recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
*For Isaac Newton's book containing basic laws of physics, see Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica*
The title page of the shortened version of the *Principia Mathematica to \*56*

I can remember Bertrand Russell telling me of a horrible dream. He was in the top floor of the University Library, about A.D. 2100. A library assistant was going round the shelves carrying an enormous bucket, taking down books, glancing at them, restoring them to the shelves or dumping them into the bucket. At last he came to three large volumes which Russell could recognize as the last surviving copy of *Principia Mathematica*. He took down one of the volumes, turned over a few pages, seemed puzzled for a moment by the curious symbolism, closed the volume, balanced it in his hand and hesitated....

Hardy, G. H. (2004) [1940]. *A Mathematician's Apology*. Cambridge: University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-42706-7.

The ***Principia Mathematica*** is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. It was published in 1910, 1912, and 1913. In 1927, it appeared in a second edition with an important *Introduction to the second edition*, and different notes at the end. It is often known as *PM*.

The book was an attempt to describe a set of axioms, inference rules and law of noncontradiction in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proved. This ambitious project is of great importance in the history of mathematics and philosophy. The authors believed that such a project could be done. However, in 1931, Gödel's incompleteness theorem proved that *PM*, and any other attempt, could never reach this goal. For any set of axioms and inference rules proposed, either the system must be inconsistent, or there must in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them.

One of the main inspirations and motivations for *PM* was the earlier work of Gottlob Frege on logic.

*PM* is not to be confused with Russell's 1903 *Principles of Mathematics*. *PM* states: "The present work was originally intended by us to be ... a second volume of Principles of Mathematics... But as we advanced, it became increasingly evident that the subject is a very much larger one than we had supposed..."

The Modern Library placed it 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century.
**South Aral Sea** was the name for the southern part of the Aral Sea. Because of diverting water for irrigation starting in the 1960s, the Aral Sea began to dry up. In the 1980s, a dam was built, splitting it into a small North Aral Sea, and the large southern part. In the 2000s, the souhern part split into a western and eastern half, but has mostly dried up. The desert that grew from it is called Aralkum today.

Current situation
-----------------

The West Aral Sea is expected to stabilize at 2,700–3,500 km2 (1,040–1,350 sq mi), a mean depth of 14–15 m (46–49 ft), and a maximum depth of 37–40 m (121–131 ft), assuming groundwater discharge at the rate of 2 km3 (0.5 cu mi) per year. The Eastern Sea dried up completely in the summer of 2009, apart from the small permanent Barsakelmes Lake (between the Northern and Western seas), but it received some water from snow melt in the spring of 2010. It is expected to alternate between complete desiccation in the summers and the occasional flood from the Amu Darya or spillover from the dam holding back the North Aral Sea, though a second dike, begun in 2010, may reduce the incidence of the latter.

* July 2002 – The sea's former bed is visible as lighter-colored areas, the lightest regions representing the most recent retreat.July 2002 – The sea's former bed is visible as lighter-colored areas, the lightest regions representing the most recent retreat.
* November 2003 – Much of the Eastern Sea's water has evaporated, the jade green swirls representing sediment in the shallow water.November 2003 – Much of the Eastern Sea's water has evaporated, the jade green swirls representing sediment in the shallow water.
* August 2009 – The Eastern Sea's mud flats have dried further, with only the faintest glimmer of water where it drains into the Western Sea.  Barsakelmes Lake appears between the Northern and Western seas.August 2009 – The Eastern Sea's mud flats have dried further, with only the faintest glimmer of water where it drains into the Western Sea. Barsakelmes Lake appears between the Northern and Western seas.
* July 2010 – A closeup of the channel leading from the re-flooded Eastern Sea to the Western Sea. The white areas are the exposed salt flats of the new Aralkum desert.July 2010 – A closeup of the channel leading from the re-flooded Eastern Sea to the Western Sea. The white areas are the exposed salt flats of the new Aralkum desert.
* August 2010 – Part of the Eastern Sea has been re-flooded by the Amu Darya from heavy snowmelt.August 2010 – Part of the Eastern Sea has been re-flooded by the Amu Darya from heavy snowmelt.
* September 2011 – The Northern Sea and Eastern Sea lost water, while the Western Sea gained more water.September 2011 – The Northern Sea and Eastern Sea lost water, while the Western Sea gained more water.
* August 2014 – The Aral Sea completely loses its Eastern Lobe.August 2014 – The Aral Sea completely loses its Eastern Lobe.

In 2015, the Western Sea was starting to split into two, as the channel that connects the central part of the sea and the small North-Eastern part was growing skinnier. (This can be seen on the 2014 picture.) Since 2018, the split has been complete.
**Rachel Diane Morford** (born March 7, 1985) is an American aerospace engineer and former president of the Society of Women Engineers. She is known for her work on national security satellites. She contributed to the production and launch of the Air Force’s Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellites. She was recognized with Aerospace Woman of the Year and Aerospace Commitment to Our People Diversity and Inclusion award.

Early life
----------

Morford was born in Torrance, California to Linda and Larry Morford. In 2007, Morford graduated USC Viterbi where she graduated with Bachelor’s and a Master’s degrees in electrical engineering. As a freshman at USC, she joined the Society of Women Engineers and stayed involved in the organization for all four of her years at USC Viterbi.

Career
------

Morford is a principal director at The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo and has worked on a variety of projects including launching satellites and helped the launch of one of the Air Force’s communication satellites. Morford joined The Aerospace Corporation in 2008 as an MTS in the Launch Directorate in the National Systems Group. In 2014 she transferred to the Systems Integration and Test Office in Engineering and Technology Group while often working with international clients. In January 2020, Morford was promoted to principal director at The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo.

Personal life
-------------

Morford continues to be very active in community outreach and educating students at science fairs, classrooms, and college campuses. In her free time, she enjoys traveling, running, swimming, and refurbishing furniture. She is married to Matthew Boatman and they have a daughter.

Awards and honors
-----------------

Morford has been recognized with the Aerospace Woman of the Year, Aerospace Commitment to Our People Diversity and Inclusion Award, SWE Distinguished New Engineer, and We Local ELiTE Award.
Basic "stick figure" representation of a person, with a circle for the head and lines for the torso, arms, and legs.
Stick Figure with glassesStick Figure with glasses by Aditya Das
A **stick figure**, also known as a **stick man**, is a very simple drawing of a 
person or an animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots. It is often drawn by children, and known for its simplistic style. On a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, which can be either a solid color or sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth, or hair. The arms, legs, torso, and abdomen are usually represented with these straight lines. Details such as hands, feet, and a neck may be present or absent; simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs, however, most stick figures can be drawn with four or three fingers.

The stick figure is a universally recognizable symbol, in all likelihood one of the most well known in the world. It transcends language, location, demographics, and can trace back its roots for almost 30,000 years. Its simplicity and versatility led to the stick figure being used for a variety of purposes: info graphics, signage, comics, animations, games, film storyboards, and many kinds of visual media all employ the stick figure. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the stick figure became a central element within an entire genre of web-based interactive entertainment known as flash animation. Over a period of more than two decades, stick figure animation impacted and shaped the visual landscape of the internet.[*source?*]

Animations
----------

Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations. YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.
Ski poles for alpine skiing
**Ski poles** are carried by skiers to help them not falling over. They are called "ski sticks" in the United Kingdom. In France, they are called "batons".

Description
-----------

Ski poles in alpine skiing are shorter than ski poles in Nordic skiing. Longer ski poles are used in cross country and free style skiing.

They are made from metal or composite material.

History
-------

Ski poles have been used for a long time. People first used one ski pole when skiing. The first ski poles could also be used as a weapon. A flat circle was put near the bottom of the ski pole in the 17th century. This made it so the ski pole would not go all the way down to the ground. People started to use two ski poles by the start of World War I.

A steel ski pole was first made in 1937. It was invented by Otto Lang. Before this, some people used bamboo for ski poles. More and more people started using metal ski poles after World War II.

Lots of changes were made to ski poles from 1950 to 1975.
**Texaco** (or **The Texas Company**; originally called **The Texas Fuel Company**) is an American petroleum and gasoline company. It was founded in 1902 in Beaumont, Texas. The Chevron Corporation bought the Texaco company in late 2000.

In 1931, Texaco bought the Indian Oil Company. The Indian Oil Company was in Illinois. This expanded the company's refining and marketing base across the midwestern United States. It also gave Texaco rights to Indian's Havoline motor oil (which became a Texaco product). 

In 1994, the System3 gasolines by Texaco were replaced with new CleanSystem3 gasoline for improved engine performance.

Texaco gasoline contains Techron, an additive developed by Chevron in 2005. It replaces the previous CleanSystem3. This Texaco brand is strong in Latin America, the United States and West Africa. It is also in Europe. In the United Kingdom, there are about 850 Texaco-branded gas stations.

In 2010, Texaco ended business operations across the Mid-Atlantic States. Texaco removed its brand from 450 stations in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky and Washington, D.C..

Texaco once did business in and around the Quad Cities of southeastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. In the 2000s decade, however, the stores were closed. They were then replaced with Kwik Shop stores in Iowa and with Gas Land stores in Illinois.
*"Wild apple" redirects here. In Australia, this may refer to the unrelated Pouteria eerwah.*

*Malus sikkimensis* fruit on the tree.
Winter Red Flesh, an edible crab variety producing intense red jelly
Crabapple fruit are mostly red, but some, such as this cultivar 'Golden Hornet', are yellow
Ripe crabapple fruit
***Malus*** is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous **apple** trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies say it includes 55 species, including the domesticated orchard apple, or table apple as it used to be called. The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs".

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.

Apple trees are small, usually 4–12 m tall when full grown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, positioned opposite from each other. They have a simple shape with a saw-tooth edge. The flowers come from corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, with usually red stamens that produce lots of pollen, and an ovary which is below them. Flowering takes place in the spring and pollination is by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen).

Uses
----

*For Malus sylvestris domestica, see Apple.*
The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas because they are very sour and (in some species) very like wood, and are rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly. Some kinds of crab apples make good applesauce.

Crabapples are widely grown as trees for the pleasure of their appearance, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit. There are cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.

Some crab apples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to stand up to cold or drought.

They are also used as tree for pollinating food apple trees in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom at the same time as the apple trees in an orchard, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. See also fruit tree pollination.

Because of the many blossoms and small sized fruit, crab apples are popular for use in bonsai. Because the trees are small due to the needs of the hobby, but still show the abundant fruit bearing of full-sized crab apples, it is important to thin out fruit so that trees do not stress themselves.

Apple wood "makes a wonderfully luxurious firewood with a lovely scent [smell], and smoke from an apple wood fire gives a most excellent flavour to smoked foods,"  including Applewood cheese.
The vast stellar nursery Gum 29. At its centre lies the cluster of young stars Westerlund 2. One object at the bottom of the cluster is a system of two of most massive stars known to astronomers.
Westerlund 2 in X-rays
**Westerlund 2** is a massive young super star cluster. It is about one or two million years old, and partly obscured with gas. It contains some of the hottest, brightest, and most massive stars known. The cluster is 20,000 light years away in the Milky Way galaxy.

The cluster contains a dozen of O-type main sequence stars, of which at least three are eclipsing binaries. There are many very young pre-main sequence stars and two Wolf–Rayet stars.

The core of the cluster contains several examples of rare very hot stars. Just outside the cluster a massive eclipsing binary WR20a is found at 30 arcseconds (about 1.1 pc in projection), the bright yellow spot just on the lower right side of the cluster center.

As its name indicates, the Westerlund 2 cluster was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in the sixties, but its stellar content was assessed only in later years.
Tsumkwe constituency (red) in the Otjozondjupa Region
**Tsumkwe Constituency** is an electoral constituency in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It had 8,823 people living there in 2004 and 7,075 registered voters in 2020[update]. About 2,400 San people live in this constituency.

Tsumkwe is the a capital city of San people. It is a small town with about 500 people, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the Botswana border and 300 kilometres (190 mi) east of Grootfontein.

Regional elections
------------------

In the 2004 regional election Moses Coma of SWAPO Party won the by-election over National Unity Democratic Organization, Congress of Democrats, and Democratic Turnhalle Alliance candidates.

The 2015 regional election was won by SWAPO's Fransina Ghauzz with 1,554 votes, followed by Ioma Gcao with 720 votes and Samuel R. Maharero with 340 votes. The SWAPO candidate also won the 2020 regional election. Johannes Hausiku received 1,249 votes, Samson Ngombe came second with 981 votes.
The territory of the Armenian language appears to have been roughly coincidental with that of the earlier non-IE Hurrian and closely related Urartian (with Dark shading). The poorly known and presumably related non-IE Etio language was to its north. Many of these languages occupied partially or wholly the earlier territory of the Kuro-Araxes culture (light shading). The nearest IE neighbors of the Armenians were the Hittites (and related Luvians and Palaic-speaking populations) who were not closely related to Armenian. Assyrian and Gutian are non IE languages. Burials with wheeled vehicles have been uncovered at Trialeti and Lchashen. 
The **Trialeti** culture was seen around the 2nd millennium B.C. In the late 3rd millennium B.C. settlements of the Kura-Araxes culture began to be replaced by early Trialeti culture sites. The Trialeti culture was the second culture to appear in the Caucasus, after the Kura-Araxes culture. The Trialeti culture shows close ties with the highly-developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean.

Related pages
-------------

* Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
* Kura-Araxes culture
* Shulaveri-Shomu culture
The **principle of double effect** or **doctrine of double effect** is an idea in philosophy. It says that it can be morally good to do something that has a bad effect so long as it also has a larger good effect. Here, "double effect" means "second effect" or "side effect." In plain English, the principle of double effect means, "It is acceptable for actions to have bad side effects so long as the good effect is much larger."

History
-------

Historians think Thomas Aquinas was the first person to write about the principle of double effect but they are not sure. Thomas Aquinas lived in the 1200s. He wrote about killing in self-defense. Philosophers from before Thomas Aquinas, for example Augustine of Hippo, said it was never acceptable to kill another person, not even in self-defense. Thomas Aquinas said it was so long as the person did not kill their attacker on purpose and so long as the person does not fight harder than they need to. Here, the first effect is saving one's own life. The double effect (side effect) is killing the attacker. He wrote this in *Summa Theologica*.

Rules
-----

In the principle of double effect, it is okay to *foresee* a bad effect but not to *intend* it. This means a person who knows their action will cause something bad might still be acting within the principle of double effect, but a person who wants the bad effect definitely is not.

The *New Catholic Encyclopedia* says that for an action to follow the principle of double effect:

* The action itself must be neutral; it must not be good or bad.
* The person must not want the bad thing to happen; if there is another action that would cause the good effect without the bad one, then the person must do that instead.
* The good effect must happen before or at the same time as the bad effect. It must not happen after the bad effect. Then, it might have been caused by the bad effect.
* The good effect must be bigger or more important than the bad effect, enough to be worth the bad effect.

Uses
----

The principle of double effect is part of Roman Catholic philosophy. Medical doctors can also use it when deciding how to treat patients, especially patients who are in pain and want to die.

Differences
-----------

The principle of double effect is not the same as "the ends justify the means." In the principle of double effect, the goal is to make something good happen, and something bad happens too. The good and bad thing both come from the same action. In the ends justify the means, the person does something bad to make a good thing happen. The good thing comes from the bad action.

Criticism
---------

Some philosophers say that foreseeing a bad effect (knowing it will happen) and intending a bad effect (wanting and meaning it to happen) are not different enough for the principle of double effect to be real. Philosophers have used the trolley problem to study the principle of double effect.

Related pages
-------------

* Trolley problem
* Absolutism
* Consequentialism
**Prafulla Chandra Pant** (born 30 August 1952) is an Indian judge and author. He is known for his career in the Indian courts and judiciary. He started his career as a civil judge (the lowest ranked judge). He got promoted through the ranks to become a judge of the Supreme Court of India (the highest court of India). He worked in the Supreme Court from 2014 to 2017.

Early life and education
------------------------

Prafulla Chandra Pant was born on 30 August 1952 in Pithoragarh, a town in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. His parents were Ishwari Datt Pant and Pratima Pant. His father was a teacher and his mother was a housewife. 

He completed high school from Government Inter College in Pithoragarh. He went to college at Allahabad University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. He got his law degree of LL.B. from University of Lucknow.

Pant wanted to join the Indian Army when he was in college and took the National Defence Academy exam for the same. But, he was not selected.

Career
------

### District judiciary

Pant passed the Uttar Pradesh Munsif Services Examination of 1973 and was selected as a judge. He then started his work in the Indian Judiciary from Uttar Pradesh in 1976. He worked in the lower judiciary of Uttar Pradesh in Ghaziabad, Pilibhit, Ranikhet, Bareilly and Meerut.

He was promoted to Uttar Pradesh Higher Judicial Service in 1990 and worked as an Additional District Judge in Bahraich. He also worked as Joint Registrar at Allahabad High Court.

In 2000, a new Indian state of Uttarakhand was created. Pant was transferred to Uttarakhand and became its first Judicial Secretary. He was District Judge at Nainital and Registrar General of Uttarakhand High Court.

### High Court

He was promoted from district judiciary. He became a judge of the Uttarakhand High Court (the highest court in Uttarakhand) on 29 June 2004 and worked there till 19 September 2013.

He was then promoted as Chief Justice (the highest ranking judge) of the Meghalaya High Court (the highest court in the Indian state of Meghalaya). He started his work as Chief Justice on 20 September 2013.

### Supreme Court

He was appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of India by President Pranab Mukherjee. He began his work in the Supreme Court on 13 August 2014 and continued till 29 August 2017.
Pussy Riot in Red Square, Moscow
Pussy Riot's Nadezhda Tolokonnikova was given two years in prison, as was a second woman, Maria Alyokhina; they served 21 months in separate prisons
**Pussy Riot** is a Russian feminist punk rock protest group of eleven women. 

The group was formed in August 2011 in Moscow. Three members of the group (Yekaterina Samutsevich, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, and Maria Alyokhina) were put in prison for a protest they did at a cathedral in Moscow against Vladimir Putin. Yekaterina Samutsevich was let out of prison in September 2012 after her appeal succeeded. 

There were protests around the world by people who thought that it was wrong for Pussy Riot members to be put in prison. Lots of famous people said that they should be released including Madonna. On December 23, 2013, Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina were let out. Other members declared that Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Maria Alyokhina could not be Pussy Riot members because they showed their faces on US television.

Music
-----

Pussy Riot have released twenty songs, including an album called *xxx* (styled in lower capitals) .

Documentary
-----------

In January 2013 a documentary about Pussy Riot called *Pussy Riot: A Punk Prayer* was released. On 21 October 2013 BBC4 showed it.

Related pages
-------------

* MediaZona

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Pussy Riot at Wikimedia Commons  

 Quotations related to Pussy Riot at Wikiquote

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A row of parked shopping trolleys by a supermarket.
A **trolley** is a small vehicle with wheels that can carry things. People can push trolleys.

There are different kind of trolleys. There are shopping trolleys which are used in supermarkets and other large stores with self-service. In American English these are called **shopping carts**. Customers can put things they want to buy in the trolley and then pay for everything at the checkout. Usually they are then allowed to wheel the trolley with the things they have bought out to their car.

Sometimes the customers have to pay a small deposit when collecting a trolley. The trolleys are chained together. The customer puts in a coin (in Britain a £1 coin) which he can have back again when he parks the trolley back in the trolley chain.

Trolleys are used in airports and some large railway stations for passengers to carry their luggage. Deposits are not refundable. 

A trolley can also be a tea-trolley. This is a small trolley used traditionally in the house for plates, cups, saucers and sandwiches and cakes for afternoon tea. Tea-trolleys are also used in hospitals and offices to take cups of tea and coffee to people.

In American English "trolley" can be used to mean a tram (or streetcar). This is not to be confused with a trolleybus which is a bus which uses electricity from an overhead cable (like a tram).
***Turritopsis dohrnii***, also known as the **immortal jellyfish**, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan. 

It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual.

Like most other hydrozoans, *T. dohrnii* begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. While an immortal jellyfish can age in reverse, it can also be killed by predators including various fish, sharks, turtles and even other jellyfish. 

Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones.

*Turritopsis dohrnil* is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most *Turritopsis* are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage.

Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time. 
Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.
Three ballet dancers stretching to a grand jeté jump, Vienna
Cat at full stretch

  

**Stretching** is a kind of physical fitness exercise in which a muscle (or muscle group) is stretched on purpose to its fullest length in order to help the muscle's elasticity and its tone. This helps a person have better control of his or her muscles and be more flexible.

Stretching, in its most basic form, is a natural and instinctive activity; it is done by many animals including humans. It may be done while yawning. Stretching often is done instinctively after waking from sleep, after long periods of being inactive, or after leaving small spaces and areas.

Many athletes and dancers stretch deliberately before or after exercise in order to enhance performance and reduce injury. 

There are three basic types of stretching: ballistic, dynamic, and static stretching.

Related pages
-------------

See the main article: Physical fitness
* Flexibility training
* Healthy lifestyle
* Rhythmic gymnastics

Further reading
---------------

* Shrier, Ian. "When and Whom to Stretch?" Physician & Sportsmedicine 33.3(2005): 22–26.
A **triacylglyceride** (also called **TAG**, **triglyceride**, **triglycerol,** or **triacylglycerol**) is a type of fat or oil. Triacylglycerides are the main energy source in the body. They are stored in fat tissue called adipose tissue. Body fat in humans and animals and vegetable oil contain triglycerides. Triglycerides are found in the blood and in fat cells. 

Glycerol can add three fatty acids to make a triglyceride. Three water molecules are also made during this process.
Triglycerides are made of three fatty acids connected to a glycerol. The long, repeating chain of carbons and hydrogens at the end of the fatty acid, called the fatty acid "tail", makes the molecule hydrophobic, meaning it does not mix with water. These hydrophobic tails are why oil and water do not mix. The longer the fatty acid tail length, the more energy the triglyceride has. 

There are two main types of triglycerides, saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats have carbon atoms that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. Saturated fats have a higher melting point and are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have a least one carbon-carbon double bond, so there are not as many hydrogen atoms on the carbons. Unsaturated fats have a lower melting point and are usually liquid at room temperature. Oils are usually unsaturated fats. Saturated fats give the body more energy than unsaturated fats. 

To use the energy stored in the triglyceride, our body breaks down the triglycerides into smaller molecules, called Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A). Acetyl-CoA is further broken down in an energy producing process called the Krebs cycle. The Kreb cycle is the same process that gives us energy from the carbohydrates, like bread and sugar, we eat.
The Whale mound is located at Toda Shrine in Shinagawa.
Whale mounds, also known as Kujira Tsuga in Japanese, are mounds that are dedicated to whales that have been washed up on the shore. This is a unique custom to Japan.

Overview
--------

Mounds are created to remember Cetacean stranding, a type of whale that was hunted for food and resources, and to show appreciation for the area being saved and enriched. Whales were considered gods and some were called Ebisu, so they were enshrined to prevent them from becoming angry gods after they died on the shore or were hunted. The mound is also built to prevent the god from becoming angry. These mounds can be found at Toda Shrine in Shinagawa, Tokyo and Whale Shrine in Miyake-jima, Tokyo.

After organized whaling was established during the Edo period, mounds were also built in areas where whaling was a livelihood to serve as memorials and expressions of gratitude. Examples include the Ryujima area near Ukishima Shrine in Chiba Prefecture and Taiji.

People believed that whales had spiritual power as their arrival in an area often coincided with the arrival of fish. Therefore, they were used as fishing guides and regarded as auspicious. This led to the enshrinement of whales, often in the form of Ebisu, as a fishing deity to bring good fortune to fishermen and as a sea god to pray for safety at sea.

Similarly, there are whale graves and monuments in areas where whaling has been a source of livelihood since ancient times, as well as for passive and accidental whaling. When combined with whale mounds, there are about 100 of them in Japan.

Whalebone Torii
---------------

Whalebone Torii gate behind a traditional Torii gate
A whalebone torii is a type of torii where the gate of the shrine is constructed using whale bones, primarily the ribs of the whale.

  

The oldest one in Japan is the torii of the Ebisu Shrine in Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture. This is mentioned in Ihara Saikaku's "Nihon Eitaigura" published in 1688 (Jōkyō5): "In the village of Taiji, Ominato, Kiiro, the wife and children sing. This place is prosperous and Wakamatsu village is standing. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is unknown what it was made of before that. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is not known what it was made of before that. These are all the whale torii gates that exist in Japan today, but there is also a Cape Eluanbi Shrine in Eluanbi, the southernmost point of Taiwan under Japanese rule at the time. There were also whale torii gates at three other shrines: Fudato Ebisu Shrine in Sakhalin, and Shikotan Shrine on Shikotan Island in the Northern Territories. Each of these five locations is either directly or indirectly related to whaling (such as whaling bases).

Related pages
-------------

* Whale
	+ Ebisu (mythology)
* Whaling
	+ Whale conservation
* Mound
A weather vane
A **weather vane** is a device with a freely rotating pointer used to indicate the direction of the wind. Weather vanes served as simple devices for showing the direction of the wind and its speed for centuries. They were a critical tool for agriculture, travel and shipping. They serve a largely decorative function today. They have been replaced by specialized weather instruments. 

To work correctly a weather vane should be at the highest point of a building. It needs to be as far away as possible from other things that might interrupt the wind. The simplest form is a horizontal arrow or other form freely rotating on a vertical rod. When the wind blows, the arrow shows the direction and speed. The earliest known weather was made by the astronomer Andronicus in 48 BC. It sat on top of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. It was between 4 feet (1.2 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m) long and was the shape of a head and torso of a man with the tail of a fish.

The word 'vane' comes from the Old English *fana banner*. This is related to the Old High German *fano* (cloth); from the Latin *pannus* (cloth or rag).

Related pages
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* Windsock
* Apparent wind indicator
* List of weather instruments
* Old Father Time, a famous weather vane at Lord's Cricket Ground, London
* Weather radar
* Weather station
* Weather balloon

Gallery
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* A moose shaped weather vaneA moose shaped weather vane
* A mermaid weathervaneA mermaid weathervane
* A Douglas DC-3 converted to a weather vaneA Douglas DC-3 converted to a weather vane
* A rooster weather vane (also called a weathercock)A rooster weather vane (also called a weathercock)
* farmer plowing weather vanefarmer plowing weather vane
* A whale weather vaneA whale weather vane
* Clock tower in Belgium with weather vanesClock tower in Belgium with weather vanes

Other websites
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* Weather vanes - making all kinds - BBC - 27th March 2016; YouTube
A map of the Superclusters and voids nearest to Earth
The Abell 901/902 supercluster is just over two billion light-years from Earth.
**Superclusters** are large collections of smaller galaxy groups and galaxy clusters. They are one of the largest known structures in the cosmos.

Superclusters show that the galaxies in the universe are not evenly distributed. Most, perhaps all, are in groups and clusters. Groups have some dozens of galaxies, and clusters up to several thousand galaxies. Those groups and clusters plus more isolated galaxies form even larger collections called superclusters.

Superclusters themselves form even larger structures, called "filaments", "complexes", "walls" or "sheets", like the Great Wall. These may span between several hundred million light-years to 10 billion light-years, and cover more than 5% of the observable universe. Superclusters suggest something about the initial condition of the universe when these superclusters were formed. The directions of the rotational axes of galaxies within superclusters may also tell us about the formation of galaxies early in the history of the Universe.

Inside superclusters are large voids of space in which few galaxies exist. Superclusters are often subdivided into groups of clusters called "galaxy clouds".
The **West Coast sea nettle** (*Chrysaora fuscescens*), also known as the  Pacific sea nettle, is a type of Scyphozoa which lives in the Pacific Ocean. For humans its sting is usually irritating, but rarely dangerous.

Habitat
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The West Coast sea nettle is found near the coasts of California and Oregon, but some live in the waters north to the Gulf of Alaska, west to the seas around Japan and south to the Baja California Peninsula.

Description
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The West Coast sea nettle have a golden-brown bell with a little shade of red. In the wild, the bell can grow to be larger than one meter (three feet) in diameter, but most are less than 50 cm. The long white arms and the 24 maroon tentacles may be as long as 3.6 to 4.6m (12 to 15 feet).

Feeding
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Like most Cnidaria, the West Coast sea nettle is carnivorous. They catch their prey by using their Nematocyst-laden tentacles. The toxin(poison) in their Nematocyst are effective against their prey and humans. Since West Coast sea nettles can not chase their prey, they must eat as they drift, by spreading out their tentacles like a large net, the West Coast sea nettle is able to catch food as it passes by. When a prey brushes against the tentacles, thousands of nematocysts are released, launching barbed stingers which release a paralyzing toxin, then the oral arms begin digestion as they push the prey into the West Coast sea nettle's mouth.
The West Coast sea nettle feeds on different types of zooplankton, crustaceans, salps, pelagic snails, small fish as well as their eggs and larvae, and other jellyfish.
**Rohanpur A.B. Govt. High School** also known as **Rohanpur Ahmadi Begum Government High School** is one of the oldest schools in Chapainawabganj district. It's loacted at Gomastapur upazilla.

History
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Around 1939 AD, a school named Minor English School started its journey with about 15/20 students at Alinagar village in the then Bangabari Union under the Maldah Education Board which was the first step towards the establishment of Ahmadi Begum (AB) Government High School. Taheruddin Ahmed of Rajarampur village of Chapainawabganj district headquarters held the responsibility of the head teacher of the school at the time of establishment. After staying there for a year, the school was shifted to Makrampur village in the same union at the mouth of Mahananda Punarbhava river.

After the school was shifted to Makrampur village, some other teachers joined the previous teachers. Among them are Saiyab Chand Pandit of Birbhum, Sri Praveer Babu, Shaukat Ali and Tamiz Uddin.

Naming
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Then the educationists of this region namely Bangabari Boalia and Rahanpur Union especially Gaziuddin Mahajan of Makrampur village of Bangabari Union, Haji Nezamuddin Biswas, Hazrat Ullah, Abed Hossain Mandal Haider Bux Biswas, Abdul Hamid Mandal and Rai Bahadur Bishnucharan Bandopadhyay (Ray Sahib) of Rohanpur Union, Haji Bogdad Ali and many others made a special request to the then zamindar Mosa Shaukat Ara Kulsum Begum aka Kaniz Hossain Ahmadi Begum to donate a vast empty space permanently, thinking about the overall development of the school. In order to fulfill the request of the said persons, the then zamindar Mosa Shaukat Ara Kulsum Begum aka Kanij Hossain Ahmadi Begum donated about 5.00 acres (fifteen bigha) of land in the name of the school at Prasadpur Mauza, a few hundred yards away from Rohanpur Railway Station on the banks of Punarbhava River. Then the Minor English (ME) School in Makrampur was again shifted to Rohanpur.

On the land donated by Zamindar Mosa Shaukat Ara Kulsum Begum aka Kaniz Hossain Ahmadi Begum, the school was named after her in 1942 as A. B. (Ahmadi Begum) School and is being successfully run there till now.

Education system
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It's now under the Rajshahi Education Board. The institute has following Science, Business Studies, Humanities disciplines.
**Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers**, also known as **The Heartbreakers**, were an American rock band. They formed in New York in May 1975. They were one of the first punk rock bands. One of their most popular songs was called **Chinese Rocks**. Dee Dee Ramone and Richard Hell wrote this song about heroin in 1976.

Early History and the UK
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Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) had quit the New York Dolls. That same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) was kicked out of Television. The three musicians joined to make the new band. After a few shows, Walter Lure (vocals/guitar) from a group called The Demons joined the band also. In 1976, Hell left group. He was replaced by Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, The Voidoids.

The Heartbreakers came to Europe to tour just as the UK punk scene was growing. The Heartbreakers got many fans by playing in and around London. The Sex Pistols invited them to play first on the Anarchy Tour. Many things went wrong on this tour.

Recording
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They soon signed a contract with Track Records. Their debut—and only—studio album,  *L.A.M.F.*, had all the Heartbreakers' popular live songs. Making and selling this album caused problems for the band. Some band members were angry about the poor quality of the sound. Several members of the band left at this point. The Heartbreakers reformed in 1979 for a few goodbye shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Stix replacing Nolan. These shows were recorded and became the album *Live at Max's Kansas City '79*. The Heartbreakers' song, "London Boys", insulted the Sex Pistols. This was to answer the Sex Pistols' song "New York", that insulted the New York Dolls.

After breaking up and reunions
------------------------------

The band got back together sometimes to play at New York clubs until Johnny Thunders died in 1991. Jerry Nolan died in 1992. These live shows often had songs from the New York Dolls or from Thunders' solo career. Hell rarely plays music live, concentrating instead on writing and spoken-word performances. Lure became a stockbroker on Wall St. but still performs once in a while when he is not working at his regular job. In 2007 Lure went on a short European tour.

Discography
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* *L.A.M.F.* (1977, Track)
	+ *L.A.M.F. Revisited* (1984, Jungle)
	+ *L.A.M.F. The Lost '77 Mixes* (1994, Jungle)
* *Live at Max's Kansas City* (1979, Max's Kansas City Records)
* *D.T.K. Live At The Speakeasy* (1982, Jungle)
* *Live At The Lyceum Ballroom 1984* (1985, Jungle)
* *Live At Mothers* (1991, Fanclub)
* *What Goes Around* (1991, Bomp!)
* *Vive La Révolution (Live In Paris - Le Bataclan - December 8, 1977)* (1992, Skydog)
* *Thunderstorm In Detroit (Live At The Silverbird 21/12/80)* (2002, Captain Trip Records)
* *Down To Kill* (2005, Jungle)

Other websites
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* Chinese Rocks: YouTube Video
**The Herd** is a South African television drama which aired on Sunday, 08 July 2018 on Mzansi Magic. Season 2 will air on 7th of April 2019 in South Africa's DStv. The drama ended with slight an abnormal plot on Sunday, 30th June 2019 after a thirteen 13-part episodes.

Plot
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### Season 1

The Herd first season tells a remarkable storyline about a farmer who kills his wife because of greed, love, lust and power. In 1997 a young man called Nyambose and his wife visit a witchdoctor in there area to fix there farm, everything is going wrong. When a baby is born Nyambose sacrifice his wife as told by the witch doctor and everything goes back to normal, but will it forever.

Years later, Nyambose decides to marry the witchdoctor who goes by the name of MaNgadi. MaNgadi and family are living a happy life, until Nyambose's daughter Kayise comes home with a degree from Johannesburg in Gauteng where she studied. Nyambose and MaNgadi lie to Kayise and tells her that her mother killed herself. MaNgadi decides to kill lure Nyambose to kill his daughter Kayise, but he insist.

Cruel, MaNgadi is told to kill a chicken and cook it and feed it to Kayise's father so that he can kill Kayise, while Nkosana is busy dealing with drugs. A girl kidnaps Kayise, and while they still at it they fall in love, the girl knew who killed Kayises mother and tells her. Curious Kayise doesn't believe the story. In the end MaNgadi decides to kill her son Nkosana and leaves Dumazile, who is dating her skivvy. Truth is revealed and MaNgadi is in trouble. When all is revealed, MaNgadi decides to go public with her black magic. The door is closed and she uses her powers to get out of tge burning house. While she celebrate with champagne, it is found that Kayise is not yet dead. The family decide to confront MaNgadi, but a group of white men from a business called WM Capital decide to take her with.

### Season 2

MaNgadi doesn't want to be a witch anymore. Kayise becomes the leader of the Mthethwa family, but they don't know what awaits them, and her position is threatened. Primary school teacher, Ayanda Bhengu is not as innocent as she seems. It is found that the farm is not Nyambose's, it belongs to the brother Smangaliso. Smanga tries to get rid of Kayise. All his plans fail, It is found that Kayise is dating Lunga's wife - and its not the first, Kayise also dated Lwandle

Reception
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The Herd received 4,3 million views in September 2018. But in later weeks it dropped by 1,2million views.

Cast
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* Sello Maake ka-Ncube as Beki Nyambose
* Sihle Ndaba as Kayise
* Winnie Ntshaba as MaNgadi
* Cindy Mahlangu as Dumazile
* Paballo Mavundla as Nkosana
* Tiietiso Thoka as Dingane
* Sparky Xulu as Muzi
* Enhle Mbali Maphumulo as Ayanda
* Nomsa Nene as Mam'Zobe
* Bheki Sibiya as Smangeliso
* Nqobile Khumalo
Various types of Minié balls. The four on the right are provided with Tamisier ball grooves for aerodynamic stability.
James H. Burton's Minié ball design from the Harpers Ferry Armory
The **Minié ball**, or **Minni ball**, is a type of muzzle-loading spin-stabilized bullet for rifled muskets named after its developer, Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle. It came to prominence in the Crimean War and American Civil War.

Rifling, the addition of spiral grooves inside a gun barrel, givesa spin to a bullet, greatly increasing the range and accuracy of a gun. Before the Minié ball, balls had to be jammed down the rifle barrel, sometimes with a mallet, and after a relatively small number of shots, gunpowder leftovers built up in the spiral grooves, which then had to be cleaned out. The development of the Minié ball was significant, because it was the first projectile that was small enough to be easily put down the barrel of a rifled long gun. Both the American Springfield Model 1861 and the British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled muskets, the most common weapons used during the American Civil War, used the Minié ball.

The Minié ball did a lot if damage in the American Civil War. It made it really hard for surgeons to treat wounded soldiers because Minié balls shattered bones often.