recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **South Atlantic tropical cyclone** is an unusual form of weather event. Usually, strong wind shear is the biggest problem why tropical cyclones do not normally form in the southern Atlantic Ocean. If there was ever a "hurricane season" in the south Atlantic, it would most likely happen during the opposite of the north Atlantic season, from December to May with mid-March being the peak when the oceans are warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.

Other known South Atlantic tropical cyclones
--------------------------------------------

### Angola tropical cyclone of 1991

Tropical Storm April 12, 1991.
On April 10, 1991, what was either a strong tropical depression or a weak tropical storm formed in the eastern South Atlantic, recorded by weather satellites off the coast of Angola. It reached a peak on the 13th, and dissipated two days later, drifting west-southwestward from where it formed. Of the few South Atlantic tropical cyclones that have existed, this was the only one in the eastern Atlantic. This was also the first South Atlantic tropical cyclone ever observed.

### Tropical cyclone of January 2004

Storm of January 2004
A small area of convection developed on a trough of low pressure in mid-January off Brazil. It organized and appeared to become a tropical depression on January 18. The next morning, it had a small amounts of convection near the center and well-defined bands, and the system, either a weak tropical storm or a strong tropical depression, likely reached its peak. Located 150 n miles southeast of Salvador, Brazil, it weakened as upper level shear, normal for the basin, prevailed. The depression moved inland on the 20th as a circulation with no convection, and dissipated the next day over Brazil, where it caused heavy rains and flooding. This would mark the first time in recorded history that two tropical cyclones (Catarina and the January storm) have been seen during the same year in the South Atlantic, and may be considered to make up the 2003-04 South Atlantic hurricane season.

### Tropical cyclone of February 2006 / 90L Invest (South Atlantic)

Storm of February 2006
A small area of convection 600 miles southeast of Rio de Janeiro moved into an area of low wind shear and barely 26°C warm waters on February 23, 2006. The wave had deep convection, was able to form a closed LLC and had 35 mi/h (56 km/h) winds as measured by Quikscat on February 24, 2006. These characteristics were operationally recognized for three hours before high shear began to tear the system apart, just short of the six hours required to be officially declared a tropical depression. It is possible that the system maintained these features longer and may have briefly been a tropical depression. While under study, the system was referred to as 90L Invest. The shear would eventually cause the system to dissipate later that night. Picture Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine

Related pages
-------------

* Tropical cyclone
* Southern Hemisphere

Other websites
--------------

* NOAA info on South Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
**Ransomware** is a type of malware. It restricts access to the computer system that it infects all the data that it stores (often using encryption techniques), and demands a ransom be paid to the creator(s) of the malware. This is in order for the restriction to be removed. Some forms of ransomware encrypt files on the system's hard disk. Others may simply lock the system and display messages intended to persuade the user to pay.

Ransomware first became popular in Russia. Now the use of ransomware scams has grown internationally. In June 2013, McAfee said it had collected over 250,000 unique samples of ransomware in the first three months of 2013. This is more than double the number of the previous year. CryptoLocker, a ransomware worm that surfaced in late-2013, had collected an estimated $3 million USD before it was taken down by authorities.

In May 2017, a piece of ransomware called WannaCry spread around the world. It lasted four days and affected over 200,000 computers in 150 countries. Only about $130,000 (USD) was ever paid in ransom, but the attack affected a lot of large companies and organizations. The United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) was hit hard by WannaCry. Hospitals could not access their files, and so many surgeries were cancelled and patients had to be turned away. The NHS was especially at risk because it was using a version of the Windows operating system called Windows XP that Microsoft no longer supported. This meant that Microsoft had not been sending out security updates for this version of Windows, leaving it open to the WannaCry virus. Other systems were affected even though they were running newer versions of Windows, because their users had not yet installed the most recent security updates. Even though it was not designed to actually damage computers or their files, WannaCry led to a lot of wasted time and money, showing how vulnerable the world still is to ransomware attacks.
Cosplay of Spider-Man 2099.
**Spider-Man 2099** (real name **Miguel O'Hara**) is a fictional character and superhero in the Marvel Comics universe, and is a superhero hailing from the future, specifically the year 2099, and the successor of the original **Spider-Man**, Peter Parker. He is also the main protagonist of his titular comics, and a major character in the *Spider-Verse* comics storyline.

He is a geneticist working for Alchemax who, in an attempt to replicate the powers of Spider-Man, accidentally altered his genetic code to 50% spider, giving him spider-like superpowers. Miguel originally strived to find a cure, but upon realizing how much of a dystopia the future was, donned a UMF-crafted suit and became the next Spider-Man. He is the eponymous protagonist of the comic book of the same name, and is a supporting protagonist in various Spider-Man stories, especially the *Spider-Verse* storyline.

He was created by Peter David and Rick Leonardi, and first appeared in *Spider-Man 2099 #1* in March of 1992.

Adaptations
-----------

The character has appeared in numerous media adaptations, while making his cinematic debut in the animated movie *Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse* (2018), where he was voiced by Oscar Isaac in the movie's post-credits scene. The character also appears in the movie's sequel, *Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse* (2023), with Isaac reprising the role.
Map of the Coral Sea
The **Coral Sea** is a small sea off the north east coast of Australia. It has Queensland on its west side and the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia on its east. On the north edge is the Solomon Islands, and in the south it joins the Tasman Sea. The Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea. It has a warm climate, it often rains and there are often tropical cyclones. It covers an area of about four times the size of Great Britain. The WWF describe the Coral Sea as being one of the last complete tropical wilderness areas on earth. It has beautiful coral reefs with many different sea creatures including grey and white tip reef sharks, hammerheads, manta rays, tuna, barracuda, turtles, whales and the rare nautilus.

Australia claims many of the islands as part of its 780,000 square kilometre Coral Sea Islands Territory. Most of them are small coral or sand islands, and only one has few people living on it. It has a population of only four.

World War II
------------

 Sailors abandon the USS Lexington during the Battle of the Coral Sea
In World War II the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first aircraft carrier battle fought between the United States and Australia against Japan. The battle lasted from 4 May to 8 May 1942. During that time none of the ships saw each other or fired their guns at each other. All the fighting was done by aircraft from the carriers. It is the largest naval battle fought near Australia. It was important because it stopped the Japanese from invading Port Moresby, the capital city of New Guinea. Many people regarded it as the battle that saved Australia.
David by Michelangelo
***David*** is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel. 

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do. 

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people. 

The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy, and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture. It is often called *The David*. 

In March 2023 the statue was described as pornographic. The principal of Tallahassee Classical School was forced to resign because the children were shown pictures of it.

Making the statue
-----------------

From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral. These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio. Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466. Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years. The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather. Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501. It was finished on September 8, 1504.

Where the statue was placed
---------------------------

A replica of *David* now stands outside the Palazzo Vecchio.
When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio. During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage. The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

Damage to the statue
--------------------

In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

Related pages
-------------

Other statues by Michelangelo:

* Moses
* Pieta
Hanauma Bay
**Oahu** (or **Oʻahu**) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.0 million of the state's 1.4 million in 2020). The total land area is 608 square miles (1,570 km2). Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves).

History
-------

Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil. 

Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of *HMS Resolution* saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the *HMS Resolution* stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.

Economy
-------

Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.

Oahu in TV
----------

Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are *Magnum, P.I.*, *Lost*, *Hawaii Five-O* and *Jake and the Fatman*.

|  |
| --- |
| Find more about**Oahu**at Wikipedia's sister projects  |
| Search Wiktionary | Definitions from Wiktionary |
| Search Commons | Media from Commons |
| Search Wikinews | News stories from Wikinews |
| Search Wikiquote | Quotations from Wikiquote |
| Search Wikisource | Source texts from Wikisource |
| Search Wikibooks | Textbooks from Wikibooks |
|
| Search Wikiversity | Learning resources from Wikiversity |
|
|
|
|
|

| * v
* t
* e
State of Hawaii |
| --- |
| **Honolulu** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* Geography
	+ Seamount
* Government
* ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
	+ USS *Arizona*

 | Seal of Hawaii |
| Society | 
* Culture
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education

 |
| Main islands | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Kahoʻolawe
* Kauaʻi
* Lānaʻi
* Maui
* Molokaʻi
* Niʻihau
* Oʻahu

 |
| Communities | 
* Hilo
* Honolulu
* Kahului
* Kāneʻohe
* Līhuʻe
* Pearl City
* Waipahu

 |
| Counties | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Honolulu
* Kalawao
* Kauaʻi
* Maui

 |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan

 |
| Other | 
* NARA

 |
A three-month-old baby laughing
The asian boy laughter
The elderly woman the cheer and laughing
The monks the laughing at Myanmar

Laughter

A woman laughing

---

Laughter

Another woman laughing

---

Laughter

A group of people laughing

---

Laughter

An evil laugh

---

*Problems playing these files? See media help.*

A **laugh** is a way of showing happiness. It is a vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.

Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.

There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.

You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for **L**aughing **O**ut **L**oud.

Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise. Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child. Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.
Ugly The meaning of ugly is Haze Pina she’s the ugliest b!tch alive oh did I mention she’s ugly and a b!tch and ugly and a b!tch and she thought she ate with that fight but b!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tch…

let’s be honest fat ho

*The Ugly Duchess* (painting by Quentin Matsys, ca. 1513)
**Ugliness** is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. Something or someone who has ugliness is called **ugly**. This word is commonly used in when talking about human appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly people is called a lookist or cacophobe.

Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase *Beauty is in the eye of the beholder*. 

Although *ugly* usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly.

Ugliness in popular culture
---------------------------

* One of the most well-known examples of "ugly" in popular culture is the story *The Ugly Duckling* by Hans Christian Andersen. The moral of this story is that ugliness is a matter of opinion.
* Movies with ugly in the title include *Coyote Ugly* (based on New York's Coyote Ugly Saloon), and *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*.
* Ugly dolls and troll dolls are unique because of their ugliness.
* The *Star Trek* episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" had an alien race called the Medusans, who were so ugly that any human who sees one without protection would be driven insane.
* *Ugly Betty* is the name of a television series on ABC that started in 2006.

Related pages
-------------

* Aesthetics
In context of biogeography, **Neotropic** or **Neotropical** means one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.

This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.

It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America. 
Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.

The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest than any other ecozone. They extend from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil and include the Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.

Other websites
--------------

* Map of the ecozones
* Eco-Index, a bilingual searchable reference of conservation and research projects in the Neotropics; a service of the Rainforest Alliance
Draco (7th century BC) , also known as Dracon was the first legislator of the city of Athens in Ancient Greece. He wrote laws that were to be enforced only by a court. This constitution replaced the system of oral law and blood feuding that had ruled Athens since the city was founded. Draco's laws were known for being harsh. The word **draconian** has come to mean unforgiving rules or laws.

Draco created this legal system during the 39th Olympiad, in about 622 or 621 BC. The laws (θεσμοί - *thesmoi*) he set formed the first written constitution of Athens. They were displayed in public, so that nobody would be unaware of them. The death penalty was the punishment for most crimes, even minor ones. Plutarch states: "It was a lot for himself, when asked why he had fixed the punishment of death for most offences, answered that he considered these lesser crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater punishment for more important ones."

Not much is known about Draco's life or who he was. The 10th-century Suda text tells a legendary story of his death. He was said to have died on the stage of the theatre in Aegina. In a traditional ancient Greek show of approval, his supporters threw so many hats and pieces of clothing onto his head that he suffocated.

All of Draco's laws, except the law concerning murder, were abolished by Solon in the early 6th century BC.

Related pages
-------------

* Athenian democracy
**Alexander Van der Bellen** (born 18 January 1944) is an Austrian politician and economist. He is the President of Austria since 2017. He won the 2016 election after multiple court battles and narrow victories. He was sworn into office on 26 January 2017 officially becoming the president. Van der Bellen is the country's second green president and the first to be directly elected by popular vote. He was re-elected in 2022.

Early life
----------

Van der Bellen was born in Vienna. His father was Russian and his mother was Estonian. He is the son of aristocratic refugees from Russia's Bolshevik Revolution. They first escaped from Pskov to Estonia.

In 1962, he graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in Innsbruck. He studied economics at the University of Innsbruck. He received a doctorate in 1970.

Political career
----------------

Van der Bellen is a retired professor of economics at the University of Vienna. He is a member of the Austrian Green Party. He served as a member of the National Council from 1994 to 2012. He was the chairman of the parliamentary club and federal spokesperson of his party from 1997 to 2008.

### Presidency (since 2017)

He ran as a nominally independent candidate supported by the Green Party in the 2016 presidential election, and finished second in the first round before winning the second round against far-right candidate Norbert Hofer. A second election was ordered since the votes were too narrow. In December 2016, Van der Bellen won the election with more votes. He became the first Austrian president to be directly elected by popular vote. He took office on 26 January 2017.

He was re-elected in October 2022 with almost 57% of the vote.

Political views
---------------

Van der Bellen supports green and social liberal policies, and is supportive of the European Union.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Alexander Van der Bellen at Wikimedia Commons
Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath. David later became a deputy in the National Convention in 1792 
The **oath** was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles. 

The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They made a solemn vow that they would not move until "the voice of the country was heard" and their requests were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.

The signatures
The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.

A week later , the king agreed and the Estates General met as the "National Assembly".

Related pages
-------------

* French Revolution
**Iliad Italia S.p.A.** is an Italian telephone company, part of the Iliad SA group.

In December 2022, with 9.56 million active lines, it is the fourth mobile operator in Italy following Wind Tre, TIM and Vodafone Italy.

History
-------

Iliad Italia was founded in 2016 as an Italian subsidiary of the French group Iliad SA. In 2017, in view of the launch and in compliance with the provisions of the European Commission, the acquisition of the frequencies ceased by Wind Tre began following the merger of Wind and 3 Italy; as of 31 December 2017, Iliad has acquired almost 300 of the sites abandoned by Wind Tre, while the remaining will be transferred, according to the agreements, by the end of 2019.

The French holding said it would invest more than €1 billion for the launch and development of the new Italian mobile operator (including those to win the new 5G frequencies in Italy) and also expected about a thousand hires.

On 16 January 2018 the name of the Italian administrator of Iliad Italia, Benedetto Levi, was officially announced, together with the presentation of the new logo and the institutional website. As part of the implementation of the infrastructures required to cover the Italian territory with its own network, on 16 February 2018, an agreement was reached with the Spanish group Cellnex, which provides Iliad Italia with over 7700 cellular antennas in Italy. Finally, on 29 May 2018, the official launch of the operator takes place, in conjunction with the presentation of the commercial offer and the start of the sale of SIM cards with new numbers or to carry out the number portability from other phone operators. On 18 July 2018, just under two months after its launch, Iliad Italia officially announced that it had reached one million customers between requests for portability and new subscriptions. On 4 September 2018, the Iliad group releases the results of the first half of 2018, reporting the achievement – by early August – of one and a half million customers in Italy; actually, on 6 September 2018, Iliad Italia issues a press release confirming the achievement of two million customers.

Simbox distributions
--------------------

Iliad introduced the Simboxes in Italy, a new type of sales point, conceived and created by the French group, *Aures* and already in use since 2014 on the French market by Free Mobile; these are SIM card vending machines, which allow customers to register and purchase it independently.

Network
-------

Iliad signed an agreement, respectively, with Cellnex (February 2018) and INWIT (February 2019) in order to install its antennas on their towers.

Iliad Italia utilises, inter alia, CommScope telecommunications equipment and collaborates with Cisco Systems (April 2019) and Nokia (September 2019) to implement a state-of-the-art national network (IPv6) in Italy based on segment routing (SRv6) and to achieve its 5G network.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website (in Italian)
**Alexander Schlager** (born 1 February 1996) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as goalkeeper for Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg and the Austria national team.

Career
------

Schlager began his career at ASK Salzburg. He then moved to FC Red Bull Salzburg. From April to August 2007 he played in the youth team of ASK Maxglan. In August 2007 he moved to SV Austria Salzburg. In 2009 he returned to the youth team of Red Bull Salzburg. He played then for the Red Bull Salzburg academy.

In May 2012 he made his debut for the Red Bull Salzburg Juniors in the Regionalliga West. He was in the stgarting team. But this was his only appearance for the Red Bull Juniors. In May 2013, he made his debut in Salzburg's professional squad against FK Austria Wien, but did not play.

For the 2014/15 season he was loaned to Germany to the A-Juniors of RB Leipzig. In October 2014 he made his first appearance in the A-Junior Bundesliga against Dynamo Dresden. In November 2014 he was in the squad for the fifth-rate second team in Leipzig for the first time against the second team of FC Carl Zeiss Jena, but was not used. By the end of the season he had played 18 games in the A-Junior Bundesliga. Leipzig became champion of the North/Northeast season. In the relegetion round they failed in the semifinals at TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.

For the 2015/16 season he was loaned to Bundesliga club SV Grödig. He made his Bundesliga debut for Grödig in July 2015 when he started against SCR Altach. During his loan, he made ten Bundesliga appearances for SV Grödig. They were relegated from the Bundesliga at the end of the season.

For the 2016/17 season Schlager moved to the second division club Floridsdorfer AC. In July 2016 he played his first game in the second division against WSG Wattens. By the end of the season he had made 23 appearances for Floridsdorf. For the 2017/18 season he went to Bundesliga club LASK. In his first season he was behind Pavao Pervan. So he only played one match for LASK in the Bundesliga. After Pervan left, Schlager became LASK's first goalkeeper in the summer of 2018 and also played his first international competition at club level against Lillestrøm SK. In September 2018, his contract was extended until June 2021. In the 2018/19 season he made 31 Bundesliga appearances and finished runners-up with LASK.

In December 2022, LASK announced that Schlager leave LASK after the 2022/23 season. He then returned to Red Bull Salzburg for the 2023/24 season and signed till June 2027.

International career
--------------------

He played for Austria U-21 and also the other youth teams from U16 to U19. He was the captain for Austria U-21 in Euro U-21 2019.

On 16 November 2019, Schlager played his first match for Austria's national team in the deciding UEFA Euro 2020 qualifier against North Macedonia in Vienna.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Alexander Schlager***.
For other uses, see Cookie (disambiguation).
Chocolate chip cookies.
A plain sugar cookie
A **cookie** is a sweet dessert made from flour. Cookies are made in an oven. They are also called biscuits in many English-speaking countries. In the United States and Canada, many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well.

Description
-----------

Greek kourabiades cookies.
Most cookies are flat and round like a disc. Cookies often have flavors added to them, like spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts or dried fruits. Most cookies are very sweet. Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love. Cookies may be used like chocolate and candy as a reward when children do good deeds.

Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads, cookies usually do not use water for cohesion. Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called "batter") as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better. Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this. In cookies, some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion. Oils, like butter, egg yolks, vegetable oils or lard are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water. So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more dense when cooked.

History
-------

Cookies where made in Ancient Greece around 1200 BC. Hard wafers have been made for as long as baking existed. They were very popular because they last a long time and are not fragile, but they were normally not sweet enough to be called cookies today.

Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia, just after the use of sugar became common there. They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain. By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors.

People started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel snack; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout history. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every continent, was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from nuts, sweetener, and water.

Types
-----

Common types of cookies:

* Vanilla cookie
* Chocolate cookie, often called Chocolate chip cookie
* Nut cookie, especially peanuts and walnuts
* Oatmeal cookie
* Ginger cookie
* Fig cookie
* Sugar cookie
* Snickerdoodle cookie

Related pages
-------------

* Gingerbread Man
* Cake
* Pastry
* Cracker
* Biscuit
**The Face Reader** is a South Korean movie released on September 11, 2013. It was made by director Han Jae-rim and actor Song Kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie Snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. It won six awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Han Jae-rim, and Best Actor for Song Kang-ho. Also, at The 33rd annual Korean Association of Film Critics Awards held on November 29, The Face Reader also won three awards for Best Male Actor, Best New Actor, and Best Music Score.

Historic background
-------------------

King Munjong (1414–1452), the fifth King of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeded King Sejong in 1450 as his first son.Two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son King Danjong. King Danjong ascended the throne at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang who became Sejo of Joseon, and exiled to Yeongwol County. Sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455

Plot
----

The main character, Nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban living in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. He is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. One day, Yeon-hong who is a famous gisaeng in Joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership reading the faces of Yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. As becoming famous at Hanyang, a capital city of Joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. Meanwhile, King Munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders Nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. After the death of Munjong, Nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late King and help Kim Jongseo protect the young King which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the Joseon dynasty.
**Banco Santander**, formerly known as **Santander Río** in Argentina, is a financial services and commercial bank based in Spain. The bank is owned by Spanish bank Banco Santander The headquarter of the company in Buenos Aires, Argentina. it is the largest private bank in the country. The bank has 430 branches, 3.5million clients and more than 8,500 employees. The branches are in twenty-two provinces and in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.

The bank is the third largest in Argentina. It has deposits of about US$4.8 billion and a loan portfolio of US$3.8 billion. It operates 262 branches and employs more than eight 5 people in Argentina. It has a network of over 1500 Banelco ATMs. This is the largest network of ATMs in the country.

In June 2019, Santander Río changed its name to **Santander**. In October 2021, the bank launched the Argentine version of **"**Superdigital**".** It did this to increase mobile banking. It became the fourth country in Latin America to have it after Brazil, Chile and Mexico.

Headquarters
------------

Its headquarters is the Banco Santander Argentina Building. It was formerly called the Banco Río de la Plata Building. The building is in downtown Buenos Aires. It was designed in 1977 and opened in 1983 to house the headquarters of Banco Español del Río de la Plata. It has fifteen floors and a height of 70 m (230 ft). The name of the building was changed when the bank changed its name.
A group performing the Randai.
**Randai** (Jawi: رنداي) is a traditional theater show of the Minangkabau people in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It includes music, singing, dance, drama, and the martial art of silat. Usually, Randai is performed during special events and festivals, like Eid al-fitr, with long stories that go on for many nights. The performances are done in a circle to make everyone feel equal and connected.

Randai combines martial arts moves, songs, and dramatic scenes, often using Minangkabau stories and legends for its stories. Leading the performance is a person called the *panggoreh*, who guides the moves and sets the pace with vocal cues called dendang or Gurindam. This makes sure that the Randai goes smoothly and in rhythm. Since a Randai story can last from 1 to 5 hours or more, if the panggoreh gets tired, someone else might take over.

Names
-----

Randai performance in Padang Panjang.
In West Sumatra, there are different names for randai depending on the story, main character, and where it comes from. One known name is *Randai Maalah Kapa Tujuah*, which comes from Harau district in Limapuluh Kota Regency. The story is about Anggun Nan Tungga Magek Si Jabang and focuses on a hero. This randai lasts for 4-5 hours and involves fewer than 15 male and female performers. It's usually performed at night in a large open area for the public. Traditional musical instruments like talempong, rice stem pupuik, rebab, bansi, and saluang accompany the performance.

History
-------

A randai performance in Indonesia.
Randai has been a part of Minangkabau culture for a long time. It's believed to have started in Pariangan, Tanah Datar when locals caught a deer from the sea. In Minangkabau society, groups perform Randai and tell stories like *Cindua Mato*, *Malin Deman*, and others.

At first, Randai was a game played by young people in the surau yard at night. Now, it's performed at weddings, parties, Islamic festivals and other events to entertain people. Only men played both male and female characters before, but since the 1960s, women have also joined in.

Some say Randai was first done by a silat school in Parimanan. The word *"Randai"* might come from "handai," meaning relaxed conversation, or from the Arabic word *"Rayan-Li-dai"*.

Initially, Randai told stories through poetry and dance based on silat movements. Later, it included characters and dialogue like plays. 

Randai faced challenges during the Japanese occupation but came back after independence. However, it went down during the New Order era. Today, according to M. Dahrizal Katik Tuo, an expert and conservationist of Randai, there are about 300 Randai performances in West Sumatra.
**Omoyele Sowore** (born 16 February 1971) is a Nigerian human rights activist, and founder of online media, Sahara Reporters**.**

Background
----------

Sowore was born in Ondo State in South West Nigeria. He was raised in a polygamous home with sixteen children. At 12, he learnt how to ride a motorcycle so that he could fish at the lake for the family before going to school. The military rule in Nigeria affected his passion and desire for media.

Education
---------

Sowore studied Geography and planning at the University of Lagos from 1989 to 1995. He spent two extra years in the university because of political reasons and his student activism. He was the President of the University of Lagos Student Union Government between 1992 and 1994 where he actively talked against cultism and corruption. He holds a Master degree in Public Administration from University of Columbia.

Activism
--------

In 1989, he took part in student demonstrations protesting the conditions of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan of $120 million to be used for a Nigerian oil pipeline. Among the conditions of the IMF loan were to reduce the number of universities in the country from 28 to 5.

Sowore led 2,000 students in protest against the Nigerian government in 1992. During the protests, the police started shooting and seven people were killed. Sowore was arrested and tortured. He was also involved in the demand for democratic government taking over military rule in June 12, 1993. This resulted in several arrests, detentions and life threatening treatment by government officials.

Sahara Reporters
----------------

Sowore started Sahara Reporters in a small room in Manhattan 2006 to fight against corrupt and wrong government practices. Sahara Reporters is supported by grants donated by the Ford Foundation and Omidyar Foundation. It does not accept adverts or financial support from the Nigerian government.

Presidential campaign
---------------------

On February 25, 2018, Sowore announced his intention to run for president in the 2019 Nigerian general election. He was also helped by a Ugandan political activist Hon Abe Moses a Youth MP in Eastern Uganda

Related pages
-------------

* List of Nigerians
**Inès de Bourgoing** (1862-1953) was a French nurse. She was head of the Red Cross in France at the beginning of the 20th century. She went on to develop nursing under the Red Cross approach in Morocco. For her important work, she was names a Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honour.

Early life
----------

Inès-Marie de Bourgoing was born into a noble family in Paris on 5 Janaury 1862. She was educated in the city at a school for noble girls. When she was 18, she married Joseph Fortoul, an army officer. The couple had three children but one died before he was two years old. After her husband died from an illness in 1900, she trained in the newly opened school for nurses in Paris.

Work as a nurse
---------------

Shortly after qualifying as a nurse, de Bourgoing joined the SSBM (Société de Secours aux Blessés Militaires), an organization for treating injured soldiers which later became the French Red Cross. As a result of her success at the Beaujon Hospital in Paris, she was named head of the SSBM.

In 1907, de Bourgoing went to Morocco with military forces under General Antoine Drude. Heading SSBM volunteers, she opened a treatment centre in Casablanca for soldiers wounded in the fighting between the French and the Moroccans. She later continued her work in Oran, Algeria, and in Messina, Italy. She helped to take care of 80,000 people who had been injured in an earthquake there in 1908.

In 1909, de Bourgoing married General Lyautey. The couple returned to Morocco which became a French colony. She created support for women and children, including nurseries, child-birth centres and homes for the recovery of soldiers and their families. In 1915, she arranged for children in Casablanca to receive milk or powdered milk and opened similar centres throughout Morocco.
**Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv**, also known as Kyiv University, Shevchenko University, or KNU, is in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. It is the third oldest university in Ukraine after the University of Lviv and University of Kharkiv. It is the largest national higher education institution in the country.

It was started in 1834 by Nicholas I of Russia as the Saint Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev; it has since changed its name several times. Kiev State University was one of the top-three universities in the USSR, along with Moscow State University and Leningrad State University. It is ranked as the best university in Ukraine in many rankings. Its alumni include Mykola Lysenko, Nikolay Bunge, Mykhailo Drahomanov, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Nikolai Berdyaev, Mikhail Bulgakov, Ivan Schmalhausen, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Viacheslav Chornovil, and Leonid Kravchuk. The university is named after Taras Shevchenko, who was banned from educational activities for political reasons, but worked for the university as a field researcher.
Kenilworth Castle, the Duke's fortress
**John of Gaunt** (John Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Aquitaine, 6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, who ruled England for over 300 years. Gaunt was the third surviving son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was the father of Henry IV.

Gaunt was a younger brother of Edward, the Black Prince. He had great influence over the English throne during the childhood of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife. He is not thought to have been an opponent of the king.

John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. His other legitimate children included, by his first wife Blanche, his daughters Philippa of Portugal and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter; and by his second wife Constance, his daughter Queen Catherine of Castile.

John fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother, and four by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. These were surnamed Beaufort (after a former French possession of the Duke). The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396. Their half-brother Henry IV added a later proviso that they were barred from inheriting the throne.

Descendants of this marriage included Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually cardinal; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, grandmother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the great-grandfather of King Henry VII; and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, from whom are descended, beginning in 1437, all subsequent sovereigns of Scotland, and successively, from 1603 on, the sovereigns of England, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the United Kingdom to the present day. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399 — the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor — were descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively.

Lancaster's eldest son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, was exiled for ten years by King Richard II in 1398 as resolution to a dispute between Hereford and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk.

When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and commuted his sentence to exile for life. Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile to reclaim his inheritance and depose Richard. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England.

Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. Taking into account inflation rates, John was worth a modern equivalent of $110 billion, making him the sixteenth richest man in history.
Lionel of Antwerp's Coat of Arms
**Lionel of Antwerp**, Duke of Clarence, (November 29, 1338 — October 7, 1368), born in Antwerp, was the third son of Edward III. When he was only a child he was married to Elizabeth de Burgh (d.1363), daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d.1332). The ceremony took place on August 15, 1342, at the Tower of London. He became properly married to her in 1352, when he was aged 14, and took over all her lands in Ireland. The famous English poet, Geoffrey Chaucer, was a page to Elizabeth.

He was Edward III's representative in England and in 1355 he was made the Earl of Ulster. He went to Dublin in 1361 to be the Chief Governor of Ireland. His father made him Duke of Clarence in 1362, and tried to have him made King of Scotland. Lionel and the government in Dublin were concerned about how the English settlers in Ireland were slowly become Irish. He brought in laws, the Statute of Kilkenny, in 1366, which made it against the law:

* for English people to marry Irish people
* to adopt Irish children
* to use Irish names
* to wear Irish clothes
* to play the game of hurling
* to play Irish music.

Lionel found it difficult to get control over Ireland and went back to England in 1367.

After the death of Elizabeth, Lionel married Violante, the daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Pavia (d.1378), in Milan during June 1368. While travelling around Italy, Lionel became sick and died at Alba on October 7, 1368. He was buried at the Clare Priory, Suffolk, England.

His daughter, Philippa Plantagenet, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351-1381), in 1368. This made Lionel an ancestor of Edward IV.
**Alfred Newman** (March 17, 1900 – February 17, 1970) is an American composer, arranger and conductor of film music.

Early life
----------

Newman was born in New Haven, Connecticut to Russian-Jewish parents who emigrated shortly before his birth.

Film scoring career
-------------------

### 1930s

Soon after Newman arrived in Hollywood in 1930 and finished directing the score for *Reaching for the Moon*, producer Samuel Goldwyn offered him a contract to continue on as a movie composer.

Death
-----

Newman died on February 17, 1970 at the age of 69, a month shy of his 70th birthday, at his home in Hollywood, from complications of emphysema.

Legacy
------

During his career, Newman was regarded as one of the most important, most influential and most respected in the history of film music.

Partial filmography
-------------------

Between 1930 and 1970, Alfred Newman wrote music for over 200 films of every imaginable type, including a score for the newsreel made from the World War II footage of the Battle of Midway.

Newman family
-------------

He married Martha Louise Montgomery, a former actress and have five children, David Newman, Thomas Newman and Maria Newman.

Other websites
--------------

* Alfred Newman at Find a Grave
* Alfred Newman on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* Finland
* United States
* Latvia
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Artists | 
* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz artist
* Te Papa (New Zealand)

 |
| People | 
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |