recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Isabella of Castile
Ferndinand & Isabella
**Isabella of Castile** (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. 

Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him. The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). 

When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called "The New World". She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.
**Naresuan University** is a university in Phitsanulok, Thailand.

Symbols of Naresuan University
------------------------------

NU stands for Naresuan University.
The first symbol of this university is the statue of King Naresuan the great. The second is the King Naresuan’s elephant.
The school flower is Lagerstroemia loudonii Binn. The school colors are gray and orange. Gray means the color of wisdom. Orange means the color of braveness and goodness.

Vision
------

Naresuan University is the sources of acknowledgement and we support pupils to be the good people in Thai society.

Philosophy
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Naresuan University’s ideology is to make pupils have educations, goodnesses and ethical behaviors to live with other people in society happily.

Determination
-------------

The determinations of Naresuan University are not only to be the head of academy in south north region which developing the pupils to be the good pundit and can live happily with the other people in society, but also reduce the environment.

Other websites
--------------

* Naresuan University Homepage Archived 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine

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Common wombat
The **common wombat**, *Vombatus ursinus*, is one of three wombat species living in Australia. It is found the mountains and hills of southeast Australia, Tasmania, and Flinders Island in Bass Strait. They look like a small bear, which is what the name *ursinus* means. It is a marsupial, a type of mammal that carried its young in a pouch. It is the largest burrowing plant-eating mammal in the world. Its closest living relative is the koala.

Description
-----------

They are a short and muscular animal that walks on four strong legs. The feet and claws are designed to help the wombat dig tunnels in rocky ground. They are between 70 and 120 cm in length and weigh between 15 and 35 kg. It is covered in a very rough and coarse fur which can be anywhere from black to silver grey, from dark brown to sandy brown. Wombats have very tough skin on their rump.

Breeding
--------

Wombats live alone but meet up to breed in April to June on mainland Australia. In Tasmania the breeding can occur at any time of the year. The young wombats are tiny, about two cm long, when they are born after a gestation of only 21 days, and move into the mother's pouch. Wombats normally only have one baby although the pouch has two nipples. Unlike a kangaroo, the pouch opens backwards, which would prevent it from filling with dirt as it crawls into its burrow. The young wombat lives in the pouch for about six months, and finally becomes independent of the mother at about 18 months of age. Wombats live for about five years, although some in captivity have lived for 26 years.

Diet
----

Wombat faeces
Wombats live in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws. They are nocturnal animals, and come out their burrows in the evening to look for food. It is a herbivore, so it only eats grass, tree and shrub roots, bark, leaves, and fungi. Wombat faeces are cube shaped. The wombat will use them to mark things in its territory, so it is common to find the cubes on top of leaves, rocks, and branches. Because of their shape they do not roll off.

Burrows
-------

The burrows can be as small as two metres or as long as 30 metres. They dig with their front feet, kick the soil backwards with their back feet, and then use their rump like a bulldozer to push the dirt out of the burrow. Only one wombat lives in each burrow, but wombats may have up to four burrows in the area they live.

Living with wombats
-------------------

Farmers see the Common Wombat as a pest. It often destroys fences by burrowing, and the burrow openings are a danger to grazing animals. It is still common in Australia, but the areas it lives in are being reduced because of land clearing for farms.

The common wombat has no natural predators. It is not scared of people and is often seen in camping areas. They can make good pets.
Two Khmer kickboxers competing in a pradal serey match
**Pradal Serey** or **Khmer kickboxing** is a martial arts of the Khmer people in Cambodia. It is used by people as self-defense and as a sport. In pradal serey, people use punches, kicks, elbow attacks and knee attacks. Clinching is also used when people battle for dominant position so they can have the perfect opportunity to land an attack. Pushing and grabbing the opponent's upper body is common in clinching. There is a lot of strategy in clinching. It is also common to grab an opponent's leg to defend against a kick.

Match
-----

Pradal serey has matches in a boxing ring. There are 5 rounds of 3 minutes each. There is a 2 minute break between each round. A competitor can win in three ways. The referee can stop the match with a TKO when the opponent can not fight anymore. A competitor can knock out their opponent unconscious and win the match. A competitor can also win by points scored. A draw is called if both people have the same amount of points. Few matches last all five rounds. A competitor is not allowed to attack an opponent when they are on the ground or when their back is facing the competitor. Traditional music is played before and during the match. Before the match, both competitors perform a ritual dance and prayer to warm up. Each competitor wears boxing gloves and shorts. No shoes are allowed.

Televison promoters
-------------------

Matches are hosted by TV stations. Each TV station have their own arena and event. Some of the TV station that host matches are CTN, TV5 and Bayon. TV stations are responsible for any injuries during matches.

Training
--------

A Khmer kickboxer training
Training for pradal serey is very tough. People who train have to be strong and athletic. It is also important to become flexible to use high kicks. Most people who compete professionally are young.
**Jörg Haider** (26 January 1950 – 11 October, 2008) was an Austrian politician who was often called to be off right-populism ("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died in Köttmannsdorf near Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria.

At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.

Haider lead the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.

Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor again.

In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as there party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as their new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lead under P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives. For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimity in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections like back in the nineties. Surprisingly the party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place too remain Governor as he would have only changed as of becoming Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already achieved to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government. For this a coalition of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.

On 11 October 2008, Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, Austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".
Mausoleum of the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah shadesCoats of arms of the City District Government Karachi
**Karachi** (Sindhi: ڪراچي), (Urdu: کاراچی) is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest city in the Muslim world.

Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi". A native of Karachi is called a **Karachiite**. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue. 

Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.

Karachi has 26 universities including the University of Karachi. It is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.

Karachi has a hot desert climate (*BWh* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Related pages
-------------

* Islamabad
* Lahore
* Peshawar
* Quetta
Official logo
**Adidas AG** is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

History
-------

Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler. The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler). A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made. Adidas products are still being made today. The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.

Logos
-----

Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style. Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration. They imply the features of lots of products.

Originals (Trefoil or Heritage)
-------------------------------

Adidas heritage line shows the combined design of sportism and lifestyle. With retrospecting 60s, products including clothes, shoes, bags, and other fashion items are reappearing. Heritage’s logo Trefoil was developed based on the three stripes in 1971. With crossing the tree stripes which symbolize diversity of brand, the unique characteristic of logo is expressed geometrically. This was an innovation in the existing logo.

Sports performance
------------------

Sports performance line shows the goods which contains its self-esteem as a professional sports brand. The logo with three stripes has been used constantly. And, in 1997, Adidas‘ creative director Peter Moore renobated the type. He wanted to keep important meanings of old one, but at the same time he needed new logo which can be applied to the modern design. From his hand, three stripes became to mean a mountain which symbolizes a challenge and an accomplishment. And the parallel lines of stripes express gradually the brand's goal.

Sports style
------------

It might be called "collection line." This Adidas sports style has shown off its design which is made by Yohji Yamamoto. He designs shoes, clothes, and accessaries with future-oriented images. in 2001, the initial sports style logo symbolized the swiftly chaning world. The three stripes which cross the oval capture the speed of changing. It means that the stripes are rushing with intersecting the world. The innovative works which pursue a beauty and a function based on tradition show brand's another potentiality.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Adidas at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website
**Pukatja** is an Aboriginal community in the  Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census.

The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name **Ernabella**. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974.

Mail is delivered twice a week by a small plane from Alice Springs. The community store sells food and clothes. The garage has basic parts and diesel fuel. The local clinic has three registered nurses and the doctor is based here, but often away visiting other communities in the APY. The community church belongs to the Uniting Church. There is a basic police station at Pukatja, and is not permanently manned. In July 2007, the state police described the station as "dirty" and not well equipped. In response, the state government said that it would spend A$7.5 million at Pukatja and nearby Amata for new police stations, court facilities, prisoner cells and housing for police officers.

In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.

Other websites
--------------

* Ernabella School
* Ernabella Arts
* Profile Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from PY Media
Alcoholism is a form of self-destructive behavior.
**Self-destructive behavior** is any behavior that is harmful, or that could be harmful to the person who behaves that way. It is sometimes done on purpose but not always. Many people have shown such behavior. They may do it on purpose, out of an impulse, or it may grow to be a habit. It may continue for a long time, some people have killed themselves with such behavior.

When professionals talk about such behavior, they look at behaviors that are fatal, that form a habit, or that lead to some form of addiction. People who suffer from certain mental illnesses also show self-destructive behavior. Examples of such illnesses are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia.

Forms
-----

Self-destructive behavior may be used as a coping mechanism when one is overwhelmed. For example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. This would make submission of (or passing) the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it.

More obvious forms of self-destruction are eating disorders, alcoholism, drug addictions, self-harm, gambling addictions and suicide attempts.

Many peple who lack self-confidence show self-destructive behavior. They think they cannot handle the stress. Because they are not self-confident, they ask themselves questions, in a relationship, whether the other person is truly faithful ("how can they love someone like me?"); at work or school, whether the realization of assignments and deadlines is possible ("there is no way I can complete all my work on time"). Self-destructive people usually lack healthier coping mechanisms, like asserting personal boundaries. As a result, they tend to feel that showing they are incompetent is the only way to untangle themselves from demands.

Successful individuals may self-destructively sabotage their own achievements; this may stem from a feeling of anxiety, unworthiness, or from an impulsive desire to repeat the "climb to the top."

Self-destructive behavior is often considered to be the same as self-harm, but this is not accurate. Self-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many other forms. Just as personal experience can affect how extreme one's self-destructive behavior is, self-harm reflects this. Overall, personal experience and mental health problems is what affects self-harm.

Treatment
---------

Treating people with self-desctrutive behavior is difficult. It often means that these people need to go through dfferent stages, to fully recover. For body-focused repetitive behaviors, such as trichotillomania there are therapies such as habit reversal training and decoupling which seem to be effective. For behaviour involving alcohol and/or drugs there are rehabilitation places that can help to stop the behaviour. Medicines such as tranquilisers (calming medicines) and anti-depressant medications that may help especially if the cause is mental illness.
**Oluwafunke Adeoye** (Popularly known as **Funke Adeoye**) is a Nigerian Lawyer, Human rights defender, Social Innovator.

She is the Founder and Executive Director of Hope Behind Bars Africa, an organization that promotes human rights and criminal justice reforms using legal aid, research, evidence based advocacy and tech.

Funke pioneered Made in Corrections, a social enterprise aimed at preventing recidivism by empowering incarcerated women and young persons in Nigeria.

Early life
----------

Adeoye was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, but she grew up in Lagos. She holds an LLB from University of Benin and has attended two flagship programs for non-profit leaders at Lagos Business School (LBS) and masters in International Human Rights Law at University of Oxford.

Career
------

Adeoye started as a legal Associate at Olumide Sofowora SAN Chambers. She transited into the social justice space when she moved to Abuja and began volunteering for Amnesty International.

She founded Hope behind bars Africa in 2018, an organization that provides free legal services and direct support to indigent individuals in contact with the criminal justice system while promoting reforms through research, evidence-based advocacy and technology. Over 7,000 justice-involved individuals has benefitted from their interventions. She has championed several campaigns including the campaign to decriminalize poverty.


Funke facilitated the capacity development training of over 300 grassroot organizations on regulatory compliance. She also engaged the Upper Chamber of Nigeria’s parliament on the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020, a legislation that could impact negatively on the civic space.

In 2021, after the ban on Twitter by Nigerian government's, she led the campaign at ECOWAS Court to uplift the ban.

She Co-authored "Legal Representation for Indigent Pre-trial Detainees" that gained recognition from Federal Ministry of Justice and Legal Aid Council.

Awards and Recognition
----------------------

She is a 2019 LEAP Africa Social Innovation Fellow, a 2022 CivicHive fellow and a One Young World Ambassador. She is also a (TFAA ) Future Africa Finalist for Advocacy , a 100 Leading Ladies Africa Honoree and a 2023 Acumen West Africa Fellow. She won the Dragons Den Prize at Unleash Plus Innovation Bootcamp in Mysore, India.

In 2023, She won Global Citizen Prize and was selected for the prestigious Mandela Washington Fellowship and was listed by Attic London as one of the lawyers changing the world for the better in 2020.

Personal life
-------------

Funke christian faith positively impacts on her zeal to fight for incarcerated persons. She lives in Abuja, Nigeria, with her husband and two sons.
**Henrie Adams** (17 May 1954 – 26 November 2022) was a Dutch conductor.

Biography
---------

Adams played the oboe from the age of eight. Since 1969 he was a member of the Orchestra St. Michaël Thorn [nl] under the conductors Heinz Friesen and Walter Boeykens. After completing his pedagogical academy in Echt, he attended the Maastricht Academy of Music in 1979 and studied oboe and orchestral conducting with Anton Kersjes, Lucas Vis, and Pierre Kuijpers. He also had special courses from Pierre Devaux and Enrique García Asensio.

He became conductor of the orchestra Sinfonietta Geleen and orchestra "L'Union", in Heythuysen, the Kerkelijke Harmonie "St. Joseph" Weert [nl] (1987-1989) and the (Royal) orchestra "Eendracht" (Meijel). He was also second conductor of Orchestra St. Michaël Thorn [nl] and active as a guest conductor with the Limburgs Symfonie Orkest (LSO) in Maastricht, the Royal Military Band "Johan Willem Friso" in The Hague, the Royal Band of the Belgian Guides in Brussels, the symphony orchestra of the Maastricht Academy of Music, *Orquesta Sinfónica de Bilbao*, *Banda Sinfónica Municipal de Madrid*, *Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia*, *Orquesta Sinfónica de Estremadura*, *Portland Festival Orchestra* (United States) and orchestra of the Blasorchesterwoche in St. Moritz (Switzerland).

In 1989 he was hired as chief conductor of the *Banda Sinfónica de la Sociedad Musical "La Artística"* in Buñol (Spain), with which he became world champion in the Concert Department at the 14th Wereld Muziek Concours (WMC) in Kerkrade in 2001. Under his direction, this orchestra was several times winner of the first prize in the Sección de Honor (the highest division) at the City of Valencia International Band Contest.

From 1992 to 1999 he was also conductor of *Orquesta Sinfónica Joven de Provincia Valencia*.

He has recorded numbers of CDs and DVDs with the *Banda Sinfónica de la Sociedad Musical "La Artística", Buñol*.

After being ill for some time, Adams died on 26 November 2022, at the age of 68.

Other webistes
--------------

* Official website (in Spanish)

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Leaf miner damage to a horse chestnut tree
Leaf with minor miner damage
Tomato with leaf miner damage
A **leaf miner** is the larva of an insect which lives inside a leaf and eats it. Most leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, a type of wasp) and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also do this.

Like woodboring beetles, leaf miners are protected from many predators and plant defences by feeding inside a leaf, eating its tissues. It eats only the layers that have the least cellulose. Also, when attacking *Quercus robur* (English oak), they feed on tissues with lower levels of tannin. Tannin is a chemical produced in abundance by the tree. It is not edible.

The pattern of the feeding tunnel and the layer of the leaf being mined shows what insect is responsible, sometimes even to the exact species. The mine often contains frass, or droppings, and the pattern of frass deposition, mine shape, and host plant identity show the species and instar of the leaf miner. A few mining insects feed in other parts of a plant, such as the surface of a fruit.

It has been suggested that some patterns of leaf variegation may be part of a defensive strategy used by plants. It deceives adult leaf miners into thinking that a leaf has already been preyed upon.
**Artur Schnabel** (April 17, 1882 – August 15, 1951) was an Austrian classical pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the best pianists of the twentieth century. He was a very serious pianist. He did not try to impress people by playing fast or loud. He was most famous for playing music by Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert.

Life
----

The place where Schnabel was born was called Kunzendorf. It was near a town that was called Bielitz, in Austria-Hungary. Now Kunzendorf is called Lipnik, and Bielitz is called Bielsko-Biała, and it is in Poland. When he was two years old his family moved to Vienna. He started to play the piano when he was four. When he was nine he started to take piano lessons with the famous teacher Theodore Leschetizsky. He studied with Leschetizsky for seven years, until 1897. He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski. He gave his first concert in Vienna in 1897. After that he played more concerts in Budapest and Prague and Brno.

Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898. He started to be famous from concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and from playing chamber music. He liked playing chamber music and he played it for all his life. Some of the famous musicians he played chamber music with were Carl Flesch, Joseph Szigeti and Bronislaw Huberman (violin), Paul Hindemith (viola), and Pablo Casals, Gregor Piatigorsky and Pierre Fournier (cello). He also played piano for the contralto singer Therese Behr (1876-1959). In 1905 he married her. They had two sons. Karl Ulrich Schnabel (1909-2001) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel (1912-99) was an actor.

In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, and Schnabel, who was Jewish, moved to England. He moved to the United States in 1939. After the end of World War II he went back to Europe. He gave concerts there and in the United States for the rest of his life. He died in Axenstein, Switzerland, in 1951.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Artur Schnabel***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Artur Schnabel***

* Artur Schnabel: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* Works by or about Artur Schnabel in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

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Prof. Turrell Wylie in in 1979 at the University of Washington, Department of Asian Languages and Literature.
**Wylie transliteration** is a way to write Tibetan script using English letters found on a standard typewriter. Turrell V. Wylie, an American scholar, created this system, and he introduced it in a 1959 article in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. It has since become a widely used method in Tibetan studies, especially in the United States.

When creating a Romanization for the Tibetan language, there's a challenge: whether to accurately represent the sounds of spoken Tibetan or the spelling of written Tibetan. These can be quite different, similar to the difference between English and French orthography, which reflects the pronunciation from the Late Medieval period.

Earlier transcription systems tried to compromise between these two goals, but they didn't do either perfectly. Wylie transliteration aims to precisely transcribe Tibetan script as it is written, making it widely accepted in academic and historical studies. It's important to note that Wylie is not meant to reflect the pronunciation of Tibetan words.

Consonants
----------

**This section contains IPA phonetic symbols.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The Wylie method transliterates the Tibetan characters as follows:

| T | W | IPA | T | W | IPA | T | W | IPA | T | W | IPA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ཀ | ka | [ká] | ཁ | kha | [↘︎kʰá] | ག | ga | [ɡà/↗︎kʰà] | ང | nga | [ŋà] |
| ཅ | ca | [tɕá] | ཆ | cha | [↘︎tɕʰá] | ཇ | ja | [dʑà/↗︎tɕʰà] | ཉ | nya | [ɲà] |
| ཏ | ta | [tá] | ཐ | tha | [↘︎tʰá] | ད | da | [dà/↗︎tʰà] | ན | na | [nà] |
| པ | pa | [pá] | ཕ | pha | [↘︎pʰá] | བ | ba | [bà/↗︎pʰà] | མ | ma | [mà] |
| ཙ | tsa | [tsá] | ཚ | tsha | [↘︎tsʰá] | ཛ | dza | [dzà/↗︎tsʰà] | ཝ | wa | [wà] |
| ཞ | zha | [ʑà/↗︎ɕà] | ཟ | za | [zà/↗︎sà] | འ | 'a | [ɦà/↗︎ʔà] | ཡ | ya | [jà] |
| ར | ra | [rà] | ལ | la | [là] | ཤ | sha | [↘︎ɕá] | ས | sa | [↘︎sá] |
| ཧ | ha | [há] | ཨ | a | [↘︎ʔá] |

Vowels
------

The four vowel marks in Wylie are transliterated as:

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ཨི  i | ཨུ  u | ཨེ  e | ཨོ  o |

When a syllable doesn't have a written vowel, the letter 'a' is used to show the default vowel "a."
***John Wick: Chapter 2*** is a 2017 American action thriller movie. Chad Stahelski directed the movie. Derek Kolstad wrote the screenplay. This is the second movie in the *John Wick* movie series. John Wick is an assassin who is trying to escape while people try to kill him.  It is a sequel to John Wick.

The movie was filmed in New York City. The movie premiered in Los Angeles on January 30, 2017, and was  released in the United States on February 10, 2017. It earned $171.5 million, over four times its $40 million budget. A third movie, titled *John Wick: Chapter 3*, was released on May 17, 2019.

Sypnopsis
---------

Retired super-assassin John Wick's plans to resume a quiet civilian life are cut short when Italian gangster Santino D'Antonio shows up on his doorstep with a gold marker, compelling him to repay past favours. Ordered by Winston, the kingpin of secret assassin society The Continental, to respect the organisation's ancient code, Wick reluctantly accepts the assignment to travel to Rome to take out D'Antonio's sister, the ruthless capo atop the Italian Camorra crime syndicate.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Official trailer at YouTube
* *John Wick: Chapter 2* on IMDb
* *John Wick: Chapter 2* at AllMovie
**Hideto Matsumoto** (松本 秀人, *Matsumoto Hideto*, 13 December 1964 – 2 May 1998), better known by his stage name **hide**, was a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, the lead guitarist of the band X Japan. He was also a successful solo artist, once contributing to the American-based band Zilch. He is regarded as very influential to modern Japanese music. His music can be classified as glam rock and pop. X Japan was one of the main bands to develop the musical movement called visual kei.

hide was born at Yokosuka, in Kanagawa Prefecture. He lived and created music in Tokyo and Los Angeles. He died in Tokyo on 2 May 1998, after a night of drinking. He committed suicide.

Spread Beaver
-------------

hide's solo project was called **hide with Spread Beaver**. It was formed at the start of 1998, and was based in Los Angeles. They released three single CDs and one album. The first single was "Rocket Dive", released on 28 January 1998. The other two singles were recorded by the end of April, and were scheduled to be released in May. hide travelled to Tokyo to promote the new songs, but he died on 2 May before they were released. The two new singles were released on 13 May and 27 May. They were called "Pink Spider" and "Ever Free". "Pink Spider" entered the Oricon charts at #1 and eventually received the year's MTV video music award. hide's studio album, *Ja, Zoo*, was released in November 1998. His band played their promotion tour live in Japan as scheduled.

hide's backing musicians were:

* I.N.A (稲田和彦, *Inada Kazuhiko*) – percussion, programming (1993–98, 2008)
* Ran (松川敏也, *Matsukawa Toshiya*) – guitar (1994–96)
* Chirolyn (渡邊紘士, *Watanabe Hiroshi*) – bass guitar (1994–98, 2008)
* Joe (宮脇知史, *Miyawaki Satoshi*) – drums (1994–98, 2008)
* D.I.E. (野澤大二郎, *Nozawa Daijiro*) – keyboards (1994–98, 2008)
* Kiyoshi (本間清司, *Honma Kiyoshi*) – guitar (1996–98, 2008)
* K.A.Z (岩池一仁, *Iwaike Kazuhito*) – guitar (1998, 2008)
**Ankylosaurs** were herbivorous armoured dinosaurs in the order Ornithischia. Their armour was made of scutes (bony scales). They were quadrupeds with short and strong legs. Fossils of Ankylosaurs have been found on every continent. They were of two types:

* Ankylosauria
	+ Ankylosauridae: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
	+ Nodosauridae: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.

They first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, and lived until the end of the Cretaceous period.

Size
----

When adult, they were large: *Edmontonia* was bulky, broad and tank-like. Its length when adult was about 6.6 m (22 ft). Both main *Edmontonia* species, *E. longiceps* and *E. rugosidens* weighed about three tonnes.

Diet and feeding
----------------

Ankylosaurs were low to the ground. The large hyoid bones left in skeletons shows they had long, flexible tongues. They also had a large, side secondary palate. This means that they could breathe while chewing. 

Their huge gut suggests they fermented their food, using symbiotic bacteria and gut flora. Their diet was mainly ferns and cycads, which were hugely widespread, especially in the Lower Jurassic. The tropical climate supported plant growth, as it does today. Ankylosaurs fed on vegetation at or below the height of a meter.

An unresolved question is whether they could feed higher than their usual mouth level, by raising the front of their body somewhat. This possibility which would give them access to many tree ferns and cycads which would otherwise be out of reach. Given the unevenness of terrain, there might be places they could stand on higher ground, and eat plants normally out of reach.

The Ankylosaur "message"
------------------------

Ankylosaurs got some protection, not just from their armour, but from their being a miserable reward from the carnivore's point of view. They were signalling something like "I'm going to be tough to kill and poor to eat".

Distribution
------------

Most ankylosaurs have been found in Laurasia. The first definitive ankylosaur to be recognized from Gondwana was discovered in Australia in 1964 and later named in 1980 as *Minmi paravertebra*. Ankylosaurs would be expected to live in heavily wooded areas.
**Ikumi Fujii** (born 2 November 1982) is a Japanese wheelchair basketball player. She is a member of the Japan women's national wheelchair basketball team, and her club Scratch. She plays as a forward. She competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Life
----

Fujii used to play able-bodied basketball as she did in third grade at primary school. When she was 15 years old at middle school she sustained an osteosarcoma and underwent surgery for a prosthetic knee replacement of her right leg. After the surgery she couldn't play basketball anymore. Encouraged by her teacher she started playing wheelchair basketball. When she was 19 years old she had ulcerative colitis and her entire colon had to be removed. When she was 20 years old, she started playing and competing at seriously in Yokohama. She made her debut for the national team in 2005. As Fujii was diagnosed with breast cancer she underwent surgery in September 2017 for the removal of her right breast. She became a member of the "All Star Five Player" at the Emperor's Cup in 2017, 2018 and 2019. She won with the team the silver medal at the 2018 Asian Para Games. 

Fujii is married to wheelchair basketball player Shingo Fujii, who competed at the Paralympic Games in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016. He is also assistant coach of the women's national team and so he also coaches Ikumi Fujii. They have a son since 2014 named Sora.
The **2022 Florida gubernatorial election** was held on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Florida. Incumbent republican governor Ron DeSantis and incumbent republican lieutenant governor Jeanette Nuñez defeated former Florida governor Charlie Crist and Karla Hernandez-Mats on the Republican Party ticket.

Eligibility & requirements
--------------------------

Section 5 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

* be at least thirty years old.
* be a permanent resident in Florida for at least seven years.

Debate topics
-------------

### Abortion

The *Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization* decision in June 2022, which overturned the 1973 *Roe v. Wade* decision and permitted U.S. states to fully ban abortion for the first time in nearly 50 years, has made abortion a more possible issue. In the 2022 election, the topic of abortion was to play a major topic within the Republican Party.

### Crime

Due to mass shootings increasingly surging in the United States, the Democratic Party has advocated for an assault weapons ban. This was a major debate topic to play out in within both parties.

### Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic left a major effect in Florida, leaving over more than 70,000 deaths and over 5 million confirmed cases. This was a major issue and debate topic within the Republican Party.

Republican Party
----------------

See the main article: Ron DeSantis 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In late 2021, incumbent Governor Ron DeSantis announced his reelection campaign to a second term.

| 2022 Florida Republican Party ticket |
| --- |
| Ron DeSantis | Jeanette Nuñez |
| ***for Governor*** | ***for Lieutenant Governor*** |
| 46th **Governor of Florida**
since 2019 | 20th **Lieutenant Governor of Florida**
since 2019 |

Democratic Party
----------------

See the main article: Charlie Crist 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In April 2021, former Florida governor Charlie Crist announced his candidacy for governor to a non-consecutive term after he only served one term from 2007 to 2011.

| 2022 Florida Democratic Party ticket |
| --- |
| Charlie Crist | Karla Hernández |
| ***for Governor*** | ***for Lieutenant Governor*** |
| **United States Representative**(2017–2022)44th **Governor of Florida**
(2007–2011) | **President of the United Teachers of Dade** |

Election results
----------------

On November 8, 2022, incumbent governor Ron DeSantis defeated Charlie Crist in a landslide victory margin along with incumbent lieutenant governor, Jeanette Nuñez as his running mate.
Audimax of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
The ***Ruhr-Universität Bochum*** is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.

History
-------

The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.

The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region. Sommer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees  Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. The number or students now is more than 34 000 

The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and master's degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.

Present situation
-----------------

The Ruhr-University has about 34,000 students. Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget.
The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.

Subjects
--------

* Mathematics
* Applied Computational Science
* Physics and Astronomy
* Chemistry and Biochemistry
* Biology and Neuro Sciences
* Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
* Geography
* Civil Engineering
* Electro Engineering
* Nanotechnology
* Psychology
* Medicine
* Philosophy
* History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
* Archeological Sciences
* Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
* Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
* English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
* Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
* Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
* German Languages and Literature
* Comparative Literature
* Latin and Old Greek
* Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
* Roman Catholic Theology
* Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
* Economy
* Laws
* Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)
* Environmental Studies
* Development policy
* Working Sciences
* Sports
* Music Sciences
* Educational Sciences

Other websites
--------------

* English website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
	+ 2
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
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* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
"**The Telltale Head**" is the eighth episode of *The Simpsons* first season. It was first shown on February 25, 1990. It was written by Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Sam Simon, Matt Groening, and directed by Rich Moore. In this episode, Bart cuts the head off of the statue in the center of town to impress Jimbo Jones, Kearney Zzyzwicz, and Dolphin "Dolph" Starbeam, three children Bart likes. When the children tell Bart that they would "break every bone in the body of the person who cut the head off the statue" (not knowing Bart stole the head), Bart sees the mistake of his ways. After telling his family, Homer and Bart head to the center of town, where they are met by angry people of Springfield. After Bart tells the angry group of people he has made a mistake, the townspeople forgive Bart. The episode's title is a reference to the short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe.

Related pages
-------------

* The Simpsons

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***"The Telltale Head"***

* "The Telltale Head episode capsule". *The Simpsons Archive*.
* "The Telltale Head" at the Internet Movie Database
* "The Telltale Head" at TV.com
**Murad III** (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث, romanized: *Murād-i sālis*; Turkish: *III. Murat*; 4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. His rule saw battles with the Habsburgs and exhausting wars with the Safavids. The long-independent Morocco was at a time made a vassal of the empire but they would regain independence in 1582. His reign also saw the empire's expanding influence on the eastern coast of Africa. However, the empire would be beset by increasing corruption and inflation from the New World which led to unrest among the Janissary and commoners. Relations with Elizabethan England were cemented during his reign as both had a common enemy in the Spanish. He was a great patron in the arts where he commissioned the *Siyer-i-Peygamber* depicting the life of the prophet Muhammad and other illustrated manuscripts. He fought many battles with against the Holy Roman Empire trying to capture more fortresses in Hungary and leading raids into Croatia.
A male Budgerigar with a full crop after feeding.
One Greater Flamingo-chick in Basel Zoo is fed on crop milk.
A **crop** (sometimes called a **croup** or **craw**) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary canal used for storing food before digestion. It is found in many animals. It occurs in birds, some dinosaurs, and invertebrate animals such as gastropods (snails and slugs), earthworms, leeches, and insects.

Birds
-----

In a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. It is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the oesophagus. As with most other organisms that have a crop, the crop is used to temporarily store food. Not all birds have a crop. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.

Scavenging birds, such as vultures, will gorge themselves when prey is abundant, causing their crop to bulge. They subsequently sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food.

Most raptors, including hawks, eagles and vultures (as stated above), have a crop; however, owls do not.

Bees
----

Cropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. When bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crops.

Difference to gizzard
---------------------

In a gizzard, the food is ground down before digestion, usually by stones. Gizzards have a tougher lining, and muscles. The gizzard is lower down the digestive tract, and more like a part of the stomach.

The crop is just a storage device. Often, it pays a bird to feed while the going is good, and do the digestion later. In many birds and in bees, the food is eventually brought back to the nest and given to family members. 

In other species, food brought back to the nest is pre-digested. That would mean it is regurgitated (brought up) from the stomach.

Related pages
-------------

* Oesophagus
* Gizzard
* Gular pouch, in bird anatomy, a flap generally used to store fish and other prey while hunting
* Gular folds are found in many lizards, often as a secondary sexual characteristic.