recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Loganair Flight 6780** was a scheduled domestic flight from Aberdeen to Shetland, which was struck by lightning while approaching Sumburgh Airport. The plane plummeted but the pilots were able to regain control within seconds of impact against the North Sea. The flight was emergency diverted to Aberdeen.

The AAIB issued five safety recommendations to the EASA and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to prevent a loss of control due to the autopilot. The safety advisory recommends reviewing the autopilot design of aircraft certified by the rules of Part 25 and equivalent regulations, including the Saab 2000, and require modification if necessary to ensure that pilots do not pose potential danger when applying forces that conflict with the autopilot.

Survivors
---------

Shona Manson, one of the passengers on Flight 6780 said: "I'm not scared of flying, but it was very, very rough. If it were someone who is afraid of flying, it would be their worst nightmare." She also related that after landing, the captain came out of the cabin, looking a bit shaken, to speak to the passengers noting that the incident could have been much worse.

Dramatization
-------------

The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 21 of *Mayday,* also known as *Air Crash Investigation.* The episode is titled "North Sea Nightmare".
***The Violent Years*** is a 1956 American exploitation movie starring Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins, the leader of a gang of juvenile delinquent high school girls.  Ed Wood, Jr. the director of *Glen or Glenda* and *Plan 9 from Outer Space*, wrote the screenplay. It was originally titled *Teenage Girl Gang*. Star Jean Moorhead was the Playboy Playmate for October 1955.

Cast
----

* Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins
* Barbara Weeks as Jane Parkins
* Arthur Millan as Carl Parkins
* Theresa Hancock as Georgia
* Glen Corbett as Barney Stetson
* Joanne Cangi as Geraldine
* Gloria Farr as Phyllis
* Lee Constant as Sheila
* I. Stanford Jolley as Judge Clara
* Timothy Farrell as Lt. Holmes
* F. Chan McClure as Det. Artman
* Bruno Metsa as Manny
* Harry Keaton as Doctor

Story
-----

Paula Parkins gets her kicks leading a gang of bored young women in criminal activities. The gang dresses in men's clothes, robs gas stations, and terrorizes couples in a local lovers' lane. Paula even rapes a young man.

Paula and her pals wreck a few classrooms in a public school. The police arrive and a deadly shootout takes place. Two members of Paula's gang are killed. Paula shoots and kills a policeman.

Paula is captured, convicted, and dies in the hospital giving birth to the child she conceived during the rape. Paula's parents are denied custody of their daughter's baby because they did a poor job of raising Paula.

Reviews
-------

Patrick McKinnon writes, "There are some movies that shouldn't be watched alone or sober. This is one of them. It makes you want to go back in time and beat Ed Wood Jr. to death with one of his own angora sweaters."

Other websites
--------------

* *The Violent Years* on IMDb
The **Sauropterygia** was a superorder of successful aquatic reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era. They are united by an adaptation of their shoulder, designed to support powerful paddle strokes. Some later sauropterygians like the pliosaurs developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis.

Origins and evolution
---------------------

The earliest sauropterygians appeared about 245 million years ago, at the start of the Triassic period. At first they were small, less than a metre. They were semi-aquatic lizard-like animals with long limbs (called pachypleurosaurs). They developed into a group called the nothosaurs, several meters long. The sauropterygians included another very distinctive group: the placodonts. They were bottom-feeders on shellfish, and possessed flat, crushing teeth to handle their prey.p148–151

The end-Triassic extinction event wiped them all out except for the plesiosaurs. During the earliest Jurassic these diversified quickly into the long-necked small-headed plesiosaurs proper, and short-necked large-headed pliosaurs. 

### Orders

* Nothosaurs
	+ Pachypleurosaurs
* Placodonts
* Plesiosaurs

### Position uncertain

* *Pistosaurus*

Other websites
--------------

* A review of the Sauropterygia Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine. Adam Stuart Smith. *The Plesiosaur Directory*. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
* Paleofile taxalist - lists every species and synonyms. Retrieved February 26, 2006
***The Vault of Horror*** (also called ***Vault of Horror***, ***Further Tales from the Crypt*** and ***Tales from the Crypt II***) is a British anthology horror movie. It was made in 1973 by Amicus Productions. Like the 1972 Amicus movie *Tales from the Crypt*, it is based on stories from the EC Comics series written by Al Feldstein and Bill Gaines. The movie was directed by Roy Ward Baker.

None of the movie's stories are actually from *Vault of Horror* comics. All but one were in *Tales from the Crypt*. The one that wasn't is *Shock SuspenStories*. The movie does not have the Vault Keeper character from the comics.

Cast
----

* Daniel Massey as Harold Rogers
* Terry-Thomas as Arthur Critchit
* Curd Jürgens as Sebastian
* Michael Craig as Maitland
* Tom Baker as Moore
* Anna Massey as Donna Rogers
* Glynis Johns as Eleanor Critchit
* Dawn Addams as Inez
* Edward Judd as Alex
* Denholm Elliott as Diltant
* Robin Nedwell as Tom
* Geoffrey Davies as Jerry
* Terence Alexander as Fenton Breedley
* Ishaq Bux as Fakir
* John Forbes-Robertson as Wilson
* Maurice Kaufmann as Bob Dickson
* Arthur Mullard as Gravedigger
* Mike Pratt as Clive
* Marianne Stone as Jane
* Erik Chitty as Old Waiter
* Tommy Godfrey as Landlord
* Jerold Wells as Waiter

DVD release
-----------

Together with *Tales from the Crypt*,*The Vault Of Horror* was released on a "Midnight Movies" double feature DVD on 11 September 2007. The version used is the edited, 1974 US theatrical release. It has some of the gorier scenes removed or altered in order to receive an MPAA PG rating.

An uncensored version was first shown on the British TV channel Film4 on 25 August 2008. This version still did not show a shot from the original closing sequence. In this scene the characters who walk to the graveyard are seen with dead, skeletal faces. It may be that this shot has been lost. No prints with it have been found. There is no evidence it was included in the final release prints.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Vault of Horror* on IMDb
* *The Vault of Horror* at AllMovie
**Mohammad Reza Adelkhani** (Persian: محمدرضا عادلخانی, born February 13, 1947 in Tehran, Iran) is a retired Iranian footballer and former Iran national football team player.

Adelkhani achieved the UEFA Pro Licence, the first Iranian to do so.

Early life
----------

He was born on 13 February 1947 in Tehran, Iran. He began playing in football in 1960 playing at Shahin.

Club career
-----------

Adelkhani played for SG Wattenscheid 09, Wuppertaler SV, Rot-Weiß Oberhausen and VfL Klafeld-Geisweid before moving back to Iran. He was the first Iranian player to move to Europe to play football. When he was in Turkey with Taj SC for a friendly match, German talent scouts saw his performance and signed him for Bayern Munchen.

Adelkhani's first senior club in Iran was Taj SC with whom he reached second place in the Iranian league in 1974. He then joined Shahbaz F.C. where he reached third place in the Iranian league in 1976/77.

International career
--------------------

Between 1973 and 1978, he played 17 times for the national team and scored 2 goals.

Iranian football fans will never forget the Asian football Olympic final 1974 in Aryamehr Stadium between Iran and Israel, in which Adelkhani forced Shum's own goal, which led Iran to win this tournament.

He was part of the Iran squad that qualified for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, an injury he sustained while saving his young daughter from falling down the stairs kept him out of the competition.

He was a left-footed player.
A Sauna, in Finland, from outside
Inside a modern Finnish sauna
A **sauna** is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.

The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.

Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office
buildings.

In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.

Common rules for public saunas
------------------------------

In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

Areas where the sauna is used while nude
* Germany
* Austria
* North-eastern Italy
* Finland
* Russia
* Slovenia
* Sweden
* Croatia
* Japan
* Netherlands
* Flanders
* Estonia
* Lithuania
* Latvia

Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
* France
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Hungary
* South America
* Africa
* Wallonia

Area where men and women do not sauna together
* Russia
* Japan

Areas where sitting on a towel is required
* Germany
* Austria
* North-eastern Italy
* Netherlands
* Flanders

Related pages
-------------

* Onsen
* Sentō
* Jjimjilbang
* Banya
Loblolly pine (*Pinus taeda*): male cones
A fully mature Monterey pine cone on the forest floor
**Pines** are a large and important genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. The Plant List of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden lists 126 species of pines, plus a lot of synonyms.

Pines live in almost the entire Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they live in the southern part of Arctic to Nicaragua and Hispaniola. In Europe, they live in areas from Portugal and Scotland to Russia. In Asia, they live in areas from Russia to Japan and the Philippines. They also live in the Himalayas, some northern parts of Africa, and north of Majorca (Mallorca) on the rugged mountains.

Pines are long-lived trees (rarely large shrubs), typically reaching heights of 5–70 metres tall and ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, *Pinus longaeva*. One individual of this species, named "Methuselah", is the world's oldest living tree at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California.

Cones
-----

Pines usually have male and female cones on the same tree (monoecious). The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and are only present for a short period, usually in spring. They fall as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed by one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are wind-dispersed. Some have larger seeds that look like nuts and are dispersed by birds. 

At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. whitebark pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. The resin on the cones holds the scales closed until it melts in the fire.
*Sauropelta edwardsorum* with a human for scale.
***Sauropelta*** was an armoured dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It looked a lot like its more advanced relative *Ankylosaurus*, but didn't have the bony nodes at the end of its tail. 

Anatomically, *Sauropelta* is one of the best-understood nodosaurids, with fossilized remains recovered in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and possibly Utah. It is also the earliest known genus of nodosaurid; most of its remains date to about 115 to 110 million years ago.

It was a medium-sized nodosaurid, measuring about 5 meters (16.5 ft) long. *Sauropelta* had a distinctively long tail which made up about half of its body length. Although its body was smaller than a modern black rhinoceros, *Sauropelta* was about the same mass, weighing in at about 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb). The extra weight was largely due to its extensive armour, including the large spines projecting from its neck.

As in other ankylosaurs, thick triangular scutes projected above and behind the eyes, as well as below and behind the eyes. More typically for nodosaurids, leaf-shaped teeth lined both upper and lower jaws, used for cutting plant material. The front end of the skull is unknown, but there would have been a keratinous beak.
**Luyten 726-8** (**UV Ceti** or **Gliese 65**) is a binary star which is one of Earth's nearest neighbours. It is about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus. One of the pair, **UV Ceti**, was the archetype for the class of flare stars.

The star system was discovered in 1948 by W.J Luyten in the course of compiling a catalogue of stars of high proper motion; he noted its exceptionally high proper motion of 3.37 arc seconds annually and catalogued it as Luyten 726-8.

The two stars are of nearly equal brightness, with apparent magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth. They orbit one another every 26.5 years. The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 AU. Its own nearest neighbour is Tau Ceti, 0.88 pc (2.87 ly) away from it.

Both the stars are variables. The most spectacular is Luyten 726-8B, which was given the variable star designation **UV Ceti** (the other star is also known as **BL Ceti**). Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered, it is the most prominent example of such a star, and similar flare stars are now known as UV Ceti type variable stars. This star goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: for instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds. UV Ceti is a red dwarf of spectral type M6.0e.
**Reproductive isolation** refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called **isolating mechanisms**.

An example of reproductive isolation. A mule is the offspring of a horse and a donkey. They are sterile, except in very rare cases
Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile. 

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

Isolating mechanisms
--------------------

A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms: 

### Pre-mating mechanisms

Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species. 

* **Temporal isolation**: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.
* **Ecological isolation**: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
* **Behavioral isolation**: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species.
* **Mechanical isolation**: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.

### Post-mating isolating mechanisms

Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.

* **Gametes not compatible**. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
* **Zygote mortality**: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
* **Hybrid inviability**: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
* **Hybrid sterility**: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile.
* **Hybrid breakdown**: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile.

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.
**"Reptar on Ice"** was the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show *Rugrats*. It aired November 15, 1992.

Summary
-------

Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too. After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child. To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby. A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all. The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".

As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate. The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar." They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him. They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard. Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause. As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....

Cast
----

* Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
* Phil and Lil DeVille (voiced by Kath Soucie)
* Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
* Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
* Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
* Stu Pickles (voiced by Jack Riley)
* Grandpa Lou (voiced by David Doyle)
* Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

Home releases
-------------

"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS *Rugrats: Return of Reptar*, the DVD *Rugrats: Decade in Diapers*, *Rugrats: Season 2* and will be released on *Rugrats: The Complete Series*.
The **M2 Machine Gun**, or **Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun** is a heavy machine gun. It was nicknamed *Ma Deuce* by US troops or simply called "fifty-cal." due to its caliber.

John Moses Browning (1855–1926) of Ogden, Utah, was the inventor. His military arms were considered to be outstanding. German Field Marshal Hermann Göring said, "If the *Luftwaffe* (German Air Force) had the Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently". 

Browning began work on the .50-caliber machine gun in July 1917 and it was introduced in 1918. It was a belt-fed, automatic weapon that came in both air-cooled and water-cooled versions. The gun was capable of single-shot or fully automatic fire. The U.S. Army, Army Air Forces, and Navy all adopted it immediately. 

The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft by the United States from the 1920s to the present day. It was used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as during operations in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries. It is still in use today, with only a few modern improvements. Right now, it is the longest serving machine gun in the US military.
**Whiskey Tjukangku** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from South Australia. He paints for Iwantja Arts, the community co-operative at Indulkana on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people, and a **ngangkaṟi** (traditional healer). One of his works was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2012. His brother, Barney Wangin, is also an artist.

Tjukangku was born around 1939, in the bush near Umuwa in north-western South Australia. The name "Whiskey" was given to him by one of his friends when he was a young boy. It is said that Tjukangku took this name because he could not pronounce his own Aboriginal name.

Tjukangku grew up at the mission in Ernabella and at De Rose Hill, a cattle station located along the Stuart Highway. He never went to school. As a child, he was taught about working with horses and cattle at De Rose Hill. By the time he was a teenager, Tjukangku began working for the station as a jackaroo, mustering cattle. He worked as a stockman for many years, on several stations throughout central Australia. He worked for a long time on the land of the Arrernte people (in the Northern Territory), which he depicts in many of his works. When he was older, he moved back south, closer to his homeland (where he and his family were born). He settled at Indulkana, and has lived there ever since.

Tjukangku was one of the first men to begin painting at Indulkana, and was one of the original members of Iwantja Arts. In addition to painting, he also does printmaking using the intaglio method (cutting designs into wooden objects). Beginning in his early 70s, Tjukangku is reported to suffer from dementia. He still works as a full-time artist, however, and makes an average of one or two artworks per week.

His artworks depict personal reflections on his travels and experiences in the central Australian desert. It is often just memories, about where he used to work or a place he fondly remembers. This is different to most traditional Yankunytjatjara artists, who usually paint about their **Wapar** (Dreaming). A common motif featured in Tjukangku's artworks is *puṉu* (wood that is used for making traditional tools and objects). This is often both his subject and his medium. Objects in his artworks are often more figurative (realistic) than in most Western Desert art, but still contain elements and shapes that are very clearly abstract. Tjukangku paints in natural earthy tones, using rich shades of red, browns, ochres and black. He uses fields and lines of white dots to highlight shapes and movement.

Tjukangku's work has been featured in group shows at major galleries since 2010. He held his first solo exhibition in April–May 2011, in Alice Springs. He held a second solo show at the same venue the next year, in July–August 2012. One of the works exhibited at his first solo show was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Other works by Tjukangku are held in several of Australia's major private galleries. Some of his earliest prints are displayed in the South Australian Museum.
Figure 1. Rectangles A, on the left, look much darker than the rectangles B, on the right. However, rectangles A and B reflect the same amount of light.
**White's illusion** is a brightness illusion. Here, some stripes of a black and white grating are replaced by gray rectangles (see Fig). All gray bars usually have same color and opacity. The brightness of the gray pieces appear to shift toward the brightness of the top and bottom bordering stripes, that is, the gray bars with horizontal black regions on their top and bottom appear darker and those with white regions on their top and bottom appear lighter. But this does not match with what lateral inhibition predicts. This illusion is mostly described for grayscale. A similar illusion occurs for colored patches. This is known as **Munker-White's illusion** or **Munker's illusion**.

Lateral inhibition result for White's effect
--------------------------------------------

The amount of each bipolar cell response depends on the amount of the stimulation it receives from the receptor. Neighboring cells decrease this response. This is called lateral inhibition.

Lateral inhibition cannot explain White's illusion. In Figure 2.1 lateral inhibition sent by black cells A and C should make cell O lighter; in Figure 2.2 lateral inhibition sent by white cells A and C should make cell O darker.

Figure 2.
Rules suggested to describe optical illusions such as simultaneous brightness contrast illusion, such as Wallach's ratio rule cannot explain White's illusion. These rules suggest that cell O in figure 2.1 receives less inhibition that cell O in figure 2.2. So, the cell O in figure 2.1 should be lighter than cell O in the other figure. However, the opposite case happens. 
White and White (1985) concluded that at a higher spatial frequency the grating of White's illusion could be described by brightness assimilation. They also concluded that at lower spatial frequencies White's illusion is still present.

Belongingness
-------------

The belongingness theory has been given as an explanation of White's illusion. Belongingness means that we perceive things depending on its surroundings. According to belongingness theory, the lightness of rectangle A is influenced by the white bars that surround it. Similarly, the rectangle B on the right side is surrounded by the dark bars. So, the lightness of rectangle B is affected by the dark background. As a result, area A which rests on the white background appears darker than area B which rests on the dark background.

Not all scientists accept the belongingness theory. They say that when talking about the background, it is the same as lateral inhibition.
Swelling of Face in a child with Nephrotic SyndromeSwelling of face in a child with nephrotic syndrome
**Nephrotic syndrome** is the medical term used to describe a collection of signs and symptoms. They occur because of kidney damage. This is different from nephritic syndrome where there are red blood cells in urine, giving it a red colour appearance.

Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by doctors based on the classical symptoms of oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidaemia (which is explained below).

Symptoms and signs
------------------

* Oedema - swelling of the body
* Proteinuria - lipids passing in urine
* Hypoalbuminemia - low albumin level in blood
* Hyperlipidaemia - high lipid level in blood
* Lipiduria - lipids passing in urine
* Hyponatremia - low sodium in blood
* Frothy urine

Causes
------

Causes can be divided into two as primary and secondary causes.

Primary causes are conditions developing within the kidney.

* Minimal change disease (MCD)
* Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Secondary causes affect other body parts in addition to kidneys.

* Diabetes
* Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
* Vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessels

Treatment
---------

Treatment is with drugs that will reduce the damage to the kidneys. Prednisone, Cyclophosphamide, levamisole are some drugs used to treat nephrotic syndrome.

In addition to that lack of albumin is treated by giving albumin from outside into a vein. Fluid retention is treated with drugs called "diuretics" which will remove excessive water collected in the body. The person is advised to consume salt, fat containing foods and fluids including water in low amounts.

Prognosis
---------

Prognosis is the medical term for the likely outcome of a disease. Good prognosis means the person will have a good outcome with no organ damage and no long lasting effects due to the disease.

Nephrotic syndrome in children usually has a good prognosis. However in children less than 5 years old and in adults over 30 years the prognosis is usually not good and can lead to permanent kidney damage. In these groups the disease will reappear after some time and need continuous drug treatment to keep the disease under control.
**People's Liberation Army of Turkey** (**THKO**) was an armed underground far-left movement in Turkey. It was founded at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey in 1970 by six people: Hüseyin İnan, Yusuf Aslan, Sinan Cemgil, Deniz Gezmiş, Taylan Özgur and Cihan Alptekin.

Goals
-----

THKO thought it was impossible to struggle for independence and democracy within the present Turkish legal framework. They planned peaceful methods of struggle in Turkey. The organization struggled for what they called a "National Democratic Revolution". One of the main goals was to "rid Turkey of all things American".

The main thesis of THKO were:

1. Revolution with the goal of a completely independent and truly democratic Turkey.
2. People's war should be carried out on the basis of the alliance of the proletariat, peasantry and petty bourgeoisie
3. The communist party ("party of the working class") and People's Army should be the two basic organisations of people's war.
4. These two organisations would be built during the war period by support of the masses
5. THKO was a unique organisation, performing the functions of both these two organisations simultaneously.

THKO was shut down in 6 May 1972. The founders were executed. The execution was accepted by 273 votes to 48 votes out of 450 total votes in the parliament.
San Nicolas Island
**San Nicolas Island** is the farthest from shore of California's Channel Islands. It is part of Ventura County. The 14,562 acre (58.93 km² or 22.753 sq mi) island is used by the United States Navy for a weapons testing and training. The only people who live on the island are about 200 people with the military. The island has a small airport and a big billboard.

History
-------

San Nicolas was once the home of the Nicoleño people, who were probably related to the Tongva of the mainland and Santa Catalina Island. It was named for Saint Nicholas by Spanish sailor Sebastián Vizcaíno after he saw the island on the saint's feast day (December 6) in 1602. Vizcaíno reported that there were a lot of people living on the island. By 1800 the number of people on the island had gone down. In 1811 a group of Kodiak men from Alaska were put on to San Nicholas to hunt otters. They fought with the Nicoleños. When the Kodiaks left there were less than 100 of the original population left. By 1835 the population was about 12. The Nicoleños were taken off the island in the 1835 by the members of the California mission system. Within a few years of leaving the island the Nicoleño all died. 

### Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island

The most famous person from San Nicolas Island was the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island". She was left on the island in 1835 when the rest of the Nicoleños were moved to the missions. She lived on the island alone for 18 years before she was found and brought back to Santa Barbara in 1853. By this time there was no-one left who could speak her language. Her real name was never known, but as she was dying she was named Juana Maria. She died from dysentery seven weeks later. Her story was used for Scott O'Dell's award winning 1961 novel *Island of the Blue Dolphins*. Today, a commemorative plaque about her life has been placed on the back of the east bell tower at Mission Santa Barbara. In 2012 scientists rediscovered a buried cave on the island where they believe the woman lived.

### Rocket experiments

From 1957 and 1973, and in 2004, U.S. rockets were launched from San Nicolas Island.

Plants and animals
------------------

There are few kinds of plants and animals on San Nicolas Island. Sheep ate many of the plants before they were taken away in 1943. Even so, there are several plants that can only be found on the island. Three kinds of animals are there and nowhere else: deer mouse, island fox, and island night lizard. The island also has many birds.
**Vishal Mishra** is an Indian music composer and singer. He first appeared in a television reality singing show aired on DD National. He was then guided through his initial days in the industry by Lalit Pandit of Jatin–Lalit fame.

Career
------

Mishra made his debut as a composer in 2016 with the Tamil film *Devi*, simultaneously dubbed as *Abhinetri* in Telugu and in Hindi as *Tutak Tutak Tutiya*. He found fame in 2017 with the song "Jaane De", sung by , featured on the soundtrack of *Qarib Qarib Singlle*, and also composed songs for *Munna Michael*, which marked his singing debut, and the Marathi film *FU: Friendship Unlimited*. Under the tutelage of actor-producer Salman Khan, he composed the "Rafta Rafta" medley for *Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se*, marking his first project of 2018, whose music video features Khan in a special appearance; he subsequently composed the romantic song "Selfish", written by and starring Khan for the action drama *Race 3*, while also composing the title track of *Veere Di Wedding*, starring Sonam Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Swara Bhaskar and Shikha Talsania.

Mishra's next project, and his first as a solo composer for songs and score, came with the Salman Khan-produced romantic drama *Notebook*. He rose to popularity with the song "Kaise Hua" from *Kabir Singh*, which became a rage among the audiences. His final album of the year was as a soundtrack composer for the Anurag Kashyap-produced *Saand Ki Aankh*, a biopic on the lives of the Shooter Dadis.

2020 saw Mishra release **Manjha**, a song featuring Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar. Akshay Kumar and Jackky Bhagnani roped him in to compose the song "Phir Muskurayega India", featuring many Bollywood actors including Kumar and Bhagnani, which became popular during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic lockdown in the country as a means of motivating the general public to maintain safety.
**Virus classification** is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.
There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification. 

Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with "*-viridae*. For example, rotaviruses are in the *Reoviridae* family and herpes viruses are in the *Herpesviridae* family.

Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".

Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.
A cosplayer dressed up as the movie version of Wolverine.
**Logan** is the main character of the 20th Century Fox series of *X-Men* movies. He was played by Hugh Jackman in six *X-Men* movies and three solo *Wolverine* movies from 2000 to 2017.

Fictional biography
-------------------

James Howlett was born in the 19th century and learned he had claws on each hand. He later participated in several wars.

### X-Men: First Class

He appeared in a cameo where he says to Charles Xavier and Magneto "Go fuck yourself".

### Logan

In the year 2029, Logan retired from being an X-Man and decided to be a cab driver.

References in other works
-------------------------

* Hugh Jackman was supposed to make a cameo as Wolverine in 2002's *Spider-Man*, but the crew couldn't find his X-Men suit.
* Wolverine's face appears in the extended cut of 2005's *Fantastic Four*.
* In 2006's *Flushed Away*, Roddy (voiced by Jackman) checks his wardrobe and one of his outfits is a Wolverine costume.
* Wolverine and Hugh Jackman get mentioned constantly by Deadpool in the 2016 movie *Deadpool*.
* Archival footage of Hugh Jackman as Logan from X-Men Origins: Wolverine appears in the mid-credits scene of the 2018 movie *Deadpool 2* where Deadpool kills his mouthless self to "clean the timeline".

Reception
---------

Hugh Jackman's performance of Wolverine has been well-liked since the first movie.
This is what a website can look like if the wrong font encoding is used.
The Japanese Wikipedia article for Mojibake uses UTF-8 encoding. This screenshot shows what it looks like, when it is decoded using the standard Windows CP1252 encoding.
**Mojibake** (文字化け, pronounced /modʑibake/) is the name for incorrect, unreadable characters shown when computer software fails to show text correctly. When using computers, text is encoded using a character encoding. In transfer, each character is replaced by its position (or number) in the encoding. To display the character again, the position is again replaced by the character. When the original encoding is not specified, a different character may be used when the number is again replaced with the character for display. Unicode was introduced to solve this problem: UTF-8 is able to encode most common characters in 2 bytes. 

Before Unicode was introduced, other character encodings were used. As an example, ISO-8859 contains 15 different encodings. These are the same for the characters commonly used in English. They have several "blocks" of "special characters", which are filed differently for each encoding.

Origin of the word
------------------

Mojibake is a Japanese word. The word 文字化け ([moʥibake]) is composed of two parts. 文字 (*moji*) means *letter*, *character*. 化け (*bake*), from the verb 化ける (*bakeru*), means *to appear in disguise, to take the form of, to change for the worse*. Literally, it means "character mutation".
Example of a surcoat worn over armour
A **surcoat**, or **surcote**, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.

By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

Related pages
-------------

* Tabard
**Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man** (OMIM) is a database that keeps track of all known human genes.

It list those which cause genetic disorders, and those which simply cause traits. There are about 8,000 entries for genes, and 15,000 entries for phenotypes, which are (roughly) the feature(s) caused by a person's genes.

When possible it links diseases to specific genes. It provides a useful tool for further research. OMIM is one of the databases housed in the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). People search it using the NCBI search menus.

Versions
--------

Mendelian Inheritance in Man was started as books in the early 1960s. The 12th edition is the most recent book. The online version, OMIM, has been available since 1987. NCBI move it to the World Wide Web in 1995. By 2004, OMIM contained more than 15,000 records.

The MIM code
------------

Every disease and gene is given a six digit number. The first digit in each number tells how the gene or disease is inherited (passed from one generation to the next).

If the initial digit is 1, the trait is autosomal dominant; if 2, autosomal recessive; if 3, X-linked. Each trait defined in this dictionary has a MIM number, the number from the 12th edition of MIM. The MIM number is printed in square brackets with or without an asterisk (asterisks indicate that the mode of inheritance is known; a number symbol (#) before an entry number means that the phenotype can be caused by mutation in any of two or more genes) as appropriate. For example, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease [MIM #312080] is an X-linked recessive disorder.

**Range of MIM codes**: **method of inheritance** 

* 100000–299999: Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created before May 15, 1994)
* 300000–399999: X-linked loci or phenotypes
* 400000–499999: Y-linked loci or phenotypes
* 500000–599999: Mitochondrial loci or phenotypes
* 600000–above : Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created after May 15, 1994)

These codes have been used in the medical literature to provide a unified index to genetic diseases.

Other websites
--------------

* OMIM home page
* NCBI
**"Motettu de tristura"** (Sardinian language; "sad ditty") is a traditional Sardinian folk song composed by an anonymous author and rewritten by Luciano Berio for voice (mezzo-soprano), flute, clarinet, harp, percussion, viola and cello.

Setting and arrangements
------------------------

The music and words of the piece, known as *Tristu passirillanti* (*Sad nightingale*), were collected by Berio in the village of Guasila (Province of South Sardinia). The text in Campidanese sardinian is composed of two stanzas of five septenary lines each.

Luciano Berio set it for soprano and ensemble as part of his *Folk Songs* in 1964: the song cycle was composed for, and recorded by, Cathy Berberian.

Lyrics and meaning of the song
------------------------------

It is the desperate song of a woman who, overcome with grief over the loss of her lover, perhaps because he is dead, turns to a nightingale, and asks him why he advised her to cry for her lover. She is probably convinced that it is completely useless; in fact in the following verses he asks him to sing this song to him after she is dead.

| Sardinian | Literal English Translation |
| --- | --- |
| **Motettu de tristura**

Tristu passirillanti
Comenti m'assimbillas
Tristu passirillanti
E poita mi cunsillas 
A prangi po s’amanti?

Tristu passirillanti
Candu apu a essi interrada
Tristu passirillanti
Fai-mi' custa cantada
Candu apu a essi interrada
 | **Sad ditty**

Sad nightingale,
how you look like me.
Sad nightingale,
because you advise me
to cry for my lover?

Sad nightingale,
When I am buried,
Sad nightingale,
sing me this song
when I'm buried"
 |

Other recordings
----------------

* 2005, Osvaldo Golijov in the CD *Ayre*, with Dawn Upshaw & The Andalucian Dogs, Deutsche Grammophon GmbH, Hamburg

Covers
------

* Stella Doufexis
* Orna Arania
* Eleonora Noga Alberti with the *Conjunto de Música Contemporánea*
* Laure Delcampe with the *Ensemble 21*
***Sauroposeidon*** is a genus of sauropod dinosaur found in Oklahoma. It is one of the biggest dinosaur yet found.

Habit and diet
--------------

Sauroposeidon lived in what was then a river delta flowing into a bay rather the Bay of Mexico is today. It was a plant-eater that probably ate from the tops of trees, probably mainly conifers, and palms.

Estimations
-----------

Estimates of *Sauroposeidon'*s size are based on a comparison between the four *Sauroposeidon* vertebrae and the vertebrae of the HM SII specimen of *Giraffatitan* in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin. The HM SII is the most complete brachiosaur known. Comparisons to the other relatives of *Sauroposeidon* are difficult due to limited remains.

The neck length of *Sauroposeidon* is estimated at 11.25–12 m (37–39 ft), compared to a neck length of 9 m (30 ft) for the HM SII *Giraffatitan*. This is based on the assumption that the rest of the neck has the same proportions as *Giraffatitan*, which is a reasonably good conjecture.

*Sauroposeidon* was probably able to raise its head 17 m (56 ft) above the ground, which is as high as a six-story building. In comparison, *Giraffatitan* could probably raise its head 13.5 m (44 ft) into the air.

*Sauroposeidon's* shoulder height has been estimated at 6–7 m (20–23 ft) based on an interpretation of the animal as a brachiosaurid. Estimates of its total possible length have ranged from 28 m (92 ft) to 34 m (112 ft).

Timing
------

The fossils were found in rocks dating from near the end of the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–early Albian), from about 113 to 110 million years ago. *Sauroposeidon* was the last known North American sauropod before an absence on the continent of about 40 million years. The absence of sauropods ended with the appearance of *Alamosaurus* during the last (Maastrichtian) stage at the end of the Cretaceous.
The San Andreas Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault caused the massive 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Map of the San Andreas Fault, showing relative motion
The **San Andreas Fault** is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago.

The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself. 

In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.

The San Andreas fault was discovered by Furry in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.