recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Bechyně** is a South Bohemian town in the Czech Republic. It lies 19 km southwest of Tabor in the forested landscape at the confluence of rivers Lužnice and stream Smutná. Bechyně was founded by Jan Lucemburský around the year 1323. Town now has about 6,000 inhabitants and is especially famous for spas and the production of ceramics. Well-preserved historic town centre is one of the most valuable urban conservation areas in the country since 1990.

Points of Interest
------------------

### Castle Bechyně

In the 16th century, it had Peter Vok of Rožmberk rebuild from Gothic castle in representative Renaissance castle, where he later (in 1580) married Catherine of Ludanice. During the summer season the castle is open to the public and guided exposures and serves as place for many of cultural events.

### Monastery Virgin Mary Assumption Church

Church dominating the rock above the river Lužnice, was established in 1491, the original Augustinian monastery functioned here from first half of the 14th century. Part of the area is also a monastery garden with pleasant seating and beautiful views of the valley Lužnice.

### Church of St. Matthew

Main dominant of Masaryk square. The church was founded between 13th and 14th century and gained current appearance after reconstruction in 1740. The tower of the church is open to the public in summer and provides views over the town.

### "Bechyně rainbow"

"Bechyně rainbow" is a reinforced concrete arched bridge that was designed by Eduard Viktor. It was completed on 28 October 1928. "Bechyně rainbow" was the highest reinforced concrete arch bridge in the former Czechoslovakia, the height above the river 50 m, 90 m span arch and length 203.38 m. The bridge is used for road and rail transport and for walk as well. This bridge has become an icon of the town and was used in the official town logo.

### Historic railroad Bechyně–Tábor

The railway route from Tábor to Bechyně was built as the first electrified railway in Austria Hungary, completed in 1903. The track originally ended before Bechyně at the old station. After completion of the bridge "Bechyně rainbow" was in 1928 extended up to the town.
Champagne and champagne bottle
Vineyards in the Champagne region; photo taken in late August.
**Champagne** is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine. Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added. 

Many people call all sparkling wines *champagne* but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne.

Kinds of champagnes
-------------------

Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).

Champagnes have different names depending on how much sugar is added. Here is a list of kinds of champagnes from least sweet (called "dry") to most sweet (called "wet"/"doux"):

* *brut zéro* or *brut natural* - no sugar is added
* extra brut
* *brut*
* *extra-dry*
* *sec*
* *demi-sec*
* *doux*

*Brut* is the most common type of champagne.

Features
--------

Champagne corks
Champagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called *bubbly* (ex. "We're going to have *bubbly* at our wedding.")

Champagne can be opened in a way that the cork "pops" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.

Champagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.

Champagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.

How to say it
-------------

In English it is pronounced like "shampain" (/ʃæmˈpeɪn/). In French is sounds more like "shampanye" (French: [ʃɑ̃paɲ]).

Other websites
--------------

* Champagne reviews and tasting notes
Kampung Naga, a village in West Java, Indonesia
A **village** is a place where people live, normally in the countryside. It is usually larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town or city. In some places, it may be a kind of local government. The dwellings in a village are clustered fairly near one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape.

In the past, villages were where most people lived. Villages were a usual form of community for societies that do subsistence agriculture, and for some non-agricultural societies. After the industrial revolution, when people started making a lot of things in factories, people lived more in towns. Moving to towns is called urbanization. When villages grow a lot they can grow into towns and then cities. This is what happened to Dubai and Chicago.

United Kingdom
--------------

In The U.K. the main difference between a hamlet and a village is that many villages have a church.

Most villages are long-standing. The land has been settled (peopled) since the ice age. The soil is generally very fertile, and the land was once heavily forested. Much of what was forest was cut down to make ships, and farming replaced it. The land is fertile because of the deep loam (soil) in many places. That is partly due to the ice age, since the ice cover moved and ground against the bedrock.

United States
-------------

### Incorporated villages

The word "village" is not used in most states. However, in twenty  US states, a "village" is a sort of local government, similar to a city but with less power and for a smaller place. But this is not so in all the United States. In many states, there are villages which are bigger than the smallest cities in the state. The difference is not the population, it is how much power the different sorts of places have, and what they do for people living there.

#### New York

In the state of New York, a village is a place which is usually called a town. 

### Unincorporated villages

In many states, a "village" is only a place where people live, with no legal power, similar to a hamlet in New York state. The name for these is "unincorporated villages".
In popular music marketing, a **single** is a record release with only one or two songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an **A-side**, while any other song on the single is called a **B-side**.

The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.

Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band. 

In the days of vinyl singles, royalties for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced. 

Michael Nesmith of the Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.

Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

Related pages
-------------

* Album
* Extended play
* Vinyl (or gramophone record)
**Daniel Lawrence Warner** (April 22, 1970 – September 4, 2019) was an American Grammy Award- and Latin Grammy Award-winning guitarist, producer and songwriter.

Early life and career
---------------------

Warner was born and grew up in South Florida. He recorded with numerous artists and musicians, including Michael Jackson, Shakira, Madonna, Celine Dion, Barbra Streisand, and Barry Gibb, and wrote for artists like Enrique Iglesias, Lil Wayne and Mika. 

He was the governor of The Recording Academy starting from 2005 and was the President of Recording Academy Florida Chapter from 2010 to 2012, and a Trustee for the period 2013 - 2017.

Awards and recognition
----------------------

During his career, Warner worked on five Grammy Award-winning projects. Warner received a Grammy for Best Latin Pop album for his work as a producer and engineer on Alejandro Sanz's 2009 album at the 53rd Grammy awards, and received four Latin Grammy awards for his work on Calle13's album, *Entren Los Que Quieran*, Amaury Gutierrez's *Sesiones Intimas*, Diego Torres's *Distinto* and the aforementioned *Paraíso Express.*

Death
-----

Warner died on September 4, 2019 at the age of 49 in Hollywood, Florida of a heart attack.
The **Deutsch-Kasachische Universität**, abbreviated **DKU**, (Kazakh-German University; Russian: Казахстанско-Немецкий университет, Kazakh: Қазақстан-Неміс Университеті) is a co-educational non-profit university located in Almaty, Kazakhstan. It was founded in 1999. The school is accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Classes
-------

Classes are taught by German and Kazakhstani professors.

The university has less than five hundred students studying in pre-bachelor, bachelor and master's programs. Master's degrees can be earned in 

* Management
* Finance
* Logistics
* Regional studies: Central Asia
* Regional studies: IWRM

Students are admitted based on scores on entrance exams and academic records. Between 70% and 80% of applicants are accepted.

Partnerships
------------

The university has partnerships with five universities in Germany.

Rankings
--------

Whereas ‘Atameken’ National Chamber of commerce rating places it 5th among Kazakhstani universities, 
 UniRank places it 38th.

Location
--------

The university is located at Pushkin Street 111/113, Almaty 050010.
The university's telephone number is +7 (727) 293 8913 - 29.

School colors
-------------

The school colors are gray, black, red and gold.

Other websites
--------------

official home-page of the university:
**Malmeneich** is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.

Geography and Climate
---------------------

Malmeneich is in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.

Malmeneich and the media
------------------------

There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.

Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".

At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

Other websites
--------------

* Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
* GermanyOfficial website of the municipality of Elz
The **Mir Castle Complex** (Belarusian: Мірскі замак, Łacinka: Mirski zamak, Lithuanian: *Myriaus pilis*, Polish: *Zamek w Mirze*) is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Belarus. It is in the town of Mir.

The building of the castle began at the end of the 15th century. It is in the Gothic architecture style. Building of the castle was completed by Duke Ilinich in the early 16th century. Around 1568 the Mir Castle was owned by Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł. He finished building the castle in the Renaissance style. A three-storey palace was built along the eastern and northern walls of the castle. 

Drawing by Napoleon Orda, 1876
After being not lived in for nearly a century, and having severe damage during the Napoleonic period, the castle was restored at the end of the 19th century. In 1813, after the death of Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, his daughter Stefania got the castle. She married Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. The castle later went to their daughter Maria, who married Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. 

Their son, Maurice Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst sold the castle to Nikolai Sviatopolk-Mirski in 1895. Nikolaj's son Michail began to rebuild the castle according to the plans of architect Teodor Bursze. The Sviatopolk-Mirski family owned the castle up to 1939.

During WWII, it came under Nazi control. It was a ghetto for the local Jewish population. Between 1944 and 1956, the castle was used as a housing facility. This partly damaged the castle's inside. 

In December, 2000, the Mir Castle was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Mir Castle Complex at Wikimedia Commons
Satellite image of the blizzard on December 27.
The **December 2010 North American blizzard** was a historic blizzard that hit the northeaster part of North America in late December 2010. The blizzard produced heavy snow and strong winds. Over 20 inches (51 cm) of snow on parts of New York City. An area south of Elizabeth City, New Jersey had the most snow fall. It had 36 in (91 cm) of snow. Elizabeth City itself got 31 in (79 cm) of snow.

History
-------

The storm that caused the snowfall started as drizzle in California. It grew into a rainstorm. As it moved northeast, it turned into a blizzard. On 26 December 2010, the blizzard reached New York City. The blizzard caused a large amount of snow and strong winds. It also caused thundersnow, where thunder and lightning happen while snow is falling. It moved away from the city on December 27th. On December 28th, the blizzard moved out over the Atlantic Ocean.

Impacts
-------

### New Jersey

New Jersey got a large amount of snow. There was also rain in the area of Cape May. Elizabeth City got 31 in (79 cm) of snow. An area south of Elizabeth City had the most snow fall. It had 36 in (91 cm) of snow. The blizzard produced heavy snow and strong winds there. That was a historic blizzard for the area.

### New York

New York City received a large amount of snow and had high winds. About 20 in (51 cm) of snow fell on the city. Places east of the city, for example eastern Long Island, saw some rain from the storm. The blizzard did not affect far north of New York City. Albany got less than 1 in (2.5 cm) of snow from the blizzard.

### Connecticut

Connecticut did have snowfall, but it was not an unusual amount for that state. Between from 8 to 20 in (20–51 cm) of snow fell in Connecticut. Hartford had only 8 in (20 cm) of snow. New Haven, the closest area in Connecticut to New York City, saw about 20 in (51 cm) of snow.

### Massachusetts

Massachusetts saw between 2 to 8 in (5.1–20.3 cm) of snow. This is not an unusual amount for the area.

Related pages
-------------

* North American blizzard of 2003
* December 2009 North American blizzard
* January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
* February 2013 nor'easter
A **hangwa** is a Korean traditional cookie. Hangwa includes Yumilgwa Yugwa, Dasik Dasik and Yeot Gangjeong. Hangwa is also called *Jogwa* since it is made of diverse grains and looks like fruits.

Origin
------

Hangwa was very popular among people over the Shilla and Goryeo because the yield of grains had went up a lot and people tried not to eat meat for religious reasons. The religion at that time was Buddhism. Since then, Hangwa has become necessary in wedding ceremonies, memorial sacrifice days, and social dinners.

Types of Hangwa
---------------

The basic materials of Hangwa are mostly natural and based on the materials Hangwa is primarily divided into seven kinds and the recipes are slightly different.

| Types | Names | Materials |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Yugwa | Gangjeong, Sanja, Yohwagwa | Rice, Sesame, Black Sesame |
| Dasik | Songhwa Dasik, Saeng-gang Dasik, Nongmal Dasik | Rice, Starch, Ginger |
| Yeot Gangjeong | DDang-kong Yeot Gangjeong, KKae Yeot Gangjeong | Rice, Peanut, Sesame |

Characteristics
---------------

Hangwa does not go bad easily because it is very good at preservation. This comes from the fermentation of grains and use of honey. Also, Hangwa is very nutritious. Ancestors thought that food was natural medicine and the idea was reflected on the nutrition of Hangwa too. Also, Hangwa shows Korean traditional virtue and emotions. It represents the warmth of neighbors. In ancient times, when people had ceremonies or social meetings, they made their guest go back with some food, which was mostly Tteok and Hangwa. In other words, Hangwa talks about the kindness and the affection between people in Korea.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hangwa***.

* What is Hangwa
* The origin of Hangwa Archived 2007-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
The national **flag of the Central African Republic** was created in 1958 by first president of Ubangi-Shari Barthélemy Boganda.

Appearance
----------

It has four horizontal stripes of blue, white, green and yellow, and a single vertical band of red, with a yellow five pointed star in the upper left corner.

### Symbolism

The golden star is symbol of independence and bright future. The president Boganda announced that the colours of the four horizontal stripes represents four territories of French Equatorial Africa (Ubangi-Shari, Gabon, Congo and Chad), which he wanted to see united with maintaining relationship with France. The red stripe symbolizes blood, same for the every races and nations, in this case especially for the Africans The green color stands for forest areas, the yellow for savanna, blue for the sky. Other interpretation of the colours emphasizes national ideals, where the color blue symbolizes freedom, white – purity, green – hope, yellow – tolerance and hospitality, red – friendship and equality of every race and need of common respect.

Construction sheet
------------------

The aspect ratio of the flag is 3:5 or 2:3.

* Construction sheet with ratio 2:3Construction sheet with ratio 2:3
* Construction sheet with ratio 3:5Construction sheet with ratio 3:5

Historical flags
----------------

* Flag proposition from 1976Flag proposition from 1976
* Imperial Standard of Bokassa I during Central African Empire (1976–1979)Imperial Standard of Bokassa I during Central African Empire (1976–1979)

Related pages
-------------

* Coat of Arms of the Central African Republic
* La Renaissance, the national anthem of the Central African Republic
The philosopher Plato
The **humanities** include languages, literature, music, philosophy, politics, history, media, the classics, religion, and the visual and performing arts. Additional subjects sometimes included in the humanities are anthropology, area studies, communications and cultural studies, although these are often regarded as social sciences. It was popular in the Renaissance ages.

The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the *language arts*.

The humanities study the human condition and mostly use methods that are analytic, critical, or speculative and not as empirical as natural and social sciences.

Related pages
-------------

* Human nature
* Human science
* Liberal arts
* Trivium

Other websites
--------------

* The Humanities Association - UK
* UK Humanities Hub Archived 2007-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Australian Humanities Review Archived 2006-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Australian Academy of the Humanities
* Virginia Foundation for the Humanities
* Mass Humanities / Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities
Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument.
Table of Surveying, 1728 *Cyclopaedia*
An all-female surveying crew in Idaho in 1918.
**Surveying** is the technique and science of accurately finding out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not always, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth. They are often used to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. A person who does the surveying is called a surveyor. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, geology and law.

Surveying has been very important in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement planning of nearly every form of construction. Its most common uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the making of legal boundaries for land ownership.

Origins
-------

Surveying has existed throughout much of our history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, the boundaries were recreated by surveyors using simple geometry. The construction of the pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2700 BC) show us that the Ancient Egyptians used surveying efficiently.

Surveyor
--------

A **surveyor** is a person who has the skills to accurately find out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, positions on the surface of the Earth. Finding these points is called "surveying". Surveyors are needed to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

There are different types of surveyor. A construction or building surveyor is the person who has to make sure that buildings are being put up in the correct place and fit in with planning and building laws. A quantity surveyor is the person who keeps track of costs on a building project. A hydrographic surveyor measures features to do with water, such as rivers, lakes and oceans. A marine surveyor inspects ships. A mine surveyor is the person who finds out the position of underground mines, for example gold mines or coal mines.

Related pages
-------------

* Architecture
* Cartography
* Topography
* Trigonometry

Other websites
--------------

* National Society of Professional Surveyors Archived 2006-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
* The Irish Institution of Surveyors
* National Geodetic Survey
* National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
* UK Ordnance Survey
* U.S. Geological Survey
* International Federation of Surveyors
* The Institution of Surveyors, Australia Archived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
* The Survey Association (UK)
* Survey of India
* New Zealand Institute of Surveyors
The St. Augustine Monster as it appeared after being dug out of the sand.
A **sea monster** is a monster that is found dwelling in the sea. People have reported seeing sea monsters. One of the most famous monster sightings is the Loch Ness Monster.

There are also sea monster sightings in apps, such as a mysterious creature in Google Maps found roaming the ocean. Some people think sea monsters exist. Other people say they aren’t real at all. There are also prehistoric creatures that may be called sea monsters. They are not real, so we refer them to as fictional creatures.

Although they are not real, some creatures can look like sea monsters, such as anglerfish (Lophiiformes), giant squid (*Architeuthis dux*), colossal squid (*Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni*), and the blobfish (*Psychrolutes marcidus*).

Sightings
---------

### Loch Ness Monster

*Main article: Loch Ness Monster*

The Loch Ness Monster, better known as **Nessie**, is one of the most popular sea monsters. In 1934, a gynaecologist named Robert Kenneth Wilson took four photos of the monster. Only two came out clearly. The first was very popular while the second one wasn't dur to being blurry. However, we mostly agree that it is indeed a hoax. This is called the **surgeon's photograph**.

Related pages
-------------

* Loch Ness Monster
* Godzilla
* Ascalabos
Architect Philip Johnson designed the New York State Theater to Balanchine's specifications.
**George Balanchine** (Saint Petersburg, January 22, 1904 – New York, April 30, 1983) was a ballet dancer and choreographer. His father was Georgian and his mother Russian.

He was one of the 20th century's most famous choreographers. He developed over 200 ballets, mostly in the United States. He was the co-founder and balletmaster of the New York City Ballet. He was a choreographer known for his musicality. He often with Igor Stravinsky: 39 of his ballets were choreographed to music by Stravinsky.

Career
------

Balanchine was trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St Petersburg. After the Revolution he joined what is now the Mariinsky Ballet. He escaped when the company toured Germany. He was picked up by Sergei Diaghilev to be a dancer and choreographer for the Ballets Russes.

After Diaghilev's death, Balanchine stayed in Europe until 1933. Then he was taken to New York by a wealthy patron, Lincoln Kirstein. Together they formed the American Ballet School. Later they formed the American Ballet Company. This company became the 'house' dance group of the New York Metropolitan Opera. Later, in 1938, Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood.

In 1948 he moved back to New York. This was to head the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater. He designed this theater. From 1946 to 1982 he choreographed many dances for this company. Balanchine died in 1983 of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Marriages
---------

In 1922 18 year old Balanchine married 15 year old Tamara Geva. After his divorce from Geva, Balanchine was with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933. He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers. There was Vera Zorina (December 1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil Le Clercq (1952–1969). He did not have any children.
Empress Elisabeth of Austria wearing thigh-length hair in 1865. (Painting by Franz Xaver Winterhalter)
A woman with knee-length hairAlternatively...
**Long hair** is a hairstyle that is mostly worn by girls and women. Boys and men may sometimes wear hair to shoulder length. Longer than that is rare for men of most cultures.

Extremely long hair (usually waist length or longer) is normally only found in females. The reason is that the female hormonal system affects the growth of their hair, just as the male hormonal system supports facial hair growth. This is also the reason young females can have longer hair than older women.

Hair length is measured (in centimeters or inches) from the line of the scalp on the forehead up over the highest point of the skull to the end of the hair. This method is not suitable for measuring hair length for people with a fringe. In cosmetology, hair lengths are usually described by the part of the body where the longest hair ends: *chin level*, *shoulder length*, *mid-back level*, *waist length*, *hip-length*, *classic length* (extends to almost upper thigh-length, where the legs meet the buttocks), *thigh-length*, *knee-length* and *ankle/floor length* hair.

Hair usually takes about 2–2½ years to reach shoulder length. It usually takes about 4–5 years to grow to the waist (which is about 60-80 cm for most women) if left to grow.

Records
-------

The maximum hair length that is possible to reach is about 15 cm for infants (below the age of 1), about 60 cm for children (below the age of 13), and generally 100 cm for adults. Some individuals can reach excessive lengths. Lengths greater than 150 cm are frequently observed in long hair contests. Xie Qiuping had the longest documented hair in the world, measuring 5.627 m (18 ft 5.54 in) in May 2004.

The maximum hair length depends on the length of the period of hair growth for the individual. Waist-length hair or longer is only possible to reach for women with long periods of hair growth. Hair can grow continuously for between 2 and 7 years.

Significance
------------

Head hair is maintained by natural selection after other body hair had been greatly reduced. The hair has at least two functions:

1. to protect the scalp against weather (sun in the tropics, heat loss in the temperate zone)
2. to signal sexual attractiveness, as a secondary sex characteristic. A fine head of hair improves the chance of getting a mate and so producing children. By seven to nine months, infants can tell the sexes apart based on hair length, voice pitch and faces.

### Cultures of men with longer hair

Many Native American men wore long hair before the arrival of western influences on their culture. The long-term preference of females of the tribe for longer male hair would have effect by long-haired males contributing more children than short-haired males.

Related pages
-------------

* Hair style
* Secondary sexual characteristics
***Mad Men*** (July 19, 2007 – May 17, 2015) is an American television drama series created and produced by Matthew Weiner. The series premiered on July 19, 2007 on the American cable television network AMC. The seventh and final season had 14 episodes that will be split into two seven-episode parts. These begin airing in early 2014 and early 2015. The first half of the final season premiered on April 13, 2014, and the second half of the final season ended on May 17, 2015. 

*Mad Men* is set in the 1960s. The scene is the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City. Later it becomes the newly created company, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). According to the show's pilot, the phrase "Mad men" was a slang term started in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves. This claim has since been denied. The main character is Don Draper (Jon Hamm), creative director at Sterling Cooper and a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. The plot focuses on the business of the advertising agency as well as the personal lives of the characters.

*Mad Men* has received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its historical authenticity, visual style, costume design, acting, writing, and directing. The show has won many awards, including fifteen Emmys and four Golden Globes. It is the first basic cable series to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning it in each of its first four seasons. In 2013, *TV Guide* ranked it sixth in its list of the sixty greatest dramas of all time. It was ranked seventh in a list of the 101 best-written TV series of all time by the Writers Guild of America.
A presentation using PowerPoint.
A **presentation software** is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as LibreOffice Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office (Free and complete office suite, includes writer, spreadsheet, presentations, enjoys the features of small-size, easy-to-use and compatible, covering multiple platforms including Windows, Linux, Android, iOS and Mac).

Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

Other websites
--------------

* Screen Presentation Tools Archived 2006-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
*Ectopistes migratorius*
The **passenger pigeon** (*Ectopistes migratorius*) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America.

Description
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The passenger pigeon, or, wild pigeon was a species of bird, *Ectopistes migratorius*, that was once common in North America. It lived in enormous migratory flocks — sometimes containing more than two billion birds — that could stretch one mile (1.6 km) wide and 300 miles (500 km) long across the sky, sometimes taking several hours to pass.

Some estimate that there were three billion to five billion passenger pigeons in the United States when Europeans arrived in North America. Others argue that the species had not been common in the Pre-Columbian period, but their numbers grew when devastation of the American Indian population by European diseases led to reduced competition for food.

The species went from being one of the most usual birds in the world during the 19th century to extinction early in the 20th century. At the time, passenger pigeons had one of the largest groups or flocks of any animal, second only to the Rocky Mountain locust.

Some reduction in numbers happened because of habitat loss when the Europeans started settling further inland. The primary factor emerged when pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for slaves and the poor in the 19th century, resulting in hunting on a massive scale. There was a slow decline in their numbers between about 1800 and 1870, followed by a catastrophic decline between 1870 and 1890. Martha, thought to be the world's last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

In the 18th century, the passenger pigeon in Europe was known to the French as tourtre; but, in New France, the North American bird was called tourte. In modern French, the bird is known as the pigeon migrateur.

In Algonquian languages, it was called *amimi* by the Lenape and omiimii by the Ojibwe. The term passenger pigeon in English derives from the French word *passager*, meaning to pass by.
Syed Makhdoom **Yousaf Raza Gillani** (Urdu: مخدوم سيد يوسف رضا گیلانى, born June 9, 1952 in Karachi) was the 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was a former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1993-1997) and former Federal Minister (1985-1986).

He was nominated by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with the support of coalition partners, Pakistan Muslim League (N), Awami National Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 22 March 2008. He took the oath of office from President Pervez Musharraf on 25 March 2008. Gilani is the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from the Seraiki-speaking belt, a much-neglected area politically.

Gilani is also the present vice chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

On 26 April 2012 Gillani was discharged from the prime ministership due to white-collar crime charges. On 19 June 2012, the supreme court of Pakistan finally ousted Gillani from the premiership due to charges of corruption. He was replaced by Raja Pervez Ashraf because the first candidate Makhdoom Shahabuddin was arrested on alleged drug trafficking, in collaboration with Gillani's son. The hearing of cases against Gillani are going on at this time.
**Tropical Storm Allison** was one of the worst tropical storms in the history of the United States. Most of the damage was in Texas. It was mostly the Houston Area. Allison caused more than $5 billion in damage. Allison also killed 55 people in the United States. Allison is the first tropical storm in the Atlantic Ocean to have its name retired without reaching hurricane strength.

Meteorological History
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Storm path
The beginning of Allison was a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on May 21. The wave moved all the most across the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. It crossed South America and entered the Pacific Ocean. The wave crossed over southern Mexico and entered the Gulf of Mexico. The wave moved north until June 4, where it became Tropical Storm Allison. It skipped being a tropical depression while forming. On the same day Allison reached her top winds, which were at 60 mph. Allison weakened down to 50 mph winds. 
On June 5 Allison made landfall in Freeport, Texas with winds at 50 mph. Allison quickly weakened to a depression. Allison moved very slowly until Allison reached Lufkin, Texas. Allison moved very slowly back to the Gulf of Mexico. Allison did not reach the Gulf of Mexico until June 9. Dry air caused Allison to become a subtropical depression. On June 11 Allison made landfall in Louisiana without becoming a tropical depression or tropical storm. Clouds moved close to the center of Allison and Allison became a subtropical storm, while over Louisiana. Allison quickly weakened back to a subtropical depression. Allison moved northeast of the United States until June 15, where it moved very slowly over North Carolina and curved north. Allison finally reached the Atlantic on June 17. While Allison was south of Long Island, New York for just a little while it became a subtropical storm again. Also on June 17 Allison quickly started dying and Allison became extratropical. The remains completely died off near Newfoundland on June 20.

Aftermath
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After the storm, President George W. Bush declared a total of 75 counties/parishes as disaster areas. Most damaged occurred in:

* Texas, mostly eastern Texas
* southern Louisiana
* southern Mississippi
* northwestern Florida
* southeastern Pennsylvania as disaster areas.

### Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Because of the damage, the name "Allison" was retired, meaning it will never be used again for a storm in the Atlantic Ocean. Allison was replaced by Andrea in 2007. It was the first tropical storm in the history of Atlantic hurricanes to have its name retired and was the only tropical storm to have its name retired until Tropical Storm Erika in 2015.
Nigeria is one of the countries that manufactures oil and gas in Africa, the nation takes the second position based on the volume of production. There are two types of crude oil which is extracted from the Niger delta basin: the light, and heavy crude oil. The light crude oil equals 36 in weight while the heavier is about 20–25 in weight. Both the light and heavy crude oil have paraffin but they are low in sulfur. The wealth and financial plan of Nigeria have been improved upon through the income and revenues gotten from the petroleum industry since 1960. In February 2021, the statistics has shown that the Nigerian oil sector contributes to about 9% of the entire GDP of the nation. Nigeria is an African nation that mainly produces and exports oil and gas as well as other petroleum products to the United States of America. In 2010, Nigeria exported more than one million barrels per day to the United States, amounting to 9% of the total crude oil and petroleum products imported by the U.S. and more than 40% of exports by Nigeria.

The need for the improvement of the petroleum industry towards the provision of easy business environment, and encouragement of local contents results to the passing of the Petroleum Industry Bill into law by the Goodluck Jonathan administration on July 18, 2008.
The **Confederation of the Equator** (Portuguese: ***Confederação do Equador***) was a short-lived state established in the northeastern region of Brazil during that nation's struggle for independence from Portugal. The secessionist movement was led by wealthy landowners who opposed early reforms by the nation's first leader, Emperor Pedro I. Pernambuco and Ceará were the first of five Northeastern provinces to secede.

Background of conflict
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The Confederation ceased to exist after being crushed by Brazilian forces under Thomas Cochrane. 
The rebellion in the Northeast followed a similar uprising in Pernambuco only five years earlier. 

Before independence, North Brazil had been one of the two separate viceroyalties, Grão-Pará, besides the Viceroyalty of Brazil in the South. Pedro I combined the two into one Imperial State. However, the North was historically more averse to secession from Portugal and had fought to remain part of the Portuguese empire, before being defeated by Pedro I and being annexed. The Confederation was a second popular attempt. 

Both the secession of Brazil from Portugal and the suppression of the Loyalist Viceroyalty of the North were aided by Britain, militarily and with personnel, such as Thomas Cochrane, on loan to Pedro I, a Freemason and Anglophile.

Aftermath
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Pedro I sent troops to the Northeast to quell the rebellion, with all three provinces falling by September of that year. The state of Ceará managed to survive until November, and the last stronghold of the Confederation in the Sertão was the site of the final resisting leaders of the fallen nation.

Several rebels were condemned by a military tribunal to death. One notable execution was that of Frei Caneca an intellectual and religious mentor supporting the cause of the Confederation, in which some soldiers refused to fire. After briefly escaping, he was eventually executed in 1825.
**Hamish MacCunn** (22 March 1868 – 2 August 1916), was a Scottish composer and conductor who lived in the later part of the romantic period.

Birth
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He was born in Greenock. His father was a shipowner. He soon showed a great talent for music. In 1883 he got a scholarship to study at the Royal College of Music, which had only just been founded. His teachers there included Sir Hubert Parry and Sir Charles Villiers Stanford.

Works
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MacCunn became a professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music from 1888-1894. He also taught at the Guildhall School of Music.

MacCunn composed several orchestral works as well as operas, but he had to spend more and more time conducting in order to earn money. For a time he conducted the Carl Rosa Opera Company. He conducted Wagner’s opera *Siegfried*  and the first performance in English  *of* Tristan and Isolde*.*

In 1887 he conducted his overture *The Land of the Mountain and the Flood* at the Crystal Palace. This was a very successful piece, and it remains the only composition of his which is still often performed. The music has a Scottish feeling and sounds quite similar to the music of Mendelssohn. Although he composed other pieces which were similar in mood, none of them were as successful as this one.

In 1888, he married Alison Pettie, daughter of the painter John Pettie who had painted MacCunn's portrait several times. They had one son. John Pettie liked music and helped MacCunn in his career by organizing concerts of his music.

He died aged only 48.

Other websites
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* Biography from the British Musical Society Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine

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See the main article: Engineering
Trianel power plant in Hamm-Uentrop.**Chemical engineering** is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. A chemical engineer typically works in the design and supervision of chemical manufacturing processes. Various problems in the chemical production systems of food, medicine, leather, or fuel factories are solved through it.

Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.

Some new topics in chemical engineering include:

* environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories);
* developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
* biomedical engineering.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chemical engineering***.
Resistance, measured in ohms (symbolized by the Greek letter omega - Ω), is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

When an electron moves through a conductor like a metal wire, is when an electric current would flow. Colliding of different moving ions in the metal makes it harder for current to flow which is what causes resistance.

The longer a wire is, the more resistance there is because of the amount of collisions within being more as they pass; this means that the relationship between the two are proportional.

On the other hand, the thinner a wire is, the more resistance. This is because of the space of the passing ions being less meaning the collisions increase. That makes them inversely proportional.

As Resistance increases, current decreases making them inversely proportional.

Calculation
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Resistance can be calculated by measuring current via an ammeter and potential difference via a voltmeter and using Ohm’s law.

V = I x R
or

Volts = amperes x ohms
Or

Potential difference = current x resistance
Which can be re-arranged to calculate current:

R = V/I
Dizzee Rascal in 2013.
**Dylan Mills** (born 18 September 1984, better known as **Dizzee Rascal**) is a British rapper. He has made many types of music, such as hip hop, R&B, and UK garage. He helped make grime music, which is a type of electronic dance music. He is also known for being on pirate radio stations. His music is a combination of both garage and hip-hop beats, with his own style of rapping.

Dizzee Rascal has made many popular songs, such as "Dance wiv Me", "Bonkers", "Holiday", "Dirtee Disco" and "Shout".

History
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Dizzee Rascal's first single was "I Luv U". The song is about accidental teenage pregnancy. He released his first album, *Boy in da Corner*, in 2003. Many music critics gave it good reviews.

Dizzee Rascal was stabbed in Ayia Napa in 2003. Some newspapers thought it happened because of problems between Dizzee and a UK-based hip-hop group named So Solid Crew.

In September 2003, Dizzee won the Mercury Music Prize for best album, and was the youngest person (at 19) to do so. He also worked on Basement Jaxx's third album, *Kish Kash* (2003). He helped make the track "Lucky Star".