recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Folsom Lake College** is a public community college in Folsom, California. It is part of the California Community Colleges system and the Los Rios Community College District. It was opened in 2004 and has two educational centers: The El Dorado Center in Placerville, California, and the Rancho Cordova Center in Rancho Cordova, California.
It also has a Visual Performing Arts Center which is one of the most well-known centers of art, music, and entertainment in the Sacramento area. The current president is Art Pimental who began in January 2023.

History
-------

Folsom Lake College first opened in 1993 as a center of Consumnes River College. At that time, it consisted of mostly portable buildings. The first permanent building, Aspen Hall, which currently houses the admission office and student services center, opened in 2001. Folsom Lake College was established on January 9, 2004. 

In 2005, the college expanded with the addition of the school library in Aspen Hall and the addition of Buckeye Hall and Cypress Hall. Cypress Hall houses science labs and the reading and writing center. The school cafeteria, Falcons Roost, opened in 2006 and currently includes the bookstore and career center. Both Dogwood and Lilac Halls, the former which houses a music lab and practice rooms and an early childhood education lab, opened in 2007.

In 2009, the physical education building, located near the Falcon's Roost, opened. 

In 2011, the Visual Performing Arts building, then known as Three Stages, opened. It includes an 850-seat main theater, a 200-seat city stage, and a 100-seat recital hall. A year later, the center was renamed the Harris Center in honor of Brice Harris, former chancellor of the Los Rios Community College District. Meanwhile, the recital hall was named after Thelma Scott-Skillman, founding president of Folsom Lake College. 

In 2013, the athletic complex expanded to include a soccer field, baseball and softball stadiums, tennis courts, a track and field complex, and a cross country course. The portable buildings on the main Folsom campus were demolished and replaced with a gymnasium, which opened in 2015.

In October 2015, the Rancho Cordova Center opened.

In 2016, the DSPS center relocated to a space in Aspen Hall just across from the library. It was originally located next to the admission office.

In 2018, the innovation center opened in Aspen Hall.

In 2010, the college began its own Athletic program with Men's and Women's golf and Men's and Women's tennis. Women's Soccer was added in fall 2013, followed by Men's Soccer in fall 2014, Men's Baseball in spring 2015, Women's Softball in spring 2016, Women's Volleyball in fall 2016, and Men's and Women's Basketball in fall 2017.

Presidents
----------

* Thelma Scott Skillman (2001 - 2012)
* Rachael Rosenthal (2012 - December 2016, August 2022 - December 2022 as interim)
* Kathleen Kirklin (January 2017 - September 2017 as interim)
* Whitney Yamamura (September 2017 - August 2022)
* Art Pimental (2023 - present)
***Dr. Mario 64*** is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console. It was released on April 8, 2001.
It was the last *Mario* game released for the Nintendo 64. It is an updated version of *Dr. Mario*, which was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy in 1990.

Gameplay
--------

The gameplay of *Dr. Mario 64* is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined-up together. There are three colors of vitamins: red, blue, and yellow. The player has to clear the field of viruses by dropping capsules with two colors on them. The player moves the capsules as they fall by moving them left or right and rotating them. The player gets points by killing viruses. The game ends if the bottle fills up with capsules.

Up to four players can play the game at once. There are different types of single-player modes, as well as modes for two players to play at once.

Other websites
--------------

* *Dr. Mario 64* at MobyGames
* *Dr. Mario 64* at GameFAQs
The diagram on the left shows the orbitals in order of increasing energy. The diagram on the top right shows the four types of orbitals: 1s, 2p, 3d, and 4f.
An **electron configuration** is the arrangement of electrons within an atom. The electron configuration describes where the electrons are inside orbitals. The structure of the Periodic table of elements is partly based on electron configuration.

There are four kinds of electron configurations: s, p, d, and f orbitals. Each orbital can house a maximum of 2 electrons. S orbitals are roughly sphere-shaped, p orbitals are polar and shaped like a dumbbell, d orbitals are usually shaped like a four-leaf clover, and f orbitals form a mathematically complex shape. Orbitals can have different energy levels. For example 1s is a low energy sphere-shaped orbital while 3s is a higher energy sphere-shaped orbital. An atom can have more than one orbital; in fact, all except hydrogen do. Similarly, atoms can have more than one of each kind of orbital.

The electron configurations fill up with electrons in an unchanging order. They describe how the electrons behave and orbit the nucleus.
The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of **oxidative phosphorylation** in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase.
Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane
An **electron transport chain** (ETC) is how a cell gets energy from sunlight in photosynthesis. Electron transport chains also occur in reduction/oxidation ("*redox*") reactions, such as the oxidation of sugars in cellular respiration.

In aerobic respiration, each molecule of glucose leads to about 34 molecules of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) being produced by the electron transport chain. This is by far the most productive part of respiration.

Background
----------

The electron transport chain consists of a series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the free energy (energy available to do work) of the reactants and products. Any reaction that decreases the overall free energy of a system will happen.

ATP synthase is an enzyme found among all domains of life. It is powered by a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient. This is the result of the series of redox reactions. What the electron transport chain does is produce this gradient. The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis.
Eric the Victorious praying to Odin before the Battle of Fýrisvellir.
**Eric the Victorious** (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli; Swedish: Erik Segersäll) was the first Kingdom of Sweden. There is debate about whether or not he was actually the first king.

He is sometimes called **Eric V** or **Eric VI**. He is called this by people who count back from Eric XIV (1560–68).

Eric the Victorious originally controlled the area around Uppland. His kingdom may have extended down to Blekinge. He got the name "victorious," because of his victory in the Battle of Fýrisvellir.

According to Adam of Bremen, he was also the King of Denmark after the defeat of Sweyn Forkbeard. He probably also founded the town of Sigtuna, 38 km northeast from downtown Stockholm.

Adam also dated Eric the Victorious's death as between 992 and 995. He is remembered as a war-like and successful ruler.

Other websites
--------------

* *Carl L. Thunberg (2012): Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning (The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation)*
An electronics store in a shopping mall in Jakarta, Indonesia (2002)
With the Industrial Revolution, companies started to produce more goods that they would be able to sell. Overproduction occurs when there is more supply of a good than there is demand for it. Manufacturers use concepts such a planned obsolescence and advertising to manipulate consumer spending. **Consumerism** is a concept to counter this: it tells people to buy more and more goods. 

In 1899, Thorstein Veblen published a book on consumerism, called *The Theory of the Leisure Class*. In the book, Veblen looked at the widespread values and economic institutions which started with the widespread "leisure time" in the beginning of the 20th century. He also introduces the concepts of conspicuous and vicarious consumption and waste. All are related to display of status, and not on how useful or functional something is. Today, these kinds of goods are known as Veblen goods. 

In economics, consumerism is used for economic policies that say that consumption is important. Consumers can choose freely what products they buy. Manufacturers should focus on the goods people want (and buy). Society should be organized accordingly. 

People who prefer a simple life (sometimes called a slow life) and people who look at the effects of capitalism have criticized the concept of consumerism. Experts often say that there are physical limits to consumerism. An economy cannot grow without bounds; overconsumption is also a problem. Both have a direct impact on the environment, such as overexploitation of natural resources, or the increase in waste. Larger effects include climate change. Some research that criticizes the concept, says that consumerism also has an effect on society as a whole: it makes class barriers stronger, and increases inequalities. 

*Shop Until You Drop* by Banksy, in London.
**Friedrich Wilhelm "F. W." Murnau** (28 December 1888 – 11 March 1931) was a German movie director. He was one of the most influential directors of the silent movie era. He was born in Bielefeld and attended the University of Heidelberg. He studied art history. He was openly gay. He was 6'4 (193 cm). He was said to have an icy disposition and an obsession with film. He was a combat pilot during World War I. He directed his first movie *Der Knabe in Blau* (English: The Boy in Blue) in 1919.

Murnau's most famous movie is *Nosferatu* (1922). It was based on the book *Dracula*. *Faust* was Murnau's last German movie. *Nosferatu* and *Faust* were two of the first films to have original music. Some of his German movies were considered to be Expressionist movies.

Murnau went to Hollywood in 1926. He joined the Fox Studio. He made *Sunrise* in 1927. It did not make a lot of money. It did receive an Academy Award in 1929. Murnau's next two movies were sound movies. They were not well received. Murnau was disappointed. He quit Fox. He went to the South Pacific. In Bora Bora he made *Tabu*. The movie was censored in the United States for images of bare-breasted Polynesian women. Murnau died in an automobile accident in Santa Barbara, California. He is buried in Stahnsdorf near Berlin.Only 11 people attended his funeral. One of them was Greta Garbo.

Other websites
--------------

* *F. W. Murnau* at AllMovie
* F. W. Murnau on IMDb


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau***.
The Frankfurt Assembly Paulskirche
The **Frankfurt Parliament** (German: *Frankfurter Nationalversammlung*, literally *Frankfurt National Assembly*) was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche, Frankfurt|Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. It was elected during the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederation.

The assembly produced the so-called Paulskirche Constitution (German: *Paulskirchenverfassung, actually Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches*) which proclaimed a German Empire based on the principles of parliamentary democracy. This constitution fulfilled the main demands of the liberal and nationalist movements of the Vormärz and provided a foundation of human rights. The parliament also proposed a constitutional monarchy headed by a hereditary emperor (*Kaiser*). The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV did not accept the office of emperor when it was offered to him. He argued such an offer was an offence against the rights of the princes of the individual German states. In the 20th century, however, major elements of the Frankfurt constitution became models for the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949.

Other websites
--------------

* Text of the Paulskirche Constitution on Documentarchiv.de
**The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938** (abbreviated as **FLSA**; also referred to as the **Wages and Hours Bill**) is a federal statute of the United States.

The Act
-------

The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour workweek (reduced to a 40-hour workweek by 1940). It established a national minimum wage (of 25¢ per hour). It guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs. The FLSA also prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The FLSA created a Wage and Hour Division in the Department of Labor. The statute applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by a business engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from these requirements.

The FLSA was originally written in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black. He was later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance. In 1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek. It allowed workers to earn wages for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs. Also children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. There were 700,000 workers affected by the FLSA. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called it the most important piece of New Deal legislation passed since the Social Security Act of 1935.

Related pages
-------------

* Equal Pay Act of 1963
* United States Department of Labor
* United States Women's Bureau

Other websites
--------------

* Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage Archived 2014-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
* The Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938, As Amended
The **Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen** is the embassy of Russia to Denmark. The embassy building is located at Kristianiagade 5 in Indre Østerbro, Copenhagen. The building is heritage listed.

History of the chancery
-----------------------

In 1897, Otto Mønsted, a Danish businessman and margarine magnate, purchased three pieces of land in Østerbro, Copenhagen and hired architect Vilhelm Dahlerup to design a villa. Dahlerup, who specialised in Italian Renaissance style design had previously designed the Hotel D’Angleterre, Jesus Church in Valby, National Gallery, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, amongst others. Completed in 1899, the building of the mansion cost Mønsted half a million krone.

The entrance was decorated with a monogram with the initials AOM (for Anna-Otto-Mønsted). The Mønsteds kept a large staff in their mansion. Gardeners creating a large garden. In the garage Mønsted kept Copenhagen's most expensive car. The Mønsteds also bred Scottish hunting dogs and kept race horses in the barn.

In 1934 Anna Mønsted sold the mansion for 265,000 krone to Countess Musse Scheel. Scheel was a Danish actress and became the last private owner of the mansion. Scheel was an animal lover and was regarded as being eccentric. Scheel kept a hen house in the yard and sold eggs to her neighbours.

During the occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany the mansion was the headquarters of the *Northern Society*. The Northern Society promoted cultural co-operation between Nazi Germany and the Nordic countries.

In 1950, the Soviet Union signed a contract leasing the mansion for 20,000 krone per year. In 1982, the mansion, as well as Kristianiagade 3 (consulate) and Bergensgade 11 (embassy school), were granted to the Soviets, on the basis of reciprocity, free of charge for the purpose of embassy requirements for a period of 70 years, until 31 December 2051.

The building and garage are heritage listed buildings. The both were placed on the register of the Heritage Agency of Denmark on 3 December 1991.

Other websites
--------------

* (in English, Danish, and Russian) Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen Archived 2009-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
The **British Embassy, Washington D.C.** (also known as in the USA, **Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C.**) is the diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom to the United States, representing the thoughts and views of the United Kingdom. It is located at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C..

Consulates
----------

As well as the embassy in Washington D.C. there are eight consulates that also attempt to represent the United Kingdom in the United States. These are located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco, with all of them having consuls-general. There are also 2 British consulates in Denver and Seattle that are called UK Government Offices instead.

Staff
-----

The embassy is one of the biggest out of diplomatic missions in Washington D.C. with 210 diplomats and approximately 250 additional staffers working there. Dame Karen Pierce is the current British Ambassador, after being appointed on the 7th February 2020 after the resignation of Sir Kim Darroch after a diplomatic disagreement between the UK and US over Kim Darroch describing then-President Donald Trump as "inept". She would officially be made ambassador on the 23 March 2020.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
***Don't Break the Oath*** is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark. Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.

History
-------

In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal. Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short). There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did. Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that. Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil. Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, *Melissa*.

Sound
-----

### How they played their instruments

Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing. Like on *Melissa*, King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

### What the songs are about

All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil. They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons. Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.

Song list
---------

1. "A Dangerous Meeting" – 5:12
2. "Nightmare" – 6:21
3. "Desecration of Souls" – 4:57
4. "Night of the Unborn" – 5:02
5. "The Oath" – 7:34
6. "Gypsy" – 3:10
7. "Welcome Princess of Hell" – 4:06
8. "To One Far Away" – 1:31
9. "Come to the Sabbath" – 5:18

People who made the album
-------------------------

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| People who played music on the album* King Diamond – singing, keyboards
* Hank Shermann – guitar
* Michael Denner – guitar
* Timi "Grabber" Hansen – bass
* Kim Ruzz – drums

  | People who helped make the album sound right* Bill Turjancik – producer
* Henrik Lund - producer, engineer
* Niels Erik Otto – engineer
 |
"**Don't Bother Me**" is the first song written by George Harrison to appear on an album by The Beatles. It was on the group's *With the Beatles* album in the UK, released in 1963, and on their *Meet the Beatles!* album in the U.S. released in 1964.

History
-------

Harrison wrote the song while sick in bed at a hotel room in Bournemouth, England, where the Beatles were playing some shows during the summer of 1963. Harrison never regarded it highly, saying, "It was a fairly crappy song. I forgot all about it completely once it was on the album."[*source?*] He considered it an exercise in whether he could write a song, later saying, "at least it showed me that all I needed to do was keep on writing, and then maybe eventually I would write something good." Harrison received a writing credit for two earlier songs, "In Spite of All the Danger" (McCartney/Harrison) and "Cry for a Shadow" (Harrison/Lennon). Both were recorded by the Beatles but neither was released officially by the band until 1995's *Anthology 1* compilation. "Don't Bother Me" is considered Harrison's first song by most (including the composer himself).

The sullen mood and sad lyrics—"So go away, leave me alone, don't bother me"—were unusual for the Beatles at the time but would become characteristic for Harrison. The song mostly stays in a minor key and achieves a thick sound through its double-tracked vocal, reverbed guitars, and busy drumming. The elaborate percussion lends the song a Latin rhythm accentuated by its stop-time structure.

The Beatles recorded the song on 11 and 12 September 1963. They were not satisfied with the version recorded on the 11th and did a remake on the 12th.

"Don't Bother Me" is one of several songs featured in *A Hard Day's Night*, during a scene where the Beatles dance at a nightclub while McCartney's grandfather gambles elsewhere. At the end of the movie, it is noted as a Lennon/McCartney composition rather than a Harrison composition.

British singer Gregory Phillips released a version of "Don't Bother Me" as his third single. Though unsuccessful, this was the first cover version of a Harrison composition.

Personnel
---------

* George Harrison – double-tracked vocal, lead guitar
* John Lennon – rhythm guitar, tambourine
* Paul McCartney – bass, claves
* Ringo Starr – drums, bongos
* George Martin – producer
* Norman Smith – engineer

Personnel per Ian MacDonald
**Eccleshall** is a small town and civil parish in the county of Staffordshire in England. The town is seven miles from Stafford and six miles from Stone.

In 2022, it had a population of around 6,500 people.

Transport
---------

Eccleshall is located on the A519 road that runs from Newcastle-under-Lyme and Newport. Junction 14 of the M6 motorway is only five miles south of the town.

The nearest railway station used to be Norton Bridge, three miles east of Eccleshall, but this station officially closed in 2017. The nearest railway stations now are at Stafford and Stone.

Places of interest
------------------

Eagle House is a Grade II listed building located in the town. Eccleshall Castle is also Grade II listed and is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

The Holy Trinity Church is said to date back to 1195.

Sport
-----

The town has a semi-professional association football club called Eccleshall F.C. who play home games at Pershall Park in Pershall, a small village to the west of the town.

Twin towns
----------

Eccleshall is twinned with Sancerre, a small medieval town in France.
A control flow graph of a simple program. The program begins executing at the red node, then enters a loop (group of three nodes immediately below the red node). On exiting the loop, there is a conditional statement (group below the loop), and finally the program exits at the blue node. This graph has 9 edges, 8 nodes, and 1 connected component, so the cyclomatic complexity of the program is 9 - 8 + (2\*1) = 3.
**Cyclomatic complexity** is a measurement to see how difficult a computer program is to understand. The measurement was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976. It looks at the program's source code and measures the number of independent paths through the source code. The concept is similar to the general text complexity, which is measured by the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test.

Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the control flow graph of the program: the nodes of the graph correspond to indivisible groups of commands of a program, and a directed edge connects two nodes if the second command might be executed immediately after the first command. Cyclomatic complexity may also be applied to individual functions, modules, methods or classes within a program.

One testing strategy, called Basis path testing by McCabe who first proposed it, is to test each linearly independent path through the program; in this case, the number of test cases will equal the cyclomatic complexity of the program.
*For use of the ditch as obstacles for horses, see ditch (obstacle)*
Ditch for drainage in Netherlands
Ditch for drainage in northern Germany
A **ditch** is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.

Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.

Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions.

Fortification
-------------

World War I trench works and shrapnel shelter
Ditch as obstacle at Uffington Castle, England
In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is a barrier, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is a cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.

  



The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***ditch***.
**Dutton Speedwords** is a  made-up language written by Reginald John Garfield Dutton. The idea of **Dutton Speedwords** is to make frequent words short, and very frequent words very short. **Dutton Speedwords** can be used as a second language for international communications. Dutton Speedwords is also a shorthand writing system – this means you can use it to write quickly. 

The method was made up by Reginald John Garfield Dutton (1886-1970) in 1922. It was first published in 1935. It was called *International Symbolic Script*. A year later, it was called *Speedwords*. It was changed in 1946 and 1951.

It has two uses; to be a language and to be used for writing quickly. Dutton hoped that this would mean more people would learn it because they could use it for two reasons.

The books that Dutton wrote about Speedwords are not printed anymore. But Speedwords is now being used by more people because they find it is good for working online. For example, it makes it faster to type an email.

Another way of writing quickly is Pitman's shorthand. This uses special symbols instead of letters. Speedwords uses Roman letters. This makes it easier to learn. It also means it can be typed using a normal keyboard. Each word means only one thing. This means you do not need to use different forms of the same word.

The words used in Speedwords are the same as the words used in many other languages. The words are like short versions of the writer's own language.

Other websites
--------------

* overview of Speedwords by Richard K Harrison 1994

| * v
* t
* e
Constructed languages |
| --- |
| Internationalauxiliary | 
* Dutton's Speedwords
* Esperanto
	+ Esperantido
	+ Ido
* Eurolang
* Folkspraak
* Glosa
* Interlingua de IALA
* Interlingue / Occidental
* Interslavic
* Kotava
* Latino moderne
* Lingua Franca Nova
* Lingwa de planeta
* Novial
* Volapük

 |
| Engineered | 
* Lojban
* Toki Pona

 |
| Artistic | 
* Atlantean
* Brithenig
* Klingon
* Láadan
* Middle-earth languages
	+ Adûnaic
	+ Quenya
	+ Sindarin
	+ Tengwar
* Na'vi
* Nadsat
* Newspeak
* Simlish
* Talossan
* Wenedyk

 |
Dolly Varden
The **Dolly Varden** (*Salvelinus malma*) is a species of salmonid. It is native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. In the past it has been mistaken for a species of trout. Dolly Varden are in the genus *Salvelinus* of true chars. They are covered with light spots on a dark background (trout have dark spots on a light background). They may either be landlocked or anadromous (meaning they migrate to the sea). The coloring depends on their environment. Those that travel to the sea (anadromous) are dark blue on the head, back and upper sides. Freshwater (or landlocked) Dolly Varden are brown to olive green on the head, back and upper sides. The belly is light colored. They feed on aquatic insects, other fish and their eggs.

Origin of the name
------------------

Dolly Varden was the name of a fictional character in an 1841 Charles Dickens novel. She was known for liking brightly colored dresses. At that time very colorful women's dresses were called "Dolly Vardens". Livingston Stone noted that in 1872 fishermen on the McCloud River in California were calling the brightly colored fish they caught "Dolly Varden" after the dresses. But there were no Dolly Varden in the McCloud river. They may have been catching its near relative the Bull Trout. In spite of the mistake the name stuck for 'Salvelinus malma'.
The **fight-or-flight response** (or **acute stress response**) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened. The changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.

This response was first described by W.B Cannon. He found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to changes such as those mentioned above. The changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

Evolutionary perspective
------------------------

The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. This system is universal in vertebrates. That shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.

Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.

Other responses
---------------

Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.
A Multi layer neural network.
**Deep learning** (also called  **deep structured learning** or **hierarchical learning**) is a kind of machine learning, which is mostly used with certain kinds of neural networks. As with other kinds of machine-learning, learning sessions can be unsupervised, semi-supervised, or supervised. In many cases, structures are organised so that there is at least one intermediate layer (or hidden layer), between the input layer and the output layer.

Certain tasks, such as recognizing and understanding speech, images or handwriting, is easy to do for humans. However, for a computer, these tasks are very difficult to do. In a multi-layer neural network (having more than two layers), the information processed will become more abstract with each added layer.

Deep learning models are inspired by information processing and communication patterns in biological nervous systems; they are different from the structural and functional properties of biological brains (especially the human brain) in many ways, which make them incompatible with neuroscience evidences.
The **Creative Commons licenses** relates to the name of several copyright licenses released on December 16, 2002. The licenses were released by *Creative Commons*, a United States nonprofit corporation. Everybody can put their own creations under these licenses.

There are four basic license conditions. A simple overview of these four:

* **Attribution** (BY): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and evolved versions of it. They must give the original creator credit for the work.
* **Noncommercial** (NC): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and evolved version of it. They are not allowed to make money with it.
* **No Derivative Works** (ND): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform the work. They are not allowed to change the work into something else.
* **Share Alike** (SA): Allow others to distribute evolved works only when they use the same license. See also copyleft.

It is possible to combine the license elements to allow people to use a work under certain conditions. For example, a combination of the first and fourth is called "CC BY-SA". This stands for "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike". With this license other people can use the work for free, but they must give credit to the original creator, and when they make something new with the work they must give it the same "CC BY-SA" license.

Criticism
---------

The Free Software Foundation thinks that the Creative Commons system is confusing, because people often forget to tell which of the licenses they use. Instead they suggest to use the Free Art license.

Related pages
-------------

* Creative Commons
* Copyleft
* Free content

Other websites
--------------

* The full selection of licenses
* Creative Commons web site
The look of mutual love
Without hearing a word, it is obvious that strongly opposed opinions are being offered...
This is a much more complex kind of interaction. German soldiers talk with a French woman in Lorraine, France, November 1940.
**Eye contact** occurs when "two people look at each other's eyes at the same time".

Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication. It is a meaningful sign of social communication, but exactly what it means depends on the situation. The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its meaning greatly.

Eye contact and facial expressions give social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. Sometimes, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.

Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations.

Different societies
-------------------

In traditional societies, the role of women is usually very different from men. So, women lower their eyes, and do not to look directly at a man's face.  Lustful glances at the opposite sex, young or adult, are forbidden.

Another social difference is that of status. Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.

In many cultures, such as East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", or untrustworthy.
***Enterococcus*** is a genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes.

Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains. They look like streptococci. Two species are regular gut flora organisms in the intestines of humans: *E. faecalis* (90-95%) and *E. faecium* (5-10%).

Physiology and classification
-----------------------------

Enterococci are "facultative anaerobic organisms". This means they can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.

Members of the genus *Enterococcus* were classified as Group D *Streptococcus* until 1984. Genomic DNA analysis showed they were a separate genus.

Pathology
---------

Important infections caused by *Enterococcus* include urinary tract infections, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis.

Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. Urinary tract infections can be treated by antibiotics, but many virulent strains of *Enterococcus* are resistant. From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance. This rules out some important antibiotics.
The Dutch defence
White to move

The English Wikibook *Chess Opening Theory* has more information on:
***Dutch Defence***

The **Dutch defence** is one of the oldest chess openings. It aims to counter-attack White's kingside in the middlegame. White can respond in various ways:

2.g3. This fianchetto of the bishop signals White's attempt to control the central squares. It is the main line for tournament players. White continues with moves like Bg2, Nf3, 0-0, c4, Nc3.

2.Bg5. This makes 2...Nf6 doubtful, since 3.Bxf6 doubles Black's pawns and makes Black's game more difficult. Black usually plays 2...g6 to fianchetto his bishop before he plays Nf6. 2...g6 marks the Leningrad variation of the Dutch defence. White's bishop cannot trapped: 2...h6 3.Bh4 g5 4.Bg3 f4? 5.e3! Mate is threatened (6.Qh5#), so the pawn on f4 is won.

2.e4. This is Staunton's Gambit. After 2...fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 d5 5.f3, White may or may not have enough for the pawn loss.

Further reading
---------------

* McDonald, Neil (2004). *Starting out: the Dutch Defence*. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-857443-77-2.
* Williams, Simon; Palliser, Richard and Vigus, James (2010). *Dangerous weapons: the Dutch*. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-624-1.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
The **flag of Malawi** was adopted on 6 July 1964. It was made when Nyasaland was made independent from Great Britain, and renamed itself Malawi.

Design
------

The flag is made of three colored stripes, which are red, black, and green. On the top stripe, there is a red sun, with 31 rays. The rising sun means hope and freedom for Africa. The 31 rays of the sun mean that Malawi was the 31st country to have independence. The black means the people of Africa. The red means the blood of their struggle to be free, and the green means nature.

Flag from 2010-2012
-------------------

A new flag of Malawi was made on July 29, 2010. The stripes were changed from the first flag to match the Pan-African Flag, with the red stripe at the top, the black stripe in middle, and the green stripe at the bottom. The sun at the top was replaced with a white sun in the middle. This sun had 45 rays, that meant the economic growth Malawi has made since being independent. The flag was approved by the President of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, on July 29, 2010. The people of Malwai didn't want to change the flag, but the government kept going through the process of having it. The flag was nicknamed "Bingu's flag" by the peoplen who saw it as a fake flag. Many didn't like the flag, seeing it as bad for the nation.

'Bingu's Flag' (2010-2012)
On 28 May 2012, President Joyce Banda changed the flag back to the first flag.
Ford Pinto
The **Ford Pinto** was a subcompact car built in the 1970s. The vehicle was marketed under Ford Motor Company in the States and Canada. It was made from the 1971 to 1980 model years. Pinto was the smallest American Ford car since 1907. It was Ford's first subcompact vehicle in North America. 

The Pinto was manufactured in three body styles: two-door sedan, three-door hatchback and two-door station wagon. Mercury had rebadged versions of the Pinto, the **Mercury Bobcat**, from 1974 to 1980 (1975 to 1980 in the United States). Over three million Pintos were made over its ten-year production run. 

Since the 1970s, the safety reputation of the Pinto has made controversy. Several deadly fires related to tanks rupturing happened during rear-end crashes. In 1974, to meet federal regulations, five-mile-per-hour bumpers were included on the front and rear. 

In the 1977 model year, Pinto wagons were given a new option package. Some wagons were called the *Pinto Cruising Wagon*. This was the sedan delivery version of Pinto. It was styled to look like a small conversion van. It had round side panel bubble windows and a choice of optional vinyl graphics.

In 1977, the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration did an investigation on Ford. In 1978 (the following year), the NHTSA warned Ford of their determination their Pinto fuel system was bad.

In June 1978, Ford recalled over 1.5 million Ford Pintos and Mercury Bobcats, the largest automotive industry recall at that time. Ford, however, disagreed with the NHTSA finding of a defect.
The **Free Trade Party** was an Australian political party from 1889 to 1909. It was officially known as the **Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association**. It was also called the **Revenue Tariff Party** in some states and renamed the **Anti-Socialist Party** in 1906. It wanted to remove tariffs (taxes on imports and exports) as well as other restrictions on trade. It argued that free trade would benefit everyone. However, many members also supported some tariffs to raise money for the government.

The party was based in New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It was the main party in New South Wales politics before federation.

After the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, the Free Traders were the second largest group in the Australian House of Representatives, with 25 seats. Reid became the Parliament's first leader of the Opposition. He later became Prime Minister in 1904-05. The deputy leader of the Free Trade Party was Willima McMillan. Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party when McMillan retired in 1903.

A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party took part in the 1903 federal election in Tasmania and won two seats. It joined with the Free Trade Party in federal parliament.

After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid looked around for another cause for his party. He settled on opposition to socialism. He criticised both the Australian Labor Party and the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. The Free Trade Party was renamed the Anti-Socialist Party (ASP) before the 1906 federal election. The Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength. Some Protectionists left the party to join Labor and the ASP.

George Reid, Prime Minister of Australia 1904-1905
Reid retired in 1908, and the party leadership passed to Joseph Cook. He agreed to merge with the Protectionists to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909.
European starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*) eggs in nest
An **eggshell** is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats. It is a main character of the cleidoic egg, which allows amniotes to breed on land.

Worm
----

Worms eggs present a three layered structure with an External Vitellin Layer, a Chitin Layer that confers mechanical resistance and an internal Lipid-rich layer that makes the egg chamber impermeable.

Amniotes
--------

Amniotes developed the cleidoic egg early in the Carboniferous period, and this meant they could live and reproduce on dry land. These early land animals evolved into the reptiles, birds and mammals of today. In contrast, the amphibia are land animals who must lay their eggs in water, because the eggs are not protected by a shell. 

The structure and composition of the eggshell protects the egg against damage, microbial contamination, and desiccation (drying out). Small molecules can pass through it, so the shell allows gas exchange for the growing embryo. It also provides calcium for the embryo's skeleton. 

### Reptile eggs

While many reptiles lay eggs with flexible, calcified, eggshells, there are some that lay hard eggs. Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another. Depending on the species, turtles and tortoises lay hard or soft eggs. Several species lay eggs which are nearly the same as bird eggs.

### Bird eggs

The normal bird egg is a fertilized egg sitting on the yolk surface and surrounded by albumen, or egg white. The albumen in turn is surrounded by two shell membranes (inner and outer membranes) and then the eggshell. The chicken eggshell is 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals, which are held together by a protein matrix.

While the bulk of eggshell is made of calcium carbonate, it is now thought that the protein matrix has an important role to play in eggshell strength. These proteins affect crystallization, which in turn affects the eggshell structure. 

The average laying hen, takes about 20 hours to make the shell. Pigmentation is added to the shell by papillae lining the oviduct, coloring it any of a variety of colors and patterns depending on the species.

Related pages
-------------

* Cleidoic egg
* Amniote
* Egg (biology)
* Ovum
Coat of arms of the Dukes of Noailles as peers of France.
The title of **Duke of Noailles** was a French peerage created in 1663 for Anne de Noailles, Count of Ayen. 

Noailles is the name of a great French family, derived from the castle of Noailles in the territory of Ayen, between Brive and Turenne in the Limousin, and claiming to date back to the 11th century. It did not obtain fame until the 16th century, when its head, Antoine de Noailles (1504–1562), became admiral of France and was ambassador in England during three important years, 1553–1556, maintaining a gallant but unsuccessful rivalry with the Spanish ambassador, Simon Renard. 

Henri (1554–1623), son of Antoine, was a commander in the religious wars and was made Count of Ayen by Henry IV of France in 1593.

The title of Duke of Ayen was also given to the family. However, the heir to the Noailles dukedom was usually called the *Prince of Poix*. 

The family owned a lavish townhouse in Paris called the *Hôtel de Noailles*.

List of Dukes of Noailles
-------------------------

1. Anne de Noailles (1663-1678).
2. Anne Jules de Noailles (1678-1708).
3. Adrien Maurice de Noailles (1708-1766).
4. Louis de Noailles (1766-1793).
5. Jean de Noailles (1793–1824).
6. Paul de Noailles (1824–1885).
7. Jules Charles Victurnien de Noailles (1885–1895).
8. Adrien de Noailles (1895–1953).
9. François de Noailles (1953–2009).
10. Hélie de Noailles (2009–present).

The present holder of the title is Hélie de Noailles, but as France is now a republic, titles are not officially recognised.
**Free culture** is a concept and a movement that tries to help people share art very freely. It says copyright laws are too strict and tries to create a less limiting system. The word "free" In "free culture" means "freedom", **not** price.

The beginning of the movement is connected to Lawrence Lessig who has written a book named **Free Culture** and started Creative Commons, an organization that supports things like free culture and education. The movement is similar to free software movement but focuses on all art works, e.g. images or songs. Some free cultural works are for example the movie Big Buck Bunny or files at Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia is also part of free culture because it uses a free license for its articles.

The rules
---------

Works, for example movies, that respect free culture are called *free cultural works* or simply *free works*. These works have to allow anyone to:

1. Use the work personally without limits, for example watch the movie.
2. Use the work in any other way, for example examine it and see how it was made.
3. Give the work to others, for example your friends, or even sell it to someone.
4. Change the work in any way, for example add different music to the movie. You can also do everything above with the changed version.

The artist who creates something can make it free by adding a free license to it. Most famous free licenses are Creative Commons (CC) licenses. However, not all Creative Commons licenses are free (some for example prohibit commercial use or changing the work). The free CC licenses are CC0, CC-BY and CC-BY-SA.