recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Cuthred** († c. 756) was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was King of Wessex from 740 to 756. Cuthred succeeded in restoring much of the prestige of Wessex.

King of Wessex
--------------

At the death of King Athelheard, his kinsman Cuthred became king. During the time of Athelheard much of Wessex had been lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord. In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh. By all appearances this was a friendly alliance between the two kings. But the friendship soon ended. In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by the Mercian king.

Two years later in 750 Cuthred put down another rebellion by Athelhun, one of his ealdormen. In the day-long battle, Athelhun had fewer men but was winning until he was severely wounded. In 752, Cuthred again tried to get free of King Aethelbald. This led to a battle at Burford where Cuthred, assisted by a now faithful Athelhun, met Aethelbald and his army. The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield. From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign. Cuthred died in 756. But he left a much stronger Wessex free of Mercian rule. He was succeeded by Sigeberht.

Family
------

The name of Cuthred's wife is unknown. His son:

* Cynric was killed in 746.

Other websites
--------------

* Britannia: Kings of Wessex Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB radiation)** is radiation in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which comes from all directions in outer space. It is known to come from our earliest infant universe. Since the universe is very large, and the speed of light is constant, we know that when the CMB light arrives from the infant universe, it arrives as the oldest signal that we can detect.

During the Big Bang, a lot of high-energy radiation was created. Then, the universe became bigger and colder. Therefore, the high-energy photons lost most of their original energy. Now, as a result, that radiation is in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (the microwave part has quite low energy). The cosmic microwave background is the radiation that has been traveling without hitting anything ever since the time the universe became transparent, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang Bang. 

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected the CMB radiation. Scientists think that the existence of CMB radiation is important evidence, with red shift, that the Big Bang theory is true. 

Later data is based on the Planck spacecraft operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was designed to observe differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution. The spacecraft has finished its work, but researchers are still analyzing the data. The main interest is that there is:

"an asymmetry in the average temperatures on opposite hemispheres of the sky. This runs counter to the prediction made by the standard model that the Universe should be broadly similar in any direction we look. Furthermore, a cold spot extends over a patch of sky that is much larger than expected".
No explanation for this is known.
Ancient Greek casserole and brazier
Two cooking pots ("Grapen") from medieval Hamburg.
An anodized aluminium sauté pan
Cast iron
**Cookware** and **bakeware** is the name of different tools, which are used to prepare cooked food. In modern times, a stove or oven generates heat, it is not seen as cookware. Different containers are then used to heat the food. Commonly these are frying pans, and cooking pots. If these tools are used for baking, they are usually called bakeware. 

People have used different forms of cookware and bakeware for at least 19.500 years.

Aluminium is a lightweight metal with very good thermal conductivity. It is resistant to many forms of corrosion. Aluminium is commonly available in sheet, cast, or anodized forms, and may be physically combined with other metals.

Cast iron cookware is slow to heat, but once at temperature provides even heating. Cast iron can also withstand very high temperatures, making cast iron pans ideal for searing. But cast iron may have chemical reactions with high acid foods such as wine or tomatoes. Also, some foods (such as spinach) cooked on bare cast iron will turn black.

Stainless steel is well known for its excellent durability and versatility in the kitchen. Crafted from a combination of metals, including iron, carbon, and chromium, stainless steel offers impressive resistance to rust, corrosion, and staining. This makes it a popular choice for everyday cooking and baking needs.
The **corn snake** (*Pantherophis guttatus*) is a North American species of rat snake that kills small prey by constriction. 

Corn snakes are found throughout the southeastern and central United States. They are often kept as pets. They reach a moderate size of 3.9–6.0 feet (1.2–1.8 m). In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to be up to 23 years old or longer.

Corn snakes look similar to the venomous copperhead snake and are often killed because of this similarity. Corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans. They are one of the most common snakes kept as pets, alongside the garter snake and ball python. Corn snakes lack venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease. They can be distinguished from copperheads by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.

Although the corn snake is distinguished by its bright red orange colored scales, possible mutations can occur completely rejecting these pigments, changing its appearance. The two-color mutations that are known to occur is albinism and anerythrism. Snakes that are homozygous for albinism lack the black pigment, and the ones that are homozygous for anerythrism lack the red pigment.

The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn. The *Oxford English Dictionary* cites this usage as far back as 1675. Some sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn. Regardless of the name's origin, the corn reference can be a useful mnemonic for identifying them. Their diet in the wild mainly consists of rodents, small amphibians, birds and/or their eggs, other types of eggs, and so on. They're not known for eating insects, though. In captivity they're usually fed a steady diet of pinky mice and other types of creatures such as the ones above.

Images
------

* Corn snake close upCorn snake close up
* Corn Snake large pregnant femaleCorn Snake large pregnant female
* Corn Snake AdultCorn Snake Adult
**Central Delhi** is an administrative district of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India.

It is bounded by the Yamuna River on the east, and by the districts of North Delhi to the north, West Delhi and South West Delhi to the west, New Delhi to the south, and East Delhi to the east across the Yamuna..

It has a population of 644,005 (2001 census), and an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi), with a population density of 25,759 persons per km².

Central Delhi houses the central business district and highrises. It includes Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) which served as capital of the Mughal Empire, and is home to the monuments like the Delhi Fort and the Jama Masjid, Delhi's principal mosque.

Administratively, the district is divided into two subdivisions, Darya Ganj, & Pahar Ganj.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Central Delhi has a population of 578,671, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 531st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 23,149 inhabitants per square kilometre (59,960/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -10.48%. Central Delhi has a sex ratio of 892 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 85.25%.

Other websites
--------------

* Central Delhi District official website
* Central Delhi District Census 2011 Data
* List of places in Delhi
Provincial Highway No. 8Provincial Highway No. 8
Central Cross-Island Highway (in red and blue). The blue parts are permanently closed because of earthquake and typhoon damage.

The **Central Cross-Island Highway** (中部橫貫公路) or **Provincial Highway No.8** is one of three highway systems that connect the east and west coasts of Taiwan.

Construction
------------

Construction of the Central Cross-Island Highway began on July 7, 1956 and it first opened to traffic on May 9, 1960.

Route
-----

The highway begins in the west at Dongshi District in Taichung. The highway used to go up into the Central Mountain Range along the Dajia River (大甲溪) valley through the townships of Guguan (谷關) and Cingshan (青山). At Lishan there is a branch that heads north to Yilan City. It goes through the mountains to Dayuling (大禹嶺) which is the highest point of the route. Here another branch of the highway runs south from Dayuling to Wushe (霧社). Continuing east from Dayuling, the highway goes down into Taroko National Park. It passes through Guanyuan (關原), Cih-en (慈恩), Luoshao (洛韶) and Tiansiang (天祥) before entering Taroko Gorge. After the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal Su'ao-Hualien Highway.

Closing the damaged highway
---------------------------

The highway goes through mountains. Rocks often fall and there can be landslides. Heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it. Earthquakes also damage the highway. On September 21, 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan.

There was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money. The damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004. However, heavy rain from the Typhoon Mindulle added more damage to the highway. These parts were closed. The highway is still closed between Lishan and Guguan. There is no plan to repair it, but the New Central Cross-Island Highway is another way across the island.

Gallery
-------

* Bicycling uphill at Taroko GorgeBicycling uphill at Taroko Gorge
* Bicyclists share narrow roads with motor vehiclesBicyclists share narrow roads with motor vehicles
* Protection from waterfallsProtection from waterfalls
* Beautiful viewsBeautiful views

Other websites
--------------

* Search Taipei Times newspaper archives for references to the highway


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Central Cross-Island Highway***.
A **data breach** is a security violation. It causes all sensitive, protected or confidential data to be copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen or used by an unauthorized person or organisation. This term is known as **unintentional information disclosure**, **data leak**, information leakage, and **data spill**. A deliberate data breach by a person privy to the information, typically for political purposes, is more often known as a "leak".

Data breaches may involve financial information such as credit card and debit card details, bank details, personal health information (PHI), Personally identifiable information (PII), trade secrets of corporations or intellectual property. Data breaches may involve overexposed and vulnerable unstructured data – files, documents, and sensitive information.

Data breaches can be quite costly to organizations with direct costs (remediation, investigation, etc) and indirect costs (reputational damages, providing cyber security to victims of compromised data, etc.).

ISO/IEC 27040 defines a data breach as: *compromise of security that leads to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to protected data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed*.

Other websites
--------------

* "CloudTech24 leverage real-time security monitoring to develop actionable insights. We provide 360 visibility to securely manage your devices, cloud platforms, and end users.

* "Breaches Affecting 500 or More Individuals", Breaches reported to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services by (HIPAA-covered) entities
**Castor** is the second brightest object in the zodiac constellation of Gemini. It has the Bayer designation **α Geminorum**, which is Latinised to **Alpha Geminorum** and shortened to **Alpha Gem** or **α Gem**. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.93, which makes it one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Castor appears as a single star to the naked eye, but it is actually a sextuple star system (six stars) organized into three binary pairs of stars designated Castor A, Castor B and Castor C, each containing two stars. Even though it is the 'α' (alpha) member of the constellation, it is fainter than 'β' (beta) Geminorum, Pollux.

Stellar system
--------------

Castor is a multiple star system made up of six different stars; there are three visual stars, all of which are spectroscopic binaries. Appearing as a single star to the naked eye, Castor was first recorded as a double star in 1718 by James Pound, but it may have been changed into at least two sources of light by Cassini as early as 1678. The separation between the binary systems Castor A and Castor B has increased from about 2″ (2 arcseconds of angular measurement) in 1970 to about 6″ in 2017.
 These stars have magnitudes of 1.9 and 3.0, respectively.

Castor Aa and Ba both have orbits of a few days with a much fainter star.

Castor C, or YY Geminorum, was discovered to change in brightness with a regular period. It is an eclipsing binary with additional changes due to areas of different brightness on the surface of one or both stars, as well as irregular flares. The Castor C stars orbit in less than a day. Castor C is believed to be in a orbit around Castor AB, but with an extremely long period of several thousand years. It is 73″ distant from the bright stars in the system

The combined apparent magnitude of all six stars is +1.58.
The **Declaration of Montreal on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights** is a document for human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people as well as intersex people adopted at an international meeting held in Montreal on 29 July 2006.

Among more than 1500 speaker at the meeting, there was Louise Arbour, who was a president of United Nation working for human rights of all over the world. This Declaration was submitted to United Nation after the meeting.

The goal of this Declaration is to tell about violence and discrimination against LGBT people and to insist that LGBT have the same rights as other members of society, including care and prevention of AIDS, same-sex marriage and medical care to transgender and their permission on gender status by the law. And also affirms that the intersex must be protected from surgery without their full agreement.

And further the Declaration demands United Nations and all countries to recognize May 17 as the International Day Against Homophobia.

This declaration has(along with the 1996 "International Bill of Gender Rights") become the origin of the Yogyakarta Principles.

Related pages
-------------

* Discrimination
* Homophobia
* Transphobia
* Transgender
* Yogyakarta Principles

Other websites
--------------

* Declaration of Montreal (full text)
Charles Richter
**Charles Francis Richter** (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

Childhood
---------

Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.

Other websites
--------------

* Charles Richter interview, at USGS
* Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives
Illustration of a DNA molecule that is methylated at the two center cytosines. DNA methylation plays an important role for epigenetic gene regulation in development and disease
**DNA methylation** is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.

It is how methyl groups are added to DNA. This suppresses gene transcription. Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.

Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are *not* caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.

The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.

* To give just one example of how important this is, think about the effect nutrition of a pregnant female has on the baby long after birth.
Stem cell differentiation
**Cellular differentiation** is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. It is part of developmental biology. Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells. 

Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.

Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue. Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

*Cell potency* is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as *pluripotent*. Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as *totipotent*. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.
The **Cellular Jail**, also known as **Kālā Pānī** (Hindi for *black waters*), was a colonial prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The prison was used by the British especially to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago. Many notable dissidents such as Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, among others, were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence. Today, the complex serves as a national memorial monument.

Architecture
------------

Cellular Jail
The construction of the prison started in 1896 and was completed in 1906. The original building was a puce-colored brick building.The bricks used to build the building were brought from Burma.Each of the seven wings had three stories upon completion. There were no dormitories and a total of 696 cells. Each cell was 4.5 by 2.7 metres (14.8 ft × 8.9 ft) in size with a ventilator located at a height of 3 metres (9.8 ft).
The name, "cellular jail", derived from the solitary cells which prevented any prisoner from communicating with any other. Also, the spokes were so designed such that the face of a cell in a spoke saw the back of cells in another spoke. This way, communication between prisoners was impossible.

Japanese occupation
-------------------

The Empire of Japan invaded the Andaman islands in 1942 and drove out the British. The Cellular Jail then became home to British prisoners. During this period, Subhas Chandra Bose also visited the island. In 1945, the British resumed control with the end of World War II.

Post Independence
-----------------

Another two wings of the jail were demolished after India achieved independence. However, this led to protests from several former prisoners and political leaders who saw it as a way of erasing the evidence of their persecution. The remaining three wings and the central tower were therefore converted into a National Memorial on 11th February 1979 by then Prime Minister of India Shri.Morarji Desai.

The Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital was set up in the premises of the Cellular Jail in 1963. It is now a 500-bed hospital with about 40 doctors serving the local population.The centenary of the jail's completion was marked on 10 March 2006.
A **DNA construct** is an artificially constructed segment of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. 

It often contains a **DNA insert**, which contains the gene sequence encoding a protein of interest. The DNA insert has been subcloned into a **molecular biology vector**. 

A DNA construct may express wildtype protein, or prevent the expression of certain genes by expressing competitors or inhibitors. It may express mutant proteins, such as deletion mutations or missense mutations. A DNA construct is often used in molecular biology to analyze macromolecules such as proteins or RNA in more detail.

Molecular biology vectors
-------------------------

There are two types of plasmid integration into a host bacteria: Non-integrating plasmids replicate as with the top instance, whereas episomes, the lower example, integrate into the host chromosome.
A molecular biology vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. 

The main types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages and other viruses, and artificial chromosomes. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker. 

The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the 'backbone' of the vector. The backbone will include bacterial resistance genes for growth in bacteria, and promoters for expression in the organism. 

The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. 

Insertion of a vector into the target cell is usually called transformation for bacterial cells, or transfection for eukaryotic cells. Insertion of a viral vector is often called transduction.
|  |
| --- |
| Association crest |
| **Founded** | 18 May 1889 |
| **FIFA affiliation** | 21 May 1904 |
| **UEFA affiliation** | 1954 |
| **President**Jesper Møller |
| **Coach**{{{Coach}}} |

The **Danish Football Union** (Danish: *Dansk Boldspil-Union*; **DBU**) is the leading body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of the Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues and the Denmark national football team for men and women. It is founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. It was established in 1889 and is on of the oldest associations in world football.

DBU competitions
----------------

### Men's

* Leagues
	+ Superliga
	+ 1. Division
	+ 2. Division
	+ 3. Division
	+ Danmarksserien (4 groups)
* Cups
	+ DBU Pokalen

### Women's

* Elite Divisionen
* First Division
* Danish Series (3 groups)
* Danish Women's Cup

UEFA Five years ranking 2021/22
-------------------------------

* 18th place

Other websites
--------------

* Official web site in Danish and English
This skull reconstruction, exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History for nearly a half-century, is probably the best known of all *Deinosuchus* fossils. The darker shaded portions are actual fossil bone, while the light portions are plaster
***Deinosuchus*** is an extinct relative of the alligator which lived 80 to 73 million years ago, in the Upper Cretaceous period. 

The first remains were discovered in North Carolina in the 1850s, but it was not until 1909 that the genus was named and described. 

Additional fragments were discovered in the 1940s and were later made into an influential, but inaccurate, skull reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History. Knowledge of *Deinosuchus* is still incomplete, but better skull material has been found in recent years.

*Deinosuchus* was far larger than any modern crocodile or alligator: it was up to 10.6 m (35 ft) and weighed up to 4.3 metric tons (4.7 short tons). However, its overall appearance was fairly similar to its modern relatives. 

It had large, robust teeth that were adapted to crushing, and its back was covered with thick round bony plates. One study suggests that *Deinosuchus* may have lived for up to 50 years, growing at a similar rate to that of modern crocodilians, but growing for a much longer period.

*Deinosuchus* fossils have been found in ten U.S. states, as well as northern Mexico. It lived on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway, and was an ambush apex predator in the coastal regions of eastern North America. 

*Deinosuchus* reached its largest size in its western habitat, but the eastern populations were far more abundant. Opinion remains divided as to whether these two populations represent separate species. *Deinosuchus* was probably capable of killing and eating large dinosaurs. It may have also fed upon sea turtles, fish, and other aquatic and terrestrial prey.
Darwin College buildings
**Darwin College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1964, and it was the first college to have both men and women as students. The college has about 650 students: they are all postgraduate since Darwin does not allow undergraduates. The name comes from the famous scientist Charles Darwin and his family.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Elizabeth Blackburn. She won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in medicine.

It is on the bank of River Cam opposite to Queens' College.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| * v
* t
* e
Colleges of the University of Cambridge |
| --- |
| Christ's • Churchill • Clare • Clare Hall • Corpus Christi • Darwin • Downing • Emmanuel • Fitzwilliam • Girton • Gonville and Caius • Homerton • Huges Hall • Jesus • King's • Lucy Cavendish • Magdalene • Murray Edwards • Newnham • Pembroke • Peterhouse • Queens' • Robinson • St Catharine's • St Edmund's • St John's • Selwyn • Sidney Sussex • Trinity • Trinity Hall • Wolfson |
Restoration
Reconstructed foot bones, showing the sickle-claw
***Deinonychus***  was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous *Velociraptor*. This 3.4 meter (11 ft) long *Deinonychus* lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

*Deinonychus* is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.

Ostrom's analysis
-----------------

Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of *Deinonychus* in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.

*Deinonychus* means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over 120 millimetres (4.7 in) long.

The species name *antirrhopus* means "counter balance". This refers to Ostrom's idea that the tail balanced the front of the body. As in other dromaeosaurs, the tail vertebrae have ossified (bony) tendons and super-long bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. A fossil of the closely related *Velociraptor* has an connected tail skeleton that is curved side to side in a long S–shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could swish to the sides with some flexibility.

Paleoecology
------------

*Deinonychus* remains have been found near those of the ornithopod *Tenontosaurus*. Teeth discovered near *Tenontosaurus* specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by *Deinonychus*.
**China** sent people to compete at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** in Pyeongchang, South Korea. China had never won a medal at the Winter Paralympics prior to the start of the 2018 Winter Games. They have a team competing in wheelchair curling.

History
-------

China had never won a medal at the Winter Paralympics prior to the start of the 2018 Winter Games. The best finish they had was fourth at the 2014 Winter Paralympics.  Their wheelchair curling team finished fourth.  China's best individual finish was also in 2014. Peng Yuanyuan finished fifth in the  women's cross-country skiing 5 km classic style standing.

Russian doping scandal
----------------------

15 National Paralympic Committees and the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation signed a letter expressing support for the National Paralympic Committee of Russia in August 2017.  The countries included Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Montenegro, and South Korea.  They asked the IPC Governing Board to consider letting Russia compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  The letter was signed weeks before the IPC Governing Board met in Abu Dhabi. In September 2017, this decision was reviewed and upheld. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) still had concerns about doping in Russian sport. All the conditions the IPC required of the Russians were not met.

Wheelchair curling
------------------

The team starts playing on 10 March when they go against Sweden.
A standard DirecTV satellite dish with Dual LNB on a brick wall. The dish shown uses the old logo of the AT&T affiliate mentioned.
**DirecTV** (stylized as **DIRECTV**) is an American satellite television service provider. The company is based in California. It is part of AT&T.

Its satellite service began on June 17, 1994. The service provides digital satellite television to households in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean Islands.

DirecTV also has internet television service.

Customer Service
----------------

In 2007, DirecTV was awarded a J.D. Power award for cable and satellite TV satisfaction.

The customer service of DirecTV is provided by many third-party owned call centers both inside and outside the U.S.

### Review from Better Business Bureau

In August 2008, *The Boston Globe* reported that DirecTV had been receiving as many as 20,000 complaints in almost three years to Better Business Bureau about DirecTV slipping on cancellation fees.

In August 2010, Better Business Bureau reported that it had gotten over 39,000 complaints in the previous three years. The BBB gave DirecTV an F (failing) grade. Many of these complaints concerned the fees for early termination, billing and service issues.
This article is about operating system that loads from disks. For the Microsoft operating system commonly referred to as simply "DOS", see MS-DOS. For other uses, see DOS (disambiguation).
A **disk operating system** (**DOS**) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

*DOS*es are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.

Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.
The chemical formula for cellulose
**Cellulose** is the main chemical that forms the main structure of plants. It is the most abundant macromolecule and the most common organic compound on Earth. It is also a kind of fiber. Cellulose is a very complex carbohydrate, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. Cellulose was discovered by Anselme Payen in 1838. He isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula.

Properties
----------

Cellulose has no taste. It is odorless and hydrophilic, meaning it attracts water. It is insoluble in water and most organic solvents. It is chiral and is biodegradable.

Cellulose is made from a form of glucose and makes up most of the cell wall of plant cells. This is what keeps a plant in shape. Humans and other animals cannot digest cellulose but some animals such as termites and ruminants use bacteria to digest it.

It is a polysaccharide, which is repeating units of a monosaccharide joined together by a glycosidic bond by a condensation reaction. It is very tough because when you join beta glucose together, they are opposite ways up. The bonds are straight, forming straight chains. There are hydrogen bonds between the polymers.

These fibers are in bundles of about 40, called **microfibrils**. Microfibrils are embedded in a hydrated network of other polysaccharides. The cell wall is assembled in place. The parts are made inside the cell and then assembled by enzymes associated with the cell membrane.

Uses
----

How cellulose looks like the cotton
It is mainly used to make paper. It is also used to make as cotton, linen, and rayon for clothes, nitrocellulose for explosives, and cellulose acetate for films. Cellulose is used as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment. Microcrystalline cellulose and powdered cellulose are used as inactive fillers in drug tablets. Cellulose derivatives are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose can be converted into cellophane. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Celluose can also be used as a anti-caking agent in some foods like pre-shredded cheese.
Trilingual cuneiform inscription of Xerxes at Van Fortress in Turkey, written in Old Persian, Akkadian, and Elamite
It is a letter, and the script is cuneiform, the date ~2400 BC
**Cuneiform script** is one of the earliest known systems of writing. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus. The name *cuneiform* itself means "wedge shaped", from the Latin *cuneus* "wedge" and *forma* "shape". It came into English usage probably from the Old French *cunéiforme.*

It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract. Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs.

The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct. All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.
The Domain Name System is a way to map a domain name to an IP address. **DNS hijacking**, **DNS poisoning**, and **DNS redirection** are names for changing this mapping. Usually, this is done by pointing to a different name server. This name server will then return a different IP address for the domain. 

Hackers use this, for example for phishing, or to show advertisments. The government also uses it sometimes: accessing certain domains may be illegal, in certain countries. Using this technique, the government can require internet service providers to block such domains. 

If the government says that certain domains must no longer be accessible, this is a form of censorship.

How it works
------------

When the DNS server has no entry for a domain, it will return an NXDOMAIN respone. The government could therefore require ISPs to return NXDOMAIN responses for the domains that are forbidden. 

The DNS server operated by the ISP or by hackers could send the user to a page where adverts are shown, were statistics can be collected, or other things can be done.

There's also a different problem: Most web applications rely on the fact that they get an NXDOMAIN response for domains that do not exist. If they now get a valid page (for example with advertisments), this breaks the appliction.

What can be done against it
---------------------------

One way to overcome this problem is to use Domain Name System Security Extensions, often shorened to DNSSec. DNSSec is an extennsion of DN which uses asymmetric cryptography, and digital signatures for DNS entries. In practice, this makes it impossible to change the entry of the DNS record.

Response
--------

ICANN, the international body responsible for administering top-level domain names, has published a memorandum highlighting its concerns, and affirming:

> ICANN strongly discourages the use of DNS redirection, wildcards, synthesized responses and any other form of NXDOMAIN substitution in existing gTLDs, ccTLDs and any other level in the DNS tree for registry-class domain names.
> 
>
**Direct reduced iron** is created when iron ore is burned in a bloomery. Direct reduced iron is also called sponge iron. Direct reduction is removing the oxygen from the ore. Gas and Coal are both used to burn iron. Using Direct Reduction to costs less than using blast furnaces. Direct Reduction is used more than blast furnaces. The country that makes the most Direct reduced iron is India.

Problems
--------

Direct reduced iron gets rust very easily. Direct reduced iron can light on fire easily. Direct reduced iron contains waste, which has to be removed before it can be turned into steel. Only a small amount of Direct reduced iron can be made at a time.

History
-------

Ancient Egyptians used direct reduced iron because it was easier to work with. Direct reduced iron can be made at a lower temperature.

Uses
----

Direct reduced iron is not useful on its own. Before it is used, Direct reduced iron is beaten with hammers and folded many times to make Wrought Iron. The Wrought Iron is burned to make steel.
4,5 V and 1,5V batteries
**Direct current** (**DC** or "*continuous current*") is the flow of electricity in a **single** direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).

The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".

Types of direct current
Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.

Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.

The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.

For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.

Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.

Related pages
-------------

* Electric current
* Alternating current
* Railway electrification system

Other websites
--------------

* *AC/DC: What's the Difference?*. Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)
An example of directed evolution with comparison to natural evolution. The inner cycle shows the three stages of the directed evolution cycle with the mimicked natural process in brackets. The outer circle shows steps in a typical experiment. The red symbols indicate functional variants, the pale symbols indicate variants with reduced function
**Directed evolution** (**DE**) is a method used to produce enzymes for industrial or medical purposes.

The method is protein engineering which mimics natural selection.

The basic idea is to put a gene through repeated rounds of mutation, to make a library of variants. Selection isolates genes with the desired function. They are a template for the next round.

This can be done *in vivo* (in living cells of bacteria or yeast), or *in vitro* (free in solution or microdroplets). 

Testing more mutants increases the chances of finding one with the desired properties.

During *in vivo* evolution, each cell (usually bacteria or yeast) is transformed with a plasmid containing a different member of the variant library. Only the gene of interest differs between the cells, with all other genes being kept the same. 

The cells express the protein either in their cytoplasm or surface where its function can be tested. This format has the advantage of selecting for properties in a cellular environment, which is useful when the evolved protein or RNA is to be used in living organisms.

When done without cells, DE uses *in vitro* transcription translation to produce proteins or RNA free in solution or inside artificial microdroplets. This has the benefit of allowing more conditions (e.g. temperature, solvents). It can express proteins that would be toxic to cells. Furthermore, *in vitro* evolution experiments can generate far larger libraries (up to 1015) because the library DNA need not be inserted into cells. That often limits what can be done.

Ensuring heredity
-----------------

An expressed protein can be covalently linked to its gene (as in mRNA), left, or put in the same compartment with it, right.   
Either way the gene which codes for the protein is isolated
When functional proteins have been isolated, it is necessary that their genes are too, therefore a genotype-phenotype link is required.

This can be covalent, where the mRNA gene is linked to the protein at the end of translation by puromycin.

Alternatively the protein and its gene can be kept together, or in emulsion droplets. The gene sequences isolated are then multiplied by PCR or by transformed host bacteria. Either the single best sequence, or a pool of sequences can be used as the template for the next round of mutagenesis. The repeated cycles of diversification-selection-amplification make enzyme variations adapted to the selection process.

Prize awarded
-------------

US engineer Frances Arnold has won the Millennium Technology Prize for pioneering directed evolution.
Designers studying a scale model of a car
**Car design** is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers.

Design process
--------------

Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount.

Then, the interior design team designs the car's interior, making sure that it fits the needs of the customer. These needs include things like comfort and entertainment systems. High-end cars like luxury cars and supercars have fancy interiors and are designed for an enjoyable driving experience, while utility vehicles like vans have plain, rugged interiors designed to endure various types of cargo.

Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly.

History
-------

While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies.

After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers.

After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany.