recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An illustration of Spearman's two-factor intelligence theory. Each small oval is a hypothetical mental test. The blue areas show the variance attributed to *s*, and the purple areas the variance attributed to ***g***
The **general intelligence factor**, often shortened to ***g***, is a construct from psychology. It is the common factor in intelligence tests. It is the result of measuring intelligence in different ways.

Charles Spearman, an early statistician and psychologist, found that school children's grades across unrelated subjects were strongly related to each other. That is to say, children who were good at one area (such as reading) were also good in another area (such as math). He then proposed that these relationships reflected the influence of a dominant factor, which he called *g* for "general" intelligence. He developed a model where all variation in intelligence test scores can be explained by two factors. The first is the factor specific to an individual mental task: the individual abilities that would make a person more skilled at one cognitive task than another. The second is *g*, a general factor that governs performance on all cognitive tasks.

After 120 years of cognitive testing, *g*s central role is still a meaningful measure. Other models have also been proposed, and there is significant controversy about *g* and its alternatives.
Oyster harvesting using rakes (top) and sail driven dredges (bottom). From L'Encyclpédie of 1771
A **fishing dredge**, also known as a **scallop dredge** or an **oyster dredge**, is a kind of fishing net. It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber. Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.

In Europe, dredges used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called **tynes**. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud. This dug up buried clams. The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.

Dredge nets have a gross mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target organisms through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.

Sometimes three or four dredges are attached to a wheeled stiff axle. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar. Usually there is one on each side of the ship. The length of the bar and the number of dredges towed is dependent on the power of the ship and the room on the side of the boat for working the dredges. There could be 3 on each side on a small 10 metre boat. There could be up to 20 on each side for a 30-metre ship with 1500 hp. The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground. It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.

Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges. It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly. These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving. However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.

* Mussel dredgersMussel dredgers
* Fishing ship with a benthic dredge, leaving the port of NieuwpoortFishing ship with a benthic dredge, leaving the port of Nieuwpoort
* Boats dredging for oysters, c. 1875Boats dredging for oysters, c. 1875
* Oyster boats of the Truro Oyster Fleet. This fishery is the last in the world to work by sail aloneOyster boats of the Truro Oyster Fleet. This fishery is the last in the world to work by sail alone
* Oyster dredge at work, c.1875Oyster dredge at work, c.1875
* Oyster Boats North River, by John Henry Twachtman (1853–1902)*Oyster Boats North River,* by John Henry Twachtman (1853–1902)
* Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob, by Childe Hassam (c.1902)*Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob,* by Childe Hassam (c.1902)
* Dredging For Oysters, by Alexander Rummler. WPA mural.*Dredging For Oysters*, by Alexander Rummler. WPA mural.

Related pages
-------------

* Scallop
* Levee#Dredging: the alternative approach

Other websites
--------------

* photo of scallop dredge Archived 2011-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
* drawing of scallop dredge Archived 2012-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
**George Ezra Barnett** (born 7 June 1993), known professionally as **George Ezra**, is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist from Hertford, Hertfordshire.

He rose to fame with his 2014 single *Budapest* which reached number one in several countries.

In February 2019, he won the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist.

Musical career
--------------

He released his first EP, *"Did You Hear The Rain?"*, in November 2013 and his second EP *"Cassy O'"* in March 2014. His first studio album, *"Wanted on Voyage"*, was released in June 2014, reaching number one in the UK and the top ten in seven other countries. The album was also the third best-selling album of 2014 in the UK.

His second studio album, *"Staying at Tamara's"*, was released in March 2018, also reached number one in the UK and the top ten in eight other countries. The second single from the album, *"Paradise"*, reached number two in the UK charts and his next single, *"Shotgun"*, reached number one. Shotgun became his first chart-topping single in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.
The Ronettes in 1966
The Supremes in 1966
The Spice Girls in 2008
A **girl group** is a music group with a group of female singers who normally harmonise together.

The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in English-speaking countries. It suggests the American female pop singing groups of the late 1950s and early 1960s. They were hugely successful for a time, between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. Many of them were influenced by doo-wop style.

In the 1950s and 60s, the groups were mostly self-organised, girls who knew each other and often grew up together. The Chantels, for example, were four girl choristers from a Catholic high school in the Bronx, 1957. The Ronettes were two sisters and a cousin.p197 The Supremes were girls from a public housing estate in Detroit, Michigan. They were, and still are, America's most successful vocal group of all time. These groups had managers, of course, because they needed someone to deal with the music industry. But the managers did not set up the groups; they came after the groups were formed.

Later, almost all groups were created by public relations professionals to meet a market need. The Spice Girls were a good example of this. They were put together in the mid-1990s by a family management team. Their managers' idea was to create a girl group to compete with popular boy bands that dominated the pop music scene in the mid- to late-1990s. The Spice Girls sold most albums, and had the best-selling album of all time.

One obvious difference between the earlier groups and the later ones was in their social backgrounds. Earlier American groups, having grown up together, were all of the same social origin and colour. What is more, they had usually sung together, and socialised together, before they formed up as a group. This is also true of most of the earlier British boy groups. The later groups, on the other hand, were deliberately chosen for variety. This was done so that all sections of the audience would have at least one member they could identify with. They had not sung together, or maybe met each other, until their PR manager introduced them.

With the changing times, the marketing of popular music changed greatly, so that direct comparison of sales is not simple. but in many parts of the world digital sales are now the most important.
The common eland
The giant eland
The **eland** is the largest antelope. There are two species, both African. 

The **common eland**, *Taurotragus oryx*, is from East Africa and South Africa. The **giant eland**, *Taurotragus derbianus*, is found in Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon and Senegal and West Africa.

The two species are rather similar in size: males range in size from 600 and 800 kilograms (1,300 and 1,800 lb) and may even reach a ton on rare occasions; females range from 400 and 600 kilograms (880 and 1,320 lb).

Giant eland are alert and wary, making them difficult to approach and observe. They are gregarious, and migrate in small herds of twenty or so animals. Giant eland live in open forest and savannah where they eat grass, leaves, and branches. Common eland live in large herds. 

Observers have, as usual, found it difficult to measure their speed of running. Some claim they move quickly, running at over 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph), and despite their size are exceptional jumpers, easily clearing heights of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). Others claim elands are one of the slowest antelopes, but can even jump a height of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) or more.

When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Naturalists think it is a form of communication in elands.
**Earl Hooker** (born January 15, 1929 in Clarksdale, Mississippi; died April 21, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues guitarist.

Life and career
---------------

### Early life

Earl Hooker was born **Earl Zebedee Hooker** in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar around the age of 10 and began going to the Lyon & Healy Music School in 1941 soon after.

### Teen life

While a teen, Hooker played on Chicago street corners, sometimes with Bo Diddley. He also became friends with slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk, which led to Hooker playing slide guitar and some performances with Nighthawk's group outside of Chicago.

### First band

In 1949, Hooker moved to Memphis, joined Ike Turner's band, and played in the South.

Hooker made his first recordings mainly 78 rpm and 45 rpm records in 1952 and 1953 for small labels Rockin', King, and Sun. Hooker spent most of the '60s playing in Chicago clubs with his band.

### First album

In 1969 he recorded an album, *Hooker 'n Steve*, with organist Steve "Mr. Blues" Miller for Arhoolie Records. Hooker also played slide guitar on the 1962 Muddy Waters recording "You Shook Me". The 1970 album *Sweet Black Angel*, co-producer Ike Turner contain songs "I Feel Good", "Drivin' Wheel", "Country and Western", "Boogie", Don't Blot! "Shuffle", "Catfish Blues", "Crosscut Saw", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Mood", and "Funky Blues".

Death
-----

Earl Hooker died at the age of 41 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His story was told in a 2001 book by author Sebastian Danchin titled *Earl Hooker, Blues Master*.

Discography
-----------

| Year | Title | Genre | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *An Introduction to Earl Hooker* (Original Remastered) | Blues | Fuel 2000 |
| 1970 | *Sweet Black Angel* | Blues | One Way Records |
| 1969 | *Two Bugs & A Roach* | Blues | Arhoolie |
| 1969 | *Don't Have to Worry* | Blues | Pony Canyon |
| 1969 | *Hooker 'n Steve* | Blues | Arhoolie |
A 1907 painting by Boris Kustodiev depicting Russian serfs listening to the proclamation of the Emancipation Manifesto in 1861
The **Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia**, also known as the **Emancipation Edict** of Russia, (Russian: Крестьянская реформа 1861 года, romanized: *Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda* – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first and most important of the liberal reforms passed during the reign (1855–1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire.

The 1861 Emancipation Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty. Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. The Manifesto prescribed that peasants would be able to buy the land from the landlords. Household serfs were the least affected: they gained only their freedom and no land.

In Georgia the emancipation took place later, in 1864, and on much better terms for the nobles than in Russia. The serfs were emancipated in 1861, after a speech given by Tsar Alexander II on 30 March 1856. State owned serfs, i.e. those living on Imperial lands, were emancipated later, in 1866.
Photo montage of the Falklands WarPhoto montage of the Falklands War
The British ship HMS Antelope after it was hit by Argentine weapons
The **Falklands War** was a war between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland Islands in 1982. The Falkland Islands are 480 kilometres from Argentina in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Argentina and the United Kingdom have argued over which country the Falklands Islands belongs to since the 1800s. In the 1760s and 1770s, the British set up a town at Port Egmont, which nearly led to a war with Spain who had a town at Port Louis. Then Argentina became a separate country from Spain in 1817 and set up a colony on the islands (which they call "Malvinas") in 1820. An American warship later destroyed this town, and the British took the islands again in 1833.

1982
----

The British kept the islands until Argentinian Special Forces invaded on 2 April 1982 and took control of the island.

The United Nations Security Council asked Argentina to withdraw, and tried to end the crisis with diplomacy. After seven weeks, Argentina did not withdraw, so the British Armed Forces traveled more than 12,000 km to attack. After a short battle in the air and at sea, the British landed on 21 May and fought on land until Argentina's army surrendered on 14 June.

The British captured 11,313 soldiers, and killed about 650. Almost half of these Argentinian deaths were when the warship ARA *General Belgrano* was sunk by the British submarine HMS *Conqueror*. In total there were 258 British deaths.

Relations after the war
-----------------------

The diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken because of the war. Relations between the two countries came back in 1990.
A **galvanometer** is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is named after Luigi Galvani. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil. The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.

Operation
---------

The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.

When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.

Tangent galvanometer
--------------------

Tangent galvanometer made by J.H.Bunnell Co. around 1890.
A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837.
  
  

A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.
**Francesco Saverio Pavone** (25 March 1944 – 16 March 2020) was an Italian magistrate. He was the chief of the Procura di Venezia for many years.

Biography
---------

Born in Taranto on 25 March 1944, he worked for several years as a court clerk, where he won competitive examinations in the late 1970's. In 1980 he took over court services in Venice, first in court and later as a prosecutor. In the lagoon town, he is investigating organized crime and abduction. In 1988, the "pool" of Pavone (a group of judges in the same case) presented a complete chart of the organization of Mala del Brenta causing chaos in Veneto, an investigation that led to the 1994 attempt to satiate Mala del Brenta, with Felice Maniero sentenced to 33 years for the mafia association. Francesco Saverio Pavone lived under the auspices of 1989 to 2006, following threats from the Sicilian mafia and members of the Mala del Brenta. In 2016 he retired as Belluno chief prosecutor.

On 16 March 2020, Pavone died in the intensive care unit of Mestre Angelo's hospital at age 75, following a positive COVID-19 test, leading to serious lung problems.
**Economic patriotism** is the idea that the government should make choices about the economy that give more help to certain groups, businesses, or industries depending on what they do and where they are.

Overview
--------

Economic patriotism means wanting to help your own area more than yourself. It is also when you feel that you need to help the people who live in your area. Economic patriotism can apply to different areas. It can also involve different types of economic transfers. This includes transfers in a country or between countries.[*source?*] Economic patriotism means using different ways to help our own industries and trade with other countries. It is different from economic nationalism because it helps the local economy without stopping trade or immigration. It is important for leaders to encourage growth and make sure competition is fair. Economic patriotism also talks about watching over big companies to protect a country's economy. However, it can be hard to do that when companies work in many countries. The energy sector shows the need for people to work together across a region to keep their money and jobs.

Examples
--------

Many American politicians, like Ro Khanna, Elizabeth Warren, and Barack Obama have suggested plans that use economic patriotism to help American industries and keep jobs safe. Economic patriotism is also being used around the world. Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy has supported economic patriotism by giving rewards to businesses that stay in Ukraine and help it get stronger, especially after Russia's invasion in 2022. Another example is the Polish company Drutex which sells its products to different countries and also spends money in their own country on research and to hire people to help their economy grow.
**Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi**, KBE, RA (Edinburgh, 7 March 1924 – London, 22 April 2005), was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was the eldest son of Italian immigrants.

Education
---------

Paolozzi studied at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1943, then moved to London. He was briefly at the St Martin's School of Art in 1944, and then at the Slade School of Fine Art at University College London from 1944 to 1947. He lived in Paris from 1947 to 1949. There he met Alberto Giacometti, Jean Arp, Constantin Brâncuşi, Georges Braque and Fernand Léger. They were a big influence on his later work.

Pop art
-------

Paolozzi was the founder of the pop art movement. Paolozzi's *I was a Rich Man's Plaything* (1947) is considered the first standard bearer of Pop Art and first to display the word "pop". Paolozzi showed the collage in 1952 as part of his groundbreaking *Bunk!* series at the Independent Group meeting in London.

Assessment
----------

He was a major figure in the international art sphere. Paolozzi investigated how we fitted into the modern world. He revealed our fragmented civilization through imagination and fantasy.

He was made Her Majesty's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland in 1986, which he held until his death.

Writings
--------

* *Eduardo Paolozzi* by Eduardo Paolozzi, Tate, London 1971 ASIN B00103A8RG
* *Recurring themes* by Eduardo Paolozzi Rizzoli (1984) ISBN 978-0-8478-0573-0
* *Metafisikal Translations* by Eduardo Paolozzi, Lelpra, London 1962 ASIN B002MNOJQY

Gallery
-------

* Paolozzi's Daedalus on Wheels, Jesus College, CambridgePaolozzi's *Daedalus on Wheels*, Jesus College, Cambridge
* Paolozzi's Ad Maxima Ad Minima, Kew GardensPaolozzi's *Ad Maxima Ad Minima*, Kew Gardens
* Paolozzi's Newton (1995), after a painting by William Blake. At the British LibraryPaolozzi's *Newton* (1995), after a painting by William Blake. At the British Library
* Paolozzi's Vulcan (1999), Scottish Museum of Modern Art, EdinburghPaolozzi's *Vulcan* (1999), Scottish Museum of Modern Art, Edinburgh
* Paolozzi's mosaic for the Tottenham Court Road London Underground stationPaolozzi's mosaic for the Tottenham Court Road London Underground station
***Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe*** is a 1940 12-chapter science fiction Flash Gordon movie serial. It was the last of the three Flash Gordon serials by Universal Pictures.

Buster Crabbe plays Flash Gordon with Carol Hughes as Dale Arden, Frank Shannon as Dr. Zarkov, Shirley Deane as Princess Aura, and 
Charles B. Middleton as Ming the Merciless. Jean Rogers had played Dale Arden in the two previous Flash Gordon serials, but did not want to repeat the role. Hughes played the role.

Story
-----

Ming the Merciless causes a plague on Earth. Flash, Dale, and Zarkov distribute an antidote. Ming sends an army of robot bombs after the three. Flash and friends kill Ming by locking him in a tower, then crashing a rocket ship into it. Ming's last words are "I am the universe!". Zarkov announces that Flash Gordon has *conquered the universe*.

Related pages
-------------

* Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars

Other websites
--------------

* *Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe* on IMDb
* *Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe* at AllMovie
* *Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe* at The Internet Archive
Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national Gini coefficient as of 2018. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 100, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 100 corresponds with absolute inequality (where one person has all the income, and everyone else has zero income).
**Economic inequality** is the disparities in people's incomes and wealth. It affects standard of living for different socioeconomic classes in a given country, as how high one's income is often dictates what they can eat and how often they can eat, what type of dwelling they can live in (to the point of becoming homeless sometimes), quality of medical care etc. Government policies to alleviate such inequality, especially by alleviating poverty, or at least trying to alleviate it, can include universal healthcare, welfare, universal basic income, increasing or decreasing business regulations, etc.

**Income inequality** is when some people get far more income than other people. As of 2018, the countries of Scandinavia in northern Europe have some of the lowest levels of income inequality. Incomes are more unequal in the United States and even more so in the countries of southern Africa.

Both wealth and income inequality can be measured by the Gini coefficient.

Related pages
-------------

* Social inequality
* Income inequality in the United States
* Welfare economics
**Gerry and The Pacemakers** were an English rock and roll group during the 1960s. Like The Beatles, they came from Liverpool and were also managed by Brian Epstein.

Early days
----------

Gerry Marsden was born on September 24, 1942, in Liverpool, England. His brother, Freddie, was born on October 23, 1940, in Liverpool. They formed a musical group called "The Mars Bars", with Gerry playing guitar and Freddie the drums. They changed the name to The Pacemakers because the Mars candy company said they would take them to court for using the name.

Les Chadwick (born John Leslie Chadwick) was born on May 11, 1943 in Liverpool. He worked in a bank before joining the band in 1959. He was their lead guitarist, but changed to bass. Les Maguire (born Leslie Maguire) was born on December 27, 1941 in Wallasey, Cheshire. He joined the band in 1960 after the group's piano player, Arthur McMahon, left the group.

Success
-------

A ferry on the River Mersey at Liverpool
The Pacemakers were the second band to be managed by Brian Epstein, who was also manager of "The Beatles. Brian had heard the band at the "Cavern Club" in Liverpool in 1962. Their first three songs in 1963, "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone", all went straight to number one on the charts. "You'll Never Walk Alone", first written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for the musical "Carousel", became the favourite song of supporters of the Liverpool Football Club. They even made a very successful full length movie in 1965 called *Ferry Cross The Mersey*. This was based on the song written by Gerry. The song made Liverpool's ferries world famous. Gerry also wrote eight other songs for the film.

The band enjoyed great success between 1963—1966, with such songs as "It's Gonna Be All Right". This time was called the British Invasion because so many British bands were successful. "[Our] songs were happy, the music simple and the lyrics nice to listen to," Gerry said. "We didn't try to change the world."

Break up
--------

The group broke up in 1967, and Gerry went on to work as an actor and performer in musical theater. He reformed The Pacemakers in 1972 with prominent Liverpool musicians Jose McLaughlin, Billy Kinsley and Pete Clarke. Gerry wrote a book about his life, *You'll Never Walk Alone*, which was published in 1993. Original band member, Freddie Marsden, died on December 9, 2006, at 66 years of age.
The **list of essential medicines** is a listing of drugs compiled by the WHO. The list contains a number of drugs, which cover the basic needs of a society. The drugs on the list should be easy to get, and affordable. The list was first published in 1977. It is reviewed every two years. In 2003, 156 countries have joined the effort. As of 2016, over 300 different drugs and vaccines are on the list. About 95 percent of the drugs and substances on the list are not covered by patents, which means that generic drugs using the substance indicated can be produced easily.

There are two major problems with the list: First, there are a number of diseases which mainly occur in developing countries. Many people there cannot afford to pay high prices for drugs, which means pharmaceutical companies are not interested in developing new drugs for such diseases. Examples for such diseases are malaria or tuberculosis. The second problem is that certain drugs on the list are patented, and they are often expensive. Examples for the second kind of drugs are those used to treat AIDS.

According to a study done by the world bank, about a third of the world's population does not have access to these drugs.
Evo Morales in July 2019
**Juan Evo Morales Aima** (born October 26, 1959) was the President of Bolivia from 2006 through 2019. He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party. *Movimiento al Socialismo* is its Spanish name.

Presidency
----------

On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first *culturally* indigenous president of Bolivia.

### Policies

Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers. Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies. Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture. Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress.

Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005. As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one. He also worked with other leaders in South America like Rafael Correa and Nestor Kirchner. Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014. During this time he has criticized both George W. Bush and Barack Obama and has had arguments with the United States.

In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019. Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election.

### 2019 political crisis

On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the 2019 Bolivian general election. The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread protests. On 9 November 2019 the Organization of American States published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations". The police joined the protests against Morales and on 10 November the military forced him to resign.
A **frenulum** (or **frenum**) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.

*Frenulum* as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.

Human anatomy
-------------

There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. 

### Oral tissue

Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.

### Vulvular tissue

In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.

### Penile tissue

The word frenulum on its own is often used for the *frenulum preputii penis*. This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.

It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.

Related pages
-------------

* Circumcision
* Foreskin
* Wing coupling
**Eagle rays** are cartilaginous fish in the ray family **Myliobatidae**. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water. 

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from 48 centimetres (19 in) to 9.1 metres (30 ft) in length.

The tail looks like a whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.

Classification
--------------

In Nelson's *Fishes of the World*, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.
**Gertrude Caroline Ederle** (October 23, 1905 – November 30, 2003) was the first woman to swim the English Channel.

Early life
----------

Ederle’s birthdate was October 23, 1905. Her family came from Germany to New York. Her mother taught her to swim. Ederle decided she wanted to be a swimmer.

English Channel
---------------

Ederle had the world's quickest time for women in swimming. She swam across the English Channel, which is 21 miles long. She swam in a record time of 14 hours and 39 minutes. It was a world record for 35 years. She was the 6th person to swim across the English Channel and the first woman to do so.

Olympics
--------

Ederle was a swimmer in the Olympics. She won one gold medal and two bronze medals in the 1924 summer Olympics.

Support for Women's swimming
----------------------------

Ederle believed that women could be talented swimmers. She helped the Women’s Swimming Association. She was also famous for her bravery by being the first woman to swim the English Channel.
The **flat-headed cat** (*Prionailurus planiceps*) is a wildcat that lives in Indonesia and Malaysia. It used to live in Thailand but may be extinct there.

This cat is 45 to 52 cm long (18 to 20 inches) and its tail is another 12 to 17 cm long (4.7 to 7 inches). It weights 1.5 to 2.5 kilograms (3.3 to 5.5 pounds). It is about the size of a domestic cat but its legs and tail are shorter, its body is longer, its paws are rounder, and its head is flatter. Its fur is red-brown and dark brown and it has white marks on its face and a white belly. Unlike most cats' claws, the flat-headed cat's claws do not retract all the way.

The flat-headed cat lives in low rainforests, swamps, lakes, and forests with rivers in them. It catches its food in the water, and its body helps: Its teeth point backwards in its mouth so fish cannot get away. Its jaws are longer and narrower than other cats' jaws. It has some webbing between its toes.

Some scientists think this cat likes water even more than the fishing cat does. When some scientists studying apes caught a flat-headed cat by accident, they let it go between a forest and a river. The cat ran to the river and dove in instead of running to the trees to hide. The scientists thought that the cat felt safer in the water than in the trees.

Like other cats, the flat-headed cat sprays urine to mark its territory, but while other cats stand up and spray onto a tall object like a tree. The flat-headed cat crouches down and sprays while it walks, leaving its urine on the ground.

The flat-headed cat is pregnant for 56 days. Female cats have one to four kittens at a time. In zoos, a flat-headed cat can live 14 years.

Flat-headed cats are endangered because of pollution and because humans catch too many fish but mostly because humans have cut down the forests to build farms. Flat-headed cats like forests that are not too far above sea level, and this makes good farmland, so humans want it. Some scientists think that flat-headed cats can live in forests that have grown back after being cut down. Scientists do not think the flat-headed cat can hunt and live near farms the way the Iriomote cat does.

The flat-headed cat has a long body, short tail, short legs, and small ears.
Elin Ek skiing towards her 2007 Vasaloppet main women's competition victory.
**Elin Ek**, born 31 August 1973 in By, Sweden, is a Swedish cross-country skier. She participated at the 1998 Olympic Winter Games in Nagano, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City and the 2006 Olympic Winter Games in Turin. Elin Ek won Tjejvasan in 1999 and 2006. and the Vasaloppet main women's event in 2007. She also won the women's Worldloppet, which she did during the 2006/2007 season.

She also won the Swedish national championships at the distances of 10 kilometers in 2006, 30 kilometers in 2003 and 2004, and pursuit in 2003 and 2004, skiathlon in 2007 and sprint in 2003. In 2008, she was also part of IFK Mora's team, winning the relay event.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Elin Ek at Wikimedia Commons

* Profile at FIS Archived 2014-11-23 at the Wayback Machine (in German, English, and French)
* Profil påsports-reference.com Archived 2009-05-20 at the Wayback Machine (in English)

| Persondata |
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| Name | Ek, Elin |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Swedish cross-country skier |
| Date of birth | 31 August 1973 |
| Place of birth | By, Sweden |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
**Dilation and evacuation** (or "D&E") is a medical procedure. It may be used as a method of abortion when a woman is in her second trimester (between 12–32 weeks pregnant). This procedure also may be used after a woman has a miscarriage, to make sure that the uterus is emptied out completely. If tissue is left behind in a woman's uterus after a miscarriage, she can get an infection.

Process
-------

A dilation and evacuation involves two major steps. First, the cervix (the bottom part of the uterus) is dilated, or made bigger. This is often done about a day before the actual procedure. To dilate the cervix, a doctor may put special tools into the cervix. The cervix needs to be made larger so that medical tools, like forceps (surgical tongs) or a curette (a tool that is used to scrape away the lining of the uterus) can be put into the cervix.

The second step of the D&E procedure is to evacuate, or remove, everything inside of the uterus. The woman is given a local anesthetic to numb part of her body or a general anesthetic to put her to sleep. The doctor will then put a cannula (a medical tube) into the uterus, through the vagina. The cannula is attached to a bottle and a pump that create a vacuum. The cannula is used to vacuum (or suction) out everything that is in the uterus, including the fetus. 

The doctor may use forceps to take out any tissue that is still in the uterus. The doctor may also use a curette to scrape out the lining of the uterus. The vacuum can then be used again to make sure that the uterus is completely empty. This is to prevent infection from tissue left behind by accident.

If a woman is earlier on in her pregnancy, this procedure can sometimes be done without dilating the cervix first. This is called a "vacuum aspiration". It can be used for women who are in the first trimester (the first 12 weeks of pregnancy) or for women who are in the early stages of the second trimester. However, sometime during the second trimester, it becomes very difficult to do this procedure without dilating the cervix first. At this point, a full dilation and extraction is needed.

A complete D&E usually takes 10 to 20 minutes. Often, women are able to go home on the same day as the procedure, without staying overnight in a hospital.

Most abortions are done much earlier on in the pregnancy, so a full dilation and extraction is usually not needed.

Related pages
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* Abortion
* Miscarriage
The Battle of Marathon, an example of the double-envelopment, a form of flanking maneuver
The Battle of Chancellorsville, Jackson's flanking maneuver against Howard
In military tactics, a **flanking maneuver** (also called a **flank attack**), is an attack on the sides or rear of an opposing force. If a flanking maneuver succeeds, the opposing force would be surrounded or have to fight from two or more directions. This reduces the ability of the outflanked force to move or defend itself. Unlike an envelopment, which depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain, a flanking maneuver uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank. A psychological advantage may also be present. The confusion and threat from multiple directions can often cause shock and panic. This may cause soldiers to run from the battle. A larger-scaled tactical flanking is called a strategic flanking. This is where the targets of the flanking could be as large as divisions or even entire armies.

Strategy
--------

A flanking maneuver works best when an enemy is engaged at their front. Often an opposing force must be maneuvered into a position where a flanking attack would work. An ideal situation is getting them into a position where their front is narrow and the flanks are long. A classic example of a flanking maneuver was by Confederate general Stonewall Jackson against the Union Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Related pages
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* Turning movement
* Ambush
* Envelopment
	+ Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
* Rearguard
* Attrition warfare
* Feigned retreat
* Preemptive war
* Oblique order
* Shock tactics

Other websites
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* American Artifacts: Jackson's Flank Attack at Chancellorsville - Full Tour; YouTube
Falco and actress Ursela Monn (1986)
**Falco** (born February 19, 1957 in Vienna, Austria as Johann (Hans) Hölzel, and died on February 6, 1998 in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.

His song *Rock me Amadeus* has been the one and only German-speaking song reaching no.1 on the US charts. From 1985 to 1988 he produced 3 albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts. 

In 1985, Falco also had his 3rd No.1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th - "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)".

Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In 1988 he married Isabella Vitkovic, one year later, in 1989, they separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.

His successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after Falco's death in a road accident.
**Expressionism** is an art and cultural movement of the 20th century.
Expressionist artists try to express a feeling with what they create. Colours and shapes are not used in a way people see them, but as the artist feels them. 

Expressionism emerged as an 'avant-garde movement' in poetry and painting before the First World War. In the Weimar years it was appreciated by a mass audience, peaking in popularity in 1920s Berlin.

Expressionism presents the world as subjective: how the artist feels it, not how it is scientifically. The art looks to get an emotional effect, and transmits personal moods and ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of "being alive" and emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including: painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music. The term often implies emotional angst. In a general sense, painters such El Greco could be called expressionist; in practice, the term is applied only to 20th century works.

The Expressionist stress on the individual perspective was also a reaction to positivism and other artistic movements such as naturalism and impressionism.

Typical modern expressionists are Edvard Munch (*The Scream*), August Macke, Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Marc Chagall, and others. The First World War, with the many young men who died, left deep impressions on artists' minds.

* Fugue by Wassily Kandinsky (1914)*Fugue* by Wassily Kandinsky (1914)
* Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele*Portrait of Eduard Kosmack* by Egon Schiele
* Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc*Rehe im Walde* by Franz Marc
* "Elbe Bridge I" by Rolf Nesch*"Elbe Bridge I"* by Rolf Nesch
* To the unknown voice, by Kandinsky 1915.*To the unknown voice*, by Kandinsky 1915.
* Clouds in Finland by Konrad Krzyżanowski, 1908*Clouds in Finland* by Konrad Krzyżanowski, 1908
* "View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610. Bears a striking resemblance to 20th century expressionism. Historically speaking it is part of the Mannerism movement.*"View of Toledo"* by El Greco, 1595/1610. Bears a striking resemblance to 20th century expressionism. Historically speaking it is part of the Mannerism movement.
**Ewa Farna** (born 12 August 1993) is a Polish-Czech singer, actress, model, songwriter, dancer and television presenter. She released five Polish-language and four Czech-language studio albums, and received platinum and gold certifications for them, both in Poland and the Czech Republic. Farna is the youngest commercially successful singer in the Czech Republic. She was a judge on the *Czech&Slovak SuperStar* in 2013, the *X Factor* (Poland) in 2014, and is currently a judge on *Idol* (Poland)

Biography
---------

Farna was born on August 12, 1993 in The Hague. He attended The Polish Elementary School Vendrynk, an art school for five years, and the Polish Gymnasium in Ceskšín. He also attended dance school and learned to play the piano. Farna first attracted attention after winning local talent competitions in both the Czech Republic and Poland in 2004. After being discovered by producer Leshek Wronka, she released her debut album M2ls mje vábec rád in 2006. followed by her Hug Deadline Award winner in 2006. Her second album, Ticho, which peaked at number two in the Czech Republic, and a Polish version of their debut album, Titled Sam on Sam, were released in 2007. After the tour, the DVD Blíz ke hvízdám became the best-selling music DVD in 2008. In early 2009, the In 2013, the Polish version of his second album was released as Cicho. Also, in 2010, in 2013, Ewa was included in an episode of "Hela w opalach."

His next album, Bui Virtuální, was released on October 26. The international tour also covered Poland and Slovakia. In 2010 the Polish album "EWakuacja" was released. The album received many awards, including the 2011 Viva Comet Awards for both singles and the entire album. The singles from "EWakuac" are "Ewakuacja", "Without Lez", and later in 2011, "Nie przegap". 2011 was the year of Eva’s 18th birthday. birthday concerts were held, one in the Czech Republic with a DVD "18 Live", and another in Poland with the DVD "Live, niezapomniany concert urodzinowy". In October 2013, Farna's big comeback with her album "(W) Inna?" caused confusion. Many misunderstood that the reference to the owner of the Farna car accident in 2012 was a "big mistake." In 2014, Evin's Czech single "Leporelo" was released along with the music video, and the song "Lesek" about its manager Lesek Wronka was released.

### Car crash

On 22 May 2012, Ewa Farna crashed her car between the towns of Třinec and Vendryně. She suffered only minor scratches. According to a breath test she was driving under the influence of alcohol, with a blood alcohol content level less than 1‰. She had been celebrating the passing of her matura the day before and fell asleep behind the wheel. She blamed this on exhaustion caused by a week-long cram session before the exam.

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