recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Logo of the UEFA Youth League
The **UEFA Youth League** is a club football competition. It is organized by Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 2013. In the competition the youth teams of the clubs in the UEFA Champions League group stage and the youth champions of the best-ranked national associations are playing.

The semi-finals and final matches are played at the Colovray Stadium in Nyon, Switzerland. The winners takes the Lennart Johansson Trophy, named after the former UEFA president.

Finals
------

| Season | Team 1 | Team 2 | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013–14 | CF Barcelona | Benfica  | 3:0 |
| 2014–15 | Chelsea F.C | Shakhtar Donetsk | 3:2 |
| 2015–16 | Chelsea F.C. | Paris Saint-Germain | 2:1 |
| 2016–17 | FC Salzburg | Benfica | 2:1 |
| 2017–18 | CF Barcelona | Chelsea F.C | 3:0 |
| 2018–19 | FC Porto | Chelsea F.C | 3:1 |
| 2019–20 | Real Madrid | Benfica | 3:2 |
| 2021–22 | Benfica Lissabon | FC Salzburg | 6:0 |
| 2022–23 | AZ Alkmaar |  Hajduk Split | 5:0 |

The 2020–21 season was stopped due to COVID 19 pandemic in Europe.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***UEFA Youth League***.

Gallery
-------

* FC Salzburg (U19) 2017FC Salzburg (U19) 2017
* FC Salzburg (U19) 2017 celebrating win versus Mancester CityFC Salzburg (U19) 2017 celebrating win versus Mancester City
* Player of KRC GenkPlayer of KRC Genk
Monument to Ausonius in Milan.
**Decimius Magnus Ausonius** (ca. 310–395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).

Biography
---------

Ausonius was born in Bordeaux in ca. 310. His father was a noted physician of Greek ancestry.

Ausonius had a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother and received an excellent education, especially in grammar and rhetoric, but said his Greek was not good. Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as a lawyer, but he preferred teaching. In 334, he established a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, which was very popular. His most famous pupil was St. Paulinus of Nola, who later became Bishop of Nola.

After thirty years of this work, he was ordered by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian, the heir-apparent. The prince greatly respected his tutor, and after his accession bestowed on him the highest titles and honours that any Roman (besides from the royal family) could attain, culminating in the consulate in 379.

After the murder of Gratian in 383, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala (now Bordeaux) in Gaul. These supposedly included the land now owned by Château Ausone, which takes its name from him. He appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to Christianity. He died about 395.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Ausonius***

* Works by Ausonius at the Internet Archive
* Latin text of *Mosella* and the *Septem Sententiae*
* Ausonius' Opera Omnia: IntraText Digital Library
* Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
* wiki text and translation of Moselle Archived 2023-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
***The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge*** is an autobiography written by former United States President Calvin Coolidge. It was published in 1929, shortly after Coolidge left office.

Coolidge's autobiography has about 45,000 words, unusually short for the time. It was praised by Ray Long (editor of *Cosmopolitan* magazine) for describing the complete story of Coolidge's life and "the complete story of our country during the dramatic years of this generation." Coolidge was one of the first U.S. Presidents to write and publish an autobiography. Coolidge's autobiography talks about all of the important moments in his life, such as his childhood and youth, Governorship, Presidency, son's death, and retirement. It was criticized by some for being too obvious and not giving any new information that was previously unknown to the public. However, this trait of the autobiography was not that surprising as no one expected Coolidge to reveal some private government information and secrets in his autobiography (Coolidge was a very private man, despite his happy-going and cheerful public personality image). However, it was also praised for its relative shortness, considering that most autobiographies of the time were much longer. Coolidge's autobiography, in contrast, was about half the size of a novel. One of the most important moments in the book was Coolidge's belief that President Warren Harding would recover (in 1923) and then his surprise and inauguration following Harding's death.

The Coolidge autobiography was very popular when it was published, which is seen in the large amount of fan mail that Coolidge got afterwards and by the fact that many newspapers were willing to publish parts of the autobiography so that much more Americans could buy it and view it. Coolidge said that he hoped that his autobiography might guide and encourage the young men and women of America.

Related pages
-------------

* List of United States Presidential autobiographies
***Green Eggs and Ham*** is a book by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1960. *Publishers Weekly* says that it had sold fourth-most copies of any children's book ever as of 2001. In this story, Sam-I-Am pesters Guy-Am-I to eat green eggs and ham. However, Guy refuses, insisting that he does not like them until the end. It received an animated adaption in 1973.

Words
-----

*Green Eggs and Ham* is one of Seuss's "Beginner Books", written using very simple words for beginning readers. There are only fifty different words, of which 49 have only one syllable. The one exception is "anywhere". The fifty words used are: *a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you*. 45 of the 50 words (all words except *box*, *car*, *Sam*, *train* and *try*) are Germanic.

Other websites
--------------

* Seussville: various *Green Eggs and Ham* items
An illustration of moas being hunted, by Heinrich Harder. Actually, the Maori did not have bows and arrows
Comparison of a kiwi, ostrich, and *Dinornis*, each with its egg
The **moa** were large flightless birds with no wings. They lived only in New Zealand, and are now all extinct.

There were nine species (in six genera) of Moa. The largest and best known were the genus *Dinornis*, which grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 230 kilograms (510 pounds). 

The Māori people arrived in New Zealand from Oceania about a thousand years ago. Then, moas lived in large numbers, especially on South Island. Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's eagle. However, they could not survive being hunted for food by the Maori.

Recent extinctions (also mostly birds) have been caused by habitat change and introduced species.

Large birds
-----------

* Cassowary
* Elephant bird
	+ *Aepyornis*
* Terror birds
	+ *Phorusrhacos*
	+ *Brontornis*
* *Dromornis*
* *Gastornis* (*Diatryma*)
**Ernst Kaltenbrunner** (5 June 1937 – 11 July 1967) was an Austrian football player. He played for Wiener AC, Admira Wien and the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Ernst Kaltenbrunner started his football career at the Sportvereinigung Zellerndorf where he was a founding member of the first team in 1952. 1955/56 he went to SK Admira Wien as a center forward where he scored 15 league goals in his debut season. His most successful time was at the WAC where he played since 1957. In the three seasons between 1958 and 1961 he scored 74 goals in the A-League.

Together with his younger brother Günter Kaltenbrunner he went back to Admira in 1961. He played just a few matches so he went back to WAC in 1963. 1965 the club was relegated. Kaltenbrunner was due to a serious illness not able to play. He became youth coach at SV Schwechat and died just a few days after his 30th birthday in 1967.

International career
--------------------

He played only one match for the team on 12 December 1960 in Naples. He scored the winning goal in a 2-1 away win over Italy.

Honours
-------

* Austrian Cup: 1958-59
**Josef Brandstetter** (29 December 1890 – 25 March 1945) was an Austrian football player. From 1911 to 1925 he was an important player for SK Rapid and in the national team. He played 234 matches for Rapid and scored 23 goals.

Career
------

Josef Brandstetter began his football career together with his younger brother Fritz with SK Rapid Wien in 1908. He was part of the team that won the first Austrian football championship in 1911–12. He won a total of eight title in Hütteldorf before a crisis at the club in 1924 drove him to local rivals Wiener AF. After the differences with the club's management had been solved, Brandstetter returned to Rapid. At the end of his career Brandstetter moved to ASV Hertha Vienna at the end of 1925 or beginning of 1926.

International
-------------

Josef Brandstetter was a regular player for the national team for twelve years. He made his debut at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. The center half scored his only two goals in the national team in a 2-0 victory over Italy on 15 June 1913.

Manager
-------

Around the beginning of November 1926 he became a trainer at the Yugoslavian champions Građanski Zagreb. Good results against international opponents and Viennese clubs were reported. After arguments over his salary - he wanted to earn as much as his predecessor - they parted ways. In February 1927 he took over the coaching position at the Wiener Sport-Club before looking after VfL Neckarau for two years from 1928. In 1933 he looked after the first team of FC Hard.

Death
-----

Seppl Brandstetter died of pneumonia in a Viennese hospital in the last weeks of the Second World War.

Honours
-------

* 8 × Austrian champion: 1912, 1913, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1923
* 2 × Austrian Cup: 1919, 1920
The **Imperial Japanese Army** (Japanese ; 大日本帝国陸軍, *Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun*), also known as the **IJA**, was the army of Imperial Japan from 1868 to 1945. The army was under the command of Emperor Meiji from 1868-1912, Emperor Taishō from 1912-1926 and Emperor Hirohito from 1926-1945 .

The IJA was started after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, replacing the Samurai. It was abolished at the end of World War II in 1945.

The army was involved in many Wars : Boshin War (1868-1869) Invasion Of Taiwan (1874) Shinpuren Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Invasion Of Taiwan (1895) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria (1931) Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict (1932-1939) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) World War 2 (1941-1945) .

Legacy
------

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.

In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ground-reach of JSDF is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

Related pages
-------------

* Imperial Japanese Navy

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Imperial Japanese Army***.

* AxisHistory.com, Japanese Army
* Imperial Japanese Army -Citizendium
**Clubul Sportiv Pandurii Lignitul Târgu Jiu** (English: *Târgu Jiu Lignite Pandurs Sports Club*) is a Romanian association football club from Târgu Jiu, Gorj County. They currently play in the Liga II.

Pandurii Târgu Jiu was founded in August 1963 after two clubs, *Flacăra-Unirea Târgu Jiu* and *CIL Târgu-Jiu*, came together. Their best performance in the Liga I was 2nd place in the 2012/13 season. They then qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, and made it to the group stage after defeating Levadia Tallinn, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Braga in the qualification and play-off rounds.

Since 1963, the club has played at the Stadionul Tudor Vladimirescu. The stadium was demolished in 2015, and a new stadium will be built which will hold 12,000 people.

Honours
-------

**Liga I**

Runners-up (1): 2012–13
Third Place (1): 2015–16
**Liga II**

**Winners (1):** 2004–05
Runners-up (1): 2003–04
**Liga III**

**Winners (4):** 1976–77, 1978–79, 1985–86, 1999–00
Runners-up (2): 1975–76, 1983–84
### Cups

* **Cupa Ligii**

Runners-up (1): 2014–15

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine at Liga I
* Stadionul Tudor Vladimirescu Archived 2013-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
**Music Canada** (formerly **The Canadian Recording Industry Association**) is a non-profit trade organization that was founded in 1964 to represent the interests of Canadian companies that create, manufacture and market sound recordings in Canada. The organization is based in Toronto.

CRIA is governed by a board of directors who are elected annually by CRIA members. To be eligible for election a candidate for the board must be among the chief executive officers of member companies of the organization. Graham Henderson (Universal Music Canada) is the current president of the CRIA.

Album certifications
--------------------

The CRIA certifications for albums are:

* 40,000 units: Gold
* 80,000 units: Platinum
* 1,000,000 units: Diamond

Note: Multi-Platinum refers to how many times the album has reached 100,000 units sold.

Other websites
--------------

* Canadian Recording Industry Association Website Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
* London Free Press article on the decision[*permanent dead link*]
* Full text of the decision (PDF) Archived 2004-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* CBC: CRIA wants tougher internet piracy law in Canada
* CRIA Falling Apart Archived 2008-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Demonoid Archived 2010-11-07 at WebCite
**Karl Franz Durspekt** (23 November 1913 in Vienna, Austria – 14 February 1978 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian football player. He played mainly for SK Admira Wien and Floridsdorfer AC as striker. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

As the son of a train driver, Karl Durspekt first worked as a typesetter and then became a professional football player. He started his professional career with SK Admira Wien. From the 1935/36 season he was under contract with FC Rouen, where he was part of the legendary "bomb storm" in France around Jean Nicolas, Roger Rio and Marceau Lhermine, who scored 119 goals in 34 second division games, 12 of which, scored in 20 appearances, were due to Durspekt. They were promoted to Division 1. The "Red Devils" also held their own at the higher level and finished fourth in the table in each of the following two years. Durspekt left the club in 1938. 

After his return to Vienna he played again for Admira in the 1938/39 season. He won the Austrian championship, which had been downgraded to a district championship. In the final round of the German championship Admira reached the final. In the final the Viennese lost 9-0 to FC Schalke 04.

He played for Floridsdorfer AC until 1942. 1942 till 1945 he played for the air force team LSV Markersdorf an der Pielach. During these years, LSV Markersdorf managed to become champions of the 1st class Lower Danube and to be promoted to the Gaulliga Donau-Alpenland. This was the highest league in the then Ostmark. After the war Durspekt played for Floridsdorfer AC for three more seasons from 1945 to 1948.

International
-------------

He played two matches for the Austrian national football team in 1935. His first match was a draw versus Czechoslowakia on 14 April, his last match was a 6-3 loss versus Hungary on 12 May.

Manager
-------

After Durspekt had taken on coaching duties at the FAC, he began his full-time work as a coach at Hellenic Alexandria at the end of 1948. He then brought SC Nord-Wien into the Vienna League in 1952. Then he worked for Lower Austrian SV Wimpassing in 1950. In Sweden he became the first full-time coach at Lunds BK 1950. He stayed there until 1952. In Switzerland he finished tenth in the second division with FC Locarno in 1953/54. In 1956/57 he was with the Swedish second division club Åtvidabergs FF. From 1960 to 1961, he managed the newly promoted Oberliga South team SSV Jahn Regensburg.

From 1961 to 1963, Durspekt looked after the Greek first division club PAOK in Thessaloniki, with whom he finished sixth and then fourth the following season. In 1964/65 he trained in the Austrian state league for the first time. The team was Grazer AK. In between the two contracts with GAK he coached SV Rapid Lienz in the Carinthian regional league in 1966/67. In the first half of 1970 he coached IK Start in Kristiansand, Norway. In 1975 he managed Bodens BK.
The word **independence** means "not dependent", or not having to depend on anyone or anything else. It also means being strong and able to survive alone. Anything can be dependent or independent. When people talk about independence, it may be about people or countries, where it is often being spoken about as a good thing. For places, it may mean sovereignty or autonomy. In science, as in *independent variable* the word does not mean it is good or bad.

In countries
------------

A country gets its independence when it is no longer part of another country. Sometimes countries get their independence in a war, as when the United States left the British Empire in the American War of Independence. Countries can also get their independence peacefully, like Canada and Norway did. Help from another country may be needed to get independence, like in World War II, when the allies freed many countries that had been controlled by the Axis powers and, temporarily, vice versa. Attempts to gain independence may lead to civil war and may be unsuccessful. 

### Examples

Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965. The newest country to get its independence was South Sudan. Other countries that became independent not long ago are Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, Eritrea in 1993 and East Timor in 2002. However, some countries have political parties that discuss whether their country should become independent. Some examples of these are the Scottish National Party (SNP) or the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP).

Related pages
-------------

* Declaration of independence
* Autonomy
* Nationalism
* Self-determination
For other uses, see Jack-o'-lantern (disambiguation).
A jack-o'-lantern lit by a candle
A **Jack-o'-lantern** is a carved pumpkin, turnip, beet, or potato. In the 19th and 20th centuries people in Scotland and Ireland carved Halloween lanterns from large yellow turnips. This custom has become less prevalent in recent years as supermarkets have begun selling the larger and easier-to-carve American pumpkins. 

In Irish lore, the Jack-o'-lantern is from the story of Stingy Jack. Jack was a clever man who cheated the devil several times. Once when Jack was leaving hell, the devil threw him a glowing coal to light his way. Jack put the coal in a hollowed-out turnip to make the first "Jack-o'-lantern". Lore says Jack can still be seen wandering the world with his turnip lantern, especially around All Saints Day, November 1.

In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween. In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit Jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities.

Jack-o'-lantern made from a turnip
To make a Jack-o'-lantern, the top of the pumpkin surrounding the stump of the vine is cut off. This top will be used as a "lid" when the Jack-o'-lantern is completed. The seeds and pulp inside the pumpkin are scooped out using a spoon or one's hands. The seeds may be roasted in a hot oven, and then salted to make a snack.

Once the inside of the pumpkin is clean, a face is carved into one side of the pumpkin. The eyes and nose are usually triangles. The mouth is usually filled with jagged teeth. A candle, devotional candle in a candle-holder, or a flashlight is put inside the Jack-o'-lantern and lit. The "lid" is replaced. The lid may be placed slightly askew to keep the candle alit. 

In the United States, a completely carved and lit Jack-o'-lantern is put on the porch, the porch steps, or in a window to welcome trick-or-treaters on Halloween. Once the pumpkin is carved, it is good for nothing else and lasts only a day or two before it starts to rot. Pumpkins used to make Jack-o'-lanterns are inedible. In the United States, mischief-makers steal the Jack-o'-lanterns of their neighbors. The pumpkins are smashed in the street, dropped from a bridge, or otherwise destroyed.
**Sir Charles Babbage** (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. 

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.

Charles Babbage's Brain

Works
-----

Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.

Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.

Part of Babbage's difference engine, assembled after his death by Babbage's son, using parts found in his laboratory.
Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.

Related pages
-------------

* Analogue computer

Other websites
--------------

* Charles Babbage -Citizendium

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Coat of arms
**Burshtyn** (Ukrainian: Буршти́н) is a city located in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. Its population is 14,976 (2020).

It was developed significantly during the Soviet Union period due to Burshtyn Coal Power Station. The city has an old Roman Catholic Church in the center of the city.

History
-------

The first written mention of the settlement dates back to 1554 (or in 1436 according to other sources).

In the second half of the 16th century the town belonged to the Polish nobleman Skarbek. In October 1629, a famous battle took place near the town, in which the registered Cossacks and the Polish army under the command of Stefan Khmeletsky defeated the Tatar. The attackers were driven further, in particular, to Monastyrysk, where their remains were again destroyed.

From 1630 the owner of Burshtyn was the magnate Yablonovsky. During the Middle Ages, the city was destroyed by raids by Tatars and Turks, in particular during the Polish-Turkish wars of the XVII century (1629, 1675).
Official portrait of Congresswoman Shelley Berkley
**Rochelle "Shelley" Berkley** (born as **Rochelle Levine** in New York City, January 20, 1951) is an American politician and lawyer. She was a United States Representative under Nevada's 1st congressional district from 1999 to 2013. In 2012, she was a candidate for the United States Senate, though she was not successful. Berkley is a member under the United States Democratic Party.

Berkley was involved with the Nevada Assembly from 1982 to 1984. She was mostly involved in local civic affairs. She also worked under the Nevada University and Community College System Board of Regents from 1990 to 1998. Berkley was appointed vice chair.

Ethics investigation, related criticism
---------------------------------------

On September 5, 2011, an article from *New York Times* talked about the actions Berkley did while a member of Congress under which she and her husband profited.

On September 19, 2011, the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) released their annual *Most Corrupt Members of Congress* report. Berkley was listed in the report under CREW's "Dishonorable Mention" category. Berkley was named under the CREW's *Most Corrupt Members of Congress* report for the second year in 2012.

On July 9, 2012, the United States House Committee on Ethics voted to launch an investigation into whether Berkley had used her official position to promote a policy that benefited the financial situation for her family. More specifically, Berkley was later accused of pushing healthcare that would benefit her husband's medical practices.

Interest groups
---------------

As a sixth-term congresswoman, Berkley was endorsed by several interest groups. The themes with some groups included gender equality, education and environmental protection under politics.

Berkley was given various scores from a variety of interest groups. These issues include topics related to abortion, animal rights, budget, foreign aid and agriculture. Under the NARAL Pro-Choice America, Berkley has a 100% rating. Under the National Right to Life Committee, she has a 0% rating.

Under the American Farm Bureau Federation, Berkley has a rating at 33% related to the topic of agriculture. The National Farm Workers Union gave her a rating of 100%. Other interest groups from which Berkley has received high ratings include the Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants and the Defenders of Wildlife Organization.
**Edward "Tug" Wilson** (1921-2009) was a British colonel. He started the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was also really good friends with Sheikh Zayed.

Early life
----------

He was born on January 18, 1921 in West Hartepool, Yorkshire in England. His birth name was Edward Bearby Wilson. Tug was a nickname. He attended Constantine College. In 1945 he was a wireless operator at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He liked to play rugby and cricket.

Military work
-------------

He started working in the Worcestershire Regiment. He then worked for the 1st Battalion of the British Army of the Rhine. Then he worked for the 2nd Division Signal Regiment. He was a part of the Berlin airlift and the Malayan Emergency. He went to Korea and in 1952 moved to Hara Mura, Japan to teach British soldiers at the Battle School. A grenade blew up while he was teaching soldiers and he hurt his shoulder. 

He became a Major. In 1961 he started looking over a squadron of the Trucial Oman Scouts. He was working at the Buraimi Oasis, Al Ain. He became good friends with Sheikh Zayed after the Sheikh became ruler of the United Arab Emirates. During this time Wilson founded the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was leader of that force until 1968.

Retirement and death
--------------------

He left Abu Dhabi in 1969. He started teaching at the Old Royal Naval College. Then he taught at the Staff College, Camberley. He retired from the Army in 1971. He started a trout fish farm.[*source?*] Wilson then moved back to Abu Dhabi, at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed, to run the royal stables. He ran the stables until the Sheikh died. He participated in the London To Peking Motor Challenge in 1990. He was awarded the Abu Dhabi Award. He died on January 2, 2009.
**Clubul Sportiv Universitatea Craiova** is a professional association football club from Craiova, Romania.

Two teams were founded in Craiova in the year 1921: *Craiovan Craiova* and *Rovine Griviţa Craiova*. These two clubs merged to form the very successful team, FC Craiova. The team dissolved in 1949. Finally in 1948, *Universitatea Craiova* was formed by a group of students and professors.

Since it's founding, the club has won 4 Liga I titles, 6 Cupa României titles, 2 Liga II titles and 1 Liga III title. They also reached the quarter-finals of the 1981–82 UEFA Champions League tournament.

The team's colours are blue and white.

Honours
-------

**Liga I**

**Winners (4):** 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1990–91
Runners-up (4): 1972–73, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1993–94
**Cupa României**

**Winners (7):** 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2017–18
Runners-up (3): 1974–75, 1984–85, 1993–94
**Liga II**

**Winners (2):** 1963–64, 2013–14
Runners-up (1): 1960–61
**Liga III**

**Winners (1):** 1957–58

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Afshars
-------

The **Afshar** is a tribe of Turkic origin that split into several groups in Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. There is an important Afshar group in Urmia and its vicinity, West Azerbaijan. There are also Afshar groups in the southern Azerbaijan, in the region around Zanjan, in vicinity of Tehran, in Mazandaran, north of Mashad, Kermanshah, southwest Iran and small groups in Fars and Kerman.

Afshar tribe of historically important as one of the Qizilbash tribes, which established the Safavid dynasty in Iran, and as descent group of the Afsharid dynasty.

Sources
-------

* Stöber, Georg (2010). "Afshār". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE*. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
* Oberling, Pierre (1984). "AFŠĀR". *Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I, Fasc. 6*. pp. 582–586.
* Doerfer, G. (1988). "BAYĀT". *Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 8*. pp. 882–884.

1. 1 2  Stöber 2010.
2. 1 2  Oberling 1984, p. 582–586.
**The Left Party.PDS** (in German: **Die Linkspartei** or **Linkspartei.PDS**) was a left-winged political party in Germany. After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.

History
-------

After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* (SED) changed to the **SED-PDS** and later to the **Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus** (PDS).
In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.

In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.

Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice *Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit* (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.
They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.

In the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.

Programme
---------

Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want. 

They want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.

They are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school (*gesamtschule*) instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.

Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party *Bündnis 90/Die Grüne* and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.

In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well.
**LSV (Luftwaffensportverein) Markersdorf** was a football club in Austria (then Ostmark) during the time of Nazi occupation.

History
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The club was founded in 1939. In the 1941/42 season the club played in the Gauliga Niederdonau. The championship was decided at the time using the knockout system. After MSV Brünn was defeated 2-1 in the semi-finals and 1. Wiener Neustädter SC 5-3 in the final, the team qualified for the promotion games to the the highest league in Eastern Mark at the time. LSV lost both games against the champions of the two Vienna 1st classes SG Reichsbahn Wien and Wiener AC. 

At that time, the air force base also served as a "reception camp" for enlisted football players. They were transferred there by their parent clubs. Austrian team players like Karl Durspekt (SK Admira Wien), Karl Sesta (Austria Wien), Lukas Aurednik (Rapid Wien), Adolf Huber (Austria Wien), Max Merkel (Wiener Sport-Club) and German team players like Walter Dzur (Dresden SC), Paul Zielinski (Hamborn 07) and Hiltrop (Hannover 96). With the class that these players brought with them, the rise of LSV Markersdorf was inevitable.

In the game for the title in the Gauliga Niederdonau 1942/43, LSV Wiener Neustadt was defeated in the semifinals and RSG Wiener Neustadt in the final. In the promotion games to the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland, the Luftwaffe athletes met the Styrian champions Kapfenberger SC and the Carinthian champions Villacher SV. With a goal difference of 18:6 with three wins and only one defeat, they were promoted to the highest East Mark league. There they achieved a sensational sixth place in 1943/44, ahead of clubs like SK Rapid Vienna and Wacker Vienna. Due to the war, more and more players had to do military service. So the club had to withdraw from the league at the end of the season and was dissolved. After the war a new club (SC Markersdorf) was founded on 5 November 1945 which still plays in the lower clases of Lower Austria.
Emily Dickinson is one of the most influential American poets
**American poetry** is poetry of the United States. It is most often written in English. 

Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are the most famous American poets. They lived in the 19th century. She wrote short lyric poems about nature and human feelings.He wrote epic poetry. There are many poetry movements or styles. 

After World War I, Modernist poetry became popular. The poets were inspired by European poetry, Asian poetry (such as Haikus), and Latin American poetry. The most famous Modernist poets were Ezra Pound (1885–1972) and T. S. Eliot (1888–1965). Pound wrote an epic poem called Cantos. Eliot wrote the most famous modern American poem, The Waste Land; it is a dramatic poem. He also wrote popular lyrical about cats. 

During the Vietnam War, the Beat poets became very popular. Beat poets wrote about the American landscape, human sexuality, United States politics, and the Vietnam war. Jack Kerouac (1922–1969), Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997), Gary Snyder (born 1930), Diane Di Prima (born 1934), Amiri Baraka (born 1934) and Lawrence Ferlinghetti (born 1919) are Beat poets. 

Songwriter and poet Bob Dylan won the Nobel prize in 2016.

The Nuyorican poets emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. They migrated from Puerto Rico to New York City. They wrote poems in Spanish, English, and Spanglish (language). They also perform their poems in clubs such as the Nuyorican Poets Cafe. Many poems describe racism, drugs, prison, and poverty. Others write with humor and optimism about love and triumph. Nuyorican poets include Pedro Pietri, Miguel Pinero, and Giannina Braschi. Other Latina poets who also wrote in Spanish and Spanglish are Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Sandra Cisneros, Lorna Dee Cervantes, and Ana Castillo. These Latina poets were a part of the Chicano Movement and the Feminist movement. 

There are many great African American poets. Black American poets have included Gwendolyn Brooks (born in 1917), Maya Angelou (born in 1928), Ishmael Reed (born in 1938), Nikki Giovanni (born in 1943), Amiri Baraka, Kwame Dawes, Claudia Rankine, Terence Hayes, Tracy K. Smith and Kevin Young.

Feminist poets write about women’s rights, female sexuality, female creativity, motherhood, and identity, among other topics. They include Adrienne Rich (1929–2012), Alicia Ostriker, Marilyn Hacker, and Amy Gerstler (born in 1956).

American Poetry Organizations
-----------------------------

Academy of American Poets, Library of Congress, Poetry Society of America, Poetry Foundation are organizations that support US poets.
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. This is an example of a hierarchy visualised with a triangle diagram.
A **hierarchy** (in Greek: Ιεραρχία; this comes from *ιερός*-hieros, sacred, and *άρχω*-arkho, rule) is a way of ranking and organizing things or people. Beneath the top of the hierarchy, each part of it is below some other part. This turns out to be like a pyramid. It is a system to decide who can make decisions, and who is forced to comply with those decisions.

An example with people would be the structure of a company. There is the top manager, and there are a few levels of middle and lower management. At the bottom are the common workers. Another example would be an army that might have a general, followed by colonels, corporals, and sergeants, then privates.

In democracy this is done by educating people in the issues and then voting - in an election to choose leaders, or a referendum to actually choose one option from several. Competing power networks each form a political party and each offers only one leader or one option to the public, to simplify the issues to make decisions possible. After the decision, they typically do not fight it to the point of civil war, but wait for the next election.

In dictatorship this is done by asking one powerful person to make the decision and then agreeing to force everyone to follow it. Any who will not are exiled, imprisoned, or killed, even if the decision is not very important, since the refusal to follow is taken as a challenge to the power structure itself. There is only one power network and all others are forced to become part of it, or fight it. Civil war is much more common in a dictatorship than in a democracy.

In these examples, people who are higher up have more authority and power than people below them.

Related pages
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* Anarchism
**1. Favoritner FC Vorwärts 06 Wien** was a Austrian football club from the Favoriten district of Vienna.

History
-------

The club was founded on 4 December 1906 as the *Sportclub Favoritner Vorwärts*. The club colors were set with black and white. Role models were the district neighbors ASV Hertha Vienna and SpC Rudolfshügel. For the championship, the club was classified in the 2nd class. In the first official championship season in 1911/12, the club finished in good fifth place. With the outbreak of the First world war in 1914, they stopped because most of the players were drafted into military service.

Immediately after the end of the war, former players and officials got together in 1918 to reactivate the club. The club was also renamed 1. Favoritner FC Vorwärts 06 Vienna. In the 1919/20 season they came back into the 2nd Class, but only came last and were relegated to the Third Class North. After two seasons in this class they became champion and should be promoted to 2. Class A. Due to accusation that the club had used unauthorized players and that witnesses close to him had made false statements, 1. FFC Vorwärts 06 was excluded from the association. After clarification of this matter,Vorwärts was allowed to play again in the 2nd class south in the 1923/24 season. 

The next years became an integral part of the second class. In the 1941/42 season they came second behind the BSG Reichsbahn I. The next season they became champion but had to play two relegation matches versus SC Austria Donauarbeiter. With an score of 5:2 Vorwärts had qualified for the promotion round to the Gauliga. In the promotion round itself two victories against the Fußballgemeinschaft Salzburg and a draw against SK Amateure Steyr were only enough for second place behind Steyer.

In the 1945/46 season they qualified for the 1st class in Vienna, from which the Favoritner were relegated in the following season. After years in the lower classes the game operation was stopped in 2014.
**e** is a number. It is the base of natural logarithm and is about 2.71828. It is an important mathematical constant. The number e is occasionally called **Euler's number** after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, or **Napier's constant** in honor of the Scottish mathematician John Napier who introduced logarithms. It is equally important in mathematics as π and i. e is an irrational number, and Euler himself gave the first 23 digits of e.

The number e has great importance in mathematics, as do 0, 1, π, and i. All five of these numbers are important and occur again and again in mathematics. The five constants appear in one formulation of Euler's identity. Like the constant π, e is also irrational (it cannot be represented as a ratio of integers) and transcendental (it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients).

The number e is very important for exponential functions. For example, the exponential function applied to the number one, has a value of e.

e was discovered in 1683 by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, while he was studying compound interest. The numerical value of e truncated to 20 decimal places is:

2.71828 18284 59045 23536...

Alternate definitions of e
--------------------------

The area shown in blue (under the graph of the equation y=1/x) stretching from 1 to e is exactly 1.
There are many different ways to define e. Jacob Bernoulli, who discovered e, was trying to solve the problem:

{\displaystyle \lim \_{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}.}
In other words, there is a number that the expression {\displaystyle \left(1+{\tfrac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}} approaches as *n* becomes larger. This number is e.

Another definition is to find the solution of the following formula:

{\displaystyle 2+{\cfrac {2}{2+{\cfrac {3}{3+{\cfrac {4}{4+{\cfrac {5}{5+{\cfrac {6}{\ddots \,}}}}}}}}}}}

Related pages
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* Imaginary unit
* Pi
**Ludwig Brousek** (20 March 1908 – 14 August 1974) was an Austrian football player. He played mainly for FC Libertas Wien. He also played one match for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Ludwig Brousek began his career with the first division club SpC Rudolfshügel. After the club played in the VAFÖ, he moved to SC Altmannsdorf in the second division. After one season he went to BAC. They were promoted to the 1st league without losing a single game. Because they were relegated in the following season he went to FC Libertas Vienna-

With Libertas, Ludwig Brousek found a club with which he could play in the first division for a long time and also got along well with his right wing partner Josef Lebeda. They played together with club colleague Rudolf Schlauf in the international match on 6 October 1935 against Poland in Warsaw. Ludwig Brousek stayed with the club in the highest Austrian league until 1937. In early 1938 he moved to SV Wienerberg, where he played until 1944.
This article is about the book by Upton Sinclair. For the land, see Jungle.

***The Jungle*** is a 1906 novel written by journalist Upton Sinclair. Inspired by the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Sinclair wrote this book to show the sufferings of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. The book writes about the poverty, bad living and working conditions, and sorrow among the working class. The sad state of turn-of-the-century work is placed for the American public to see, suggesting that something needed to be changed to get rid of American "wage slavery". The novel is also an important example of the "muckraking" tradition begun by journalists such as Jacob Riis.

Upton Sinclair came to Chicago with hopes of writing *The Jungle*. When he came to the lobby of the Chicago Transit House, a hotel, he was quoted as saying, "Hello! I'm Upton Sinclair, and I'm here to write the *Uncle Tom's Cabin* of the Labor Movement!". He rented living quarters and immediately began walking its streets, talking to its people and taking pictures. One Sunday afternoon, he worked his way into a group of Lithuanian immigrants getting together for a wedding party, "Behold, there was the opening scene of my story, a gift from the gods". He was welcomed there and was with them until two in the morning.

*The Jungle* was first published in a series in 1905. "After five rejections", its first edition as a book was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate best seller and has been in print ever since.

Plot
----

The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.