recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Eugenio Beltrami
**Eugenio Beltrami** (16 November 1835 – 18 February 1900) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work on non-Euclidean geometry, electricity, and magnetism.

He was born in Cremona in Lombardy, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and now part of Italy. Beltrami first began studying mathematics at University of Pavia in 1853, but was forced to discontinue his studies in 1856 because of financial hardship. He was appointed to the University of Bologna as a professor in 1862, the year he published his first paper. Beltrami later taught at universities in Pisa, Rome and Pavia. He died in Rome in 1900.

In 1868, (in *Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry*) Beltrami gave the first model of hyperbolic geometry. In Beltrami's model, lines of hyperbolic geometry are represented by geodesics on the pseudosphere. Thus, Beltrami provided the first proof that Euclid's parallel postulate could not be derived from the other axioms of Euclidean geometry.

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2017-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
The **Flag of Indonesia** is a bicolour flag with two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white (bottom) with an overall ratio of 2:3.

The flag of Indonesia is graphically identical to the Flag of Monaco, with a slight difference only in the ratio of its dimensions.

Usage
-----

The National Monument with a row of Indonesian flags
The Indonesian flag of *Ular-Ular Perang* variant used by Indonesian Navy
### Regulation and flag protocol

The flag is described in Article 35, Chapter XV, of the Constitution of Indonesia; Government Regulation No. 24/2009; and Government Regulation No. 40/1958.

> The national flag shall be *Sang Merah Putih* (The Red-White)
> 
> — Article 35, Chapter XV, Constitution of Indonesia

The raising of the flag should be conducted in the time between sunrise until sunset, but in certain circumstances, it can be done at night. In daily use, the flag should be flown at every commemoration such as the Indonesian Independence Day on 17 August every year, by the citizens who have a right to use it at house, building or office, schools, colleges, public and private transport and the representative office of Indonesia in overseas. The flag can be flown in maritime-based activity as well.

Indonesian sail training ship KRI Dewaruci at Sailabration 2012, Baltimore Inner Harbor, Maryland, USA
Indonesian Navy Ship with the flag of Indonesia flown (*Ular-Ular Perang* variant)
It can be used as the cover of the coffin of a President or former Presidents, Vice President or former Vice Presidents, Members of Cabinet, Speaker of People's Representative Council, and Head of Government, members of the Indonesian Armed Forces, and persons who are members of the Indonesian National Police who died in service, or an Indonesian citizen who made contributions to their nation as a badge of honor.
Clipart of a lady cleaning
**Housecleaning** is what people do to remove mess, trash, and dirt from where they live and put things where they belong so the house looks neat.

Housecleaning makes it easier to see the floor and furniture without clutter in the way. It also leaves fewer places for spiders and insects to live and removes dust so that people in the house can breathe more easily. Housecleaning may be sweeping the floor with a broom, cleaning rugs with a vacuum cleaner, cleaning clothes and putting them away, and washing windows. Washing a sponge, squeezing out the water, and placing it on a dish rack to dry is also part of housecleaning.

Clutter
-------

Clutter is things that either should not be in the house at all or have been put in the wrong place. A teacup in the middle of the floor is clutter. A teacup on its shelf is not clutter. Places people put things away on shelves, in drawers, and on hangers.

Health
------

Cleaning the house removes germs, dust and other things that can harm health. Dust can make people sneeze, cough, and get watery eyes. Dust can give people rashes and trouble breathing. Dust can come from smoke, cotton, small bits of soap, pollen, mold spores, dried cat saliva, pieces of spider web, skin flakes, cloth fibers, insect fibers, or tiny bits of food.

Cleaning chemicals
------------------

There are five main kinds of chemicals that people use for housecleaning:

1. Surfactants help water get things wet faster.
2. Alkaline chemicals like soap and baking soda can make mud and grease easier to wash away.
3. Acidic chemicals like vinegar, lemon juice and orange juice can make mustard, wine, tea, coffee, rust, dry soap suds, and limescale easier to wash away.
4. Flammable solvents like turpentine can make paint easier to wash away.
5. Disinfectants kill germs, fungus, and mold.

Other websites
--------------

* Bredenberg, Jeff. 1998. *Clean It Fast, Clean It Right. . .* Emmaus, PA: Rodale, Inc hardcover. ISBN 0-87596-509-1
James Franco, one of the most known actors for having portrayed the character.
**Harry Osborn** is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko for the *Amazing Spider-Man* #31 in 1965. He is the son of Norman Osborn and his mother died in childbirth. His father blames him for her death and as such is dismissive and impatient with him. Harry constantly tries and fails to win his father's approval. 

Harry meets Peter Parker at University and at first can't stand him. He later gets to know him better and becomes his best friend. Harry's father Norman then becomes the supervillain the Green Goblin and Harry starts to use drugs. Green Goblin then kills Spider-Man's girlfriend Gwen Stacy and accidentally kills himself during a battle with Spider-Man. Harry blames Spider-Man for his father's death and wants to get revenge by becoming a supervillain the second Green Goblin.

Harry Osborn in film
--------------------

Harry Osborn is played by James Franco in the 2002 *Spider-Man* movie. In it, Harry Osborne goes to high school with Peter Parker and is the only person aside from Mary-Jane Watson who is nice to him. Harry is Peter's best friend and does not get along well with his father.

Harry dates Mary-Jane Watson even though Peter loves her. Harry's father tells him that she is no different from Harry's mother and that all she cares about is his money. Harry defends her. She tells Harry that his father is a creep and Harry defends him.

Mary-Jane then breaks up with him. Harry later goes to win her back and realizes she is in love with Peter. Harry's father who is secretly the Green Goblin finds out from Harry that Peter loves Mary-Jane Watson. After he died Norman makes Peter swear not to tell Harry that he is the Green Goblin.

Harry swears to kill Spider-Man for revenge. In *Spider-Man 2* Harry is willing to work with Doctor Octopus to kill Spider-Man. At the end of the movie he is horrified to discover that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. In *Spider-Man 3*, Harry becomes a supervillain so that he can kill Spider-Man and avenge his father's death. 

In the end of the movie, he agrees to work with Spider-Man to rescue Mary-Jane Watson from the supervillains the Venom and the Sandman and Harry dies so that Peter can kill the Venom and rescue Mary-Jane.

Harry Osborn is played by Dane DeHaan in *The Amazing Spider-Man 2*.
**Beata Maria Szydło** (\*15th April 1963 in Oświęcim, Poland) - is a Polish politician, deputy of Parliament of Poland since 2005. She became Prime Minister of Poland on 16 November 2015. She's a member of Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice). She left the Prime Minister office on 11 December 2017 and was replaced by Mateusz Morawiecki.

Education
---------

In 1987 Szydło finished studies in ethnography at The Jagiellonian University in Kraków. From 1989 until 1995 she was a PhD student. In 1997 she finished postgraduate studies for managers of culture at Warsaw School of Economics. In 2001 she finished Cracow University of Economics - management of local government in the European Union.

In 2004 she participated in the International Visitor Leadership Program.

Political activity until 2015
-----------------------------

In 1998 she became mayor of community Gmina Brzeszcze. In 2005 she joined Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice) and she was elected the deputy of Polish parliament. She renewed parliamentary mandate in 2007.

In the 2011 parliamentary election Szydło remained the position of deputy. She received 43 612 votes. She renewed mandate in 2015. She was designated as the candidate for Prime Minister of Poland.

Prime Minister of Poland
------------------------

On 13 November 2015, the President of Poland Andrzej Duda nominated Szydło for Prime Minister of Poland. On 16 November she was established for the position. On 18 November her government received a vote of confidence and she delivered an exposé. In December 2017, she was replaced by Mateusz Morawiecki as Prime Minister.
Trapani.
Flag
Coat of arms
**Trapani** (Sicilian: *Tràpani*; Latin: *Drepanon*; Greek: Δρέπανον) is a city in western Sicily. It is the capital of the Province of Trapani. The city has population of around 69,000 people.

History
-------

The city was founded by the Elymians. It was created to serve as a port for the nearby city, Erice. The city was first called *Drépanon* (from the Greek word for sickle). Carthage captured the city in 260 BC, and made it an important naval base. The city was then captured by the Roman Republic after the Battle of the Aegates. The area would later be captured by the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantine Empire, Arabs and the Normans.

The city was damaged from World War II.

Culture
-------

Trapani is known for its Easter-related traditions. These traditions date back to at least 1612. The city also features the longest religious festival in Sicily and in Italy.

Gallery
-------

Panorama of Trapani.

Other websites
--------------

* Museum Agostino Pepoli Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
* Tuna fisheries Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Salt route

| * v
* t
* e
Sicily · *Comuni* of the Province of Trapani |
| --- |
| 
* Alcamo
* Buseto Palizzolo
* Calatafimi-Segesta
* Campobello di Mazara
* Castellammare del Golfo
* Castelvetrano
* Custonaci
* Erice
* Favignana
* Gibellina
* Marsala
* Mazara del Vallo
* Paceco
* Pantelleria
* Partanna
* Petrosino
* Poggioreale
* Salaparuta
* Salemi
* San Vito Lo Capo
* Santa Ninfa
* Trapani
* Valderice
* Vita

 |
**Peter Falconio** (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.

Story
-----

Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia. Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this. Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.

History
-------

Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared. Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death. Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun. He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them. Some people think that he raped some women too.

Result
------

This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called *Wolf Creek* was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.
The coat of arms of the family.
The **House of La Tour d'Auvergne** was a French noble family. They had great power and wealth during the 17th and 18th century in France. The family claimed to rule the Duchy of Bouillon from the year of 1456. The duchy was later ceded to France on 26 October 1795. The family had apartments at the Palace of Versailles and a grand townhouse in Paris (now destroyed). The family were notoriously arrogant. They schemed to marry their children well. They tried to gain favour with the royal family of the time. The duchy came into the family through the marriage of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne to Charlotte de La Marck who was a duchess in her own right. The family also claimed to be the sovereign rulers of the Principality of Sedan. The family used several lesser titles such as titles of Duke of Albret and Duke of Château-Thierry from 1651. They held the rank of "Foreign Princes" at Versailles. As such, they were entitled to use the style of *"Highness*".

Dukes of Bouillon
-----------------

The dukes were usually addressed by the style of *Serene Highness*. 

1. Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1555-1623)
2. Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1605-1652)
3. Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1636-1721)
4. Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668-1730)
5. Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne (1706-1771)
6. Godefroy Charles Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1728-1792)
7. Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne (1746-1802)

Jacques Léopold was the last Duke of Bouillon, and following the Napoleonic Wars the duchy was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Notable members and relations
-----------------------------

* Catherine de' Medici was the daughter of a La Tour d'Auvergne.
* Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France, younger brother of the second Duke of Bouillon.
* Marie Charlotte de La Tour d'Auvergne the Princess of Beauvau by marriage and painted by Jean Marc Nattier.
* Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne known as the *Cardinal de Bouillon* and a famous religious figure of his time.
* Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne known as the Count of Évreux, who also built the *Hôtel d'Évreux* in Paris the official residence of the President of the French Republic.
***Hatchet*** is a novel by American writer Gary Paulsen. It is about a boy named Brian who is in a plane crash. He has to survive out in the wild. There are also four more books in the complete saga, which means series, and they continue with Brian's story. =
The series is called *Brian's Saga*. They are:

* *Hatchet*
* *The River*
* *Brian's Winter*
* *Brian's Return*
* *Brian's Hunt*

Plot
----

Hatchet begins with the crash. The man flying the plane is called a pilot, and he has a heart attack. Brian tries to fly the plane, but it crashes into a lake. Brian survives, but the pilot does not. He is very tired and weak, so he rests by a tree. Mosquitoes, biting bugs who suck blood and leave itchy bumps, bite him during dawn, when the sun rises, and dusk, when the sun falls. Brian wakes up and eats some berries that make him sick, so he is careful the next day. Then he finds some sweet raspberries and meets a bear. Brian escapes without getting hurt. He keeps living in the wild for fifty-four days.
**Ceol** also spelled **Ceola** or **Ceolric** (c. 557 — 23 July 597) was the King of Wessex from 592 until his death in 597. His reign is mostly known thanks to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Early Life
----------

Ceol was born on 20 February 557. His father was Cutha, who was the son of King Cynric and the younger brother of Ceawlin who was then crown prince. 

Ceol grew up learning Archery, Science, History, and as well as learning to fight in battles. When Ceol grew older, his battle skills improved and that he quickly rose through the ranks.

Reign
-----

### Revolt against Ceawlin

In 584, Ceol's father was killed most likely on the orders of Ceawlin who was now king as Cutha attempted to overthrow him in the failed Revolt of 584 as Ceawlin accidentally killed Cutha's wife. Ceol was mad at his uncle for killing his father, who Ceol loved so much. However, Ceawlin exiled Ceol and his family away from Wessex. They lived in exile in Essex.

Seven years later in November 591, Ceol raised troops against Ceawlin in Essex and started another revolt against the king. Ceol and his troops captured every part of Wessex. They captured the many major cities in Wessex including Dorchester and the capital, Winchester. Ceawlin was eventually overthrown and exiled in Tuam, Chonnacht (present-day Ireland).

### Rule

Ceol, who was now king was crowned on 25 June 592 at Winchester Cathedral. The first thing Ceol did as king was to rebuild the kingdom as it has been destroyed during the rebellion. He ordered the reconstruction of the towns in Wessex that has been damaged.

Ceol then planned to reform the country and improve the literacy rate in the kingdom. He builded more schools for young kids to be educated. He also expanded the army and the navy of Wessex. He also created peace with neighbouring countries and as well as stabilising Wessex. However, for those who opposed his rule, Ceol would put them in prison. Thus Ceol became controversial and many people began opposing his rule.

### Downfall and Death

Because Ceol became super controversial and would put many people in prison, his younger brother, Ceolwulf started a revolt against Ceol and killed him. Ceolwulf eventually became the new king.

Legacy
------

Ceol has a great reputation. During his rule, Wessex became more powerful and the people would experience peace and prosperity. His son Cynegils would go on to become the King of Wessex after Ceol's younger brother, Ceolwulf died in 611. Ceol was considered a great and a solid king.
Current President of the German Bundestag is Bärbel Bas since 2021
The **President of the German Bundestag** (German: *Präsident des Deutschen Bundestages* or *Bundestagspräsident*) is the person that is in charge of the meetings of the German Bundestag, the parliament of Germany, whos duties is similar to a speaker. In the German order of precedence, the office is ranked second after the President and before the Chancellor.

Elections and customs
---------------------

The President of the Bundestag is elected by all members in the Bundestag, during a special time of the election period. The President has to be a member of the Bundestag. Until the election is over, the Father of the House is in charge of the Bundestag.

Usually, the President is part of the largest political party. The President can be reelected, but again he must be a member of the Bundestag again. The President also always has a Vice President (German: *Vizepräsident des Deutschen Bundestages* or *Bundestagsvizepräsident*).

Duties
------

The Presidents most important duty is to take charge of the meetings of the Bundestag. He decides the order of speakers and opens and closes the debates, and makes sure the meetings take place properly. If a big disruption happens, he has the power to not allow a certain member from meetings for up to 30 days.
**Hoverflies**, sometimes called 'flower flies' or 'syrphid flies', are the insect family **Syrphidae**. Hoverflies mimic wasp stripes, and are usually smaller than wasps. Thus to a bird they may look scarcely worth eating, and dangerous. 

As their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or sucking nectar at flowers. The adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods.

In some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in ponds and streams. In other species, the larvae are insectivores and prey on aphids, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects.

Aphids alone cause tens of millions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide every year. Hoverflies are important natural enemies of these pests, and can be used in biological control. Some adult syrphid flies are important pollinators. Some orchids mimic aphid alarm scent (pheromones), which attracts hoverflies. The hoverflies then pollinate the orchids.

About 6,000 species in 200 genera have been described. Hoverflies are common throughout the world and can be found on most continent except Antarctica.

Hoverflies are harmless to most other animals despite their mimicry of the black and yellow stripes of wasps. They are a classic example of Batesian mimicry. The Batesian mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat. Hover flies look roughly like little wasps, and their warning colouration is well-known to birds.

Unlike adults, the maggots of hoverflies feed on a variety of foods. Predatory species benefit farmers and gardeners, because aphids destroy crops. Hoverfly maggots are often used in biological control.

Related pages
-------------

* Halteres
* Mimicry
**Raymond Allen Liotta** (December 18, 1954 – May 26, 2022) was an American actor and movie producer. He was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. He was adopted when he was six months old. His movie roles include: Ray Sinclair in *Something Wild*, Shoeless Joe Jackson in *Field of Dreams*, Henry Hill in *Goodfellas*, Officer Pete Davis in *Unlawful Entry* and Detective Lieutenant Henry Oak in *Narc*. He won an Emmy Award for his role in *ER*. He is best known for playing villains and tough guys. He has also played sympathetic characters.

Career
------

One of Liotta's earliest roles was as Joey Perrini on the soap opera *Another World*. He appeared on the show from 1978 to 1981. In his first movie his character sexually assaulted Pia Zadora's character with a garden hose in the cult classic *The Lonely Lady*. In 1987, he earned his first Golden Globe nomination for *Something Wild*. In 1989, he costarred, along with Kevin Costner, in the fantasy/drama movie, *Field of Dreams*. Liotta was Shoeless Joe Jackson, the ghost of the famed baseball player. In 1990, Liotta was real-life mobster Henry Hill in Martin Scorsese's movie *Goodfellas*. In 1992, he costarred, along with Kurt Russell and Madeleine Stowe, in the thriller *Unlawful Entry* as a psychopathic cop. He also had a leading role in Sci-Fi/Action movie *No Escape*. Liotta earned more praise for James Mangold's movie *Cop Land*, starring alongside Sylvester Stallone, Robert De Niro and Harvey Keitel. In 1998, he received praise the crime movie *Phoenix*.

In addition to his movie roles, Liotta was singer Frank Sinatra in the 1998 TV movie *The Rat Pack*. He received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for this role. He provided the voice of Tommy Vercetti for the 2002 video game *Grand Theft Auto: Vice City*. He received an Independent Spirit Award nomination and a Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards nomination for Best Supporting Male for the movie *Narc*. He then reunited with director James Mangold in 2003 alongside John Cusack and Alfred Molina in the dark horror-thriller *Identity*. He also narrated *Inside the Mafia* for the National Geographic Channel in 2005. He appeared with John Travolta in the movie *Wild Hogs* and with Johnny Depp in the 2001 movie *Blow*.

In 2011, he starred in The Son of No One, opposite Channing Tatum and Al Pacino. Liotta's recent movies include *Date Night* with Steve Carell, *Charlie St. Cloud* with Zac Efron, the independent drama *Snowmen*, and *The River Sorrow*, which stars Liotta as a detective alongside Christian Slater and Ving Rhames.

Personal life
-------------

Liotta married actress Michelle Grace in February 1997. Their daughter, Karsen, was born in December 1998. The couple divorced in 2004. Liotta lived in Pacific Palisades, California.

Liotta died on May 26, 2022 while filming a movie in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic at the age of 67. The cause of death was heart failure and pulmonary edema.

Other websites
--------------

* Ray Liotta on IMDb
Syr Darya in Khujand, Tajikistan.
The **Syr Darya** is a river in Central Asia. Its name, which comes from Persian, means Syr Sea or Syr River. It starts in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan, flowing west and north-west for about 2,256 kilometers through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan. Eventually, it reaches the northern parts of the Aral Sea.

The Syr Darya is one of the two main rivers that feed into the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya. In the past, extensive irrigation projects diverted water from these rivers for farmland, leading to the shrinking of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake. The point where the river enters Uzbekistan from Tajikistan is the lowest elevation in Tajikistan, at 300 meters above sea level.

Name
----

The local name Syr (Sïr) appeared in the 16th century. In the 17th century, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, a historian and ruler of Khiva, referred to the Aral Sea as the "Sea of Sïr" or Sïr Tengizi.

The second part of the name, "darya," means "lake" or "sea" in Persian, and "river" in Tajik. This name has been used since the 18th century.
"Tatsu" redirects here. For the roller coaster, see Tatsu (roller coaster).
Buddha riding a Japanese Dragon, painting by artist Utagawa Kunisada (1860).
A **Japanese dragon**, also known as ***ryū*** or ***tatsu*** (龍 or 竜, "dragon") is a mythical animal from Japan.

Like other creatures called dragons, the Ryū is a big, fantastic animal that looks similar to a serpent, and is related to the Chinese *lóng* and the Korean *yong*. Like all these Asian dragons, it is shown without wings, has legs with claws, and usually lives in the ocean, the clouds, or heavens. Japanese dragons do not fly as often as the Chinese one, which is the reason why they usually appear much more like serpents. The *ryū* in art has only three toes, instead of the *lóng's* five or the *yong's* four.

Japanese dragons usually live in the sea. This is because Japan is an island, and the sea is present in most of its geography.

*Ryū* originated from China and is one of the four creatures from heavens of Japanese mythology (the other three are the phoenix, turtle and tiger). It has often been the symbol of the Emperor or of a hero.

Dragons in Japanese mythology
-----------------------------

In Japanese mythology, one of the first dragons is the Yamata-no-Orochi, a very big serpent with eight heads and eight tails. The serpent ate girls, and it was killed by Susanoo after Susanoo tricked the creature into becoming drunk on sake.

Dragons in later Japanese folklore were often good, perhaps because of influence from Chinese culture. In Urashima Tarō, the main character rescues a turtle which turns out to be the son of Ryūjin, the dragon king of the ocean.

Related pages
-------------

* Japanese mythology

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Japanese Mythology & Folklore** |
| **Mythic Texts and Folktales:**
 Kojiki | Nihon Shoki | Otogizōshi | Yotsuya Kaidan
 Urashima Tarō | Kintarō | Momotarō | Tamamo-no-Mae
 **Divinities:**
 Izanami | Izanagi | Amaterasu
 Susanoo | Ama-no-Uzume | Inari
 List of divinities | Kami | Seven Lucky Gods
 **Legendary Creatures:**
 Oni | Kappa | Tengu | Tanuki | Fox | Yōkai | Dragon
 **Mythical and Sacred Places:**
 Mt. Hiei | Mt. Fuji | Izumo | Ryūgū-jō | Takamagahara | Yomi |
***The Prince*** is a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli, who lived in the city of Florence in the country of Italy. The book was published in 1513. 

The book talks about politics and government. During his life, Machiavelli saw many changes in the government of Florence. He thought a lot about what a king or prince should do to make a strong government. In the book, he said the ruler had to get a lot of power. 

One of the things he said that made people worried, was that ethics and politics are different. A person might have to do things that are *wrong* to get power. This thought made his works scandalous.

Some people think that Machiavelli was being honest with his advice and saying what he really thought. Other people think that Machiavelli was playing a joke on princes who wanted too much power and did not care about what was right.

Other websites
--------------

* **Il Principe** (HTML e-book)
* **The Prince Book Archived 2021-02-26 at the Wayback Machine** Read the book online or download for free. Suitable for e-readers
**Ridhima Pandey** is an Indian environmental activist from India. She works for actions against climate change. She has been favoured to Greta Thunberg. During the age of 9 years, she filed against the Indian Government a case for not taking enough steps to fight for climate changes. She was also one of the people who complained cases to the United Nations. She is one of the several young climate activists. She stands against several nations' failure to take actions against the climate crisis.

Background
----------

Pandey lives in Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Her father is Dinesh Pandey. Her father works in Wildlife Trust India. Her father is also a climate activist and has worked in Uttarakhand in this capacity for 16 years. Her mother is Vinita Pandey. Her mother works for Forest Department of Uttarakhand.

Her interest in climate change started when her home has been affected by severe weather over the past three years. In 2013, over 1000 people died in cause of "2013 North India floods" and landslides. These also made her fell interested in these topics. Almost 100, 000 people had to be taken out from the disaster region. According to the World Bank, climate change is likely to increase pressure on the water supply in India.

Climate activism
----------------

### Legal actions against the Indian Government

At age of nine, Pandey filed a case against the Indian Government. Her case was based on the lack of the steps taken against climate change. Such steps had been agreed in the Paris Agreement. This court case was presented in the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Pandey also asked the Government to prepare a plan to reduce carbon emissions. She also asked about a nationwide plan to control the impacts of climate change.

In an interview with The Independent, Pandey said:

> "My Government has failed to take steps to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing extreme climate conditions. This will impact both me and future generations. My country has huge potential to reduce the use of fossil fuels, and because of the Government's inaction I approached the National Green Tribunal."
> 
> 

The NGT rejected her request. They said stating that it was *covered under the environment agreement assessment*.

### Complaint to the United Nations

During her application for a Norwegian visa to go to Oslo, she heard about an organization for young climate activists. She went to the organization. She was selected to go to New York City for the 2019 United Nations Climate Action summit. During the summit, on 23 September 2019, Pandey with 15 other children, complained to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. She accused Argentina, Brazil, Germany, France and Turkey for violating the "Convention on the Rights of the Child". It was because the said countries failed to explain the climate problems sufficiently.

Award
-----

Pandey was listed in the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020. She was also given the Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice in 16 December 2021 in New Delhi.
The path of Cyclone Tracy
**Cyclone Tracy** was a tropical cyclone that destroyed the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, 1974. It is the most compact tropical cyclone on record in Australia, with the gale force winds reaching out only 48 km (30 mi) from the centre. It is the second most compact cyclone in the world. Tropical Storm Marco of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season had gale-force winds reaching only 19 km (12 mi) from the centre. After forming over the Arafura Sea, the Tracy moved south and hit the city with Category 4 winds on the Australian cyclone scale. It is possible that it had reached Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale when it made landfall.

Tracy killed 71 people, caused $837 million in damage (1974 AUD) and destroyed more than 70% of Darwin's buildings, including 80% of the houses. Of the 49,000 people who lived in Darwin, 20,000 people were left homeless. More than 30,000 people had to leave the city. Most of Darwin's population were moved to Adelaide, Whyalla, Alice Springs and Sydney. Many people never returned to Darwin. The city was rebuilt using modern materials and updated building methods. Bruce Stannard of *The Age* stated that Cyclone Tracy was a "disaster ... without parallel in Australia's history."
The **sovereign** is a gold coin of the United Kingdom, with a nominal value of one pound sterling. 

It has been struck from 1817 until the present day. it was originally a circulating coin accepted in Britain and elsewhere in the world. Now it is a bullion coin and is sometimes mounted in jewellery. 

A **bullion coin** is a coin struck from precious metal and kept as a store of value or an investment, rather than used in day-to-day commerce. The United Kingdom defines investment coins as "coins that have been minted after 1800, have a purity of not less than 900 thousandths and are, or have been, legal tender in their country of origin".

In most recent years, it has the well-known design of Saint George and the Dragon on the reverse—the initials (B P) of the designer, Benedetto Pistrucci, is to the right of the date.

The British government promoted the use of the sovereign as an aid to international trade. The Royal Mint took lightweight gold coins out of circulation. From the 1850s until 1932, the sovereign was also struck at colonial mints, initially in Australia, and later in Canada, South Africa and India. They have been struck again in India since 2013 for the local market. The sovereigns issued in Australia initially carried a unique local design, but by 1887, all new sovereigns bore Pistrucci's George and Dragon design. Strikings there were so large that by 1900, about 40 per cent of the sovereigns in Britain had been minted in Australia.

With the start of the First World War in 1914, the sovereign vanished from circulation in Britain, replaced by paper money, and it did not return after the war, though issues at colonial mints continued until 1932. The coin was still used in the Middle East, and demand rose in the 1950s, which the Royal Mint eventually responded to by striking new sovereigns in 1957. It has been struck since then both as a bullion coin and, beginning in 1979, for collectors. Though the sovereign is no longer in circulation, it is still legal tender in the United Kingdom.
***Camelops*** is an extinct genus of camel which lived in North America during the Pleistocene. from two million years ago to about 10,000 years ago.

They were prey for the wolves, bears, lions and *Smilodon*. *Camelops* disappeared at the end of the last ice age, as did many other animals.

Changes in their environment
----------------------------

Evidence of its environment comes from Natural Trap Cave in Wyoming, and from Rancho La Brea in the modern Los Angeles area. These studies suggest that it was not, like modern camels, adapted to desert conditions. It lived in woodland and grasslands with mixed vegetation.

Before the climate change at about 11,000 years ago it lived in "conifer parklands" on the Montana-Wyoming border, and in "coastel shrublands" in California. After the climate change, what had been woodland became "deserts and treeless steppes of the sort so extensive in the present western U.S.A". Even the type of grass which grew there changed.

Evidently, for this animal, the climate change was very significant. Also, the arrival of man as a hunter may have made the situation worse. A few Clovis points have been found in the cave site.
**Aydın Aybay** (1929 – 6 March 2013) was a Turkish professor of civil law, writer and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences, the Maltepe University Faculty of Law and the Cumhuriyet Foundation.

Biography
---------

Aydın Aybay was born in Istanbul. He graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Law in 1953. In the same year, he started his academic career as a research assistant at department of civil law. He earned Doctor of Law degree in 1958 at the same faculty. He became associate professor (*doçent*) in 1963 and full professor in 1973.

In 1979, he founded Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences with his friends. After 1980 coup d'état, military administration sacked Aydın Aybay from university with many other academics. They are against coup d'état. In 1990s, he returned Istanbul University. In 1996, he retired from public university and started to lecture at the Maltepe University.

In January 2010, Aydın Aybay suffered lung cancer. He died of respiratory failure on 6 March 2013 in Istanbul.
A group of wisents
**Bisons** are large, even-toed ungulates. They are bovines, and are similar to cows. They are often called buffalo, but are not closely related to the African buffalo or water buffalo. 

Bison live in the northern part of the world. The American bison lives in North America where they once wandered around the prairies in huge herds. The wisent lives in Europe. Bison can also live in rugged areas.

American
--------

The American bison is the biggest mammals in North America. There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left. Through conservation efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s.

Further information: American bison

European
--------

European bison (wisent) tend to live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas and areas with increased shrubs and bushes, though they can also live on grasslands and plains.

Taxonomy
--------

They are classified in the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae.

* Genus *Bison*
	+ American bison (*Bison bison*)
	+ Wisent or European bison (*Bison bonasus*)

Life
----

They live to be about 20 years old and are born without their "hump" or horns, which both males and females have. After shedding their lightly colored hair, and with their horns, they are grown at 2 to 3 years of age, but males keep growing slowly until seven years. Adult bulls are very dominant in mating season. Adult bison usually have one or two baby bison.
This article is about the modern child welfare system of putting children who are in state custody in the homes of temporary caregivers. For the social practice of children being brought up by families not their own, see Fosterage.
**Foster care** is a term used to describe when a child is living and looked after by a family which is not their own. The child may be put into foster care because their own parents are not able to look after them. When it comes to making sure that your foster child feels welcomed into their new home, you would need to do more than just open the front door for them. Welcoming a foster child into your home is like a balancing act. 

There may be several reasons why this may happen. The parents may be very ill or unable to control their own lives, perhaps because of alcoholism or drug addiction. They may be in prison or the children may be threatened with violence in their own home. Children are put into foster care so that they are safe and can live a more normal life in someone else's home.

When a child is fostered there has to be a legal agreement. The person who looks after them instead of their own parents is called a "foster parent". The child is made a "ward" of court, which means that power is given through the court of law to the foster parent to look after them. The foster parent(s) is *"in loco parentis"*, meaning: "in the place of the parent". They can make decisions about the child because the real parent(s) are not able to do this.

The laws about fostering children are, of course, not the same in different countries around the world.

In most Western countries fostering can sometimes be a long-term arrangement, perhaps until the child has become an adult. However, in many cases the child may be able to return to their own family later if their family life has changed.

Foster parents are paid by the state to look after the children.

Adoption is different from foster care. Adoption is taking into one's family (a child of other parents), especially by a formal legal act.

Fosterage is not the same as foster care. Some societies have arrangements whereby children are brought up in other families. This is a social matter, not a legal matter. This can be described as "fosterage".

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  "How To Become A Foster Parent In The U.S". *FREE Press Release Distribution*. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
2. ↑  *Macmillan Dictionary for Students* Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), page 14. Retrieved 2010-7-21.
Cotton ready for harvest.
Cottonseed trade, 2005 harvest
**Cotton** is a dumb, natural fiber that grows with the. Messi is the goat.seeds of the cotton plant. (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.) After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth. The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things. People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.

There are different types of cotton plants. Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. This is how cotton was discovered many years ago. Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations. Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers. Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world. The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. The word "cotton" comes from the Arabic word "qutn".Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.

Cotton plants
After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

Other websites
--------------

* Cotton -Citizendium
Path of 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane
The **1944 Great Atlantic hurricane** was a severe tropical cyclone. The entire U.S. Atlantic seaboard was affected in September 1944. The hurricane struck several states from North Carolina to New York and central New England. The storm killed 300-400 people. It caused $100 million in damage.

Warnings
--------

During World War II, the US kept radio silence about military information including weather. The government was aware that German U-boats patrolled the coastal waters. Hurricane-warning flags were posted at coast guard stations and post offices. But weather forecasters wanted the public to know this was a monster storm. The Hurricane Warning Centers in Miami, San Juan, Washington DC and Boston issued a total of 51 warnings. In New York city alone there were thousands of phone calls made and received between September 12 and 15.

Path
----

On September 9, 1944, it was first discovered just northeast of Puerto Rico. It was already at hurricane strength. Weather reconnaissance aircraft discovered the eye of the storm over the northern part of the Bahamas. The Miami office of the National Hurricane Center named it "Great Atlantic Hurricane" because of its great size. For the next few days it moved steadily in a west-northwest direction. On September 12, 1944, reconnaissance aircraft reported the storm was growing stronger. At this time the winds were reported at over 150 mph and it was about 500 miles across.

At 10 pm on 14 September the hurricane made landfall on eastern Long Island. At this point it was a category 3 hurricane. It passed just south of Boston, Massachusetts. It moved out to sea at 1:00 am on 15 September. The storm weakened into a tropical storm as it passed near the coast of Maine. It then moved into New Brunswick,Canada. On 15 September it became extratropical. It then merged with another weather system southwest of Greenland.

Damages
-------

### Shipping

The hurricane caused a great deal of damage to World War II military ships. Five ships were sunk. The destroyer USS *Warrington* capsized with a loss of 248 men. The minesweeper *YMS-409* also capsized. The United States Coast Guard Cutters *Bedloe* and *Jackson* sank off the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Between the two 47 men were lost. The Coast Guard Lightvessel *Vineyard Sound* was sunk. The entire crew was lost.

### New Jersey

New Jersey was one of the hardest hit states. Nine were killed and 390 were injured. More than 400 homes were completely destroyed with about 3,000 damaged. Atlantic City got the worst part of the storm. Heavy flooding and high winds caused a great deal of damage. Reports said there were tidal waves 50 to 60 feet high.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hurricane Seven (1944)***.

* Storm Stories: 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, YouTube
* GREAT ATLANTIC HURRICANE 1944, trees at Rockefeller center
**Ryanair** is an Irish low-cost airline. It was started in 1985. It is based in Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport. Ryanair goes to 165 cities. These are mostly across Europe. Ryanair has a fleet of 505 Boeing 737 aircraft. The airline carried 160.4 million passengers in 2022.

Ryanair adds on charges, such as for putting luggage in the hold, booking a seat and asking for a seat with extra legroom which in other airlines are included in the ticket price. This is called drip pricing. In 2023 they started charging passengers for boarding passes.

History
-------

Ryanair was founded in 1985 by Irish businessman Tony Ryan. It carried 82000 passengers in its first year of operations.

In 1998 the airline ordered 45 Boeing 737-800 aircraft. This order was followed up in 2001 with additional order for 155 737s.

In 2013 Ryanair announced that it would be introducing a number of customer service improvements in the coming months in an attempt to improve its image.

Ryanair announced in 2018 that it would be buying Austrian low-cost airline Laudamotion from motor-racing champion Niki Lauda. The airline was subsequently renamed Lauda. Lauda was shut down in late 2020, with the business's assets being transferred to the Malta based company Lauda Europe.

Destinations
------------

 Destinations of Ryanair

Gallery
-------

* Ryanair BAC 1-11 at Dublin Airport in 1993.Ryanair BAC 1-11 at Dublin Airport in 1993.
* Head office of RyanairHead office of Ryanair
* Ryanair Boeing 737-200Ryanair Boeing 737-200
* Ryanair Boeing 737-800 at Toulouse Blagnac International Airport.Ryanair Boeing 737-800 at Toulouse Blagnac International Airport.
* Ryanair boarding place outside.Ryanair boarding place outside.

Related pages
-------------

* EasyJet
* Southwest Airlines

Other websites
--------------

* Ryanair.com