recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Surigao del Norte shown in Red within the map of Philippines.
Flag of Surigao del Norte.
Seal of Surigao del Norte.
**Surigao del Norte** or the **Province of Surigao del Norte**, is a province of the Philippines in the Caraga region of Mindanao. Its capital is Surigao City. The province includes two main islands, Siargao and Bucas Grande, in the Philippine Sea, along with a small area at the northeastern tip of mainland Mindanao and other nearby minor islands. It shares borders with Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Sur.

As the second northernmost province in Mindanao, Surigao del Norte has a important role in commerce and transportation, serving as a hub between Visayas and Mindanao. Ferries regularly cross the Surigao Strait, connecting Surigao to Leyte and facilitating the transport of vehicles, goods, and passengers.

Name
----

Siargao Island in Surigao del Norte.
There are two possible meanings for the name "Surigao" based on different root words. One interpretation suggests it might come from "suligao" or "suyogao," which means "water current" in Visayan languages. The term is related to words like Sinulog, Sulu, and Tausug.

Another perspective is that it could be from the root word "sulig," meaning "sprout" or "spring up." In this case, Surigao may have originated from "suligao" ("spring water"), possibly referring to the Surigao River, known as "Suligaw" in Mandaya, which flows into the northern tip of Mindanao. Historical records mention the river's name as Suligao, Surigao, or Zurigan.

Demographics
------------

In 2020, Surigao del Norte had a population of 534,636 people, and the density was 270 inhabitants per square kilometer or 700 per square mile.

The residents are mainly of Austronesian descent, with some having Chinese, Arab, Spanish, and American ancestry, though the latter is a small percentage.

The Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Nicolas de Tolentino at San Nicolas Street, Brgy. Washington in Surigao City.
Around 95.80% of the population speaks Surigaonon as their primary language. Cebuano and Boholano are also spoken, along with a minority using Waray. Many people can communicate in Tagalog and English as secondary languages. Some individuals speak Kamayo, Manobo, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Maranao, Maguindanaon, and Tausug languages.

Religion-wise, Roman Catholicism is predominant, with around 60% adherence. Other religions include Iglesia Filipina Independiente (30%), Protestantism (10%) and Islam.
Japanese painting of Yanzi, by Kanō Sansetsu. From a folio depicting various Confucian figures.
**Yan Hui** (521–481 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and the favorite disciple of Confucius. He is highly respected in Confucianism, venerated in Confucian temples as one of the Four Sages. Yan Hui is also known as Ziyuan and Yan Yuan, using his courtesy name and a combination of his surname and courtesy name. He is often referred to reverently as Master Yan or Yanzi.

Life
----

Yan Hui, born in the state of Lu, was the son of Confucius' early disciple Yan Wuyou. Despite being about 30 years younger than Confucius, Yan Hui became a student of Confucius at a young age.

Confucius favored Yan Hui, once saying, "After I got Yan Hui, the disciples came closer to me." On a hill with Zilu and Zigong, Confucius asked them about their goals. Zilu showed bravery, Zigong demonstrated eloquence, and Yan Hui expressed a desire to find an intelligent king. Yan Hui wished to spread teachings on virtue, guide people with propriety and music, and promote peaceful living without the need for walls or weapons. Confucius praised Yan Hui's virtuous vision.

Veneration and temple
---------------------

Photograph of the sculpture of Yan Hui in the Temple of Yan, Qufu, Shandong, China.
Yan Hui, like Confucius, was highly respected by the first emperor of the Han dynasty. He holds the title "Fusheng" (Continuator of the Sage), given in 1530. Yan Hui is honored as the first of the Four Assessors in the Temple of Confucius.

In Qufu's walled city, Yan Hui is revered at the Temple of Yan Hui, located north of the Temple of Confucius. His tomb, situated in the Yan Family Cemetery ("Yan Forest"), is surrounded by many family tombs. A stele, originally from the Jurchen Jin dynasty, was reinstated during the Ming Dynasty, and Yan Hui's tomb remains well preserved.
The **Diet of Worms** was a council of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. The council was held because of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It lasted for five months in early 1521. The Emperor, Charles V led the council. Other councils (called Imperial Diets) were held in Worms in the years 829, 926, 1076, 1122, 1495, and 1545, but the most important Diet of Worms was in 1521.

*Luther at the Diet of Worms*, by Anton von Werner, 1877

Background
----------

In June 1520, Pope Leo X wrote the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), in which he talked about 41 problems he saw in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and his other works. Because of this, the Holy Roman Emperor told Martin Luther to come to the diet. He promised that he would give Luther safe passage to and from it. The Diet started on 23 January 1521. Martin Luther was told that he had to either take back what he had said or defend it.

Summons for Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms, signed by Charles V. The text on the left was on the reverse side.

Events of the Diet
------------------

Most of the important things in the Diet happened between 16-18 April. On 16 April, Martin Luther got to the city of Worms. He was told to come to the Diet at 4 p.m. on the 17th, and given a lawyer. After a day of arguing about his works, he was told that he was acting like a heretic. On the 18th of April, he went home. But Frederick III, Elector of Saxony thought that someone might kill him, so he faked a highway ambush and used this as a reason to hide Luther in one of his castles.

Luther in Worms, colorized woodcut, 1577

The Edict of Worms
------------------

By 23 May 1521, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon), King of Germany, King of Italy, Lord of the Netherlands, and Titular Duke of Burgundy had had enough of all of this Martin Luther business, so he wrote:

For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.
In Simple English: Because of this, we are not going to let anyone after this help Martin Luther or keep him safe or defend him or his ideas or agree with him. Instead, we want him to be arrested and punished as a very bad person who does not have the same religious beliefs as we do (he deserves this) and to be taken to us or to be guarded until the people who arrest him tell us and when they tell us we will have a trial against him. Anyone who arrests him will be given several good things for their good work.
After that, he ended the Diet of Worms.

However, because Luther was hidden in Wartburg Castle, nothing ever happened to him.
Gordo's skull, but not his own. Gordo's real skull was not found when he was.
**Gordo** is the nickname given to a dinosaur skeleton exhibited at Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum. It is the largest dinosaur skeleton on display in Canada, and the largest of its species anywhere along with one in New York City.

The official name of the skeleton is **ROM 3670**. It is one of the most complete specimens of the genus *Barosaurus* in North America. It is more than 90 feet (27 m) long. It is exhibited in the James and Louise Temerty Galleries of the Age of Dinosaurs, and can also be seen from the outside in the museum's second-floor windows.

Recent history of the skeleton
------------------------------

In 1912, a Carnegie excavation team unearthed three nearly complete *Barosaurus* skeletons in a quarry in Utah. The quarry has become part of the Dinosaur National Monument Fossil Quarry, where a number of complete dinosaur specimens have been unearthed since its discovery in 1909. More than 70 tons of material were collected from the site for the Carnegie Museum in Pennsylvania. Around 1962, a specimen from the Pennsylvania collection was transferred to the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) in Toronto, Canada, to be included in their new dinosaur gallery. But once it arrived, it was put into storage, as the museum had run out of floor space in the gallery.

The fossil material was left untouched for several years. In 2007, curator David Evans was looking for a sauropod specimen to add to the ROM's collection. (Barosaurus is in the sauropod category.) After reading an article detailing a specimen housed within the museum's collections, Evans found the specimen of *Barosaurus* that is now a centerpiece of ROM's dinosaur exhibit.

Gordo's front end, with a *Camptosaurus* specimen and a *Giraffatitan* specimen in the background
Gordo is named for Gordon Edmunds, the curator who arranged for the skeleton to be brought to the ROM, and who had hoped to display it fully but was unable to.
In mathematics, a number can not be **divided by zero**. Observe:

1. {\displaystyle A\*B=C}

If *B* = 0, then *C* = 0. This is true. But:

2. {\displaystyle A=C/B}

(where B = 0, so we just divided by zero)

Which is the same as:

3. {\displaystyle A=0/0}

The problem is that {\displaystyle A} could be any number. It would work if {\displaystyle A} were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000. 0/0 is said to be of "indeterminate form" for this reason, because it has no single value. Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where {\displaystyle A} is not 0, are said to be "undefined", or "undeterminated." This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined. Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other. That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0. This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.

Incorrect proofs based on division by zero
------------------------------------------

It is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument. This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:

With the following assumptions:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0\times 1&=0\\0\times 2&=0.\end{aligned}}}
The following must be true:

{\displaystyle 0\times 1=0\times 2.\,}
Dividing by zero gives:

{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {0}{0}}\times 1={\frac {0}{0}}\times 2.}
Simplify:

{\displaystyle 1=2.\,}
The fallacy is the assumption that dividing by 0 is a legitimate operation with 0/0 = 1.

Most people would probably recognize the above "proof" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error. For example, if 1 is written as *x*, then 0 can be hidden behind *x*-*x* and 2 behind *x*+*x*. The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x-x)x=0\\(x-x)(x+x)=0\end{aligned}}}
therefore:

{\displaystyle (x-x)x=(x-x)(x+x).\,}
Dividing by *x* - *x* gives:

{\displaystyle x=x+x\,}
and dividing by *x* gives:

{\displaystyle 1=2.\,}
The "proof" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by *x*-*x*, because any number minus itself is zero.

Calculus
--------

In calculus, the above "indeterminate forms" also come as a result of direct substitution while evaluating limits. 

Further information: Derivative (mathematics) and integral

Division by zero in computers
-----------------------------

If a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program. Usually it will print an error message, or NaN. Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming. Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.

Division by zero in geometry
----------------------------

In geometry {\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {1}{0}}=\infty .} This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number
Accurate reconstruction of *Velociraptor* with feathers. 
Half the total body lenghth was tail
Lightweight skull of *Velociraptor*: its brain was tucked away at the back   
of the skull.
Relative sizes
***Velociraptor***  was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75–71 million years ago.

It was a slender, lightly built carnivore. It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip.

*Velociraptor* had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand. *Velociraptor* was warm blooded and had feathers.

Fossils from China suggest that the whole clade had similar traits.

Fossils of *Velociraptor* were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found *Velociraptor* skeletons in northern China.

A famous *Velociraptor*, discovered in 1971, was found attacking a *Protoceratops* in a fossil from Mongolia.

Feathers
--------

In September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a *Velociraptor* found in Mongolia. These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on *Velociraptor* indicate it also had feathers.

Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on *Velociraptor* as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making *Velociraptor* and other large members of this family secondarily flightless. This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it. Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of *Velociraptor* had another function. The feathers of the flightless *Velociraptor* may have been used for display, for covering their nests while brooding.

The majority view is that dinosaur feathers were primarily adaptations for temperature regulation, and that other uses came later. *Velociraptor* was not able to fly.

Species
-------

Specimens from two species have been found:

* *V. mongoliensis* in Mongolia
* *V. osmolskae* in Inner Mongolia, China

In both cases the ecology of the time was dry, with sand dunes with occasional streams.

Media
-----

Films such as *Jurassic Park* and some of *The Land Before Time* films helped make *Velociraptor* popular. However, the *Velociraptors* in Jurassic Park were far larger than the real thing. They were the size of *Utahraptor*, a really large member of the same clade. They were also shown without feathers. The films also exaggerate its probable intelligence.

Relevant pages
--------------

* Origin of birds
**Ahmed Ali al-Mirghani** (Arabic: أحمد الميرغني, romanized: *'Ahmad Ali al-Mirghani*; 16 August 1941 – 2 November 2008) was a Sudanese politician who served as the 6th President of Sudan from 1986 to 1989 when his government was overthrown by a military coup led by Omar al-Bashir. 

Despite the Second Sudanese Civil War that happened during Mirghani's presidency, the violence only occurred in the rebelling south as in the north, it was very peaceful and prosperous. Mirghani was the first ever democratically elected president of Sudan. He also tried to put an end to the civil war but then he was overthrown. However, Bashir, who succeeded Mirghani as President in 1993 successfully put an end to the civil war in 2005. 

Mirghani died on 2 November 2008 in Alexandria, Egypt at the age of 67. His funereal was attended my his family and friends including President Bashir to pay respect to him. Mirghani became a well respected person by the Sudanese people that Bashir eventually gave him the title of "Martyr of Peace".
The **governor of New York** is the head of state and head of government of the U.S. state of New York and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor is also the chairperson of the gubernatorial cabinet.

Kathy Hochul is the 57th and current governor of New York, in office since August 2021.

Power and duties
----------------

The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New York State Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. Unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is the head of the state Executive Department.

Eligibility and requirements
----------------------------

Under the New York State Constitution, a person must:

• be at least 30 years of age and a United States citizen

• a resident of the state of New York for at least five years

Election process
----------------

The governor is elected by the people through the popular election to a four-year term, along with the lieutenant gubernatorial candidate or the incumbent lieutenant governor as their running mate. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Line of succession
------------------

If the governor dies, reigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor ranks first in the succession will assume the power and duties as governor.
**Woolworths** is a group of Australian supermarkets. It is known by locals as 'Woolies'. It is the largest supermarket chain in Australia.

As of October 2008, the business had 780 Australian supermarkets and 667 liquor stores in Australia. It owns 201 supermarkets in New Zealand. It also owns 271 hotels and the discount department store chain *Big W* and an electronics retail chain *Dick Smith*.

Shops in Victoria used to be known as Safeway until 2008, when Woolworths Limited announced that all Safeway stores would become Woolworths stores in line with the rest of Australia. The New South Wales company had taken over the Victorian chain in the 1980s but had not changed the shop names (and in fact rebranded existing Woolworths stores as Safeway). In August 2008 there were 189 supermarkets in Victoria that were to be changed from being called *Safeway* to *Woolworths*.

Woolworths was the first Australian supermarket to offer petrol discounts when a certain amount of money was spent in the shop.

In 2009 Apple launched a legal challenge against Woolworths, claiming their logo, resembling a curl of fruit peel in the shape of a 'w', was superficially similar to the Apple logo.

On 11 March 2020, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic to legacy shooting of enhanced community quarantine, The supermarket is temporarily disallowed.
Time zones of Europe. Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Kazakhstan all observe different time zones. Iceland, Belarus, Russia, and Turkey do not observe daylight saving time (DST). 
**France** uses Central European Time (CET) (UTC+01:00) during the winter and Central European Summer Time (CEST) (UTC+02:00) in the summer.

French territories observe different time zones:

* French Polynesia- UTC-10:00 (Tahiti Time), UTC-09:30 (Marquesas Time), and UTC-09:00 (Gambier Time)
* Clipperton Island- UTC-08:00 (Easter Island Standard Time)
* Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin- UTC-04:00 (Atlantic Time)
* French Guiana and Saint Pierre- UTC-03:00 (French Guiana Time and Pierre & Miquelon Standard Time)
* Mayotte- UTC+03:00 (East Africa Time)
* Reunion- UTC+04:00 (Reunion Time)
* French Southern Territories- UTC+05:00 (French Southern and Antarctic Time)
* New Caledonia- UTC+11:00 (New Caledonia Time)
* Wails and Futuna- UTC+12:00 (Wallis and Futuna Time)

France observes daylight saving time (DST) starting at 02:00 local time on the last Sunday in March and ends at 03:00 local time on the last Sunday in October. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is the only French territory that uses DST and follows the schedule as Canada and the United States, starting on the second Sunday in March and ending on the first Sunday in November.
69°28′18.84″N 25°30′40.32″E﻿ / ﻿69.4719000°N 25.5112000°E﻿ / 69.4719000; 25.5112000

For other places with the same name, see Karasjok (disambiguation).
Karasjok
**Karasjok** (Norwegian) or (Northern Sámi: *Kárášjohka*code: sme promoted to code: se ) is the administrative centre of Karasjok Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The village is located along both sides of the Karasjohka river, just 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of the Norway-Finland border. The European route E06 highway runs through the village on its way from Lakselv to Tana bru and Kirkenes. The 2.19 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi) village has a population (2017) of 1,844 which gives the village a population density of 842 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,180/sq mi).

The village is an important centre in the municipality and region. The Sámi Parliament of Norway is located in the village. It acts as an institution that protects cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sámi in Norway. The Old Karasjok Church and the newer Karasjok Church are located in the village. The newer church is also the seat of the Indre Finnmark prosti (deanery) of the Church of Norway.

World War II
------------

During World War II a Nazi concentration camp was built in Karasjok: Lager IV Karasjok (German for "Karasjok Camp No.4"). The camp was run by SS, and it was among the first four Nazi concentration camps in Northern Norway.

In July 1943, 374 political prisoners and POWs prisoners (mostly Yugoslavs) were brought to the concentration camp. They were tasked with widening the road to Karigasniemi, Finland. After four or five months, only 111 of these prisoners were still alive. At the end of the prisoners' stay in Karasjok, 45 prisoners were murdered by the firing of small arms.
Not to be confused with Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets or Ukrainian People's Republic.
The **West Ukrainian People's Republic** (**WUPR**) was a short-lived unrecognised government in-exile that controlled most of Eastern Galicia from November 1918 to July 1919. It included the cities of Lviv, Ternopil, Kolomyia, Drohobych, Boryslav, Stanislaviv (now Ivano-Frankivsk) and right-bank Przemyśl, and claimed parts of Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia. 

The WUPR emerged as a breakaway state amid the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and in January 1919 nominally united with the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) as its autonomous Western Oblast. Poland had also claimed this territory, and by July occupied most of it and forced the West Ukrainian government into exile. When the UPR decided late the same year that it would trade the territory for an alliance with Poland against Soviet Russia, the exiled West Ukrainian government broke with the UPR. The exiled government continued its claim until it dissolved in 1923.

The coat of arms of the WUPR was azure, a golden lion rampant on a field of blue. The colours of the flag were blue and yellow.

  

Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918–1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 1: А–Ж. Івано-Франківськ : Манускрипт-Львів, 2018. 688 с.

Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918–1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 2: З–О. Івано-Франківськ : Манускрипт-Львів, 2019. 832 с.

Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918-1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 3: П – С. Івано-Франківськ: Манускрипт-Львів, 2020.576 с.

Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918-1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 4: Т – Я. Івано-Франківськ: Манускрипт-Львів, 2021.688 с.
9°30′S 135°0′E﻿ / ﻿9.500°S 135.000°E﻿ / -9.500; 135.000

Map
The **Arafura Sea** is west of the Pacific Ocean. It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

Geography
---------

The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is 1,290 kilometres (800 mi) long and 560 kilometres (350 mi) wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge. The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Arafura Sea at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Despotism** is a form of government that is controlled by one person or a small group of people. The person who controls the state is called a *despot*. They have no elections, or the elections are rigged. The despot has complete control of the state, like a dictator or tyrant.

In history, the pharaohs of Egypt were despots in the sense that they ruled Egypt. But their rule was usually passed on to a relative, so that is rather like a monarchy. There is evidence that if they ruled badly, they were opposed or deposed.

The word *despot* is thought to come from the Ancient Greek word *despotes*, which means "the master". According to Montesquieu, the difference between absolute monarchy and despotism is as follows. In the case of the monarchy, a single person governs with absolute power by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his or her own will and caprice.

The importance of the idea of despotism is that today it is a very common type of dictatorship or direct rule. Ruling monarchies are today few in number.

Even when there are elections, as there are for the Russian presidency, opposition candidates are at such a disadvantage that they are rarely, if ever, successful.

Despotism has always been associated with Eastern rather than Western states. Of the former Soviet Union, it is only the new states to the west which have attempted, with difficulties, to build genuine democracies (such as Moldova and Ukraine).
The 2018 United States gubernatorial elections were a series of elections occurring in 36 states, as well as 3 territories. The Democrats made substantial gains, the and Independents made a net loss of one (the only Independent governor, who came from Alaska, lost his reelection bid to a Republican).

Elections occurred in the following states:

* California
* Oregon
* Nevada
* Idaho
* Arizona
* New Mexico
* Wyoming
* Texas
* Colorado
* Kansas
* South Dakota
* Oklahoma
* Nebraska
* Iowa
* Illinois
* Minnesota
* Wisconsin
* Michigan
* Ohio
* Pennsylvania
* Arkansas
* Tennessee
* Alabama
* South Carolina
* Maryland
* Georgia
* Florida
* Connecticut
* Rhode Island
* New York
* New Hampshire
* Massachusetts
* Vermont
* Maine
* Alaska
* Hawaii

In the following states, Democrats had held the seat, but in this election lost to Republicans:

*None*

In the following states, Democrats had held the seat, but in this election lost to Independents:

*None*

In the following states, Republicans had held the seat, but in this election lost to Democrats:

1. Wisconsin
2. Michigan
3. Illinois
4. Nevada
5. New Mexico
6. Kansas
7. Maine

In the following states, Republicans had held the seat, but in this election lost to Independents:

*None*

In the following states, Independents had held the seat, but in this election lost to Republicans:

1. Alaska

In the following states, Independents had held the seat, but in this election lost to Democrats:

*None*

In the following states, Republicans had held the seat, and continued to hold it following this election:

1. Texas
2. Arizona
3. Idaho
4. Wyoming
5. South Dakota
6. Nebraska
7. Oklahoma
8. Arkansas
9. Iowa
10. Maryland
11. Tennessee
12. Alabama
13. South Carolina
14. Georgia
15. Massachusetts
16. Vermont
17. New Hampshire
18. Ohio

In the following states, Independents had held the seats, and continued to hold them following this election:

*None*

In the following states, Democrats had held the seats, and continued to hold them following this election:

1. California
2. Oregon
3. Minnesota
4. Pennsylvania
5. Connecticut
6. New York
7. Rhode Island
**Hoogland** (in English; High land) is a district and a town in Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Until 1974, it was its own municipality, but it was taken over by Amersfoort.

History
-------

### Early history (Before 1811)

*Het Hogeland* (In English; The high land) used to be the name for a larger piece of land around Hoogland. People lived here since at least the 8th century AD. People assume that they probably started working together in the 12th century. This resulted in many cooperations between farmers and the like.

### Hoogland as municipaility (1811-1974)

Between 1811 and 1974, Hoogland was a municipality. This was because the French, who had taken over the Netherlands during this time, were changing the way the country was organised.

A tombstone remembering the annexation of Hoogland. It says "Luctati non emersimus", the text in Latin means "We did not emerge from the struggle".
### Hoogland as a part of Amersfoort (1967-)

In 1967, it was revealed that Hoogland would be broken apart and would be given to two other municipalities, Amersfoort and Bunschoten. Not everyone was happy with this change. Many people from Hoogland wanted to stay independent. But their protests didn't manage to stop the change.

Characteristics
---------------

Hoogland is known for its farms and the people living there being close together. Every year, a festival is held so that people have the chance to chat and catch up with each other. It also entertains people and is known for it's horse races. Thousand of people visit this event every year,

### Horse racing

Somewhat after World War II ended, in 1947, the first horse events, which featured horse racing, but also stunts and the like, started being held. A group called the JBTB continued hosting horse events. These events proved popular, the 40th yearly *Paardesportdag* (Horse sports day) managed to pull at least 5000 visitors in, with people from all around the region.
**Mishary Rashid Alafasy** was born on September 5th, 1976. **Mishary Rashid Ghareeb Mohammed Rashid Al-Afasy** (nicknamed Abu Nora), is an eminent and prolific Imam and an excellent Qur’an reciter hailing from Kuwait.

The Holy Quran was the subject of this Imam’s keen interest and learning and hence, it came as no surprise when he memorized the Book of Allah in a few years itself. Besides his melodious and emotional voice, he has managed to grab the attention of the bigwigs in the field of Islamic knowledge such as Sheikh Ibrahim Ali Shehata Al-Samanodi, the Sheikh Abdur Area Radwan, and also the great sheikh Ahmed Abdulaziz Al-Zaiat. The next step was his decision to pursue his higher education at the Islamic University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

The two famous links of the recitation of the Quran: TV Alafasy and Alafasy Q are managed by this great Imam and rightfully so. In a similar manner, numerous TV channels and radio stations have taken pride in broadcasting all his highly commendable productions.

Currently, Mishary Rashid Alafasy is leading the prayers as an Imam at Masjid Al-Kabir in Kuwait.

Other websites
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* Nasheed From "Hearts Be Merciful Album"(2012)
* Alafasy's Ramadan nasheed, August 2009
* Recitation by Sheikh Mishary Rashed Al-afasy Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Recitation Of Mishari
* Alafasy Albums
* Alafasy Recitations on Islamway
* SunniPath Library – Quran Recitation by Mishary Rashed al-Efasy
* Info of Sheikh Mishary Rashed Al-afasy

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany

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The **spiny-headed tree frog**, **spine-headed tree frog**, **crowned hyla**, **coronated tree frog**, or **spinyhead tree frog** (*Triprion spinosus*) is a frog that lives in Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama and Guatemala. Scientists have seen it between 800 and 2,068 m meters above sea level in Mexico, 95 meters above sea level in Honduras, and 350 and 1330 meters above sea level in Costa Rica and Panama.

This frog used to be the only species in the genus *Anotheca*, but then scientists moved it to *Triprion*.

Appearance
----------

The adult male frog is 68 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 80 mm long. It has large, bony head with spines on it. In adult frogs, the skin has partially grown into the bone. Younger frogs do not have this. These frogs are dark brown in color, black bellies, and white sides. Male frogs do not have vocal slits in their throats, but they can sing anyway.

Young
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The female frog lays her eggs in holes in trees. First the male frog sits in the hole and sings. Then the female frog comes to him.

The female feeds the tadpoles by laying unfertilized eggs in the water inside the tree hole. Scientists have also seen the same female lay a second clutch of fertilized eggs in the same hole as her first clutch. Then the younger tadpoles disappear. The scientists believe that the older tadpoles eat them.

The tadpoles are white when they first hatch. Later they turn dark brown and blue-gray.

Threats
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This frog is nearly in danger of dying out but there are fewer of them than there were. This is because human beings change the places where the frog lives. Human beings cut down the forests for wood, farms, towns, and places for animals to eat grass.
***Daxter*** is a PlayStation Portable (PSP) video game by Ready at Dawn. It was given with a limited edition PSP Slim & Lite. As part of the *Jak and Daxter* series of games, Daxter takes place at the beginning of *Jak II*.

As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold 2.3 million copies.

Plot
----

The game takes place in the final months of the two-year gap presented in the opening of *Jak II*, between the moment when Jak is taken prisoner by the Krimzon Guard and the time in which Daxter finally rescues him. The introduction shows Jak being captured, while Daxter manages to escape. Almost two years later (having no luck of rescuing Jak), Daxter has forgotten all about rescuing his friend. An old man named Osmo, whom Daxter meets, hires Daxter as an exterminator. 

After some missions, Daxter finds his friend Jak in a Prison Zoomer and proceeds to chase after it. He is then cornered by Krimzon Guards, but is rescued by Osmo's son, Ximon. Daxter then receives a bug sidekick named Tik. He then goes to Baron Praxis's palace and gets a map of the prison where Jak is being held. When returning back to the extermination shop, Tik is killed by Kaeden, a bitter man who seemingly wants to steal Osmo's shop, but is really working for an evil mastermind. 

When Daxter tries to stop Kaeden from escaping the shop, Kaeden suddenly blows up the shop with a bomb he placed in the shop earlier. Daxter and Osmo survive, and Daxter promises to stop Kaeden, but only after he rescues Jak. He infiltrates The Prison, and rescues Jak. Daxter finds Kaeden, who reveals himself to be a giant insect, but he is defeated by Daxter. The whole game reveals to be a tale which Daxter told Jak, and his friends, at the bar.

Gameplay
--------

Due to his new job, Daxter now has an electro-swatter, which acts as his melee weapon, and an extermination tank, which sprays bug spray (Which many have confused with Green Eco) to stun enemies. The tank eventually receives several modifications, including doubling as a type of jet-pack that allows Daxter to fly, flamethrower capabilities, and an ultrasonic attachment. The flamethrower modification allows Daxter to hover higher and longer in jet-pack mode. With the ultra-sonic attachment, Daxter can shoot a projectile resembling a blue grenade that causes high radial damage, but uses one fifth of the player's maximum bug spray.

Reception and sales
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| *Daxter* Reviews |
| --- |
|  |

Daxter was very well received by critics. IGN gave it a 9/10 and GameSpot gave it a 9.1/10. It has a 86.2% at Game Rankings. As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold 2.3 million copies.

Other websites
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* Official North American website
Borders of Israel
The State of Israel has borders with four countries: Lebanon in the north, Egypt (and Gaza) in the southwest, Jordan (and the West Bank) in the east, and Syria in the northeast. Israel also has "sea borders" in the Red Sea, the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The current borders Israel are the result of war, diplomatic agreements between Israel and its neighbors, and colonial powers from before its creation.

Some borders are internationally recognized while others are not accepted by all countries. The borders with Lebanon, Syria and Jordan are based on those drawn by the United Kingdom and France in 1923. The border with Egypt is the international border determined in 1906 between United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. Israel's borders with Egypt and Jordan have been formally recognized as part official peace treaties between the countries. On the other hand, the borders with Syria and Palestinian National Authority are still in dispute between the sides involved. The Golan Heights area is at the heart of the dispute between Israel and Syria on their common border. There is agreement between Israel and Lebanon on their border, with the exception of a small area of known as the "Shebaa Farms" which Israel took over during a war. Since the 1990s, Israel and the Palestinian Authority have been negotiating a border between them as well.

Other websites
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* Israel - Maps
**Festac '77**, was a major international festival held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 15 January 1977 to 12 February 1977. The event celebrated African culture and showcased to the world African music, fine art, literature, drama, dance and religion. About 16,000 participants performed at the event. Artists who performed at the festival included Stevie Wonder from United States, Gilberto Gil from Brazil, Bembeya Jazz National from Guinea, Mighty Sparrow from Trinidad and Tobago, Les Ballets Africains, South African Miriam Makeba, and Franco Luambo Makiadi. At the time it was held, it was the largest gathering of African people to ever take place.

The official symbol of the festival was a similar symbol crafted by Erhabor Emokpae of the royal ivory mask of Benin. The hosting of the festival led to the creation of the Nigerian National Council of Arts and Culture, Festac Village and the National Theatre, Iganmu, Lagos. Most of the events were held in four main venues: The National Theatre, National Stadium Surulere, Lagos City Hall and Tafawa Balewa Square.
Ludwig Erhard (1971)
**Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard** (4 February 1897 in Fürth – 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.

Life
----

Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.

After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.

Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.

In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him.

Erhard died in 1977, aged 80.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ludwig Erhard***.

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* t
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Chancellors of Germany Reich Chancellor (*Reichskanzler*): 1871-1945 Federal Chancellor (*Bundeskanzler*): 1945- |
| --- |
|  German Empire (1871–1918) | Otto von Bismarck **·**  Leo von Caprivi **·**  Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst **·**  Bernhard von Bülow **·**  Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg **·**  Georg Michaelis **·**  Georg von Hertling **·**  Max of Baden |
|  Weimar Republic (1918–1933) | Friedrich Ebert **·**  Philipp Scheidemann **·**  Gustav Bauer **·**  Hermann Müller **·**  Konstantin Fehrenbach **·**  Joseph Wirth **·**  Wilhelm Cuno **·**  Gustav Stresemann **·**  Wilhelm Marx **·**  Hans Luther **·**  Otto Geßler (acting) **·**  Wilhelm Marx **·**  Hermann Müller **·**  Heinrich Brüning **·**  Franz von Papen **·**  Kurt von Schleicher |
|  Nazi Germany (1933–1945) | Adolf Hitler **·**  Joseph Goebbels **·**  Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk |
|  Germany (since 1949) | Konrad Adenauer **·**  Ludwig Erhard **·**  Kurt Georg Kiesinger **·**  Willy Brandt **·**  Walter Scheel (acting)  **·**  Helmut Schmidt **·**  Helmut Kohl **·**  Gerhard Schröder **·**  Angela Merkel
 **·**  Olaf Scholz |
**Abderrahmane Hammad Zaheer** (born May 27, 1977 in Dellys) is a former Algerian track and field athlete. He was in the high jump. He won the bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was also in the 2004 Athens Olympics. His personal best of 2.34 m is the Algerian record for the event. He retired from the sport in 2010.

Hammad began his international career as a junior in 1994. He won the high jump silver medals at the African Junior Athletics Championships and Pan Arab Junior Championships. He went on to win the African Junior gold medal the following year. Then he won the Arab Junior title in 1996. He was at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics but did not make it into the final round.

Hammad had his first international success at senior level in 1997. He won the silver at both the Pan Arab Championships and the 1997 Pan Arab Games.

The 2000 season was the top of his career. He kept his title at the 2000 African Championships in Athletics in Algiers. He made his areer best jump of 2.34 m. He then was in his first Olympicss at the 2000 Sydney Games. He won the bronze medal. He won the high jump at the 2001 Mediterranean Games. He was ninth at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. He won his third high jump title in a row at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics. He took bronze at the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final. He placed fourth for Africa at the 2002 IAAF World Cup.

He represented Algeria for a second time at the Olympics at the 2004 Games in Athens. He failed to reach the final. He was at the 2004 Pan Arab Games and took the high jump title.

Achievements
------------

* 2004 Pan Arab Games - gold medal
* 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final - third place
* 2002 African Championships - gold medal
* 2001 Mediterranean Games - gold medal
* 2000 Summer Olympics - bronze medal
* 2000 African Championships - gold medal
* 1999 All-Africa Games - silver medal
* 1998 African Championships - gold medal
* 1997 Arab Championships - silver medal
* 1997 Pan Arab Games - silver medal
Abdul Basit Abdus-Samad
Qari **Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad** (1927 – 30 November 1988; Arabic: عبد الباسط عبد الصمد) was a well known Qari (reciter of the Quran). As such, many modern reciters try to copy his style. He is the only Qari to have won three world Qirat competitions in the early 1970s. 'Abd us-Samad was one of the first Hafiz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the newly formed Reciters' Union in Egypt. He is best known for his recitation of Sura Al-Fatiha, the first chapter of the Qur'an, and an important sura in the five daily Islamic prayers. Basit's eldest son; Tarek Abd us-Samad is currently also a well-known Qari in Egypt.

Early life
----------

Abdul Basit was born in a village called Armant, in southern Egypt, to a middle-class Upper-Egyptian family. In 1950, he came to Cairo where Muslims in many mosques were touched by his recitations. On one happening, he was reciting verses from Sura al-Ahzab (The Confederates) he was requested to recite for longer than 10 minutes by his audience, and continued to recite for over an hour and a half, his listeners were captured by his mastery of pitch, tone and the rules of tajweed (Qur'anic recitation).

Travels
-------

'Abd us-Samad travelled outside Egypt, in 1961, he recited at the Badshahi Masjid, in Lahore, Pakistan. In 1987, whilst on a visit to America, 'Abd us-Samad related a story from one trip he made to the Soviet Union, with then Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. 

'Abd us-Samad was asked to recite for some leaders of the Soviet party. 'Abd us-Samad remembered that four to five of his listeners from the Communist Party were in tears on hearing the recitation, although they didn't understand what was being recited, but they cried, apparently touched by his recitation. 

Indira Gandhi, an Indian prime minister and political leader always felt touched by his recitation and would stop alongside to appreciate his recitation.

'Abd us-Samad died on 30 November 1988, and is survived by his three sons (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq. Following his father's footsteps, Yasir has also become a "Qari"

Other websites
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* Abdul Basit Abdul Samad Archived 2015-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Golestane Quran Archived 2010-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Everymuslim Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Nice Quran Recitation Website
* Abdul Basit Abdul Samad

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Abdul Basit Abd us-Samad |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Qari |
| Date of birth | 1927 |
| Place of birth | 1986 |
| Date of death | 1988 |
| Place of death |  |
The **Pussycat Dolls** (sometimes called **PCD**) were an American girl group and dance group started by choreographer Robin Antin. 

The group began in 1995 as a burlesque group based in Los Angeles, California. Antin was able to arrange a record deal with A&M Records and Interscope Records in 2003, and the Pussycat Dolls changed into a music group. By 2005 the group was lead singer Nicole Scherzinger, with Melody Thornton, Jessica Sutta, Ashley Roberts, Kimberly Wyatt and Carmit Bachar. The group also went into reality television programs, a Las Vegas act, merchandising and other money making activities organized by Antin, Interscope, and their partners.

The Pussycat Dolls became famous around the world in 2005 with their album *PCD*. It reached number five on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 Chart. The album included the hit singles "Don't Cha", "Buttons", and "Stickwitu"; a song that earned the group a Grammy Award nomination. After Carmit Bachar left the group in March 2008, the group continued as a quintet. They made their second album in 2008, *Doll Domination*. This album included the singles "When I Grow Up", "I Hate This Part" and "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)". The group has been criticized for being too sexual in their image and dances. Some people have said they use lead singer Nicole Scherzinger too often; she sings nearly all of the group's lead and background vocals.

Members
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* Carmit Bachar (2003–2008, 2019–2022)

* Nicole Scherzinger (2003–2010, 2019–2022)

* Ashley Roberts (2003–2010, 2019–2022)

* Kimberly Wyatt (2003–2010, 2019–2022)
* Jessica Sutta (2003–2010, 2019–2022)

* Melody Thornton (2003–2010)