recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Turkana boy – steps of forensic facial reconstruction/approximation
**Turkana boy**, or **Nariokotome boy**, is the fossil KNM-WT 15000. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya. This specimen is the *most complete early human skeleton ever found*. It was first classified as *Homo erectus*; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as *Homo ergaster*.

His age at death has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age. It was first thought that he would have grown to 1.85 m tall, but recently a height of 1.63 m was proposed. Research showed that his growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.

Adolescence and maturity
------------------------

The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.

A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early *Homo*. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.

Morphology
----------

The pelvis is narrower than in *Homo sapiens*, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.

Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.

The skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in *H. sapiens*. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.
Joan Sutherland
**Dame Joan Alston Sutherland** OM AC DBE (7 November 1926 – 10 October 2010) was an Australian operatic soprano, particularly associated with bel canto repertory and French operas. She possessed a voice of great beauty and considerable power combined with extraordinary agility and a brilliant upper register. She was called *La Stupenda* by the Italian press, which means *The Stupendous One*.

Life and career
---------------

Born in Sydney, Australia, she studied first with her mother and later with John and Aida Dickens. After a few public appearances, notably in Henry Purcell's *Dido and Aenas* and Eugene Goossens' *Judith*, she left for London, England in 1951 to continue her vocal studies with Clive Carey.

She was hired by the Royal Opera House as a utility soprano, making her debut in 1952, as the First Lady in Mozart's *The Magic Flute*. She went on singing a wide variety of roles such as Amelia (*Un ballo in maschera*), Aida (*Aida*), Agathe (*Der Freischutz*) and Eva (*Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg*), and also created the role of Jennifer in Michael Tippett's *The Midsummer Marriage* in 1955. 

She met and married fellow countryman and accompanist Richard Bonynge in 1954, who recognized her potential for the bel canto repertoire and guided her in that direction. This led to her appearance in Donizetti's *Emilia di Liverpool* and Handel's *Alcina* in 1957, and eventually the title role in *Lucia di Lammermoor* at the Royal Opera House in 1959, which proved a sensational success and launched her international career.

She was rapidly invited to appear at most of the great opera houses of the world (Milan, Paris, New York, etc.) to great acclaim. Some of her most famous roles include; Rossini's *Semiramide*, Bellini's *La sonnambula*, *Norma*, *Beatrice di Tenda*, *I puritani*, Donizetti's *Lucrezia Borgia*, *Maria Stuarda*, Verdi's *La traviata*, amongst many others. She also resurrected some long neglected works like Massenet's *Le Roi de Lahore* and *Esclarmonde*.

Sutherland retired from the stage in 1990. She was made a Dame of the British Empire (DBE) in 1978. She died of cardiopulmonary failure at her home near Montreux, Switzerland, at the age of 83.
Porsche 911
A **sports car** is a small, fast, quick-turning automobile. Most of them only have two seats or very small seats in the back. Luxury versions of sports cars are known as "grand tourers".

Name
----

A sports car is different from an automobile for racing. The sports car is allowed to drive on a normal road, whereas race cars cannot.

History
-------

Since the invention of automobiles, people have tried to make them faster. The first sports cars were made to be raced by rich people.

Layout
------

There are different versions of sports cars. There are automobiles with the motor in the front and those with rear-wheel drive. Examples are the Chevrolet Corvette or the Honda S2000. There are also cars with the motor behind the passengers, in the middle of the car. One of the first cars like this was the Lamborghini Miura. Porsche uses a different layout. The motor in a Porsche 911 is in the back, behind the rear wheels. Since the 1980s, a lot of sports cars have four-wheel drive. The motor in the front and front-wheel drive is only used in a few sports cars.

Seats
-----

Most sports cars only have two seats. Some sports cars also have small seats in the back. For example, the Porsche 911. The **McLaren F1** has three seats, with driver sitting in the middle.

Records
-------

Sports cars are often fast and expensive cars.

Bugatti Veyron Super Sport
* The fastest sportscar is the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. The maximum speed is 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph).

Examples
--------

These are some sports cars:

* Audi R8
* Chevrolet Corvette
* Honda S2000
* Lamborghini Aventador
* Porsche 911
In computing, paging is the idea, to have a table that maps virtual addresses of small pieces of memory (called pages) to real adresses of pages. Some of the addresses point to locations in memory, other point to locations on disk. The page is loaded into memory, when it is accessed. Operating systems have done this for a long time. Nowadays, computers are also used for virtualization, that a guest operating system is run on another operating system. Such virtualized operating systems are not aware that they run in a virtual environment. Software on the host operating system needs to simulate most of the hardware. **Nested Paging**, or **Second Level Address Translation** is the name for a number of technologies that allow the processor to do some of the management of these virtual page tables in hardware. AMD first introduced nested paging. Intel later supported by it as well. Some of their processors support the technology.

Processors
----------

**AMD RVI**:

AMD 10h and later

**Intel EPT**: 

Intel Nehalem and later
**Evangelina Villegas** (October 24, 1924 – April 24, 2017) was a Mexican food scientist. Villegas invented a type of maize called QPM. QPM (Quality Protein Maize) has twice as much lysine and tryptophan (important amino acids) as regular maize. Kids who consume QPM grow 15% faster than kids who consume regular maize. It puts children at a significantly lowered risk of malnutrition disorders. QPM has helped people around the world. It now makes up 75% of the corn grown in Ghana.

Education
---------

Villegas attended the National Polytech Institute. She received a bachelor's in chemistry and biology there. She later received her masters in cereal technology from Kansas State in the 1960s. Villegas also earned a PhD in cereal chemistry and breeding from North Dakota State University.

Careers
-------

Evangelina Villegas first worked as a chemist and researcher at Mexico’s National Institute of Nutrition in the 1950s. She then worked in the Wheat Industrial Quality Chemical Laboratory at the Special Studies Office in 1957. Villegas moved on to work at CIMMYT in 1967.

Development of QPM
------------------

Villegas worked at CIMMYT from 1967 to 1989. She conducted research to analyze nutrition in corn. She collaborated with Dr. Surinder Vasal.  Vasal was a plant breeder. He had a pHd in genetics and plant breeding. Vasal and Villegas worked together to create QPM. QPM saves lives and lowers the risk of malnutrition. It has key amino acids in it to help children.

Awards and Honors
-----------------

Evangelina Villegas was the first woman to get the World Food Prize. Mexico’s National institute for Agriculture honored her. The National Polytech Institute titled Villegas as a Distinguished Former Student in 1972. The National Polytechnic Institute’s school of Biological Sciences also honored her six years later. Villegas was added to Alpha Delta Kappa’s List of International Women of Distinction. She received the Lazardo Cardenas medal in 2001.
Not to be confused with BBC Radio 1 or BBC One.

**BBC Radio 1Xtra** (also known as **1Xtra**) is a digital British contemporary black music station from the BBC. The station was launched at 6pm on 16 August 2002. It was called *Network X* during the planning period. It is the complement station to Radio 1 and is broadcast from the same building as Radio 1 - Yalding House in central London. This is part of the BBC's massive Broadcasting House complex of radio studios and other offices.

Music policy
------------

The playlist generally includes British, Caribbean, African and North American hip hop, grime, bassline, garage, dubstep, funky, drum and bass, bashment, soca, reggae, gospel music, bhangra, soul and R&B. It is available on digital radio (DAB), digital satellite television, digital terrestrial television (Freeview), and the Internet. It has its own news team: 1Xtra News.

Audience profile
----------------

1Xtra's audience is usually aged between 15 and 30 years old. The upper age range is deliberately lower than sister station Radio 1 which is closer to 35.

According to the "Submission to the Secretary of State's review of digital channels" in March 2004, 1Xtra "provides music output 24 hours a day, punctuated by bespoke BBC 
news bulletins and other speech output designed specifically to be pertinent to the 
audience."

Other websites
--------------

* BBC 1Xtra at bbc.co.uk
* BBC 1Xtra - UK Music Podcast Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine at bbc.co.uk
* "BBC NEWS - In Depth - Photo Gallery - In Pictures: 1Xtra's first year". Retrieved 2007-04-05.

| * v
* t
* e
**British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)** |
| --- |
| Television channels | BBC One • BBC Two • BBC Three (online only) • BBC Four • BBC News • BBC Parliament • CBBC • CBeebies • BBC HD |
| Radio stations | BBC Radio 1 • Radio 1Xtra • BBC Radio 2 • BBC Radio 3 • BBC Radio 4 • BBC Radio 4 Extra • Radio 5 Live • Radio 5 Sports Extra • 6 Music • Asian Network |
| Other services | BBC Online • BBC iPlayer • BBC Sounds • BBC Sport • BBC Weather • BBC Symphony Orchestra • BBC Proms • BBC Scotland |
| Full list of BBC pages |
A Caribbean reef squid 
**Squid** are cephalopods of the order **Teuthida**. They are the sister group to the octopods. Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey. The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks.

There are about 300 species of squid.

Characteristics
---------------

Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, and two longer tentacles with suckers.

All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources. 

Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants. 

Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals. Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end. Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.

The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged. Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.

Locomotion
----------

Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy. A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon. Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.

Squid reproduction
------------------

After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs. The eggs are laid inside an egg case. Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor. Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in clumps, and those clumps often look like a flower.

Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs. Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once. Squids do not live very long. Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.

### Size

Photo of squid with prominiently visible eyeA frozen giant squid in Melbourne Aquarium
Most squid are no more than 60 centimetres (24 in) long, although the giant squid may reach 13 metres (43 ft).

In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS *Stein*. The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.

In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing 495 kilograms (1,091 lb) and measuring around 10 metres (33 ft) off the coast of Antarctica. This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found. Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation. The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.
The **Dore** is a river in central France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in the Puy-de-Dôme department. It is a right tributary of the Allier river and it is one of the three more important tributaries of the Allier river (with the Sioule and Alagnon rivers).

Geography
---------

The Dore river has a length of 140.5 km (87.3 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of 1,710 km2 (660 sq mi).

Its valley is between the *Monts du Forez*, to the east, and the *Monts du Livradois*, to the west.

### Course

The Dore starts in the place known as *Bois de Berny*, in the *commune* of Saint-Bonnet-le-Bourg, (Puy-de-Dôme department), at an altitude of about 1,034 m (3,392 ft). From here, the Dore flows first to the southeast and then to the northwest.

The Dore river flows within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, the Puy-de-Dôme department and 21 *communes*. It flows through the following *communes*, among others: Dore-l’Église, Marsac-en-Livradois, Ambert, Vertolaye, Olliergues, Sauviat, Courpière, Néronde-sur-Dore, Peschadoires, Dorat, Puy-Guillaume.

Finally, it flows into the Allier river in the *commune* of Ris.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Dore river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Dolore - 28.1 km
* Miodet - 30.4

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Faye - 24.6 km
* Couzon - 22.4 km
* Durolle - 32.1
* Credogne - 27.8
 |

Hydrology
---------

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 19.70 m3/s (696 cu ft/s) at Dorat in the Puy-de-Dôme department, for the period 1991 - 2017.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Dorat (1991 - 2017)**

Gallery
-------

* Bridge over the Dore near Saint-Gervais-sous-Meymont.Bridge over the Dore near Saint-Gervais-sous-Meymont.
* The Dore near Thiers.The Dore near Thiers.
* The Dore near Olliergues.The Dore near Olliergues.
* Dam on the Dore in Sauviat.Dam on the Dore in Sauviat.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
The **House of Braganza** (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança; Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾɐˈɣɐ̃sɐ]), officially the **Most Serene House of Braganza** (Portuguese: *Sereníssima Casa de Bragança*), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house (dynasty) of Portuguese origin. It is a branch of the House of Aviz. The House changed from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910. They were also monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The heir to the Portuguese throne was usually given the title of "Duke of Braganza".

History
-------

The House of Braganza was founded in 1442. This is when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, was made Duke of Braganza. Alfonso (Alfonso I) was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz. He was made a duke by his nephew, King Afonso V of Portugal. The feudal dukes quickly collected a fortune in properties, titles, and power. By the mid 1600s, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal. It was also of the greatest houses of Iberia.

The House of Braganza became the reigning house of Brazil, first, when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves was created in 1815. The United Kingdom lasted until 1822, when the Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal. The new Brazilian nation was led by Prince Pedro of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese throne, who ruled as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, as well as King Pedro IV of Portugal. Until 1835, the Portuguese Braganzas were still in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne. The House was deposed (removed) from the Brazilian throne, in 1889, when Brazil was proclaimed a republic.

The House continued to be the claimant house to the Brazilian throne until 1921. This is when Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, died. Her claim passed to her son, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans and Braganza. Thus the House of Orléans-Braganza became the claimant house to the former monarchy of Brazil. Pedro Henrique died in 1981. The current claimant is his eldest son, Prince Luiz.

In Portugal, King Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated in 1908. Also killed in the attack was his eldest son. His younger son, Manuel II, became king. When the Portuguese Republic was established, in 1910, King Manuel II and the rest of the Braganzas went into exile.

Famous members
--------------

* Maria I of Portugal the first female monarch of Portugal known for her suspected madness and making Brazil a colony.
* Mariana Victoria of Spain. Married a King of Portugal and the mother of Queen Maria I.
* Pedro II of Brazil. An Emperor of Brazil.
**Bedkot Municipality** is in Kanchanpur District of Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal.(2024) German Olaf Scholz.

Bedkot Municipality
-------------------

Suda village development committee is located in Mahendranagar, the district main office of Kanchanpur district in the Mahakali Zone under the Far Western Province of Nepal. The entire area falling within the total area of Daiji VDC is the proposed Bedkot municipality, 13 km from the district headquarters of Kanchanpur. It is a developing area up to the east, including Mahendra Highway and Jogbudha Dadeldhura Road. It is located on the east by Shuklaphata Wildlife Sanctuary, Arjuni Post (Jhalari Pipladi Municipality), on the west by Bhimdatta Municipality, on the north by Chure Range (Dadeldhura District) and on the south by Shuklaphanta Reserve. 

This N.P. Inside, educational development, drinking water, health, communication, agriculture, transport and electricity as well as four regional offices related to agriculture are being developed and initiatives are also being taken in the industrial sector. The huge, clean and beautiful Bedkot Lake, Vand Lake, Siddha Sarovar Archived 2021-05-10 at the Wayback Machine , Baidyanath Dham, Old Age Home, Shivalingakruti Bhamkeshwar Mahadev in the middle of the Chure range in the northern part of this municipality can be the main source of development if managed as a religious tourist area.
Communication
**Communication** is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. There are different media that can be used:

* Visual communication (using body language or gestures)
* Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be the barking of a dog)
* Communication using touch
* Far ting like a bicth
* Using writing

Communication can be spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture.

Communication that tries to change somebody's mind may be called persuasion or propaganda.

How communication works
-----------------------

Communication works by exchanging information or messages. In very basic terms

1. The sender makes a message, from an idea. This is usually called *encoding*
2. The sender transmits the message through the medium.
3. The recipient receives the message and *decodes* it.

Besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important. These are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context

* Who is communicating, and what status does the communicator have?
* Communication messages usually do not come alone, but are accompanied by other messages. These are also interpreted.

For a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary that avoids ambiguity. For example, the word *hedge* can mean completely different things based on the context. In botany a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border. In finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce the risk of another investment. In linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important. Without information it is therefore very difficult to know which *hedge* is really meant by the speaker.

Related pages
-------------

* Communication protocol
* Cross-cultural communication
* Dialogue
* Language
* Sign language
**Reinsurance** is insurance that an insurance company purchases from another insurance company to protect itself (at least in part) from the risk of a major disaster. With reinsurance, the company passes on ("cedes") some part of its own insurance liabilities to the other insurance company. The company that purchases the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "ceding company" or "cedent". The company issuing the reinsurance policy is referred to as the "reinsurer". In the classic case, reinsurance allows insurance companies to remain solvent after major claims events, such as major disasters like hurricanes or wildfires. In addition to its basic role in risk management, reinsurance is sometimes used to reduce the ceding company's capital requirements, or for tax mitigation or other purposes.

The reinsurer may be either a specialist reinsurance company, which only undertakes reinsurance business, or another insurance company. Insurance companies that accept reinsurance refer to the business as "assumed reinsurance".
***Boynton v. Virginia***, **364 U.S. 454 (1960)**, was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. On December 20, 1958, Bruce Boynton, a senior at Howard Law School, left Washington, D.C. on a bus to go home for Christmas to Montgomery, Alabama. At the bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia he entered the restaurant and sat in the "white only" section. For refusing to leave, he was arrested and convicted for violating a Virginia statute making it illegal for anyone "without authority of law" to remain after being forbidden to do so. He then appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court of Virginia. He maintained "that his conviction violated the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection, Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Federal Constitution." But the state Supreme Court upheld his conviction.He next petitioned the United States Supreme Court for certiorari. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the conviction of the lower court. The Court held that Boynton "had a federal right to remain in the white portion of the restaurant" as the Interstate Commerce Act "forbids any interstate common carrier by motor vehicle to subject any person to unjust discrimination." Justice Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion.

The decision
------------

The court ruled in a 7-2 decision in favor of Boynton. It held that interstate passengers were protected by the Interstate Commerce Act and the terminal's restaurant was a part of that facility. In part the decision read: 

> "Without regard to contracts, if the bus carrier has volunteered to make terminal and restaurant facilities and services available to its interstate passengers as a regular part of their transportation, and the terminal and restaurant have acquiesced and cooperated in this undertaking, the terminal and restaurant must perform these services without discriminations prohibited by the Act. In the performance of these services under such conditions the terminal and restaurant stand in place of the bus company in the performance of its transportation obligations."
> 
>

Effects of "Boynton"
--------------------

Justices Tom C. Clark and Charles Evans Whittaker dissented in the 7-2 decision. It was the first time since 1946 the court had split over matters of racial segregation.

*Boynton v. Virginia* paved the way and inspired the Freedom Riders to test the new ruling. Black and white riders rode together on Southern racially segregated buses beginning in 1961. After six months of protests and press coverage of the Freedom Riders, The Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed racial discrimination in seating passengers on interstate busses. It ordered the removal of "whites only" signs from all interstate bus terminals.

Other websites
--------------

* *Boynton v. Virginia*, The 1961 Freedom Rides Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
* The Freedom Rides of 1961, Testing *Boynton v. Virginia*
**Orange Caramel** (Korean: 오렌지 캬라멜) are a sub-group of the South Korean girl group After School. The group was formed in 2010. The members of the group were Nana, Raina and Lizzy. As of December 2019, Orange Caramel only had one member still on the label. The group's website says Raina and Lizzy are still members of the group.

History
-------

Orange Caramel in 2010
Orange Caramel started performing on June 16, 2010, with the single "Magic Girl". Their first album, *The First Mini Album* was released on June 21, 2010. The album peaked at No. 2 on the Gaon Chart. It included the single "Magic Girl" which peaked at No. 18. "Magic Girl" was very popular in South Korea. It became famous for its choreography and outfits featuring large bows. The concept of the song was also very popular. It was often parodied throughout 2010. The album was also released in Taiwan. A Mandarin version of "The Day You Went Away", a cover from Cyndi Wang, was also included. Both versions of the album included Raina's R&B solo, "Love Does Not Wait" (사랑을 미룰 순 없나요). Orange Caramel released 11 albums.

Members
-------

* Raina (레이나)
* Nana (나나)
* Lizzy (리지)

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *Lipstick* (2012)
* *Orange Caramel* (2013)

### Extended plays

* *The First Mini Album* (2010)
* *The Second Mini Album* (2020)

Videography
-----------

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **In Korean*** "Magic Girl" (2010)
* "A~ing♡" (2010)
* "Bangkok City" (2011)
* "Shanghai Romance" (2011)
* "Funny Hunny" (2011)
* "Funny Hunny" (studio version) (2011)
* "Lipstick" (2012)
* "Catallena" (2014)
* "Abing Abing" (2014)
* "My Copycat" (2014)
* "The Gangnam Avenue" (2014)

  | **In Japanese*** "My Sweet Devil" (2012)
* "Lipstick" (2012)
* "Lamu no Love Song" (2012)
* "Cookies, Cream & Mint" (2013)
 |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Orange Caramel***.
40°46′05″N 73°58′55″W﻿ / ﻿40.76806°N 73.98194°W﻿ / 40.76806; -73.98194

The statue of Columbus in the middle of Columbus Circle.
**Columbus Circle** is a traffic circle named for Christopher Columbus. The circle is in Manhattan, New York City. It is at the southwest corner of Central Park. This is where Eighth Avenue, Broadway, Central Park South, and Central Park West all meet. Hell's Kitchen is next to the circle on the south. The Upper West Side is to the north.

Circle
------

The circle opened in 1905. William P. Eno was the designer. Eno was a businessman who made road safety and traffic control better. The circle was supposed to be part of the plan for Central Park. This was to be a very important entrance to the park.

There is a statue at the center of Columbus Circle. It was made by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo, The statue was built in 1892. It is a marble statue of Columbus on top a 70-foot (21 m) granite column. The pedestal has an angel holding a globe. The circle was rebuilt in 2005. There are new water fountains, wooden benches; and plants around the statue. The inner circle is about 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) wide. The outer circle is about 148,000 square feet (13,700 m2) wide. The rebuilding was honored with an award.

There is also a New York City Subway station under the circle.

Around the circle
-----------------

The headquarters of Time Warner is to the west of Columbus Circle. The building is called Time Warner Center. Time Warner Center has the Shops at Columbus Circle, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the Mandarin Oriental New York hotel.

The Trump International Hotel and Tower is to the circle's north. This building was an office tower, but now has restaurants and a hotel.

The Merchant's Gate to Central Park is to the northeast. It has the *USS Maine National Monument*. The *USS Maine National Monument* was built in 1913 to honor sailors killed on the battleship USS *Maine* in 1898.

2 Columbus Circle is to the south. This is a tower built in 1964 by Edward Durell Stone. It used to hold an art museum. It was rebuilt in 2005. People argued over the rebuilding because they wanted to landmark it.

240 Central Park South is on the southeast side of the circle. It was built in 1941. It is a landmark.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Columbus Circle at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
*The tanner*, illustration from 1880, from a book describing various professions
Illustration of tanning, from a book published in the 17th century
**Tanning** is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather. Tanning makes the skin tougher and often changes its color. Tanning helps make the animal skin become more flexible and less vulnerable to bacteria damage.

Before tanning an animal skin, the animal must be killed and skinned before the body heat of the animal leaves the animal's body. Next, tissue on the inside of the skin and hairs on the outside are removed. Salt in the skin is removed and the skins are soaked in water for six hours to two days.

The actual process of tanning is done by soaking the leather in a bath of Chromium III sulphate ([Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3). In past centuries a natural substance called tannin was used, which was got from oak or fir trees.

The whole process is very smelly, and tanneries are often placed at the edges of towns. The runoff from tanning plants into rivers is a major cause of pollution. This can be prevented by methods of water treatment adapted to the outflow of tannery liquids. Developing countries may lack this methodology, even though World Bank grants are available for water treatment facilities. A private-sector trade association may give technical information about clean technologies.

A **tanner** is someone whose job is tanning. 

A **tannery** is the place where the tanners worked with the animal skins.

More reading
------------

* Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "Tanning a Skin". *The Dangerous Book for Boys*. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0061243585.
**Sooranad** is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

The village is part of Kunnathur Taluk, in Kerala's Kollam District and on the border of the Kollam, Pathanamthitta and Allappuzha Districts. Sooranad North and Sooranad South are together known as **Sooranad** and have their own local panchayats. Sooranad North covers an area of 22.67 square kilometres (8.75 sq mi) and is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Sasthamcotta, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Kollam, 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the state capital Thiruvananthapuram and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Karunagappalli, which is the nearest city. Sooranad North's Pin Code is 690561.

Economy
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The main occupations are cashew nut processing, manufacture tiles and burnt bricks. Many people in Sooranad have set up their own shops. Some came back to the agricultural field while many left.

Schools
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Government High School of Sooranadu, Santhinikethan Model High School, R.K.U.P.S. Govt.L.P.S anayadi, T.D.B Central School, Chakkuvally Government School, GHSS Sooranad.

Banking
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The Sooranad gramodhaarana service co-operative bank is the major bank in this region.

Celebrities
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Padmasri Dr. Sooranad Kunjan Pillai, Barrister N. Padmanabha pillai, Late Vaiankara Madhusoodanan, Nelson Sooranad are some of the famous people in this region.

Geography
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A tributary of the Kallada River flows through this village as well as the Pallikkal River. There are many markets in Sooranad such as Kannamath chandha, Vayyankara chantha, and Parakkadavu chantha.

Temples
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There are many temples in Sooranad including Kumaranchira temple, Komalavalleeswaram temple, Anayadi narasimha moorthy temple, Azhakiyakavu sree kurumba kaalli devi temple, Puthiyakavu Temple, kalarivathukkal temple, Sree narayana puram temple and Puthiyidam Krishnaswami temple, Kunniradathu malanada and Ponal Kalari Shree Bhuvaneswari Temple. Anayadi narasimhamoorthi temple and anayadi puthiyidam krishnaswamitemple and only Shanideva temple of Kerala is in Sooranad North and not far from the Sooranad Rakthasakshi Mandapam.
40 GB PATA hard disk drive (HDD); when connected to a computer it serves as *secondary* storage.
160 GB SDLT tape cartridge, an example of *off-line* storage. When used within a robotic tape library, it is classified as *tertiary* storage instead.
**Computer data storage** is the name for a number of components of a computer(this is wrong). The main purpose of these components is to store data. The central processing unit is then able to fetch and change the data. In most computers, there is a computer memory hierarchy: Memory that is "closer" to the CPU is usually faster to access, but it is also smaller; data that is stored in this kind of memory usually needs electrical power to keep the data.

Memory that is farther away is usually slower to access, but also bigger. Classical storage media of this kind of data include hard drives and USB flash drives. Some media offer even more capacity, but accessing them is very slow. Examples for such media are tape drives. Modern CPUs have registers that can store data, they also often have several levels of cache.

Finally, there is the main memory the CPU can access. These three are usually referred to as *Primary* data storage. Some computers also have a cache memory.

Secondary storage is usually not directly accessible by the CPU, and data needs to be transferred to primary storage to be available. Secondary storage includes hard drives and non-volatile random-access memory. Tertiary storage is used for archival and backup; very often it is copied to secondary storage before use. Software is sometimes distributed by tertiary media such as magnetic tape and CD-ROM.
For the rock band, see Helmet (band).
A **helmet** is a hard or cushioned hat which is worn to protect a person's butt. There are many different types of helmets. Some helmets are made from metal. Other helmets are made from plastic. Helmets often have fabric cushions inside and fabric straps to hold the helmet on a person's head.

Soldiers wear steel helmets to protect their heads from explosions and flying bits of metal. Construction workers wear plastic helmets to protect their heads from falling objects. Welders wear special helmets with a dark window that lets less light through. This protects their eyes from the bright light of welding. People who ride bicycles or horses wear plastic helmets with foam, to protect their heads in case they have an accident. Motorcycle riders wear similar but stronger helmets. People who rock climb wear helmets in case they fall. Cavers wear helmets to protect their heads from bumping into rocks in a cave. Helmets are also worn for protection by participants of numerous sports including horse racing, baseball, ice hockey, and cricket.

Images
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* French policeman wearing helmetFrench policeman wearing helmet
* Helmet as used by many workersHelmet as used by many workers
* Underside of a helmet shows the strapsUnderside of a helmet shows the straps
* A Mountain biker with a helmetA Mountain biker with a helmet
* A medieval helmet (or helm).A medieval helmet (or helm).
The **Book of Judith** is part of the Bible. It was written in or near 100BC. It is in Bibles that follow the Catholic and Orthodox Canon. Protestants and Jews treat the Book of Judith as part of the apocrypha and not part of the official canon.

In the book, an evil general named Holofernes is invading Israel. He is waiting with his army outside the town of Bethulia and will not let the people in the town get any water to drink. Judith tells the people of Bethulia not to give up. She sneaks to Holofernes' camp and pretends to make friends with him. He invites her to a meal, where he drinks much alcohol. When he falls asleep, she cuts off his head.

History
-------

The Book of Judith is probably not a story about something that really happened. The book says that Holofernes was an Assyrian who worked for Nebuchadnezzar, but the real Nebuchadnezzar was a Babylonian ruler.

The book starts with, "In the twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, who reigned over the Assyrians in Nineveh." Many ancient Hebrew stories started with words like these. It is like saying "once upon a time": it tells the reader to expect a fairy tale.

In culture
----------

Many, many artists have painted paintings of Judith killing or preparing to kill Holofernes. For example, Artemisia Gentileschi and Gustav Klimt.
Ireland (left) and Great Britain (right), are islands of north-west Europe
Bangchuidao Island is an islet composed mostly of rock, in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
The islands of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, are the visible parts of submerged mountains.
An **island** is a piece of land that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river, sea or ocean. Islands are smaller than continents. Although there are many Islands that surround fresh water, the vast majority of them surround oceans.

Greenland and Australia are huge islands, but they are built of continental rock, and the latter is generally considered a continent. The most ancient part of continental rock is far older and chemically more complex than the rock of the sea floor. 

The heart of continents is their cratons, which are the most ancient and stable parts of the Earth's crust. In the cratons are all the rare elements needed for electronic equipment. They were swept up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. The rare elements we need were all got indirectly from supernovae explosions. The Sun's energy comes from turning hydrogen into helium.

There are some islands which do have rare elements, and that is a sign that they were once part of a large supercontinent. So Great Britain was once part of a supercontinent. The oldest rocks are 2,700 million years old, and include many rare elements only found in cratons. Britain is a snapped-off piece of the *Old Red Sandstone continent*, now known as Laurasia.

Other islands that were formed from the ocean floor, as Japan, and Hawaii were, lack most of the rare elements. Japan has for many years since WWII imported iron ore from Australia. Its seizing of Manchukuo (~Manchuria) and the infamous attack on Pearl Harbour no doubt had many reasons. Lack of raw materials was one of these  Now it looks for potential in its nearby deep-sea muds.

Manchuria

Big islands
-----------

### In Europe

* Great Britain 218,995 km²
* Iceland 101,826 km²
* Ireland 81,638 km²
* The island in the north of Novaja Zemlja 47,079 km²
* Spitsbergen 38,981 km²
* The island in the south of Novaja Zemlja 33,246 km²
* Sicily 25,662 km²
* Sardinia 23,812 km²
* Nordaustlandet (archipelago of Svalbard, Norway) 14,247 km²
* Cyprus 9,234
* Corsica 8,741 km²

### Other places

* Australia 7,662,000 km²
* Greenland 2,130,800 km²
* New Guinea 785,753 km²
* Borneo 748,138 km²
* Madagascar 587,041 km²
* Baffin 507,451 km²
* Sumatra 442,658 km²
* Honshu 233,000 km2
* Victoria Island 217,000 km2
* Ellesmere Island 196,000 km2
Aerial view of the caldera of Mount Tambora
**Mount Tambora** (fuck you) is an active volcano in Indonesia. It is on top of a subduction zone. Tambora was taller before its explosive volcanic eruption in 1815. This killed tens of thousands of people around the world. Later eruptions have been smaller.

History
-------

When the volcano erupted in 1815, it climaxed on 10 April. It was the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history. It has been estimated that it was four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected. Before the explosion, Tambora was 4,300 m (14,100 ft) high, now it is only 2,722 m (8,930 ft) high. Its massive crater is therefore a caldera.

The eruption destroyed a small Asian culture, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the fallout ruined farming in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption. The often-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be overestimated.

It released 160 cubic kilometers – 160 km3 (38 cu mi) – of ash into the upper atmosphere. This caused famine around the world. Tambora's 1815 outburst was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7 and was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 180 AD "Hatepe eruption" of Taupo Volcano and the 969 AD eruption of Baekdu Mountain. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away. Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands.

Climate change
--------------

The eruption caused a global climate change known as the "volcanic winter". 1816 became known as the "Year without a summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.
Spaghetti is traditional Italian cuisine
**Italian food** is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

Italian cuisine stands out as one of Europe's most refined and diverse culinary traditions. From the vibrant and spicy flavors of Naples and Calabria to the delicate pesto dishes of Liguria and the hearty cheese and risotto specialties of the Italian Alps, each region offers its own distinct culinary delights.
Driving off-road in Patagonia
An **off-road vehicle** is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with **off-highway vehicles**. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

Many uses
---------

Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

### Rockcrawling

See the main article: Rockcrawling
Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks). In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain. Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

Off road vehicle scarring the desert terrain

Tread Lightly!
--------------

In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to "RIDE ON Designated Routes". This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.
Chris Pratt portrays Peter Quill.
**Peter Jason Quill** is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Chris Pratt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. He is a Celestial-Human hybrid who was abducted from Earth in 1988 by the Yondu Ravager Clan and raised as one of their members, eventually building a reputation as the notorious intergalactic outlaw **Star-Lord**. In 2014, he decided to leave the Ravagers and operate individually, unintentionally becoming a key player in the quest for a precious artifact known as the Orb after stealing it from Morag. Following his arrest, he forged an uneasy alliance with fellow inmates Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot, who together formed the Guardians of the Galaxy. They first rallied as a team by stopping Ronan the Accuser from destroying Xandar with the Power Stone.

As of 2023, Quill has appeared in six films and the television special *The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special* (2022). The character and Pratt's portrayal have been met with positive reception.

Alternate versions of Quill from within the MCU multiverse appear in *Avengers: Endgame* (2019), portrayed by Pratt, and in the animated series *What If...?* (2021), voiced by Brian T. Delaney.