recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **State of Hanover** (German: *Land Hannover*) was a state in the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany. It was a state for 92 days as the Free State of Prussia was dissolved after World War II. The state came after the former Kingdom of Hanover. Its capital was Hanover. In 1946, Lower Saxony was made by merging Hanover with Brunswick, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe.

Geography
---------

The State of Hanover made up the territory of the old Prussian Province of Hanover without a few eastern parts that had become part of the Soviet occupation zone after World War II (Amt Neuhaus and the eastern part of Bleckede, Elbingerode and Ilfeld). It included 85% of today's Lower Saxony. Its capital and largest city was Hanover.

History
-------

After the Second World War, the State of Hanover was made under Ordinance No. 46 of the British military government. Its first minister-president was the Social Democratic politician Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf.

On 23 November 1946 the British Military Government made the new state of Lower Saxony. It was made from the unification of the German states of Brunswick, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe with Hanover.

The eastern areas of Brunswick which had fallen to the Soviet zone, including the old County of Blankenburg and the exclave of Calvörde (part of the Helmstedt district) were not part of Lower Saxony and later made part of the East German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The former Hanoverian Soviet-occupied lands of Amt Neuhaus and the eastern parts of Bleckede were again made part of Lower Saxony after German reunification in 1990.

Related articles
----------------

* Hanover (city)
* Hanover Region
* Allied-occupied Germany

Other websites
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* Wochenschau Film zur Wiederherstellung des Landes Hannover 1946 Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
**Sight-reading** (or **sight-singing** for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before. It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time. One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading. 

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read. The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before. 

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand). Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve. Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun. 

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking. In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing. The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next). In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like. In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading. The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Related resources
-----------------

* SightReadingMastery
* Fast Keys
**Veronique Cloutier** (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a TV and radio presenter from Quebec. She is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier. She is married to Louis Morissette since June 30th 2012. They have three children.

She is a host for radio and a TV shows. In 1993, she got a job at Musique Plus. After that, she quit Musique Plus to work at Radio-Canada. In 1998, she had more than 1 200 000 viewers of her TV show named La Fureur every week. She presented La Fureur for five seasons. After that, she hosted many shows such as the ‘’Gala de l’ADISQ’’, ‘’Stars à domicile’’, ‘’La fureur de Céline’’, ‘’Ceci n’est pas un Bye Bye’’. From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show called ‘’Paquet Voleur’’. Since 2010, she works on her talk show ‘’Les enfants de la télé’’ and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 ‘’Bye Bye’’.

She started in 1994 on the radio with ‘’Le choix de Montréal’’ on CKMF Radio Energie. In September 2004, she started a new show at Rythme FM called ‘’Les midis de Vero’’. On May 2011, she celebrated her 1000th show. Veronique Cloutier is also an actress. She played in her first movie, ‘’Les dangereux’’, in 2002. In 2004, she became president of her father’s productions which she renamed Novem Communications. She was in the business until 2009 when she decided to spend more time with her family. She also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented ‘’Suzuki’’. In 2006, she was a speaker for ‘’Monnaie royale canadienne’’ and ‘’Fondation de l’hôpital Sainte-Justine’’. In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in l’Aubainerie stores. In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty products ambassadress. Veronique is also active on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter.

Related pages
-------------

* Biography: Veronique Cloutier
**Thallium(I) sulfate**, also known as **thallous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2SO4. It has thallium and sulfate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Thallium(I) sulfate is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is very toxic, though. It dissolves easily in water and is similar to potassium sulfate.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by dissolving thallium ore or thallium metal in sulfuric acid.

Uses
----

It was used in rat poison, but since it is so similar to other chemicals, it poisoned some people and was outlawed. It was also used for some medicines before it was found that it was too toxic. It stops plants from germinating. It is the main source of thallium in the laboratory and is used to make thallium(I) sulfide.

Toxicity
--------

Thallium sulfate, like all thallium compounds, is very toxic. This is because the size of the thallium ion is very similar to the size of the potassium ion. After it goes into the cells, it cannot be used like potassium is used and so kills the cell. It also gets absorbed through the skin. Eating more than 1/2 gram can kill. It gets deposited in the kidney, liver, brain, and similar places. It has been blamed for the extinction of the Brown Fish Owl.

Related pages
-------------

* Thallium(I) chloride
* Thallium(III) halide
* Thallium(III) oxide
**Yuriko Kimura** (木村百合子) is a Japanese modern dancer. She was a primary dancer for the Martha Graham Dance Company.

Early Life
----------

Kimura was born in Kanazawa, Japan. When Martha Graham came to Japan Kimura took a dance class from her company. She then came to the USA through a Fulbright Scholarship to study with Martha Graham.

Career
------

Kimura studied with Graham from 1966 in New York City, USA. At first she danced small roles. One of her younger roles was ‘the girl holding a vase.’ Over time, she became recognized for her intense expression. She was also known for her beautiful lines. These led her to become one of the best dancers of all time. Through the fame, she also became a guest dancer for other prestigious companies. She attended summer courses through different dance workshops.

Some of her major roles consisted of Medea and Clytemnestra from major dance Productions. The two roles are the main characters. They are very important to the overall stage.

Present
-------

Kimura now teaches dance in Nara, Japan.
New Jersey Zombie Walk participant, 2009
A **zombie walk** is a trek made by people costumed as zombies. These people may also act as starving zombies. They pretend to be looking for human brains to eat. Some people create characters for themselves such as zombie brides, clowns, or mad scientists.

These walks are community events. They are sometimes held near Halloween. There are day walks and night walks. People of all ages join the walk. Sometimes professional make up artists help walkers prepare their faces. Variants on the walk format include zombie pub crawls and zombie runs. 

A walk might be held to raise money for a community concern such as local hunger. Sometimes walkers bring packaged and canned foods for the local food bank. Zombie Walks are held around the world. They may attract thousands of zombie walkers. 

In October 2013, the annual New Jersey Zombie Walk had the largest crowd of zombies ever at 9,592. This crowd walked along the Asbury Park boardwalk. This Zombie Walk is in the Guiness World Record.
The England team vs Australia, Trent Bridge 1899. Grace is in the centre, with other famous players.
**W.G. Grace** MRCS, LRCP (William Gilbert Grace, 18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English physician and cricketer.

Grace, always known as 'W.G.', was one of the greatest players, and was important in the development of the sport. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, the Gentlemen, MCC, the United South of England Eleven and several other teams. He came from a cricketing family. In 1880 W.G. with E.M. Grace, one of his elder brothers, and Fred Grace, his younger brother, was the first time three brothers played together in Test cricket. His father and a cousin were also good players.

Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence had a lasting effect. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at batting, bowling and fielding. It is for his batting that he is most renowned. Usually opening the innings, he was admired for his mastery of all strokes: his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical know-how, and his dominant personality.

Grace qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his medical profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer but he is said to have made more money from cricket than any professional. He was a very competitive player. Although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and his financial skill.

He took part in other sports: as a young man he was a champion 440 yard hurdler, and also played football for the Wanderers. In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and curling.

Test cricket began in 1877, when Grace was already 28. He made his debut in 1880, scoring England's first-ever Test century against Australia. He played for England in 22 Tests through the 1880s and 1890s, all of them against Australia. He was an automatic selection for England at home, but his only Test-playing tour of Australia was that of 1891–92.

Grace's most significant Test was England v Australia in 1882 at The Oval. Thanks to Spofforth, the 'demon bowler', who took 14 wickets in the match, Australia won by 7 runs and the legend of The Ashes was born. Grace scored only 4 and 32, and he was held responsible for "firing up" Spofforth. This came about through a piece of gamesmanship by Grace when he made an unsporting, but legal, run out of one of the Australian batsmen.p137 Grace died of a heart attack.
**Zipf's law** is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it. Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So *nth* word has a frequency proportional to 1/*n*.

Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.

The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913.

It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.
**Thinis** or **This** (Egyptian: **Tjenu**) was the capital city of the first dynasties of ancient Egypt. The actual site of Thinis has not yet been discovered. Ancient writers, such as Manetho, said it was the centre of the Thinite Confederacy. Their leader Menes (or Narmer), united Egypt and was its first pharaoh. In the Third Dynasty the capital was moved to Memphis. This meant that Thinis was no longer important. It still played a role in administration becauset was close to border of the competing Heracleopolitan and Theban dynasties of the First Intermediate Period. It was also near oases of military importance, during the Old and New Kingdoms. Thinis lost its position as a regional administrative centre by the Roman period.

Due to its ancient heritage, Thinis remained a significant religious centre. It was the home to the tomb and mummy of the local god. In ancient Egyptian religious cosmology, as seen (for example) in the *Book of the Dead*, Thinis played a role as a mythical place in heaven.

The exact site of Thinis is unknown. Historians believe its was near ancient Abydos and modern Girga.
Op art by Victor Vasarely in Pécs, Hungary.
work by Jesús Rafael Soto
Binakol: a type of ceremonial blanket from the Phillipines which features optical effects
**Op art** is a style of painting which makes use of optical illusions and other kinds of unusual optical effects. Victor Vasarely a Hungarian artist, was perhaps the first to use this theme regularly, in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Bridget Riley became one of the world's best-known op artists. She specialised in the effects produced by closely fitted lines. Jesús Rafael Soto used mobile elements, so connecting op art with kinetic (moving) structures.

The idea of visual illusions and effects fascinated other artists and intellectuals. The famous Dutch artist M.C. Escher drew impossible structures which worked by using visual illusions. The art historian Ernst Gombrich wrote a detailed study on visual effects in art. The psychologist Richard Gregory spent much of his career studying why the mind saw illusions.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Op art***.

* Dybamo, Grand Palais, Paris
* Geoform
* Abstract Visionary Art - Op Art Gallery
The **Oomycota** are a class in a huge phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms called the heterokonts. **Oomycetes** are a distinct phylogenetic line of fungus-like microorganisms.

They are not actually fungi, though some have filaments as fungi do. Like fungi, they are saprophytic and pathogenic. also like fungi, oomycetes rarely have septa, and if they do, they are scarce.

They are microscopic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Oomycetes are some of the most prolific pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as potato blight and sudden oak death.

They are often referred to as **water moulds** (or moulds), although the water-loving nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.

Reproduction
------------

Life cycle of *Phytophthora infestans* (Peronosporales) on potato.
Most oomycetes produce two types of spores. The main dispersing spores are asexual, self-mobile spores called zoospores. These do chemotaxis toward a food source in surface water. A few oomycetes produce asexual spores that are distributed by wind. Oomycetes also produce sexual spores, called "oospores". These are translucent, double-walled, spherical structures which can survive harsh conditions.
A long-term graph of global average temperatures. The so-called Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age were regional phenomena, and were not experienced worldwide.
People measure modern temperature records using instruments. Records only cover the last 150 years or so. The **temperature record of the past 1,000 years** or more is found by using data from what are called "climate proxy" records. 

Proxies can be anything which relates to climate. Short term autobiographies often talk about the weather in past eras, and we do have some autobiographies from 2000 years ago. There are also tree rings and other methods which go back about 20,000 years. Further back still, there is evidence from geology, the record of the rocks. However, this page is just about the last 1000 years.

We are fairly sure there was a warm period about 1,000 years ago, and a cold period about the 17th century. Even in the 19th century people skated on the Thames in wintertime.

Although people today talk about climate change as if it were entirely man-made, this is not the complete picture. It is quite certain that climate has always been changing on Earth. Man-made changes are on top of changes which occur naturally. The Milankovich cycle is an important factor in these changes, and there are also changes in the heat put out by the Sun.

Related pages
-------------

* Orbital forcing
* Little Ice Age
* Global warming
A **type Ia supernova** is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. Physically, carbon-oxygen white dwarfs with slow rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses. 

Since type Ia supernovae have a known brightness they can be used as standard candles to determine the distance to a galaxy once the stretch-factor is accounted for. 

When a runaway thermonuclear explosion rips through a white dwarf star and blows the star to bits, it is called a type 1a supernova. These explosions are incredibly violent and incredibly bright, sometimes outshining entire galaxies.

Type I (especially Ia) supernova create most of the iron and nickel found in the interstellar medium. Type 1a supernovae are several times more luminous than type Ib, Ic, and type II supernovae. They leave no core remnant behind, and happen when a low-mass star's core remnant (a white dwarf) detonates.
The unofficial icon to represent things that are in the public domain.
**Public domain** is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. The public domain contains works (such as books, films, or paintings) that are not under copyright protection.

The *opposite* of "public domain" is copyrighted material, which is owned either by the creator of the work or their estate. The term *public domain* is only used to describe things that can be copyrighted, such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar works of art. As a general rule, all intellectual property works, after enough time has gone by, will become part of public domain. Examples include the works of Leonardo da Vinci, William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and the books of Isaac Newton.

A work can enter the public domain in many ways.

* The copyright expires, many years (usually 50 or 70 years) after its creator dies.
* The work's creator may legally give up all claims to the material.
* The creator forgets to renew the work's copyright (for works before 1963).
* The work may have been created by agencies of certain governments, in which case it was in the public domain from the time of its creation.
* The work is made by an animal.
* The copyright notice is missing an owner, year or copyright symbol (for works before 1989).

The Google logo is made of simple shapes and is thus public domain. It is still trademarked, however.
In some cases, if a work enters the public domain after copyright expiration, anyone using the work may still be required to note who created the work. Even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. For examples, even though the design of national currencies may be ineligible, or be unsuitable, for copyright, counterfeiting them for fraud is widely a very serious crime. Another example are logos and images that only have text or simple shapes. These logos aren't copyrighted in the United States, but they are often protected by trademarks.

Related pages
-------------

* Copyleft
Gulf of Mannar, Adam's Bridge, Palk Bay, Palk Strait, Bay of Bengal
Adam's Bridge separating Palk Strait from the Gulf of Mannar
**Palk Strait** is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay and then with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. The strait is 33 to 50 miles (53 to 80 km) wide. Several rivers flow into it, including the Vaigai River of Tamil Nadu. The strait is named after Robert Palk. He was a governor of Madras Presidency (1755-1763) during the Company Raj period.

Geography
---------

On the southern end of the strait is a chain of low islands and reef shoals. These are called Adam's Bridge. This chain goes between Dhanushkodi on Pamban Island and Mannar Island in Sri Lanka. 

The shallow waters and reefs of the strait make it difficult for large ships to pass through.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Palk Strait at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 10°00′N 79°45′E﻿ / ﻿10.000°N 79.750°E﻿ / 10.000; 79.750
**Palin** is a hillstation town in the Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is inhabited by Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population of around 20,000 (2011 census).

The town has an average elevation of 1,080 metres (3,540 feet).

Climate
-------

Palin has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are warm with very high rainfall. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. It has very hilly and high geographical terrain. Most of time it is covered by clouds. The area is windy in nature.


| Climate data for Palin |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 15(59) | 15(59) | 17(63) | 20(68) | 20(68) | 23(73) | 22(72) | 24(75) | 23(73) | 22(72) | 19(66) | 16(61) | 20(67) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 8(46) | 9(48) | 13(55) | 15(59) | 16(61) | 20(68) | 18(64) | 19(66) | 18(64) | 17(63) | 12(54) | 8(46) | 14(58) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30(1.2) | 54(2.1) | 57(2.2) | 96(3.8) | 210(8.3) | 405(15.9) | 510(20.1) | 360(14.2) | 411(16.2) | 114(4.5) | 15(0.6) | 27(1.1) | 2,289(90.2) |
| Source: World Weather Online |

Culture
-------

Palin and the areas around it are mainly populated by people of the Nyishi tribe. Nyokum, an agricultural festival of the Nyishis, is the main festival celebrated in the town. Beside Nyokum, Christmas,Diwali and Dusherra are also celebrated with great pomp and Joy.

The town's has a Roman Catholic church called the Holy Rosary Church. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Itanagar. It reflects the extensive Christian influence and provides good views of Palin and the surrounding countryside.

Places of Interest
------------------

**Holy Rosay Catholic Churh** is one of largest Catholic Church in the state. It is located at the hilltop in the town.

**Palin river** one of the tributaries of River Subansiri flows through this town .The river ideal for river rafting,fishing and for picnics.

From here tourist places like Ziro, Parshuram Kund(in Lohit), Malinithan(in Siang), Bhishmak Nagar (in Dibang Valley) are also easily accessible by roads.

Demographics
------------

As of 2011[update] India census, Palin has a population of 11251.
The Nyishis are the indegenious inhabitants of the area.

Communication
-------------

Palin is situated at mid-northern part of Arunachal Pradesh. The District Highway connect Palin to the other part of Arunachal and India. Regular Bus and Tata sumo services are available from Itanagar, Ziro etc.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Palin, Arunachal Pradesh***.

* PALIN by India travel portal[*permanent dead link*]
* 1962 Border War between India and China(Henderson brook report) Archived 2008-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Contact List for all Important Government Officials in Itanagar Includes Police, Telephone, Electricity and more

| Places next to Palin, Arunachal Pradesh |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nyapin | Tali | Daporijo |
|  | 
**Palin**
 | Raga |
| Seppa,Sagalee | Yazali, Itanagar | Ziro |

 |
***Xena: Warrior Princess*** is a "beat 'em up" video game that was released on the PlayStation in September 30, 1999, developed by *VU Games* and published by Electronic Arts, based on the television series.

Description
-----------

Playing as the television series' title character, you must rescue your companion, Gabrielle, from a fate worse than death and fight the forces responsible for her capture in the first place. The game is played from a third-person perspective and revolves around slashing, jumping, and kicking your way through a series of 3D environments. Various button combinations produce special combo moves like those seen on the show, but since mashing the buttons alone appears to work well, you will not be inclined to learn the combinations. Xena can also use power-ups, which she will find along the way, as well as her trademark chakram. Once you throw the chakram, the perspective switches to that of the whirling circle, which you are able to aim, after a fashion. Once it hits something, it is propelled back. The downside to using it is that Xena is defenseless while the weapon is in the air, so you have got to use it wisely when you are under fire from archers perched up above or from multiple opponents on the ground. You use the chakram to flip switches, cut chains, and pick off opponents from a distance. These opponents sometimes become tougher targets because of the hostages they keep so near to them.

Other consoles
--------------

* *Xena: Warrior Princess* for the Game Boy Color was developed and released by Titus Software in 2000.
* *Xena: Warrior Princess* for the PS2 only released in Europe.

Related pages
-------------

* Xena: Warrior Princess video games
* Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

Other websites
--------------

* Xena: Warrior Princess at Mobygames.com
***Xenohyla*** is a genus of tree frogs in the family Hylidae. They live in deserts and other dry places in the middle of Brazil, not far from the Atlantic Ocean. *Xenohyla eugenioi* lives in the State of Bahia and the State of Sergipe, and *Xenohyla truncata* lives in the State of Rio de Janeiro. These frogs have strong bodies, wide flat heads, short faces, short front legs, and a body that looks short from above. They live near bromeliad plants, where they hide during the day. They eat the insects that also live in the plant. They lay eggs in temporary pools of water that are formed by rainwater. Both species are orange or brown with a white stripe down the edges of their backs. *X. truncata* loses this stripe when it becomes an adult but *X. eugenioi* keeps it as an adult.

*Xenohyla truncata* is the only known amphibian that eats fruit. It finds the fruit and swallows it whole. The seeds from the fruit come out of its body in its waste, which helps the plant spread. This frog also eats insects and other animals without bones. How much depends on the time of year. It eats more fruits when the plants grow fruit and more small animals when they do not. Scientists do not know whether or not *Xenohyla eugenioi* eats fruit too.

The genus name comes from Ancient Greek xeno (ξένος meaning "strange" or "alien") and hyla (ὕλη meaning "wood" or "forest") which is used for tree frogs, so the genus name means "strange tree frog." *Xenohyla truncata* means "strange truncated tree frog" after the short shape of its body. *Xenohyla eugenioi* is named after Brazilian amphibian scientist Eugênio Izecksohn who wrote the first formal paper about the genus and type species. The name means "Eugênio's strange tree frog."

Species
-------

There are two species in this genus:

* *Xenohyla eugenioi* (Caramaschi, 1998)
* *Xenohyla truncata* (Izecksohn, 1959) — Izecksohn's Brazilian treefrog
Former building of the newspaper in the city of Groningen
Advertisement in 1900
The ***Nieuwsblad van het Noorden*** (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈniuzblɑt fɑn ət ˈnoːrdə(n)]; "Newspaper of the North") is a former regional daily newspaper from the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. It was published from 1888 to 2002. In 2002, it was merged with the *Groninger Dagblad* and the *Drentse Courant* into the *Dagblad van het Noorden*, which published its first edition on 2 April 2002.

History
-------

The first issue of the *Nieuwsblad van het Noorden* appeared on 2 June 1888. Until 1997 its offices were in a 1903 Jugendstil building in the Gedempte Zuiderdiep designed by Gerrit Nijhuis [nl].

During the German occupation in World War II, the *Nieuwsblad van het Noorden*, like many other Dutch newspapers, published anti-Semitic and pro-German articles. In 1944 they refused to hire a chief editor who was a member of the Dutch National Socialist Movement and publication of the newspaper was suspended. At that time, the Dutch National Socialist movement was the only legal party in the Netherlands. The paper reappeared on 26 January 1946, some time after the liberation of the Netherlands, with a circulation of 35,000 copies.

The *Nieuwsblad van het Noorden* came under criticism in 2000 with the publication of *Het Schandaal* (The Scandal) by Johan van Gelder, which threw new light on the newspaper's relationship with the German occupiers. The revelations in the book were in stark contrast to the representations of the two owners, the brothers Nico and Jan Abraham Hazewinkel.

From 2 April 2002 the newspaper was succeeded by the *Dagblad van het Noorden*, a fusion with the *Groninger Dagblad* and the *Drentse Courant*, which had previously been publishing together. All were published at that time by Hazewinkel Pers (Press). The *Nieuwsblad van het Noorden* published at midday; the other two were morning papers, as is the *Dagblad van het Noorden*.

Further reading
---------------

* Johan van Gelder (2001). *Het Schandaal: de 'aanpassing' van het Nieuwsblad van het Noorden* (in Dutch). Groningen: Elbaz. ISBN 9789080370340.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Nieuwsblad van het Noorden at Wikimedia Commons
* (in Dutch) De krant van toen, digital archive
William the Silent
Coat of Arms of William the Silent
**William I of Orange-Nassau** (24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584) was an important leader of the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War. He was the first leader of the Netherlands. He held the title of Prince of Orange.

William of Orange is better known as **William the Silent** (in Dutch: *Willem de Zwijger*). It is not known how he got this name. One story says that when the kings of France and Spain proposed to William to kill all Protestants in his area, William did not reply.

William was born in Nassau in Germany. The king of Spain made him stadtholder (a sort of leader) of several Dutch provinces. But William converted to Protestantism, the religion of the Dutch people, and joined their struggle for independence. The king of Spain offered a reward for the person who would kill William. In 1584 William was shot by Balthasar Gerards in his house in Delft. William's last words were in French: "Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de moi et de ton pauvre peuple" (My Lord, My Lord, have pity on me and your poor people). Balthasar Gerards never received his reward, because he was killed by the angry Dutch.

In the Netherlands, people often call him "Father of the fatherland". The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, is about William.
**Ruth Brinker** (May 1, 1922 – August 8, 2011) was an American AIDS activist. Brinker founded Project Open Hand. She also had a farm that was named Fresh Start Farms. Fresh Start Farms only hired refugees and people that used to be homeless. She received the Jefferson Award in 2005 for what she did.

Biography
---------

Brinker was a retired grandma when she founded Project Open Hand. Project Open Hand is a service designed to deliver food to people with HIV/AIDS. Project Open Hand currently supports many other diseases. Brinker is known for helping people with HIV and AIDS through her foundation. She was able to get volunteers and inspire projects like Project Open Hand in other places around the world. She also had a farm called Fresh Start Farms. It grew expensive and fancy vegetables for high-end restaurants. Brinker would only hire refugees and people coming out of homelessness. 

Even though she died in August 2011, but Project Open Hand still actively serves communities today. 

Brinker died with two children as well as extended family. She ran her own antique shop before working at Meals on Wheels. She always had a courageous spirit, a focused mindset, and wanted to help. In 1985, the nation-wide HIV and AIDS problem came to light. Brinker knew she had to do something to help when her neighbor died of malnutrition because of HIV.

Awards
------

She received the 2005 Jefferson Award because of her public service. [*source?*]
**Typhoon Krosa** was a storm that affected Japan. It was the next typhoon after Lekima, in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season.

Storm history
-------------

A tropical depression formed near Mariana Islands on August 5. By August 6, it intensified into a tropical storm, and was named Krosa by the JMA. Tropical Storm Krosa soon became a typhoon, and rapidly intensified to become a category 3-equivalent typhoon on August 8. Upwelling of cooler waters induced weakening thereafter; by August 13, Krosa weakened below typhoon intensity. Krosa continued moving, albeit slowly, towards Japan with little change in intensity. Moderately conducive conditions were unable to aid Krosa in strengthening, and it stayed the same intensity before landfall in Japan. On August 14, Krosa emerged in the Sea of Japan and a few days later on August 16 Krosa transitioned into an extratropical low.

Impact
------

The typhoon brought torrential rain to parts of Shikoku and Honshu, with accumulations peaking at 869.5 mm (34.23 in) at Yanase in Kochi Prefecture. Wind gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Muroto. Rough seas produced by the storm killed two people while flooding killed one other. Fifty-five people were injured in various incidents. Agricultural damage in Japan reached ¥279.61 million (US$2.64 million).
***Thirst*** is a 2009 horror/drama movie. It was written and directed by Park Chan-wook. It tells the story of a priest who is in love with his friend's wife turning into a vampire through a failed medical experiment. Park said, "this film was originally called *The Bat* to convey a sense of horror."

Plot
----

Sang-hyun, a priest, is helping in a program for developing vaccines, which takes place in a hospital in an another country. He died during the experiments after becoming infected with a virus. However, after receiving an unidentified blood transfusion, he came back to life. However, the blood changed him into Vampire.

After this, many people became his followers, because they believed that he could perform miracles. Sang-hyun feels irresistible desire for Tae-ju, the wife of his friend and follow. Tae-ju also becomes attracted to Sang-hyun. Falling in love with Tae-ju, Sang-hyun abandons his life as a priest, falls into the world of Tae-ju.

The more they love, the more they are at risk. After finding out that Sang-hyun is a Vampire, Tae-ju tries to avoid him. However, eventually she asks Sang-hyun to kill her husband, Kang-woo. Sang-hyun tries to avoid killing Kang-woo, but eventually decides to kill him for Tae-ju and accepts her proposal.

Cast
----

* Song Kang-ho ... Sang-hyun
* Kim Ok-bin ... Tae-ju
* Shin Ha-kyun ... Kang-woo
* Kim Hae-sook ... Tae-ju's mother-in-law

Other websites
--------------

* *Thirst* on IMDb
* *Thirst* at Bloody Disgusting Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
Crushers are machines used to reduce the size of rocks, stones and ore. They are often utilized in aggregates production, construction material recycling and in mining operations.

There are four traditional types of crushers in materials engineering. They are known as jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers and roll crushers. The first two crushers mentioned are the most common when it comes to mineral processing. Roll crushers are a relatively new type of crusher and they are just starting to become more and more popular in mineral processing.

The main idea behind how jaw crushers work is that there is a hinge plate that moves back and forth with a fixed plate is held up against the prior hinge plate. The beginning of the process has the jaws of the crusher open to receive a rock. The hinge plate, like a big jaw-bone, bites down on the rock and crushes it.

Gyratory crushers have a conical outer wall and a large spindle suspended from a bearing. There is a circular propeller at the bottom of the crusher that oscillates, spins around, really fast and compresses the rocks that enter.

For roll crushers, there are two side by side rolls, one fixed and the other can move a little bit from side to side. The gap between the rollers is what determines the output size of the rocks. Forcing rocks through these gaps produces a large amount of shear stress on them and causes them to break apart.

Cone Crushers are compression-type crushers that are typically found in secondary crushing stages but can be used as the primary crusher in certain applications. They handle medium hard to very hard, abrasive materials that can be dry or wet but not sticky. Cone Crushers are typically found in quarried materials and sand and gravel applications.
***Princess Nikki*** is a British reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame. It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes. The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother. It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.

The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the *Big Brother* house. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.

The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!" by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.

Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.
If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is **popular science**. It is *popular* because it is made for the whole ***popul**ation*, not just for scientists. Nature documentaries are examples of popular science.

Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as *science fiction*. Popular science is also not the same as *Science journalism*. Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.

Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.

Popular science and scientific literature
-----------------------------------------

When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as *Nature* and *Science*. Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.

Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.

Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.
**MySQL** is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. And to extract data from the tables queries are used. 

For example: `SELECT id_number FROM main_database WHERE name='John'`

This query will return the `'id_number'` of the person named `'John'` from the table named `'main_database'`.

History
-------

MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

Compatibility
-------------

MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

Major users
-----------

Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

* Apple
* Amazon.com
* Digg
* Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

* WordPress
* phpBB
* MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

Related pages
-------------

* PHP
The **thinhorn sheep** (*Ovis dalli*) is a hoofed animal in the family Bovidae. They live in northwestern North America.

There are about 115,000 thinhorn sheep alive. There are two subspecies of thinhorn sheep, the Dall sheep (*Ovis dalli dalli*) and stone sheep (*Ovis dalli stonei*). Most thinhorn sheep are Dall sheep.

Most of the stone sheep live in British Columbia.

Appearance
----------

These sheep are about 1.5 m high and can weigh up to 110 kg. The female sheep have small horns but the male sheep have larger horns that twist more as they get older. The horns are tan in color. The wool of Dall's sheep is almost pure white. The wool of the stone sheep is almost all black. Stone sheep's horns do not flare out as much and are lighter in color.

Behavior
--------

These sheep live in mountains. In the summer, they come to grassy places to eat twigs, sage, buds, leaves and grass. These places are 1200 to 1500 meters above sea level. In the winter, they stay on the south sides of the mountains, where it is warmer. These places are about 1500 to 2200 meters above sea level. Although they do well in the cold, thinhorn sheep do not move easily through deep snow. They have short legs and small feet, so they cannot walk through snow or on top of it. Instead, they try to live in forests where the snow is not deep or near cliffs. They can climb the cliffs to get away from animals that want to eat them. They follow the same routes from summer places to winter places for generations.

Thinhorn sheep live in herds. Most of the time, the rams live together in a bachelor herd, and the ewes and young sheep live together in other herds. Male sheep leave the female herds when they are about two years old.

The sheep mate in November. Although younger rams can mate, it is mostly the older rams who actually do. Rams only fight each other if their horns are almost the same size. Otherwise, rams with smaller horns give way to rams with larger horns. Thinhorn rams do not fight each other as much as bighorn rams do.

The ewes give birth when the Spring plants are growing. The ewe climbs up into a rock place and gives birth. She and her lamb stay there for a few days before coming back down. This makes it harder for predators to find and eat the new lamb.

Predators
---------

Golden eagles, wolves, bears, and wolverines eat thinhorn sheep. It is easiest for predators to catch sheep in bad winters, when the snow is deep and the spring comes later. The sheep are hungry and cannot run away quickly.

History
-------

Thinhorn sheep and snow sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago.
**Thin layer chromatography** (or TLC) is a method by which mixtures are separated into their individual components. 

TLC is performed on a TLC plate. These plates consist of a layer of silica and are usually backed by a thin piece of glass, although other materials like plastic may be used. The silica coating on the front of the TLC plate is called the stationary phase.

Performing TLC
--------------

The process of running a TLC experiment starts with placing a small droplet of liquid analyte near the bottom of the TLC plate. This is called "spotting" the TLC plate. Very thin glass tubes are commonly used as spotters.

Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent. This solvent is called the mobile phase. It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate. As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move. The compound will be separated into its components based upon each component’s attraction for the stationary phase versus the mobile phase. Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column. Attractive forces are based on polarity differences. 

The TLC plate should be removed before the solvent reaches the top of the plate. Separated compounds will sometimes be colored, but further work is often required for analysis. Many compounds will be illuminated when the TLC plate is placed under an ultraviolet lamp. TLC plates are also commonly dipped in stains (such as anisaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or iodine) to force a compound to appear on the plate.

Application
-----------

TLC is commonly used by organic chemists to monitor the progress of reactions. The presence of starting material and products may be monitored using a single TLC plate.

Based on the results of a TLC experiment, a larger volume of mixture may be separated by another technique (like column chromatography) using a similar solvent system. Or, a TLC experiment may be repeated using a different solvent. Mixtures of solvents may also be used. Use of different solvents will affect how well individual components are separated on the TLC plate.