recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Arcadia Group plc** is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries.

The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS.

In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005.

British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".
**Alacant** or **Alicante** (Spanish: *Alicante*, Valencian: *Alacant*) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante. It is in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper is about 332,067, as of 2014, ranking as the second-largest Valencian city. Including nearby municipalities, Alicante was populated by 458,843 residents. Population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 795,034 as of 2009. Based on population it is the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.

The city is a sea port and a tourist centre. It has a hot semi-arid climate (*BSh* in the Koeppen climate classification).

The avenue Maisonnave is the principal commercial street in the city of Alicante. In fact, Maisonnave is the sixth most expensive avenue in the whole of Spain, which gives an idea of the importance that this street has. The Corte inglés has in this central street both branches that it possesses in Alicant, one at each end of the avenue.

Santa Barbara's Castle is 166 metres up the Benacantil mountain. It's very strong with great strategic value. It's called Santa Barbara's Castle because the 4th of December is Santa Barbara's day and the 4th of December in 1248 is when it was taken from the Arabs by Alfonso of Castilla.

Other websites
--------------

* Alicante Information Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Interactive map
For the company, see Adobe Inc.
Pima Indian woman making pottery by an adobe hut
**Adobe** is a building material made from soil and often organic matter. Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish. It can also mean any kind of earth construction. 

Adobe is one of the earliest building materials ever used. It is found all over the world. The techniques used in adobe construction have not changed since the 16th century in the Southwestern United States. Because they are not fired in a kiln they never become hard. They shrink and swell as the water content in them changes. Also, as they get wetter, they become weaker.

Adobe does not permanently stick to wood, metal or stone because it moves more than they do. This causes cracks and seperation from other materials. Stone is sometimes used as a foundation and wood for the roof. These are usually held in place by their own weight or the weight of the adobe pressing down on them. But adobe construction is cheap and the materials are usually easy to find.
**Dame Anna Wintour** CH DBE (born 3 November 1949) is the English editor-in-chief of American *Vogue*, a position she has held since 1988.

Life
----

Anna Wintour stopped going to school at 16 and started her career in fashion. She worked on magazines in America called *New York* and *Home & Garden*. She then went back to Britain and worked on a British magazine known as *Vogue*. She later worked on the American version, making them both more popular and successful. Wintour supports young fashion designers and is sometimes called "Nuclear Wintour" because of her demanding personality.

Media
-----

### *The Devil Wears Prada*

It is thought that Anna Wintour was the inspiration behind the demanding editor, Miranda Priestly, in the novel *The Devil Wears Prada*. The author of the book, Lauren Weisberger, had worked as the personal assistant of Anna Wintour at *Vogue*. It has been suggested that the setting and Priestly were based on *Vogue* and Wintour, but Weisberger denies this, and says that Wintour is given her own appearance near the end of the book.

The similarities between Priestly and Wintour are:

* They both have two children
* They both serve on the board of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Miranda Priestly is a mean person who makes impossible demands of the people who work for her, and Wintour is also a very strict boss.

Before the book started selling, Wintour told the *New York Times*, "I always enjoy a great piece of fiction. I haven't decided whether I am going to read it or not."

### Ugly Betty

It is also said that a character in the TV series of *Ugly Betty* is based on Wintour. The character Fey Sommers, is very similar to Anna Wintour:

* They both have a bob haircut
* They both wear sunglasses indoors
* Their surnames are both homophones for seasons (Sommers=Summer, Wintour=Winter)
* They were both targeted by animal rights activists for using fur in their fashion
* Both Sommers and Wintour were involved in some way with fashion magazines. (Sommers with *MODE*, Wintour with *Vogue*).

Wintour is also mentioned in *Ugly Betty* when Wilhelmina Slater is going to get a better job at *MODE* (the magazine) after Bradford Meade is arrested. She does not accept a lunch invitation from Anna Wintour, saying she should have called back in 1998, not 2007.

Personal life
-------------

### Politics

Wintour has been a supporter of the Democratic Party going back to Hillary Clinton's 2000 Senate run and John Kerry's 2004 presidential run and serving Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 presidential runs as a lot of contributions. In 2008 and 2012, she co-hosted fundraisers with Sarah Jessica Parker, the latter being a 50-person, $40,000-a-plate dinner at Parker's West Village town house with Meryl Streep, Michael Kors, and Trey Laird, an advertising executive, among the attendees. She has also teamed with Calvin Klein and Harvey Weinstein on fundraisers during Obama's first term and Donna Karan has been amongst the attendees.

Other websites
--------------

* Anna Wintour on IMDb
**A. H. "Anne" van Gent** (1 February 1926 — October 2022) was a Dutch politician of the PvdA. He was the mayor of Zevenhuizen from 1982 to 1991. He was nationally engaged in trade promotion.

Biography
---------

Van Gent was born on 1 February 1926 as the son of Benjamin van Gent (1887-1975; teacher) and Johanna Adriana Ververs (1883-1963). He joined the city council of Waddinxveen. He became alderman from 1973. He was responsible for Education and Sports Affairs. For the 1982 council elections he participated as party leader. Advertisements were even made with the help of an advertising plane with a slogan to vote Anne van Gent. A day after the elections it was announced he was appointed mayor of Zevenhuizen. He stopped as an alderman, but it became a national news item that Van Gent, combined his position as a councilor in Waddinxveen with the mayorship in Zevenhuizen until September of that year. Nowadays that wouldn’t be allowed.

In 1991 Zevenhuizen merged with the municipality of Moerkapelle. After nine years this ended his mayorship. He moved back to Waddinxveen.

In 2019 he moved to Gouda. He died in his sleep in Gouda in October 2022, aged 96.

Other websites
--------------

* some newspaper articles of Van Gent — via Delpher
**Alcoholics Anonymous** (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship. Its purpose is to help alcoholics quit drinking and help people stay sober. AA gives men and women a place to come together and share their experiences, recover from alcoholism and maintain sobriety. Its concept revolves around that premise that alcoholism is an illness that can be managed, but not controlled.

AA was founded by Bill Wilson and his physician, Doctor Bob Smith in 1935 and eventually grew to include two more groups by 1939. That same year, Wilson published Alcoholics Anonymous, a text which explained its philosophy and methods. We know it today as the 12 Steps of recovery. Over the years, the 12 Steps have been adapted by other self-help and addiction recovery groups, such as Gamblers Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, to those struggling with other forms of addiction. Additionally, many groups have changed the explicitly Christian overtones of the original 12 Steps to reflect more secular or agnostic philosophies.
**Anti-German sentiment** (**Germanophobia** or **Teutophobia**) is an opposition to, or fear of, Germany, Germans, its culture and the German language. The opposite is called Germanophilia. 

The sentiment began with the mid-19th century unification of Germany, which made the new nation a rival to the Great powers of Europe in economics, military, cultural, and geopolitical grounds. It was believed correctly in other countries that Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke were driving Germany towards domination of the European landmass. Bismark unified Germany in 1871 and was their first Chancellor, serving until 1890. 

Von Moltke the elder was chief of staff of the Prussian Army for 30 years. He commanded in the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. He is described as a "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military usage. He is often referred to as *Moltke the Elder* to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke, who commanded the German Army (*Deutsches Heer*) at the outbreak of World War I.
**Andrea True** (born **Andrea Marie Truden**, July 26, 1943 - November 7, 2011) was an American porn star and a singer from the disco era of the 1970s. She is best known for her single "More, More, More". It was released in 1976. It peaked at #4 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

Career
------

True was born in Nashville, Tennessee as **Andrea Marie Truden**. She moved to New York City during her teenage years. She wanted to seek fame as a movie star or singer. True sang in clubs. She got minor roles in mainstream movies from time to time. She was in movies, such as *The Way We Were*. But the fame she sought was fleeting. When some friends asked her to join them in a porn movie, True went along with the idea.

True acted in porn movies in Scandinavia in the 1960s. By the end of the decade, she began appearing in American adult movies. In the 1970s and 1980s, she acted in more than 50 hardcore porn movies in the early New York.

By the time of her singing career, True said she was getting tired of porn. 

In early 1977, True released another song, "N.Y. You Got Me Dancing" from her follow-up studio album *White Witch*. The song was True's second biggest hit. It reached #27 on the American *Billboard* pop chart. 

True's third album, *War Machine* (1980), failed. When that happened, she tried to return to porn. But at almost 40, she was too old to return. She also could not go back to music due to a goiter that had developed on her vocal cords.

Death
-----

Andrea True died of heart failure in Kingston, New York, where she was raised.
Aretino record
**Aretino** was an American record label. It was in business from about 1907 to 1914. Aretino was started by Arthur J. O’Neill. He started many record and phonograph businesses in the Chicago area. O’Neill named this company in honor of Guido Aretino, an 11th-century Italian monk.

Aretino is an odd type of record because the hole in the center is very large compared to the normal size. It is the largest ever for a record that was made for people to use in their houses. Like many of O'Neill's other companies, Aretino was run as a premium scheme. A phonograph (record player) was offered for not much money. However, this record player could only play Aretino records because it came with a 3-inch spindle. O’Neill also offered adapters for Aretino discs. These allowed the discs to be played on record players that had normal spindles, or even on a Busy Bee machine (another O’Neill brand) which had two spindles instead of one.

Aretino did not make any of its own recordings: it borrowed masters from other companies. The first series of Aretino records had music on only one side of the disc. They were each given a catalog number beginning with the letter A. The music was recorded on them by Leeds & Catlin. Leeds and Catlin also made a group of records for Aretino with catalog numbers starting with the letter D. These records have a recording on both sides. They are very hard to find now. Leeds & Catlin was later shut down by court order for patent infringement. After that, Aretino records were made for a short time by two record companies named Hawthorne & Sheble and Zonophone. These companies kept making records which only had music on one side of the record. They also kept using catalog numbers beginning with "A".

It was not long after this that Columbia became the maker of these records. No other companies made records for Aretino after Columbia began to make them. These records have a catalog number that begins with the letter "D" and then numbers that are larger than 500. They have music on both sides. Of all Aretino records, these are the most common. Most records from this time period have a diameter of 10 inches. Columbia also made a group of records for Aretino that are 12 inches in diameter. These are very hard to find. They have catalog numbers with the letter "A" at the beginning. Aretino stopped making anything after the year 1914.

The music on the Aretino label was like most music from those years. Some artists on Aretino are Henry Burr, William F. Denny, Byron G. Harlan, Ada Jones, Billy Murray, Vess Ossman, Steve Porter, Cal Stewart, and Bert Williams.
**Amati** is the name of a family of Italian violin makers. They made violins between about 1549 and 1740. They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.

Andrea Amati: the founder of the family
---------------------------------------

The most famous member of the family was **Andrea Amati** who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577. He can be thought of as the inventor of the modern violin. He made violins, violas and cellos. A small number of his instruments are still in existence. They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.

### His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati

Andrea Amati’s two sons were **Antonio Amati** who was born about 1540 in Cremona and died there on 14 February 1607 and **Girolamo Amati** who was born about 1561 in Cremona and died of the plague there on 21 October 1630. They are known as "The Brothers Amati", but they did not work much together. However, they both produced some great instruments. They made the shape of the f holes perfect and gave their instruments more strength. They also made some large violas and cellos. They had an enormous influence on all other violin makers.

### Nicolò Amati

**Nicolò Amati** was the son of Girolamo Amati. He is now the most famous member of the family. He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684. He was the most eminent of the family. He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died. During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments. Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments. Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today. He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the "Grand Pattern". Many other violin makers learned from him. These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.

### Girolamo Amati

The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, **Girolamo Amati**, known as **Hieronymus II**. He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740. Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good. Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.

Related pages
-------------

* Antonio Stradivari
* Guarneri

Other websites
--------------

* The Violin Site - Violin Making Archived 2005-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation).
Union Street, Aberdeen, on International Market Day
Flag
coat of arms
**Aberdeen** is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It was the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland, but it is now one of Scotland's Unitary Authorities. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. Its population is nearly 200,000. It is the coldest city in the UK. The city's motto is *Bon Accord*.

History
-------

In the 8th AD, Aberdeen was founded as a settlement for fishing. It grew into a town in the early 12th century. By 1264, Aberdeen already had a castle.

Places
------

Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone and Robert Gordon University which was founded in 1910 but has a history dating back to the 1800s.

Dialect
-------

The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.

Sports
------

Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.

Festival
--------

Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

Gallery
-------

Aberdeen shares its name with Aberdeen, Idaho and Aberdeen, Washington in this Gallery.

* The granite buildings of AberdeenThe granite buildings of Aberdeen
* The old Market Cross in Aberdeen's main square.The old Market Cross in Aberdeen's main square.
* Aberdeen BeachAberdeen Beach
* Aberdeen on a spring day, showing modern housing around the old town.Aberdeen on a spring day, showing modern housing around the old town.
* Marischal College, University of AberdeenMarischal College, University of Aberdeen
* The statue of William WallaceThe statue of William Wallace
* Crocuses blooming in Victoria ParkCrocuses blooming in Victoria Park
* Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference CentreAberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre
"**Amazing Grace**" is a poem written in 1772 by Englishman John Newton. The poem named, "Faith's Review and Expectation", was where the song came from. It was set to music. A seventh stanza, by an unknown author, has been added to most versions since 1829, beginning with the words, "When we've been there ten thousand years". In some versions, stanzas five and six to the song are cut and go directly to the seventh.

John Newton and the lyrics to Amazing Grace
-------------------------------------------

Amazing Grace  

  

Amazing grace, how sweet the sound  

  That sav’d a wretch like me!  

I once was lost, but now am found,  

  Was blind, but now I see.  

  

’Twas grace that taught my heart to fear,  

  And grace my fears reliev’d;  

How precious did that grace appear,  

  The hour I first believ’d!  

  

Thro’ many dangers, toils and snares,  

  I have already come;  

’Tis grace has brought me safe thus far,  

  And grace will lead me home.  

  

The Lord has promis’d good to me,  

  His word my hope secures;  

He will my shield and portion be,  

  As long as life endures.  

  

Yes, when this flesh and heart shall fail,  

  And mortal life shall cease;  

I shall possess, within the veil,  

  A life of joy and peace.  

  

The earth shall soon dissolve like snow,  

  The sun forbear to shine;  

But God, who call’d me here below,  

  Will be forever mine.  

  

  (Anonymous 1829 addition:)  

When we’ve been there ten thousand years,  

  Bright shining as the sun,  

We’ve no less days to sing God’s praise  

  Than when we’d first begun.
**Amaterasu** (Japanese: 天照), **Amaterasu-ōmikami** (Japanese: 天照大神 or 天照大御神) or **Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami** (Japanese: 大日孁貴神), is a goddess in Japanese mythology. She is the Sun Goddess, and the most sacred of all Shinto deities. Her name, *Amaterasu*, means *"(that which) illuminates Heaven."* Her shrine is at Ise.

Tradition
---------

Amaterasu is the sister of Susano'o, the god of the sea and storms, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon. All three were created from Izanagi, when he washed his face to clean the dirtiness of Yomi, the underworld. Amaterasu was born when Izanagi washed out his left eye, Tsukuyomi was born from the washing of the right eye, and Susano'o from the washing of the nose.

Story
-----

The tales tell of great rivalry between Amaterasu and Susano'o. When he was to leave Heaven forever because Izanagi ordered him to, he went to say goodbye to his sister. Amaterasu, suspicious, proposed him a challenge: each of them was to turn an object of the other's into people. Amaterasu created three women from Susanoo's sword while he created five men from her necklace. Amaterasu said the men were hers because they were born of her necklace. Susano'o destroyed her rice fields, threw a dead pony into her loom, and killed one of her assistants in anger. For this, Amaterasu, sad, angry and scared, went to hide inside Ama-no-Iwato, the *"heavenly rock cave"*, so the Sun was hidden and the world became dark for a long time. The Oni (devils of Japanese mythology) came out to the dark world, and the gods could not make Amaterasu come out of the cave.

The intelligent goddess of happiness, Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命), took a big bucket, turned it upside down near the cave entrance, and began a dance on it, tearing off her clothing in front of the other Kami. They thought this was so funny that they laughed happily.

Amaterasu heard them, and looked out to see why the gods were laughing. When she opened the cave, she saw her wonderful reflection in a mirror Uzume had put on a tree, and slowly came out of the cave.

At that moment, the god Ameno-Tajikarao (天手力男命) closed the cave behind her, so she could not go back in. Another god tied a magic rope across the entrance. The sun goddess was then asked by the Kami Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋根命) to go back with the gods. She agreed, and light came back to the earth, but Susanoo was punished by being banished from Heaven.

Other websites
--------------

* Shinbutsudo: A Web Page for the Study of Japanese Religions Archived 2007-07-04 at the Wayback Machine

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Japanese Mythology & Folklore** |
| **Mythic Texts and Folktales:**
 Kojiki | Nihon Shoki | Otogizōshi | Yotsuya Kaidan
 Urashima Tarō | Kintarō | Momotarō | Tamamo-no-Mae
 **Divinities:**
 Izanami | Izanagi | Amaterasu
 Susanoo | Ama-no-Uzume | Inari
 List of divinities | Kami | Seven Lucky Gods
 **Legendary Creatures:**
 Oni | Kappa | Tengu | Tanuki | Fox | Yōkai | Dragon
 **Mythical and Sacred Places:**
 Mt. Hiei | Mt. Fuji | Izumo | Ryūgū-jō | Takamagahara | Yomi |
|  |
| --- |
| 
[Full screen] |

**Ansett New Zealand Flight 703** was an Ansett New Zealand airline flight between Auckland International Airport and Palmerston North International Airport. On June 9, 1995 at 9:22 am (local) he crashed to the ground just 16 km from the destination airport, amid adverse weather conditions and aircraft problems.

The crashed aircraft, a DHC-8 (or Dash 8), was carrying 18 passengers and 3 crew members, almost all of whom were New Zealand citizens with the exception of one American passenger. Of the 21 people on board, 3 died from the collision and 1 from serious injuries. On the ground, only three grazing sheep perished due to the impact of the plane.

Causes
------

According to the Australian investigation, the causes of the accident were pinned primarily on the captain and his first officer for the following reasons: 

* The pilot did not observe the power of the engines and the vertical speed of the plane because he was manually unfolding the landing gear, which could not lower automatically due to a fault.

* The pilot urged skipping the landing procedures, not following the company's checklist for the plane.

* Pilot and co-pilot distraction regarding landing gear failure.

As for the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), it was determined that it was working incorrectly as it gave a late warning, which was estimated to be activated 17 seconds before the impact, and not 4 seconds as it actually was.

Heroism
-------

Reginald John Dixon, a passenger on the flight, made it out of the wreckage with some injuries but then went back to help other passengers until he was severely burned by a blaze. He died of his burns two weeks later.

For courage shown in a dangerous situation, this passenger was awarded the New Zealand Cross, New Zealand's highest citation for civilian bravery.

In popular culture
------------------

Ansett New Zealand Flight 703 was dramatised in the 8th episode of Season 21 on the show Air Crash Investigation titled "Caught in a Jam".
**Allometry** is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts.

In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.

Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony.

Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932. The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:

{\displaystyle y=kx^{a}\,\!}
or in a logarithmic form: 

{\displaystyle \log y=a\log x+\log k\,\!}
where a is the **scaling exponent** of the law.

On being the right size
-----------------------

J.B.S. Haldane's 1926 essay *On being the right size* gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:

*"Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells".*
Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger or smaller. There are many such lineages.
**Artibonite** is one of the ten departments (French: *départments*, singular *départment*) of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves.

The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the *Place d'Armes* of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.

Geography
---------

The *Départment de l'Artibonite*, with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti.

The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the *Chaine de Terre-Neuve* and the *Montagnes Noires* (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the *Chaine des Mattheux*.

It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.

Population
----------

The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns.

The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc.

Administrative division
-----------------------

The department is divided into five *arrondissements* (like districts) and 15 *communes* (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

1. Dessalines
	1. Desdunes
	2. Dessalines
	3. Grande Saline
	4. Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
2. Gonaïves
	1. Ennery
	2. Estère
	3. Gonaïves
3. Gros-Morne
	1. Anse Rouge
	2. Gros-Morne
	3. Terre-Neuve
4. Marmelade
	1. Marmelade
	2. Saint Michel de l'Attalaye
5. Saint-Marc
	1. La Chapelle
	2. Saint-Marc
	3. Verettes

Economy
-------

Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite.
**Gial Ackbar** was a Mon Calamari male admiral from *Star Wars*. Ackbar was an admiral for the Rebel Alliance and led the rebel attack on the Death Star in *Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi*. He was born on the planet called Mon Cala, Ackbar helped his people during a battle against the Confederacy of Independent Systems and led the Mon Calamari ships escape the planet many years later from the Galactic Empire. The ships went on to become the Rebel Alliance fleet. After the Battle of Endor, Ackbar continued his helping the Rebel Alliance when it became the New Republic. He led the Republic fleet to victory over the last Imperial armies at the Battle of Jakku before retiring to his home planet. During his retirement he had a son named Aftab. About 25 years later Ackbar joined Princess Leia Organa when she asked him to stop the threat of the First Order, joining her Resistance. Ackbar was in the movie *Star Wars: The Force Awakens* helping the Resistance destroy the First Order's Starkiller Base and he was there during the evacuation of the Resistance base. But when the Resistance fleet was stopped by the fleet of the First Order, Ackbar was killed in the attack that happened.

Behind the scenes
-----------------

Gial Ackbar is played by Tim Rose in Star Wars episodes, VI, VII and VIII. Erik Bauersfeld also voiced the character in episodes, VI and VII before passing away in 2016 and Tom Kane voicing the character for *Star Wars: The Last Jedi*.
Annie Jump Cannon in 1922
**Annie Jump Cannon** was an American astronomer. She was born on December 11, 1863 in Dover, Delaware and died on April 13, 1941 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Life
----

With an old astronomy book, Cannon's mother taught her the constellations and other things about stars when she was little. She encouraged her to learn mathematics, chemistry and biology at Wellesley College. They loved the stars. After graduation she took up photography, and many of her pictures of Europe were published. She caught Scarlet fever which made her deaf. She became an instructor at Wellesley and learned spectroscopy.

Cannon was a great astronomer and gave us new information about the stars.

Jobs and studies
----------------

Cannon had graduate studies in math, physics, and astronomy. She also received many awards such as the Henry Draper Gold Medal of the National Academy of Sciences, the Ellen Richards Award, and she was the first woman to ever receive the honorary doctorate of science at Oxford University. She also became part of the Harvard Astronomy staff. She discovered 300 variable stars, five novae stars, and a binary star while on the staff. Cannon observed and then classified about 400,000 stars. She invented the Harvard system which is still the usual method of stellar classification according to color and temperature.

Hardships
---------

Cannon had many hardships. Cannon was a women scientist in a world of men. She had to advocate for herself. She was one of the first women in astronomy at her time. Cannon also faced the hardship of being deaf. Cannon didn’t have access to hearing aids. People had decided not to vote for her for awards despite her discoveries because she was deaf. Now many people admire her and wish to follow in her footsteps. Cannon struggled in a world of stereotypes and first times but she managed to succeed.
The **River Artibonite** (Spanish: *Artibonito*; Haitian Creole: *Latibonit*) is a river in the island of Hispaniola. It is 321 km long (68 km in the Dominican Republic, 253 km in Haiti), the longest of the island and of Haiti.

Name
----

The Taíno name of the river was **Hatibonico**. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote that the name was *Attiboni* or *Attibonicus*. Some people said that the name was *Guayajayuco* but it is another river, tributary of the Artibonite.

Course
------

The source of the Artibonite is to the northeast of Río Limpio, in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. The mouth of the Artibonite is in Haiti, south of La Grand Saline, at about 19°14′20″N 72°46′57″W﻿ / ﻿19.23889°N 72.78250°W﻿ / 19.23889; -72.78250. It flows into the Gulf of Gonâve.

The river is the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti for several kilometres, from the town of Pedro Santana to the point where it is joined by the River Macasías, and then turns west into Haiti.

Its watershed has an area of 9,013 km2 (2,614 km2 in the Dominican Republic, the rest in Haiti). Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 16.6 cubic metres per second at Pedro Santana.

Tributaries
-----------

The most important tributaries are the rivers Libón, Macasías and Joca, all of them in the Dominican Republic. The Libón River is the only important tributary that flows into the right side of the Artibonite.

Environment
-----------

Deforestation has affected in a bad way the quality and amount of water in the River Artibonite in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. There are not many fishes; only tilapias are caught. There were American crocodiles (*Crocodylus acutus*) in the River Artibonite and in other rivers of the Hispaniola, but now they are found only in the big lakes of the island.

Uses
----

The water of the river is used for irrigation in Haiti but not in the Dominican Republic because it flows here through high mountains. The Peligre Hydroelectric Dam was built on the Arbitonite; it produces electricity for Haiti.
The **Admission to the Union Clause** (also known as the **New States Clause**) is a part of the United States Constitution. It lets Congress add new states to the United States. There were thirteen states when the Constitution came into effect. 37 new states have since been added to the United States by this clause. Each new state has an equal footing with the ones that already exist.

Text
----

**Article 4, Section 3, Clause 1 (US Constitution):**  

Original text:

> New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
> 
> 

Simpler text:

> New States can be added by the Congress into the United States. No new State can be added from land from inside an existing State, or multiple States, unless the governments of those States and Congress agree to it.
> 
>
**Alexander Andrew Kelly** (born May 8, 1967) is an American from Darien, Connecticut, who was convicted of rape in 1997. He is an Irish American who is the middle of three children, having both an older and a younger brother.

Crimes
------

Alex Kelly was charged with having done two aggravated assaults in Darien, Connecticut, in 1986. Before his trial was due to begin in 1987, Kelly fled the United States and spent the next seven years on the run, mostly in Europe. In 1995, Kelly gave him self up to the authorities in Switzerland and was extradited to the United States in order to stand trial on rape and kidnapping charges. Kelly faced two trials in 1997. After the first was declared a mistrial, the second resulted in his conviction for the first rape and a sentence of 16 years in prison.

Release
-------

In 2005, after having served eight years of his 16-year sentence, Kelly appeared before a Connecticut parole board; his bid for release was rejected. On November 23, 2007, Kelly was released from prison on "good behavior". He is now has to serve 10 years probation, perform 200 hours of community service, pay a $10,000 fine, and register with the Connecticut Sex Offender Registry. While in prison, Kelly claims that he earned a bachelor's degree in economics and third-world development.

Other websites
--------------

* CNN article on Alex Kelly Archived 2008-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Connecticut: Stamford: Rapist Won't Seek New Trial
* *Crime in Connecticut: The Story of Alex Kelly* on IMDb
* *Crime in Connecticut*
* Connecticut Sex Offender Registry page[*permanent dead link*]
The **Aristolochiaceae**, or **Birthwort family**, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is *Aristolochia* L.

Description
-----------

They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

Classification
--------------

The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.

Phytochemistry
--------------

Many members of *Aristolochia* and some of *Asarum* contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. *Aristolochia* itself is carcinogenic to humans.

### Ecology

Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (*Aristolochia* species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.
**Antonio de Cabezón** (born Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, Spain, 1510; died Madrid, 26 March, 1566) was a Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance. He was blind from early childhood. He is best known for the music he composed for the organ.

Life
----

His parents came from noble families and owned a lot of land. He probably had his first organ lessons at the local church. Then he had more music lessons in Palencia. He probably had organ lessons from the cathedral organist. He never had an official job at the cathedral, but he must have been an excellent student, and his teachers, who had a lot of influence, recommended him to the royal family. In 1526 he became organist to Queen Isabella and played at the Spanish chamber concerts of King Charles V of Spain.

About 1538 he married the daughter of a rich family and he went to live in Avila where his wife came from. They had five children who had important positions at the royal court when they grew up.

After Queen Isabella died he spent all his time working for Prince Philip, who became Philip II. King Philip thought he was the world’s greatest artist except for the painter Titian. He often travelled with the king to countries such as Italy, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. He influenced many European composers that he met, and they influenced him. When the king moved to Madrid and made it the capital of Spain, Cabezón went there too. He stayed there until his death.

His music
---------

Cabezón was one of the greatest composers of his time. He was good at writing music which sounded just right for the organ and the clavichord. He used the techniques of other composers of his time, but added some very special effects. Instead of just putting in a lot of ornamentation to make the music interesting, he enjoyed creating tension between harmony and melody.

He wrote *diferencias* (sets of variations) which use Spanish tunes which were often dances such as the folia, pavan and galliard. Many of his organ compositions are called  *glosas*. Each one has something very special to say.
**Anne-Marie Lizin** (5 January 1949 – 17 October 2015) was a Belgian politician. He served as the President of the Senate of Belgium from 2004 to 2007.

Career
------

From 1970 to 1976 she was an alderman of Ben-Ahin, and from 1980 to 1982 from Huy. From 1983 to 2009 she was mayor of Huy.

In 1979, Lizin was elected as an elected Member of the European Parliament. In 1988, she was elected into the Belgian government, and served in office for eight years. In 2003, she became President of the Commission for External Relations and Defence of the Belgian Senate.

In 2004, she was appointed President of the Senate of Belgium, before finally becoming Senator in July 2007. She was the first female President of the Belgian Senate (2004–2007).

On 27 January 2009 she was banned from the Socialist Party after a corruption case.

Death
-----

Lizin was hospitalized in Paris on 7 October 2015. She later died in Huy, on 17 October 2015 at the age of 66.

Other websites
--------------

* Anne-Marie Lizin (Senate)
**Anne-Sophie Mutter** (born June 29, 1963) is a German violinist.

Biography
---------

Mutter was born in Rheinfelden, Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany, a town very close to Switzerland. She started to play the piano at five and learned the violin soon after. Eventually, she took up studies and violin lessons at the Winterthur Conservatory in Switzerland. 

Mutter's abilities as a violinist began to be recognized. Herbert von Karajan, the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic, helped Mutter to establish her career as a violin soloist. At age 13, Mutter made her debut with the Berlin Philharmonic.

Mutter has performed in many concert halls around the world. She performs both traditional classical works and contemporary music. 

Several contemporary composers, including Sebastian Currier, Henri Dutilleux, Sofia Gubaidulina, Witold Lutosławski, Norbert Moret, Krzysztof Penderecki, André Previn, Wolfgang Rihm, and John Williams have composed works for her. 

Mutter's repertoire includes both classical works and contemporary music. Mutter's discography includes works by Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelsohn, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Bartok, Vivaldi, Schubert, and others. 

Recently, Mutter has collaborated and toured with John Williams, performing music he composed particularly for her and his film scores.

Instruments
-----------

Mutter owns and plays two Stradivarius violins: the Emiliani of 1703 and the Lord Dunn-Raven Stradivarius of 1710. Her other violins include a Finnigan-Klaembt dated 1999 and a Regazzi dated 2005.

Awards and Recognition (selection)
----------------------------------

* Polar Music Prize (2019)
* Praemium Imperiale (2019)
* Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:
	+ Anne-Sophie Mutter and Lambert Orkis for *Beethoven: The Violin Sonatas (Nos. 1–3, Op. 12; Nos. 1–3, Op. 30; "Spring" Sonata)* (2000)
* Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra):
	+ Anne-Sophie Mutter and André Previn (conductor) for *Previn: Violin Concerto"Anne-Sophie"/Bernstein: Serenade* (2005)
	+ Anne-Sophie Mutter, Krzysztof Penderecki (conductor) and the London Symphony Orchestra for *Penderecki: Violin Concerto No. 2, Metamorphosen* (1999)
	+ Anne-Sophie Mutter, James Levine (conductor) and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for *Berg: Violin Concerto/Rihm: Time Chant* (1994)

Recordings
----------

Mutter primarily records with Deutsche Grammophon, from which about 50 CDs have been released.
The **Armenian Revolutionary Federation** (**ARF** or **ՀՅԴ**) (Armenian: **Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն** – **Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun**, **Dashnaktsutiun**, **Դաշնակ** – **Dashnak** or **Tashnag**) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern-day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Shaumian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. The party works in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is active, notably in Lebanon and the ethnically Armenian-dominated de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Museum
------

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum was created during an official ceremony Friday 2007 at Yerevan's Kristapor Mikaelian Center, with the party's leaders and supporters on hand to mark this momentous occasion.

Opened in 1946, the ARF History Museum was in Paris and during the years has collected more than 3,000 artifacts describing the party's history. After the ARF's return to Armenia, the museum and the ARF archives have been sent to Armenia.

Giro Manoyan is one of the leaders of ARF.

Other websites
--------------

* Official web site - Armenian Revolutionary Federation
* Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association
* History of the Armenian Socialist Party Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Rubinstein as a young man, 1906
**Arthur Rubinstein** (January 28, 1887 – December 20, 1982) was a Polish-American pianist. He received praise from around the world for his playing of the music of a selection of composers (many call him the greatest Chopin player of the century).

Rubinstein was born in Łódź, Poland to a family of Jews. He was the youngest child of the family. His father was a rich owner of a factory.

Although his given name is **Artur Rubinstein**, in English-speaking countries he wanted to be known as **Arthur Rubinstein**. However, his United States impresario Sol Hurok wanted him to still be billed as *Artur*, and his recordings were released in the West under both names.

Rubinstein learned the piano at the age of two in Warsaw, before beginning study in Berlin at the age of eight. His debut in Berlin was made in 1898 followed by a debut at Carnegie Hall in the United States in 1906.

Throughout his life, Rubinstein was famous as a solo pianist, a soloist in piano concertos, and even as a chamber musician. He retired from the stage at age eighty-nine, and died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 December 1982, at the age of ninety-five, and his body was cremated. On the first anniversary of his death, his ashes were buried in Jerusalem – as specified in his will – in a plot now nicknamed the "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Arthur Rubinstein***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Arthur Rubinstein***

* Arthur Rubinstein at AllMusic

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