recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The gate for the street fair portion of the festival on the Royal Mile, in August 2007.
The **Edinburgh Festival Fringe** (**The Fringe**) is the world’s largest arts festival. It started in 1947. It takes place every year at the same time as the Edinburgh International Festival: late August and early September. There are hundreds of different events. There are concerts, theatre, opera, and dance and many informal events.

The organisers are the Festival Fringe Society: they publish a programme every year, sell tickets and give advice to performers from the Fringe office on the Royal Mile.

The Edinburgh Festival itself is recognised to offer high-quality events. However, the Fringe events are variable, and entry has no real quality barriers. It is largely an open event where almost any theatrical or show event can be performed. Its lack of supervision means the shows are of unpredictable standard. All events have an entrance charge, which is reasonable because theatres do charge performers.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
"Natives of Endeavour River in a canoe, fishing." From Phillip Parker King's Survey. 1818.
The **Endeavour River** on Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 by the English explorer, Captain James Cook. He had been forced to put his ship, HM Bark Endeavour, onto the beach at the river mouth so that it could be repaired. The ship had been damaged by coral on the Great Barrier Reef. The Aboriginal Australians, the Guugu Yimithirr people, called the river *Wabalumbaal*. 

Cook and his crew stayed for seven weeks and met with the Guugu Yimithirr. The word "kangaroo" was a Guugu Yimithirr word for the animal which Cook wrote down in his diary. The naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander made big collections of native plants and flowers, while Sydney Parkinson made pictures of the flora and fauna of the region. 

The Endeavour River is very wide at its mouth where it meets the sea. Upstream it quickly branches into many small creeks. There are 25 species of mangrove grwoing along the river. Saltwater crocodiles live in the river, and can often be seen on the banks during the winter in June and July. In October 2008, a man fishing for crabs on the river bank was taken by a crocodile. At first people thought it was a big crocodile, more than six metres in length. But his remains were later found inside a 4.5-metre (15 ft) crocodile. The river is also a good place to go fishing for barramundi. 

In recent years, tilapia fish, which are a "noxious species" in Australia, have moved into the river in large numbers. Scientists are worried that this will harm the numbers of native fish. These fish, which are often farmed for food in other countries, are listed in the worst 100 introduced species. A person in Australia owning or selling a tilapia could be fined up to AU$11,000.

Electro-fishing survey for Tilapia in the Endeavour River near Cooktown, Australia
Immature Mozambique Tilapia, *Oreochromis mossambicus*, caught in the Endeavour River, near Cooktown, Australia. Dec. 2007.
There is now a town, Cooktown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River. About 2000 people live in the town. Cooktown is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia. It was first settled in 1873, at the site of Cook's landing. It was a port for the newly discovered Palmer River Goldfields. Some of the relatively undisturbed natural features near the mouth of the river have been protected as a Queensland National Park, the Endeavour River National Park.
Galaxy cluster ACO 3341.
The most distant mature galaxy cluster, taken with ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile and the NAOJ’s Subaru telescope in Hawaii
**Galaxy clusters** are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group. 

Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are *inside* galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.

Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster. 

Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).

Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.

Basic properties
----------------

Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties.

* They contain 50 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter. Details are described in the "Composition" section.
* The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
* They have total masses of 1014 to 1015 solar masses.
* They typically have a diameter from 2 to 10 megaparsecs.
* The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000 km/s.
* The intracluster medium or ICM has gas between the galaxies with a temperature of 7-9 keV.

Composition
-----------

There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are:

| Name of the components | Mass fraction | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Galaxies | 1% | In optical observations only galaxies are visible |
| Gas between galaxies, inside the cluster | 9% | Plasma between the galaxies at high temperature – emit x-ray radiation |
| Dark matter | 90% | Most massive component, cannot be seen, inferred by gravitational interactions |

Scale of things
---------------

Where ">" means "contains":

Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars
Coordinates: 55°46′47.81″N 3°58′48.28″W﻿ / ﻿55.7799472°N 3.9800778°W﻿ / 55.7799472; -3.9800778

**Fir Park** is a football stadium in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The stadium is the home of Scottish Premier League club Motherwell F.C.. The stadium is all seats with a capacity of 13,742. The highest attendance for the stadium is 35,632 against Rangers in a 1952 Scottish Cup match.

Today, the stadium has an unbalanced look, with one large stand and three smaller stands. The biggest stand at the ground is the two-tiered *South Stand*, which was built in 1993. Opposite is the small *Davie Cooper Stand*, named after the former player, which was built in 1995. These two stands have their advertising slogans changed whenever the club's sponsor changes.

Running along one side of the ground is the *East Stand*, which used to be a terrace until it was changed into a seating area. This stand had the legendary "**KEEP CIGARETTES AWAY FROM THE MATCH**" slogan displayed below the roof, facing the pitch. Since the smoking ban was put into place in 2006, slogans such as these were no longer needed, and in 2012, was changed to Cash Converters, the clubs main sponsor. The East stand is the stand of choice for many of the younger and passionate fans of the club.

Opposite the *East Stand* is *The Phil O'Donnell Stand*, which was known as the *Main Stand* until 2008. The stand was renamed *The Phil O'Donnell Stand* in honour of the late Motherwell captain who died on the Fir Park pitch.

This is a strange-looking stand, as the steel girders run for the full length of the pitch, but the stand only runs for two thirds the length of the pitch. This was because, in 1962, a nearby houseowner complained about the building of the stand during construction. Both the club and the houseowner failed to work things out, so to this day, the stand has not been built the full length of the pitch.

Gretna
------

During the 2007-08 season, Gretna F.C. rented Fir Park from Motherwell and played all but one of their home league games there.

Other websites
--------------

* Fir Park at the Scottish Football Archive Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Scottish Premier League |
| --- |
| Teams | Aberdeen · Celtic · Dundee · Dundee United · Hearts · Hibernian · Inverness CT · Kilmarnock · Motherwell · Ross County · St Johnstone · St Mirren |  |
| Stadiums | Pittodrie Stadium · Celtic Park · Dens Park · Tannadice · Tynecastle · Easter Road · Caledonian Stadium · Rugby Park · Fir Park · Victoria Park · McDiarmid Park · St. Mirren Park |
The **ELISA** method (**Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay**) is a technique used in biochemistry to determine if a certain substance--such as a specific cytokine or antigen--is present within a sample. It is sometimes abbreviated as "EIA."

This technique uses special antibodies that attach themselves to the substance. These antibodies generate a specific color. The amount of color indicates the amount of substance present. (Sometimes, the substance must be viewed under ultraviolet light for the antibodies to generate this color.)

Another set of antibodies are used to "capture" the substance. These antibodies adhere to both the substance and the testing container, thus holding the substance in place.

A more sophisticated and sensitive technique, the ELISPOT method, was derived from the ELISA techique.

Other websites
--------------

* An animated illustration of an ELISA assayArchived 2006-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Image of a microtiter plate, such as is commonly used in ELISA tests
The **eastern racer** (*Coluber constrictor*) is a type of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. It only lives in North America and Central America.

Description
-----------

Eastern racers usually grow up to 50 to 152 cm (20 to 60 in) in length. They usually weigh around 556 g (1.226 lb). Its color can range from black, bluish, gray, to olive brown.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

It is found throughout the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. It is also found north into Canada and south into Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.

It is usually found near water, but it can also be found in bushes, trash piles, roadsides, and swamps. It spends most of its time on the ground. But, it is a good climber. It may be found in shrubs and trees where there are bird nests.

Most of the eastern racers like open, grassland habitats where their eyesight and speed can be used. They are usually not far from a place to hide.

Feeding
-------

They mainly eat small rodents, frogs, toads, lizards, and other snakes. Some subspecies are known to climb trees to eat eggs and young birds. Young eastern racers usually insects with soft bodies, such as crickets and moths. They overcome moving prey by wrapping into one or two coils pressing its prey to hold it so that it can swallow it alive.

Behaviour
---------

The eastern racers are fast, very active, diurnal snakes. Eastern racers are curious snakes. They have very good vision. They are sometimes seen raising their heads above the grass where they are crawling to see what is around them. They usually run away from a predator. They are hard to hold and will poop, and release a bad smelling liquid from their cloacae.

Reproduction
------------

It mates in the spring from April until early June. The female lays three to 30 eggs in a hidden nest, such as a hollow log, an abandoned rodent burrow, or under a rock. The young ones hatch in the early fall. They reach maturity when they are around 2 years old.
**Willan's Formula** is a formula that can find the *nth* **prime number**.

{\displaystyle 1+\sum \_{i=1}^{2^{n}}{\lfloor ({\frac {n}{\sum \_{j=1}^{i}{\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }}})^{\frac {1}{n}}\rfloor }}

Proof
-----

Let's first start with the {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}}.

Wilson's theorem says if {\displaystyle {(j-1)!+1}} is divisible by {\displaystyle j}, than {\displaystyle j} is either a prime number or {\displaystyle 1}, meaning when {\displaystyle j} is prime, {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}} is an integer.

It would be much easier if the formula gives a number instead of checking if the number is an integer, and we can do this with the {\displaystyle {\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }} part.

  

The reason the formula has {\displaystyle \pi } multiplied by the {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}} part is because when {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}} is an integer, {\displaystyle \cos({\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}\pi )} will give {\displaystyle 1} or {\displaystyle -1}. 

When squaring the result then {\displaystyle \cos({\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}\pi )} will equal {\displaystyle 1} when {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}} is an integer.

By flooring this, the only results are {\displaystyle 1} when {\displaystyle {\frac {(j-1)!+1}{j}}} is an integer and {\displaystyle 0} when it isn't, leaving{\displaystyle {\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }}.

  

The {\displaystyle \sum \_{j=1}^{i}{\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }} will add {\displaystyle 1}s for the primes {\displaystyle 1} - {\displaystyle i} and and will sum up to the {\displaystyle (\mathbin {\#} {\textrm {primes}}\leq {i})+1}.

The {\displaystyle {\lfloor ({\frac {n}{\sum \_{j=1}^{i}{\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }}})^{\frac {1}{n}}\rfloor }} in short will give {\displaystyle 1} if {\displaystyle n>(\mathbin {\#} {\textrm {primes}}\leq {i})} and {\displaystyle 0} when {\displaystyle n\geq (\mathbin {\#} {\textrm {primes}}\leq {i})}.

  

Take the {\displaystyle p(x)} of both sides where {\displaystyle p(x)} is the *nth* prime number:

{\displaystyle 1} when {\displaystyle nth} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}>i} {\displaystyle \Rightarrow {i}<{nth}} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}}

{\displaystyle 0} when {\displaystyle nth} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}\leq {i}} {\displaystyle \Rightarrow {i}\geq {nth}} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}}

  

{\displaystyle \sum \_{i=1}^{2^{n}}{\lfloor ({\frac {n}{\sum \_{j=1}^{i}{\lfloor (\cos {\pi {\frac {{(j-1)!}+j}{j}}})^{2}\rfloor }}})^{\frac {1}{n}}\rfloor }} gives the number {\displaystyle -1}, and the {\displaystyle -1} is because when {\displaystyle i<{nth}} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}} reaches {\displaystyle i={nth}} {\displaystyle {\textrm {prime}}}, the function doesn't add 1. The formula adds up to {\displaystyle 2^{n}} is because Bertrand's postulate says {\displaystyle 2^{n}} is bigger than the *nth* prime number.

  

And finally, {\displaystyle 1} is added because of the {\displaystyle -1}.
An **emirate** is a political territory that is ruled by an emir, a dynastic Arab Monarch. The word emirate or amirate comes from Arabic: **إمارة**, *Imaarah* ; plural: إمارات, *Imaraat*. The United Arab Emirates is a federal state of seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven elect the federation's President and Prime Minister. Most emirates have either disappeared or become part of a larger modern state, some changed their rulers' title, e.g. to Malik (Arabic for King) or Sultan. Therefore true emirate-states have become rare. 

In Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates.

List of independent Emirates
----------------------------

* Kuwait
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

List of former and integrated emirates
--------------------------------------

* The Emirate of Armenia
* Emirate of Sicily, Sicily 965-1072
* Emirate of Granada, Spain 1228-1492
* Emirate of Trarza, modern southwest Mauritania 1640s-1910s
* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
* Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
* Az Zubayr
* Bahrain, became a kingdom in 2002

Other websites
--------------

* What Is Life Really Like In Dubai, UAE?; YouTube
**Four temperaments** is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are *sanguine*, *choleric*, *melancholy*, and *phlegmatic*.

Humours
-------

The four humours
Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:

* Mucus - Cold and damp
* Black bile - Cold and dry
* Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
* Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Humour** | **Season** | **Element** | **Organ** | **Qualities** | **Ancient name** | **Modern** | **MBTI** | **Ancient characteristics** |
| Blood | spring | air | liver | warm & moist | sanguine | artisan | SP | courageous, hopeful, amorous |
| Yellow bile | summer | fire | spleen | warm & dry | choleric | idealist | NF | easily angered, bad tempered |
| Black bile | autumn | earth | gall bladder | cold & dry | melancholic | guardian | SJ | despondent, sleepless, irritable |
| Phlegm | winter | water | brain/lungs | cold & moist | phlegmatic | rational | NT | calm, unemotional |

Personalities
-------------

Four temperaments; from left to right: choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic
### Sanguine

A sanguine person is an energetic person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.

But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

### Choleric

A choleric is a bossy, ambitious and critical person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.

### Melancholy

A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves. Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

### Phlegmatic

A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and peaceful person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them. They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.
An **ealdorman** (from Old English *ealdorman*, lit. "elder man"; plural: "ealdormen") is a term used for a high-ranking royal official who was in charge of one or more shires. The title dates from the sixth century and was in use up to the time of King Canute. Their position was a combination of administrator, judge and military commander. Ealdormen were the predecessors of the later English earls.

Office
------

The king appointed an ealdorman to govern one or more shires or territories. The ealdorman was also responsible for leading his local fyrd (part-time army) in battle. But these armies owed their first allegiance to their ealdorman. Very often the support of one or more ealdormen could help a royal candidate to become king. In many cases ealdormen succeeded underkings yet kept the same rights. Several had been underkings and were members of the royal family. In early Anglo-Saxon documents ealdormen are also termed *dux,* princeps*, or* comitis in documents of the time.

History
-------

The term first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 568. But it was probably used long before then. As early as the seventh century ealdormen were seen as judges. But the development of the shire may have come later. As ealdormanries began to become hereditary (passed down from father to son) the families who held them became more and more powerful. Several rose in power second only to the king. They were described in documents by the term *patricius*. In the eighth century these occurred in Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. The term *patricius* was roughly the same as the office of mayor of the palace in the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings. This could be dangerous for a king to have someone so powerful exercising power in his name. In the eighth and ninth centuries the most dangerous ealdormen were those who claimed royal descent. They could and in some cases did rise up against a king and took the throne themselves. In the very basic royal administrations of the time a king needed to depend on his ealdormen. A king could create ealdormen from his own family. But he could only fill only a portion of the ealdormanries in that way. As the families of ealdormen banded together in ties of mutual support it became more difficult to remove an ealdorman.

Earl
----

The term ealdorman was replaced by the term earl during the eleventh century. In the laws of King Canute both ealdormen and earls are mentioned. But there was no distinction made between them. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the title Earl was no longer interchangeable with *dux* or *princeps*. They were written at times as *comes* (count). King William replaced most Anglo-Saxon earls with his own appointees. He then limited the power of most earls giving them control of counties, castles or other territories. A few were given more power. These were titled Earl palatine.
A person falling
A **fall** is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity. An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

Scientific and universal definition
-----------------------------------

Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential. Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.

The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is. Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle. Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth. But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth. In space, somewhere between the Earth and its moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon. At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter. At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets.

Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity. A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling. Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces. As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy. Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

Falling people
--------------

Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause. This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.

During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall. Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.
**Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq** (1309 – 20 September 1388) was a Muslim ruler of the Tughluq Dynasty, who reigned over the Delhi Sultanate from 1351 to 1388. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title *Sipahsalar*. He succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death in 1351 at Thatta in Sindh, where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the Muslim ruler of Gujarat. For the first time in the history of Delhi Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firuz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khawaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on throne claiming him to be the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who meekly surrendered afterwards. Firuz Shah Tughlaq thereafter reigned upon the throne of Delhi and took control of the Delhi Sultanate. Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to Bengal and other provinces. However, he reconquered Bengal in 1364. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was a religious Sunni Muslim who established Sharia across his entire sultanate. In Delhi, Firuz Shah Tughlaq constructed a jamia masjid called Jamia-i-Miri (*mosque of miri*) and asked all the Muslim scholars (ulama) and mystics to assemble there for the Friday prayers.
**Filip Vujanović** (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић, pronounced [fîlip ʋǔjanɔʋit͡ɕ]) (born 1 September 1954 ; in Belgrade,SFR Yugoslavia) is a Montenegrin politician. He was the 3rd President of Montenegro from 2003 to 2018. He was the country's first president since its independence in June 2006.

Early life
----------

In 1978 he graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Belgrade.

From March 1978 to November 1980, he was an employee of the municipal and district prosecutor's office in Belgrade.

From November 1980 to January 1981, he worked as a court clerk at the District Court of Titograd.

In 1982-1993 he was engaged in advocacy.

From March 1993 to May 1995, Minister of Justice of Montenegro.

1995-1998, Minister of Internal Affairs of Montenegro.

From February 5, 1998 to November 5, 2002, Chairman of the Government of Montenegro as part of Yugoslavia.

Since November 5, 2002, Chairman of the Assembly of the Union Republic of Montenegro. 

Since November 25, 2002, after the resignation of Milo Djukanovic he became acting president.

May 11, 2003 elected President of Montenegro; the inauguration took place on 22 May.

He was a supporter of NATO integration of Montenegro.
***Generator*** is the sixth album released by the American punk rock band Bad Religion. Although the album was recorded and finished in May 1991, it was not officially released until March 1992. 100,000 copies of the album were shipped.

*Generator* was also the band's first release with drummer Bobby Schayer, who replaced Pete Finestone during the *Against the Grain* tour. Today, *Generator* has been remembered as one of the best albums to emerge from the early 90s punk scene, and one of the most enduring works of Bad Religion's career.

A video was made for "Atomic Garden". It is available for watching here Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. This was the first video Bad Religion ever released.

Track List
----------

1. "Generator" (Gurewitz) - 3:21
2. "Too Much to Ask" (Graffin) - 2:45
3. "No Direction" (Graffin) - 3:14
4. "Tomorrow" (Graffin) - 1:56
5. "Two Babies in the Dark" (Gurewitz) - 2:25
6. "Heaven Is Falling" (Gurewitz) - 2:04
7. "Atomic Garden" (Gurewitz) - 3:10
8. "The Answer" (Graffin) - 3:21
9. "Fertile Crescent" (Graffin) - 2:08
10. "Chimaera" (Graffin) - 2:28
11. "Only Entertainment" (Graffin) - 3:12
A photo from space of El Niño
**El Niño-Southern Oscillation** (**ENSO** in short) is a term for a natural event that takes place in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called ***El Niño*** and ***La Niña***. In Spanish they mean "The boy" and "The girl". 

El Niño happens when the sea water temperature rises in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years the Pacific Ocean has this event. A weak, warm current starts around Christmas along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. It lasts for only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months. This can change the weather and have important effects around the world. Australia and Southeast Asia can have drought but the deserts of Peru have very heavy rainfall. East Africa can have both. In a La Niña event the weather patterns are reversed.

The Southern Oscillation was discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923. It is a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There is an inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti and Darwin. The Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle. The two measurements are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually together with an unusual warm ocean wind known as El Niño.

By the early 1980s it was clear that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO is used to describe this large-scale event.

The 2010-2011 Queensland floods were caused by a La Niña event which brought very heavy rain to the east coast of Australia. Other big floods in Australia have also happened during a La Niña, 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, and 1973-1975. The cost of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods has been worked out to A$30 billion.

Central Pacific El Niño
-----------------------

Not all El Niños happen in the Eastern Pacific. During recent decades, Central Pacific El Niños have been discovered. When these happen, the effects from CP El Niños are very different from traditional El Niños. Central Pacific El Niños took place in 1986–88, 1991–92, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10 and 2015–16.
Plesiosaur gastroliths from the Tropic Shale.
*Psittacosaurus* fossil with gastroliths in its stomach region, American Museum of Natural History
**Gastroliths**, or **gizzard stones**, are small rocks kept by an animal inside its stomach or at an early part of the alimentary canal. The function of these is to mash up the food so digestion takes place faster. Typically, animals which do this do not have suitable teeth for grinding, and the gastroliths are a good substitute for this. 

A second function, in aquatic animals, is that gastroliths can be used for ballast to make diving easier.

Identification
--------------

Several pieces of evidence are needed to show that a rock was used by a fossil animal to aid its digestion. First, the stone must be unlike the rock found in its geological vicinity. Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a gizzard any genuine gastrolith would grind against other stones and fibrous materials, like the action of a rock tumbler. Lastly, the stone must be found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it.

Occurrence
----------

Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds, seals and sea lions. Domestic fowl need access to *grit*. Stones swallowed by ostriches can exceed a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). Amphibians such as the Axolotl ingest rocks that are presumed to be gastroliths. Apparent microgastroliths have also been found in frog tadpoles. Ingestion of silt and gravel by tadpoles of various frog species improves buoyancy control.

Sauropod dinosaurs appear to have used stones to grind tough plant matter. An example of this is the early Cretaceous theropod *Caudipteryx zoui* from northeastern China. It was discovered with a series of small stones, in the area of its skeleton that would have corresponded with its abdominal region. Aquatic animals, such as plesiosaurs, may have used them as ballast, to help balance themselves or to decrease their buoyancy, as crocodiles do. Some fossil gastroliths are rounded and polished, many stones in living birds are not polished at all. Gastroliths associated with dinosaur fossils can weigh several kilograms.
Thanks to Frans SyndersThis is what a fruitarian would mainly eat. Over 75% of their diet would be purely fruit.
**Fruitarianism** is a diet where people mostly eat fruits, and possibly nuts and seeds, without animal products. Fruitarianism is a strict of dietary veganism.

Fruitarians can become a fruitarian for different reasons, including ethical, religious, environmental, cultural, economic, and health reasons. There are many types of the diet. Some people whose diet consists of 75% or more fruit consider themselves fruitarians.

Definitions
-----------

Some fruitarians will eat only what comes naturally from a plant: foods that can be harvested without killing or harming the plant. These foods consist primarily of culinary fruits, nuts, and seeds.  Some do not eat grains, believing it is unnatural to. Some fruitarians feel that humans shouldn't to eat seeds as they contain future plants,or nuts and seeds, or any foods besides juicy fruits. Others believe they should eat only plants that spread seeds when the plant is eaten. Others eat seeds and some cooked foods. Some fruitarians use beans, peas, or other legumes. Other fruitarians' diets include raw fruits, dried fruits, nuts, honey and olive oil, or fruits, nuts, beans and chocolate.SO different fruitarians do different things.

Motivation
----------

Some fruitarians who hold Judeo-Christian beliefs hold that fruitarianism was the original diet of humankind in the form of Adam and Eve, based on the Book of Genesis. They believe that a return to an Eden-like paradise will require simple living a health and diet.  Another common motivation is the desire to eliminate perceived toxicity within the body. For others, the appeal of a fruitarian diet comes from the challenge that the restrictive nature of this diet provides.
Men's association football (soccer) was contested at the 1904 Summer Olympics. A total of three club teams competed, two representing the United States, both from host city St. Louis, and one representing Canada, from Galt (now Cambridge), Ontario. Originally two other Canadian teams had also been scheduled for the competition, Berlin Rangers and the University of Toronto, but both withdrew before the competition.<
The 1904 Olympic Games were spread over several months, linked to the St. Louis World's Fair, and football, in November, was the last sport to be contested. The tournament was played as a straight round-robin, although the game between Christian Brothers College and St. Rose Parish was replayed due to a draw in their first game.

Medal summary
-------------

### Medal table

According to a report in the Toronto Mail and Empire newspaper of November 18, 1904, medals were awarded to the players in St. Louis.
The report states that "Immediately after the game, the Galt aggregation, numbering about 50 persons, retired to the office of James E. Sullivan, chief of the Department of Physical Culture, where they received their prize. After a talk by Mr. James A. Conlon, of the Physical Culture Department, Mayor Mundy, of the City of Galt, presented each player on the winning team with a beautiful gold medal."
The medal awarded to Fred Steep of Galt, held by The Soccer Hall of Fame and Museum in Vaughan, Ontario, clearly shows that the medals were made in St. Louis, Missouri.

Canadian team Galt F.C. won the Gold Medal
St. Louis team Christian Brothers College won the Silver Medal

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  Canada (CAN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Totals (2 nations) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |

### Medalists

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| Men's football |  Canada (CAN) *Galt F.C.*Otto ChristmanGeorge DuckerJohn FraserJohn GourlayAlexander HallAlbert HendersonAlbert JohnstonRobert LaneErnest LintonGordon McDonaldFrederick SteepTom TaylorWilliam Twaits |  United States (USA) *Christian Brothers College*Charles BartliffWarren BrittinghamOscar BrockmeyerAlexander CudmoreCharles JanuaryJohn JanuaryThomas JanuaryRaymond LawlerJoseph LydonLouis MengesPeter Ratican |  United States (USA) *St. Rose Parish*Joseph BradyGeorge CookeThomas CookeCormic CosgroveEdward DierkesMartin DoolingFrank FrostClaude JamesonHenry JamesonJohnsonLeo O'ConnellHarry Tate |
**Generative art** is the combination of computer technology with art. It uses an autonomous system that can independently determine the features of artwork that would otherwise require the work of the artist himself. On the one hand, it can be argued that the system only reproduces the generative artistic intent of the creator, and on the other hand, that the system takes on the role of the creator.

History
-------

Georg Nies, one of the pioneers of the movement, in February 1965 presented a number of his works to the public in Stuttgart, which were described by critics as "computer graphics". A few years later, Nees wrote a dissertation titled "Procedural Computer Graphics". "Procedural art" and similar terms began to be used in those years by other computer artists, including Manfred Mohr. The term "procedural art" in the sense of "dynamic systems of artworks capable of generating multiple artistic events" was first proposed at the "Procedural Art" conference in Milan in 1998.

The term has also been used to describe geometric abstract art in which simple elements are repeated, transformed, or modified to create more complex shapes. Thus, it can be argued that in the late 1960s, the Argentine artists Eduardo McIntyre and Miguel Angel Vidal also practiced procedural art. In 1972, Paul Neagu, a native of Romania, created a creative association called the Generative Art Group in the UK. In 1972, Neagu gave a lecture on "forms of generative art" at Queen's University at the Belfast Festival.

In 1970, the Department of Procedural Systems was created at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. According to Sonya Landy Sheridan, the main focus of his staff was on artistic practices using then new technologies for capturing, printing and transmitting images, as well as exploring the aspect of time in image transformation.

In the mid-1990s, Brian Eno was also involved in the popularization of procedural music and procedural systems, which were closely associated with experimental music.
**Eamonn Holmes** OBE (born 3 December 1959) is a broadcaster and former journalist Northern Ireland. Holmes co-presented *GMTV* for 12 years between 1995 and 2005, before presenting *Sky News Sunrise* for 11 years between 2005 and 2016. From 2006 and January 2021, he co-hosted *This Morning* with his wife Ruth Langsford on Fridays, and since 2021, during the summer holidays only. He has also presented *Good Morning Britain* (2016-2017), *Gift Wrapped* and *How the Other Half Lives* (2015-present) and *It's Not Me, It's You*. He currently is a presenter for GB News. Holmes is an advocate of numerous charities and causes including Dogs Trust, Variety GB and Northern Ireland Kidney Patients' Association.

Early life and education
------------------------

Holmes was educated at Holy Family Primary School and St Malachy's College, Belfast. He then studied journalism at the Dublin College of Business Studies. He had a wife named Gabrielle Holmes (now ex-wife), but they did not fell in love so that's why he had another wife named Ruth Langsford (now **Ruth Holmes**).
**Dragon** is a dynamic and multi-paradigm programming language for Cross-platform (multi-platform) operating systems. The supported programming paradigms are imperative, object-oriented, declarative using nested structures, functional and natural programming. Console and GUI applications can be developed with Dragon. It was first released in the year 2018 by Aavesh Jilani. The syntax is a bit of similar like Python but instead of indentation Dragon uses structural and procedural syntax approach.

As of the 1.9.7 version Dragon started supporting procedural syntax along with the structural syntax. It is used for the block of codes similarly like the Visual Basic .NET uses. Although both of syntax can be used together in a program. There is a keyword "end" to complete the code block in procedural syntax for the loops, functions, classes, and conditions.

Uses
----

Dragon has multiple different versions. Although it doesn't have own VM, it uses the JVM and IKVM. It generates the VM instructions to any of these VM to execute the tasks. The Dragon native is made with C, Native version has its own VM. It is the fastest one among all versions. 

Some things that Dragon is often used for are:

* Desktop applications development
* Internet of Things programming
* Android applications development
* Web applications development

Syntax
------

To print something using the standard output, Dragon has the 'show' keyword and 'showln' for output in newline.

```
  show "Hello, World!"

```

  

Function creation with structural syntax

```
one() 
two() 

func one() {
 showln "One" 
}

func two() { 
 showln "two" 
}

```

With procedural syntax.

```
one() 
two() 

func one() 
 showln "One" 
end

func two() 
 showln "two" 
end

```

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Dragon wikibook[*permanent dead link*]
The **Dragon Boat Festival** is a yearly holiday in the People's Republic of China. It celebrates Qu Yuan, a writer and a government leader who lived a long time ago and died because he loved his country very much. The Dragon Boat Festival is always on the 5th day of the 5th month of China's old calendar, but—because that calendar is based on changes in the moon and not the sun—it is not always on the same day of the new calendar. The old calendar adds a 13th month when it is very different from the seasons, though, so the Dragon Boat Festival is always in late spring.

Name
----

In Chinese, the Dragon Boat Festival is usually called *Duānwǔ Jié*, which means the "Holiday of Welcoming the Seventh". This name is based on the old calendar, which used a group of 12 names as a kind of week. Chinese people write it 端午節 in traditional characters and 端午节 in simplified characters.

History
-------

A long time ago in China, this holiday may have celebrated the harvest of "winter wheat" or dragon gods with power over rivers and seas. By the time of Sima Qian, an important writer of history who lived around 100 BC, different people used the festival to remember Qu Yuan, Wu Zixu, or Cao E. Today, most Chinese people are taught that the holiday remembers Qu Yuan.

Qu Yuan was an important writer of poems who lived around 300 BC. He lived at a time when the government of China was very weak and all its different parts began to say they were different countries. Qu Yuan's part was called Chu, and its king Xiong Huai was so powerful that he controlled Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and most of the places around them. King Huai listened to other leaders who said bad things about Qu Yuan and made him move to the countryside twice. King Huai also made other mistakes that also hurt Chu. The second time that Qu Yuan was sent away, he wrote a long poem about his sadness and then killed himself by walking into the Miluo River with a heavy stone. People don't agree about exactly why he did this but most think it was because of sadness for his country or a last try to make his king pay attention to his many mistakes.

The Republic of China celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival as **Poets' Day** to celebrate Qu Yuan and other Chinese writers.

For a long time, the People's Republic of China did not pay attention to the Dragon Boat Festival but, in 2005, it was one of three traditional Chinese holidays approved for celebration. Since 2008, it has been a national holiday.

Events
------

All over China, people make and eat little pyramids of sticky rice called zongzis to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival. In southern China, some people also race dragon boats in rivers or in the sea. Both traditions are said to have started when local people ran to the Miluo River to throw zongzis around Qu Yuan's body to protect it from fish and dragons.

There are also some older traditions to get ready for the Chinese summer, like drinking rice wine with pesticides to avoid snakes and mosquitos. These are less common today.
***Generation Kill*** is a book written by Evan Wright in 2004. In 2003, American reporter Evan Wright joined members of the reconnaissance battalion of United States Marine Corps. As a war reporter with them he spent forty days in the first line of the invasion in Iraq. He described the way to Baghdad, first in articles for *Rolling Stone* magazine, and later in the book which became model for same-named seven-part miniseries. At the beginning of the book we can find a list of the main characters and a dictionary of abbreviations. The book has a prologue, 35 chapters and an epilogue. At the end of the book is thanks to members of the United States Marine Corps. In the text we can see photos taken by Evan Wright.

The story begins when Reporter (a nickname for Wright) first met the soldiers with whom he spent the whole time. Evan is assigned to a team whose team leader is sergeant Brad Colbert, nicknamed Iceman. Brad sits on the passenger seat. The driver is corporal Ray Person, The rear driver is James Trombley, the youngest member of the team, who is nineteen years old. Next to him is the main shooter, Corporal Walt Hassher. On the rear passenger seat is Reporter.

The book describes the passion for fighting, army humor and an aggressive way of war. The author gives a true view of the American army, their broken supply and some poor leadership skills. The book became very popular in America and got many awards.
**David Evans George "Ewan" Davies** (23 June 1887 – 2 September 1979) was a Welsh international rugby union player. He won two caps for the Wales national rugby union team. He played club rugby for Cardiff RFC and London Welsh RFC. He also played county rugby for Middlesex. Later he was a solicitor and a businessman. Davies owned a chain of movie theatres.

Personal history
----------------

Davies was born in Cardiff in 1887. He went to Cardiff High School. He went to Llandovery College and the University College London. He studied law. He became a solicitor. He owned a group of movie theatres. In 1931 he built the Plaza Cinema in Swansea. It was the biggest movie theatre in Wales.

Davies wanted to be a politician. He ran two times as a Liberal candidate. He did not win. He owned land in Pembrokeshire. He raised Hereford cattle.

Rugby career
------------

Davies played rugby in high school. He joined the first class Welsh team Cardiff RFC during the 1910-11 season. He stayed with the club for three seasons. He played 37 games. He played wing at Cardiff. He scored 27 tries.

Davies was picked for the Wales national rugby union team at the 1912 Five Nations Championship. He played wing in the game with England at Twickenham. Wales lost the match 8-0. He was not picked for the next two games. He was picked again for the last match of the championship. It was a home game with France at Rodney Parade in Newport. His team was losing the game 6-8 down at half-time. They played well in the second half. Davies team won the game 14-8. Davies scored two of the four tries. It was his last international game.

Further reading
---------------

* Davies, D.E. (1975). *Cardiff Rugby Club, History and Statistics 1876-1975*. Risca: The Starling Press. ISBN 0-9504421-0-0.

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Davies, Ewan |
| Alternative names | David Evans George Davies |
| Short description | Welsh rugby union player |
| Date of birth | 23 June 1887 |
| Place of birth | Cardiff, Wales |
| Date of death | 2 September 1979 |
| Place of death | Cardiff, Wales |