recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Various different materials classified by microstructure. Clockwise from top-left: steel kitchen container (metals), terracotta flowerpots (ceramics), plastics (polymers), and wooden pallets (composites).
**Material** is what everything that you can touch is made of. Even material that is too small to touch, is called material. We use materials to make things. We can also call material "physical substances."

*Raw* material is materials such as ores which we can clean and mix with other materials to make another material like steel, for example. Cotton is a raw material used to make textiles, which are used to make clothes. Material is not matter, though. Matter is everything in existence. Material is used for things that have use. Refined materials are materials that have been refined, like metal, reduced or converted into better, more useful materials like clothes and tools. Refined materials are usually mixes of other materials, like glue or steel.

Some important materials
------------------------

* Metals
	+ Steel
	+ Aluminum
	+ Copper
	+ Gold
* Polymers
	+ Rubber
	+ Plastic
* Ceramics
* Glass
* Cement
* Stone
* Textiles
	+ Cotton fabric
	+ Wool fabric
* organic materials
	+ Leather
	+ Bone
	+ Paper
	+ Lumber/wood
	+ Glue
* Composites
	+ Fiberglass
	+ Concrete

Table of material properties
----------------------------

| Material | Density (kg/m^3) | Young's Modulus (GPa) | Poisson's Ratio | Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) | Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg-K) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air | 1.2 | N/A | N/A | 0.0262 | 1005 |  |
| Aluminum | 2700 | 69 | 0.33 | 237 | 910 |  |
| Copper | 8960 | 130 | 0.34 | 401 | 385 |  |
| Glass (Pyrex) | 2230 | 64 | 0.23 | 1.1 | 840 |  |
| Gold | 19320 | 79 | 0.44 | 320 | 129 |  |
| Water | 1000 | N/A | N/A | 0.606 | 4181 |  |
Oil sands in Athabasca, Alberta
Tar Sandstone found in California
**Oil sands**, or **tar sands** are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water in a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum called bitumen.

Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia.

The worldwide deposits may be over two trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all known reserves are in Canada.

Oil produced from bitumen sands is often said to be unconventional oil. The production process takes energy, so the net energy gain is smaller than traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands makes 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of oil than traditional oil. Oil sands have only recently been needed. Higher prices allow this more expensive type of oil production to sell.

Environmental issues
--------------------

Oil sand extraction in Fort McMurray, Canada
Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.

In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting". This caused stress between the EU and Canada.

Related pages
-------------

* Petroleum industry
* Shale gas
Apiary is in the Republic of Bashkortostan in Russia
**Bashkir Нoney** (Bashkir: Башҡорт балы) is honey produced in Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia.

The name «Bashkir honey«» is the registered trademark. In 2005, the Bashkir Scientific Research Center for Beekeeping and Apitherapy patented the phrase "Bashkir honey" for labeling its honey products in relation to the place of origin. In 2017, another owner of an exclusive right of the term "Bashkirsky Med" became LLC "Bashkirsky Med", a company affiliated with a large honey producer - the company "Bashkir apiary".

In 2018, the Bashmed (Bashkir Honey) trademark was registered by Reveizen LLC .

Forest beekeeping in Bashkortostan has been developing for many centuries.

The center of the Bashkir onboard beekeeping is located in the Burzyansky district.

The diastase number of Bashkir Honey is very high- 22-50.
About 5-6 thousand tons of honey is produced annually in Bashkortostan.
Various countries import Bashkir Honey, astronauts take it into space.
Bashkir Honey is a constant participant and winner of various food exhibitions and fairs.

Sources
-------

* А. М. Ишемгулов, «История и современное состояние пчеловодства Республики Башкортостан»
* Люди и пчёлы. «Наука и жизнь» № 5 2005 г.
* Газета «Выбор» № 152—155 от 16.10.2015. Статья «Башкирский мёд — первый в стране».
**Serrasalmidae** is the family of **piranhas**. All are native to South America. It includes several living genera like *Serrasalmus*, and an extinct genus called *Megapiranha*.

Description
-----------

Piranhas have sharp teeth. A pycnodont called *Piranhamesodon* has teeth resembling a piranha. The bluefish is called the marine piranha because of its teeth.

Taxonomy
--------

The Serrasalmidae were recently classified as a subfamily of the Characidae. However, the classification of these fish is still not certain. Despite this, the Serrasalmidae are relatively well understood. The genera and species are widely agrees.

Fossil record
-------------

The fossil record, particularly for piranhas, is relatively sparse. Most known fossils are from the Miocene. Two were in the Upper Cretaceous.

Relationship to humans
----------------------

Many serrasalmids are in demand as aquarium ornamentals, and several such as *Piaractus* and *Colossoma*, are economically important to commercial fisheries and aquaculture.

Piranhas are generally less valued, although they are commonly consumed by subsistence fishers and frequently sold for food in local markets.
The **roadrunner** (*Geococcyx*) is a fast-running bird. The roadrunner is also called the "chaparral bird" and the "chaparral cock".

Species
-------

The roadrunners are a genus of ground cuckoos. The two species of roadrunners are the greater roadrunner and the lesser roadrunner. The greater roadrunner, (*Geococcyx californianus*) lives in Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. The lesser roadrunner, (*Geococcyx velox*) lives in Mexico and Central America.

Description
-----------

The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white streaked ground bird which has an average weight of 8 to 15 ounces, and is about 18 inches (46 cm) to 22 inches (56 cm) from tail to beak. It has long legs, strong feet, and a big dark beak. The roadrunner is terrestrial (lives on land). Even though it can fly, it spends most of its time on the ground. When they fly their wings are short and rounded and have a white crescent on the feathers. Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family have zygodactyl feet (two toes on the front and two toes on the back). Roadrunners can run up to the speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km per hour). They fly to escape predators.Some Roadrunner run til 26 miles per hour.

Habitat
-------

Roadrunners live in deserts of the southwestern U.S.A, Mexico and Central America.They also live in the sonoran desert

Diet
----

Roadrunners are omnivores, meaning they eat both meat and plants. They eat insects like grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, and caterpillars, small reptiles like lizards and snakes, rodents and other small mammals. They also eat tarantulas and other spiders, scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds and eggs. The plants they eat are fruits and seeds like prickly pear cactus and sumac. Roadrunners search on the ground to find food. They usually run after their prey but also sometimes may leap to catch insects. Because of its fast speed, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon the rattlesnake.
The roadrunner is the only real predator of the tarantula hawk .

Nest and eggs
-------------

The nest of roadrunner is made up of mainly sticks and sometimes leaves, and snake skin. A nest usually contains 2-6 eggs which are white colored. Roadrunners have bi-parental care. Both parents take care of the nest and feed the hatchlings, but males take care of the nest at night and females at day. For the first 1 to 2 weeks after the young hatch, one parent always remains at the nest. After the hatchlings are 2 to 3 weeks old they leave and never return to the nest.
**Jell-O** is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.

Description
-----------

Green Jell-O
Jell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.

There are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.

Though the word *Jell-O* is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Kraft Jell-o website
* Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O New York Times May 4, 2008
* Thoughts on Jell-O With Antioxidants Archived 2010-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Enriqueta Reyes González** (October 10, 1920-2008) was the first female firefighter in Cuba and greater Latin America. She joined the Ranchuelo fire department in 1954. Reyes González was promoted from treasurer to director to colonel. Her nickname was "The Colonel."

Early Life
----------

Reyes González was born in Camagüey. She spent her childhood in a Christian community. When she was seventeen Reyes González moved to Ranchuelo. Her mother came with her. Her mother was sick. She only had five Pesos. She had a recommendation for a cigarette factory job. Later many of her neighbors' houses caught on fire. She decided to raise money for a fire department. In 1953 Reyes González hosted a fundraiser. Her town finally built a fire department.

Career
------

Reyes González was the first woman to become a firefighter in Cuba and greater Latin America. She started as the treasurer. Later she became a director. Then she finally became the head firefighter.

Personal Life
-------------

Reyes González had a daughter named María de los Ángeles González. Her family supported her work. Reyes González died in 2008 from a heart attack. She was 88 years old.
For the Wikipedia guideline on prose, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style.
**Prose** is the ordinary form of the written (or spoken) language. It is not poetry. On the written page it looks like a group of paragraphs. It does not need any special format such as lists or tables. In writing, it is without special rhythm. It is similar to everyday communication. That is what makes it different from poetry and from theatrical works such as plays.

The word prose comes from the Latin *prosa*, meaning straightforward; so we have the term "prosaic". Prose writing is usually used to describe facts or to discuss whatever one's thoughts are in free flowing speech. It may be used for newspapers, novels, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcast media, letters, stories, history, philosophy, biography, and many other kinds of writing.

Prose generally has no formal structure, like meter or rhyme, that is often found in poetry. Therefore, it is used to describe literature which is non-poetic, and non-theatrical. There is, however, a blend of the two forms of literature known as *prose poetry*.
**Capital Punishment** is the first studio album by American rapper, Big Punisher. It was released on April 28, 1998 through Loud Records and Terror Squad Entertainment. The album received critical acclaim, peaking at #1 on the Top R&B Albums and #2 on the Billboard 200 charts.

Songs
-----

1. "Intro" 
0:33
2. "Beware" 
Christopher Rios Jerry Tineo
JuJu
3:15
3. "Super Lyrical" (featuring Black Thought) 
Rios Dana Stinson Tariq Trotter Sean Combs Christopher Wallace Norman Glover Chucky Thompson Reginald Elis
Rockwilder
3:28
4. "Taster's Choice" (skit) 
1:20
5. "Still Not a Player" (featuring Joe) 
Rios Jerome Foster
Knobody Dahoud (co.) Nomad (co.)
3:56
6. "Intermission" 
Mike Zulu
0:21
7. "The Dream Shatterer" 
Rios
Domingo
3:33
8. "Punish Me" (featuring Miss Jones) 
Rios Frank Pimentel
Frank Nitty
4:15
9. "Pakinamac Pt. I" (skit) 
1:35
10. "You Ain't a Killer" 
Rios Richard Frierson
Young Lord
4:14
11. "Pakinamac Pt. II" (skit) 
0:57
12. "Caribbean Connection" (featuring Wyclef) 
Rios Frierson Wyclef Jean
Young Lord
3:24
13. "Glamour Life" (featuring Fat Joe and Terror Squad) 
Rios Leshan Lewis
L.E.S.
4:43
14. "Capital Punishment" (featuring Prospect) 
Rios Michael Dewar Collin Dewar
The Infinite Arkatechz
4:20
15. "Uncensored" (skit) (featuring Funkmaster Flex) 
2:12
16. "I'm Not a Player" 
Rios Kenny Gamble Leon Huff
Minnesota
3:41
17. "Twinz (Deep Cover 98)" (featuring Fat Joe) 
Rios Joseph Cartagena Calvin Broadus Andre Young Collin Wolfe
Big Punisher Fat Joe
3:49
18. "The Rain & the Sun" (Interlude) (featuring dead prez) 
Rios Clayton Gavin Lavonne Alford
dead prez
1:49
19. "Boomerang" 
Rios Cartagena Vic Padilla
V.I.C.
3:35
20. "You Came Up" 
Rios Stinson
Rockwilder
3:54
21. "Tres Leches (Triboro Trilogy)" (featuring Prodigy and Rebel-INS) 
Rios Albert Johnson Jason Hunter Robert Diggs Eric Barrier William Griffin, Jr.
RZA DJ Roc Raida (scratches)
4:19
22. "Charlie Rock Shout" (skit) 
0:26
23. "Fast Money" 
Rios
Danny O & EQ
3:48
24. "Parental Discretion" (featuring Busta Rhymes) 
Rios Rodney Lemay
Ameche in September 1964
**Dominic Felix Amici** (May 31, 1908 – December 6, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, radio actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles as Mortimer Duke in *Trading Places* and in *Coming to America* and as Art Selwyn in *Cocoon* and in *Cocoon: The Revenge*. He has won an Academy Award and a Volpi Cup.

Ameche was born on May 31, 1908 in Kenosha, Wisconsin; his father was an Italian immigrant and his mother had an Irish-German ancestry. He studied at Marquette University, at Loras College and the University of Wisconsin. Ameche was married to Honore Prendergast from 1932 until her death in 1986. He had four sons and two daughters. Ameche died on December 6, 1993 in his son's house in Scottsdale, Arizona from prostate cancer, aged 85.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Don Ameche***.

* Don Ameche on IMDb
* Don Ameche at the Internet Broadway Database
* Don Ameche at the TCM Movie Database
* Don Ameche at AllMovie
* Don Ameche at Find a Grave
**Ruth Fulton Benedict** (June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948) was an American anthropologist and folklorist. She studied under Franz Boas. She received her Ph.D. and joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1923. Benedict was president of the American Anthropological Association and also an important member of the American Folklore Society. She became the first woman to be a leader of an academic profession. Her 1934 book *Patterns of Culture* was about how personality, art, language, and culture all connect together. None of those things can be separate. She also wrote against racism during World War II and that all people should work together. Her later book, *The Chrysanthemum and the Sword*, was about the society and culture of Japan. She researched it during the war without visiting Japan. She used literature, books, news articles and movies from Japan. It was published in 1946 and was one reason why the United States allowed Japan to keep the Emperor after losing the war. It was an example of *anthropology at a distance*.

Benedict was married to Stanley Rossiter Benedict, but also had a close professional and personal or romantic relationship with anthropologist Margaret Mead.
A **civil war** is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.

The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or would not come to an agreement.

The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.

Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.

Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.

Examples
--------

Civil wars include:

* English Civil War (1642–1651)
* American Civil War (1861–1865)
* Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
* Vietnam War (1955–1975)
* Mexican Revolution (1911–1920)
* Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
* Finnish Civil War (1918)
* Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
* Pakistan Civil War (1971)
* Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
* Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
**Bianca's Kids** is a non-profit organization which was founded by Deborah Anne Savigliano in 2010. Its headquarters are in Williamstown, New Jersey. Its mission is to grant wishes to foster children and other children with special needs. Bianca's Kids was started by Savigliano to honor the memory of her 21 year old niece Bianca Yodice. She was studying to be a Social worker when she died in a car accident in 2010. Yodice loved kids and her aunt wanted to make sure she was remembered.

Organization
------------

The 501(c) organization grants wishes to children who suffer from physical, emotional or financial issues. The group sees every child in need as deserving their attention. They obtain donations in order to help buy what the kids they help need. This includes medical devices such as braces and wheelchairs.

Since the organization started, Bianca's Kids has granted over 13,000 wishes to children in New Jersey as well as other parts of the world. Some of these wishes have included school backpacks, sports equipment and memorabilia. The charity has also provided things such as prom dresses and even diapers. In 2015, the organization granted a wish to a disabled student to travel to Disney World with his classmates. According to GreatNonprofits, $.95 of every dollar donated to Bianca's Kids goes to the children it helps. In 2014, Bianca's Kids was named a "Top-Rated 2014 Nonprofit" by GreatNonprofits, the leading reviewer of nonprofit organizations.

Savigliano wrote a book about Bianca's Kids in February 2015. The book was made into a documentary film, "From Grief to Gratitude." The movie premiered on June 4, 2016 in Williamstown, New Jersey.

Other websites
--------------

* Bianca's Kids Homepage
* From Grief to Gratitude (2016), 31 minute documentary short film
The **Canal du Midi** is one of the oldest canals of Europe still open. It is 240 km (150 miles) long, going from Toulouse, where it meets the Canal de Garonne, to the Mediterranean where it joins the Étang de Thau, a large lake. It was built from 1666 to 1681, during the reign of Louis XIV. It joins the Mediterranean and the Atlantic ocean. Many earlier plans had been made, but were not built because of the difficulty of getting water to supply the highest level. A reservoir was built with a large dam at Bassin de Saint-Ferréol. The dam is 780 metres (2,560 feet) long, with a maximum height of 32 metres (105 ft), and a base thickness of more than 140 m (450 ft). It was the largest work of civil engineering in Europe and only the second major dam to be built in Europe. Nearly 12,000 people worked to build it.

It was built with oval shaped locks 30.5 m (100 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide at the gates and 11 m (36 ft) wide in the middle. There are six aqueducts. There was a flight of 8 staircase locks (now only 6) at Fonseranes near Béziers.
A tree house in the Loire Valley, France
**Treehouses** are platforms or buildings built into a tree. They are constructed around, next to, or in mature trees. They are usually above ground level. Tree houses can be used for recreation, work space or as an observation deck. A tree house can be a peaceful quiet place for seclusion or solitude.

Practical uses
--------------

Treehouses are often built for children to play. They are a natural extension of children's love of climbing trees. Treehouses can also be a casual retreat or working space, especially if provided with electricity. In many parts of the world guests can rent a treehouse. They can also stay in a treehouse hotel.

Sometimes they are built for protection against wild animals. In some parts of the tropics, houses are either fastened to trees or elevated on stilts. This is to keep the living quarters above the ground to protect occupants. A tree house can also be a place to store food from scavenging animals. The Korowai, a Papuan tribe in the southeast of Irian Jaya, live in tree houses. Some are nearly 40 metres (130 ft) high (see image below). They are used as protection against a tribe of neighbouring head-hunters, the Citak.

Tree houses are an option for building eco-friendly houses in remote forest areas. They do not require a clearing of a certain area of forest. Because they are elevated or built into forested areas, they are not desirable to some people.

Gallery
-------

* Disneyland's Tarzan's treehouseDisneyland's Tarzan's treehouse
* Bewilderwood near NorfolkBewilderwood near Norfolk
* A Korowai tree houseA Korowai tree house
* A platform tree houseA platform tree house
* A tree house on stiltsA tree house on stilts
* Interior of a guest tree houseInterior of a guest tree house

More reading
------------

* Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "Building a Treehouse". *The Dangerous Book for Boys*. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-0061243585.

Other websites
--------------

* Amazing Treehouses
* Sphere Tree House
* Short documentary
* **Map of tree houses & treehouse hotels from around the world** Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Treehouses***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***treehouse***.
The *Platypus*, the most well known monotreme.
**Monotremes** are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.

The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.

Evolution
---------

Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor. 

The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.

### Mosaic features

The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods. 

But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution. 

In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.

Survivors
---------

There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as platypus and echidnas. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others echidnas.

Types of monotreme
------------------

* Order **Monotremata**
	+ Family **Ornithorhynchidae**
		- Genus *Ornithorhynchus*
			* Platypus, *Ornithorhynchus anatinus*
	+ Family **Tachyglossidae**: Echidnas
		- Genus *Tachyglossus*
			* Short-beaked Echidna, *Tachyglossus aculeatus*
		- Genus *Zaglossus*: Long-beaked Echidnas
			* Western Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus bruijni*
			* Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus attenboroughi*
			* Eastern Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus bartoni*
A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the right-wing National Democratic Party of Germany, in 2004. The German Empire flag of Imperial Germany was used due to the ban of the Nazi Party Flag since 1945 .
A group of neonazis commemorating Rudolf Hess. The banner reads: *Martyrs never die*
Some neonazis are skinheads.
**Neo-Nazism** means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia). 

Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture.
**Oluseyi Abiodun Makinde** (born 25 December 1967) is a Nigerian Businessman,
Politician and Philanthropist. He is the governor of Oyo State in South-western Nigeria.

Early life and education
------------------------

Makinde was born to a renowned teacher turned accountant, late Pa Olatubosun Makinde and Madam Abigail Makinde of Aigbofa Compound in Oja’ba, Ibadan. He is the third child of the family.

Makinde began his education at St Paul Primary School and completed his primary education at St Michael Primary School, Yemetu, Ibadan. His secondary education was at Bishop Phillips Academy, Monatan, Ibadan. In 1985, he gained admission to the University of Lagos (Unilag) where he earned his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering.

In 1998, Oluwaseyi trained at Industrial Control Services in Houston, Texas on *Safety Shutdown System*; and *Development of Analytical Competence for Managing Operations* at Lagos Business School (now Pan-Atlantic University)in 1999. In 2000, he had training in automation. In 2002, he studied Fundamentals of Crude Sampling at Jiskoot Auto Control Training Centre, Kent, England. Also, in 2005, he studied Understanding and Solving Difficult Business Problems at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.

Personal Life
-------------

Oluwaseyi lives in Ibadan, Oyo State. He is married to Tamunominini, and they have three children.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Nigerians
**Cosmic rays** are very high-energy radiation, mostly from outside the Solar System.

The term *ray* is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation.

They are particles. Most are protons and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. Some are electrons (beta particles), gamma rays or photons and a tiny fraction are even heavier particles.

Origin
------

Their origin is not exactly known. There is evidence that many primary cosmic rays come from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. Galactic cosmic rays are Particles trapped in the magnetic field of Earth, Particles sent flying into space during a solar flare, and High-energy protons and heavy ions that originate outside our solar system

Secondary cosmic rays
---------------------

Cosmic rays can have as much energy as 1020 eV, far higher than the 1012 to 1013 eV that man-made particle accelerators can produce. When cosmic ray particles enter the Earth's atmosphere they hit other particles, like molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. This causes a shower of lighter particles, a so-called 'air shower'.

The number of particles made in an air shower event can reach billions. All of the particles in the shower stay within about one degree of the first particle's path. In a shower are x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons.

Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons and charged mesons such as positive or negative pions and kaons. Some of these decay into muons. These are able to reach the surface of the Earth, and even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines. The muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors. The observation of a secondary shower of particles in different detectors at the same time shows that all of the particles came from that event. Several cosmic-ray observatories have been built to detect and study cosmic rays.

Practical importance
--------------------

### Effects on Earth chemistry

Cosmic rays are responsible for the continuous production of certain unstable isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon-14, by the reaction:

n + 14N → p + 14C
Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This is an important fact used in radiocarbon dating used in archaeology.

### Effect on space vehicles

Cosmic rays are of great practical interest, because they can damage microelectronics and life outside the protection of the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field.
Armored train No. 2 of the Estonian army during the War of Independence in Valga
The **Estonian War of Independence** was an armed conflict between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia that lasted from November 28 , 1918 to February 2, 1920. There was also the Landesveer War, fought in southern Estonia and northern Latvia between June 5 and July 3, 1919, against the Baltic German forces. 

The troops of the German Empire, which occupied the territory of Estonia during the First World War, left Estonia due to the end of the World War. Taking advantage of the favorable situation, Soviet Russia decided to take over the Estonian territories again. The Red Army's attack on Narva on November 28, 1918 was the beginning of the war. The city was captured and the underequipped and significantly outnumbered units of the Estonian National Army were defeated.

On November 20, the Deputy Foreign Minister of the United Kingdom Robert Cecil, expressed support for Estonia and promised military help. On December 12, the British ships under the command of Admiral Sir Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair arrived from Liepaja for a raid on Tallinn. The arrival of the fleet succeeded in the second attempt. In the first attempt, the light cruiser HMS Cassandra was sunk by a mine near Saaremaa, and the fleet turned back. They delivered 6,500 rifles, 200 machine guns, and two field guns. 

By the end of 1918, the 7th Red Army controlled Estonia along the front line 34 kilometers east of Tallinn, west from Tartu and south of Ainaži.

By the beginning of 1919, the Estonian Army had 13,000 men. A 1,000-strong Finnish-Estonian force landed at Utria behind the Soviet 6th Rifle Division on 17 January. Narva was liberated the next day. The Estonians used armoured trains very successfully.

The British fleet brought weapons and equipment to Estonia and protected the northern coast of Estonia until January 5, 1919 , when it left the Baltic Sea. USA helped Estonia primarily with humanitarian aid.

On December 31, 1919, Estonia and Soviet Russia concluded an armistice, which entered into force on January 3, 1920. The official end of the war came with the Treaty of Tartu on February 2, 1920. With this, Soviet Russia recognized the independence of Estonia and forever renounced all rights that Russia had regarding the land and people of Estonia.
Francisco Arias Cardenas
**Francisco Atenógenes Cárdenas Garza** (born on July 16, 1879 in Abasolo, Nuevo León - died: July 3, 1943 in San Antonio, Texas) was a Mexican engineer and politician. He was Governor of Nuevo León. He later resigned before the end of his term.

Early life and education
------------------------

Francisco A. Cárdenas was born in Abasolo, Nuevo León, on July 16, 1879. His parents are José Dolores Cárdenas and Virginia Garza. He studied at the old Monterrey Civil College. He then graduated mining engineer from St. Mary's College in San Antonio, Texas. When he returned home, he dedicated himself to agriculture and livestock activities. His efforts got stopped by the outbreak of the revolutionary conflict in 1910.

Career
------

Years later, Cárdenas began to show interest in politics. This led him to become mayor of his hometown. Later on, he became the deputy for the XLII Local Legislature. By September 16, 1929, he became second in command and reported to General Aarón Sáenz Garza.

Governor
--------

In mid-1931, he was elected the governor for Nuevo León from October 4, 1931 to October 4, 1935. However, he didn't complete the term as he resigned on December 27, 1933.

Governor Cárdenas had to overcome many challenges caused by the world recession in 1929. Among the issues include the fall in state's income as this forced the president to order that the salaries of public servants be reduced. Many reforms were made to the finance laws which caused the property tax to increase in cities throughout the State. At the same time, taxes on salaries were created. Despite the economic difficulties, the industrial sector's growth did not slow down its growth. In fact, new factories were created.

### University of Nuevo León

Sensitive to the increasing demand for education at the professional level, he organized and led a general committee for the founding of the State University. The works began in February 1933. 

By May 31, the decree for founding University of Nuevo León was proclaimed. Its first headmaster was writer Héctor González.

### Public Hospital

He was also instrumental in the construction of the new Civil Hospital. Works began on May 3, 1933 on an area of about thirty hectares. He also setup the Central Board of Conciliation and Arbitration (1931); the founding of the Casa del Campesino (1932); the construction of the first highway from Nuevo Laredo to Monterrey, and the promulgation of a new General Law of Public Instruction.

Personal life
-------------

Francisco A. Cárdenas resigned from his position on December 27, 1933. He led a private life after his retirement. He died in San Antonio, Texas, on July 3, 1943. His remains were buried in Panteón del Carmen, in Monterrey.
The Hokkaido dog is one of the Japanese dogs which is from Hokkaido prefecture in Japan. There are six types of purebred dogs that originated in Japan. They are Hokkaido, Akita, Shiba, Kai, Kishuu, and Shikoku. These are said to have the same ancestry. In the public interest incorporated foundation "Nihon Ken Hozonkai'' has designated those six ones as the Japanese dogs and each of which is a national natural memorial. The Hokkaido dog is known as a character of the Japanese mobile company SoftBank. Therefore many Japanese people may know or see this breed at least once through the animal TV programs or TV commercials even if they are not familiar with it.

Appearance
----------

Hokkaido dog is a relatively rare breed in those six types, and it is estimated that there are only about 7,000 dogs currently in Japan. Their lifespan is about 13 to 15 years old. It is generally said that medium dogs have a lifespan of 10 to 14 years old, so Hokkaido dogs are the same as those. Also, the height is about 42 to 53 centimeters and the weight is about 15 to 30 kilograms. It is a little bigger than the other medium dogs. Some people may be mistaken for the Shiba dogs because they and Hokkaido dogs look similar in their figures a bit, but the size is a little different. It is one size larger than Shiba dogs, and the chest of the Hokkaido dog is deeper and the muscles are firm.

They have the double coat with long hard and short soft. Because they are from the Hokkaido area, so it prevents cold weather and the air. It consists of an over coat which is bristle and an under coat which is a soft one that can adjust their body temperature. Some people may know white colored ones. However there are various colors such as sesame, tiger, red, dark brown, wolf ash and white. In addition, their small triangular "standing ears" is eye catching.

History
-------

The ancestors of it lived in Honshu and moved to Hokkaido with humans, and became a pure breed. It has lived with the Ainu people there for a long time, so it is also popular as an Ainu dog. In Ainu language, it is called "Seta." It was designated as a national natural monument in 1937.

**Character**

Ainu people have long been hunting large beasts, so dogs are brave and strong to hunt. Furthermore, they affectionately treat their owners who are recognized as leaders by dogs, and they have a strong loyalty to protect their owners.
**Leopold Ritter von Sacher-Masoch** (27 January 1836 – 9 March 1895) was an Austrian writer and journalist, who became famous for his romantic stories about Galician life. The word masochism comes from his name.

During his lifetime, Sacher-Masoch was known as a thinker who supported socialist and humanist ideas in his writing, both his stories and his letters. Most of his works have not been translated into English. The novel *Venus in Furs* is the only one of his books that can be commonly found in English.

Life
----

### Storytelling

Von Sacher-Masoch was born in what is now Lviv, Ukraine. His father was an Austrian police director with Spanish ancestry, and his mother was Charlotte von Masoch, a Ukrainian noblewoman. He began learning German at age 12. He studied law, history and mathematics at Graz University. After he finished his study, Sacher-Masoch moved back to Lemberg where he became a professor. His early writing was mainly non-fiction works about Austrian history. At the same time, Sacher-Masoch began looking into the stories of his homeland, Galicia. Soon he stopped lecturing to write stories and letters. Within ten years, his short stories and novels became more famous than his historical non-fiction works, though his fiction had history in it.

Sacher-Masoch was especially interested in capturing stories of the different ethnicities that lived in Galicia. From the 1860s to the 1880s, he collected many volumes of *Jewish Short Stories*, *Polish Short Stories*, *Galician Short Stories*, *German Court Stories* and *Russian Court Stories*. His works were translated into Ukrainian, Russian and French. They were very popular in Ukraine.

### *The Legacy of Cain*

In 1869 Sacher-Masoch wrote a large number of short stories under the group title *Legacy of Cain*. These stories showed his view on life and the world. Six volumes were planned, but only the first two were ever completed. By the middle of the 1880s, Masoch had abandoned the *Legacy of Cain*. Despite this, the published volumes of the series included his best-known stories, including *Venus in Furs* (1869) which is the most famous today. The short novel expressed Sacher-Masoch's fantasies and fetishes, which he tried to live out with his mistresses and wives.

### Views on semitism and feminism

Sacher-Masoch edited the monthly literary magazine *Auf der Höhe. Internationale Review* (*At the Pinnacle. International Review*), which was published in Leipzig from October, 1881 to September, 1885. This was a magazine aimed at helping Jews in Saxony become part of the community, as well supporting women's rights with articles on women's education and suffrage.

In his later years, he worked against local antisemitism through an association called the Oberhessischer Verein für Volksbildung (OVV), which he founded in 1893 with his second wife, Hulda Meister.
**Cime du Gélas** (Italian: *Monte Gelàs*) is a 3,143 m (10,312 ft) high mountain on the boundary between France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region) and Italy (Province of Cuneo).

It is the highest peak of the Mercantour National Park (French: *Parc national du Mercantour*) and of the Alpes-Maritimes department, while on the Italian side it is part of the Maritime Alps Natural Park (*Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittime*).

Name
----

Cime du Gelàs
The name of the mountain comes from the Occitan verb *gelà* that means "to freeze" because the glaciers that are in the northern side; the glaciers have reduced their sizes during the late 20th century but they are still there.

Geography
---------

Cime du Gelàs is part of the Maritime Alps, southeast France. Geologically, it is part of the Mercantour-Argentera massif, and is mostly formed by gneiss.

The peak is composed of two smaller ones, divided by a gorge called *Sella del Gelàs*. The highest peak is the northern one; it is the easier to climb and has, on the top, a small wood sculpture of the Madonna and a cross on the top that was built here by order of priests from Cuneo.

History
-------

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 1864 by Paolo di Saint-Robert. in 1894, Victor de Cessole was the first to climb the mountain in winter.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Monte Gelas***.

* Cime du Gélas at Altituderando.com (in French)
A **pitch**, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the *strike zone*), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a *foul tip*). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a *ball*. If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a *walk*.

Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.
Sundance 2002
The **Sundance Film Festival** is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States.

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

2015
----

The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. *What Happened, Miss Simone?*, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, *Grandma*, was the closing night movie. It stars Lily Tomlin.

*Afternoon Delight* wins the U.S. dramatic directing award at Sundance 2013

Success of festival
-------------------

Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch. 

The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as *Saw*, *Super Troopers*, *The Blair Witch Project*, *Spanking the Monkey*, *Reservoir Dogs*, *Primer*, *Little Miss Sunshine*, *Clerks*, *Sex, Lies, and Videotape*, *The Brothers McMullen*, *Afternoon Delight*, *Napoleon Dynamite*, and *Whiplash*.

Further reading
---------------

* Anderson, John. *Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival*. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
* Biskind, Peter. *Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film*. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
* Craig, Benjamin. *Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide*. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
* Smith, Lory. *Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival*. Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
* von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Sundance Film Festival at Wikimedia Commons

* Sundance Film Festival – official site
* Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees
* "Sundance Film Festival". *indieWire*. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
Coordinates: 40°22′2″N 26°27′18″E﻿ / ﻿40.36722°N 26.45500°E﻿ / 40.36722; 26.45500

Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area
The **Gallipoli** peninsula (English pronunciation: /ɡəˈlɪpɵli/; Turkish: *Gelibolu Yarımadası*; Greek: Καλλίπολη) is in Turkish East Thrace, the European part of Turkey. To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.

History
-------

After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia. This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.

The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century. By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.

It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854). It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

In World War I, Gallipoli was the site of the Gallipoli Campaign launched by British and French forces against the Ottoman Empire.

Etymology
---------

The name is from Greek "Καλλίπολις" (*Kallipolis*), meaning "Beautiful City".
In antiquity, it was called the **Thracian Chersonese** (Latin: *Chersonesus Thracica*, Greek: Θρακική Χερσόνησος).