recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Skeletal reconstructions of *Gastonia* at the Utah Museum of Ancient Life
**Ankylosauridae** is a family of any armoured dinosaur which evolved 125 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Ankylosauridae and their sister group, the Nodosauridae make up the infraorder Ankylosauria. 

They have been found in western North America, Europe and East Asia. Good specimens are rare; most are known only from fragments, and bits of their armour.

*Scelidosaurus*, whose remains had been found in England, was described by Richard Owen in 1861. Its exact position in the group is still not yet agreed. It was a largely quadrupedal armoured animal from the Lower Jurassic, feeding on low scrubby plants. This is pretty much a description of many dinosaurs in this group.

Taxonomy
--------

* Infraorder **Ankylosauria**
	+ Family **Ankylosauridae**
		- *Ahshislepelta*
		- *Aletopelta*
		- *Cedarpelta*
		- *Gobisaurus*
		- *Minotaurasaurus*
		- *Shamosaurus*
		- *Tatankacephalus*
		- Subfamily **Ankylosaurinae**
			* *Ankylosaurus*
			* *Akainacephalus*
			* *Euoplocephalus*
			* *Jinyunpelta*
			* *Nodocephalosaurus*
			* *Pinacosaurus*
			* *Saichania*
			* *Shanxia*
			* *Talarurus*
			* *Tarchia*
			* *Tianzhenosaurus*
			* *Tsagantegia*
		- Subfamily **Polacanthinae**
			* *Gargoyleosaurus*
			* *Gastonia*
			* *Hoplitosaurus*
			* *Hylaeosaurus*
			* *Mymoorapelta*
			* *Polacanthus*

Ankylosaur
X-ray image of galaxy cluster Abell 2412
**Abell 2142** is a huge, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster in the constellation Corona Borealis. It is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters. 

The combined cluster is six million light years across, contains hundreds of galaxies and *enough gas to make a thousand more*. It is "one of the most massive objects in the universe".

X-ray image
-----------

The image on the right was taken in 1999 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory's 0.3-10.0 keV Advanced Imaging Spectrometer, and covers an area of 7.5 x 7.2 arc minutes. It shows a colossal cosmic "weather system" produced by the collision of two giant clusters of galaxies. For the first time, the pressure fronts in the system have been traced in detai. They show a bright, but relatively cool 50 million degree Celsius central region (white) embedded in large elongated cloud of 70 million degree Celsius gas (magenta), all of which is boiling in a faint "atmosphere" of 100 million degree Celsius gas (faint magenta and dark blue). The bright source in the upper left is an active galaxy in the cluster.

Quick facts
-----------

Abell 2142 is part of the Abell catalogue of rich clusters of galaxies originally published by UCLA astronomer George O. Abell (1927–1983) in 1958. It has a heliocentric redshift of 0.0909 (meaning it is moving away from us at 27,250 km/s) and a visual magnitude of 16.0. It is about 1.2 billion light years (380 megaparsecs) away.
Antimony trifluoride
**Antimony trifluoride**, also known as **antimony(III) fluoride** or **Swart's reagent**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbF3. It has antimony and fluoride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Antimony trifluoride is a light gray solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is very corrosive. It has a strong odor.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrofluoric acid or by reacting antimony with a little fluorine.

Uses
----

It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry. A Belgian chemist reacted a chloride with antimony trifluoride and chlorine to make a fluoride from the chloride. It was used to make Freon. It is also used in pottery and dyeing.

Safety
------

Antimony trifluoride is highly corrosive. It is acidic and can burn the digestive system. It also makes ulcers.

Related pages
-------------

* Bismuth trifluoride
* Antimony tribromide
**Alcazar** is a Swedish pop group who had a string of hit singles during the early 2000s decade and are continuing successfully today.

Alcazar have taken part in the *Melodifestivalen*, the competition that selects Sweden's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest three imes. In 2003 *Not A Sinner, Nor A Saint* came third overall. But it became the biggest hit of all the songs in Melodifestivalen 2003 and won the National Finals Song Contest. It became Alcazar's first #1 single in Sweden and did sell gold. In 2005 *Alcastar* failed to qualify for the final automatically, but eventually made it through after a second chance semi-final. However, the group again had to settle for third in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song *Las Vegas*. But the song became a hit and only needed three days in stores to became Alcazar's second #1 single in Sweden. In 2009 their *Stay the night* came fourth in TV-voting and fifth overall.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Alcazar at Wikimedia Commons
Stereo amplifier
A typical electronic amplifier.
The word **amplifier** (sometimes called an **amp**) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types.

How it works
------------

Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

History
-------

From the 1920s until the 1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot. 

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Audio power amplifiers***.
**Alcester Grammar School** is a grammar school in a town called Alcester, in the county of Warwickshire. It is a local authority school, which means it is not fee-paying. It is, however, selective. This means it is meant for pupils of above average intelligence.

The youngest children are 11. The oldest are 18. Children join when they are 11 or when they are 16. When they are 11 they take a test to get in. The test is called the Eleven plus. 16 year old children can join if they have good GCSE exam grades elsewhere.

Children at Alcester Grammar School take the GCSE exams. GCSEs are exams that all children who live in England take.

About the school
----------------

Alcester Grammar is a very successful, selective, rural, grammar school. It offers courses at National Curriculum and post 16 levels. The school has a large VI form and offers one of the widest ranges of both 'A' and 'AS' levels in the country.

The school website says: 

> 
> The school sets out to provide a relaxed and constructive atmosphere, in which pupils are encouraged to develop their individual talents. Since it is school, boys and girls are jointly involved in most aspects of school life. We have no doubt that co-education is a fitting preparation for life.
> 
> 
> 

There are about 1000 children.

School Awards
-------------

Alcester Grammar School got an 'outstanding' rating in their OFSTED inspection.

Famous people who went to Alcester Grammar School
-------------------------------------------------

* Sarah Douglas, actress
* Simon Davis, comics artist
* Andrew Pozzi, Olympic hurdler

Other websites
--------------

* Alcester Grammar School's Website
* Alcester Grammar School Sixth Form Website
* The Warwickshire County Council page for AGS Archived 2012-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
* The OFSTED page for AGS, including their Inspection Report
Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms. They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.

Well known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (*Lamellibrachia lymnesi*), which is related to the giant tube worm.

Annelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called *annuli* (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring'). Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.

Nervous system
--------------

Annelid worms have a nervous system. The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.

The rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity. In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body.

Main groups
-----------

* Polychaetes: about 12,000 species, free-living
* Clitellates: about 5,000 species
	+ Oligochaetes
	+ Hirudinea
* Echiura
***Anpanman*** is a Japanese children's superhero picture book series. It was written by Takashi Yanase. It ran from 1973 until the author's death in 2013. *Anpanman* is one of the most popular anime series for young children. Anpanman is a superhero with an anpan (a red bean paste filled pastry) for a head. He protects the world from an evil anthropomorphic germ named Baikinman.

Plot
----

Anpanman patrols around the house of Uncle Jam everyday. Anpanman gives starving creatures or people a part of his head, fights with Baikinman and saves people. Anpanman regains his health and strength when he gets a new head. Uncle Jam bakes him a new head. Anpanman has two special attacks; An-punch and An-kick.

Characters
----------

*Anpanman* has a long story and the author increases new characters to keep the series fresh. It holds the Guinness World Record for the most characters in an animated franchise. There are a total of 1768 characters in the first 980 episodes. There are additional bread heroes, for example Currypanman and Shokupanman.

Media
-----

The *Anpanman* picture book series which debuted in October 1973 has published over 150 picture books under different series labels.  These were written and illustrated by Takashi Yanase until his death. Animation by TMS Entertainment entitled Soreike! Anpanman consists of a single episode. Over 1300 episodes broadcasted since October 3, 1988. A total of 32 full-length films have been released and these have the same general plot. Moreover, Animation shorts,  Christmas specials  and video games have been produced.

Legacy
------

There are 5 Anpanman museums such as the Yokohama Anpanman Children's Museum & Mall. They are dedicated to Anpanman. In addition, there is the Yanase Takashi Memorial Hall dedicated to himself. Overseas Anpanman shop opened at the Shin Kong Mitsukoshi shopping mall in Taipei. Anpanman inspired the manga and anime series *One-Punch Man*. Moreover, a song, "Anpanman" was released by BTS (K-pop group).

Reception
---------

According to research by Bandai in 2011, Anpanman was voted the most popular fictional character among people ages 0 to 12 in Japan fpr 10 years in a row. Over 50 million copies of Anpanman books had been sold in Japan. By the time Takashi Yanase died in 2013, the Anpanman picture book had sold 68 million copies. Anpanman books had sold more than 80 million copies as of February 2019.
Hubble Space Telescope image of a 5000-light-year-long (1.5-kiloparsec-long) jet being ejected from the active nucleus of the active galaxy M87, a radio galaxy. The blue synchrotron radiation of the jet contrasts with the yellow starlight from the host galaxy.
An **active galactic nucleus** (**AGN**) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy. This central region radiates huge luminosity over the electromagnetic spectrum. The radiation from an AGN is thought to be caused by mass dragged in by the gravitational pull of a supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy.

This electromagnetic radiation is observed in the radio, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. 

A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an **active galaxy**. AGN are the most luminous and persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe. They can be used to discover distant objects. All theories about the cosmos have to account for AGNs. They are one of the basic facts about the universe.

So-called relativistic jets are extremely powerful jets of plasma which come from some AGNs, notably radio galaxies and quasars. Their lengths can reach several thousand or even hundreds of thousands of light years.
A page of actuary math
**Actuaries** are people who are experts in mathematics, probability, economics, and finance who figure out how much money businesses should charge for making promises to pay for something that may or may not happen.

History
-------

Hundreds of years ago, when people got sick or died, it cost a lot of money to take care of them or bury them. People had the idea of joining their money together to help each other out. This was called pooling. Eventually, people started to make a business out of collecting enough money to help people who had big problems.

Figuring out how much money needed to be collected from people to be used if problems happened was not easy. Over hundreds of years, the math needed for this was developed by many people from all over the world.

Today, actuaries use computers to figure out problems that were too difficult before.

Work
----

Actuaries now work in many places. Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies. Actuaries still figure out how much money needs to be paid for life insurance, as well as other kinds of money promises, like pensions, car insurance, house insurance, and similar.

Actuaries also work with companies to figure out if making certain business deals are a good idea, since actuaries work with figuring out what the probabilities are of different business situations happening.

Tests
-----

People who want to be actuaries need to take many tests. The tests are not the same in different parts of the world.
**Amylase** is an enzyme which breaks down starch into sugars which the body can use.

More accurately, it is a family of similar enzymes which work in a wide range of animals, plants and fungi. There are two variants in humans: alpha-amylase, and gamma-amylase.

Alpha-amylase is a major digestive enzyme. Its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. It is found in saliva and pancreatic juice. It takes starch chains and breaks them into smaller pieces with two or three glucose units. It can break down starch into maltose. It works in the mouth and stomach during digestion.

The gamma-amylase has most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. Therefore, it works best in the stomach, which does have an acidic pH.

Human evolution
---------------

Apparently, early humans did not possess salivary amylase. The closest evolutionary relatives of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, have either one or no copies of the gene for producing salivary amylase. A duplication event of the AMY1 gene led to the production of amylase in the saliva. The same event occurred independently in rodents. This shows the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that eat relatively large amounts of starch.

Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. After the agricultural revolution, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift marked the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans. As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.

Not all humans have the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Populations which rely on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than populations that eat little starch. The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.

The correlation between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies suggests that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations is caused by natural selection. It is a favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is likely that having more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring. Geographically close populations with different eating habits possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene.
Anna Sewell
**Anna Sewell** (30 March 1820 – 25 April 1878) was an English novelist. She is best known as the author of the 1877 novel *Black Beauty,* one of the top ten best selling novels for children ever written.

Anna Sewell was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. After a childhood injury, she was confined to her house, and got around largely by carriage horse. Sewell spent her last years writing the children's classic *Black Beauty* (1877), a fictional autobiography of a gentle, highbred horse. She died of hepatitis in 1878, just five months after her book was published.

Sewell’s concern for the humane treatment of horses began early in life. Crippled at a young age, she had difficulty walking, but she could drive a horse-drawn carriage. Her father took the train to work, and she drove her father to and from the station. Later, after reading an essay on animals by Horace Bushnell, she stated that one of her goals in writing was "to induce kindness, sympathy, and an understanding treatment of horses."

Sewell’s introduction to writing began in her youth when she helped edit the works of her mother—a deeply religious, popular author of juvenile best-sellers. Sewell spent the last seven or eight years of her life—confined to her house as an invalid—writing Black Beauty. The book, a fictional autobiography of a gentle highbred horse, had a strong moral purpose. It may have helped abolish the cruel practice of using the checkrein.
A 3rd century CE papyrus attributed to Antiphon' *Peri aletheias* Bk. I
**Antiphon** was an Ancient Greek philosopher, who lived in the 5th century BC. He is also known as **Antiphon of Athens** or **Antiphon the Sophist**, in English. His identity is not known. At the end of the 5th century, there were many people named *Antiphon* in Athens: There was a person that was writer, orator, and politician,called Antiphon the Orator. People do not agree if this was the same person as the philosopher. There was also a poet writing tragedies, a fortune-teller, and a person helping people make sense of their dreams. All of them were called Antiphon. 

Three works are attributed to Antiphon the Sophist

* On Truth (Peri aletheias) - only known in parts, no complete copy exists
* On common sense (Perí homonoías)
* On politics (Politikos) - almost nothing survives of this speech attributed to him.
* On dreams (Perí kríseōs oneírōn) is probably not the work of Antiphon the Sophist.

Antiphon was also a mathematician: By inscribing polygons on a circle he was able to give an upper and lower limit for the value of Pi.This was later used when people tried to square the circle.
Map of Anjou.
**Anjou** (French pronunciation: ​[ɑ̃ʒu]) is a former county, duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of western France. Its traditional Latin name was *Andegavia*.

Anjou, or then the Angevin march (border lands) formed the border between Neustria and Aquitaine. It also bordered between Neustria and Brittany. Sitting on a black slate rock was the Roman fortress of Angers. It guarded the rivers Mayenne and Loire that flowed around it.

The founder or first count of Anjou was Ingelger.

Anjou became a part of England from 1151-1199, when Henry II inherited the county. He became the Count of Anjou in addition to his other titles. His (third) son Richard the Lionheart became count after his father. At the peak of its power the Angevin Empire spread from Ulster to the Pyrenees. Richard had no legitimate issue, so in 1199 Anjou passed to his nephew, Arthur of Brittany. He was the son of Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany. The Crown of England passed to Henry II’s fifth son and Richard’s youngest brother, John. Arthur was taken prisoner by King John in 1203 and was never seen again. In 1204, Anjou was taken back by Philip II of France. It was later elevated to a duchy for Prince Louis, the second son of John II of France. It remained a duchy until the French Revolution. Today, Anjou corresponds largely to the present-day *département* of Maine-et-Loire.
**Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing**, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera *EastEnders*.

Early life
----------

Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

Career
------

Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on *EastEnders* from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in *EastEnders*. In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie *Ex Memoria*. She played Grandma in the 2007 movie *Son of Rambow*.

### Later career

In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called *Numbers Up*. The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

Personal life
-------------

Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

### Death

Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

Other websites
--------------

* Anna Wing on IMDb
* Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Lou Beale, BBC character profile Archived 2006-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing) Archived 2007-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
The **Anatolian hypothesis** of Proto-Indo-European origin is that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era. When the Neolithic Revolution took place in the seventh and sixth millennia BC, the speakers spread over Europe. Those who advocate this hypothesis think that the Indo-European languages originated in Anatolia. They believe that the Proto-Indo-Europeans then migrated north to the location north of the Caucasus Mountains. There is an another hypothesis, called the Kurgan hypothesis. The people who support it say the Indo-European languages came from the Caucasus. One of the best-known advocates of the Anatolian hypothesis is Colin Renfrew.

Related pages
-------------

* Indo-Hittite
* Armenian hypothesis
* Neolithic Europe
* Neolithic revolution
* Kurgan hypothesis

Other websites
--------------

* Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature 426 (27 November 2003) 435-439 Archived 2 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Arthur Nikisch
**Arthur Nikisch** (born Lébény Szent Miklós, Hungary, 12 October 1855; died Leipzig, 23 January 1922) was a Hungarian conductor. He conducted in Germany as well as internationally and was thought of as the greatest conductor of his time.

Life
----

Arthur Nikisch was born in Hungary (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire). His father was from Moravia, his mother was Hungarian. As a child he showed exceptional musical talent. He learned the piano and the violin and studied at the Vienna Conservatory, where he won prizes for composition and for playing the violin and piano. He was playing the violin in the orchestra when Richard Wagner conducted a concert in Bayreuth to celebrate the beginning of the building of his new theatre: the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. He joined the Vienna Court Orchestra where he played in concerts that were conducted by famous composers such as Brahms, Liszt, Verdi and Wagner. Soon he started his career as conductor in Leipzig. He quickly became internationally famous. In 1889 he was invited to conduct the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He conducted many concerts in the USA. In 1893 he became conductor of the Budapest Opera. Two years later he also became conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, taking the place of Carl Reinecke. In the same year he also became the main conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. He remained conductor of these two world famous orchestras until his death.

Nikisch gave concerts all over the world, appearing as guest conductor with great orchestras such as the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1912 he took the London Symphony Orchestra to the USA, the first European Orchestra to tour there (fortunately they cancelled their booking on the RMS Titanic at the last moment). He conducted at the Leipzig Opera and taught conducting at the Leipzig Conservatory.

Nikisch was famous for his conducting of the great Romantic composers such as Schumann, Brahms, Bruckner, Tchaikovsky and Wagner as well as Beethoven. He had a great influence on the next generation of conductors including Wilhelm Furtwängler and Sir Adrian Boult. He helped composers such as Mahler, Max Reger and Richard Strauss to become famous by performing their music.

Nikisch married the singer Amélie Heusner. Their son Mitja became a successful pianist.
An **anoxic event** (AE) is an event in which parts of the ocean have become low in oxygen (O2) below the surface levels, or when all the oxygen has gone. They may be called **oceanic anoxic events** or **deep ocean anoxic events**.

Major anoxic events have happened, though not for millions of years. The geological record of organic-rich sediment (black shales) shows that they happened in the past. However, only "in rare, extreme cases, [did] euxinia lead to biotic crises. [The] hypothesis [is] best supported by evidence from the end-Permian mass extinction".

Anoxic events may have caused mass extinctions. These mass extinctions were so characteristic that they have been used by geologists as markers in biostratigraphic dating. Typically, oceanic anoxic events last for under half a million years, before a full recovery.

There are several places on earth today that show the features of anoxic events on a localized level. 'Dead zones' exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea, in the northern Adriatic and off the coast of Louisiana.

Events which may have caused anoxic events
------------------------------------------

It is not known why anoxic events may have happened. Some ideas include:

1. Global warm climate leading to a huge growth of biomass.
2. High rainfall sweeping organic material down into the oceans.
3. Deep water circulation between poles and the equator stopping.
4. Oceanic oxygen being used up, and not being replaced fast enough.
5. Poisonous hydrogen sulphide collecting in the oceans.
6. Oceans becoming hostile to most forms of life

All of these events may have caused mass extinction in the seas, changing ways in which all animals which feed on sea creatures.

Historic examples
-----------------

### Jurassic

* Toarcian event 183 million years ago (mya)

### Lower Cretaceous

* Aptian: mid-Aptian extinction event, 116/7 mya.

### Upper Cretaceous

* Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event: black shale deposition in ocean basins. 91.5 (±8.6) mya.

### Cainozoic

* Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 55.8 mya.
**Abenaki** (also spelled as **Abnaki** or **Wabanaki)** are Native American people group from the Northeast Woodlands. The group is part of the Algonquian language group. The group was also a member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The people are broken into two language groups. They are the Eastern and Western Abenaki Language group. The eastern language was in New Brunswick and Maine. The western language was in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and southern Quebec. The name Abenaki means "People of the Dawn Land" in the Abenaki language. Today the US government recognizes several tribes connected to the Abenaki.

History
-------

Large confederacies like the Iroquois wanted to take over Abenaki land. Agriculture helped the Abenaki to become more powerful and resist such attacks.

The Abenaki had contact with French and English colonists in the 17th century. They got involved in the fur trade and often allied with the French. Soon they had to move out of their lands to Quebec. This was because there was tension with Colonists. There was also disease that made the Abenaki population smaller. The Abenaki lost several wars and had to move to Quebec in Canada.

Culture
-------

The Abenaki were made of small groups of people. Small family groups were led by a chief. The chief helped the group make decisions that the majority could accept. There was also a chief for war. The groups also tried to develop relations with other groups and tribes. Groups usually met in the spring and summer. In the society, descendants were based on the father's side (partrilineal).

Telling stories was part of the culture. People told stories from one generation to the next. Storytelling was also a way to teach children how to act.

The people had different types of foods and goods. Tribe members went fishing and hunting. They also grew special plants and collected wild plants for food. The Three Sisters squash, corn and beans were also eaten. They often used plants for medical problems.

Most Abenaki lived in wigwams. These were dome-shaped homes. They also used canoes for travel.

The Abenaki had a particular mythology. They beloved in several gods. Gici Niwaskw was the highest god. This god created the world and brought sound and color. The god also had the title of Niwaskowôgan. This means the Great Spirit. According to the myth, there were three ages after creation. The ages are different based on how humans and animals relate to each other.
A "horseshoe magnet" made of Alnico 5, about 1 in. high. The metal bar *(bottom)* is a *keeper*. Placed across the poles when the magnet was not in use, it helped preserve the magnetization.
**Alnico** is an alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name "Alnico" is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, lnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).

Properties
----------

Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot. 

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).
Denkova and Staviski in exhibition
**Albena Denkova** (born December 3, 1974 in Sofia) is an ice dancer from Bulgaria. Her skating partner and fiancee is Maxim Staviski.

Denkova and Staviski are the first Bulgarian skaters to win Worlds, which they did in 2006 and 2007.

In 2006, Denkova was elected as the president of the Bulgarian figure skating federation.

After 2007 Worlds, Denkova and Staviski did not announce if they would retire, leaving it open. However, in the summer of 2007, Staviski was involved in a fatal car crash that killed a man and left someone else in a coma. Staviski survived unharmed. However, he was legally drunk. Denkova and Staviski have withdrawn from the Grand Prix events they were scheduled to attend. Denkova has not made an official announcement as to their retirement, but if Staviski goes to jail, they will be unable to compete.

Denkova's younger sister Ina Demireva is also an ice dancer.

Denkova and Staviski are known for being pioneers of dance lifts. They invented or popularized most of the ice dance lifts currently in use at the international level.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Albena Denkova***.

* International skating union biography Archived 2007-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Denkova & Staviski official web site
* Care to Ice Dance? - Denkova & Staviski Archived 2007-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Няма как да сте забравили руският състезател по фигурно пързаляне
American soldiers with an anti-aircraft gun in Algeria in 1943
**Anti-aircraft warfare**, or **air defence**, is any way of fighting military aircraft in combat from the ground. Different guns and cannons have been used for this since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. They have become more powerful over the years. After World War II, Surface to Air Missiles began to be used too. Today, both are used to fight against aircraft. 

Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include **AAA** or **triple-A**, an abbreviation for ***a**nti-**a**ircraft **a**rtillery*, and **flak** or **flack** (from the German ***Fl**ug**a**bwehr**k**anone*, *aircraft defence cannon*). An **anti-aircraft missile** is another name for a **surface-to-air missile**, also said SAM for short.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Air defense***.

* *Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense* by Kenneth P. Werrell (book available for download)
* Japanese Antiaircraft land/vessel doctrines in 1943-44
**Albert Bridge** is a road bridge over the River Thames in West London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

History
-------

Albert Bridge was designed and built in 1873 as a cable-stayed bridge, it proved to be structurally unsound. Between 1884 and 1887 Sir Joseph Bazalgette added some elements of a suspension bridge. More work was done in 1973. As a result, the bridge today is a hybrid of three different design styles.

Built as a toll bridge, it was unsuccessful. Six years after its opening it was taken into public ownership, and the tolls were lifted. The tollbooths remained in place, and are the only surviving examples of bridge tollbooths in London. Its nickname is 'The Trembling Lady' because of its tendency to vibrate when large numbers of people walked over it. Signs at the entrances warn troops from the nearby Chelsea Barracks to break step while crossing the bridge.

With a roadway only 27 feet (8.2 m) wide, and with serious structural weaknesses, the bridge was ill-equipped to cope with motor traffic. Despite this, Albert Bridge has remained open to vehicles, apart from brief spells for repairs. It is one of only two Thames road bridges in central London which have never been replaced.

The strengthening work did not prevent further decay of the bridge's structure. Strict traffic control limits its use and prolongs its life. It is the least busy Thames road bridge in London except for Southwark Bridge. The bridge's condition continues to get worse as the result of traffic. Also, severe rotting of the timber deck is caused by the urine of dogs using it as a route to nearby Battersea Park.

In 1992 Albert Bridge was rewired and painted in an unusual colour scheme designed to make it easy to see, and avoid being hit by shipping. At night it is lit by 4,000 bulbs, making it one of West London's most striking landmarks.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames. The Royal Barge launched from the pier at Albert Bridge.

The Albert Bridge

Related pages
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* List of crossings of the River Thames

Other websites
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 Media related to Albert Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

* Daily Mail, Thames pageant graphic; Archived 2012-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Albert Clifton Ammons** (March 1, 1907 – December 2, 1949) was an important American blues and boogie-woogie pianist.

Life
----

Ammons was the son of a couple which both played piano. So he started at the age of ten with piano lessons. After the First World War, he became interested in blues. He was influenced by Hersal Thomas and Jimmy Yancey. At the beginning of the 1920s, he worked as taxi driver where he met another pianist, Meade Lux Lewis. They formed a team and played at clubs and parties.

In 1934, he formed his own band, Albert Ammons's Rhythm Kings. Their version of Swanee River Boogie sold over a million copies. Later he went to New York City where he teamed with another pianist, Pete Johnson. They often played at the Café Society. Sometimes they were joined by Meade Lux Lewis. But they also played there with famous jazz musicians like Benny Goodman or Harry James.

On December 23, 1938, Ammons, Lewis and Johnson played at the *From Spirituals to Swing* concert. This concert was the start of the public interest in boogie-woogie. One visitor was record producer Alfred Lion who started two weeks later Blue Note Records with recordings of Ammons and Johnson, nine Ammons solos including "The Blues" and "Boogie Woogie Stomp", eight by Lewis and a pair of duets.

After the interest in boogie-woogie faded, Albert Ammons still had a lot of work. He went on tours as solo artist. Ammons played at President Harry S. Truman's inauguration in 1949. He died on December 2, 1949 in Chicago.

A lot of pianists like Dave Alexander, Dr. John, Hadda Brooks, Johnnie Johnson, Ray Bryant, Erroll Garner, Katie Webster, Axel Zwingenberger and Jörg Hegemann named Ammons as a main influence. Jörg Hegemann recorded a tribute album, *A Tribute To Albert Ammons*, celebrating his 100th birthday in 2007.
**Anti-Armenianism** is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves.

Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lacks a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, and belief in an Armenian conspiracy.

Anti-Armenianism by individuals
-------------------------------

For several months in 1994, Ahmet Coşar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book "Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State" where he has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide. Azeri cartoonist *Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan* has produced around 4500 Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. His cartoons are often included with the phrase "Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease". His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe. Murad Gumen is another individual who espouses anti-Armenian rhetoric in his website "Tall Armenian Tale". Barbaros Agri uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide". The cause has 5000 plus members.

Related pages
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* Denial of the Armenian Genocide
The **Albert's lyrebird** (*Menura alberti*) is a pheasant-sized songbird, about 90 cm long, with brown upper body feathers and rich chestnut below. It is very similar with the superb lyrebird in its habits. This bird also mimics other species sounds. It is sometimes called the "Prince Albert Lyrebird" or the "Northern Lyrebird". Named after Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, they are smaller than the Superb Lyrebirds.

Albert's lyrebirds are only found in a small area of rainforest in the Lamington National Park near the border of Queensland and New South Wales. There are about 3,500 birds known to exist. There are reports of the birds in the Blackall Range, but this has not been proved. Known groups of birds live on Tamborine Mountain, Scenic Rim and the Nightcap Range.

They eat small insects which they scratch up from the ground. They are a shy bird which will run or fly away if disturbed. During the breeding season in winter, from May to August, the male bird performs displays of song and dance to attract the females. The songs are copied from other birds and forest sounds. The songs can last up to four hours, with some individual songs lasting up to one hour. During his dance, the male bird raises his tail feathers up and over his body. The feathers form a lyre shape which is why they were given the name "lyrebird".

It is listed as a Vulnerable species because it lives in such a limited area, it can only eat a small range of food from that area, and it is not breeding quickly.

Other websites
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* Internet Bird Collection Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine with videos of Albert's lyrebirds
* Albert's lyrebird  from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Menura alberti***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Menura alberti***.
"Extreme Unction", part of *The Seven Sacraments*, by Rogier van der Weyden (1445).
**Anointing** **of the Sick** is a sacrament (a sacred ceremony) in Roman Catholicism and other Christian denominations. It is given to people who are "in danger due to sickness or old age".

A person does not have to be dying to receive the Anointing of the Sick. It can be done for anyone with a medical problem which they could die from.

Anointing of the Sick is also called **Unction**. In the past, it was called **Extreme Unction.** ("Anointing" and "Unction" are both words for putting oil on a person. Oil is an important part of the ceremony.)

Beginnings
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All four Gospels in the Bible say that Jesus healed many people. Catholics believe that even after his death, Jesus is still able to heal people through the power of the sacraments.

The main part of the Bible that talks about anointing of the sick is James 5:14–15: "Are any among you sick? They should call for the elders of the Church and have them pray over them, anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord. And their prayer offered in faith will heal the sick, and the Lord will make them well. And if they have committed sins, these will be forgiven." Matthew 10:8, Luke 10:8–9 and Mark 6:13 also talk about the anointing of the sick.

The sacrament
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The Anointing of the Sick sacrament is done by a priest. The priest brings oil, which he has blessed. Usually, the oil is olive oil or another pure plant oil. The priest rubs the blessed oil on the patient's forehead, and sometimes other parts of the body. While he does this, he says special prayers that are meant for the Anointing of the Sick sacrament. 

Catholics believe the Anointing of the Sick sacrament can:

* Give comfort to the sick person (make them feel better)
* Give the sick person the courage and strength they will need to go through the pain or suffering of their illness
* Make the soul stronger
* Make the body stronger (sometimes)
* Help the person get ready to live with Christ forever after death
* Forgive the person's sins, if the person is too sick to make a confession (tell the priest about the sins he has done in his life, ask for forgiveness, and say prayers to show he is sorry)

Several other Christian churches have similar rituals.

Last rites
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Lt. Cmdr. J.T. O'Callahan gives last rites to an injured crewman aboard the USS *Franklin*, after the ship was set afire by a Japanese air attack (1945).
The Anointing of the Sick is one of the three sacraments that make up the last rites. In Catholicism, last rites are a set of sacraments that are given to people who are dying. 

The steps in the last rites are:

1. Penance: The dying person repents their sins (says they are sorry for the sins they have done), and asks God to forgive them.
2. The Anointing of the Sick
3. Viaticum: This is one final Holy Communion. The dying person is given a small piece of bread, or even a tiny crumb if they cannot eat. A priest has blessed this bread. Catholics believe this special blessing turns the bread into the body of Christ.

Related pages
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* Catechism of the Catholic Church
* Charismatic
* Lourdes