recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming. This is an igneous intrusion exposed when the surrounding softer rock eroded away.
An **intrusion** is magma (melted rock) which cools and becomes solid under the Earth's surface. It occurs when there are lines of weakness such as faults, joints, or bedding planes in the crust. Then magma enters these lines of weakness. By contrast, an extrusion is magma which cools into rock above the surface of the crust. Both intrusive and extrusive rocks are classed as igneous rocks.

The process of forming intrusive rocks may take millions of years. As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals. The crystals are usually larger than in extrusive rocks. Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly by intrusive rock. Often they are huge granite (or related rock) formations.

Intrusions vary widely, from mountain range sized batholiths to thin vein-like fracture fillings. When exposed by erosion, these cores called batholiths may occupy huge areas of Earth's surface. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons.

Intrusive structures may go between bedding planes of earlier 'country' rock. A sill is an intrusion which makes a table along bedding planes. A dyke is an intrusion which moves up, crossing older strata.

Related pages
-------------

* Volcanic plug
***Prionosuchus*** is a genus of extremely large temnospondyl amphibians from the Middle Permian (270 million years ago). Its remains were found in Brazil.

Description
-----------

The fragmentary remains of this animal were found in the Parnaiba Basin of northeast Brazil. With an estimated length of 9 m (30 ft), *Prionosuchus* is the largest amphibian ever found.

*Prionosuchus plummeri*
It had an elongated and tapered snout, numerous sharp teeth, long body, short legs, and a tail adapted for swimming. 

Cox and Hutchinson re-evaluated *Prionosuchus* in 1991 and thought it was synonymous with the genus *Platyoposaurus* from Russia. However, *Platyoposaurus* had a total length of only 2.5 meters (8.2 ft), which suggested that the two animals were at least different species. The age of the sediments suggested the two were not comtemporaries. Most paleontologists consider *Prionosuchus* as a valid genus.

Paleoecology
------------

Size of *Prionosuchus plummeri* relative to a human
*Prionosuchus* lived in a humid and tropical environment as indicated by the petrified forest of the Pedra do Fogo formation in which the fossil was found. The strata of siltstones, shales and limestones were deposited in lagoonal and fluvial environments. Other animals discovered in the same rocks include fish (primitive sharks, palaeoniscids, and lungfish) and amphibians.

Its general appearance was similar to a modern crocodile, such as the gharial. It probably had a similar lifestyle as an ambush aquatic predator feeding on fish and other aquatic animals.

It was one of a group known as the Archegosaurs. The archegosaurs were a group of temnospondyls that occupied the ecological niche of crocodiles and alligators during the Permian. The smaller European genus *Archegosaurus* is typical. The group went extinct at the end of the Permian. In the Triassic, the niche was filled by other temnospondyls and by reptiles such as the phytosaurs.
**CentraleSupélec** is a graduate school of engineering in France. Its main campus is located at the Paris-Saclay plateau, and is one of the constituent institutes of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* **Ingénieur CentraleSupélec** (Graduate Engineer program, leading to the Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
* **Master of Science** & **Doctorat** (Doctorate studies, leading to PhD)
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (Specialized Masters; MS)
* **Massive Online Open Course**

The academic and research programs, including industrial research collaborations, are mainly offered in French in English.

Most of the 5000 students in the Graduate Engineer program at CentraleSupélec live in dedicated student residences near the research labs and metro train station. Some of the campus facilities are shared with 65,000 students from other constituent schools of the University of Paris-Saclay.

History
-------

CentraleSupélec was created 1 January 2015 from École Centrale de Paris and Supélec. This was in order to create one of the best universities in the world.

Admission
---------

Admission to the **CentraleSupélec Programme** (2-year curriculum) is by:

* a French nationwide selective exam with *numerus clausus*: concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
* a selective application from *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The **CentraleSupélec Programme** typically lasts three years. It results in a master's degree, in addition to international experience. The undergraduate studies plus the CentraleSupélec Programme account for more than a 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.

However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree program are required to spend two-years at CentraleSupélec and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years. This results in a double master's degree.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at CentraleSupélec relate to the following topics:

* Materials and Procedures
* Mechanics, Energetics and Combustion
* Applied Physics
* Applied Mathematics
* Technology and IT Systems
* Signal processing, Automation
* Electrical Engineering, Electronics
* Industrial Engineering, Economics and Administration

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***CentraleSupélec***.

* Official website
**Mario Kart Arcade GP 2** is the second Mario Kart game for arcades. It was released on March 14, 2007. There are 11 total playable characters in the game. You can choose to play in Time Trial Mode or Grand Prix Mode. In Time Trial mode you can race solo or against Staff Ghosts. In Grand Prix, you can choose between 50cc, 100cc, 150cc, or 200cc, and you race against players or against computers.

About the game
--------------

### Power-ups

You can use powerups as items. Along with the other games in the Mario Kart Arcade GP series, there are about 100 items in the game, making this and the others have the most items in a Mario Kart game at the time.

### Tracks

There are 32 Tracks and 8 cups to the full game.

### Karts

When turning regularly, your kart loses speed. However, if you hit R before turning, you will perform a small hop and start drifting as long as you keep holding the button and steering left or right. Not only does this maintain your speed, it will also start building up boost power for a mini turbo.

Facts
-----

Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 is the second game in the Mario Kart Arcade GP series and the seventh in the Mario Kart series overall. You can use powerups as items. There are 32 Tracks and 8 cups to the full game. Mario Kart Arcade GP is the initial installment in the series. Originally designed for the Tri-force arcade board (also used for F-Zero AX) by Namco, players can race as one of eleven characters on twenty-four tracks. There are a total of six cups, with four tracks in each, equalling twenty-four. If you're a gamer that strives to see all aspects of the game, you are likely to spend around 50 hours to obtain 100% completion. Coins have three uses, they increase your overall speed, they give you a tiny boost, and they can unlock objects. The biggest bruiser in Mario Strikers: Battle League is still the biggest powerhouses in Mario Kart 8. Bowser has the fastest speed stat in the game along with Wario. Statistically, the Pipe Frame is the best car in the game: it has great acceleration, handling, and a great mini-turbo. It also has decent traction but like many of the other cars on this list, suffers from its weight and speed. The player can jump by pressing the Brake while holding the gas pedal. To drift, the player does the same thing as jumping, but by turning the wheel to the desired direction. In the latest update, the player can also use the Mario button to jump. The game Mario Kart Arcade GP 1 includes only four playable characters, all of which appeared from the previous games: Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach and Yoshi. Items are thrown by making hand movements, which the game registers by an attachment to the player's wrist. Mario Kart Arcade GP DX is the third Mario Kart Arcade GP game, which was released in Japanese arcades on July 25, 2013, and in North American and European arcades in 2014 (previously announced for end of 2013), but the game was available in all Dave & Buster's restaurants from February 16, 2014 until April 2014. Daisy, Lakitu, and King Boo are the Japanese Exclusive characters that can be downloaded in Japanese Mario Kart Arcade GP DX game.
**PowerA** is an American video game maker located in Woodinville, Washington. The company is most known for its MOGA line of controllers. ACCO Brands bought the company on December 17, 2020 for $340 Million.

History
-------

The original MOGA controller released on October 21, 2012. It connects to Android phones via Bluetooth and can hold any phone up to 3.2 inches wide through its MOGA Arm, a phone grip.

User can found and install MOGA-optimized apps through the MOGA Pivot app. It is powered by two triple-A batteries.

On April 15, 2013, The MOGA Pro presented a new design with an added D-pad and four shoulder buttons. It looks similar to the Xbox 360 controller. The battery system was updated to an internal USB rechargeable battery. 

On October 28, 2013 the company said about releaseThe MOGA Hero Power. The button scheme was made smaller and more portable. Also, the company gave ability to charge your phone while playing added, due to a built-in 1800 mAh internal battery, deemed MOGA Boost Technology. 

The MOGA Pro Power was released November 4, 2013. The design was similar to the original MOGA Pro. The main difference was the added built-in phone charger. 

PowerA released the MOGA Ace on December 6, 2014 for entering into the iOS market. It expands from the middle, allowing for select iDevices to be placed in the center, with controls on each side. Like the other recent models, it allows charging while gaming. Due to the built-in Apple Lightning charging port, it only supports the iPhone 5s, iPhone 5c, iPhone 5, and IPod Touch (5th generation).
**Alessandra Ambrosio** (born April 11, 1981 in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian - born American supermodel. She beame a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2004. She was featured several times on the *Forbes* list of best paid models.

Early life
----------

Ambrosio's parents are Brazilian with Italian and Polish ancestry. They are the owners of a gas station. At age 11, she had plastic surgery to fix her large ears. She later told Tyra Banks on her talk show, *The Tyra Banks Show*, that it was a bad experience and she would never do surgery again. She started taking modeling classes at age 12. Two years later she was one of the finalists of the Elite Model Look in Brazil. This launched her modeling career and she signed a contract with Elite Model Management.

Career
------

Her first job was appearing on the cover of *Elle* in Brazil. She also did a Guess campaign.
In 2004, she started her swimsuit line, *Alessandra Ambrosio by Sais*. This was part of a business agreement with Amir Slama's brand Rosa Chá. In 2006, she did a cameo appearance in the movie *Casino Royale*. In 2014, she launched her clothing line, *ále by Alessandra* sold at Planet Blue.

Victoria's Secret
-----------------

In 2004, Ambrosio became an Angel, a spokesmodel for lingerie brand Victoria's Secret. She has been walking their fashion show since 2000. From 2004 to 2006 she worked mainly for their younger line, PINK, and is now working for the main line. In 2008, she walked the fashion show three months after giving birth to her daughter. The following year, she opened the fashion show.

In 2012, she was selected to wear the *Fantasy Bra*. That year, it was called the *Floral Fantasy Bra*. It was created by London Jewelers and featured amethysts, rubies, sapphires and diamonds (including a 20-carat white diamond in the center), making it worth $2,500,000. She walked during the last segment of the year's fashion while wearing it with wings.

In 2014, she was selected to wear the Fantasy Bra again, but this time there were two bras : the *Dream Angels Fantasy Bras* worn by herself and fellow Angel Adriana Lima. Each one of them is worth $2,000,000 and they opened a segment of the year's fashion show while wearing them. It is Alessandra Ambrosio's second Fantasy Bra and Adriana Lima's third.

Personal life
-------------

Alessandra Ambrosio became engaged to Jamie Mazur in 2008. They have two children together, a girl named Anja Louise Ambrosio Mazur (born August 24, 2008) and a boy named Noah Phoenix Ambrosio Mazur (born May 7, 2012).

Filmography
-----------

### Movies

* 2006 : *Casino Royale*

### Television

* 2007 : *How I Met Your Mother* : Herself
* 2007 : *Entourage*
* 2010 : *Gossip Girl* : Model
* 2013 : *America's Next Top Model* : Herself
* 2014 : *New Girl* : Herself
The **Volvo XC90** is a mid-sized luxury CUV made by Volvo since August 2002.

The first XC90 was shown to the public in 2002, at a motor show, called the North American International Motor Show. The 1st gen XC90 is related to the Volvo S80 and is based on the Volvo P2 platform.

The second-gen XC90 was unveiled at the end of 2014, and is based on the Volvo SPA platform. It is related to the Volvo S90 and the Volvo V90 station wagon.

1st gen
-------

2004 model (before change)
The first-gen XC90 was designed by Doug Frasher in 1999, and shown to the public in November 2001, previewed by a concept in November 2001. It was Volvo's first SUV, and its full body was shown at the North American International Motor Show in January 2002. It was able to be bought and ordered in August 2002, and at first had 2 trims. It has 2 choices of seats, 5, and 7-seat. It is code named 'P28'.

### Changes

#### 2007 change

FrontBack
In 2007, the XC90 had gotten a small change, including new front and rear, and a new interior. The new XC90 was shown in New York in April 2006.

#### 2009 changes

FrontBack
In 2009, the XC90 had larger spaces in between the rear Volvo logos.

In 2010, the front Volvo logo got larger.

For 2012-13, it had received LED-taillights and DRLs.

2nd gen
-------

Rear
In May 2012, Volvo Cars said that the new XC90 would start in 2014, with orders starting in 2014, and it starting in 2015.

The XC90 is based on Volvo's SPA platform, which stands for Scalable Product Architecture, and cars in this platform basically have newer technology, and try to have as low weight as possible, while having as much safety as possible. The new XC90 is longer, wider and lower than the older one, while all being powered by an eight-speed automatic transmission. It was already sold out after 47 hours of orders being open on 3 September 2014.

### T8/XC90 Recharge

T8 Inscription
The T8 is a plug-in hybrid version of the XC90. It has an all electric range of 43 km (27 mi), and has the same technology as the Volvo V60 PHEV. In 2021, the T8 was renamed to the 'XC90 Recharge'.

### Change

FrontBack
The XC90 had gotten a small change in 2020, adding a new front and back, including a new front grille.
**Hartley** is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north. In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here. There are also woods and a farm near the houses. Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are". It was a very small place, but now is like a town. No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

Geology
-------

In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

History
-------

In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley. Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here. 53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then. In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived. He farmed land for the owner. This land was called Hartley Court. Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him. 
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won. Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then. In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage). In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley. Almost all worked on the farms. There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902. Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms. After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

Other websites
--------------

* Local information and history website
* Hartley Parish Council
**Norah Jones** (born March 30, 1979) is an American singer and pianist. Her first album, *Come Away with Me* was released in 2002. It was a mix of contemporary jazz, folk, and country music. The album won five Grammy Awards in 2003. She released her second album, *Feels Like Home* in 2004, which sold over a million copies in its first week of its release. "Sunrise" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Her third album, *Not Too Late* was released in 2007. That year Jones also acted in a movie for the first time. The movie, *Blueberry Nights*, had a song by Jones on its soundtrack. In 2009, *The Fall* was released. According to Billboard, Jones is the 60th highest-selling artist of the 2000s. In 2011 Jones sung on Seth MacFarlane's first album. Jones' fifth album *Little Broken Hearts* was released in 2012. It was produced by Danger Mouse. On November 25, 2013, an album Jones made with Billie Joe Armstrong called *Foreverly* was released.

Early life
----------

Jones was born Geetali Norah Jones Shankar in 1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and American concert producer Sue Jones. When Jones was sixteen she changed her name to Norah Jones.

Discography
-----------

* *Come Away with Me* (2002)
* *Feels Like Home* (2004)
* *Not Too Late* (2007)
* *The Fall* (2009)
* *Little Broken Hearts* (2012)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Norah Jones***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Norah Jones***

* Official website

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A taxi in London
A **taxi** (**taxicab** or **cab** in the United States) is a car, or other vehicle which is used for public transport. People use them to get to where they want to go. This means there are no stops in between where they get on and where they get off. Many big cities have taxis.

In most other types of public transport, such as a bus, tram, or train, the rider does not get to choose the locations where they want to get picked up or dropped off. These vehicles often take certain roads or follow a very specific route. Because of this, they usually do not stop exactly where people want to go.

Riding a taxi is a lot like a person having their own car, but don't drive it. They only tell the taxi driver where they want to go and he or she will take you there. How much they pay for the ride, in most cases, depends on how far they are going from where you get on. It is common for the price for a taxi ride to be more expensive than other forms of transport.

History
-------

The yellow Ford Crown Victoria taxicab of New York City.
The first taxi-type system started in Paris and London in the early 17th century. These were carts pulled by (carriages) and could be hired. The monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the rules. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of safety.

Taximeter
---------

The 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter helped establish the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. The first motorized taxi company began operating in Stuttgart the same year.

The term *taximeter* is an adaptation of the French word 'taximètre', and the German word 'taxameter'. It means measuring a tax or fee.

Related pages
-------------

* Automobile
* Cabriolet
* Auto–rickshaw
A **yearbook** is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college).

Compilation
-----------

Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor.

Distribution
------------

Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks.

Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.
**Middle C** is the musical note C that is in the middle of the piano keyboard. It is not perfectly in the middle of the keyboard, but very nearly. When you compare all the Cs in the piano, it is the one nearest to the middle.

When writing Middle C in music notation, it is below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef. This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below. The Middle C sits on a ledger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).

Middle C written in the treble, alto, tenor and bass clefs
On the piano the Middle C key is C4. 

When starting to learn the piano, most books make their easiest pieces start on Middle C. This is because the right hand can then play tunes using 5 notes (C to G) using white notes only (no sharps or flats). It is also easy to recognize Middle C in notation. It is also a help to find the correct place to sit at the piano (Middle C is opposite the player's "middle" (tummy)). One problem can be that young children learning the piano may think that all pieces start on Middle C. Pieces can start anywhere on the keyboard.

Middle C is the lowest note of the flute. It is a fairly low note for a child or woman to sing, but a fairly high note for a man to sing.

Middle C vibrates at 262 Hz.

Position of Middle C on an 88-key keyboard

Listen to this note

261.625565Hz

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*
The **United States Forest Service** (**USFS**) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests. They also manage 20 national grasslands, which encompass 193 million acres (780,000 km2). Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch. Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.

History
-------

In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed **Division of Forestry**. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the **Bureau of Forestry**. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry. It was from that time on known as the **United States Forest Service**. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.

In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some 438,000,000 acres (1,770,000 km2) of public land.
sexual maturity is the capability and genetic function of all organisms to reproduce and grow to their full stages of sexual reproduction, to produce offspring and populate their respective species. it all starts when an organism gets older and more hormonal signals are charged thus causing a whole lot of change in the physiology of the organism size, age and reproductive organs.

Mammal sexual maturity description
----------------------------------

sexual maturity in mammals is when an adult or fully grown up animal has reach the full growth of their sex organs and when they get older and their bodies to produce more hormones, it first start off when a juvenile reaches signs of puberty having pubic hair, deep voice and the capability to breastfeed offspring through sucking of a females breast or mammary gland and the capability for males to ejaculate and have sexual intercourse. this goes with all mammals. some mammals either have the capability to reproduce and be infertile, all the information about sexual maturity and fertilization all rely on DNA, genetics and mutation.

plant sexual maturity descriptions
----------------------------------

plants sexual maturity is when the plant now sends hormonal signals to the shoot apex (a terminal bud that grows 0.1 to 1.0 mm that contains the apical meristem, which develops l leaves and the surrounding leaf primordial) which helps in stimulation the sexual reproduction and development. the factors that contribute to a plants sexual maturity is age, size, ecology, environment, exposure to the sun, their competition, their temperature and nutrients. they can also spread pollen filled with sperm cells that can be picked up by insects that ingest the nectar of the flower they are on like bees

Anatomy of sexual maturity
--------------------------

The anatomy of sexual maturity is categorized by the elongation of the penis on the male and the development of the mammary glands and the breasts on the female as well as the fact that now, fully grown adult males can now ejaculate and that fully grown adult females can now breastfeed offspring and give birth, females will also be on their periods (menstruation) thus causing bleeding of the uterus. after sexual maturity, there will appear 1 out of roughly 300,000-400,000 fertilization egg only around 300-400 eggs are ovulated during sexual intercourse, the male will ejaculate thus sperm will enter the females vagina and then insert themselves in the fertilization egg thus turning into a fetus overtime and after 7-9months,the fetus then turns into a fully grown infant.

species that lay eggs
---------------------

there are many Species that can develop and form Eggs that contain the placenta inside which then helps the offspring develop inside the egg 20 0r 21 eggs in bird species such as poultry or waterfowl. in other species like insects and marine life, the animal can produce a random amount of eggs oftentimes more than one. It is oftentimes that eggs of certain marine species have a slim chance of survival, probabilities being 1 in 500 that an egg hatches and grows into a fledged out adult specimen.

Sources
-------

* 
* 
* 
*
**Tangier**, also **Tangiers** (Tifinagh: **ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ** **Tanja**, archaic Berber name: **Tingi**, Arabic: **طنجة** *Ṭanja*) is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2008 census). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco near the Spanish border. 

The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a place—and, sometimes a refuge—for many cultures. However, it was not until 1923 that Tangier was attributed an international status by foreign colonial powers, thus becoming a destination for many Europeans, Americans and Indians alike.

The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, a new airport terminal and a new soccer stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies
* Travel article with photos
* Tangier photo gallery
* Navigating Tangier’s Labyrinth – slideshow by *The New York Times*
**Italo Giordani** (1882 - 1956) was an Italian artist, a painter, who was active in France.

Italo Giordani moved to Naples to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Naples. Later he studied first in Venice and then, from 1908 to 1909, in Milan, with Cesare Cesare Tallone as Master, finding success in France in 1917, and then with his exhibitions[*source?*] in Paris. He reached Lake Como and the locality of Lierna as a guest of some families of the European nobility on holiday. He devoted himself to the outdoor painting of landscapes and glimpses. But he also painted views of Venice, Martigues and Cannes, Amalfi and Posillipo, places intoxicated with light, and as he himself says "sung by poets, and visited by him in happy moments".

He painted above all landscapes, with the lakes of Como often inserted in countryside scenes. His artworks are characterized by polychromy and brightness.

Bibliography
------------

* "Il secolo 20. rivista popolare illustrata", p. 799, 1920
* Rassegna d'arte antica e moderna, p. 21, 1920
* Italo Giordani, Haldane Macfall, Catalogue of Paintings by Italo Giordani, pubblisher United Arts Gallery (London, England), 1922
* Revue de l'Amérique latine, Volume 14, p. 96, pubblisher, Ernest Martinenche, 1927
* Revue belge, vol. 3, 1928
Camp Curtin (*Harper's Weekly*, September 1862)
**Camp Curtin** was a military training camp in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the American Civil War. It was the largest Union Army training camp during the war. There was also a supply depot, hospital and prisoner-of-war camp.

History
-------

The news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1861. President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days. These men were needed to put down the rebellion of the Southern states. In meetings across the North people cheered the flag and called those who seceded "traitors"! Across the North, eager volunteers responded to calls from local governmental officials to join newly raised state regiments. Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania issued a proclamation asking for 13,000 able-bodied Pennsylvania men to volunteer to help preserve the Union. Within three days, thousands of men had come to Harrisburg to enlist. But they had no place to organize or drill. Governor Curtin decided to use the County Agricultural Society in Harrisburg. Major Joseph F. Knipe officially opened the camp on April 18, 1861, and named it Camp Curtin in honor of the governor (the planned name had been Camp Union). By the end of April, it had sent 25 regiments into the field. From December 1861 to March 1862, the camp was commanded by Major Truman Seymour. In June and July of 1863, General Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania for a second time. His target was Harrisburg and Camp Curtin. However, before he could get there, an accidental meeting between Confederate and Union troops started the Battle of Gettysburg. After the battle Lee's army retreated back to Virginia.

The camp
--------

Over 300,000 soldiers passed through Camp Curtin, making it the largest army training camp during the Civil War. Harrisburg's location on major railroad lines running east and west, and north and south. This made it a very good location for moving men and supplies to the armies in the field. In addition to the Regular Army and Pennsylvania regiments, troops from Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin used Camp Curtin. The camp and surrounding area also saw service as a supply depot. There was a hospital as well as a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. At the end of the war, Camp Curtin was used as a mustering-out point for thousands of troops on their way home. It was officially closed on November 11, 1865.

Related pages
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* American Civil War
* Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Other websites
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* New Wayside Historical Markers
* Camp Curtin Historical Society; YouTube
* Camp Curtin anniversary celebrated in Harrisburg; YouTube
A **paid** or **incentivized survey** is a type of survey where person for filling out the details will get some reward.
Usual prizes will be small amount of money, simple reward like pen or cup, or entry in to competition to win something.

Details
-------

Web-based survey have come a long way, from 1980s where first email surveys were conducted to 1990s when initial web-based surveys were introduced. There were almost $500 million spent on web-based surveys in 2002, and According to Inside Research this number climbed up to about $960 million in 2004.[*source?*]

But despite the advances in survey research, there are still many short comings and problems, such as declining response rates, limited online data bases, mistrust about survey uses (true research versus selling), survey length, issues concerning privacy and security, internet surveys being looked at as spam by some etc.

Most of Online Surveys that are real will not pay cash, but instead give vouchers or prizes.
Online or Internet surveys are very useful for many companies. People get rewarded for answering questions about a product, a company or any questions that will help the company to work better.

Many companies pay people to take a survey, but some are for free.

In era of digital surveys there is many fraud cases where user will be not paid after completing one. Some ways of avoiding fraud sites is to check them on MyWot, review sites or by simply checking their reviews on forums.

It is getting more popular to fill surveys to get access to website or valuable content.

Another popular form of surveys that has recently emerged are daily surveys. Daily survey panels allow their members to participate in surveys everyday. The user is taken through a router where they can keep trying to qualify until a survey is found that matches their demographics. Daily surveys pay less than most paid surveys, but the opportunity to qualify is much greater and payouts are usually cash instead of prizes.

Businesses spend $18.7 billion worldwide on market research, as reported by CASRO.
The initial procession of a *corrida*, with three teams of bullfighters.
The *suerte de capote*: matador uses cape to cause the bull to pass him.
Matador in the *tercio de muerte*.
The painting *The Bullfight* by Édouard Manet.

Spanish-style bullfighting around the world:
  Bullfighting legal.
  Bullfighting banned, which used to be traditionally practiced.

Note: Some municipalities have banned bullfighting in countries and regions where it is otherwise legal.
Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces during the 19th century.
Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces today.
**Bullfighting** is an old sport. Today it is mostly done in Spain, and in Portugal, and some countries of South America.

The largest bullring is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people, and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765.

The Spanish bullfight (*Corrida de toros*) is a fight to the death. The modern bullfight has a ritual. It has three distinct stages, the start of each being signalled by a trumpet. The bullfighters (*Toreros*) enter the arena in a parade, to Paso doble music. The rules, costumes and traditions were sorted out by Paquiro (Francisco Montes Reina, 13 January 1804 – 4 April 1851, the greatest matador of his time.

A team of bullfighters is seven men. The leader is the **matador**, and he has six assistants, who play roles in the drama. Bullfighters' costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. *Matadores* ('those who kill the bull') are easily seen by the gold of their *traje de luces* ('suit of lights').

At the end comes the *tercio de muerte* ('the third of death'). The matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape, and a sword. The cape called a *muleta*. The matador uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes. The *faena* is the performance with the cape. The *faena* ends with a final series of passes in which the bullfighter tries to move the bull into position. He then stabs it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting in the sword is called an *estocada*.

If the matador gets it wrong, he may be gored by the bull's horns, and killed. This does happen: some very famous matadors have died in the ring. When the great matador Manolete was killed in the ring at the age of 31, three days of official national mourning were held. Bullrings do have an infirmary with an operating room, for the immediate treatment of bullfighters with horn wounds.

There is great opposition to the bullfight from animal welfare organisations. There are also versions of the bullfight in which the animal is unharmed.

Art
---

Bullfighting has influenced all forms of art and culture. Ernest Hemingway said of bullfinghting: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour". Spanish dance and musical forms such as the paso doble and flamenco are heavily influenced by the spectacle of the bullfight.
Liquid nitrogen
The James Webb Space Telescope needs a cold mirror and instruments. Its MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) in Region 1 needs to be even colder, so it has a cryocooler in the warmer region 3 of the spacecraft. 
A medium-sized dewar is being filled with liquid nitrogen by a larger cryogenic storage tank. Note the ice covering the cold piping. This is because air is condensing and freezing out of the air onto the supercold metal pipes.
In physics, **cryogenics** is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

It is not well defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins. A gas may be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or below −150 °C (123 K; −238 °F).

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers cryogenics as involving temperatures below −180 °C (93 K; −292 °F). The normal boiling points of helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air are below −180 °C. 

The Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above −180 °C.

Discovery of superconducting materials has raised interest in reliable, low cost methods of producing high temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term "high temperature cryogenic" means temperatures from above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F), up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F).

Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scale, both of which measure from absolute zero, rather than more usual scales such as Celsius which measures from the freezing point of water at sea level or Fahrenheit with its zero at an arbitrary temperature.

Uses
----

* Magnetic resonance imaging is an important machine for hospital diagnosis. It shows internal damage to soft tissues, and is very important in brain surgery.
* Nuclear magnetic resonance is used for the physical and chemical properties of atoms.
* Rocket cryogenic fuel is used as a propellant.
* Cryogenics create the temperatures needed to store or transport large amounts of food without it deteriorating.
* Many physical experiments need cryogenic temperatures.
* Underground cables transmitting electricity are made much more efficient if they are cooled to cryogenic temperatures.

Related pages
-------------

* Cryogenic proof test at Space X
The **United Democratic Party** (**UDP**) is one of the two major political parties in Belize. It is currently the main opposition party. It lost the 2020 Belizean general election, after previously holding the government for three terms. Founded as a centre-right conservative party, the UDP is led by Shyne Barrow.

The party had been in power since 7 February 2008. It attempted to win a fourth consecutive general election. UDP Leader and Prime Minister, Dean Barrow stated he would step down from both positions on 2 November 2020, after the new Prime Minister of Belize has been officially sworn-in by Govonor-General, Colville Young. The UDP scheduled a May 2019 convention and election, but after Barrow’s cabinet urged him to stay on as Prime Minister and Leader of the UDP, he pushed back that date in January 2019 to February 2020. On 10 August 2019, The UDP’s National Party Council met and set the date of the UDP’s leadership convention and election on 9 February 2019. The venue will be at the Belize Civic Centre, according to the party organ, The Guardian. Deputy Prime Minister of Belize, Patrick Faber and Minister of National Security and Defence, John Saldivar contested the position of UDP Leader. Minister of Health, Pablo Marin contested the position of Deputy Leader. Minister of Natural Resources, Hugo Patt also contested for Deputy Leader. Patt and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wilfred Elrington were mentioned as possible candidates to contest the position of UDP Leader. However, both declined in June 2018. On 5 June 2019, Belize Breaking News (BBN) published an article stating that the UDP has a high chance of capitalising and making history by wining a fourth consecutive term come 2020, given the results of the 2019 Belizean territorial dispute referendum went in the favour of the UDP. The UDP was long campaigning for an "Yes" vote to bring Guatemala’s claim to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), while the PUP eyed the "No" vote while some of its Politicians still supported "Yes" as they thought that was the right thing to do. A victory in the next election would be monumental as the party navigates new Leadership with the departure of several senior members. The UDP Cabinet, though marred by waves of scandal and revelations of systemic corruption across Government departments throughout its 11-year reign, has withered the political storms.
The **Valdivia Province** (Spanish: *Provincia de Valdivia*) is one of the two provinces in the Chilean region of Los Ríos (XIV). The capital of the province, and of the region, is the city of Valdivia.

Geography
---------

The Valdivia province is in the northern half of the Los Ríos region with an area of 10,197.2 sq mi (26,411 km2). The capital, Valdivia, is in the western part of the province.

Valdivia is bordered to the north by the Cautín province (La Araucanía region), to the east by Argentina, to the south by the El Ranco province and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river in the province is the *Valdivia* river.

### Climate

The climate of the Valdivia province, in the city of Valdivia, is an oceanic climate, **Cfb** (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Valdivia is 12.3 °C (54.1 °F). The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of 17 °C (63 °F). The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of 8 °C (46 °F).

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Valdivia is 2,489 mm (98.0 in). The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 414 mm (16.3 in) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of 65 mm (2.6 in).

Population
----------

As of 2002[update] (last national census), there were 259,243 people living in the province, giving it a population density of 25.4 inhabitants/km². The urban population was 192,066 persons (74% of the total population).

The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Valdivia, with 127,750 inhabitants.

Administration
--------------

As a province, Valdivia is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 8 communes (*comunas*). The city of Valdivia serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Panguipulli
Futrono
Río Bueno
Lago Ranco
La Unión
Corral
Paillaco
Valdivia
Máfil
Lanco
Mariquina
Los Lagos

Valdivia province| Code | Comuna | Capital | Area(km²) | Population(2002) | Density |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14101 | Valdivia | Valdivia | 1,015.6 | 140,559 | 138.4 |
| 14102 | Corral | Corral | 766.7 | 5,463 | 7.1 |
| 14103 | Lanco | Lanco | 532.4 | 15,107 | 28.4 |
| 14104 | Los Lagos | Los Lagos | 1,791.2 | 20,168 | 11.3 |
| 14105 | Máfil | Máfil | 582.7 | 7,213 | 12.4 |
| 14106 | Mariquina | Mariquina | 1,320.5 | 18,223 | 13.8 |
| 14107 | Paillaco | Paillaco | 896.0 | 19,237 | 21.5 |
| 14108 | Panguipulli | Panguipulli | 3,292.1 | 33,273 | 10.1 |
| **Total of Valdivia province** | 10,197.2 | 259,243 | 25.4 |

Related pages
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* Provinces of Chile

Other websites
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* Territorial division of Chile (in Spanish)
* Gobierno Regional de Los Ríos Official website (in Spanish)
* Province of Valdivia website (in Spanish)