recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Maleficent*** is an American live-action dark fantasy Disney movie. The film is based on *Sleeping Beauty* but changes the story to have Maleficent be a tragic character. It stars Angelina Jolie and Elle Fanning. It was released on May 30, 2014. The film has a sequel titled Maleficent: Mistress of Evil.

Story
-----

Maleficent is a young fairy living in the Moors, a magical forest realm bordering a human kingdom. As a child, she meets a human boy named Stefan, and they both fall in love with each other. King Henry, the ruler of the humans, tries to invade the Moors but Maleficent attacks him. Henry decides that whoever kills Maleficent will be named his successor and marry his daughter Leila. 

Stefan visits Maleficent in the Moors and drugs her, but cannot bring himself to kill her. He instead cuts off her wings, presenting them to Henry as "proof" of her death. Henry believes him. Stefan marries Leila and becomes king after Henry dies. As revenge, many years later, Maleficent arrives at the christening of Stefan's baby daughter Aurora. She puts a curse on Aurora saying that she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and fall into a sleep forever.

King Stefan orders three pixies (Knotgrass, Flittle and Thistlewit) to hide and protect Aurora in a forest cottage until her 16th birthday. Over the years, Aurora meets Maleficent several times because she travels into the Moors secretly. Maleficent regrets her curse but cannot undo it. Aurora meets Prince Phillip who is from a nearby kingdom. On the day of her 16th birthdy, the pixies tell Aurora that she is a princess and that Maleficent cursed her. Aurora runs back to Stefan's castle. The curse's power magically draws Aurora to prick her finger and fall into a sleep.

Knowing that only love can save her, Maleficent tries to get Prince Phillip to kiss her but it does not work. However, Maleficent's maternal love for Aurora that developed over the years is enough to awake Aurora. King Stefan attacks Maleficent, whose wings return. Stefan tries to tackle Maleficent but she uses her wings to save herself and he falls off a tower and to his death. Aurora is named Queen of both the Moors and the Human Kingdom. She falls in love with Prince Phillip.

Cast
----

* Angelina Jolie as Maleficent
* Elle Fanning as Aurora
* Sharlto Copley as King Stefan
* Brenton Thwaites as Prince Phillip
* Imelda Staunton as Knotgrass
* Juno Temple as Thistlewit
* Lesley Manville as Flittle
* Sam Riley as Diaval
* Kenneth Cranham as King Henry
* Hannah New as Princess/Queen Leila
Map of Spartan Greece 
Peloponnese Territory 
The **First Messenian War** was a set of battles between two 
Greek city states, Sparta and Messenia. It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC. These two major powers fought to decide which was the better kingdom in Greece. There were three Messenian Wars. This war was the first of them. Eventually, Sparta would defeat the Messenians. After the Second Messenian War Messenia was conquered and destroyed by the Spartans. In the Third Messenian War, there was no hope of freedom left for the Peloponnese (the people who lived in Messenia before the Spartans).

Beginning
---------

The First Messenian War began as the result of population problems. Spartans were the major threat, and greatest kingdom in Greece. The military was highly trained, and was very good at land battles. But there was one big problem. Sparta had a small population. The kingdom soon found a risky solution. Right beside Sparta, there was a kingdom that had a very large population: Messenia. It had a population of about 8000 to 10,000. So the Spartans wanted the Messenian people. For a start, the ninth king of Sparta, Almenes built a large army.

The war
-------

The First Messenian War started successfully for the Spartans. The city of Ampheia in Messenia was easily taken. While the people living in the city were sleeping, the Spartan army suddenly appeared at the city walls and gates, and massacred the opposition. They took many prisoner. Most of these prisoners were sold as slaves.

For the rest of the war, the Spartans invaded, massacred, and took captive. The Messenian army could not do much to defend its country. 

King Aristodemus of Messenia was troubled about the Spartan expansion in his lands. So he ordered guerrilla warfare to take place. Even this strategy did not stop the Spartans, and after about 20 years of fighting, Messenia gave up the the first round to the Spartans. The Second Messenian War would begin in a matter of years.

Sacrifice and regret
--------------------

King Aristodemus of Messenia sacrificed his daughter to the god of death for a victory over the Spartans. When Aristodemus realized that he lost the First Messenian War, he deeply regreted the sacrifice. He also felt betrayed by the gods. According to legend, the king killed himself by the grave of his daughter in sadness.

Results
-------

The main contribution of the First Messenian War was that Sparta successfully increased its population, and also made its influence in Ancient Greece greater.
Krypto the Superdog.
**Krypto**, also known as **Krypto the Superdog**, is a fictional superhero dog appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is Superman's pet, a Kryptonian creature with incredible powers and the appearance of a dog. Growing up alongside Superboy, he was raised in Smallville on the Kent Farm, although he later lives in Metropolis with Clark Kent and Lois Lane. He has been a member of Superman Family, the Legion of Super-Pets and the Space Canine Patrol Agents.

The character was created by Otto Binder and Curt Swan, first appearing in *Adventure Comics* #210 (1955).

Adaptations
-----------

Krypto has appeared in numerous cartoon television shows and movies, such as a self-titled animated series; the television series *Smallville*, the live-action HBO Max series *Titans*, portrayed by dog actors Wrigley, Digby, and Lacey; and the animated movie *DC League of Super-Pets* (2022), voiced by Dwayne Johnson. The character will make its live-action cinematic debut in the upcoming movie *Superman* (2025), an installment of the DC Universe (DCU) media franchise.
Short-grain glutinous rice from Japan
Long-grain glutinous rice from Thailand
Glutinous rice flour
**Glutinous rice** (*Oryza sativa var. glutinosa*; also called **sticky rice**, **sweet rice** or **waxy rice**) is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, and the northeastern regions of South Asia. It has opaque grains, very low amylose content. It is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely eaten in Asia.

It is called glutinous (Latin: *glūtinōsus*) in the sense of being glue-like or sticky. It does not contain gluten. While often called *sticky rice*, it differs from non-glutinous strains of japonica rice, which also become sticky to some degree when cooked. There are numerous cultivars of glutinous rice, which include *japonica*, *indica* and *tropical japonica* strains.

Cultivation
-----------

Glutinous rice is grown in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Northeast India, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. About 85% of Lao rice production is of this type.

As of 2013, approximately 6,530 glutinous rice varieties were collected from five continents (Asia, South America, North America, Europe, and Africa) where glutinous rice is grown for preservation at the International Rice Genebank. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has described Laos as a "collector's paradise". Laos has the largest biodiversity of sticky rice in the world. IRRI-trained collectors gathered more than 13,500 samples and 3,200 varieties from Laos.
Notch in upper front teeth
**House mouse** (*Mus musculus*) is the common mouse. It is one of the species of the genus *Mus*. Often, it is just called a mouse. It is a small rodent. 

In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine. They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.

Description
-----------

They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals. House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in). The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz). Usually, house mice are dark beige. Selected strains of mice can be got in other colours.

It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view). Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked.

Physiology
----------

The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass. Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal. They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather. Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply. That is why they are fond of human settlements.

Life cycle
----------

Their life-span in the wild averages about a year. They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up. Females have 3–14 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year. In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.

Habitat
-------

Infestation of mice
Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns. It is now widespread throughout the United States. It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S. 

As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.
Vaisakhi parade in Gurugram, Punjab, India
**Vaisakhi** (Punjabi: ਵਿਸਾਖੀ, (also known as **Baisakhi**) is an important festival celebrated by Panjabis. It is a very big celebration in South Asia and is celebrated around April 13.

Observance
----------

Vaisakhi is the ancient harvest festival in the Punjab region. It is also the start of a new solar year, and new harvest season. Baisakhi is a Sikh religious festival. It falls on the first day of the *Baisakh* month in the Nanakshahi calendar and Panjabi calendar, which corresponds to April 13 in the Gregorian calendar. In Sikhism, it remembers the creation of the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib in 1699, by the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh.

This day is also observed as the beginning of the Hindu solar new year celebrated by the people of Nepal and India in Assam Valley, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal and some other regions of India. There are regional variation outside of Punjab too. In Himachal Pradesh, the Hindu Goddess Jwalamukhi is worshipped on Vaisakhi, while in Bihar, the Sun-god Surya is honoured.

Other observances
-----------------

The festival is celebrated as 

* *Rongali Bihu* in Assam,
* *Naba Barsha* or *Pohela Boishakh* in Bengal and Tripura, \**Puthandu* (Tamil New Year) in Tamil Nadu,
* *Vishu* (or Vaishakhi) in Kerala,
* *Bikhu* or *Bikhauti* in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand,
* *Maha Vishuba Sankranti* (or Pana Sankranti) in Orissa, and the
* Sinhalese New Year festival in Sri Lanka.

Calendars
---------

Hinduism and Sikhism have several religious calendars. Some places of worship accept one version and others use a different version. So the festival will always fall on the same day in the western Gregorian calendar.
The **scissor-tailed flycatcher** (*Tyrannus forficatus*), also known as the **Texas bird-of-paradise** and **swallow-tailed flycatcher**, is a type of bird that lives in North America, in the United States and Mexico. It eats insects. It is grey on top and light grey underneath with pink on the sides. The wings are dark and it has a long black tail. It is named "scissor-tailed" because its tail looks like a pair of scissors. The tail is shorter when it is young, and the bird is not as colorful.

The scissor-tailed flycatcher is closely related to the kingbirds. It is also the state bird of Oklahoma. The common name is derived from its former Latin name-Muscivoria forficata, meaning "flying"-"scissors" and "to devour." In Oklahoma, scissortails can be found on open prairies, along tree-lined roads, and along roadsides perched on fences, limbs and in isolated trees. They consume a great number of grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, and other ground-dwelling insects making them economically important and popular with farmers and ranchers.

Soon after the birds arrive in the state, the males begin their famous "sky dance," a popular site along roadsides during spring and early summer. After climbing about 100 feet in the air, the male makes a series of V-shaped flights, then plunges down in an erratic zigzag course often somersaulting while uttering a rolling, cackling call. The performance has been described as "an aerial ballet of incomparable grace." Nesting usually takes place in an isolated tree 7–30 feet above ground. Often two broods of 4-6 each are raised during the summer.

Scissor-tailed flycatchers are easily identified by their long scissor-like tail, which may reach nine inches in length. During flight the bird opens its tail like a pair of scissors and folds or closes the "scissors" when perching. The nape of its neck and its back are pearl gray, and the breast is white. Wings are sooty black with a touch of scarlet at the shoulders. The principal threat to scissortails is poaching. A great number of birds have been killed by poachers who wanted only the bird's tail.
**Philippe of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans** (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous Louis XIV, *le roi soleil*. He was known as ***Monsieur*** at his brother's court.

Biography
---------

Philippe was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans. During the reign of his brother he was known simply as *Monsieur*. Openly homosexual, he married twice: firstly to Henrietta of England, *Minette*, sister of Charles II of England. During their marriage, Philippe met and began a relationship with the Chevalier de Lorraine who was the great love of Philippe's life, their long relationship beginning in 1668. After the alleged poisoning of Minette, Philippe married again in 1671 to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, *Liselotte*. 

He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe". Philippe's other legacies include his decisive victory at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.

Issue
-----

### First marriage

Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had three children:

1. Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no children;
2. Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy;
3. Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);
4. Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and had children;

### Second marriage

Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children:

1. Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in infancy;
2. Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France* and had children;
3. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Léopold of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine and had children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **21 September 1640 – 14 May 1643** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
* **14 May 1643 – 2 February 1660** *His Royal Highness* Monsieur, Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
* **2 February 1660 – 9 June 1701** *His Royal Highness* Monsieur, Duke of Orléans, Son of France.
The **history of colonialism** goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another. In ancient times peoples such as the Hittites and the Incas were involved in colonialism.

However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires. Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.

Land based empires are usually described as imperialism and include:

* The Mongol Empire, a large empire stretching from the Western Pacific to Eastern Europe
* The Empire of Alexander the Great
* The Umayyad Caliphate
* The Persian Empire
* The Roman Empire
* The Byzantine Empire.European claims in Africa, 1914, following the Scramble for Africa.

The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.

European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had. But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.

In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories. This time became known as the era of New Imperialism. Very quickly European powers were able to take over land and included the Scramble for Africa.

After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war. For instance Britain which won the war took over Tanzania from Germany (which had lost the war)

After World War II however Europe's colonies started to become independent. In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.
**Paul Michael Glaser** (born March 25, 1943) is an American actor and director.

Career
------

He began his career in the TV series *Love Is a Many Splendored Thing* (1967). In 1972 he had a role in the film starring Goldie Hawn, *Butterflies Are Free* (1972), and in the TV movies *Aces Up* (1974), with Raul Julia, and *Trapped Beneath the Sea* (1974), with Lee J. Cobb.

In 1976 he played Harry Houdini in the TV movie: *The Great Houdini*. Followed starred in the movies *Phobia* (1980), as Dr. Peter Ross, *Wait Till Your Mother Gets Home!* TV (1983), and *Attack on Fear* TV (1984), he plays the role of a journalist who reports cases of corruption in a small town.

Glaser had a great director career as a film and television. He directed Arnold Schwarzenegger in *The Running Man* (1987), The Cutting Edge (1992) & Kazaam (1996). He also directed episodes of the series: *Starsky and Hutch*, *Miami Vice*, *Otherworld*, *The Agency*, *Mister Sterling*, *Robbery Homicide Division*, *Judging Amy*, *Third Watch*, and many more.

Starsky and Hutch
-----------------

His best known role was that of Det. Dave Starsky in American TV series *Starsky and Hutch*. The series is about two friends police, Dave Starsky and Ken Hutchinson; David Soul, to solve all kinds of cases. The series ran between 1975 and 1979. And they filmed 82 episodes. Glaser and Soul have a small role in the movie Starsky & Hutch (2004).

He was a guest star on the TV series: *Cannon* (1972), *The Streets of San Francisco* (1972), *The Waltons* (1973), *Kojak* (1974), *The Closer* (2008), *Criminal Minds* (2008), *Numb3rs* (2008), and *The Mentalist* (2009).
The **lieutenant governor of New Mexico** is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government. The lieutenant governor ranks first in the gubernatorial line of succession and is also the officer of the legislative branch, president of the Senate and the presiding officer of the Senate.

Howie Morales is the 30th and current lieutenant governor of New Mexico, in office since January 2019.

Power and duties
----------------

The lieutenant governor is the president of the Senate. The lieutenant governor has the power to preside over the Senate and has the authority exercise a **tie-breaking vote**.

The lieutenant governor serves on the following boards and commissions:

* State Board of Finance
* New Mexico Border Authority
* New Mexico Children's Cabinet
* Community Development Council
* Military Base Planning Commission
* Mortgage Finance Authority
* New Mexico Spaceport Authority
* New Mexico Youth Alliance

Eligibility and requirements
----------------------------

Under the New Mexico Constitution, a person must:

* be at least 30 years old and a United States citizen
* be a resident of the state of New Mexico for a least five years

Election process
----------------

The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor as their running mate to a four-year term. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have a majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Line of succession
------------------

The lieutenant governor is first in the line of succession to become governor if the governor dies resigns, or is impeached from office.
**Joint-stock company "Ukrposhta"** (Ukr. *Укрпошта*) is a state-owned postal company, subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, a national postal operator. Together with a private post operator Nova Poshta, Ukraposhta are the leaders of pacels delivery in Ukraine.

Services
--------

The company provides universal postal services. They are approved by the National Commission for Communications Regulation. The company also has the exclusive right to issue, put into circulation and organize the distribution of postage stamps, stamped envelopes and cards, as well as withdrawal them from circulation in Ukraine.

Logo used from 2009 to 2017

Branches
--------

The company has 24 regional branches, the Directorate of Mail Processing and Transportation and Avtotranspost. Ukrposhta is one of the largest companies in the country (60,000 employees) and has about 11,000 branches that provide coverage in 100% of settlements in Ukraine.

History
-------

On April 12, 2017, PJSC Ukrposhta rebranded the company. To replace the winged envelope, a new logo was chosen for the mail horn, which is transformed into a geolocation icon - a pin. The new logo, according to the head of Ukrposhta Ihor Smilianskyi, should reflect the positive changes in the company. The new brand concept was developed free of charge by the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi.

In 2020, the company delivered 238.5 million units in Ukraine and abroad. written correspondence, 44.6 million parcels and small packages, paid 12.1 million transfers and 64.5 million pensions and cash benefits.

Ukrposhta together with Nova Poshta are leaders in the delivery and e-commerce market of Ukraine.

In March 2022, in Zaporizhia Oblast the Russians opened fire on a Ukrposhta car, killing two employees of the company.

In the Zaporozhye region, the enemy opened fire on a Ukrposhta car, killing two employees of the company.
***The Hopeless Case*** (also known as ***Il caso senza speranza***) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1871, in Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Walters Art Museum.

History
-------

The painting was finished in August 1871, and is exhibited at Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, in Maryland (United States) of which was the President Vittorio Sgarbi. It is one of the best-known pictorial works in the history of the genre painting movement.

The work was purchased for the museum, personally by the president William Thompson Walters (1819–1894) in 1878, and exhibited in the permanent collection, attracting numerous visitors even outside the United States. It is identified with the catalog number 37182.

Description
-----------

A young woman wearing a typical Venetian shawl, she listens to her cobbler, who exposes the desperate condition of her boot. Antonio Rotta interpreted this messy interior with characteristic details of the Venice of the time.
The work "The case without hope", tells the time when things were repaired, because there was not enough money to buy new ones. Especially the shoes. Wrapped in her colored shawl, the girl is listening to the cobbler's sentence, which decrees that it is impossible to repair that boot once again. For this the painting was initially called "Without escape". In the sad gaze, in the tilted head, in the firmly intertwined hands, one feels the full weight of poverty.

Rotta He often painted tender, empathetic scenes, including children or the elderly in Venetian settings, becoming the greatest visual narrator of Venice in history.

Exhibitions
-----------

* *From Ray to Raphael: The Walters Story*, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, 2014-2016.
* *A Baltimorean in Paris: George A. Lucas, 1860-1090*, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, 1979

Bibliography
------------

* Jane H. Hancock, Sheila Folliott e Thomas O'Sullivan, Homecoming: the art collection of James J. Hill, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991, p. 13, ISBN 0873512596.
* Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.), William R. Johnston, The Nineteenth Century Paintings in the Walters Art Gallery, Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1982, ISBN 9780911886252.

Related items
-------------

* Genre painting
* The Retarded Child (Antonio Rotta)
* The little girl found in Venice (Rotta)

Other websites
--------------

* The Hopeless Case, Antonio Rotta, Walter Arts Museum
* The Hopeless Case, Antonio Rotta, 1871, Google Arts & Culture Archived 2021-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It uses the style of the Ten Commandments.

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen**

**The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen** (French: *La Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen*) is one of the most important papers of the French Revolution.

Contents
--------

This paper explains a list of rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. All men have these rights. It also talks about some rights many people have together. This paper was written using some of the ideas of natural rights, these rights are for all men: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places. They are said to be rights of human nature. The last idea of the Declaration was accepted on 26 August 1789, by the National Constituent Assembly (*Assemblée nationale constituante*). It was a very important first thing to do before the people could write a constitution. The paper explained these basic rights, not only for French people but for *all men without exception*, it did not say anything about the rights or role of women. It also did not talk about slavery. People now think that it was an important step towards international human rights or Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

"First Article – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility."
The ideas written in the declaration are important in French law today. They can be used to fight or change new laws or other government actions. French law is based off of this document.
**Koy Dennis Detmer** (born July 5, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He played college football at Colorado. He is the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Ty Detmer.

Career
------

Drafted in the 7th round of the 1997 NFL draft, Detmer spent the next 10 years in Philadelphia. He spent most of his career as a backup to quarterback Donovan McNabb and as the place-kick holder for David Akers. His action as a starter was limited to five games in the 1998 season and one game in the 2002 season, in which McNabb was out with a broken ankle. Detmer played well in that game, going 18 of 26 for 227 yards and three total touchdowns (two passing and one rushing). He dislocated his elbow in the fourth quarter of that game and was replaced by third-string quarterback A. J. Feeley. Detmer healed enough to play in the final games of 2002, but head coach Andy Reid decided to stay with Feeley, who was having success. He also saw sporadic playing time in the 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Prior to the 2006 season, Detmer was released after the Eagles brought back A. J. Feeley and signed former Pro Bowl quarterback Jeff Garcia as the backups. He was re-signed on January 2, 2007 by the Eagles to provide a third quarterback for the team's playoff push, with Donovan McNabb out with injury. He was also re-signed to be the kick holder for the Eagles. In 103 NFL games, Detmer has a career passer rating of 61.2 with ten career touchdowns and 14 interceptions thrown. Despite poor passing numbers, Detmer managed to have an 11-year career due to his ability to hold for place-kicks; then-Eagles special teams coach John Harbaugh and Pro Bowl kicker David Akers both spoke highly of Detmer's talent and skill in this area.
**Rock, paper, scissors** (RPS) is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.

Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.

The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.

The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Reaux! Sham! Beaux!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.

Rock is represented by a closed fist. 
Paper is represented by an open hand. 
Scissors is represented by the index and middle fingers extended. 
The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:

Rock blunts/smashes scissors; rock wins. 
Paper covers rock; paper wins. 
Scissors cut paper; scissors wins. 

In terms of logic, this type of game is intransitive.
If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.

In some variations of the game, the winner of each round "uses" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.

RPS is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.

Rock, Paper, Scissors also has many variations, mainly adding more options, such as Rock, Paper, Scissors, Spock, Snake, which plays upon the character Spock from the popular show, Star Trek. In that version, Spock is represented by his iconic hand gesture, in which the index and middle fingers are separated from the ring and pinkie fingers. Lizard is represented by a flattened "o" hand shape, in reference to the lizard's face.

Popularity
----------

The game is famous in Korea, Japan, China, and the United States.
**CGTN Spanish** (formerly **CCTV International Spanish** or **CCTV-Español** and **CCTV-E**) is the Spanish language entertainment and news channel of China Global Television Network (CGTN). It is part of the state-owned broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) originating in China. It is also a part of the Chinese Government's information ministry.

The channel caters to an international audience. All programs are dubbed into Spanish or they have Spanish subtitles. There are also news programs featuring Spanish-speaking reporters. These programs provide both Chinese and international news coverage.

Most programs on CGTN Spanish are 30 minutes long. They feature a variety of content, including news programs, educational programs, and Chinese soap operas.

There are also programs offering tourism advice and showcasing new Chinese artists.

History
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CGTN Spanish was launched on October 1, 2007, as CCTV-E. It replaced the bi-lingual Spanish / French language **CCTV E&F** channel which was launched on October 1, 2004.

In 2016 CCTV-E partnered with TeleSUR to coproduce a cultural program called *Prisma*.

Other websites
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* Official website (in Spanish)
Picture of silly little goofy ahh dog in mid-infrared
**Infrared** (**IR**) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity). The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The word *infrared* means *below red*. It comes from the Latin word *infra* (meaning *below*) and the English word *red*. (Infrared light has a frequency *below* the frequency of red light.) Red light has the longest wavelength that human eyes can see. Infrared waves cannot be seen by the eye.

Near-infrared waves are between 800 nm and 1.4 **µm**. Most infrared from the Sun is near-infrared. Thermal imaging is mostly done with thermal radiation waves between 8 and 15 **µm.**

People sense infrared as heat.

Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals. Many missiles for anti-aircraft warfare find their target using infrared.

Telecommunications
------------------

Before Bluetooth was invented, some computers, personal digital assistants, and cell phones used infrared technology to send files to other devices. Bluetooth replaced infrared in the early 2000s. Infrared is limited by the need to have both devices in a "line of sight" with each other.

Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.

Related pages
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* Infrared spectroscopy
* Infrared telescope
A **yurt**, also known as a **ger** in Mongolian, is a portable, round tent. It is covered with skins or felt. A yurt is commonly used as a dwelling by nomads in the grasslands of Central Asia.

Construction
------------

A Mongolian Ger
Traditional yurts consist of an expanding wooden circular frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of sheep. The wood to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes.

A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts carried compactly on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site. Complete construction takes around 2 hours.

* Mongolian Ger: starting with walls and doorMongolian Ger: starting with walls and door
* Mongolian Ger: starting to place roof polesMongolian Ger: starting to place roof poles
* Mongolian Ger: with roof poles in placeMongolian Ger: with roof poles in place
* Mongolian Ger: placing the thin inner cover on the roofMongolian Ger: placing the thin inner cover on the roof
* Mongolian Ger: adding felt coverMongolian Ger: adding felt cover
* Mongolian Ger: adding the outer coverMongolian Ger: adding the outer cover
* A ger sits on the Steppes near MandalgoviA ger sits on the Steppes near Mandalgovi
An **ice house**, or **icehouse**, is a building used to store ice throughout the year before the invention of refrigerators.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months. The main application of the ice was the storage of foods, but it could also be used simply to cool drinks, or in the preparation of ice-cream and sorbet desserts. 

In the 19th-century and early-20th-century there was a commercial trade in ice on the east coast of the United States and Norway. Large amounts of natural ice were collected, stored and sold. Later artificial ice was made and sold for domestic consumption and commercial purposes. Ice was cut from the surface of ponds and streams, then stored in ice houses, before being sent on by ship, barge or railroad to its final destination around the world.
Two distinct crown groups (in red) are illustrated, connected by an ancestor (black circle). The two groups form a larger crown group (lilac).
A **crown group** is a group of living species and their ancestors back to the most recent common ancestor. It is a term in cladistics and phylogenetics. It is a clade with at least some members that have survived to the present day. How a crown group is defined depends on which living species are chosen. One definition stresses the need for members of the crown group to have the clade's characteristic synapomorphy.

The idea was developed by Willi Hennig, the founder of phylogenetic systematics, but he did not use this term. The terms "crown group" and "stem group" were invented by R.P.S. Jefferies in 1979. Though invented in the 1970s, the term was not often used until it was reintroduced in the 2000s.

One very simplified cladogram for birds is shown below:

* Aves 
	+ †*Archaeopteryx* and its extinct relatives
	+ †*Avisaurus* and its extinct relatives
	+ †*Hesperornis* and its extinct relatives
	+ †*Ichthyornis*
	+ Crown group, Neornithes includes all living birds
		- Neoaves (most modern birds and their extinct ancestors)
		- Paleognathae (ratites and some others)
		- Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and some others)

*Archaeopteryx* and some other extinct groups are not included in the crown group Neornithes. They fall outside the clade, as they diverged earlier. Neoaves can also be considered a crown group, as can Paleognathae, the ratites clade, and Galloanserae, the ducks and chickens clade. Bigger crown groups can also be defined, such as the phylum Chordata.

Stem group
----------

The **stem group** of birds would be all the earlier Aves minus the crown group Neornithes.
Edwin Emerson Jr. American spy in 19th century Puerto RicoEdwin Emerson Jr. American spy in 19th century Puerto Rico

  

**Edwin Emerson Jr.** (January 23, 1869 - October 3, 1959) was a noted German-born American journalist and war correspondent. His father Edwin Emerson Sr (1823-1908) was a literature professor, poet and photographer and his mother Mary Louisa Ingham (1829-1883) was the daughter of former Secretary of the Treasury, Samuel Delucenna and Deborah (Hall) Ingham. The family has six children (Harrington, Edwin Jr. Alfred, George, Samuel, and Margaret). Born in Dresden, Germany, Emerson graduated from Harvard University in 1891. He worked as a correspondent for the "Boston Post," the "New York Evening Post," and other periodicals. During the Spanish-American War, Emerson worked as a spy in Puerto Rico and joined the Rough Riders, serving as regimental clerk to Theodore Roosevelt.

Emerson covered the Russo-Japanese War on the Russian side and was taken prisoner by Japanese forces until he was released by US authorities. In World War I, he wrote dispatches from the German side of the conflict. Emerson established the Society of American Friends of Germany in 1933, and, at one point, he met with Adolf Hitler. Emerson published several books, includinig "A History of the 19th Century" and "Adventures of Theodore Roosevelt." Edwin A. Emerson, Jr. died in San Francisco in 1959 at the age of 90 years old.
amogus 

A map of the Louisiana Purchase compared to state boundaries in 2008. The Louisiana Purchase is shown in green overtop of what states would be formed from it.
The purchase added 828,394 square miles and doubled the size of the U.S.. This included all of the modern states of Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and part of the states of Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. It also included a small piece of land that is now part of Canada.

The Louisiana Purchase gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans, both of which were used by farmers to ship their crops and get paid. It also ensured that France and other European countries would not try to take the land. France only controlled small bits of the territory. Because of that, the United States had to make other agreements with and payments to other governments and groups. The total amount paid for the Louisiana Purchase and all of these other agreements was about **2.6 billion** USD.

The Lewis and Clark expedition explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory. They started from St. Louis. Their route traced the Missouri River.

Other websites
--------------

* Lewis and Clark website
* Article on the Louisiana Purchase
* Article about the history and the purchase of the Louisiana territory Archived 2010-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Louisiana Purchase -Citizendium
**Erica Mena** (Born November 8, 1987) is an actress, writer and Hip hop singer. Mena is know for her appearances in the show Love & Hip Hop: New York
.She has wrote the books *Chronicles of a Confirmed Bachelorette* and *Underneath It All*. **Erica Mena** is a main cast member on *Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta* since season ten, and a main cast member in seasons three through five of Love & Hip Hop: New York. She was the anti-heroic protagonist of seasons 3 through 5 of New York. She is known for her relationship with celebrity rapper Tyler Antonius where they share 2 children together and a child together named Legend Samuels Introduced in the later half of the second season of *New York*,

Career
------

Mena first gained notoriety as a model and "video vixen", through her appearances in various Hip hop music videos, for artists such as Chris Brown, Fabolous, Akon and Fat Joe. She became known to a larger audience through her reality television appearances, including *Kourtney & Khloe Take Miami* and Love & Hip Hop: New York, the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop franchise.

She has released two autobiographies, *Chronicles of a Confirmed Bachelorette got* and *Underneath It All*. In August 2017, it was announced that Mena would compete in the first season of VH1's *Scared Famous*, which premiered in October 2017. In 2018, Erica joined the cast of *Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta* for the seventh season. In 2019, she returned to Love & Hip Hop: New York for its tenth anniversary season.

Personal life
-------------

  

Mena became engaged to rapper and television personality Tyler Antonius. On October 7, 2018, she and Tyler Antonius married at the Legacy Castle in New Jersey. Their daughter was born in 2020. On May 4, 2021, she announced that she and Antonius were expecting their second child together. On May 25, 2021, TMZ reported that Mena officially filed for divorce from Antonius. Their son was born in 2021.
Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California.
A geological **basin** is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

Causes
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1. One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
2. Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex. Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a *foreland basin*. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
3. Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

### Death Valley example

Full extent of the Basin and Range. (NPS image)
The deep Death Valley basin is filled with sediment (light yellow) eroded from the surrounding mountains. Black lines show some of the major faults that created the valley. (USGS image)
Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of 1 inch (2.5 cm) per year initially and then slowed to 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

Sediment
--------

Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.

Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: *drainage basin*, *catchment*, *catchment area*, *catchment basin*, *drainage area*, *river basin*, *water basin*, *endorheic basin* and *watershed*.

Drainage
--------

Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.