recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Fotbal Club Astra Giurgiu** (Usually called **Astra Giurgiu** or just **Astra**) is a professional association football club from Giurgiu, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I.

The club was formed in 1921 in Ploiești (a city about 116 km north of Giurgiu), as *Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română*. The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions. In 1990, the club was taken over by businessman Ioan Niculae and has since improved. In September 2012, the team was moved from Ploiești to Giurgiu.

The team won their first Liga I title in 2015–16. They also won 1 Cupa României and 1 Supercupa României.

The colours of the club are white and black, which is why their nickname *Dracii Negri* (The Black Devils).

The club has also had many names. These include: *Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română* (1921–1934), *Astra Română Câmpina* (1934–1937), *Astra Română Ploiești* (1937–1938), *Colombia Ploiești* (1938–1945), *Astra Română Ploiești* (1945–1959), *Rafinorul Ploiești* (1959–1990), *CS Astra Ploiești* (1990–1996), *AS Danubiana Ploiești* (1996–1998), *SC FC Astra Ploiești* (1998–2005), *CSM Ploiești* (2005–2007), *FC Ploiești* (2007–2009) and *FC Astra Ploiești* (2009–2012).

Honours
-------

* **Liga I**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2015–16
	+ Runners-up (1): 2013–14
* **Liga II**
	+ **Winners (1):** 1997–98
	+ Runners-up (1): 2008–09
* **Liga III**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2007–08
* **Cupa României**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2013–14
* **Supercupa României**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2014

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2021-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Official Facebook profile
* Club profile on UEFA's official website
* Club profile on LPF's official website
* Club profile on RomanianSoccer website
* Club profile on Liga1 website Archived 2012-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
An **honorific** is a title that shows esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank. It is used when addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title.

In the world of the past honorifics were highly visible. The difference between "Miss" and "Mrs" was fundamental in British social life (and, with variations, throughout Europe). It was not voluntary: you did not write a letter to a woman without using the correct prefix.

Technical prefixes could be tricky. What do you do if the recipient has several positions or degrees? In German, you would list them all: Herr Dr. Dr. Professor Professor (then addressee's surname). In English, the postscript Esq. for "Esquire" was usually added for a man.

If the person used the prefixes to refer to himself, that was regarded as low behaviour, egotistical. The one exception was the medical doctorate in the UK. A medical doctor could described himself as Dr. Brown, and he would be understood as being a medic. There were originally no PhDs awarded in British universities, and they were uncommon until after the Second World War. Civil servants signed letters "Your obedient servant" to emphasize their intermediate role between government and the people, or between Parliament and the people.

It is obvious that the Church and the Armed Forces have honorifics of their own. If, as in the Armed Forces, the use of honorifics is compulsory, are they really honorifics? Similarly with the Royal Families. Compulsory honorifics have been going out of favour. They can be enforced in some cases, but the tendency is to drop them in informal life.

Related pages
-------------

* Honour
* Style (form of address)
The **Freie Vereinigung der Amateur-Fußballvereine Österreichs (VAFÖ)** (Free Association of Austrian Amateur Football Clubs) was an Austrian football association. It existed from July 1926 to October 1936. It saw itself as the governing body for all Austrian workers' sports clubs. It was made directly from the Austrian Football Association (ÖFV). They had its own selection team. The team represented Austria in international workers' sports tournaments.

History
-------

After the First World War, the workers' sports clubs, workers' cyclists and nature lovers came together in 1919 to form the "Association of Workers' and Soldiers' Sports Clubs" (VAS), which in 1924 was renamed the *Workers' Federation for Sports and Physical Culture in Austria* (ASKÖ). Only the workers' footballers remained in the non-partisan Austrian Football Association (ÖFV) until 1926. From 1921 onward there were two interest groups within the ÖFV, the social-democratic "Free Association" and the bourgeois "Protection Association".

There was a split over the question of whether the association should send a team to the first Workers' Olympics. The Free Association left the ÖFV and formed on 7 March 1926 the "Freie Vereinigung der Amateur-Fußballvereine Österreichs" (VAFÖ). On July 1st the VAFÖ went one step further. It was decided to liquidate the association with the bourgeoisie and joined the ASKÖ. The other teams formed the "Allgemeinen Österreichischen Fußball-Bund" (AÖFB).

The VAFÖ then focused on the promotion of workers' football on an amateur base. They played own championships and cup competitions. They also formed an amateur selection. It represented Austria with great success in international workers' tournaments (Olympic champion 1931, European champion 1933). In 1927 the VAFÖ had 403 clubs with around 10.000 members.

Due to the poor economic situation, many players went to professional clubs in the early 1930s. After the Austrian Civil War in 1934 and the ban of the Social Democratic Party most of the VAFÖ teams were forced to the AÖFB. The football association existed till 1936 but had no influence.

Teams of the VAFÖ-league 1933/34
--------------------------------

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * SC Gaswerk Wien
* SC Red Star Wien
* SC E-Werk Wien
* SC Rudolfshügel
 | * Zentralverein Wien
* SC Helfort Wien
* SK Neukettenhof
* Phönix Schwechat
 | * SKV Feuerwehr Wien
* FC Floridsdorf
* SC Nord-Wien 1912
* ESV Ostbahn XI
 |

Champions of the VAFÖ league
----------------------------

**Meister der VAFÖ-Liga:**

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * 1928: SC Sturm 1914
* 1929: SC Nord-Wien 1912
* 1930: SC Helfort Wien
* 1931: SC Gaswerk Wien
 | * 1932: SC Gaswerk Wien
* 1933: SC Gaswerk Wien
* 1934: Phönix Schwechat
 |
**Rebecca Stead** is an American children’s author. She graduated from Vassar College in 1989. She is the author of three popular children's books: *First Light,* *When You Reach Me,* and *Liar & Spy.*

Early life
----------

Stead was born in New York City on January 16, 1968. From the time she was young, she was interested in literature and writing. She worked as a lawyer and public defender several years. Stead is married to a lawyer named Sean O’Brien. They have two children. She began writing again when she was raising her children.

Books and achievements
----------------------

Stead has written three young adult books. Her first book, *First Light*, was published in 2007. It is about a young boy who is studying climate change. Her second book, *When You Reach Me*, was published in 2009. It is a mix of mystery, historical fiction, and a school story. It won the Newbery Medal in 2010. Her next book, *Liar and Spy,* was published in 2012. This book is about a seventh grade boy living in Brooklyn, New York, and how he feels about problems with his best friend. *Liar and Spy* won the Guardian Prize in 2013. Her latest book is *Goodbye Stranger.*
**Iris Mittenaere** (born 25 January 1993) known for becoming a French runway model and the winner of the beauty pageant Miss Universe 2016 on 30 January 2017 in Manila, Philippines.

Early life and education
------------------------

Mittenaere was born on 25 January 1993 in Lille, to Yves Mittenaere, a professor of history and geography, and Laurence Druart, a schoolteacher and lecturer. She has a brother, sister, and half-sister. Her parents separated when she was three years old.

Mittenaere attended school in Steenvoorde, where she lived with her mother. In 2011, she graduated *lycée* with a degree in science. After graduating, she moved back to Lille, where she attended Lille 2 University of Health and Law, studying dentistry. She plans on becoming a dental surgeon after graduating.

Pageantry
---------

### Miss France 2016

After winning the Miss Flandre title in Bailleul, Mittenaere entered the Miss Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2015 pageant in Orchies, which she won. Mittenaere represented Nord-Pas-de-Calais at the Miss France 2016 pageant. On 19 December 2015, she was crowned Miss France by Miss France 2015 Camille Cerf in Lille.

### Miss Universe 2016

She competed in Miss Universe 2016 where she succeeded Miss Universe 2015 Pia Wurtzbach of the Philippines. The last European titleholder to complete her year as Miss Universe was Miss Universe 1990 Mona Grudt of Norway.

Personal life
-------------

Mittenaere is in a relationship with fellow dentistry student Matthieu Declercq.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Iris Mittenaere***.

* Iris Mittenaere on Twitter
**Supercharger**

A supercharger is a device that forces more air into an internal combustion engine. This gives the engine more oxygen to burn fuel, which makes the engine more powerful.

Superchargers are powered by the engine itself, usually through a belt connected to the crankshaft. This is different from a turbocharger, which is powered by the engine's exhaust gases.

Superchargers have been used since the early days of engines. They were first built in 1878. In the early 20th century, they were used a lot in aircraft engines. They helped engines work better at high altitudes, where the air is thinner. In the 1920s, superchargers started being used in car engines too.

There are two main types of superchargers:
1. Positive displacement superchargers: These use spinning rotors to push air into the engine. The most common types are Roots and twin-screw superchargers.
2. Dynamic superchargers: These use a fast-spinning impeller to draw air into the engine. The most common type is the centrifugal supercharger.

Superchargers can make an engine much more powerful, but they also use more fuel. They were very popular in high-performance vehicles for many years. However, in recent times, many manufacturers have switched to using turbochargers instead. Turbochargers are more fuel-efficient and can produce more power.

Despite being less common now, superchargers are still used in some cars, trucks, and aircraft. They remain an important part of the history of engine technology.
**Globi** is a Swiss cartoon character. He is often called the Swiss Mickey Mouse. Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by the Globus department store chain for advertising. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland that it got published independently in 1944. There are a many Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today. Its appearance has changed several times since his development.

History
-------

Globi was created in 1932 by the Globus stores as a media vehicle for children. They wanted to address Globi to children. First, the figure was named "Kimbukku". Because the people of the canton of Bale named the Globus warehouse "Globi", they thought would be a better name than Kimbukku. The figure was well liked by the young customers from the beginning. First "Globi" appeared as a comic strip in the magazine "der Globi". In 1935, the first book *Globi the Childfriend* appeared. This book has sold over a million copies. It was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today, 79 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but in the 1970s they were criticized because of the racism, sexism and violence in books of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interested in ecology and animal protection and became more of a role model. For example, in a newer volume, Globi goes with the small rhino named Najma to Africa. The readers learn about the problems of life in the savanna of Africa for rhinos. There was also a movie with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.

Publisher
---------

Because of the big success of Globi, the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this, Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since 1 January 2007, the Globi Publisher AG has been owned by Orell Füssli Publisher. The publisher is active in the Swiss market. In addition to books, they sell other Globi merchandise. These include dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm clocks, plush toys, drapery, lamps, card games and foods. There are also tourist attractions such as Globi hotel, a trail and a bus. In December 2008, a Globi winter park was built in Engelberg. In addition to Globi, other characters including Papa-Moll and Glöbeli exist. Yearly, over 80,000 Globi comic books, 40,000 educational Globi books, between 25,000 and 30,000 Papa-Moll books and 100,000 cassettes are sold.

Today Globi Publisher employs 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookkeepers and about 10-12 illustrators and writers.

Book list of most important and best-sold books
-----------------------------------------------

* Globi’s Worldtour
* Globi the Childfriend
* Globi and Pinoccio in Venice
* Globi and it’s Swiss adventure travel
* Globi the farmer
* Globi the soldier
* Globi the postman
* Globi the fireman
* Globi in the Zoo
* Globi and the railroad
* Globi and panda
* Globi and the madagaskarbird
* Globi the knight
* Globi in Paris
* Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom
Map of Goguryeo
**Goguryeo** is a dynasty of ancient Korea which was begun by Jumong (주몽朱蒙) in 37 BC. It was started in the area near the Dongga River, a branch of the Abrok River. Jolbon was the capital city founded by Jumong.

The legend of the nation's birth is that Jumong was born out of an egg and brought up by King Gumwa (금와왕) of East Buyeo. The name, Jumong, means a person who is good at archery. Because of his archery skills, Prince Daeso (대소왕자) envied him. So, Jumong felt death threats and decided to escape from East Buyeo with three friends. He went to Jolbon Buyeo and married Sosuno (소서노) who was the princess of the nation. Jumong succeeded the king and changed the nation's name to Goguryeo after his surname.

Since the first king, King Dongmyeong (동명성왕), Goguryeo had been invaded by several enemies such as the Chinese Han Dynasty, and Xianbei. But, by 11th king's reign, Goguryeo had succeeded in taking control over Liaoong. Until the 24th king's period, it had had its golden age, expanding the range of the nation and driving away all the attacks from ouside. The most famous king was King Gwanggaeto the Great (광개토대왕).

However, when it was under the control of 27th king, Youngryou (영류왕), Goguryeo was becoming a vassal of the Tang Dynasty. Because of this, the king was killed by Yoen Gaesomoon (연개소문) and a new king, Bojang (보장왕) succeeded. After Yoen Gaesomoon died, the people did not cooperate with the nation well and while its control got weak, it was destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla.

The Goguryeoan slave girl Yusu tried to poisoned Guo Zhengyi, a Tang dynasty official, after she was taken as a slave by him during the Tangn dynasty conquest, but she was caught along with another Goguryeoan and executed.
For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation).
Flag
coat of arms
**Granada** is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the *Alcaiceria*, and the *Corral del Carbon*. It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the *Albaicin* and the *Sacromonte*, two charming historical areas of the city.

Districts
---------

### Realejo

Realejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years. In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain. Now, it is known for its street art and food.

### Cartuja

Cartuja is named after an old monastery in this district. The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.

### Bib-Rambla

This district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty. The name means "Gate of the Ears." Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the cathedral.

### Sacromonte

The Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin. It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there. It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill. It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.

### Albaicin

The Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada. In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira. Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.

### Zaidin

Zaidin is an area in the far south of Granada. It has the most people of any district in Granada.

Related pages
-------------

* Battle of Granada

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Granada***.

* Detailed information about the Alhambra
* Website of the Granada Tourist Office Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Granada Local Tourist Guide Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Photos of Granada
* International Students Community Archived 2020-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
* More interesting information about the Alhambra Archived 2010-08-20 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Entities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

 |
Olivia Jordan in 2015.
**Olivia Jordan Thomas** (born 28, September, 1988) is an American model, actress, TV show host and beauty pageant titleholder from Oklahoma who won Miss USA 2015 and also finished 3rd in Miss Universe 2015. She was the first Oklahoman to be crowned Miss USA.

Early life & education
----------------------

She was born to Bob and Jill Thomas on September 28, 1988, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. After her high school graduation, she went to Boston to attend Boston University. She graduated in May 2011, with a Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences.

Jordan soon joined the SAG and adopted the name Olivia Jordan. She moved to Los Angeles, California, to do modeling and acting after college. She acted in the movie *Ted* during college, and later acted in several other films.

Pageants
--------

Jordan began her career at the Miss California USA 2013 pageant, where she finished 2nd. Later that year, she was named Miss World America 2013 and competed at Miss World 2013 pageant, where she finished in the top 20 and was also finished 2nd for Top Model. 

On December 21, 2014, Jordan won Miss Oklahoma USA 2015, and went on to win Miss USA 2015 as well. She participated in Miss Universe 2015, representing the United States. She finished 3rd.

Personal life
-------------

In 2018, she became engaged to actor Jay Hector. They married on November 8, 2019, in Palm Springs, California.

Other websites
--------------

* Olivia Jordan on IMDb
**Danablu**, sold under the trademark **Danish Blue Cheese** in North America, is a strong, blue-veined cheese. It is usually drum- or block-shaped. It has a yellowish, slightly moist, edible rind.

It is made from full fat cow's milk and homogenized cream. it has a fat content of 25–30% (50–60% in dry matter). It is aged for eight to twelve weeks. Before it is aged, the mould (*Penicillium roqueforti*) is pushed through the cheese with copper wires or rods The holes can be seen in the finished cheese.

Danablu was first made early in the 20th century by a Danish cheese maker named Marius Boel. He wanted it to be like Roquefort. Danablu has a milder flavor than Roquefort. It has a sharp, salty taste. It is often served crumbled on salads or as a dessert cheese with fruit. In Denmark, it is often served on bread or crackers.

Danablu, Danbo and Esrom are the only three Danish cheeses that have Protected Geographical Status in the European Union. They have to be made in Denmark from Danish milk and at approved dairies.

Related pages
-------------

* Blue cheese
* List of cheeses
Thread
Thread could mean:

A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
Threads, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the Dragonriders of Pern series of science fiction novels
"Threads", a Season 8 Stargate SG-1 episode
Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
Thread, a 1999 album by Wideawake
Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
Threads, an social media app that is owned by Meta Platforms
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Thread. 
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.M.Fackbook
ken sebastian 

Charles III since 2022.
The **Monarch of the United Kingdom** is the head of state of United Kingdom and formal head of Church of England. The current monarch is Charles III who has reigned since 2022. The king is currently the head of the UK and 15 other nations known as the Commonwealth realms.

List of Monarchs of the United Kingdom
--------------------------------------

### House of Stuart

* Anne (In England and Scotland, 1702 – 1707. In Great Britain, 1707 – 1714) First British Monarch.

### House of Hanover

* George I (1714 – 1727)
* George II (1727 – 1760)
* George III (1760 – 1820)
* George IV (1820 – 1830) (Regent 1811–1820)
* William IV (1830 – 1837)
* Victoria (1837 – 1901)

### House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With monarchs it started in 1901. The name was changed in 1917 by George V.

* Edward VII (1901 – 1910)

### House of Windsor

In 1917 King George V changed the royal house's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. 

* George V (1910 – 1936, changed name of house in 1917)
* Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
* George VI (1936 – 1952)
* Elizabeth II (1952 – 2022)
* Charles III (2022 – present)

In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").

| * v
* t
* e
British monarchs |
| --- |
| House of Stuart | 
* Anne

 |  |
| House of Hanover | 
* George I
* George II
* George III
* George IV
* William IV
* Victoria

 |
| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | 
* Edward VII
* George V

 |
| House of Windsor | 
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

 |
The Beni Znassenor Beni-Snassen (Singular : Aznass), or Yat-Iznassen, is the largest confederation tribes in Eastern Morocco. It contains groups and fractions of Arab and Berber tribes originating mainly from the historical Znata tribe, in the provinces of Oujda, Berkane and Taourirt.

Beni Znassen mountains

History
-------

The Iznassen are Berbers, Arabs and Arabized Berbers.

Berbers are :

* Beni Khaled
* Beni Menqouch
* Beni 'Atiq
* Beni Ourimech

Arabs are :

* Ouled Sghir
* Laatamna
* Houara
* Ouled Mansour

Layout
------

The 4 tribes of Yat Iznassen

* **Yat Khaled**
	+ Yat el Ghazi
	+ Yat Taghejirt
	+ Yat Drar
* **Yat Menqouch**
	+ Yat Ali ou Ammas
	+ Ahl Sefrou
	+ Bessara
	+ Yat Mimoun
	+ Yat Khellouf
* **Ayt 'Atiq**
	+ Tghasrout
	+ Yat 'Ali U Yassin
	+ Yat Amiyer
	+ Yat Hammad
	+ Tazaghine
	+ Yat Moussi La'tach
	+ Yat Moussi Rwa
	+ Yat Mimoun
	+ Yat Bouya'la
* **Yat Ourimech**
	+ Yat Bou 'Abdoussayed
	+ Yat 'Ali Chbab
	+ Yat Abbou
	+ Yat Tagma
	+ Yat Nouga
	+ Yat Mahiou

Language
--------

The east of Morocco has many different languages. Beni Iznasen mostly speak Arabic and a small minority can speak Arabic and Berber. Bilingualism sometimes occurs, mainly in the older generations. The younger generations usually only speak Arabic.

### Arabic

The Arabic dialect of eastern Morocco is the so-called Hilali Arab dialect. It is similar to the dialects of Marrakech and Casablanca. It is different to the urban (pre-Hilali) dialects of Fes and the north of Morocco. This Arabic dialect also is similar to the dialect of western Algeria (Tlemcen), which borders the Beni Iznasen area.

Personalities
-------------

Personalities who are born or originally from the Beni Snassen region. 

#### Sports

Hicham El Guerrouj - Olympian, World Record Fastest Mile 

Hakim Ziyech - Footballer Chelsea, 2022 World Cup Morocco Team 

Lahssen Akhmiss - Footballer 

Abdelkader El Brazi - Footballer 

Mohammed Berrabeh - Footballer 

Ahmed Talbi - Footballer 

Abdelkader Wahabi - Boxer 

#### Politicians & Diplomats

Abbas Al Fassi - Prime Minister (2007), Minister of Housing (1977-1981), Minister of Handicraft and Social Affairs (1981-1985), Ambassador to Tunisia (1985-1990), Ambassador to France (1990-1994). 

Mbarek Bekai - First Prime Minister of Morocco (1955-1958) 

Anis Birou - Secretary of State (2007-2012) 

Abdeladim El Guerrouj - Minister Deleguate for Public Services 

#### Business

Fouzi Lekja - President of the Royal Moroccan Football Federation, Businessman.

Mohammed Hamdi - Dutch Sports CEO - ADO Den Haag - International Director Feyenoord Rotterdam
**Joe Johnson** (born 29 July 1952) is an English former snooker player. He also did snooker commentary for Eurosport. He became the British under-19 champion in 1971. He was an amateur, defeating Tony Knowles in the final. He reached the final of both the English Amateur Championship and World Amateur Snooker Championship in 1978. He turned professional in 1979. He reached his first ranking final at the 1983 Professional Players Tournament (losing to Knowles), and reached the semi-finals of the 1985 Classic (losing to Cliff Thorburn). 

Johnson began the 1986 World Snooker Championship as a 150–1 outsider, with first-round losses in both of his previous Crucible appearances. He defeated Griffiths 13–12 in the quarter-finals, Knowles 16–8 in the semi-finals, and Steve Davis 18–12 in the final to win his only world title and the only ranking title of his career. The following year, in the World Championship, Johnson defeated Stephen Hendry 13–12 in the quarterfinals and Neal Foulds 16–9 in the semi-finals. In the final, however, he lost 14–18 to Davis. Johnson won only one match in the final stages of the World Championship thereafter, defeating Wilson in the first round of the 1988 event.

His best performances in the other Triple Crown events were reaching the semi-finals of the 1987 UK Championship (losing 4–9 to Jimmy White) and the semi-finals of the 1988 Masters (losing 3–6 to Davis). Johnson dropped out of the top 16 after the 1989–90 snooker season and made his last Crucible appearance in 1991, losing in the first round to Dennis Taylor. He continued on the professional tour until 2005, when he retired at age 53 after breaking his ankle. Johnson later competed on the World Seniors Tour, where he won the 2019 Seniors Masters.

1. ↑  Carter, Jo (15 April 2010). "Joe Johnson: The man who stunned the Crucible". ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
A **supreme court** also known as a **court of last resort** and **court of final appeal**, is generally the highest court in a country. This means that, decisions made by the Supreme Court can't be challenged at other courts. However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law countries do not tend to have only one high court. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court". For example, the High Court of Australia. In some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not the highest court. Examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several provinces and territories of Canada and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales. Decisions made in these courts are all subject to higher courts of appeal. Some countries have a separate constitutional court, a high court that deals with issues regarding that country's constitution.

Political issues
----------------

Many, like the Supreme Court of the United States, at times become involved in political issues. These include the Supreme Courts of Egypt, Pakistan, Israel, India and Kuwait. One of the most controversial political decisions was *Bush v. Gore*, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), a United States Supreme Court decision that resolved the dispute surrounding the 2000 United States presidential election. There has been a good deal of controversy over the European Court of Justice reviewing decisions made by member state governments. The president of the Supreme Court of Israel, Aharon Barak, has been criticized for, along with others, dominating the government of Israel.

Other websites
--------------

* U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations, New York Times
* Constitutional courts versus supreme courts
* The Relationship between National Supreme Courts and Supranational Courts in Europe
The **Third defenestration of Prague** is the name that is often used for an event that took place in Czechoslovakia in 1948.

The name *the third defenestration of Prague* is used but it has no standard meaning. It has been used to describe the death of Jan Masaryk. He was found below the bathroom window of the building of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 March 1948. Masaryk had been the misiter of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia from 1940 to his death in 1948.

The official report said the death was a suicide. It was widely believed he was murdered. His murder was either by the Communist government or by the Soviet secret services. A Prague police report in 2004 said that at least one other person was involved in Masaryk's death. In 2006, a Russian journalist said that his mother knew the Russian intelligence officer who killed Masaryk.

A 2019 investigation did not agree with the earlier report. New research showed that Masaryk did not fall from the bathroom window, but from a near-by ledge. In 2021, with the investigators said that there was not enough evidence to know how Masaryk' died.

Related pages
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* First defenestration of Prague - in 1419
* Second defenestration of Prague
Hydria by the Varrese Painter (c. 340 BC) depicting Eleusinian scenes
**Mystery religions** or **mystery cults** were religions or cults where the teachings were only known to a small group of people. These people were called *mystai*. Such groups were common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. 

Mystery religions have the following properties:

* Exclusive spiritual experience: Those that are initiated gain speciual (secret) knowledge, and are the only ones that are able to make certain spiritual experiences
* The cult or religion coexists with other (official) cults or religions for the same deity
* Religious syncretism; there are other secret teachings that are added to the official teachings about the cult of a given deity.

Today, analyzing these mystery religions is difficult, because most of them kept their mysteries. 

Common motives in such cults are a dying goddess that is resurrected and becomes immortal, venerating the ancestors, venerating the mother. 

Well-known mystery religiions are the Eleusinian Mysteries, Samothracean mysteries, Dionysian Mysteries, the cult of Liber pater, Mithraism, the cult of Kybele and Attis, and the Mysteries of Isis

Such cults laso played an important role in Gnosticism.
**Tokoyo** (常世), also known as the Unseen world (隠世、幽世, *Kakuriyo*), or Taikaikan, is a place in the Shinto religion where nothing changes that is believed to be the world of the gods and ancestral spirits. It is said to be a place of eternal youth where people never age. The location of Tokoyo varies between stories. Sometimes it is underwater, in others underground, and in others in the sky. Interpretations have varied as to whether it is good or bad. There are various stories about Tokoyo in classic texts such as the Kojiki and Nihongi. Motoori Norinaga classified three types of Tokoyo: a world of perpetual darkness, a world of eternal youth, and a world across the sea.

There are many stories about Tokoyo found in classic texts like Kojiki and Nihongi. For example, there is a story about Tajimamori who went to Tokoyo during the reign of Emperor Suinin to help him become immortal. Another story is about a cult that emerged during the reign of Empress Kogyoku, which was dedicated to the god of Tokoyo and was very enthusiastic.

Identification with Mount Penglai
---------------------------------

See the main article: Mount Penglai
In the story of Urashima Tarō, Tokoyo is linked with a place called Mount Penglai. In the original Chinese text, Mount Penglai is called Horai, but it's also noted that it should be pronounced as Tokoyo-no-kuni.

The asteroid 162173 Ryugu has two fossae named after Tokoyo and Penglai, respectively.

Related pages
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* Shimenawa
**William Wallace** (c. 1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who fought the King of England (Edward I) in the Middle Ages. He was born in c. 1270, and was hanged by the English on 23 August 1305 and had died on the same day. Scotland had been claimed by Edward, and Wallace refused allegiance to Edward.

Origins
-------

Wallace was probably born around 1270-1272. Little is known about his birth or childhood. Exactly where and when Wallace was born is not very clear. Some people say he was born about 1272, but a book printed in the 16th century called *History of William Wallace and Scottish Affairs* says he was born in 1276. Tradition says he was born in Elderslie, near Paisley in Renfrewshire. There are links with Ayrshire as well, and it is not clear whether Wallace first fought the English in Ayrshire or Lanark. Tradition sees Wallace as a being a 'commoner', or normal person. Robert the Bruce, who also fought the English, was seen as being more noble. But this is not strictly true because Wallace's family were minor nobles.

The struggle
------------

King Edward offered Scotland a deal which allowed them to have a Scottish king so long as King Edward was still in charge. This required the Scottish nobles to kneel, and swear allegiance to his sovereignty. Wallace refused, and led the resistance which followed. A series of battles were fought:

* Battle of Stirling Bridge, 11 September 1297: won by Wallace against a much larger force. In the six months following Stirling Bridge, Wallace led a raid into northern England. His intent was to take the battle to English soil to demonstrate to Edward that Scotland also had the power to inflict the same sort of damage south of the border.
* Battle of Falkirk, 1 April 1298: won by Edward because of his army's heavy armour. Wallace escaped into the mountains to continue the fighting.

### Capture and execution

Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow. Wallace was taken to London at Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason. He replied to the charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject". Wallace was however found guilty.

After the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall, stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield. He was hanged, drawn and quartered–the most terrible execution in English law. It meant he was strangled by hanging but released while he was still alive, his body cut open, and his bowels burnt before him. Then he was beheaded, and his body cut into four parts. His preserved head (dipped in tar) was placed on a pike atop London Bridge. It was later joined by the heads of the brothers John and Simon Fraser, who had been colleagues of Wallace. Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling, and Aberdeen. 

William Wallace Statue, Aberdeen

Related pages
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* Joan of Arc (c. 1412 – 1431), a French military leader and martyr
**Midnight blue** is a very dark shade of blue, like navy blue. While they are both dark shades of blue, midnight blue is not the same as navy blue. This color is darker than navy blue and is generally considered to be the deepest shade of blue, one so dark that it might be mistaken for black. Navy blue is a comparatively lighter hue.

Midnight blue projects sophistication and elegance. Its link with formal occasions and royalty means it conveys confidence, power and authority, while its deep hue can also come across as dark and mysterious.

According to color psychology, blue is associated with trustworthiness and reliability. Dark shades of blue in particular are linked with authority and intelligence; midnight blue’s deep appearance is particularly likely to make this impression.

But because it is very close in appearance to black, midnight blue might also project qualities associated with that color. Black can be used to convey power, strength and formality—but it can also signify mourning and fear.

History of midnight blue
------------------------

The name "midnight blue" was first used in 1915. It is named for its resemblance to the very dark blue shade of a night sky around the Moon. While the color name is relatively recent, midnight blue skies can be seen in Vincent van Gogh artworks from the 1800s like *Starry Night*. Crayola named a crayon "midnight blue" in 1958, replacing the shade that had previously been known as "Prussian blue".

Color codes
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* In hex: #191970

Related pages
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* Baby blue
* Light pink
***Itadaki Street DS*** (いただきストリートDS, lit. "***Top Street DS***") is a game for the Nintendo DS. It was created by Square Enix. Like other installments in the Itadaki Street series, *Itadaki Street DS* is a Monopoly-like game that has some Mario Party-esque elements added to it due to the appearance of several Mario characters (minigames, for example). It was released on June 21, 2007 only in Japan.

A follow-up to this game, titled Fortune Street was released for the Wii in December 2011.

Gameplay
--------

Players move around the board, buying shops and collecting money from others who land on their shop spaces. Depending on circumstances, some players can forcibly take over another player's shop spaces, or make them inactive for a turn. Players can also hold shares of a block of spaces so that they get paid when someone lands on any space in that block, even if it is not their own.

Players get bonuses for leveling up, which is done by passing four special spaces on the board (each marked with a suit- Club, Diamond, Heart, and Spade) and then going to the Bank space. If the player lands on one of these special spaces instead of passing them, they get a chance to randomly draw a "chance card", which affects gameplay or a player. Usually, the goal is to reach a certain total property value and get to the Bank, or to make a player bankrupt. There is also a special "Casino" space where themed games of chance occur.

Characters
----------

There are 23 playable characters in Itadaki Street DS (if the male and female avatars are counted as one character): Eleven from the Mario series and eleven from the Dragon Quest series. Players are also able to create and customize their own characters that can be played as. Although only four of the characters from both series are playable to begin with, the others can be unlocked by playing through the Tour Mode of the game. Additionally, there are also three Support/Guest characters that players can summon with the help of a card, but are not playable.

***Support/Guest Characters***

Lakitu (shuts down spaces he passes or lands on for one turn)

Healslime (gives marks necessary for leveling up when player passes it)

Dancing Jewels/GoodyBag (pays out to the owner of any space it lands on)

Trivia
------

The theme "Hello, Happy Kingdom" from *Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars* is featured in this game's tutorial level.

This is one of the few games where Mario has written dialogue.

Other websites
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*
***Mario Kart Tour*** is a mobile game in the Mario Kart series. Like Super Mario Run, it is free to download from the App Store and Google Play. The game reuses many assets from Mario Kart 7 and Mario Kart 8, as well as gameplay mechanics such as gliding, underwater driving, character-specific and unique items. In addition, the game introduces some new features to the Mario Kart franchise, such as reversed courses, trick courses, and the ability to deploy a large amount of any item during a race, including blue or red shells and bullet bills.

The game was first announced during a briefing on January 31, 2018. On April 23, 2019, Nintendo opened applications for participating in a beta test of the game to Android users in North America and Japan, which began on May 22, 2019, and ended on June 4, 2019. The game officially launched for iOS, iPadOS, and Android devices on September 25, 2019, in 163 territories. Users who pre-registered acquired the game a day early. A Nintendo account is required for it to be playable.

On October 31, 2019, Nintendo announced the first multiplayer beta test exclusive to Gold Pass members, which began on December 18th, 2019 at 11:00 p.m. (PT) and ended on December 26th, 2019 at 9:59 p.m. (PT). On January 21, 2020, Nintendo announced a second multiplayer beta test for all players, regardless of whether they have a Gold Pass subscription or not, which began on January 22, 2020, at 11:00 p.m. (PT) and ended on January 28, 2020, at 9:59 p.m. (PT). The second multiplayer beta test allowed players to play with each other in their immediate vicinity based on their device's location data. Finally, on March 2, 2020, Nintendo announced that multiplayer would officially be implemented into the game on March 8, 2020 at 8:00 p.m. (PT).
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Date*.*

**Date Masamune** (伊達 政宗, September 5, 1567 – June 27, 1636) was a Japanese daimyo in the Tōhoku region during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. He was known as the "one-eyed dragon" (独眼竜, *dokuganryū*) because he lost the use of an eye.

Date clan
---------

In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the *tozama* or outsider clans, in contrast with the *fudai* or insider *daimyō* clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.

Sendai-kō
---------

The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix "*-kō*" (servant) combined with the name of a place or a castle.

In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it. Sendai*-kō* was one of the ways Date Masamune was described.

Keichō Embassy
--------------

In 1613-1620, Date sent Hasekura Tsunenaga on a diplomatic mission to the courts of Philip III of Spain in Madrid and Pope Paul V in Rome.

This historic visit is called the "Keichō Embassy" (慶長使節).

Legacy
------

In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid 6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Date Masamune***.

* *Aoba-jo* (Sendai Castle) Archived 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine

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| Preceded bynone |  **Lord of Sendai**1600–1636 | Succeeded byDate Tadamune |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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*God resting after creation* – Jesus as the creator of the world, Byzantine mosaic in Monreale, Sicily. Paintings of God the Father weren't yet a thing in the 15th century, so they used Jesus.
The **pre-existence of Christ** is the belief that Jesus did exist before he was even born. Before his human birth he was the fully divine person God the Son until he chose to be "made flesh" to then possess not one—but two natures—human and divine.

> John testified about him when he shouted to the crowds, "This is the one I was talking about when I said, ‘Someone is coming after me who is far greater than I am, for he existed long before me.’"
> 
> — John 1:15 NLT

In John 17:5, Jesus talks about the glory that he had with the Father "before the world existed" and in verse 24, that the Father loved him "before the foundation of the world".

John 1 opens with "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God..." this "Word" is later said to have been Jesus in verse 14 but just "made flesh".

Nicene Christianity
-------------------

The pre-existence of Christ is one of the most important beliefs in mainstream Christianity. Most mainstream churches that accept the Nicene Creed view the nature of the pre-existent Christ as the fully divine person called the Word, which is described in John 1:1-3; the verses read:

> In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being.
> 
> — John 1:1–3, NRSV

Related pages
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* Trinity
* Incarnation (Christianity)
* Jesus
The **Rec Comtal** de Barcelona was a hydraulic structure of the first magnitude that will last until the segle xix as one of the main water suppliers in the city, which was used for irrigation and also in its use of force to operate the various mills built along its route. It is a work protected as a Cultural Property of Local Interest

It took water from the Besòs river to the walls of the city. Construction was begun by Miro, Count of Barcelona in the 10th century, but it may date back to Roman times. It supplied water until the mid-20th century. In March 2016, extensive remains of structures associated with the system were discovered during excavations at Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes.

Related pages
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* Font del gat (water trough)

Bibliography
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* Guàrdia, Manuel (ed.). *La Revolució de l'aigua a Barcelona: de la ciutat preindustrial a la metròpoli moderna, 1867-1967*. Barcelona: Institut de Cultura, Muhba, 2011. ISBN 9788498503654
* MARTÍN PASCUAL, Manel (1999): *El Rec Comtal, 1822-1879. La lluita per l'aigua a del segle XIX*, Barcelona, Fundació Salvador Vives i Casajuana, Editorial Rafael Dalmau. ISBN 84-232-0599-1

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rec Comtal***.

* "Portal d'Informació Urbanística (PIU)". *Ajuntament de Barcelona* (in Catalan). 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-07-10.