recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Convection** is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter. Convection is defined as the method of heat transfer through a fluid from places of higher temperature to lower temperature by the movement of the molecules due to the difference in density. 

For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.

Forced convection and natural convection
----------------------------------------

Convection can happen naturally ("**natural convection**") or because of a moving device ("**forced convection**").

The fan is a device that produces the movement of the air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".

Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter if is hot and it is heavier if is cold, so if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part will naturally move upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it moves from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it moves to the bottom.

Convection ligma balls currents
-------------------------------

Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.

Related pages
-------------

* oHeat transfer
* Heat conduction
* Thermal radiation
**Revenge porn** is the act of getting revenge on somebody by way of pornography. It usually means spreading sexually explicit pictures or videos of a person without their permission. The possession of the material may be used by the partners to punish or embarrass the victim. 

Several areas have passed laws against revenge porn. They include Israel, Iran, Algeria, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and most of the United States.

In the 1980s, the *Hustler* magazine began a monthly show of reader-submitted images of naked women called the "Beaver Hunt". The Beaver Hunt photos usually came with details about these women, such as their names and their hobbies. Some of the women sued the magazine for publishing their photos without their permission.

In 2010, Hunter Moore launched a website called *IsAnyoneUp*. The website was similar to the Beaver Hunt. The first person who spoke against Moore was activist Charlotte Laws. She was also one of the first people to publicly support revenge pornography victims.

In June 2015 Google decided they would remove links to revenge porn on request. Microsoft did the same in July.
An Andean Condor soaring. This is one of the largest birds able to fly.
Forces acting on a wing. The lift force has both a forward and a vertical component.
Pigeons flapping their wings
Flight is a method of moving through the air. To do this, birds use wings with light, hollow bones and feathers on them. Birds have a streamlined body shape, so that they slip through air more easily.

Birds can move by flapping their wings, or they can stay in the same place. This is called hovering, with rapid wing beats, as with the kestrel. Birds that soar use very little energy for it: they use columns of rising hot air to lift them. They glide from the top of a warm air current, and then move on to another warm air current. That way birds like buzzards can fly all day while using little energy.

Birds like hawks and gannets dive on their prey. They get to a height, them fold their wings and dive head-first.

Lift
----

The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft. Lift force is produced by the action of air flow on the wing, which is an airfoil. The lift force occurs because the air has a lower pressure just above the wing and higher pressure below.
***The Rocker*** is a comedy movie. It was released on August 20, 2008. The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper. It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky. Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for *The Simpsons*.

Opinions of the movie
---------------------

Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, *The Rocker* had an overall approval rating of 40 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.1/10. *Entertainment Weekly* gave it a **C-**, saying "the movie ... shamelessly ... rips off *School of Rock*, recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"

Box office
----------

*The Rocker* was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States. It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make. It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend. The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run. One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie (*The House Bunny*) open the same weekend. It earned much more than *The Rocker*, opening at #2.

Cast
----

* Rainn Wilson as Robert "Fish" Fishman, drummer
* Christina Applegate as Kim
* Josh Gad as Matt Gadman, keyboardist
* Teddy Geiger as Curtis Wood, lead vocalist and guitarist
* Emma Stone as Amelia, bassist
* Will Arnett as Lex

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *The Rocker* on IMDb
A slice of lemon cheesecake
Plate decorated cheesecake
Sliced New York cheesecake 
A **cheesecake** is a dessert cake made of cheese (usually cream cheese but sometimes ricotta), eggs, and sugar. It often has a graham cracker crumb crust, sometimes held together by melted butter. The filling has a very heavy, smooth texture. It sometimes has sour cream to make it easier to shape and may have fruit flavoring such as strawberry, blueberry, or lemon. It is often topped with fresh fruit or chocolate.

History
-------

Cheesecake is now often thought to be part of American cooking, but it has a long history. Cheese making began around 2000 bc, and scientists who study people in the past have found cheese molds almost as old.

Cheesecakes are known to go back to at least Greece. In the 100s ad, the writer Athenaeus's *Dinner-Table Philosophers* mentioned the poet Callimachus (around the 200s bc) used to have a book by an "Aegimius" about the art of making cheesecakes (Greek: Πλακουντοπουκόν Σύγγραμμα, *Plakountopoukón Sýngramma*). Cheesecake may have been given to the sportspeople during the Olympic Games, which started in 776 bc.

Even before the Romans took over Greece, they had begun making cheesecakes as well. M. Porcius Cato's *Book on Farming* (written around 160 bc) mentions three kinds of cakes—**libum**, **savillum**, and **placenta**—for use as offerings to the gods. Placenta cakes were the closest to today's cheesecakes, since its crust and filling are made separately.

Europeans stopped using yeast and started adding beaten eggs to their cheesecakes around the 1700s. This made it taste more like a dessert than a cheesebread.

Cheesecake recipes were brought to the United States as people moved there from Europe. Most of today's kinds of cheesecake ("New York-style cheesecake") come from the kind created by William Lawrence of Chester, New York, in 1872. He was trying to make something like the soft French Neufchâtel cheese and ended up with a heavy, creamy "unripened cheese".

Types
-----

There is an all-garlic restaurant in Stockholm where they offer a garlic cheesecake.


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***cheesecake***

Other
-----

Sonya Thomas holds the world record for eating the most cheesecakes in a given time. She ate 11 pounds of cheesecake in nine minutes.

Chef Raffaele Ronca of the USA created the world's most expensive cheesecake, selling for an astonishing $4,592.42 at Ristorante Rafele in New York on October 30, 2017. This luxurious dessert boasted premium ingredients.

Gallery
-------

* New York cheesecake New York cheesecake
* Cheese sponge cake Cheese sponge cake
* Japanese cheesecake Japanese cheesecake
* Carrot cheesecake Carrot cheesecake
* Cheesecake with mango Cheesecake with mango
* 
* Baked cheesecake with raspberry Baked cheesecake with raspberry
* Oreo cheesecake and New York cheesecakeOreo cheesecake and New York cheesecake
* Japanese maple cheesecakeJapanese maple cheesecake
* Blueberry cheesecakeBlueberry cheesecake
* Swiss cheesecakeSwiss cheesecake
* Ricotta cheesecakeRicotta cheesecake
* German cheesecake without bottomGerman cheesecake without bottom
**Anambra State Children's Parliament** is a Non-governmental organization in Anambra State, Nigeria. It was founded in 2005.

History
-------

The parliament is made up of members from the 21 local government area of the state. They work under the ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, Awka.

Advocacy
--------

The organisation is known to pass a resolution to the governor for the children of Anambra State. In 2022, the parliament passed a resolution to Charles Chukwuma Soludo to implement *Child's Right Law* in the State.
In 2023, they also advocated for the girl child education in South East of Nigeria.
They also passed a resolution for a strong media campaign against child abuse, child marriage amongst children in Anambra State.

Leadership
----------

The organization is under the Anambra State Ministry of Women Affairs and Social development.

### List of Speakers

* Edden-Rex Abara
* Faustina Okoye
* Israel Udekwe (impeached)
* Victory Ekwunife

*Seventh Assembly (2018)*
-------------------------

The 7th Assembly was under the administration of Willie Obiano and Mrs Ndidi Mezue, the Commissioner for Social Welfare, Children and Women’s Affairs in 2018. The elected speaker was Faustina Mary Okoye.

*Eight Assembly (2022)*
-----------------------

The 8th Assembly was held under the administration of Charles Chukwuma Soludo and Ify Obinabo, the state Commissioner for women Affairs and Social Development. Israel Udekwe was elected into office in 2022 by Hon. Nonso Smart Okafor who is a member representing Nnewi North Constituency in Anambra State House of Assembly.

Other websites
--------------

* Facebook Page
* Archives of Anambra State Children's Parliament Data
**1700** (**MDCC**) was an exceptional common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar. It was also the last year of the 17th century. As of the start of 1700, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where then Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar didn't, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712.

Events
------

* January 1 – Russia first starts using Western numbers for its calendar.
The **Michelson interferometer** is the tool used for optical interferometry.

Background
----------

It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving that luminiferous aether did not exist in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

How it works
------------

There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other movable through a micrometer. 

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter, the two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.

The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength, that is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.
**Schwerer Gustav** (English: *Heavy Gustaf, or Great Gustaf*) and **Dora** were the names of two huge World War II German **80 cm K (E)** railway siege guns. 

The two guns were developed in the late 1930s by Krupp, the famous German arms manufacturer. Their purpose was to destroy heavy fortifications, especially in the French Maginot Line. The guns weighed nearly 1,350 tonnes, and could fire shells weighing seven tonnes to a range of 37 kilometers (23 mi).

Although they were intended for World War II, they were not ready for action when the Wehrmacht outflanked the Maginot line by sweeping through the low country (Belgium) to start the Battle of France. However, they were ready in Autumn 1941, after the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). Gustav was used at the siege of Sevastopol in the summer of 1942. By the end of the siege on 4 July the city of Sevastopol lay in ruins, and 30,000 tons of artillery ammunition had been fired. Gustav had fired 48 rounds and worn out its original barrel, which had already fired around 250 rounds during testing and development. The gun was fitted with the spare barrel and the original was sent back to Krupp's factory in Essen for relining.

Both Gustav and Dora were moved to Leningrad, and may have been intended for Warsaw. Gustav was eventually captured by US troops and cut up, whilst Dora was destroyed near the end of the war to avoid capture by the Red Army.

The Schwerer Gustav was the largest calibre rifled weapon in the history of artillery to see actual combat. It fired the heaviest shells of any artillery piece. A few other huge guns were never fired in anger: the French *Monster Mortar* (36 French inches; 975mm), the British Mallet's Mortar (36 inch; 914 mm) and the American Little David mortar (36 inch; 910 mm).
About 6% of those who get COVID-19 end up with **long Covid**, defined by the World Health Organization as the continuation or development of symptoms three months after initial infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least two months. Many of these people were not very ill when first infected. The symptoms are similar to those of myalgic encephalomyelitis, another post-viral condition commonly known as chronic fatigue syndrome. They may never have managed to fully rid their bodies of the virus. Some researchers think this is an autoimmune disorder.

There are many symptoms that sometimes disappear and then reappear. Commonly reported symptoms of long COVID are fatigue, memory problems, shortness of breath, and sleep disorder. Several other symptoms, including headaches, mental health issues, loss of smell or taste, muscle weakness, fever, and cognitive dysfunction may also present. Symptoms often get worse after mental or physical effort, a process called post-exertional malaise.
***Gypsophila paniculata*** is a species of perennial plant, a plant that lives for more than two years. The common name, a name that is in general use, is **baby's breath**.

Description
-----------

The height of the species 2 to 3 feet long and the width of the species is 2 to 3 feet long. The species blooms anytime from April to August. The color of the flowers are typically white. The plant needs sunlight from the full sun, meaning direct sunlight. The species is an herbaceous plant, meaning it has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level and has no woody stem above the ground.

Habitat
-------

The species is native to Central Europe and Siberia.

Toxicity
--------

Despite being used in cakes and corsages, the species is commonly feared to be poisonous. The toxicity is said to be due to saponins. The poisonous parts of the plant are claimed to be the flowers, with other parts of the plant also being poisonous when they are dry. The species can cause eye irritation, sinus irritation, or asthma after the plant is repeatedly handled. The plant can also cause minor skin irritation that only lasts for a few minutes.potentially unreliable source

It is known that the roots of this species and other members of the genus gypsophila do in fact contain saponin. A study has been done which suggests that saponins are produced only in the root and stay in the root and do not move to other parts of the plant.
**Drunken Tiger** (**DT**) (Korean: 드렁큰 타이거) is a South Korean hip hop group which issued their first album in 1999. The original members of the group were Tiger JK and DJ Shine; however, DJ Shine left in 2005 after recording five albums. When DT has performances, Tiger JK takes two other rappers: Bizzy and Paloalto. Tiger JK's wife, **Yoon Mirae(T)**, who is also a singer and rapper, often performs with DT.

Originally the name of "Drunken Tiger" was the name of a hip hop clan. Tiger JK made his debut in 1992 at Los Angeles hiphop festival. After his debut, many hiphop fellows joined the DT clan and he made a debut in Korea in 1998. The first team members were **Micki Eyez** and **Sucram**. When Tiger JK and DJ Shine joined together, they used the team name of Drunken Tiger. DT's first album was *Year of The Tiger*, and the debut songs are "Do you know hip hop (Return of Tiger)" and "I want you (Sweet Talk)".

When DJ Shine left DT it caused a great concern in the Korean hip hop community. It is not known why DJ Shine quit DT. Tiger JK is the only member of DT, and he continues using the name of DT. His Tiger Clan members co-work with him, so Tiger JK made three more albums with his clan members.

Drunken Tiger has encouraged the hip hop culture in Korea by DT. Many hiphop teams are in **Movement** crew. Dynamic Duo, Epik High, LeeSsang and others, are the crew members of Movement. DT issued the most albums in Korea and got awards from Golden Disk, MAMA, MKMF and Korean Public Music Awards.

Members
-------

* Tiger JK (Seo, Jungkwon)

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* *Year of The Tiger* (Feb. 1999)
* *The Great Rebirth* (Apr. 2000)
* *The Legend Of...* (Mar. 2001)
* *Foundation* (Feb. 2003)
* *One is not a lonely word* (Aug. 2004)
* *1945 the Liberation* (Aug. 2005)
* *Sky Is The Limit* (Sep. 2007)
* *Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder* (Jun. 2009)

### Famous songs

* "Do you know hiphop?"
* "I want you"
* "Good Life"
* "Monster"

Other websites
--------------

* www.dt-love.co.kr
* www.drunkencamp.com
**LaNada War Jack** (or LaNada Boyer and LaNada Means; born 1947) is a Native American activist and author who participated in the Occupation of Alcatraz from November 20, 1969 – June 11, 1971. She is a member of the Shoshone Bannock Tribes.

War Jack majored in Native American Law and Politics at UC Berkeley and participated in the Third Worlds Strike as a student. At Berkeley, she began the first Native American Studies program in the country with other students. War Jack was also part of the negotiation team that assisted with creating The Department of Ethnic Studies in 1969. Later that same year, she participated in the organization of the nineteen-month Occupation of Alcatraz: a peaceful protest where almost 100 Native Americans (plus other supporters) inhabited Alcatraz Island. Deynon Means, War Jack’s son, and Claudene Boyer, her sister, came too. Students from other universities and colleges in California also participated.

War Jack worked as a professor. She taught Native American History at many colleges. She was a distinguished professor at Boise State University, War Jack taught Native American Law and Politics. In 2014, she published the book *Native Resistance: An Intergenerational Fight for Survival and Life,* about the treatment Native Americans have received throughout the years and the story of herself as an activist.  For three years, she also served as the Executive Director for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes. Now she is President of Indigenous Visions Network.
**Marva Collins** (August 31, 1936 – June 25, 2015) was an American teacher. In 1975 she started Westside Preparatory School in Garfield Park, a poor neighborhood of Chicago. She ran the school for more than 30 years until it closed in 2008.

She was known for applying classical education, in particular the Socratic method, modified for use in primary schools, successfully with students from poor families. 

She wrote some manuals, books and other materials describing her history and methods. She was most widely publicized in the 1981 biographical TV movie, *The Marva Collins Story*, starring Cicely Tyson and Morgan Freeman.

Early life
----------

Collins was born in Monroeville, Alabama. She graduated from Clark College (now known as Clark Atlanta University) in Atlanta, Georgia.

Career
------

Collins taught school for two years in Alabama, then moved to Chicago, where she taught in public schools for fourteen years. In 1975 she started Westside Preparatory School. It became an educational and commercial success. In 1996 she began supervising three Chicago public schools that had been placed on probation. In 2004 she received a National Humanities Medal, among many awards for her teaching and efforts at school reform. 

Collins started her low-cost private school in the building where she lived. She used her teacher's pension to pay for her first costs. The school was specifically for teaching low-income African American children. .

Books written
-------------

* *Marva Collins' Way*, by Marva Collins with Civia Tamarkin
* *The Marva Collins method; a manual for educating and motivating your child*, by Marva Collins
* *Ordinary Children, Extraordinary Teachers*, by Marva Collins
* *Values: Lighting The Candle of Excellence: A Practical Guide*, by Marva Collins
* *A Conversation with Marva Collins: A Different School*, by Marva Collins
* *Grandma, What Is Learning?* by Marva Collins
* *Redeeming Education*, by Marva Collins

Awards
------

In 1981, Collins received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

Further reading
---------------

*The School that Cared: A Story of the Marva Collins Preparatory School of Cincinnati*, by P. Kamara Sekou Collins
Past sunset at Labrador Sea, off the coast of Paamiut, Greenland
The **Labrador Sea** (French: *mer du Labrador*) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is surrounded by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

The Labrador Sea is about 3400 meters deep and 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than 700 m (383 fathoms; 2,297 ft) towards Baffin Bay and passes into the 300 km wide (190 mi) Davis Strait.

The water temperature varies between −1 °C (30 °F) in winter and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter.

Fauna
-----

The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. The drift ice serves as a breeding ground for seals in early spring. The sea is also a feeding ground for Atlantic salmon and several marine mammal species. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, as well as cod fishing. The cod fishing quickly lessened the fish population in the 1990s and was stopped in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern parts of the sea.

The sea has one of the two major stocks of Sei whales, the other one being the Scotian Shelf. Also common are minke and bottlenose whales.

The Labrador Duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until 19th century, but is now extinct. Coastal animals include the Labrador Wolf, caribou, moose, black bear, red fox, arctic fox, wolverine, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, partridge and American wild pheasant.

Flora
-----

Costal vegetation includes black spruce, tamarack, white spruce, dwarf birch, aspen, willow, ericaceous shrubs, cottongrass, sedge, lichens and moss. Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal tea, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Labrador Sea at Wikimedia Commons

61°N 56°W﻿ / ﻿61°N 56°W﻿ / 61; -56﻿ (Labrador Sea)
Official House Photo
**Loretta Sanchez** (born January 7, 1960) is an American politician. She is from California. Sanchez served in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2017.

Early life
----------

Loretta Sanchez was born in California. Her parents were immigrants from Mexico. She grew up in Anaheim, California. In Anaheim, she went to a public school. She was a very good student. As a child, people were mean to Sanchez because she was Hispanic. This made Sanchez very sad. Later, she went to college at Chapman University in Orange County, California.

She and her husband were part of the Republican Party. Sanchez did not like how immigrants, women, and people who are gay were being treated. She left the Republican Party and joined the Democratic Party. Her sister, Linda Sanchez is also a U.S. Representative from California.

Her change
----------

Sanchez helped schools that needed money and helped fight for human rights. She was elected twice to be in the U.S. Congress. She helped many people who were poor and disrespected to be treated equally.

First election
--------------

She competed with Bob Dornan for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. She disagreed with him about the rights of gay people and rights of gun owners. Sanchez beat him by fewer than 1,000 votes. Dornan said that she cheated. She won the election because people wanted her to be an American representative in the U.S. Congress. Sanchez spoke only about simple problems when she was running for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. For example, she talked about education and jobs. She did not talk about more complex problems such as immigration.

Senate run
----------

Sanchez ran for the United States Senate in 2016. Sanchez lost in the November election to California Attorney General Kamala Harris.
**Glomeromycota** is a group of fungi that surround the roots of trees and plants. They are not as diverse as other groups of fungi but are one of the most common and widespread fungi. Around 250 members of the glomeromycota class have been identified. They are found in association with roots of most plant species in almost every land ecosystem. They have even been found in Antarctica.

Glomeromycota and plants benefit each other: they need each other to stay alive. Plants give the fungi carbohydrates and energy, and the fungi give the plants with essential minerals from the soil. Nearly all glomeromycota produce structures called arbuscules. These are a long branching structure that goes into the roots of plants and allow substances to be passed to and fro between the plant and the fungus.

Glomeromycota are associated with some of the most sold and eaten crop plants. Glomeromycota can have positive and negative effects on plants. They can increase plant growth and can also transport essential nitrogen products to plant roots which is important for protein production in plants. However, they can have negative effects on non-host plants. They can help the growth and spread of invasive species taking important resources and soil space from other plants.

Glomeromycota reproduce through the formation of spores. Fungal spores are tiny particles that allow fungi to reproduce, they are similar to a seed of plants. Glomeromycota have large spores for fungi, between 40 µm to 800 µm, some can be seen with the naked human eye. Glomeromycota spores have thick cell walls with many members having multiple cell walls. When in the correct conditions, spores grow into a small branch and find a host's roots to live.
A close up of a culture of M. tuberculosis. The patches that look like foam are the typical growth pattern of these bacteria
***Mycobacterium*** is a genus of bacteria, with about 190 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*) and leprosy (*Mycobacterium leprae*). Mycobacteria are immobile and are rod-shaped. They are mostly found in water, soil, and dust.

The colony colour ranges from white to orange to pink (Iivanainen, 1999). Most mycobacteria need oxygen to survive (aerobic organisms), although some species require very little amounts of oxygen, less than what is present in the air, are called (microaerophilic bacteria) (Falkinham, 1996).

Categorization
--------------

Mycobacteria can be categorized into three groups:

1. 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex – causative pathogen of tuberculosis

2.     Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM)

3.     Mycobacterium leprae – causative pathogen of leprosy

Characterstics
--------------

The Greek prefix *myco* means "fungus". When they are cultured on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus.

Mycobacteria have an external membrane, contain no layer that lies outside the bacteria (capsules). The special characteristic about all Mycobacterium species is having a thicker cell wall than many other bacteria, which is to maintain the shape of the plasma membrane. The cell wall is waxy and rich in specific types of fats (lipids), called mycolic acids or mycolates.

*Mycobacterium tuberculosis* can occupy different environments. However, they grow so slowly that their duplication time exceeds 18 hours. Surprisingly, mycobacterium leprae have the **longest doubling time** of all bacteria. In comparison, bacteria *E. coli* only takes as short as 20 minutes to double.

Clinical Manifestation
----------------------

Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of *M. tuberculosis* without showing any signs of it.

Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall building, such as penicillin. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics.

Mycobacterial infections are complex diseases and are more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, for example people undergoing treatment for cancer or that are HIV positive. One third of the planet’s population currently carries the *M. tuberculosis* bacteria. However, only 25 per cent will develop disease. They can cause tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary infections, other localized NTM or disseminated infections, leprosy, and chronic ulcers (Buruli ulcer).

Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.
Location of the pancreas
The **pancreas** is an organ that makes hormones and enzymes to help digestion. The pancreas helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas is behind the stomach and is on the left side of the human body.

The part of the pancreas that makes hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans. The Islets of Langerhans are a small part (2%) of the total cells in the pancreas. The Islets of Langerhans change which chemical they make depending on how much of other chemicals are already in the blood. So, the pancreas works to keep the level of chemicals in balance in the body. If the Islets of Langerhans stop working, a person will suffer from a disease called diabetes. Doctors are experimenting with taking the Islets of Langerhans cells from a donor body and putting them into the pancreas of a person with diabetes to make that person well.

The pancreas belongs to two systems of the body: the digestive system for its role in breaking down nutrients, and the endocrine system for producing hormones.

Hormones
--------

The pancreas releases these hormones:

* Insulin (*which decreases the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood*)
* Glucagon (*which increases the amount of glucose in the blood*)
* Somatostatin (*which reduces production of insulin and glucagon*)

Digestive enzymes
-----------------

The pancreas releases many different enzymes to help digestion:

* Lipase (*which breaks down fats*)
* Amylase (*which breaks down carbohydrates*)
* Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin (*which break down proteins*)
* Erepsin, which digests peptones into amino acids.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pancreas***.

* Pancreatic Cancer Info Archived 2018-03-07 at the Wayback Machine

| Gastrointestinal system |
| --- |
| Mouth • Tongue • Salivary gland • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Pancreas • Gallbladder • Liver • Intestines: *Small intestine (Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum) • Large intestine (Cecum • Colon • Rectum*) Anus |
A European tree frog
 *Ecnomiohyla rabborum*, Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog. Only one living specimen is known to exist.
Big-eyed tree frog, *Leptopelis vermiculatus*
**Tree frogs** are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 

The frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs. 

Typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. The fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. This gives better grasping ability. The genus *Chiromantis* is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

Family
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Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

* Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
* Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
* Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
* Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
* *Boophis* is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
* *Pedostibes*, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.
**Anneliese Jane Dodds** (born 16 March 1978) is a British Labour and Co-operative politician and public policy analyst. She has been Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities, and Chair of the Labour Party since 2021. She was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from April 2020 to May 2021, the first woman to hold the position. She has been Member of Parliament for Oxford East since 2017 and was a Member of the European Parliament for South East England from 2014 to 2017.

Born in Aberdeen and privately educated at Robert Gordon's College, Dodds read Philosophy, Politics and Economics as an undergraduate at St Hilda's College, Oxford and subsequently took a master's degree in Social Policy at the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in Government at the London School of Economics. She lectured in Public Policy at King’s College London and Aston University. After joining the Labour Party, she unsuccessfully contested Billericay at the 2005 general election and Reading East at the 2010 general election.

She was elected to the European Parliament at the 2014 European Parliament election. She resigned her South East England seat when she was elected to the House of Commons at the 2017 general election. She served John McDonnell as Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 2017 to 2020. In this role, she supported calls for a confirmatory referendum on Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. In April 2020, she was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Keir Starmer. She was demoted after the 2021 local elections, and appointed Chair of the Party and Policy Review. She gained the additional Shadow Women and Equalities Secretary brief in September 2021, following Marsha de Cordova's resignation.

She was president of Oxford University Student Union in 1999.
A **software release life cycle** is the different stages of making a computer program, giving it out to other people, and making sure the computer program works right after it is released.

Stages can either be officially announced and regulated by developers, or sometimes the term is used to describe the state of the product.

Stages of development (making the computer program)
---------------------------------------------------

### Pre-alpha

**Pre-alpha** is the first stage of making a computer program. People making the computer program think up what the computer program should have in it, and start to actually create the computer program itself. Also, programs that have not yet entered the alpha or beta stage, but passed the development stage, are called so.

### Alpha

**Alpha** software is a computer program that can do most of what the programmers (people who make the software) want it to do, but it has lots of problems. Only the things that the programmers *really* want the software to do has been made without many problems.

### Beta

A computer program goes into **beta** when programmers have made the software do everything it needs to do, but there may still be problems. The people who make the software then give it out to other people, so they can test whether the software works properly. They may still find problems that they did not find in alpha. Some programs, even very stable, exist only as beta versions. The most frequent reason is that the developer continues to release new features which are not usually well tested. In this way responsible developers inform users about the increased risk of problems, but not to avoid responsibility. Even a final version of every program or operating system contains a disclaimer that says that a developer is not responsible for any loss or damage caused to a user.

It is also known as *betaware*.

### RC

**RC** (*release candidate*) is a candidate stage for becoming stable. The software of this stage has passed almost full testing and the main errors have been corrected. But at the same time, there are some bugs that could not be found during testing.

It is also called as "*going silver*".

### RTM

**RTM** (*release to manufacturing*) is a publication of a product which is ready for replication. This is a stable version of the program that has gone through all stages of development. The main errors were fixed, but there is a possibility of new mistakes.

### GA

**GA** (general availability) is a public version of the software and people can buy it. The time between RTM and GA can be from a week to a month. At this stage, the software "*went into operation*".

Related pages
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* Software release
Fish in the Faroe Islands:  
Stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*)  
Faroese stamp issued: 7 Feb 1994  
Artist: Astrid Andreasen
**Sticklebacks** are fish of the **Gasterosteidae** family. FishBase currently recognises sixteen species in the family, grouped in five genera. Several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. 

An unusual features of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are related to pipefish, seahorses, eelpouts, and sculpins.

Stickleback species are found in fresh water environments in Europe, Asia and North America. They feed on small crustaceans and fish larvae.

Sticklebacks have strong separated spines in the dorsal fin. All species show similar mating behaviour, with co-operation between the sexes, and protection of the eggs. The males construct a nest from vegetation held together by secretions from their kidneys. The males then attract females to the nest. The females lay their eggs inside, where the males fertilise them. The males then guards the eggs until they hatch.
**BookCrossing** (also: **BC**, **BCing** or **BXing**) is defined as "the practice of leaving a book in a public place to be picked up and read by others, who then do likewise." The term comes from bookcrossing.com, a free online book club which began in order to further the practice, with the goal to "make the whole world a library."

The 'crossing' or exchanging of books may take many different forms, including wild releasing books in public, direct swaps with other members of the website, or "book rings" in which books travel in a set order to people who want to read that book. The community aspect of BookCrossing.com has grown in ways that were not expected at the start, in the form of blog or forum discussions, mailing lists and yearly conventions all over the world.

History
-------

Ron Hornbaker came up the idea for what is now known as BookCrossing in March 2001. About four weeks later, on April 17, he started the website, which has grown all over the world. By April 2003 the website had over 113,000 members, and in 2004 the *Concise Oxford Dictionary* included the word "bookcrossing". In the same year, BookCrossing was featured as a part of a storyline in the Australian soap opera *Neighbours*. As of 30 September 2009, Bookcrossing.com had over 814,000 members, with over 5,800,000 registered books.

In July 2007 Singapore became the first official BookCrossing country in the world. 2,000 locations within the country were designated as 'hotspots', similar to Official BookCrossing Zones. In 2008, BookCrossing was introduced to Abu Dhabi as part of a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage.

### Awards

In May 2005 BookCrossing.com won two People's Voice awards in the Webby Awards for best community website and best social/networking website. BookCrossing was also featured in a BBC Radio project broadcast as 84 Book Crossing Road Archived 2009-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, which involved releasing 84 copies of Helene Hanff's book *84 Charing Cross Road* around the world. The show was produced by Tim Heffer and Alan Hall of Falling Tree Productions, and was nominated for a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2006.

About
-----

Books are "set free" into public places...
Anyone who wishes to "release" books, whether leaving it in a public place or passing it on to a friend, must register on the BookCrossing.com website, although there is the option to remain hidden when "catching" the find of a book. BookCrossing.com users can 'go hunting', where a member will go to the website to view a list of books that have just been "released", then go to the place it was left to "catch" it. Books may also be left at Official BookCrossing Zones" (OBCZs), which are located in certain coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other public places. The purpose of these places is to get members in the area to leave books to share with the public. This also promotes BookCrossing and creates more members.

Other websites
--------------

* BookCrossing.com
***Amargasaurus*** was a sauropod from the early Cretaceous period. It grew to 10 meters (33 feet) length, which was relatively small for a sauropod. It was a quadrupedal herbivore with a long, low skull on the end of a long neck, much like its relative *Dicraeosaurus*.

*Amargasaurus* was found in La Amarga, a canyon in Neuquén Province, Argentina.

Features
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*Amargasaurus* had two tall rows of spines on top of its backbone along the neck and back. The function of the spines is not known. They may have operated as a defence from theropod attack from above. Another idea is that they supported a sail-like structure.

The neural spines were bifurcated along their entire length, forming a double row. They were circular in cross section and tapered towards their tips. The tallest spines could be found on the middle part of the neck, where they reached 60 cm on the 8th cervical. On the neck, they were bowed backwards, projecting above the adjacent vertebra. Greatly elongated spines continue along the last two dorsal vertebrae, the hip and foremost tail. However, in these regions the spines were not bifurcated but flared into a paddle-shaped upper end.
**Baboons** are monkeys of the genus ***Papio***. They are one of the largest kinds of monkey. It is an intelligent Old World monkey. It lives on the ground in groups called troops. Troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members.

Distribution
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Baboons live in forests and on savannahs in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. As they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators.

Diet
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Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes. In some places, they steal food from humans.

Predators
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Leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon. To scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise.

To understand their lives, one must see them in their natural environment.
**Cletus Cortland Kasady**, better known as **Carnage**, is one of the main antagonists in the Marvel Comics universe, serving as a major antagonist in the *Spider-Man* comic series and the secondary antagonist of the *Venom* comic book series as a whole. He is also the titular protagonist of his own series. Created by writer David Michelinie and artist Erik Larsen, the character first appeared in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #344 (March 1991).

He is a deranged serial killer who bonded with a symbiote, turning him into a vicious supervillain. He is the spawn and one of the arch-enemies of Venom, as well as a major enemy of Spider-Man.

Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as television series and video games. Woody Harrelson portrays Cletus Kasady in the live-action Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) movies *Venom* (2018) and *Venom: Let There Be Carnage* (2021), bonding with Carnage in the latter movie. In 2009, the Cletus Kasady version of Carnage was ranked as IGN's 90th-greatest comic book villain of all time.