add excessive weight to this large predator.

Its skull was similar to that of *Tyrannosaurus*, but more rigid. Also, because its skull was not so broad at the back, it did not have binocular vision like *Tyrannosaurus*.

In the lower jaw, a ridge on the outer surface of the angular bone articulated with the rear of the dentary bone, creating a locking mechanism unique to *Tarbosaurus* and *Alioramus*. Other tyrannosaurids lacked this ridge and had more flexibility in the lower jaw.

### Limbs

Its forlimbs were small with two fingers, as with its larger relative. The small, two-fingered, front limb is absolutely distinctive of tyrannosaurids.

The three-toed hind limbs were long and thick, supporting the body in a bipedal posture. The long, heavy tail served as a counterweight to the head and torso and put the center of gravity over the hips.

Palaeobiology
-------------

Some scientists think the more rigid skull of *Tarbosaurus* was an adaptation to hunting the massive sauropods found in Asia, which did not exist in most of North America during the later Cretaceous. 

"Both Asiatic and North American... tyrannosaurines [NAT] hunted large prey, whilst also being opportunistic scavengers. However, the prey available to them were obviously different... the adult *T. rex*... probably specialized in bringing down large horned dinosaurs, like *Triceratops*... but this group was absent outside North America. Thus, the Mongolian tyrannosaurines were forced to feed on sauropods... These differences in typical prey items might have exerted different selective pressures, concerning hunting strategy and mechanical requirements maximizing their success rate as predators".
"The new material studied in this paper allows us to speculate if the tyrannosaurines can be divided into NATs and an Asiatic group".
2009/10 teamThe **Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg** is a football club from Hartberg, Styria. The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football. Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.

History
-------

The club was founded on 29 April 1946. Then the club had two parts, football and handball. In the meantime there are 14.

After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978. 1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion. A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup. 1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division). 2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division). Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season. On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.

Honours
-------

* 3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
* 4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
* 3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
* Cup Semifinals: 1995
* Cup Quarterfinals: 1989

Stadium
-------

The club plays in the Hartberg stadium. It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.
**Takariya Napaltjarri** (born early 1960s) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She paints for the Papunya Tula artists' co-operative.

History
-------

### Early life

Further information: Pintupi Nine
Takariya was born in the 1960s near Lake Mackay, in Western Australia. The exact year is not known. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert. Takariya's mother was named Papalya and her father was named Waku. Her father died not long after she was born. She had an older sister, Topsy, and an older brother, Warlimpirrnga.

Takariya's family lived in isolation in the desert. They had never come into contact with Euro-Australian society. Most of their relatives had been settled into towns on the edges of the desert. The group's leader, Lanti, had decided that they would stay living in the desert. Takariya and her family finally came into contact with some of their relatives in 1984. They were settled at Kiwirrkurra, on the south edge of Lake Mackay. The event was big news at the time, and the family became famously known as "the last nomads". Takariya was in her mid- to late-20s at the time.

### Kiwirrkurra

Shortly after her family arrived at Kiwirrkurra, Takariya was married to Freddy West Tjakamarra. This was a gesture between the family and the village. They later separated. A few years later, Takariya married another man, named Richard Tjakamarra.

Painting
--------

Takariya began painting for the Papunya Tula co-operative in June 1996. Later in the year, she had her first exhibition. It was a group exhibition called *Papunya Women*, shown at Utopia Art Gallery in Sydney. In 1997, her work was included in the *Bulada* exhibition at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. She has also painted for Warlayirti Artists at Balgo, where her husband's family lives. Works by Takariya are held in the Art Gallery of New Wales, as well as in collections overseas.

Her paintings are of sacred dreaming stories and songs. They are mostly about the Tingari (the ancestors of the Pintupi). Takariya paints her and her mother's dreaming country. This includes places like Marrapinti, Ngalpurrunya, Ngaminya, Karilwara, Wirrulnga and Marruwa – places that are sacred to her.
A totem pole in Ontario
**Totemism** is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning "a relative of mine". It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

Early records
-------------

Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief". Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

Totem poles
-----------

Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs. A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

History of totemic theory
-------------------------

Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan. 

Claude Lévi-Strauss published *Totemism* in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.
**Raval** is the God of the large Imperial Group known as The Imperial Zongian Empire, which hails from the internet game Second Life.

Legends of Raval
----------------

The Origin of Raval (In Zongian Lore) is that he was a one of the members of the rogue Linden group which is lost to SL history, named the Race Maker's a group which set out to build their own races on the game within the very pre-release of Second Life, all 10 Race Makers filled with National Socialist, Communist and Imperial ideas for how a society should be ran, Raval being the only Race Maker to proclaim himself a God, the rest proclaiming themselves the political rulers of their society, Instead Raval decided to make his first Zongian the Emperor of his society, which was the Legendary Emperor - Altmoss Torok.

Real Life Raval
---------------

The real life Raval's true identity is unknown, claiming to be immortal due to a incident he claims: "I was there with Howard Carter, when we uncovered King Tut, the others became cursed, I became blessed, by the grace of Ra sun God of the Egyptian peoples" the rest of his claim is fuzzy and hard to understand, all "Zongian-blooded" people believe his claim many who don't believe, the claim have been said to have gone missing, many scholars believe this to be the work of the Zongian High Council in real life. Tray Quandry, one of the Virtual planet's greatest Commanders once stated "Raval is my master, he is something I would not cross unless I wanted to die a coward".
The international **Wiener Werkstattpreis** is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992. Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year. The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.

The prize is 1,100 EUR. In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.

Supported and partly paid by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the prize is organized by the publishing house FZA.

Winners
-------

* 2009 Wolfgang Ellmauer and Markus Thiele
* 2008 Axel Görlach
* 2007 Klaus Ebner (main price and winner in the categories short story and essay)  
Winner in the category poetry: Norbert Sternmut
* 2006 Constantin Göttfert
* 2005 Felician Siebrecht
* 2004 Ingeborg Woitsch and Daniel Mylow
* 2003 Uljana Wolf
* 2002 Susanne Wagner
* 2001 Olaf Kurtz
* 2000 Christine Thiemt
* 1994 Franzobel

Other websites
--------------

* Information Wiener Werkstattpreis Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
Viluppuram (also *Villupuram* and *Vizhupuram*) is one of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The district headquarters is at Viluppuram. Viluppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993 when it was created out of South Arcot district. Viluppuram is the largest district in the state.This district has tourist spots which are more than 500 years old including temples, mosques and churches.

Viluppuram District was earlier a part of South Arcot District along with Cuddalore District. It was then separated from Cuddalore and became a new district on 30 September 1993.

People
------

According to 2011 census, 3,458,873 lived in Viluppuram. The sex-ratio was 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 404,106 were under the age of six: 208,246 males and 195,860 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were 29.37% and 2.16% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 63.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had 800,368 households. There were a total of 1,703,249 workers, comprising 322,900 cultivators, 537,581 main agricultural labourers, 23,961 in house hold industries, 376,360 other workers, 442,447 marginal workers, 46,746 marginal cultivators, 294,632 marginal agricultural labourers, 14,276 marginal workers in household industries and 86,793 other marginal workers.
**Admiral Lord Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe** was a British fighter and nobleman.

Early life and family
---------------------

Richard Howe was born in 1726. His parents were Emmanuel and Charlotte Howe. He had three brothers, George, William, and Thomas. Howe's mother Charlotte was related to the royal family. Her mother, Sophia von Kielmannsegg, was a king's daughter by a mistress. So Charlotte was King George I's niece through his half-sister. Sir Nathanial Wrahall said that Richard Howe looked like King George I.

Emmaneul Howe died when Richard Howe was about eight years old. He died while he was governor of Barbados. Charlotte was Lady of the Bedchamber to King George III's mother, Princess Augusta.

George and William Howe both went into the army and became generals. Richard Howe went into the navy and became Fleet Admiral. Thomas Howe worked for the East India Company.

Military career
---------------

Richard Howe joined the British Navy in 1757. He became a Rear Admiral and Vice Admiral during the Seven Years' War. During this time, he became the 4th Viscount Howe.

### American Revolutionary War

Richard Howe was a peace commissioner for the British. He met with George Washington to talk about avoiding a war, but the talks did not work out. After that, Howe took command of the British Navy to stop the rebellion. Howe took 400 ships, to Staten Island Harbor and forced the Continental Army to run away from New York. At the time, this was the largest fleet in the history of the British Navy.

After the French joined the war in 1778, Howe won battles even after he was outnumbered. When British Admiral John Byron showed up, Howe went back to England. He resigned his position because he did not like Lord North.

### Later career

Richard Howe did rejoin the navy to fight against France and Spain. In 1782, he was named the first Earl Howe. He fought in Gibraltar in 1782. He was made the first Lord of the Admiralty in 1783 and held the post until 1788. He was Vice Admiral of England from 1792 to 1796. In 1794, he defeated the French near Ushant. This victory was called the Glorious First of June.

Appearance
----------

In 1803, Sir John Barrow said: 

"[H]is countenance was of a serious cast, strongly marked and dark; at the same time there was a shyness and awkwardness in his manner, … [but] the expression of his features [soon] assumed a very different and an animated character, assuming that benign aspect which corresponded with his disposition."

He died in 1799.
Statue of Richard III as part of the Six Dukes of Normandy statue in Falaise.
**Richard III** (997/1001 – 6 August 1027) was the Duke of Normandy. His short reign of one year opened with a rebellion by his younger brother Robert I and ended with his death.

Early career
------------

Richard III was the oldest son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his wife Judith of Brittany. He was born c. 1001. Around the year 1120, Richard's father sent him in command of a large army to rescue his brother-in-law, Reginald I, Count of Burgundy. It was a distance of about 250 miles (400 kilometers) from Normandy. Richard III's capture of the castle of Minamde was enough to convince Bishop Hugh to surrender and release Reginald.

When his father died in August of 1026, as the oldest son, Richard III succeeded him as Duke of Normandy. By all accounts Richard III was accepted by the barons of Normandy and had no problems accepting his new role as duke. Richard III had given his younger son, Robert, the town of Exmes and the county of Hiemois. But once Richard III became duke, his younger brother Robert was not satisfied. He raided the diocese of his uncle Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. He also captured his brother's fortress city of Falaise. Robert's rebellion lasted through the end of 1026 and into early 1027. Finally Richard III laid siege to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised to be faithful.

Richard III then took the next step; he arranged with king Robert II of France to marry his young daughter, Adelis. She was given rich dowry which included the city and county of Coutances. Even though he was now newly married to a king's daughter, he already had children by a concubine. But unexpectedly Richard III died on 5 or 6 August 1027. He had a son named Nicholas, but the boy was immediately sent to the monastery at Fécamp. With Nicholas out of the way the duchy passed to his Richard III's younger brother Robert, who became the sixth duke of Normandy as Robert I.

Marriage
--------

In January of 1027 he was married to Adela a younger daughter of Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. After Richard's death Adela secondly married Baldwin V, Count of Flanders.

Issue
-----

By his wife Adela he had no children.

By an unknown concubine he had at least two children:

* Alice/Alix of Normandy who married Ranulph, Viscount of Bayeux.
* Nicolas, Monk at Fécamp, Abbot of Saint-Ouen, Rouen (died 26 Feb 1092)
**TV Tropes**, also called **Television Tropes and Idioms**, is a wiki that collects tropes seen in movies, television shows, video games, books, and other media. It started in 2004. It originally covered only television and movie tropes, but has since added other media such as books, comics, video games, advertisements, and toys. Unlike other wikis such as Wikipedia, it covers tropes in a casual and funny way.

Content
-------

TV Tropes started by focusing on the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. It has since added other television series, movies, books, plays, professional wrestling, video games, anime, manga, comic strips, and books, fan fiction, and other subjects, including Internet works such as Wikipedia, which is called "The Other Wiki" on the website. It also describes topics such as science, philosophy, politics, and history under its Useful Notes section.

The site has pages on series and tropes. A page on a work has a summary of what the work is about, as well as the tropes that are seen in the work. Trope pages are the opposite of articles on works: after describing the trope, it lists the trope's appearances in different media. For example, the page for the antihero trope has a list of works that have different types of antiheroes.

Trope pages are usually created through a system called "You know that thing where ... ", YKTTW, where other users, who are called "tropers", can give examples or suggest ideas to make the page better. While a trope page does not have to go through YKTTW before it is created, it is suggested that a page goes through the system first so that the page can be made better before it is created.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The ***Süddeutsche Zeitung*** ("South German Newspaper") is the most-read nationwide quality-newspaper in Germany. It is published in Munich. Recently, they are known for leaking offshore bank accounts that led to the Panama Papers and the Paradise Papers leak.

Newspaper
---------

The Süddeutsche Zeitung is a liberal newspaper. The national edition features four sections: Politics, Culture, Economy and Sports. There are also regional editions for Munich and Bavaria featuring local news. There are 6 newspapers a week. It has the second most readers in Germany after the tabloid newspaper Bild-Zeitung. There are about 442,000 papers sold each day, reaching over 1.1 million readers daily.

History
-------

The Süddeutsche Zeitung was published for the first time on October 6, 1945. It was the first newspaper in Bavaria to get a licence from the U.S. military government after World War II.

Supplements
-----------

* SZ Magazin (Friday), a magazine-style supplement
* Wochenende (Saturday), longer articles and short stories for the weekend
* The New York Times (Monday), selected articles (English language).
* The TV programme (Tuesday) and an event guide (Thursday) are only included in the Bavarian edition.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata (in German)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* MusicBrainz label

 |
Ravana
Ravana on a brass chariot of Searsole Rajbari, West Bengal, India
ravana fights Rama drawn in an Prehistorical style
According to Hindu epic, **Ravana (IAST : Rāvaṇa; / ˈrɑːvənə)** was a demon king of the island of Lanka.

In the Ramayana, Ravana is described as a symbol of evil, though a learned scholar well versed in the Vedas. He appears as the primary antagonist, and is said to be the most revered devotee of Shiva, with his image being associated with him at some places. He also appears in several Buddhist and Jain texts.

Pedigree
--------

* Grandfather(maternal) - King Sumaali
* Mother - Princess Kaykasee
* Grandfather(paternal) - Saint of Pulasthi
* Father - Saint of Waishrawa
* Wife - Princess Mandhodharee
* Son - Meganaadha (Indrajith)
* Brothers - Kuweara, Kumbhakarna, Vibheeshana
* Sister - Suparnakaa
* Father in law - Saint of Kaalaneam

Kindom
------

Capitol - Lankapura

Alakamandhaawa, Thapo wanaya, Gokannaka

Written Books
-------------

* Arka prakaasha
* Kumaara thanthraya
* Rasarathnaakaraya
* Watikaa Prakaranaya
Location of Palatinate in Rhineland-Palatinate
The **Palatinate** (*germ.:*Pfalz), historically also **Rhenish Palatinate** (*lat.:* palatinatum Renensis; *germ.:* Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (*Bundesland*) of Rhineland-Palatinate (*Rheinland-Pfalz*).

Geography
---------

The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg (687 m (2,253.9 ft)) near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (*Pfälzerwald*) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the *German wine road* (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (*Vorderpfalz*), West Palatinate (*Westpfalz*), North Palatinate (*Nordpfalz*), and South Palatinate (*Südpfalz*).

Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:

* Frankenthal
* Kaiserslautern
* Landau
* Ludwigshafen
* Neustadt an der Weinstraße
* Pirmasens
* Speyer
* Zweibrücken

Districts:

* Bad Dürkheim
* Donnersbergkreis
* Germersheim
* Kaiserslautern (district)
* Kusel
* Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
* Südliche Weinstraße
* Südwestpfalz

Other websites
--------------

* Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
* The royal palace in Edenkoben Archived 2006-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Rhenish Palatinate - *Catholic Encyclopedia* article
The **National War Labor Board** (**NWLB**) was an agency of the United States government created in early 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson which was made up of twelve members from business and labor. The co-chairmen were former President William Howard Taft and attorney Frank Walsh. Its purpose was to make sure labor strikes did not hurt the war effort. The board ended after the war in May 1919. The National War Labor Board was reestablished on January 12, 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. This board ended its duties.

National War Labor Board WW I
-----------------------------

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Soon the government became concerned that labor strikes might stop the production of military equipment and supplies. In response President Woodrow Wilson created the National War Labor Board. The board recognized the worker's right to organize unions and bargain collectively. Former President Taft and labor attorney Frank Walsh were the co-chairmen. The board had little real power but depended on their ability to negotiate compromises between the two sides. They succeeded in preventing a number of strikes. After Germany was defeated the board was disbanded. In 1919 several strikes broke out in the coal and steel industries. The board supported an eight-hour day for workers and equal pay for equal work regardless of sex.

National War Labor Board WW II
------------------------------

The National War Labor Board was started up again by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on January 12, 1942. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. The board's job was to prevent wartime labor disputes. Also to insure that higher wage settlements did not cause inflation. The board was generally favorable to unions. The board encouraged the use of fringe benefits instead of inflation-causing higher wages. In 1942 the board began a *maintenance of membership* policy which attracted new members into labor unions. Unions understood they had to minimize any activism among their members in order to gain favorable rulings from the NWLB. Dispite the efforts of labor unions there were wartime strikes. Most of these were unauthorized (by the unions) or wildcat strikes (non-union). The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), later part of the AFL-CIO, largely cooperated with the board. When the number of strikes peaked in 1944 CIO members maintained their no-strike pledge. By the time the war ended, membership in the CIO was nearly 5 million. The NWLB provided arbitrators on an honorary basis, that is, without fees. But they encouraged paid arbitrators and by war's end most who arbitrated disputes were paid a fee of from $25–$100 per day. In 1945 the board was disbanded. A wave of strikes broke out just the same as when the NWLB ended in 1918.

Other websites
--------------

* Guide to the United States NWLB files 1913-1945 at Cornell University Library
* Records of the National War Labor Board (World War I)
**SheSays India** is an NGO based in Mumbai, India. It works for gender equality and the rights of women. It believes in SDG 5- Gender Equality through cooperation and reform. The NGO teaches people about their rights in different languages. Its website is in both Indian and foreign languages. It also teaches people about the laws and other ways of solving gender-based violence. The founder of the NGO is Trisha Shetty. She is the current CEO of the NGO. She is a lawyer and social activist.

Work
----

The website has information on laws on sexual violence in India. The information is shown in a simple way. It also provides step-by-step information on how to file a first information report (FIR). It also provides information to remember when going to a hospital, police station, lawyer, or court proceedings. This information is in Hindi, Marathi, and German languages.

The NGO works with Global Citizen India. They filed a petition in Supreme Court of India for tax-free sanitary napkins. The NGO also provides counselling support to victims of sexual abuse. It maps the nearest police station, hospital, and psychologist for immediate help for victims.

They are planning to have a group of lawyers and gynaecologists to help victims.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website Archived 2017-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
**Takashi Tsuboshima** (坪島孝, *Tsuboshima Takashi*, April 13, 1928 - August 12, 2007) was a Japanese film director. He is known for directing his 1974 film, *Lupin III: Strange Psychokinetic Strategy*, which was based on Monkey Punch's original manga and the first live action movie based on the character, Arsene Lupin III.

Career
------

Tsuboshima graduated from the Waseda University Faculty of Commerce in 1952. While attending the university, he watched all kinds of movies, both Japanese and Western, and aspired to become a film director. He joined Toho when he graduated from university in 1956. However, at that time, Toho had stopped officially hiring assistant directors due to the Toho Dispute and so he was assigned as a talent agent (a person in charge of paying dividends to actors). After three years of being a talent agent, he became an assistant director in 1955 and studied under Kajiro Yamamoto, Yasuki Chiba, Jun Fukuda and others.

In 1963, Tsuboshima became director after directing his first feature film, *Bet on Life at the Moment*, which starring Yosuke Natsuki and Yuriko Hoshi. He also directed Crazy Cats films such as *Kureji sakusen: Kudabare! Musekinin*, which was Toho's dollar box program at that time. Tsuboshima would work under Kengo Furusawa in many movies. In crazy comedy movies, he directed many works that were a bit different from Furusawa, with a lot of wits and fine gags. Starring space alien entrepreneur Kei Tani in *Kureji da yo: kisôtengai* (1966), Crazy Cats member dancing in the streets of Las Vegas in *Kureji ogon sakusen* (1967) and other latter projects during his time as a director. His representative works included the absurd comedy *Kiki kaikai ore wa dareda?!* (1969), which was warming up the project.

During his career, Tsuboshima created the so-called program pictures in succession, but in addition to crazy movies, the comedy-touch action work *International Secret Police: Keg of Gunpowder* (1964) starring Tatsuya Mihashi and the suspense drama "*Ai no Kizuna*" (1969) based on Seicho Matsumoto's original novel. He has left a fine work such as. Around 1968, he established **Jack Production** (ジャック・プロダクション, *Jakku purodakushon*) with Yasuo Tanami, Ei Ogawa, Tsugunobu Kotani and others. In addition to the subsequent films, he directed TV dramas, commercials, and weekly events.

He died of lung adenocarcinoma on August 12, 2007 at the age of 79.

Films
-----

* All films on IMDb
A **wallaroo** is an Australian macropod with its size between the big kangaroos and the small wallabies. The name "wallaroo" is a mix of wallaby and kangaroo. Most wallaroos are smaller than a kangaroo, and live in open, rocky country. Wallaroo means "rock kangaroo". There are three types of wallaroo. They all stand the same way: wrists raised, elbows close into the body, and shoulders back, and all have a large, black nose.

Wallaroo species
----------------

### *Macropus robustus*

The **eastern wallaroo**, *Macropus robustus*, sometimes called the, **common wallaroo** or just **wallaroo** lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range (which runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia). There are four subspecies of Eastern Wallaroo: 

* the Eastern Wallaroo, which lives across Australia
* the Euro, also widespread
* one that lives only on Barrow Island
* one that lives only in the Kimberley area of Western Australia

### *Macropus bernardus*

**Woodward's wallaroo** or **black wallaroo**, *Macropus bernardus*, lives in steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. Between 60 to 70 cm in length (without tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg. 

### *Macropus antilopinus*

The **antilopine wallaroo**, *Macropus antilopinus*, also called the antilopine kangaroo, is different to other wallaroos. It is, more like the eastern and western grey kangaroos. It lives in groups on the grassy plains and woodlands, where the other wallaroos live by themselves.
The Walkman line-up in the USA (2011)  
From the left: S series, E series and W series
The **Walkman** is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.

History
-------

Walkman II
Inside a Walkman II
The original Walkman cassette player was released in 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had other names, one of which was "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.

Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun. On June 22 (the date of release), Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given a Walkman to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use. 

By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced. Later, MP3 players became more popular.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Walkman***.

* Sony
* Japan
* iPod
* MP3
* Laptop
* DVD
* Universal Serial Bus (USB)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Israel
* United States

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Aerial view of Flores, Guatemala, built on the ruins of the Itza capital Tayasal
**Tayasal** is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period. The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala. Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish *conquistadores* and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697. 

As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall. The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake. 

The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it *Noh Petén*, or literally "City Island". It was also called *Tah Itzá*, or Place of the Itzá.

In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position. 

The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores.

Related pages
-------------

* Spanish conquest of Yucatán

Other websites
--------------

* History and Photos from Tayasal, Zacpetén and Queixil Islands Archived 2007-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
Reproduction of a **Sopwith Camel** biplane flown by Lt. George A. Vaughn Jr. 17th Aero Squadron
Sopwith Camel drawing
The **Sopwith Camel** was a British World War I fighter biplane, it was famous for not flying very well.

The Sopwith Camel entered service in June 1917.

Unlike many biplanes, the Camel was unpleasant to fly. The Camel could manoeuvre well because of the placement of the engine, pilot, guns, and fuel tank, but controlling the engine torque made flying it difficult and dangerous.

The Camel soon had a bad reputation with pilots. The engine was sensitive to fuel mixture control, and wrong settings caused the engine to cut out during takeoff. Many crashed due to mishandling on takeoff when a full fuel tank affected the center of gravity. As well as this, the Camel was also known for its bad spinning characteristics, where any stall resulted in an uncontrollable spin.

The Camel had better guns and better performance compared to other biplanes. Its controls were light and sensitive. The Camel was one of the best-remembered Allied aircraft of the First World War. 
The Camel was credited with shooting down 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than any other Allied fighter.

By 1918 better aircraft had been invented, faster and with better high altitude performance. The camel soon became a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft. When fighting Germans in March 1918, flights of Camels stopped the advancing German Army. Because of this the Camel remained in service until the 
armistice
 (ceasefire).
Raif Badawi
Jimmy Wales says Badawi should be released from prison.
**Raif Badawi** (Arabic: رائف بدوي‎; born 13 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian writer and activist. He started the website Free Saudi Liberals in 2008. He was arrested in 2012 because of the website. The website was then taken off the internet. Badawi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and being hit with a whip: 1000 lashes (or hits). Media said in March 2022, that Badawi no longer is in prison.

Badawi has also been banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. Badawi's first 50 lashes were given on January 9, 2015. After that, Badawi's lashes were postponed many times. In June 2015, a Saudi high court ruled that Badawi should be lashed but the lashing was postponed hours before it was going to happen. 
Badawi's wife called Ensaf Haidar believes he is weak in body and suffering mentally. She fears this may be a slow death sentence.

Badawi's sister Samar Badawi is also an activist. Her husband Waleed Abul-Khair is Raif's lawyer. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2014. Samar is working to get both her brother and husband released from prison.
**Woburn** is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England. It is about five miles from Milton Keynes. At the 2011 census, 930 people lived in Woburn.

According to the. Illage website, the first record of Woburn was in 969 AD as a hamlet. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086. The same source asserts: "the name Woburn comes from the Old English words 'wo', which means crooked, and 'burn' which means village. In 1145 Woburn Abbey was founded by Cistercian monks. In 1538, at the dissolution of the monasteries, the monastery was granted to the first Earl of Bedford."

Woburn has been burned down and rebuilt three times in its history. The first time was due to a chimney fire that spread to the other houses. The second time was during the English Civil War. The third time was in 1724 when another fire destroyed most of the village. It was rebuilt the last time in the Georgian style. New inns and a Market-house were added.

Woburn Abbey
------------

Right in the centre of Woburn is a short road leading to Woburn Park, the large estate of the Duke of Bedford. The present Woburn Abbey is the family seat (country house) of the Russells, whose senior title is the Dukedom of Bedford. The estate includes the Woburn Safari Park, a sizeable herd of deer and ornamental gardens. The house is usually open to visitors, and includes one of the finest private collections of historical portraits and a superb library.

The house, estate and family were the subject of a reality series on BBC 2 running to 29 episodes. The house has been used a number of times as a film set.
**École Centrale de Nantes** (or Centrale Nantes) is a graduate engineering school in France. Its campus is in Nantes.

It awards the following degrees:

* Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Engineering
* *Diplôme d'ingénieur -* equivalent to a Master of Science and Engineering
* Masters of Science, Technology and Health
* Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees
* Advanced Masters *(Mastères Spécialisés**)*
* PhD

Centrale Nantes is a member of the Ecoles Centrale Group, (with CentraleSupélec, Centrale Lille, Centrale Lyon, Centrale Marseille, and Centrale Beijing). The school also takes part in international networks: T.I.M.E (Top Industrial Managers for Europe), RMEI Archived 2020-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Magalhaes and Heritage Network. In 2014, the Alliance Centrale - Audencia - ensa Nantes was created, bringing together Centrale Nantes, Audencia Business School and l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nantes. As part of this alliance the Centrale-Audencia-ensa business incubator was created.

Classes are taught in French and English languages. The school has students from over 70 nationalities.

Admission
---------

Admission to courses at Master's level is possible after two- or three-year scientific undergraduate studies. The main admission routes are via: 

* a Bachelor degree in science (for the 2-year curriculum), or
* the French nationwide selective examination with *numerus clausus* : concours Centrale-Supelec (for the 3-year curriculum)
* selection by a partner institution (e.g. *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The engineering programme, which leads to the award of *diplôme d'ingénieur*, typically lasts three years. It involves work experience and time spent abroad. Students who successfully completed Master's level courses earn 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.

Students enrolled in a double degree programme spend two years at Centrale Nantes and two years in the partner institution. After these four years a double master's degree is awarded.

Research labs
-------------

Research at Centrale Nantes is centred on three main priorities: factory of the future, energy transition and engineering for health. The main research topics are:

* Ocean engineering and MRE
* Computer science and automation
* Robotics
* Energy and engines
* Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing
* Engineering for health
* Civil engineering and innovative concrete
* Numerical simulation and high performance computing
* Materials science and composites
* Urban environment

More reading
------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***École centrale de Nantes***.

* Official website
A nebulizer is a small machine that creates a mist out of liquid medication, allowing for quicker and easier absorption of medication into the lungs. Typically, nebulizers come in both electric or battery-run versions, and are either portable or meant to sit on a table and plug into a wall.

It is also used for the patients with runny nose or nasal stroke. A nebulizer delivers liquid medication via pressurized air. While individuals with asthma typically use both nebulizers and inhalers, occasionally, a nebulizer may be easier to use — especially when it comes to young children who may not have the proper technique for an inhaler.

A nebulizer is helpful for a variety of conditions, including:

* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Asthma
* Bronchiectasis
* Cystic fibrosis
* Pulmonary fibrosis

Types of nebulizers
-------------------

There are three main types of nebulizers:

* **Jet nebulizers** make an aerosol out of medications using a compressed gas (like air). These are the most common type of nebulizers.
* **Ultrasonic nebulizers** make an aerosol via high-frequency vibrations. These are more commonly used in hospitals and typically are not for personal use.
* **Mesh nebulizers** use a mesh cap with tiny holes that help dispense medication in a very efficient way. These nebulizers are newer and often more effective than jet nebulizers.
Orthodontist in Zambia
Putting on braces is one of the many things orthodontists do
An **orthodontist** is a dentist (a doctor that works on teeth) that specializes in straightening teeth with things like braces.

Training
--------

An orthodontist needs to go to dentistry school first. Then they need 3-4 years more of school to become an orthodontist.

Practice
--------

An orthodontist straightens teeth using braces (metal wire attached to teeth), headgear (metal wire that may attach to teeth and the neck or head), and retainers (removable wire and plastic). They may also pull teeth, or perform surgery.

Sources
-------

* The Orthodontist online community Archived 2013-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
* T. M. Graber, R.L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques, "Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Orthodontics", D. M. Sarver, W.R. Proffit, J. L. Ackerman, Mosby, 2000
* Orthodontologist Directory Archived 2015-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
hooks (left) and loops (right).
**Velcro** is a brandname and trademark owned by the Velcro Companies for *hook-and-loop fasteners*. Hook-and-loop fasteners have a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together. When they are separated, they make a special "ripping" sound.

Creation
--------

The hooks on a piece of Velcro imitate the hooks found on burrs.
The person who invented hook-and-loop was a scientist named George de Mestral. During a hunting vacation in Switzerland, de Mestral came home one evening and tried to remove the burrs stuck to his dog's fur. He was very surprised to see how hard the burrs were to remove. That night he studied the burrs under a microscope and noticed that each burr was covered with hundreds of small hooks acting like grasping hands. De Mestral decided that this burr could be made to close fabric instead of buttons and zippers. By copying the hook pattern hat he saw on burrs, he made hook-and-loop!

Vocabulary
----------

George de Mestral created the Velcro trademark by combining the French words for velvet (*velour*) and hook (*crochet*).

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***velcro***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Velcro***.

* Velcro Official US company website
* closeup of Velcro hooks and loops
* VELCRO USA INC. Celebrates 50TH Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
* VELCRO Patent Archived 2012-06-30 at the Wayback Machine - from Google Patents Anniversary
* Adhesives Guide by Velcro USA Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine - Adhesive Guide by Velcro USA