recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sakhalin** (Russian: Сахали́н, IPA: [səxʌˈlʲin]; Japanese: *Karafuto* (樺太) or *Saharin* (サハリン); Chinese: 庫頁/库页 *Kùyè* or 薩哈林/萨哈林 *Sàhālín*), also known as **Saghalien**, is a large, long Russian island in the North Pacific, placed between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is part of Russia territory and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs. Most Ainu relocated to Hokkaidō when Japanese were gone from the island in 1949.

The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War resulted a Japanese victory when the Imperial Russian Navy and the Imperial Russian Army got defeated by the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1905 when the Empire Of Japan led by Emperor Meiji declared war on Tsar Nicholas II in 1904 when Trans-Siberian railway was to built more Railway Tracks in Manchuria in the Qing Dynasty and Korea. Japan took the southern part of Sakhalin and renamed it to South Sakhalin and control it from 1905-1945 .

In August 1945 during the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War 2 in Asia the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin invaded South Sakhalin after he invaded Manchukuo this war would be known as the Soviet-Japanese War Of 1945 .

Sakhalin is the subject of a whole book by Anton Chekhov (1895), reprinted in many Russian editions of his collected works. It has been translated into English. Of other old books, there is an interesting one by an Englishman, Charles H. Hawes, To the Uttermost East. (N.Y.: Scribner;s, 1904). Now, however, the island is experiencing an oil boom.

Other websites
--------------

* An old map of Sakhalin and 2 other islands from 1854
Coordinates: 39°N 25°E﻿ / ﻿39°N 25°E﻿ / 39; 25

The Aegean Sea
The **Aegean Sea** is part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Greece and Anatolia. It is connected (attached) in the north to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The islands of Rhodes, Karpathos and Crete mark the south end.

History
-------

In ancient times two groups of people lived near the sea – the Minoans of Crete, and the Myceneans of the Peloponnese. The city-states of Athens and Sparta came later and were part of Ancient Greece. Persians, Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians (people from Venice), the Seljuk Empire, and the Ottoman Empire later started around the Aegean Sea. The people near the Aegean were very advanced (powerful and clever) in Ancient history and they sailed across it to talk to each other.

There are seven groups of Aegean islands: the Thracian Sea group, the East Aegean group, the Northern Sporades, the Cyclades, the Saronic Islands (or Argo-Saronic Islands), the Dodecanese and Crete. The word archipelago used to mean these islands. Many of the Aegean islands, or chains of islands, are part of the mountain ranges on the mainland. One chain goes across the sea to Chios, another one goes across Euboea to Samos, and a third one goes across the Peloponnese and Crete to Rhodes. This one divides (splits, cuts) the Aegean from the Mediterranean. Many of the islands have safe harbours and bays, but sailing in the sea is difficult. Many of the islands are volcanos, and marble and iron are mined on other islands. The bigger islands have some green valleys and plains. Two big islands on the Aegean Sea are part of Turkey: Bozcaada (Greek: Τένεδος Tenedos) and Gökçeada (Ίμβρος Imvros).
Gulf of Venice, in red, within the Adriatic Sea.
The **Gulf of Venice** (Italian: *Golfo di Venezia*; Slovene: *Benátsky záliv*; Croatian: *Venecijanski zaljeve*) is a gulf that borders modern-day Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.

Geography
---------

The Gulf of Venice is in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea between the delta of the Po river in northern Italy and the Istria peninsula in Croatia. The western and central parts of the gulf borders with the Italian regions ofVeneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia while the eastern part borders with the coast of Slovenia and Croatia.

Several rivers flow into the gulf along the Italian coast: Isonzo, Piave, Adige, Brenta and Tagliamento. The Dragonja river flows through the Istria peninsula.

The gulf is about 120 km (75 mi) wide and its depth is 38 m (125 ft). In the northeastern end of the gulf, in front of the Trieste city, there is shallow bay called **Gulf of Trieste**.

Cities
------

Some of the main cities around the gulf are:

* Italy: Chioggia, Venice, Monfalcone, Trieste
* Slovenia: Koper
* Croatia: Poreč, Rovinj, Pula

Gallery
-------

* Aerial view of Chioggia.Aerial view of Chioggia.
* Aerial view of Venice.Aerial view of Venice.
* Aerial view of Pula in the Gulf of Venice.Aerial view of Pula in the Gulf of Venice.

Related pages
-------------

* Istria

Coordinates: 45°19′N 13°00′E﻿ / ﻿45.317°N 13.000°E﻿ / 45.317; 13.000
El Resbaladero, an 18th century market in El Puerto de Santa Maria
Flag
coat of arms
**El Puerto de Santa María** (commonly called **El Puerto**) is a city on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain. As of the 2005 census, the city has 82,306 people. 50,000 of these people live in the urban center. The others live in the area around the urban center.

The city of El Puerto de Santa Maria is 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Cadiz across the Bay of Cadiz. It is best known for its ferry, El Vaporcito, which has been used for 76 years. It takes passengers to and from Cadiz to El Puerto.

History
-------

In the Odyssey of Homer, legend says that, after the Trojan War, a Greek official named Menestheus escaped with his troops through the Straits of Gibraltar. They got to the Guadalete River and created a port. They called the port *Menestheus's port*.

In 711, Arab (Moors) from the North of Africa invaded southern Spain. They changed the name to *Alcante* or *Alcanatif*. The name means Port of Salt. They chose that name because of the old salt industry of Phoenicians and Romans.

In 1260, Alfonso X of Castile took the city from the Moors. He renamed it *Santa María del Puerto*. 

Columbus began his second voyage to the New World from El Puerto. His pilot, Juan de la Cosa, created the first map of the world to include the coast of the New World in El Puerto in 1500. In the nineteenth century, the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during the Spanish War of Independence under the reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813). The city is has much history, museums and monuments. It is also near the very historical cities of Seville and Cádiz.

Tourism
-------

Bull fighting in El Puerto de Santa María
El Puerto has a famous bull ring. It dates back to 1880. The bull ring has space for 15,000 to watch. Bull fighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season, which is during the month of August, and during the Feria de la Primavera, which is in early May. This Feria is dedicated to sherry. 180,0000 half bottles of sherry get drunk in 4 days. There are several bodegas in the town centre. All of these can be visited by the public. The most famous bodega is the Osborne and Terry Bodegas. They export sherry and brandy worldwide. In the cellars in El Puerto, sherry is made using the traditional method called "solera". This method makes the pale dry sherries to the sweet Muscatel sherry, Amontillados and the older Olorosos.

Local food
----------

El Puerto is a very good place to taste local tapas and seafood, for which it is famous. Food is an important reason why many tourists go to El Puerto de Santa Maria. The Bay of Cadiz is famous for its fresh fish. The fish and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables lead to very good restaurant menus. There are many different types of places to eat all in walking distance in the town centre.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***El Puerto de Santa María***.

* Cultural Information of the Monuments and Museums of El Puerto de Santa María
* 360º Panoramic walk of El Puerto de Santa Maria Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Flash Airlines Flight 604**, a Boeing 737-300, was a flight from Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, to Paris, France, via Cairo. On January 3, 2004 the plane crashed into the Red Sea just moments after take-off at Sharm El Sheikh International Airport. All 135 passengers and 13 crew members on-board the plane died. The cause of the crash remains disputed, but it was suggested to be spatial disorientation by the Captain.

The crash remains Egypt's deadliest air-disaster, until the bombing of Kogalymavia Flight 9268, with 224 deaths. The crash is also the worst crash of a Boeing 737-300.

The flight took off at 04:44 Eastern European Time (0244 GMT) from runway 22R at the Egyptian resort en route to Paris via Cairo. After taking off, the aircraft should have climbed and initiated a left turn to follow the air corridor to Cairo designated by the Sharm el-Sheikh VOR station. The captain appeared surprised when the autopilot was engaged, which he immediately switched off again. The copilot warned the captain that the bank angle was increasing. At a bank angle of 40 degrees to the right, the captain said "OK come out".

The ailerons were briefly returned to neutral before being commanded to increase the bank to the right, likely by the captain in a state of surprise. The aircraft reached an altitude of 5,460 feet (1,660 m) with a 50-degree bank when the copilot exclaimed "Overbank" repeatedly when the bank angle kept increasing. The bank angle was 111 degrees right, while the pitch attitude was 43 degrees nose down at an altitude of 3,470 feet (1,060 m).

The observer on the flight deck, also a pilot, but a trainee on this 737 variant, shouted "Retard power, retard power, retard power", to get the captain to pull the throttles back so that the aircraft stopped gaining speed. Both throttles were moved to idle; the captain appeared to regain control of the airplane. However the speed increased, activating the overspeed warning.

At 04:45, the aircraft impacted the water about 8.2 nautical miles (15.2 km) south of the airport. The impact occurred while the aircraft was in a 24 degree right bank, 24 degree nose-down attitude, travelling at 416 knots (770 km/h, 478 mph,) and pulling 3.9g (38 m/2²). All 148 passengers and crew were lost.

Most of the passengers aboard the flight were French tourists from the Paris metropolitan area. A provisional passenger list, dated January 5 January 2004, stated that twelve entire French families had boarded the flight.

| Passenger and crew countries of origin |
| --- |
| Country | Passengers | Crew | Total |
|  Canada | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  Egypt | 0 | 12 | 12 |
|  Japan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  France | 132 | 0 | 132 |
|  United States | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Morocco | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 135 | 13 | 148 |
**Robert John Burck** (born December 23, 1970), better known as the **Naked Cowboy**, is an American street performer who performs in Times Square in New York City. He wears only cowboy boots, a hat, and underwear, playing a guitar over his underwear to look like he is nude. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Burck began performing in 1997 in Venice Beach, Los Angeles. He became popular when a friend suggested that he dress only in his underwear to earn more money. He is currently best-known for performing in Times Square. Tour guides on passing buses point him out, and he gets a lot of attention from tourists who stop and take pictures with him.

Because of his popularity, Burck has appeared on television shows, in music videos, and other mass media. He tried out for *American Idol* in its first season, but did not move on to the next round. He also tried out for *Australian Idol* and *Star Search*, with the same result.

On October 6, 2010, Burck announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, representing the Tea Party movement.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Naked Cowboy***.

* Official website
* Rock music page Archived 2014-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Naked Cowboy on IMDb
***Hello Internet*** is a podcast made by YouTube content creators CGP Grey and Brady Haran. It was started in January of 2014 and currently has 136 episodes, two bonus episodes, one episode which was released only as a vinyl record and one as a wax cylinder. Grey said that the podcast had 600,000 to 900,000 downloads per episode in August of 2017.

The podcast features discussions having to do with their lives as professional creators for YouTube, the content of their most recent videos as well as their interests and annoyances. Typical topics include how to behave on the internet, movie and TV show reviews, plane accidents, flags, future studies, Apple devices, and the differences between Grey's and Haran's personalities and lifestyles. Listeners can talk about the podcast in CGP Grey's subreddit, the Hello Internet subreddit, or Twitter, where the hosts are often active. Usually, each episode usually starts with feedback from listeners. The podcast has an official flag called the "Nail & Gear" which was decided by postal referendum.
The Ichthyodectiforms
**Ichthyodectiformes** is an extinct order of marine stem-teleost ray-finned fish. They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period. You can see their "bulldog" appearance, which is why they are also called **bulldog fish**. Ichthyodectiforms are usually considered to be called like that because of their unique appearance. There is evidence that at least one species, *Xiphactinus audax*, may have been endothermic ("warm-blooded").

Classification
--------------

### Bardackichthyidae

* †**Bardackichthyidae** Hacker & Shimada, 2021
	+ †*Amakusaichthys* Yabumoto *et al.*, 2020
	+ †*Bardackichthys* Hacker & Shimada, 2021
	+ †*Heckelichthys* Taverne, 2008

### Chuhsiungichthyidae

* †**Chuhsiungichthyidae** Yabumoto, 1994
	+ †*Chuhsiungichthys* Lew, 1974
	+ †*Jinjuichthys* Kim *et al.*, 2014
	+ †*Mesoclupea* Ping & Yen, 1933

Description
-----------

*Cooyoo*
The Ichthyodectiformes resembled sea monsters due to their monstrous appearance. Their face resembled that of a bulldog, which is a dog breed. That is why they are called **bulldog fish**.

### *Saurodon*

*Main article: Saurodon*

*Saurodon* was quite different from other ichthyodectiforms, because the lower jaw projected in front of the upper.

### *Xiphactinus*

*Main article: Xiphactinus*

*Saurodon leanus*
*Xiphactinus* was one of the largest prehistoric fish ever. In 1982, Carl Baugh found a solitary "Y-shaped" fossil that he called **Unicerosaurus** while he was excavating.
The blue-flowered *Nymphaea nouchali*
purple version
white version
Fuchsia-colored *Nymphaea nouchali* in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
***Nymphaea nouchali***, (or red and blue water-lily, blue star water-lily, or star lotus) is an aquatic flowering plant in the Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family). It is native to southern and eastern Asia.

*N. nouchali* grows from rhizomes or tubers rooted under the water. Leaves are oval to round, 13–15 cm (5–6 in), with an open sinus at the leaf base where it attaches to the petiole (leaf stem). Leaves may spread 1.4–1.5 m (4–5 feet) from where the rhizome is rooted. Flowers, which have little fragrance, are star-shaped with 4 sepals and 10–16 petals, and are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) in diameter. Although leaves float on the water surface, flowers are generally held 30 cm (12 in) above water. They are usually pale blue (but can be pink or white) with pale yellow stamens and anthers. 

*N. nouchali* has been cultivated in southeast Asia for centuries, especially around temples. It is also cultivated in Sri Lanka and gathered from dried ponds in the Republic of India for the rhizomes, which are used as food and animal fodder as a source of starch. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat indigestion.

Cultivars include N. stellata var. cyanea, which has medium-sized pale to deep blue flowers, and N. stellata var. versicolor, which is commonly exported in the form of tubers from Sri Lanka to Europe and the U.S. for use in the aquariums; the tubers grow quickly after exposure to warm water, making an "instant" aquarium plant.

Symbolism
---------

*N. stellata* was the state flower of Hyderabad Deccan. A pale blue-flowered *N. stellatai* is the National flower of Sri Lanka, where it is known as *nil mānel* or *nil mahanel* (Singhalese:නිල් මානෙල්).
**The Boswell Sisters** were an American close harmony singing trio. They were three sisters: Martha Boswell (June 9, 1905 – July 2, 1958), Connie Boswell (later spelled "Connee", December 3, 1907 – October 11, 1976), and Helvetia "Vet" Boswell (May 20, 1911 – November 12, 1988). They came from uptown New Orleans. The group blended intricate harmonies and song arrangements featuring effects such as scat, instrumental imitation, ‘Boswellese’ gibberish, tempo and meter changes, major/minor juxtaposition, key changes, and incorporation of sections from other songs. They were famous in the United States in the 1930s at the end of the Jazz Age and the start of the Great Depression.

After the trio split in 1936, Connie continued as a solo vocalist in radio, film, and later television for an additional quarter century. The trio's "unique singing style and ground-breaking arrangements fused 'blackness' and 'whiteness' in music," and their collaborations with "the preeminent white swing musicians of their day—the Dorsey Brothers, Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, Artie Shaw, Victor Young, and Bunny Berigan—had a big effect on the development of the big band sound in the 1930s.

They recorded a song called Rock and Roll in 1933.
**Brillat-Savarin** is a soft, white-crusted cow's milk cheese with at least 75% fat in dry matter (roughly 40% overall), named after the 18th century French gourmet Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin. The cheese was created in the 1930s by cheese-maker Henri Androuët.

Brillat-Savarin is produced all year round, mainly in Normandy. It comes in 12–13 cm wheels and approximately 4 cm thick, and is aged for one to two weeks. It is also available as a fresh cheese (non affine) that resembles rich cream cheese.

It is a triple cream Brie that is creamy and faintly sour. It goes well with medjool dates and also champagne. Because of its creaminess combined with its Brie aroma and slight sharpness, it has been described as "Dairylea for grownups" or "what Dairylea tastes like in heaven".

Pairing with red wines is difficult, as any mushroominess or "mouldy" taste will bring out the tannins of the wine. Brillat-Savarin is also quite salty when ripe, which may disturb the taste of red wine. It does pair well with Pale Ale and Champagne. The carbonation wipes the fattiness from the palate and the malts enhance the creaminess of the cheese.

The French cheese making company Rouzaire also produces an older Brillat Savarin under the name Pierre Robert. The extra aging time concentrates the proteins and salt in the cheese, resulting in deeper earthy flavours and more intense salty taste. Wheels of Pierre Robert are physically shorter (due to loss of moisture), yet creamier than the regular-aged Brillat-Savarin.

Related pages
-------------

* List of cheeses
FC Libertas 1935
**FC Libertas Wien** (Latin for freedom) was an Austrian football club from Ottakring, a district of Vienna. From 1932 to 1937 he played for a total of five seasons in the first division.

History
-------

Libertas was founded in 1914 by some high school students. Among them were Josef Gerö, later ÖFB President, UEFA Vice President and Minister of Justice, and Karl Zankl, later WFV President. The rapid-enthusiastic students chose green and white as the colors of their club. The club played in the lower Viennese leagues for several years. A brief merger in 1922 with the Josefstädter Sportfreunde broke up, until 1928 the club did not get beyond the third class. Nevertheless, the club produced two later internationally very successful players in Josef Horejs and Walter Nausch, who were able to win the Mitropapokal with Sparta Prague and FK Austria Wien.

In 1927 the club merged with the second-rate SC International Vienna to form the International Libertas. The club appeared as FC Libertas Vienna from the following season in 1928/29. They reached the 2nd division championship in 1931/32 and were promoted to the 1st division. The first game in Austria's highest division took place in front of 16,000 spectators on 27 August 1932 against Rapid and ended 0-0. Libertas played the first few years against relegation. Since the Libertas sports field was too small for the 1st league, the club first played at Dornbacher Sport-Club-Platz and later at Wacker Wien Schönbrunner Platz.

The 1934/35 season was the highlight of the club's history, and the club finished fifth behind Rapid, Vienna, Admira and Wacker. In 1936 the club was able to reach to the semi-finals of the ÖFB Cup. In 1937, due to the reduction of the league to ten clubs, the club was relegated. The outbreak of the Second World War meant that the Libertas merged with the district rivals SC Red Star Vienna in 1941 in order to be able to guarantee further game operations. This ended the history of the only Ottakringer first division club since there was no reactivation after the end of the war.

Famous players
--------------

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Ludwig Brousek
* Eduard Frühwirth
* Josef Frühwirth
 | * Josef Horejs
* Willibald Kirbes
* Josef Lebeda
 | * Walter Nausch
* Rudolf Schlauf
 |
The vocal folds
The **vocal cords** or **vocal folds** are two sets of tissue stretched across the larynx. They can vibrate when air passes through the larynx. This produces sounds. Humans use them to produce language.

Men and women have different vocal fold sizes. Adult male voices are usually deeper: males have thicker cord. The male vocal folds are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.

The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm long.

The difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that their voices have a different pitch. Each person's voice is different and has a slightly different pitch. This is caused by genes that influence how the larynx is made.

False vocal cords
-----------------

Vocal cords while speaking (left) and at rest (right).
The vocal cords are sometimes called 'true vocal cords' to distinguish them from the **false vocal cords**. These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane. They sit directly above the true vocal folds, to protect them. They have a very small role in normal speech , but are often used in musical screaming and the death grunt singing style. They are also used in Tuvan throat singing.

The false cords are also called **vestibular folds** and **ventricular folds**. They can be seen on the diagram above as *ventricular folds*.

Unlike the true vocal cords, the false ones grow back completely when they are removed by surgery.
**The Bridge** is a long poem by American author Hart Crane. The work was published for the first time in 1930. It was intended by the poet to be a modern epic poem. The poem has fifteen parts. Many of them are about New York City. The best-known part of the poem is its introductory part named *To Brooklyn Bridge*. *The Bridge* is considered to be Hart Crane's most ambitious undertaking. It is sometimes, however, called a failure, too.

Hart Crane is a modern poet. But in this poem he used mostly iambic pentameter. This iambic pentameter is usually unrhymed (blank verse), but sometimes rhymed.

*And Thee, across the harbor, silver paced*  

*As though the sun took step of thee yet left*  

*Some motion ever unspent in thy stride,—*  

*Implicitly thy freedom staying thee!*

Hart Crane is known for his attention to the sounds of language. He used alliteration, rhymes and internal assonance. The assonance, that is repeating of the same vowel, can be found in this strophe. The sound [i] occurs in many accented syllables in it.

*How many dawns, ch**i**ll from his r**i**ppling rest*  

*The seagull’s wings shall d**i**p and p**i**vot h**i**m,*  

*Shedding white r**i**ngs of tumult, building high*  

*Over the chained bay waters L**i**berty —*

Alliteration, that is repeating of the same consonant, should be noticed in the next strophe.

*O harp and altar, of the **f**ury **f**used,*  

*(How could mere toil align thy choiring strings!)*  

*Terrific threshold of the **p**rophet’s **p**ledge,*  

***P**rayer of **p**ariah, and the lover’s cry,*

Other websites
--------------

* Percy Hutchinson, Hart Crane's Cubistic Poetry in 'The Bridge'
* Pu Zhao, A Short Comment on Hart Crane’s Poem To Brooklyn Bridge Archived 2017-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
Two TGV trains in the Paris-Gare-de-Lyon railway station in Paris
Section of the European high speed network, the yellow, orange and red parts are TGV
The **TGV** (Train à Grande Vitesse, French for "high-speed train"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270 km/h and 320 km/h. They were the fastest normal trains in the world, their average travel speed is at 279,4 km/h.

In 2007, a special TGV set the speed record for rail vehicles, reaching 574,8 km/h.

Inside France, there are the following high speed lines

* Paris to Lyon, later to Valence, Avignon and Marseille.
* Paris to Tours and Le Mans. Also used to run trains to Poitiers and Bordeaux.
* Paris to Lille, later Brussels (known as Thalys) and Calais, Dover, London (known as Eurostar).
* Paris to Strasbourg, sometimes to Frankfurt am Main, Basel and Zürich. The first part of this line has been built. The high-speed track ends at a station, about half-way between Nancy and Metz. Strasbourg is currently reachable from Paris is about two and a half hours, Basel takes 3.20, and Zürich about 4.30. The extension of the line to Strasbourg has been started,

Lines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.

The building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750 km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.

TGVs for other uses
-------------------

Since the beginning of the high-speed rail network, the French Poste uses TGVs to transport mail, mostly between Paris, Mâcon and Cavaillon, but the train was retired in 2015. These use the high-speed lines (LGV Sud-Est) during the night.

In the north of France, the high-speed lines are also used to run regional trains over longer distances. There are currently train from Lille to Dunkerque. This takes half an hour. Other lines run to Calais, in forty minutes, or to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 55. In 2007, a line to Arras was opened, which is also very successful. Unfortunately, there are some problems with this approach. First, only high-speed lines can be used that are not saturated, because these trains run slower than regular TGVs. Secondly, using a TGV line costs more to the client, they have to pay extra. This makes these services more expensive.
**Haakon VII** (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈhôːkʊn], born **Prince Carl of Denmark**; 3 August 1872 — 21 September 1957) was the King of Norway from 1905 until his death in 1957.

Originally born a Danish prince, he was the son of the future King Frederick VIII of Denmark and Louise of Sweden. Prince Carl was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy and served in the Royal Danish Navy. After the 1905 dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway, Prince Carl had an opportunity to take the Norwegian crown. Following the November plebiscite, Haakon accepted the opportunity and was proclaimed king on 18 November 1905. He took the Old Norse name *Haakon*, becoming the first independent Norwegian monarch to use that name since 1380.

As king, Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, in practice Haakon confined himself to a representative and ceremonial role while rarely interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson.

Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany in April 1940. Haakon rejected German demands to legitimise the Quisling regime's puppet government, vowing to abdicate rather than do so. He refused to abdicate after going into exile in Great Britain. As such, he played a pivotal role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the invasion and the subsequent five-year-long occupation during the Second World War. He returned to Norway in June 1945 after the defeat of Germany.

He became the King of Norway when his grandfather, Christian IX was still the King of Denmark, and that before his father and elder brother became kings of Denmark. During his reign he saw his father Frederick VIII, his elder brother Christian X, and his nephew Frederick IX ascend the throne of Denmark, in 1906, 1912 (also of Iceland from 1918 to 1944), and 1947 respectively. Haakon died on 21 September 1957 at the age of 85 after a long 52-year reign. He was succeeded by his only son, Olav, who ascended to the throne as Olav V.

Haakon has a reputation as one Norway's greatest kings. Despite living in exile for five years, he refused to abdicate the throne. He played a pivotal role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the invasion and the subsequent five-year-long occupation. He also managed to hold his young and fragile country together in unstable political conditions.

The World Wars
--------------

Haakon VII reigned during two world wars. His refusal to submit when a German-pressured Storting body asked him to abdicate inspired the Norwegians to resist the German occupation during World War II. Haakon VII returned from exile in England to Norway in June 1945.

Death
-----

Haakon VII died on September 21, 1957 in the Royal Palace in Oslo.
**Hyderabad City Taluka** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Hyderabad District is divided into 4 talukas, the Urban area around the capital Hyderabad is part of Hyderabad City Taluka.

Administration
--------------

The Taluka of Hyderabad city is administratively subdivided into 11 Union Councils.

History
-------

During Kalhora rule the city of Hyderabad became the capital of kingdom of Sindh, it was first named NEEROONKOT, But then the name was changed to HYDERABAD in the name of IMAM ALI A.S Who's one laqab was HAIDER OR HYDERABAD, kalhora's made big fortress named as PAKKA QILA and inside it was the whole prospered city later on talpurs fought war with kalhoro's and won the kingdom but the capital remained the same, later on British defeated the Talpurs in battle amd changed the capital to karachi and later on to the Bombay Presidency of British India. The then HYDERABAD city was smaller than the present city of hyderabad so the then URBAN AREA was made a taluka of HYDERABAD DISTRICT and named HYDERABAD URBAN TALUKA(TEHSIL), it still is a taluka or tehsil and consists of mostly urban area

According to the 1901 census, the taluka contained only one town - the capital, Hyderabad (population, 69,378). The taluka also at this time contained 98 villages and the population was 138,021, compared with 122,507 in 1891.
**Nagri Tutial** (also known as Nagri Totial) is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Meaning
-------

Nagri Tutial which means *the town of the Tutials* is named after Abassi chief Toota Khan (a son of Doomat Khan).

Tribes
------

Most of the people of Nagri Tutial are from the Tutial branch of the Dhund Abbasi tribe.

Location
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Nagri Tutial a famous and beautiful village in Pakistan. It is in the south east of the district, next to the Punjab. Nagri Tutial shares a borders with the other Union Councils in Abbottabad District - to the north and east with Seer Gharbi, to the west with Nara, and to the south with Lora. Nagri Tutial is 1243 metres (4081 feet) above the level of the sea.

People of Nagri Tutial
----------------------

The people or Nagri Tutial are hardworking and dedicated and work far away in various places, throughout Pakistan, to earn their living. They are politically conscious and careful in electing their local representatives. In the past, members of parliament from this area have done little or nothing to help in development and this has made the majority of people wary. 
At this time, the people have only just recently obtained a regular electricity supply to the village. They have also had various roads built connecting them to various parts, the earliest such roads were the Upper Dewal—Kohala Road and the Ghora Gali—Lora Road begun in 1964, and finished in 1968. Since then, there is a regular and strong local demand for more tourism infrastructure development and basic facilities.
**Thandiani** (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan. 

View of Thandiani in winter

History
-------

Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold to some members of the famous Battye family in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.

Location
--------

Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

Tourism
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Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.

Forests and wildlife
--------------------

The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.
An **electoral region** is a type of multi-member constituency used to elect members of a legislature. They are used in many parts of the world, but often are elected in a different way.

By country
----------

### Australia

Main articles: Electoral regions of Victoria and Electoral regions of Western Australia
In Australia, electoral regions are only used to elect the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Victoria. They are elected using group voting tickets, a system that is quite controversial in Australia.

Electoral regions were also formerly used to elect the Western Australian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Western Australia, using the same system as in Victoria. However, this system has been scrapped and from the 2025 state election and onward the Legislative Council will be elected using the same system as the New South Wales and South Australian Legislative Councils, which are the upper houses of the state parliaments of New South Wales and South Australia, respectively.

### United Kingdom

See the main article: Senedd constituencies and electoral regions § Electoral regions
The Senedd, the unicameral parliament of Wales, uses electoral regions to elect some of its members. They are elected using the D'Hondt system.
**Eddie Koiki Mabo** (c. 29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian activist from the Torres Strait Islands. He became well known for campaigning for indigenous land rights. In particular, he became famous for his role in an historic decision by the High Court of Australia in 1992, which overturned the idea that Australia was *terra nullius* (land belonging to nobody).

Early life
----------

Mabo was born as Eddie Koiki Sambo. He changed his surname to Mabo when he was adopted by his mother's brother, Benny Mabo. He was born on Mer (Murray Island) in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea. He worked on a number of jobs before becoming a gardener with James Cook University in Townsville, when he was 31 years old. The time he spent on the university campus had a major impact on his life. In 1974, Mabo was surprised to learn that his family did not legally own the land they lived on. In a conversation with Noel Loos and Henry Reynolds, he learned that legally that land belonged to the Crown.

Activism and legacy
-------------------

In 1981, a conference on land rights was held at James Cook University. Mabo made a speech to the audience where he explained the indigenous customary land inheritance system on Murray Island. One of the people who attended the conference, a lawyer, suggested they should make a case to claim land rights through the court system. A case was made, and took 10 years to reach a decision. Mabo died a few months before the decision. He died on 21 January 1992, of cancer at the age of 55.

Five months later, on 3 June 1992, the High Court overturned the legal doctrine of *terra nullius* - which was the term applied to the attitude of the British Empire towards land ownership on the continent of Australia. That decision is now commonly called "Mabo v Queensland" in Australia and is widely recognised for its importance. Later in 1992, Mabo was awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal for his work over many years to gain legal recognition for indigenous people's rights.

Three years after Mabo died, which is the traditional mourning period for the people of Murray Island, a memorial service was held in Townsville. Overnight, his grave was vandalised; it was spray-painted with swastikas and the word "abo" (a derogatory slang term for an Aboriginal person). His family decided to have his body reburied on Murray Island.

Related pages
-------------

* Aboriginal title

Other websites
--------------

* Mabo Papers at the National Library of Australia
* Biography by Gail Mabo, his daughter Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Collection of art works by Edward Koiki Mabo - held and digitised by the National Library of Australia

  


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The **Toyota Century** was a sedan that was built between the 1960s and the 1990s. It is now considered as an old luxury car.Toyota has also launched an SUV version of the old Toyota century which is new but looks very similar to the old one. The Toyota century had a very good look in black but offers a good built quality and safety. It compares with the old Mercedes S-class and the old BMW 7 series it also compares with the old Audi A8.Coming back to the new SUV version of the Toyota century, it's main feature is the luxury and the fact that it is very special like the Rolls Royce Culianan. Toyota said that there will be a convertible version of this Toyota century. The main reason Toyota has done all this because they have noticed that so many people liked the old one and for a change It's now a SUV which makes it more practical for the luxury that the passengers get along with the luggage space provided. And because of their enthusiasm they gave a option for a convertible so people can enjoy the sun on top their head whenever they would like to.
This western lowland gorilla is walking on its knuckles.
**Knuckle-walking** is a way some land animals move. Knuckle-walking animals curl fingers or front toes like a fist and touch the ground using the bony part of the front foot, the knuckle. Gorillas, chimpanzees, anteaters and platypuses knuckle-walk. In general, animals knuckle walk if their hands or front paws have special shapes for doing something very different from walking. Apes use their hands to hold food and use tools, so they have fingers. They curl up their fingers when they knuckle-walk. Anteaters use their front paws to dig for ants, so they curl up their digging claws when they knuckle-walk. Platypuses use their front paws to swim, so they curl up their webbed toes when they knuckle-walk.

Large anteaters that walk on the ground, for example the giant anteater, knuckle-walk. Smaller anteaters that live in trees do not. Platypuses walk on their knuckles so that the webbing on their front feet will not get in the way.

Skeleton of a giant anteater with its front toes curled under for knuckle-walking.
Gorillas from the genus *Gorilla* and chimpanzees from the genus *Pan* both walk on their knuckles but not in the same way. Chimpanzees spend more time in trees than gorillas do, so they turn their wrists in many different ways. Gorillas usually keep their wrists straight when they knuckle-walk. Gorillas and chimpanzees knuckle-walk when they move on the ground because their bodies are adapted to move around in trees: their arms are longer than their legs, and their middles are cone-shaped. The bones in their arms are good for knuckle-walking: the radius can lock into one of the bones in the wrist so the two bones together can hold the animal's weight. Human arm and wrist bones do not do this.

Some fictional cavemen knuckle-walk or drag the knuckles of their long arms on the ground, but scientists do not agree on whether human beings evolved from ancestors who really knuckle-walked on the ground the way gorillas do. One team of scientists said humans evolved from a tree-living ancestor, like chimpanzees did, because of the way our wrist bones are. Another team of scientists wrote that *Australopithecus anamensis* and *Australopithecus afarensis*, extinct relatives of humans, probably knuckle-walked.
Warick parsh flag
**Warwick Parish** is ten of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named after Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick (1587-1658).

Geography
---------

It is located in the central south of the island chain, occupying part of the main island to the southeast of the Great Sound, the large expanse of water which dominates the geography of western Bermuda, and also a number of islands which lie within that sound. It is joined to Southampton Parish in the southwest, and to Paget Parish in the northeast. As with most of Bermuda's parishes, it covers just over 2.3 square miles (about 6.0 km² or 1500 acres). It had a population of 9,002 in 2016.

Natural features in Warwick include Warwick Long Bay, Riddell's Bay, Darrell's Island, Hawkins Island, Long Island, and Marshall's Island. Hinson's Island, once part of Warwick, is now part of Paget Parish.

The parish also contains Warwick Camp, the former rifle ranges of the Imperial military garrison, which is, today, the home of the Bermuda Regiment, and most of which doubles as parkland (and the territory of which includes Warwick Long Bay, Horseshoe Bay, and the smaller beaches between).

Christ Church on Middle Road, Warwick is one of the world's oldest Presbyterian churches outside of Europe. It was founded in 1719 and is part of the Church of Scotland.

Warwick Pond was designated a Ramsar site on May 4, 1969 at 4:20am
The water organ (or *hydraulis*).
The **water organ** or **hydraulic organ** is a kind of pipe organ. As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.

A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water. It was invented in the 3rd century B.C. probably by the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was the world's first keyboard instrument. Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.

A modern reconstruction of the wind organ and wind wheel of Heron of Alexandria
The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes. 

The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. 

During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs. The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall. It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.
***El Muerto*** (also called ***The Dead One***, ***El Muerto: The Dead One***, ***The Dead One: El Muerto***, or ***The Dead One: An American Legend***) is a 2007 movie. It was made from the story of the comic book superhero El Muerto. It was written and directedby Brian Cox (director). Wilmer Valderrama starred as the main character, El Muerto/Diego de la Muerte. Also starring were Angie Cepeda as Diego's girlfriend, Joel David Moore as Diego's best friend, and Billy Drago played as the bad guy. The movie tells the story of Diego de la Muerte, a 21-year-old Mexican-American who is sacrificed by the Aztec gods of death and destiny to fulfill an ancient prophecy. The movie is rated PG-13 for violence and some disturbing images. The movie premiered on March 1, 2007 and was released on DVD September 18, 2007. It won the Best Feature Film Award at the first Whittier Film Festival in 2008.

Story
-----

At the start of the movie, a young Diego is crossing illegally in to the United States from Mexico. Along the way, he meets an old Aztec man who tells him about a shortcut across a river. Before they get there, the old man performs an ancient ritual to the Aztec god of sacrifice and dies. Diego is then left alone at the river. Ten years later, Diego is living in East Los Angeles, California. He has a girlfriend Maria Somera and lives with his best friend Zak Silver. Maria's uncle, a priest of a local church does not like Diego's sympathy for the Aztec religion. This usually causes Diego and Maria to meet in secret. When a local Dia de los Muertos ("*Day of the Dead*") festival is to take place, a celebration with Aztec roots, Diego becomes excited. He dresses as an undead Mariachi with the traditional facepaint. Unfortunately, he has to go alone because both Zak and Maria are busy the night of the celebration. While driving to the festival, Diego's car crashes and he is killed. He later wakes up in Mictlan, the Aztec land of the dead. There he is sacrificed in an ancient ritual by the god of death and sent back to the land of the living a year after his death. He later learns that the old gods want to rule their world again. Three sacrifices representing the Church that took away their power must be made. This puts Maria's life is at risk because she is a descendent of one of the first churches in Mexico. Now Diego must fight against the gods that made him to save the woman he loves.

DVD release
-----------

The movie was released straight-to-DVD by Echo Bridge Entertainment on September 18, 2007. The movie was called "*El Muerto*" but it was re-titled "*The Dead One*" for the original DVD release. It is going to be released as "*El Muerto*" in the future. Special features included seven drawings by guest artists, commentary with director Brian Cox and Javier Hernandez, an art tutorial, the original comic book, three featurettes, a Spanish language track, and a DVD-ROM feature. In the DVD case is are 2 wash-and-wear tattoos and a collectible mini-comic created for the DVD.

Other websites
--------------

* Official MySpace site
* *El Muerto* on IMDb
* *El Muerto* at AllMovie