recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In baseball, a **hit** is when a player (called the *batter* or *batsman*) who is trying to hit the ball that is thrown (or *pitched*) by the thrower (called the *pitcher*) hits the ball in such a way as to let him move forward at least one base.

How a hit is made
-----------------

The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter standing at home plate *(or home base)*, who tries to hit the ball and score a run. After the batter hits the ball he runs as fast as he can around the bases and tries to get to a base before he is called out by an umpire. If he gets to a base before he is called out he is safe and the next batter comes forward and tries to hit a ball from the pitcher. The old batter who is *on base* becomes a runner.

Types of hit
------------

* **single** - a hit that moves the batter one base towards home plate.
* **double** - a hit that moves the batter two bases towards home plate.
* **triple** - a hit that moves the batter three bases towards home plate.
* **home run** - a hit that moves the batter all four bases and back to home plate.

There are other kinds of hits, but these are the major ones. These hits can be made by many ways. For example; a **single** can come from a hit that travelled along the ground (called a *grounder*) or that travelled in the air (a *fly ball*). A grounder can often be harder for the other team to stop than a fly ball. This is because when it moves along the ground it has more chance of hitting bumps and the glove or foot of the other teams player than it does if it moves in the air. There are also more ways in which hits can happen but these are the two major ways.

A no-hitter
-----------

A no-hitter is a baseball game in which the other team does not get any hits during the whole game. The winning pitcher who has stopped the losing team from getting a hit is said to have "thrown a no-hitter". Because of the skill of the players, a no-hitter does not happen very often.

Other websites
--------------

* The Official Rules of Major League Baseball
A drawing of Bridget O'Donnell and her two children during the famine
The **Great Famine,** **Great Hunger,** or **Potato Famine** is the name given to the famine in Ireland in the years 1845-1852. Outside Ireland, it is usually called the **Irish Potato Famine**. The famine was caused by "the potato blight", a fungus-like organism which quickly destroyed the potatoes in Ireland, and throughout Europe. The effect was particularly bad in Ireland because potatoes were the staple food for most Irish people at the time.

It is believed that between 1 million to 1.5 million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of hunger or disease. Another million became refugees because of the famine. Many people who left Ireland moved to Great Britain, (mostly to the nearby town of Liverpool), the United States, Canada and Australia.

In Ireland this time is referred to as "the starvation". The potato was the only crop affected, yet Ireland continued to produce corn, wheat, barley, and beef. However, the mostly English landlords made a bigger profit by selling these food products elsewhere.

By the late 17th century, potatoes had become common as a supplementary rather than a major food. The diet was mainly around butter, milk, and grain products. Potato became a base food of the poor, especially in winter. The lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland caused the emergence of *Phytophthora infestans* which had devastating effects in Ireland. Another factor is that holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would be able to feed a family.

Starting in 1801, Ireland had been directly governed, under the Act of Union as part of the United Kingdom. In the 40 years after the union, British governments grappled with the problems of governing the country. One historian calculated that, between 1801 and 1845, there had been 114 commissions and 61 special committees enquiring into the state of Ireland. "Without exception their findings prophesied disaster. Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low". It was caused by monoculture because they only planted one main crop and let its disease infest all other potatoes in the Irish territory.

Other websites
--------------

* Irish Potato Famine at The History Place
**Exogamy** is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

Biological
----------

In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

Cultural
--------

Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

Dual exogamy
------------

Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

Related pages
-------------

* Endogamy
In formal number theory a **Gödel numbering** is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a **Gödel number (GN)**. The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem. 

A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions are Gödel numberings.

Definition
----------

Given a countable set *S*, a **Gödel numbering** is an injective function

{\displaystyle f:S\to \mathbb {N} }
with both *f* and {\displaystyle f^{-1}} (the inverse of *f*) being computable functions.

Examples
--------

### Base notation and strings

One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence **2 3** is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of *N* symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to *N* and reading the string as the base *N*+1 representation of an integer.

Further reading
---------------

* *Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid*, by Douglas Hofstadter. This book defines and uses an alternative Gödel numbering.
* *Gödel's Proof* by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman. This book provides a good introduction and summary of the proof, with a large section dedicated to Gödel's numbering.
Forest, Ontario
**Forest, Ontario** is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

History
-------

Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

Industry
--------

The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

Population
----------

In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. Information for Forest itself is not available.

Education
---------

Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

Recreation and tourism
----------------------

There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a 20 mi (32 km) drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called *The Promise* in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.
Headquarters of the European Commission in Brussels (Berlaymont building)
The **European Commission** (officially called the **Commission of the European Communities**) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, he decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If he does not, or if the President does not do his job, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).

The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

Related pages
-------------

* President of the European Commission
Hughes Hall
**Hughes Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only takes students who are more than 21 years old (*mature* students). They can be undergraduates or postgraduates. It opened in 1885 and was only for women at the start. The first men came in 1973. It takes its name from the first *Principal* (head of the college), Elizabeth Phillips Hughes. 

Today, Hughes Hall has about 400 students. It has the tradition of trying to mix students and Fellows (teachers) at social events, such as dinners where there is no separate table for Fellows.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| * v
* t
* e
Colleges of the University of Cambridge |
| --- |
| Christ's • Churchill • Clare • Clare Hall • Corpus Christi • Darwin • Downing • Emmanuel • Fitzwilliam • Girton • Gonville and Caius • Homerton • Huges Hall • Jesus • King's • Lucy Cavendish • Magdalene • Murray Edwards • Newnham • Pembroke • Peterhouse • Queens' • Robinson • St Catharine's • St Edmund's • St John's • Selwyn • Sidney Sussex • Trinity • Trinity Hall • Wolfson |
Opened view of the polyptych.
Closed view, back panels.
The **Ghent Altarpiece** or ***Adoration of the Mystic Lamb*** (Dutch: *Het Lam Gods* or *The Lamb of God*; completed 1432) is a very large and complex Early Flemish polyptych panel painting. It is one of Belgium's masterpieces and one of the world's treasures.

It was once in the *Joost Vijdt* chapel at Saint Bavo Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium. Later it was moved to the chapel of the cathedral. It was commissioned by the rich merchant and financier Joost Vijdt for his and his wife's private chapel. It was begun by Hubert van Eyck, who died in 1426 while work was underway. It was completed by his younger brother Jan van Eyck. 

The altarpiece has a total of 24 framed panels. They make up two views, open and closed. The upper row of the opened view shows Christ the King between the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. The insides of the wings show angels singing and making music. On the outside is Adam and Eve. The lower row of the central panel shows the adoration of the Lamb of God. Several groups are in attendance and streaming in to worship, overseen by the dove who is the Holy Spirit. On weekdays the wings were closed. This showed the Annunciation of Mary and donor portraits of Joost Vijdt and his wife Lysbette Borluut.

There used to be writing on the frame saying that Hubert van Eyck "greater than anyone" started the altarpiece, but that Jan van Eyck - calling himself "second best in the art" - finished it in 1432. The original, very ornate carved outer frame and surround was destroyed during the Reformation. There has been speculation that it may have had clockwork mechanisms for moving the shutters and even playing music.

The original lower left panel known as The Just Judges was stolen in 1934. The original panel has never been found. It was replaced by a copy made in 1945 by Jef Vanderveken. The stolen panel plays a big part in Albert Camus' novel *La chute*. In 2010 Dutch journalist Karl Hammer published "The secret of the sacred panel". He describes the involvement of various religious groups, the Vatican and British intelligence services in their attempt to get back the lost panel.

When opened, the altarpiece measures 3.4 by 4.6 metres (11 by 15 feet).

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck at Wikimedia Commons
Coronet of a Grandee of Spain
Mantle of a Grandee of Spain
The **Grandes de España** are the highest ranking members of the Spanish nobility. Their ranks are made up of those nobles holding the most important historical landed titles in Spain. In the modern day, many of these titles overlap or are held by the same person. Strategic marriages have collected titles under certain noble houses over time. 

In the modern day, all Grandees have the status 'of the first class'. It implies neither privilege nor power.

An individual is a grandee if he or she holds a *Grandeza de España*, regardless of possession of a title of nobility. Normally, each *grandeza* is granted with a title, but this was not always the case. Also, a *Grandeza de España* is normally awarded along with every ducal title. Several members of both Spanish and French nobility were made Grandees also.

Address
-------

Grandees and their consorts are entitled to the style of *The Most Excellent* (Spanish: *Excelentísimo Señor*, male, or **Excelentísima Señora**, female; abbreviated as *Excmo. Sr.* or *Excma. Sra.*). In written form, their names are followed by the abbreviation G de E.

Examples
--------

* Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba
* Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon
Flemish Giant rabbit
The **Flemish Giant rabbit** is one of the largest breeds of domestic rabbits, earning the name, "King of Rabbits." Originally, these rabbits were bred for their fur and meat. It's origins are quite vague. It is believed that these rabbits are descended from the Patagonia Rabbit, possibly crossed with another rabbit. Also, no one is sure as to what region these rabbits are from.

The difference in does (females) and bucks (males) can be told by looking at their head. Bucks have a broader head while does' are dainty and have a dewlap, a fold of skin under their chin, used to keep kits (baby rabbits) warm.

The Flemish Giant rabbit has other nicknames besides "King of Rabbits." The name "Gentle Giants" was earned because unlike the smaller domestic rabbit, Flemish Giants are known for being much more calm and gentle. They are also called the "Universal Rabbit" mainly for being great pets and show animals, although, it could also be because of their use as a resource for food and material.

Size
----

"Giant" obviously comes from their large size. "Flemish" was the language spoken in the region where they were being bred. Their large size does mean a bit more of food and maintenance but these rabbits can be taken care of the same way the normal domestic sized rabbits would be taken care of.

Fur
---

Their glossy fur is short and dense. Their coats come in seven different colors; light gray, steel gray, black, fawn, sandy, white, and blue.

Growth
------

Mature Flemish Giants weigh 13-14 lbs on average but they can weigh up to 20 pounds, even a bit more. They can grow to be bigger than some dogs. On average, the Flemish Giant can grow to 2 1/2 in length. The longest Flemish Giant recorded is 4 ft. 3 in. The typical ear length for them is 8 inches.
The **Hymenoptera** is one of the larger orders of insect. It includes the bees, wasps, sawflies and ants. There are over 130,000 recognised species, with many more remaining to be described. The name is derived from the Greek words *hymen* meaning 'membrane' and *ptera* meaning 'wings. The hindwings are connected to the forewings by a series of hooks called *hamuli*.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature (See holometabolism).

Sub-order Symphyta
------------------

These are the sawflies, the most primitive Hymenoptera. Their adults do not have a narrow 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. The female's ovipositor is adapted to burrowing or sawing into the substrate, usually plant tissue.

Sub-order Apocrita
------------------

These, the bees, wasps and ants, have a 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. They are by far the most numerous Hymenoptera, and include the famous groups of colonial insects. In fact, the group with the most species is not colonial; it is the vast number of parasitoid wasps, such as the Ichneumons.

Evolution
---------

Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic: the oldest fossils belong to the Sawfly family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous.
The **Great Bitter Lake** (Arabic: البحيرة المرة الكبرى; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra al-Kubra) is a saltwater lake in Egypt. Today, it is part of the Suez Canal, which connects it to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is connected to the **Small Bitter Lake** (Arabic: البحيرة المرة الصغرى; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra as-Sughra), through which the canal also runs. Before the canal was built (1869), the site was a dry salt valley or basin. Even the ancient Pyramid Texts mention it. Ships traveling through the Suez Canal use the Great Bitter Lake as a "passing lane", where they can change their position in line or turn around.

Salinity
--------

The place where the Great Bitter Lake is located used to be a dry salt valley. This still influences the salinity of the lake. Starting with the Six-Day War (1967), the Suez Canal was closed for eight years. During this time, the salinity of the lake increased a lot. It depends on how much seawater flows into it from the Red and the Mediterranean seas. Even when the canal is open, the Great Bitter Lake has a salinity level "more than twice" the level of the sea. While this makes it difficult for plant life to exist there, many species (of crabs, for example) migrate from the Red Sea through the area.

As the Suez canal has no locks, sea water flows freely into the lake from the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In general, north of the lakes, the current changes seasonally, it flows to the north in winter, and south in summer. South of the lakes, the current is tidal, changing with the tides in the Red Sea.

Many fish migrate from south to north through the canal. This is known as Lessepsian migration. It means that certain Red Sea species have come to colonize the eastern Mediterranean.

Quincy Agreement
----------------

On 14 February 1945, in the last year of World War II, Great Bitter Lake was the site of the Quincy Agreement. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, directly after the Yalta Conference with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, met Saudi Arabia's King Abdulaziz on board the naval cruiser USS *Quincy*.

President Roosevelt's interpreter was U.S. Marine Corps Colonel Bill Eddy, who recorded the men's conversation in his book *FDR Meets Ibn Saud*. The meeting is the subject of a BBC documentary by Adam Curtis, *called Bitter Lake* (2015).

Yellow Fleet
------------

During the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal was closed. Egypt kept it closed until 1975, trapping 15 ships in the lake. These ships became known as the "Yellow Fleet", because of the desert sands which soon covered their decks. The crews of the ships would eventually organize, share resources, and later set up their own post office and stamp. Two German-flagged ships eventually sailed out of the canal on their own power. Stranded cargo included various perishables (such as eggs and fruit), T-shirts, and a load of toys destined for Woolworth's.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Great Bitter Lake at Wikimedia Commons
Gary Karr
**Gary Karr** (born 20 November 1941), is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher.

Life
----

There were several double bass players in his family, but he did not meet them. He studied with several teachers. He went to the Juilliard School. In 1962 he became famous when he was a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein. On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from *Carnival of the Animals* by Camille Saint-Saëns.

Gary Karr has given performances in many parts of the world. He has published a number of books for learning to play the double bass. After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju.

Foundations
-----------

In 1967, Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization which encourages the playing of the double bass all over the world. Every two years the ISB has a big international conference. 

Olga Koussevitzky, widow of the conductor and double bass player Serge Koussevitzky (1874-1951) heard Karr play when he was young, and gave him the beautiful Amati double bass made in 1611 which her husband had played. Karr later gave this double bass to the ISB so that double bassists world-wide could play on it. 

In 1984 the Karr Doublebass Foundation was established by Karr, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to help them in their careers.

Other websites
--------------

* Gary Karr Official website
* International Society of Bassists Official website
**Gladys May Aylward** (24 February 1902 – 3 January 1970) was a British-born evangelical Christian missionary to China, whose story was told in the book *The Small Woman*, by Alan Burgess, published in 1957.

Film of her life
----------------

The life of Gladys Aylward was made into the film *The Inn of the Sixth Happiness*, starring Ingrid Bergman, in 1958. The film was produced by Twentieth Century Fox, and filmed entirely in North Wales and England. Many things in the film were not true to the life of Gladys. However, it brought her some fame. This allowed her to speak to groups in many countries about her true work and love for Jesus.

Missionary service
------------------

Gladys was not accepted by missionary societies due to her lack of education. She saved money for the train fare. She went to China on her own to work with an older woman. After that woman, Jeannie Lawson, died, Gladys took over her work. Much of her life was spent caring for orphans. During the Second World War, she rescued many orphans who had been abandoned or whose parents had been killed. This involved dangerous journeys with the children to get away from places where the war was raging. She finally settled in Taiwan in 1958. There, she founded the Gladys Aylward Orphanage, where she worked until her death in 1970.
The **hourglass dolphin** (*Lagenorhynchus cruciger*) (also known as the **electra dolphin**, **little killer whale**, or **many-toothed blackfish**) is a species of dolphin. It is small and wide compared to other dolphins. It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic. It was not known to science until a drawing was made of it in 1820. Only six Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists. Boats do not usually go where they live. The average water temperature they live in is 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius. 

The hourglass dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea skunk". On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape. That is how it got its name. 

An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120 kg. There is only one other dolphin that is as small in its area.

Hourglass dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10. Once a group of 60 was recorded. They like to ride the bow of boats. There are usually fin whales with them. It is thought they eat small fish, crustaceans, and squid. They have conical teeth probably used to crack the shells of crustaceans. 

The hourglass dolphin stays around the Antarctic. Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile. 


Wikispecies has information on: ***Lagenorhynchus cruciger***.
***Gomphotherium*** is an extinct genus of proboscid which evolved in the lower Miocene of North America. It survived from 13.65–1.7 million years ago (mya).

They spread to Asia, Europe and Africa after a drop in sea level allowed them to cross over. It survived into the Pliocene, and its remains have been found in Chile, china, France, Germany, Austria, Kansas, Tennessee, Pakistan, Kenya and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

*G. angustidens* by Charles R. Knight
*Gomphotherium* stood around 3 metres (9.8 ft) high with an estimated weight of 4-5 tons, and looked similar to a modern elephant. However, it had four tusks; two on the upper jaw and two on the long lower jaw. *Gomphotherium* lived in dry wooded regions near lakes.

Feeding method
--------------

The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel. They may have been used to dig up food from mud. These animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation. 

However, wear patterns on the teeth of its relative *Platybelodon* suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk, rather like a tapir's. In comparison to earlier proboscids, *Gomphotherium* had fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surface.
**Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev** (rus: *Фёдор Иванович Тютчев*, fyô'dər ēvä'nəvĭch tyū'chĭf) (December 5 1803 – July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets. Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin. Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well. Tyutchev didn’t want people to know him as a poet. He didn’t take any part in a literary life.

Works
-----

He has around 400 of his poems. Russian people quote them very often. His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century. In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev’s lyrics. He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being. In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization. In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy. These poems are combined into one cycle, named "Denisievsky". "Denisievsky" means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev – Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva. In 1860s–1870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.

The most famous Tyutchev's poem is "Silentium!". This is a hard appeal to be silent. Because a man never can understand another person. A line "A word once uttered is untrue" is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev. As well as "We can’t understand Russia by the reason" and "We are not know, what will be the respond for our word".

Other websites
--------------

* Tyutcheviana (in russian)
* Translations of some poems into different languages
Fatimata M’baye and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2016
**Fatimata M’baye** (Arabic: فاطمتا أمباي ) is a Mauritanian lawyer and human rights activist. She started the Mauritanian Association for Human Rights. In 2016 she received an International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

M'baye studied law and economics at Nouakchott University from 1981 to 1985. She became the first woman lawyer in Mauritania.

Work
----

M'baye takes the most difficult legal cases. She represented clients accused of apostasy. She also worked for a "committee of widows" whose husbands were murdered. M'baye helped write the 2007 anti-slavery law. She got convictions for child exploitation and slavery. She was in prison many times, and received some threats to her life.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fatimata M’baye***.

* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Coat of arms
**Ilulissat** (population 4,000) is the third largest city in Greenland. The town is about halfway up the country's west coast, at 69 degrees north latitude, about 200 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. Illulisat is also known by its Danish name of **Jakobshavn** (or Jacob's Harbour). In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Greenlandic word for 'The Icebergs'. Ilulissat is Greenland's most popular tourist place, because it is near to the beautiful Ilulissat Ice Fjord - tourism is now the town's main industry. Ilulissat was the birthplace of the great polar explorer Knud Rasmussen, and his childhood home in the center of the town is now a museum dedicated to him.

History
-------

Ilulissat
Inuit villages have been in the area of the ice fjord for at least three thousand years. The abandoned settlement of **Sermermiut** two kilometers south of the modern town of Ilulissat was once amongst the largest settlements in Greenland, with around 250 residents. The modern town was founded in 1741 by a missionary and a trader of fur, who had built a trading lodge in the area.

Ilulissat ice fjord
-------------------

The Ilulissat fjord goes west 40 kilometers from the Greenland icecap to Disko Bay, close to Ilulissat town. At its eastern end is the Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, the most productive glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier flows at a rate of 20-35 metres per day, resulting in around 20 billion tons of icebergs breaking off and leaving the fjord every year. On breaking up the icebergs come out into the open sea and at first, they travel north with ocean currents. Soon, they start turning south and they go into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Ilulissat Icefjord was made a United Nations World Heritage Site in 2004.

Transportation
--------------

Air Greenland has air services to Ilulissat.

Related pages
-------------

* List of towns in Greenland

Other websites
--------------

* Ilulissat tourist information site Archived 2005-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
Floyd Patterson
**Floyd Patterson** (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956 to 1959 and from 1960 to 1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.

Career
------

Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first professional loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.

After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the youngest heavyweight champion of the world. That record holds true to this day. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.

Patterson is also remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.

Other websites
--------------

* Boxing Record Archived 2006-04-25 at the Wayback Machine

|
|  |
| Preceded byRocky Marciano |  **Heavyweight boxing champion**1956–1959 | Succeeded byIngemar Johansson |
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| Preceded byIngemar Johansson |  **Heavyweight boxing champion**1960–1962 | Succeeded bySonny Liston |
The **European mink** (*Mustela lutreola*), is a semiaquatic type of mustelid. It is also called the **Russian mink** and **Eurasian mink**. It is native to Europe.

Description
-----------

The European mink has a very long body with short limbs. The European mink has a large, wide head with short ears. The mink's tail is short. Males are 373–430 mm (14.7–16.9 in) long. Females are 352–400 mm (13.9–15.7 in) long. The tail is 153–190 mm (6.0–7.5 in) in males. It is 150–180 mm (5.9–7.1 in) in females. It weighs 550–800 grams (1.21–1.76 lb). It is a fast and agile animal. It is great at swimming. It is able to run along stream beds. It can stay underwater for one to two minutes.

The winter fur, is very thick and dense. The fur is not long. The summer fur is a little bit shorter, hairier and less dense than the winter fur. In dark coloured European minks, the fur is dark brown or almost blackish-brown. Lighter European minks are reddish brown.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

European minks are found in Northeast Spain and France and throughout Europe to the Irtysh and Ob Rivers.

The European mink lives in densely shaded banks of fresh water creeks, rivers, and lakes. The European minks may make their own burrows. They may live in the burrow of a water vole. They may live in cracks among root of trees.

Feeding
-------

The European mink eats different animals that lives in aquatic and riparian habitats. Voles are the most important source of food for the European mink. It also eats crustaceans, frogs and water insects. Fish are an important food source in floodlands. When there is a lot of food, it stores its food.

Reproduction
------------

The mating season happens from February to March. The gestation period is 35–72 days. The kits are given birth to in April and May. They give birth to three to seven kits. At birth, kits weigh about 6.5 grams (0.23 oz), and grow fast. They are born blind; the eyes open after 30–31 days. The kits suck milk for 2.0 to 2.5 months, even though the kits eat solid food after 20–25 days. They follow their mother to hunt by the age of 56–70 days. They leave the family at the age 70–84 days.

Conservation status
-------------------

European mink populations have been decreasing because of ecological and commercial reasons. They are now listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The main reason is capturing them for their fur. Another reason for the decline is water pollution and hydroelectric dams. Efforts to bring European minks to the Kuril Islands and Tajikistan have begun.
Children playing with a joystick on an Amstrad CPC in 1988.
A **home computer** is the name given to early personal computers made in the 1970s and 1980s that could be plugged into a television set. They were used for playing video games and doing school work and were usually owned by teenagers. At that time, most adults did not own a computer at all.

Typically, home computers can produce colored graphics, have several sound channels and a keyboard. They use a tape recorder or floppy disk drive to load and store programs. Optionally, home computers may be used with a printer, a game cartridge, a modem, joysticks and a mouse. Many of them display an interactive BASIC prompt at start-up.

Home computers were made possible through the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s. It made computers small, affordable, reliable and power efficient enough that they could be used in homes.

In contrast to home computers, computers used by businesses were either bulky minicomputers or gigantic mainframes. Those computers came with much more memory, with hard disks, one or more computer terminals and a proper operating system. However, such machines needed a lot of space, were very noisy and also were far too expensive for private consumers at the time.

Makers of home computers
------------------------

* Commodore
* Atari
* Apple (popular in the US)
* Tandy (popular in the US)
* Sinclair Research Ltd (popular in Europe)
* Amstrad (popular in Europe)
* ASCII Corporation and Microsoft (creators of the MSX, popular in the East Asia and Southeast Asia)
* North Star Computers (active in the US)
* Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (Altair 8800)
The **Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation** or **SVR RF** (Russian: СВР РФ) is Russia's external intelligence agency.

It is mainly concerned with civilian affairs. The SVR RF succeeded the First Chief Directorate (PGU) of the KGB in December 1991. The SVR has its headquarters in Moscow.

Unlike the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), the SVR does intelligence and espionage activities outside the Russian Federation. It works with the Russian Main Intelligence Directorate {the GRU), its military-affairs espionage counterpart. The SVR is also negotiates anti-terrorist cooperation and intelligence-sharing arrangements with foreign intelligence agencies. It gives analysis and dissemination of intelligence to the Russian president.

SVR RF is the official foreign-operations successor to many Soviet-era foreign intelligence agencies, from the original 'foreign department' of the Cheka under Vladimir Lenin, to the OGPU and NKVD of the Stalinist era, followed by the First Chief Directorate of the KGB.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey by Wenceslas Hollar
**Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey** (1517-1547) was an English nobleman and poet.

Biography
---------

Henry Howard was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire in 1517, during the reign of Henry VIII. His father was Thomas Howard. His mother was Elizabeth Stafford. He took the title of Earl of Surrey in 1524. Today he is known chiefly under that name. In 1532 he married Frances the Vere, who was fourteen years old at the time. Then he became a soldier and fought in Scotland in 1542 and in France and Flanders from 1543 to 1545. He was wounded in the siege of Montreuil. After he came back to England he was accused of treason, as was his father. Henry Howard was executed by beheading in the Tower of London at the age of thirty on 19 January 1547. His father was sentenced to death, too. He was however saved, as the king Henry VIII died. He was kept in prison for some years. He was set free by queen Mary.

Works
-----

Henry Howard is known mainly for two reasons. First, he wrote sonnets. He is often regarded as one of the fathers of English sonnet. He introduced a new rhyme pattern for English sonnet that runs abab cdcd efef gg. Today it is called Shakespearian sonnet, but Surrey was first to use it. Second, he invented blank verse that is unrhymed iambic pentameter. This metre was later used by Thomas Kyd in drama and by John Milton in epic poems. Everyone knows blank verse from Shakespeare's works. Henry Howard used blank verse in his translations from Virgil.
**Hyman Philip Minsky** (September 23, 1919 – October 24, 1996) was an American economist, a professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Minsky gave an explanation of financial crises, caused by swings in a potentially fragile financial system. Minsky is sometimes described as a post-Keynesian economist because, like Keynes, he supported some government intervention in financial markets. He opposed some of the financial deregulation policies popular in the 1980s. He supported the Federal Reserve as a "lender of last resort" (which means he thought it right for the Fed to bail out banks which might go bust). He argued against too much private debt in the financial markets.

Financial theory
----------------

Minsky proposed theories were about the normal life cycle of an economy. He linked financial market fragility with speculative investment bubbles in financial markets. Minsky claimed that in prosperous times, when companies make plenty of money, an irrational euphoria develops. Soon debts exceed what borrowers can pay off from their income, which produces a financial crisis. As a result, banks and lenders tighten credit, even to companies that can afford loans. Then the economy contracts.

This slow movement of the financial system from stability to fragility, followed by crisis, is something for which Minsky is best known, and the phrase "Minsky moment" refers to it.

At the University of California, Berkeley seminars attended by Bank of America executives helped him to develop his theories. His views were published in two books, *John Maynard Keynes* (1975), a classic study of the economist and his contributions, and *Stabilizing an Unstable Economy* (1986), and more than a hundred professional articles.
Not to be confused with Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville.

**Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville** (11 March 1818 – 1 July 1881) was a French chemist.

He was born in the island of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies, where his father was French consul. Together with his elder brother Charles he was educated in Paris at the collège Rollin. In 1844, he graduated as a doctor of medicine and doctor of science. In that same year, he was appointed to organize the new faculty of science at Besançon, where he acted as dean and professor of chemistry from 1845 to 1851. When he returned to Paris in the 1952 he succeeded Antoine Jérôme Balard at the École Normale, and in 1859 became professor at the Sorbonne in place of J. B. A. Dumas, for whom he had begun to lecture in 1853. He died at Boulogne-sur-Seine.

In 1841, he began his experiments with investigations of oil of turpentine and tolu balsam. In 1849 he discovered anhydrous nitric acid (nitrogen pentoxide), a substance interesting as the first obtained of the so-called "anhydrides" of the monobasic acids. In 1854, he succeeded in making metallic aluminium, and he thought of a method by which the metal could be prepared on a large scale by the aid of sodium, the manufacture of which he also developed. Together with Friedrich Wöhler, he discovered silicon nitride in 1857.

Deville was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1860. In 1885, the *rue Sainte-Claire-Deville* in the 12th *arrondissement de Paris* was named in his honour.
**Glass Animals** are an English indie rock band formed in Oxford in 2010. Led by singer, songwriter, and producer Dave Bayley, the group also features his childhood friends Joe Seaward, Ed Irwin-Singer and Drew MacFarlane. Bayley wrote and produced all three Glass Animals albums. Bayley spent his childhood in Massachusetts and Texas before moving to Oxford, where he met the other band members at school. Their first album, *Zaba* (2014), made way for the single "Gooey", which was eventually certified platinum in the United States. Their second full album, *How to Be a Human Being*, received positive reviews and won in two categories at the 2018 MPG Awards for UK Album of the Year and Self Producing Artist of the Year, as well as a spot on the Mercury Prize shortlist. The third, *Dreamland*, peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number seven on the US *Billboard* 200.

In their live shows, they play re-worked, dance-heavy versions of their songs. Their song "Heat Waves" reached number one in Australia in February 2021 and was voted number one on the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2020. The song surpassed one billion streams on Spotify.

Other websites
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* Official website
The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra's 70th Anniversary
Frederic R. Mann Auditorum (Heichal Hatarbut), home of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
The **Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv** is the most famous orchestra in Israel. It is usually called the **Israel Philharmonic Orchestra**, or abbreviated **IPO**. In Hebrew it is written: התזמורת הפילהרמונית הישראלית, pronounced: *ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit*. It was started in 1936 by the violinist Bronisław Huberman when it was known as the Palestine Orchestra. At this time the Nazis were in power in Germany and Jews were being persecuted. Many European orchestras were getting rid of their Jewish musicians. The orchestra gave their first concert in Tel Aviv on 26 December 1936, and was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

The orchestra tours to many parts of the world. In 1971 they visited Germany. Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra. Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them. They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director. 

The IPO have made many recordings with Mehta, and also with Bernstein.

After 1938 the orchestra have refused to play the music of Richard Wagner because he was anti-Jewish.

Musical Advisors/Music Directors
--------------------------------

Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors. The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called *musical advisors*.

* Zubin Mehta (1968–) (Musical Advisor 1968–1977; Music Director thereafter)
* Jean Martinon (1957–1959)
* Bernardino Molinari
* Paul Paray (1949–1951)
* Leonard Bernstein (1947–1949; Laureate Conductor 1947-1990)
* William Steinberg (1936–1938)

Other websites
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* Israel Philharmonic Orchestra official website