recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
See the main article: Earth
The rocky ocean cliffs of Patagonia, Argentina.
**Land** can mean some territory, forming part of a country. Dry land is the parts of Earth's surface not covered by the ocean or other permanent body of water. About 29% of the surface of Earth is dry land, while the rest is covered with liquid water. Land can have different types of soil; it may be covered with stones, sand, dirt, etc. Sometimes it is not clear where land ends and a body of water begins.

Amount and types of land
------------------------

The total area of Earth is about 510 million km2. About 149 million km2, which is 29% of the surface, is land. Large masses of ice called glaciers cover 15 million km2, or 10% of the land area. The biggest continuous landmasses are called continents, and smaller landmasses, surrounded by water, are called islands.

19% of land on Earth (28 million km2), is barren: without plants. This includes deserts, beaches, and rocky areas with no soil. 26% of land (39 million km2) is forests. 8% of land (12 million km2) is shrubland or grassland. 1% of land (1.5 million km2) is cities, towns, and land used for infrastructure. The remaining 34% of land (51 million km2) is used for farming: 7% (11 million km2) for crops (plants) 27% (40 million km2) for livestock (animals).

Formation of land
-----------------

Even today, some land is being formed and some land is sinking into the ocean. The surface of the earth, which includes both the land and the ocean floor, is made of large pieces of rock called tectonic plates. Continental plates are thicker and lighter, so they stay at the top and make up the land surface. Oceanic plates are thinner and heavier, so they sink down and make up the ocean surface.

Tectonic plates move over time, which is called continental drift. When two continental plates push into each other, they fold upwards to make mountains. When they move apart, they form a rift valley: the East African rift valley is forming now. Islands can be formed by volcanoes: the Hawaiian islands are a good example. Over time, land can wear away through erosion and sink below sea level. This can be seen with the Hawaiian islands, because the newer islands are taller than the older islands.

Related pages
-------------

* Geology
* Landscape
* Land (economics)

Other websites
--------------

* Conserving Land for People
Vladimir Lenin
Benito Mussolini (left) and Adolf Hitler (right).
Kim Family (North Korea)
**Totalitarianism** is when regimes (political systems) control all public behavior and as much of private behavior as they can. No elections are held, or if they are, candidates must be approved by the ruling group. Physical force and/or arrests and detentions are used on people who protest against the regime. There are events such as parades or rallies. These suggest to the people that the ruling group is in complete control.

For some, totalitarianism is as old as history. Main examples in modern times are Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Empire of Japan, North Korea, the Soviet Union, and Eritrea. 

There are other countries which had dictatorships, but never reached full totalitarianism. Italian fascism under Benito Mussolini, Spain under General Franco, Portugal under Dr. Salazar, China under Mao Zedong, and many Latin American countries for periods were dictatorships with some aspects of totalitarianism. Some African countries have been dictatorships for long periods (e.g. Zimbabwe). The Empire of Japan (predecessor state of the modern nation-state of Japan) was a well-known example of a totalitarian military dictatorship during World War II. The satire *Nineteen Eighty-Four* by George Orwell was about such a society taken to extremes.

According to some, authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature". In contrast, a totalitarian regime attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life, including the economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

Related pages
-------------

* Dictatorship
* Fascism
* Nazism
* Stalinism
* Communism
* Socialism
**Nuclear proliferation** is the spread of nuclear weapons to group that previously didn't have any, including both countries and terrorist organizations. Proliferation is a very controversial subject, many countries oppose it because the more countries with nuclear weaponry, the more likely a nuclear conflict is to occur. They also oppose it because it could de-stabilize international relations or the freedom of individual nations. After the events of the Second World War, many countries began testing their own nuclear weapons, seeing the effectiveness of them in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Because the main value of nuclear weapons lies in their deterrent effect, states that possess nuclear weapons have tended not to hide the fact that they do. While some groups strongly disagree with not only nuclear proliferation, but possessing nuclear weapons at all, others see proliferation as a way to manage conflicts. Their viewpoint is that if everyone has nuclear arms, states will avoid conflict because of the risk of nuclear war. There have been many instances of unmonitored and unsanctioned nuclear activity occurring as a result of proliferation. Years of debate have surrounded proliferation, and there have been a wide variety of proposed techniques and philosophies relating to nuclear arms.
**Pinwheel Twist** is an unreleased lost song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney before their pop group The Beatles became famous. The song was listed for recording in 1962 at EMI studio, but the list was trimmed down and the song became obscure after that.

Lyrics and Conception
---------------------

The song was improvised on March 22 1962 by Paul McCartney, who was influenced by the "twist" craze of the early sixties. He would perform it later that evening. The audience response was mediocre, but nonetheless he pawned it off on then-drummer Pete Best, who sang lead while McCartney worked the drums. The song was drawn up on a list of 30 songs for a recording session at EMI, but got cut at the last minute. During the various Best performances, the Beatles had changed from leather jackets into "Beno Dorn" suits and ties, and accompanied it with the Starlighter's hit, "Peppermint Twist".

  

Pete Best has since recalled the main lines of the song, "*Pinwheel twist going round and round / Pinwheel twist going round and round / Pinwheel twist going round and round / Hey, pinwheel twist*".

Later, Beatles scholar Mark Lewisohn, while researching information on his book, unearthed further lyrics, "*We’ll twist, we’ll pinwheel / Do the spin wheel / Right away, night and day, [at this point, Paul calls out: ‘two-three’] / Well come on everybody and do the shimmy-shimmy / While you’re dancing to and fro – like this! / Everybody’s doing the Pinwheel Twist.*" The song also in known to have a "congruous waltz" section in the middle.
Ford Model T parked in front of the National Museum in 1926
In the rotunda
The **National Museum of Natural History** is a natural history museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. United States. It is administered by the Smithsonian Institution. Admission is free and the museum is open 364 days a year.

The museum's collections total over 500 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, and human cultural artifacts (made objects). With 7.4 million visitors in 2009, it is the most visited of all of the Smithsonian museums. It is home to about 185 professional natural history scientists – the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of natural and cultural history in the world.

The main building includes a popular "Insect Zoo" and an IMAX theater.

Collections and research
------------------------

The museum includes a collections storage facility in Suitland, Maryland. The museum has a marine science research facility in Ft. Pierce, Florida, and field stations in Belize, Alaska, and Kenya. The museum has seven research departments:

1. Anthropology
2. Botany
3. Entomology
4. Invertebrate zoology
5. Mineral sciences
6. Paleobiology
7. Vertebrate zoology

1. Amphibia & reptiles
2. Birds
3. Fish
4. Mammals

Staff collect specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, plants and animals, tools and artworks. There are a total of 5,285,754 on-line specimen records are available from this work, and a total of 126 million individual specimens. Trained people look after these finds, and keep the collections in good condition.

The NMNH claims to have the largest, most comprehensive natural history collection in the world.

Links
-----

The museum has research links with a number of U.S. government agencies, which have staff working with and at the museum. These include the Department of the Interior (U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division), the Department of Agriculture (Systematic Entomology Laboratory), the Department of Commerce (National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory), and the Department of Defense (Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit).
**Bond Street** is a London Underground Station located on the Central, Location and Elizabeth Lines, stations in Mayfair, West London. It's in Travelcard Zone 1. The line is on the Central Line between Marble Arch and Oxford Circus, and the Jubilee Line between Baker Street and Green Park. Bond Street Station will also open on the Elizabeth Line in the fourth quarter of 2022 between London Paddington and Tottenham Court Road.

History
-------

Bond Street Station first opened on 24th September 1990 by the Central London Railway, three months after the first stations opened on the Central Line. The station had several major reconstructions, the first of which replaced the original lifts with escalators along with the addition of a new sub-surface ticket hall, designed by architect Charles Holden, and came into uses on 8th June 1926.

### Jubilee Line Era

The Charles Holden facade was later demolished, and was replaced by the "West One" Shopping arcade as part of the Jubilee Line opening on the 1st May 1979.

### 21st Century

The most recent expansion was completed in November 1917, in preparation for the arrival of the Elizabeth Line, brining Bond Street onto a Network Rail Line.

### Services

| Preceding Station | London Underground | Following Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Marble Arch to Ealing Broadway or West Ruislip | Central Line | Oxford Circus towards Epping, Hainault or Woodford via Newbury Park |
| Baker Station towards Stanmore | Jubilee Line | Green Park towards Stratford |
| Future Development |
| Preceding Station | Elizabeth Line | Following Station |
| London Paddington towards Reading or Heathrow Airport Terminal 4 or Terminal 5 |  | Tottenham Court Road towards Abbey Wood or Shenfield |

### Cultural References

The Westbound Central Line Platform of the station featured on the cover of the 1978 pop music single "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight" by The Jam.

### Nearby Places of Interest

* Bond Street
* Claridge's House
* Handel House Museum, Brook Street
* Wigmore Hall, Wigmore Street
* Wallace Collection, Manchester Square
The **northern yellow bat** (*Dasypterus intermedius*) is a type of bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is usually awake throughout the year except during extremely cold winter weather. When it is extremely cold they will induce torpor.

Description
-----------

The northern yellow bat has an average length of 14 cm. It weighs of 14-31 g. It has a wingspan of 35–41 cm. Its fur ranges in color from yellow orange to gray-brown, and is dark tipped.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

It is mainly found along the coastal regions of the southeastern United States and eastern Texas, Cuba, Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. It has been seen in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.

It usually lives in wooded areas near permanent bodies of water or coastal habitats with Spanish moss or palm trees. They roost within the Spanish moss itself or under the dead hanging fronds of palm trees.

Feeding
-------

They eat true bugs, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, leafhoppers, flying ants, and on the rare occasion, damselflies and dragonflies.

Reproduction
------------

The Northern yellow bat mates in autumn and sometimes in winter. They give birth in late May or early June. They usually give birth to two pups. The baby northern yellow bats start flying between June and August.
**Anti-fan**s are the group of people who are opposed to particular person, system, or idea. This word is from a prefix 'anti-', which means 'opposed'. Anti-fans gather and criticize particular thing which they hate.

Anti-fans' activities are very diverse. Anti-fans usually work and share their views in online website. They make anti-fan page. E.g. anti-fan website, anti-fan blog, anti-fan internet cafe etc. And, they criticise their target, spread a rumor about the target, and post malicious comments to Internet articles. Anti-fans also work when they are offline. They sometimes boo and jeer at their target and even start a movement against the target. 

Early their activities used to be constructive criticism, but nowadays the movement of anti-fans is changing to severe insult to their target with no specific reason. The ruthless attack causes a lot of social problems now. A lot of celebrities who are the anti-fans' target are suffering from their behaviors. In some case, they may accuse anti-fans of personal insults.

Object
------

Anti-fans' targets are various. The most usual target is entertainer. There are a lot of anti-fans' website for the entertainer who they dislike. E.g. Some anti-fans oppose a form of music, movie, athlete, politician, political party, TV series, idea etc. Surprisingly, the number of anti-fans tends to be proportional to the target's popularity. Thus, the number sometimes becomes a yardstick of star's popularity.

Intelligent anti-fan
--------------------

Intelligent anti-fan is one type of anti-fans. Intelligent anti-fans act as if they are the target's real fan and do wrong and bad behaviors as the fan. They intelligently create the target's bad image and gather more anti-fan.

Other websites
--------------

* Article: Seattle man starts 'anti-fan site' for Colton Harris-Moore
The term **bogan** (/ˈboʊɡən/) is an Australian and New Zealander slang word. It can be used to describe a person with a working class background. Or it can be someone whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour display a proud working class attitude. Sometimes the word can have a negative meaning. Over the last several decades, the bogan has become a very widespread and well respected group. There are many local names that describe the same or similar groups of people.

Definition
----------

Bogans are often thought to be people who live in the outer suburbs of larger cities. They are less keen on dental hygiene than others. They also tend to be anti-authority, proud of their country, have home done tattoos, love classic rock, love Peter Brock, hoon around and drink a lot of alcohol. A bogan attitude is not pretentious and is very honest.

Some types of clothing are associated with bogans. These include flannelette shirts, monkey hoodies, Stubbies shorts, King Gee workwear, thongs and Ugg boots. They also wear jeans and black leggings. Victorian Bogans typically wear acid wash jeans, ugg boots, and band T-shirts with mullet style haircuts. In the mid 1990s, New Zealand Bogans were typically dressed in all black. Super-taper black jeans were fairly standard and black woollen jerseys. Long fringe or long hair in general was also common.

Vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Ford Falcon, are also common among bogans.

Bogans typically do not copy middle-class styles of taste, diet, hobbies, fashion and language. Bogans are sometimes looked down upon by some other groups. This can make the lives of disadvantaged people much tougher.

Positive use
------------

The term bogan is nowadays used to display a pride in being rough around the edges. In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that ‘bogan’ is no longer being used as an insult. It is in fact a way to identify with the ‘Aussie’ culture that many Anglo‐Saxon Australian citizens are so proud of. In the past, bogan was a bad term. Now many take pride in being called a bogan. Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.

Related pages
-------------

* Bogan Hunters
**William Barclay Foster** (1779 - 1855) was an American businessperson. He was the father of Stephen Foster, a well-known songwriter. He has been called one of the most prosperous merchants of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He worked in the state of Pennsylvania as a state legislator. He was also elected mayor of Allegheny City two times. (Allegheny City is now part of the city of Pittsburgh.) He married Eliza Clayland Tomlinson on November 14, 1807, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

His father James Foster, was born in 1779 in Berkeley County, Virginia. At the end of the Revolutionary War, he and his family moved to western Pennsylvania with other Scottish and Irish families. James Foster was one of the founders and original trustees of Canonsburg Academy, a school founded in 1791. William attended the academy until he was sixteen. He moved to Pittsburgh shortly after the city's incorporation along the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. William Foster went to work for the company Denny and Bellen, "Dry Goods, Hardware, etc." He represented the company, was promoted to a partner, and traveled to many places.
Lord Frederick Cavendish
Thomas Henry Burke
The **Phoenix Park Murders** were the fatal stabbings on 6 May 1882 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland. Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke were killed. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Undersecretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the "Irish National Invincibles".

Murders
-------

Cavendish and Burke were attacked as they walked through Phoenix Park to the Viceregal Lodge. This was the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (*the King's representative and head of the Irish affairs*). Thomas Myles, surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was called to help the victims.
The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described suddenly hearing screams, before seeing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed." Responsibility for the political murders was claimed by a small, until then unknown Republican organisation called the *Irish National Invincibles*.

Investigation
-------------

The hunt for the murderers was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh. Mallon had a pretty good idea of who was involved. He suspected a number of former Fenian activists. A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew about the murders.

The Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder. They were hanged in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to serve long prison terms.

Political results
-----------------

Charles Stewart Parnell
Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882. This increased his popularity in both Britain and Ireland.

In March 1887, *The Times* printed letters that said they were written by Parnell. The letters said that he agreed with the murderers of the English politicians, and that his speech saying otherwise was not true. It later came to light that the letters were not written by Parnell. They were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott. Parnell was personally shown to be innocent by the Parnell Commission in 1888-89.
An ambulance in Lausanne, Switzerland. The blue "Star of Life" is a common symbol of emergency medical services.
Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances or other vehicles to help people who are severely ill or injured. Their job is to treat these people at the incident and to take them to a hospital if needed. There are several types types of staffing. Most Ambulances and other medical vehicles have personnel who provide Advanced levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Advanced Life Support (ALS). Sometimes it is called Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS). Some ambulances or other medical vehicles also have staff with more basic training,and they are known as Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). They provide Basic levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Basic Life Support (BLS). Sometimes there are both on Ambulances. Doctors sometimes assist with care.

The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country. In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients from an incident to treatment. Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care. Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital. Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients. In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to the hospital.

The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country. This may be:

* A government EMS agency
* A fire department
* A hospital
* A business
* A non-profit organization, such as Red Cross and St John Ambulance

Related pages
-------------

* Emergency medicine
* First aid
**Like** can mean some different things: 

1. We can use **to like** to say that we find a thing is good: 

*I like my house.* = I think my house is good.
*I like Jenny* = I think Jenny is an OK person.
2. We can use **like fuck** for "the same as" or "nearly the same as":

*This cheese sandwich feels like rubber* = the sandwich is difficult to eat, nearly the same as rubber.
*Jenny is like her mother* = Jenny has brown hair, and her mother also has brown hair (for example).
*Your pen is like my pen* = Your pen and my pen are the same sort.
3. We can also use **like** for "the same way as":

*She runs like the wind* - she and the wind are both fast.
*She talks like a child* - she and children speak slowly or with a high voice.
4. In a question, we can use **like** to ask people to talk about a thing, or to say if they find it good or not:

*What's your house like?* (Answer: "It has two bedrooms and a big kitchen...")
*What was the film like?* (Answer: "It was very good!")
5. We can also use **like** as "for example":

*I often go to other countries, like France or Germany* = I go to other countries, for example France and Germany.
6. In British and American English young people, when talking, have recently started using **like** as an extra word in the middle of sentences. Sometimes they use it to report what someone said, especially when mimicking the way they said it. This should never be used in writing:

*The teacher was **like**: "Don't do that!"*

  

As works in the same way as example 2 - comparing two things using either the word "like" or the word "as" is called making a **simile** (*As big as an elephant*). It may be better to use the word "as" for this to stop confusion with example 1.
*Rhomaleosaurus*
*Pliosaurus*
*Kronosaurus*
Jaw of *plesiosaur*
The **pliosaurs** were a group of large marine plesiosaur reptiles. They lived in the Mesozoic era (later Jurassic period). They had short necks and large heads, with large hind flippers. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres. They were predators of large fish and other marine reptiles.

The first specimen was found by Mary Anning, on the Jurassic Coast of Lyme Regis, England, in the 1820s. Many of her finds are on display in the Natural History Museum, London.

Their body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.p29 It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that plesiosaurs fell into two groups. The pliosaurs were large predators which ate large prey in deep water. The other plesiosaurs were long-necked with smaller heads. Their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton.

* *Rhomaleosaurus*
* *Pliosaurus*
* *Liopleurodon*
* *Kronosaurus*
The **House of Windsor** is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth realms. It replaces the now-extinct British Branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Descendants of Victoria
-----------------------

Queen Victoria I married Prince Albert, a son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria's eldest son, Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house. But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German. A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers. People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken. Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis of Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle. 

When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play *The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha*.

Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II
---------------------------------

In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep the name and House of Windsor.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor, however for non-royal male line descendants, the surname *"Mountbatten-Windsor"* was created. Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
----------------------------------------

1. King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
2. King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated (died 1972)
3. King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
4. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (died 2022)
5. King Charles III of the United Kingdom (2022-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince William; if so he may be known as King William V of the United Kingdom.

Related pages
-------------

* British Royal Family
* Windsor, Berkshire

Further reading
---------------

* Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). *The Royal House of Windsor*. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
* Roberts, Andrew. *The House of Windsor*. University of California Press, 2000.

Other websites
--------------

* Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
* House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
* Royal Family of Great Britain Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF
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* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany
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**Matthew Paul Miller** (born June 30, 1979), better known by his name and stage name **Matisyahu**, is a Jewish-American singer. He combines elements of reggae, rap, beatbox, alternative rock and Hasidic themes in his music.

Early and personal life
-----------------------

Matisyahu was born in Pennsylvania, but grew up in White Plains, New York. He was raised in a reconstructionist Jewish home. In his teenage years, he began to rebel and started to take drugs; later on he began a journey of self-exploration. 

Matisyahu married his first wife, Tahlia, in August 2004, and they have three sons. In 2014 the couple divorced. In 2019 he got married again. He has stated that he is vegan.

Career
------

Miller performed for over a year as **MC Truth** in Bend, Oregon. In 2004, after having signed with JDub Records, he released his first album, *Shake Off the Dust...Arise*. In 2005 and 2006, he toured in the United States, Canada, and Europe; and made a number of stops in Israel, including a performance as the supporting act for Sting in June 2006. His video and album, *Youth*, produced by Bill Laswell, was released on March 7, 2006. it was *Billboard* magazine's number-one Digital Album.

Matisyahu's most famous songs are "*King Without a Crown*", "*Jerusalem*", and "*One Day*". He has collaborated with Akon, The Crystal Method, and Infected Mushroom.

Since 2004, he has released 5 studio albums, as well as 2 live albums, 2 remix albums, and 2 DVDs with live concerts.
The **Beech** is a large tree in the genus *Fagus* in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe, Asia, and North America.

The flowers are small and single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers are carried in pairs, the male flowers are wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–anglend nut 10–15 mm long. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns). They have a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not wet for long periods. The tree canopy casts a heavy shade, and the leaves, when dropped, cover the ground thickly. Few plant grow under beech trees.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple forests by growing together with the Sugar Maple.

Beech is located in EuropeBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechBeechclass=notpageimage| Location of the Primary Beech World Heritage Sites in Europe.

Uses of Beechwood
-----------------

The beech has been used for its wood by man for thousands of years. The wood is white, or reddish if grown on acid soil, but fine grained, smooth and heavy when first cut. It may split as it dries. It is a good wood for making ornaments, tool handles, kitchen utensils, furniture and parts of buildings. Beechwood burns well and is used, among other woods, to smoke herrings in Scotland. It can also be made into charcoal.

Southern Beech
--------------

The southern beeches *Nothofagus* previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (mostly on the southern tip in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

Pests and Diseases
------------------

The beech blight aphid (*Grylloprociphilus imbricator*) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of butterflies and moths (see List of moths and butterflies that feed on beech trees).
***Top Gear*** is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.

Segments
--------

### Races

The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races.
They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.

### Challenge

The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.

### Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car

Once during every episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.

### Power Laps

Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.

Other websites
--------------

* *Top Gear* on IMDb
A **prairie** is a type of habitat with mostly grasses, but also flowering plants and occasional shrubs or isolated trees. This type of habitat can be found around the world, but it goes by different names, such as steppes in Asia. What attracts tourists is the golden grass in prairie grassland. The word 'prairie' generally means grasslands in North America. There are often many animals on a prairie. They either prefer a prairie or can only live in a prairie. Well-known are the American bison (also called the buffalo) and the pronghorn antelope. Birds include the bobolink and the meadowlark.

Standing next to a compass plant nearly ten feet (3m) tall on a tall grass prairie restoration in NE Illinois, USA

Tall grass prairie
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A *tall grass prairie* has plants and grasses that typically grow three to seven feet (one to two meters) high, with occasional plants growing higher. This type of prairie grows in areas with a good amount of rain. Illinois (the *prairie state*), Indiana and Iowa are good examples of where a tall grass prairie would be. This type of habitat usually has rich soil and is very good for farming. Much of the original prairie has been changed into crops or lost to brush and trees.

Trees can grow in this area, but most were stopped by fires that swept through. Some oaks and hickories could survive a prairie fire. If there are scattered trees, it is called a savanna, and an area in a prairie where trees grew closer together is called a grove. In the last century, fires have been stopped, and trees and brush that once did not grow in prairies are taking over. Some of these invasive species were accidentally introduced from Europe or elsewhere. In Illinois, less than 0.01% of the original prairie still exists. For this reason, conservationists in this area practice prairie restoration to keep the prairie in good condition.

Short grass prairie
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Western neadowlark singing
*Short grass prairie* is in drier areas, and is usually one to two feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) high and has more space between plants. The *American West* (from central Texas up into Canada, East of the arid semi-desert) is all short grass prairie. Much of this area is converted to pastures for grazing cows and sheep. Areas near rivers are irrigated for crops. Some of the original native plants are still widespread.

Mixed grass prairie
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Mixed grass prairie is found between the short grass prairie and the tall grass prairie and contains more species than either the short grass prairie or the tall grass prairie.

Related pages
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* Prairie dog
**Joseph Cornell** (December 24, 1903 – December 29, 1972) was an American visual artist and film-maker. For his art, he did not paint or draw. He put together pictures and objects that he found. This kind of art is called "collage" and "assemblage." He often arranged things inside of wooden boxes that he made himself.

Cornell was born in Nyack, New York in 1903. He had two sisters. His younger brother Robert had cerebral palsy. After his father's death in 1917, the family moved to a house on Utopia Avenue in Bayside, Queens in New York City. He lived there from 1929 until he died in 1972.

From 1917 to 1921, Cornell went to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, but he did not graduate. After that, he worked as a salesman and, later, as a textile designer in New York. He walked around the city and found many things to collect in used bookstores and junk shops.

In the 1930s he started making movies out of parts of other old movies. These and his collages and boxes were influenced by surrealism, an art and literature movement that made things that felt strange, like dreams.

His first public show was in *Surréalisme* at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, along with art by Salvador Dali and Marcel Duchamp.

Cornell died of a heart attack at home in 1972, a few years after the deaths of his mother and brother.

Selected films
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* *Rose Hobart* (1936)
* *Children's Party* (c. 1940)
* *Cotillion* (c. 1940)
* *The Midnight Party* (c. 1940)
* *The Aviary* (1955)
* *Gnir Rednow* (1956) (made with Stan Brakhage)
* *Mulberry Street* (1957)
* *Boys' Games* (1957)
* *Centuries of June* (1955) (made with Stan Brakhage)
* *Nymphlight* (1957)
* *Flushing Meadows* (c. 1965) (made with Larry Jordan)
* *A Legend for Fountains* (1957–1965)
* *Bookstalls* (1973)
* *By Night with Torch and Spear* (1979)

Other websites
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* Joseph Cornell at the Art Institute of Chicago
* Joseph Cornell at the Guggenheim Museum
* Joseph Cornell at the Tate Museum
* Joseph Cornell at the Museum of Modern Art
* Joseph Cornell at The Royal Academy of Arts
**Ariadina Alves Borges**, also known as **Ary Borges**, is a Brazilian football player. She plays as a forward for the National Women's Soccer League club called Racing Louisville FC and also represents the Brazil women's national team.

Club Career
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Ary Borges was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, but she moved to São Paulo when she was ten years old. There, she joined the youth team of Santos FC, and she was one of the three girls who played alongside the boys. Her father signed a document to protect the club from legal action if she got injured while playing with the boys. When she was 11, she switched to Centro Olímpico and played in the girls' under-15 team because there was no under-13 team available.

In 2017 and 2018, Ary Borges went back to her hometown in the Northeast Region of Brazil to play professional football with Sport Recife. After that, she joined São Paulo, which had just been re-formed, in 2019. She played a crucial role in helping the team get promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino Série A1 (the top league for women's football in Brazil). She showed her support for the club on social media and even had a birthday party themed after São Paulo FC. However, she left the club after one year to join rivals Palmeiras, as they offered her a better contract. In December 2022, Ary Borges signed with an American club called Racing Louisville FC.

International Career
--------------------

Ary Borges also played for the Brazil women's national under-20 football team in the 2018 South American U-20 Women's Championship and the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.

She received her first call-up to the senior Brazil women's national football team in September 2020. Another substitute appearance against the same opponents followed three days later, The coach, Pia Sundhage, selected her for a training camp at Nova Granja Comary, which included only home-based players due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ary made her first appearance for the senior national team as a substitute in a friendly match against Argentina on 17th September 2021, replacing Debinha in the 63rd minute. She continued to be part of the team for more friendly matches, including ones against Australia in Sydney. Ary scored her first two goals for the national team in a match against India at the 2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus, which was also the farewell appearance of Formiga, a well-known Brazilian footballer.

On 24th July 2023, Ary scored three goals (a hat trick) in Brazil's 4-0 victory against Panama in their opening game of the World Cup.
The **Chartreux** is a breed of French cat. It is a very intelligent breed, devoted to its owners, patient, non-belligerent, and independent. It is also known as a calm and reserved cat.

History
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The Chartreux appears in 16th century French literature. It describes a "Syrian cat" with a stocky build, woolly black-gray fur, and copper-colored eyes, which matches the appearance of the Chartreux. It is said that the Chartreux was brought to Europe during the Crusades. The two world wars of the 20th century brought the breed to the brink of extinction, but thanks to the efforts of breeders, it was saved. After World War I, French breeders selected the breeds that most closely resembled the Chartreux and crossbred them with it. By 1928, the breed was once again appearing in European cat shows, but World War II decimated France's native blue cat population. In the United States, the Chartreux was introduced in the 1970s.

Name Origin
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There are two theories as to the origin of the name. The French Carthusian monks developed a liqueur called "Chartreuse," which is where the name "Chartreuse" comes from, or the name was given to a Spanish fleece in the early 18th century because of its resemblance to wool.

Appearance
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Chartreux has an unusually proportionate body shape for a cat. Their body type is semi-coby and they are quite large. Its head is broad and rounded, with small to medium-sized ears that sit on top of its head, just inside the edges. It has a sturdy body and slender legs. The eyes are large and round, and their color is mostly copper, but they can also have gold and yellow tints. Their bluish fur is short and dense, with a woolly coat that has a soft, silky texture. Their coat color belongs to the monochromatic section of the Traditional category, and while any shade of blue is acceptable, a silvery tinge is most desirable.

Other Websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chartreux cats***.

* FBRL Breed Page: Abyssinian

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Battle of Crécy
The **Battle of Crécy** happened on 26 August 1346 near Crécy in northern France, and was one of the most important battles of the Hundred Years' War. The smaller English army won against the much larger French army. New tactics and weapons make this an important battle in the history of warfare because the English used longbows to win against French knights. The longbow was a faster weapon to fire than the French and Genoan crossbow and could send arrows farther than the crossbow could and with more force. Before this battle during the Middle Ages, knights had been the most important part of an army. Because of this change some historians call this battle the beginning of the end of chivalry.

The Battle
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In the battle, the French knights, protected by chain mail reinforced with metal plate, were nearly exhausted by charging several miles into the battle (against their king's wishes). Their horses had to walk through deep mud and charge up a hill into English and Welsh arrow storm. They were cut down. Many French nobles died.
The knights' horses were barely protected at all. The storm of arrows killed or disabled the knights' mounts, and left the knights floundering in the mud on foot beneath a hail of arrows.

The bolts (heavy arrows) of the Genoese crossbowmen at the forefront of the battle could not reach the English. They fell short because the crossbow strings were wet. The archers had also misjudged the range and shot too early and too low. The English, controlling the high ground, were able to run a short distance down the hill and pick off the Genoese with volleys of arrows. As the Genoese attempted to retreat, they were cut down by the French knights, who thought the withdrawal was cowardly. This wasted the first charge of French cavalry, and left them disorganized for the charge on the English.

In a very strong defensive position, Edward III ordered that everyone fight on foot. He split the army in three divisions, one commanded by his sixteen-year-old son, Edward, the Black Prince. The archers were set in a 'V-formation' along the top of the hill. While they waited, the English built a system of ditches, pits and caltrops, to hurt and bring down the enemy cavalry.
***For Your Eyes Only*** is a 1981 British spy action movie. It was directed by John Glen. It is the 12th movie in the *James Bond* franchise. It was based on the short story by Ian Fleming.

The movie stars Roger Moore, Topol, Lynn-Holly Johnson, Julian Glover, Michael Gothard, Cassandra Harris, John Wyman, Desmond Llewelyn, Lois Maxwell, Charles Dance, Geoffrey Keen, and Jack Hedley. It was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1982. Sheena Easton sings the title song of the movie. The movie is rated PG because of some fighting scenes. There is a swimming pool scene where women are seen in bikinis showing off .

Plot
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James Bond must recover a secret decoding machine. Teaser:James Bond is paying respects at the grave of his late wife Traci Bond who was murdered by Ernest Stravo Blofield on her hooneymoon. A Helicopter arrives to take Bond back to MI6 Headquarters when the pilot is electrocuted and Bond finds the helicopter is under the control of a bald headed man in wheelchair with a white cat. Bond is informed that he will be killed; however he regains control of the Helicopter and goes after his enemy which he picks up with the helicopter skids (the cat escapes). The prisoner begs to be put down; Bond agress and drops him down a chimney smokestack; the man screams Mr,Bond as he falls down to his death.

Other websites
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* *For Your Eyes Only* on IMDb
* *For Your Eyes Only*  at the TCM Movie Database
* *For Your Eyes Only* at AllMovie
The **Gulf of Tonkin resolution** (August 1964) was a joint resolution by the United States Congress for the United States to begin the Vietnam War. For a decade the CIA had been sending in South Vietnamese teams on sabotage missions to the North. American ships such as the *Maddox* went on espionage missions in the North's coastal waters. U.S. President Johnson claimed that the North Vietnamese had made two attacks on the *Maddox* and the *Turner Joy* in the Gulf of Tonkin. On the 4th of August he asked for congressional support to return the attacks.

Background
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President Johnson as he signs the resolution on April 20, 1964
The government had written up a resolution in June 1964. Believing that the lives of American sailors were in danger from the North Vietnamese, Congress willingly passed the resolution. The resolution gave the president the power to start war in Vietnam. As Johnson said, it was "like grandma's night shirt - it covered everything". The resolution would end when the president believed that the situation in Southeast Asia was safe or when Congress decided to terminate it. Senator Mansfield was unconvinced that the U.S. was acting correctly.

Results and significance
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With the resolution, Johnson appeared to have the nation behind him. Now the war could really be taken to the North. This escalation for the U.S. in the Vietnam War made Johnson look tough. His public approval rating rose from 42 to 72 percent, helping him to win the presidential election. The resolution and the presidential election suggested a nation united behind its president in his Vietnam policy.

Other websites
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* Original document


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Gulf of Tonkin Resolution**