recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Luigi Eugenio Tagliaferri di Pagnona** (Pagnona, November 14, 1841 - Mandello del Lario, September 30, 1927) was a Italian sculptor, painter, draftsman.

He stayed for a long time in Lierna, where he created many of his works.

Biography
---------

Luigi Tagliaferri, known as Luigi di Pagnona, was born in Pagnona in Valsassina, but grew up in Mandello, descendant of a family of artists specialized in frescoes.

Fresco of Luigi Tagliaferri
The first artist of the Tagliaferri dynasty was Giambattista Tagliaferri, author of a leather frontal for the church of Pagnona (1752), according to a then widespread taste. Luigi Tagliaferri is the son of Giovanni Maria Tagliaferri (1809-1879) who was for a long time in Venice as an engraver in the art of iron and then in Milan where, as an engraver, he invented a particular decoration technique on marble, of which some essays remain Margno and in Vendrogno. Giovanni Maria Tagliaferri in Milan also became a painter and created the paintings for the chapel of San Rocco in Premana, with a cycle on the plague (the frescoes in the parish church of San Dionigi have however been lost) and he painted the frescoes on the facades of churches such as San Martino of Indovero (1841), the church of Vimogno (1853) or the church of Barcone (1870). His works can be found both in the villages of the valley (Premana, Taceno, Casargo, Indovero and Pasturo) and beyond the lake and in Lecco. The painter was also a teacher in Pagnona and taught the art to his son Luigi Tagliaferri, who moved to Lecco and finally to Mandello.

Fresco of Luigi Tagliaferri
Luigi Tagliaferri's works are numerous and he worked in Valsassina, in Lecco, in the villages of the lake and also beyond the lake and also in the Milan area. Luigi works with other artists of the family such as the brothers Achille and Basilio and his nephew Giovanni. The activity of the group continued until the 1940s, so that the Tagliaferris are to be considered among the most interesting sacred artists of Lake Como.

Fresco of Luigi Tagliaferri
Among the best known works by Luigi Tagliaferri is the Via Crucis of Lierna on Lake Como.Tagliaferri frescoed many sacred buildings with paintings both on Lake Como and in Valtellina.Tagliaferri is buried in the family chapel of Mandello del Lario on Lake Como.

Style
-----

In his paintings he affirms a profound theological knowledge, his decisive brushstrokes have classical and baroque reminiscences, but used with sobriety, taste, sense of balance and proportion.

Links
-----

* Stations of the Cross (Lierna Lake Como)
* Lierna

Bibliography
------------

* Giuseppe Fusari, La chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore in Chiari, 2010
* Mariuccia Belloni Zecchinelli, Cappelle e dipinti votivi: nelle "Tre Pievi" altolariane, 2002
* Federico Cereghini, Damiano Cereghini, Nobiallo di Menaggio e il suo santuario, 2002
* M.Gianasso, Guida turistica della provincia di Sondrio,1979



| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States

 |


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Luigi Tagliaferri***.
The **Iwami Ginzan** (石見銀山, *"Silver Mountain of Iwami"*) was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years. It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923. 

Today the mine has become an open-air museum. It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.

Mine history
------------

Ryūgen-ji mabu (mine tunnel)
Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526. By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year. That was one third of the world's production at that time. 

Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.  Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.  The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines. It closed in 1923.

Position in the economy
-----------------------

Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency. The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality. From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.

World Heritage Site
-------------------

Ōmori Ginzan
The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969. The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site. The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.

Further reading
---------------

* Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (1879). *Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879.* Tookei: Public Works Department. OCLC: 13342563

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine at Wikimedia Commons

* Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Article in UNESCO
* Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine


| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Japan

 |
The genus *Choeradodis* has laterally expanded thoraxes: camouflage by leaf mimicry.
Close up image of a mantis' face (*Archimantis latistyla*) showing its compound eyes and mouthparts. The structure of the compound eye creates the illusion of a small pupil.
A **Mantis** (order Mantodea) is a type of insect. They are usually known as **praying mantids** because of their prayer-like stance.

The group contains about 2,300 species. They occur in temperate and tropical habitats. Most are in are in the family Mantidae, and are called **Mantids**.

In Europe, the name "praying mantis" refers to only a single species, *Mantis religiosa*. They are sometimes confused with phasmids (stick insects).

The closest relatives of mantids are the order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites), and these two groups together are ranked as the Superorder Dictyoptera.

Life habit
----------

The foreleg modifications
Mantids are notable for their hunting abilities. They are predators, and their diet usually consists of living insects, including flies and aphids. Larger species have been known to prey on small lizards, frogs, birds, snakes, and even rodents.

Most mantids are ambush predators, waiting for prey to stray too near. The mantis then lashes out at remarkable speed. Some ground and bark species, however, pursue their prey rather quickly.

Prey are caught and held securely with grasping, spiked forelegs ('raptorial' legs); the first thoracic segment, the prothorax, is commonly elongated and flexibly articulated, allowing for greater range of movement of the front limbs while the remainder of the body remains more or less still.

The movement of the head is also remarkably flexible. It gives nearly 300 degrees of movement in some species. This allows for a great range of vision (their compound eyes have a large binocular field of vision) without having to move the rest of the body. As their hunting relies heavily on vision, they are mainly diurnal, but many species fly at night, when there is less chance of being taken by birds.

Mantids are masters of camouflage and most species make use of protective colouration to blend in with the foliage or substrate. This helps to avoid predators themselves, and to better snare their victims. They not only blend with the foliage, but mimic it, appearing as either living or withered leaves, sticks, tree bark, blades of grass, flowers, or even stones. Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt following a fire in the region to blend in with the fire ravaged landscape (fire melanism).

Mantids bite, but have no venom, and are not dangerous to humans. They are not chemically protected; nearly any large predatory animal will eat a mantis if it is able to detect it. Mantids are generally quite aggressive towards one another, in fact, and most species are readily cannibalistic when given the opportunity.
**Kristian Bezuidenhout** (born in 1979 in South Africa) is an Australian classical pianist currently living in London.

He was born in King William's Town in Eastern South Africa and moved with his family to Australia in 1988. Bezuidenhout started his musical studies in Australia and completed them at the Eastman School of Music in New York. Being interested in historical performance, he started studying fortepiano with an American professor and a pianist Malcolm Bilson. Bezuidenhout won the first prize in the Bruges Fortepiano Competition being just 21 years old. 

During his career Bezuidenhout has already collaborated with the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra, Concerto Köln, the Collegium Vocale Gent and Les Arts Florissants. He also worked together with such conductors as Trevor Pinnock and John Eliot Gardiner. His wide list of recordings include works of Schumann, Mozart, Haydn and other classical composers.

Other websites
--------------

* Kristian Bezuidenhout's official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| Artists | 
* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Prologue 
***Les contes d'Hoffmann*** (*The Tales of Hoffmann*) is a French opera. It has a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. The music was written by Jacques Offenbach. The libretto was written by Jules Berbier and Michel Carré. It is based on E.T.A Hoffmann's *Dr Sandmann, Geschichte von Verloreren Spiegelbilde*. The opera was first performed in Paris, on 10 February 1881. 

The opera was the last and perhaps greatest work of Offenbach. It was not quite finished when he died. The final score was completed by Ernest Guiraud. Guiraud also wrote the recitatives, though at first it was meant to have spoken-dialogue. The work was an immediate success and has remained so since its creation.

Principal characters
--------------------

* Hoffmann - tenor
* Olympia - soprano
* Antonia - soprano
* Giuletta - soprano
* Stella - soprano
* Dr Miracle - bass
* Dapertutto - bass
* Coppélius - bass
* Lindorf - bass
* Nicklaus - mezzo-soprano
* Spalanzani - tenor

* Ideally, the four soprano roles should be sung by the same singer as well as the four bass roles as they represent different aspects of two characters.

Sources
-------

* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Party flag
**The Party of Tatar National Independence *İttifaq*** or ***Ittifak*** (Tatar: Cyrillic Татар милли бәйсезлек партиясе "Иттифак", Latin **Tatar Milli Bäysezlek Partiäse "İttifaq"**, Russian: Татарская партия национальой независимости "Иттифак" ) is a political party.

History
-------

It was founded in the Tatar ASSR in April, 1990, and officially registered on January 3, 1992. Ittifaq was the first non-communist party in Tatarstan. It is commonly referred to as a Tatar nationalist party. It was named in honour of Ittifaq al-Muslimin, a pre-revolutionary Muslim political party represented in the parliament (Duma) of the czarist Russia.

Goals
-----

The goals, as claimed by the party, are:

* revival of the Tatar nation
* restoring Tatar statehood
* recognition of the Tatar state as an international entity.

Leadership
----------

The permanent leader of the Ittifaq party is Fäwziä Bäyrämova. She has been leading the party for more than 20 years.

Publications
------------

The party published its own newspaper - *Altın Urda* - from 1993 to 1998.
***The Hoobs*** is a 2002 video game made for the PlayStation based on the show of the same name. It was developed by Runecraft and published by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. The game follows Iver, Tula and Groove around Hoobland, as they learn about the world.

Gameplay
--------

The Hoobs is a BAFTA-winning children's television programme created and produced by The Jim Henson Company. It stars five creatures called Hoobs (Hubba Hubba, Iver, Groove, Tula, and Roma) from the fictional Hoobland, and their interactions with Earth and the human race. In each episode they try to find the answer to a question to be put in the great Hoobopaedia created by Hubba Hubba, back in Hoobland, in hopes of learning all there is to know. Hubba Hubba remains in Hoobland; Iver, Groove, and Tula live in the Hoobmobile; and Roma travels to all parts of the world. The five creatures are puppets, but the show also includes some animated sequences as well as live motion of human children who explain concepts to the Hoobs.

Development
-----------

Jim Hensons colorful creations, The Hoobs, have entertained TV audiences worldwide and are now bringing their muppet-style fun and learning to the PlayStation.

The Runecraft-developed game follows the adventures of Iver, Tula and Groove as they embark on a voyage of discovery around Hoobland, sharing their experiences with other Hoobs via an enormous database—known as the Hoobopaedia—as well as the local news station and the internet. Half action game, half edutainment title, kids stand to find a whole load of stuff just waiting to be discovered, as well as some interesting Hoob language. Released only in Europe.

 Manufacturer's description:

Hoob! Hoob! Hooray! The Hoobs are here to play! Hop aboard the Hoobmobile with Iver, Tula and Groove and set off on a journey of exploration and discovery, music, dance and FUN. Parents: This Hoobashious game is both entertaining and educational, and not just for you, but for your Tiddlypeeps too! Hoobletoodledoo! Visit the icy arctic, the wild jungle, the rugged mountains, the sandy beach and the Hoobygroovy barnyard. Play fifteen mini-games including Hide and Seek, Matching Pairs and Feed the Chickens. Interact with Hoobloads of Tiddlypeeps to help Hoobs discover the answer to the question of the day.

Other websites
--------------

* Hoobsthegame.com, official site
* Archived 2011-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
This article is about the television presenter. For President Ilham Aliyev's daughter, see Leyla Aliyeva.

**Leyla Aliyeva** (Azerbaijani: *Leyla Əliyeva*, born 1986 in Baku) is an Azerbaijani television presenter. On 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan together with Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen.

Leyla Aliyeva graduated from the Baku Academy of Music with a degree in choral directing and has a master's degree in music. In 2004, while in her first year of undergraduate studies, she was hired by İTV to work for the channel's Department of Music, Arts and Entertainment. In 2007, she began covering Eurovision news and soon became a member of İTV's Eurovision organising committee. Aliyeva also served as the spokesperson of Azerbaijan announcing the country's first voting results in its debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. She hosted the Azerbaijani national Eurovision selection tours alongside Husniyya Maharramova in 2011 and 2012.

She is married to another İTV employee, who works there as a director and has a daughter.
The order **Lepidoptera** is the second biggest order of insects. It includes the moths and butterflies including the skippers. There is no common word for the group: ordinary people talk of "butterflies and moths". 

The order has more than 180,000 species in 128 families and 47 superfamilies. They are 10% of all the described species of living organisms. The Coleoptera (the beetles) is the only order that has more species.

The name, Lepidoptera, comes from the Ancient Greek words *λεπίδος* (scale) and *πτερόν* (wing).

The earliest discovered fossils date to 200 mya or earlier. This early origin was long before flowering plants evolved. Earlier butterflies must have been adapted to a habitat of cycads and conifers, something which had not previously been suspected.

Characteristics of Lepidoptera
------------------------------

Lepidopterans go through complete metamorphosis. This means that they have a four parts to their lives. The first part is the egg. The second part is the caterpillar or larva. The third part is the pupa. The last part is the adult or imago.

### Larva

The larvae have a tough head and a soft body. They have mouths that are made to chew. Some larvae are covered with hairs, or other body extensions. The larvae have three pairs of small legs on the thorax. These legs are called true legs. There are up to five pairs of bigger legs on the abdomen. These legs are called prolegs. Lepidopteran larvae can be confused with the larvae of sawflies. The difference between Lepidopteran larvae and sawfly larvae is that Lepidopteran larvae have tiny hooks on their prolegs. These hooks are called crochets. Most larvae are herbivores, but a few are carnivores and detritivores.

### Adult

Adults have two pairs of wings. They are covered by small scales. In some species, the adults have very small wings or no wings at all. This is more common in females. Adults have antennae. Some moths have antennae that look like feathers. These feather-like antennae are larger in males than females. Adults have a mouthpart called a proboscis. It sucks nectar from flowers. Some adults do not have mouths and cannot feed. Others have different mouths that are made to pierce and suck blood or fruit juices.

Images
------

* A butterflyA butterfly
* A mothA moth
* A skipper (the small skipper)A skipper (the small skipper)

Related pages
-------------

* Differences between butterflies and moths
* Lepidopteran diversity

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Lepidoptera***.

The English Wikibook *Dichotomous Key* has more information on:
***Lepidoptera***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lepidoptera***.

* Forum Lepidoptera
* Lepidopterology.com
* Lepidoptera Archived 2014-11-15 at the Wayback Machine in online insect museum Archived 2005-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Historic Moth illustrations
* "Lepidoptera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
| Jumpin' Jumpin' |
| --- |
| Alternate Cover[*permanent dead link*] |
| Singel Destiny's Child |
| from the album *The Writing's On The Wall* |
| Released | July 18 2000r. (U.S.)August 15 2000r. (U.K.)August 22 2000r.(Australia) |
| Genre | Pop, R&B |
| Length | 3:50 |
| Label | Columbia Records |
| Writer | Beyoncé, Chad Elliott, | Producer | Chad Elliot, Jovonn Alexander, Beyoncé |
| Destiny's Child singles chronology |
| Say My Name(2000r.) | Jumpin' Jumpin' | Independent Women Part I(2000r.) |
| The Writing's On The Wall track listing |
| If You Leave(10) | Jumpin' Jumpin'(11) | Say My Name(12) |
| #1's track listing |
| Check on It(5) | Jumpin' Jumpin'(6) | Lose My Breath(7) |
|

"**Jumpin', Jumpin'**" is a song recorded by Destiny's Child. It was the fourth and final single from the group's second album, *The Writing's on the Wall*. The single achieved success in various charts.

Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight".

Formats and remixes
-------------------

Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the Nitro remix features rapper Nitro, while the other is known as the So So Def Remix with Lil' Bow Wow, Da Brat and Jermaine Dupri. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album), Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that Farrah Franklin and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song.

"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (A Capella)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat Lil' Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri & Da Brat)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix)
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version)
A Crux immissa or Latin cross
Latin cross floor plan. Shaded area is the transept
A **Latin cross** or ***Crux immissa*** is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam. This is the main representation of the cross by which Jesus Christ was crucified. The Latin cross began as a Roman Catholic emblem but later became a universal symbol of Christianity. If displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross because he was reputedly executed on this type of cross. When displayed sideways it is called St. Philip's cross for the same reason.

A **Latin cross plan** is a floor plan found in many cathedrals and churches. When looked at from above or in plan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross (*crux immissa*). The Latin cross plans have a nave with aisles or chapels, or both and a transept that forms the arms of the cross. It also has at least one apse that traditionally faces east. Many also have a narthex at the entry.

Related pages
-------------

* Christian symbolism
* Christian cross
* Greek cross
* Celtic cross
**Jamie Oliver** MBE (James Trevor Oliver, born 27 May 1975) is a British celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality. He is known for his television shows, cookbooks and restaurants. He has highlighted the need for improved cooking in schools and hospitals.

Early life
----------

Oliver was born in the village of Clavering in Essex, where he still lives. His parents run a bar/restaurant where he practised cooking as a youngster.

He was educated in Newport Free Grammar School. He graduated at the age of sixteen with two GCSE qualifications in geology and art. He went on to attend the Westminster Catering College, which is now known as the Westminster Kingsway College. From there he earned what is known as a City & Guilds NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) in home economics.

Career
------

Oliver’s first job was a pastry chef at Antonio Carluccio’s Neal’s Yard Restaurant, where he prepared his first Italian cuisine therefore gaining good, helpful experience. He also developed a great relationship with his mentor Gennaro Contaldo. Later on in his career, he offered Contaldo an employment where he could help run Oliver’s thriving selection of High Street restaurants, Jamie’s Italian. Then Oliver became a sous chef of The River Café in Fulham.

School 'dinners'
----------------

In 2005, Oliver started his 'school dinners' campaign to improve the quality of food fed to pupils in schools. At the time it was a controversial shake-up for students and parents, Many of whom preferred food from fast food outlets ("junk food"). Some thought the students should have a healthy option available, but still be allowed to choose what they wanted to eat.

In a four-part documentary TV series Oliver ran the kitchen meals in Kidbrooke School, Greenwich, for a year. He was disgusted by the unhealthy food being served to schoolchildren, and the lack of healthy alternatives on offer. His campaign to improve the standard of Britain’s school meals eventually persuaded the British Government to spend £280m on school dinners.

Other websites
--------------

* Jamie Oliver Website in Spanish
The **Large Zenith Telescope** (LZT) is a 6.0 metre diameter telescope. It is in the University of British Columbia's Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, about 70 km (43 mi) east of Vancouver. It is one of the largest telescopes in the world. 

A zenith telescope is only able to look straight up. This means that it can use a mirror which is a smoothly spinning pan filled with liquid mercury. The LZT uses 28 litres of mercury, spinning once every 8.5 seconds. This type of mirror can be made much larger and cheaper than a conventional mirror, which means it collects much more light. This light is focused into a CCD to make an image. The LZT is used for "transit imaging". This means that earth's rotation moves stars past the telescope. Images can be taken by moving the sensor electronically in step with this movement.

The telescope was made in 1994 using parts from the three-metre diameter NASA Orbital Debris Observatory telescope, which was retired a couple years earlier after several years of use.

Other websites
--------------

* Large Zenith Telescope homepage
* A picture of the design.

Coordinates: 49°17′17″N 122°34′23″W﻿ / ﻿49.2881°N 122.5731°W﻿ / 49.2881; -122.5731
**Joggins**, Nova Scotia, Canada, is famous for its fossils dating to the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' of Earth history. On July 7, 2008 a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.

The dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 It is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years.p40

Joggins Fossil Cliffs
---------------------

The dramatic coastal exposure of the Coal Age rocks, known as the **Joggins Fossil Cliffs**, are continually hewn and freshly exposed by the actions of the tides in the Cumberland Basin. Geologists were first attracted to this locality in the late 1820s. A little later, the first student party studied Joggins in 1835

However, the true fame of Joggins dates from the visits in 1842 and 1852 by Charles Lyell, the founder of modern geology and author of *Principles of Geology*. In his *Elements of Geology* (1871), Lyell called the Joggins exposure of Coal Age rocks and fossils "the finest example in the world". The fossil record at Joggins figures in Charles Darwin's *On the Origin of Species*, and played a role in the 1860 Oxford evolution debate between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce.

"Mssrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than 68 different levels..." Charles Darwin 1859. *On the Origin of Species*, p296.
Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist William Dawson (1820–1899), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and mentor Charles Lyell. Much of Dawson's collection is in the Redpath Museum of McGill University.

Imprint of a fossilized root found near the cliffs at Joggins, Nova Scotia.
In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made a celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright tree at Coal Mine Point. Subsequent investigations by Dawson led to the discovery of one of the most important fossils in the history of science, *Hylonomus lyelli*, which remains the earliest known reptile in the history of life, but not the earliest known amniote. In 2002, *Hylonomus lyelli* was named the provincial fossil of Nova Scotia.

Trackways are preserved at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs. The tree-like lycopod *Sigillaria* is preserved *in situ*.

Recent work
-----------

There has been a surge in interest in Joggins over the past 20 years. A thesis by Mike Rygel significantly advanced understanding of the site's history, stratigraphy, sedimentology and biota after the century of neglect which followed Dawson's death in 1899.

### Important fossil

A vital early tetrapod fossil has been found here, the earliest synapsid, *Protoclepsydrops*, which is actually earlier than *Hylonomus*.

World Heritage Site
-------------------

In 2007, a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was nominated by Canada to UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. It was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List in on July 7, 2008.
This article is about the Lark Rise to Candleford novels and plays. For the television series, see Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series).
***Lark Rise to Candleford*** is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels set in the English countryside in the late 19th century. They were written by Flora Thompson, and first published in that form in 1945. The trilogy includes the previously published stories *Lark Rise* (1939), *Over to Candleford* (1941) and *Candleford Green* (1943).

The stories relate to three communities, a hamlet, the nearby village and the nearest town in Oxfordshire, England. The stories are loosely based around Flora's childhood experiences. The books describe village life through the seasons of the year.

The plays
---------

The television scriptwriter and playwright Keith Dewhurst adapted Thompson’s trilogy into two plays, *Lark Rise* and *Candleford*, which were performed in the Cottesloe auditorium of London’s National Theatre in 1978–9. Dewhurst selected just two days: the first day of harvest for *Lark Rise* and the first hunt meet of the new year, a winter’s day in January, for *Candleford*. The plays try to make the audience recognize the value of a way of life, close to the land and countryside, that they could never know for themselves. "It will send most spectators out wiser and happier human beings...one of those rare theatrical occasions with a genuine healing quality", wrote theatre critic Michael Billington of *The Guardian*.

Television
----------

Main article: Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)
A ten-part BBC adaptation, starring Dawn French and others, began on BBC One in the UK on 13 January 2008.

Other websites
--------------

* Lark Rise Visited  Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine The Soundtrack from the TV show.
* Great War Fiction Commentary from a resident of Juniper Hill—the real village of "Lark Rise".
**Jan Swammerdam** (12 February 1637 – 17 February 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects showed that the stages an insect life – egg, larva, pupa, and adult – are different forms of the same animal. He did experiments on muscle contraction. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.

Research on insects
-------------------

Knowledge of insects in the 17th century was to a great extent inherited from Aristotle. Swammerdam dissected insects and studied them under microscopes.

Swammerdam showed that insects develop in the same gradual manner as do other animals. He wanted to dispel the seventeenth-century idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) were different individuals.

He got evidence from his dissections. By examining larvae, he identified adult features in pre-adult animals. For example, he noticed that the wings of dragonflies and mayflies exist before their final molt. Swammerdam used these observations in his 1669 publication, *Historia Insectorum Generalis* (The Natural History of Insects). This work included many descriptions of insect anatomy. It was here that Swammerdam revealed that the "king" bee has ovaries. *Biblia natura* published posthumously in 1737, carried the first confirmation that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony. Despite five intense years of beekeeping, the mode of honey bee reproduction escaped him as he wrote, "I do not believe the male bees actually copulate with the females."
**James Dunlop** FRSE (31 October 1793 – 22 September 1848) was a Scottish astronomer, noted for his work in Australia. He was employed by Sir Thomas Brisbane to work as astronomer's helper at his private observatory, once located at Paramatta (now named Parramatta), New South Wales, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Sydney during the 1820s and 1830s. Dunlop was mostly a visual observer, doing stellar astrometry work for Brisbane, and after its completion, then independently discovered and catalogued many new telescopic southern double stars and deep-sky objects. He later became the Top-level manager of Paramatta Observatory when it was finally sold to the New South Wales Government.

Early life
----------

James Dunlop was born in Dalry, Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of John Dunlop, a weaver, and his wife Janet, *née* Boyle. Dunlop was educated at a primary school in Dalry and went to work at a thread factory in Beith when he was 14. He also attended a night-school in Beith kept by a man named Gardiner. He became interested in astronomy at an early age and was building telescopes in 1810. By fortune in 1820, he got to know the astronomically inclined Sir Thomas Brisbane. In the same year, Brisbane was selected as the new Governor of New South Wales, who then decided to set up an astronomical observatory in the new Colony. Before leaving Britain, Dunlop was then selected as his second scientific helper, and both travelled to Sydney in 1821.
Kokoreç
**Kokoreç** is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.

Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.
A **koiné language**, **koiné dialect**, or simply **koiné** (Ancient Greek κοινή, "common [language]") is a standard language or dialect made by people who speak closely related languages or dialects in order to be able to talk and write to each other easily. They are created by combining phonology, vocabulary, and grammar from the different dialects (or sometimes creating new words and grammar based on the same methods earlier this sentence). The name of the term comes from Koine Greek, which was a common dialect used by Greeks to talk and write to Greeks from other city states.

This is not to be confused with pidgins or creoles because those are languages that are created for people who speak unrelated, or distantly related, languages.

Examples
--------

* Koine Greek
* High German
* Standard Mandarin
* British English Received Pronunciation
* General American English
* Maghrebi Arabic
* Mashriqi Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic
* Standard Japanese
* Standard Italian
* Mexican Spanish
* Peninsular Spanish
**Jean-Pierre Jeunet** (born 3 September 1953 in Roanne, Loire, France) is a French movie director.

Career
------

Jean-Pierre Jeunet bought his first camera at the age of 17 and made short movies while studying animation at Cinémation Studios. He made friends with Marc Caro. Caro was a designer and comic book artist. Caro worked on many of Jeunet's movies with him.

Together, Jeunet and Caro directed award-winning animations. Their first live-action movie was *The Bunker of the Last Gunshots* (1981). It was a short movie about soldiers in a futuristic world. Jeunet also directed numerous television advertisements and music videos.

Jeunet and Caro's first full-length movie was *Delicatessen* (1991). It was a black comedy set in a famine-plagued future. Next came *The City of Lost Children* (1995). It was a dark fantasy movie with a story about a doctor who kidnaps children in order to steal their dreams.

Because *The City of Lost Children* was well liked, Jeunet was asked to direct the fourth movie in the Alien series - *Alien: Resurrection* (1997). Though not well received by critics, *Alien: Resurrection* turned a profit at the box office.

Jeunet returned to France after making *Alien: Resurrection*. The fact that he had made a Hollywood movie gave him freedom on his next movie, *Amélie*. *Amélie* is lighter and more romantic than his earlier movies. This story was a huge success worldwide. It was nominated for several Academy Awards. For this movie he also got an European Film Award for Best Director.

In 2004, Jeunet released *A Very Long Engagement*. It is based on the novel by Sebastien Japrisot. The movie is set after World War I. It is about a woman (played by Audrey Tautou) looking for her missing lover.

Filmography
-----------

* *L'Évasion* (1978)
* *Le Manege* (1980)
* *Le Bunker de la derniere rafale* (1981)
* *Pas de repos pour Billy Brakko* (1984)
* *Foutaises* (1989)
* *Delicatessen* (1991)
* *The City of Lost Children* (1995)
* *Alien: Resurrection* (1997)
* *Amélie* (2001)
* *A Very Long Engagement* (2004)

Other websites
--------------

* Jean-Pierre Jeunet Official Site Archived 2005-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
Jiří Bělohlávek in 2013
**Jiří Bělohlávek** (24 February 1946 – 31 May 2017) was a Czech conductor. He was the principal (main) conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. His name "Bělohlávek" means "Whitehead". It is pronounced "Bye-lo-hla-vek". He was born in Prague.

Bělohlávek studied conducting with Sergiu Celibidache. He went to the Prague Conservatory and Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. He won the 1970 Czech National Conducting Competition and soon became famous in his country and abroad.

Bělohlávek was chief conductor of the Prague Symphony Orchestra from 1977-1989. He became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1990 for a short time. Then he founded the Prague Philharmonia *(Pražskou komorní filharmonii)* in 1994, They gave concerts all over the world together and made many recordings. He is still their conductor laureate (honorary conductor).

From 1995-2000, Bělohlávek was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 2006 he became their principal conductor. He conducted them at the Proms that year. In 2007 he conducted at the Last Night of the Proms.

Bělohlávek also conducts in the United States. He first conducted at the Metropolitan Opera (Met) in December 2004, conducting Leoš Janáček's "Káťa Kabanová" with Karita Mattila in the title role. He returned to the Met in January and February of 2007 for the same composer's "Jenůfa", once again with Mattila, and with Anja Silja as the Kostelnička. Other guest conducting appearances in the US have been with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra.

Bělohlávek died on 31 May 2017 in Prague from cancer at the age of 71.
**Latin American literature** refers to the poetry, novels, essays, and drama written by people born in Latin America. The authors usually write in Spanish or Portuguese. However, some also write in indigenous languages.

Latin American Boom
-------------------

The most famous kind of Latin American Literature is called the "Latin American Boom". Popular themes in boom novels and poetry are: solitude, nostalgia, poverty, ancestors, folklore, memory, and war.The writing blends fantasy, magic, and journalistic stories. This mixture of reality and fantasy is called magic realism. In the 1960s and 1970s, many Latin American authors published short stories, essays, novels, and poems. Their works were translated into different languages. Six authors from this region won the Nobel Prize in Literature. One of the most famous writers in Jorge Luis Borges. He wrote philosophical fiction. Julio Cortázar wrote a tender novel called Hopscotch (1963). Gabriel García Márquez's 100 Years of Solitude is a classic novel (1966). Other major novelists are Lezama Lima, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Carlos Fuentes. Miguel Ángel Asturias (from Guatemala) was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1967.

Latin American poetry
---------------------

Latin American poetry is famous around the world. They write lyric poems on love, romance, magic, spirits, and solitude. They also write political poems about revolution, independence, and humanity.

Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Both are poets from Chile.

Famous lyric poets include Rubén Darío, Cesar Vallejo Vallejo (Peru), Pablo Neruda (Chile), and Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua). 

The prose poem is popular in Latin America. Jorge Luis Borges ("Everything and Nothing"), Pablo Neruda (*Passions and Impressions)*, Octavio Paz (*Aguila o Sol?/*Eagle or Sun?), Alejandra Pizarnik ("Sex/Night"), and Giannina Braschi (Empire of Dreams) wrote prose poems.

Latin American women writers
----------------------------

Solitude is a popular theme in Latin American novels and poetry. Love and liberty are also popular themes. The first famous Latin American woman writer was Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. She was a nun who lived in the 17th century. She wrote spiritual poems and religious essays. Gabriela Mistral was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. She wrote about children, teachers, family, and romance. Argentine poet Alejandra Pizarnik wore prose poems about solitude, madness, and death. Delmira Agustini’s wrote about Greek ideas like Eros (the Greek God of love). Julia de Burgos wrote about Puerto Rico, nature, and independence. Giannina Braschi writes epic poetry about solitude, immigration, revolution, and freedom. Many women in Latin America gave spoken testimonials about their lives, such as Rigoberta Menchú. Isabel Allende (*House of the Spirits*) and Laura Esquivel (*Like Water for Chocolate*) wrote fantasy novels that became popular movies.

Related pages
-------------

* South America
* Latin America
* Latina poetry
**Servier Laboratories** is a company that makes medicines. It is based in France and is run by a non-profit foundation. In 2018, the company made 4.2 billion euros in sales. Servier is the largest independent pharmaceutical company in France and the second-largest overall.

It has offices in 149 countries, and most of its sales come from outside France. The company spends about a quarter of its money on research and development, and 3,000 of its employees work in this area. The company has 22,000 employees around the world and made 853 million drug boxes in 2013.

Servier has a unit in Gidy, France that makes medicines for clinical trials. It is the biggest unit of its kind in Europe. Servier is a member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. In 2018, the company bought a part of Shire's oncology business in Boston, and its new US headquarters opened in 2019.

However, Servier is also known for a weight-loss drug called *Mediator*. The drug was taken off the market in 2009 after it was linked to between 500 and 2,000 deaths in France. The drug was originally meant to help people with diabetes lose weight, but it was often given to people who wanted to lose weight for other reasons. Investigations found that warnings about the drug's safety were ignored or covered up. Some people believe the company had too much influence over the safety warnings.

In 2021, Servier was found guilty of deceiving people and causing involuntary manslaughter. The company was fined 2.7 million euros and ordered to pay several hundred million euros to the 6,500 people who were affected by the drug. One of the company's managers was sentenced to four years on probation. The French medical agency ANSM was also fined for not doing enough to supervise the drug's safety.
Laban was a person in the Book of Genesis whose name is Hebrew for white. 

Laban’s father Bethuel was the son of Nahor, who was a brother of Abraham. Laban and his father Bethuel arranged for Laban’s sister Rebecca to marry Isaac. Laban had two daughters Leah and Rachel. 

When Jacob asked Laban to let him marry Rachel, Laban had Jacob work for him as a shepherd for seven years and then tricked him into marrying Leah instead because Leah was the older sister. Laban then made Jacob work another seven years to marry Rachel. 

After that Laban hired Jacob as a shepherd and cheated him for the next six years. Then Jacob decided that he couldn’t continue working for Laban so he left Laban’s country with his wives Rachel, Leah, Bilhah and Zilpah and all their children and sheep but Jacob made sure not to take anything that belonged to Laban. But Rachel stole Laban’s idols and took them with her without telling Jacob. 

So Laban left to kill Jacob but then the Lord appeared to Laban in a dream and told him not to hurt Jacob. So Laban didn’t. To convince Laban that he didn’t do it, Jacob cursed the person who stole Laban’s idols to die. Then Laban looked in Rachel’s tent but she hid the idols so Laban and Jacob made peace.
**Lenore LaFount Romney** (born **Lenore LaFount**, November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American politician and actress. She was the wife of businessman and politician George Romney and the First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.

She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in 1970 from Michigan. Her youngest son, Mitt Romney, is the former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.

Early life
----------

Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School. While there, she developed an interest in drama and met George Romney.

She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood where she became a bit player.

Career
------

She acted in some movies with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together. She was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics. She ran for the United States senate, but lost the election.

Death
-----

Romney died on July 7, 1998 in Royal Oak, Michigan from a stroke, aged 89. She was buried next to her husband at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

Other websites
--------------

* "Lenore", the half-hour film from the 1970 U.S. Senate campaign Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Finding Aid for Lenore LaFount Romney Papers, 1960–1974 at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
**Jackie Chan Hiu-ki** (陳曉琪), also known as **Kellyjackie** (born 23 August, 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was *Lucky Voice* which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song *He invites me to Disneyland* (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.

She uploaded her song *He invites me to Disneyland* to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time.[*source?*] Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the *Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album* (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang *He invites me to Disneyland* together in the album.