recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Thomas Robert Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus's epitaph
The Rev. **Thomas Robert Malthus** FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834), was a British writer on political economy and population. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent, and was the first to use the phrase *struggle for existence*.

Views on population
-------------------

*Essay on the principle of population*, 1826
See the main article: Malthusianism
Malthus is famous for his theories about population: its increase or decrease in response to various factors. There were six editions of his *An Essay on the Principle of Population*, published from 1798 to 1826. He said that sooner or later population gets checked, by famine, disease, and widespread mortality.

He wrote in opposition to many who saw society as improving, and (in principle) as perfectible.viii William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract.

Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would prevent endless progress towards a utopian society: 

"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".p13
As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour.p104–105 Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote: 

"Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist,
* that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence,
* that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and,
* that the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice".p61

Economic views
--------------

Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticised the Poor Laws,p39-45 and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat.pxx He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-term benefits.

Influence
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Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many evolutionary biologists read him, especially Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. For both of them, Malthusianism became a stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus is still a writer of great significance and controversy.

Other websites
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* "The Opposite of Malthus". *Jason Godesky*. The Anthropik Network. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11.
**Software testing** takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

Proper performance may be based on specific (written) requirements or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or software bugs may need to be fixed. After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (**beta testing**).

Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.
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| Ludwig van Beethoven's manuscript sketch for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, *Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit* (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816. |
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Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 28 in A Major, Op. 101, Movement I

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Piano Sonata No. 28 in A Major, Op. 101, Movement II

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Piano Sonata No. 28 in A Major, Op. 101, Movements III and IV

Performed by Daniel Veesey. From Musopen.com.

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*Problems playing these files? See media help.*
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A **sonata** is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying. The word comes from the Italian "sonare" which means "to sound".

A composer could call any solo instrumental piece "sonata" if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements. A **sonatina** is a simple and short sonata.

History
-------

The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.

In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements. There were two types: "sonata da camera" ("room sonata" i.e. "chamber sonata") which were for playing in people’s homes, and "sonata da chiesa" ("church sonata") which were for being played in churches. The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment. There would also be a cello playing the bass line. The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.

At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord. These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).

By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements. They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end. If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement. The first movement would be in sonata form. The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.

In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

Related pages
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* Piano sonata
* Sonata form
***The Chaser’s War on Everything*** is a comedy television series. It was shown on the ABC in Australia from 2006-2009. The series is replayed on Friday nights and again (on a different channel) on Sunday nights. The series is hosted by a group of men called The Chaser.

Overview
--------

The series has the men doing stunts and tricks. Sometimes these tricks have been known to be dangerous (such as in one episode, cutting across lanes of traffic to stay behind a mobile advertisement), causing the television program Today Tonight to show a story on how dangerous this stunt was. At the end of each episode, there is a parody song performed, usually about the national government.

Stunts
------

One of the most famous tricks that has been on the series was when the group tricked security at the APEC Meeting in Sydney in 2007. They drove past two checkpoints in a fake motorcade, using fake access passes. One member of The Chaser was dressed up as Osama bin Laden, causing a massive security scare just metres from where George Bush was staying. 13 crew members were arrested, charged and later released on bail.

Other stunts have included:

* Following a Mobile Advertisement until they left town
* Making fun of call-in-quiz-shows Quizmania, Midnight Zoo and The Up-Late Game Show
* Using Public Transport as a furniture moving truck.
* Making fun of Kids with Cancer and the Make A Wish Foundation

Other websites
--------------

* *The Chaser's War On Everything* on IMDb
**Tintoretto** (1518 – 31 May 1594), born **Jacopo Comin**, was an Italian Renaissance painter. He was known by the nickname **Il Furioso**. His works are very dramatic, often depicting muscular figures and a bold use of perspective. These elements he paints in the Mannerist style. His use of colour and light, however, is typical of the Venetian School.

Tintoretto was from Venice. He spent most of his life painting there. He was a devout Roman Catholic. He painted frescos and other murals on the walls and ceilings of several churches and other buildings in Venice, such as the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, the Doge's Palace. His largest work is *Il Paradiso*, which dominates the main hall of the Doge's Palace. It is 22.6 x 9.1 metres in size, and is said to be the largest painting ever done on canvas.

Related pages
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* List of Italian painters

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jacopo Tintoretto***.

* Works at Web Gallery of Art
* www.JacopoTintoretto.org - 257 works by Tintoretto
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***Parisa***.

**Parisā** (Persian: پریسا‎‎, pronounced pə-REE-sa) is a Persian given name for girls. It means 'like a fairy'. 

The ancient Persian name "Parysatis" (Persian: پریساتیس‎‎) is related to this name. 
"Pari" can be used as a diminutive of Parisa. Pari (Persian: پری‎‎) (pronounced pər-REE) means "fairy" and is used as a name of its own right as well.[2] Pari does not mean angel. "Fereshteh" (Persian: فرشته‎‎) is a feminine given name which actually happens to mean angel. The Pari (or Peri) in Persian mythology are described to be a race of beautiful and benevolent supernatural fairy beings, earlier regarded as malevolent. Risa (given name) can be used as a nickname also. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Notable people
--------------

### Historical

* Parysatis, the wife of Darius I of Persia II, king of the Persian Empire
* Parysatis II, the youngest daughter of Artaxerxes III of Persia, who was the wife of Alexander the Great.

### Modern

* Parisa Damandan, Iranian art historian
* Parisa (born Fātemeh Vā'ezi), Iranian singer of Persian classical music

Other websites
--------------

* 
*
***The love of Captain Brando*** (Spanish: *El amor del capitán Brando*) is a 1974 Spanish movie. It was directed by Jaime de Armiñán.

Plot
----

Fernando, an old Republican exiled, returns to the imaginary town of Trescabañas after 35 years of absence. Aurora, the attractive young school teacher of the small town, is rejected by the bigoted neighbors, who see a "dangerous" source of corruption of their students in her methods. Juan, her 13 years old pupil, takes refuge in the imaginary world of his adolescent fantasies to escape from the reality.

The film tells the impossible love between Fernando, Aurora and Juan.

Cast
----

* Fernando Fernán Gómez as Fernando
* Ana Belén as Mrs. Aurora
* Jaime Gamboa as Juan
* Julieta Serrano as Mrs. María Rosa
* Antonio Ferrandis as Mr. Julio

Reception
---------

The movie was shown at the Berlin Film Festival. It was praised by both the jury and the spectators. Armiñán won the Golden Bear as Best Film.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Love of Captain Brando* on IMDb
* *The Love of Captain Brando* at Filmaffinity.com
***The Kite Runner*** is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.

In *The Kite Runner*, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.

Other websites
--------------

 Quotations related to The Kite Runner at Wikiquote

* Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
* Khaled Hosseini discusses *The Kite Runner* on the BBC *World Book Club*
* Article on the novel at *Let's Talk about Bollywood*
* Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
* Book Drum illustrated profile of *The Kite Runner* Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Per Yngve Ohlin** (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991) was a Swedish black metal musician best known for performing with the band Mayhem under the stage name **Dead**.

He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while. He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.

He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their *December Moon* demo.

He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"

Death and aftermath
-------------------

Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation. Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade. Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often. Varg Vikernes sent shotgun shells to Dead in 1991. On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked. He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items. He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull. Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did. He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album *Dawn of the Black Hearts*. The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him anymore.

He was ranked #48 out of *50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time* by Roadrunner Records.

Other websites
--------------

* Per "Dead" Ohlin at Find a Grave
**George Peter John Criscuola**, also known as Peter Criss and by his stage name The Catman, (born December 20, 1945, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American drummer. Criss is known for being the drummer in the original lineup of New York Glam metal band Kiss (band) during the 1970s before being replaced by Eric Carr in 1981.

Biography
---------

Criss was born **George Peter John Criscuola**. He is of Italian descent. His parents were Joseph and Loretta Criscuolo. Criss was a student of art and jazz. He got his start in music in the pop rock group Chelsea. They recorded an album in 1970.

Kiss
----

In 1972 Peter began his career in the band Kiss. The band included Paul Stanley on guitar and Gene Simmons on bass, and Ace Frehley as a first guitar. With the painted faces, in 1973 released their first album Kiss. The album was very successful. Peter Criss proved to be a good singer. He wrote and sang the ballad "Beth". On the band's third album, *Dressed to Kill* (1975), Criss sang the song "Getaway", written by Ace Frehley. In 1980 Peter Criss released his last album as the drummer of Kiss *Unmasked*. Criss was fired from Kiss on May 18, 1980. This hit the band hard and again in the following years with the loss of original lead guitarist Ace Frehley. In 1981 he was replaced by drummer Eric Carr.

In 1996, Criss returned to the band to record some acoustic tracks on the album *Unplugged and* for their highly sucessful 1996-7 Alive/Worldwide Reunion Tour, which grossed $43.7 million Peter Criss left the band again in 2004. He was then replaced later by Eric Singer.

Other websites
--------------

* Peter Criss - The Official Website
* Interview with Peter Criss
* Second interview with Peter Criss
* Billboard.com article by Greg Prato Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
**Dr. Sian Henley** is a marine scientist. She takes part in the Women in Ocean Science (WOS) advisory board. She participated in COP-26, one of the most important scientific conferences. She also takes part in the Arctic PRIZE and CHaOS projects.

Early Life
----------

Henley studied at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. She now has a bachelor of sciences degree in environmental geoscience. She has PhDs in marine biochemistry and climate change.

Career
------

Henley participated in the Arctic PRIZE (PRoductivity in the seasonal Ice ZonE). This project investigates the impact of sea changes in Antarctica. She also takes part in CHaOS (Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor). It focuses on uncovering the effect of the melting ice cover on different areas in marine life. Henley conducts her own research too: ecosystem change in the Arctic, nutrient and carbon dynamics and the marine nitrogen cycle. She is part of the Southern Ocean Observation System (SOOS). Henley is also part of Women in Ocean Science (WOS) an organization aiming to support women in the field of ocean science and to let them be heard.
The **Siberian ibex** (*Capra sibirica*), also known as the **Altai ibex** or **Gobi ibex**, is a species of ibex that lives in central Asia.

Appearance
----------

They are the longest and heaviest goats known, though they are surpassed in shoulder height. Males are between 88 and 110 cm (35 and 43 in) in shoulder height, and weigh between 60 and 130 kg (130 and 290 lb). Females are noticeably smaller, with heights between 67 and 92 cm (26 and 36 in), and weights between 34 and 56 kg (75 and 123 lb). Both genders have beards, though it is shorter and can be possibly absent in females. The colouration is also variable, from dark brown to light tan, with some reddish individuals.

Taxonomy
--------

* 

The wild goat species form a closely related group with complicated internal systematics. Externally, the various forms are distinguished mainly by the sometimes very large horns of the males, while the females are also relatively similar between species. On the basis of the horns of the males one believed for a long time to be able to distinguish different species or species groups. Alpine ibex, Siberian ibex and Nubian ibex, for example, look very similar and were considered to be particularly closely related. What remained puzzling was the fact that the ranges of these three forms are separated by those of other wild goat species. Genetic studies, however, strongly suggest that the Siberian Ibex and the Nubian Ibex each represent separate species, with the Siberian Ibex standing at the base of the genus Capra

### Subspecies

Though some recent authorities treat the species as monotypic, others have recognized four subspecies, based mainly on differences in total size and size of horns:

* *C. s. sibirica* - Sayan Mountains
* *C. s. alaiana* - Alay Mountains
* *C. s. hagenbecki* - western Mongolia
* *C. s. sakeen* - Pamir Mountains, western Himalayas, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan

Habitat and Distribution
------------------------

Siberian ibexes live mostly above the tree line, in areas of steep slopes and rocky scree. Most Siberian ibexes are seen in central and northern Asia, Afghanistan, western and northern China (Primarily Xinjiang), north-western India, south-eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, eastern Uzbekistan, Mongolia, northern Pakistan, and south-central Russia.
The 1896 Olympic Silver Medal
A **silver medal** is a medal given to the second place finisher of contests (usually sports competitions) such as the Olympic Games or Commonwealth Games. First and third place finishers usually receive a gold medal and bronze medal, respectively.

Olympic Games
-------------

In 1896, winners' medals were made from silver. The custom of gold-silver-bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 games. It has been copied for many other sports events. Creating the medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1928-1968 the design was always the same. One side showed a design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli with text giving the host city. The other side showed another design of an Olympic champion. From 1972-2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight reworking) remained on the one with a custom design by the host city on the other. Because Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek games, a new design was create for the Athens 2004 Games. Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design.

The Open Championship
---------------------

In The Open Championship golf tournament, the Silver Medal is an award given to the lowest scoring amateur player at the tournament.

Other websites
--------------

* Medal Designs for all Olympic Games
The Pythagorean theorem has at least 370 known proofs.
A **theorem** is a proven idea in mathematics. Theorems are proved using logic and other theorems that have already been proved. A minor theorem that one must prove to prove a major theorem is called a lemma. Theorems are made of two parts: hypotheses and conclusions. 

Theorems use deduction, in contrast to theories which are empirical.

Some theorems are trivial, since they directly follow from the propositions. Other theorems are called "deep", because their proof is long and difficult. Sometimes, such proofs involve other areas of mathematics or show connections between different areas. A theorem might be simple to state and yet be deep. An excellent example is Fermat's Last Theorem, and there are many other examples of simple yet deep theorems in number theory and combinatorics (among other areas). 

There are other theorems for which a proof is known, but cannot be easily written down. Among the best examples are the four color theorem and the Kepler conjecture. Both of these theorems are only known to be true by reducing them to a computational search which is then verified by a computer program. At first, many mathematicians did not accept this form of proof, but it has become more widely accepted over the years. The mathematician Doron Zeilberger has even gone so far as to claim that these are possibly the only nontrivial results that mathematicians have ever proved. Many mathematical theorems can be reduced to simpler computations, including polynomial identities, trigonometric identities and hypergeometric identities.

Related pages
-------------

* Proposition

Books
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* Heath, Sir Thomas Little (1897), *The works of Archimedes*, Dover, retrieved 2009-11-15
* Hoffman, P. (1998). *The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdős and the Search for Mathematical Truth*. Hyperion, New York.
* Petkovsek, Marko (2019). *A = B*. AK Peters. ISBN 978-0-367-44871-4. OCLC 1129744105.
**The Protectorate** was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.

Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.

The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (*de facto*) military dictatorship' (Abbott).

During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.

After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.

Other websites
--------------

* United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660
Pink triangle
The **pink triangle** is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a *black triangle* that marked *anti-social women*. Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews wore the famous yellow star of David. If a prisoner was both Jewish and gay, he would wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.

Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called *Paragraph 175*, which made it a felony (a "very serious" crime). About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated (had their testicles removed). Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.

Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other *anti-social* groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.

After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.

The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during WWII *and* *after* WWII ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.
Court number 1
The **Wimbledon Championships** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar.

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

The winners in 2016 were Andy Murray and Serena Williams.

Traditions
----------

### Seedings

In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether bad or good) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings. 

### Clothing

The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

### Etiquette

Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used. If The Queen is in the audience, it is normal for players to bow to her.

Records
-------

* Men - William Renshaw, Pete Sampras and Roger Federer have won the singles 7 times each
* Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

Gallery
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* The Royal Gallery at Centre Court, WimbledonThe Royal Gallery at Centre Court, Wimbledon
* The Crowd at Centre Court, WimbledonThe Crowd at Centre Court, Wimbledon
* The Centre Court, WimbledonThe Centre Court, Wimbledon
* The decision of In or Out with the help of Technology at WimbledonThe decision of In or Out with the help of Technology at Wimbledon
* The longest match ever played at WimbledonThe longest match ever played at Wimbledon
* The Wimbledon ShopThe Wimbledon Shop
* The instructions to Non Ticket Holders at WimbledonThe instructions to Non Ticket Holders at Wimbledon
* Wimbledon scoreboardWimbledon scoreboard
* Wimbledon order of playWimbledon order of play
* Centre Court Wimbledon 1Centre Court Wimbledon 1
* Wimbledon Court 1Wimbledon Court 1
* Court 4 WimbledonCourt 4 Wimbledon
* Court 19 WimbledonCourt 19 Wimbledon
* Court 15 WimbledonCourt 15 Wimbledon
* Court 17 WimbledonCourt 17 Wimbledon
* Wimbledon Queue BridgeWimbledon Queue Bridge
* Score board WimbledonScore board Wimbledon

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Thought disorders sometimes show in writing. This is a letter of a person affected by thought disorder, it is difficult to read. The woman who wrote this suffered from psychosis.
In psychiatry, the term **thought disorder** or **formal thought disorder** refers to a condition where people have problems with consistent and straight thinking leading to abnormalities e.g. with spoken and written language. The people who have this condition use language that is disordered, or sometimes hard to follow. According to the psychiatrists, language is a reflection of thought processes. People who have difficulty speaking therefore often also have difficulty thinking.

Thought disorder is considered to be a symptom of psychotic mental illness, but there can also be other causes for it.

The condition it describes is permanent. It affects speech and writing. Those affected may speak all the time, or they may show patterns like switching ideas inside a sentence. They may also use different words that do not fit together at all; this is known as 'word salad'.

Eugen Bleuler, who named schizophrenia, held that its defining characteristic was a disorder of the thinking process. However, although the delusions and hallucinations of psychosis could also be considered as disorders of thought, the term *formal thought disorder* applies specifically to the presumed disruption in the flow of conscious verbal thought that is inferred from spoken language. This is typically what is referred to when the strictly less accurate, more commonly used but abbreviated term, 'thought disorder', is used.
***Promises! Promises!*** is a 1963 movie. It was the first Hollywood sound movie to feature a major star—Jayne Mansfield—in the nude. She was in three nude scenes that together lasted a bit over a minute.

*Playboy* publisher Hugh Hefner was charged with obscenity when he printed nude photos of Mansfield on the set in his magazine. The movie was banned in some American cities. It was a big box office success in cities where it was shown.

Story
-----

Sandy Brooks (Jayne Mansfield) wants to get pregnant. Her husband Jeff (Tommy Noonan) is too stressed out with work to make love to her. They take a cruise, and meet another couple (Marie McDonald and Mickey Hargitay).

The four get drunk. They change partners when going to their rooms. Later, both women learn they're pregnant. They wonder whether the fathers are their own or the other's husband.

Nude scenes
-----------

*Promises! Promises!* was the first Hollywood sound movie to feature a big star in the nude. For some, the nude scenes were the movie's main attraction.
 There are only three short nude scenes.

Together, these three scenes last a little bit over one minute. Mansfield was seen only topless in the movie, but the book *Hollywood Babylon* shows her on the set completely nude. Her pubic hair can be seen.

*Playboy*
---------

In June 1963, *Playboy* published a photo article about the movie. In the photos, Mansfield plays with one of her breasts. Publisher Hugh Hefner was arrested and charged with obscenity. He was acquitted by the jury.

Reception
---------

*Promises! Promises!* was banned in several American cities. Both the original movie and an edited version had box office success in places where it was not banned.

Mansfield was voted one of the Top 10 Box Office Attractions by theater owners that year. Movie critic Roger Ebert wrote about Mansfield, "Finally in *Promises! Promises!* she does what no Hollywood star ever does except in desperation. She does a nudie. In 1963, that kind of box office appeal was all she had left."

Other websites
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* *Promises! Promises!* on IMDb
* *Promises! Promises!* at Rotten Tomatoes
The **V Festival** is an annual music festival in England, the first to be held simultaneously at two sites, currently Hylands Park in Chelmsford and Weston Park in South Staffordshire, organized by SJM Concerts. Tt had previously been held at Temple Newsam in Leeds, before being succeeded by Carling's Leeds Festival. Originally, the festival took the name of the current year, and the first festival was called "V96". Since 2003 it has been known simply as the V Festival.

History
-------

The idea for V came in 1995 when Pulp frontman Jarvis Cocker announced that he would love to play two outdoor venues in two days. Pulp's promoters got together and came up with the idea of putting the concert into Victoria Park in Warrington and Hylands Park in Chelmsford so that fans in both north and south would have a chance to see the band. Then came the idea of adding more bands to the bill, setting up a second stage, and letting people camp for the weekend. In the end, Victoria Park was too small for two stages and camping. So in August 1996 there was an artists' day at Victoria Park and two days at Hylands Park with camping. The northern leg of V97 was switched to Leeds Temple Newsham to camping space and three stages. In 1999 the northern leg of the festival moved to Weston Park in Staffordshire and has remained there ever since.

The "V" stands for Virgin Group and began as another means of promoting Richard Branson's companies. The event is sponsored by Virgin Mobile, with Virgin Radio being the official radio station. 

The festival usually takes place during the penultimate weekend of August. Its weekend format, low queue times and professional organization have earned it a loyal audience. The festival sold out in record time in 2006.

Although rock music predominates, the festival books a wide range of music and is probably the most likely among UK festivals to book a few pop acts each year. Melanie C, Dido, and N.E.R.D. have all performed at the festival, with both Razorlight and Faithless performing in 2006. V features a mix of British and international musicians, from up-and-coming bands such as Coldplay in 2000 and Kaiser Chiefs in 2003 and 2008, and glam rockers El Presidente in 2005, to veteran singer Tony Christie. Girls Aloud also performed at the 2006 show and received rave reviews for their performance. McFly performed at the festival in 2007 and received unexpectedly great attendance and rave reviews.
**Thuringia** (German: *Thüringen*) is a Bundesland of Germany. It lies in central Germany and has an area of 16,251 km2 (6,274.5 sq mi). This means Thuringia is the sixth smallest state in Germany by area. It has 2.1 million inhabitants, so it is the fifth smallest state in Germany by population. The capital is Erfurt.

History
-------

1920 the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Gotha (part of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) and the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Greiz and Gera united to make the Free State of Thuringia.
1949 Thuringia and Erfurt became a new state of the DDR
1952 It became divided in three Districts *Bezirke* (Erfurt, Gera and Suhl)
1990 *Thuringia* became a Bundesland in the reunited Germany.

Geography
---------

Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse.
The most conspicuous geographical feature of Thuringia is the Thuringia Forest (Thüringer Wald). In the northwest Thuringia includes a small part of the Harz mountains. The Saale river runs through Jena.
The biggest mountain in Thuringia is with 982m the Großer Beerberg in the
Thuringia Forest.

List of Minister-Presidents of Thuringia
----------------------------------------

1945: Hermann Brill
1945 - 1947: Rudolf Paul
1947 - 1952: Werner Eggerath
1990 - 1992: Josef Duchac
1992 - 2003: Bernhard Vogel (CDU)
2003 - 2009: Dieter Althaus (CDU)
2009 - 2014: Christine Lieberknecht (CDU)
since 2014: Bodo Ramelow (Die Linke)

Cities in Thuringia
-------------------

* Erfurt
* Gera
* Jena
* Weimar
* Suhl
* Eisenach
* Gotha
The Shedd Aquarium
View of the entrance from The Great Ivy Lawn
**Shedd Aquarium** (formally the **John G. Shedd Aquarium**) is an indoor public aquarium in Chicago, Illinois in the U.S.. It opened on May 30, 1930. The aquarium has more than 25,000 fish. It was the largest indoor aquarium in the world until the Georgia Aquarium opened in 2005. The aquarium holds 5,000,000 US gallons (19,000,000 l; 4,200,000 imp gal) of water. The Shedd Aquarium was the first inland aquarium with a permanent saltwater fish collection. It is surrounded by Museum Campus Chicago, which includes the Adler Planetarium and the Field Museum of Natural History. It is named after businessman John G. Shedd. 

The aquarium has 2 million annual visitors. It was the most visited aquarium in the U.S. in 2005. In 2007, it was the most popular cultural attraction in Chicago. It contains 1,500 species including fish, marine mammals, birds, snakes, amphibians, and insects. The aquarium received awards for best exhibit from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) for Seahorse Symphony in 1999, Amazon Rising in 2001, and Wild Reef in 2004.

Other websites
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* Media related to Shedd Aquarium at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website
* Commercials Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* BGCI garden
* Structurae

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| Other | 
* IdRef

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***Pop Life*** is the title of a studio album. It is the third one released by French DJ David Guetta. It was released on Virgin Records in 2007. It was produced with Joachim Garraud. Longtime collaborator Chris Willis is the main vocalist; guest vocals are provided by JD Davis, Juliet, Tara McDonald, Cozi Costi and Thailand.

The first single to be released from *Pop Life* was "Love Is Gone", which became a Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at #9. A remix by Fred Riester and Joachim Garraud received play in dance clubs across the world. The second single was "Baby When the Light" which featured vocals by Cozi Costi. Subsequent singles include "Delirious" (featuring Tara McDonald on vocals), "Tomorrow Can Wait" and "Everytime We Touch".

Track listing
-------------

1. "Baby When the Light" (featuring Cozi) — 3:27
2. "Love Is Gone" (featuring Chris Willis - Original Mix) — 3:06
3. "Everytime We Touch" (with Steve Angello and Sebastian Ingrosso) — 3:40
4. "Delirious" (featuring Tara McDonald) — 4:31
5. "Tomorrow Can Wait" (featuring Chris Willis vs. El Tocadisco) — 3:33
6. "Winner of the Game" (featuring JD Davis) — 3:02
7. "Do Something Love" (featuring Juliet) — 4:10
8. "You're Not Alone" (featuring Tara McDonald) — 3:54
9. "Never Take Away My Freedom" (featuring Chris Willis) — 4:09
10. "This Is Not a Love Song" (featuring JD Davis) — 3:46
11. "Always" (featuring JD Davis) — 4:00
12. "Joan of Arc" (featuring Thailand) — 4:00
13. "Love Is Gone" (featuring Chris Willis - Fred Rister & Joachim Garraud Radio Edit Remix) — 3:21

* **UK edition: Bonus tracks**

14. "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" (featuring Chris Willis) (credited to "David Guetta vs. The Egg") — 3:16

* **Limited edition: Bonus tracks**

14. "Don't Be Afraid" — 3:16  

15. "Take Me Away" — 4:25  

16. "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" (featuring Chris Willis) (credited to "David Guetta vs. The Egg") — 3:16

Chart performance
-----------------

| Chart (2007) | Peakposition |
| --- | --- |
| French Albums Chart | 2 |
| Swiss Albums Top 100 | 10 |
|
| Austria Album Charts | 61 |
**Sodium phosphate** is a group of chemical compounds. The phosphate atom can hold three other atoms. They can be three hydrogen (phosphoric acid), two hydrogen and one sodium(sodium dihydrogen phosphate), one hydrogen and two sodium (disodium hydrogen phosphate), or three sodium (trisodium phosphate).

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
---------------------------

**Sodium dihydrogen phosphate**, also known as **monosodium phosphate**, is a chemical compound with the formula NaH2PO4. It is acidic. It is used in some baking powders. It is used as a laxative or a pH buffer (something that keeps a chemical from getting more acidic or basic). It is made by reaction of a little sodium hydroxide with phosphoric acid.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate
---------------------------

**Disodium hydrogen phosphate**, also known as **disodium phosphate** is a chemical compound with the formula Na2HPO4. It is about neutral (not acidic or basic). It is used to prevent clumping in foods. It is made by reaction of some sodium hydroxide with phosphorus.

Trisodium phosphate
-------------------

Trisodium phosphate
**Trisodium phosphate**, also known as **sodium phosphate**, is a chemical compound with the formula Na3PO4. It is basic. It formerly was used in detergents, but the phosphate fueled algal blooms. It is made by combining sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.

Related pages
-------------

* Phosphite
* Sodium phosphite
* Hypophosphite
The **Tahiti rail** (*Gallirallus pacificus*), also known as the **Tahiti red-billed rail**, or **Pacific red-billed rail**, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ***ebōnā*** or ***ōmnā***.

Name
----

The related buff-banded rail
Due to confusion about the name, the name *Rallus ecaudatus* was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as *Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus*. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, *Gallinula pacifica*, in a major scientific work.

Extinction
----------

Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.

Sources
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* BirdLife International (2004). *Gallirallus pacificus*. *2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 29 June 2006. Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
* Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of *Gallirallus pacificus*]. *In: Systema Naturae (13th edition)* **1**, part 2: 717.