recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
After the Fox
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Is a 1968 english-Italian Comedy film starring Peter Sellers.

Plot
----

Outside of Cairo, Okra uses a bikini-clad accomplice as a distraction and hijacks $3 million in gold bullion. The thieves need a way to smuggle the two tons of gold bars into Europe. Interpol considers only four criminals who can handle the assignment of whom the first a Frenchman is so crippled he can barely move his wheelchair; the second is an Irishman so nearsighted he is arrested after he accidently tries to rob a police station (thinking its a bank); the third is a German so fat he cant move through a door. The last is Aldo Vanucci, a master of disguise known as The Fox, but he is in prison. However he escapes; he discovers that his sister Gina is merely acting in a low-budget film shooting on the street. Vanucci realizes that the smuggling job will improve his family's life. He makes contact with Okra and his female accomplice and agrees to smuggle the gold into Italy for half of the take. Two policemen are constantly on Vanucci's trail, and he uses disguises and tricks to throw them off.

After watching a crowd mob the over-the-hill American matinée idol Tony Powell, it strikes Vanucci that movie stars and film crews are idolized and have free rein in society. This insight forms the basis of his plan. Posing as an Italian neo-realist director named Federico Fabrizi, he intends to bring the gold ashore in broad daylight as a scene in an avant-garde film. To give the picture an air of legitimacy, he cons Powell to star in the film, which is blatantly titled The Gold of Cairo (a play on The Gold of Naples, a film that De Sica directed in 1954). Powell's agent, Harry, is suspicious of Fabrizi, but his vain client wants to do the film. Fabrizi enlists the starstruck population of Sevalio, a tiny fishing village, to unload the shipment, but when the boat carrying the gold is delayed, Fabrizi must actually shoot scenes for his phony film to maintain the ruse.The ship finally arrives, and the townspeople unload the gold, but Okra double-crosses Vanucci and drives off with the gold. A slapstick car chase ensues and Okra, Vanucci and the police crash into each other. Vanucci, Tony Powell, Gina, Okra and the villagers are accused of being co-conspirators. Vanucci's "film" is shown as evidence in court, where a film critic proclaims the disjointed footage to be a masterpiece. Vanucci confesses his guilt, thereby exonerating the villagers, but vows to escape from prison once again. He escapes by impersonating the prison doctor again, this time tying the doctor up in his cell and walking out of the prison in his place. But when he attempts to remove his fake beard, Vanucci discovers that the beard is real and exclaims, "The wrong man has escaped!"

Cast
----

* Peter Sellers as Aldo Vanucci / Federico Fabrizi
* Victor Mature as Tony Powell
* Britt Ekland as Gina Vanucci / Gina Romantica
* Martin Balsam as Harry Granoff
* Akim Tamiroff as Okra
* Vittorio De Sica as himself
**Piti** is a soup eaten in the South Caucasus and nearby and in Central Asia. It is cooked in the oven in individual glazed pots. They are called *piti* in Turkic languages. The soup is made with mutton and vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, chickpeas) in saffron water to add flavour and colour. It is covered by a lump of fat, and cooked in a sealed pot. Piti is served in the pot, usually with another plate for eating the meat apart from the liquid. They may be eaten separately as a first course (soup with veg.) and second (meat) course.

Piti is a kind of *abgoosht*, popular in Iran. In Armenia it is called *putuk*, the Armenian word for pot.

Ingredients
-----------

The main ingredients of piti are mutton, tail fat, chickpeas, potato, onions, dried alycha or other kinds of cherry plum and saffron. Meat is simmered with soaked chickpeas in piti-pots. Potatoes, onions, alycha and saffron infusion are added 30 minutes before the meal is ready. Sumac powder is also served separately.

Putuk or piti cooked with covering bread in Armenia
In Armenia, putuk (Armenian word for pot) is served in the clay pot in which it was cooked. The soup is often served with an Armenian leavened bread called matnakash. The bread can be dipped into the broth. In some regions, the soup is eaten in two steps. First, the broth is served with the bread, and then the meat gets added to the broth and the side dish gets served. The main ingredients include lamb meat, mutton, tail fat chickpeas, potatoes, onions, dried alycha and saffron.

In Azerbaijan, piti is eaten in two steps. Firstly, bread is crumpled on a plate and spiced. Then the broth is poured over it. Secondly, more crumpled bread is added to the plate and the rest of the mutton fat, meat and vegetables are poured over it, mixed together, and eaten.

### Shaki piti

Shaki piti uses boiled chestnuts. It is cooked in an pot. Firstly, chickpeas, mutton and tail fat are put in the pots. Then water is added and the dish gets cooked.

Related pages
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* List of soups

Sources
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* V.V. Pokhlebkin, *National Cuisines of the Peoples of the Soviet Union* Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, Tsentrpoligraf Publ. House, 1978 (in Russian); English edition: V.V. Pokhlebkin, *Russian Delight: A Cookbook of the Soviet People*, London: Pan Books, 1978
**Rudolf Rupec** (17 September 1895 or 17 November 1896 ) – 1 July 1983) was a Croatian footballer. He played for SK Rapid Wien and  HŠK Građanski Zagreb. He played for the national teams of Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He also played at the 1920 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Career
------

He began his career at SK Rapid Wien from 1913 to 1920. With Rapid he won the championship four times and once the cup. In 1920 he went to the Croatian team HŠK Građanski Zagreb. He played with the club until the end of his career in 1928. With the club he won the national championship of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1923 and 1926.

International
-------------

In the last years of the Austro-Hungarian Empire he played ten matches for the Austria national football team. Rupec was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavias first national team. For them he played 9 matches. He played at the 1920 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics. His final game was at in May 1924 Olympic Games match against Uruguay.

Manager
-------

He later coached HAŠK Zagreb. He won the championship in 1938.

Honours
-------

* Austrian football championː 1915/16, 1916/17, 1918/19, 1919/20
* Austrian Cupː 1918/19
On December 19, 2023, a Eurocopter AS-350 Astar operated by the news station 6abc under WPVI-TV, known as "Chopper 6", crashed near Wharton State Forest, New Jersey shortly after 8:00 PM EST. Both of the crew members, the only people aboard, died in the accident.

Accident flight
---------------

The chopper departed Northeast Philidelphia Airport at around 7:30 PM EST, enroute to cover a news story near the Jersey Shore. After completing their assignment, the two crew then began flying back to Northeast Philidelphia Airport. While flying over Wharton State Forest, the aircraft began descending. The helicopter crashed into trees at a very shallow angle, however the chopper had a very high speed. The aircraft fragmented and a post-crash fire began. Both crew members were killed.

Victims
-------

The victims of the Chopper 6 Crash were 67-year-old pilot Monroe Smith who had been with 6abc for 20 years. 45-year-old photographer Christopher Dougherty was also killed in the accident. He was with the news station for about 18 years.

Investigation
-------------

On January 17th, 2024, the National Transportation Safety Board released their preliminary report into the accident. The NTSB found that the four main rotor blades and the tail rotor blades were all broken, meaning that the chopper had power when it impacted the trees. The investigators also confirmed that there was no inflight fire or explosion that brought down the helicopter. They stated that they found no issues with the engine. Investigators made note that the aircraft had come out of maintenance the day of the accident and that they would be further investigating the possibility of a mechanical failure, among other possible causes. No possible cause of the crash was included in the report.
**Christian metal**, also known as '**white metal'**, is a form of heavy metal music which a Christian band makes to praise Jesus. Christian metal is typically performed by professed Christians, sometimes principally for Christians who listen to heavy metal music. It is often produced and distributed through various Christian networks.

Christian metal bands exist in all the subgenres of heavy metal music, and the only common link between most Christian metal bands are the lyrics. The Christian themes are often melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in, regularly providing a Christian take on the subject matter. It has been argued that the marginal yet transnational Christian metal subculture provides its core members an alternative religious expression and Christian identity, and that the music serves the purpose of offering a positive alternative or counterbalance to secular metal music which is known for its generally dark and negative message.

Christian metal emerged in the late 1970s as a means of evangelism to the wider heavy metal music scene, and was pioneered by the American Resurrection Band and Swedish Jerusalem. Los Angeles' Stryper achieved wide success in the 1980s, otherwise the genre was mostly ignored by the mainstream. California's Tourniquet and Australia's Mortification led the movement in the 1990s. The metalcore groups Winter Solstice, Underoath, Demon Hunter, As I Lay Dying, and Norma Jean (dubbed by Revolver Magazine as "The Holy Alliance") brought some mainstream attention to the movement in the first decade of the 21st century, achieving ranks in the Billboard 200.

Bands
-----

* Winter Solstice
* P.O.D.
**International Purple Hijab Day** (sometimes known as **Global Hijab Day** or **Purple Hijab Day**) is an international day in memory of *Aasiya Zubair*, who was murdered by her husband. It was a case of domestic violence. Zubair was murdered on February 12, 2009. Therefore, Purple Hijab Day takes place every year near the date she died. It is observed to remember her and the domestic violence and pain she went through. Since then, it has become a day to also remember those who have suffered as a result of a crime or other event of domestic violence. It is observed on the second Saturday of February every year. It is most often observed by Muslims. On this day, women wear a head covering or veil of Purple colour. Other people who are not muslim also participate in this. They wear a purple hijab, headscarf, tie, hat or Kufi. In 2024, it was observed on 10th of February.

Background
----------

Many people believe that violence against women is allowed by Islam. *The Baitul Salaam Network*, a group that works with women who went through domestic violence states that "one of the most ugly stereotypes*(a fixed image or set of qualities that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing)* is that Islam gives men the right to beat their wives."

The Voice of Libyan Women (VLW) stated that "It has been argued many times that violence against women is allowed in Islam, however, this is a huge falsehood due to the misinterpretation and misuse of religion. Islam does not teach, accept, or allow abuse *(the cruel and violent treatment of a person or animal)* of any living thing" Instead, they say that Islam teaches "Muslims not to harm others" and Muslims are taught to believe there is a big punishment for Muslims in the Life after death who do harm to others or abuse the land, sea or plant life".

History
-------

When Aasiya Zubair, an American–Muslim who helped start Bridges TV, was killed by her husband, it became known that she had been physically and emotionally injured by him for many years. Aasiya Hadayai Majeed, who works at the Baitul Salaam Network (a group that works with women who have faced domestic violence), said that,"Her murder made Muslim communities start to talk about domestic violence more." After Zubair died, people started to talk more about stopping domestic violence in the Muslim community. Zubair died on February 12, 2009. Each year, near the date she died, people participate in Purple Hijab Day to remember her and the domestic violence she faced. The first Purple Hijab Day was on February 13, 2010. They chose the color as purple because it's linked to emotional pain and sadness because of someone's death.

Related pages
-------------

* Islam and Clothing
* Islamic feminism
* Women and Islam
**Jonzac** is a commune and a sub-prefecture in southwestern France, in the Charente-Maritime department (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region).

It is the capital of the southern *arrondissement* of the Charente-Maritime department.

History
-------

Jonzac is in the historical region of *Haute Saintonge*. The city started on two hills, *Balaguier* et *Montguimar*, where are the main historical buildings of the city: the *Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais de Jonzac* church and the *Château de Jonzac* castle.

Geography
---------

The city of Jonzac is far from the prefecture of Charente-Maritime, La Rochelle, that is at 105 km (65 mi) to the northwest, but it is at only 55 km (34 mi) from Angoulême, prefecture of the neighbour department of Charente, and at 90 km (56 mi) from Bordeaux, prefecture of the department of Gironde and main city of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

Jonzac has an area of 13.09 km2 (5.05 sq mi) and its average altitude is 57 m (187 ft); at the city hall, the altitude is 40 m (130 ft).


Jonzac and its neighboring *communes*| Map of the commune of Jonzac |

The *communes* that are around Jonzac are Saint-Martial-de-Vitaterne, Réaux, Champagnac, Ozillac, Saint-Simon-de-Bordes and Saint-Simon-de-Bordes.

| Places next to Jonzac |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Saint-Martial-de-Vitaterne | Réaux |
| Saint-Simon-de-Bordes | 
**Jonzac**
 | Champagnac |
| Saint-Simon-de-Bordes | Ozillac | Champagnac |

 |

The Seugne river, a left tributary of the Charente river, flows through the city from southeast to northwest.

### Climate

The climate of Jonzac, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
----------

With a population of 3,465, Jonzac has a population density of 147 inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Jonzac are known, in French, as *Jonzacais* (women: *Jonzacaises*).

Administration
--------------

Jonzac is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department since 1800. Its INSEE code is 197 (combined with the code of the department: 17197). It is also the capital of the canton of Jonzac.

Gallery
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* Seugne river in JonzacSeugne river in Jonzac
* Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais churchSaint-Gervais-Saint-Protais church
* Town hall of JonzacTown hall of Jonzac
* Les Antilles de Jonzac*Les Antilles de Jonzac*

Related pages
-------------

* Arrondissement of Jonzac
* Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jonzac***.

* Ville de Jonzac - official website Archived 2014-12-20 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
* Jonzac Tourism website
**George Ryan Ross III** (b. August 30, 1986) is an American guitarist and singer. He was a member of the band Panic! at the Disco. He is from Summerlin, Nevada. 

Ross knew fellow Panic! drummer Spencer Smith since he was five. At the age of twelve, the two covered Blink-182 songs in a band called Pet Salamander. Later, he was in the band The Summer League with Smith and ex-Panic! bassist Brent Wilson. After high school, Ross went to the University of Las Vegas. He left after one semester to work in the band. During the times, his parents were having trouble and unhappy. His father was having problems with alcoholism. While seeing this, Ryan wrote two songs on the album about his experiences with his father. His father died in July 2006. Ryan had to deal with the death of his father while in the middle of Panic's summer tour. In July 2009, Ross said that he would be leaving Panic! At The Disco. He said he was leaving because of "creative differences." He said that he and Jon Walker, who also left, would continue to make music.

Ross and Walker then started a band called The Young Veins, which released one album, *Take a Vacation!* and went on 'indefinite hiatus' in mid-2011.

Ross lives in Los Angeles.

Other websites
--------------

* Ryan Ross on Twitter
* Ryan Ross on IMDb
* Official Panic! at the Disco web site
**Federico Maria Martini** (Cremona, 21 july 2001) is an Italian writer and poet.

Biography
---------

### Education

Graduated in a scientific high school, Federico Maria Martini is now earning a degree in Philosophy at the University of Bergamo.

His studies have also seen as protagonists various seminars, in the psychological field, held by national and foreign universities, among which Yale University, University of Edinburgh and Federico II University of Naples.

### Writing

He fell in love with writing at the age of seventeen and decided at that time that it would become his profession.

In 2020 he publishes his first short novel, entitled "The black rose", and will collaborate, only later, with some local newspapers.

On May 15, 2020 he published an article entitled "Music does not like power" in the theater magazine "Meglio Meno" dedicated to the death of the musician Ezio Bosso, which took place on the same day.

In 2021 he decides to start devoting himself to poetry by writing various compositions, some of which have allowed him to receive the medal of honor at the "Alda Merini" literary prize, in memory of the author herself and granted by the Nuova Accademia dei Bronzi.

In 2021 he earned the title of "Poet of Via Margutta".

Positions
---------

In his publications, although not always explicitly, Martini refers to the thought of Marx from the perspective of German idealism, approaching the critique of the capitalist system with elements deriving from metaphysics, which lead him to reflect on issues such as alienation, labor and spiritual, ethics and progress.

Works
-----

### Novels and short novels

* The black rose. 2020. ISBN 979-8680040584
* *Lucid madness*. 2020. ISBN 979-8574490723
* *2084, one hundred years after the Orwell scene*. 2021. ISBN 979-8733469249

### Essays

* *Letter to the working class*. 2021. ISBN 979-8734749296

### Participation

* *I Poeti di Via Margutta, Collana Poetica*, Dantebus Edizioni, 2022. ISBN 979-1259505248
On 23 August 2023, an Embraer Legacy 600 crashed in Kuzhenkino, Tver Oblast, Russia. The crash killed all ten people onboard, including three crew members. The Russian Federal Air Transport Agency said that the passenger list included the names of the leader of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin and its co-founder, Dmitri Utkin. It is likely that both Prigozhin and Utkin were on the aircraft. On 27 August, the Russian Investigative Committee used DNA testing to confirm the identities of all the crash victims, including Prigozhin.

Background
----------

The airplane was first registered in Slovenia as S5-ALS and then had different owners. Prigozhin purchased it in 2020 or 2018. The US didn't let the plane enter because Prigozhin was under sanctions for being involved in interference with 2018 United States elections.

The plane was also linked to taking Prigozhin to Belarus in the aftermath of the Wagner Group rebellion.

Crash
-----

Yevgeny Prigozhin (left) and Dmitry Utkin (right) were killed in the crash
According to Flightradar24.com, the airplane was (already) flying at 15:00 UTC. At 15:11, it was 8,500 m up. It stayed at this height until 15:19. Then, it climbed to 9,200 m. Next, it went down to 8,400 m and up to 8,900 m.

The airplane crashed in Kuzhenkino, Tver Oblast, about 60 miles (100 km) north of where it took off in Moscow.

Prigozhin, Utkin and eight other people died in the crash as suggested by the flight records and later confirmed by DNA analysis of the bodies.

Assassination controversy
-------------------------

Following the plane crash, allegations that Russian President Vladimir Putin or the Russian Ministry of Defense orchestrated the crash to assassinate Prigozhin as punishment for the Wagner Group rebellion in June 2023. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy publicly claimed that Putin was behind the crash, while United States President Joe Biden heavily implied it.

Vladimir Putin denied that the Russian government had any involvement in the crash, claiming the allegations were an "absolute lie." The Russian government instead alleged that Ukraine had assassinated Prigozhin, likely as revenge for the Battle of Bakhmut.
**Dana Tanamachi** is an American typographer and artist. She is a designer of fonts. She designed fonts for Nike. She designed postage stamps for the United States Postal Service. Tamachi also HOW Magazine says she is a "Young Creative to Watch" and she won the Art Director's Club Young Gun award.

Early life
----------

Tanamachi was born in Houston in 1985. Her grandmother was an artist and Tanamachi loved her artworks.

Tanamachi took drawing and design classes in college. She graduated from University of North Texas in 2007 with a design degree. She moved to New York a few months after graduation.

Career
------

She started working for SpotCo, an advertising company.  There, Tanamachi designed logos, posters, and billboards for Broadway shows.

In 2013, she designed the logo for the Nike women's marathon in San Francisco. She also designed logos for the Nike "Youthful Authentic, Celebration, We Run". She loved the spotlight when she was famous. Later, she didn't like the spotlight anymore and retired. Then Michelle Obama asked her to collaborate and she came out of retirement.
**Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton** (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer.

Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration". The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland. Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten.

His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to do better, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition. In January 1909, he and three companions made a southern march. They went to the farthest South latitude anyone had reached, at 88° 23' S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 180 km) from the South Pole. This was by far the closest to the pole in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by Edward VII upon his return home.

In 1915 he led the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Ice destroyed the ship on the way to Antarctica. With great difficulty they all got home safely.

Expeditions
-----------

Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill. In 1907, he went back to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole.

In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the leader of the first group to reach the South Pole. Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle.

Disaster struck when his ship, *Endurance*, was trapped in the ice. They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces. Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea. They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island. In April 1916, Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there. This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days. Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station. A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.

In 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic, intending to carry out a programme of scientific activities. Before the expedition could begin this work, Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 while his ship, *Quest*, was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he was buried there.
**Lunar time** refers to the time on a clock on the moon. As of early 2023, there is no standard for lunar time. Instead, the time on the moon is different for each country involved. Thus, American activities on the moon run on a US time zone, and Chinese activities on the moon run on China Standard Time. As more countries explore the moon and interact with each other, a new unified system will be needed.

Another problem with using Earth's time zones is that time runs slightly faster on the moon than on Earth. This affects computers and other high-precision electronic systems.

In Spring 2024, the White House asked NASA to create a unified standard time for the Moon and for other celestial bodies by 2026.

The European Space Agency has proposed a lunar reference time for the moon to solve this issue. 

1. ↑  Gibney, Elizabeth (2023). "What time is it on the Moon?". *Nature*. **614** (7946): 13–14. Bibcode:2023Natur.614...13G. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00185-z. PMID 36693973. S2CID 256230630.
2. ↑  "Should the Moon Have a Time Zone? Europe Pushes for 'Lunar Reference Time'".
Döner kebab in Berlin
Döner kebab in Bursa, Turkey
**Doner kebab** (also spelled **döner kebab**) (UK: /ˈdɒnər kɪˈbæb/, US: /ˈdoʊnər kɪˈbɑːb/; Turkish: *döner* or *döner kebap* [dœˈneɾ ceˈbap]) is a Turkish fast food dish. A Doner can be made from bread, salad, lamb, chicken or beef. It is cooked on a vertical rotisserie then thinly sliced. When bought from kebab shops it usually comes with salad or french fries. 

Doners are often eaten as take-away food on the way home after a night out. There are several common ways in which doner kebabs are served.

* Wrapped in pita bread (the most common)
* On pita bread
* Served as a dish of "doner meat" (and maybe chips), typically including salad
* Often preferred to be garnished with a range of sauces such as tomato ketchup, mayonnaise, chili sauce, mint or garlic sauce.

It is a very popular German fast food. The Döner was introduced to the Germans in the 1970s.

In the UK
---------

Döner is not necessarily considered a "kebap" in Turkey. The various döner dishes, including iskender are listed on a separate page in the menu of a Turkish restaurant in Ankara. The "kebap" dishes have a separate page.
Kebabs are very much part of the Friday and Saturday night culture in the UK rather than breakfast or lunchtime food. UK *doner kebab* often uses a different mixture of spices, because immigrants from Cyprus run many of the shops. They may offer doner, shish (lamb and chicken) and kofte kebabs, with a 'special' including some of each with bread and chips.
**Jobseeker's Allowance** (JSA) is a Social Security benefit in the United Kingdom for people who are unemployed.

Unemployment Benefit was started in 1911 by the National Insurance Act 1911 for people who had paid National Insurance contributions. This was the first legal insurance scheme against unemployment in the world. At first it was only for people in a few industries like engineering and ship building. From 1920 it covered more workers. From 1947 it covered everyone. In 1996 it was changed to Jobseeker's Allowance.

To make a claim people must show that they are actively seeking work by filling in a Jobseeker's Agreement form and attending a New Jobseeker interview. They must also go to a Jobcentre Plus every two weeks to "sign on", that is, to say that they are still actively seeking work. 

Payment can be stopped (sanctioned) if the person is thought not to be doing their best to find a job. The system of sanctions makes little difference to job finding efforts, but is very damaging especially to disabled people and people bringing up children on their own. 

Payment is £61.05 a week for people under 25 and £77 a week for people over 25. It stops after 182 days. 

When it started there was a means tested Jobseeker's Allowance but it was stopped in 2022. Now people can claim Universal Credit if they do not qualify or if the benefit is not enough for them to live on.
International Women of Courage Award, 2013. "Nirbhaya" received the award after she died.
"**Nirbhaya**" (In Hindi, it means "the fearless one") was a 22-year-old physiotherapy student. On December 16, 2012, she was raped on a bus in Delhi, India. Because rape laws in India do not permit using a victim's name she was known only as "Nirbhaya". It is one of the many names the Indian media had given her. In 2013, "Nirbhaya" received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State, posthumously.

Life
----

"Nirbhaya" was born into a working-class family. Her dream was to be a doctor. Her family spent their life savings so "Nirbhaya" could study medicine. She had just graduated from a physiotherapy program.

The attack
----------

Silent protest at India Gate.On December 16, 2012, "Nirbhaya" was attacked on a bus. On the bus she and her male friend were beaten by six men. She was dragged to the back of the bus and repeatedly gang raped for over an hour. The bus driver drove all over Delhi while this was happening. She and her friend were left for dead at the side of the road. Police found them but no ambulance would come. Police took her to the hospital. She was taken into surgery.

The government of India, including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, decided to move her to a Singapore hospital. Nirbhaya was in critical condition and on a ventilator. Doctors said there was no medical reason to move her. She was airlifted to Mt. Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore.

Two weeks after the attack, on December 29, 2012, she died. Before she died, she made two police statements in the hospital. She said she wanted justice against the six attackers.

Aftermath
---------

"Nirbhaya"'s case started demonstrations and protests in India. It also started changes in the laws about violence against women. The five men and the bus driver were identified and arrested. They were charged with kidnapping, rape and murder.

One of the men arrested committed suicide in prison. One, who was a teenager at the time, was given three years in a reformatory. That was the maximum allowed for a juvenile in India. The remaining four were given the death penalty. It was Nirbhaya's dying wish the men be "burned alive". Her parents, who had been demanding they hang, said they were satisfied by the sentences. In 2013, a year after her rape, there was a large increase in the number of persons arrested for rape. But the number of rapes had also risen sharply.

Related pages
-------------

* 2012 Delhi gang rape case

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* Remembering Nirbhaya
* 2013 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Jannatul Ferdous Ivy** is a well-known filmmaker, writer, and human rights activist from Bangladesh. She is the executive director of the NGO "Voice & Views". She is recognized for her strong advocacy for the rights of marginalized groups, especially women with disabilities and burn survivors. Ivy's impactful work earned her a place in the "BBC 100 Women 2023," acknowledging her as one of the most influential women worldwide.

Education and Achievements
--------------------------

Ivy has an impressive educational background, including a Bachelor of Social Science (BSS), a Master of Arts in English Literature, a degree in Development Studies, an LLB, and a Diploma in Social Compliance. These qualifications have equipped her to contribute effectively to policy advocacy and social justice.

Passion for Creativity
----------------------

Besides her academic achievements, Ivy is passionate about English Literature, Film Studies, and Photography. Her creative pursuits inspire her to use storytelling for positive change and raise awareness about important issues. Ivy's dedication to creative endeavours and social justice work has gained her respect in Bangladesh's film and human rights communities.

Advocacy and Personal Connection
--------------------------------

Ivy's advocacy work is personal to her because she has a physical disability from burns. Her own experiences have motivated her to advocate passionately for the human rights of women with disabilities. Through her work with "Voice & Views" and other organizations, Ivy strives to create a more inclusive and just world for everyone. She promotes accessibility and opportunities for disabled women while raising awareness about their unique challenges and needs.

Other websites
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* Website
**Susan E. Arnold** (born March 8, 1954) is an American business executive who formerly served as the chairman of The Walt Disney Company.

Career
------

Susan Arnold began her career as a brand assistant for the Dawn/Ivory Snow Group at Proctor Gamble in 1980. In 1999, she assumed global responsibility for Procter & Gamble's beauty business, thereby becoming the first woman to reach a president-level position in the company. She retired from Procter & Gamble on September 1, 2009.

Between 2013 and 2021, Arnold served as an operating executive of The Carlyle Group. She is based in New York. Arnold has served on the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company since 2007, as well as the Carlyle portfolio investments company NBTY, The Nature's Bounty Co. She has also been a member of the Board of Directors of McDonald's Co. since 2008. In 2004 she became Vice Chairman of Procter & Gamble and President of the company in 2007.

On December 1, 2021, Arnold was appointed to replace Bob Iger as chair of the board at The Walt Disney Company and became the first woman to be appointed to this position in the 98-year history of Disney. She was elected chair on December 31, 2021. On January 11, 2023, Disney announced that Arnold would no longer serve as the board's chair after the next annual shareholder meeting and would be replaced by former Nike CEO Mark Parker.
Logo of the Electronic Frontier Foundation
The **Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)** is an international non-profit based in San Francisco, United States. It was started in July 1990 by John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor to promote Internet freedoms.

The EFF sponsors legal defense, defends individuals and new technology from unfair legal threats. It also monitors proposals that may weaken internet freedoms and liberties. It also monitors for possible weakening of fair use.

Activities
----------

### Early Cases

One of the first high profile cases of the EFF was *Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service.* In early 1990, Steve Jackson Games was under a massive search and seizure operation. Copies of the game GURPS Cyberpunk was considered as proof by mistake. Emails were also modified and were a new technology at the time. It was not considered to be protected by the right to personal privacy at the time.

*Bernstein v. United States* was the second large case of the EFF. Programmer Daniel J. Bernstein had sued the US Government for permission to release his cryptographic software against limits put by the government.

### DES Cracker

During the mid-1990s, the United States Government did not allow for international use of any cryptographic product unless the ciphertext could be decrypted by a third-party with a promise that the government could not read messages protected by the Data Encryption Standard (DES) even after it was shown as weak and broken. The EFF had made a piece of hardware called the *EFF DES Cracker* that could crack a message within 24 hours.

The plans and source code were made public.

Software
--------

The EFF has made software and browser add-ons like Switzerland, HTTPS Everywhere, and Privacy Badger.



1. 1 2 3  "A History of Protecting Freedom Where Law and Technology Collide". *Electronic Frontier Foundation*. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
2. ↑  "THE TOP TEN MEDIA ERRORS ABOUT THE SJ GAMES RAID". *www.sjgames.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
3. ↑  "Bernstein v. USDOJ (9th Cir. May 6, 1999)". *www.epic.org*. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
4. ↑  "EFF DES Cracker Press Release, July 17, 1998". 2012-07-22. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
5. ↑  Electronic Frontier Foundation (1998). *Cracking DES : secrets of encryption research, wiretap politics & chip design*. Internet Archive. [Sebastopal, CA?] : Electronic Frontier Foundation : Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 9781565925205.
6. ↑  "HTTPS Everywhere – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US)". *addons.mozilla.org*. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
7. ↑  "Privacy Badger – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US)". *addons.mozilla.org*. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
**Julia Boutros** (Arabic: جوليا بطرس; born April 1, 1968) is a well known Lebanese singer. She is known for her nationalistic and patriotic songs. She is also known for her romantic songs that she releases rarely.

Biography
---------

Julia_Boutros_Dbayeh_Waterfront_2016Julia in 2016
Julia was born on 1 April, 1968 in Beirut to a Lebanese father and a Armenian-Palestinian mother. She was the second child in her family. Her older brother Ziad Boutros is a composer and her younger sister Sophie Boutros is a director. At the age of 10, Julia used to sing at her school's music band as a Chorus singer until her talent was discovered by Fouad Fadel, a music teacher. She considered Fairuz as her idol.

Julia Boutros’s career began at the same time of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which had a impact on her choosing a different path then what other new singers would have choosen as a new singer. She has started her career singing in French but then shifted to Lebanese dialect of Arabic considering her audience.

At the age of 12, her first song was released in French. It was a tune titled '*A Maman'*(A Mother). The song was dedicated to all mothers on Mother's day.

In 2006, she released a song "*Ahibbai*"(*My Beloved Ones*), the song's lyrics were inspired from a speech that was given by Hassan Nasrallah, the Secretary-General of the Hezbollah to his soldiers during 2006 Israel–Hezbollah war. This song made her famous among the supporters of Hezbollah but at the same time also led to criticisms. The song was released after the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war. The same year, she performed a series of patriotic songs in Lebanon, Syria, Qatar and UAE which resulted in gathering around three million US dollars, the amount was donated to the families of war victims and to the families of Hezbollah fighters and the Lebanese army who were killed.

She was honored by several Arab countries. She also received the "National Order of the Cedar", which was awarded to her by the President of Lebanon for her effective role in the resistance movement.

Awards
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* National Order of the Cedar, 2007
**Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld** (December 28, 1904 — November 14, 1969) was a Canadian athlete in the 1920s. She competed in basketball, hockey, softball, speed skating, tennis, and track and field. During her career, she won two Olympic medals in track and field. She was also the Canadian record holder for the standing broad jump, running broad jump, and discus.

In 1949, Rosenfeld was one of the first people to be given a place in the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. In 1950, she was named Canada’s woman athlete of the first half-century (meaning 1900-1950) by the Canadian Press.Fanny is considered to be one of the most influential Canadian athletes of all time.[*source?*]

Early years
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Fanny Rosenfeld was born on December 28, 1903 in Dnipropetrovsk, Russia. After Fanny’s birth, the Rosenfeld family moved to Barrie, Ontario. Rosenfeld’s athletic ability was first noticed during a 100-metre dash that she ran for fun in a small track and field meet in 1923. She came first in the race, beating Rosa Grosse, the Canadian champion.

1928 Olympics
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Rosenfeld competed in the Olympics in Amsterdam in 1928. This was the first time that women were allowed to participate in track and field events at the Olympics. She was a member of the Matchless Six, the Canadian women’s track and field team. This team placed first in the 400-metre relay, won the gold medal, and became national heroes. Rosenfeld also won the silver medal in the 100-metre dash and placed fifth in the 800-metre race.

Retirement from sports
----------------------

Soon after the Amsterdam Olympics, Rosenfeld found out she had arthritis. This arthritis forced her to retire as an athlete in 1933, but she continued to be involved in sports as a coach and as a writer. In 1934, she coached the women’s track and field team for Canada. They competed at the British Commonwealth Games in London, England.

Starting in 1937, she wrote "Sports Reel", a newspaper column in the *Globe and Mail,* a Canadian newspaper*.* Through her writing, she continued to remind women that they were "people" and they could do anything they wanted, including sports.

Death and legacy
----------------

Rosenfeld died on November 13, 1969. She was 65 years old. Her contributions are remembered in a number of ways. 

The Bobbie Rosenfeld Trophy has given to a female athlete every year since 1978. In Israel, she was introduced into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. A park in downtown Toronto was named after her in 1991. In 1996, Canada Post honored her with a stamp. The Jewish Women’s Archive in the United States named Rosenfeld a Woman of Valour for 2000.
Template:Infobox Hairstyle

Donne brianzole con le guazze in un quadro di Segantini (1883)
The **Guazze** (*guazz* in Lombard from *coazza*, braided hair) is the name used in Brianza to indicate the female hairstyle popularly used between the 17th and 19th century. Sometimes it is also called **raggiera** due to its shape. It consists of a series of hairpins arranged radially to hold the braids, turning a way of styling the hair into a showy clothing accessory. The combination of hair and hairpins also locally took the names of *giron*, *speronada* or *sperada* if characterized by thin elements, or *coo d'argent* with wide elements.

Presence in Literature
----------------------

The Guazze hairstyle is mentioned in *The Betrothed* (*I Promessi Sposi*) by Alessandro Manzoni, where it is described as a common hairstyle among women in Lombardy during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Origin
------

The Guazze hairstyle originated in Mandello del Lario and Lierna, two towns in the province of Lecco.

Identification in Art
---------------------

Studies by Riccardo Magnani have identified that the painting of Mona Lisa originally featured a Guazze hairstyle, which has since disappeared over time due to paint corrosion. However, traces of the hairstyle are still evident in the painting.

Bibliography
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* Canali, Luciano. (2002). *Le donne del Chiostrino: vita quotidiana a Milano nel Quattrocento*. Il Mulino. ISBN 978-8815099357.
* Fiorani, Francesca. (2003). *Il sentimento della bellezza: Da Leonardo a Bellini, la pittura italiana del Rinascimento nelle sue opere capitali*. Einaudi. ISBN 978-8806182931.
* Rosci, Marco. (2007). *Segantini: catalogo generale*. Electa. ISBN 978-8837055882.
* Spinelli, Andrea. (2015). *Tesori d'arte nelle chiese di Brianza*. Script. ISBN 978-8899946033.



1. ↑  "La corona lombarda". *georgianagarden.blogspot.be* (in Italian). Retrieved January 20, 2017.
**Dimitrij Ovtcharov** (Ukrainian: Вшьшекшо Щмесрфкщм; born 2 September 1988 in Kyiv) is a German table tennis player, who comes from Ukraine.

Career
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His parents were Sovetian National players, so they trained Dima in his childhood. 2005 he got into the Bundesleague. His best moment came first at the Olympics 2008 in Beijing, in the singles he lost very early but with the German team he came to the final, were they lost to China. But in thiy year he won for the first time the European Championships. At the World Championships (this was the first of him) Ovtcharov reached the Round of 16, where he met his teammate Timo Boll, so he lost to him. At the German National Championships he lost very just to Bastian Steger. Also he won the Brazilian Open, where Dima doesn't give up a set. 2012 he took part in the Olympic Games again, where he won with the team bronze. He lost his match against Ma Long. In the singles Ovtcharov beat Michael Maze in the Quarterfinals, in the 3rd place match he met Chuang Chih-Yuan an beat him. At the European Championships he lost in the singles in the Quarterfinals but won together with Wladimir Samsonow the bronzemedal. In this year he was voted as the player of the year. 2013 he took part in the World Championships but lost again- this time in the Round of 16. In this year he became for the first time European Champion and won the third place at the World Cup- in the match he beat Timo Boll. At March 2014 he became German Champion, at the WTTTC they won after 2010 and 2012 for the third time the silvermedal. 2015 Ovtcharov took part in the WTTC, where he lost again- this time in the second round already. At the European Championships he won silver with the team and the goldmedal at the Europe Games in the singles. 2016 he took part in the Olympics, where he met the Quarterfinals, there he lost to Wladimir Samsonow despite a 2:0 leading. The World Cup and the European Championships ending very early, too. This was not a good year of Ovtcharov, because his grandmother ia death and had to spend lots of time of his child. 2017 he won the Europe-Top three times. 2018 lost early at the German Open, but won the World Team Cup and the 2nd place at te WTTTC with th team.

Results
-------

### Singles

* Olympic Games: Bronze 2012
* European Games: Gold 2015
* European Championships: Gold 2013, 2015, Bronze 2007
* World Cup: Gold 2017, 3rd place 2013, 2015
* German Natonal Championships: Gold 2014, 2nd place 2007, 2011, 2012
* Bundesranking- Tournament: Gold 2007

### Doubles

* European Championships: Bronze 2012
* German National Championships: 2008, 2010

### Team

* Olympic Games: Bronze 2012, 2016
* World Championships: Silver 2010, 2012, 2014, 2018

Family
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His parents were Russian, so he speaks Ukrainian, Russian and German.
The **Danish Resistance Movement** was an underground movement organized to resist the Nazi German occupation of Denmark during World War II. Due to the initially lenient arrangements, in which the Nazi occupation authority allowed the democratic government to stay in power, the resistance movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries.

By 1943, many Danes were involved in underground activities, ranging from producing illegal publications to spying and sabotage. Major groups included the communist BOPA (Danish: *Borgerlige Partisaner*, Civil Partisans) and Holger Danske, both based in Copenhagen. Resistance agents killed an estimated 400 Danish Nazis, informers and collaborators until 1944. After that date, they also killed some German nationals.

After the war the Resistance was supported by politicians within Denmark and there was little effort to closely examine the killings. Studies were made in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and people learned that there was sometimes improvised and contingent decision making about the targets, with some morally ambiguous choices.

In popular media
----------------

### Books

* Lowry, Lois *Number The Stars* (1989) historical fiction, in English, 1990 Newberry Award winner

### Films

* *"Miracle at Midnight"* (1998), a Disney made-for-TV movie starring Sam Waterson and Mia Farrow, dramatizing a true story of Danish citizens rescuing the Jewish population in Septemer 1943.