recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**KMS** (Key Management Service) is one of the methods to activate Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office. Activation ensures that the software is obtained from and licensed by Microsoft. KMS is used by volume license customers, usually medium to large businesses, schools, and non-profits. Individual computers do not need to contact Microsoft, although the KMS server does. KMS clients must be activated at least once every 180 days. A KMS client will try to activate once every 7 days, and if it fails it will try again every 2 hours. The KMS server can be automatically detected by DNS if the proper DNS record is present, or it can be manually entered using the *slmgr* command. There must be at least 25 KMS-activated computers (5 for Windows Server) on the network to use KMS. If the KMS activation fails (for example, because the KMS server is not available or there are less than 25 computers on the network), a watermark telling the user to activate Windows will appear in the bottom right corner of the screen.

Exploits
--------

There is an unofficial KMS server emulator that will activate Windows or Office even if the software was not licensed or paid for, and regardless of whether or not there are 25 or more computers on the network. There is also a program that will send KMS requests to a legitimate KMS server, in order to fool the server into thinking that there are 25 or more computers on the network. Microsoft considers both of these exploits to be a violation of the Terms and Conditions.
The **Great Hurricane of 1780** was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. It killed more than 22,000 people when it passed through the Caribbean. There is not much known about the storm, because it happened before people took official records of hurricanes.

The hurricane hit Barbados with winds possibly over 200 mph (320 km/h). It then moved past Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Saint Eustatius. Thousands of deaths were reported on each island. In the middle of the American Revolution, the storm caused heavy losses to British and French fleets. 

The hurricane later passed near Puerto Rico and tracked over the eastern portion of the Dominican Republic. It eventually turned to the northeast, and was last seen on October 20 to the southeast of Newfoundland.

The hurricane was part of the very bad 1780 Atlantic hurricane season, with two other deadly storms during the same month. The Great Hurricane killed more than twice as many people as Hurricane Mitch did (Hurricane Mitch was the second deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean).
In cryptography, a **key derivation function (KDF)** makes a long secret key (which is called a "hash") from a secret phrase, like a password. The output of a key derivation function will look common to another result made from a random phrase. They are also used to re-use secret keys in a specific format, like using a shared secret key from the Diffie–Hellman key exchange for sending secrets in AES.

Use
---

Key derivation functions are important in security. They allow a smaller "secret phrase" to be expanded into a larger key (of a fixed length decided by the KDF's digest size). This makes trying to find the original "secret phrase" more difficult. The length of the key makes it more difficult to discover the phrase or the hidden secret by trial and error (i.e. through brute-forcing), by making it difficult for a computer to guess. Sometimes, a small piece of random data (called a "salt") is added to the secret phrase before it is used with a KDF to make it more difficult guess the original "secret phrase" with a list of known "hashes".

It makes checking passwords safer without using the real password. Instead of keeping the real password, a "hash" of the key is kept and when checking the password, the "hash" of the real password is checked with the input. Some software put a limit on the length of a password and is sometimes used to make larger secret phrases smaller. KDFs are also made in a way so that, it takes a computer some effort to make the "hash". This makes making a list of potential combinations difficult.

Commonly used KDFs
------------------

* SHA-2
* PBKDF2
* Scrypt
* Bcrypt
* Argon2
* Chacha20
**Human nature** refers to the characteristics of mankind. This means ways of thinking, feeling and acting which humans have naturally.

What these characteristics are, what causes them and how fixed human nature is, are good questions. They among the oldest and most important questions in western philosophy. These questions affect ethics, politics and theology. Human nature is a source of advice on how to live well, but it also puts limits and obstacles on living a good life.

The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, while the humanities inquire into human nature, and what it means to be human.

Theories of human nature
------------------------

Many great thinkers have had definite ideas on human nature, but some ideas have lasted better than others. An example of this is the best-selling college textbook which first appeared in 1974 as *Seven theories of human nature*. The seven theories were those of:

1. Plato
2. Christianity
3. Marx
4. Freud
5. Sartre
6. Skinner
7. Lorenz

Thirty years later the selection was of ten theories:

1. Confucianism
2. Hinduism
3. Buddhism
4. Plato
5. Aristotle
6. The Bible
7. Kant
8. Marx
9. Sartre and
10. Darwinian theories of human nature.

Aristotle
---------

Aristotle, Plato's most famous student, made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature.

In his works some clear statements about human nature are made:

* Man is a conjugal animal. 'Conjugal' means living together, building a household (*oikos*). A clan or small village could still be run by the head of the family.
* Man is a political animal. By this he meant an animal with able to develop complex communities the size of a city or town, with a division of labour and law-making. This type of community is different from a large family, and requires the use of human reason.
* Man loves to use his imagination (and not just to make laws and run town councils). We love to look at things, learn their names, and think about them.

For Aristotle, reason is what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, and is what we achieve at our best.

Much of Aristotle's description of human nature is still influential today, but the particular teleological idea that humans are "meant" or intended to be something, has become much less popular in modern times.

Biological theories
-------------------

Humans are mammals, and have developed by a process of evolution. It follows that what is called human nature is inherited, and had been the product of natural selection. We are not blank slates; our mental life and behaviour has ancient roots. This is the question of nature vs nurture, and the subject-matter of evolutionary psychology. Ethology and sociobiology has also looked at these issues from the perspective of human evolution and heredity.
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| This article is part of a series on: |
| Islam |
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| Beliefs and Practices
* Oneness of God

* Prophets
* Angels

* Profession of faith
* Prayer

* Fasting
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* Pilgrimage
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* Qur'an
* Sunnah
* Hadith

* Fiqh
* Sharia
* Kalam
 |
| History and leaders
* Muhammad

* Abu Bakr
* Ali
* Umar

* Ahl al-Bayt
* Sahabah

* Rashidun
* Imamate

* Caliphate
* Spread of Islam
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| Denominations
* Sunni
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* Shurat
* Sufism
* Muwahhidism

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* Quranism
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**Islamic theology** deals with the beliefs of the Islamic faith.

Types of theology
-----------------

Islamic theology comes from the Qur'an, Hadith, and the story of Muhammad's life (*Sirah Rasul Allah*). 

### Kalam

Kalam is the Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word means "speech". A scholar of kalam is called a *mutakallim* (Muslim theologian; plural *mutakallimiin*).

### Eschatology

Eschatology is understood as the last things or ultimate things, and in Muslim theology, eschatology is about the end of this world and what will happen in the next world. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers. The places for the believers are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell. 

### Comparative religion

Comparative religion in Muslim theology is about the differences and similarities between it and other theologies such as Christian and Jewish as explained in the Qur'an and the Prophetic traditions.

Differences between various Muslim groups
-----------------------------------------

In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims with both similarities and differences with each other about their beliefs.

### Sunni view

Sunni Muslims hold that there are six articles of belief: belief in Allah, in angels, in divinely revealed scripture] like Qur'an, in prophets, in the "Last Day" or end times, and in predestination.

### Shia view

Shi`ite Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief: the Divine Oneness and Justice, the Prophethood, the Imamate, and eschatology.

### Mu`tazilite view

In the relationship between humans and their creator, Mu`tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination and God's justice over God's omnipotence. Mu'tazilites also believe in the use of logic to decide the true meanings of the Qur'an. This and the principal of Ijtihad, led to their belief in dynamic Fiqh.
The **International Braille Chess Association** (**IBCA**) is an organization for blind and visually impaired chess players. The International Braille Chess Association originated unofficially in 1951 with the organization of the first international correspondence chess tournament for blind players, by Reginald Walter Bonham; the tournament included 20 players representing 10 countries. It first organized a tournament in 1958, with representatives from seven countries. Today, it has grown to encompass over 50 member nations around the world.[1] The IBCA hosts two important competitions: the Blind Chess Olympiad and the Blind World Chess Championship.

Rule modifications
------------------

Although most of the rules in blind chess are consistent with basic chess, there are a few modifications to the equipment to help blind and visually impaired players:

1. All the black squares are raised about 3–4 mm above the white squares on the chessboard. By feeling the squares, the player is able to determine whether the square is a black or a white one.
2. Each of the squares on the board has a hole in the center so that the chess pieces can be fixed in these holes.
3. Each of the pieces has a downward projection (nail) at the base, which fits into the hole in the squares on the board, thereby fixing the piece securely on the board.
4. All the black pieces have a pin fixed on their heads helping the player distinguish between a white and a black piece.

After making every move, each player is required to announce their move aloud to their opponent. Instead of writing the moves on a chess score sheet, the visually impaired player writes the moves in Braille or records the moves on a tape recorder.

Other websites
--------------

* International Braille Chess Association Edit this at Wikidata official website
14th century troubadours
***Il trovatore*** (*The Troubadour*) is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The story and words were written by Salvatore Cammarano. It is based on a play by Antonio Garcia Gutiérrez called *El trovador*. The opera was first performed in Rome on January 19, 1853. It was an instant hit.

Roles
-----

* Manrico, supposed son of Azucena and one of Prince Urgel's chieftains - tenor
* Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Aragon - soprano
* Azucena, a gypsy woman - mezzo-soprano
* Conte di Luna, a young nobleman - baritone
* Ferrando, Captain of the Count's Guard - bass
* Ruis, a soldier in Manrico's service - tenor
* Inez, confidante of Leonora - mezzo-soprano

Story of the opera
------------------

Spain is suffering a civil war. Count di Luna fights for the Prince of Aragon. Manrico, a gypsy, fights for Prince Urgel.
**Act 1.** Ferrando tells of the old Count's two children. Years ago, one died and the other disappeared. An old gypsy was suspected. She was burnt at the stake. Her daughter Azucena vowed revenge. In the palace garden, Leonora waits for her mysterious lover. The Count di Luna is in love with Leonora. Manrico appears as Leonora's lover. The two men have a sword fight.

"Stride la vampa"

From act 2. Sung by Gabriella Besanzoni in 1920.

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

**Act 2.** At a gypsy camp, Azucena mutters about throwing her own child into a fire and saving the old Count's son. She orders Manrico to avenge her wrongs upon the head of Count di Luna. Manrico is ordered to man Castellor.
**Act 3.** Di Luna lays siege to Castellor. He captures Azucena and sends her off to the stake. Inside the castle Manrico and Leonora are awaiting their marriage. Word is received about Azucena. Manrico hurries off to save her.
**Act 4.** Manrico is captured and sentenced to death with Azucena. Leonora enters to take his place. She takes poison to avoid Di Luna. Di Luna in a rage orders Manrico beheaded. Azucena tells Di Luna he has just killed his own brother.

Sources
-------

* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
* George Henry Hubert Lascelles Earl of Harewood (1989). *Kobbe's Illustrated Opera Book: Twenty Six of the World's Best-loved Operas*. Putnam Adult. pp. 72-76. ISBN 0-399-13475-1.
*John Taverner should not be confused with the 20th-21st century British composer Sir John Tavener.*
**John Taverner** (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.

We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born. Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there. People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.

He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church. Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this. In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was "only a musician".

In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.

Taverner composed eight masses. The most famous one is called the *Western Wynde*. It was a "parody mass", which meant that it used a popular tune with that title. Another mass was called *Gloria tibi trinitas*. This work set a fashion for pieces which were called *In Nomine*s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words "in nomine domine" ("in the name of the Father"). "In nomine"s were compositions for instruments which used this tune.

Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets.
An **insult** is a description of someone that will offend them. It may or may not be true. It is called *derogatory* language. Terms like foolish, stupid, idiot and moron are insults, because they say that a person's mind is not quick or smart.

Insulting someone's mother directly is a serious insult in many cultures.

Ritual insults are part of many cultures. For example, they can be found in sports and military training. They are also very common in jargons. For example, the word *newbie* is a part of net jargon. Calling someone a newbie is usually insulting.

One should be very careful when using new words to describe others.

Reason
------

Usually, someone insults others because they want to feel like they are better or have more power (influence) than the people they insult. They may want this because they are actually afraid that they are worse or less powerful than the people they are insulting.

Effects
-------

When someone is insulted, their pride is hurt. They may want to fight back by insulting the person who insulted them, or by telling someone who is older.
**Greater Noida (GN)** (Hindi: ग्रेटर नोएडा, Urdu: بڑا نویڈا, pronunciation: Baṛa Nōēḍā) is in the Gautam Budh Nagar district of the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). It is under the control of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. It is about 40-kilometre (25 mi) south-east of New Delhi and about 20-kilometre (12 mi) south-east of Noida, one of the largest industrial townships in Asia.

The development of Greater Noida is managed by the **Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority** (GNIDA). Greater Noida is a fast growing region.

History
-------

In the early 1980s, Delhi was growing at a rapid rate. The Government of India planned to develop two new areas around the capital. These residential and industrial areas would reduce the burden on the capital. The two areas were Gurgaon and Noida. Noida's infrastructure and utilities was carefully designed. With the large growth of the Indian economy in the 1990s, Noida became overcrowded.

The government of Uttar Pradesh decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida. This would be an extension to Noida. The planning of Greater Noida would be improved from what was learned in Noida. Greater Noida is a planned township. Roads are wide with service lanes for every major road. All cabling and utilities are run underground.

The Buddh International Circuit is currently under construction. It is scheduled to open in 2011. It will host the Indian Grand Prix, a new race to the Formula One schedule. This will be the first F1 race in India.

Landmarks
---------

* Buddh International Circuit, location of the Formula One Indian Grand Prix

Hospitals
---------

* Kailash Hospital
* ITS Dental Hospital
* Sharda Hospital
* Shashi Dental Care,B-104 Alpha 1
* Yatarth Hospital Near Sector P-3
* Sehdev Hospital Nead Sector P-3
* Navin Hospital
* Bakson homoeopathic medical college and hospital

Universities
------------

* Noida International University
* Sharda University
* Gautam Buddha University

Engineering Colleges
--------------------

* Skyline Institute of Engineering & Technology (SIET)
* Greater Noida Institute of Technology(GNIT)
* Priyadarshini College of Computer Sciences
* College of Engineering and Technology-IILM-AHL (CET-IILM-AHL)
* ITS college of engineering
* Galgotias Collage of Engineering & Technology
* IEC College of Engineering
* Alpine College of Engineering
* G.L.Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM)
* Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
* United College of Engineering & Research
* DIT School of Engineering

Related pages
-------------

* Noida
* Delhi
***Tabernanthe iboga*** or simply **iboga** is a perennial rainforest shrub, native to western Central Africa. Iboga can be used as a drug; it stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces hallucinations in larger doses. In parts of Africa where the plant grows, the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes. Ibogaine, the active alkaloid, is also used to treat substance abuse disorders and depression. A small amount of ibogaine, along with precursors of ibogaine, are found in *Voacanga africana*.

Normally, the plant grows to a height of about 2m. It may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10 m tall. It has small green leaves. Its flowers are white and pink, while the fruit can be either an elongated oval shape, or a round spherical shape. Fruits are orange in color. Its yellow-colored roots contain a number of indole alkaloids, most notably ibogaine, which is found in the highest concentration in the root-bark. The root material, bitter in taste, causes anesthetic sensation in the mouth as well as systemic numbness to the skin.
This article is about the Disney character. For otheruses, see Jafar.
**Jafar** is an evil character and the main antagonist of Disney's *Aladdin* movies. He is played by Jonathan Freeman in the 1992 movie and musical.

His life
--------

Jafar was born in someplace of Arabia, most likely in the kingdom Agrabah. Because he was ugly and poor, he was not happy for many years. Once, Jafar found a baston that can hypnotize people. Jafar use it to brainwash the Sultan. He became Agrabah's vizier and moved into the palace. One day, at the market, Jafar met the parrot Iago and they became friends. The two planned to take the Sultan's treasure but they found something better: a magic lamp. Inside the lamp was a genie who granted wishes. Jafar use his first wish to become the Sultan. When the royal family refused to bow to him, Jafar made a wish to become a powerful wizard. Jafar took control of Agrabah and decided to decorate the palace. He painted the throne room red and filled it with gold. He also replaced the throne which was in the shape of an elephant into a throne shaped like a snake. Because of Jafar's bad luck, Aladdin defeated him and ended his plans for power. He returns in the sequel of the first Aladdin in *Aladdin, Return of Jafar*.
Henry Russell
**Henry Russell** was a French explorer born in Toulouse in 1834. He died in Biarritz in 1909 and was buried in Pau, in France. 

His father was from Ireland, but his mother was from the South-West of France. 

When he was 24 years old, he began to climb the Pyrenees mountains. When he got lost in the mountains in Gavarnie, he almost died because of a big storm on that night. 

At the same time, he made two trips in the world: the first in North-America and the second in Russia, in China, in Australia and in India. 

However when he was 27, he decided to stay in the Pyrenees until the end of his life, from 1861 to 1909.

He is famous especially for the first ascents of a lot of peaks, alone or with companions. 

What is the most famous aspect in his life is his love for the highest French mountain of Pyrenees called Vignemale (3293m). He climbed this peak thirty-third times, and the last time was in 1904, when he was 70 years old. He loved it so much that he wanted to become the owner of it. In 1888, he asked the prefect, who granted him a concession for 99 years. The price was 1 franc per year. Also, he dug near the top 7 caves to stay in during the summer and to invite his friends. He organized several banquets in these caves with a lot of famous people. The last cave was 'The Cave of Paradise'. It was only 18 meters under the top. Today we can still see these caves above the glacier of Vignemale.
**Hurricane Harvey** was a 2017 tropical cyclone, the 8th named storm, 3rd hurricane, and the 1st major hurricane of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Harvey was also the 3rd consecutive hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season—after Franklin and Gert. The storm went through the Caribbean and Mexico. It threatened southern Texas, particularly the Corpus Christi and Victoria areas. The storm struck the state as a Category 4 hurricane on August 25.

The storm was the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Wilma in twelve years earlier.

The storm first developed on August 17, 2017, from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles. It faded into an open tropical wave on August 19. But on August 24, Harvey redeveloped into a tropical storm, and then strengthened into a hurricane. On August 25, Harvey rapidly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of at least 130 mph, and it made landfall in Texas as a low-end Category 4 hurricane. On August 26, Harvey stalled and rapidly weakened into a tropical storm in just a few hours after making landfall, resulting of dumping heavy rainfall and caused major and catastrophic flooding in parts of southeastern Texas especially the Houston metropolitan area.

Harvey was the strongest hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Carla in 1961.

Damage from Harvey was set around $125 billion. This and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are both tied as the costliest tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic and the United States history. Harvey is the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States, especially in Texas with rainfall accumulations of over 60 inches.

The storm killed just over 100 people in Texas alone.

The name *Harvey* was retired in April 2018 by the World Meteorological Organization and was replaced with *Harold* for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season.
The entire neighborhood of the nebula. IC 434 is in the bottom left corner, and the nebula itself is near the center in the shape of the head of a horse
The **Horsehead nebula** (also known as **Barnard 33**) is a dark nebula in the constellation Orion. 
The nebula is part of the much larger Orion complex. The nebula is located just to the south of the star Alnitak. Alniak is the farthest east on Orion's Belt. It is part of the much larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex.

Early history
-------------

The nebula was first recorded in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming. It was recorded on photographic plate B2312 taken at the Harvard College Observatory. The Horsehead Nebula is about 1500 light years from Earth. It is one of the most known nebulae because of its shape when seen from Earth.

Composition of the nebula
-------------------------

The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion nebula where star formation is taking place. The nebula contains over 100 known organic and inorganic gases. It also consists of large and complex organic molecules.

The red or pinkish glow comes from hydrogen gas behind the nebula. Magnetic fields channel the gases leaving the nebula into streams that show as streaks in the background glow. A glowing strip of hydrogen gas marks the edge of the massive cloud. Thee densities of stars are different on either side.

The darkness of the Horsehead is caused by thick dust blocking the light of stars behind it. The lower part of the Horsehead's neck casts a shadow to the left. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula's base are young stars just in the process of forming. 

* Hubble Space Telescope infrared image.Hubble Space Telescope infrared image.
* From the European Southern Observatory, 2002From the European Southern Observatory, 2002
* Seen through a regular telescope, with a regular camera.Seen through a regular telescope, with a regular camera.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Horsehead Nebula at Wikimedia Commons

* The Horsehead Nebula @ The Electronic Sky
* The discovery of early photographs of the Horsehead nebula, by Waldee and Hazen
* The Horsehead Nebula in the 19th Century, by Waldee Archived 2015-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Horsehead Nebula at ESA/Hubble Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
* The Horsehead Nebula at the Astro-Photography site of Mr. T. Yoshida.
* The Horsehead Nebula at Constellation Guide
**Intensity of preference**, also known as **intensity preference**, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to consensus agreement or consensus ranking. The phrase recognizes that decisions and decision-making involve intensity of feeling about a choice and the choice preference itself.

The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas.

History
-------

Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years.
In the 20th century, the term intensity of preference was coined by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow, who was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics.

Analysis
--------

Intensity of preference is a factor in an analysis of how individual choices develop into social choices. Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences.

For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting. The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something. Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself. For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long. The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela.

Related pages
-------------

* Consensus
* Majority rule
* False consensus
* Plural ignorance

Other websites
--------------

* Intensity Measures of Consumer Preferences
Hannelore Kohl (1976)
**Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl** (née **Renner**; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017). She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.

She was born in Berlin as **Eleonore Johanna Renner**, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl *Stiftung* (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.

In 1945, when she was 12, she was raped by Red Army soldiers.

On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).

However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in *The Spectator* questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, *Stern* and the BBC.

Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, *Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder* (*Culinary Journey through German Regions*), published in 1996.

Other websites
--------------

* Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite

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Vice-Admiral The Hon. John Byron
Vice-Admiral The Hon. **John Byron** (8 November 1723 – 10 April 1786) was a British Royal Navy officer and politician. He was known as **Foul-weather Jack** because of his frequent encounters with bad weather at sea. As a midshipman, he sailed in the squadron under George Anson on his voyage around the world, though Byron made it to southern Chile, and returned to England with the captain of HMS *Wager*. He was governor of Newfoundland following Hugh Palliser, who left in 1768. He circumnavigated the world as a commodore with his own squadron in 1764-1766. He fought in battles in The Seven Years' War and the American Revolution. He rose to Vice Admiral of the White before his death in 1786.

Byron was the son of William Byron, 4th Baron Byron and Frances Berkeley. He was the father of Captain John Byron.

His grandsons include the poet George Gordon Byron and George Anson Byron, admiral and explorer, who were the 6th and 7th Baron Byron, respectively.
**Joana Sainz Garcia** (1989 – September 1, 2019) was a Spanish singer, dancer, and songwriter from Madrid, Spain. She was killed in a stage explosion in September 2019.

Biography
---------

Sainz was raised in Santander, a port city on Spain’s north coast in the Cantabria region. She later moved to Suances, also in Cantabria. "The first time I saw her, when she came, I realized her virtues. She was a girl with a lot of energy, with a lot of desire. From the beginning, I saw her a dancer," Sainz' teacher, Marta Rojo, told *El Espanol*. Rojo remembered that Sainz started formal dance training in 2010. 

Sainz was the principal dancer and chief choreographer of Spain’s Super Hollywood Orchestra. The group were known for their exciting performances which used many special effects, including fireworks.

Joana Sainz died on September 1, 2019 while performing in front of an audience of 1000 people, at a four day music festival at Las Berlanas. A pyrotechnic device used during the performance exploded next to her. She was struck in the stomach by a faulty cartridge used in the pyrotechnic device.
In 2020, Freedom House ranked Egypt as "Not Free" in its annual Freedom in the World report. It gave Egypt a "Political Rights" score of 7/40 and a "Civil Liberties" score of 14/60, with a total score of 21/100. The same year, Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt at 166th place in its annual Press Freedom Index.

LGBT rights
-----------

See the main article: LGBT rights in Egypt
Homosexuality is considered taboo. Until recently, the government denied that homosexuality existed in Egypt, but recently official crackdowns have occurred for reasons felt to include the desire to appease Islamic clerics, to distract from economic issues, or as a cover-up for closet homosexuals in high places. In 2002, 52 men were rounded up on the Queen Boat, a floating nightclub, by police, where they were beaten and tortured. Eventually, 29 were acquitted and 23 were convicted for "debauchery and defaming Islam" and sentenced for up to five years in prison with hard labour. Since the trial was held in a state security court, no appeal was allowed.
General **Sir** **John Lionel Kotelawala** CH KBE KStJ PC (Sinhala: ශ්‍රිමත් ජොන් ලයනල් කොතලාවල; 4 April 1897 – 2 October 1980) was a Sri Lankan soldier and politician. He was the third Prime Minister of Ceylon from 1953 to 1956.

Early life and family
---------------------

John Kotelawala Senior
Young Kotelawala attended Royal College, Colombo.
Sir John Kotelawala attended Christ's College, Cambridge during World War I.
Sir John Kotelawala was from a rich family. His father, John Kotelawala Snr, was an inspector in the Ceylon Police Force. His mother was Alice Attygalle. John Kotelawala Snr committed suicide when his son was 11. The family were in ruins, Alice Attygalle converted to Christianity from Buddhism. He attended the same Royal College, Colombo, but dropped out after independence riots in 1915.

Thereafter he took a trip to Europe after leaving school, which was very dangerous because World War I was being fought there. He stayed in Europe for five years, spending most of that time in England and France and attending Christ's College, Cambridge, University of Cambridge to study farming.

Kotelawala was known as a strict man who loved sports, horseback riding, cricket and particularly as a young man, got into fights when he was made fun of. He knew Sinhala, English and French. After returning to Ceylon, he took up managing his family's "farm" and mines.

Military career
---------------

He went on to serve 23 years mostly as a reservist (meaning a back up) since the Ceylon Defense Force was a army reservist of the British Army. In 1939 he became the commanding officer of the Ceylon Light Infantry and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1940. With the start of World War II, he became a member of the Ceylon's War Cabinet and was made a Colonel in 1942, the highest rank that a Ceylonese could achieve. Making himself a respectful man.

A strong supporter of the military, he was the first Chairman of the Ceylon Light Infantry Association in 1974. He was promoted to the rank of general on his deathbed.

He gave his home to the government to establish a national defense academy.

Political career
----------------

As early as 1915, Kotelawala had become interested in political leaders such as Don Senanayake and his brother F.R. Senanayake, who was married to Kotelawala's mother's sister.

He entered politics by being elected to the Legislative Council as the member of Kurunegala. Thereafter he entered the State Council as a backbencher and was re-elected in 1936. In his second term he was appointed Minister of Communications.
**Guckkasten** (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music. The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범). The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.   
 In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope". The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures.   
This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

Members
-------

* Ha Hyun-woo (하현우) : vocals, guitar
* Jeon Kyu-ho (전규호) : guitar
* Lee Jung-gil (이정길) : drums
* Kim Ki-bum (김기범) : bass guitar

History of Guckkasten
---------------------

Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance". 
In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named "The C.O.M". However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival". 
Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope. A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.
Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

Musical style and artistry
--------------------------

The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Greenpeace** is an international non-governmental organisation working for the protection and conservation of the environment. It was set up in Vancouver, Canada in 1971 and now has regional and national offices in 46 countries.

Greenpeace received international attention during the 1980s when the French intelligence agency bombed the Greenpeace ship *Rainbow Warrior* in the Auckland Harbor, killing one individual. In the following years, Greenpeace evolved into one of the largest environmental organizations in the world. Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world. The organization has raised environmental issues to public knowledge, and influenced both the private and the public sector.

Priorities and campaigns
------------------------

The Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior II
On its official website, Greenpeace defines its mission as the following:

> Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace by:
> 
> 
> * Catalysing an energy revolution to address the number one threat facing our planet: climate change.
> * Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves.
> * Protecting the world’s remaining ancient forests which are depended on by many animals, plants and people.
> * Working for disarmament and peace by reducing dependence on finite resources and calling for the elimination of all nuclear weapons.
> * Creating a toxin free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today's products and manufacturing.
> * Campaigning for sustainable agriculture by encouraging socially and ecologically responsible farming practices.— Greenpeace International
> 

All Greenpeace actions are based on a common set of values and should therefore be: nonviolent, non-partisan, independent and international.

Ships
-----

Since Greenpeace was founded, seagoing ships have played a vital role in its campaigns. The group has three ocean-going ships, the Esperanza, Arctic Sunrise and Rainbow Warrior III.

Funding
-------

Greenpeace receives its funding exclusively from individual supporters and foundations. Greenpeace screens all major donations in order to ensure it does not receive unwanted donations. The organization does not accept money from governments, political parties or corporations in order to avoid their influence. Donations from foundations which are funded by political parties or receive most of their funding from governments are also rejected.

Related pages
-------------

* Civil disobedience
* Friends of the Earth
* 350.org
* World Wide Fund for Nature

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Greenpeace***.

Wikinews has related news:
* Greenpeace

* Official website (Mobile)
The cover of a 1922 edition of *Heidi*
***Heidi*** is a book written by Johanna Spyri, published between 1880 and 1881. It is about a young orphan girl who grows up in the Swiss Alps (mountains in Switzerland) with her grandfather.

Summary
-------

When her guardians die, Heidi must live in the mountains with her grandfather, Alm-Uncle, who does not like people. He slowly changes and becomes more caring because of Heidi. Then, Heidi must move to Frankfurt, Germany to be the friend of Clara, a girl who is sick and cannot walk. Clara’s grandmother encourages Heidi to learn to read, and she also learns about God. She becomes very homesick, and a kind doctor says that she must return home to her grandfather. Later, Clara visits Heidi in the Alps and becomes strong enough to walk.

Inspiration
-----------

Johanna Spyri wrote this story for her son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri. People and places in the story come from Spyry's own life. Catherine Eayrs, a literary critic, thinks that the village of Dorfli may come from Jenins in Switzerland, a place that Spyri visited as a child, however Dorfli is an actual town in Switzerland. Also, the kindly doctor is similar to Spyri's own father, and Klara's grandmother is a good storyteller, just like Spyri's own mother.

Reception
---------

Immediately after the book was published, *Heidi* was popular, both with children and adults. It continues to be popular, and translations are available in more than fifty languages. About 50 million books have been sold. The story has also been told on movie and television. There is even a musical version.

Visitors to Switzerland can visit a tourist village called Heididorf in Maienfeld. The name means "Heidi's village" in German.

Criticism
---------

Some readers think that one problem of *Heidi* is that the book teaches the Christian religion. Malcolm Usrey, a literary critic, thinks that nature is as important as Christianity in helping people, because Klara’s paralysis and Heidi’s home sickness are both healed in the "clean air of the Swiss mountains".

Related pages
-------------

* Johanna Spyri

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Heidi***.

* *Heidi* at Project Gutenberg
* *Heidi* at Project Gutenberg (illustrated)
**Interpedia** was the first-proposed online encyclopedia which would allow anyone to contribute by writing articles and submitting them to the central catalogue of all Interpedia pages.

History
-------

Interpedia was initiated by Rick Gates, who posted a message titled "The Internet Encyclopedia" on October 25, 1993 to the PACS-L (Public-Access Computer Systems Forum) Listserv. That message included the following:

"The more I thought about this, the more I realized that such a resource, containing general, encyclopedic knowledge for the layman, would be an important tool for some types of research, and for the Net.Citizenry in general.
"Ahh.. but what about contributors... where will you find authors to write the short articles you need? Well, I'd first have to start out by finding some way of communicating with an extremely diverse set of people... everyone from linguists, to molecular biologists, from animal rights activists to zymurgists, and from geographers to gas chromotographers. Guess what? :-) The Net provides just such an arena! So I thought about it some more...and came to the conclusion that this is a good idea!"

Related pages
-------------

* Online encyclopedia
**Gerresheim** is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. It is in the east of the city. About 28,200 live in Gerresheim today.

History
-------

In the year 670 a church in Gerresheim is mentioned first time.

In 870 the church the Gerresheim Womans Abbay, St. Margaret's, (Gerresheim Abbey) was founded by Gerricus.

In 1368 got the City Rights by the Counts of Berg.

In the Truchsess War and later the Thirty Years' War Gerresheim was raided some times. Even the nons of Abbay became poorer.
So the city became poorer and lost its attraction.

In 1803 there was no Abbay anymore. In 1809 Gerresheim was taken over by Prussia.
In 1838 Gerresheim got its railway sation.

In 1909 Gerresheim became a part of Düsseldorf.

Buildings and attractions
-------------------------

* Basilica Saint Margaretha, formerly St. Hippolytus, Roman Catholic church, Romano-Gothic abbey church, sanctified in 1236 in the place of a church of the Staufens.
* The treasures of the church are a crucifix from the 10th century and a Gospel book from the 11th century
* Abbey buildings date from the 13th century
* Quadenhof Castle dates from the 15th century
* Gustav Adolf Church, Protestant (Lutheran) church from 1878

* City HallCity Hall
* Villas in GerresheimVillas in Gerresheim
* Saint Margaretha, Vaticanic Basilika MinorSaint Margaretha, Vaticanic Basilika Minor
* Protestant Gustav Adolf ChurchProtestant Gustav Adolf Church
* Rom.-Cath. St. Cathrina ChurchRom.-Cath. St. Cathrina Church
* Protetant Mercy ChurchProtetant Mercy Church
* Rom.-Cath. Saint Mary of PeaceRom.-Cath. Saint Mary of Peace
* Coats of ArmsCoats of Arms

Sources
-------

* Communal District Administration (German) Archived 2008-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Communal Administration (German) Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gerresheim***.

Coordinates: 51°14′22″N 6°51′58″E﻿ / ﻿51.23944°N 6.86611°E﻿ / 51.23944; 6.86611
The **Indian Wells Masters** is an annual tennis tournament held in the small city of Indian Wells, California. The official sponsored name of the event is currently the **Pacific Life Open**. 

The event is part of the ATP Masters Series on the men's tour and is a Premier Mandatory event on the women's tour. The event, held in March, is one of two tour events (beside Miami Masters) in which main draw play extends beyond 8 days. The women's main draw usually starts on Wednesday and the men's main draw starts on Monday. Both finals are held on Sunday of the following week. Both singles main draws include 96 players. The 32 seeded players get a bye to the second round. 

The tournament is played on hard courts and is the best attended tennis tournament outside the four Grand Slam tournaments, with over 300,000 visitors during the event. It has the second largest stadium in the world.

The tournament is usually held in early March. However in 2020, it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in 2021, it was on in October. Cameron Norrie from Great Britain and Paula Badosa from Spain are the most recent champions.