recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ali** (Arabic: علي‎, *ʿAlī*) is a male Arabic name derived from the Arabic root ʕ-l-w, which literally means "high", "elevated", "champion", "king of kings", or "emperor". Islamic traditional use of the name goes back to the Islamic leader Ali ibn Abi Talib but the name is also present among some pre-Islamic Arabs (e.g. Banu Hanifa, some rulers of Saba and Himyar) and identical in form and meaning to the Hebrew: עֵלִי‎, *Eli*, which goes back to the High Priest Eli in the biblical Books of Samuel. The pronunciation of the name is [ **ah**-lee, ah-**lee** *for 1-4*; ah-**lee** *for 5* ].  This name was ranked #339 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

The name *Ali* also arises in other traditions. Among English-speakers as short for male and female names starting with "Al-" such as Alice, Alison, Alisha, Alistair, Alexander, or Alexandra. In Old Norse, Áli and Åle are alternate forms of Onela. Ali is also a Finnish male given name, derived from *Aleksanteri*. 

It is also a relatively popular name in English, ranking #339 in 2021 and is more commonly used in the language male.

Islam
-----

* Al-Ali (The Sublimely Exalted)*, one of the 99 names of God in Islam'*
* Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, fourth Caliph of Sunni Islam, first Shia imam.

Given male name
---------------

* Ali Hassan al-Majid, Iraqi politician and military commander
* Ali Mirzaei, Iranian weighlifter
* Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of Iran

Given female name
-----------------

* Ali Brown, (born 1971), American author

Surname
-------

* Aamir Ali, Indian television actor
Dr. Bret Weinstein is a biologist whose area of study is evolution.

Evergreen State University
--------------------------

Weinstein was a professor at Evergreen State University. Evergreen had a tradition where black students would not go there one day a year called The Day of Absence to remind everyone how much they needed black people. Then the college decided to say that from now on The Day of Absence would have to be all white students who would not come during the Day of Absence. Dr. Bret Weinstein said that telling white people not to go to school one day a year was racist and therefore opposed it. Several students launched riots in protest and accused him of being a white supremacist. Dr. Bret Weinstein and his wife Dr. Heather Heying then quit and were interviewed about what happened by Bari Weiss, Tucker Carlson, Dave Rubin, Eric Weinstein, Ben Shapiro and Joe Rogan.

Documentary
-----------

Dr. Bret Weinstein was in the documentary No Safe Spaces with Dennis Prager and Adam Carolla.

Books
-----

Bret Weinstein and his wife Dr Heather Heying wrote a book called A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide to Life in the 21st Century and co-host a podcast called The Dark Horse Podcast.

Controversies
-------------

Bret Weinstein has caused controversy due to him believing that Ivermectin can be used to treat Covid and because of him not believing that the Covid vaccine works. Bret Weinstein is also part of the Intellectual dark web.

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**Bangladeshis** (Bengali: বাংলাদেশী [ˈbaŋladeʃi]) are the citizens of Bangladesh, a South Asian country centered on the transnational historical region of Bengal along the Bay of Bengal.

Citizenship
-----------

Bangladeshi citizenship was formed in 1971. This was when the permanent residents of the former East Pakistan were transformed into citizens of a new republic. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation. The vast majority of Bangladeshis are ethnolingustically Bengalis, an Indo-Aryan people who are mainly Muslim. The population of Bangladesh is concentrated in the fertile Bengal delta. It has been the center of urban and agrarian civilizations for millennia. The country's highlands, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts and parts of the Sylhet Division, are home to various tribal minorities.

Muslims
-------

Bengali Muslims are the predominant ethnoreligious group of Bangladesh with a population of 135.5 million. This makes up 90.4% of the country's population as of 2011. The minority Bengali Hindu population made up approximately 8.54% of the population of the country according to the 2011 Census Non-Bengali Muslims make up the largest immigrant community; while the Tibeto-Burman Chakmas, who speak the Indo-Aryan Chakma language, are the largest indigenous ethnic group after Indo-Aryan Bengalis. The Austroasiatic Santals are the largest aboriginal community.

Diaspora
--------

The Bangladeshi diaspora is concentrated in the Arab world, North America, Canada and the United Kingdom. A significant number of Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) have dual citizenship in different countries.
**Alia Advani** (born 31 July 1991) is an Indian actress. She is professionally known as **Kiara Advani** ([kɪˈjaːraː əɽˈʋaːɳi]). She mainly appears in Hindi movies. She made her acting debut in the 2014 comedy movie *Fugly*. The film was a flop at the box-office. Advani got her first successful role in the 2016 sports biopic *M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story*. She was in a brief role in the movie. Her career progressed with a role in the Telugu political drama *Bharat Ane Nenu* (2018). In 2019, Advani starred in the Hindi romantic drama *Kabir Singh* and the comedy *Good Newwz*.

Early life and background
-------------------------

Advani was born on 31 July 1992 in Bombay, Maharashtra. Her father Jagdeep Advani is a Sindhi Hindu businessman. Her mother Genevieve Jaffrey is a teacher. Her maternal father was a Muslim from Lucknow. Her maternal grandmother was a Christian of Scottish, Irish, Portuguese, and Spanish ancestry. She was born as Alia Advani. She changed her first name to Kiara before the release of her first movie *Fugly* in 2014. She has said that Salman Khan suggested her to change the name from Alia to Kiara.

She changed her name because Alia Bhatt had the same name, and was already an established actress. In an interview to *Filmfare* in 2019, she said that the name was inspired from Priyanka Chopra's character Kiara in the movie *Anjaana Anjaani*.She is the eldest child of Jagdeep Advani and Genevieve Advani. Advani has a younger brother, Mishaal Advani. She is also related to many celebrities through her maternal family. Actors Ashok Kumar and Saeed Jaffrey are her step-great-grandfather and great-uncle respectively. The Model, Shaheen Jaffrey is her aunt.

Career
------

Advani made her acting debut with the 2014 comedy-drama *Fugly*. It was directed by Kabir Sadanand. She acted alongside an ensemble. The cast includes Mohit Marwah, Arfi Lamba, Vijender Singh, and Jimmy Sheirgill. The movie was a flop at the box office.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kiara Advani***.

* Kiara Advani on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
* Kiara Advani at Bollywood Hungama
* Kiara Advani on Twitter Edit this at Wikidata

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**Craig Plestis** is the president and CEO of **Smart Dog Media**, a reality programming production company. Pletis is an executive producer of *The Masked Singer* and *I Can See Your Voice*. Pletis was the executive producer behind the NBC singing game show, *The Winner Is* hosted by Nick Lachey, in parnership with Taipa Media. Pletis was also the creator and executive producer of more than 70 episodes of the game show hits *Minute to Win It*, hosted by Guy Fieri, and the winner of the International FRAPA Award for the Best Studio Based Game Show. He also executive produced NBC's *Who Still Standing?*, a game show that featured contestants falling through trap doors after answering trivia questions incorrectly.

Later, Smart Dog Media launched *Robot Combat League*, the world's first giant fighting robot competition series for the Syfy Channel in 2013.

As the NBC's former Executive Vice President, Alternative Programming, Craig Pletis oversaw all alternative programming and development for the network, including the game show hit series *Deal or No Deal*, *The Biggest Loser*, *The Apprentice*, *The Singing Bee*, *America's Got Talent*, and *1 vs. 100*, among others. His responbilities also included overseeing NBC's Golden Globe Awards.

In March 2021, it was reported that Pletis had strikes a deal with Japan's Tokyo Broadcasting System to develop unscripted formats, for the U.S. and Global markets. One month later, he became executive producer for the new TV series *Unicorn Hunters*, a business investment show.

Other websites
--------------

* NBC Universal
* Forbes
* Craig Plestis at IMDb
For other uses, see Fox (disambiguation).

Blanford's Fox (*Vulpes cana*) photographed in southern Israel. It is a small fox with a long, bushy tail. The tail is a counterbalance when running or climbing. This fox occurs in the mountainous parts of the Negev and Judean Deserts, on rocky slopes. They feed mostly on beetles, grasshoppers, ants and termites.
A **fox** is a small mammalian carnivore. They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice). They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries. Sometimes they eat carrion. Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.

Twelve species belong to the *Vulpes* genus of monophyletic "true foxes". There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.

The fox has pointed ears, narrow snout, and a bushy tail.

Foxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups. A female fox is called a *vixen*, and a male is called a *dog*. Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs. Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather. It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime. Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members. The tail is also used for balance while running.

Foxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions. They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way. The most common fox species is the red fox. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs. This is now banned.

"Most agricultural damage is caused by rabbits, and this can be considerable. Yet in lowland areas, rabbits comprise 45 to 70 per cent of the diet of foxes... One study estimated that, over its lifetime, each fox was worth between £150 and £900 in increased revenue to farmers... A strong argument against killing foxes".

True foxes
----------

The informal term 'true fox' refers to members of the ***Vulpes*** genus.

There are 12 species of *Vulpus*. They are:

* Bengal fox, *Vulpes bengalensis*
* Blanford's fox, *Vulpes cana*
* Cape fox, *Vulpes chama*
* Corsac fox, *Vulpes corsac*
* Tibetan sand fox, *Vulpes ferrilata*
* Arctic fox, *Vulpes lagopus*
* Kit fox, *Vulpes macrotis*
* Pale fox, *Vulpes pallida*
* Rüppell's fox, *Vulpes rueppellii*
* Swift fox, *Vulpes velox*
* Red fox, *Vulpes vulpes* (includes silver fox)
* Fennec fox, *Vulpes zerda*

A red fox in Sussex, England
The arctic fox is included in this genus as *Vulpes lagopus*. There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.

Some species of true fox are extinct. Fossils have been found of:

* *Vulpes hassini*
* *Vulpes praeglacialis* Kormos
* *Vulpes riffautae*

Related pages
-------------

* *The Fox and the Grapes*
In any two-party system of politics, a **third party** is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.

The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party. Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called *minor parties* or *fringe parties*.

Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties. Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

Notable examples
----------------

### United Kingdom

* Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
* Democratic Unionist Party
* Green Party of England and Wales
* Liberal Democrats
* Plaid Cymru
* Scottish National Party
* Sinn Féin
* Social Democratic and Labour Party

### United States

* Alliance Party
* American Independent Party
* Communist Party USA
* Green Party of the United States
* Libertarian Party
* Party for Socialism and Liberation
* People's Party

Related pages
-------------

* Independent politician
**Christopher Montague Woodhouse**, (11 May 1917 – 13 February 2001) known as *C. M. Woodhouse*, was a British Conservative politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for *Oxford* in the county of Oxfordshire, from 1959 to 1966 and again from 1970 to 1974. He was also a visiting Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1956 to 1964.

Woodhouse, was an expert on Greek affairs after he first got involved with resistance forces in Greece against the Germans during the Second World War, and then having served in the British Embassy.

Woodhouse also worked at the British Embassy in Tehran from 1951 to 1952 and played a central role in organizing the 1953 Iranian coup d'état that brought down the democratically elected government of Mohammad Mosaddegh.

Early Life and Military Service
-------------------------------

Montague Woodhouse, son of *Horace Woodhouse, 3rd Baron Terrington*, was educated at Winchester College and later at New College, Oxford, where he achieved a double first in Classics. Enlisting in the Royal Artillery in 1939, he served throughout World War II, rising to the rank of colonel and earning the *Distinguished Service Order* and Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1944. Woodhouse's love for Greece grew during his service, particularly in his role as the Second-in-Command of the *Harling Force* in mainland Greece.

Government Service
------------------

Following World War II, Woodhouse served as Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Athens until 1946. He then returned to Britain, engaging in various industrial and academic roles. Woodhouse worked at the British Embassy in Tehran from 1951 to 1952 and played a pivotal role in organizing the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. Later, from 1955 to 1959, he served as the Director General at the Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Operation Boot and Parliamentary Career
---------------------------------------

Woodhouse, as an MI6 agent, was involved in Operation Boot in Iran in the 1950s, aiming to resist a potential Soviet attack. He entered Parliament in 1959 and served in Conservative governments, holding positions such as Parliamentary Secretary for Aviation and Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office. Woodhouse faced defeat in 1966 but returned to Parliament in 1970, ultimately losing his seat in 1974.

Personal Life
-------------

Married to Lady *Davidema Katharine Cynthia Mary Millicent Bulwer-Lytton*, Woodhouse had three children. He succeeded to the barony in 1998 and lost his seat in the House of Lords in 1999 due to legislative changes.

Writings
--------

C. M. Woodhouse authored several books, including "Modern Greece: A Short History," "The Philhellenes," and "The Rise and Fall of the Greek Colonels." Before his death in 2001, he completed the translation of the 10-volume "History of the European Spirit" by former Greek Prime Minister *Panayiotis Kanellopoulos*.
**William Morris** (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was an English wallpaper, furniture and fabric designer, artist, writer, and socialist. He was born in Walthamstow in North East London.

Life
----

Morris was educated at Marlborough and Exeter College, Oxford. In 1856, he became an apprentice to Gothic revival architect G. E. Street but his apprenticeship lasted only about eigth months; thus he never qualified as an architect. That year he founded the *Oxford and Cambridge Magazine*. In 1861, Morris founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. This had a great impact on the decoration of churches and houses in the early 20th century. Morris's major contribution was as a designer of repeating patterns for wallpapers and textiles. This was mainly based on a close observation of nature. He was also a major contributor to the resurgence of traditional textile arts and methods of production.

Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life, among others *Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs* (1876). His best-known works include *The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems* (1858), *The Earthly Paradise* (1868–1870), *A Dream of John Ball* (1888) and the utopia *News form Nowhere* (1890). His poetry was strongly influenced by Geoffrey Chaucer's work. This influence can be seen in the use of rhyme royal.

The Kelmscott Chaucer
William Morris designed his own furniture. He was frustrated, because he could not find any furniture he liked, so he decided, he wanted to design his own furniture, but it was mostly wallpaper designs.

Morris was an important person in the emergence of socialism in Great Britain. He founded the Socialist League in 1884. However, he broke with the movement over goals and methods by the end of that decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891. The 1896 Kelmscott edition of the *Works of Geoffrey Chaucer* is considered a masterpiece of book design.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***William Morris***.

* William Morris, *The Earthly Paradise*. Archived 2016-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Works by William Morris at Project Gutenberg.
The **marketing mix** is the combination of elements necessary to the planning and execution of the total marketing operation. The total marketing operation mainly consists of three 
processes : Analyzing the situation of companies, STP, and **Marketing mix**. Marketing 
managers first analyzes the situation of the company and then conduct STP : Segmentation, 
Targeting, Positioning. In STP, they segment the market, choose the target market in which 
the company can have competitive advantages and determine what is to be their products' 
position in the market, and then they design the marketing mix. In the process, marketing 
managers should design an internally consistent and mutually supportive marketing mix.

It was specifically divided into the 4Ps : Product, Placement, Price and 
Promotion by E.Jerome McCarthy in 1960, and from then it has been dealt with various 
variables. These variables include not only goods and services but usage, 
value, image and so on.

Relative importance among 4Ps
-----------------------------

In devising the marketing strategy : the total marketing operation, it is usually said that getting a competitive advantage should be considered importantly than any other factors. Thus, product and price is firstly determined because in the case they could be seen more related to the competitive advantage. In that case, decision-making about place and promotion is considered relatively later after determining the strategic position of the products by comparing rival products and then giving relative quality of products, price of products to the market. However, it is usual way of using marketing mix, and the relative importance of each mix can be different in many cases in terms of the situation of the market, the characteristic of the product, the characteristic of the company and so on. Thus, place or promotion can be the highest priority in any cases. In conclusion, marketing managers must pursue the most appropriate marketing mix with a bid to achieving competitive advantage using minimum effort.
**Adam Warlock**, originally known as **Him**, is a fictional character that appears sometimes as an anti-hero and as a protagonist in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in *Fantastic Four* #66 in September of 1967 in cocoon form, and #67 in October of 1967 in humanoid form, and was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Jack Kirby. Debuting in the Silver Age of comic books, the character has appeared in over four decades of Marvel publications, and starred in the popular titles *Marvel Premiere* and *Strange Tales* as well as five self-titled volumes and several related limited series.

A humanoid created by the Enclave under the name ''Him'', the being that would be known as Adam Warlock was given guidance under the High Evolutionary before being a champion of Counter-Earth. Warlock would soon play pivotal in protecting the universe from numerous threats, such as his enemy Man-Beast and his nemesis and sometimes ally Thanos. Powerful yet mysterious, Warlock is destined to act as the avatar of life yet faces against his evil future self, Magus and his destructive counterpart, Goddess. He has founded the Guardians of the Galaxy and Infinity Watch, and has been a member of the Cosmic Avengers.

Adaptations
-----------

The character has been adapted in various forms of media, including animated television series, and video games. The character has appeared in the *Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy* in both incarnations as Warlock and Magus*.* Adam Warlock, portrayed by Will Poulter, made his live-action debut in *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3* (2023), which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Steam engine of a former coal mine
**Technological change** is when the use of technology in a society or culture changes over time. This process is also knwon as **technological development**. Speaking from the point of view of economics, technological change makes it possible to get more output with the same input, or to get the same output, with less input. Often, technological change also affects the quality of the product, which improves over time. As an example, the development of the steam engine was linked to the industrial revolution:. Technological change also affect society: Often, society changes as a result of technological change. To stay with the example of the industrial revolution: In the industrial revolution, many factories were built, and people who worked in these factorires were needed. The work of the factory worker was very different from the work people did before. A whole social class of factory workers developed. As technolgoical change improves efficiencvy, very ofren, it is also linked to unemployment: Fewer people are needed to produce the same output, so some are laid off. 

According to Joseph Schumpeter, there are five different types of technological development:

1. The launch of a new product
2. The introduction of a new production method
3. A new market becomes accessible, or is created
4. A new source is made available for the componewnts or parts of a product
5. A new form of organizazing a company is introduced
***Migration*** is an American animated adventure comedy film. It was made using computers and produced by Illumination, then released by Universal Pictures. Benjamin Renner directed it, with Guylo Homsy as co-director and Mike White as the writer. The story was created by White and Renner. The film features the voices of Kumail Nanjiani, Elizabeth Banks, Keegan-Michael Key, Awkwafina, David Mitchell and Danny DeVito.

In February 2022, Illumination revealed their movie "Migration" and appointed Renner, Homsy, and White as the director, co-director, and writer. Renner, who is experienced in directing traditional animated films, was assigned the job of adjusting his uncomplicated drawing style for a computer-animated film. By bringing Renner on board, Chris Meledandri, the CEO and producer of the studio, aimed to emphasize the filmmaker's vision for the project, diverging from Illumination's recent films. John Powell will create the music, marking his second collaboration with Illumination after The Lorax (2012).
In some forms of the religion Islam, **Nikah mut'ah** is a form of marriage. It is also called **Sigheh**. Unlike Nikāḥ, which is the other form of marriage in Islamic law, a Nikah mut'ah marriage does not last for the two people's whole lives. It lasts only limited time. Nikah mutah is about sexual pleasure. The Twelver Shia Muslims say that Nikah mut'ah is legal, but most other Muslims disagree.

Conditions
----------

Some things must be true for a Nikah mut'ah:

* The bride must not be married to anyone else at the time
* If she has never been married, her legal guardian must agree
* She must be a Muslim, or among the People of the Book (which means Christians, Jews, and Muslims, mostly)
* After the contract ends, she must not have sex with anyone for some time. This is usually three months. This is so people will know that the father of any children she has if she becomes pregnant was her husband.

Nikah mut'ah is different from the other form of marriage in other ways too:

* The husband is not required to provide alimony or shelter for his wife
* There's no way to settle an inheritance in favor of the partner if one of the two dies

Nikah mut'ah does not have to be publicly announced. Islam says that Muslim men may have only four and no more, but this only applies to Nikah-marriages.

According to Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the Nikah mut'ah is the only way a Muslim can marry a person of the Book who is not Muslim. He says Nikah is not possible with non-Muslims. Other Ayatollahs say that Muslims can marry non-Muslim people of the book.

Criticism
---------

Nikah mut'ah has been used to cover child prostitution. Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah is similar to prostitution. Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution allowed by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to make a difference between marriage (nikah) and mut'ah. She also says that while nikah is for having children, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.
Full movie from the Library of Congress
*Duck and Cover* is a United States civil defense movie for children from 1951. Like civil defense training movies for adults, this movie was prepared for children and was widely shown to United States school children in the 1950s. It teaches students what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. The movie shows an animated tortoise named Bert who explains how to protect oneself from a nuclear explosion by using duck and cover position.

At the time during the Cold War, relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were bad, and both countries were arming themselves with more modern weapons, especially nuclear weapons, which they Nuclear explosions to date|tested, and the United States was also fighting the Soviet Union's allies North Korea and China in the Korean War.

The movie was funded by the United States Federal Civil Defense Administration, was filmed in 1951 and was released in January 1952. The movie was written by Raymond J. Mauer, directed by Anthony Rizzo of Archer Productions, narrated by actor Robert Middleton, and made with the help of schoolchildren from New York City and Astoria, New York.

The movie is in the public domain, and is widely available in the Internet, on websites such as YouTube. The movie is also available on DVD.

In 2004, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Other pages
-----------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Duck and Cover***.

* *Duck and Cover* on IMDb
* *Duck and Cover* at the TCM Movie Database
The three worlds as they were separated during the Cold War era, each with its respective allies as of the period between 30 April 1975 (the capture of Saigon) and 23 August 1975 (the communist takeover in Laos). Colors do not represent current economic development.
  First World: the United States and its allies.
  Second World: the Soviet Union, China, and their allies.
  Third World: neutral and non-aligned countries.
**First World** or **Developed World** is a term used in geopolitics and economics to refer to the richer and more developed nations. In these countries, the majority of the people are in the middle class and enjoy a good standard of living. This term is being used less, as terms like *global North* and *developed world* become more common.

List of First World nations
---------------------------

* Andorra
* Australia
* Cold War Map Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* Climates of the world TDWG Regions Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Japan
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Portugal
* San Marino
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Vatican City
The **Huronian glaciation** (or Makganyene glaciation) lasted from 2400 million years ago (mya) to 2100 mya, during the Paleoproterozoic era. 

The glaciation was named after evidence got from Lake Huron region in North America. There, three separate horizons of glacial deposits are separated by non-glacial sediment.

This was one of the most severe and longest ice ages in geologic history. It was similar to the Snowball Earth ice ages that happened later, in the Neoproterozoic era.

The glaciations were probably triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), which removed atmospheric methane (a greenhouse gas), and eventually supplied free oxygen to the atmosphere. The alternate warm and ice age periods was probably caused by a repeating cycle. Cyanobacteria flourished in the warm periods, producing huge amounts of oxygen. The oxygen removed the free methane, and used up carbon dioxide. This caused the temperature to crash. This slowed down the bacteria. So the temperature rose again.

However, it is also possible that there was a 250 million year lull in volcanic activity, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels and so reduced greenhouse effect.
In 1953, there was an **Iranian coup d'état** to remove the Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadeq, from power. The coup d'état was nicknamed **Operation Ajax**. The coup was planned by the CIA and Britain's MI6 in August 1953.

Causes
------

In 1951, Mossaddeq was the chairman of Iran's Oil Committee. He was highly supported by the people of Iran. At that time, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was in power. The Majlis (Iranian Parliament) voted for a law to *nationalize* (take the company away from the people who owned it and make it owned by the government) the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, an oil company in Iran.

Mossaddeq was elected Prime Minister of Iran in April 1951. His first action as Prime Minister was to put the oil nationalization in place.

The British government had a plan for a coup d'etat to remove Mossadeq from power. They managed to get the United States CIA to help with the coup. The coup was planned by Monty Woodhouse. It was carried out by MI6 and the CIA, and led by General Fazlollah Zahedi, who later went into exile.

Later
-----

Mossaddeq was replaced by Fazlollah Zahedi, but Mossaddeq refused to step down. A military dictatorship was put in place. Shah Pahlavi was put back in power. (Pahlavi was in power before this, but he was forced to put Mossadeq back in power at the time.) This made the people angry. They would later start the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The revolution put the Ayatollah Khomeini in power.
**Brett Cooper** (b. 12 October 2001) is an American singer, actress YouTuber and political commentator. She works for The Daily Wire. Cooper is the host of *The Comments Section with Brett Cooper* on YouTube.

Early Life
----------

Brett Cooper was born in 2001. Cooper has said that when her mother told her father she was pregnant he wanted her to get an abortion but she said no. Cooper also said that when she was a child her parents didn’t let her watch Disney movies. When she was 5 years old, Cooper became an actress.

Movie and TV Career
-------------------

Brett Cooper was on Broadway until she was 10 and got a lot taller. Cooper still played someone in the movie Parental Guidance. When she was 13, Cooper played Jessica, a girl who likes fencing in Gortimer Gibbon. When she was 15, Cooper played the main character in a short film. She also played a policeman's daughter in the television show Shots Fired.

Emancipation
------------

When she was 15 Cooper had herself "emancipated" meaning that she was legally not her parents’ responsibility anymore.

Heathers
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In 2018, Cooper played a character called Trailer Parker (who is bullied for being poor) in the Television show Heathers.

Daily Wire
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Brett Cooper stopped acting in Hollywood after she chose not to get the Vaccine for COVID-19 and she instead started to write right-wing political commentary for the Foundation for Economic Education, Prager University, and Turning Point USA. She then started working for Ben Shapiro at The Daily Wire and got her own podcast called The Comments Section with Brett Cooper.

Daily Wire +
------------

After the Daily Wire created its own Streaming Service called Daily Wire Plus or DW+ then Brett Cooper started acting for them in their Television show The Pendragon Cycle about King Arthur and playing Snow White in their Movie Snow White and the Evil Queen.
The **Datschiburger Kickers** are a charity association football team from Augsburg with a changing line-up. The team featured well-known athletes, local Augsburg celebrities and show stars. The team was founded in 1965 by Max Gutmann, an Augsburg entrepreneur and promoter of sports and science, and sports journalist Horst Eckert. The impetus came from a charity match between FC Schmiere and Augsburg's celebrity team on July 17, 1965, which 30,000 people came to watch at Rosenaustadion.

The Datschiburger Kickers are still active today. More than 300 games have been played since 1965 and over 1.5 million Euros have been raised for social causes. Since the club was founded in 1965, the Kickers remained undefeated for almost 45 years. On July 23, 2010, the Datschiburg Kickers' winning streak ended in a match against the Sport Press team, which they lost 4–3. The team's name is derived from a nickname for Augsburg citizens, the Datschiburgers. This in turn is based on the Zwetschgendatschi, a yeast cake invented in Augsburg.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Datschiburger Kickers played in Augsburg's Rosenaustadion in front of up to 20,000 spectators. The most famous team members were athletes such as Helmut Schön, Günter Netzer, Sepp Herberger, Helmut Haller, Uwe Seeler, Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Fritz Walter, Uli Biesinger and Max Schmeling. However, celebrities such as Gunter Sachs, Gert Fröbe and Uschi Glas also competed.

Other websites
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* Homepage of the Datschiburger Kickers
**Criticism of hadith** is the critique of hadith (attributed reports about what the Islamic prophet Muhammad said and did). Not all Muslims believe the hadith are the words of Muhammad. Muslims who criticise the hadith are known as "Hadith rejectors", and are distinguished from "Hadith advocates", such as Sunnis and Shias who believe in traditional hadiths. Groups who have rejected the hadith include *Ahl al-Kalām*, *Mu'tazilites*, some sects of the Kharijites, modernist Muslims, and Quranists.

Historically, *Ahl al-Kalām*, who have been described as the forerunners of the *Mu'tazilites*, rejected the authority of the hadith on the grounds that its corpus was "filled with contradictory, blasphemous, and absurd" reports, and that in jurisprudence, even the smallest doubt about a source was too much. Thus, they believed, the true legacy of Muhammad was to be found elsewhere, i.e. in the Sunnah, which is separate from the hadith. Similarly, some sects of the Kharijites also rejected the hadith; there were some who opposed even the writing down of the Hadith itself for fear that it would compete, or even replace the Qur'an.

Like Ahl al-Kalām, Mu'tazilites also rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and Ijma. For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur'an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims".

Quranists also reject the hadith, who view them as un-Quranic; they believe that obedience to the Islamic prophet Muhammad means obedience to the Qur'an; some further claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad. Like Quranists, modernist Muslims also believe that the problems in the Islamic world come partly from the traditional elements of the hadith and seek to reject those teachings.

John Esposito notes that "Modern Western scholarship has seriously questioned the historicity and authenticity of the *hadith*", maintaining that "the bulk of traditions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad were actually written much later." According to Esposito, Joseph Schacht "found no evidence of legal traditions before 722," from which Schacht concluded that "the Sunna of the Prophet is not the words and deeds of the Prophet, but apocryphal material" dating from later.

In his book *Mohammedan Studies*, Ignác Goldziher states: "it is not surprising that, among the hotly debated controversial issues of Islam, whether political or doctrinal, there is not one in which the champions of the various views are unable to cite a number of traditions, all equipped with imposing *isnads*".
 

Historian Robert G. Hoyland, states during Umayyad times only the central government was allowed to make laws; religious scholars began to challenge this by claiming they had been transmitted hadith by the Prophet. Hoyland vindicates Islamic sources as accurately representative of Islamic history.
**Social care** is the name for help people get when they cannot do things for themselves which most people do. It includes getting out of bed, getting dressed, washing, eating and moving about and staying safe. People who need social care include hospital patients who need help after an operation, people with physical or learning disabilities who want to live independently at home, and young people from difficult families and children in foster care. 

This sort of help is mostly done by families, and mostly by women. In the past a lot was done by religious people. Workhouses and hospitals were often full of people who needed social care and had nobody to look after them. As medicine developed social care became more separate. Payment for health care is often different from payments for health care. There may be argument about who should pay. Care for old people near the end of life is very different from care for children and young people. Private insurance is not very successful. Not everyone needs social care and young people are reluctant to take out insurance. Germany and Japan have set up systems which try to balance society’s and a individual responsibilities.

Local governments in many countries set up large homes for old people. People with mental illness or learning difficulty often lived in big hospitals for years. These institutions have mostly closed and now more people get help in their own homes or in group homes. They may pay for it, or in a welfare state it may be free. More people need social care as more people live to be old and people survive with conditions which in earlier times would have meant an early death.

Social workers are employed to make decisions about the help people need if the government is paying. The people who are paid do this work may be called care workers. They are mostly women and the pay is low. People often leave for better paid work in retail. 

The State of Guernsey said in November 2022 that it would have to cut back social care because people were living longer with more needs. It was hard to find enough people to do the work.
A terracotta soldier with his horse.
Xian Museum
The **Terracotta Army** is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an. They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife. He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.

Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

Assembly line
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The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added. 

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

Other websites
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* UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor
Indra
***Indra*** (Devanagari: इन्द्र) or *Śakra* is the most important among the Indo-Aryan gods. He is the God of war, the god of thunderstorms. In the Vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. The Rigveda praises him as a very strong God. Many Hindu scriptures tell about Indra, his character and his deeds.

Indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. The city’s name is Amravati. He lives there with his wife named Indrani, and several other smaller gods. There are many apsaras in amravati.

Indra was a very important God during the dic period. Later his importance became less. Gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva became more important in Hinduism. 

Indra in current form of mythology, is similar to that of Zeus in Greek mythology. Though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of Gods. His status is below that of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. Thus, he is considered to be king of lesser Gods.

Again, his weapon is Vajra which is represented by Thunderbolt! His means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous and vengeful. Further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Indra***.

* Indra, the Storm-god - by Benjamin Slade
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, Indra
* Indra according to Vedic literature
**Dietzenbach** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany. The town is also the capital of the Offenbach Rural District (*Landkreis Offenbach*)

Geography
---------

Dietzenbach is in the *Rhine-Main area* 25 kilometres (16 miles) southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 21.67 square kilometres (8.37 square miles) large and it is 135 metres (443 feet) above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the urban districts *Neue Stadtmitte*, *Spessartviertel*, *Altstadt*, *Steinberg*, *Hexenberg* and *Wingertsberg*.

The neighbours of Dietzenbach are: 

* Heusenstamm (north)
* Rodgau (east)
* Rödermark (south)
* Dreieich (west)

Dietzenbach has 33,067 inhabitants (2008). About 30% of the people living here are from foreign countries. They come from many different nations.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: *Hessisch*) and is spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History
-------

In the 13th century the name of Dietzenbach was written down in a document for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Dietzenbach area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities
--------------

* France Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
* Nicaragua Masaya, Nicaragua
* Czech Republic Rakovník, Czech Republic
* Germany Neuhaus am Rennweg, Germany
* United States Oconomowoc, USA
* Belarus Kostjukovitschi, Belarus

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Dietzenbach at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website of Dietzenbach
* Dietzenbach at the Open Directory Project