recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In English, an **Auxiliary verb** is a verb that changes or helps another verb. Auxiliary means "extra" or "different". Auxiliary verbs like **do** can be used to make a question. These verbs are usually used with other verbs.

Basic examples
--------------

Below are some sentences that use auxiliary verbs from English, Spanish, German, and French, with the auxiliary verb in **bold**:

a. **Do** you want tea? – *do* is an auxiliary verb that changes the main verb *want* to make a question – see *do*-support.
b. He **has** given his all. – *has* is an auxiliary used to say the perfect form of *give*.
c. **He** cogido tu lápiz. – *he* is an auxiliary accompanying the main verb *coger*, used here to make a compound verb, the perfect present of the verb *coger*.
(I) have grabbed your pencil = 'I have taken your pencil.'
d. Das **wurde** mehrmals gesagt. – *wurde* 'became' is an auxiliary used to make the passive voice in German.
That became many times said = 'That was said many times.'
e. Sie **ist** nach Hause gegangen. – *ist* 'is' is an auxiliary used with movement verbs to make the perfect tense in German.
She is to home gone = 'She went home/She has gone home.'
f. J'**ai** vu le soleil. – *ai* 'have' is an auxiliary verb used to make the perfect tense/aspect in French.
I have seen the sun = 'I have seen the sun/I saw the sun.'
f. Nous **sommes** hébergés par un ami. – *sommes* 'are' is an auxiliary verb used to make the passive voice in French.
We are hosted by a friend.
These auxiliaries help make a question, show tense, or make passive voice. Auxiliaries like these usually appear with a normal verb that carries the main meaning of that part of the sentence.
The eyespots of *Automeris io* female looking very like owls' eyes
Io moth caterpillar, late instar, showing spines
***Automeris io*** is the North American **Io moth**. It has anti-predator defences common in the Lepidoptera. The adults have a two-stage defence system: first they are cryptic with their wings closed. If predators get too near, they flash their vivid eye markings. This startles the predator, and the moth has time to fly off and hide. The adults are nocturnal, they only fly at night, and during the day they sit on tree trunks or branches.

Very widespread, the moth ranges from southern Canada to Mexico and Costa Rica. In between, it is found widely in the USA.

Life cycle
----------

### Adults

They do not eat, and live only about a week: all they do is reproduce. This is typical of Saturniid moths. They have sexual dimorphism as can be seen from the illustrations, and fly at night. The females come out of the cocoon with ready-made eggs, and the males pick up the female pheromones with their extra-big antennae.

### Caterpillars

The caterpillars live together (are gregarious), and travel in single file all over the food plant. They start off orange in colour, and eventually turn bright green. As they grow in size they become covered with stinging spines. The spines deliver a very painful venom which is released at the slightest touch.

* General advice: large-haired caterpillars should not be touched except by experts.
*De sphaera quae movetur liber* ("The free moving sphere"), 1587
**Autolycus of Pitane** (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor. His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC. Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called *On the Moving Sphere*) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies. *On the Moving Sphere* is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work. Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

Mathematics
-----------

Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere. It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived. Theodosius' *Sphaerics* was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

Astronomy
---------

Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.
**Anna Kubik** (born January 8, 1957) is a Hungarian actress. She has won the Kossuth Prize and the Jászai Mari award.

Career
------

Kubik graduated from the Academy of Theater and Film Arts in 1981. She then moved to the National Theatre. In 1991, she joined the Budapest Chamber Theatre, then the Artists' Theatre, and finally the Thália Theatre. In 1999, she went back to the National. In 2000, she joined the Hungarian Theater in Pest. From 2002, she was a guest artist in many performances of the new National Theater. In the same year, she was invited to play in Székesfehérvár in the Vörösmarty Theater. She was a member of the Csokonai National Theater in Debrecen until 2022. 

Kubik has been chairman of the board of trustees of the István Bubik Award since 2005.

Personal life
-------------

Kubik divorced her husband, director Imre Csiszár in 1998. The have one child, Virág Csiszár (born 1990). Kubik was later the partner of István Bubik. After his death, she became the partner of Roland Selmeczi. He died in a car accident in 2008.
A Sanderson 'Hand' camera dating from circa 1899
A **bellows camera** is a type of camera designed in the era of the daguerreotype  ( years 1840-1850 ) and, with many improvements, still in use today. It comprises a flexible bellows that forms a light-tight seal between two adjustable frames, the frontal one with the lens, and the other on the back of the camera with the ground-glass screen that will be replaced by the photographic film holder to take de photo. 

The bellows is flexible, with an accordion fold. It covers the space between the lens and the film, and flexes to accommodate frame movements. The front frame is a plate at the front of the camera that holds the lens and usually a shutter.

On the back side of the camera, there is a ground-glass screen, used to focus and compose the image before exposure, and is replaced by holder with the sensitive film, a photographic plate or a digital image sensor, to take the shot. The front and rear frames can be moved in various ways relative to each other, unlike most other types of cameras. This allows to control the focus, depth of field and perspective. The camera is normally used with a tripod or a similar type of support.

Bellows
-------

In photography, the **bellows** is a foldable part that is used in large and medium format photographic cameras, to allow the movement of the lenses with respect to the focal plane for a suitable focus, used in certain camera models such as the one in the picture..

There are two types of bellows:

* *Bag bellows*, usually used in cameras with lenses of short focal length
* *Square bellows*, for cameras with a lens of greater focal length
**Maria Clementina of Austria** (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Luisa of Spain. She was the mother of the famous *duchesse de Berry*.

Infancy
-------

Archduchess Maria Clementina was born at the Villa del Poggio Imperiale, Poggio Imperiale then located in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany which was then ruled by her father Leopold I (later Holy Roman Emperor) since 1765. She was named after Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, her mothers uncle and brother of Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Clementina's maternal grandmother.

Marriage
--------

She was married by proxy to Prince Francis, Duke of Calabria, her first cousin, on 19 September 1790. On 26 June 1797 in Foggia, Maria Clementina married the Duke of Calabria, eldest surviving son of Ferdinand IV of Naples and, Maria Carolina of Austria. Prince Francis was the Heir apparent to both the Neapolitan and Sicilian throne's. This marriage was the last of three between the Austrian and Neapolitan royal families, the previous two being between Archduke Francis, her oldest brother and Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily in 1790 after Archduke Ferdinand and Luisa of Naples and Sicily. They were double first cousins as they shared all their grandparents in common. They had two children. She died in Naples after giving birth to a son the previous year which undermined her health. She is thought to have died from lung disease or tuberculosis. She was buried in Basilica of Santa Chiara, Naples with her son. 

After her death, her husband married Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain, again his first cousin, the youngest surviving daughter of Charles IV of Spain (brother of Maria Clementina's mother) and Maria Luisa of Parma. 

Her only daughter Carolina, married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry in April 1816. He was the son of Charles X of France and Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were the parents of the French pretender Henri d'Artois, Count of Chambord and the Duchess of Parma making Maria Clementina an ancestress of the present Duke of Calabria and his rival the Duke of Castro.

Issue
-----

1. Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily (5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870) married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and had issue;
2. Prince *Ferdinando* Francesco d'Assisi of Naples and Sicily (27 August 1800 – 1 July 1801) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **24 April 1777 – 26 June 1797** *Her Royal Highness* Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, Princess of Tuscany
* **26 June 1797 – 15 November 1801** *Her Royal Highness* the Duchess of Calabria

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria at Wikimedia Commons
Rowan Williams, the previous archbishop
The **Archbishop of Canterbury** is the spiritual leader of the Church of England and in the Anglican Communion the leader of its mother church. He is the head of the Church, and lives in the English city of Canterbury. The Archbishop is chosen by the English monarch (the church's "supreme governor"), under guidance from senior bishops, acting in cooperation with the prime minister of the UK. 

The office of Archbishop of Canterbury was founded in the year 597. In that year, Saint Augustine came to England, to the area called Kent. He had been sent by the Pope to convince the local people to become Christians. The people accepted him and Christianity when their King (Ethelbert of Kent) became a Christian. Augustine became the first bishop in the kingdom of Kent and was later recognised as archbishop when a second diocese was created. Since then, there has been an Archbishop at Canterbury in Kent.

The Archbishop of Canterbury used to be head of the Roman Catholic Church in England, but in the early 16th century the English church broke away from the Roman church. The new church called itself the Church of England, and now the Archbishop is the leader of that church. The current Archbishop is Justin Welby (from 2013). 

The archbishop oversees the Province of Canterbury that is all the Church of England dioceses in the south and midlands of England. The dioceses of Wales were also within the Province of Canterbury until 1920 when the Church in Wales became independent. In the north of England another archbishop has the Diocese of York and other northern dioceses (including the diocese of Sodor and Man) to oversee. Both archbishops are members of the House of Lords and rank very high in the official English order of precedence. When a new monarch is crowned the placing of the crown on his head is done by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The principal home of the archbishops is at Lambeth Palace in the south of London rather than at Canterbury itself. Within the Diocese of Canterbury (which consists of eastern Kent and a small enclave in Surrey) the archbishop has at least two assistant bishops.

Justin Welby (formerly the Bishop of Durham) became Archbishop on 21 March 2013.

Other websites
--------------

* Official web site
**Aleta Baun** is an Indonesian environmental activist. She is known as the "Indonesian Avatar".

She won the 2013 Goldman Environmental Prize. It was for organizing hundreds of local villagers to peacefully live in the marble mining sites in "weaving protests". It stopped destruction of sacred forest lands on Mutis Mountain on the island of Timor.

She is a leader of indigenous Mollo people. She was born to a family of farmers. She lost her mother at a young age. She was raised by other women and elders in the village. She was taught to respect the environment as a source of the spiritual identity and livelihood. As a community leader, she shares the traditional knowledge with others. She was also known as "Mama Aleta."

Mama Aleta's work made her a target for the mining interests and local authorities. She survived from an attempt to be killed. Once Mama Aleta even went into hiding in a forest with her baby.

Mama Aleta grew the movement to include hundreds of villagers. It is associated with a weaving occupation. 150 women spent a year sitting on the marble rocks at the mining site. They quietly wove their traditional clothes in protest. Women were traditionally responsible for getting food, dye and medicine from the mountains. Mining in these mountains would have directly impacted their livelihoods. While the women protested at the mine, the men provided domestic support at home, cooking, cleaning and caring for the children.

Among the villagers’ peaceful presence, marble mining became increasingly undeniable for the companies involved. Public awareness of the weaving occupation was growing. Indonesian government officials took notice. By 2010, the mining companies started reacting to the pressure. They started mining at all four sites within the Mollo territories. They stopped their operations.

Mama Aleta now helps communities across West Timor to map their traditional forests. She works in water security and indigenous peoples' natural resource management and land rights.
**Artivism** combines art and activism. Artivism developed since the Berlin wall collapsed while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated. In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art and especially, but not only street art.

Banksys "Bomb-hugger"

The years 1967-1968
-------------------

Protesting against the War in Vietnam, American "hippies" could use poetry, songs, sittings and other non traditional demonstration techniques.

From The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) to the 9/11 (2001)
----------------------------------------------------------

In 1993, Act Up-Paris put a gigantic pink condom on the Concord Obelisk. It was Land art in a way. And it rose interest in France about VIH infection risks. In Mexico the "intergalactic" anonymous Chiapas mouvement used "phony icons", like sub-commander Marcos to attract attention from the media.

Since the 9/11 (2001)
---------------------

In some cases, in Paris in 2003 for instance, artivists were arrested for acts of political art that verged on property destruction. A typical short term goal of artivists is to reclaim public space, especially by subvertising or destroying ads in urban areas or city transportation systems. Nevertheless, artivists engage in different media like the internet not only for actions which could be described as hacktivism.

Often the acts of artivists can be referred to as part of the larger concept of culture jamming.

Social Centres
--------------

Artivists are often found in social centers.
The **Away goals rule** is a way of breaking ties in association football when two teams played two legs and once at each team's homeground. The rule says that the team that scored the most "away from home" is awarded the win. This rule is used in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, FIFA World Cup qualification, CONCACAF Champions League, MLS Cup playoffs, AFC Champions League, AFC Cup, Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, CAF Champions League, CAF Confederation Cup, Liga MX playoffs, Football League Cup semifinals and Football League play-offs semifinals.

Example
-------

A real life example would be in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, where Marseille and Inter Milan were playing in the Round of 16. Marseille won the first leg 1–0 at home, and lost the second leg 1–2. Because they were away from home, and they scored one goal (unlike Inter Milan, as they didn't score a goal when they were away from home), they won the match on away goals.

* Marseille 1–0 Inter Milan
* Inter Milan 2–**1** Marseille
***Armillaria gallica*** (or *A. bulbosa* or *A. lutea*) is a species of honey mushroom in the order Agaricales.

The species is common and ecologically important. It decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite. In weakened trees it causes root rot. 

It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms the above-ground fruiting bodies "(mushrooms") in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.

The fruit bodies have an underground network of mycelia.
*Armillaria gallica* is a largely underground fungus. The fungus develops underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs. These help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Its ability to bioluminesce and to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.

Humongous fungus
----------------

*Armillaria gallica* was found in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the early 1990s. In one forest, *Armillaria*-infected oak trees were harvested, and their stumps left to rot in the field. Later, when red pines were planted in the same location, the seedlings were killed by the fungus. 

Using sequence analysis, the underground mycelia of one individual fungal colony covered 15 ha (37 acres), weighing over 9,500 kilograms (21,000 lb), with an estimated age of 1,500 years.

The authors noted: "This is the first report estimating the minimum size, mass, and age of an unambiguously defined fungal individual. Although the number of observations for plants and animals is much greater, members of the fungal kingdom should now be recognized as among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth".

After the *Nature* paper was published, media outlets from around the world visited the site where the specimens were found. As a result of this publicity, the individual acquired the common name "humongous fungus". There was afterward some scholarly debate as to whether the fungus qualified to be considered in the same category as other large organisms such as the blue whale or the giant redwood.

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
The **Apicomplexa** are a large group of protists (protozoa) which are parasitic. They have developed some extraordinary adaptations which fit them in their parasitic life. They are all single-celled, they are all parasites of animals, and they all form spores.

They have a unique organelle, a plastid called an **apicoplast**, and an **apical complex** structure which gets them into a host's cell. They do not have structures such as flagella or pseudopods except in certain gamete stages. Body movement is by flexing or gliding.

The group were once called the **Sporozoa**, but this name is now discouraged.

Apicomplexans have complex life cycles, and there is much variation among different apicomplexan groups. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur. Cell nuclei are haploid.

This is a diverse group including organisms such as coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and malarias. Diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms include:

* Babesiosis (*Babesia*)
* Malaria (*Plasmodium*)
* Coccidian diseases including:
	+ Cryptosporidiosis (*Cryptosporidium parvum*)
	+ Cyclosporiasis (*Cyclospora cayetanensis*)
	+ Isosporiasis (*Isospora belli*)
	+ Toxoplasmosis (*Toxoplasma gondii*)

Life cycle
----------

Generic life cycle of an apicomplexa: 1-zygote (cyst), 2-sporozoites, 3-merozoites, 4-gametocytes.Apicomplexan structure: 1-polar ring, 2-conoid, 3-micronemes, 4-rhoptries, 5-nucleus, 6-nucleolus, 7-mitochondria, 8-posterior ring, 9-alveoli, 10-golgi apparatus, 11-micropore.
Most members have a complex life-cycle, with both asexual and sexual reproduction. A host is infected by an active invasion by the parasites. The parasites divide to produce *sporozoites* which enter its cells. Eventually, the cells burst, releasing *merozoites*, which infect new cells. Eventually, gametes are produced, and they fuse to create new cysts. There are many variations on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.

The apical complex includes vesicles which open at the front of the cell. They secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of microtubules, called the *polar ring*, and among the Conoidasida there is also a funnel of tubulin proteins called the *conoid*.

The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the alveolates. Several related flagellates, such as *Perkinsus* and *Colpodella*, have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the dinoflagellates. They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.

Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single plastid, called the **apicoplast**, surrounded by either 3 or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and haem biosynthesis. It appears to be necessary for survival. The plastids are thought to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from red algae rather than green.
**BIOS**, computing, stands for **Basic Input/Output System**. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun[*source?*] on the Greek word βίος, *bios* meaning "life".

"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.

Overclocking
------------

Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.
**Andrew Vicari** (20 April 1938 – 3 October 2016) was a Welsh painter working in France. He painted portraits of the rich and famous. Despite being largely unknown in his own country, in 2004 Vicari was Britain's richest living painter. At one time he was the Britain 18th richest person in Britain.

Vicari was always a figurative artist working in oil. His work was appreciated especially in the Middle East where three museums are solely dedicated to his work.

In 1974 Vicari was appointed as the official painter to the King and Government of Saudi Arabia. In the years which followed he painted many portraits of the Saudi royal family, and scenes of Riyadh and Bedouin life. It is mainly due to this patronage that Vicari owes his financial success. In 2001 he sold a collection of 125 paintings of the First Gulf War to Prince Khaled for £17 million.

His fortune was valued at £92 million in 2006 by the Sunday Times Rich List.

Personal life
-------------

Vicari lived and worked at his studio outside Nice, France, but he also owned apartments in Riyadh and Monte Carlo.

In October 2014 it was reported Vicari had filed for bankruptcy and had been in poor health.

Vicari died at Morriston Hospital, Swansea on 3 October 2016.

Other websites
--------------

* *I am the king of painters*, The Guardian, November 16, 2001
* Official Website Archived 2006-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
a big (1) and a small (2) aperture
In optics and photography, an **aperture** is a hole where light can pass through.

In photography
--------------

Diagram of decreasing aperture sizes (increasing 
f-numbers) for "full stop" increments. Each white circle has double the surface of the white circle to its right.
The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring. This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter. The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the *aperture*. The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.

This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. The aperture is changed along with the shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera. This amount of light is called the exposure. Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this. A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.

The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop." This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens. A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light. A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
Folded, 3-D structure of ribonuclease A
**Anfinsen's dogma** is a hypothesis in molecular biology suggested by Christian Anfinsen. The idea is that a protein folding into its native structure is done automatically by the protein's amino acid sequence. It is only true for some proteins. For other proteins, chaperones are needed.

Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease A. The dogma suggests that, in the conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique and stable state.
There are three conditions:

*uniqueness*requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy.
*stability*small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration.
*kinetical accessibility*means the final shape can be got without going through any highly complex changes in the shape (like knots, for example).
How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed to explore all possible conformations (1026 seconds) and choose the appropriate one.

Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.
In written Latin, the **apex** (plural: "apices") is a diacritic. It is close to the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ). The apex is used to show that a vowel is long and not short. That means that the vowel is pronounced for longer.

The shape and length of the apex can be different. It can even sometimes be different within the same writing. While pretty much all apices are made up of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and is different in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is put at the top with a hook, pointing out to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it changes, the apex is often drawn to the right.

Later, it developed into the acute accent, which is still used in some languages to mark vowel length. In particular, Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, Irish, and (a long time ago) Icelandic.

Details
-------

Some letters with apices
Although not really known by some modern Latinists, the sign was actually used a lot during classical and postclassical times. The reason why it is not usually noticed is probably because of its smallish size and the fact that it is usually quite thin. People who look carefully will soon start to notice apices in the exhibits of any museum, not only in many of the more formal  epigraphic writings, but also in handwritten  palaeographic things.

Forgetting the apex, modern Latin spelling has recently started marking long vowels by using the macron. The macron is a sign that had always been used, and still is, to mark metrically long *syllables* (more recently called *heavy* syllables). This has caused confusion between syllable and vowel length in Latin, and most western dictionaries still cannot describe the nature of Latin vowels properly because of this. To make even more confusion, the acute accent is sometimes used in Latin to mark stressed syllables, just like in Spanish, when the macron is not used.

Identification with the sicilicus
---------------------------------

The apex is often thought to be the opposite of another ancient Latin diacritic, the sicilicus, which is said to have been used above *consonants* to show that they should be pronounced as doubles. However, in his article *Apex and Sicilicus*, Revilo P. Oliver says that they are the same sign, a *geminationis nota*. This was used over any letter to show that the letter should be read twice. 

If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign showing vowel length would have been made in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels were not regularly written twice. 

However, Oliver's view that the two marks were the same has recently been challenged.

Related pages
-------------

* Acute accent
Bando kickboxing (amateurs)
**Bando kickboxing** is the modern, sport form of *lethwei*, nicknamed in Europe "Burmese boxing of four arms". It has been born in North America in the beginning of the years 1960, this type of fencing with feet and with gloved fists in a ring has given life, in the USA of the years 1970, to several forms of full contact and of kickboxing.

There exist, in competition, two forms of fight: "controlled bando kickboxing" (light contact) where the blows only touch the opponent in order to not hurt him, and the "Bando kickboxing of full contact" where the blows with full power are acceptable, destined to the adults who are more expert. According to the age and to the technical level, the rules and the conditions of competition are variable: particularly, there change the authorized and forbidden techniques, the time of fight, the type of surface of fight (carpet or ring) and the wearing of certain protections (helmet, plastron (protector of chest and abdomen), protectors of shins, slippers, etc.).

Other websites
--------------

* United Kingdom Combat Bando
* United Kingdom Kung Fu Fitness
* (in French) Federation (French) of Bando Burmese Boxing
* Federation of the North America of Bando (USA)
In computer network and computer science, **digital bandwidth** or just **bandwidth** means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.)

Digital bandwidth should not be confused with:

* **Network throughput**: which is the average rate of *successful* data transfer through a connection.
* **Data transfer**: which is the quantity of data transferred over a given period of time.

Bandwidth in web hosting
------------------------

In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time. Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of **bandwidth** is **monthly data transfer**.

Web hosting companies often quote a **monthly data transfer** for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

Internet connections bandwidths
-------------------------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Bandwidth** | **Connection type** |
| 56 kbit/s | Modem / Dialup |
| 1.544 Mbit/s | T1 |
| 10 Mbit/s | Ethernet |
| 11 Mbit/s | Wireless 802.11b |
| 43.232 Mbit/s | T3 |
| 54 Mbit/s | Wireless-G 802.11g |
| 100 Mbit/s | Fast Ethernet |
| 155 Mbit/s | OC3 |
| 300 Mbit/s | Wireless-N WiFi |
| 622 Mbit/s | OC12 |
| 1000 Mbit/s | Gigabit Ethernet |
| 2.5 Gbit/s | OC48 |
| 9.6 Gbit/s | OC192 |
| 10 Gbit/s | 10 Gigabit Ethernet |
|

### Broadband

Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections. "Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed. However, the term is not clear; "high-speed" is more clear. A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second). High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.
***Aphaenogaster*** is a genus of myrmicine ants. Almost 200 species have been described. Also, 11 fossil species are known. They live worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa. 

They are often confused with *Pheidole* or *Pheidologeton*. These two have major and minor workers, while *Aphaenogaster* has only a single worker caste. *Pheidole* has a 3-segmented club on its antenna. But *Aphaenogaster* has four segments and a larger body size. *Pheidologeton* has a 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in *Aphaenogaster* is 12-segmented.

They make very thick, easily seen nests with many big entrances in a small place. These entrances can have diameters of up to 4 cm and are up to 30 cm deep. This resulted in their common name **funnel ants**. These nests can be a bad problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile ground easily breaks under pressure.

*Aphaenogaster* gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants. This explains that they are not commonly seen out of their tunnels. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.

Although these ants are not aggressive, they will bite when their nest is disturbed.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aphaenogaster***.

* Dale Ward: *Aphaenogaster cockerelli* Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Aum Shinrikyo** is a Japanese cult movement founded by Shoko Asahara which carried out a terrorist attack on a Tokyo subway in 1995. Although it claims to be a new religious movement, several governments regard it as a terrorist movement.

Aum members used a poisonous gas called Sarin for their attack. In five attacks, they released sarin on several lines of the Tokyo subway. This killed thirteen people, and severely injured fifty. It caused temporary vision problems for nearly a thousand others. 

After the event, the movement renamed itself "Aleph". Aum Shinrikyo had been formally designated a terrorist organization by several entities, including Canada, and the United States.

On 10 October 1995, Aum Shinrikyo was ordered to be stripped of its official status as a "religious legal entity" and was declared bankrupt in early 1996. However the group continues to operate under the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion. It is funded by a successful computer business and donations, and is kept under strict surveillance. Attempts to ban the group altogether under the 1952 Subversive Activities Prevention Law were rejected by the Public Security Examination Commission in January 1997.

In April 2011 the Public Security Intelligence Agency stated that Aum currently had about 1,500 members. At the end of July 2011 the cult reported its membership as 1,030. The group was reportedly active in trying to recruit new members among Japan's youth via social media websites and proselytizing on college campuses.
**Arthur "Art" Blakey** (October 11, 1919 – October 16, 1990), also known as **Abdullah Ibn Buhaina**, was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. With Kenny Clarke and Max Roach, he was one of the inventors of the modern bebop style of drumming. His band, the Jazz Messengers, was made up of many jazz musicians became famous and important in jazz.

Early life and career
---------------------

Blakey was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. By the time he was a teenager he played the piano professionally. He then taught himself to play the drums in the style of Chick Webb, Sid Catlett and Ray Bauduc. He played in New York in 1942 with Mary Lou Williams. He then went on tour with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra. From 1944 to 1947 he played with the Billy Eckstine big band, along with Miles Davis, Dexter Gordon and Fats Navarro.

In 1947 Blakey recorded with an octet called the Jazz Messengers. In the early 1950s he performed and broadcast with musicians like Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Clifford Brown, and Horace Silver. Blakey and Silver recorded together several times, like the album *A Night at Birdland* in 1954. Over the years the Jazz Messengers included jazz musicians such as Donald Byrd, Johnny Griffin, Lee Morgan, Wayne Shorter, Freddie Hubbard, Keith Jarrett, Chuck Mangione, Woody Shaw, JoAnne Brackeen and Wynton Marsalis. Blakey made a world tour in 1971–2 with the Giants of Jazz (with Dizzy Gillespie, Kai Winding, Sonny Stitt, Thelonious Monk and Al McKibbon).

He converted to Islam during a visit to West Africa in the late 1940s and took the name Abdullah Ibn Buhaina. (He had the nickname "Bu").

Up to the 1960s Blakey recorded as a sideman with many other musicians like Jimmy Smith, Herbie Nichols, Cannonball Adderley, Grant Green, and Jazz Messengers musicians Lee Morgan and Hank Mobley. After the mid-1960s he mostly worked as a bandleader.

Blakey continued performing and touring with his group into the late 1980s. He died in 1990 of lung cancer in New York City.
A coffee maker or barista is a person who prepares and delivers espresso-based drinks in a coffee shop. 

Although this profession is not an official profession, most coffee shops have an espresso machine to show. They use this word. Every year, the world barista competition is held to select their skills. This competition was established for the first time in Norway. After winning in their country, the baristas are selected and sent to the international competition.

Today, in many cafes, the barista prepares hot and cold drinks based on coffee or even other coffee. Baristas are usually dressed in a jacket, vest or apron to distinguish them from other baristas. A good barista should know exactly how much temperature and water pressure and how long to use to prepare an espresso shot, according to the type of coffee, the type of roast (roast) and the type of grinder.

Barista skills
--------------

Many baristas take great pride in their skills and spend years perfecting specific techniques to make great drinks. More experienced baristas are often tasked with training new employees. This training can range from making everyday drinks to creating specialty drinks to learning how to operate complex machinery.
**Bang!** is a card game. It is set in the Wild West. It was made by an Italian man named Emiliano Sciarra. This year, there were many expansion packs for the game. With all of them, this game can be played with eight players at the most.

Start of the game
-----------------

At the beginning of game, every player chooses their character and role. When the player is choosing their character, they take two random cards, looks at special ability and picks one of them. Every character has a different count of lives (from three to five). The sheriff has one more.

There are four roles. Every player knows only their own role. Only the sheriff is known to everybody. Roles are different depending on the number of players:

* 4 players – one sheriff, two bandits and one renegade.

* 5 players – sheriff, two bandits, one vice and renegade

* 6 players – sheriff, three bandits, vice and renegade

* 7 players – sheriff, three bandits, two vices and renegade

### The roles

Each player has a different mission:

* The sheriff is the most imortant role. Every time, he starts the game. His mission is to kill all the bandits and renegades. If he kills his deputy (vice), he will lose all his cards. If he dies, the game ends.

* The vice (deputy) has to protect the sheriff and kill the bandits and renegades.

* The bandit has to kill the sheriff in every game. There has to be more than two bandits.

* The renegade is the hardest role in the game. He has to stay alive so he can kill the bandits, vice (if he is playing) and sheriff at the end.

Gameplay
--------

After everyone chooses their character and role, the game starts. Every player gets the same number of cards as the number of lives they have, so if a player has three lives, they get three cards. At the beginning of turn, the player takes two cards. There are three kinds of cards. They have brown, blue and green edges. Brown cards allow players to play immediately, blue cards mean a player has to put it on the table first. Green cards also mean this, but the player needs to wait for one lap before he can use the card.
the plant
***Amborella trichopoda*** is a small, evergreen shrub. It occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia. The genus is the only member of the family **Amborellaceae** and contains only this single species.

*Amborella* is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.

The Amborellaceae are distinctive. They are sprawling evergreen shrubs or small trees. Their tissue is different from any other Angiosperm. The xylem of *Amborella* contains only tracheids; vessel elements are absent. Xylem of this form has long been regarded as a "primitive" feature of flowering plants.

Since *Amborella* is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred. This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in *Amborella*. These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the *Amborella* lineage.

The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants. Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants.

Its peculiarity
---------------

*Amborella*, an understory plant in the wild, is in contact with shade- and moisture-dependent organisms such as algae, lichens and mosses. Some horizontal gene transfer between these species is not surprising. But the scale of such transfer has caused great surprise. Sequencing the *Amborella* mitochondrial genome showed that for every gene of its own origin, it has about six versions from the genomes from other plants and algae growing with or upon it. The evolutionary and physiological significance of this is not yet clear.
General John Pope, first commander
General John Alexander McClernand, second commander
**Army of the Mississippi** was the name given to two Union armies during the American Civil War. Both operated around the Mississippi River and both were active for only a short time.

First use
---------

The first army was created on February 23, 1862. It was commanded by Major general John Pope. Pope's orders were to clear Confederate troops along the Mississippi River so the Union army could move through the area. On February 28, 1862, General Pope began to move against New Madrid, Missouri. The Army then fought at the Battle of Island Number Ten. The army next fought at the Siege of Corinth. After the capture of Corinth Pope was sent east to command the Army of Virginia. Major general William S. Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi. The army fought at the Battle of Iuka followed by the Second Battle of Corinth. His commanding officer, Ulysses S. Grant, was unhappy with his failure to go after the retreating Confederates after the Battle of Corinth. In October, 1862, Rosecrans was transferred to command the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Mississippi was disbanded.

Second use
----------

In 1863 Major general John Alexander McClernand was put in command of the expedition against the Confederates down the Mississippi. He was given command of two corps from the Army of the Tennessee. McClernand named his force the "Army of the Mississippi". McClernand was successful in capturing Arkansas Post but he acted without orders. On January 30, 1863, Grant personally took command of the army. The old XIII Corps and XV Corps were returned to the Army of the Tennessee on January 12, 1863.
***Beelzebufo*** was a large frog discovered in the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar. The media called it 'Devil Toad', and 'The Frog From Hell'. The frog lived some 70 million years ago.

With a body length of about 16 inches (40.5 cm) the frog was larger than any living frog. Its weight in life was about 9-10 lbs (4.5 kg).

Relationships
-------------

The bones of the skull roof shows a rugous (wrinkled) external surface, indicating that at least parts of the head may have borne bony scutes.

The *Beelzebufo* was a member of the horned toad sub-family, the Ceratophryinae. Living members of the family are found only in South America, but were once more widely distributed in Gondwana. Both South America and Madagascar were part of the supercontinent Gondwana before it broke up in the Cretaceous.

Habits
------

*Beelzebufo* was an ambush predator whose wide mouth let it eat relatively large prey, perhaps even juvenile dinosaurs. It probably lived in warm, seasonally dry habitats with occasional pools of water. Its modern relatives live in similar habitats, and can burrow.