recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Sergiu Celibidache giving a conducting lesson at the Curtis Institute in 1984
**Sergiu Celibidache** (Romanian: [ˈserd͡ʒju t͡ʃelibiˈdake]; 11 July [O.S. 28 June] 1912 – 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor. He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

His life
--------

Celibidache was born in Romania. He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik. He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez. He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned. He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America. From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic. He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.

Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived. He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail. He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra. Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her. The argument lasted for 12 years.

Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.
The **London Philharmonic Orchestra** (**LPO**) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7, 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.

After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *Symphonic Music of Yes* (1993)

Principal Conductors
--------------------

* Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
* Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
* Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
* William Steinberg (1958–1960)
* Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
* Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
* Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
* Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
* Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
* Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
* Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

Other websites
--------------

* London Philharmonic Orchestra official website
The **Río Negro** (*Black River*) is the most important river in Uruguay.is a river in central France. It is a left tributary of the Uruguay river. It starts in southern Brazil and flows west across the entire width of Uruguay to the Uruguay River.

The course of the Río Negro across Uruguay effectively divides the south of the country from the north.

Geography
---------

The Río Negro is 750 kilometres (466.0 miles) long. Its drainage basin covers 70,714 km2 (27,303 sq mi), most of it in territory of Uruguay; only 2,500 km2 (965 sq mi) are in Brazil.

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 226 m3/s (8,000 cu ft/s) (70 years) at the *Palmar* dam, 72 km (45 mi) to the east of the city of Mercedes, Soriano department.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Palmar**

### Course

The Río Negro starts in the Bagé municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. It flows from northeast to southwest through Uruguay and divides the country in two parts: the northern part with 6 departments and the southern part (slightly larger) with the 13 remaining departments.

Its course forms the border of the departments:

* On its northern (right) side: Rivera, Tacuarembó and Río Negro.
* On its southern (left) side: Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores and Soriano.

At its end, to the south of the city of Fray Bentos in the Río Negro department, the Río Negro flows into the Uruguay river as a left tributary. The river has many meanders along its course and three hydroelectric dams has been built on this river that form three artificial lakes (or reservoirs in this case), from northeast to southwest:

1. *Rincón del Bonete* Reservoir, also called the *Gabriel Terra* Reservoir or the *Río Negro* Reservoir;
2. *Baygorria Dam*; and the
3. *Palmar* or Constitution Dam.

The main cities along the river:

* Tacuarembó department
	+ Paso de los Toros.
	+ San Gregorio de Polanco.
* Soriano department
	+ Mercedes, capital of the department.
	+ Villa Soriano, one of the oldest towns of Uruguay; it is near the mouth of the Río Negro river.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Río Negro are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Yí - 210 km.

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Tacuarembó - 260 km.
 |

Gallery
-------

* Flooding of the Mercedes city.Flooding of the Mercedes city.
* Flooding along the Rio Negro.Flooding along the Rio Negro.
* The Yí river.The Yí river.
* Tacuarembó river.Tacuarembó river.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
Puducherry district is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry in southern India. The district occupies an area of 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi), spread over 11 non-contiguous enclaves lying on or near the Bay of Bengal within a compact area in the state of Tamil Nadu.

Demographics
------------

Puducherry district's total population according to the 2011 census is 946,600.It is said that the population roughly equals that of Fiji and US state of Delaware. Literacy rate - 86.13% and Sex ratio is 1031 per 1000 males.

Divisions
---------

For administrative purpose, the union territory of Puducherry is divided into eight taluks.Some are Puducherry taluk, Villianur taluk, Ozhukarai taluk and Bahour taluk. Among these Ozhukarai taluk is the only taluk without rural areas.Puducherry taluk's rural area is covered in a commune named Ariyankuppam.Villianur taluk has two rural communes namely Mannadipet and Villianur. Bahour taluk consists of two rural communes namely Bahour and Nettapakkam.
In psychology, **nativism** is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or *tabula rasa*. Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.

Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.

Charles Darwin, in *The expression of emotions in man and animals* (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited tendency to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

Related pages
-------------

* Evolutionary psychology
* Unconscious mind#Adaptive unconscious
* Human nature
* Blank slate
The **Prix de Rome** was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.

In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won "second prize" which allowed them to study for a shorter period.

Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.

The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

Other websites
--------------

* The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting Archived 2017-05-28 at the Wayback Machine.
In a bean machine or Galton box most balls end up close to the center. In the long run, they will show a normal distribution
**Probability** is a part of applied mathematics. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen.

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event *E*, written {\displaystyle P(E)}, is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5, just any two). The possibility of getting a 3 is one in six (​1⁄6), and the possibility of getting a 5 is also one in six, so the chances of getting a 3 then a 5 is ​1⁄6×​1⁄6=⅟36. If that number is expressed as somewhere between 0 and 1, it equals 0.027...7, which is fairly low. The possibility of getting a 3, then a 5, and then a 2 would be ​1⁄6×​1⁄6×​1⁄6=⅟216 or 0.00463, which is a much lower probability.

Ideas of probability
--------------------

People like Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, or Christiaan Huygens used the word probability, as described above. Other people thought about frequencies; the notion of probability is usually called frequency probability.

Related pages
-------------

* List of mathematics topics
* Probability density function
* Probability distribution
* Probability space
* Probability theory
* Random
* Random variable
* Stochastic process
A reflection on sand and water**Reflection** is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.

The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

Diagram showing specular reflection
Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as {\displaystyle \theta \_{i}} and {\displaystyle \theta \_{r}}) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".

People make many things to use reflections, including reflecting telescopes, radar, sonar, and lidar and putting light reflectors on things they want to see.
**Raul Hector Castro** (June 12, 1916 – April 10, 2015) was a Mexican-born American politician. He has served in both elected and non-elected public offices, including Ambassadors from the United States and the 14th Governor of Arizona (1975–77).

He was the first hispanic to be elected governor of Arizona. At the age of 98, he became the oldest living United States governor, after the death of former Washington Governor Albert Rosellini at the age of 101.

Early life
----------

Castro was born on June 12, 1916 on Cananea, Mexico. He studied at Northern Arizona University and at James E. Rogers College of Law.

Career
------

In 1954, he was elected county attorney and served in that capacity until 1958, when he became a Pima County Superior Court Judge. His national stature grew over the years, and President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Castro as U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador in 1964. After four years there, he served as Ambassador to Bolivia until the end of 1969.

Returning to Tucson, Arizona in 1969 to specialize in international law, Castro continued to rise to the top in Arizona Democratic politics. Seeking state office for the first time in 1970, he won the Democratic nomination for governor, but narrowly lost the general election to Republican incumbent Jack Williams. In 1974, Castro was elected governor. In 1977, after two years as governor, he was selected by President Jimmy Carter to be ambassador to Argentina. Castro held that post until 1980.

Detention
---------

On June 12, 2012, despite searing temperatures, Castro was stopped by U.S. Border Patrol after they detected traces of radiation in his vehicle. After explaining that the radiation was due to a medical procedure from the previous day, the ex-governor was released after a short detention.

Death
-----

Castro died in his sleep while under hospice care in San Diego, California, aged 98.

Other websites
--------------

* Goff, John S. (1983). *Arizona Biographical Dictionary*. Cave Creek, Ariz.: Black Mountain Press. OCLC 10740532.
* Interview with R.H. Castro for the newspaper Clarín of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20 December 1998 concerning the Beagle conflict: Clarín Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine.
* The Raul Castro Collection at the University of Arizona UAiR Collection Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine

|
|  |
| Preceded byAlbert Rosellini |  **Oldest living US governor**October 10, 2011 – April 10, 2015 | Succeeded byEdgar Whitcomb |
"Pica" redirects here. For the disorder, see Pica (disorder).

**Magpies** are birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are general scavengers and predators of insects, small mammals, and other birds' eggs and young.

The word "magpie" usually means the European magpie (*Pica pica*), which is a very common bird, found all over Europe. Elsewhere, there are other species of magpie. Most are black and white and are in the genus ***Pica***.

Other birds called "magpie"
---------------------------

There are other species of bird that are called 'magpies', though they are not true magpies. Oriental "magpies" are green and blue in colour, and are in the genera *Urocissa* and *Cissa*. There is also one blue and white magpie, the azure-winged magpie *Cyanopica cyana*. There is the black magpie, which is really a treepie. There is also the Australian magpie. It is not a member of the crow family at all. It is in the Artamidae family. All these are in different genera from *Pica*. This is a good example of the confusion caused by common names before the Linnaean system came into use.

Description
-----------

Magpies are large birds. They often have long tails. Magpies eat lots of different kinds of food. They may eat baby birds, eggs and carrion. They may also eat seeds and other parts of plants.

Magpies are clever birds. They can pass the mirror test. This is when the bird sees itself in a mirror and understands that it is a reflection. Magpies do not have any attraction to bright, shiny things, contrary to popular belief.

Related pages
-------------

* Yellow-billed magpie
* Black-billed magpie

Other websites
--------------

* Magpie videos on the Internet Bird Collection
* Magpie webcam Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine - Live webcam stream Magpies & Blackbirds nest
**Red** (レッド, *Reddo*) is the main protagonist of *Pokémon Red and Blue*, the first two games in the Nintendo's *Pokémon* franchise, as well as the *Pokémon Green* and *Yellow* sequels. 

The protagonist of the main Pokémon's anime adaptation, Ash Ketchum, was based on him.

Appearances
-----------

### In video-games

Red is the protagonist of the Pokémon Red and Blue video games and their *Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen* remakes.

In the game, Red is an 11-year-old boy from Pallet Town. Red began to take an interest in Pokémon, after his best friend Green stopped playing with him. His adventure begins when one day Professor Oak calls Red and Green to his laboratory to receive his initial Pokémon. After receiving the Pokémon from him, Green challenges Red to a battle. Later, Oak's teacher gives Red and Green a Pokédex to fulfill their dream of completing all the Pokémon information.

Red travels all over Kanto, filling the Pokédex with information and defeating Gym leaders. His rival, Green, is always one step ahead of him, and it seems that many times, he tries to impede Red's progress. When Red finally reaches the Indigo Plateau to face the High Command, Red learns that Green has defeated all members of the High Command, being the current champion of the Pokémon League. In the end, Red defeats his rival Green in battle, and becomes the new champion.

Aside from Green, Team Rocket is Red's main enemy, who tries to thwart his malevolent plans. During his tour of Kanto, Red has several clashes with Team Rocket. When Red defeats Giovanni (Team Rocket Leader) the organization disappears. However, several members who are on Inta Island, are unaware of what happened and are defeated by Red. Three years later, Team Rocket focuses its attention on the Johto region.

### Anime

Red is the protagonist of the anime miniseries *Pokémon Origins*, where Red narrates the events of the first Pokémon games (Pokémon Red and Blue/Green) from the beginning of his journey to become Champion of the Kanto Pokémon League.

### Other appearances

Red makes his appearance in his original appearance from the third generation of Pokémon video games, in the Wii's video game ***Super Smash Bros. Brawl***.
Permian–Triassic boundary at Frazer Beach in New South Wales. 
The End Permian extinction event is just above the coal layer.
The **Permian/Triassic extinction event** was the largest extinction event in the Phanerozoic eon. 57% of all biological families, 83% of all genera, 96% of all marine species became extinct. This includes many fish and the last surviving trilobites, 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates and many of the large amphibia, primitive reptiles and synapsids. It is the only known extinction event of insects. It ended the Palaeozoic era, and began the Mesozoic era.

The event forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods, at about 252 million years ago. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took much longer than after other extinction events. This event has been described as the "mother of all mass extinctions".
The pattern of extinction is still unclear. Different studies suggest one to three separate pulses.

There are several proposed mechanisms for the extinctions. These include: large or multiple meteorite impacts, increased volcanism, sudden release of methane hydrates from the sea floor. Gradual changes include sea level change, oceanic anoxic events, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.

One thing is probably significant. One of the largest ever flood basalt eruptions took place across the P/Tr junction. These eruptions, from 251 to 250 million years ago, produced the Siberian Traps, a huge volcanic province in Siberia. This would certainly have made the world's climate much worse, and is now thought to be the main cause of this great extinction.

Another factor is that global sea levels were at an historic low point at the time. Lastly, it should be remembered that Pangaea was in existence: volcanic eruptions would affect all lands, continental shelves and ocean floors near the continents.

Related pages
-------------

* List of extinction events
Peritoneal dialysis is a method of treating kidney failure by utilizing the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen, to internally filter the blood. Before commencing peritoneal dialysis, a surgeon inserts a soft tube called a catheter into the belly.

During the treatment, a dialysis solution consisting of water, salt, and other additives is introduced into the belly through the catheter from a bag. Once the bag is empty, it is disconnected, and a cap is placed on the catheter, allowing the individual to freely move around and engage in normal activities. While inside the belly, the dialysis solution absorbs waste and excess fluid from the body.

A diagram illustrating peritoneal dialysis showcases the connection between the bag of dialysis solution and the catheter entering the abdominal cavity, highlighting the peritoneum.

After a few hours, the solution, along with the accumulated waste, is drained from the belly into an empty bag. The used solution can be disposed of in a toilet or tub. The process is then repeated with a fresh bag of dialysis solution. Fresh solution exhibits a higher efficiency in waste absorption, but over time, its filtering ability decreases. Hence, the process of emptying the used solution and refilling the belly with fresh solution needs to be repeated four to six times daily, which is referred to as an exchange.

Exchanges can be performed during the day or at night using a machine that facilitates fluid pumping in and out. It is crucial to adhere to the prescribed exchange regimen for optimal outcomes. While dialysis can enhance well-being and prolong life, it does not serve as a cure for kidney failure.
The process of reassortment in biotechnology
**Reassortment** is mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals. 

There are several ways this happens. The term is used when two similar viruses infecting the same cell exchange genetic material. In particular, reassortment occurs among influenza viruses. Their genomes have eight segments of RNA. These segments act like mini-chromosomes: each time a flu virus is assembled, it needs one copy of each segment.

A single host (a human, a chicken, or other animal) may be infected by two different strains of the influenza virus. Then it is possible that new assembled viral particles will be made from segments whose origin is mixed, some coming from one strain and some coming from another. The new reassorted strain will share properties from both parental lineages.

Reassortment is responsible for some of the major changes in the history of the influenza virus. The 1957 and 1968 pandemic flu strains were caused by reassortment between an avian virus and a human virus. The H1N1 virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic has an unusual mix of swine, avian and human influenza genetic sequences.

There are other examples, but this is enough to indicate why reassortment causes such dangerous illness.

If any of a virus’s genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection). However when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), the infection may succeed due to reassortment of segments. Each of the eight genome segments may be present in at least one undamaged copy.
| The TCP/IP model (RFC 1122) |
| --- |
| Application Layer |
| * BGP
* DHCP
* DNS
* FTP
* Gopher
* GTP
* HTTP
* IMAP
* IRC
* NNTP
* NTP
* POP
* RIP
* RPC
* RTCP
* RTP
* RTSP
* SDP
* SIP
* SMTP
* SNMP
* SOAP
* SSH
* STUN
* Telnet
* TIME
* TLS/SSL
* XMPP
* (more)
 |
| Transport Layer |
| * TCP
* UDP
* DCCP
* SCTP
* RSVP
* ECN
* (more)
 |
| Internet Layer |
| * IP
	+ IPv4
	+ IPv6
* ICMP
* ICMPv6
* IGMP
* IPsec
* (more)
 |
| Link Layer |
| * ARP
* RARP
* NDP
* OSPF
* IS-IS
* SPB
* Tunnels
	+ L2TP
* Media Access Control
	+ Ethernet
	+ DSL
	+ ISDN
	+ FDDI
* Device Drivers
* (more)
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

The **Real-time Transport Protocol** (**RTP**) is a network protocol used to send audio and video over IP networks. RTP is used in communication and entertainment systems that use streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications, television services and web-based push-to-talk features.

RTP normally runs over User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is used with the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). While RTP carries the audio and video,, RTCP monitors transmission statistics and quality of service (QoS). RTP is one of the basic technologies in the use of Voice over IP. It is often used with a signaling protocol such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) which creates connections across the network.

RTP was developed by the Audio-Video Transport Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It was first published in 1996 as RFC 1889. It was replaced by RFC 3550 in 2003.
**Saves the Day** are a band who have played many genres of music during their career. They formed together in 1997, and have often changed their lineup, with singer Chris Conley being the only original member who is still in the band.

At first, Saves the Day was influenced heavily by melodic hardcore band Lifetime. At first, their songs had macabre lyrics and a lot of power chords. In 2001, they started to have more of a pop sound.

The band started to record a trilogy of albums in 2005. The first album, *Sound the Alarm* (2006), is more similar to the band's original sound than the band's previous albums. The second album, *Under the Boards*, was released in fall 2007 and mixed together many previous records' sounds. *Daybreak*, the concluding album in the trilogy, was released in 2011. They started recording it after a string of shows in late October 2008.

Albums
------

### Studio albums

* *Can't Slow Down* - 1998
* *Through Being Cool* - 1999
* *Stay What You Are* - 2001
* *In Reverie* - 2003
* *Sound the Alarm* - 2006
* *Under the Boards* - 2007
* *Daybreak* - 2011
Chopin in 1829
The **Piano Concerto in No. 1 in E Minor**, Op. 11 is a piano concerto by Frédéric Chopin.

History
-------

In 1829, Chopin wrote his first piano concerto, the Piano Concerto in F minor. He wrote the concerto in E minor soon after he performed the concerto in F minor. However, the concerto in E minor was published first. So, it is given the number one.

Chopin first performed the concerto on 11 October 1830. It was a part of his last concerts in Poland. He played the concerto again at his first concert in Paris.

Structure
---------

The concerto is written for solo piano two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, a trombone, timpani, and strings. It has three movements:

1. Allegro maestoso (E minor)
2. Romanze – Larghetto (E major)
3. Rondo – Vivace (E major)

Reception
---------

The concerto was liked by the audience. It was praised after its rehearsal on 22 September 1830. However, almost no reviews was published for the first performance. This was because of the censorship at the time.

Robert Schumann said that "Chopin introduces the spirit of Beethoven into the concert hall" with his piano concertos.

Other websites
--------------

* Piano Concerto No. 1 (Chopin): Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
	+ 2

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Poland

 |
| Other | 
* MusicBrainz work

 |
The **London Metal Exchange** (**LME**) is the world's largest market in metals. The activities are organised into categories.

The main categories are forward contracts, futures contracts and options on base metals. Forward contracts decide the price at a time in the future. Futures contracts set the price for delivery at a specific time, but is between parties not yet known to each other. Options are the right but not the obligation to buy or sell.

The Exchange also offers contracts on ferrous metal (iron(II) oxide) and precious metals. The LME also allows for cash trading. It offers hedging, an investment to avoid loss, worldwide reference pricing, and the option of physical delivery to settle contracts.

Select traders do go into a ring (of seats), and round the ring are a couple of dozen other traders. These days there are people on phones and many trades are done electronically. "Open-outcry" is the oldest method of dealing, and it is done along with all the modern methods. This qualified to deal in the ring are a select group of nine companies. About 100 other companies do trade at the LME.
**London Buses route 30** is a Transport for London managed bus route in London, England. It runs between Hackney Wick and Marble Arch station. It is run by Metroline.

Bomb incident
-------------

See the main article: 7 July 2005 London bombings
On 7 July 2005 at 09:47am, a Stagecoach London Dennis Trident 2 double-decker bus, fleet number 17758, registration LX03 BUF, was damaged a lot in a terrorist attack by Hasib Hussain, who took a bomb onto the bus and exploded it, killing 13 other people on the bus as well as himself. The explosion ripped the roof off the top deck of the bus and destroyed the back of the vehicle. The explosion took place close to the British Medical Association building in Tavistock Square. The bus was off line of route and on a different route than usual due to earlier multiple attacks on the London Underground system. The bus was replaced by the first Alexander Dennis Enviro400 produced, named *Spirit of London* as a tribute to the attacks.

Current route
-------------

Route 30 usually uses these primary locations:

* Hackney Wick *Trowbridge Road*
* South Hackney *Morning Lane*
* Hackney Central station London Overground
* Hackney Downs station London Overground National Rail
* Dalston Junction station London Overground
* Kingsland *High Street*
* Canonbury
* Highbury *Corner*
* Islington Town Hall
* Angel station London Underground
* King's Cross station London Underground National Rail
* St Pancras International London Underground National Rail
* Euston bus station London Buses for Euston station London Underground London Overground National Rail
* Euston Square station London Underground
* Great Portland Street station London Underground
* Regent's Park station London Underground
* Baker Street station London Underground
* Marble Arch station London Underground

In culture
----------

The #30 bus is mentioned in the song *Kiss Me Deadly*, by the pop music band Generation X, which was released in their album Generation X.
Polish military engineers at work in Pakistan
A **military engineer** uses his skills in construction to build many different structures for warfare. These different structures can be made for either offense or defense. Other jobs include building and taking apart minefields and bridges. In some cases an engineer may have to destroy something that he has built before. This may be to stop the enemy soldiers following them across the river for example. In many armies the military engineers are also called pioneers or sappers.

Today a military engineer that operates during battle is called a combat engineer.

Perhaps the first people who had a special force of military engineering specialists were the Roman army. Roman military engineering was very good in its time. They were able to build a double-wall of fortifications that was thirty miles (50 km) long in total (both walls together) to besiege a city in Gaul, in just six weeks.

The design, construction, and destroying of the works shown would be the task of a military engineer.

* Great Wall of China and watchtower (Ming Dynasty)Great Wall of China and watchtower (Ming Dynasty)
* Castle at Tarascon, FranceCastle at Tarascon, France
* Replica Trebuchet siege engineReplica Trebuchet siege engine
* Bourtange fortificationBourtange fortification
* Tarascon Castle moatTarascon Castle moat
* World War I trench works and shrapnel shelterWorld War I trench works and shrapnel shelter
* Landmines (modern)Landmines (modern)

Related pages
-------------

* Fortification
Conservated and restorated former Armée de l'Air's **Nord 2501 Noratlas** in 2009.
Conservated and restorated former Luftwaffe's **Noratlas**.
Armée de l'Air's **Noratlas** with paratroopers.
The **SNCAN N.2501 Noratlas** or simply **Noratlas** is a post-war military French transport aircraft designed and built by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord. It was use by several air forces like Armée de l'Air, Luftwaffe, and Israeli Air Force. It was built under licence in Germany. It's first flew in septembre 1949 and was introduced in 1953. France retired its last one in 1984.

Configuration
-------------

The **Noratlas** is a twin-boom, twin-engine aircraft. Built in metal it has a high wing, and twin-tail. It can carry 35 paratroopers, or 17 injured peoples on stretcher. On freighter configuration it can carry 7 900 kg for cargo missions. Cockpit is for 2 or 3 peoples : pilot, co-pilot, and sometimes navigator.

Some **Noratlas** were used like electronics warfare aircraft by French Air Force. In this kind, the *Gabriel* or *Grise* (grey in French) had got a crew of 8 or 9 peoples.

Users
-----

Militaries users includes :

* Angola
* Djibouti
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Nigeria
* Portugal
* Rwanda
* Uganda

Engagements
-----------

Armée de l'Air used **SNCAN N.2501 Noratlas** for the Algerian war for paratroopers operations, cargo transport, and sometimes search and rescue. In 1956 France and Israel used their Noratlas for Suez Canal crisis.

Similar aircraft
----------------

* Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy.
* Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar.
**Sir Malcolm Arnold** (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer. He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music. People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician. His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental. He could write music very quickly. His famous music for the movie *The Bridge on the River Kwai* was composed in ten days.

Life
----

In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob. He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet. By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember. He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica. Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: *English Dances* , *Scottish Dances*  and *Cornish Dances*. He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture *Tam O'Shanter* is very exciting. It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films. The most famous is *The Bridge on the River Kwai* (1957) for which he won an Oscar. He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous *Colonel Bogey March*. This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it. His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the *Colonel Bogey March*). Other movies for which he wrote music include *The Belles of St Trinian's* (1954), *The Inn of the Sixth Happiness* (1958) and *Whistle Down the Wind* (1961). 

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia. He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk. His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.
**Publishing mark** is a trademark of a publishing house or printing house (private or public) specializing that creating books and periodicals. 

The first printer's mark is found in the 1457 Mainz Psalter by Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer. The owner of a printing house in Venice chose a dolphin and an anchor as his publishing mark. The sign is based on the ancient paradox "Hurry slowly" (Latin Festina lente). The dolphin was a sign of speed, the anchor — stability. In addition, both symbols were on the image of port Venice, the capital of the Adriatic.

Previously, books had a material value. Protection was the sign of the ruler — a piece of paper with the name and surname of the ruler. The best artists of the day were involved in the creation of bookplates and trademarks. Only a limited number of collectors and bibliophiles knew the history of printing stamps.

Publishing stamps be close to bookplates, but they also have their own specifics. They have a different purpose. In bookplates — coats of arms, initials, images of architectural structures, individual sculptures that have long received the meaning of symbols, allegories and more
Different psychoactive drugs; counter-clockwise from top left: 1. cocaine
2. crack
3. Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
4. ephedrine
5. MDMA (Ecstasy -pill with the smile)
6. mescaline (green dried cactus flesh)
7. LSD (small plastic bag)
8. Psilocybin (dried mushroom)
9. Salvia divinorum ((large plastic bag)
10. Diphenhydramine (pink pill)
11. Amanita muscaria (red dried mushroom cap)
12. tylenol (contains codeine)
13. codeine
14. pipe tobacco (top)
15. Bupropion (brown pill)
16. cannabis (green, center)
17. hashish (brown rectangle)

A **psychoactive drug**, **psychopharmaceutical**, or **psychotropic** is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances. 

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a psychological and physical dependence (*"addiction"*). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse. 

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances used to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency. However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again. This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. *datura*) and dissociatives (e.g. *salvia divinorum*).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.
**SVG Reichenau** is a sportsclub from Reichenau, a suburb of Innsbruck, Tyrol. The football club is playing in the 4th Austrian league, the UPC Tirol Liga. Other departments are Taekwondo and different sparetime sports like cycling and skiing. The club was founded in 1976. The colours are red, white and black.

History
-------

The football team started in 1976 in the lowest class of Tyrol. After three championsships from 1983 till 1985 they were promoted into the higher classes. 1995 they reached the highest class in Tyrol, the Tiroler Liga. 1998 they were promoted to the Regionalliga West, the third division in Austrian football.

From 2002/03 till the season 2005/06 they played together with SV Aldrans. During this period they had the greatest success in the league. They reached the 3rd place in the 2004/05 season. From 2006/07 till 2009/10 they formed a team together with Union Innsbruck. The first team played in the Regionalliga West, the second team in Tyrols highest class. 2010 the union was dissolved. Today SVG Reichenau is playing in the UPC Tirol Liga, the highest class of Tyrolian football.

From 1976 on the football team played on the ground of SV Hall, in 1979 they got their first own ground, the ground was updated in 2010. From 2006 to 2008 Robert Wazinger, who played five matches for the Austrian football national team, played for Reichenau

Current squad
-------------

**Goalkeepers:**

* Hörtnagl Matthias
* Lindemayr Maurice
* Einwaller Ambros

**Defenders:**

* Einkemmer Daniel
* Mader Alexander
* Oberortner Hannes
* Saurer Fabian
* Stastny Andreas
* Waldy Michael

**Midfielders:**

* Duran Nail
* Lebeda Patrick
* Marasek Daniel
* Önder Nazli
* Steinkellner Patrick
* Thom Ricardo

**Strikers:**

* Happ Michael
* Lanziner Mario
* Lechner Florian
* Radi Kevin
**SWOT Analysis** is a tool to find out the **S**trengths, **W**eaknesses, **O**pportunities, and **T**hreats that are to be expected in a project or in a business venture or in something similar. It means that the situation (internal and external to the organization or individual) is looked at. It is one of the best tools to conduct the internal and external analysis for any company.

Internal and external factors
-----------------------------

Internal factors may include employment, finance, manufacturing opportunities, and all of the marketing mix's 4Ps.

External factors include macroeconomics, technological change, legislation, and sociocultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace.

Use
---

SWOT analysis can be used in any decision-making situation. SWOT analysis can be used:

* to build organizational or personal strategy;
* for matching and converting;
* allow organizations to achieve their goals;
* as a basis for the analysis of business and environmental factors;
* in marketing — analyzing competitors.

In community organizations
--------------------------

The SWOT analysis has been used in community work as a tool to identify positive and negative factors within organizations.

Although SWOT analysis is a part of the planning, it will not provide a strategic plan if used by itself, but a SWOT list can becomes a series of recommendations.

**Strengths and weaknesses** (*internal factors within an organization*):

* Human resources — staff, volunteers, board members, target population;
* Physical resources — your location, building, equipment;
* Financial — grants, funding agencies, other sources of income;
* Activities and processes — programs you run, systems you employ;
* Past experiences — building blocks for learning and success, your reputation in the community.

**Opportunities and threats** (*external factors from community or societal forces*):

* Future trends in your field or the culture;
* The economy — local, national, or international;
* Funding sources — foundations, donors, legislatures;
* Demographics — changes in the age, race, gender, culture of those you serve or in your area;
* The physical environment — is your building in a growing part of town? Is the bus company cutting routes?;
* Legislation — do new federal requirements make your job harder...or easier?;
* Local, national, or international events.
An example of a reaction mechanism with arrow pushing
A **reaction mechanism** is writing step by step how a chemical reaction works. Usually, only the overall change can be seen in a reaction. The things made in between react too quickly to be seen. These are called intermediates, and in going from one intermediate to another a transition state is crossed. However, it is important to understand all the steps that make the total change. This is because then one can understand more difficult reactions or try to make a reaction work in a certain way.

There are many type of reaction mechanisms. In organic chemistry, the more common ones are nucleophilic substitution, elimination and addition. People sometimes use arrow pushing to draw how electrons move around during a reaction. This makes it easy to see which bonds are formed and which are broken during the process.

| * v
* t
* e
Basic reaction mechanisms |
| --- |
| Nucleophilic substitution | Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) · Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) · Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) · Nucleophilic internal substitution (SNi) |
| Elimination reaction | Unimolecular elimination (E1) · E1cB elimination reaction · Bimolecular elimination (E2) |
| Addition reactions | Electrophilic addition · Nucleophilic addition · Free radical addition · Cycloaddition |
| Related topics | Elementary reaction · Molecularity · Stereochemistry · Catalysis · Collision theory · Solvent effects · Arrow pushing |
| Chemical kinetics | Rate equation · Rate-determining step |