recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Commodore** is the common name for **Commodore International Limited**, a U.S. computer and electronics manufacturing company. Headquarters were in West Chester, Pennsylvania. 

In the 1960s they made typewriters and later calculators. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Commodore was one of the largest producers of home computers. They are famous for cutting in 1983 the price of their products so aggressively that it created a "home computer war".

The first computer model produced was the Commodore PET in 1977. It came with a keyboard and 
a monochrome monitor. This was followed by the first color computer, known as the VIC-20. This computer sold for under $300 in 1981, around $1000 in today's money. 

The company also sold about 22 million Commodore 64 machines, introduced in 1982. It is believed to be the biggest-selling computer in history. Commodore later released the Amiga line of computers in 1985.

The company went bankrupt in 1994.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Commodore International***.
A cryptographic protocol is a way to securely exchange data over a computer network. The data that is exchanged is encrypted. In general, these protocols consist of a way to exchange encryption keys, The data is then encrypted using symmetric or asymmetric cryptography. Symmetric cryptography is used more often. 

Common protocols include: 

* Transport Layer Security
* Wi-Fi Protected Access
* Secure Shell
* IPsec
* DNSSec

A cryptographic protocol usually has at least some of these features: 

* Key generation.
* Entity authentication.
* Key agreement.
* Symmetric encryption of transferred messages using the agreed generated key.

The term *cryptographic protocol* is used in different ways. For example, cryptographic *application* protocols often use one or more underlying Key-agreement protocols which are also sometimes themselves referred to as "cryptographic protocols", like the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which uses what is known as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Diffie-Hellman may be seen as a complete *cryptographic protocol* in itself for other applications.

Examples
--------

* Diffie-Hellman key exchange
* Internet Key Exchange
* IPsec
* Kerberos V5

Related pages
-------------

* Secure channel

Other websites
--------------

* Secure protocols open repository
**SV Mattersburg** was an Austrian football club from Mattersburg, Burgenland.

History
-------

Football came to Mattersburg in 1912 through students from Vienna who played there in their sparetime. The input for forming a football club came from the Sieberer family, which came to Mattersburg from Vienna. Their sons had already played in Viennese football clubs. The SV Mattersburg was founded on Juny, 10th 1922. The club plays since the 2003/04 season in the Austrian Bundesliga, the highst division of Austrian football. The most successful season was 2006/07 reaching the 3rd place. In this year also 4 players of SV Mattersburg have played in the national team (Cem Atan, Michael Mörz, Christian Fuchs,Jürgen Patocka)

Mattersburg was declared bankrupt in August 2020 after their main sponsor, Commerzialbank Mattersburg im Burgenland was closed down following an financial scandal. To continue with the youth football the club was newly founded under the name Mattersburger Sportverein 2020. Since the 2021-22 season they play in the 2. Klasse Mitte Burgenland, the lowest class.

Honours
-------

* **Austrian Cup final**:2006
* **Austrian championship**:3rd 2007

Gallery
-------

* Pappelstadion-Homeground of SV MattersburgPappelstadion-Homeground of SV Mattersburg
* 1st squad 2010/11 season1st squad 2010/11 season
* Michael Mörz-TeamcaptainMichael Mörz-Teamcaptain
* Franz Lederer-coach of SV MattersburgFranz Lederer-coach of SV Mattersburg
* Leo Martinschitz-goalkeeper coachLeo Martinschitz-goalkeeper coach
* Chairman Martin PucherChairman Martin Pucher

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***SV Mattersburg***.

* Official Homepage (German) Archived 2005-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
***The Book of the City of Ladies*** or ***Le Livre de la Cité des Dames*** (published in 1405), is perhaps Christine de Pizan's most famous literary work. Pizan originally wrote Le Livre de la Cité des Dames in Middle French but it was later translated into English (1999). The book serves as her formal response to Jean de Meun's popular *Roman de la Rose*. Pizan combats Meun's statements about women by creating an allegorical city of ladies. She defends women by collecting a wide array of famous women throughout history. These women are "housed" in the City of Ladies, which is an imaginary city from the book. As Pizan builds her city, she uses each famous woman as a building block for the walls and houses of the city. Each woman added to the city adds to Pizan's argument towards women as valued participants in society. She also advocates in favour of education for woman.

Summary
-------

### Part I

Part I opens with Christine reading from Matheolus's Lamentations, a work from the thirteenth century that addresses marriage wherein the author writes that women make men's lives miserable. Upon reading these words, Christine becomes upset and feels ashamed to be a woman. The three Virtues then appear to Christine, and tell her that she has been chosen by god to create a city for woman.

### Part II

In Part II, Lady Rectitude says she will help Christine "construct the houses and buildings inside the walls of the City of Ladies" and fill it with inhabitants who are "valiant ladies of great renown". As they build, Lady Rectitude tells Christine stories of powerful woman that will be housed inside the city. Lady Rectitude also refutes allegations that women are unchaste, inconstant, unfaithful, and mean by nature through her stories. This part closes with Christine addressing women and asking them to pray for her as she continues her work with Lady Justice to complete the city.

### Part III

In Part III, Lady Justice joins with Christine to "add the finishing touches" to the city, including bringing a queen to rule the city. Lady Justice tells Christine of female saints who were praised for their martyrdom. At the close of this part, Christine makes another address to all women announcing the completion of the City of Ladies. She beseeches them to defend and protect the city and to follow their queen (the Virgin Mary). She also warns the women against the lies of slanderers, saying, "Drive back these treacherous liars who use nothing but tricks and honeyed words to steal from you that which you should keep safe above all else: your chastity and your glorious good name".

A few women who were mentioned include:
Medusa, Helen of Troy, Polyxena, Florence of Rome, Isabeau of Bavaria, Joan of Armagnac, Margaret of Bavaria, Isis, Marie, Duchess of Auvergne, Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria, Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Anne de Bourbon and The Virgin Mary.
**Kenneth Hood "Buddy" MacKay, Jr.** (born March 22, 1933) is an American politician and diplomat. He served as Governor of Florida, following the death of then-Governor Lawton Chiles. He served as Governor for less than a month. He is the last Democrat to serve as Governor of Florida.

Early life
----------

MacKay was born in Ocala, Florida. His family were citrus farmers. He studied at the University of Florida. MacKay served the United States Air Force. He married Anne Selph in 1960.

Early career
------------

MacKay was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1968, and to the Florida Senate in 1975. From 1983 to 1989 he served for three terms in the United States House of Representatives.

Controlling the national budget one of his main concerns. In 1988 he received the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate, but lost in a very close race for that office to Connie Mack III.

Lieutenant Governor of Florida
------------------------------

MacKay won the 1990 Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor on the ticket headed by former Senator Lawton Chiles. They won the election and were re-elected in 1994. MacKay succeeded Chiles as governor after his sudden death in 1998.

Governor of Florida
-------------------

In 1998 MacKay sought to succeed Chiles as Governor, easily winning the Democratic nomination with his full support (Chiles and MacKay were known for their friendly relationship). He was defeated by Republican nominee Jeb Bush.

A few months later, he became governor after Chiles' death. MacKay served as governor for 23 days. During his term as governor, MacKay granted six pardons to female prisoners and tried to fix the Everglades. He appointed Peggy Quince for Florida Supreme Court.

In 1999, he was succeeded by Bush.

Personal life
-------------

MacKay lives in Tallahassee with his wife. MacKay has four children.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Buddy MacKay at Wikimedia Commons

* Profile in Notable Name Database (NNDB)
**Dabry's sturgeon**, also known as the **Yangtze sturgeon** (*Acipenser dabryanus*), is a member of the family Acipenseridae and the order Acipenseriformes.

The fish is thought to have lived at the same time as dinosaurs. It may have lived as long as 140 million years ago. Because of that, it is sometimes called a living fossil. It is an animal carefully protected by the Chinese government. It is named a "national treasure" much like the Giant Panda.

The fish can be between 200 to 500 cm (79 to 197 in) in body length. It can weigh 200 to 500 kg (440 to 1,100 lb) on average. A grown-up sturgeon measures up to 4 metres (13 ft) long, and weighs over 450 kg (990 lb). This makes it the third biggest only to the White sturgeon and Atlantic sturgeon. 

Sturgeon are anadromous. This means they spawn in fresh water and migrate to salt water to mature. 

It lives on the main streams of the Yangtze River and coastal regions of Qiantang River, Minjiang River and Pearl River.

Other websites
--------------

* Fishbase
An image of the Sun and of its radiation.
**Sunlight** is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is really **solar radiation**. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.

Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer. Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night. A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System
------------------------------------------------

Sunlight in the Antelope Canyon, Arizona.Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:

| Planet | Perihelion - Aphelion distance (AU) | Solar radiation maximum and minimum (W/m²) | Forcing temperature variation for albedo = 1 (°C) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mercury | 0.3075 – 0.4667 | 14,446 – 6,272 | 94.6 |
| Venus | 0.7184 – 0.7282 | 2,647 – 2,576 | 2.2 |
| Earth | 0.9833 – 1.017 | 1,413 – 1,321 | 4.7 |
| Mars | 1.382 – 1.666 | 715 – 492 | 21.1 |
| Jupiter | 4.950 – 5.458 | 55.8 – 45.9 | 6.0 |
| Saturn | 9.048 – 10.12 | 16.7 – 13.4 | 5.0 |
| Uranus | 18.38 – 20.08 | 4.04 – 3.39 | 2.8 |
| Neptune | 29.77 – 30.44 | 1.54 – 1.47 | 0.6 |

Use of solar energy
-------------------

Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.

Other websites
--------------

* Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth

| * v
* t
* e
Solar power |
| --- |
| Insolation **·**  Photovoltaics **·**  Renewable energy **·**  Solar cell **·**  Solar energy **·**  Solar panel **·**  Solar power plant **·**  Sun angle **·**  Sunlight |  |
giggity giggity

John Hancock by John Singleton Copley, 1770
**John Hancock**  (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. In modern America, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.

Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When John Hancock Jr. his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies. 

In 1768, British officials seized his ship, the *Liberty*. It carried a shipment of wine. The officials said he was smuggling. Boston patriots rioted and he was acquitted. This incident was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.

Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.

Hancock's signature as it appears on the Declaration of Independence
Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775. He wanted to lead the Continental Army. George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British. He was not successful.

Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was first Governor of the state Massachusetts. He served nine terms. Hancock suffered from gout in his later life. He died in 1793.
***Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*** is the fifth book in the *Harry Potter* series by J.K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 July 2003. It is about Harry’s fifth year at Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Lord Voldemort has come back. Except for Albus Dumbledore, most people do not believe him. A movie based on the book was released in 2007.

Plot
----

Harry Potter, James and Lily Potter's only son, tries to make everyone else realise that Lord Voldemort has come back. Dumbledore, the Order, and Harry's friends are the only people that believe that he has returned. At the end of the book, Harry, Ron Weasley, Arthur and Molly Weasley's youngest son, Hermione Granger, and some of their friends go to the Ministry of Magic (the headquarters of the people who lead the magical world) because Harry thinks his godfather Sirius Black is in danger. It turns out it was a trick using mind magic, and his godfather, is murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange. They are attacked by some of their enemies. At the end, Voldemort comes, but Dumbledore saves Harry from him, and all the other wizards see Voldemort and know Harry is telling the truth. Harry is then returned to Hogwarts where Dumbledore tells him everything that he needs to know about the prophecy and why Voldemort tried to murder him when he was a child.

Other websites
--------------

* Extended plot wikibook
* *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* on IMDb

| *Harry Potter* by J. K. Rowling |
| --- |
| Books/Films | *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*  • *Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets*  • *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*  • *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire*  • *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*  • *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince*  • *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows* |
| Characters | Harry Potter  • Hermione Granger  • Albus Dumbledore  • Ron Weasley  • Rubeus Hagrid  • Minerva McGonagall  • Grawp  • Sirius Black  • Bellatrix Lestrange  • Luna Lovegood  • Xenophilius Lovegood  • Remus Lupin  • Draco Malfoy  • Severus Snape  • Nymphadora Tonks  • Lord Voldemort  • Ginny Weasley  • Fred and George Weasley |
| Hogwarts Houses | Gryffindor  • Slytherin  • Hufflepuff  • Ravenclaw |
| Other | List of *Harry Potter* films cast members  • Religious debates over the *Harry Potter* series  • Dumbledore's Army  • Order of the Phoenix |
The **United States National Health Care Act,** or the **Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act** (H.R. 676) is a bill introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI). The bill had 49 cosponsors in 2015. As of August 12, 2017, it had 116 cosponsors, which amounts to a majority of the Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives and is the highest level of support the bill has ever received since Conyers began annually introducing the bill in 2003.

The act would create a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the Government of the United States, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and probably recasting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought.

The bill was first introduced in 2003, when it had 25 cosponsors, and has been reintroduced in each Congress since. During the 2009 health care debates over the bill that became the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 676 was expected to be debated and voted upon by the House in September 2009, but was never debated.

The bill was introduced again recently by Rep. Conyers in the House of Representatives. Senator Bernie Sanders has said that he intends to introduce a parallel bill in the United States Senate in the future.
This article is about the measurement of temperature. For the boy-band, see Fahrenheit (band). For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation).
**Fahrenheit** (more precisely, a **degree Fahrenheit**) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32). The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated **°F**.

  Countries that use Fahrenheit (°F).
  Countries that use both Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C).
  Countries that use Celsius (°C).

History
-------

This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used. Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts. The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.

The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature. The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.

Overall, the use of the degree Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the USA being the main exception.

Examples
--------

* 

On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.

* Room temperature is about 70 °F.
* A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
* Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.

Related pages
-------------

* Celsius
* Kelvin
* Rankine
* Delisle
* Newton (Unit) (force)
* Réaumur
* Rømer
Austria national football team in 1958 with the following players – from left to right, standing; Walter Horak, Ernst Happel, Karl Koller, Alfred Körner, Paul Halla, Walter Schleger; crouched: Helmut Senekowitsch, Gerhard Hanappi, Rudolf Szanwald, Franz Swoboda and Johann Buzek.
**Karl Koller** (9 February 1929 – 24 January 2009) was an Austrian football player. He is considered one of the best Austrian midfielders. He played during his professional carrer only for First Vienna FC. The national player completed 86 games for the team with 5 goals and took part in two World Cups. He is regarded, behind Ernst Ocwirk and Gerhard Hanappi, as one of the best Austrian midfielders of all time and was rated as one of the best 100 European footballers of the 20th century by the IFFHS. Normally a center midfielder, Koller was capable in both in defense and attack and was well known for technique, strength and powerful shot from distance.

Career
------

Karl Koller began his football career with ASK Blumau. 1949 he went to First Vienna FC where he made his championship debut in 1949. Througout his professional career he played for this club. He played 414 league matches for Vienna and scored 39 goals. Overall he played 836 matches and scored 101 goals. In 1955 he became Austrian Champion and 1961 they played in the Cup final which they lost 3-1 versus SK Rapid .

International career
--------------------

He debuted on 23 March 1953 against Belgium (2-0). He went to the World Cup as one of the regulars for the midfield. Together with the Austrian Ernst Ocwirk he formed the Austrian midfield. Karl Koller played in all matches. 

In the 1958 FIFA World Cup the team failed in the group stage. In the 2-2 draw versus England shot one of his five goals for the team
Karl Koller's career in the team ended when they failed to qualify for the 1966 World Cup. His last international match was on 5 September 1965 versus Hungary.

Death
-----

Koller died on 24 January 2009 as a result of his Alzheimer's disease.
**Roman Herzog** (5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician (CDU). He was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.

Early life
----------

He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957. In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam. He wrote *Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht* ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964.

In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name. Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966. From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB). In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.

Political career
----------------

In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate. He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament (*Landtag*), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.

Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church. Since 1982 he had been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany. He had been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.

In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (*Federal Convention*). His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.

Personal life
-------------

His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on 19 June 2000. He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen in 2001.

Herzog died at 82 years old on 10 January 2017 in Jagsthausen, Germany.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Roman Herzog at Wikimedia Commons

* "Roman Herzog (1994–1999)" (in German). Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

| * v
* t
* e
Presidents of GermanyReich President (*Reichspräsident*): 1919-1945 Federal President (*Bundespräsident*): 1945- |
| --- |
|  Weimar Republic (1919–1933) | Friedrich Ebert **·**  *Kanzler* Hans Luther (acting) **·**  *Judge* Walter Simons (acting) **·**  Paul von Hindenburg |  |
|  Nazi Germany (1933–1945) | Paul von Hindenburg  **·**  Adolf Hitler (as Führer and Reichskanzler) **·**  Karl Dönitz |
|  Germany (since 1949) | *Bundesratspräsident* Karl Arnold (acting) **·**  Theodor Heuss1 **·**  Heinrich Lübke **·**  Gustav Heinemann **·**  Walter Scheel **·**  Karl Carstens **·**  Richard von Weizsäcker2 **·**  Roman Herzog **·**  Johannes Rau **·**  Horst Köhler **·**  Jens Böhrnsen (acting) **·**  Christian Wulff **·**  Joachim Gauck **·**  Frank-Walter Steinmeier |
| 1 President at the time of unification with the Saar 2 President at the time of unification with East Germany |
**Distribution** is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers. 
For example, in arithmetic:

2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).
In the left-hand side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 *distributes* over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers *distributes* over addition of real numbers.

Definition
----------

Given a set *S* and two binary operators ∗ and + on *S*, we say that the operation:

∗ is *left-distributive* over + if, given any elements *x*, *y*, and *z* of *S*,

{\displaystyle x\*(y+z)=(x\*y)+(x\*z),}
∗ is *right-distributive* over + if, given any elements *x*, *y*, and *z* of *S*,

{\displaystyle (y+z)\*x=(y\*x)+(z\*x),} and
∗ is *distributive* over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

Applications
------------

The distributive property can also be applied to:

* Real numbers
* Complex numbers
* Matrices (special rules apply)
* Vectors (special rules apply)
* Sets
* Propositional logic
Petra Kelly
Petra Kelly Garden in Barcelona
**Petra Karin Kelly** (November 23, 1947 – October 1, 1992) was a German politician, peace activist and one of the founders of the Green Party of Germany.

Kelly was born in Günzburg. Her stepfather was a US officer. Her original father and her mother were German.
Her family moved to the US in 1959.
She went to school in both countries.
From 1966 to 1970 he studied political sciences in Washington, D.C..
Kelly campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 U.S. elections.
She admired Martin Luther King and was an anti-Vietnam War protester.
She graduated in 1970 in Washington and got another exam in 1971 in Amsterdam.
Then she returned to West Germany.
She worked for the European Commission in Brussels from 1971 to 1983.

She was one of the founders of the Green Party in Germany in 1979 – the first Green Party worldwide. 
From 1983 to 1990 she was a member of the Bundestag for the Greens.
Kelly received the Right Livelihood Award in 1982.

Petra Kelly, who was seriously ill, died in Bonn in 1992, aged 44. She had been shot by her partner, politician and former general Bert Bastian, who committed suicide afterwards.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Life and Death of Petra Kelly* by Sara Parkin, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora, 1995 (ISBN 0-04-440940-0)
* *Thinking Green! Essays on Environmentalism, Feminism, and Nonviolence* by Petra K. Kelly, Parallax Press, Berkeley, California, 1994 (ISBN 0-938077-62-7)
* *Nonviolence Speaks to Power* by Petra K. Kelly, online book Archived 2006-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, almost complete text (also, out of print, published by Matsunaga Institute for Peace, University of Hawaii, 1992, ISBN 1-880309-05-X)
* Curriculum Vitae with picture Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Happiness is a Warm Gun. Film on Petra Kelly's death Archived 2021-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Right Livelihood Award website Archived 2006-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Petra Kelly Archives at the Heinrich Böll Foundation Archived 2007-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Petra Kelly prize for human rights, ecology and non-violence Archived 2007-02-07 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Petra Kelly***.
Canada goose on the Missouri River, English Landing Park, June 2018
**English Landing Park** is along the Missouri River in Parkville, Missouri, United States. There is a set of train tracks that runs along the park. It has a jogging/biking trail, several shelters for picnics, a soccer field, a baseball diamond, volleyball courts, two playgrounds and a nine-hole Frisbee golf course. 

The area of English Landing Park was bought in 1838. The Power Plant Restaurant, which sits right next to the railroad tracks at the entrance to the park, was built in the mid-19th century as a coal-fired twin-boiler power plant that fed the entire city. The park later became a civil war port for the slave trade. 

Parkville was not a Civil War battlefield, but there was still mass genocide as numerous slaves tried desperately to escape across the river into Free Kansas. These slaves were buried in three large unmarked cemeteries. After the Civil War, the port was abandoned and the area slowly changed from a bustling city to what is Parkville.

The park includes the historic Bridge, built 1898 which spanned Linn Branch Creek.

Flooding
--------

During the Great Flood of 1993, the park and most of Downtown Parkville were submerged under more than 15 feet of water.

On May 4, 2003, English Landing Park narrowly missed an EF1 tornado that came across the river and cut damage paralleling the railroad tracks before crossing 9 Highway.

In May 2007, the Missouri River flooded the entire park with less than 3 feet of water. The river receded approximately a week later. Also in 2007, the Power Plant Restaurant's neglected smokestack had to be torn down, eradicating an icon of the city's past.
On March 17, 2019, The river flooded up over **English Landing Park** all the way to the train tracks before retreating a few days later. No buildings were damaged but playground equipment and structures at the dog park were damaged and lost. Also, a bridge that goes over the Linn branch creek collapsed.

Other websites
--------------

* English Landing Park
* Platte Landing Park, Platte County
* Platte Landing Park, Parkville
**Rodinia**, meaning "to give birth", is the name of a supercontinent. It had most or all of Earth's landmass when the Neoproterozoic era began.

Rodinia existed between 1.1 billion and 750 million years ago. It formed from parts of an older and poorly understood supercontinent.

Rodinia broke up in the first period of the Neoproterozoic, the Tonian. Later its continental fragments were re-assembled to form Pangaea 300–250 million years ago. In contrast with Pangaea, little is known yet about the exact position and history of Rodinia.

The extreme cooling of the global climate around 700 million years ago (the so-called Snowball Earth of the Cryogenian period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the following Ediacaran and Cambrian periods may have been caused by the breaking up of Rodinia.

Break-up
--------

The break-up of Rodinia is understood better than its formation. Extensive flood basalt flows and volcanic eruptions of Neoproterozoic age are found on most continents. This is evidence for large scale rifting about 750 million years ago. As early as 850 and 800 million years ago, a rift developed, eventually becoming an ocean in the Ediacaran.

In a separate rifting event about 610 million years ago (halfway in the Ediacaran period), the Iapetus Ocean formed. It might be that all continental mass was again joined in one supercontinent between roughly 600 and 550 million years ago. This hypothetical supercontinent is called Pannotia.

Its effect on life
------------------

Unlike later supercontinents, Rodinia itself was entirely barren. It existed before life colonized dry land. It was before the ozone layer formed, so Rodinia was too exposed to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight for organisms to live there and leave fossils. However, its existence probably affected the marine life of its time.

In the Cryogenian period, the Earth experienced large glaciations, and temperatures were at least as cool as today. Substantial areas of Rodinia may have been covered by glaciers or the southern polar ice cap.

The eventual rifting of the continents created new oceans, and seafloor spreading, which produces warmer, less-dense oceanic lithosphere. Due to its lower density, hot oceanic lithosphere does not lie so deep as old, cool oceanic lithosphere. In periods with relatively large areas of new lithosphere, the ocean floors come up, causing the sea level to rise. The result was a greater number of shallower seas.

The increased evaporation from the larger water area of the oceans may have increased rainfall, which, in turn, increased the weathering of exposed rock. This increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels. When CO2 level dropped, the period known as Snowball Earth began. Increased volcanic activity also introduced nutrients into the seas. This may have played an important role in the development of the earliest animals.
This is the graph for {\displaystyle y={\sqrt {x}}}. It is a square root.
This is {\displaystyle y={\sqrt[{3}]{x}}}. It is a cube root.
An ***n*-th root** of a number *r* is a number which, if *n* copies are multiplied together, makes *r*. It is also called a **radical** or a **radical expression**. It is a number *k* for which the following equation is true:

{\displaystyle k^{n}=r}
(for the meaning of {\displaystyle k^{n}}, see Exponentiation.)

We write the nth root of *r* as {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{r}}}. If *n* is 2, then the radical expression is a **square root**. If it is 3, it is a **cube root**. Other values of n are referred to using ordinal numbers, such as *fourth root* and *tenth root*.

For example, {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{8}}=2} because {\displaystyle 2^{3}=8}. The 8 in that example is called the **radicand**, the 3 is called the **index**, and the check-shaped part is called the **radical symbol** or **radical sign**.

Roots and powers can be changed as shown in {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{b}]{x^{a}}}=x^{\frac {a}{b}}=({\sqrt[{b}]{x}})^{a}=(x^{a})^{\frac {1}{b}}}.

The **product property** of a radical expression is the statement that {\displaystyle {\sqrt {ab}}={\sqrt {a}}\times {\sqrt {b}}}. The **quotient property** of a radical expression is the statement {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {a}{b}}}={\tfrac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {b}}}}. b != 0.

Simplifying
-----------

This is an example of how to simplify a radical.

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {8}}={\sqrt {4\times 2}}={\sqrt {4}}\times {\sqrt {2}}=2{\sqrt {2}}}
If two radicals are the same, they can be combined. This is when both of the indexes and radicands are the same.

{\displaystyle 2{\sqrt {2}}+1{\sqrt {2}}=3{\sqrt {2}}}
{\displaystyle 2{\sqrt[{3}]{7}}-6{\sqrt[{3}]{7}}=-4{\sqrt[{3}]{7}}}
This is how to find the perfect square and rationalize the denominator.

{\displaystyle {\frac {8x}{{\sqrt {x}}^{3}}}={\frac {8{\cancel {x}}}{{\cancel {x}}{\sqrt {x}}}}={\frac {8}{\sqrt {x}}}={\frac {8}{\sqrt {x}}}\times {\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {x}}}={\frac {8{\sqrt {x}}}{{\sqrt {x}}^{2}}}={\frac {8{\sqrt {x}}}{x}}}

Related pages
-------------

* Geometric mean
* Rationalization (mathematics)
* Square number
**Hannes Winklbauer** (born 25 December 1949) was a former Austrian football player. After the end of his active career he worked as football coach and journalist.

Career
------

He started with SV Kapfenberg. From 1969 to 1971 he played for SW Bregenz. 1971 he went to SV Austria Salzburg where he stayed till the end of his active career.

National team
-------------

Winkelbauer played between 1974 and 1975 seven matches for the Austrian national football team.

Manager
-------

He started his coaching career with ASVÖ FC Puch where his brother Hubert was player. In the 1984-85 season he was coach and manager of SV Austria Salzburg. The club was relegeted but he found new players who became very important for the club in the following years (f.e. Christian Fürstaller and Wolfgang Feiersinger). After a second time as manager in the 1986-87 season he ended his coaching career.

Personal life
-------------

After his coaching career he became sports journalist. Till his retirement in 2010 he wrote mainly for the Salzburger Nachrichten.
Alfonso La Marmora
**Alfonso La Marmora** (18 November 1804 – 5 January 1878), or Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Alfonso Lamarmora and Alfonso Ferrero, Cavaliere La Marmora, was an Italian general and statesman.

He was born at Turin in a rich and noble family: his father was a Marquis. In 1822 he graduated in the Military Academy of Turin; then began a military career, which led him to become general in 1856. In the Kingdom of Sardinia he was twice Minister of War in the governments led by Massimo D'Azeglio and Camillo Cavour.

In 1854 La Marmora made a law that improved the quality of the troops, created new academies for officers, retouched the recruitment system, bringing to 60,000 Army soldiers (of which only a quarter in active service, while the rest evaded the lever paying a substitute), doubled the units of riflemen and strengthened the light cavalry at the expense of heavy. Even the artillery, health and administrative apparatus were renovated, as well as logistics services.

In 1855 he resigned from the post of Minister of War because he went to fight in the Crimean War. He was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 19 July 1859 to 21 January 1860. In the years immediately after the Italian unification, he was governor of Milan and Prefect of Naples.

Member of the "Historical Right", La Marmora was Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 18 September 1864 to 20 July 1866. He resigned from office to go fight the third Italian independence war: on this occasion, however, he committed several strategic errors, which cost a heavy defeat for Italy.

In 1870 he retired from political life. He died in Florence and was buried in Biella in the church of San Sebastiano. His brother, Alessandro La Marmora, founded the corps of Bersaglieri.
The **Women's Indian Association (WIA)** was an organization in India. Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa and others started it in 1917 in Adayar, Madras. Its goal was to free women from the unpleasant conditions during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Later, the Association worked to end illiteracy, child marriage, the Devadasi system and other social problems. It also worked on negotiations with the British on the Indian constitution. WIA was part of a 14-member, all-woman delegation that met the Montague Chelmsford Commission. They argued for equal voting rights for women. Dr. Annie Besant was the first President of WIA. After the death of Ms. Besant in 1933, Ms. Jina Raja Dasa became the president of WIA. She was more involved in the internal politics of theosophists. Gradually WIA lost its fame and moral support of people.

History
-------

WIA represented women of all races, religions and cultures. It allowed both Indian and European women to join it. It was Founded on 8 May 1917, in Adyar, Madras. Its first president was Annie Besant. Its secretaries were Margaret Cousins who was a teacher and Irish suffragist; Dorothy Jinarajadasa who was the Irish wife of a Sri Lankan Theosophist; Ammu Swaminathan and Malathi Patwardhan. The other founders included S. Ambujammal, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Mary Poonen Lukose, Begam Hasrat Mohani, Saralabai Naik, Dhanvanthi Rama Rau, Muthulakshmi Reddy, Mangalammal Sadasivier, and Herabai Tata.

Stri Dharma
-----------

WIA published a monthly journal Stri Dharma in English. Though published in English, it contained articles in Hindi and Tamil. It addressed political and social issues facing women in India. It also addressed the achievements of women worldwide.

Further reading
---------------

* Women's Indian Association. (1967). *The inspiring saga of Women's Indian Association, 1917- 1967.* Madras: W.I.A.
* Women's Indian Association. (1967). *Women's Indian Association, Madras, India : Golden jubilee celebration, 1917 to 1967.* Madras: W.I.A.

Other websites
--------------

* Stri Dharma available from the British Library
Most developing countries have good renewable energy resources, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas. Investments in renewables can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.

Importance of renewables
------------------------

Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

Interest in renewable energies has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution, reduced costs of renewable energy technologies, and improved efficiency and reliability.

Poverty reduction
-----------------

Renewable energy projects in many developing countries contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting.

Education
---------

Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools. Renewable energy for cooking and heating can reduce the time that children, spend out of school collecting fuel. In addition, the displacement of traditional fuels reduces the health problems from indoor air pollution produced by burning those fuels.

Health
------

Renewable energy can also contribute to better health by providing energy to refrigerate medicine and sterilize medical equipment. It can also provide power for supplying the fresh water and sewerage services needed to reduce infectious disease.

Kenya
-----

Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than 30,000 small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya
annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. More Kenyans adopt solar power every year than make connections to the country’s electric grid.

Related pages
-------------

* Indian Solar Loan Programme
* Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
* Solar powered refrigerator

Other websites
--------------

* Solar Offers A Future for Kenya’s Youth Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Clean Energy Investment Archived 2013-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
* The Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Tackles Energy Poverty Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Milk Cooler Powered by Renewable Energy Could Help Ugandan Dairy Farmers
**José Paulino Gomes** (4 August 1895 – 28 July 2023) was a Brazilian supercentenarian. If his age had been verified by the *Guinness World Records*, Gomes would have been the oldest known person in the world, surpassing Jeanne Calment.

Gomes turned 100 in 1995. He turned 110 in 2005.

Biography
---------

### Early life

José Paulino Gomes was born in Pedra Bonita, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 4 August 1895. His date of birth has been disputed by family members.

Gomes was born during the reign of Queen Victoria and before the births of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon and Queen Elizabeth II; both of whom he outlived. He survived two World Wars and three pandemics.

### Career

Gomes had spent the majority of his adult life working as an animal tamer.

### Personal life

Gomes married his wife at the Civil Registry Service of Pedra Bonita in 1917, at the age of 22. They had seven children. His wife preceded him in death.

Gomes had regularly continued to ride horses until 2019, aged 123.

### Death

Gomes died from multiple organ failure due to old age at his home in Córrego do Café, Espírito Santo, on 28 July 2023. He was 127 years, 358 days old. His death came seven days prior to his 128th birthday. He is survived by his seven children, 25 grandchildren, 42 great-grandchildren, and 11 great-great-grandchildren.

Gomes's funeral was held at 4pm on 29 July 2023. He is buried at the Córrego dos Fialhos Cemetery.

Gomes spent the last month of his life bedridden.
Head of a damselfly. Notice the eyes: they are widely separated.
**Damselflies** are insects in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, but are in a separate suborder, the Zygoptera. There are 20 families of damselfly. "Demoiselle" is another name for damselflies.

The wings of most damselflies are held along, and parallel to, the body when at rest. There are also damselfly families in which the wings are held open, as in the true dragonflies (Anisoptera). 

Damselflies are also usually smaller, weaker fliers than dragonflies. Their eyes are well separated by more than their own diameter. Another distinction is that their forewings and hindwings look similar; this is not the case in the true dragonflies. Like dragonflies, damselflies cannot walk, but only land. Their life cycle is also similar. They have incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph. The nymph is carnivorous, as is the adult.

Damselflies have existed since the later Carboniferous (early forms may be put in the Protozygoptera by some authorities). They are found on every continent except Antarctica. One feature of their life is different from dragonflies. Not only do their nymphs grow in rivers, but the adults usually keep close to the river, and live in colourful little groups. Most damselflies live their lives within a short distance of where they were hatched.

They are often brilliantly coloured, but when they land on a bush, out of direct sunlight, they are not easy to see. They land and close their wings at the same instant. They have eyes which detect movement well, and they fly off if anything moves nearby. Thus, although they are fragile and highly coloured, they are not easily caught by predators.

All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects.