recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Bobi** (11 May 1992 – 21 October 2023) was a male purebred Rafeiro do Alentejo dog cared for by Leonel Costa of Conqueiros Leiria, Portugal. On 2 February 2023, Bobi was confirmed as the first dog on record to live to the age of 30, along with being the oldest dog on record to ever live. On 11 May 2023, Bobi turned 31.

Certification
-------------

Bobi's age has been validated by the Portuguese government's pet database and certified by *Guinness World Records*.

Bobi was born as one of four male puppies in an outbuilding where his caretaker's family stored wood. His brothers were all buried alive after birth due to Costa's father not wanting to take care of more animals. Since Bobi blended in with the wood at birth, Costa's father did not see him when he was collecting the puppies to bury.

According to *Guinness World Records,* Bobi is the oldest verified living dog as well as the oldest verified dog in history, being 30 years 266 days old as of evaluation on 1 February 2023, surpassing the previous record held by Bluey, a female Australian Cattle Dog from Victoria, Australia, aged 29 years and 5 months, which had been the record for over 83 years.

Health and longevity
--------------------

The owners have stated that Bobi is in reasonably good health for his age, although he has trouble walking and possesses poor eyesight. Overall, he has had a good run of health, despite collapsing due to breathing difficulties in 2018. The Costas attributed Bobi's longevity to a "calm, peaceful environment" and consumption of fresh food rather than conventional kibble. His longevity could also be attributed to his genetics, as Bobi's mother lived to 18 years.

In honor of Bobi's 31st birthday, 100 guests were invited to celebrate the occasion which was marked by eating meat and fish with a performance by a troupe of dancers.

Bobi died on 21 October 2023, in Conqueiros, Leiria, Portugal, aged 31.
A dhow crossing the Nile near Aswan
Map of the Nile
The **Nile** (النيل *an-nīl*) is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650 km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water. 

Its longest section starts in Lake Victoria, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. It gets its name from the Greek word "Νεῖλος" (*Neil's*). 

This longest part is called the White Nile. It flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum. There it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile proper, which then flows through Egypt. The Blue Nile comes from Ethiopia near the Red Sea. The two branches meet near Khartoum, in the Sudan. About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.

The Nile is essential to the drier countries in the north of Africa. On the Nile there are many boats: it is one of the easiest ways to get around. Historically, most cities in Egypt are built next to the river, and the pyramids are close to the Nile. The Nile has always provided most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt: much of the rest of the country is a desert. In ancient times the Nile flooded every year and the people would starve if there was not enough water for the crops. The Ancient Egyptians got papyrus from the Nile to write on. Papyrus is made from a plant which grows near the Nile.

Many different types of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.

Pyramids were built close to the Nile because they needed the granite stones from Aswan to be transported by barges down the Nile.

History of the word Nile
------------------------

The word "Nile" comes from Greek *Neilos* (ὁ Νεῖλος). Neilos came from the word "river valley". In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called *Ḥ'pī* or *iteru*, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown above (literally *itrw*, and 'waters' determinative). In Coptic, the words *piaro* (Sahidic) or *phiaro* (Bohairic) meaning "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") come from the same ancient name. 

* Ferry crossing the Nile River in UgandaFerry crossing the Nile River in Uganda
* The Waterfalls of the Blue NileThe Waterfalls of the Blue Nile
* The Nile, at AswanThe Nile, at Aswan
* The Nile, at the height of LuxorThe Nile, at the height of Luxor

Other websites
--------------

* Nile River -Citizendium
Capsized Japanese aircraft carrier Amagi, wrecked by enemy bombing
A **shipwreck** is the remains of a ship that has been wrecked. Shipwrecks are found either beached on land or sunken to the seabed of a body of water. They may be deliberate or accidental. UNESCO estimates that worldwide over 3 million shipwrecks. Some are thousands of years old.

Attraction
----------

A sunken ship in Egypt
Historic wrecks are attractive to marine archaeologists because they preserve historical information. For example, studying the wreck of *Mary Rose* revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a battle at sea, are studied to find details about the historic events. They can reveal much about the battle that occurred. Once in a while there is a discovery of a treasure ship, often from the period of European colonisation. Some contemporary wrecks, such as the oil tankers *Prestige* or *Erika*, are of interest because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled (sank deliberately) in order to create reef growth.

Famous shipwrecks
-----------------

Some very famous shipwrecks include the RMS *Titanic*, HMHS *Britannic*, RMS *Lusitania*, SS *Andrea Doria*, SS *Edmund Fitzgerald* or the *Costa Concordia*. There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They sometimes pose a hazard to navigation.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shipwrecks***.

* 10 Shipwrecks Frozen In Time
* International Registry of Sunken Ships
**Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology**, or **HST**, is a biomedical engineering and physician-scientist training programs in the United States. It was established in 1970 and is the collaborative program between Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Within the program, graduate and medical students are registered with both MIT and Harvard and work with faculty and affiliated faculty members from both communities. HST is a part of MIT's Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and forms the London Society at Harvard Medical School.

Mission
-------

HST's program aims to bring engineering, physical sciences, and biological sciences from the laboratory bench to the patient's bedside. Similarly, it also aims to bring clinical insight from the patient's bedside to the laboratory bench. Consequently, HST students are trained to have a deep and exposure in understanding of engineering and scientific fundamentals that complement with hands-on experience in the clinic or in industry.
**Ludo Van Thillo** (2 February 1931 – 4 December 2022) was a Belgian businessman. In the 1970s and 1980s, he founded the company that was the beginning of DPG Media, which his son Christian would later expand.

Biography
---------

Van Thillo was born in Borgerhout in 1931. He was a son of Cyriel Van Thillo, who bought publisher Patria in 1950. His brother was Herman Van Thillo, who was active in the financial sector and also a senator for the Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (VLD).

The Van Thillo family owned the magazines *Dag Allemaal* and *Joepie*. In 1956, Van Thillo and his brother Joris became the owners of the family business, after their father had split the company into two parts: Printing and Rotogravure Astra; and Publisher Sparta. In 1987, the family, led by Ludo Van Thillo, bought the majority of Publisher Hoste, owner of the newspaper *Het Laatste Nieuws*. In 1987, the company joined eight other shareholders in founding the Medialaan, the broadcasting company behind television channel VTM.

In 1989, Ludo Van Thillo stepped back ans his son Christian Van Thillo took over the business. Ludo van Thillo was honorary chairman of DPG Media. Ludo Van Thillo died on 4 December 2022 at home in Hove at the age of 91. 

Van Thillo died in Hove on 4 December 2022, at the age of 91.
1140E VoIP Phone**Voice over Internet protocol** (or **VoIP**) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry *voice data* over packet switched networks. Before, telephony used a dedicated line that was only for calls. This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network"). Using VoIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed.

There are a number of technical problems that must be solved first, though:

* Carrying voice data needs service guarantees (mostly in the form of "throughput", and "response time"). Not having this will result in a loss of signal (or in "hiccups")
* Most telephony networks provide the possibility to operate a phone, even when the power is lost in the area. This is done so that emergency calls can still be made. VOIP usually does not provide this possibility.
* The LAN is now used both for voice and data, and becomes a single point of failure. If there are problems with the LAN, this can also affect VOIP calls.
* The encoding schemes used for voice calls are not good choices for fax or other uses of the telephony network.

The vast majority of VoIP systems rely on two main protocols:

**SIP** :- **SIP**, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet. The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions. This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online. SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed. Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this. With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach. 

**H.323 :-** This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks. This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to. H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on. H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks. At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks. H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network.
A **state-owned enterprise** (**SOE**) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by a government. 

This may be to 

* earn profit for the government,
* control a monopoly,
* provide products and services to citizens at a lower price,
* implement government policies,
* deliver products & services to the remote parts of the country.

The national or provincial government has majority ownership over these state owned enterprises. They are also known as **public sector undertakings** in some countries. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and possession of financial goals and developmental objectives (e.g. a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government). SOEs are government entities established to pursue financial objectives and developmental goals.

They are common with natural monopolies.

In both Eastern Europe and Western Europe, there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II. In the Eastern Bloc, countries adopted very similar policies and models to the USSR. Governments in Western Europe saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies was common. Typical sectors included telephones, electric power, fossil fuels, iron ore, railways, airlines, media, postal services, banks, and water. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation, Statoil and Irish Sugar.
The Pesse Canoe
The **Pesse canoe** is probably the world's oldest known boat. Carbon dating shows that the boat was made during the early mesolithic period between 8040 BCE and 7510 BCE. Right now the canoe is in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands.

Description
-----------

The boat is a dugout style canoe measuring 298 centimetres (117 in) long and 44 centimetres (17 in) wide. It was made from a single log of Scots pine wood. scratches are found on the walls of the canoe, these were probably made by flint or antler tools.

History
-------

The boat was found in 1955 during the creation of the Dutch A28 motorway. The motorway is south of the village of Pesse in Hoogeveen. To make the base of the motorway, the ground was dug up. During this digging a crane operator found what he believed to be a tree trunk 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. Local farmer Hendrik Wanders saw the log and took it for observation. He gave the canoe to the University of Groningen, where it was examined and freeze dried to stop decay. It was later moved to the Drents Museum, near the discovery site.

Controversy
-----------

Many have wondered if the Pesse Canoe was actually a boat. Some Danish historians questioned if a boat so small could sail. In 2011, a similar canoe was constructed by Archaeologist Jaap Beuker and successfully paddled by a canoeist. Others thought that the canoe could be something else, believing it was used as an animal feeder. Beuker argued that animals were not kept by the people who lived in the region during the era the boat was made, so it could not have been an animal feeder. The boat is also like other prehistoric canoes.

Other websites
--------------

* Link to image of the Pesse canoe
* Pesse Boat – The Replica
**Hunting** is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.

Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting. Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times. Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping. 

Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.

Gallery
-------

* Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century)Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century)
* War-hunt outfit in yoruba landWar-hunt outfit in yoruba land
* Artemis with a Hind, a Roman copy of an Ancient Greek sculpture, by LeocharesArtemis with a Hind, a Roman copy of an Ancient Greek sculpture, by Leochares

Related pages
-------------

* Animal trapping
* Farming
* Fox hunting
* Fishing
**A Sole-shareholder company of the State Treasury** is a company established in Poland. These companies were set up to commercialize the state-owned businesses after the end of communism in Poland.

The assets of the state-owned enterprise became the assets of the company, and the sum of the company's share capital and supplementary capital is equal to the funds of the state-owned enterprise. Employees of a commercialized enterprise became, by law, employees of the company. Employees of an enterprise transformed into a joint-stock company had the right to acquire 15% of shares owned by the State Treasury free of charge. The same privilege applies to suppliers of raw materials to the company.

A significant number of state-owned companies inherited from the Polish People's Republic are criticized as unprofitable and encouraging nepotism  and the extortion of public money .

In 2012, there were 223 companies in which the rights from shares were exercised by the Minister of the Treasury..
Ingrid Bergman from the 1944 movie *Gaslight*
**Gaslighting** is a slang for "making someone question their own reality".

The word also describes a person ("gaslighter") who uses words and sometimes tricks to make others unsure of what is real and what is not real. This can be very upsetting. Gaslighting is only possible when the other person is a vulnerable person, for example when the gaslighter is a powerful person or if the person being gaslighted is fearful that not believing the gaslighter will bring them grief. Sometimes, people don't know they are gaslighting others.

The term "gaslighting" comes from a play that was first performed in 1938, and which was then made into a movie in 1944. The movie was called *Gaslight*, and it was a story about a husband who tries to make his wife believe that she is going crazy by constantly dimming the gas lights in their home, while telling her that they were just as bright as usual. 

Nowadays gaslighting is used to describe a type of psychological abuse where the abuser makes their victim doubt their own sanity. This manipulative abuse ranges from subtle tactics such as contradicting everything the victim says, to more aggressive tactics such as outright lies. The result is a total destruction of the victim's trust in their own ability to recognise reality.[*source?*]
There was a **tram system** in Biel, Switzerland, from 1877 to 1948. As the idea of having trams was not popular, there was only one route from Bözingen to Nidau.
The tram was originally a horse carriage on rails. There were only a few carriages from other tram systems. Although it was very small there were summer and winter carriages.
After Biel City bought the system in 1901, it became electrical with more carriages and a bigger route. The tram was not very popular and the owner did not earn much money. This was the reason why only very few routes were built.
All the four routes started at the train station in Biel, today known as ‘Zentralplatz’. The tram to Meinisberg went through Mett but because there was a big distance between Biel and Meinisberg, there were only a few stations.
Biel City started to reduced the system in 1930. First, route 1 and 2 became route 1. Then, in 1940, routes 2 and 3 were replaced by buses and finally, route 1 became a bus route, too.

Today
-----

Biel has a well-organized bus system since 1948. It grew more and more and is quite large, with over 15 different routes today. Some of them use the old tram routes but more were added, especially in the last 20 years. There are also different bus types today. Some are electrical, others run on fuel.
A cosplayer dressed up as Captain Cold.
**Leonard Snart**, called **Captain Cold**, is a made-up 

character and a big enemy in the DC Comics universe. He is one of the bad guys in the Flash stories, along with Zoom.

He serves as one of the Flash/Barry Allen's three archenemies (alongside Gorilla Grodd and Professor Zoom), one of the Flash/Wally West's four archenemies (alongside Vandal Savage, Abra Kadabra and Zoom) and the leader of his group the Rogues. He is the older brother of Lisa Snart (Golden Glider).

He is one of Flash/Barry Allen's main enemies, along with Gorilla Grodd and Professor Zoom. Also, he is one of Flash/Wally West's main enemies, along with Vandal Savage, Abra Kadabra, and Zoom. He leads a group called the Rogues and is the older brother of Lisa Snart. He is also called the Golden Glider.

The character changed a lot from comics to other stuff like TV shows and video games. Wentworth Miller played Captain Cold in The CW's Arrowverse shows, The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow. In 2009, IGN said Captain Cold was the 27th best bad guy in comic books.
Railjet (RJ), the high-speed-train of ÖBB
Intercity-Express (ICE)
Map of the main network in Austria
InterCity (IC) on the Semmering railway
ÖBB Nightjet (NJ) train in München Hbf
An ÖBB EuroCity (EC) train in Bolzano, South Tyrol
RegionalExpress train (REX) in Vienna
Regional train (R) in Styria
The Vienna S-Bahn is a suburban metro railway network in the Metropolitan area of Vienna
 A freight train of Rail Cargo Austria
Shunting locomotive in Upper Austria
The ÖBB runs 9 classification yards in Austria
Salzburg Hauptbahnhof, a junction between local and long-distance transport routes
The current main hall of Linz Hauptbahnhof
Regional train station in Krems, Lower Austria
Typical commuter rail station south of Vienna
The **Austrian Federal Railways** and formerly the *Bundesbahnen Österreich* or ***BBÖ***), now commonly known as **ÖBB**, is the national railway company of Austria. It also runs Liechtenstein's railway. The ÖBB group is owned entirely by the Republic of Austria. It is divided into several separate businesses that manage the infrastructure and operate passenger and cargo services.

The Austrian Federal Railways was first formed in 1923, using the *Bundesbahn Österreich* name, as a successor to the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways. It was incorporated into the *Deutsche Reichsbahn* during the 1938–1945 Anschluss. It was reformed in 1947, under the slightly different name *Österreichische Bundesbahnen*, and still uses this name.

The Austrian rail system is mostly electrified. Electrification began in 1912 but did not reach an advanced state until the 1950s. The last steam locomotive in regular service on the standard gauge network was retired in 1978.

Major changes currently being made to the Austrian railway network are the construction of the Koralm Railway, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Brenner Base Tunnel connection with Italy. 

Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2018 showed that satisfaction levels of Austrian rail passengers are among the highest in the European Union when it comes to punctuality, reliability and frequency of trains. Furthermore, with their *Nightjet* brand, ÖBB operates Europe's largest night train fleet.

Unlike other major railway companies in Europe that offer more flexible cancellation policies, ÖBB only offers two types of tickets: full-price tickets, and cheaper but non-exchangeable and non-refundable tickets.
United States Congresswoman Marcia Fudge with a T-shirt reading "Stay Woke: Vote" in 2018
***Woke*** (/ˈwoʊk/ *WOHK*) is a word which originally referred to awareness about racism and discrimination. It later came to include an awareness of other issues of social inequality, for example regarding gender and sexual orientation. Since the late 2010s it has also been used as a general word for left-wing political movements and viewpoints which emphasise the identity politics of people of color (those who are not white), LGBT people, and women.

The phrase "***stay woke***" began within the everyday language of some African Americans in the 1930s, because in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) *woke* is instead of *woken*, the usual past participle form of *wake*.

After the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, the word was used by Black Lives Matter (BLM) activists who wanted to raise awareness about police shootings of African Americans in the US. It became an Internet meme and was increasingly utilised by individuals who were not African American to show that they supported BLM. Popular among millennials, the word spread worldwide and was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2017.

The word ended up being used as a catch-all term to describe politically correct and puritanical/neo-puritanical left-wing ideologies, often centred on the identity politics of minority groups and informed by academic movements like critical race theory, which identified themselves as being devoted to social justice. This included BLM, anti-racism, and campaigns on women's and LGBT issues. By 2020, parts of the political right in some Western countries were ironically using the word "woke" to describe left-wing movements and ideologies they disagreed with. The term is also used to describe forms of bigotry and discrimination that, ironically, are mainly and hypocritically promoted and perpetuated by left-wing activists, like anti-white and anti-Asian racism, misandry, ageism, and neo-puritanical censorship. Some left-wing activists came to consider it an offensive term used to belittle those campaigning against discrimination.

Related pages
-------------

* Political hip hop
* Social justice warrior
A **supervolcano** is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi), which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8. If the definition is expanded, supervolcanoes also include volcanoes that have volcanic eruptions with a volume bigger than 100 km3 (24 cu mi), which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust. More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure. 

Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash. They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as causing a volcanic winter which can trigger a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.

Map of known supervolcanoes around the world:
  Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 8
  Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7

Terminology
-----------

The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program *Horizon* in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type.

Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work. This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions. Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public. The term *megacaldera* is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.

Super Eruptions
---------------

VEI 8 eruptions are considered super-eruptions due to their large scale. The Earth's most recent supereruption is the Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago.

Related pages
-------------

* Toba catastrophe theory

More reading
------------

* Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". *Bulletin of Volcanology*. **66** (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. S2CID 129680497.

* Timmreck, C.; Graf, H.-F. (2006). "The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study". *Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics*. **6** (1): 35–49. Bibcode:2006ACP.....6...35T. doi:10.5194/acp-6-35-2006.

Other websites
--------------

* Information on the original BBC program
* Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World Archived 2014-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
* USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
* Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
* Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
* *Supervolcano* on IMDb
**Akbuzat** is a Bashkir folk epic. The main character of the epic is the winged horse Akbuzat. The epic Akbuzat is included in the cycle of fairy tales about the Ural Batyr.

Description
-----------

In 1910, the epic was recorded by Mukhametsha Burangulov from Gabit-sesen. In 1917, he also recorded the second version of the epic from another teller. 

The epic tells about the structure of the world. This is how people used to imagine the structure of the Earth and space. The epic consists of their prose and poems. The teller tells the prose, and sings the poem. This is such a kind of performance of the epic.

There are many motives, episodes, images in the epic that connect it with the epic "Ural Batyr". In both epics, events take place on the territory of the Ural Mountains.

Story
-----

The story is based on the real world. The plot is based on the real world and the dream of a happy future. This epic is a heroic genre. The main theme is the battle for the happiness of people and for right. The character of the epic is *Khauban*. Khauban in the underwater kingdom is looking for a stolen horse with wings Akbuzat and a diamond sword. He kills the Azhdakha and destroys the underwater kingdom. He frees the winged horse Akbuzat from slavery. The children of the Akbuzat horse still serve people.
He breaks the owner of the lake into small pieces with a sword. These pieces turn into snakes, frogs and bats. Khauban releases seven people from captivity. They are the founders of the Bashkir clans.

In modern culture
-----------------

Based on the epic, two operas were staged. The 'Steppe' opera in 1931 and the 'Magic Horse' opera in 1942.<refAKBUZAT, opera></ref> A children's magazine 'Akbuzat' is published in Bashkortostan.

* Horse with wings Akbuzat on the flag of the district, BashkortostanHorse with wings Akbuzat on the flag of the district, Bashkortostan
* Cruise ship Akbuzat, St. PetersburgCruise ship Akbuzat, St. Petersburg
* Hippodrome Akbuzat, BashkortostanHippodrome Akbuzat, Bashkortostan
Fire-breathing dragon is an analogue of Azhdaha
**Azhdaha** is a legendary creature in Bashkir folklore,dragon with many heads.

Description
-----------

Azhdakha (Azdaha) is a character from many fairy tales of the Bashkirs, also the epic Ural Batyr. This creature can have from 3 to 12 heads. Fire comes out of his mouths.

At first, Azhdakha looks like a snake. 100 year old snake becomes Azhdaha It has four legs and several heads. Azdaha often has wings and can fly. At the age of 500 years to 1000 years, it turns into a Yukha. Yukha can turn into a beautiful girl. She can marry a man to have children.

Azhdakha lives in rivers, lakes, swamps, sometimes in a well. It does not let people to take water. Azhdakha takes beautiful girls to her place yearly.

In many fairy tales, a brave and strong young man defeats Azhdakha. He cuts off the monster's heads.
The hero marries the girl he saved. 

In Bashkir fairy tales, Azhdakha is always a negative character. People are afraid to meet this terrible creature. Azhdakha comes to place with dark clouds together. Black clouds take Azhdakha away to the mountain Kaftau. Sometimes the summer can be hot and dry because of the breath of Azhdaha. 

Azhdakha bones are useful in the fight against the evil eye.

Other websites
--------------

* Folklore of Bashkortostan People: Encyclopedia / Scientific. Collegium: F. A. Nadrshina (chap. Ed.), S. I. Apsatarova, L. A. Afanasyeva, V. Ya. Babenko, F. G. Galieva, M. Kh. Idelbaev, I.E. Karpukhin, T. G. Minnihmetova, I. G. Petrov, R. R. Sadikov, U. G. Saitov (ed.), R. A. Sultangareeva, I.K. Fazlutdinov, G. R. Khusainova;. - Per. in English. Yaz.: LLC "Center for Intercultural Cooperation". -Ufa: "Bashkir Encyclopedia", 2020.-ISBN 978-5-88185-474-4 .
* The regional encyclopedic portal "Bashkortostan" (in Russian)
* Khisamitdinova F. G. Mythological dictionary of the Bashkir language. - M. Nauka, 2010. - 456 p. ISBN 789-5-02-037580-2 (in Russian)
This is a banded archerfish.
The **banded archerfish** (*Toxotes jaculatrix*) is a brackish water fish of the genus *Toxotes*. It's famous for its ability to shoot water at prey. They are very difficult to take care of, so you may not want one in your aquarium. Banded archerfish are found in Indo-Pacific and Oceanian waters, generally in river mouths and mangrove estuaries.

Defenses
--------

### Water shooting

The banded archerfish shoots a jet of water at its prey to knock them down and into the water. The way it works is because it shoots the jet of water by raising its tongue against the roof of its mouth, forming a "tube". The opercula then close quickly, pressurizing water along the tube. A study found that banded archerfish could be trained to hit moving targets at an accuracy rate of greater than 50%.

Description
-----------

Banded archerfish have four dorsal spines, 11 to 13 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines (of which the third is longest) and 15 to 17 anal soft rays. The first one is the shortest. The dorsal fin is yellowish-green and located towards the posterior end, and its base is shorter than that of the anal fin. The caudal fin is dirty green and about the same height until the point of attachment, where it becomes shallower. The anal fin is silver in color.

Behaviour
---------

### Breeding

The breeding habits of an archerfish aren't well known. Banded archerfish first begin to breed when they are about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. The banded archerfish reproduces by spawning. The reports that archerfish go to saltwater reefs to spawn are not confirmed.

Distribution
------------

It inhabits the Indo-Pacific and waters off northern Australia, and less frequently those on the southern coast of Australia. It can be found from India eastwards to the Philippines, southwards to Australia, as well as in waters off the Solomon Islands and the Indonesian Archipelago.

In aquaria
----------

*Toxotes jaculatrix* is often kept as an aquarium fish, but sometimes, they can be aggressive. Banded archerfish are usually not recommended for average home aquaria despite their attractive appearance because they are so difficult to care for and require special conditions.

Related pages
-------------

* Toxotes chatareus
An 18th-century depiction of Flins
**Flins** is a Slavic deity, mentioned for the first time in the book *Cronecken der Sassen* in 1492 by the German writer Konrad Bothe. People believe it was not really worshipped.

People believe the name of the Polish town, Świeradów-Zdrój also known as Flinsberg in German, came from Flins.

Bothe said Flins was worshipped by people in the Harz Mountains and in Lusatia. 

 

> The deity was called Flins because it was believed to reside on a rocky outcrop and appeared as a deceased figure wearing a long cloak, holding a staff with a burning torch, and having a lion resting on its left shoulder. The lion was believed to resurrect worshippers when they died.
> 
> — Konrad Bothe

The described statue was supposed to be destroyed by Prince Lothair. Bothe's information was spread all across Europe and many people drew Flins.

Theories about his Origin
-------------------------

There are a variety of theories about his origin, almost all consider him to have never been a real Slavic God. 

According to Elias Schedius (1605–1641), the name of the deity was in fact a corrupted name of a supposed king of the Vandals : Vitzlauw (Wisław? )→Vlitzauw→Vlintz.

  

Christian Wilhelm Bronisch (1788–1881) believed that it was derived from the Sorbian *mrlinjec*, *mrlinjc* – "dead".

  

Zbygniew Martynowski [pl; de] (1908–1993) derived it from the sequence *lawjenc* → *lwiniec* → *lwinc* → *wlic* → *flins*, and said it was related to lions.

Leonhard Franz argued the description was related to St. Christopher rather than a Slavic deity.

The figure of a Slavic necromancer holding a staff, but without a name, is also mentioned in the description of the shrines of the Western Slavs by Al-Masudi, a traveler from the middle east who visited the region in the 10th century. He recorded the following cult in the temple-resort.  :
 

> Another shrine was built by one of their rulers on Czarna Góra (Black Mountain). It was surrounded by many beneficial springs whose waters differed in color and taste, and were believed to possess healing properties. The deity worshiped in this temple was represented by a large statue of an old man holding a staff that could summon skeletons from their graves.
> 
> — Al-Masudi, Łąki Złota i Drogich Kamieni
A simurgh (Iranian mythology) flies over a princess on a throne. The San Diego Museum of Art
**Samrau** — a mythological bird in Bashkir folklore. Similar the image of the *Simurgh* in Iranian mythology.
In the Bashkir epic poetry "Ural Batyr" and "Akbuzat" Samrau is imaged as a bird-king.The cosmic, above-ground and underground worlds are subject to him, and he is the head God in the Bashkir pantheon. Sun and Moon are his wives. *Humai and Aikhilu* are his daughters.

Samrau in the epic poetry "Ural Batyr"
--------------------------------------

Ural Batyr wins the king of snakes and release the daughter of a bird-king Samrau from captivity. Samrau gives to Ural Batyr a horse with wings Akbuzat and a diamond sword for saving the country and daughters. With the help of a horse and sword, Ural Batyr wins the daevas. According to the epos, the Ural Mountains are the bodies of the daevas.

Researchers of the epos Ural-Batyr about Samrau
-----------------------------------------------

The historian Z. G. Aminev believes that under the name of Samrau in Bashkir mythology, ancient Bashkirs meant the sky.

According to V. S. Mavletov, the country of Samrau is an ideal society to which every nation wants.

> In the country of Samrau, everyone is equal, no one oppresses anyone, does not touch another, everyone works for the common good, no one wants to get rich, they live according to the laws of brothers. If someone breaks the rules, people having agreed among themselves, exile out of the country. Samrau rules his kingdom as if there no king in the country.
> 
> 

The highest measure of the punishment of the criminal in the mythical kingdom of Samrau was exile from the country.

U. Sh. Atangulov explains the influence of the epic on the Bashkir people.

> Many historians argue about whether the Bashkirs had a state. The Bashkirs prefer personal freedom and fought to the death for it. They were armed forces, organized, in case of danger they could quickly unite and fight.
> 
>

Samrau and modernity
--------------------

The image and name of the Samrau are popular in modern Bashkortostan. Companies, cultural instituts, a football team, a union of artists are named after Samrau.

Other websites
--------------

* Folklore of Bashkortostan People: Encyclopedia / Scientific. Collegium: F. A. Nadrshina (chap. Ed.), S. I. Apsatarova, L. A. Afanasyeva, V. Ya. Babenko, F. G. Galieva, M. Kh. Idelbaev, I.E. Karpukhin, T. G. Minnihmetova, I. G. Petrov, R. R. Sadikov, U. G. Saitov (ed.), R. A. Sultangareeva, I.K. Fazlutdinov, G. R. Khusainova;. - Per. in English. Yaz.: LLC "Center for Intercultural Cooperation". -Ufa: "Bashkir Encyclopedia", 2020. ISBN 978-5-88185-474-4 .
* F. A. Nadrshina Bird cults in the legends and rites os the bashkirs
**Leprosy** is a contagious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly called **Hansen's disease**, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper.

As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.

Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.

Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. It has known to have been in the US before. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.

In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.

Symptoms
--------

The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.

Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.

For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.

Gallery
-------

* New cases of leprosy, in 2003. The darker the color, the more cases.New cases of leprosy, in 2003. The darker the color, the more cases.
* Skull deformed by leprosySkull deformed by leprosy
* Feet deformed by leprosyFeet deformed by leprosy
* 24-year-old man from Norway, suffering from leprosy, 19th century.24-year-old man from Norway, suffering from leprosy, 19th century.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Leprosy***.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

 |
| Other | 
* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA

 |
**Roger Bacon** (c. 1214–1294) was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later Arabic works, such as the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen.

However, more recent studies emphasize that he was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books, in the scholastic tradition. A survey of the reception of Bacon's work over centuries found that it often reflects the concerns and controversies central to the receivers.

Life
----

Roger Bacon was educated at Oxford University. He studied modern science, theology, and philosophy. His family was rich, which helped pay for the many experiments he conducted. After lecturing at Oxford he moved to Paris to learn and study. Bacon was one of the first people to teach about Aristotle in Paris. During his time he wrote a book named *On the Marvelous Power of art and nature*. He wrote a long list of inventions he had in mind, naming steamships, telescope, eye glasses, and microscopes. 

He was apparently so intently concentrated in his experiments and he had an aggressive personality, he was known to be socially awkward. In 1247 he stopped teaching because of bad health and proceeded to study, experiment, and become a friar. Years later, he was sent to a monastery because of upsetting fellow friars and superiors. He was there for about 10 years, and was unable to conduct experiments and studies. He was then sponsored by Pope Clement IV, but shortly after the Pope’s death in 1278 Bacon was accused of being a "magician". He was imprisoned in a convent in Paris for 12 years, until 1292. He died around 1294 when he was about 80 years old.
**Amsterdam Centraal station** (Dutch: Station Amsterdam Centraal [staːˈʃɔn ˌɑmstərˈdɑm sɛnˈtraːl]) is the largest railway station in Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands. A major international railway hub, it is used by 192,000 passengers a day, making it the second busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal and the most visited Rijksmonument of the Netherlands.

National and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS(Nederlandse Spoorwegen), the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Centraal is the northern terminus of Amsterdam Metro routes 51, 53, 54, and stop for 52 operated by municipal public transport operator GVB. It is also served by a number of GVB tram and ferry routes as well as local and regional bus routes operated by GVB, Connexxion and EBS.

Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1889. It features a Gothic, Renaissance Revival station building and a cast iron platform roof spanning approximately 40 metres.

Since 1997, the station building, underground passages, metro station, and the surrounding area have been undergoing major reconstruction and renovation works to accommodate the North-South Line metro route, which was opened on 22 July 2018. Amsterdam Centraal has the second longest railway platform in the Netherlands with a length of 695 metres. Due to the length, each platform may serve two trains.
History
-------

**80s**

Italian hip hop started in the 1980s. One of the first hip hop crews to catch the attention of the Italian mainstream was Isola Posse All Star from Bologna.

In the early '80s, hip hop spread to Italy through social centers, where left-wing young people regularly met. Jovanotti was one of the first stars to emerge from this hip hop scene. He rapped in otherwise standard Italian pop music.

In the underground, Radical Stuff published the first Italian hip hop street video called "Let’s Get Dizzy" in 1989. Around the same time, Assalti Frontali, an underground hip hop group, was founded in Rome. They are known for their left-wing politically and socially charged lyrics.

**90s**

Articolo 31, a duo consisting of J-Ax and DJ Jad, emerged during the mid-'90s with their album "Strade di città". Their fusion of rap, funk, and rock elements contributed significantly to the genre’s growth.

The 2000s marked a shift from the vibrant '90s rap scene in Italy. Artists like Articolo 31, Sottotono, Frankie hi-nrg, and Neffa had achieved significant success in the previous decade. Primo Brown, Fabri Fibra, and the rap group Colle Der Fomento contributed to the growing Italian rap community. Joe Cassano, El Presidente, Fritz da Cat, Turi, DJ Double S, Mondo Marcio also left their mark.

**2000s**

Between 2006 and 2008, Italian hip hop expanded its reach to a broader audience Mondo Marcio’s album "Solo un Uomo" brought the genre into the mainstream, followed by Fabri Fibra’s "Tradimento" and Marracash’s "Marracash", both chart-toppers.

**2010s**

At the start of the 2010s, Italian pop music dominated charts, while hip hop artists like Club Dogo, Fabri Fibra, and Noyz Narcos were gearing up to release significant albums such as "Che Bello Essere Noi", "Controcultura", and "Guilty".

Emerging artists like Emis Killa and MadMan made their presence felt with projects like "Champagne e Spine" and "Escape From Hearth".

Around 2015-2016, Italian hip hop experienced a significant shift. Artists like Gemitaiz and MadMan, Salmo, Marracash and Charlie Charles with their albums characterized this period.

Ghali officially debuted in 2017 with "Album", entering the top-selling charts in Italy. His success paved the way for the new school, led by artists like Sfera Ebbasta, Izi, Capo Plaza, and Ernia.

Regional Diversity
------------------

Italian dialects vary significantly across regions. Artists from different areas embraced their local languages.

Campanians like Co’Sang, Clementino, Rocco Hunt, Geolier and Luchè incorporated their native Neapolitan dialects. Artists such as Dr. Drer & CRC Posse and Menhir, sing in Sardinian. Piotta and Truceclan often incorporate the Roman dialect into their songs. Sud Sound System combine Jamaican rhythms with the Salento dialect. Dj Tubet often raps in Friulian.