recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
1950 Harley-Davidson
**Harley-Davidson**, or **H-D** for short, is an American motorcycle maker that started making motorcycles in Milwaukee in 1903. The company makes heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on the highway; they're called Harleys. Harley-Davidson is one of two big U.S. companies that made motorcycles that was still in business after the Great Depression; the other closed down in 1953.

Harleys have a special look and sound. Most new Harleys, except the V-Rods, are made to look like old Harleys. Harley-Davidson made small motorcycles in the US and in Italy, but they didn't sell well enough. They stopped making small motorcycles in the US in 1966 and in Italy in 1978.

Harley-Davidson and their motorcycles have many fans. The fans can join clubs and go to events or to Harley-Davidson's museum. Apart from selling motorcycles, Harley-Davidson also charges fees for companies to put Harley-Davidson's logos on the things they make. Less than one-hundredth of the money Harley-Davidson made in 2010 came from these fees.

Labor Hall of Fame
------------------

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson, Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Honor. They were given the award for their good work for the H-D company and its workforce.
Afro-Turks, in Turkish *Afro-Türkler*, also named as Araplar or zenciler, refer to Black people of Turkish citizens whose ancestors once came to the Ottoman Empire from different countrys of Africa. They are Sunni Muslims and speak Turkish as first language and fully assimilated in Turkish culture. Starting centuries ago, some Africans slaves who were freed by Turks over the course of the 18th and 19th century, were transported to the Ottoman Empire from Niger, Kenya, Sudan via Zanzibar and settled in Dalaman, Izmir, Gediz, Manavgat and Çukurova. Much of them intermarried with Turks. Some of them originally lived in Crete, but were sent to the Aegean coast of Anatolia in Turkey due to the Greek-Turkish population exchange in 1923. There traditonal festival **Dana Bayramı** (Calf Feast) is hold every year in Izmir. Afro Turks from Germany, descendants of the Gustworker who once came from Turkey to Germany, visit the Festival in Izmir. They established in 2006 an Association for African Culture and Solidarity (Afrikalılar Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği).
**Dora Assink-Wevers** (born 1900s) was a Dutch track and field athlete specialized in the discus throw. She was a member of AV Twenthe and the national team.

She was the national record holder and national champion. She represented the Netherlands at international competitions.

Career
------

### Early years and training

In the 1920s Wevers became a member of Hercules-Hebe, initially doing gymnastics but also started competing in athletics. She once one won the club championships in both gymnastics and athletics. Because she fell in love with discus throwing she specialized in it. However, in her era there were no athletic trainers with expertise in discus throw. She got advice by multiple people. She even held a period the discus at her back while throwing because someone told her that would be the best technique. Before a main competition she went with her father to a farmer's pasture to throw duscus. Her father kept getting the discus. Besides of that she trained with boys of the "Enschedese Boy" at Deppenbroek.

### Career highlights

On 1 September 1929 she broke the national record in discus throw held by Lena Michaelis with a distance of 31.71 metres. She became 1930 national champion in Amsterdam, and broke at these championship her national record again with 33.86 metres. In July 1931 her record was broken by Cor Pels.
Assink set her personal record to 34.14 in 1934. This was not a national record, but it was the record of Twente. It took almost 29 year before this record of Twente was broken by Margriet de Schip.

As part of the National Team, Wevers represented between 1929 and 1933 the Netherlands at four tournaments, including at the 1930 Women's World Games. She also went with the ENDAT to the international competition in Brussels. She throw there further than the national record. However, because it was outside a match of the national association, it was never recognized as an official national record.

Personal life
-------------

Assink was hairdresser and had her own studio. Assink married to Gerrit Assink and they lived in Enschede. They got a son Herman Johan on 23 April 1941.
Wheelbase (measured from center of front wheel to center of back wheel)
In both road and rail vehicles, the **wheelbase** is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels.

Vehicles
--------

Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are very important to the balance and steering. In high performance vehicles a longer wheelbase is more stable at higher speeds. A short wheelbase vehicle is usually able to corner faster but may be less aerodynamic. The wheelbase, along with the track, affects a vehicle's steering angle (how sharply it can turn).

Wheelbase has an effect on a vehicle's turning radius (or turning circle). This is the smallest circle an automobile can turn or U-turn within. A long wheelbase automobile or truck cannot turn as sharply as a short wheelbase vehicle.

Towing and wheelbase
--------------------

If the vehicle is towing a trailer (in British English a caravan) the weight distribution of the trailer is critical. If too much of the trailer's weight, called "tongue weight", presses down on the vehicle's tow hitch (more than 15 percent) it can cause the vehicle to go out of control. Too little tongue weight (less than 10 percent) can cause the trailer to sway from side to side. this in turn can make the vehicle difficult or even impossible to control. The shorter the wheelbase the more quickly these forces can cause a loss of control. A longer wheelbase vehicle is generally more desirable for towing. Each vehicle has a tow rating showing how much weight it can tow safely.

Short and long wheelbase vehicles* A MINI Cooper S ConvertibleA MINI Cooper S Convertible
* Mercedes Smart CarMercedes Smart Car
* Lincoln LimousineLincoln Limousine
* Mercedes-Benz Sprinter taxiMercedes-Benz Sprinter taxi

Appearance
----------

A vehicle's wheelbase is also important to the overall aesthetic appeal of a automobile design. Wheelbase is part of the balance and proportion of an automobile. Some Luxury vehicles are offered with long wheelbases to increase the spaciousness and luxury of the vehicle. This is found most often on full-size cars. In contrast, coupé varieties of the some vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are based on.

Related pages
-------------

* track
* Bicycle and motorcycle geometry
* Force
* Static equilibrium
* Weight
**Mehmed Orhan**  (11 July 1909 – 5/12 March 1994) was the 42nd head of the Ottoman dynasty. He succeeded as head of the dynasty on 9 December 1983, after the death of Ali Vâsib. If reigning, he would be Sultan Orhan VII.

Life
----

He was born at Serencebey Palace or at Kisil Toprak, Turkey. He was the son of HIH Prince Şehzade Mehmed Abdul Kadir Efendi, Captain of the Ottoman Army, by second wife HH Mihriban Hanımefendi. The marriage was not recognised by the Imperial House. On his 13 birthday he was ceremoniously circumcised in the Dolmabahce Palace.
He died in Nice and was buried there.

Marriages and issue
-------------------

In January 1933, Prince Mehmed Orhan married the Egyptian Princess HH Nafiye Yeghen Hanım Efendi. This marriage was annulled in 1947. In Paris in 1944, he got a Morganatic marriage with the French American Marguerite Irma Fournier. He had a daughter with his first wife and a stepson with his second wife. 

* HIH Princess Fatma Necla Sultan (born in Cairo, 14 September 1933 - 2010 at Zurich)
	+ Sultanzade Erol Mangos, (born 1954) by Ali Zeki Mangos
	+ Sultanzade Osman Cem Germann, (born 1963) by Randoph Germann
* Mehmed Selim Orhan, (born in Paris, 3. October 1943) deprived since birth of title HIH Şehzade

*Eligibility note: A male person born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of birth is not included in the line of succession and passes no rights to their descendants.*

Mehmed Selim Orhan de Turquie was born before his parents married in 1944. At the time of his birth, his stepfather was not divorced by his first wife.

Marcos Alberto Alcalai- born in Brazil in 1962 Mehemed Orhan's only biological child born of a relationship with a divorced woman, legitimized in Turkey in 1992 was not deprived of the title of HIH Şehzade
**Lucifer** is another name for *Satan*. This is because people interpret a passage in the Book of Isaiah of the Bible in a certain way. Lucifer is Latin. It is made of two parts, *lux-lucis* (light) and *ferre* (to bring).
There are two mentions of *Lucifer* in the Latin Vulgate. is used to refer to the morning star, the planet Venus that appears at dawn: once in 2 Peter 1:19 to translate the Greek word "Φωσφόρος" (Phosphoros), which has exactly the same literal meaning of "Light-Bringer" that "Lucifer" has in Latin; and once in Isaiah 14:12 to translate "הילל" (Hêlēl), which also means "Morning Star".

Latin name for the Morning Star
-------------------------------

A 2nd-century sculpture of the moon goddess Selene accompanied by Hesperus and Phosphorus: the corresponding Latin names are Luna, Vesper and Lucifer.
*Lucifer* is the Latin name for the "Morning Star", both in prose and poetry, as seen in works by Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC), Cicero (106-43 BC) and other early Latin writers

Cicero wrote:

*Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos*
The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun.
And Pliny the Elder:

*sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper*
The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper
Poets also used the word "Lucifer". Ovid has at least eleven mentions of the Morning Star in his poetry. Virgil wrote: 

*Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura*
*carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent*
Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears,
To the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy
And Statius:

*et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto*
*impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras,* 
*rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti*
*sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras*
*aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo*
*Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem*
*impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori*
And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams

Lucifer as Devil character of the Bible
---------------------------------------

Lucifer is the epitome of evil in the Christian religion. Lucifer is believed by some to be Satan's name when he was still an angel, but it is Latin for 'light bringer' and not originally in the Bible. 
The word *Lucifer* was also used in Latin to mean the "morningstar", the planet Venus, and this word was used in the Latin version of Isaiah 14, where the Hebrew version was speaking to a king of Babylonia.
The **Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva**, usually called **Estádio da Ressacada** or just **Ressacada**, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.

Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.

This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

History
-------

Ressacada Stadium, internal sight
In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.

The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.

On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ressacada***.

* Templos do Futebol
* Avaí's Official website

Coordinates: 27°39′59″S 48°31′54″W﻿ / ﻿27.66639°S 48.53167°W﻿ / -27.66639; -48.53167
A surface weather analysis for the United States on October 21, 2006
A **weather map** is a tool. It shows facts about the weather quickly. Weather maps have been used from the mid-19th century, for study and for weather forecasting. Some maps show differences of temperature, and weather fronts. 

Wind barb interpretation
A station model is a symbolic picture showing the weather at a reporting station. Meteorologists made the station model to put down many weather elements in a small space on weather maps. Maps thickly filled with station-model plots can be hard to read. However, they help meteorologists, pilots, and mariners to see important weather patterns. A computer draws a station model for every place of observation. The station model is mostly used for surface-weather maps. It can also be used to show the weather in the sky, though. A complete station-model map lets people study patterns in air pressure, temperature, wind, cloud cover, and precipitation.

History
-------

People first began using weather charts in a modern way in the mid-19th century. They began using them to make a theory about storm systems. When a telegraph network developed by 1845, it was possible for people to collect information about the weather. They could get the information from many different places far away quickly enough for the information to be useful. In the 1840s, Joseph Henry took charge. He helped the Smithsonian Institution focus most of its observers on the center and the eastern part of the United States during the 1840s and 1860s. The U.S. Army Signal Corps kept up this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of Congress. It later expanded to the Western United States.

At first, all the data on the map was not taken from these analyses. This was because there was not enough time standardization. People first tried to standardize time in Great Britain in 1855. The entire United States was not influenced by time zones (areas with different times) until 1906. This was when Detroit had made the standard time at last. Over all the earth, other countries began taking weather observations at the same time. This started in 1873.
Great Sphinx
The Sphinx against the Pyramid of Khafre, 2005
The **Great Sphinx** is at Giza near Cairo in Egypt. It sits in a depression to the south of the pyramid of the Pharaoh Khafre (Chephren) at the west bank of the Nile River. The Sphinx is a stone sculpture of a creature with a human head and a lion's body. The greatest monumental sculpture in the ancient world, its body is 200 feet (60m) long and 65 feet (20m) tall. Its face is 13 feet (4m) wide. 

It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt. It is thought to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom in the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (c. 2558–2532 BC).

The Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom. There are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called *Hor-em-akhet* (English: Horus of the Horizon), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) referred to it in his "Dream Stele".

The purpose of the Sphinx is not known. Some archaeologists assume that it was a memorial to a Pharaoh or that it functioned as some sort of talisman or guardian god. Other scholars believe the Sphinx as an astronomical observation device that marked the position of the rising sun on the day of the spring equinox in the time of Leo the Lion.

The statue is eroding today because of wind and humidity and the smog from Cairo. Attempts to restore it have often caused more harm than good. Present attempts at restoration are under the control of the Supreme Council of Antiquities' archaeologists. They are working to drain away underground water.
A section of the Sentiero di Leonardo along Lake Como
The **Sentiero di Leonardo** (in English "The Trail of Leonardo") is a trail in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland. It is named for Leonardo Da Vinci. The trail was opened in February 2019, the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death. It goes through places that were important in the life and art of Leonardo. The Sentiero di Leonardo is not a new trail. It is made up of existing footpaths and trails such as the Sentiero del Viandante. One half of the Sentiero di Leonardo goes between Pavia in Italy and San Bernardino in Switzerland along the eastern side of Lake Como. The other half goes between Pavia and San Bernardino along the western side of Lake Como. The trail is 540 kilometers long in total. It takes 26 days to walk both halves.

Alessandro Manzoni and Leonardo da Vinci are numerous and it seems that their families knew each other.
The Last Supper inside the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in nearby Milan sees the profiles of its characters perfectly matching the profiles of Monte Resegone on Lake Como.

Numerous symbols and emblems in local churches of the Lierna Lake Como area and other medieval structures also lead explorers to discover the important role of the Knights Templar in this region, including indications that Leonardo's painting may have served as a mysterious map to a secret passage in a area of ​​the Grigna mountain range known as Alpe di Campione.

The rock formations, caves, waterfalls and breathtaking views of the Grigna massif and the surrounding Lierna mountains on Lake Como deeply inspired Leonardo da Vinci's development.

Significant places for Leonardo da Vinci on Lake Como:

* Lierna
* Fiumelatte
* Fiumelatte Cave
* Olcio
* Porta di Prada
* Mandello del Lario
* Rocca di Baiedo
* Grotta di Laorca (Lake Como)
* Anello di Lierna
* Cave of Moncodeno
* Chengen Falls
* Grotta dell’Acqua Bianca
* Monte Cucco
* Sprizzotolo Fall
* Troggia Fall
* Monte San Martino
* Dervio
* Bellagio
* Ponte di Azzone
* Bellano
* Monte Barro
* Monte San Martino
* Olgiasca
* Bellano
* Rocca di Airuno
* Adda
* Calco
* Brivio

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Brita Irene Elisabet Lovén** with married name **Westerholm** (2 July 1912 - 12 April 1981) was a Swedish track and field athlete specialized in the 800 metres. She won the bronze medal at the 1930 Women's World Games in the 800 metres event.

Biography
---------

Lovén was born in 1912 in Näsums församling as a daughter of seminary teacher Sam Lovén and his wife Zidonia Bengtsson. She had six sisters, of wich Idun Lovén was an artist. The family later moved to Linköping. Lovén became interested in sports early on and was a good skier as a child. Later she started athletics where she mainly competed in middle distance running and became a member of Linköpings AIK. She competed for Linköpings AIK during her whole career.

Lovén participated at several Swedish athletics championships. She won the silver medal in the 800 metres in 1930 in Norrköping. She became a member of the national team at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague. In the 800 metres event she won her semifinal in a time of 2:27.2, ahead of British Ruth Christmas and Polish Gertruda Kilosówna. In the final she won the bronze medal in a time of 2:24.8, behind British Gladys Lunn and German Marie Dollinger.

Later she switched to play bandy and in the 1930s she retired completely from cometitive sports.

Lovén died on 12 April 1981. She is buried at Matthew's cemetery in Norrköping.
**Frances Emma Footman** (20 July 1888 - June 1982) was a British swimmer and diver in the early 20th-century from London. She was one of the earliest British female international swimmers. Footman was a member of the Battersea Swimming Club and was trained by professor Barrows.

Biography
---------

Footman won in 1902-1903 the Battersea School Campionship and in 1903-1904 the Battersea Ladies Championship. In 1906 she finished second at the Southern Countries Ladies Championship.

In 1907 she competed at the 1907 international Ondine de Paris swimming competitions in Paris, France. She won the international 120 metre event in a time of 5:39 and the diving event. She also competed in the international 60 metre event with handicap. On 19 October 1907 she competed in a Franco-English match against Alice Sadoux at an aquatics gala organized by Hanover House in Westminster Baths in London. Between 1909 and 1911 she became swimming champion of London. In 1911 she competed at the 1911 international Ondine de Paris swimming competitions. She finished third in the international 120 metre event. As of 1907 she had won 24 major events.

In 1910 Footman was awarded two lifesaving awards for diving into the Thames from Chelsea Bridge to save a woman from drowning on 12th September 1910. The Royal Humane Society Bronze Medal and Carnegie Hero Fund medal and life-time pension.

Personal life
-------------

Footman was born on 20 July 1888 in London in Stepney. Her parents were Mary Ann Shepherd and Michael Francis Footman. Her younger sister Mary Footman (born 1897) was also an international swimmer. Together with John Shelmerdine she had four children, including Violet Margaret Shelmerdine (1920-2009) and a son John Shelmerdine (1922-2002). She died in June 1982 in Haywards Heath.
**Julia F. M. Johnstone** was a British foil fencer from London. She was a fencer at Salle Bertrand. She was one of the best female fencers in the early 20th-century. She also won prizes in tennis and swimming.

Career
------

Johnstone started with fencing in 1903. In 1904 she became a member of Salle Bertrand where she was trained by fencing master Felix Bertrand. In the same year she won the third prize at the international fencing meeting at the by the Ladies' Army and Navy Club. Two years later, in 1906, she won the fifth prize at the international fencing meeting at Hurling organized by the Ladies' Cercle d'Escrime. She won the national competition in 1907 that was organised by Druse. She captained the four-members women's team of Salle Bertrand, that won the first Ladies' Challenge Cup Competition. Later they won the cup again in 1910.

Johnstone became British national champion in 1910. She won an international competition against Dutch women of *Salle De Vos* during the 1911 England–Holland women's fencing competitions in London. According to the Dutch newspaper *De nieuwe courant* Johnstone was together with Millicent Hall, much better compared to the other British women. She competed in November 1913 at the 1913 Alfred Hutton Memorial Challenge Cup where she finished fourth in the final.

Next to fencing, Johnstone was also a lawn tennis player and a powerful swimmer. Also in swimming and tennis she won many prizes.
Not to be confused with People's Party (United States).
The **People's Party** was a political party in the United States. The party was created by individuals from the Peace and Freedom Party, Human Rights Party, Liberty Union Party and a few more. Their goal was to present an anti-war platform for the upcoming election. The party ran in the 1972 and 1976 presidential elections. The party did not get more than 0.10% of the popular vote in both elections.

In the 1972 election, the party nominated pediatrician Benjamin Spock. Julius Hobson was his vice-presidential running mate. He supported universal health care, removing American troops from other countries (see non-interventionism) and the legalization of abortion and Marijuana. He received 0.10% of the popular vote, or 78,759 votes. In the 1976 election, the party nominated Margaret Wright, and Benjamin Spock ran as her vice-presidential running mate. In the end, she received 0.06% of the vote, or 49,013 votes.

After the elections, the party wanted to become a coalition, but many of the founding parties dissolved, so the People's Party disbanded as well.
Věra Čáslavská in 1967**Věra Čáslavská** (3 May 1942 – 30 August 2016) was a Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast and Czech sportswoman. She was very attractive, cheerful and popular with the general public. Věra Čáslavská won 22 international titles between 1959 and 1968, including seven Olympic gold medals, four World titles and eleven European championship. Čáslavská and Soviet Larisa Latynina, they are only two female gymnasts, who win the all-around gold medal at two consecutive Olympics. In years 1964 - 1968 she wasn’t never lose out in big competition in multicontest.

Life
----

She was born in Prague. She did ballet and figure skating when she was small. In 2015 she met Eva Bosáková and with her they started to do gymnastics.

Shortly after the 1968 Olympics, Čáslavská was married with runner Josef Odložil**.** He was a silver medalist at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. They had ceremony at the Mexico City Cathedral.

In 1969 was born her daughter Radka and in 1974 son Martin. The couple divorced in 1987.

She became a president Václav Havel’s counselor for social issues and sport in January 1990 and since 1991 she worked as his assistant.

In next ten years she was alone and she don’t associate with anyone.  Čáslavská lived in a nursing home. She was treated with depression in mental home in Bohnice and added addiction on pharmaceuticals. Fortunately in 2007 she came back with great enthusiasm and she began helping Czech athletes. But in summer 2015 she was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, which next year has worsened. In her final days she was taken to a hospital in Prague on 30 August, where she died at the age of 74. Her funeral took place in the narrow family circle on 8 September in 2016 and her remains were cremated at the crematorium Šumperk.

Filmography
-----------

Věra 68 - it’s a feature movie, overhead Olga Sommerová.

Interest
--------

After Věra Čáslavská is named asteroid (26986) Čáslavská (improvised name 1997 VC5).

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A **gene knockout** is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is switched off or replaced by one which does not work. 

The organisms, such as knockout mice, are used to learn about a gene that has been sequenced, but whose function is unknown or incompletely known. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals. Knockout is often abbreviated as **KO**.

**Gene knock-in** is the opposite term. There a gene is switched on, or a working gene inserted.

Method
------

Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques. It starts in the test tube with a plasmid, or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture. 

Individual cells are genetically transformed with the DNA construct. Often the goal is to create an animal that has the altered gene. 

If so, embryonic stem cells are genetically transformed and inserted into early embryos. Resulting animals with the genetic change in their germline cells can then often pass the gene knockout to future generations.
**Lance Franklin** (or **Buddy Franklin**) was born on 30 January 1987. In his early life he had grown up to love AFL and view as many matches as he could, but his passion did not just stop there, he was a star on the AFL field as a young boy and eventually pursued his passion to the point he is at now, an international level.

Franklin was born in Perth, Western Australia, into a family of Indigenous Australians (Noongar-Wajuk) and grew up in Dowerin supporting the Melbourne Football Club. When he was 15, he won a sports scholarship and was educated at Wesley College. He played one senior game for the Perth Football Club in 2004, kicking one goal, and represented Western Australia at the 2004 AFL Under 18 Championships.

Franklin has won two premierships, four All-Australian team awards, two Coleman Medals and a Peter Crimmins Medal in his time at Hawthorn, he also kicked the AFL Goal of the Year twice (in 2010 and 2013). He also was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in the 2005 season. After winning his second premiership at Hawthorn, Franklin moved to the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2013 season, before representing Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series. Franklin had an incredible impact at Sydney, where he won three All-Australian selections and two more Coleman Medals.
The Royal Gold Cup, 23.6 cm high, 17.8 cm across at its widest point; weight 1.935 kg, British Museum. Decorated with enamel and pearls. It was made for the French royal family at the end of the 14th century.
Box with angels, intended to contain small bottles of holy oils. Champlevé enamel over gilt copper, early 13th century, Limoges
For other uses of the word, see *Enamel*
**Enamel** is made of melted glass, often on metal. Sometimes called **vitreous** or **porcelain** enamel, it is made by fusing powdered glass to a base by firing, usually between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable coating on metal, or on glass or ceramics.

It has been used on decorative objects for two, or three thousand years, but especially in the Middle Ages in Europe. In the 19th century, it was used on everyday objects such as kitchen equipment and road signs. The glass is hard-wearing, scratch resistant and easy to clean.

Gallery
-------

* Silver, silver gilt and painted enamel beaker, Burgundian Netherlands, c. 1425–1450, The Cloisters, nycSilver, silver gilt and painted enamel beaker, Burgundian Netherlands, c. 1425–1450, The Cloisters, nyc
* Limoges? grisaille painted Stations of the Cross, Notre-Dame-des-Champs, AvranchesLimoges? grisaille painted Stations of the Cross, Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Avranches
* St. Gregory the Great in painted Limoges enamel on a copper plaque, by Jacques I LaudinSt. Gregory the Great in painted Limoges enamel on a copper plaque, by Jacques I Laudin
* Louis George enamel watch dial*Louis George* enamel watch dial
* Iranian enamelIranian enamel

Old German enamel street sign
Dariusz Michalczewski
**Dariusz Tomasz Michalczewski** (May 5, 1968) better known as **Tiger** is a Polish boxer. He was World Boxing Organization, World Boxing Association, International Boxing Federation and Lineal champion in light heavyweight for nine years. He was undefeated for twelve years.

Michalczewski started his career in 1991. He won the World Boxing Association title against Leeonzer Barber, who was undefeated for 3 years. After that he combined the World Boxing Organization title and the Lineal title. He also won the Wold Boxing Organization title against Nestor Hipolito Giovannini in Cruiserweight. In 1996 he fought against Graciano Rochigani, who was one of the best Light Heavyweight boxer at this time. Michalchewski won at round 7. He combined the World Boxing Organization, World Boxing Association, International Boxing Federation and Lineal after a win against Virgil Hill, who was one of the world's best boxers at that time. In 2000 he fought the second time against Graciano Rocchigani. He won the fight in the tenth round by knockout. After the fight against Derrick Harmon, he needed one win to stop the record of Rocky Marciano, who was undefeated for 49 fights in a row. In his fortyninth fight, he fought in the Color Line Arena, Hamburg against Julio Cesar Gonzalez. Michalchewski wasn't trained and lost by split decision. In 2005 he made a comeback against the World Boxing Association Champion Fabrice Tiozzo. He lost the fight by knockout in round five. After that, he said that he never will fight again. In his best time, he counted with Roy Jones Junior as the best light heavyweight fighter of all time.
The **Star Wars** prequel trilogy is a series of movies released between May 1999 and May 2005. All three movies were written and directed by George Lucas. The three movies are: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)

Production
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Lucasfilm started production on The Phantom Menace after George Lucas got interested in reviving the Star Wars franchise.

Reception
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While all three movies are financially successful, the first two movies had mixed reviews, with the final movie having positive reviews. Critics didn't like the dialogue and some of the characters, including Jar Jar Binks. Many fans also thought that the previous three movies were better.

The trilogy has been popular with millennials who grew up with the movies. Because of this, the subreddit called Prequel Memes gained popularity. In more recent years, the movies have been more positively reviewed.
Diagram of a firearm chamber. Figure A is unloaded or empty. Figure B is loaded with a cartridge
Fluted chamber.
The **chamber** is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is fired from. In a breech-loading weapon the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. Most rifles and pistols have a single chamber. To *chamber* a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.

A revolver has multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder. The typical number is six, which is the reason for the nickname Six Shooter and indicates the cylinder has six chambers each holding one cartridge.

Semi-automatic weapons
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AR-15 semiautomatic rifle
In a semi-automatic firearm the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). A semi-automatic firearm can be a pistol, rifle, or shotgun. Each time the trigger is pulled, the gun fires, the spent shell is ejected and a new round is loaded into the chamber. The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use.

Semi-automatic pistols and rifles use the pressure of the fired cartridge to move the slide backwards. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. The magazine uses a spring to feed one cartridge at a time into the chamber.

Fully automatic weapons
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Fully-automatic firearms are those that automatically reload and fire again repeatedly as long as their triggers are depressed and they still have ammunition in their magazines. Fully automatic weapons are not for sporting use but are used by police and militaries. An **assault rifle** is "a gun that can shoot many bullets quickly and that is designed for use by the military". Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.

Manual loading weapons
----------------------

A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked).

A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually. 

A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.
**Wilhelm Reich** (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. In the 1920s he was a pupil of Sigmund Freud in Vienna and made important contributions to psychoanalysis (*Charakteranalyse* 1933; engl. 1945ff). His work was rediscovered by the activists of the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.

During the 1920s Reich became involved in the social struggles of the time. In 1927 he joined the Communist Party. There he founded "SexPol", short for Sexual Politics. In 1933 he was kicked off from the Party, and in 1934 from the organisations of Psychoanalysis. At this time he started his own research on the biological foundations of psychoanalysis, later on called "orgonomy". Orgonomy was to be the science of orgone, a "primordial energy" Reich claimed to have discovered. 

The other side of Reich's story is that he was blamed to have invented a pseudoscience method for treating cancer. He was exposed as a fraud in 1947 articles by journalist Mildred Edie Brady, published in the magazines *Harper's* and *The New Republic*, the latter titled "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich," with the subhead, "The man who blames both neuroses and cancer on unsatisfactory sexual activities has been repudiated by only one scientific journal". The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided that they were dealing with a "fraud of the first magnitude". 

Finally, in 1956 Reich violated an injunction got by the FDA, and was arrested. All his research equipment including his books was destroyed. He was sentenced to two years prison. Reich died on 3 November 1957 (aged 60) in the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Opinions about him remain very divided.

Reich had founded "Orgonon" in Rangeley, Maine after immigrating to the US. It was his 175-acre (71 ha) home, laboratory and research center, and also Reich's burial place. It is now open to the public as the **Wilhelm Reich Museum**.
***Bagpuss*** is a popular children's television series shown on BBC television. It was shown in 1974. Although only 13 episodes were made, it was so popular that it was repeated regularly until 1987. The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms.

The character Bagpuss was a toy cat. Bagpuss was described in each programme as "an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams".

Each programme began in the same way. It started by looking through old sepia photographs as these words were spoken:

*"Once upon a time,*
*not* *so long ago,*
*there was a little girl and her name was Emily.*
*And she had a shop."*
There was a shop called "Bagpuss & Co". The cat sat in the shop window. The owner of the shop was a little girl named Emily. The shop did not sell anything. Instead, Emily would find things that were broken and lost. She fixed them and put them in the shop window. Emily hoping that the owners of the things would come and get them. She would leave the fixed thing in front of her favourite toy: the stuffed cat Bagpuss. Each programme began with these words:

*"Bagpuss, oh, Bagpuss*
*Oh, fat, furry cat puss,*
*Wake up and look at the thing that I bring*
*Wake up, be bright, be golden and light.*
*Bagpuss, oh hear what I sing."*
When Emily had left, Bagpuss would wake up. The programme changed from sepia to colour film, and the toys in the shop would come to life. There was Gabriel the toad, a rag doll called Madeleine, and a wooden woodpecker which was a bookend (something to stop a row of books falling over) called Professor Yaffle. Professor Yaffle spoke like a clever professor. He had a German accent and wore a pince-nez. He would look at the object and tell the audience what it was used for. There were also some mice. They lived in the "mouse organ" (a pun on the word mouthorgan). The mouse organ played music and the mice squeaked in high voices. All the voices except those of Madeleine and Gabriel were done by Oliver Postgate who also wrote the stories.

At the end of the programme, Bagpuss would yawn again and fall asleep. The colour changed back to sepia and the toys became toys again as these words were spoken:

*"Bagpuss gave a big yawn, and settled down to sleep.*
*And of course when Bagpuss goes to sleep*
*All his friends go to sleep too.*
*The mice were ornaments on the mouse organ,*
*Gabriel and Madeleine were just dolls.*
*And Professor Yaffle was a carved, wooden bookend in the shape of a woodpecker.*
*Even Bagpuss himself, once he was asleep, was just an old, saggy cloth cat.*
*Baggy, and a bit loose at the seams, but Emily loved him."*

Other websites
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* *Bagpuss* at bbc.co.uk
Stoa of Eumenes position (number 16) near the Acropolis.
The **Stoa of Eumenes** was a stoa on the Acropolis of Athens. The building was a gift to the city in about 160 BC, by Eumenes II of Pergamon. Today there are ruins of the stoa at the south part of the Acropolis, between the Odeon of Herodes Atticus and the Theatre of Dionysus. The stoa was found by the *Archaeological Society of Athens* in the years 1877–1878.

The building
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Ruins of the stoa
The stoa is 163 meters (535 ft) long today. New findings suggest that it was about 190 meters (623 ft) long in the past. About 160 BC part of the stoa was destroyed to build the Odeon of Herodes. The stoa was then connected to the Odeon. Vitruvius said that it was there to protect the viewers that waited outside the theater and to store things of the theater. The stoa was built like other buildings of Pergamon. The main material was marble from Asia Minor. Its parts were first built in Pergamon. Then they were transported to Athens. It had doric columns in the ground floor and ionic in the top floor. The columns inside were ionic and pergamine in both floors. The power and wealth of Eumenes' kingdom was growing. Eumenes was trying to expand his influence in the greek cities. So he gave gifts to Greek cities. One of them was his stoa in Athens. Attalus was the brother of Eumenes. He gifted a similar building to Athens, called Stoa of Attalus.

Other websites
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* Stoa of Eumenes in the Acropolis of Athens Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
**William Horatio Powell** (July 29, 1892 – March 5, 1984) was an American actor. He was known for his role in *Thin Man* (1934). He was nominated an Academy Award for Best Actor three times for his roles in *The Thin Man* (1934), *My Man Godfrey* (1936), and *Life with Father* (1947).

Early life
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Powell was born on July 29, 1892 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Kansas City, Missouri. Powell studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Personal life
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He was married to Eileen Wilson from 1915 until they divorced in 1930. Then he was married to Carole Lombard from 1931 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Diana Lewis from 1940 until his death in 1984. He had a son with Wilson, William David (who committed suicide in 1968). 

Powell died on March 5, 1984 in his home in Palm Springs, California from heart failure, at the age of 91. He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***William Powell***.

* William Powell Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* William Powell on IMDb
* William Powell at the Internet Broadway Database
* Donald Greyfield (January 1, 2001). "William Powell". *Actor*. Find a Grave. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
* Photographs of William Powell
* FBI file on William Powell
Extra virgin olive oil
Synthetic motor oil
The word **oil** is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (*corn*), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (*petroleum*), which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (*petrol*), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example, to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes, including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

See Thomas Gold for the idea that oils come from space.
Stirling Castle
**Stirling Castle**, is a castle in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the largest and most important castles in the United Kingdom. It guarded an important crossing of the River Forth, which exits to the North Sea in the east.

Location
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The castle sits on the top of Castle Hill, an intrusive volcanic crag, part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. It guards what was, until the 1890s, the farthest downstream crossing of the River Forth, This made it an important fortification from early times.

Structure
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Most of the buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures of the fourteenth century remain, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the early eighteenth century. Several Scottish kings and queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1542. There have been at least eight sieges of Stirling Castle, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The last siege was in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie failed to take the castle. Stirling Castle is a scheduled Ancient Monument, and is a tourist attraction managed by Historic Scotland.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| Geographic | 
* Structurae

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**Magdalena Neuner** (born 9 February 1987 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria) is a German biathlete.

Career
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She had her first Biathlon World Cup race in the 2005-06 season. One year later, she became one of the stars of the German biathlon team with three gold medals in the 2007 Biathlon World Championships in Antholz, Italy. In 2008, she won three other gold medals in the Biathlon World Cup in Östersund, Sweden, and reached also the first place of the Biathlon World Cup in that year.

In the 2010 Winter Olympics she was one of the gold medal favourites. The first race (on 13 February) was the 7.5 km sprint, where she reached a silver medal, beaten only by Anastasia Kuzmina from Slovakia. Three days later (on 16 February), she won the gold medal in the pursuit race. On 21 February, her second gold medal followed in the mass start.

Other websites
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 Media related to Magdalena Neuner at Wikimedia Commons

* Magdalena Neuner's website
* Magdalena Neuner's results on the official International Biathlon Union website
* Magdalena Neuner at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) Edit this at Wikidata