recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
For the modern Liberal Party of Australia, see Liberal Party of Australia.

The **Commonwealth Liberal Party** (CLP) was a political party in Australia from 1909 to 1917. It was also known as **The Fusion**, or the **Deakinite Liberal Party**. It is the earliest direct ancestor of the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

The party was formed after the Australian Labor Party formed its second government in 1908. Business leaders told Alfred Deakin, the leader of the Protectionist Party, and Joseph Cook, leader of the Anti-Socialist Party, to join forces to oppose the Labor Party. In 1909, the Protectionists and Anti-Socialists joined to form the CLP. Deakin was the new party's first leader, with Cook as deputy leader. Several of the more liberal Protectionists left and joined Labor. 

The Protectionists and Anti-Socialists had a majority of seats in the House of Representatives. The new party used its numbers to force Prime Minister Andrew Fisher to resign. Deakin became Prime Minister for the third time. However, the CLP was defeated by Labor at its first election, less than a year later in 1910. 

Cook took over from Deakin shortly before the 1913 election and won government by a single seat. One year later, Cook introduced a bill removing special treatment for union members. Cook knew the Labor Party had the numbers in Senate to defeat the bill. When the Senate rejected it twice, Cook had an excuse to call an early election for 5 September. This was the first double dissolution election in Australia. However CLP was soundly defeated, and Labor became the government. 

In November 1916, the CLP made a deal with the Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes had been forced to leave the ALP for supporting conscription in World War I. He set up a new party called the National Labor Party. In February 1917, the CLP and National Labor joined to form the Nationalist Party of Australia. Although the new party had more Liberals, Hughes became its leader with Cook as his deputy.

Today the Commonwealth Liberal Party is usually called **the Deakinite Liberal Party** so it will not be confused with the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

Leaders
-------

Joseph Cook, Prime Minister of Australia 1913-1914
* Alfred Deakin 1909-13
* Joseph Cook 1913-16

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Commonwealth Liberal Party at Wikimedia Commons
This article is about the use of the term in Ancient Rome. For the euthanasia group, see Dignitas (euthanasia group).
In Ancient Rome, ***Dignitas*** was regarded as the sum of the personal influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life. It included personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth and the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment as well.

The word does not have a direct connotation or translation in English. Some interpretations include dignity (merely a derivation) and prestige. The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the expression as fitness, suitability, worthiness, visual impressiveness or distinction, dignity of style and gesture, rank, status, position, standing, esteem, importance, and honor.

Origins
-------

Authors who had used *dignitas* extensively in their writings and oratories include M. Tullius Cicero, Julius Caesar, Cornelius Tacitus, and T. Livius (Livy). The most prolific user was Cicero, who initially related it to the established term auctoritas. These two words were highly associated, auctoritas was thought to be the expression of a man’s *dignitas*.

The changing definition of dignitas
-----------------------------------

Over the course of Ancient Roman history, *dignitas* took on different meanings over time, adjusting for the gradually changing viewpoints of society, politicians, and the various authors.

Years after Caesar's death, his heir Augustus rejected the contemporary meaning of *dignitas*. Augustus found the related term *auctoritas* to be a suitable alternative.
Flag of CIS.
Member states:   Former member
  Associated member
The **Commonwealth of Independent States** (**CIS**) is the confederation of countries that used to form the Soviet Union.

Establishment
-------------

On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union. They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS. One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.

Nations
-------

The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member. On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009. On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbas, formally ended all participation in CIS.

With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.

Headquarters
------------

The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An executive director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.

Other websites
--------------

* Belarus
* Commonwealth of Independent States - Citizendium

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Sweden
* Latvia
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Croatia

 |
| People | 
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Empty cockle shell on the beach
Mural of Victorian cockle pickers. In the 2004 Morecambe Bay disaster, at least 21 immigrant Chinese cockle pickers were drowned by an incoming tide off the Lancashire/Cumbrian coast.
**Cockles** are a group of (mostly) small, edible, saltwater clams. They are marine bivalve molluscs in the family **Cardiidae**. 

They are very common on sandy sheltered beaches throughout the world. The distinctive rounded shells of cockles are symmetrical, and are heart-shaped when viewed from the end. In most genera there are numerous radial ribs (ridges on the shell). The genus *Laevicardium*, the egg cockles, have very smooth shells.

The mantle has three openings (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the foot to stick out. Cockles are capable of 'jumping' by bending and straightening the foot. Cockles burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water. Some species reach maturity quickly.

Confusingly, the common name "cockle" is also given (by seafood sellers) to a number of other small edible bivalves which have a somewhat similar shape, however these bivalves are in other families such as the Veneridae (Venus clams) and the Arcidae (ark clams). Cockles in the family Cardiidae are sometimes known as "true cockles" in order to distinguish them from these other species.
**The Early Middle Ages** were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the "Middle" Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.

The early Middle Ages has also been called "the Dark Ages" because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.

The fall of Rome
----------------

The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe. Eventually, that empire started to weaken. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly. In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself. He made himself the king of Italy. This ended the Western Roman Empire. Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.

Life in the Early Middle Ages
-----------------------------

As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts. Now these communication systems were no longer working. This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.

For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe. Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.

The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages. Most Europeans were Christian at this time.
This article is about Digital signal processor. For Digital signal processing, see Digital signal processing.
A simple digital processing system, ADC converts analog signal to digital, then DAC returns it back to analog format after processing
A **digital signal processor** (**DSP** or **DSP micro**) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.

Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data. Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram. Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.

The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

Related pages
-------------

* Digital Signal Controller
***Chained*** is a 2012 Canadian psychological horror movie. It is about a cab-driving serial killer who stalks his victims on the streets. This movie was originally marked NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted) by the MPAA. It was edited downwards to an R. It was released theatrically in some countries, direct-to-video in the United States.

The movie was first shown at Fantasia International Film Festival.

Cast
----

* Vincent D'Onofrio as Bob
	+ Daniel Maslany as Young Bob
* Eamon Farren as Rabbit / Tim Fittler
	+ Evan Bird as Young Rabbit
* Julia Ormond as Sarah Fittler
* Conor Leslie as Angie
* Jake Weber as Brad Fittler
	+ Michael Maslany as Young Brad
* Gina Philips as Marie

Additionally, Troy Skog and Shannon Jardine play Bob's parents and Alexander Doerksen plays Colin. Amy Matysio appears as Mary, one of Bob's victims. Director Jennifer Lynch has a cameo as a cooking show host on TV.

Critical reception
------------------

Peter Bradshaw from *The Guardian* and Tim Robey from *The Daily Telegraph* both rated the movie 1/5 stars. The earlier called it "a fantastically crass and fatuous-in other words, silly and pointless-serial killer movie." The latter thought that *Chained* was "a lurid disgrace."

On the opposite end, Lauren Taylor from *Bloody Disgusting* rated the movie 4/5 stars. Taylor wrote: "*Chained* takes a typical tale of an abused child and makes something that is Oscar worthy." Rotten Tomatoes has the movie rated near 72% approval.
A chairlift in Park City, Utah
A **chairlift**, also called an **elevated passenger ropeway**, is a type of public transport. It is like a chair that runs on cables. The cable is placed over the chair to lift it from the ground and they run between two (or more) stations. The cable is moved around by motors and lifted from the ground by towers. There are many chairs on the cable so that many people can be transported.

Chairlifts are found in skiing resorts, where they help skiers go up the mountain. They are sometimes better than gondola lifts because the skier does not need to remove the skis. He/she can sit down on the chair and then leave it at the top of the mountain very quickly. Old chairlifts are small and slow. Newer ones can carry up to 8 people. They are also faster overall, but they slow down at the station, making it easier to get on and off. Sometimes they even have a glass bubble that can be closed to keep people warm inside.

Related pages
-------------

* Gondola lift
* Cable car
The **Doom engine**, sometimes called **ID Tech 1**, is the computer code behind the video game Doom. It is also used by several other games, including Doom 2 (but not Doom 3, which has its own engine). Heavily modified versions of the Doom engine are used in Heretic, Hexen, and Strife.

The Doom engine uses a technique called binary space partitioning to represent 3D levels in a way that a computer can process quickly. It is written mostly in C. The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License. Many Doom fans have made their own modified versions called source ports. Source ports often add new features and fix problems in the original engine. Popular source ports include Boom, PrBoom, PrBoom+, Zdoom, and Chocolate Doom.

The Doom engine represents levels internally using structures called linedefs, sidedefs, sectors, verticies, and things (meaning monsters, items, decorations, etc.). The doom engine reads levels and other data from a file called a WAD.

The Doom engine renders levels entirely on the CPU, not the video card, as most video cards at the time (1993) did not have 3D acceleration. This required very efficient algorithms to make the game work on the slow computers of the time.

The Doom engine has been made available for more types of computers than any other first person shooter engine. It is easy for a programmer to make it work on a new type of computer because it is written in C and it uses very few system resources, allowing it to run on handheld computers and computers without a 3D accelerator.
Cuddaloreis a city which is the headquarters of the Cuddalore district in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks, Thajavur Marathas, Tipu Sultan, French and the British Empire. Cuddalore was the scene of Seven Years' War and the Battle of Cuddalore in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties.

Apart from fishing and port related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The town is administered by a special-grade municipality covering an area of 27.69 km2 (10.69 sq mi) and had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency which is a part of the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency. There are a total of nine schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the town. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens. Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Chennai International Airport, located 200 km (120 mi) away from the town. The nearest major seaport is Karaikal port, located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town.

Cuddalore is located at 11°45′N 79°45′E﻿ / ﻿11.75°N 79.75°E﻿ / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large deposits of black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar river runs north of the town, while Gadilam river runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at a distance of 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital Chennai and 18 km (11 mi) from Puducherry, the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at Chennai, 200 km (120 mi) kilometres from Cuddalore. According to 2011 census, Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.22% and .3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.
**Collector** is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Federal Highway between Goulburn, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory and is 7km north of Lake George.

The area was first settled by Europeans in 1829. T.A. Murray started a farm and built a 12-room house on the land in 1837. A post office opened at Collector in 1848. The village is named after the Australian aboriginal name for the area, *colegadar*. The village was by-passed by the Federal Highway in 1988.

The Bushranger Hotel in Collector was the site of the shooting of policeman, Constable Samuel Nelson on 26 Jan 1865, by John Dunn. Dunn was a bushranger and a member of Ben Hall's gang. The bushrangers were robbing the hotel when Nelson tried to stop them.

Other businesses in the village are: The Grapefoodwine Restaurant, Lynwood Café /Restaurant, Cafe Lerida of Lerida Estate Winery, Collector Art Gallery and Collector Quarries.

Collector is also famous for the sculpture Dreamers Gate Archived 2009-08-18 at the Wayback Machine by Tony Phantastes. He built it between 1993 and 1997 to as a memorial, among other things, to his father. It is a gothic sculpture made of cement and wire 24 metres long and 7 metres high. The artist and the Gunning Shire Council have been arguing over the sculpture since 1999. The council want the sculpture removed because it is unsafe.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Collector, New South Wales***.

* Collector
* Fight over Dreamer's Gate Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
A **chancellor** is a leader of a university or a college. This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations. In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the **university president**.

The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure. This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University. He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations. In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there. For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.

Vice-chancellor
---------------

The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive. He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do. The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities. The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.
***Demon's Souls*** is an action RPG on the Playstation 3 video game console made by Hidetaka Miyazaki and FromSoftware. It is the first game in the *Souls* series of video games. It is known for being a very hard game. Its difficulty was liked and disliked by many people. The gameplay has some similar features to FromSfotware's earlier game, *King's Field,* like exploring for armor and weapons, having a high difficulty, and having timing-based fighting, but it is different because *Demon's Souls* has a third-person point of view.

The idea of the game was created some time before the game came out, but many workers in FromSoftware did not think the game would be popular. However, when Miyazaki began working for From, he picked up the project and made *Demon's Souls* into a game. Since From was a little-known video game developer and they thought the game would not sell well anyway, From had a lot of freedom of making the game they wanted to make, as they did not have to remove a lot of features to please video game publishers. Surprisingly, *Demon's Souls* sold many more copies and became much more popular than From thought. It would be popular enough to make three sequels and two spiritual successors, *Bloodborne* and *Sekiro*.
**Deborah Mailman** (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian television film actress, and singer. She was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and had gone on to win four more both in television and film. The awards are now known as the AACTA Awards.

She is well known for having played the character Kelly Lewis on successful Australian television series, *The Secret Life of Us*. She is also well known for her current role as Cherie Butterfield in the successful Australian drama series *Offspring*. She also portrayed the role of Lorraine in the rotating cast of the acclaimed Australian TV series about Aboriginal life *Redfern Now*. 

She starred in lead roles in the acclaimed films *Rabbit-Proof Fence*, *Oddball*, *The Sapphires*, *Blinky Bill*, and *Paper Planes*.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Australia
* Netherlands

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| People | 
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
A **diagnosis** is an accurate and precise account of the nature or cause of something. 

Medical diagnosis is the best-known field, but diagnosis can be applied to any subject. Whereas a doctor diagnoses what is wrong with a patient, a motor mechanic can diagnose the fault in a car. In all cases they replace a vague query, such as "My car will not start", with an exact analysis, such as "It's out of petrol". Notice the diagnosis is precise enough so the solution can be seen.

These ideas work even in more subtle cases. A boy brings an insect in a box to a natural history museum. He asks an expert "What is this?" The expert says "You mean, apart from it being a beetle?" When the boy nods, the expert looks at the insect under a magnifying glass, or a binocular microscope. Chances are, it is a common beetle, and the expert can give the boy quite a lot of information about it. 

But if it is not known to the expert, a much longer study is needed. Large reference books will be consulted; trays of similar insects will be taken out of store to be compared. A full diagnosis needs at least the genus and species. If the species is unknown, the detailed work of description is needed for publication.

Related concepts
----------------

Mostly, in biological taxonomy, the adjective "diagnostic" is used for any distinctive trait which places the specimen in a precise category. For example, A single bone making up the lower jaw is *diagnostic* of a mammal.

"Diagnostics" is the name given to procedures which spell out what to do to find the cause of a fault. This term is used a lot in computer systems.

Related pages
-------------

* Symptom
The **Concentric zone model**, or **Burgess model** is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time. 

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:

1. The *Central Business District* - the center of the city
2. A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
3. Low-class residential homes; these were later called *inner suburbs* - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
4. Higher-class residential zone; later called *outer suburbs*. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
5. Commuter zone

Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:

* It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
* Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

Related pages
-------------

* Grid plan
* Sector model
* Multiple nuclei model
* Linear city model
The **early Norwegian black metal scene** was a black metal music scene and subculture in Norway during the early 1990s. It is said to have created the modern black metal genre and produced many influential artists.

The scene drew a lot of media attention after some members were responsible for two murders and lots of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an ideology that some people say was like a cult. They had anti-Christian and misanthropic views. Some were actual Satanists who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. The core members called themselves "The Black Circle" or "Black Metal Inner Circle". It was made up of mainly young men who gathered around the record shop Helvete ("Hell") in Oslo. They liked to wear corpse paint. The scene was exclusive, and most bands wanted to remain underground and out of reach to the mainstream.

In August 1993 and May 1994, many members of the scene were arrested for arson, murder, assault and possession of explosives.

Music
-----

During the 1980s, bands were called *black metal* if they had Satanic lyrics. These bands usually only used these lyrics for "shock value." During 1990–1992, a lot of bands who were influenced by those bands, began playing a new type of black metal. The rise of popularity during this time was called the "second wave of black metal".
The **coulomb** (sometimes written **C**) is the SI unit of electric charge. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

A coulomb is a quantity of electric charge. The movement of electric charge is called current in an electric circuit. For example, a flashlight bulb that has a current of one ampere will pass one coulomb of charge every second. So in ten seconds, ten coulombs have passed through the light bulb.

In an electric wire the charge that moves is in a particle called the electron. Each electron has a very small electric charge of negative one elementary charge. The elementary charge is the smallest electric charge found in a stable particle. A coulomb is equal to 6,241,509,629,152,650,000 elementary charges. The coulomb was named in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who worked on understanding electric charge in the late 1700s.

Technical Definition:

1 coulomb is the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second. 

 1 \ \mathrm{C} = 1 \ \mathrm{A} \cdot 1 \ \mathrm{s}

| * v
* t
* e
SI units |
| --- |
| Authority: International System of Units (BIPM) |
| Base units | 
* ampere
* candela
* kelvin
* kilogram
* metre
* mole
* second

 | SI base unit |
| Units basedon other units | 
* becquerel
* coulomb
* degree Celsius
* farad
* gray
* henry
* hertz
* joule
* katal
* lumen
* lux
* newton
* ohm
* pascal
* radian
* siemens
* sievert
* steradian
* tesla
* volt
* watt
* weber

 |
| Other SI units | 
* astronomical unit
* bar
* dalton
* day
* decibel
* degree of arc
* electronvolt
* hectare
* hour
* litre
* minute
* minute of arc
* neper
* second of arc
* tonne
* atomic units
* natural units

 |
| See also | 
* Conversion of units
* Metric prefixes
* Systems of measurement

 |
| 
* **Category**

 |
The **Concert of Europe** was a group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on policies to maintain a steady balance of power which included alliances between the great powers in 1814 and 1914. The member countries were the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, France (from 1815), Prussia (Germany from 1871) and Italy (from 1871). 

It started as a quadruple alliance. After Napoleon, ruler of France, was no longer in power, France joined the Concert of Europe. Its importance diminished with the revolutions of 1848 and subsequent wars between the big powers. Otto von Bismarck re-established the Concert of Europe after the unifications of Germany and Italy. The Concert definitively collapsed with World War I.

Leaders
-------

The leaders of this concert include:

* British Foreign Secretary - Lord Castlereagh
* Austrian Chancellor - Prince Klemenz von Metternich
* Russian Czar - Alexander I

The Concert was also known as the **Congress System**, where leaders would meet and reach decisions by mutual agreement.

Goals
-----

Important goals of the Concert: 

* Control France after many years of war
* Develop a "balance of power" among the nations of Europe
* Uphold the agreements set by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
* Prevent another dictator from gaining too much power (like Napoleon)

Benefits: 

* Helped Greece and Belgium gain independence
* Helped end the eight-year Egyptian control of Syria

Decline: 

* Fell apart after years of disagreement between the countries
* Mainly between Great Britain (England) and the other conservative countries in the Concert
* Finally fell after the following wars: Crimean War, Italian War for Independence, Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.
**Cormorants** are a family of seabirds. There are about 40 different species of Cormorants. In some areas, they are also known as **shags**.

Description
-----------

Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz) to a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs). Most cormorants, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers. Some southern hemisphere species are black and white. A few species are very colorful. Many species have areas of colored skin on the face. These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow. They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes.
Cormorants can dive for 4 minutes looking for food.

Habitat
-------

Cormorants breed on rocky headlands and islands as well as near inland lakes, marshes and reservoirs. The birds spend the winter on coasts, estuaries, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

Related pages
-------------

* Great cormorant
* Indian cormorant
* Little cormorant
* Pygmy cormorant
**La Ciudad del Dorado** (Spanish for "The City of the Golden One"), otherwise referred to as simply **El Dorado** ("The Golden One"), is a mythical city in South America. A story of the same name first referred to a deity El Dorado was called after named "El Hombre Dorado" ("The Golden Man"), "El Rey Dorado" ("The Golden King") or "El Dorado" for short. Later, it was used for a city, and in the end, for a whole country. When the Spanish came to South America, they were greedy and tried to find El Dorado.

Legend
------

Golden raft of El Dorado, Gold Museum, Bogotá
According to the legend, the new king had to sacrifice things to the sun god. This happened at Lake Guatavita, a small lake near modern-day Bogotá. At night, fires were lit, and the naked torsos of the noblemen were covered in a paste made of gold dust. With the noblemen, the ruler used a raft to navigate to the middle of the lake. There, they sacrificed the valuables, made of gold or precious stones. The king then jumped into the lake, and the gold paste, as well as the other sacrifices went to the bottom of the lake.
A **Death's-head hawkmoth** may be one of three types of moth. The (*A. atropos*, *A. styx* and *A. lachesis*), and are in the genus ***Acherontia***. The most common usage of the name is for the Europen species.

*A. atropos* are usually in Europe, but *A. styx* and *A. lachesis* live in Asia. The name comes from skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. All three species are about the same in size, coloration, and life cycle.

These moths have many unusual features. All three species can make a loud squeak if irritated. The sound is made by moving air from the pharynx, often along with the flashing of the brightly-colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators. All three species raid beehives of different species of honey bee for honey, but *A. atropos* only attacks colonies of the well-known western honey bee, *Apis mellifera*. They are able to move about in hives unhurt because they mimic the scent of the bees.

Development
-----------

Eggs are laid one by one under old leaves of the hostplant, and are green or grey-blue. None of the three species are forced to use a single family of host plant. Many of the types of plants used are in the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae, and others. The larvae are strong, reaching 120-130 mm, with a tail horn that stands out or can be seen easily. All three species have three larval color forms: usually green, brown, or yellow. Larvae do not move much, and will click their mandibles or even bite if threatened. When mature, they burrow underground and excavate a small chamber where they pupate.

Folklore
--------

This moth was used in the movie *The Silence of the Lambs*. It was also referenced in *I'm the King of the Castle.*

* Acherontia atropos*Acherontia atropos*
* Acherontia lachesis*Acherontia lachesis*
* Acherontia styx *Acherontia styx*
* Acherontia styx*Acherontia styx*

Other websites
--------------

* Pittaway, A. R. (2018). "*Acherontia* [Laspeyres], 1809". *Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic*. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
* Pittaway, A. R.; Kitching, I. J. (2018). "*Acherontia lachesis* (Fabricius, 1798) -- Greater death's head hawkmoth". *Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic*. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
* "12 Facts About Death's Head Hawkmoth"

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | 
* Wikidata: Q312009
* Wikispecies: Acherontia
* BioLib: 51174
* BOLD: 8062
* ButMoth: 168.0
* EoL: 50688
* EPPO: 1ACHEG
* Fauna Europaea: 443838
* Fauna Europaea (new): 08983716-7464-4a78-86bf-26bffa8a75db
* GBIF: 1861483
* iNaturalist: 56531
* IRMNG: 1259342
* ITIS: 1156448
* LepIndex: 53084
* NBN: NHMSYS0000516754
* NCBI: 469308

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Israel
	+ 2
* United States
	+ 2

 |
**Charles "Charlie" Kunz** (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was a British musician, who became well-known and liked during the British dance band era. He played in nightclubs where people would come to ballroom dance. He had a rhythmic, relaxed style and played popular music with his own way of expressing feeling and moods.

Early life and career
---------------------

Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1896. His father was a master baker who also played the French horn. Young Charlie began to play in front of an audience as an amateur when he was only six years old. When he was seven, he had become good enough to play as a professional pianist.

He came to England in 1922 with a small dance band that was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. Kunz liked London so well that he did not want to leave, so that band returned without him to Pennsylvania. In England, he soon became such a popular pianist that he gave up his own orchestra to just work at his piano playing. He played at ballroom and nightclub venues and also on the BBC radio. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his band in the 1930s; Vera Lynn and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known singer was George Barclay, who was known as a crooner, a popular singing style at that time.

His first time playing as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire. In that same year, he began to record the first of many solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys". His most famous song was *Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie*. Each time he performed, his closing theme was *Pink Elephants*.

Personal life and death
-----------------------

He was married three times. He had one child with his first wife, Amanda Dysher. She later died. In 1923, he married again Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, who was a fashion model. They had two sons. They were married until 1939. His third wife was Pat Sparkes, whom he married in 1942. They were still married when he died. 
He kept living in England until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery.

Other websites
--------------

* "Internet Archive Search: Charlie Kunz - archive.org (multimedia content in the public domain)".
* "British Pathé Search: Charlie Kunz - britishpathe.com".
* Charlie Kunz Archived 2013-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Charlie Kunz Discography
* Charlie Kunz Biography - AllMusic
**Deloraine** is a town on the Meander River, in the central north of Tasmania, Australia. It is 50 km west of Launceston and 52 km south of Devonport along the Bass Highway. It is part of the Meander Valley Council. There were 2,848 people living there in the 2016 census.

History
-------

The region was explored in 1821 by Captain Roland, who was searching for farm land. Land was granted to new settlers, and the town is now a major farming centre. There are a large number of farms of all types in the area.
Deloraine Post Office opened on 29 October 1836.

Economy and Infrastructure
--------------------------

The town won the State Tidy Towns award in 1992, 1993 and 1995, and the Australian Community of the Year award in 1997.

The town is a cultural centre and is home to the largest craft fair in the Southern Hemisphere. About 40,000 people come to the annual fair which has 13 venues and over 200 stalls around the town.

The town was bypassed by the new Bass Highway in the early 1990s. However the town is still a popular resting place for travellers. It also serves as a base to explore areas such as Cradle Mountain, the Great Western Tiers, Mole Creek and the Central Highlands.

Deloraine is the educational centre for the region with both primary (Deloraine Primary School and Our Lady of Mercy Catholic School) and high schools (Deloraine High School). Students from other towns come to Deloraine's schools by bus.

Deloraine is served by ABC Television, SBS Television, Tasmanian Digital Television, Southern Cross Tasmania, WIN Television, 91.7 ABC Northern Tasmania and other ABC radio networks, commercial stations 89.3 LAFM and 90.1 Chilli FM and community station 96.9 Meander Valley FM.

Sister cities
-------------

Deloraine has one sister city:

* New Zealand Hokitika, New Zealand
**Chittoor district** (audio speaker iconpronunciation (help·info)), is a district in Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Chittoor. It has a population of 4,170,468 according to 2011 census of India. Chittoor district has many major temples including Tirupati and Kanipakam and temples. It lies in the Poini river valley of southernmost Andhra Pradesh along the Chennai – Bangalore section Chennai-Mumbai highway. It is a major market centre for mangoes, grains, sugarcane, and peanuts.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Chittoor district has a population of 4,170,468. This gives it a ranking of 47th in India (out of a total of 640)and 6th in its state. The district has a population density of 275 inhabitants per square kilometre (710/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.33%. Chittoor has a sex ratio of 1002 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 72.36%.

In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1010 households in 38 villages across the district. They found that 92.7% had access to electricity, 99.6% had drinking water, 33.3% toilet facilities, and 53.8% lived in a pucca (permanent) home. 29.3% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 88.2% of interviewees carried a BPL card.

Telugu is both the official and spoken language.
The **coat of arms of the Dominican Republic**, as described by Article 96 of the Dominican Constitution, has a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm leaf (right); above the shield, a blue ribbon displays the national motto: *Dios, Patria, Libertad* (*God, Fatherland, Freedom*). Below the shield, there is a red ribbon with the words *República Dominicana* (*Dominican Republic*).

In the center of the shield there is an opened Bible with a small cross above it, and on each side flanked by three spears, two of them holding Dominican flags. The Constitution does not specify in what page should be opened the Bible; only that is the "Book of Gospels, opened". In fact, only the 1916 Constitution said "opened in John, Chapter XIII" but that constitution was not valid because of the occupation of the country by United States.

The National Flag of Dominican Republic has a small coat of arms in the center of the white cross.

The first Dominican coat of arms was created by the first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 but it was frequently changed until 1913; sometimes, two different coats of arms were used at the same time.

The official Dominican coat of arms, or *Great Seal of the Nation*, was established in 1913, when Adolfo Nouel was the President of the Dominican Republic.
***Chittagong University Museum*** is the only academic museum in Bangladesh. It is located on the University of Chittagong campus in Hathazari Upazila of Chittagong District. The aim of providing assistance to students and researchers in education and research activities on human history, art and culture; collection, preservation, and display of artefacts of archaeology, history and ancient art; and creating opportunities for basic research on these subjects. It is the only art museum in Chittagong and is considered the only museum among public universities in the country.

The current collection of the museum is around a hundred, which includes prehistoric and archaeological sculptures, folk art, various collections of Islamic and contemporary art and modern art of Bangladesh. There are wood fossils; various artefacts excavated from the archaeological sites of Mainamati, Mahasthan and Paharpur; ancient and medieval coins, inscriptions, manuscripts, sculptures, terracotta, weapons and firearms, clothing, metal artefacts, porcelain and other minor folk artefacts. A fish fossil of the tertiary period obtained from the Nasirabad hills of the Chittagong metropolis is considered the oldest specimen of this museum. Historical documents of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra; the archives of this museum have notable liberation war posters, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, various publications and administrative documents collected from different countries including Bangladesh.

The museum was established in 1973 at the initiative of Chittagong University authorities to provide facilities for research materials as an educational museum. The museum is also managed to stimulate public interest and to encourage appreciation of the history, archaeology and art heritage of Bangladesh.
In normal cosmology, '**comoving'** distance or '**proper distance'** is one of several distances measured by cosmologists to define distances between objects.

Method
------

To talk about the shape of the Universe, scientists want to forget that the Universe is expanding. So they separate the shape from time and pretend that the Universe is not expanding. They remember that, really, the Universe is expanding, but they write this in a variable called the scale factor. Then, the distances they talk about, while putting the scale factor to the side, are called **comoving distances**. When they think about the Universe using comoving distance, they think of the Universe as not expanding. This way, some calculations are easier.

Purpose
-------

When the part of the Universe which we can see today started, it was very small. Everything in this part of the Universe was much closer together than today. It was also very hot and photons (particles of light) were moving in different directions. Light moves very fast, but the light speed is limited and the Universe was expanding very fast.

### Comparison

Think of two ants on the surface of an expanding balloon. One ant starts moving towards another, but the balloon itself is also expanding. After a long time the balloon starts expanding more slowly. Eventually one ant reaches another. That's like photons in our universe. Some of the light from the stars you see at night traveled for billions of years to reach your eye. Surprisingly, it started very close to where you were (or the atoms of which your body consists), but just could not keep up with the universe expansion. Of course, if something else started out very close to where you were, but was not traveling toward you, it would be very far away from you now because of the expansion.
**École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées** (ENSTA ParisTech) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur ENSTA ParisTech* (ENSTA ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (MS)
* Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Admission
---------

Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either: 

* an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
* a French nationwide selective exam with *numerus clausus* : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
* a selective application as per *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.

However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:

* Chemistry and Processes Unit (UCP)
* Electronics-IT-robotics Unit (U2IS)
* Applied Mathematics Unit (UMA)
* Mechanics Unit (UME)
* Applied Optics Unit (UOA)
* Applied Economics Unit

Notable alumni
--------------

* Valérie Cornetet, head of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***ENSTA ParisTech***.

* Official website