recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Damien Rice
**Damien Rice** (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is alternative rock. He is known as a singer and song writer who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. *The Blower's Daughter* is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move *Closer*. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie *Once*. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.

He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band *Jupiter* which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like *Cold water*, *9 crimes* and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: *O* in 2002, and *9* in 2006. And he also has released EPs *B side* in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album *9* released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America. 

Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called *Unplayed Piano*, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.
**Flux of Pink Indians** was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album *Neu Smell* soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with *Johnny Kidd*.

Upon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album *Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible*. Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up *The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks* was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain." A long time off followed before the group - now known as **Flux** - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental *Uncarved Block*. They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later founded the One Little Indian label.

Their latest CD came out in 2003.

Discography
-----------

* "Neu Smell" (EP, Crass Records, 1981) cover art Archived 2006-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
* "1970s Have Been Made in Hong Kong" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1981)
* *Strive to Survive Causing the Least Suffering Possible* (LP, Spiderleg Records, 1983)
* *The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks* (LP, Spiderleg Records 1984)
* "Taking a Liberty" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1985)
* *Uncarved Block* (LP, released under the name 'Flux', One Little Indian Records 1986)

Other websites
--------------

* Flux of Pink Indians on allmusic.com
**Dương Văn Minh** (16 February 1916 – 6 August 2001) was a former General of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. He came from the first course at the French Military Academy of the Indochinese Confederation in the southeastern part of Vietnam for the purpose of training indigenous people to become officers serving the Colonial Army. During his active service, he was assigned to specialized positions in Command and General Staff. He was one of the few officers to be promoted to the rank of General of the Republic (Major General in 1955) and was also one of five soldiers who were promoted to General in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam. He was also a politician who held the position as Head of state in the period (1963 - 1964) and was the last president of the Republic of Vietnam. Although he held the throne briefly for only three days (from April 28 to April 30, 1975), he was credited with saving the city from the devastation. Called on the South Vietnamese Armed Forces to cease fire and surrender unconditionally at the request of the National Liberation Front when they began attacking the city on April 30, 1975 during the Ho Chi Minh Campaign.
Endothelial cells under the microscope with three separate channels marking specific cellular components
**Fluorescence** is the light given off by certain substances when it absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation. First the substance absorbs the energy, then it emits light. When the light source is removed, the fluorescence stops occurring. It is a form of luminescence. 

In most cases, the light given off has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light.

One of the most surprising types of fluorescence is when a substance absorbs ultraviolet light that cannot be seen by the human eye, but gives off visible light.

Fluorescence is used in many fields such as mineralogy, gemology, chemical sensors (fluorescence spectroscopy), dyes, biological detectors, and fluorescent lights.

Fluorescence in the life sciences is a way of tracking biological molecules. A protein or other component can have a fluorescent dye attached to it, which allows a scientist to visually find the specific protein with a microscope.
Flag of Savoy
The location of the duchy in 1600.
The **Duchy of Savoy** was a monarchy in northern Italy and southwest France. It was ruled by the Savoy family. They took their name from the territory. From 1416 to 1562, the capital of the state was Chambéry. From 1562 to 1713 after which the capital was Turin. The heir to the throne was usually given the title of Prince of Piedmont.

The main residence of the family was the Royal Palace of Turin.

It was originally a county but raised to a **Duchy** in 1416. It greatly increased in size due to the Kingdom of Sardinia being added to the Savoy family possessions. Parts of the Duchy of Milan had also been added before. The small duchy was a neighbour to the Duchy of Parma as well as the larger wealthier Grand Duchy of Tuscany both of which would later form close relationships with each other often through marriages between princes and princesses.

In 1860, under the terms of the Treaty of Turin, the Duchy of Savoy was annexed by France. The last Duke of Savoy, Victor Emmanuel II, became King of Italy and the country was united into modern Italy.

Regents
-------

* Christine of France regent for her sons Francis Hyacinth and later Charles Emmanuel II.
* Marie Jeanne of Savoy regent during the minority of her son the future Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia from 1675 to 1680.
* Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont, Regent of the duchy in his fathers place in 1713.
The Portuguese Man o'War is a colony of four simpler animals, called zooids
A colony of pelagic salp
A **colony** in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together. 

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

Groups with colonial species
----------------------------

* Bryozoa
* Choanoflagellata
* Cnidaria
	+ Corals
	+ Portuguese Man o' War
* Entoprocta
* Graptolites
* Insecta
	+ Isoptera
	+ Hymenoptera
		- Ants
		- Bees
		- Wasps
* Phoronida
* Sponges
* Tunicates
**Dana Fuchs** (born January 10, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and voice over talent.

The youngest of six musical children, Fuchs was born and raised in Wildwood, Florida. It is a small rural town. She is the daughter of Sandy and Don Fuchs. At the age of twelve she joined the First Baptist Gospel Choir and began singing in public. At sixteen she became the lead singer of a popular local band at a roadside Holiday Inn. She moved to New York City at nineteen and began working with Jon Diamond, a guitarist who had toured with Joan Osborne and W.C. Handy Award winner Debbie Davies. They formed the Dana Fuchs Band. The band was a feature act at a number of clubs, performing with people like John Popper, James Cotton, and Taj Mahal.

Fuchs plays Sadie in the Julie Taymor movie *Across the Universe*. She also played the singing Janis Joplin in the Eric Nederlander production of Randall Myler's off Broadway musical *Love, Janis*.

Other websites
--------------

* **DanaFuchs.com**
* Dana Fuchs on IMDb

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* WorldCat Identities

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***Fable*** is a role-playing game made by Big Blue Box and Lionhead Studios for the Xbox, Windows and Mac OS X. The game was released on September 14, 2004 in North America and an extended version of the game called *Fable: The Lost Chapters*, was released for Xbox and Microsoft Windows in September 2005.

Fable was originally called Project Ego in early development and took around four years to create, with a team of around 70 developers working on it. The theme music for Fable was composed by Danny Elfman. The game won over fifty awards and was the Xbox's fastest-selling game at that time.

Gameplay
--------

In the game, the player controls the main character, The Hero of Oakvale. The player can interact with people and can battle foes. To further the game's plot, the player must complete missions known as quests and can also complete side quests.

The player can choose to either be good or evil. Completing good deeds will award the character good points and will produce a positive alignment and committing evil acts will add evil points and produce a negative alignment. The character's appearance will also change if the player makes the character's alignment strong enough. If the character has a strong enough positive alignment, a halo will appear above the character's head and if the character has a strong enough negative alignment, a red haze will rise from around his legs, he will draw flies, and will have glowing red eyes and horns.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The **Edward Mooney House** is at 18 Bowery at the corner of Pell Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is in an area which is today known as Chinatown. The house was built between 1785 and 1789 by rich butcher Edward Mooney on land that was originally part of the Doyer bouwerie (farm) and afterwards belonged to the British Loyalist James Delancey. The land was confiscated by the new American Government after the American Revolution and sold at auction. Mooney would live in the house untul his death in 1800.

The house was built of brick in the Early Federal style. It has three stories plus an attic and full basement. The home was built close to the slaughterhouses, holding pens and tanneries just east of the freshwater Collect Pond.

In 1807, the size of the house was doubled by an addition to the rear. The house would be used as a private residence until the 1820s. Later, it has been a hotel, brothel and Barney Flynn's saloon.

The house was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Edward Mooney House was sold in January 2013 for $5.4 million dollars.

Barney Flynn's saloon in the Edward Mooney House c.1899.
**Daniel Woodson** (May 24, 1824 – October 5, 1894) was secretary of Kansas Territory (1854–1857) and a five-time acting governor of the territory.

Early life
----------

Woodson was born on a farm in Albemarle County, Virginia. Both of his parents died by the time he was 7 years old.

Political career
----------------

Woodson was chosen to be secretary of the Kansas Territory by President Franklin Pierce on June 29, 1854. He took the oath of office in Washington, DC on September 28. He made $2,000 per year. He agreed with people who wanted to make Kansas a slave state. He agreed with what the pro-slavery people in the territory wanted.

While Governor Andrew Reeder was away from the territory, Woodson became acting governor. He signed the first laws passed by the territorial legislature. Even though this first territorial legislature was seen as real by the federal government, free-staters called the laws "bogus laws".

In total, Woodson was acting governor for a little more than five months while governors Andrew Reeder, Wilson Shannon, and John W. Geary were away from the territory.

Later life
----------

Woodson spent his last years in Parker, Kansas. He was visiting Claremore, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) when he died in 1894.

Legacy
------

Woodson County, Kansas was named for him in 1855. It was the only county named for a Kansas territorial politician. This changed in 1889 when Davis County's name changed to Geary County.
William Marshal mounted on a destrier unseats an opponent during a joust.
The **destrier** is the best-known type of Warhorse of the medieval era. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the *Great Horse*, due to its significance.

The word *destrier* comes from the Vulgar Latin *dextarius*, meaning "right-sided" (the same root as our modern *dexterous* and *dexterity*). This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side (or led by the right hand) or to the horse's gait, (possibly leading with the right).

While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common. Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys. These three types of horse were often called **chargers**.

Characteristics of the destrier
-------------------------------

The word *destrier* does not refer to a breed, but to a *type* of horse: the finest and strongest warhorse. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from colts specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was also considered the most suited to the joust; coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare. They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to stop, spin, turn or sprint forward. They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly convex profile, strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes.

The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons.
*Sandracottus* is one of 160 genera of **Dytiscidae**
The **Dytiscidae** (Greek *dytikos* ("able to dive") is a family of water beetles. They are called **predaceous diving beetles**. They are about 25 mm (one inch). The largest beetle, *Dytiscus latissimus*, can reach 45 mm long.

Most Dytiscidaes are dark brown, black-ish or dark olive in color with golden highlights in some subfamilies. The larvae are called "water tigers". The water tigers will eat tadpoles and glassworms. They will also eat anything small living in the water. There are about 4,000 species in over 160 genera of Dytiscidae.

Food
----

The *Cybister* can be eaten by humans. In Mexico, *C. explanatus* are roasted and salted onto tacos. In Japan, *C. japonicus* is used as food. In Guangdong Province, China, several species are eaten. The great diving beetle (*Dytiscus marginalis*) are bred for human food. Dytiscidae have been eaten in Taiwan, Thailand, and New Guinea. Birds and other small mammals eat *Dytiscidaes*.

Books
-----


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dytiscidae***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Dytiscidae***.

* Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (2004): Water for a Healthy Country - Family Dytiscidae. Version of 2004-JUL-02. Retrieved 2008-AUG-04
* De Foliart, Gene R. (2002): Chapter 26 - Eastern Asia: China, Japan, and other countries Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. *In: The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibliographic Account in Progress*.
* Jäch, Manfred A. (2003): Fried water beetles Cantonese style. *American Entomologist* **49**(1): 34-37. PDF fulltext Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
* D. J. Larson, Yves Alarie, Robert Edward Roughley, National Research Council Canada (2000). *Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with Emphasis on the Fauna of Canada and Alaska*. NRC Research Press. ISBN 0-660-17967-9.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Other websites
--------------

* Video of the dangerous mandibles of a Dytiscidae larva
The **April 2011 derecho and tornado outbreak** was a large scale event where tornadoes and derechoes, or widespread straight-line winds, damaged parts of 3 states resulting in 9 fatalities. The event happened from April 4 to April 5th.

History
-------

On April 3, supercells formed in Illinois, and a squall line of severe thunderstorms formed in Iowa. The severe thunderstorms made large hail, and strong wind, and potentially tornadoes. Then, heavy rain formed west of the severe thunderstorms but the line kept producing severe weather. On April 4, the supercells also turned into a squall line of severe thunderstorms. The storms produced tornadoes. Then, supercells formed in Tennessee and produced tornadoes. By the night of April 4, the 2 lines of storms collided and moved East. By April 5, the severe thunderstorms were in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida and moved out to sea. The storm produced a lot of tornadoes. Plenty of severe thunderstorm and tornado watches and warnings were issued.

Impacts
-------

### Illinois

Supercells impacted Illinois with large hail and strong winds, and possible tornadoes. Hail up to 4-5" in diameter fell and made damage as well as the winds. Tornadoes were als possible.

### Iowa

A squall line of severe thunderstorms impacted the area also with large hail and strong winds. Hail up to 3-4" in diameter fell there along with strong winds. Tornadoes were unlikely but possible.

### Indiana

supercells and squall lines impacted Indiana with numerous reports of large hail and strong winds. An EF0 tornado dropped down in Indiana along with hail up to 2-3" in diameter and damaging winds.

### Ohio

An EF1 tornado in a supercell dropped down in Ohio and did some damage. In that severe thunderstorm with the tornado, strong winds were a problem along with hail up to 1-2" in diameter.

### Pennsylvania

An EF2 tornado in a supercell dropped down in south-central PA. The tornado did damage along with hail up to 1/2 to 1" in diameter.

### Tennessee

An EF3 tornado destroyed much of the area where the tornado dropped down. Along with the tornado there were strong winds and 1/4 to 1/2" in diameter hail

### New Jersey

Severe thunderstorms impacted the state. the severe thunderstorms produced 1/10 to 1/4 inch in diameter hail and strong winds. Tornadoes were unlikely but possible.

### Maryland

A possible tornado did some damage to an area where the tornado possibly dropped down. Otherwise hail and wind were a problem.

Snow and sleet
--------------

Snow fell acros much of New York State to even NYC and Northern New Jersey. New York City and Northern New Jersey just saw a few snowflakes and sleet flakes, while places north of NYC saw heavy sleet, and New York State saw a general 1-2" of snow. Some places saw as much as 4-5" of snow.
*Cycas platyphylla* in North Queensland with new fronds, in the rainy season.
***Cycas*** is a genus of plants. It is the only living genus remaining in the Cycadaceae family. Cycads were common plants when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but are rare today.

Over 100 species are known. Probably the best-known of these is *Cycas revoluta*, the Sago Palm. The generic name comes from Greek *kykas* and means "palm tree". The plant is not a true palm, however. 

*Cycas* is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species (*C. revoluta*) is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost (*C. megacarpa*) is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.

The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus *Cycas* appear in the Cainozoic, but *Cycas*-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic. Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads.

Other websites
--------------

* Cycad Pages: *Cycas* Archived 2020-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Singh R. & Radha P. 2006. *Cycas annaikalensis*, a new species of *Cycas* from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India. *Brittonia* **58** (2): 119-123.
Eleanor Roosevelt and Esther Peterson (President's Commission on the Status of Women)
**Esther Eggertsen Peterson** (December 9, 1906 – December 20, 1997) was an American consumer and women's advocate.

Background
----------

Esther Eggertsen grew up in a Mormon family in Provo, Utah. She graduated from Brigham Young University in 1927 with a degree in physical education. She obtained a master's degree from Teachers' College, Columbia University, in 1930. She held several teaching positions during the 1930s. She taught at Bryn Mawr College Summer School for Women Workers in Industry. The school brought milliners, telephone operators and garment workers onto the campus. She later moved to New York City where she married Oliver Peterson. In 1932, the two moved to Boston, where she taught at the Winsor School and volunteered at the YWCA. Peterson was a Latter-day Saint.

Career
------

In 1938, Peterson became a paid organizer for the American Federation of Teachers. In her job she traveled around New England. In 1944, Peterson became the first lobbyist for the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C. In 1948, the United States Department of State offered Peterson’s husband a position as a diplomat in Sweden. The family returned to Washington D.C. in 1957. Peterson joined the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO, becoming its first woman lobbyist.

Peterson was Assistant Secretary of Labor. She was also Director of the United States Women's Bureau under President John F. Kennedy. Peterson worked hard to help get the Equal Pay Act of 1963 passed into law. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson named Peterson to the newly created post of Special Assistant for Consumer Affairs. She later served as President Jimmy Carter's Director of the Office of Consumer Affairs. Peterson was also Vice President for Consumer Affairs at Giant Food Corporation. She was also president of the National Consumers League.

The Presidential Medal of Freedom Badge and components
She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981. Peterson was named a delegate to the United Nations as a UNESCO representative in 1993. In 2013, Esther Peterson was inducted into the US Department of Labor's Hall of Honor.

Death
-----

Peterson died in December 1997.

Related pages
-------------

* Great Society
* Equal Pay Act of 1963

Other websites
--------------

* 2013 Hall of Honor Inductee Esther Peterson Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Archives.gov Archived 2016-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Papers, 1884-1998 (inclusive), 1929-1998 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* National Women's Hall of Fame
**Derwent Water** or **Derwentwater** is one of the main lakes in the Lake District National Park in north west England. It is in the Borough of Allerdale in the county of Cumbria.

The lake lies immediately south of the town of Keswick. It is both fed and drained by the River Derwent. It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) long by 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and is some 72 feet (22 m) deep. There are several islands in the lake, one of which is inhabited. Derwent Island House, an 18th-century residence, is a tenanted National Trust property open to the public on five days each year. 

Derwentwater is very scenic. It is surrounded by hills (known locally as fells), and many of the slopes facing Derwentwater are wooded. A regular passenger launch operates on the lake, taking passengers between various landing stages. There are seven lakeside marinas, the most popular stops being: Keswick, Portinscale and the Lodore Falls, from which boats may be hired. Recreational walking is a major tourist activity in the area and there is a network of footpaths in the hills and woods surrounding the lake.

The Keswick—Borrowdale road runs along the eastern shore of the lake and carries a regular bus service. There is a lesser road along the western shore connecting the villages of Grange and Portinscale.

Derwentwater gave its name to the Earldom of Derwentwater.

The lake is believed to be the last remaining native habitat of the vendace (*Coregonus vandesius*) fish.

Location
**Erwang Sanke** (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects" is something Chinese emperors did to honor the previous dynasty. For example the Sui dynasty came directly before the Tang. So the Tang may honor descendants of the Sui royal family. The Tang would do this by giving these Sui descendants land to rule over. The Tang said you can control these lands and use laws of the previous Sui dynasty if you wish. There may also be a sacrifice at a religious place.

This was done to show respect to previous dynasties. This was also to make a peaceful transition of power.

It has been done in every major Chinese dynasty from the Xia to the Qing.

Sometimes people would pretend to be the descendants of the previous dynasty just to get this benefit.

Name
----

Er wang 二王 means two rulers. This refers to the current ruler and the previous ruler.

San ke 三恪 means three respects. This could refer to how this was done for the first three generation descendants of the previous ruler (their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren).
**Elizabeth E. Wein** is an award winning American-British author.  Her most famous book is *Code Name Verity. Code Name Verity* is a New York Times Bestseller, a Michael Printz Award Honor Book, a Boston Globe/Horn Book Awards Honor Book, and an SCBWI Golden Kite Honor Book.

Early life
----------

Wein was born in New York City in 1964. Wein's parents are Carol Flocken and Norman Wein. Her family moved to England when she was 3, because of her father's work. They lived near Alderley Edge. Wein went to school near Alderley Edge as well. They moved again to Jamaica when she was 6. However, after 3 years her parents separated. Wein, her siblings, and her mother moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, her mother was killed in a car accident when she was 14. After, Wein was raised by her grandparents.

Education
---------

Wein graduated from Yale University in 1986. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Yale. While at Yale, she attended a study abroad program in England. She went to graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania after graduating from Yale. She earned a PHD in folklore in 1994. 

Wein learned to fly airplanes at the Scottish Aero Club in 2003. She was 37. Many of her novels include people who fly airplanes.

Career
------

### Arthurian Novels

Wein wrote a series of novels that retell the King Arthur legend. These are The Winter Prince, A Coalition of Lions, The Sunbird, The Mark of Solomon: The Lion Hunter, and The Mark of Solomon: The Empty Kingdom. These were published between 1993 and 2008. 

### World War II Novels

Wein's biggest success was Code Name Verity, published in 2012.  Code Name Verity is a story about two young female pilots. They worked for the Allies during WWII. They were caught by the Nazis. Wein also released three other novels that add to the story. 

### Awards

Wein has received many awards for her work. These include the Edgar Award for Best Novel.  *Code Name Verity* is a New York Times Bestseller, a Michael Printz Award Honor Book, a Boston Globe/Horn Book Awards Honor Book, and an SCBWI Golden Kite Honor Book. Her books have been shortlisted for the CLIP Carnegie Medal and the Andre Norton Nebula Award.

Personal life
-------------

Her husband is named Tim. She met him in Philadelphia.  They were at a dance for people who ring bells for a hobby. They have two children. The family lives in Scotland.  They lived in England briefly for a few years before that. Wein is an American and British citizen.
Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps insignia of the rank of First Lieutenant. Style and method of wear may vary between the services.
**First lieutenant** is a military rank in many armed forces. They are considered commissioned officers and in some militaries an appointment.

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations. In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank. In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.

U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force
-----------------------------------------------

In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
------------------------------

In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank. It is held by the officer in command of the deck department. On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.
Maize is an example of a cultigen

A **cultigen** is a plant that is the result of artificial selection by humans. Liberty Hyde Bailey, an American botanist was the first to use the term, in 1918. Bailey noticed that the classification Linné introduced for plants was not useful for classifying plants which came from human cultivation and selection. He called the plants which grow in the wild without human selection indigens. A cultigen was: 

> "... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown... [It has] such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description". 
> 
> 

 The point is that a cultigen cannot always be placed in the traditional Linnean system of botanical classification.

Bailey later changed his definition to "Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen", which is the definition used above. Examples of cultigens are maize and cabbage.

Cultigens and cultivars
-----------------------

Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one-another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above). Cultivar is a formal classification category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).

Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words "cultivated" and "variety". He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as: 

> 
> ... "a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin".
> 
> 
> 

This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time.

Definition of cultigen
----------------------

The definition has been discussed:

* The selection process is called artificial if humans cause it. This does not mean humans are not part of nature, it is simply a way to distinguish natural selection from human-influenced (artificial selection)
* What is the meaning of *altered*? The whole flora is changing because of climate change, which humans inflenced, yet no one would say that all the plants changing because of climate change are cultigens.
* Some plants are used in gardens or parks. They are the same that those that occur in nature.
* There may be gene flow from a cultigen that *escaped* into the wild and an indigen. There may be a practical problem of how to name such plants.
* Some plants have an unknown origin; it is therefore impossible to say if they are cultigens.
* Some crossings that are used in cultivation, may also occur in the wild. This makes the classification problematic.
The **Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution** (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng, literally: Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution); shortened in Chinese as 文化大革命 or 文革, also known simply as the **Cultural Revolution**, was a time of large cultural change in China, started by Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China. It happened from 1966 to 1976.

The start of the Cultural Revolution followed the failure of the Great Leap Forward. Mao tried to remove capitalists from the Communist Party of China, the party in charge of China. To get rid of the capitalists, he started the Socialist Education Movement. It started in 1962 and ended in 1965. At the same time, a redoing of the school system made sure that students were able to also work in factories and communes. Mao slowly started to regain power in 1965, supported by Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, and Chen Boda.

The Communist Party was split between Mao's partners and Deng Xiaoping's partners. Deng Xiaoping was a rival of Mao. Mao then tried to get support from young people in China by creating the book Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (also known as the Little Red Book), a collection of Mao's sayings. The Red Guard was also made popular. They were a group of young people in China that went around teaching Mao's sayings. They also beat people who disagreed with Mao and destroyed homes and museums. There were many fights breaking out, and China faced anarchy. During the revolution, several important people in China were forced to leave. These people included Liu Shaoqi, President of China, and Deng Xiaoping, the secretary-general of the Communist Party of China.

The Cultural Revolution began to slow down in 1967, and ended in 1969. The Ninth National Party Congress was a meeting where the end of the Cultural Revolution was announced.

Slogans from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, Shanghai.

Effects
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The Cultural Revolution caused a lot of problems in China. Production in factories was lowered because of the workers' political activities. It was also lowered because the people put in charge of the factories did not know how to run them. Transportation was made worse because a lot of trains were being used to take Red Guards around the country. Many scientists and engineers were put in jail or sent to work on the farms, which meant that their knowledge was lost. Because of these changes, the industrial output of China was reduced by 14 percent.

The education of many Chinese people was also cut short. The education system was more disrupted in the cities than in the countryside. Universities and many schools were closed. A program called the "sent-down youth" program also disrupted education. In that program, children were sent from the cities to the countryside.

Related pages
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* Great Leap Forward
**Sanos** (Macedonian: Санос) is a company from Skopje, North Macedonia. It produces buses and special transport cars.

History
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The factory was established in 1946 under the name FAS "11 October" AD Skopje, although the roots of the factory date back since 1930 when the factory was a workshop for reparation and production with more than 30 workers. Under the protected brand, Sanos, the factory were produced by all types of buses, medium buses, vehicles, special airport vehicles and trolleybuses with subcontractors, which successfully lasted until 2001 when production was temporarily stopped.

In April 2004, UNITIRES purchased the factory. The factory was quickly restarted under the new name factory for buses and vehicles "Sanos" (FAV "Sanos") and production has been updated and modernized scoring Quality that falls within the latest world standards in the production of buses and vehicles. The factory was quickly restarted under the new name factory for buses and vehicles "Sanos" (FAV "Sanos") and production has been updated and modernized.
The **Somali Dervish movement** (Somali: Halgankii Daraawiishta) was a popular movement that developed in Somaliland between 1899 and 1920.
It called for the expulsion of all foreign powers from the Somaliland region in the Horn of Africa.

It was led by the Salihiyya Sufi Muslim poet and militant leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, also known as Sayyid Mohamed. He called for the removal of British and Italian colonies in Somalia, the defeat of Ethiopian forces, the expulsion of Christianity and the establishment of a Muslim Somali state.

History
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On 3 March 1905 Hassan, the so-called "Mad Mullah" declared himself *Sayyid* of Nogal (Nugaal valley) in the Khatumo region. The territory coincided approximately with the actual Nugaal area in modern Khatumo State. It was ruled like a kind of sultanate on behalf of the Mahdi.

Hassan's rule was ended by Italy in 1911. After the collapse of Hassan’s resistance movement, rebellion and revolt occurred with disputes between different tribes in Northern Somalia.

The Italian government of Somalia again worked together with the old tribesmen in order to try and keep peace between the several tribes, while maintaining close control over the military.

Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah" by the British) escaped from the Khatumo region in 1920 to Imey Ethiopia, where he later died in 1921.

Legacy
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The Dervish legacy in Somalia and Somaliland has been influential. It was the "most important revivalist Islamic movements" in Somalia, state Hasan and Robleh. The movement, and particularly its leader, has been controversial in Somalia. Some cherish it as the founder of modern Somali nationalism. Others see it as an ambitious Muslim brotherhood militancy that destroyed Somalia's opportunity to move towards modernization and progress in favor of a puritanical Islamic state embedded with Islamic education. Its ideas are enshrined in the constitution of Somalia.

Gallery
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* Taleh fortTaleh fort
* Eyl fortEyl fort
* dervish divisiondervish division

Related pages
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* Somalia

Other websites
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* Sultanates in northern Somalia Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Mad Mullah Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
**Digital forensics** is a forensic science where experts look at computer devices to help solve crime. It can also include mobile phones. The experts who do digital forensics are often called "analysts" or "investigators". When an expert is asked to look at a computer it is called an "investigation".

A digital forensics investigation happens when someone is blamed for a crime that includes using a computer. The expert will look for evidence about the crime. They will try to prove whether the person is to blame or not.

Sometimes investigations are used in disputes between companies and/or people (known as civil law). These may not involve a crime. Instead the expert is asked to find out information about a person or company by looking at their computer. There is a specific word used to describe this type of investigation, it is "eDiscovery".

Another use of digital forensics is called "intrusion detection". It happens after a hacker breaks in to a computer network. After the break in an expert is often asked to look at the networked computers to try and find out how it happened.
An **eyeborg** or **eye-borg** is an electronic eye that allows people to hear colors. It is mostly used by blind people or by people with color blindness. It works by using a head mounted camera that reads the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them into musical notes.

The first eyeborg was made in England in 2003 by Adam Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil Harbisson. The invention won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004). In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Slovenia, made further developments to the eyeborg by increasing the number of colors to 360 and adding color intensity through different volume levels. Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya is currently developing the eyeborg into a smaller chip as part of his final year project. The new chip will allow users to hear colors in stereo and to embed the device.

Other websites
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* Eyeborg Website Archived 2018-09-08 at the Wayback Machine Eyeborg chip development site
* Cyborg Enables Color-Blind Artist to Hear His Palette Article about an eyeborg user on Wired (USA 2008)
* Eyeborg user example on The Sunday Times (UK, 2008)
* Seeing things in a different light Information from BBC (UK, 2005)
* Neil Harbisson's personal website
Diffraction pattern made by light passing through a single pinhole
**Diffraction** is a physics concept which occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or spread out after they pass through small openings. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see. Diffraction also occurs with as electrons.

Causes of diffraction
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A sketch of two-slit diffraction. The wave that passed through the slits was diffracted and will interfere with itself.
Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object. This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself. Interference can be either constructive or destructive. When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase. When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed. These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave. The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is similar to the size of the object causing diffraction.

Uses of diffraction
-------------------

Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating. A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves. Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles. Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.

Diffraction can also be used to look at molecules using X-ray crystallography. In X-ray crystallography, X-rays are aimed on a crystal. The crystal diffracts the X-ray and makes a diffraction pattern. This pattern is unique to the type of crystal and can be used to identify the molecule that makes the crystal. Diffraction also occurs in a bending movement where the wave becomes more spread out
Digital light processing (DLP) projector is a kind of video projector. It uses small mirrors that reflect light. The mirrors can be moved to either reflect light or not reflect light. The mirrors move very fast. When the mirror reflects light more often, it makes a lighter color. When the mirror reflects light less often, it makes a darker color. DLP projectors can be bright and have a high resolution. This can make the picture look better. DLP projectors can be small so they can be moved more easily. Some DLP projectors are small enough to fit in a smartphone. Big DLP projectors are often used in movie theaters.

Digital Micromirror Devices
---------------------------

DLP projectors use a digital micromirror device (DMD) to make the picture. A DMD is made of many very small mirrors. The mirrors are in a grid on a semiconductor. Each mirror makes a small part of the picture, called a pixel. The resolution increases when the DMD has more mirrors.

The mirrors can be moved so they reflect light through the lens or reflect light somewhere else. When mirror reflects light through the lens, the pixel is light. When the mirror reflects light somewhere else, the pixel is dark. The mirrors move much faster than a person can see. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light through the lens, the pixel is lighter. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light somewhere else, the pixel is darker.