recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Guylian sea shell chocolates
**Guylian** (Dutch pronunciation: ['ɡilijan]) is a Belgian chocolate manufacturer founded by Guy Foubert in 1960. The company takes its name from the combination of Foubert's first name (Guy) with that of his wife, Liliane. Guylian is perhaps most famous for their chocolate Sea Shells praline with different fillings. Guylian has been the major sponsor of Project Seahorse since 1999.

In 2008 Lotte Confectionery from South Korea bought the company for $164 mln.

Company icon
------------

A seahorse is used as the company's icon. It is worldwide protected by copyright. Its tail curls the other way around than real seahorses.

Products
--------

Guylian sells pralines in gift boxes, individually wrapped chocolates, chocolate bars, chocolate truffles and napolitains. Guylian is best known for its chocolate Sea Shells. Besides the original Guylian hazelnut praline, created by Guy Foubert in the 1960s, there are now other flavours available.

Guylian chocolate egg breaks Guinness World Record
--------------------------------------------------

In March 2005, Guylian made a Guinness World Record. They built the world's largest chocolate sculpture of an Easter egg. This was on the market square in Sint-Niklaas (Belgium). 26 Guylian master chocolatiers worked continuously for eight days to make this giant chocolate egg. The sculpture measured 8.32 meters high and 6.39 meters wide. It was made using 1,950 kilos of chocolate or about 50,000 chocolate Sea Shell Bars.

Other websites
--------------

* Guylian USA
* Guylian website worldwide
Jeffrey Buttle
**Jeffrey Buttle** (born September 1, 1982) is a figure skater from Canada. 

Buttle has won the national championships for Canada three times. He won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He won the World Championships in 2008. He has twice won the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

Buttle retired from competitions in 2008. Nowadays, he shows his skating acts in ice shows and makes skating programs for other skaters.

Buttle is known for very good skating skills. The edges of his skating blades are leaned very deep, making his skating fun to watch even when he does not perform any jumps. He is known for his spread eagle and his Ina Bauer, skating movements on ice.

Other websites
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* Official Site Archived 2018-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
* International Skating Union profile Archived 2004-06-03 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jeffrey Buttle***.
Greyfriars Bobby in Edinburgh
**Greyfriars Bobby** (4 May 1855 - 14 January 1872) was a Skye terrier. He belonged to a policeman in Edinburgh named John Gray. When Mr. Gray died in 1858, he was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Bobby stayed near the grave of Mr. Gray long after the funeral. He would not leave.

The little dog came to be called Greyfriars Bobby. He stayed at the grave for the rest of his life. Bobby died in 1872. He was buried just inside the gates of the kirkyard. His grave is marked by a small pink granite stone. Bobby's collar and bowl are displayed in the Museum of Edinburgh.

In 1873, Lady Angela Burdett-Coutts erected a drinking fountain *(pictured)* in Edinburgh to the memory of Greyfriars Bobby. The bronze statue of Bobby on top of the fountain was made by William Brodie. The fountain and statue have long been favourites of Scots.

The fountain is near the George IV Bridge in Edinburgh. The statue of Bobby sits on top of a column of granite. At the bottom, there is an eight-sided drinking basin for dogs. Near the top, there is a drinking spout for people. In 1957, the water was turned off because of health concerns.

Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson wrote a book about Bobby in 1912. It has never been out of print. A movie based on the book was made in 1961. This movie stars Tam O'Shanter as Bobby, and is described as "a tearjerker, one that saddens and lifts the spirit at the same time."
Portrait of a girl playing a virginal
**Harpsichords** are keyboard instruments that make sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum. They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery. This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit. The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord. On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force. On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played. However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound. The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety. It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.

Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.

Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). The last of these composers wrote *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Harpsichords at Wikimedia Commons
| show\_name = It's Showtime
| image =
| caption = 
| show\_name\_2 = 

* Showtime (2009–2012)
* Magpasikat (2010)

| genre = 

* Variety show
* Comedy
* Talent show

| picture\_format = 480i (SDTV) (2009–2015)   
 1080i (HDTV) (2015–present)
| camera = Multiple-camera setup
| runtime = 
| creative director = 
| developer = 
| location = ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center, Quezon City, Philippines   
 Studio 2 (2009–2012, 2018)   
 Studio 3 (2012–2018, 2019–present)
| director = Bobet Vidanes

| writer = 

* Karla Gacusana
* Maria Anna Isabel Reyes
* Rachel Relucio
* Matthew Salegumba
* Bebeth Santos
* Alex Balite
* Ferdi Aguas
* Alex Calleja

| executive\_producer = Paencyd Pearl B. Sabangan
| opentheme = "*Showtime* (2012 remix)"   
 performed by *It's Showtime* hosts

| presenter = 

* Vhong Navarro
* Anne Curtis
* Vice Ganda
* Kim Atienza
* Teddy Corpuz
* Jugs Jugueta
* Karylle
* Jhong Hilario
* Ryan Bang
* Amy Perez
* Mariel Rodriguez

| country = Philippines
| language = Filipino, English
| network = ABS-CBN
| company = 
| first\_aired = **as *Showtime***    
 October 24, 2009 (2009-10-24) – January 28, 2012 (2012-01-28)   
 **as *It's Showtime***    
 February 6, 2012 (2012-02-06)
| last\_aired = present
| preceded\_by = *Pilipinas, Game Ka Na Ba?* (2001–2009)   
 *Happy Yipee Yehey!* (2011–2012)
| related = *It's Showtime Indonesia*
| website =  Archived 2019-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
}}
***It's Showtime*** (commonly known as ***Showtime!***) is a long-running noon-time variety show from the Philippines. It airs weekdays at 12:00 PM to 3:30 PM and Saturdays at 11:45 AM to 2:30 PM. The show premiered on October 24, 2009 and it's currently celebrating its 10th anniversary in Philippine television.
**Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt** (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a German Field Marshal (*Generalfeldmarschall*) during World War II.

Rundstedt was born into a Prussian family with a long military tradition. He joined the Imperial German Army in 1892 and rose through the ranks. In World War I he served mainly as a staff officer. In the inter-war years, he continued his military career, reaching the rank of Colonel General (*Generaloberst*) before retiring in 1938.

He was recalled to the Wehrmacht at the start of World War II for the Polish campaign. He commanded Army Group A during the German invasion of France, and was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in 1940. In the Russian Campaign, he commanded Army Group South. The achieved the largest encirclement in history at the first Battle of Kiev. 

Rundstedt was dismissed by Adolf Hitler in December 1941, after the German retreat from Rostov, but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander in Chief in the West.

He was dismissed again after the German defeat in Normandy in July 1944, but was again recalled as Commander in Chief in the West in September, holding this post until his final dismissal by Hitler in March 1945. 

Rundstedt was aware of the various plots to depose Hitler, but refused to support them. After the war, he was charged with war crimes, but did not face trial due to his age and poor health. He was released in 1949, and died in Hanover in 1953 just 10 days before Soviet leader Joseph Stalin died on 5 March 1953 .
New Symbol warning of radioactive material
Symbol warning of radiation ("trefoil")
**ISO 21482** is a standard that specifies a warning symbol to warn against the dangers of radiation. The warning is made of the trefoil on the top, which warns against radiations. There are lines towards the bottom. On the bottom left, there is a skull, which warns against poison. On the bottom right, there is a running figure, and an arrow pointing outside the sign. The color red was chosen because children said it expresses danger better than yellow. The Gallup Organization recommended the symbol, after showing it to 1650 people. 

The new symbol does not replace the old one, but it amends it. It was designed to show the danger of radiation to people who do not know about radiation, or who do not know the symbol for it. The symbol was developed because of nuclear accidents that happened because people opened containers with radioactive materials, such as the Goiânia accident in 1987, or the Samut Prakan disaster near Bangkok in 2000. The new symbol will not be placed on the containers. Rather, it will directly placed on the substances emitting radiation, of the highest categories, 1 to 3. Containers will continue to bear only the old symbol, as they do not pose a direct risk. This also applies to rooms with radiation sources or x-ray equipment in them.
***Gladiolus*** (from Latin, the diminutive of *gladius*, a sword) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the **sword lily**, the most widely-used English common name for these plants is simply **gladiolus** (plural **gladioli**, **gladioluses** or sometimes **gladiolas**).

Description
-----------

The genus *Gladiolus* contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of *Gladiolus* endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red. 

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth *Macroglossum stellatarum* which usually pollinates many famous garden flowers like *Petunia*, *Zinnia*, *Dianthus* and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.
U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez talks about the Green New Deal in February 2019.
The **Green New Deal** (**GND**) is the name of many proposed economic programs in the United States that would focus on economic inequality and climate change. It is named after Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program from between 1933 and 1936.

U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Ed Markey released a 14-page document about the GND on 7 February 2019. They want to push the United States to using 100% renewable, zero-emission energy sources. Their plan would also address poverty in the U.S. and implement universal health care. The American Action Network estimated the plan would cost at least $1 trillion, and the document did not show where the money would specifically come from.

Support
-------

Jill Stein talked about the GND as early as 2012. The GND is officially in the Green Party USA's platform.

Organisations like 350.org, Greenpeace, Sierra Club, and Friends of the Earth support the GND proposal.

The GND is also supported by Democratic politicians Deb Haaland, Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar, Antonio Delgado, John Lewis, Earl Blumenauer, Carolyn Maloney, and José Serrano.

Criticism
---------

U.S. President Donald Trump is against the idea of a Green New Deal. He said on Twitter: "I think it is very important for the Democrats to press forward with their Green New Deal. It would be great for the so-called "Carbon Footprint" to permanently eliminate all Planes, Cars, Cows, Oil, Gas & the Military - even if no other country would do the same. Brilliant!"
**Hurricane Opal** was a major hurricane that formed in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1995.

Opal was the 9th hurricane of the highly active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Opal was the strongest hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula while still a tropical depression from September 27, then strengthened northward in the Gulf, becoming the most powerful Category 4 Atlantic hurricane before making a second landfall, October 4, in the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola as a 125-mph (201-km/h) hurricane. Opal devastated the Pensacola/Panhandle area with a 15-ft (5-m) storm surge and travelled up the entire state of Alabama, becoming a tropical storm in Tennessee. Opal also caused heavy damage in the mid-Atlantic states before dissipating.

Afterward, 50 people had died from flooding by Opal in Guatemala and Mexico, with another 13 deaths in the United States directly or indirectly related to Opal. Preliminary damage estimates were $3 billion.

Meteorological history
----------------------

Storm path
The beginning of this storm started from a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on September 11. It disappeared into a low pressure while in the Caribbean Sea several days later. The wave was found again on September 27 and was good enough to become Tropical Depression Eighteen. Tropical Depression Eighteen made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula shortly afterword. On September 30 Tropical Depression Eighteen strengthened into Tropical Storm Opal. Tropical Storm Opal continued west until October 2. On October 2 it turned northeast and strengthened into Hurricane Opal. After that Hurricane Opal strengthened fast and reached it's top winds of 150 mph (making it a category 4) on October 4, only two days after becoming a hurricane. Hurricane Opal continued northeast and weakened a little and made its last landfall in Santa Rosa Island, Florida on October 4 while a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Opal became a tropical storm over central Alabama and did not weaken to a tropical depression till it was in Tennessee. Tropical Depression Opal became extratropical over the Ohio River Valley on October 5th.

Retirement
----------

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
The name "Opal" was retired in the spring of 1996. In 2001, the name "Olga" was used instead, Olga was also used in 2007, and could be used in 2013.

Related pages
-------------

* 1995 Atlantic hurricane season
Flag
Coat of arms
**Formentera** is the smallest of the 4 Balearic Islands with population.

Geography and population
------------------------

It is located south of Ibiza (about 10 kilometers), south-west of Mallorca (about 50 kilometers).
Its area is 83.24 km² (32.14 sq mi).
Formentera has about 7,500 inhabitants. 
The island was built by volcano eruptions.
It has two high areas in the east and the south and a falt area in between.
Main town is Sant Francesc Xavier.

History
-------

First people, who settled on Formentera, were the Carthaginians, later the Romans came there. Often the island lost its complete population, for example after the Vandals came there.
In the middle ages Arabs governed the balearic island, then Catalans took over the island, Formentera became part of the new kingdom of Mallorca.
Later that kingdom became a part of Spain.

Economy
-------

The island lives mainly on tourism. Most tourists are from Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy and France.
Even the other economic activities like fishing deal with tourism.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Formentera***.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: ***Formentera***

* Town council website
* The Official Tourism Portal of Formentera
* Local government website Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
**Fujifilm Holdings Corporation** or **Fujifilm** is a Japanese company that makes cameras, video and photo film, medical equipment and biotechnology. The company also produces medical equipment, consumables for the film industry, computers (CD-R, DVD-R, etc.) and other goods. Fujifilm was in the list of the 100 most innovative world companies in 2013 according to Thomson Reuters.

Fujifilm is the world's largest manufacturer of photographic products with laboratories, factories, and offices in Asia, Europe and North America.

The president of the company is Shigetaka Kamori. The main office of the company is in Minato (Tokyo, Japan).

History
-------

The company started operating in 1934. Their first product was the professional 35 mm film. Two years later, in 1936, amateur film was added. In 1939, the organization established the Ashigara Research Lab. Research there helped Fuji to make their first color film in 1948.

In the mid-1950s, the company entered the magnetic media market. In 1954 Fuji created a laboratory for the research of magnetic technologies and in 1960 began making magnetic tapes. In 1963, the range was expanded with a two-inch videotape.

Fuji had a monopoly on camera film in Japan. It became one of the main sponsors of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. 

On January 31, 2018, Fujifilm announced that it would buy 50.1% of Xerox for US$6.1 billion but the plan was stopped. In late 2019, Fujifilm announced its takeover of Xerox's 25% part in Fuji Xerox.

In late 2019, Fujifilm bought Hitachi's diagnostic business for US$1.63 billion.
The public dining hall (canteen) of a people's commune. The slogan on the wall reads "Eat Free, Work Hard".
**Great Chinese Famine** was a great famine in China from 1958 to 1961. Drought, poor weather and some of the policies of the Communist Party of China were among the reasons of the three years of famine. This also further resulted in the Great Leap Forward movement.

History
-------

According to the government's statistics the total death toll is 15 million people. Historian Frank Dikotter, having been granted special access to Chinese archival materials, estimates that there were at least 45 million premature deaths from 1958 to 1962, although far from all these deaths came about as a result of starvation.

Chinese journalist Yang Jisheng concluded there were 36 million deaths due to starvation, while another 40 million others failed to be born, so that "China's total population loss during the Great Famine then comes to 76 million.

The **Great Chinese Famine** was caused by a combination of adverse weather conditions, social pressure, economic mismanagement, and radical changes in agriculture imposed by government regulations.

Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese communist party, introduced drastic changes in farming which prohibited farm ownership. Failure to abide by the policies led to persecution. The social pressure imposed on the citizens in terms of farming and business, which the government controlled, led to state instability. Owing to the laws passed during the period and Great Leap Forward during 1958–1962, according to government statistics, about 36 million people died in this period.
***Guys and Dolls*** is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of *Guys and Dolls* is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

What happens
------------

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.
The term "**multiple independent sources**" in journalism, criminal justice, science and general research, are two or more unconnected people, organizations, or objects which provide a given set of information or samples. For example, two separate people who see a traffic accident, at the spot, could be considered independent sources. However, if one person saw the accident and told the other one about it, then they would not be *independent*, since one would *depend* on the other for their information. Also, if two witnesses to an event discuss what they saw before they are asked about it and agree to tell the same story, then they are also no longer independent. As another example, two scientific devices could be considered independent sources of measurement data, unless they shared the same wiring or electrical power supply (or similar factors).

Consulting multiple independent sources is a common technique for detecting errors and deception, as any divergences or contradictions between statements, or data samples, would likely indicate one of these.

Famously, the *New York Times'*  minimal standard for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources.

Circular reporting is a situation where multiple sources *appear* to be independent, but in reality originate from a single source. Because circular reporting can happen inadvertently in many situations, extra care must be taken to ensure that multiple sources actually are independent, rather than interconnected in an obscure manner.

Related pages
-------------

* Editorial independence, not permitting advertisers to dictate news content
**Human rights in Bangladesh** are enshrined as fundamental rights in Part III of the Constitution of Bangladesh. However, constitutional and legal experts believe many of the country's laws require reform to enforce fundamental rights and reflect democratic values of the 21st century.

Tribal people in Bangladesh have demanded constitutional recognition.

Capital punishment remains legal in Bangladesh. Worker's rights are effected by a ban on trade unions in special economic zones. The government has often targeted trade union leaders with persecution.

LGBT rights
-----------

See the main article: LGBT rights in Bangladesh
In 2014, the Bangladeshi government officially recognized hijras as a third gender.

The British Raj-era penal code remains in force in Bangladesh. Section 377 of the code criminalizes homosexuality. In 2016, Terrorist groups claimed responsibility for the murder of Bangladesh's first LGBTQ magazine editor Xulhaz Mannan and his partner Tanay Majumdar.

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  "Indigenous people demand constitutional recognition". *The Daily Star*. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
2. ↑  "Bangladesh: Stop Persecuting Unions, Garment Workers | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
3. ↑  Blaustein, Jonathan. "Bangladesh's Third Gender". *Lens Blog*.
4. ↑  Eliott C. McLaughlin; Don Melvin; Tiffany Ap. "Al Qaeda claims #Bangladesh LGBT murders". *CNN*.
Main articles: Uyghur genocide, Uyghurs § Persecution\_of\_Uyghurs\_in\_Xinjiang, and LGBT rights in East Turkestan
Flag of East Turkestanis
Article 36 of the PRC Constitution provides constitutional protection for citizens’ freedom of religion and the country's official ethnic policies also reiterate protection of the freedom of religion of ethnic minorities, but in practice the Uyghur population, predominantly living in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, are subject to strict controls on the practice of Islam.

Examples of these restrictions now include:

* Official religious practices must be held in government-approved mosques
* Uyghurs under 18 years old are not allowed to enter mosques or pray in school
* The study of religious texts is only permitted in designated state schools
* Government informers regularly attend religious gatherings in mosques
* Women are not allowed to wear headscarves and veils and men are not allowed to have beards
* The use of traditionally Islamic names (e.g. Abdul), is banned

Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Chinese government began to label violence in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as terrorism, unlike in previous years. Chinese counter-terror legislation now makes explicit links between religion and extremism and has led to regulations that explicitly ban religious expression among Uyghurs in particular.

On January 19, 2021, outgoing Secretary of State Mike Pompeo formally declared that China is committing a genocide against the Uighurs and crimes against humanity. In a written letter, Pompeo wrote, "I believe this genocide is ongoing, and that we are witnessing the systematic attempt to destroy Uyghurs by the Chinese party-state." Pompeo called for "all appropriate multilateral and relevant juridical bodies, to join the United States in our effort to promote accountability for those responsible for these atrocities." China strongly denies that human rights abuses are going on in Xinjiang. Pompeo has previously stated that China is trying to "erase its own citizens." On 16 August 2021, a young Chinese woman, named Wu Huan, told the *Associated Press* in her testimony that she was allegedly held for eight days at a Chinese-run secret detention facility in the United Arab Emirates, along with two other Uyghurs. Wu Huan said she was abducted from a hotel in Dubai and detained by Chinese officials at a villa converted into a jail. It was the first evidence that China was operating a "black site" beyond its borders.
Not to be confused with the 15th century English composer John Taverner.
Sir **John Tavener** (28 January 1944 – 12 November 2013) was an English composer.

Life
----

John Tavener was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called *Cain and Abel* which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of *The Whale* by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s.

Another work written in 1968 was *In Alium*. It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose *In Alium*.

The Beatles became interested in Tavener’s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener’s music on the newly formed Apple label.

Tavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors.

He made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80-year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life.

A short piece for choir, *The Lamb* was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol.

In 1989, his work *The Protecting Veil* was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His *Song for Athene* was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world.

Tavener was knighted in 2000.

Death
-----

Tavener died on 12 November 2013 at his home in Child Okeford, Dorset from unknown causes, aged 69. Tavener suffered many health issues. He suffered two heart attack and had surgery to remove an intestinal tumor.

Other websites
--------------

* Sir John Tavener's homepage Archived 2015-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
Behind the thorax of this crane fly are two knobs on stalks. They are the halteres.
**Halteres** are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies. They vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.

The halteres evolved from wings. Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do. Flies have only the front pair of wings.

Function
--------

Halteres help balancing and improve flight. They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics. In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.

They are flapped rapidly and work as gyroscopes, telling the insect about its body position during flight.

Every vibrating object tends to maintain its plane of vibration, a result of the Coriolis effect. If the body of the insect changes direction in flight or rotates about its axis, the vibrating halteres exert a force on the body. The insect detects this force with sensory organs at the base of the halteres.

The two halteres vibrate in different planes, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the long axis of the insect. This increases the information got from the halteres.

Development
-----------

In Diptera, the formation of the haltere during metamorphosis is dependent on the homeotic gene *Ultrabithorax* (Ubx). If this gene is experimentally deactivated, the haltere will develop into a fully developed wing. This is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.

Convergent evolution
--------------------

The Strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres. We know the evolution was independent because in the Strepsiptera the *forewings* evolved into halteres while, in the Diptera, the *hindwings* changed into halteres. This is a classic case of convergent evolution.

Grimaldi and Engel say halteres have evolved at least seven times in insects, and "in most cases it is known to be associated with improved manoeuvering in flight".
Magnified cells of bacterium GFAJ-1 grown on a medium containing arsenic.
The **Halomonadaceae** are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera *Halomonas* and *Deleya*. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

GFAG-1
------

**GFAJ-1** is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the **Halomonadaceae**. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute.

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.

Background
----------

Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.
**Interpol** is an alternative rock band from New York City. Popular songs include Evil, PDA and NYC. The band's current members are Paul Banks, Daniel Kessler, and Sam Fogarino. Bassist Carlos Dengler departed the band in 2010.

Members
-------

**Paul Banks** is the artist name used by the lead vocalist and one of the guitarists in the band Interpol. He is American but was born in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex, England. The family moved back to the USA, where his parents were from, when he was five. The family lived in Chicago, Illinois and Virginia Beach, Virginia. They also spent time in Europe and Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico before he attended college. 

He uses an alias in Interpol and in his solo work to separate life from work. In addition to Interpol, he has released one album, *Julian Plenti Is... Skyscraper* in 2009 and one EP, *Julian Plenti Lives...* in 2012, using the name "Julian Plenti". He also released one album, *Banks,* in 2012, as "Paul Banks". A mixtape entitled *Everybody on My Dick Like They Supposed to Be* was made available to download on Datpiff in 2012. The tape has contributions from El-P, High Prizm, Talib Kweli and Mike G. 

**Daniel Kessler** - lead guitar.

**Sam Fogarino** - drums.

History
-------

Interpol formed in the 1997 at NYU and signed to Matador Records in 2002. Their first album, *Turn On The Bright Lights* was released on August 20, 2002, through Matador Records. Well known singles and music videos from this album this include "Obstacle 1", "PDA" and "NYC". 

The band's second album, *Antics* was released September 28, 2004, also through Matador Records. Well known singles and music videos from this album include "Slow Hands", "Evil" and "C'mere". The "Evil" music video, directed by Charlie White is perhaps Interpol's best known. It shows a lifelike puppet surviving a car wreck. The meaning behind the song is much discussed, though Interpol have denied that it is about serial killers.

The band's third album, *Our Love To Admire* was released July 10, 2007 through Capitol Records. Well known singles and videos from this album include "The Heinrich Maneuver", "No I Threesome" and "Rest My Chemistry".

In July 2010, Interpol announced the departure of bassist Carlos Dengler. The fourth album, *Interpol*, was released on September 7, 2010. Well known singles and videos from this album include "Barricade" and "Lights". The video for "Lights" was again directed by Charlie White.

The fifth album and most recent album, *El Pintor*, was released on September 8, 2014. Well known singles and videos from this album include "All The Rage Back Home", "My Desire" and "Everything Is Wrong".

Discography
-----------

* *Precipitate EP*
* ''Interpol EP'' (2002)
* ''Turn On The Bright Lights'' (2002)
* ''The Black EP'' (2003)
* ''Antics'' (2004)
* ''Our Love To Admire'' (2007)
* ''Interpol'' (2010)
* ''El Pintor'' (2014)
* Marauder (2018)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Interpol***.

* Band website
* Interpol at Allmusic
Geir Ivarsøy
**Geir Ivarsøy** (June 27, 1957 – March 9, 2006) was the main programmer at Opera Software. He and Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner were part of a research group at the Norwegian state telephone company (now known as Telenor). They made browsing software called *MultiTorg Opera*. Telenor stopped them from working on the program, but in 1995 Ivarsøy and Stephenson von Tetzchner got the rights to the software. They created a company of their own, and continued working on it.

Now known as Opera, the Internet browser has become very popular. Opera Software has grown to more than 380 employees since it first moved to its offices in Oslo.

In January 2004, Geir Ivarsøy said he wanted to resign as a board member in Opera Software, though he kept working in the company after that. In June 2005 he was elected as a member of the nomination committee of the company.

Geir died in March 2006 of cancer.

Other websites
--------------

* Death in the Family—an obituary

| * v
* t
* e
Opera |
| --- |
| Companies | 
* Opera Software
* Telenor

 |  |
| Software | 
* Opera
	+ History
	+ Features
* Opera GX
* Opera Coast
* Opera Dragonfly
* Opera Mail
* Opera Mobile
* Opera Mini
* Nintendo DS & DSi Browser
* Internet Channel

 |
| Technology | 
* Blink
* Presto
* Opera Show Format

 |
| Websites | 
* Community

 |
| Notable individuals | 
* Håkon Wium Lie
* Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner
* Geir Ivarsøy

 |
**Harriet Sofie Bosse** (19 February 1878 in Oslo – 2 November 1961 in Oslo) was a Norwegian actress.

Biography
---------

The actress Bosse began her career as an actress at a Theatre group from her sister, it follow engagements in Stockholm. Of course that, Harriet Bosse became very famous in Scandinavia. Of course that, she was seen from August Strindberg- they married in 1901. In that time August wrote a lot of pieces for Harriet and Harriet for him. Of course August was very jealous, the married ends in 1904. 1912 she went through a dark phase of life- her exman August Strindberg died and her nephew and second exman, too. In 1919 she reacted for the first time in front of a camera. In this year she turned two movies *Ingmasörnerna* and *Kameraden*. After sixteen years she truned the third movie *Bombi Bitt och jarg*. The next years she worked one more time with a movie, but died at the 2nd November 1961 in the middle of filming in a stroke.

Husbands
--------

* 1901- 1904: August Strindberg
* 1908- 1911: Gunnar Wingård
* 1927- 1932: Edvin Adolphson

Movies and works
----------------

* Die Ingmarssöhne
* Comrades
* Kameraden
* Bombi Bitt och jarg
***Freedom of Speech*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the *Four Freedoms*. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the *Four Freedoms Speech* of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background
----------

This painting was made public in *The Saturday Evening Post* of February 20, 1943, along with an essay of Booth Tarkington. The other paintings of the *Four Freedoms* series are *Freedom of Worship*, *Freedom from Want* and *Freedom from Fear*, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

In this painting he shows a local meeting where one person speaks out his own, opposite opinion, while the others present give him the freedom of speech as a matter of protocol. Rockwell undertook four efforts to end up with this painting. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell needed four attempts to end up with this version of the painting. In former versions he found that the attention was confused because he had used to many objects. Furthermore he did not like the place of the main person in the picture.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto *Buy War Bonds*. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
*Freedom from Fear* of painter Norman Rockwell of 1943
**Freedom from fear** is a fundamental human right. This right was mentioned by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt as one of the *Four Freedoms* human beings everywhere in the world should have. Roosevelt presented the *Four Freedoms* at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941, which therefore has been called the *Four Freedoms Speech* as well.

This right, as well as the other three of the *Four Freedoms* of Roosevelt, makes part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. *Freedom from fear* is written down in the introduction tot the UN Declaration.

In his speech Roosevelt described his fourth right as follows:

> The fourth is freedom from fear which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor, anywhere in the world.
> 
> — Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941

In 1943 Norman Rockwell painted his work *Freedom from Fear*  which is one of four paintings he made on Roosevelts *Four Freedoms*.

Aung San Suu Kyi has named this right many times in speeches and wrote a book with the title *Freedom From Fear* on it in 1991. Historian David M. Kennedy was inspired by the right as well and in 1991 he brought out his book with the title *Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945*.

Related pages
-------------

* Four Freedoms Award
* Civil and political rights
* Right to an adequate standard of living
***Hatsumoude*** is the first visit of the new year to a shrine or temple. Many Japanese people visit a shrine or temple. They pray to gods or Buddha for the health and happiness of their family in the coming year. A Hatsumoude is usually performed between January 1st and 7th, which is based on ancient beliefs.

Method of cleaning
------------------

You should clean your body before you pray. *Chozuya* is cleaning your body.

* 1. Rinse left hand.
* 2. Rinse right hand.
* 3. Rinse mouth. (receive water to the hand)
* 4. Rinse left hand again.
* 5. Rinse ladle.

(You can't draw water into a ladle twice, so you must finish all the cleaning with one ladle of water.)

Method of praying
-----------------

1. Stand in front of the hall of worship.
2. Nod lightly and sound a bell.
3. Throw a money into an offering box softly.
4. Bow twice.
5. Clap hands twice.
6. Put hands together and pray.
7. Bow once.

History
-------

Originally, hatsumoude had been called *toshigomori*. It was a custom that the head of family stay in the shrine from night on New Year Eve to morning on New Year's Day for prayer. In Meiji period, toshigomori had divided into *jyoyamoude* that was done at night on New Year's Eve. Also *ganjitsumoude* that was done in morning on New Year's Day. So *ganjitsumoude* is the original form of today's hatsumoude.
**Liberia** is a country in West Africa. White Americans made the American Colonization Society and bought the land in 1822. They didn't want black people who were not slaves to be in the United States. So they took some of them to Liberia. At the start of the American Civil War (in the 1860s) about 12,000 freed slaves lived there. 

The name of the country means "Land of the Free" in Latin. Liberia gained its independence on July 26, 1847. Joseph Jenkins Roberts was the first president of Liberia. European states were quick to recognize Liberia as a state, but it took the US until 1862 to do so. Many of the black people who were sent to Liberia were missionaries. Its official language today is English because of this history.

In the 1990s and in the early 2000s, two civil wars badly affected the country. 

The country's constitution is similar to that of the United States. In the 2017 elections, George Weah became the twenty-fifth President of Liberia. The President before Weah was Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first African female president.

In August 2021, spurred on by President George Weah who called for a roadmap, the Senate voted on a series of recommendations to finally turn the page on this war. It starts with the creation of a victims compensation fund.