recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Gunshot residue** (GSR) is one of the results of firing a gun. When a bullet leaves the barrel of a firearm, it is accompanied by gases that include both burned and unburned particles of gunpowder. It also includes traces of metal from the firearm, the ammunition and the primer including the signature components of gunshot residue: lead, barium and antimony. GSR is usually found on the skin and clothing of the person who fired the gun. It may also be found in the entrance wound of the victim. This depends on how close the victim was to the gun when it was fired.

Forensic science of GSR
-----------------------

When a gun is fired, a plume of gas—including GSR particles—is ejected from the barrel and any other openings in the gun. The gunshot residue is deposited on objects that are close to the fired gun including the gun itself.

Crime scene specialists collect GSR from people and objects when there is reason to believe it may be there. The collected samples are then taken to a laboratory where they are examined. Forensic scientists can also use GSR residue to determine the distance between the barrel of the fired weapon and the target. The farther from the weapon the less the gunshot residue. Collection of GSR is time sensitive in many cases. After 4 to 8 hours it may wear off people's hands. It can remain for longer periods on a dead body or other objects. A number of advancements have been made in gunshot residue examinations in recent years. One improvement is in the use of scanning electron microscopes.

Recently, a test for finding GSR when the ammunition used was "green" or lead-free. In the past lead was required to be in the sample to identify it as GSR. Now a new test can identify GSR as small as a single particle.

The presence of GSR
-------------------

In addition to the person who fired a weapon, finding GSR can show:

* A person was standing near the firearm when it was fired.
* A subject may have handled a firearm or ammunition.
* A subject may have touched a surface that had GSR.

GSR may not be present for a number of reasons:

* The subject did not fire the weapon.
* No GSR was found on the area selected for sampling.
* GSR was removed by washing or wiping hands or clothing.
* Samples were taken more than 4 hours after the shooting.

Other websites
--------------

* Composition of gunshot residue Archived 2016-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Forensic Lab Technicians
**Elektra Records** (**Elektra Entertainment Group Inc.**) is an American major record label. It is owned by Warner Music Group. Elektra Records was founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzman's St. John's College dorm room. It was combined with WMG's Atlantic Records Group in 2004. After 5 years of being inactive, Atlantic Records Group announced that they were reviving the Elektra as an independent entity within Warner Music on June 1, 2009.

In September 1994, Elektra Records was sued by heavy metal band Metallica so that they could terminate their contract with the label and gain ownership of their master recordings. In January, Metallica and Elektra announced that they settled their suit, and even though a non-disclosure agreement had kept the terms secret, media sources claimed that "a significant increase in royalty payments to the band as well as a renegotiation of the group's recording contract were key factors in Metallica and Elektra coming to terms."

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The **false gharial** or **Malayan gharial** (*Tomistoma schlegelii*) is a fresh-water reptile. It looks like a crocodile with a very thin and long snout, like that of the gharial. That is where the name of the species is from.

It has long been classed in the family *Crocodylidae*. However, recent immunological studies show it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought. So now classed in the family *Gavialidae*, after all.

The animal is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia. It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (not seen since 1970), and possibly Sulawesi. Fossils finds in southern China indicate that, at some point in the past, the species occurred there.

The false gharial, like all other crocodilians, lays eggs. It is a mound nester. Females usually mature at 2–3 m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat. Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest. Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs. The young hatch after 90 days and are left to look after themselves.

False gharial
The false gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range. The drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests removes its habitat. The animal is hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often taken for human consumption. However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.

Sources
-------

* Crocodile Specialist Group (2000). *Tomistoma schlegelii*. *2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 09 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Tomistoma schlegelii***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***False gharial***.

* BBC News: 'Match-making' for rare male croc
*Libro de tientos y discursos de musica practica y theoríca de organo* (1626).
**Francisco Correa de Arauxo** (or **Araujo**) (b. Seville, 1584; d. Segovia, 1654) was an important Spanish organist, composer, and theorist in the last years of the Renaissance and early years of the Baroque period.

Life
----

We do not know very much about Correa de Araujo. He was probably born in 1584. He may have been of Portugese origin. In 1599 he got a job as organist in Seville. It must have been an important job because he earned a lot of money. Many years later he seems to have become a priest. He may have been made a priest because he was a good organist. In 1630 he organized a protest when priests were made to work harder wothout being paid more money. Because he argued about this he was sent to prison for a time. By 1635 his health was very bad. In spite of earning a high salary he often had no money.

After 37 years in Seville he took a job as organist in Jaén Cathedral. He was there until 1640 when he went to Segovia Cathedral. He worked there until 1653, by which time he was too ill to work. When he died the following year he was very poor.

His music
---------

Correa only seems to have published one collection of organ works. It was called *Libro de tientos y discursos de música practica, y theorica de organo intitulado Facultad organica* (1626). This was a collection of organ music, as well as a discussion about music theory. It is one of the few books we have which shows us what musical composition was like in Spain at that time. His organ music uses a divided keyboard (medio registro), so that the upper and lower parts of the keyboard (high notes and low notes) can use different stops (making different sounds). The organ pieces in the collection are arranged in order of difficulty. The pieces at the end are very hard indeed. He uses a lot of dissonances, and he expects the performer to put in lots of ornaments, even if they are not shown in the music. He uses glosa (ornamental figuration), although he also uses counterpoint. His harmony shows the influence of composers such as Cabezon and Aguilera de Heredia.
**Fred** and **George Weasley** are characters in J.K. Rowling's *Harry Potter* series. They are twins and brothers of Harry Potter's best friend Ron Weasley; younger than Bill, Charlie, and Percy, but older than Ginny and Ron. They're in the middle of the seven Weasley children. They have red hair and are proud to be Weasleys. In the movies, both twins are tall and skinny. In the books they are described as shorter and stockier than Ron. 

Although these two are not very big characters in the seven-book installment, they play some big roles in a few books. In *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*, the twins show Harry the Marauder's Map that they found that leads to many useful and helpful things. In *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* (their seventh year), the two escape Hogwarts and the new Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher, Professor Umbridge and left a fantastic fireworks show and a giant "W". The students found it amusing and use the phrase "rolling a Weasley" to describe disappointment at something and wanted to go away. Fred and George are also involved in Harry's big study group that is called D.A. (Dumbledore's Army). In the beginning of *Half-Blood Prince*, Ron, Hermione, and Harry, followed by Ginny, Mrs. and Mr. Weasley, visit the twins in their new joke shop. They are excited to see them and show all their new joke shop supplies. In *Deathly Hallows*, Fred Weasley gets killed outside the room of requirement by an explosion presumably by Augustus Rookwood, breaking the hearts of many Harry Potter fans. George gets his ear accidentally cut off by Severus Snape using Sectumsempra. George marries Angelina Johnson.

Fred and George are usually described as determined, mischievous, and very sneaky. They get scolded by their mother, Molly Weasley for many things that they do (for example, Apparating right in front of her eyes in *Order of the Phoenix*.)

The actors who portrayed Fred and George are James and Oliver Phelps respectively. Oliver is actually the older twin, but Fred is older than George. Two differences between the Phelps twins is that Oliver has a mole on the right side of his neck, while James does not and James has a slightly deeper voice than Oliver.

| *Harry Potter* by J. K. Rowling |
| --- |
| Books/Films | *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*  • *Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets*  • *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*  • *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire*  • *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*  • *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince*  • *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows* |
| Characters | Harry Potter  • Hermione Granger  • Albus Dumbledore  • Ron Weasley  • Rubeus Hagrid  • Minerva McGonagall  • Grawp  • Sirius Black  • Bellatrix Lestrange  • Luna Lovegood  • Xenophilius Lovegood  • Remus Lupin  • Draco Malfoy  • Severus Snape  • Nymphadora Tonks  • Ginny Weasley  • Fred and George Weasley |
| Hogwarts Houses | Gryffindor  • Slytherin  • Hufflepuff  • Ravenclaw |
| Other | List of *Harry Potter* films cast members  • Religious debates over the *Harry Potter* series  • Dumbledore's Army  • Order of the Phoenix |
Eugene Dubois
**Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois** (28 January 1858 – 16 December 1940) was a Dutch paleoanthropologist. He earned worldwide fame for his discovery of *Pithecanthropus erectus* (later redesignated *Homo erectus*), or 'Java Man'. Although hominid fossils had been found and studied before, Dubois was the first anthropologist to embark upon a purposeful search for them.

Hominid discoveries
-------------------

Between 1887 and 1895, Dubois searched at potential sites near rivers and in caves, first on the island of Sumatra, then on the island of Java.

In 1891, Dubois discovered remains of what he described as "a species in between humans and apes". He called his finds *Pithecanthropus erectus* ("ape-human that stands upright") or Java Man. Today, they are classified as *Homo erectus* ("human that stands upright"). These were the first specimens of early hominid remains to be found outside of Africa or Europe.

In 1895, Dubois returned to Europe and toured the continent to convince his colleagues that he had indeed found a missing link. Although most anthropologists were intrigued, they did not always agree with Dubois' interpretations. After that, Dubois refused others access to his fossils, until he was forced to do so in 1923.

Related pages
-------------

* Raymond Dart
* Robert Broom
* Louis Leakey
* Human evolution
A **fictional character** is a person or animal in a narrative work of fiction  (such as a novel, play, television series, or movie)  The character can be completely made up or based on a real-life person. In that case, the difference between a "fictional" and "real" character can be made. Coming from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ, the English word dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in *Tom Jones* in 1749. From this, the sense of "a part played by an actor" developed. Character, mainly when played by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person." In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.

The word **character** can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).

A **character role** in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, a pair of lovers may be the main characters of the story. The character roles who help the story might be: a wicked stepmother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a fool, a domestic worker who is very old, a "Mary Sue" who is virtually without flaws, and so forth. These may be archetypes.
For other uses, see Frank O'Connor (disambiguation).
**Charles Francis O'Connor** (September 22, 1897 – November 9 1979), called **Frank O'Connor**, was an American actor and painter. He was the husband of writer Ayn Rand.

Biography
---------

O'Connor and Rand met on a movie set, in the years of silent movies. They were appearing as extras. Rand was also writing scripts, and O'Connor building a movie and stage career. Rand admired O'Connor's looks, and tripped him on the set, to get him to notice her. They married in 1929. 

To make sure they had enough income to succeed, O'Connor let his acting career go, becoming a rancher so Rand could succeed as an author, which was her ambition. He appeared in a presentation of her play *Night of January 16th*, after she became better known. O'Connor also proposed the name "Atlas Shrugged" for Rand's book, which she formerly called "The Strike" before publication. 

The couple had no children, but were friends with some college students and young professionals, including Nathaniel Branden (who later wrote psychology books, including important works on self-esteem), Alan Greenspan (economist, who was Federal Reserve chairman for the United States government) and Leonard Peikoff (later author of philosophy works, and editor of Rand's works). O'Connor "played host" to many discussions and forums about human interaction, relationships and societies, while wife Rand led the conversations.

He found a new pursuit, as he developed a talent for painting. Some of Rand's books used his paintings for book covers. 

Actor Peter Fonda appeared as O'Connor in a 1999 television movie, *The Passion of Ayn Rand*, which also starred Helen Mirren.

Other websites
--------------

* Frank O'Connor on IMDb
**Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury** (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass.

Life
----

as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans.

A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes.

On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions.

Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style.

Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old.

Paintings of Salisbury
----------------------

* American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1947American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1947

Bibliography
------------

* 1944: *Portrait and Pageant: The Art of Frank O. Salisbury*, memoirs
* 1953: *Sarum Chase*

Literature
----------

* Barber, Benjamin Aquila (1936) *The Art of Frank O. Salisbury*, F. Lewis
* Christie, Manson & Woods (1985) *The Studio of Frank O. Salisbury: (1874 - 1962); the Property of the British Council of Churches*
* McMurray, Nigel (2003) *Frank O. Salisbury: Painter Laureate*, ISBN 978-1410733269

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Frank O. Salisbury***.

* Bridgeman Art Library, overview of his work
The **Frisians** are a group of people of northwestern Europe, living in an area known as Frisia. They are mainly in the Dutch areas of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

History
-------

Frisian settlement area
### In Roman times

The Frisians were able to make an agreement with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28 CE. Sixteen years later they defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood. The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and were written about by several writers. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 CE, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing a lot of Frisian groups by name. Of the many groups he listed, the Frisians are the only ones that have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was called *Mare Frisia* at that time. Small groups of Frisians settled the lands around them and their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and The Netherlands.

Their land followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems. The Ems was the eastern edge of their land according to Ptolemy's *Geographica*.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain. A lot of Frisians moved with them. The Frisians who stayed in Europe moved into the lands where the Anglo-Saxons used to live.

Famous Frisians
---------------

* Frisian language
* Wijerd Jelckama
* M.C. Escher
* Mata Hari
* Pier Gerlofs Donia
* Doutzen Kroes

Related pages
-------------

* Frisia

Other websites
--------------

* The Frisian Meeting Place Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine

  


| * v
* t
* e
Netherlands Dutch diaspora |
| --- |
| Africa | 
* Afrikaner
	+ Boer
	+ Cape Dutch
* Baster
* Coloured
* Griqua

 |
| Americas | 
* Argentina
* Barbados
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Suriname
* United States

 |
| Asia | 
* Indo
* Totok
* Sri Lanka

 |
| Europe | 
* United Kingdom
* Germany
* Scandinavia

 |
| Oceania | 
* Australia
* New Zealand

 |
| *see also* | 
* Flemish people
* Frisian people

 |
**Farhang Mehr** (11 December 1923 – 4 March 2018) was an American political scientist, academic and researcher, and former Iranian politician. He was a Zoroastrian.

Mehr was born in a Zoroastrian family in Tehran. His father, Mehraban, was from the province of Kerman, and migrated to Tehran when he was 14 years old. He went on to become Chief Accountant in the Iranian Parliament.

He joined the National Iranian Oil Company. He was the head of the Department of International Contracts and Industrial Relations.

He was then nominated by the prime minister to serve as the Minister of Finance. However, he could not become a minister under Iran’s constitutional law which preserved the ministerial posts for Muslims only.

Mehr’s last position in Iran, prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, was president of Pahlavi University in Shiraz. During his presidency, the university became internationally known for its academic excellence .

In 1981, two years after the establishment of the Revolutionary Islamic Republic of Iran, Mehr migrated to the United States. There he joined Boston University as Professor of International Relations.

Mehr died on 4 March 2018 at the age of 94.

Other websites
--------------

* VoHuman: Farhang Mehr
* Iranian.com: Farhang Mehr

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Mehr, Farhang |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Iranian politician |
| Date of birth | 11 December 1923 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 4 March 2018 |
| Place of death |  |
***Europasaurus*** is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual.

This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin.

Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species. 

There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin. 

A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. a local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as *Magyarosaurus*.
**Germaine Maurice Lindsay** (23 September 1985 – 7 July 2005), also known as **Abdullah Shaheed Jamal**, was one of the four Al Qaeda suicide bombers who exploded bombs on three trains on the London Underground and a bus in central London during the 7 July 2005 London bombings, killing 56 people (including the bombers), and injuring more than 700. Lindsay exploded the bomb that killed himself and 26 other people on a train travelling on the Piccadilly line between King's Cross St Pancras and Russell Square tube stations..

Wife
----

See the main article: Samantha Lewthwaite
Lindsay's wife, Samantha Lewthwaite, said that Germaine Lindsay wasn't involved in the attacks until the government showed forensic evidence to confirm that he was a bomber. She later said she was against the attacks and that her husband's mind had been poisoned by "radicals".

By 2015, she herself had been accused of being behind the deaths of more than 400 people.

Involvement in London bombings
------------------------------

See the main article: 7 July 2005 bombings
Lindsay exploded his bomb, killing 26 people, on a train travelling between King's Cross St Pancras and Russell Square stations. A raid by Scotland Yard found no other bombs at Lindsay's flat. He also owned one of the cars left at Luton railway station before the bombers made their journey to London.

House arson
-----------

On 22 July 2005, police and fire services were called to Lindsay's home in Aylesbury after neighbours reported a strong smell of petrol coming from it. It was suspected to be an arson attack as revenge against the 7/7 attacks on the empty property. Later it was revealed in the local media that Lindsay's wife and son were living under 
"police protection" and would not be returning home. In December 2005, two 17-year-olds were arrested Aylesbury Crown Court of arson in conditions where they were reckless as to whether the life of someone else could be put in danger and each sentenced to 18 months youth detention with a training order.
The **German: *Deutsche Arbeiterpartei*** or **German Workers' Party** (*DAP*) was a political party in Germany just after World War I. It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (German: *Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei*, acronym *NSDAP*).

For the German Workers' Party in Austria-Hungary, see German Workers' Party (Austria-Hungary).

Origins
-------

Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the *Café Gasteig* on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' (German: *Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden*) which Drexler had also started.

Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people. Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people.

On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society. There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs.

Adolf Hitler joins the DAP
--------------------------

Hitler's DAP party card with the forged membership number 7
When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the *Sterneckerbräu* on 12 September 1919.

Hitler was very good at making speeches, so Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers. They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger. Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7. Later Hitler said he was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP.

From DAP to NSDAP
-----------------

The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas.

To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei). At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP.

Membership
----------

Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were:

* Karl Harrer
* Anton Drexler
* Gottfried Feder
* Dietrich Eckart
* Alfred Rosenberg
* Hans Frank
Labelled satellite image of Australia, showing the Great Sandy Desert in the northwest, reaching from the centre of the continent to the northwest coastlineLocation of deserts in Australia
The **Great Sandy Desert** is a desert in the northwest of Australia, mostly in Western Australia. It is the second-largest desert in Australia (after the Great Victoria Desert). It covers about 284,993 square kilometres (110,036 sq mi). South of the Great Sandy Desert is the Gibson Desert, and to the east is the Tanami Desert.

There are not many people living in the Great Sandy Desert. Most of them are Aboriginal communities and mining towns. The Aboriginal people of the desert fall into two main groups: the Martu in the west and the Pintupi in the east. They both speak Western Desert languages.

The area does not get much rain, but even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below 250 mm (9.8 in). The rate of evaporation (how quickly the water dries up) is very high. Most of the rain comes from thunderstorms. Many drought years end with a monsoon or tropical cyclone. On average for most of the area, there are about 20-30 days where thunderstorms form.

Most of the plants growing across the Great Sandy Desert are spinifex grasses. Animals living in the desert include dingos, red kangaroo, monitor lizards, bilbies, marsupial mole, thorny devils, bearded dragons and many other species of lizard.

The first European to cross the desert was Peter Warburton. He made the journey from Alice Springs leaving in April 1873 and arriving at De Grey Station in January 1874. When Warburton arrived, he was starving and blind in one eye. He thanked his survival on his Aboriginal companion Charley.
Cross-section of a flax plant stem:  
 
1. pith  

2. protoxylem  

3. xylem  

4. phloem  

5. sclerenchyma (bast fibre)  

6. cortex  

7. epidermis

The **epidermis** in plants is a single layer of cells. It covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It divides the plant from the outside environment. The epidermis has more than one function. It protects the plant from loss of water. It controls gas exchange. It makes metabolic compounds. In the roots it takes in water and nutrients. Some parts of a plant may have a different cover called a periderm. Potatoes have that kind of covering.

The epidermis is the outer cell layer of a plant. It is also the main part of the dermal tissue of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It is usually transparent.

The cells of the epidermis can vary in the way they are made and how they work. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants, however, have an epidermis with more than one layer. Epidermal cells are linked tightly to each other. They give strength and protection to the plant. In the parts of the plant that are above ground, the epidermal cells contain cutin and are covered with a cuticle. This cuticle reduces loss of water. It is sometimes covered with wax. The wax gives some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. It also protects the plant from sunlight and wind.

Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomyDiagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy
The epidermis has more than one cell type. It can include epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (Trichomes). There are more epidermal cells than the other types.

Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomyDiagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy
Trichomes (or hairs) grow out from the epidermis in many plants.

Related pages
-------------

* Bark
* Cork cambium
* Periderm

Other websites
--------------

* Plant tissue systems Archived 2007-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Japan
* Czech Republic

 |
View over the King Valley from Power's Lookoout

**Harry Power** (18 May 1819 – 11 October 1891) was born as Henry Johnson in Waterford, Ireland on 18 May 1819. He was a famous Australian bushranger. He is believed to be the man who taught Ned Kelly how to be a bushranger.

Power was sent to Van Diemen's Land for seven years for stealing a bridle and a saddle. Released in 1848 he moved to Victoria where he set up a horse selling business in Geelong.

During the gold rush Power went to Maryborough in central Victoria to search for gold. When two policemen tried to arrest him for horse stealing in March 1855, he shot one of them. He was captured and sentenced to prison for 13 years. He was able to escape from HM Prison Pentridge in 1862 and moved to northern Victoria where he met the Kelly, Quinn and Lloyd families. In 1864 he was captured near Beechworth and sent back to prison. He escaped from Pentridge again on 19 February 1869.

Ned Kelly, who was 13 years old, helped him with several robberies near Beechworth. Power then carried out more than 600 robberies by himself during the year. He had a hideout in a cave looking out over the King River which is still called Power's Lookout. The police offered a reward of ₤500 for his capture. Ned Kelly's uncle, James Quinn, told the police the location of the cave and Power was again caught and sent back to prison.

He was released in 1877 because of concerns for his health. He worked on a farm near Sunbury. In his old age he acted as a guide on a ship set up as a convict museum. In November 1891 he was found drowned in the Murray River, near Swan Hill.
***Forum*** was an English-language monthly news and current affairs magazine in Bangladesh. It started in 1969 when Bangladesh was East Pakistan. Hameeda Hossain and Rehman Sobhan started the magazine. Hossain is a human rights activist. Sobhan is an economist. The magazine was against the West Pakistani establishment. It was for democracy and economic reforms in the Pakistani union. The Pakistan Army shut down the magazine on 26 March 1971, during the early hours of Operation Searchlight. 

In 2006, *The Daily Star*, began re-publishing the magazine every month. Shah Hussain Imam was the executive editor of the magazine. The editorial board was the original *Forum* founders Hameeda Hossain and Rehman Sobhan and Mahfuz Anam, editor and publisher of *The Daily Star*, Matiur Rahman, editor and publisher of Prothom Alo, and Anisuzzaman, a professor of Bengali at the University of Dhaka. In April 2013, *Forum* published its last issue.

Writers from across South Asia, such as Amartya Sen, Tariq Ali, Kuldip Nayar and Ahmed Rashid wrote for the magazine.

Other websites
--------------

* Website

See More
--------

1. Muktokathan
2. Bimonthly Betar Bangla
Astronaut Ed White makes the first American spacewalk during Gemini 4 (June 1965)
**Extravehicular activity** (**EVA**) is when an astronaut or cosmonaut gets out of a spacecraft in outer space, then gets back in. "Extravehicular activity" usually refers to a **spacewalk** outside a spacecraft orbiting the Earth, but can also refer to a **moonwalk** on the surface of the Moon. Three Apollo astronauts made spacewalks between the Earth and the Moon while their spacecraft were returning to Earth.

Astronauts from Russia, the United States and China have done EVAs.

First spacewalks
----------------

**Alexey Leonov**, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union, made the first spacewalk on March 18, 1965. He spent 12 minutes outside the Voskhod 2 spacecraft. The first American to make a spacewalk was Edward H. White, II, who spent 36 minutes outside the Gemini 4 spacecraft on June 3, 1965.

The first moonwalk was made by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 21, 1969 (UTC), during the Apollo 11 trip to the Moon. This first Moon walk lasted for 2 hours and 32 minutes. Twelve human beings have walked on the surface of the Moon.

Later history
-------------

Cosmonaut Sergey Volkov works outside the International Space Station on August 3, 2011.
In 1973, astronauts made spacewalks to repair Skylab, the first space station sent into space by the United States. Skylab had been damaged while it was being launched into space. Many spacewalks were made to build the International Space Station (ISS). Spacewalks are still made to maintain the ISS and fix it when there is a problem.

Related pages
-------------

* Space suit

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Extravehicular activity***.

* NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project *Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology*
Ghulam Sughra in 2011.
**Ghulam Sughra** is a human rights activist in Pakistan. She is the head of the "Marvi Rural Development Organization" (MRDO). In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life
----

Sughra was born in Sindh Province in Pakistan. She was married at the age of 12. Six years later, she was the first woman in her village to divorce. When she tried to go to school, her brothers beat her. So she studied at home. Sughra became the first girl in her village to finish secondary school. Later she was the first teacher in the first school for girls.

Work
----

Ghulam Sughra started the Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO) in her village. The MRDO works for education, health, and human rights. It also loans money for women to start small businesses.

Awards
------

* International Women of Courage Award

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ghulam Sughra***.

* 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Holkham Hall, one of the grandest English country houses. Country houses not only displayed the owners' fashionable and cultivated tastes, but was the center of a vast landed estate, providing employment to hundreds
The **English country house** is generally accepted as a large house that was once in the ownership of an individual who in most of the cases owned another great house in the West End of London. The country house was not only a weekend retreat for aristocrats, but also often a full time residence for the minor gentry.

Evolution of the English country house
--------------------------------------

The country houses of England have developed over the last 500 years. Before this time most larger houses were fortified, because their owners were feudal lords or overlords of their manor. The Tudor period of stability in the country saw the first of the large unfortified country houses.

With the rise of modern industry and urbanization, when people left the country to go to the big cities the popularity of country houses declined as there were less people in the country. After 1945 it became very difficult to pay for the huge staff that was required to maintain these houses.

Other websites
--------------

* The National Trust - England, Wales, & Northern Ireland
* The National Trust for Scotland
* English Heritage
* An English Manor House Head Gardener's Online Diary
* Lost Heritage - A Memorial to the Lost Country Houses of England
The London Coliseum, home of English National Opera
**English National Opera** (ENO) is an opera company based in London, England. The opera house where it performs is called the London Coliseum. It is in St. Martin's Lane, very near Trafalgar Square. It is one of the two big opera companies in London. The other big one is the Royal Opera (ROH), Covent Garden. The English National Opera is different because the operas there are always sung in English. The ticket prices are not quite as high as at the ROH.

History
-------

The beginnings of the ENO go back to 1898 when Lilian Baylis gave a series of opera concerts at the Old Vic theatre. About ten years later she started a theatre company there. She put on Shakespeare's plays in a shortened form. She added a small group of dancers to the company. The Sadler's Wells Theatre opened, and the company were called the Vic-Wells Opera Company. The dancers later separated from Vic-Wells and became the Royal Ballet.

The company toured while the theatre was closed during the Second World War. At the end of the war it came back and was called Sadler's Wells Opera Company, and the theatre opened again with a performance of Benjamin Britten's *Peter Grimes*. It was the first English opera since the time of Purcell to become internationally famous. 
In 1968 Sadler's Wells Opera moved from Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum. Six years later the company was renamed *English National Opera*.

Since then the ENO has put on many great opera productions. For many years the general director was Peter Jonas, the artistic director was David Poutney and the conductor (musical director) was Mark Elder.

In 2004 many improvements were made to the building. While the building was going on the ENO performed in the Barbican Centre.

Although ENO performs all operas in English, in 2005 it introduced surtitles at the Coliseum. This makes it easier for the audience to understand the words being sung.

In 2007 the conductor Edward Gardner became music director of ENO.

Music directors
---------------

* Lawrance Collingwood (Chief Conductor, 1931-1941, Music Director 1941-1946)
* James Robertson (1946-1954)
* Alexander Gibson (1957-1959)
* Colin Davis (1961-1965)
* Mario Bernardi (1966-1968) and Bryan Balkwill (1966-1969), co-Music Directors
* Sir Charles Mackerras (1970-1977)
* Sir Charles Groves (1978-1979)
* Mark Elder (1979-1993)
* Sian Edwards (1993-1997)
* Paul Daniel (1997-2005)
* Edward Gardner (2007-present)

Other websites
--------------

* ENO website
* ENO history
Emilia Pardo Bazán memorial
**Emilia Pardo Bazán** (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as *Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán*) was a Spanish author and scholar.

Life
----

Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including *Los pazos de Ulloa* (*The Manors of Ulloa*) and its sequel, *La Madre Naturaleza* (*Mother Nature*). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era. 

Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in *La Ciencia cristiana*, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y plana.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography and list of works (Spanish language)
* Works by Emilia Pardo Bazán at Project Gutenberg

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**Fortran** is a programming language first created in the 1950s. It is still in use today. It is a procedural language mainly used for scientific computing and numerical analysis.

History
-------

The first FORTRAN compiler was created in 1954-57 by a team at IBM led by John W. Backus. This compiler was the first compiler for any High level language. The authors were worried that no one would use the language if programs written in it did not run nearly as fast as programs written in assembly language. So they made it an optimizing compiler.

Because of the heavy use by scientists doing numerical work the language grew in ways that encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that generated high quality (fast) code. There are many high performance compiler vendors. Much work and research in compiler theory and design was caused by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs.

Several revisions of the language have appeared, including the very well known FORTRAN IV (the same as FORTRAN 66), FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. The most recent formal standard for the language was published in 1997 and is known as Fortran 95.

Initially, the language relied on precise formatting of the source code and heavy use of statement numbers and 'go to' statements, written as goto in Fortran.

Every version introduced 'modern' programming concepts, such as source code comments and output of text, IF-THEN-ELSE (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90) and parallel constructs, while trying to maintain Fortran's 'lean' profile and high performance.

Meaning and spelling of the name
--------------------------------

The name "Fortran" is short for "Formula Translation". The language was formerly known as FORTRAN (and older variants of it still are). Since Fortran 90, the capitalization has been abandoned. The published formal standards use "Fortran".

Standards
---------

The two standards below are for current Fortran implementations. 

* ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997). Title: *Programming Language "Fortran" Extended*. Informally known as Fortran 90. This standard was published by ANSI and never became an International Standard (ISO).
* ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. Title: *Information technology - Programming languages - Fortran - Part 1: Base language*. Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further 2 parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.

Other websites and references
-----------------------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Fortran***

* Brian Meek: *The Fortran (not the foresight) saga: the light and the dark*, Fortran Forum, Vol 9 No 2, October 1990, pp 23-32. Online at  Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. A good overview over the long and intricate Fortran history.
* Lucy Joan Slater, More Fortran programs for economists, Cambridge University Press, 1972.

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View of Eschelbronn
**Eschelbronn** is a village with 2597 people living there. It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.

Eschelbronn is in the north of Kraichgau with a distance of about 25 km to Heidelberg.

History
-------

It was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch. Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.
The first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261. In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375. In 1526 the village became Protestant.
In 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden. From 1807 on the village was administered by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972. Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.

In former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important. Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Museum of Furniture Production

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**George McMurrich** (1843 or 1844 - September 7, 1913) was a long-time member of Toronto City Council in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

McMurrich, who in his business life ran an insurance firm, was first elected an alderman for St. George's Ward in 1891, represented Ward Three from 1892 to 1903 except for 1897 and 1899 when he was not on council. After a break of three years, he was elected to represent Ward Four and did so continuously until his death in 1913. He ran for mayor twice, in the 1897 Toronto municipal election in which he lost to incumbent mayor Robert Fleming by 1,600 votes and in 1899 Toronto municipal election when he came in third. He was appointed by council to sit on the Toronto Board of Control in 1896 and again in 1902 for one-year terms.

McMurrich was the second son of John McMurrich, a former Ontario Liberal Party member of the Ontario legislature. His older brother was William Barclay McMurrich, who served as Mayor of Toronto from 1881 to 1882. George McMurrich, himself, was a supporter of the Ontario Liberal Party but never stood for the party provincially or federally.