recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Bullet cluster: X-ray photo by Chandra X-ray Observatory
The **Bullet cluster** (**1E 0657-558**) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies. Strictly speaking, the name *Bullet cluster* refers to the smaller subcluster, moving away from the larger one. It is at a co-moving radial distance of 1.141 x 109 parsecs (3.7 billion light-years).

Gravitational lensing studies of the Bullet cluster are claimed to provide the best evidence to date for the existence of dark matter. However, this interpretation of the gravitational lensing results is disputed. Observations of other galaxy cluster collisions, such as MACS J0025.4-1222, are similarly claimed to support the existence of dark matter.

Mordehai Milgrom, the original proposer of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), has posted on-line a rebuttal of claims that the Bullet Cluster proves the existence of dark matter. Milgrom claims that MOND correctly accounts for the dynamics of galaxies outside of galaxy clusters, and even in clusters such as the Bullet Cluster it removes the need for most dark matter, leaving only a factor of two which Milgrom expects to be simply unseen ordinary matter (non-luminous baryonic matter) rather than cold dark matter. Without MOND, or some similar theory, the matter discrepancy in galaxy clusters is a factor of 10, i.e. MOND reduces this discrepancy five-fold to a factor of 2.
Signatories to the Buenos Aires Convention are indicated in blue
The **Buenos Aires Convention** (or **Convention on Literary and Artistic Copyright**) is an international copyright treaty. It was signed at Buenos Aires on 11 August 1910. The countries which signed it agreed to respect the copyrights of the other countries. For a document to be covered by this convention, its copyright statement must use the proper wording. Often, the phrase "All rights reserved" (Spanish: *Todos los derechos reservados*, Portuguese: *Todos os direitos reservados*) was used. However, the United States only required the name of the writer and the year that the work was published.

The following countries signed the Buenos Aires Convention:

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Buenos Aires Convention**

* Text of the Convention Archived 2006-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
**Monophysitism** is an idea about the nature of Jesus Christ - that Christ has only one nature, the divine one.

There are two main doctrines that can be called **Monophysite** (English pronunciation: /məˈnɒfəs~~ɪ~~t/):

Eutychianism
------------

**Eutychianism** says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single nature, and his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".

Apollinarism
------------

**Apollinarism**, or **Apollinarianism**, says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the *nous*, or "thinking principle". That is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind today.

Opposition
----------

After Nestorianism, which was taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new ideas. Monophysitism and Eutycheism were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. 

Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches but was widely accepted in Syria, the Levant, and Egypt. That caused many tensions in the early days of the Byzantine Empire.

Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it was also rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod though it had at times the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I. Some thought that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute that by stating that it has never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.

Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but those churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.
Binda
**Binda** is a village in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire.

It is about 261 km south-west of Sydney and 19 km north of Crookwell. Other near-by towns or locations are:

* Crooked Corner
* Peelwood
* Redground
* Wheeo
* Narrawa North

In 2006, the population of Binda was 131 people.

History
-------

The word Binda is thought to be from the Gandangara Aboriginal word for deep water.

The first Europeans in the Binda area were the explorers James Meehan and John Oxley in 1820. People began living in the area in the 1840s. Police were based at Binda in 1840 to protect local farmers from bushrangers. The town was begun in 1851. Blocks of land in the town were made ready for sale in 1852. It was the first town in the area to have a school, post office, police station and a courthouse. At Funny Hill, a sheep farm, a racing track for horses was made and the Binda Picnic Races began in 1848.

On Boxing Day, December 26, 1864, the bushrangers Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town with 3 local girls. They robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Hall set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down.
**Billy Wara** (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.

Life
----

Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book *The People In Between* (1968).

When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.

Artwork
-------

Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures (**puṉu** in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.

His depictions of the perentie are taken from his *Tjukurpa*, a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the *Wati Ngiṉṯaka* and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The *Wati Ngiṉṯaka Tjukurpa* forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of *Tjukurpa* is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that *Wati Ngiṉṯaka* fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.

Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.
**Manchukuo** was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was first a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had little international recognition and was under the *de facto* control of Japan. Japan also took Inner Mongolia in 1936 and renamed it Mengjiang in 1936.

Manchuria was the place of the Manchus, including the kings of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria after the Mukden Incident. A pro-Japanese government was created one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was removed in 1945 at the end of World War II. The Soviet Union invaded in August 1945, and formally transferred the territory to Chinese administration in the following year. 

Although the territories came under the jurisdiction of the Nationalist government, the brief Soviet occupation helped make the region a base for the Chinese Communist troops led by Mao Zedong. The People's Liberation Army got Japanese equipment and a strategic advantage against the National Revolutionary Army led by Chiang Kai-shek.

Manchus were a minority in Manchukuo: the largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The number of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory. 

Manchukuo had a Japanese death camp called Unit 731 where up to half a million died from medical experiments and other causes. This is similar to the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz in Nazi-occupied Poland. 

In August 1945 Stalin invaded Manchukuo as well as Mengjiang and North Korea. America got South Korea, so the two large countries split Korea in half. Stalin controlled Manchuria until 1946. In the same year, 1946, Stalin helped Mao Zedong in the Second Chinese Civil War (1946–1949).

Names of Machukuo
-----------------

Manchukuo means Manchuria in Japanese 満州国 ; manchukoku. The Mongolians called it (Mongolian : Манеж-Го : Manjugo) the Russians called it (Russian : Маньчжоу-Го : Man’chzhou-Go) the Chinese called it (Chinese : 满洲国 : mǎnzhōuguó) the Koreans called it (Korean : 만주국 : Manjugug).
Senator Bernie Sanders talking with his supporters at a high school in Des Moines, Iowa, January 2016
**Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash** is a Facebook group where members can share and discuss Internet memes relating to Bernie Sanders, an American politician and junior United States senator from Vermont. Sanders was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. The page has been thought to have boosted Sanders' popularity among millennials more than Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump.

As of October 18, 2019[update], the group had about  394,448 members. The content of Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash is user submitted. Members of the group create posts as commentary for Sanders and his presidential campaign. Many of the posts edit the politician into memes.

One notable meme from the page, "Bernie v. Hillary", features a political poster comparing the two candidates on a particular issue mainly depicting Clinton as the less favorable option with Sanders being the preferred option.

The group was created in early October 2015 by college student Will Dowd and author Sean Walsh with the purpose of supporting the 2016 Bernie Sanders presidential campaign.

A spin-off dating group, Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Singles, was founded by nonprofit director Beth Hannah, who works for the Human Resource Development Council in Havre, Montana. Members post either Internet memes, personal advertisements, or selfies.
The **sarangi** is musical instrument. It has strings and a short neck. The musician plays it using a bow. It is played in traditional Punjabi folk music, Rajasthani folk music, and Boro folk music in India. It is also common in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Nepal has a different musical instrument that is also called sarangi. The instrument is also called 'Shatarangi' because of the flexibility of the sound, the many musical styles, and the many tones and emotions it can make.

History
-------

Surjeet Singh tuning his Sarangi
The sarangi is named after the bow of Lord Vishnu. According to some musicians,[*who?*] the word *sarangi* is a combination of two words: *seh* ('three' in Persian) and *rangi* ('coloured' in Persian) or Persian *sad-rangi*, *sad* for 'hundred' in Persian ('hundred coloured) corrupted as *sarangi*.[*source?*] The term *seh-rangi* represents the three melody strings. However, the most common folk etymology is that *sarangi* is derived from *sol rang* (means 'a hundred colours'). The name Solrong indicating its adaptability to many styles of vocal music, its flexible tunability, and its ability to produce a large palette of tonal colour and emotional nuance.

The Nepali Sarangi is also a traditional stringed musical instrument of Nepal, commonly played by the Gaine or [Gandarbha ethnic group. In Nepal, Sarangi is viewed as an iconic musical instrument to identify the Gandarbha people.

Description
-----------

The sarangi is an instrument used mainly in North Indian music by the archer or the bow. The instrument became popular in the mid-seventeenth century as a percussion instrument in folk music. It still maintains its status. The instrument also plays an important role in accompanying the harmonium.

It has a mysterious ability to mimic the tone and timbre of a human voice, along with emotional expression.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sarangis***.

* Resham Firiri A popular Nepali folk music with a Sarangi and *madal*.
* sarangi.info – downloadable sarangi and vocal music, including the integral of two important books, *The Voice of the Sarangi* by Joep Bor and *Indian Music in Performance and Practice* by Ram Narayan and Neil Sorrell.
* Growing into Music – includes several films by Nicolas Magriel on Indian musical enculturation including films about the sarangi players, Farooq Latif Khan (b. 1975), Sarwar Hussain Khan (b. 1981), Mohammed Ali Khan, Sarangi (d. 2002), Ghulam Sabir Qadri (1922-), Vidya Sahai Mishra (d. 2019), Siddiqui Ahmed Khan (1914-), Ghulam Sabir Khan (b. 1948), Murad Ali (b. 1977), Faiyaz Khan (Varanasi), Zakan Khan (Varanasi) and Kanhaiyalal Mishra (Varanasi).
* Sarangi, Gujarat, 19th century
* Sarangi, ca. 1900
* Sarangi, North India, late 19th century

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135 film. The film is 35 mm wide. Each image is 36x24 mm in the most common "full-frame" format (sometimes called "double-frame" for its relationship to the "single frame" 35 mm movie format).
135 frame and perforations
ISO 400 Fuji 135 colour film.
**135 film** is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making still pictures, rather than movies. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called **35mm** film. 

It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.

Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.
The **Sportvereinigung Donau** (SV Donau or SV Donau Wien for short) is an Austrian football club from the 22nd district Donaustadt in Vienna. The club played in the first division in the 1933/34 season. The sports club currently plays in the Wiener Stadtliga, the fourth highest division in Austria. The club colors are blue and black.

History
-------

The club was founded in 1910. They merged with Olympia, Lagerhaus and KAC before the First World War. In 1933, they were promoted to the top Austrian league for the first time. In 1941 there was a merger with FC Franz-Josef-Land (today KSC Donaustadt) from the 3rd class. The merger club played in the 2nd class until 1944. Afterwards, promotion to the 1st class (2nd level) was achieved. In 1947 the merger was dissolved. After relegation, the team was unable to recover for a long time before being promoted back to the Vienna League in 1955 under President Karl Eipeldauer.

In 2005 they reached their promotion to the Regionalliga East. They were relegated back to the Vienna City League as bottom of the table. After two years in the city league, they were relegated to the Vienna Oberliga B in 2008/09. SV Donau returned to the Vienna City League after two years through the merger with SV Süssenbrunn. In the 2015/16 season the fighting team reached second place in the table. This was enough for promotion, so SV Donau has been competing in the Vienna City League since the 2017/18 season. In the 2021/22 season promotion to the Regionalliga East was narrowly missed.

Famous players
--------------

* Johann Sock
* Heinz Binder
* Ferdinand Milanovich
* Walter Dannhauser
* Josef Sara
* Robert Sara
* Willi Kreuz
* Marco Djuricin
* Sasa Kalajdzic

Other websites
--------------

SV Donau Homepage
**Dehumanization** is the act of denying that a person is fully human, or treating a person like they are not fully human. Dehumanization makes it easier for people to be cruel to others, and inflict suffering.

Dehumanization can be used against a racial group or ethnicity, by comparing them to animals or monsters. In this way it is easier to abuse people of another group. For example, black people have been dehumanized by racist images comparing them to apes. Researchers say that this dehumanization continues to exist today: it can affect the punishment for a crime. Some people, such as Ota Benga, an African Mbuti man, were held in human zoos. They were shown for visitors' amusement, just like zoo animals.

Native Americans, Africans, and Aboriginal Australians were often pictured as unintelligent and savages. When Ireland became a colony of England, English newspapers showed the Irish as less cultured, less reasonable, and violent.

In Nazi Germany, Nazis called Jews Untermensch, meaning less than human. Nazis also described Jews as rats. These words were used to allow the Nazis to kill millions of Jews in the Holocaust. The Nazis also dehumanized other groups, such as Romani people (Gypsies). In the Rwandan Genocide, Tutsis were described as cockroaches.

Women actors in pornography can be subject to objectification, which means they are seen as an object. The pornography is made for the pleasure of men, who may only see the actors for their body, not as a person. Some say that women are victims of objectification in their daily life. They say that society (especially men) sees women as sexual objects, and that the woman herself is seen as less important.

Related pages
-------------

* Social stigma
**Native Command Queuing** (NCQ) is a technology designed to increase performance of SATA hard disks on computers. It can do this under certain situations by allowing the individual hard disk to internally optimize the order in which it executes the read and write requests it received. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement and resulting in better performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple read/write requests are outstanding at the same time. This situation most often occurs in server-type applications. However, the current (as of 2004) technology actually slows down HD access in certain applications, like games and sequential reads and writes, because of the added latency induced by NCQ logic.[*obsolete fact*]

Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for TCQ. 

NCQ differs from PATA TCQ in that the command re-ordering is performed by the drive rather than the operating system, and each command is equal in importance. This is preferable since the drive has the most knowledge of its performance characteristics, and is able to take rotational position into account. NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 in-flight commands (31 in practice), while SCSI TCQ has a maximum queue length of 264 in-flight commands.

For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate device driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter. Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which should allow a generic driver supplied by the operating system to control them and enable NCQ. In fact, newer mainstream Linux kernels support AHCI natively. Unfortunately, Windows XP requires the installation of a vendor-specific driver even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter. Windows Vista corrects this situation by including a generic AHCI driver.

Related pages
-------------

* Tagged Command Queuing

Other websites
--------------

* Tom's Hardware Analysis of Hype vs. Reality[*permanent dead link*]
An RS-68 rocket engine during a test at a NASA facility
**Spacecraft propulsion** is the method that a spacecraft uses to control its movement through outer space. A spacecraft with no means of propelling itself is typically considered derelict. 

The problem of propelling a spacecraft has, predictably, existed since spacecraft themselves. Most spacecraft are propelled by rocket engines, which combust an explosive liquid fuel with liquid oxidizer (oxygen in a liquid state) to generate hot gas which expands and propels the spacecraft forward.

Methods
-------

Many methods of spacecraft propulsion have been developed and practiced. Most work by accelerating a propellant to a very high speed and ejecting it from the spacecraft through a nozzle.

### Chemical rocket

A chemical rocket works by mixing an explosive propellant with liquid oxygen and burning it under pressure. This releases a great amount of heat. It results in a rapidly expanding gas. This gas is then funneled out of the rocket's nozzle (usually a bell shape) and off into space.

### Ion thruster

An ion thruster works by using static electricity or magnetism to accelerate ions (atoms with an electric charge) to very high speeds, and out of the thruster's nozzle. Ion thrusters make very little thrust but are very efficient.

### Nuclear thermal rocket

A nuclear thermal rocket heats a propellant with heat from a nuclear reactor before expelling it through a nozzle. Nuclear thermal rockets are currently experimental, but will have decent thrust and high efficiency once put into practice.

| * v
* t
* e
Emerging technologies |
| --- |
Location of Dinagat Island Province in Red with the map of Philippines.
Flag
**Dinagat Islands** or the **Province of Dinagat Islands**, is a province of Philippines in the Caraga region, situated south of Leyte Gulf. To the west is the island of Leyte, separated by Surigao Strait, and to the south is Mindanao. The main island, Dinagat, spans about 60 kilometers from north to south.

The name of the islands mean "of the sea" or "like the sea", which comes from the root word dagat ("sea") in the Visayan languages.

History
-------

Map of Surigao Province in 1918.
The Dinagat Islands used to be part of the First District of Surigao del Norte Province. It became a province on December 2, 2006, with the approval of Republic Act No. 9355. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo appointed the province's first officials on January 26, 2007. The first elected officials took office on July 1, 2007, after the May 14, 2007 elections.

However, on February 11, 2010, the Supreme Court declared the creation of Dinagat Islands Province null and void. This decision was not yet final before the May 10, 2010 elections. The elected officials continued to serve despite legal battles. On April 12, 2011, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier ruling, upholding the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 9355. The legal battles concluded on October 24, 2012, finalizing the separation of Dinagat Islands from Surigao del Norte.

Demographics
------------

In 2020, Dinagat Islands had a population of 128,117 people, with a density of 120 people per square kilometer or 310 people per square mile.

The original people of the province are called "Lumad," and residents of Dinagat Islands are known as "Dinagatnon". Most people in Dinagat Islands speak Cebuano, but those near Surigao del Norte's maritime border speak Surigaonon. Some areas speak Waray-Waray, Boholano, and Tausug languages. Many residents can also speak varying levels of Tagalog and English.

In terms of religion, the majority (53%) follow Catholicism, while the significant minority (23%) Follow the Philippine Independent Church. Other minority religions include Church Body of Christ-Filipinistas (12%), United Church of Christ in the Philippines (4%), Iglesia ni Cristo (4%), Islam and other smaller Christian groups.
Map of the Bordeaux regions, including the rivers Garonne and Dordogne, and the Gironde estuary
**Clairet** is a type of French red wine. It is also known as **Bordeaux** after its region of *appellation d'origine contrôlée*. This is the French system which certifies where food and drink comes from.

History
-------

The wine from Bordeaux was a dark rosé spiced drink in the Middle Ages. That's why it was called "claret", from the French *clairet*. It changed to the present dry dark red in the 18th century.

Crisis
------

The wine industry in Bordeaux has economic problems. It faces fierce competition from New World wines. Also, the French drink less wine nowadays.

In 2004, exports to the U.S. dropped 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Chilean red wine is also extremely popular now.

Probably there is no single reason for these changes. Bordeaux wines are almost always blends from two or more types of vine. Many New World wines are single vine strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah (Shiraz), and the white wine grapes Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Bottles labelled by type of grape (and so by taste) has caught on with the public. Also, the cheaper French wines are much more expensive when exported. All wines and spirits into countries like the UK are heavily taxed. A cheap French (or Spanish or Italian) wine which might sell in at home fore under £1, will sell for £4 or more in the UK. Customers have evidently decided that wine from elsewhere is a better deal.

The situation is quite different for sophisticated Bordeaux wines. The Waitrose wine list for 2015/16 lists 11 red Bordeaux wines which sell for over £100 a bottle, and the top prices are:

* Château Lafite Rothschild 2007 Pauillac Premier Cru Classé: £750 per bottle
* Château Mouton Rothschild 2009 Pauillac Premier Grand Cru Classé: £900 per bottle.
Jacopo Peri
**Jacopo Peri** (born Rome, 20 August 1561; died Florence, 12 August 1633) was an Italian composer and singer. He composed the first opera ever written.

Life
----

Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence. He had several church jobs, playing the organ and singing. He also worked at the court of the Medici family, playing instruments and composing incidental music for plays and madrigals.

In the 1590s, Peri worked for Jacopo Corsi, the most important patron of music in Florence. They felt that art at that time (music, drama, painting etc.) was not as good as the classical art that had been produced 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They wanted to write drama like the old Greek tragedies. In music they started to write "monody", which meant a solo song with a continuo bass accompaniment. They soon started to realize that just monody on its own could become boring, so they developed it into recitative (where the story could be told) and aria (where the singers could express their feelings in song). Peri and Corsi asked the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write some words for them and together they produced the opera *Dafne*. It was probably nothing like what the Ancient Greeks would have done, but it was the first opera in modern times.

In 1600, Rinuccini and Peri wrote another opera together: *Euridice*. We still have the music *Euridice*, although unfortunately the music to *Dafne* has been lost.

Peri wrote several other operas, although they are not great works. However, a very great composer was around at the time. His name was Claudio Monteverdi. In 1607, he started writing operas and his operas are often performed today.

1600 is the date usually thought of as the beginning of the Baroque music period. It is a convenient date because it is when opera started.
The location of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
The Gulf of Carpentaria from an 1859 Dutch map
The Gulf of Carpentaria between Bentinck Island (South Wellesley Islands) and the Australian continent
The **Gulf of Carpentaria** (14°00′S 139°00′E﻿ / ﻿14.000°S 139.000°E﻿ / -14.000; 139.000) is a large, shallow sea surrounded on three sides by northern Australia. Its north edge is the Arafura Sea; the sea between Australia and New Guinea. At its mouth, the Gulf is 590 km wide, and further south, 675 km. The north south distance is more than 700 km. It covers a water area of about 300,000 km². The gulf is between 55 and 66 meters deep, although there are spots as deep as 82 meters. In the last ice age the Gulf would have been dry land.

Geography
---------

The land around the Gulf is generally flat and low-lying. To the west is Arnhem Land, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and Groote Eylandt, the largest island in the Gulf. To the east is the Cape York Peninsula. The area to the south, is a part of Queensland) called the Gulf Country or simply "the Gulf."

The climate is hot and humid with two seasons per year. The dry season lasts from about April until November and is has very dry southeast to east winds, caused by winter high pressure systems to the south. The wet season lasts from December to March. Most of the year's rainfall is happens in these months, and many low-lying areas are flooded. The Gulf is also a breeding ground for tropical cyclones from November and April.

In September and October the Morning Glory cloud appears in the Southern Gulf. The best place to see this is in the Burketown area shortly after dawn.

European exploration
--------------------

The first known Europen person to visit the area was the Dutch Willem Janszoon *(whose name is also written as Jansz)* in his 1606 voyage. Jan Carstenszoon (or *Carstensz*), visited in 1623 and named the Gulf after Pieter de Carpentier, who was the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Abel Tasman also explored the coast in 1644. The area was later explored and mapped by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and 1803.

The first overland expedition to reach the Gulf was the Burke and Wills expedition, led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. They left Melbourne in August 1860 and reached the Bynoe River in February 1861.

Rivers of the Gulf
------------------

* Archer River
* Calvert River
* Cox River
* Flinders River
* Gilbert River
* Leichhardt River
* McArthur River
* Mission River
* Mitchell River
	+ Alice River
* Norman River
* Roper River
	+ Wilton River
* Smithburne River
* Staaten River
* Wenlock River

Other websites
--------------

* Morning Glory Cloud video footage and video of the Gulf Region around Burketown
* Morning Glory Cloud meteorology
* Aerial Video of Sweers Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria
* Video of Burketown and the Gulf from the air

14°00′S 139°00′E﻿ / ﻿14.000°S 139.000°E﻿ / -14.000; 139.000


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gulf of Carpentaria***.
**Dumat Al-Jandal Wind Farm** is the first wind farm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, located in Dumat Al-Jandal in the Al-Jouf region, northwest of Saudi Arabia, about 1046 km north of the capital Riyadh. The cost of the Dumat Al-Jandal wind power plant is $ 500 million, and after the construction works are completed, the station will be able to generate sustainable energy sufficient for about 70,000 housing units. The "Dumat Al-Jandal" project was chosen as the first wind energy project in Saudi Arabia, after studies showed a strong mixture of wind capabilities at the project site, so that the expected average production for the wind station is about 1.4 Terawatts.

The project was granted based on the standard cost of electricity, which equals 2.3 cents per kilowatt hour, which was a new record for a project of this kind in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm will provide electric power according to a 20-year energy purchase agreement with the Saudi Energy Purchase Company, a subsidiary of the Saudi Electricity Company, the agency responsible for generating and distributing energy in Saudi Arabia.

The Deal of the Year award for the renewable energy sector in the Middle East and Africa 2019
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Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm project won the Best Renewable Project by Project Finance International (PFI) in the Middle East and Africa for the year 2019. After the project achievement of a new record of recording the lowest standard electricity generation rate of $ 0.0199 per kWh.

The beginning of the project
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Work began on the farm in the middle of the calendar year 2019, and it is expected that the project will start generating energy in the last quarter of 2020, and work on the project will end in 2022.
Drawing showing endometriosis**Endometriosis** is a sickness that is caused by womb tissue that begins growing outside the womb. Endometriosis tissue can be attached to the outer surface of the womb, Fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. Many women between 15 and 44 years-old may have this sickness. It is also found in women 30-40 years-old. If a woman has endometriosis, it can sometimes affect having a baby. Endometriosis can be treated by a doctor, but it cannot be cured. Treating endometriosis may help a woman get pregnant. Women with endometriosis may have painful sex, a feeling of bloating, belly pain, difficult urination and blood in the urine. A woman could have menstrual problems. If endometriosis is on the ovaries, cysts may grow. These areas may develop scar tissue. Some women have more of a risk of endometriosis than others. These are the risk factors: never giving birth, short menstrual cycles, starting periods at young age, having heavy menstrual periods longer than seven days, going through menopause in older age, and having a relative with endometriosis.

A woman can have endometriosis for a long time. It can be very painful. This sickness can be so painful that it affects many areas of life. Endometriosis is hard to find in some women. To find endometriosis a doctor may do many medical tests. These tests may be a pelvic exam and an ultrasound. When a woman has a pelvic exam the doctor will feel for lumps or scars. An ultrasound will help the doctor see endometriosis on the ovaries. The doctor may put a wand-shaped ultrasound probe into the vagina. An ultrasound scanner may be used on the abdomen. Another test may be used. It is called an MRI. The MRI takes a picture of the inside of the body to find endometriosis.

A doctor may treat endometriosis with medicine. There are different kinds of medicine that treat endometriosis. Birth control medicine can help some women have less pain. Another kind of medicine is called Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. If the pain is less after taking medicine then the doctor may decide that the woman has endometriosis. If the woman stops taking the medicine the pain may come back.

Endometriosis is sometimes treated with surgery. This is called laparoscopic surgery. The doctor doing the surgery can look inside the body to find endometriosis tissue and remove it. The doctor may see endometriosis tissue during laparoscopy. A doctor may remove a sample and study it under the microscope to decide treatment.

Related Read
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* What causes endometriosis?
* Symptoms of Endometriosis
***Zapper: One Wicked Cricket*** is a 3D platform video game developed by Blitz Games and published by Infogrames Interactive. *Zapper* was released on GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows.

Plot
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During a squabble over television, **Zapper** tries to use his liottle brother Zipper (a grub) as a TV antenna. But Zipper is snatched away by an infamous eagle thieving, Magpie, who leaves an egg at the scence of a crime. Unfortunately, much to his dissmay, Zapper sets off to rescue his brother, and turn Magpie into a jailbird. At the end of game, Zapper gets Zipper back after defeating Maggie, and finally sets him into TV antenna.

Gameplay
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As Zapper the cricket, player can able to collecting the 100 fireflies and 6 eggs on each levels. Player can jump/hop or zap anywhere to clear the levels. He also can used the super zapping,. to defeat enemies in his way. After collectiong all fireflies, the player can access the "Special Round", and collecting 100 coins. The gameplay is similiar to *Frogger* series.
***Jak and Daxter*** is a series of video games, developed by the company Naughty Dog. It is named after the two heroes of the games. Right now, five games are in the series.

* *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*
* *Jak II*
* *Jak 3*
* *Jak X: Combat Racing*
* *Daxter* (prequel to *Jak II*)
* *Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier*

Where the games happen
----------------------

All of the *Jak and Daxter* games happen on a planet that is similar to Earth, where many creatures who look like humans with long ears live. A long time ago, beings called "Precursors" lived on the planet, but disappeared, and the people use the machines the Precursors left behind. Outside of cities and villages, there are many wild and dangerous animals.

A substance called "Eco" is also used by the people. It can be found as gas, liquid, or even solid crystals. There are several different kinds of Eco, and all the different Ecos can do special things. Green Eco can heal injuries or damage, and Blue Eco can make things move faster. There is also Dark Eco, a dangerous kind of Eco which can kill or mutate. In the first *Jak and Daxter* game, *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*, the character Daxter falls into a pit full of Dark Eco and turns into an "Ottsel", a fictional, or not real, cross between an otter and a weasel.

Gameplay
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When Naughty Dog first told people about *Jak and Daxter*, people were very excited, because Naughty Dog had made the famous *Crash Bandicoot* series. *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy* was one of the first video games to use something called streaming, which means that the game loads while it is being played, so there are no loading screens. It was also very similar to the games *Super Mario 64* and *Banjo-Kazooie*, because players need to jump, explore, and collect a special kind of object to win the game.

After *The Precursor Legacy*, the *Jak and Daxter* games started to be about other things, not just jumping and finding things. *Jak II*, the second game, gives the player guns to shoot and vehicles to drive. This is like in the *Grand Theft Auto* video games.

The first three games of the *Jak* series; *Precursor Legacy*, *Jak II*, and *Jak 3*; are still mainly about platforming. The player controls the character Jak or the character Daxter in jumping puzzles to get to a goal. The character can only get hit by wild animals or monsters only a few times before dying and having to start the goal over, but the character can get life back by touching Green Eco. In *Jak 3*, the player can get armor that lets Jak be hit more before dying.

The player can also use attacks or guns to kill the monsters before Jak or Daxter is hit and hurt.
Gennadi Pavlovich Yakovlev (Генна́дий Па́влович Я́ковлев, born July 7 1938 in Sestroretsk.-January 12 2024) is a Russian botanist, former rector of the St. Petersburg Academy of Chemical Pharmaceuticals, former head of the department of pharmacognosy, now a professor of the department of pharmacognosy, part-time leading scientist of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov, taxonomist of higher plants. G.P. Yakovlev is one of the leading experts in the systematics of legumes, as well as a specialist in the field of pharmacognosy.

He took part in projects to study the flora of Cuba, Vietnam, Mongolia, Central Asia, the European part of the USSR, etc.

Works
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1967 Заметки по систематике и географии рода Sophora L. и близких родов. // Труды Ленинградского химико-фармацевтического института. Т. 21. — С. 42-62

Some taxa named by GP Yakovlev
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* Ammodendron bifolium (Pall.)Yakovlev

* Sophora tomentosa L. subsp.australis Yakovlev

Source
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wikipedia Russian language

  

1. ↑  "Тяжелая утрата института". *www.binran.ru*. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
2. ↑  "Ammodendron bifolium (Pall.) Yakovlev".


Wikispecies has information on: ***Yakovlev***.
The castle Bourtzi
**Nauplion** is a Greek city. It is in the Argolida's prefecture, in the east of Peloponnese peninsula. Near Nauplio is the historical city of Argos. Nauplio was the first capital of Greece. Nauplio is a coastal city. It has three castles. The most famous are the Palamidi castle, and Bourtzi castle which is on the islet in front of the port. The population of Nauplion is 13,124 inhabitants.

History
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Nauplion was the second capital of Greece. In 1834 the king Otto carried the capital to Athens. Nauplion was one of the first cities which were liberated during the Greek War of Independence.

Sites of interest
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Nauplion
Nauplion has many sites of interest. The most interest sites are its three castle. Its old neighborhoods are also very beautiful places for visit. In Nauplion there are many old beautiful buildings from previous century. 

| * v
* t
* e
Capitals of Greek prefectures |
| --- |
| Athens | Thessaloniki | Patras | Heraclion | Larissa | Volos | Ioannina | Chalkida | Livadeia | Lamia | Messolonghi | Amfissa | Kalamata | Tripoli | Nauplion | Sparta | Pyrgos | Corinth | Karpenisi | Karditsa | Trikala | Arta | Igoumenitsa | Preveza | Chania | Agios Nikolaos | Rethymno | Kozani | Grevena | Kastoria | Florina | Edessa | Veroia | Katerini | Polygyros | Kilkis | Serres | Drama | Kavala | Alexandroupoli | Xanthi | Komotini | Leukada | Corfu | Argostoli | Zakynthos | Rhodes | Chios | Mytilene | Samos | Ermoupolis  |  |
***Crash of the Titans*** is a video game. It was published by Sierra Entertainment. It was developed by Radical Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii and Xbox 360. The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions of the game were developed by Amaze Entertainment. The game was first released in North America on October 3, 2007, in Europe on October 12, 2007 and in Australia on October 25, 2007. It is the first game in the *Crash Bandicoot* series not to have a Japanese release.

*Crash of the Titans* is the fourteenth *Crash Bandicoot* video game. It is the first "Mutant" Crash game. The game's story is about the discovery of a substance known as "Mojo". The main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, plans to use this and turn the inhabitants of the Wumpa islands into an army of loyal mutants known as "Titans". The protagonist of the game, Crash Bandicoot, must stop Cortex by using the technique of "jacking". He does this to take control and destroy Cortex's Titans.

The game was given a mixed review by video game critics. Critics did not like that the game was very short. They did, however, liked the variety in the game. However, *Crash of the Titans* was nominated for two awards.

Other websites
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* *Crash of the Titans* official website Archived 2013-05-31 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
*Crash Bandicoot* series |
| --- |
| Main series | 
* *Crash Bandicoot*
* *2: Cortex Strikes Back*
* *3: Warped*
* *The Wrath of Cortex*
* *Twinsanity*
* *Crash of the Titans*
* *Mind over Mutant*
* *N. Sane Trilogy*
* *4: It's About Time*

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| Racing | 
* *Team Racing*
* *Nitro Kart*
* *Tag Team Racing*
* *Nitro Fueled*

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| Party | 
* *Bash*
* *Boom Bang!*

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| Spin-offs | 
* *The Huge Adventure*
* *2: N-Tranced*
* *Purple: Ripto's Rampage*

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| Mobile | 
* *Twinsanity 3D*
* *Racing*
* *Nitro Kart 3D*
* *Mutant Island*
* *Nitro Kart 2*

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| Others | 
* Characters
	+ Crash
	+ Doctor Neo Cortex
* Voice actors

 |
The **second family of the United States** is the family of the vice president of the United States, who is second highest ranking official of the U.S. federal government. 

Members of the second family consist of the vice president, the **second lady** or **second gentleman of the United States**, grandchildren, stepchildren, in-laws, etc. 

Kamala Harris, the 49th and current vice president and her immediate family is the current second family of the United States since January 20, 2021.

Residence
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Number One Observatory Circle is the official residence of the vice president of the United States and the second family.
The second family is designated to live in the Number One Observatory Circle as the vice president's family, as well as for the sake of their protection and safety.

Protection
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Vice President Kamala Harris surrounded by members of her family and U.S. Secret Service.
The United States Secret Service is in charge of protecting the second family at all times. As part of their protection, the vice president, second lady or gentleman, and other immediate family members are given Secret Service codenames. The use of these codes are used due to security and safety reasons.
**Hypomania** is a condition similar to mania but less severe. The symptoms are similar with elevated mood, increased activity, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, racing thoughts, and the like. However, hypomanic episodes differ in that they do not cause significant distress or impair one's work, family, or social life in an obvious way while manic episodes do.

Hypomanic people tend to be unusually cheerful, have more than ample energy, and need little sleep. Hypomania is a pleasurable state. It may confer a heightened sense of creativity and power. However, hypomania can subtly impair a person's judgment. Too much confidence can hide the consequences of decisions.

Hypomania can be difficult to diagnose because it may seem like mere happiness. It is important to diagnose hypomania because, as an expression of bipolar disorder, it can cycle into depression and carry an increased risk of suicide.

Hypomania has a reputation of being difficult to treat. There are anti-psychotics and anti-manic drugs, but above all, a person who shows these symptoms needs specialist attention.