recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Édouard Lalo
**Edouard Lalo** (born Lille, 27 January 1823; died Paris, 22 April 1892) was a French composer.

His life
--------

His family originally came from Spain. Edouard learned to play the piano and violin at the Lille Conservatory, but his parents did not want him to take music as a profession. So he left home when he was 16 and went to Paris. He took some lessons and earned money by teaching and playing the violin. He liked chamber music. Not many people in France were interested in chamber music at that time. With three friends he formed a string quartet and they helped to make the string quartets of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven better known in France. He played the viola in his quartet, and later he played second violin. In 1859 he composed a string quartet.

It was not until the 1870s, when he was already in his 50s, that he started to become really well known. Some famous conductors such as Pasdeloup, Lamoureux and Colonne and the violinist Sarasate took an interest in his orchestral works and performed them. He wrote a violin concerto and a work called *Symphonie espagnole* (*Spanish Symphony*) which was also for solo violin and orchestra. Sarasate played both these works. He wrote a cello concerto in 1877.

He wrote an opera *Le roi d’Ys*, but no opera house wanted to perform it. They asked him to write a ballet instead. He did not know anything about ballet, but he composed one called *Namouna*. It had some good music, although people who did not like him said it sounded like Wagner or like the music of someone who is used to writing symphonies.

In 1888 his opera *Le roi d’Ys* was performed at last. It was an enormous success, but Lalo only had four more years to live, and he did not compose anything more of importance. He had married one of his pupils in 1865 and they had a son.

His music
---------

In France Lalo is mainly remembered for his opera *Le roi d’Ys*, but in other countries his best known work is his *Symphonie espagnole*. It is not really a "symphony", it is a violin concerto. It has five movements and there are lots of lively, Spanish rhythms. His cello concerto is also an excellent work.
**Dame Edith Mary Evans** DBE (8 February 1888 – 14 October 1976) was a British actress. She was famous for playing haughty aristocratic ladies. Evans was born in London to Edward Evans, a civil servant, and his wife, Caroline Ellen Foster. She was educated at St Michael's Church of England School, Pimlico. 

She first appeared on stage as Viola in *Twelfth Night* in October 1910. Her stage career lasted 60 years during which time she played over 150 different roles in classic theater works such as those of William Shakespeare and Oscar Wilde. She also appeared in works by her contemporaries, George Bernard Shaw and Noël Coward. 

Evans began her movie career in 1915. In 1952, she played Lady Bracknell in the movie *The Importance of Being Earnest*. She continued to make some movie appearances, usually in supporting roles. Her movies included *The Nun's Story* (1959), *Tom Jones* (1963) and *Scrooge* (1970). She won a BAFTA award and a Golden Globe award. Evans made her American television debut in 1961. 

She had a heart attack in the 1970s, but continued to appear in television programs in the U.S. and the U.K. until shortly before her death. In 1925, Evans married George (Guy) Booth. They had no children. When her husband died in 1935, Evans never remarried.
**Erwin Helfer** (born January 21, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American boogie-woogie, blues and jazz pianist.

Life
----

Erwin Helfer was born in Chicago and grew up there. In his younger life he was more interested in classical music than in blues. But grewing up in the 50s he got contact to blues anyway. He studied music at Tulane University in New Orleans, completing college with a degree in music. In New Orleans he studied also the local music style of the city.

He started his professional career with Estelle Yancey, who asked him to play with him. This was the beginning of a life long friendship.He was also mentored and influenced by Cripple Clarence Lofton, Speckled Red, and Sunnyland Slim. In the 1960s and 1970s he played with Jimmy Walker. In 1982 he started his own record label, Read Bean. There he released albums of Estelle Yancey, Blind John Davis, Johnny "Big Moose" Walker and other Chicago blues artists. He was nominated for Blues Music Awards in 2003, for 'Comeback Blues Album of the Year', for his CD I'm Not Hungry But I Like To Eat - Blues. He still plays at different blues- and jazzfestivals all over the world.(Chicago Jazz Festival, 2005–2007; Hungary's Debrecen Jazz Festival, 2005, the Chicago Blues Festival, in June 2010, and all the years in Chicago's blues clubs.)

Discography
-----------

### own albums

* 1974 Blues, Boogie Woogie Piano Duets & Solos Flying Fish
* 1976 Boogie Piano Chicago Style Big Bear
* 1979 On the Sunny Side of the Street Flying Fish
* 1987 Chicago Piano Red Beans
* 2001 I'm Not Hungry but I Like to Eat - Blues Sirens
* 2003 St. James Infirmary (mit Skinny Williams) Sirens
* 2005 Careless Love The Sirens Records

### as sideman

* Mama Estella Yancey Maybe I'll Cry (1983)
* Howard & the White Boys Strung Out on the Blues (1995)
* 8 Hands on 88 Keys: Chicago Blues Piano Masters (2002)
* Heavy Timbre: Chicago Boogie Piano (2002)
* Barrelhouse Chuck Prescription for the Blues (2002)
* Ella Jenkins Sharing Cultures with Ella Jenkins (2003)
* Barrelhouse Chuck Chicago Blues Piano, Vol. 2 (2007)
* Andrew Calhoun Bound to Go (2008)
Electrocution of a condemned criminal as a means of execution with an electric chair
**Electrocution** or **electric shock** is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock". 

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive. In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current. Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle. A large Tesla coil can burn and kill. 

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA (0.005 to 0.03 Amps). Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.
**Ding Ning** (simplified Chinese: 丁宁; traditional Chinese: 丁寧; born 20 June 1990 in Daqing) is a Chinese table tennis player. She became olympic champion in Rio 2016 in singles and team category. She is a lefthanded-player and uses the Shakehand-style.

Career
------

In 2009 Ding played for her first time international: At the world championships she won silver. Therefore she came under the top 10 in the world rankings. At the asian championships she won gold in the singles, doubles and with the team. 2010 she was a part of the Chinese National Team that lost to Singapore in the final at the world championships in Moscow. In 2011 she finally put in the world rankings: Ding became world champion in singles, won three Pro Tour Titles , became vice-world champion in doubles and won the world cup at their first participation. In November 2011 she was for the first time number one in the world.

2012 she won gold with the team at the world championships. In the final they beat Singapore. In the same year Ding took for her first time part in the Olympics in London, where she won with the team gold and in the singles met Li Xiaoxia, where she lost and silver won. At the grand finals she won for her first participation silver in the singles. At the world championships 2013 she came to the semifinal in the singles category, but she lost to Li Xiaoxia again. Indeed she won silver in doubles.

In 2014, she beat at the world cup and at the Asian cup Li Xiaoxia and won so gold and came back to number one in the world. At the world championships 2015, she won gold in the singles, and was so two times world champion. In the doubles she won together with Li Xiaoxia silver. Also she won the world tour grand finals, but slipped on place three in the world rankings.

The year 2016 began good for Ding Ning: She became world champion with the team again and won for her first time gold in the singles at the olympics and with the team too. At the world championships 2017 Ding won for her third time gold in the singles and in the doubles she won silver. In 2018 she only played the world team cup, where she won gold with the chinese national team.

Successen
---------

### World Championships

* 2011, 2015, 2017- winner singles
* 2013- bronze singles
* 2011, 2013, 2015- silver doubles
* 2017- gold doubles
* 2012, 2014, 2016- gold team
* 2010- silver team

### Olympic Games

* 2012, 2016- team gold
* 2012- silver singles
* 2016- gold singles

### World Cup

* 2011, 2014- winner singles
* 2012, 2015, 2018-winner team
A **fulfillment house** or fulfillment centre are modern terms for a packing warehouse.

Types of fulfillment company services
-------------------------------------

Standard types of these services are as follows: storage and warehousing (company stores an item until and order for that item is received), inventory control (maintaining and publishing inventory counts), pick and pack services (preparing ordered items for shipping) and shipping (outsourcing to courier or delivery companies).

Outsourcing to a fulfillment house or company
---------------------------------------------

Advantages of outsourcing to such companies are: facilities (in early stages of business development you may have no place and money needed to store your items), shipping costs (because of special shipping rates when you ship thousands of items, which is not available for small companies), shipping materials costs (same reason as before), fulfillment costs (beneficial pricing when all fulfillment activities are bundled in one order), e-Commerce  (fulfillment houses use advanced e-Commerce systems to help in management).

On the other hand disadvantages of outsourcing are: indirect control (if there are any problems with services provided by the fulfillment company the blame and bad reputation will be on your company's shoulders) and product damage or shrinkage (fulfillment companies won't take full responsibility for any product damage or shrinkage until they're proven directly responsible).
View of the Maltings from St Michael's Street in December 2018
The **Ditherington Flax Mill**, promoted as the **Shrewsbury Flaxmill Maltings**, is a flax mill in the county town of Shrewsbury in Shropshire, England. It is the world's first iron-framed building. It is also seen as the world's first skyscraper, often being described as *"the grandfather of skyscrapers"*, despite it being only as tall as a modern-day five-storey building. In the 1950s, it became a Grade I listed building. The site is owned by of Historic England.

Construction
------------

Its architect was Charles Bage, who designed the mill using an iron-framed structure, inspired by the work of William Strutt. The columns and cross-beams were made by William Hazledine at his foundry in Shrewsbury. The construction of the mill ran from 1796 to 1797, at a cost of £17,000 (including equipment).

Visitor centre
--------------

There is an exhibition open to the public on the ground floor of the Main Mill which officially opened on 10 September 2022.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
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* United States

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The **fennec fox** (*Vulpes zerda*) is a small fox that lives in sandy deserts. It lives in the Sahara (in northern Africa) and the northern part of Saudi Arabia. Foxes are in the family Canidae. Canidae also includes dogs, wolves, and coyotes.

This fox is agile. It has huge ears and very large eyes. The large ears help the fox lose excess heat. They also help it hear its prey from a long distance away. The fennec fox has hairy feet that protect it from the hot sand. 

The fennec fox is nocturnal (most active at night). It rests during the day in a burrow in the sand. It lives in groups of up to 10 animals. It marks its territory with urine. Its life span is 10 to 12 years in the wild, and 10-14 years in captivity.

Fennec foxes can reproduce at the age of about 9 months.

Physical traits
---------------

Fennec foxes have large ears and a sandy-white coat.
These foxes are small. The head and body can range from 34 to 41 centimetres (13 to 16 inches). They weigh between 0.9–1.4 kilograms (2.0–3.1 pounds). Fennec foxes are famous for their large ears which can reach up to 15 centimetres (5.9 inches) or longer. Their tails can be between 18 to 31 centimetres (7.1 to 12.2 inches) long. Most of the time, their fur is a sandy-white color.

Diet
----

Fennec foxes eat small prey animals, insects, and fruits. Small prey include rodents, such as mice. Sometimes they will eat reptiles. They do not need water as often since they can get it from their food.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Vulpes zerda at Wikimedia Commons



Fennec singing

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*
The original model of Precision Bass
The **Fender Precision Bass** (sometimes shortened to **P-Bass**) is an electric bass guitar that has been made by Fender since 1951. It was the first popular electric bass guitar to be made and has four strings with one split-coil humbucking pickup. It was also the first bass guitar to have a solid body.

History
-------

Acoustic, fretted plucked string instruments have been around for a very long time. One example is the bass lute, which has been around since the 17th century. The berda, which is a Slavic folk instrument, has also been around for hundreds of years. In the 19th century, some bass instruments made like a guitar were created. Gibson made an acoustic "mando bass", which was made like a mandolin.

### First electric basses

Many inventors tried to make electric bass guitars because most bassists were using the double bass, which was very big, heavy, and too quiet. Before the Precision Bass was made, many inventors used the double bass and tried to make it electric. Lloyd Loar was one of the first to try to make them louder. He put a pickup on double bass in order to play it through an amplifier. He did this between 1919 and 1924.

In the 1930s, Rickenbacker made an electric double bass. Then American Paul Tutmarc made the first electric bass that could be played like a guitar, called the "Audiovox 736 Bass". This bass also had frets. Even though these were the first of this kind, they never sold very well.

### First Fender Precision Bass

Leo Fender, the founder of Fender, had the idea in the 1940s to build a solid-body bass guitar. He wanted it to be easier to play than a double bass. He also wanted it to be smaller so it was easy to move. He got this idea when talking to guitarists who didn't have jobs. They said that they could have gotten jobs being bassists, but found the double bass too hard to play.

The idea of an electric, solid-body bass was new, so Fender had to make it themselves. They spoke to many bassists and guitarists to work out what design would be best. Fender had made the Telecaster guitar before and so used his designs from it to help him make the Precision. The bass was tuned the same as a double bass, EADG, with four strings. The body was a lot like the telecaster, but the top stuck out more towards the headstock so the neck wasn't too heavy to hold when playing the bass with a strap standing.
Finke River after rain, Northern Territory
Finke River
Map of the Lake Eyre Basin showing Finke River
The **Finke River** is one of the largest rivers in central Australia. It starts in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory. it is formed where Davenport and Ormiston Creeks join together, just north of Glen Helen. The Finke River flows about 600 km to the western edge of the Simpson Desert in northern South Australia. Usually the river is a collection of waterholes, but it can become a raging torrent during rare flood events. In a big flood water from the Finke River can flow into the Macumba River, and then into Lake Eyre, a total distance of about 750 km. Major tributaries include Ellery Creek, and the Palmer and Hugh Rivers. The Finke River flows through the West MacDonnell and Finke Gorge National Parks.

The Finke River was named by John McDouall Stuart in 1860 after William Finke, an Adelaide man, who was one of the people who paid part of the cost of his expeditions. The indigenous name for the river in parts of the Northern Territory is **Larapinta**. Larapinta Drive is a road which runs west from Alice Springs, and the Larapinta walking trail.

Age of the Finke River
----------------------

The Finke River has been called "*the oldest river in the world*", particularly by tour operators, and in popular books and brochures. In places such as the James Range, the Finke flows through deeply incised meanders  (see Google Maps image). Because meanders only form on flat plains, the river must have formed before the ranges were pushed up. This happened in a mountain building event known as the Alice Springs Orogeny which happened between 400 and 300 million years ago, in the Devonian to Carboniferous Periods. Some parts of the river’s course must have been already in existence around this time. The southern parts of its course must be much younger because the areas where the Finke now flows near the southern edge of the Northern Territory, and further south, were under the sea during the Mesozoic Era, part of the Great Artesian Basin.

The age of the Finke River is not unique. There are other large mountain-sourced river systems in central Australia including the Todd and Hale Rivers where the mountains were formed at the same time. There are other mountain ranges of equal or greater age to the MacDonnell Ranges, both in Australia and on other continents. The rivers in those areas may have evolved from ancestral streams of the same age or older than the Finke.
***Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy*** is a book written by David D. Burns. It was published in 1980. This book made cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) popular.

Origins of the book
-------------------

*Feeling Good* was written as the author was unhappy of normal depression treatments. Burns's mentor, Dr. Aaron T. Beck found no evidence that psychoanalysis is effective in treating depression. A Greek philosopher named Epictetus said that people are disturbed not by things but by the way we think about them. This forms the current theory that negative feelings such as depression and anxiety are triggered by thoughts.

Popularity
----------

Four million copies of the book was sold in the United States. It has also been published in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Yugoslavia and many other countries. It was named one of the top ten behavioral science books of 1980 by the journal *Behavioral Medicine*. *The Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Books* published by Guilford Press in 1994 mentioned *Feeling Good*. The book was the top book recommended by American psychologists and psychiatrists to depressed patients. The book was also mentioned in *50 Psychology Classics* (2006) by Tom Butler-Bowdon.

Benefits of bibliotherapy
-------------------------

Six different studies suggests that *Feeling Good* is a personal guide to bibliotherapy. The therapy is very helpful in treating depression.

One of the studies was conducted with older adults with mild to moderate depression. The reading of *Feeling Good* was an effective treatment for them.

Judith S. Beck *Cognitive Therapy* recommends the book as an easy CBT guide for patients.
In computer science, **depth-first search (DFS)** is a method used for traversing a graph. It starts at an arbitrary item of a graph and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.

Animated example of a depth-first search within a tree.

Implementation
--------------

### Recursive

```
void depthFirstSearch(Item root) {
    if (root == null) return;
    root.found = true;
    for (Item neighbor : root.neighbors()) {
        if (!neighbor.found) depthFirstSearch(n);
    }
}

```

Uses
----

An example: To make a program that searches all the files on your computer, it has to be able to keep track of which folders it has already searched through, so it doesn't look through the same folder twice. So it does this: inside each folder, it goes as far down into subfolders as it can. Every time it checks something to see if it matches, it will write it down on the list as "already searched". Then it will leave and go to the next subfolder. If there are no subfolders left, it will backtrack another step and look in the next bigger folder. It does this until it has looked through everything.

We know that this is the best way to make sure the search program looks through every folder and file once, and only once, because graph theory has proved it.

Related pages
-------------

* Linear search
* Binary search
* Breadth-first search
The **Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services** (Spanish: *Autoridad Federal de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual*, AFSCA) was an Argentine state agency. It was created by the Audiovisual Communication Services Law as the authority in charge of enforcing law.

History
-------

The entity began its activities on December 10, 2009. It was established by presidential decree 1525/2009. Martín Sabbatella was appointed as its president, at the head of a board of directors made up of parliamentarians from the three main blocks, representatives of the universities and of the Federal Council.

On December 23, 2015, the AFSCA was intervened by the President Mauricio Macri. This was through a decision challenged before the Justice. On December 30, 2015, the Chief of Staff Marcos Peña announced that President Macri had sanctioned a decree of necessity and urgency. The number was not specified. In addition, the date was not published in the Official Gazette, which provided for the elimination of the AFSCA and its merger with the AFTIC. This led to a new public body called the National Communications Entity (ENACOM). 

On January 4, 2016, the decree of necessity and urgency 267/2015 signed on December 29, 2015, announced by the Chief of Staff, was published in the Official Gazette.

Composition
-----------

The AFSCA was led by a seven-member board, consisting of the following:

* 1 president and 1 director named by the president.
* 3 directors nominated by parliamentary committee, each representing one of the top three parliamentary blocs.
* 2 directors nominated by the Federal Council for Audiovisual Communication; one of these had to be an academic in the fields of information sciences, communications or journalism from a national university.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Coat of Arms of the Isle of Man
A **deemster** (Manx: *briw*) is a judge in the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man is self-governing. It keeps some of its traditions, and has a long past history.

The High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man is presided over by a deemster. In the appeal division, a deemster and the Judge of Appeal preside. The deemsters also make the Isle of Man's laws official, by reading them out to the people in English and Manx on Tynwald Day.

The First and Second Deemsters used to have seats in the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. The Second Deemster lost his seat in 1965, and the First Deemster lost his in 1975.

There are currently three full time Deemsters in the Isle of Man. These are the First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls (who is also the Deputy Governor), the Second Deemster, and an additional full-time Deemster. Additional deemsters, full-time or part-time, may be appointed from time to time. 

The offices of First Deemster, Second Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls are ancient offices. The offices of First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls were joined in 1918. A new office of Deputy Deemster was created in 2002, but abolished in 2009.

The First Deemster, Second Deemster and Judge of Appeal are appointed by the monarch, (acting on the advice of the UK's Secretary of State for Justice). The First Deemster acts in place of the Lieutenant Governor in the latter's absence, or during a vacancy in that office.

Related pages
-------------

* Tynwald

Other websites
--------------

* Isle of Man Courts
**Edward Paul Abbey** (January 29, 1927 – March 14, 1989) was an American nature writer. He is known for books including Desert Solitaire, Black Sun, The Journey Home, The Fool's Progress, and Hayduke Lives.

Early life and education
------------------------

He was born in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1927. He grew up in Pennsylvania, in a small town in the mountains near the city of Pittsburgh. He later moved to the American Southwest and wrote several books. He spent most of his adult life in the states of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Most of his books are about the Southwest.

During World War II, he was in high school. He took a trip hitchhiking to see the American West. During his trip through Arizona and New Mexico, he fell in love with the Southwest. He enlisted near the end of World War II and was stationed in Italy as a military policeman. When he came back to the United States, he moved to New Mexico and got a college degree. Then he started writing books.

Writing works
-------------

Abbey's first book was titled *Jonathan Troy*. It did not sell well and Abbey did not like it very much, and it was taken out of print. His second book was *The Brave Cowboy*. This book sold better and made him known as a writer of western fiction. It was also made into a movie called *Lonely are the Brave*. *Fire on the Mountain* was his third book. *The Brave Cowboy* and *Fire on the Mountain* are about cowboys who loved the old American West and did not like it becoming modernized.

He moved to New Jersey for a short time but did not like it, and moved back to the Southwest. He took a job as a park ranger in Utah. He wrote about his job as a park ranger in his fourth book, *Desert Solitaire*. *Desert Solitaire* became a bestseller and made him a popular nature writer. He also took other jobs in the Southwest. He worked as a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and as a park ranger in other National Parks.

After *Desert Solitaire* became a bestseller, he wrote several books of nature essays. Some of these include *The Journey Home*, *Abbey's Road*, *Down the River*, *Beyond the Wall*, and *One Life At a Time, Please*. He also kept writing novels. His next novel was *Black Sun*, which is about a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon falling in love but then seeing his girlfriend disappear. His next novel after that was *The Monkey Wrench Gang*. This was his most controversial novel because it was about four people using sabotage to stop development in the Southwest. He also wrote a science fiction novel called *Good News*.

His last two novels were *The Fool's Progress* and *Hayduke Lives*. *The Fool's Progress* is a long novel that is based on Edward Abbey's own life. *Hayduke Lives* is a sequel to *The Monkey Wrench Gang*.

Abbey died in 1989 and was buried in the desert in Arizona.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Edward Abbey***

* Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edward Abbey
* Pennsylvania state historical marker for Abbey at Home
**Sir Edward Downes**, (born Birmingham, England, 17 June 1924; died Switzerland, 10 July 2009) was an English conductor. He was famous for conducting opera, but also conducted orchestral concerts. He worked a lot with the orchestra of the Royal Opera House as well as Opera Australia.

When he was old he was almost totally blind and deaf and his wife was dying of cancer, so they both decided that they wanted to die together. They went to Switzerland where they were allowed to commit assisted suicide.

Early years
-----------

Downes was born in Birmingham, England. His father worked in a bank. He left school when he was 14 and got a simple job in a gas store where he earned 16s 10d (16 shillings and 10 pence, which is 84p in modern British money) a week. 

He had been playing the piano and violin since he was five. When he was 16 he got a scholarship to the University of Birmingham where he studied English literature and music, and began playing the cor anglais. He then got a scholarship to study conducting at the University of Aberdeen.

Marriage
--------

In the 1960s, he married Joan, a dancer with the Royal Ballet. She later became a choreographer and television producer. They had two children: a son, Caractacus (born December 1967), who became a musician and recording engineer, and a daughter, Boudicca, who became a video producer.

Conducting career
-----------------

In 1952 he started his work in the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden where he was assistant to Rafael Kubelík. He worked for the ROH for 17 years, becoming Associate Music Director in 1991. 

From 1970 he was Music Director of Australian Opera. He conducted the first performance in the new Sydney Opera House in 1973 conducting Prokofiev’s opera *War and Peace*. He was Chief Conductor of the Netherlands Radio Orchestra and the BBC Philharmonic.

Downes was remembered in particular for conducting music by British composers. He was also especially fond of the operas by Verdi as well as the symphonies of Shostakovich. People often thought he looked like Shostakovich, especially when he wore his glasses.

He received the honour of CBE.

In his last years he could hardly see and so he could only conduct music that he knew from memory.

Death
-----

When he was 85 he had become almost totally blind and deaf. His wife was dying of cancer and was in a lot of pain. They both wanted to die together, but in Britain it is against the law to help someone to die, so they decided to go to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland. There, surrounded by members of their family, they drank a fatal dose of barbiturates and died on 10 July 2009.

Some people who support the idea of assisted suicide are hoping that this case may lead to more discussion which could bring about a change in the law in Britain and other countries.
**Edward Alexander Bouchet** became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree.

Early life
----------

Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School. Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education.

Public life
-----------

Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876. After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics. He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years.

Death
-----

Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998 Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.
Edward Cave, about 1740
*The Gentleman's Magazine*, May 1759, "By SYLVANUS URBAN, Gent."
**Edward Cave**, ( February 27 1691 – January 10 1754), was an English printer, editor and publisher. In *The Gentleman's Magazine* he made the first general-interest "magazine". 

The son of a cobbler, Cave was born in Newton near Rugby, Warwickshire and attended the grammar school there. Cave was made to leave after it was said he stole from the headmaster. He worked at a number of different jobs, such as selling timber, writing and printing. He came up with the idea of a periodical that would cover every subject the educated public was interested in, from commerce to poetry. He tried to get some London printers and booksellers to take up the idea. When no one showed any interest, Cave took on the job by himself. *The Gentleman's Magazine* was started in 1731 and soon became the most important and most copied periodical of its time. It also made Cave very rich.

Cave was a smart businessman. He gave all his energy to the magazine, and hardly ever left its offices at St John's Gate, Clerkenwell. He made use of a lot of writers, the most famous was Samuel Johnson, who was always thankful to Cave for having given him his main job for many years. Cave himself often sent in items to the Magazine under the pen name of **Sylvanus Urban**. 

He also got permission from Lewis Paul for 250 spindles for his patent roller-spinning machine, an early model of the water frame. In 1742 he bought Marvels Mill at Northampton and made this into a cotton mill. This was probably the first water-powered spinning mill in the world. This should have made a lot of money, but it did not. It closed about 1761. 

Cave suffered from gout. He is buried at St. James Church, Clerkenwell.

Other websites
--------------

* Online page images of Gentlemen's Magazine the first twenty volumes, from v1 1731 through v20 1750
* Daily Life in Georgian England as Reported in the Gentleman's Magazine Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
The Dvorak Keyboard
The **Dvorak Simplified Keyboard** (/d(ə)ˈvɔːræk/ (audio speaker iconlisten) *d(ə)-VOR-ak*) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.

Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.
**Droughts in the United States** is similar to drought around other parts of the world. Below-normal precipitation leads to drought. That's caused by an above average persistence of high pressure over a dry area.

Drought in the United States occurs during climate cycles, such as the North Atlantic oscillation, Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. These determine what areas are more likely to have development of drought and when drought develops.

Droughts are periodic. They alternate with floods over a series of years.

The worst droughts in U.S. history happened in the 1930s and 1950s. The U.S. drought in the 1930s was called the Dust Bowl. The 1936 North American heat wave was part of the Dust Bowl.

Other major droughts in the 20th and 21st centuries happened in the United States in the 1960s, 1980, 1983, 1988-90, 2002 and 2012-14.

The costliest drought in United States history was the 1988-90 drought. The drought caused just over $60 billion in damage. During the drought, there were also heat waves that took the lives of 4,800-17,000 people in the U.S. This drought was also the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history before Hurricane Katrina.

Droughts can affect anywhere within the United States. But the Midwest, Great Plains and Western United States are most likely to be affected by droughts.
**Dwarkanath Sanzgiri** (born 15 November) is a journalist and author. He has written more that 25 books.

Early life
----------

Sanzgiri was born on 15 Nov. in Mumbai. He completed schooling from King George High School. He was working in as chief engineer from Mumbai Municipal Corporation when he was in the service.

Early career
------------

He started his journalistic career at LBC Radio, before writing for the *Sunday Times*. He gave up accountancy in 1978 to become a full-time journalist concentrating on business journalism but also writing about sport. He moved from business journalism to investigative sports reporting in the 1990s, editing the Inside Track column for the *Sunday Times*. He moved to the *Daily Telegraph* in 1995, where he started the paper's Inside Sports column.

Carrer
------

He is writing on Cricket and other Sports, Social Issues, Films, Humor, Travel and Tourism etc. from 1980. He is also writing in many newspapers including Loksatta, Saamna, Tarun Bharat, Aaj Dinank, Sanj Loksatta, Sakal, Pudhari, MID Day. He is also writing in mgazines like Lokprabha, Deeplaxmi, Shree, Chitra lekha, Ekach shatkar and Variours Diwali Issues.

Books written
-------------

* Khullamkhilli खुल्लमखिल्ली
* चॅम्पियन्स
* Dadar - Ek Pinacolada
* Falnichya Deshaat
* Bolandaji
* Teerkitdha
* Cricket World Cup highlights क्रिकेट वर्ल्ड कप हायलाईट्स
* क्रिकेट काॅकटेल
* Sanvaad Legendsshi
* चित्तवेधक विश्वचषक २००३
* दिलखुलास बातचीत क्रिकेटपटूंशी
* Afalatun Avaliye अफलातून अवलिये
* चिरंजीव सचिन
* फाळणीच्या देशात
* पूर्व अपूर्व
* तानापिहिनिपाजा
* तिरकटधा
* फिरता – फिरता
* माझी बाहेरख्याली
* फाळणीच्या देशात
* पॉवर प्ले
* स. न. वि. वि.
* संवाद लिजंड्सशी
* स्टंप व्हिजन
* वल्ली आणि वल्ली

Awards
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* Maharashtra State Award for Literature
* Sahitya Sabgh Outstanding Writer Award
* Vidyadhar Gokhale Award
* Late Vishwanath Vable Award for Sports Writing
* Vruthepatra Lekhan Sangha Award
The **Crazy Horse Memorial** is the world's largest mountain sculpture in progress. It is in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The statue depicts Crazy Horse, a famous Lakota warrior. Korczak Ziolkowski started the project in 1948 at the request of Chief Henry Standing Bear and other Native American elders. The statue is meant to be a memorial to the spirit of Crazy Horse as well as the Native American people.

Ziolkowski believed in individual initiative and private enterprise, and as such, never accepted government funding. He continued to work on the memorial until his death in 1982.

Today
-----

Ziolkowski's wife and family have continued to work the Crazy Horse Memorial. Completion of the project is currently unknown because of several factors including weather, the availability of financing and the challenges of the mountain engineering.

The face of Crazy Horse was completed and dedicated in 1998. Work on the memorial continues today and current plans include blocking out the face of the horse itself.

Other websites
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* The official website
**Crazyracing Kartrider** (Korean: 크레이지레이싱 카트라이더) is an online computer racing game. Nexon opened a beta version of this game in 2004. There are various kinds of karts and items that you can use in this game. The game has three major modes. In item mode, players can use items such as missiles, water balls, shields, bananas, and devils. In a speed mode, players use a booster. In flag mode, players try to bring back a flag to your team zone.

It is easy to play. Only arrow keys and Ctrl, Alt keys are needed to control your kart. Decorating and changing your character and kart is another interesting part of this game. Lucci is game money. You can get it by racing. You need Lucci to buy a kart, or character accessories.

Recently Nexon launched Kartrider Rush to Apple App store. Kartrider Rush is minimized version of Crazyracing Kartrider.

Computer System requirements
----------------------------

* OS: Windows 98/2000/ME/XP and above
* CPU: Pentium IIII 2.0GHz (Above 3.0GHz is recommended)
* RAM: 1GB (2GB and above is recommended)
* Video Card-NVidia: Geforce4 MX and above(Geforce 6200 and above is recommended)
* -ATI: Radeon 8500 and above(Radeon 9500 and above is recommended)
* DirectX: DirextX 9.0 and later
Egg
 Larva
Pupae (brown examples are older than the white ones)
***Drosophila*** is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae They are often called called fruit flies, vinegar flies or wine flies. Many species linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

There are many species in this genus, and the genus is split down into sub-genera. The adults may feed on nectar, and may lay their eggs on or near decaying fruit. The details differ greatly from species to species.

Species
-------

Their distribution is world-wide. In Britain alone more than 5000 species have been recorded. The largest number of species is in the Hawaiian Islands.

Several species of *Drosophila* (in particular, *D. melanogaster*) were used in genetics research. It is a common model organism in developmental biology. The genus has more than 1,500 species, and has varied appearance, behaviour, and breeding habitats. Other species which have been widely investigated include *D. pseudoobscura* (used by Dobzhansky in field research) and *D. subobscura*, used in the UK as a laboratory *Drosophila*.

Sturtevant at one time had 42 species of *Drosophila* in his lab for examination.

Life cycle
----------

*Drosophila* species
*Drosophila* vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as *D. melanogaster* that breed in large, scarce resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, and can be laid together in one place. Others, which breed in common but less nutritious places (such as leaves), may only lay one egg each day.

The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the front end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on vegetable matter but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying surface of leaves or fruits. Development time varies widely between species (between seven and more than 60 days) and depends on factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.

Related genera
--------------

*Drosophila* has a number of close relatives, and some may actually be within its genus.

* *Lordiphosa* is a genus which is very similar to *Drosophila*. Its origin seems to be in S.E. Asia, probably China or Sri Lanka.
* *Scaptomyza* is a genus which has most probably evolved from *Drosophila* on the Hawaiian islands. "The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are monophyletic". There are a large number of species (at least 270 have been described). This suggests the species evolved on some of the earlier islands in the Hawaiian chain which are no longer above water.

Other websites
--------------

* Fly Base. FlyBase is a comprehensive database for information on the genetics and molecular biology of *Drosophila*. It includes data from the *Drosophila* Genome Projects and data from publications.
* Berkeley *Drosophila* Genome Project
* *D. melanogaster*
* *D. pseudoobscura*
* *D. simulans*
"Duty" by Edmund Leighton
**Duty** is a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment or obligation to someone or something. The moral commitment usually results in action and is not a matter of passive feeling or mere recognition. When someone recognizes a duty, that person theoretically commits himself to its fulfillment without considering their own self-interest. This is not to suggest that living a life of duty entirely precludes a life of leisure; however, its fulfillment generally involves some sacrifice of immediate self-interest. Typically, "the demands of justice, honor, and reputation are deeply bound up" with duty.

Cicero discusses the concept of duty in his work "On Duty". There, he suggests that duties can come from four different sources:

1. as result of being human
2. as a result of one's particular place in life (one's family, one's country, one's job)
3. as a result of one's character
4. as a result of one's own moral expectations for oneself

Other uses of the word have sprung from the root idea of obligation, a concept involved in the notion of duty. For example, the concept is used to describe the services performed by a minister of a church, by a soldier, or by any employee or servant.

Many schools of thought have debated the idea of duty. Many assert mankind's duty on their own terms, but some philosophers have absolutely rejected a sense of duty.[*source?*]

Duty has to be accepted and understood on the basis of one's foundation of sense and knowledge. Therefore, duty and its manifestations vary with values from culture to culture. On one hand duty may be seen as terms of reference, job description, or behavior - and it is all of that ... but duty is not only about doing things right, it is about doing the right thing.

Related pages
-------------

* Compulsory voting
* Conscription
* Deontological ethics
A farmer inspecting a crop of deepwater rice
**Deepwater rice** is the name for different species of rice that grow in deeper water (of 50 centimetres (20 in) to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). These varieties have adaptations that allow them to keep their leaves outside the water: Either they have longer leaves, or they float on top of the water.

More than 100 million people in Southeast Asia including Northeastern India rely on deepwater rice for their sustenance. Two adaptations permit the rice to live in deeper water, floating rice and traditional talls. Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at water depths between 50 and 100 cm (20 and 39 in). They have developed to be taller and have longer leaves than standard rice. Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm through advanced elongation ability. This means when a field where rice is growing floods, accelerated growth in the internodal of the stem allows the plant to keep some of its foliage on top of the water. The *O. s. indica* cultivar is the main type of deepwater rice, although varieties of *O. s. japonica* have been found in Burma and Assam Plains.

Usually, rice is grown in shallow water, using paddy fields.

Bibliography
------------

* Catling, David (1992). *Rice in Deep Water*. Int. Rice Res. Inst.book. ISBN 978-971-22-0005-2.
* De Datta, Surajit K. (1981). *Principles and Practices of Rice Production*. Int. Rice Res. Inst. ISBN 978-0-471-09760-0.
Wharton in 1919
**Edith Wharton** (born **Edith Newbold Jones**; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American historical writer, novelist and designer. She was "known for some essays and novels about war." She was born during the American Civil War. During World War I, she helped to support some medical assistants to soldiers. She was born in New York City.

Wharton died on August 11, 1937 in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, France of a stroke caused by a heart attack at the age of 75.

Early career
------------

Edith Wharton became an author because she wanted to tell more people what she saw and what she learned in her life. The most famous novel she wrote was *The Age of Innocence* (1920). She wrote this book because she had a similar life like the main character in the book. At the same time, it was about people’s lives during the nineteenth century.

Major works
-----------

Edith Wharton family was upper class (a group of people who has a lot of money). She usually heard some events to write the book. *The Valley of Decision* talked about a lawyer man falls in love with a women that already has a husband; however, at the end of the book, the man marries with the nephew of the woman. One of her books, *The Age of Innocence*, helped Edith Wharton win the Pulitzer Prize, and the book was written just after World War I.

Influence
---------

The influence of Edith Wharton on society was to help people know about the war and life. All of her books mostly talked about what she saw in her life. The life part talks about what she learned in her life and some experiences from her life. 

Picture of Edith Wharton 1905 , from public domain

Later life
----------

At the end of World War I, she moved out Paris. She won the Pulitzer Prize because of the book *The Age of Innocence*.