recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Hans Christian Andersen** (2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish writer. 

Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark. His father was a shoemaker, and his mother washed clothes for customers. The family was poor. When Andersen was 11, his father died. At 14, Andersen left his mother and his home. He moved to Copenhagen. 

The king helped Andersen finish his education. Andersen wanted to be an actor or dancer. He did not have the talent for either. He started to write novels, plays, poems, short stories, and travel books. In 1835, he published four fairy tales that were liked by the readers. After this success, he wanted to write more fairy tales. 

Andersen's stories were popular all over Europe. He was invited into the homes of rich and powerful people. He fell in love with several men and women. He was in love with singer Jenny Lind. He also fell in love with ballet dancer Harald Scharff. 

Andersen was a happy and carefree man. He travelled all over Europe. He wanted to see the sights. He hoped travelling would make him even happier. He always carried a rope with him. He planned to use this rope as a fire escape if needed. In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell off of his bed and suffered major injuries. He never recovered fully. Soon after that, Andersen showed signs of liver cancer. He died on 4 August 1875 from liver cancer.

Works
-----

* *The Princess and the Pea* (1835)
* *The Tinderbox* (1835)
* *Thumbelina* (1835)
* *The Little Mermaid* (1837)
* *The Emperor's New Clothes* (1837)
* *The Steadfast Tin Soldier* (1838)
* *The Wild Swans* (1838)
* *Ole Lukøje* (1841)
* *The Swineherd* (1841)
* *The Angel* (1843)
* *The Nightingale* (1843)
* *The Ugly Duckling* (1843)
* *The Little Match Girl* (1845)
* *The Red Shoes* (1845)
* *The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep* (1845)
* *The Snow Queen* (1845)
* *The Fir Tree* (1845)
* *The Shadow* (1847)
* *The Story of a Mother* (1847)
* *The Marsh King's Daughter* (?)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Danish writers
The **takahē** or **South Island takahē** (*Porphyrio hochstetteri*) is a bird. It lives in South Island, New Zealand. There are two species, and they are commonly called *rails*. Its family is the Rallidae. It is the largest living rail species in the world. The two species are also known as notornis.

The takahe cannot fly.

Adults are 2.3 – 3.8 kg. They have red legs and a red beak. Their feathers are different shades of blue and green: dark blue on the head and neck, lighter blue on the shoulders. The feathers on the wings and back can be iridescent. Takahē cannot fly, so they were hunted extensively by the Māori.

Takahē live in grassy places. They eat the starchy parts of grassy plants: tussock and sedge plants. In the winter, they go to the forests and look for food there.

Wild takahē can live for 16-18 years, and a little longer in zoos.

Threats
-------

For a long time, people thought this bird was extinct. In 1948, Geoffrey Orbell found some takahē in the Murchison Mountains in Fiordland. Humans started raising the chicks and then letting them go in good places. 

Animals that humans brought to New Zealand eat this bird. For example, humans brought stoats to New Zealand, and they eat eggs, chicks, and larger birds. Human beings also change the places where they like to live.

The North Island takahē is extinct.
A thumper for active seismology work
**Seismology** is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist. 

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets. 

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese. 

Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.

Related pages
-------------

* Earth science
Concepción building Alto Río which overturned and collapsed at February 2010 Chile earthquake.
**Earthquake engineering** is the study of the behavior of building structures subject to earthquake impacts. It is a subset of civil engineering.

Objectives of the earthquake engineering
----------------------------------------

The main goals of earthquake engineering are:

* Understand what happens between buildings and the ground.
* Understand what strong earthquakes or tsunamis might do to building structures.
* Design, build and maintain structures to last during an earthquake while following building codes.

18-story model on base isolators ready for testing at a shake-table.

Tools
-----

A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive.

The most powerful and affordable tools of earthquake engineering are vibration control technologies and, in particular, base isolation.

To test seismic performance of a building structure with experiments, it may be put on a shake-table that behaves like the earth shaking. The earliest shake-table experiments were performed more than a century ago.

Tsunami preparedness and protection
-----------------------------------

See the main article: Tsunami
**Tsunami** or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean caused, mostly, by powerful earthquakes is a very serious challenge for people's safety and for tsunami protection of buildings and civil infrastructure. Those waves can flood coastal areas, destroy houses and even swipe away whole towns.

Though tsunami can not be prevented, there are warning systems developed recently which warn the population before the big waves reach the land to let them enough time to rush to safety.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Earthquake engineering***.
The **prisoner's dilemma** is a paradox about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.

Game structure
--------------

### Setup

The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 2 years. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 5 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.

### Strategies

If you are a prisoner in this situation and you care only about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not.

If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months.

If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 5 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does.

The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different.

Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.
Australian KelpieAustralian Kelpie (red and tan color)Backing sheepKelpies are noted for sheep "backing" (walking on the backs of sheep to get across a herd)
The **Australian Kelpie**, or simply **Kelpie**, is an Australian sheepdog. The word 'Kelpie' is Gaelic and means "water sprite". They are very successful at herding and driving livestock with little or no guidance. The Kelpie is a medium-sized dog. They come in both the tan markings and solid colors. The Kelpie has been exported throughout the world and is used mainly to herd sheep, cattle and goats.

Characteristics
---------------

The Kelpie can do the work of several men. They are tireless workers and can work all day in the hottest climates. Kelpies are able to travel more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) in a single day. Like the Border Collie the Kelpie is an intimidator. It locks eyes with an animal to get it to move. Unlike the Border Collie, the Kelpie also nips at the heels of herd animals to get and keep them moving. 
A typical Kelpie weighs from 25 to 45 pounds. They have a life expectancy of from 10 to 14 years on average. Kelpies have natural oils in their skin that keeps their coat weather resistant. For that reason they should be bathed only when absolutely necessary to avoid drying out their skin. An occasional rubdown with a towel keeps them clean.

Types
-----

The breed has been separated into two distinct varieties: the Show (or Bench) Kelpie and the Working Kelpie. The Show Kelpie is seen at conformation dog shows in some countries and is selected for appearance rather than working instinct, while the Working Kelpie is bred for working ability rather than appearance.
Ghettos were established by Nazi Germany in lots of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland. Most ghettos were established to imprison around 3 ½ million Polish Jews, for the purpose of persecution and neglect. 

Here is a partial list of those ghettos.

List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
------------------------------------------------

1. Wilno Ghetto – established in Wilno, a city in northeastern Poland (modern-day Vilnius, Lithuania) 

2. Grodno Ghetto – established in Grodno, a city in northern Poland (modern-day Grodno, Belarus) 

3. Navahrudak Ghetto – established in Nowogródek, a city in northeastern Poland (modern-day Nowogródek, Belarus)

4. Białystok Ghetto – established in Białystok, a city in northeastern Poland

5. Bydgoszcz Ghetto – established in Bydgoszcz, a city in northern Poland 

6. Ciechanów Ghetto – established in Ciechanów, a city in northern Poland 

7. Warsaw Ghetto – established in Warsaw, the capital city of Poland 

8. Łachwa Ghetto – established in Łachwa, a city in eastern Poland (modern-day Lakhva, Belarus) 

9. Pińsk Ghetto – established in Pińsk, a city in eastern Poland (modern-day Pińsk, Belarus)

10. Brześć Ghetto – established in Brześć, a city in eastern Poland (modern-day Brześć, Belarus)
The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it's more likely for a random brain (or even an entire body or galaxy) to spontaneously form with false memories in a vast, fluctuating universe than for the entire universe to develop as cosmologists believe. This idea is named after physicist Ludwig Boltzmann and is used to challenge our assumptions about thermodynamics and the universe's evolution.

In a very long time, random fluctuations could lead to the formation of incredibly complex structures, including human brains. This concept gained attention when it seemed that, according to some theories, Boltzmann brains might be more probable than conventional human brains. This raised concerns about the reliability of our memories and understanding of the universe.

The Boltzmann brain could form through quantum or thermal fluctuations, and it would typically exist briefly, have a single thought, and then disappear. Some physicists argue that Boltzmann brains may not qualify as true observers. The debate over Boltzmann brains continues in the context of cosmology and our understanding of the universe's fundamental principles.

In summary, the Boltzmann brain thought experiment challenges our understanding of the universe's development and questions whether we can trust our memories and observations in a vast, fluctuating cosmos.
**U-Pick Live**  is a defunct programming block that aired on Nickelodeon on October 14, 2002 to May 27, 2005 on weekday afternoons. The show allowed viewers to pick via internet voting the Nickelodeon shows (usually cartoons) that would air on the block. the host of the show also took part in sketches and gags, often including members from their studio audience and celebrity guests.

Cast and Hosts
--------------

Brent Popolizio is one of the main hosts for UPL. He wears glasses and has his own UPL segment called "Ten Seconds with Brent. "He is known for being tortured by everyone in UPL ( Mostly Candace. )

along with Brent, Candace Bailey is also one of the hosts for UPL. She is the only woman who works for UPL. She has her own segment on UPL called "Candace’s Corner "which sometimes gets interrupted by Brent, Antonio or Pick Boy. After UPL’s cancellation, Bailey worked on G4’s Attack of the Show from 2012 until 2013.

Jeff Sutphen plays Pick Boy, a "superhero "that picks people from the audience. Pick Boy is egotistic yet a bit naïve. Pick Boy became a target for many polls at Nick.com such as "What kind of hairstyle should Pick Boy Have?".

Activities and Sketches
-----------------------

The Prize Wall - a wall of 14 and 5/8 doors that are filled with prizes and in one of those doors they get the Bucket O’ Bucks, which is just money in a bucket. When UPL’s studio repudiated, The Prize Wall was redesigned as a punching wall and the last 5 numbers were removed from 14 to 9 and a new bucket thing was added and was called "The Bucket of Yuck "when the person would do gross things the bucket tell them to do.

Candace’s Corner - Candace would talk about stuff ( like Cellphones, etc ). But sometimes it gets interrupted by Brent, Antonio or Pick Boy. It was removed from the UPL schedule in 2004 when UPL reupdated it’s format.

Daily Challenge ( 2002 - 2004 ) - Voters at Nick.com would vote for what the daily challenge is,
Example of a graphic style much used by Andy Warhol
b
Pop dress for *The Supremes*
**Pop art** is a modern art movement that developed in the 1950s and 60s. It was created by the Scottish sculptor and artist Eduardo Paolozzi in London, 1952. Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein are examples of pop artists.

Pop art has themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books. Pop art employs images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art..

Origin
------

The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1951, is regarded as the starting point of the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of "fine art". The group discussions centered on popular culture implications from such elements as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology.

At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled *Bunk!* that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947–1949. This material consisted of 'found objects' such as, advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics that mostly represented American popular culture. One of the images in that presentation was Paolozzi's 1947 collage, *I was a Rich Man's Plaything*, which includes the first use of the word "pop″, appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver. After Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.

Methods
-------

The artists use mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques which downplay the expressive hand of the artist.

Pop artists went for absolute clarity. Most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plain like a poster, and without perspective. The colours are clear, achromatic and primitive colours.

Objects of the everyday life get isolated and modified or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.

Much of pop art is rather academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

Famous pop artists
------------------


|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Peter Blake
* Jim Dine
* James Gill
* Red Grooms
* Richard Hamilton
* Keith Haring
 | * David Hockney
* Robert Indiana
* Jasper Johns
* Roy Lichtenstein
* John McHale
* Claes Oldenburg
 | * Julian Opie
* Eduardo Paolozzi
* Peter Phillips
* Pietro Psaier
* Robert Rauschenberg
* Larry Rivers
 | * James Rizzi
* James Rosenquist
* George Segal
* Wayne Thiebaud
* Andy Warhol
* John Wesley
* Tom Wesselmann
 |
Population pyramid of Ireland 2016 showing ageing in one society
**Ageing** or **aging** is the many changes that happen in an individual over time. In living things, ageing includes most physical and psychological changes which happen after adulthood.

**Senescence** is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?

In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.

In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used by insurance companies to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are adolescents and young adults. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.

However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and buildup of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known, but may be connected to a a cell division phenomenon.

An article
----------

Ageing is not a popular topic in general publication. One recent work is worth noting. It goes over the ground well.

Related pages
-------------

* Apoptosis
* Gerontology
* Hayflick limit
* Death
* Old age
* Supercentenarian
St Mary in the Marsh
One of the locks which were used to control water on Romney Marsh.
Sheep proof footbridge: this is one of many footbridges that cross the dykes on Romney Marsh.
**Romney Marsh** is a coastal marshland of southern England. It runs from Hythe in Kent to Rye in East Sussex. It covers about 100 miles2 (260 km2). Romney Marsh is one of three English wetlands, the others being The Fens of East Anglia and the Somerset Levels.

Much of the area has been reclaimed over the centuries, and is now flat farmland. Before the area was drained, it was a cause of malaria among the inhabitants. For much of its history, the Marsh was fringed by a lagoon, which was protected by a shingle beach at Dymchurch.

The Marsh still contains some water features, particularly the Royal Military Canal, completed in 1809, and the River Rother.

At Romney Marsh the coast is at its closest to France, and was several times the point of invasion. In AD 892, a Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the River Rother and took the fortress at Appledore (allegedly built by King Arthur), which they destroyed.

The Romans used the Romney area for a salt industry. Pans of brackish water were left to evaporate, and the salt collected for use in food.

The marsh includes two of the ancient Cinque Ports, New Romney and Hythe, and two ancient towns, Rye and Winchelsea. New Romney was once a port, but is now a mile and a half from the sea. It is the main centre of population on the Marsh.
*Rhamphodopsis*
The **Ptyctodontida** are an order of Devonian chimaera-like placoderms containing the family **Ptyctodontidae**. They are the only placoderms to be sexually dimorphic. Some paleontologists believe that they may have been an early ancestor of modern-day sharks. 

According to The Content Authority, they are cartilaginous fishes, but this is not commonly accepted by many people because we believe they are placoderms. It means "folded teeth" in Latin. Like today's cartilaginous fish, they had the possession of claspers.

Genera
------

### *Eczematolepis*

*Main article: Eczematolepis*

### *Ctenurella*

*Main article: Ctenurella*

### *Materpiscis*

*Main article: Materpiscis*

*Campbellodus decipiens*
*Materpiscis* (Latin for "mother fish") is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from the late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago.

### *Campbellodus*

*Main article: Campbellodus*

### *Ptyctodus*

*Main article: Ptyctodus*

*Ptyctodus* is the type genus of this order and family.

### *Kimbryanodus*

*Main article: Kimbryanodus*

Description
-----------

Ptyctodontids resembled the modern-day chimaeras of the Holocephali, like the acanthothoracids. They had big heads, big eyes, reduced armor and long bodies.

### *Campbellodus*

*Kimbryanodus williamburyensis*
*Campbellodus* resembled a scaly cardboard box with the tail of a halosaur. It did not resemble a holocephalian at all, but it is still a ptyctodont.

### *Kimbryanodus*

*Kimbryanodus* resembled an arthrodire, again with a halosaur's tail. The fossils occur as small three dimensional isolated plates.

Related pages
-------------

* Acanthothoraci, another chimaera-like placoderm group
* Phyllolepida
* Antiarchi
* Stensioella
* Brindabellaspis
* Galeaspida
* Rolfosteus

Other websites
--------------

* Ptyctodontida on English Wikipedia
* Ptyctodontid vs Ptyctodontida: Meaning And Differences

| Taxon identifiers |
| --- |
| *Ptyctodontida* | * Wikidata: Q918188
* Wikispecies: Ptyctodontidae
* EoL: 4655981
* Fossilworks: 34262
* IRMNG: 10537
 |
| *Ptyctodontidae* | * Wikidata: Q18618797
* EoL: 4655982
* Fossilworks: 307454
* GBIF: 3240818
* IRMNG: 101485
 |
Painting of a woman wearing a blue apron
staff in a bakery wearing a black apron
An **apron** is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women. 

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives. Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***apron***.

 Media related to Aprons at Wikimedia Commons
**Carmen Sarahí García Sáenz** (born on 29 June 1981 in Nuevo Laredo) is a Mexican singer, actress, dancer.

Career
------

Carmen Sarahí was born in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. She is a graduate of the Televisa Arts Education Center. He has faced soap operas such as *Rubí*, *Rebelde*, *Mujer de madera*, *Palabra de mujer*, *Ni contigo ni sin ti*, *El Juramento* (Telemundo), and programs like *SOS: Sex and other secrets*, *Como dice el dicho*, *La rosa de Guadalupe* and *Decades*, where he was part of the musical group *Decadance*. He was part of the Guzmán team in the program *La Voz (Mexico)* where he was participating in the third season, reaching the *Knockouts* where he was defeated by **Carolina Ross**.

She has recorded voices for movies and cartoons. The most well-known work - in animated films Disney, where she voiced Elsa in *Frozen* and *Frozen II*. She performed the Latin American Spanish version of the song "Let It Go" (Libre soy) from the movie "Frozen" and of the song "Into the Unknown" (Mucho más allá) from the movie "Frozen II".

On February 9, 2020, Sarahí was called to join Idina Menzel, Aurora and eight more of Elsa's international dubbers to perform the song "Into the Unknown" during the 92nd Academy Awards. Every international performer sang one line of the song in a different language: Maria Lucia Heiberg Rosenberg in Danish, Willemijn Verkaik in both German and Dutch, Takako Matsu in Japanese, Sarahí in Latin American Spanish, Lisa Stokke in Norwegian, Kasia Łaska in Polish, Anna Buturlina in Russian, Gisela in European Spanish and Gam Wichayanee in Thai.

Personal life
-------------

She married to José Enrique Dávila on 8 November 2014. They have two daughters, Camila (born on 17 March 2016) and Alexa (born on 14 October 2017).
Didcot - a railway town.
**Didcot** is a town in Oxfordshire about 10 miles (16 km) south of Oxford. Until 1974 it was part of Berkshire.

History and economy
-------------------

During the Roman Empire the Romans dug a ditch that runs north through what is now known as the Ladygrove area north of the town near Long Wittenham.

Didcot first appears in historical records in the 13th century as Dudcotte, Berkshire. Parts of the original village still exist in the Lydalls Road area and part of All Saints' Church dates back to the 11th century. 

### Railways

The Great Western Railway, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839. In 1844 the Didcot railway station was opened. The original station burnt down in the later part of 19th century. 

Didcot is junction of the routes to London, Bristol and Oxford. It was formerly a junction for Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway but that closed in the 1960s. 
The traffic to Southampton meant that the town had strategic importance to military logistics, in particular during the First World War campaign on the Western Front and the Second World War preparations for D-Day.

### Power stations

See the main article: Didcot power station
The Didcot Power Stations (which are next to each other, and actually in *Sutton Courtenay*) supply electricity to the National Grid. The power station has also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers. One power station was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. The other is still operating in 2018.

Further reading
---------------

* Lingham, Brian (1979). *The Long Years of Obscurity. A History of Didcot, Volume One - to 1841*. Didcot: BF Lingham. ISBN 9780950654508.
* Lingham, Brian (1992). *Railway Comes to Didcot: A History of the Town (Volume 2) - 1839 to 1918*. Didcot: Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9780750900928.
* Lingham, Brian (2000). *A Poor Struggling Little Town: A History of Didcot (Volume 3) - 1918 to 1945*. Didcot: Didcot Town Council.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Didcot***.

* Didcot Twinning Association
* Didcot Railway Centre
* Didcot.com community website
* Didcot First Archived 2018-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Didcot Town FC Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Future Didcot
* Cornerstone arts centre
* The Didcot Herald Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Didcot Choral Society Archived 2017-05-16 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
***PT Media Nusantara Citra*** also known as **MNC Media** is the biggest group in Southeast Asia. First being build and founded in 1997.

MNC has a core business, doing together wist RCTI, MNC TV, GTV, and iNews - as well as 18 channels acquired broadcast with MNC Vision (previously as IndoVision), under MNC Channels division. MNC Media also has other media-based, like movies, radio, talent management, and production house.

History
-------

MNC has started founded in 1997 and has been listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), since June 22, 2007.

MNC Media has the biggest free-to-air TV market. The group also had three pay television, such as IndoVision, OkeVision, and Top TV. The company also created online media, like Okezone. And also excepting iNews, Koran Sindo newspaper, and portal sindonews.com

MNC News
--------

MNC News has first founded in 2006. Wich is a infotainment, sports, and lifestyle news channel. The channel is a part of 24 hours general and has been seen on MNC Vision.

Current televisions and media
-----------------------------

* RCTI
* GTV
* MNC TV
* iNews
* RCTI+
* MeTube
* Tabloid GENIE
* HighEnd Magazine
* Mom & Kiddie
* StarPro Indonesia
* Just for Kids

### Gallery

* The first logo of Media Nusantara Citra (2002-2007).The first logo of Media Nusantara Citra (2002-2007).
* The second logo has been used in 2008-2010.The second logo has been used in 2008-2010.
* The fourth logo of MNC Media (2015-present).The fourth logo of MNC Media (2015-present).

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* MNC Website
* MNC News mucrosite
**Giglio Island** (Italian: *Isola del Giglio*) is an island and Italian *commune* located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto, and part of Tuscan Archipelago

Geography
---------

The island is separated by a 16 km stretch of sea from the Argentario promontory: mainly mountainous, it is almost all granite with the highest point the Poggio della Pagana (496 m). 90% of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which enable the production of the famous "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27 km long, made up of rocks, of smooth cliffs and several bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its little village of the same name.

A beach on Giglio Island, with a view of Mount Argentario on the Tuscanian coast.

History
-------

The modern island was probably born 4.5 - 5 millions years ago, and people have lived there since the Iron Age. Later it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Romans it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, written about, for example, by Julius Caesar in his *De Bello Gallico* and by the poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.

In 805 it was given by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later a possession of Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, Orsini families and the town of Perugia. In 1241 the Sicilian fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet. From 1264 Giglio was a Pisane dominion, from which it passed to the Medici. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.

Alongside its history the island was always renowned for its mineral resources: many columns and edifices in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.

How the island was
------------------

The island has the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd centuries), in the area of Giglio Porto. No traces of the Temple of Diana once existing now can be seen. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello has an ivory crucifix believed to be by Giambologna

It is also site of an Etruscan shipwreck, dating to the early Iron Age, *c.* 600 BC. The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.

Transportation
--------------

Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries starting from Porto Santo Stefano and Orbetello Scalo.

Other websites
--------------

* Tourist and Visitor Information for the Giglio Island www.giglioinfo.com

| * v
* t
* e
Tuscany · *Comuni* of the Province of Grosseto |
| --- |
| 
* Arcidosso
* Campagnatico
* Capalbio
* Castel del Piano
* Castell'Azzara
* Castiglione della Pescaia
* Cinigiano
* Civitella Paganico
* Follonica
* Gavorrano
* Grosseto
* Isola del Giglio
* Magliano in Toscana
* Manciano
* Massa Marittima
* Monte Argentario
* Monterotondo Marittimo
* Montieri
* Orbetello
* Pitigliano
* Roccalbegna
* Roccastrada
* Santa Fiora
* Scansano
* Scarlino
* Seggiano
* Semproniano
* Sorano

 |
The ***Navajo Times*** is a newspaper. It is written in English for the Navajo people, a group of Native Americans who live in the southwestern United States. It tells Navajo people about events that affect their lives, both in Navajo territory and in the rest of the United States. Its main offices are in Window Rock, Arizona. It also has another office in Shiprock, New Mexico.

The newspaper is owned by the Navajo Times Publishing Company, Inc. a for-profit corporation. NTPC Inc. belongs to the Navajo people, and the Tribal Council are its caretakers. Tommy Arviso Jr. is President and CEO of NTPC. The paper earns enough money from selling newspapers and from advertising to pay for its own costs and a little profit. In 2015, Arviso said one of the paper's goals was to become a completely privately owned company with individual Navajo people owning shares.

Arviso said the *Navajo Times* does not print "sensational" stories: "We do not prey on the hurt, sadness, pain and sorrow of other humans to increase paper sales."

History
-------

The *Navajo Times* started as a newsletter in 1959. The Navajo Tribal Council began it. They wanted to be able to talk to people living on Navajo land and people living in other places, for example Navajo students away at school. It became a newspaper the following year, in 1960. At first, it was a monthly newsletter, then weekly. In the early 1960s, the paper covered infrastructure-related stories like health care, education, and economic development. As of 2020, the first few years of the paper are archived in the Arizona Memory Project.

When Arviso became editor of the paper in 1988 he said there were problems with censorship. Because the paper was run by the government of the Navajo nation, the Navajo leaders believed they should choose what the paper could and could not print. In 2003, Arviso convinced the Tribal Council to make the paper more independent. They voted 66 to 1 to create the Navajo Times Publishing Company so the paper would be more independent.

Awards
------

In 2012, the *Navajo Times* staff won 13 awards from the Arizona Press Club.

In 2015 *Navajo Times* staff won 24 Native Media Awards from the Native American Journalists Association, including awards for photography, sports and writing. They also won Best Layout. The paper changed its layout in 2015.

In 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, the *Navajo Times* won Newspaper of the Year from the Arizona Newspapers Association in the category for non-daily newspapers. It also won awards for its website and advertising.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater** is the fifth game for the *Metal Gear* series. It added many new gameplay features to the series. It marked the first game using camouflage in the environment. It is the prequel game for the timeline and the first game, which introduces Big Boss, Solid Snake's former commander, enemy and father.

Plot
----

In 1964, the CIA sends Big Boss, who was then called Naked Snake, to a secret Soviet airbase in Pakistan. He is sent to rescue Sokolov. Sokolov is a Soviet scientist who left the Soviet Union with his wife and daughter. The United Stated sent him back to the USSR because US wanted the USSR to take nuclear missiles out of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He is then forced to build a secret weapon called the Shagohod. This is a tank that can fire nuclear missiles in places that would otherwise be hard to do so. This building of this weapon is being overseen by Volgin. He is a Soviet officer who wants to destroy both the KGB and the Western world. Naked Snake almost completes his mission until his mentor, the Boss, betrays him. She does this by changing sides from the United States to the Soviet Union. After the mission fails, he is brought back to America.

One week later, he is sent back to the same Soviet base on a new mission, Operation Snake Eater. He must complete four tasks, rescue Sokolov, destroy the Shagohod, kill the Boss and the Cobra Unit, which is a team of supernatural soliders, and kill Volgin.
A Brie
**Brie** is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese. 

The rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. Brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.

The cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.

How it is made
--------------

Brie is a French cheese, and protected by AOC (*Appellation d'origine contrôlée*). This means only this cheese from this region (near Paris) can properly call itself "brie". This is ignored by some countries outside Europe, but the system of AOC is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.

Brie de Meaux
The milk of soft cheeses (*à pate molle* in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the *king of cheeses*. He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.

In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept cool. If that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. It is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. In most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.

Brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. Then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. This is rarely seen outside of France.

Types of Brie
-------------

Brie blue cheese in plate
The following kinds of Brie exist:

* Brie de Meaux, from Champagne (region), AOC since 1986. The 1998 production was 7683 tonnes.
* Brie de Melun, from Ile-de-France, AOC since 1980. 264 tonnes produced in 1998.

Other French *Bries* are:

* Brie fermier, Île-de-France
* Brie de Melun bleu
* Brie petit moulé
* Brie laitier
* Brie de Coulommiers

Bries from outside France:

* Somerset Brie, England
* Brie Manoir, Québec
* Bleubrie, Québec

Brie de Meaux
-------------

Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36 cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.

Brie de Melun
-------------

The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

What Brie should look like
--------------------------

When people buy Brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:

* It is soft.
* Brie is covered in a white layer. There may be reddish patches in the layer.
* The interior of the cheese should be yellowish.
* The cheese has a distinct smell which is often considered to be good.
* It should taste slightly nutty.
A heating element for an electric stove is used to cook food. 
A **heating element** is a basic part of many electrical appliances and systems that create and maintain heat. They are needed for a wide range of uses. These include appliances for home use such as ovens and water heaters and industrial machinery and laboratory equipment.

Heating elements are usually made using materials that have a high electrical resistance. Examples include nichrome (a nickel-chromium alloy), Kanthal (an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy), or other alloys made for heat generation. When an electric current flows through the heating element, the resistance makes it heat up. It converts electrical energy into thermal energy. This idea of heating using resistance is the main way heating elements work

The choice of heating element depends on factors like the required temperature range, heat distribution, durability and power consumption. 

Heating elements play a important role in modern technology and industry. They supply the comfort, convenience and efficiency of various everyday appliances and processes.
**Mersin Province** is a province in southern Turkey. It is on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana.

Name
----

In 2002, the province's name was changed from İçel to Mersin. The province retained the license plate number of 33, İçel having been the 33rd in the alphabetical order of Turkish province names.

Geography
---------

87% of the land area is mountain.
About 50% of the population of the province is younger than 24 years of age. 68% were born in Mersin. The literacy rate is 89%.

Districts
---------

Districts of Mersin Province
Mersin Province is divided into thirteen districts. Four of them are actually included within the municipality of Mersin city (shown in boldface letters).

* Anamur
* Aydıncık
* Gülnar
* Akdeniz
* Mezitli
* Toroslar
* Yenişehir
* Bozyazı
* Çamlıyayla
* Erdemli
* Mut
* Silifke
* Tarsus

Population of the province
--------------------------

In the table below, the four second-level municipalities are merged within Mersin proper.

| Name of the district | Population(urban area) | Population(district total, including rural area) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mersin | 842,230 | 888,803 |
| Anamur | 34,227 | 62,702 |
| Aydıncık | 8,004 | 11,651 |
| Bozyazı | 15,615 | 26,295 |
| Çamlıyayla | 2,861 | 9,847 |
| Erdemli | 45,241 | 125,391 |
| Gülnar | 8,357 | 19,141 |
| Mut | 28,966 | 63,673 |
| Silifke | 51,684 | 113,404 |
| Tarsus | 233,436 | 308,681 |
The **Battle of Honey Springs** was an American Civil War battle and fought on July 17, 1863. It was an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory. The battle was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both forces.

Background
----------

The Confederate commander in the Indian Territory at this time was Douglas H. Cooper. He wanted to capture Fort Gibson, the main Union fort in the territory. If the Confederates captured the fort, they could control the territory. Cooper had to wait along the Elk Creek, near Honey Springs. Cooper had several regiments from Texas in his army. There were several Indian regiments with the Confederates. Cooper needed reinforcements from Arkansas before he attacked the fort.

The Union commander in the terriroty was James G. Blunt. He found out about the Confederates's plans. He decided to attack first. His army had regiments from Kansas, Wisconsin, and Colorado. There were also regiments of Indians in the Union army.

The battle
----------

The battle started near dawn on July 17. The two armies started fighting north of Elk Creek. The Confederates slowly retreated back to the creek. The Union and Confederate soldiers fought along the creek for several hours. The Confederates started retreating when the center of their line was attacked by the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry.

Aftermath
---------

Cooper had to burn many of his supplies at Honey Springs to prevent Blunt from capturing them. The Confederates lost 627 casualties. The Union army lost 75 casualties.

Sources
-------

* Comtois, Pierre. "Frontier Battle of Honey Springs", in *America's Civil War*, November 1997.
* Manning, Michael J. "They Fought Like Veterans: The Civil War in Indian Territory April 1861 – September 1, 1863", in Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. XXVIII, issue 3.
* Ryan, David M. "The All–American Battle", in *Civil War Times*, February 2004.
The COVID-19 pandemic first entered the U.S. state of Wisconsin in early February 2020. The COVID-19 was one of the leading causes of death for Wisconsin in 2020. As of July 9, 2021, almost 7,400 people in the state had died from the COVID-19 virus.

A steady upward trend for new COVID-19 cases in late June/early July 2020 began accelerating in mid July that same year. In response to July's rising cases and death tolls, the Governor Tony Evers declared a face mask mandate for all people age five and older in any building that isn't a private home.

As of July 12, 2021, over six million doses of vaccines have been given to people. Close to 48% of people in Wisconsin have completed the entire vaccines series.

On Friday, March 12, 2020, the Governor Tony Evers declared a state of emergency in Wisconsin. The following day, he ordered that all public and private K-12 schools across Wisconsin be closed until at least April 5.

Most university schools under the University of Wisconsin System, including Madison and Stout, canceled all in-person classes through early April 2020.

On March 16, the Governor of Wisconsin ordered a ban on gatherings of higher than ten staff members or exceeding fifty children at exactly the same time in childcare facilities.

ProPublica did an analysis of COVID-19 cases involving certain racial backgrounds in Milwaukee County dating until the morning until Friday, April 3, 2020. They noted that Blacks and African Americans were almost half the county's cases and twenty-two of that county's twenty-seven deaths. Both the county and the city of Milwaukee passed resolutions almost one year before. They also classified racial inequality as a major public health crisis even though Asian Americans and Mexican Americans live much longer than White people.

The 2020 Democratic National Convention was scheduled for July 13–16 in Milwaukee. It was later postponed and rescheduled for August 17–20 on April 2, 2020.