recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Figure 1**: Illustration of a bacterium with plasmid enclosed showing chromosomal DNA and plasmids.
A **plasmid** is a DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and that can replicate (copy itself) independently.

The term *plasmid* was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

Plasmids are double stranded and, in many cases, circular. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g. the *2-micrometre-ring* in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*).

Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp). The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range from one to thousands. Plasmids are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host. Plasmids can be found in all three major domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Similar to viruses, plasmids are not considered a form of "life" as it is currently defined. Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.

Plasmid host-to-host transfer requires direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or changes in host gene expression allowing the intentional uptake of the genetic element by transformation.

Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism. Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.

Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances. Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds. This may provide an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation.

The construction of first **recombinant DNA** emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.
The **Times Square Ball** is a time ball (a ball dropped at a certain time) at the top of the One Times Square building in Times Square in New York City. It is used as part of the New Year's Eve celebration held yearly in Times Square.

The 2008 edition of the ball, which was dropped on December 31, 2007. The current version has been used since 2009.
Every year at 11:59 p.m. EST, the ball is lowered 141 feet (43 m) from a flagpole, reaching the bottom at midnight to signal the start of a new year. The first ball drop took place on December 31, 1907. It has been dropped every year since then (except in 1942 and 1943 because of World War II). The ball's design has been changed many times over the years. The current design has LED lighting and triangle-shaped crystal panels. Starting in 2009, the ball is shown in One Times Square throughout the year.

The Times Square ball drop is one of the best-known New Year's Eve celebrations in the world. Over one million people come to Times Square every year to see the ball drop. The ball drop is shown on several major television networks. The best known is ABC, which broadcasts *Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve*, hosted by Dick Clark until his death in 2012. Ryan Seacrest has hosted the show since 2005-06. In 1904 they organized an New Years Eve party at Times Square without the ball.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Times Square New Year's Eve website
**Donald Henry "Pee Wee" Gaskins Jr.** (March 13, 1933 – September 6, 1991) was an American serial killer. He was executed by electrocution by South Carolina in 1991.

Gaskins was born in South Carolina, the last in a string of illegitimate children. Due to his smallness, he was nicknamed "Pee Wee". His youth was characterized by considerable neglect; for instance, when he was one year old, he drank a bottle of kerosene. He grew to 5 foot 2 inch and 130 pounds.

Gaskins' serial crime began before the concept was even realized, as a juvenile, which included along with a group of other youths: robberies, assaults and a gang rape. In prison, he was regularly raped. He escaped from prison in 1955 by sitting in the back of a garbage truck and fled to Florida; he was re-arrested, remanded and paroled in August 1961.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Gaskins murdered several teenaged girls and young women. He was later found guilty of eight counts of murder and sentenced to death by South Carolina. While on death row, Gaskins murdered a fellow death row inmate, earning him the title "Meanest Man in America". Gaskins was put to death in the electric chair by South Carolina on September 6, 1991.

Related pages
-------------

* Albert Fish
* Harvey Glatman
**Mexico** sent people to compete at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Only one person from Mexico is going to Pyeongchang. That person is para-alpine skier Arly Velásquez. Mexico arrives in South Korea to compete in their fifth Winter Paralympics.  They first went to the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Turin.  Mexico's best winter sport is para-alpine skiing.

Team
----

Only one person from Mexico is going to Pyeongchang. That person is para-alpine skier Arly Velásquez.

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Mexico") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

Team Mexico| Name | Sport | Gender | Classification | Events | ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arly Velásquez | para-alpine skiing | male | LW11 |  |  |

History
-------

Mexico arrives in Pyeongchang to compete in their fifth Winter Paralympics.  They first went to the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Turin.  Mexico's best winter sport is para-alpine skiing.

Para-alpine skiing
------------------

### Skiers

Arly Velásquez will be competing at his third Paralympics in Pyeongchang. He went to the 2010 and 2014 Winter Paralympics. He had a big accident at the 2014 Games. Prior to the 2018 Games, Velásquez lived in Europe for six months. This was to prepare for the 2018 Games. Velásquez started alpine skiing in 2008.

Velásquez was born in Cancun. When he was a child, he moved to the United States. When he was a 12-year-old, he an a mountain biking accident. Because of the accident, he could not use his legs. He continues to cycle. Velásquez has represented Mexico internationally in the sport.

### Schedule and results

The first event on the para-alpine program is the downhill. It starts on 10 March. People ski from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers will race between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March.  Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions.  Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.
**Mako Iwamatsu** (マコ 岩松, *Mako Iwamatsu*), born Makoto Iwamatsu (岩松 信, *Iwamatsu Makoto*); 10 December 1933 – 21 July 2006), was a Japanese-American actor. Many of his acting roles credited him simply as **Mako**, omitting his surname. Mako is known for playing Aku from the first four seasons of *Samurai Jack*, Master Splinter from the movie *TMNT*, Iroh from *Avatar: The Last Airbender*, and Mr. Lee from *Sidekicks*.

Personal life
-------------

Mako was born in Kobe, Japan. He was the son of famous children's book author and illustrator Taro Yashima. His parents moved to the United States when he was a small child. He joined them there after World War II, in 1949, joining the military in the 1950s. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1956. When Mako first joined his parents in the US, he studied architecture. During his military service, he discovered his theatrical talent, and trained at the Pasadena Community Playhouse.

Mako was married to actress Shizuko Hoshi with whom he had two daughters (both are actresses) and three grandchildren.

Filmography
-----------

* Never So Few (1959)
* The Sand Pebbles (1966)
* The Hawaiians (1970)
* Highlander III: The Final Dimension (1994)
* Conan the Barbarian (1982)
* Conan the Destroyer (1984)
* Under the Rainbow (1981)
* Sidekicks (1992)
* RoboCop 3 (1993)
* Dexter's Laboratory (1996-2001)
* Seven Years in Tibet (1997)
* Pearl Harbor (2001)
* Bulletproof Monk (2003)
* Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
* Cages (2005)
* The Bird People in China (1998)
* Owls' Castle (1999)

Television
----------

* McHale's Navy
* M\*A\*S\*H
* The Incredible Hulk
* F Troop
* The Green Hornet
* The A-Team
* Frasier
* Tour of duty
* The Big Brawl
* Medal of Honor: Rising Sun
* Monk
* Rise: Blood Hunter
* Pacific Overtures
* Samurai Jack
* Duck Dodgers
* Avatar: The Last Airbender
* Rugrats in Paris: The Movie
* The West Wing
* The Slanted Screen

Death
-----

Mako died in Somis, California on 21 July 2006, aged 72, from esophageal cancer. One day before his death, Mako had been confirmed to star in the film *TMNT*, providing the voice of Splinter. Kevin Munroe, director of the film, confirmed that Mako had completed his recording before his death. The finished film was dedicated to Mako.

During an *Avatar: The Last Airbender* episode, titled "The Tales of Ba Sing Se" (episode 15 of the second season), which comprises several small stories about the main characters, there is a segment titled, "The Tale of Iroh." It features a dedication to Mako, as he was the voice actor for the character Iroh for the first and second seasons. He was also featured in the Memoriam Montage in the 79th Academy Awards.

Other websites
--------------

* Mako on IMDb
* A 1998 interview Archived 2006-06-26 at the Wayback Machine about Pacific Overtures
**Peechelba** is a small town in northeastern Victoria, Australia. The town is between Wangaratta and Yarrawonga and 277 kilometres (172 mi) northwest of the state capital, Melbourne. In 2006 there were about 116 people living in and around Peechelba.

The town is home to a nature reserve and is close the Ovens River.

History
-------

Peechelba Post Office opened on 2 September 1880 to the north where the town is now, and was renamed Bundalong South in 1883. In 1883 a new Peechelba office opened which closed in 1889. In 1890 Peechelba Town office opened, closing in 1969. A railway station was opened in Peechelba on 31 October 1927. The line was closed on 8 December 1986. A primary school was opened at Peechelba in 1880 and closed in 1903. A new school opened at Peechelba Township in 1891 and was closed in 1970.

Peechelba Beef is now the largest feedlot in the Southern Hemisphere.

Mad Dog Morgan
--------------

The bushranger Mad Dan Morgan held up people at Peechelba Station (farm) on the evening of 8 April 1865. The children's nurse, Alice Macdonald, was able to let the police know. They soon surrounded the main house. Jack Quinlan, a stockman at the station, shot and fatally wounded Morgan. Morgan died the next day at 1.45 p.m. His body was taken to Wangaratta and put on public show. People ripped off his hair and beard as souvenirs. His head was cut off and sent to the professor of anatomy at the University of Melbourne. He was buried on 14 April in Wangaratta cemetery.
**Lola Smallwood-Cuevas** is an American politician. She became a senator in the California Senate in 2022. Smallwood-Cuevas represents District 28. The district is for South Los Angeles and Culver City, CA. She started the Black Worker Center at University of California, Los Angeles. President Barak Obama liked the work Smallwood-Cuevas did for workers.

Family and Early Life
---------------------

Smallwood-Cuevas was raised in a single parent household. She movedto California, with her mother, when she was young. Her mother wanted better jobs and schools. Her mother is a nurse. Smallwood-Cuevas graduated from California State University at Hayward. She is married. She has one daughter and one son.

Career
------

Smallwood-Cuevas was a journalist. She wrote for the *Chicago Tribune*, the *Long Beach Press Telegram* and the Oakland Tribune. She reported on the lives of working families. She then worked as a researcher for United Service Workers West. Smallwood-Cuevas co-founded the LA Black Worker Center. She also works with the Center for the Advancement of Racial Equity at Work at UCLA.

### California State Senate

Smallwood Cuevas became a California State Senator on December 5, 2022. She is part of the Democratic Party. She represents district 28 in Los Angeles California. She got 99,479 votes out of 140,996 total votes. She had 59.9% of the votes.
**Prairie dogs** are a genus of ground squirrels. They are small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.

Prairie dogs are found in North America. In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S. they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the Canadian Prairies. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

Diet
----

Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.

Biology and behavior
--------------------

Prairie dogs showing affection
Fighting prairie dogs
Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. 

Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss. Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.

Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms. Tunnels can go down as far as 5 metres (16 ft), and can extend laterally as much as 30 metres (98 ft). Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.

The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. They can detect predators from a far distance and alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Prairie dogs use different calls to identify specific predators. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.

The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf plants. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.

Sometimes two prairie dogs touch teeth with each other. Researchers think they do this as a way of recognizing each other.

Predators
---------

Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.
Two people wrestling.
**Ssirûm**, or **Korean wrestling**, is a very old sport. It is shown in pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea. 

This kind of wrestling was formed in Korea. It took place on days of "public enjoyment" that were created by custom. Similar to Sumo. the man who stays on his feet until the end was the winner. He was given the title *changsa* ("the athlete" or "the strong man"). He was also given an ox. 

As Korea grew industrially, this type of wrestling has become a real sport. It has support in the form of the teams of professional athletes coming from colleges and universities. There are also organizations for the national Championship Ssirum Changsa. There are competitions in the country. 

Two fighters fight on the sand inside a circle. They each put on "satpa" - a piece of cloth that ties around the waist and thighs. Using their hands, legs backs, they try to make the other person fall. 

Most wrestlers are 1.8–2 metres (5 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in height and 100–150 kilograms (220–330 lb) in weight. The fights can seem slow at first they are actually very dynamic. 

Li Man-ki is one of the most well known sportsmen in this sport. In the 1980s, he won the title *changsa* (*jangsa*) many times. He has caused much of the interest of this sport.

Other websites
--------------

* Korea Ssireum Research Institute (en)
Not to be confused with Jerusalem Walls National Park, a park in East Jerusalem, Israel.
The **Walls of Jerusalem National Park** is located in the centre of Tasmania. The park has a size of about 518 km² and was founded June 1981. It has been part of the Tasmanian Wilderness UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982 and is on both the cultural and natural heritage lists. This is where King Davids Peak is located.

Meaning of the name
-------------------

The park takes its name from geological formations that resemble the walls of the city of Jerusalem in Israel. Therefore, many places and formations in the park are named after places in the Bible like  Herod's Gate, Salome Lake, Solomon's Jewels and Damascus Gate.

Tourism
-------

Like much of the Tasmanian wilderness, the area is not very accessible by roads and the only road leading into the park is through the C171 road. It is only accessible to experienced hikers (*bushwalkers*) or skiers who, because of the often very changeable weather, have to be very careful and take appropriate precautionary measures, about which the Parks & Wildlife Service provides comprehensive information.

Nature
------

The national park is characterised above all by its alpine vegetation with endemic coniferous forests and upholstered heather stands. In fire-protected areas, stands of cypress-like scale spruce can be found. The landscape of the area is characterised by Ice Age moraines and glacier lakes.

Looking down from Solomon's throne

Other websites
--------------

* Parks & Wildlife Service Tasmania Archived 2008-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
**Wallpaper** is a kind of paper used to cover walls inside of houses and buildings. Wallpaper is used to decorate the inside of buildings instead of paint. It is sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with pictures or patterns.

"Wallpaper" is also a word for a picture on a computer monitor.

Photo wallpapers are wallpapers with an image applied to them. Consist of parts (the number of parts depends on the size). The image is applied using large-format printers (plotter) or offset printing.

History
-------

Wallpaper was first used in Europe around the year 1500. In the time of Henry VIII the English aristocrats couldn't get as many tapestries from France, so they used more English wallpaper instead. During The Protectorate, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell banned wallpaper. However, by 1750 people made great use of wallpaper and made better wallpaper.

How to get rid of wallpaper
---------------------------

### Water

Water is the easiest way to get rid of wallpaper. Water makes the wallpaper paste become not sticky, then the wallpaper falls off.

### Chemicals

Sometimes the wallpaper paste is too strong for water, then special chemicals need to be used to make the paste not sticky. Most of the time only new wallpaper has to be taken off with chemicals.

### Steam

Hot water makes it easier to remove wallpaper. There are special machines that people can use to make water into steam and use it to remove wallpaper.
**Elli Perkins** (née **Present**; 1949 – March 13, 2003) was a professional glass artist, and a Scientologist who lived in Western New York. She was a senior auditor at the Church of Scientology in Buffalo, New York.

When he was in his mid-20s, her son, Jeremy showed strange behaviour; he was diagnoesed to suffer from Schizophrenia. The group Scientology is against psychiatry, most of the time. To be in line with what Scientology said, Elli Perkins did not look for psychiatric care, or treat his illness with antipsychotic drugs. Instead, she tried to treat this with vitamins.

His condition did not get better. At some point, Jeremy thought, Elli was posioning him. He later explained: "she makes me take these vitamins everyday". In this context, the "vitamins" were the alternative medicine he was forced to take. When he was about 28 years old, Jeremy, tried to kill himself, but failed. Because he felt threatened, he murdered his mother.

The crime was prominently featured in the news. Newspapers such as *The Amherst Bee*, *The Buffalo News*, or the *New York Post reported on it.* There was also an installment of the investigative news program 48 Hours. The media asserted that his mother was at least partly responsible for her own death: Her refusal for his treatment by a psychiatrist, caused his outburst, and her death.

A court later said, that because he was suffering from Schizophrenia, and that he wasn't treated correctly, Jeremy could not be made responsible for killing his mother.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Elli Perkins at Wikimedia Commons

* Scientology - A Question of Faith: Did A Mother's Faith Contribute To Her Murder?, CBS News
* PerkinsTragedy.org - Web site cited in the *LA Weekly* ad and by *Salon*
Under the laws of the United States of America, the crime of **Murder** can fall under different jurisdictions. In some cases, the state prosecutes those accused of murder. In other cases, the federal government has jurisdiction. Who the victim of a murder can also determine who has jurisdiction. The military of the United States also prosecutes murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Jurisdiction
------------

If a murder is committed within the borders of a state, that state has jurisdiction. If the crime is committed in the District of Columbia, the D.C Superior Court has jurisdiction. In cases involving federal property or employees, the federal courts may have exclusive jurisdiction. The prosecution of murder is similar in Australia.

If the victim is a federal official, an ambassador, consul or other foreign official under US protection, then the federal government has jurisdiction. If the crime took place on federal property or involved crossing state lines it is under federal jurisdiction. Murder on naval or U.S. flagged merchant vessels in international waters is under federal jurisdiction. This is true also if crime happens on U.S. military bases worldwide. Murder by a member of the United States military anywhere in the world is a violation of Article 118 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The trial is held by a general court-martial.

Dual sovereignty
----------------

In the United States the dual sovereignty doctrine applies to **murder** as well as to other crimes. In cases where a murder involves both state and federal jurisdiction, the accused can be tried and punished separately by each jurisdiction. Under the dual sovereignty doctrine this is not considered double jeopardy. If another federal law was violated in connection with a murder, then the murder can be prosecuted by a federal court. This is called "piggyback jurisdiction". In the United States there is no statute of limitations on the crime of murder. But most other federal laws have a five-year statute of limitations. An exception is for cases of terrorism where the statute of limitations is eight years. Or if explosives or arson were involved, the statute of limitations is ten years.

Other websites
--------------

* FBI - Murder
* Murder Law
*Valonia ventricosa*, a kind of alga, is among the largest unicellular species. Its diameter can reach 5 centimetres (2.0 in).
**Unicellular organisms** are organisms that have one cell. They are divided into two quite different types, from different classification kingdoms. 

* The prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, have cells with no nucleus and a simple cell structure.
* Eukaryotes have a nucleus, and a more complex cell structure.

The differences between the prokaryota and eukaryota are significant. Eukaryotes possess a nucleus and various subcellular organs called organelles, and prokaryotes do not.

Observations
------------

Almost all unicellular organisms are microorganisms but you can observe eukaryotes and many prokaryotes by using a compound microscope. Bacteria just appear as dark dots. To gather unicellular organisms for observation, one can place a cover slip on the surface of pond water, and leave it overnight. By the next morning, numerous unicellular organisms will have grown entire colonies on the bottom of the slip. They multiply fast: colonies can double their size in between 30 minutes and a few hours.

Unicellular organisms can be found everywhere. The oldest forms of life existed 3.8 billion years ago, if not longer. They use a variety of strategies for survival: photosynthesis (cyanobacteria), chemotrophy (many archaea), and heterotrophy (amoeba). Some unicellular organisms have flagella, little tails they use for locomotion, or lobopods, extensions of the cellular skeleton (cytoskeleton), which appear as bloblike arms. The flagella of our unicellular ancestors occurs all the way up into the animals, where it makes an appearance as flagellated sperm.

Of all the six eukaryote supergroups, four are exclusively composed of unicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms vary in size, with the smallest bacteria measuring only a third of a micron (300 nanometers) across, ranging up to the titanic plasmodial slime molds, which can grow to 20 cm (8 in) across. The largest unicellular organisms may have millions of nuclei scattered throughout the cellular envelope. To observe some of the smallest unicellular organisms requires an electron microscope, while the very largest can be seen with a microscope or anything that enhances images.

Related pages
-------------

* Life timeline
* Multicellular organisms
* Microorganism

Other websites
--------------

* About the kingdom Protista Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
The **Shapiro time delay** is a physics experiment. It is one of the four classic solar system observations or experiments which test general relativity. 

Radar signals passing near a massive object take slightly longer to travel to a target and longer to return than it would if the mass of the object were not present.

History
-------

The time delay effect was first noticed in 1964, by Irwin I. Shapiro. Shapiro proposed an observational test of his prediction: bounce radar beams off the surface of Venus and Mercury, and measure the round trip travel time. When the Earth, Sun, and Venus are most favorably aligned, Shapiro showed that the expected time delay, due to the presence of the Sun, of a radar signal traveling from the Earth to Venus and back, would be about 200 microseconds, well within the limitations of 1960s era technology.

The first tests, performed in 1966 and 1967 using the MIT Haystack radar antenna, were successful, matching the predicted amount of time delay. The experiments have been repeated many times since then, with increasing accuracy.
*Saint Raphael the Archangel* by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
**Raphael** is an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief"). He is known in various religions as an angel who does acts of healing. The name *Raphael* means "It is God who heals", "God Heals", "God, Please Heal". Raphael is an angel in the Bible. His feast days (celebration days) are on September 29 and October 24.

In religions
------------

Raphael is an archangel in Judaism and Christianity. In Islam, Raphael is the fourth major angel; in Muslim tradition, he is known as Israfil. Raphael is also an angel in Mormonism, as he is briefly mentioned in the Doctrine and Covenants.

In the Bible
------------

Raphael is generally associated with the angel mentioned in the Gospel of John as stirring the water at the healing pool of Bethesda. Raphael is spoken about in the Book of Tobit. Raphael was sent by the Lord to heal Tobit of his blindness. He also takes care of Tobit son, Tobias. He walks with Tobias to the village where he meets his future wife, Sarah. Sarah needs to be rescued from a demon who kills everybody who goes near her. This evil demon kills every man she marries on their wedding night. While they walk, Tobias and the Angel catch a fish together. Raphael told Tobias to catch a fish use the gallbladder to heal Tobit's eyes. Raphael also told Tobias how to protect himself from the demon. Tobias made a little fire and was burning the heart and liver of the fish. Tobias was driving away the evil demon with smoke.

Angel
-----

Raphael is the angel who can heal. He is the patron saint (taking care of) the young people, shepherds; sick people and travelers. He can cure eye problems and nightmares.

He is a special angel of the apothecaries; meaning nurses, pharmacists, physicians and jobs like those. He can also be the guardian angel of happy meetings. Raphael is said to guard pilgrims on their journeys, and is often shown holding a staff. He is also often shown holding or standing on a fish. The fish is a symbol of his healing of Tobias's father Tobit with the fish's gall.
**Terakado Seiken** (寺門静軒) (1796 – April 16, 1868) was a Confucian scholar. He lived in Japan during the Edo period. He is popular for his writings on Tokyo. He is also known as Yagozaemon.

Early life
----------

Terakado was born in Mito Domain in 1796. His father was a minor government official. When Terakado was 13 years old, his father died. After his father's death he lived an unpleasant lifestyle. In his late twenties, he turned to Confucianism and opened a school. Like his father, he held a minor position as a samurai. He studied Chinese poetry under Ryokuin Yamamoto.

Career
------

In 1831 he wrote a series of essays titled "An Account of the Prosperity of Edo" (江戸繁昌記, *Edo Hanjoki*). The essays were compiled as a book and published in 1838. His essays got fame as well as scrutiny from Edo officials. The essays were banned by Edo officials in 1835. After publication the woodblocks were confiscated in 1842. At the same time Terakado was also banned from being an official. After losing his position as a samurai, Terakado wandered Japan. He worked as a schoolteacher and writer. He died on 16 April 1868.

*Edo Hanjoki* was a very critical social satire of the Tokugawa government. He wrote most of the essays in literary kanbun. Kanbun was mostly used in government documents. This brought an additional seriousness to his writings. Whenever he wrote about wealthier districts like Honjo, he usually focused on unpleasant places such as brothels. He compared the upper and lower classes to expose economic inequalities within the Tokugawa government. The *Edo Hanjoki* influenced upcoming generations of social critics and writers. His other works include "Niigata Hanjoki" and "Essay of Seiken".

Terakado's work was mostly written by the scholar Andrew L. Markus.
Rainbow flag as used in the peace movement
The **rainbow flag** is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.

Meher Baba (1924)
-----------------

Meher Baba's rainbow flag
In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."

Cursillo (1944)
---------------

The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.

A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags. Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words *De Colores!* ("of colors") in large letters on the front.

Peace movement (1961)
---------------------

This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word *PACE*, meaning "peace".

Gay pride movement (1978)
-------------------------

Rainbow flag as used by the LGBT community
See the main article: Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)
It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.
Robert Burns WoodwardRoald Hoffmann
The **Woodward–Hoffmann rules** are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions where the molecule is a ring (e.g. benzene ring). They were written by Robert Burns Woodward (a chemistry professor at Harvard University) and Roald Hoffmann (a chemistry professor at Cornell University). Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model. Woodward did not share the prize because he died two years before. Generally, the Nobel Prize is awarded only to living people. Woodward had already won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a different discovery.

A recent paper in the journal *Nature* describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules.

Related pages
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* Woodward's rules for calculating UV absorptions
* Torquoselectivity

Other websites
--------------

* *Symmetry rules!*, Sophie Wilkinson Chemical & Engineering News January 27, **2003** Volume 81, Number 04 CENEAR 81 04 pp. 59 ISSN 0009-2347 Article
* "SHMO calculator", Simple Huckel molecular orbital theory calculator Link Archived 2009-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
**Ripley** is a town in the English county of Derbyshire.

Earliest history
----------------

Ripley existed in 1086 when it was held by a man called Levenot. In 1251 Henry III said there could be a weekly market here and two annual fairs. In 1291 there were "two water-mills with fish ponds" in Ripley.

Industry
--------

The Ripley area has been industrialized since the late 18th century.

One of the earliest companies to take advantage of mineral resources around Ripley was Butterley Engineering, which started in 1790. One of the early, and most well known, examples of the work of the company includes the graceful arched roof of St. Pancras Station in London, recently restored as an international rail terminal. A recent Butterley achievement was the design and construction of the Falkirk Wheel which lifts large canal boats.

Notable residents
-----------------

* Bombardier Charles Stone who was awarded the VC was born here.
* Barnes Wallis, inventor of the 'Bouncing bomb' lived for a time in Ripley. One of the town's parks is named after him.

Education
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* Ripley Mill Hill School, Peasehill
* Swanwick Hall School, Swanwick Hill, Swanwick
* John Flamsteed School, Derby Road, Denby

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ripley, Derbyshire***.
The **South African Navy** is the navy of the South African National Defence Force. The role of the South African Navy is to conduct naval operations in defence of the Republic of South Africa.

The current organisation of the South African Navy dates back to 1 April 1922, when the South African Naval Service (SANS) was created. (However, colonial naval volunteer units date back as far as 1861.) The South African Naval Service was later expanded and renamed to the South African Naval Forces (SANF). In 1951, the South African Naval Forces was renamed to the South African Navy and the ship title HMSAS (His Majesty's South African Ship) was changed to SAS (South African Ship) one year later.

Strength
--------

The South African Navy has a strength of 6,104 active military personnel. The navy is divided into a Combat Fleet and a Support Fleet. The Combat Fleet is made up of five Valour-class frigates, three Heroine-class submarines, three Warrior-class patrol vessels, three T-class patrol vessels, three River-class mine countermeasures vessels, and twenty-one Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats. The Support Fleet is made up of one replenishment vessel, one Hecla-class survey vessel, and three tugboats. The navy also includes an infantry-trained special forces unit called the Maritime Reaction Squadron (MRS).
"**Rip Van Winkle**" is a short story by Washington Irving. It was first published in Irving's *The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.* in June 1819. Irving wrote the story one night while staying with his sister's family in Birmingham, England. He read it to his hosts at breakfast the next morning. It was one of the first stories Irving proposed for *The Sketch Book*. The story is similar to a German story called "Karl Katz". "Rip Van Winkle" has been adapted to theater, cartoons, television, and other media many times.

Story
-----

Rip Van Winkle is a lazy, happy Dutchman. He's a henpecked husband; a man who is being constantly nagged by his wife. He lives in a quiet village near the Catskill Mountains in North America. One day he wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf. In a lonely place, he meets the ghosts of Henry Hudson and his men. They give him a strange drink. He falls asleep for 20 years. When he wakes, he learns that the American Revolution has been fought and won. His family and friends welcome him home to the village.

Other websites
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Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Rip Van Winkle**

* "Rip Van Winkle", illustrated by N. C. Wyeth (1921).
* "Rip Van Winkle", e-text from Bartleby.
* "Rip Van Winkle" Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, audio version from 1946.
* "Rip Van Winkle", 1896 film.
* "Karl Katz", a comparison.
* 1948 *Theatre Guild on the Air* radio adaptation at Internet Archive
* Rip Van Winkle Study Guide
* Irving in Birmingham Archived 2015-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
* "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" – Irving's Fictions of Revolution
The **Lokiarchaeota** are a proposed phylum of the Archaea. It was proposed in 2015 after the composite genome of ***Lokiarchaeum*** was sequenced.

The genome
----------

The *Lokiarchaeum* genome has 5,381 protein coding genes. Of these, about 32% do not correspond to any known protein. 26% closely resemble archeal proteins, and 29% correspond to bacterial proteins. This is consistent with previous research which suggests significant gene transfer between bacteria and Archaea. 

A small, but significant portion of the proteins (175, 3.3%) were most similar to eukaryotic proteins. Analysis suggested the genes in question had their origin at the base of the eukaryotic clades. In eukaryotes, the function of these proteins include cell membrane and cell shape formation, and a dynamic protein cytoskeleton.

Another shared protein, actin, is used in phagocytosis by eukaryotes. Phagocytosis is the ability to engulf and consume another particle. This ability is required for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria. Cells with mitochondria is one of the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In a widely accepted theory, mitochondria began as bacteria and were gradually incorporated into eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts had a similar origin.
This article is about the novelist. For the Yahoo CEO, see Marissa Mayer.
Marissa Meyer (Librairie Mollat, 2018)
**Marissa Meyer** is well known for writing the Lunar Chronicles, which includes *Cinder*, *Scarlet*, and *Cress*. These books have parts of well known fairy-tales, but she added her own twist. The Lunar Chronicle books were very successful, *Cinder,* the first book in the seriesellers list.  In November 2015, the fifth in the Lunar Chronicle series will be published, *Winter.* Her most recently published book is *Fairest,* another book about fairytales. She even has many unfinished books lying around. She lives with her husband and three cats.

Early life
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Marissa Meyer was born on February 19, 1984. She grew up in Tacoma, Washington. When Meyer was 14 years old, she was introduced to anime and fan fiction. She was very interested in it and completed 40 stories under the name Alicia Blade. These stories were published on Fanfiction.net. She also wrote a novelette called The *Phantom of Linkshire Manor*. In 2007, the novelette was published in the *Bound in Skin* anthology.

Education
---------

Marissa Meyer went to Pacific Lutheran University, and got a bachelor’s degree in creative writing and children’s literature. At Pace University, she received her master’s degree in publishing. After she graduated, she became a book editor in Seattle. Later, she became a freelance typesetter and proofreader.
Isabella Plantation, Richmond Park
**Richmond Park** is a 955 hectare (2,360 acres) park in outer London. Originally, it was outside London, in Surrey. It is now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

The park was created by Charles I in the 17th century as a deer park. It is the largest of London's Royal Parks. It is of national and international importance for wildlife conservation. The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. It is included, at Grade I, on the *Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England*. 

It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks in London, and is famous for red and fallow deer. It is about three times the size of Central Park in New York (341 hectares or 843 acres).

Notable features in the park include Pembroke Lodge, once the home of the British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Also in the park is White Lodge, home of the Royal Ballet School and once a royal residence. One house in the park, Thatched House Lodge, is the residence of Princess Alexandra. 

The park is fully open to the public, with access by road, bicycles and pedestrians.
**Maria Teresa of Savoy** (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a Princess of Savoy and the wife of Charles Charles, Count of Artois future Charles X of France. In France she was known as  **Marie Thérèse de Savoie**.

Background
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Born at the Royal Palace of Turin, she was the child of Victor Amandeus of Savoy and his wife Maria Antonia of Spain and was baptised with the names *Maria Teresa*. At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia and her father was the heir to the throne.

Marriage
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Maria Teresa was engaged to Charles Philippe of France, youngest grandson of Louis XV. Her marriage with Charles Philippe, known as the Count of Artois, was the last of three marriages which were carried out between 1771 and 1775. These marriages were between her oldest brother and sister and the younger grandsons of Louis XV and his older granddaughter Marie Clotilde of France. 

She was married officially at the Palace of Versailles on 16 November 1773. The most important female at court was her sister-in-law, Marie Antoinette. Maria Teresa's sister, Marie Joséphine had a higher rank than Maria Teresa as she had married the older brother, the Count of Provence. The two sisters did not have good relations with Marie Antoinette. Despite this, Maria Teresa was more popular than her sister Marie Joséphine who was very ugly. Despite this it was said that she was silent and was interested in absolutely nothing. 

The marriage produced four children, two of which survived infancy. She fled France with her husband shortly after the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 which marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Some time after, she took refuge in her homeland of Savoy under the protection of her father who had become king in 1773. Moving to Austria, she died in exile at Graz in 1805. She was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum next to Graz cathedral. Her husband became Charles X of France in 1824.

Children
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1. Louis Antoine d'Artois (6 August 1775 - 3 June 1844) married Marie Thérèse of France no issue.
2. Sophie d'Artois (5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783) died young.
3. Charles Ferdinand d'Artois (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) married Carolina of Naples and Sicily and had issue.
4. Marie Thérèse d'Artois (6 January 1783 - 22 June 1783) died young.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

Arms of the Countess.
### Titles and styles

* **31 January 1756 – 16 November 1773** *Her Royal Highness* Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy
* **16 November 1773 – 2 June 1805** *Her Royal Highness* The Countess of Artois (*Madame la Comtesse d'Artois*)

References and notes
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 Media related to Marie Thérèse of Savoy at Wikimedia Commons