recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Evelyn Jane Sharp** (4 August 1869 – 17 June 1955) was a British suffragist. That means she wanted women to have the right to vote in British elections. She was involved in two major British women's suffrage societies. They were the militant Women's Social and Political Union and the United Suffragists. She helped start the United Suffragists. She became editor of the *Votes for Women* newspaper during the First World War. She was sent to prison twice. She was a book writer who was famous for her children's books.

Early life
----------

Evelyn Sharp was born on 4 August 1869. She was the ninth of eleven children. Sharp's family sent her to a boarding school for just two years. However, she passed several university local examinations. Sharp moved to London although her family did not want her to. In London, she wrote several novels including *All the Way to Fairyland* (1898) and *The Other Side of the Sun* (1900).

In 1903, Sharp started writing articles for the *Daily Chronicle*, the *Pall Mall Gazette* and the *Manchester Guardian* with the help of Henry Nevinson. Sharp talks about how important Nevison and the Men's League for Women's Suffrage is: "It is impossible to rate too highly the sacrifices that they (Henry Nevinson and Laurence Housman) and H. N. Brailsford, F. W. Pethick Lawrence, Harold Laski, Israel Zangwill, Gerald Gould, George Lansbury, and many others made to keep our movement free from the suggestion of a sex war."

Sharp's journalism made her more aware of working-class women's problems. She joined the Women's Industrial Council and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. In the autumn of 1906 Sharp was sent by the *Manchester Guardian* to cover the first speech by Elizabeth Robins. After that speech, she joined the Women's Social and Political Union.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)***.

* Works by Evelyn Sharp at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Evelyn Sharp at Internet Archive
* Works by Evelyn Sharp at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Biography at *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (subscription required)
* Evelyn Sharp at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* Evelyn Sharp at Library of Congress Authorities, with 18 catalogue records

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**Bill Omar Carrasquillo** (born September 6, 1986), known professionally as **Omi in a Hellcat** (stylized in all caps), is an American YouTuber who was sentenced to five and a half years of prison and fined US$30,000,000 on charges of conspiracy, copyright infringement, fraud, money laundering, and tax evasion due to a cable television piracy scheme.

Background
----------

Bill Omar Carrasquillo was born on September 6, 1986. His father was Julio Carrasquillo and his mother was Soledad Diaz. He was raised in North Philadelphia as one of 38 children. His mother died of a drug overdose while he was a child. His father was a drug dealer who taught him to cook crack cocaine when he was 12 years old. He grew up with his family, foster parents, and his father. He said he was sent to a mental health institution for his guardian to get to medicine to sell. He became a drug dealer as a teenager and sold drugs until he was in his 20s.

After he stopped selling drugs, he started a business in 2016 with partners Jesse Gonzales from California and Michael Barone from New York which offered users content from Comcast, Verizon FiOS, DirectTV, and HBO for US$15 a month. According to federal authorities, they bought technology from China which removed restrictions from cable subscriptions, which they used to stream the content online. Before being shut down in 2019, the service had 100,000 subscribers and generated US$34,000,000 in revenue.

He created a YouTube channel named **Omi in a Hellcat** (stylized in all caps). The channel features videos displaying his jewelry, his home in Swedesboro, New Jersey (which was owned by professional baseball player Jimmy Rollins), and his collection of 57 automobiles. His automobile collection included three Dodge Hellcats and four Lamborghinis, including a Power Rangers-themed one. As of November 2023[update], the channel had 820,000 subscribers and 65 million views.

Arrest
------

Carrasquillo's home was entered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the morning of November 27, 2019, taking his cars, jewelry, and the money in his bank account. He was then indicted by the FBI on September 21, 2021, on 62 criminal counts, including 19 counts of public performance of a protected work and six counts of wire fraud. Facing 514 years in federal prison, he initially maintained his innocence:

> I don’t think I did anything wrong. I was running businesses in the public. Now, we are going to have our day in court[...]I found a loophole and I exploited it. There were other people in the business and they never got in trouble with the FBI[...]
> 
> — Omi in a Hellcat (2021)

He pled guilty in February 2022 and was sentenced to five and a half years of prison and fined US$30,000,000 on March 8, 2023 on charges of conspiracy, copyright infringement, fraud, money laundering, and tax evasion. His cars were auctioned off by United States Marshals at the B&amp;O Railroad Museum in Baltimore on October 13 and his jewelry auctioned online, with the auction ending October 24.
**Johnny Reid "John" Edwards** (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician. He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.

Early life
----------

Johnny Edward was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University, He was graduated in Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that He was graduated in Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .

Lawyer
------

Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer. He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients. He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products.

His best known case was for a Cary, North Carolina three year old girl. She was badly injured by being sucked into an open drain in a swimming pool playpool for toddlers. Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.

Political career
----------------

Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina. He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle. He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries. He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.

Personal life
-------------

In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying. He has written several books.

Other websites
--------------

* John Edwards for President official campaign website
**Vasantakumar Agricultural Institute** was established in 1936 as an affiliated institution of Rajshahi College. Unfortunately, the institute faced challenges and was closed in 1952.

History
-------

On 11 August 1920, Kumar Basant Kumar Roy, the second son of Raja Pramthanath of Dighapatia, generously donated 2,50,000 rupees for the establishment of an agricultural institute in Rajshahi through a will. The Basant Kumar Roy Trust, the trustees of the donation, contributed an additional one lakh rupees. Although the government accepted Vasantakumar's donation, the institute could not be established until 1936 due to various reasons. Over the span of 16 years, the initial donation increased to about four lakh taka.

Vasantakumar Agricultural Institute was officially established in Rajshahi under the administration of the Principal of Rajshahi College through a Government Notification dated 12th May 1963.

Activities
----------

The institute commenced operations by renovating the kitchen and dining hall building of the hostel on Natore Road, adjacent to Rani Hemanthakumari Hostel of Rajshahi College. Practical classes were conducted by coordinating with government agricultural farms.

In 1936, 16 students were admitted, and 7 of them successfully passed and secured employment.

The End
-------

The institute flourished until 1948 but faced a decline after the creation of Pakistan. From 1948 to 1952, it remained inactive. Unfortunately, after the country's division, the original deed through which funds were allocated for Vasantakumar Agricultural Institute could not be recovered. Additionally, key contributors to the institution left the country, and some passed away, posing a threat to its existence.

In June 1952, an application was submitted to the government for the institution's reopening, but approval was not granted. By the end of 1952, the government issued an order, leading to the complete closure of the institution.
**Old Seodaemun Prison**
Seodaemun Prison is a prison that was created on Hyeonjeo- dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea for the purpose of suppressing and imprisoning anti-Japanese forces such as righteous armies in 1908.

The name changed to ‘Gyeongseong Prison’ in 1908, ‘Seodaemun Prison’ in 1912, ‘Seodaemun Prison’ in 1923, ‘Seoul Prison’ in 1945, and ‘Seoul Prison’ in 1961. Between 1908 and 1911, many righteous armies who opposed the policies of the Japanese Residency-General were imprisoned in ‘Gyeongseong Prison’. During the Japanese colonial era, the Japanese Government-General of Korea arrested many people who participated in the March First Independence Movement. Some of them died by the interrogation and torture in ‘Seodaemun Prison’. After liberation on August 15, 1945, many people who opposed the dictatorship and military regime were imprisoned in the ‘Seoul Prison (Seodaemun Prison)’ and served time in Prison.

In 1987 it was moved to Uiwang City, and most of the buildings, which were built after liberation, were demolished. Eleven buildings remain, including some prisons and execution ground where fighters for independence were mainly imprisoned during the Japanese colonial era, as well as security and government office building. There were a total of 15 prisons, but only 6 prisons that have preservation value, including the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th prisons and the central prison, preserved.

Since then on November 5, 1998, it opened in the name of ‘Seodaemun Prison History Museum’, in order to take as a lesson of history.

1. ↑  "서대문형무소(西大門刑務所)". *encykorea.aks.ac.kr* (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
2. 1 2  "서울". *encykorea.aks.ac.kr* (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
3. ↑  "우리역사넷". *contents.history.go.kr*. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
4. ↑  "서대문형무소역사관". *sphh.sscmc.or.kr*. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
**Human rights in Lebanon** refers to the state of human rights in Lebanon, which were considered to be on par with global standards in 2004.

Treatment of homosexuals
------------------------

A few courts have ruled that Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code should no longer be used to arrest LGBT people, however members of the LGBT community are still being arrested, harassed and prosecuted by the same law. Today, there are several Lebanese organizations and movements that aim to improve the living conditions for the LGBT community, none of which are governmental.

In 2002, a gay rights organization was started in Lebanon. The group, known as Hurriyyat Khassa or Private Liberties sought to reform the Article 534 of the criminal code so that sexual relations between consenting adults in private were no longer a crime. Another gay rights organization in Lebanon is called *Helem* (Arabic: حلم), meaning "Dream" in Arabic and an acronym for the Lebanese Protection of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender community.[*needs to be explained*] These organizations have staged a few public demonstrations, lectures, fundraisers for AIDS education, charitable events and exhibitions of films and have been interviewed by the Lebanese media.

"Anal examinations" were used in Lebanon on men suspected of homosexuality. On 28 July 2012, a gay venue in Beirut was raided by police and 36 men were taken into custody, where they were forced to undergo these examinations. In response, dozens demonstrated in Beirut against these "examinations," calling them the "tests of shame." This practice was however outlawed by the Ministry of Justice as well as for the Lebanese Doctors' association banning its members from practising it.
Jiming Temple
Map
**Jiming Temple** was first built in the Western Jin Dynasty. It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Nanjing. Since the Middle Ages, Jiming Temple has been known as the First Temple of the Southern Dynasties. 

The history of Jiming Temple can be traced back to Qixuan Temple in Wu during the Three Kingdoms. At that time, the place where Jiming Temple now sits was a garden around a hilltop. Around the year 300, a temple was built on the hill. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was part of the Tingwei Department.[*needs to be explained*] In 527, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty built Tongtai Temple on Jiming Island, which made it a real Buddhist resort. In 1387, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty ordered the demolition of its old houses and a reconstruction and enlargement of its temples. This emperor is the one who named it "Jiming Temple". After the improvements of the Xuande, Chenghua, and Hongzhi Emperors, the courtyard was very large, covering more than 100 mu.[*needs to be explained*] Later, the ancient temple was destroyed by a fire in Xianfeng.[*needs to be explained*] Although it was rebuilt during the Tongzhi Era and its incense has flourished, the scale of the temple has been greatly reduced.
Coordinates: 32°03′47″N 118°47′24″E﻿ / ﻿32.06306°N 118.79000°E﻿ / 32.06306; 118.79000
Samaritan High Priest and Old Pentateuch, 1905
The **Samaritan Pentateuch** or **Samaritan Torah** is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See Lev 18:18.)

Special importance is attached to the *Abisha Scroll*, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (1 Chronicles 6:35), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.
**Color vision** is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. 

Color is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is *not* a property of objects, despite what children are taught.

The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or *perceived* as red.

Mechanism
---------

Relative brightness sensitivity of the human visual system as a function of wavelength The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740 nm; orange, 590–625 nm; yellow, 565–590 nm; green, 500–565 nm; cyan, 485–500 nm; blue, 450–485 nm; violet, 380–450 nm.

The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.

For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.

With color, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of color vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.

Types of color vision
---------------------

Color vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish color, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no color vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light. 

It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see color. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of color vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) color vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the color of fruit from leaves always was essential.

Many insects have color vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.

Related pages
-------------

* Evolution of color vision
* Opsin
* Plant color
**The evolution of color vision** causes light to be seen according to its wavelength. This has obvious advantages, especially it helps animals find food.

The color vision of many herbivores allows them to see fruit or (immature) leaves which are good to eat. In hummingbirds, particular flowers are often recognized by color. Predators also use color vision to help them find their prey.

All this applies mainly to animals in the daytime. On the other hand, nocturnal mammals have much less-developed color vision. For them, space on the retina is better used with more rods since rods collect light better. Color differences are much less visible in the dark.

Arthropods
----------

Apart from vertebrates, the only land animals to have color vision are arthropods. So insects and spiders have quite good color vision. Aquatic arthropods such as crustacea also have color vision. As with vertebrates, the details differ, but the molecules which do the work – the opsins – are very similar.

Vertebrates
-----------

Four photopigment opsins exist in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. This suggests that the common ancestor of tetrapods and amniotes (~360 million years ago) had full color vision:

"rods and four spectral classes of cone each [have] one of the five visual pigment families. The complement of four spectrally distinct cone classes gives these species the potential for tetrachromatic color vision".
### Mammals

In contrast, mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as nocturnal animals.

"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals derive more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
Many primates do live as daytime animals, and one group – the Old World monkeys – has trichromatic vision. The anthropoid apes and humans are descended from this group of monkeys, and also have good color vision. So it comes about that most monkeys and humans have good color vision, but most other eutherian mammals do not: they have only two opsins, and so they are *bichromatic*.

This has many consequences. For example, most deer cannot see red or orange. Thus they do not see the orange color of tigers. But monkeys do, because primates have one more opsin than other mammals. A film by David Attenborough illustrates this well.

UV light
--------

Ultraviolet light plays a part in color perception in many animals, especially insects.

Color vision, with UV discrimination, is present in many arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to have this trait.

Birds, turtles, lizards, many fish and some rodents have UV receptors in their retinas. These animals can see the UV patterns found on flowers and other wildlife that are invisible to the human eye.
An extended family from South Africa showing different skin colors

**Human skin color** is one of the most easily seen features of a person. It ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white. Skin color is inherited and is the result of natural selection. 

Skin pigmentation in human beings evolved mainly to control the amount of ultravioletradiation penetrating the skin, thus reducing its effects.

The single most important substance deciding human skin color is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin by cells called melanocytes. The red colour underlying the skin becomes more visible in white skin, especially in the face. 

In physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), blood vessels expand.

There is a direct relationship between UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that have more UVR also have darker-skinned populations. Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR, and lighter-skinned populations. Human populations have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned as they left Africa about 100,000 years ago, and some have changed back to darker skin as they returned to higher UV zones.

Natural skin colour can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin colour adapts to intense sunlight to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction which damages DNA of the skin cells and so produces mutations.

Map of human skin colour distribution in the world for native populations in 1940
It is easy to see why dark skin is an advantage in the tropics as a partial defence against skin cancer. It is much less easy to see why a white skin is an advantage in colder climates. Researchers have suggested two reasons, and both probably play a part. The first is that, at a given temperature, a white skin radiates less heat than a black skin. The second is that in weaker sunlight the body tends to produce less vitamin D. There is a hypothesis that the selection for lighter skin is due to the need for higher vitamin D production. The change started as soon as populations moved north out of Africa.

In addition, adult human females are usually lighter in skin pigmentation than males. Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation. The body synthesizes vitamin D from the action of sunlight on the skin. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium.

The social significance of differences in skin color has varied across cultures and over time, as demonstrated with regard to social status and discrimination.
A graph of a chaotic function called the Lorenz attractor.
If these two connected pendulums started in a position that was even a little bit different, the gray line would look completely different.
**Chaos theory** is a part of mathematics. It looks at certain systems that are very sensitive. A very small change may make the system behave completely differently. 

Very small changes in the starting position of a chaotic system make a big difference after a while. This is why even large computers cannot tell the weather for more than a few days in the future. Even if the weather was perfectly measured, a small change or error will make the prediction completely wrong. Since even a butterfly flapping its wings can make enough wind to change weather, a chaotic system is sometimes called the "butterfly effect". No computer knows enough to tell how the small wind will change the weather.

Some systems (like weather) might appear random at first look, but chaos theory says that these kinds of systems or patterns may not be. If people pay close enough attention to what is really going on, they might notice the chaotic patterns.

The main idea of chaos theory is that a minor difference at the start of a process can make a major change in it as time progresses. Quantum chaos theory is a new idea in the study of chaos theory. It deals with quantum physics.

Examples
--------

As an example, take a pendulum that is attached at some point, and swings freely. Connecting a second pendulum to the first will make the system completely different. It is very hard to start in exactly the same position again - a change in starting position so small that it cannot even be seen can quickly cause the pendulum swing to become different from what it was before. 

A very important part to the study of chaos theory is the study of mathematics functions that are known as *fractals*. Fractal functions work like chaotic systems: a small change in the starting values can change the value of the function in ways that look random. Due to the fact that they are mathematical, they are easy to study.

Related pages
-------------

* Discontinuous function
* Lorenz attractor
* Systems theory
This article is about the fashion designer. For his company, see Versace.

**Gianni Versace** (Reggio Calabria, 2 December 1946 – Miami Beach, Florida, 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house.

The fashion house also produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. Versaci also designed costumes for the theatre and movies, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others.

Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene.

On July 15, 1997, he was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina, at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.

Death
-----

Versace's Miami Beach mansion, 2009
On 15 July 1997, Andrew Cunanan fatally shot Versace on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion. Eight days later, Cunanan shot himself on a boat with the same gun he used to shoot Versace. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes were returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.

Legacy
------

In September 1997, it was announced Versace's brother, Santo Versace, and Jorge Saud would serve as the new CEOs of Gianni Versace S.P.A. Versace's sister, Donatella, became the new head of design.

In his will, Gianni Versace left 50 percent of his fashion empire to his niece Allegra Versace, daughter of Donatella. Allegra inherited this stake, worth around half a billion dollars, when she turned 18 in 2004. Her younger brother, Daniel, inherited Versace's rare artwork collection.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Versace website.
The gamma function along part of the real axis
In mathematics, the **gamma function** (Γ(*z*)) is a key topic in the field of special functions. Γ(*z*) is an extension of the factorial function to all complex numbers except negative integers. For positive integers, it is defined as {\displaystyle \Gamma (n)=(n-1)!}

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers, but it is not defined for negative integers and zero. For a complex number whose real part is not a negative integer, the function is defined by:

{\displaystyle \Gamma (z)=\int \_{0}^{\infty }t^{z-1}e^{-t}\,{\rm {d}}t.}

Properties
----------

### Particular values

Some particular values of the gamma function are:

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}\Gamma (-3/2)&={\tfrac {4}{3}}{\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx 2.363271801207\\\Gamma (-1/2)&=-2{\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx -3.544907701811\\\Gamma (1/2)&={\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx 1.772453850905\\\Gamma (1)&=0!&=1\\\Gamma (3/2)&={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx 0.88622692545\\\Gamma (2)&=1!&=1\\\Gamma (5/2)&={\tfrac {3}{4}}{\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx 1.32934038818\\\Gamma (3)&=2!&=2\\\Gamma (7/2)&={\tfrac {15}{8}}{\sqrt {\pi }}&\approx 3.32335097045\\\Gamma (4)&=3!&=6\\\end{array}}}
### Pi function

Gauss introduced the **Pi function**. This is another way of denoting the gamma function. In terms of the gamma function, the Pi function is

{\displaystyle \Pi (z)=\Gamma (z+1)=z\;\Gamma (z)=\int \_{0}^{\infty }e^{-t}t^{z+1}\,{\frac {{\rm {d}}t}{t}},}
so that

{\displaystyle \Pi (n)=n!}
for every non-negative integer *n*.

Applications
------------

### Analytic number theory

The gamma function is used to study the Riemann zeta function. A property of the Riemann zeta function is its functional equation:

{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\frac {s}{2}}\right)\zeta (s)\pi ^{-s/2}=\Gamma \left({\frac {1-s}{2}}\right)\zeta (1-s)\pi ^{-(1-s)/2}.}
Bernhard Riemann found a relation between these two functions. This was published in his 1859 paper "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" ("On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity")

{\displaystyle \zeta (z)\;\Gamma (z)=\int \_{0}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{z}}{e^{t}-1}}\;{\frac {dt}{t}}.}

Related pages
-------------

* Gamma distribution
The **Color Strike** was industrial action by technicians working for the ITV network. It was from 13 November 1970 to 8 February 1971. The strike was caused by a pay dispute between the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) and the management of the ITV companies.

History
-------

At the time, ITV had recently switched to transmitting programs in color. This needed new equipment. The cameras had four tubes: three were for the color information (Red, Green and Blue) and one for the black and white information (called luminance). The black and white information was need as most houses didn't have sets to show a color picture. The striking technicians turned off the color tubes causing the cameras to only pick up the black and white signal and therefore causing the programs to be recorded in black and white.

Because of the strike, the ITV companies couldn't sell advertisement spaces for the increased price that color demanded.

Affected Shows
--------------

### ATV

* *The Golden Shot* (series three, episodes 10 to 21)
* *Timeslip* (episodes 23 and 24)
* *Crossroads* (all episodes aired between 17 November 1970 and 12 February 1971)
* *Hine*
* *The Misfit*
* *The Dickie Henderson Show*
* *Girls About Town* (series two, episodes 4 to 7)

### Granada

* *Coronation Street* (all episodes aired between 16 November 1970 and 10 February 1971).
* *A Family at War* (series two, episodes 12 to 19).
* *Nearest and Dearest* (series five, episodes 2 to 8).

### Yorkshire

* *Dear Mother...Love Albert* (series three)
* *Hadleigh* (series 2, episodes 1, 2, 8, 9 and 13)
* *Queenie's Castle* (series one, episodes 3 to 6)
* *Mr Digby, Darling* (series three)
*This article is about the plant. For the colour see Lavender (color).*
**Lavender** is a type of plant found on almost all continents. It has a purplish colour. It has a colour named after it, called lavender. Its Latin and scientific name is *Lavandula*.

Use in gardens
--------------

Lavenders are very popular among gardeners. Sometimes their petals are dried and sealed in pouches for good scent, and sometimes put inside clothes to prevent moths, who can damage the clothes.

Use in food
-----------

Lavenders are also used in cake decorating, because the flowers can become candied. Sometimes they are used in flavoring baked goods and chocolate desserts, and sometimes they use it to make a very delicious "lavender sugar". Lavender flowers are also used to make tea. The French make lavender syrup, which is used to make lavender scones and lavender marshmallows.

Medicine
--------

Lavender is sometimes put in medicine, and sometimes to prevent infection. Lavender oil was used in World War I to disinfect walls and floors of a hospital. As the folk wisdom says, lavender oil is also helpful to headaches when rubbed on your temple, and lavender tea helps you relax before bed time. Lavender is also helpful when applied to insect bites. There is a general lack of real knowledge about its effects.

Other uses
----------

Sometimes, dried petals of lavender are used to throw confetti at a wedding. It is also used for lavender theme wedding decoration where the flowers are put in the vases and kept on the venue table.
**Francisco de Sá de Miranda** (28 August 1481 – 17 May 1558) was a Portuguese poet.

Sá de Miranda was the first author of Renaissance in Portugal. He was born in Coimbra. His parents were Gonçalo Mendes de Sá and Inês de Melo. He learned Greek, Latin and philosophy at Santa Cruz Monastery. Then he went to Lisbon to study law at the university. He travelled to Italy, where he met many poets including Vittoria Colonna. When he returned to Portugal, he worked for the king.

His main merit for Portuguese literature is that he introduced Italian verse forms. Sá de Miranda was the first author to write sonnets in Portugal. His best known poem is the sonnet *O sol é grande, caem co'a calma as aves*. It was translated into English by John Adamson in *Lusitania illustrata*.

Bibliography
------------

* Aubrey F.G. Bell, Studies in Portuguese literature, B.H. Blackwell, Oxford 1914.
* Adamson, John (1842). *Lusitania illustrata: notices on the history, antiquities, literature, &c. of Portugal: Literary Department. Selection of sonnets*. Hodgson.
Antero de Quental
**Antero de Quental** (1842-1891) - Portuguese thinker and poet, leader of generation of seventies.

Biography
---------

Antero Tarquínio de Quental was born on 18 April 1842 in Ponta Delgada in the islands of Azores. He was a son of Fernando de Quental, a former soldier, and his wife Ana Guilhermina da Maia. He studied at the University of Coimbra and soon became a leader of his fellow students. He protested against the shape of Portuguese poetry of the time. He shot himself on 11 september 1891 in his native town.

Works
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During his stay at the university he wrote *Raios de Extincta Luz* (*Rays of Vanishing Light*) and *Primaveras Românticas* (*Romantic Springtimes*). Antero de Quental's most famous work however is *Odes Modernas*, published in 1865. He wrote in the first place sonnets. They were translated into English in 1922 by Sylvanus Griswold Morley as *Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental*. He wrote essays, too, for example *Bom Senso e Bom Gosto* (*Good Sense and Good Taste*).

Bibliography
------------

* Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental. translated by S. Griswold Morley, University of California Press, Berkeley 1922.

Other websites
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* A selection of Antero de Quental's poems at Projecto Vercial.
* Os sonetos completos de Antero de Quental at Wikisource.
***Slaughterhouse-Five*** is a science fiction book by American author Kurt Vonnegut. It has been popular all over the world since its was published in 1969. It is often picked as one of the best books of all time. Slaughterhouse 5 is about a time travelling American soldier during World War II who is in the German city of Dresden when it is bombed by the Allies. The author experienced this event in his real life and so the novel is semi autobiographical.

Plot summary
------------

Modern photo of what was the Slaughterhouse-Five in which the main character Billy Pilgrim (and Kurt Vonnegut himself) sheltered in during the bombing of Dresden in 1945.
The novel follows the story of American soldier, Billy Pilgrim. Billy is what is known in literature as an *unreliable narrator* - his experiences are written in a way that might make the reader think they are not exactly true. To reflect this, the novel is structured in a non linear fashion. This means events are not always written in the order that they happened. Billy's stories from the war are interrupted when he is taken by aliens (called Tralfamadorians) to live in a zoo on their home planet. He also becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences his life in a random order of flashbacks.
**Pinchas Zukerman** (Hebrew: פנחס צוקרמן, (born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971 he has conducted many orchestras.

Career
------

Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv. His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947. By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv. When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York. There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967 Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung. Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead. This made him famous.

After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting. He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi. This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1974 he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra. Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras. In the 1980s he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra. For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world. He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards. 

In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa. He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.

In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians. As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started. He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life
-------------

In 1968 he married Eugenia Rich. They had two daughters. Later they divorced. In 1985 he married the actress Tuesday Weld. They later divorced.

Other websites
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*
**Queen Charlotte Strait** is a strait between Vancouver Island and the rest of British Columbia in Canada. It connects Queen Charlotte Sound to Johnstone Strait and Discovery Passage. It also goes through them to connect Queen Charlotte Sound to the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound. It is part of the Inside Passage, which goes from Washington to Alaska.

Etymology
---------

The *Discovery* shipwrecked in early August 1792 on rocks in Queen Charlotte Strait. Within a day the *Chatham* also hit rocks about two miles away.
James Strange named it Queen Charlotte Sound on August 5, 1786. He named it after Queen Charlotte. She was the wife of King George III. Queen Charlotte Strait was called Queen Charlotte Sound until 1920. In 1920, the BCGNIS and Hydrographic Service said that Queen Charlotte Sound and Queen Charlotte Strait were not the same.

Geography
---------

According to the BC Geographical Names, the northern border of Queen Charlotte Strait is a line across Cape Sutil, at the north end of Vancouver Island, to Cape Caution on the mainland. The southern border of Queen Charlotte Strait is a group of narrow channels north and east of Malcolm Island.
Tea leaves steeping in a Chinese gaiwan.
**Tea pickers at work in Tamil Nadu 2023**
**Tea** is a drink that is made from steeping the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Tea can have other herbs, spices, or fruit flavors in it, like lemon. All teas are made from the Camellia sinensis plant.

Sometimes the word "tea" is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water, like "rosehip tea" or "chamomile tea". These are called "herbal teas".

Types of tea
------------

There are three main types of tea: black tea, oolong, and green tea.

To make black tea, workers take the leaves and spread them out on shelves where they can dry. Next they are rolled and broken into pieces and put into a room where they absorb oxygen, or oxidize. Chemical reactions change the taste and style of the tea. Finally the leaves are dried with hot air until they turn brown or black. Most black tea comes from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and eastern Africa. When black tea leaves are brewed in boiling water, the tea made from them looks deep dark red, so another name used for black tea, especially in China, is **red tea**. 

The process for oolong is similar to making black tea. It is made by partially oxidizing the tea leaves, rather than fully oxidizing them. Rutter’s has tea.

Green tea is made by putting freshly picked leaves into a steamer. This keeps them green. Then they are crushed and dried in ovens. India is the biggest maker and user of green tea.

Tea is mainly grown in China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Japan, Nepal, Australia, Argentina and Kenya. 

The word *tea* can also be used as another word for an afternoon meal (mostly in the Commonwealth countries), as in "I am having tea in a short while." The word also applies to "afternoon tea", a small snack meal served sometimes, usually featuring sandwiches, cakes and tea. This small snack meal is also called "tea time".

* 
* 
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Brewing
-------

Green tea is usually steeped for 2–3 minutes in water at 175 °F (79 °C), while black tea is steeped for 3–5 minutes in boiling water.

Blends
------

* Earl Grey is black tea with bergamot oil.
* English breakfast is a full-bodied, robust blend that is made to go well with milk and sugar.
* English afternoon tea is medium-bodied, bright and refreshing. Strong Assamese and Kenyan teas are blended with Ceylonese teas which adds a light, brisk quality to the blend.

Japan
-----

Further information: Japanese tea ceremony
Shizuoka is Japan's top producer of tea. Japan has many kinds of tea.

Related pages
-------------

* Infusion
* Coffee
* Mate (drink)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tea***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***tea***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Tea***

* The United Kingdom Tea Council
Palace of the Grand Master of the Kinghts of St. John
**Rhodes** is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called *Rhodos*.

The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 125,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city). 

First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 Germany took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the islands have belonged to Greece.

Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.

History
-------

During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C. Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state. 

In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.
The beginning of the Gospel of John, from William Tyndale's 1525 translation of the New Testament.
The **Tyndale Bible** generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale. Tyndale’s Bible is credited with being the first English translation to come directly from Hebrew and Greek texts. The term *Tyndale's Bible* is not strictly correct, because Tyndale never published a complete Bible. Prior to his execution Tyndale had only finished translating the entire New Testament and roughly half of the Old Testament.

History
-------

The chain of events that led to the creation of Tyndale’s New Testament started in 1522. It was in this year that Tyndale illegally acquired a copy of Martin Luther’s German New Testament. Tyndale was inspired by Luther’s work and immediately set out to imitate Luther’s work but in English. He made his purpose known to the Bishop of London at the time Cuthbert Tunstall. However Tunstall rejected Tyndale’s offer of creating an up-to-date modern English Bible. After this rejection Tyndale moved to the continent and ended up in Hamburg where he completed his New Testament in 1524.

The first recorded complete edition of his New Testament was published in 1526. Two revised versions were latter published in 1534 and 1536, both personally revised by Tyndale himself. After his death in 1536 Tyndale’s works have been revised and reprinted numerous times.

Reaction of the Catholic Church
-------------------------------

Tyndale’s translations were condemned by both church and state in England, where it must be said it took longer for the reform movement to take hold. Tyndale was forced to flee England for the continent where he found safe haven in pro-reform areas. The church and state reacted strongly against Tyndale’s work, banning his New Testament of 1526 from England. In addition any copy of his work found in England was to be burned.

Legacy
------

The legacy of Tyndale’s Bible cannot be overstated. His translations laid the foundations for many of the English Bibles which followed his. His work made up a significant portion of the Matthew Bible which was the first authorized version of the English Bible. The Tyndale Bible also played a key role in spreading reformation ideas to England which had been reluctant to embrace the movement.

Other websites
--------------

* Studylight version of Tyndale New Testament, actually from the 1534 edition Searchable by phrase or chapter/verse reference.
* Online version of Sir Frederic G. Kenyon’s article in *Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible*, 1909
* Tyndale New Testament article, with zoomable image, on British Library website Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine