recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Nagasaki Gokoku Shrine is a shrine in Nagasaki, Japan. It's a Gokoku Shrine and it's dedicated to the spirits of around 60,000 people from Nagasaki Prefecture. These people died between the Meiji Restoration and World War II.

The shrine was started in 1869 in Nagasaki's Umegasaki area. At that time, it was called the Nagasaki Shokonsha and it was built to remember the 43 samurais who died in the Boshin War. In 1874, another shrine called Saku Shokonsha was founded in the Nishi-shima area of Nagasaki. This new shrine was built in memory of 536 people who died in the Taiwan Expedition. 

Later on, the two shrines joined together and became the Nagasaki Gokoku Shrine in 1942. The shrine buildings were completed in 1944, but in August 1945, all of them were destroyed during the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. 

The Sako Shokonsha Shrine (Umegasaki Tenno-miya Shrine) was temporarily relocated at the former Sako Shokonsha Shrine. The shrine was rebuilt in October 1963 and has been designated as a National Important Cultural Property. The shrine celebrates two annual festivals on April 22 and October 26.The shrine is a Gokoku Shrine, which means it's a shrine that's dedicated to the dead from wars. These shrines were created to honor the war dead and were considered "branches" of Yasukuni Shrine. In 1939, they were renamed from Shokonsha.

This photo shows the old Nagasaki Shokonsha shrine, which was completely destroyed during the atomic bombing.
**Jord van Weeren** (born 1994) is a Dutch bowler and bowling coach from Leiden. He represents the Netherlands at international competitions since 2008. He became 2022 European team champion.

Biography
---------

Van Weeren started with playing football when he was a child. In the same period he went often to the bowling hall because his mother played bowling. His sister also played bowling. As a junior he competed as an exceptional case at a senior competition, and won. The junior head coach who was present advised him to started playing more competitions.

Van Weeren competes at around seven international tournaments per year. He participated at the 2018 WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships.  In 2019 he became twice national champion (Singles and Doubles). He became in European team champion in Helsinki in 2022, together with Michell Stinissen, Nick de Gelder, Mike Bergmann and Kenneth Ramos.

As an amateur bowler he has to pay all the costs for the tournaments, training facilities and bowling balls.

Van Weeren is bowling coach of the Dutch national team (under-18). In 2022 he was selected to become Leiden sport coach of the year.

Van Weeren has an IT job at Rabobank. He uses all his holiday days for playing bowling tournaments.
**Sikhye** (also spelled shikhye or shikeh) is a Korean traditional rice beverage which is fermented for some periods. It is usually served as a dessert with its sweet taste. The main ingredients of Sikhye is liquids, cooked rices. When we drink Sikhye, we can see that there are some residue of cooked rice. Sikhye is also called 'Dansul' and 'Gamju.' Both of these names mean "sweet wine." These days, Sikhye is also served in cans at Korean markets so that it can be easily enjoyed by people. The Vilac company is the most famous company which produce Sikhye in South Korea.

Recipe
------

Sikhye is made by malt water and cooked rice, etc. The malt water soak in boiled rice until grains of rice appear on the surface. And the liquid is poured out, drained, and boiled with sugar and ginger. After this, it is cooled down and kept in the jar.

Regional Variations
-------------------

There are some regional variations of Sikhye. These include 'Andong Sikhye' and other varieties of Sikhye like 'Jinju sikhye,' 'Gangwon-do sikhye,' and 'Gyeongsang-do sikhye.' Andong Sikhye is a little bit different from the ordinary style of Sikhye. It uses radishes, carrots, and powdered red pepper to make it somewhat hot. And then, it is fermented for several days. The important thing is the crunchy texture of the radishes. It should be kept through the long fermentation process of Sikhye. Sikhye with a soft texture of the radish is regarded as an inferior product. Andong Sikhye is good for digesting because it has lactobacillus in it.

Effects
-------

Sikhye has a lot of effects. First, it helps the function of digestion. Sikhye is one of the fermented foods which can help internal organs' movement and this movement of internal organs helps a digestion. Second, Sikhye contains a lot of fibers and these fibers work in body to accelerate a digestion as the main element. Third, it is helpful for chronic constipation and prevention of colorectal cancer and arteriosclerosis. Moreover, Sikhye is good for relieveing hangover. Lastly, According to Sasang typology in Oriental culture, Sikhye helps people who have cold constitution to be warmer.

Related pages
-------------

* Korean cuisine
**Georgette Jeanniot** (10 August 1895 - 9 November 1975) was a French swimmer in the 1900s and 1910s from Paris. She was a member of Ondine de Paris. She was specialized in the 100 metre freestyle.

Career
------

On 28 July 1907 at the international Odines swimming competitions, finished third in the international 60 metre race with handicap. She won that day the under-13 50 metre event in a time of 51:4. On 22 September she competed at the first women's breaststroke competition and finished third. The next month she went with four other girls and five boys to the international Entente Cordiale meeting for schoolchildren. At the 1908 Joinville-le-Pont international swimming competition she finished third in the 50 metre race for teenagers. In 1909 she competed at the FNSNS swimming competition in Paris and won the under-14 60 metre race.

On 23 July 1911 shw won the international 120 metre handicap race at the international Odines swimming competitions. She also won the national 60 metre scratch race. Later the year on 6 September she won the silver medal at the national championships in the 100 metre freestyle event. In 1913 she became French national champion in the 100 metre freestyle event in a time of 1:51.6. Her last victory was on 26 July 1914 at the swimming gala in Lyon where she won the 100 metre freestyle event.

Personal life
-------------

Jeanniot was born in 1895 as a daughter of M. Jeanniot and was a journalist. She married in Vincennes in 1922. She died on 9 November 1975 at the age of 80.
**Francoise Jeanne Letellier** (19 March 1920 — 15 August 2011) was a French swimmer from Paris during the 1930s. She did the breaststroke. She was three times times national champion and three time beat the national record (100 metre and 200 metre breaststroke).

Letellier was a member of Mouettes de Paris and later of Racing club de France and Stade français in 1937.

Biography
---------

She started with swimming on the advice of the family doctor to improve her lung capacity. In July 1927, she obtained her school swimming certificate. Her first main achievement is in 1933, winning the bronze medal at the national championships in the 200 metre breaststroke in a time of 3:40.6. Two years later she won again the bronze medal at the national championships, now in a time of 3:34. At the end of the year she broke the national record of the 100 metre breaststroke in a time of 1:31 at the Gare swimming pool in Paris on 20 December. In 1936, 1937 and 1938 she became national champion in the 200 metre breaststroke. While she was 1936 national champion, she was not selected for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. At the end of 1936 she broke the national record in the 200 metre breaststroke in a time of 3:19.8 at the Neptuna swimming pool in Paris on 28 November. After setting the new record record, she was checked to see if she was wearing a slip under her jersey. The next year she broke the record again at the Neptuna swimming pool in a time of 3:18.4 on 21 July 1937.

In 1938 she finished second at the national championships in the 200 metre breaststroke.

Other websites
--------------

* Image of Letellier (1935)
**Sara Amelia Bernard** (born 18 August 1992) is a Malaysian model and actress. She is the season 2 winner of TV3’s reality game show *Clever Girl Malaysia*.

Early life
----------

Sara was born in Ipoh, Perak. Her mother is of British-Malay descent and her father is Iban-German. She is the eldest of three siblings. She attended high school at SMK Convent Ipoh and completed her A-Level’s in Mathematics, Psychology and Economics at Taylor’s College Sri Hartamas.

*Clever Girl Malaysia*
----------------------

Sara, representing Perak, beat 13 other contestants to win season 2 of *Clever Girl Malaysia*. She won the prize of RM100,000. The reality game show aired on TV3 for 10 weeks.

Miss Malaysia World controversy
-------------------------------

In 2013, Sara was disqualified from competing in the Miss Malaysia World pageant. Her disqualification followed a religious ban prohibiting Muslim girls from participating in beauty pageants. This controversy led to her dreams of obtaining the crown shattered.
Liquid Tetrachloroethylene in a clear glass bottle.
**Tetrachloroethylene** is a pleasant-smelling colourless liquid that is used for dry-cleaning. It is also known as **perchloroethylene** and **perc** for short. It has the chemical formula C  
2Cl  
4 and it is composed of carbon and twice the chlorine. It was first made in 1839 in France.

Properties
----------

Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It has a mild, sweet odour that most people can smell even in small amounts. It is much heavier than water and it does not mix with water, because Perc is nonpolar while water is polar. It can mix with many other solvents. Perc boils at 121 degrees Celsius and freezes at –22 degrees Celsius.

3D model of tetrachloroethylene's molecular structure. Green balls represent chlorine atoms and black balls represent carbon atoms.
Its molecule is very similar to ethylene but with chlorines instead of hydrogens in ethylene.

Uses
----

A freight train car carrying Tetrachloroethylene
Perc has been used in dry cleaning since the 1930s. It was introduced as a safe alternative to carbon tetrachloride (extremely poisonous to the liver) and flammable solvents like gasoline. 

Years ago, dry cleaners used to throw away dirty perc after a few uses. The modern dry cleaning machines have mechanism to distill (boiling and condensing again) the perc for re-use.

Perchloroethylene was previously used as a parasite medication for animals.

Dangers
-------

Perc has low toxicity but people who inhale it for a long time can become unconscious. Perc's ability to remove oils is very strong and can hurt the skin. It is not inflammable or explosive.

Similar compounds
-----------------

* trichloroethylene
* carbon tetrachloride
**Isabelle Raymonde Madeleine Plancke** (8 April 1910 — 1 August 1997) was a French swimmer and water polo player. She specialized in the breaststroke and in open water swimming.

Career
------

Plancke started swimming around the age of 12 with Mouettes de Paris. With the team she became several times champion of Paris in the relay event. In the early 1930s she was a member of CN Marseille.

She was a specialist in open water swimming and took several times part in the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], the main open water competition in France. She finished second in 1926 and 1927 and finished fourth in 1931 and 1932. In 1931 she won with her team the team classification.

At the French national championships she competed in the 200 metre breaststroke event in 1926 and finished fourth. The next year, in 1927 she won the bronze medal. In 1928 she competed in the qualifying events for the 1928 Summer Olympics. She also participated in other swimming competitions and also competed with Mouettes de Paris in water polo matches, together with her sister Yolande Plancke.

Personal life
-------------

Plancke was born on 18 April 1910 in Comines. Her father worked as a commercial employee and her mother Julie Delporte also came to Paris. In 1929, the family lived at Rue des Goncourt. She was the sister of Olympic athlete Yolande Plancke.

On 7 August 1943, she married Yves Garnier in Paris. On her marriage, she worked as a production manager, and lived with her widowed mother in Soisy-sous-Montmorency. She divorced three years after her marriage. She died in Limeil-Brévannes on 1 August 1997, at the age of 87.
**Jacqueline Hélène Seignol** (born 20 December 1921) was a French competitive swimmer from Paris during the 1930s and 1940s. She was specialized in the 100 metre backstroke. She was national champion in the 100 metre backstroke.

Biography
---------

### Early life and family

Seignol was born in Paris in 1921. She was ther of Édouard Frédéric Charles Seignol, an industrialist, and his wife Marguerite Henriette Gillet. Her sister Hélène Seignol (1923-1999) also participated in some swimming competitions in the early 1940s.

### Swimming career

One of her first main championships, was in 1933 when Seignol participated at the championships of Paris. In 1936 she became the junior French champion in the 100 metre backstroke event and 100 metre breaststroke event. The next year in July 1937 she won the silver medal at the senior France national championships in the 100 metre backstroke event in a time of 1:27.90. She won again the silver medal in 1938 in the 100 metre backstroke in a time of 1:26.4. In 1939 she became national champion at the France 100m backstroke swimming championships [fr] in a time of 1:21.3. Seignol retired from swimming shortly before her wedding, that took place in Paris in 1946.
**Terrace farming** (also called **step farming**) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are an example and are considered a World Heritage Site.

Rice terraces in Vietnam, nearby Khau Phạ Pass, Mù Cang Chải District 
This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.

The idea was also independently developed by the Inca people. The Incas built their aqueduct system so well that it is still used today.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Agricultural terraces***.

* Terrace Fields around the World
An **ecological footprint** measures how much people take from nature. The footprint is then compared to the amount of natural resources nature can renew. The ecological footprint takes into account how much farmland, forest area, grazing land, forest area, and sea area it takes to provide everything people use through carbon dioxide intake. More simply, footprint calculations answer the questions: how much nature do we have? And how much do we use?

When analyzing the world as a whole, humanity is using nature about 1.7 times faster than nature renews itself. It is like using 1.7 planet Earths. Since people consume differently around the world, it is also possible to calculate how many planet it would take if everybody around the world consumed like a particular population. For instance, if everybody consumed like the Germans, it would take nearly 3 planet Earths. Expressed in area: The ecological footprint per world citizen is about 2.8 global average hectares per person while there are only 1.6 global hectare of biologically productive land and water per person on Earth. This means that humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 70% and now lives unsustainably by depleting stocks of "natural capital"</ref>"The Human Nature of Unsustainability".</ref> and running on biocapacity deficits.

After this, it will shift into an ecological reserve because the biocapacity has been exceeded, and will be considered an ecological overshoot.

All this data is based on the 2020 assessment from Global Footprint Network, York University, and FoDaFo. It uses 2017 data.

Related pages
-------------

* Population growth
* Overpopulation

Other websites
--------------

* The Sustainable Scale Project's introduction to the Ecological Footprint Archived 2011-11-26 at the Wayback Machine

* Global Footprint Network - international think-tank advancing the Ecological Footprint

* [RecycleNation. "Recyclenation." RecycleNation, .]
***Yooka-Laylee*** is a platform game published by Team17. It was released in 2017 for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. S version for Amazon Luna was releaed in October 2020. The game was created by Playtonic Games. They are a group of people who used to work for Rare. *Yooka-Laylee* is a spiritual successor to the *Banjo-Kazooie* series. That series was released for the Nintendo 64 almost 20 years earlier. After years of planning to make a new game, Playtonic Games started a Kickstarter campaign that got a large amount of media coverage. It raised a record-breaking sum of over £2 million. The game follows chameleon Yooka and bat Laylee on their quest to get a magical book from an evil company.

*Yooka-Laylee* got mixed reviews. Critics do not agree on the idea that being similar to its predecessors was enough to make it a successful game. Many felt that it was just taking advantage of nostalgia. Most critics agreed that it was very similar to earlier platformers. They also pointed out technical shortcomings and outdated gameplay.
The **Kremser Sportclub** is an Austrian football club from the city of Krems in Lower Austria. They play in the Regionalliga Ost. The club colors are black and white.

History
-------

The club was founded on 24 August 1919 as 1. Kremser Sport-Club with the club colors black and white. In 1924 the club was given the name Kremser Sport Club.

In 1930 Kremser SC was winning the Austrian amateur championship. In 1954 the club was promoted to the Staatsliga B for the first time and in 1956 to Staatsliga A, then the highest league in Austrian football. After the dissolution of the Staatsliga B Krems stayed in the Regionalliga Ost (then second highest league) until 1974, before it went back to the Landesliga Niederösterreich. From 1977 to 1980 they played again in the 2nd division of the Bundesliga, but were then relegated to the Landesliga. 1983 they returned to the second level.

In the 1987/88 season the club reached the cup final. They played 2-0 and 1-3 against FC Swarovski Tirol an won the cup on the away goals rule. In 1989 with the fourth place in the promotion play-off they reached the Bundesliga. They stayed there till 1992. After relegation from the 1st Bundesligabthey were relegated step by step in the 1st Lower Austrian Landesliga. In the 2021-22 season they finished 2nd. In the relegation game against Wiener SV Donau on 25 June 2022, promotion to third division was realized.

Honours
-------

* 1 × Austrian Amateur Champion: 1930
* 1 × Austrian Cup: 1988
* 7 × Lower Austria Champion: 1930, 1931, 1933, 1954, 1974, 1983, 2001
* 2 × Lower Austria Cup: 1936, 2015

Other websites
--------------

* Offical website
**Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz** ( audio) (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. He temporarily gave power to his brother Raúl Castro while recovering from surgery in the summer of 2006. On February 19, 2008, he announced that he would not return to power. He was in power for 49 years.

Early life
----------

Castro was born in Birán, Cuba on August 13, 1926. He received a doctorate of law from the University of Havana. He was trained as a military lawyer. He came to power after he and his guerrilla soldiers overthrew the dictatorship of General Fulgencio Batista.

Background
----------

Castro was a communist and he made Cuba the first socialist country of the Americas. During the Cold War he was a friend of the Soviet Union, and he depended on their help until the USSR collapsed. An important moment of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In October 1962 the United States of America discovered that the Soviet Union was placing missiles on Cuba, close to the United States. After very tense talking, a big nuclear war was avoided between the Soviet Union and the USA.

Some people call Castro a dictator. They criticize him, because they think he has ignored some human rights, for example, torture, murder and oppression of freedom of speech, both at home and in African countries where he sent Cuban soldiers to spread Communism. Other people do not think this is true. For example, Nelson Mandela has spoken in support of Castro and has thanked him for aid to Africa. Amnesty International criticized Cuba's human rights record but noted slow progress in July 2002. Supporters of Castro say he gave Cuba the best health care and education of Latin America and created equality between the poor and the rich.

Personal life
-------------

Castro's first wife was Mirta Díaz - Balart. They married in October 1948. They had a son Fidel Ángel "Fidelito" Castro Díaz-Balart, born in September 1949. Díaz-Balart and Castro divorced in 1955. In 1980, Castro married Dalia Soto del Valle. Their marriage would end with Castro's death in 2016.

Death
-----

On November 25, 2016, Castro died at age 90 of natural causes in Havana, Cuba. President Raúl Castro, his brother, announced Fidel's death on state television. His remains were later cremated on November 26, 2016.

Other websites
--------------

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By Fidel Castro
* Archive of Fidel Castro's speeches in 6 languages

About Fidel Castro
* Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
The first official **flag of the Soviet Union** was adopted in December 1922 at the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was adopted as the national flag.

History
-------

On 30 December 1922, the congress Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.'.

On 6 July 1923, it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the centre. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to used very much and was only used officially for four months.

The third meeting of the Exekutive committees of the Soviet Union changed the flag on 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a gold sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.

Changes to the shape of the hammer and sickle and the shade of red were made in 1955. This design stayed the national flag until the break-up of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991.
**Jennifer Lynn Siebel Newsom** (born June 19, 1974) is an American documentary filmmaker and actress who is the current first partner of California as the wife of Governor Gavin Newsom. Newsom also served as the second lady of California and first lady of San Francisco when her husband was lieutenant governor and mayor of the state and city.

Biography
---------

### Early life and education

Jennifer Lynn Siebel was born on June 19, 1974 in San Francisco, California to Kenneth Siebel Jr. and Judy Pritzer Siebel. She is the second eldest of five girls and later grew up in Ross, California. During her childhood, she was very active in playing basketball, soccer, and tennis. Siebel attended schools and universities such as, Ross Grammar School, The Branson School, and Stanford University where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Business Administration degree.

### Political spouse role titles

#### **First Partner of California**

Jennifer assumed the role and duties as the First Partner of California on January 7, 2019, succeeding Ann Brown, when her husband inaugurated as the 40th Governor of California. During her husband's term as governor and her term as first partner, she launched major initiatives such as, The Representation Project, Advance SEL California, California for ALL Kids, California for ALL Women, and the Equal Pay Pledge. Newsom redefined her role as "*first partner"* to prevent gender bias.

#### **First Lady of San Francisco and Second Lady of California**

She previously served as the second lady of the state when her husband was lieutenant governor of the state and served as the first lady of San Francisco when her husband was mayor of the city.

### Marriage, family, and personal life

She had met then San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom on a blind date at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in October 2006, and soon began dating afterwards. He officially proposed to her in January 2008 and announced their engagement and they officially got married in July 2008. They have four children together, two daughters named, Montana and Brooklynn Newsom and two sons named, Dutch and Hunter Newsom and she also has a sister in law named Hilary Newsom.

Official websites
-----------------

* 
* 
*
**Jeanne Decorne** was a French swimmer and swimming administrator in the 1900s and 1910s from Alfortville.

Affiliations
------------

She was a member of Ondine de Paris and later of Sirènes, where she also was the president. In 1908, she joined Mouettes de Paris where she became the vice-president. She also represented the sports club of Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones.

Career
------

Her first swimming competitions were in 1907. The next year she won several swimming competitions, including at the second day of the world championships the 100 metres event in a time of 1:48.6. In the 100 metres event at the national championships she finished second behind her daughter Eugénie Decorne. Over the next years she also won several swimming competitions, including the women's category at the 1912 and 1913 Traversée de Lille à la nage [fr] open water swimming race.

During the national championships in June 1913 she experimented with a device to remain under water. She was able to remain for over 5 minutes under water. At national championships in August 1913 she won the bronze medal in the 500 metres event. Later, on 24 August, she was able to stay for 18 minutes and 34 seconds under water with a Fernez and Lavegade device during an aquatics festival in Alençon. She participated at Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], a main open water event, in 1917, 1918 and 1919. In the summmer of 1919 she was training to cross the English Channel. She swam her last swimming competitions in July 1919, winning the 100 metre event at a swimming competition in Calais and competed at the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr].

Personal life
-------------

Decorne was married. Her daughter was swimmer Eugénie Decorne, who died during her career from typhoid fever. She worked for the Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones. In August 1918 she was the first woman to operate the airmail service between Paris and London.

Other websites
--------------

* Image of Decorne (1918)
* Image of Decorne (1918)
**Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte** was an elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1806, he crowned him as King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain in 1808.

Early Life
----------

He was born Giuseppe Buonaparte to Carlo Buonaparte, representative to King Louis XVI's court. He was educated in Corsica and France and studied law at Pisa. In the Corsican civil war, which marked the early years of the French Revolution, he sided with the French, as did his brother Napoleon. When the anti-French forces were victorious, he and the entire Bonaparte family fled to the Continent.As a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, he served in the Cinq-Cents (lower house) and was the French ambassador to Rome.In 1795 Joseph was a member of the Council of Ancients where he used his position to help his brother overthrow the Directory.

King of Naples and Sicily
-------------------------

In 1806, Joseph Bonaparte was given military command of Naples, and shortly afterward was made king by Napoleon I, to be replaced after two years by his sister's husband, Joachim Murat, when Joseph was made king of Spain in August 1808, soon after the French invasion.

King of Spain
-------------

Coat of arms of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain (1808–1813)Coat of arms of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain (1808–1813)
Joseph Bonaparte reluctantly left Naples and arrived in Spain just in time for the Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War, in which the French were eventually expelled by Spanish guerrilla fighters and by an Anglo-Portuguese army. The Spanish remain loyal to their former king, Ferdinand VII.Bonaparte abdicated and returned to France after defeat at the Battle of Vitoria. He was seen by Bonapartists (supporters of Napoleon I) as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own son Napoleon II in 1832.

Head of the House of Bonaparte
------------------------------

  

As the eldest in the family Bonaparte, he became its head in 1832, although he did little to advance his claim. Joseph Bonaparte lived primarily in the United States from 1817 to 1832, initially in New York City and Philadelphia. He was also reputed to have encountered the Jersey Devil while hunting there. Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in Florence, Italy and was buried in the Les Invalides building in Paris, He was succeeded by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte as head of the family, and is survived by his great great grandson Frederick Joseph Benton.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Joseph Bonaparte at Wikimedia Commons
* Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze
* Joseph Bonaparte and the Jersey Devil Archived 2010-02-02 at the Wayback Machine

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Morisot, painted in 1872 by Manet
**Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot** (French: [bɛʁt mɔʁizo]; January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was an Impressionist painter. She was born in Bourges, France, and died in Paris.

In the 1860s, she studied with Camille Corot. She exhibited at the 1865 Salon. Morisot met artist Édouard Manet in 1868. Manet painted her portrait several times. The two had great influence on one another's work. In 1874, she married his brother, Eugène.

She exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. Morisot worked in oils, pastels, and watercolor. Her pictures are light and delicate. They typically depict women and children in everyday domestic life.

Many critics ridiculed the Impressionists. Morisot was not spared. She was never commercially successful during her lifetime. During her lifetime however, she outsold prominent Impressionists Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley.

Gallery
-------

* The Cradle, 1872The Cradle, 1872
* Child among the staked roses, 1881Child among the staked roses, 1881
* The Bath, 1885 or 1886The Bath, 1885 or 1886
For other uses, see Mute (disambiguation).
**Muteness** means not being able to speak. A person that cannot speak is called a **mute**. A mute keeps the ability to hear the speech of others. If not, the person would be a deaf mute.

Muteness is a type of speech disorder. A person who chooses not to speak is said to be *silent* rather than mute. Slang for this (British English) is "keeping mum".

Originally, the common word **dumb** or *dumbness* used to mean "unable to speak," though was taken over to mean "*unwilling* to speak" or "unintelligent". So, people now prefer the term "muteness". "Dumb" is a much more common word, and might be used if it would not be misunderstood.

Cause (eteliology)
------------------

In general, someone who is mute may be mute for one of several different reasons: genetics, psychological, or trauma.

For children, a lack of speech may be developmental, neurological, psychological, or due to a physical disability or a communication disorder. 

Adults who previously had speech and then became unable to speak: this may be due to disease, injury, damage or surgery affecting areas of the brain needed for speech. Loss of speech in adults may occur, but rarely, for psychological reasons. Damage (however caused) to the parts of the brain needed for speech is called **aphasia**.

Action
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Treatment or management of muteness depends on what has caused the absence of speech. A speech assessment may decide cause and treatment. Treatment of absence of speech is possible in a variety of cases. If the absence of speech is a permanent condition, a range of communication devices are available to help communication.

Speech-generating devices help people with speech deficiencies.

Related pages
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* Deaf-mute
* Aphasia
* Aphonia
* Autism
* Deafness
* Dysarthria
Badge of the Kingdom of Irelandประดู่ คำหงษาพอดีตชาติเคยเกิดเป็น

Ireland is mostly the Republic of Ireland (which does not have a monarchy) and partly Northern Ireland (whose monarch is Charles III). Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a constitutional monarchy. Until the 20th century, all Ireland had a constitutional monarchy and was a part of the United Kingdom since 1801. Monarchies were in existence through most of the history of Ireland.

In the High Middle Ages, the Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland ended when the Normans invaded Ireland. Ireland became a fief of the Papal States (the government of the Pope). The King of England's government started to control many of the lands of Ireland. This continued until the English Reformation, when the Kingdom of England got full ownership of Ireland. The Kingdom of Ireland came into existence in the reign of Henry VIII. Henry VIII was the first to be both King of England and King of Ireland.

The Kingdom of Ireland started in 1542. Before 1603, Ireland shared a monarch with the Kingdom of England (but not with the Kingdom of Scotland) in a personal union. When Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth I died in 1603, James VI and I became the first to be King of Ireland, King of England, and King of Scotland in a three-kingdom personal union. Between 1603 and 1707, the Kingdom of Ireland shared the monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. Anne was the Queen of Ireland when the United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in 1707. Anne was Queen of Ireland and Queen of Great Britain. Between 1707 and 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland shared the British monarchy with the United Kingdom of Great Britain. (During the government of Oliver Cromwell, the British Isles became a republic: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.) George III was King of Ireland when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into existence at the start of 1801. George III was the first to be king of the new kingdom, which combined the whole British Isles (except the Isle of Man) into one kingdom for the first time.

In December 1922, most of Ireland left the United Kingdom to become part of the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire; the rest, Northern Ireland, remained within the United Kingdom. In 1937, after George V died, the Free State changed its laws to give the British monarchs much less power. In April 1949, the Republic of Ireland stopped having a monarchy entirely, and left the Commonwealth of Nations. Since then, the only part of Ireland to have a monarchy is Northern Ireland (because it is part of the United Kingdom). Elizabeth II was the former queen, but passed in 2022. Charles, Prince of Wales was named the King of England in September 2022.
Statue of Sir Thomas White in Coventry
**Sir Thomas White** (1492–12 February 1567) was an English cloth merchant, civic leader and founder of St John's College, Oxford.

Career
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Thomas White was born in Reading, Berkshire. He was the son of William White, a clothier of Reading, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Henry Kibblewhite. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a London merchant. In time he became a prosperous clothier. In 1546 he served as sheriff of London. In 1553 he was Lord Mayor of London. Thomas White became Sir Thomas White when he was knighted by Queen Mary II of England the same year. Sir Thomas founded St John's College, Oxford in 1555. He died on 12 February 1567 at Oxford University. Sir Thomas was buried in the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford.

The Sir Thomas White Loan Charity was started in 1542 and it still exists. It gives interest-free loans to new businesses in Leicestershire and Rutland. There are several memorials to Sir Thomas White in England and he is memorialized on Leicester's clock tower.

Family
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Sir Thomas first married a woman named Avice. She died on 26 February 1558. He married secondly Joan, daughter of John Lake. She was the widow of Ralph Warren, Lord Mayor of London. Sir Thomas White did not have any children by either wife.

Other websites
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* Sir Thomas White Loan Charity
**Jacques-Yves Cousteau** known as **Jacques Cousteau** (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as **"le Commandant Cousteau"** or **"Captain Cousteau"**.

Life
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### Early life

Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.

In Toulon, where he was serving on the *Condorcet*, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).[*source?*]

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the *Calypso*. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

Death
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On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

Honors
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During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:

* Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
* Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
* Croix de guerre 1939–1945
* Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
* Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
* Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
* National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
* BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

Related pages
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* List of ecologists

Other websites
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* Jacques Cousteau on IMDb
A **ticket of leave** was an important document given to convicts who had been sent to Australia. Convicts who were well-behaved were given a ticket of leave. This gave them some rights, and they did not have to stay in gaol. With a ticket of leave, a convict was able to look for work in a particular area but could not leave the area without permission from a court. Every change of employer or district was written on the ticket.

History
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Governor Philip Gidley King started the tickets of leave in 1801. It gave prisoners a reason to behave themselves. Also, it helped to provide cheap workers for farmers who were settling in Australia. The government saved money as it did not have to feed and clothe the prisoners.

Those with a ticket of leave were able to marry or to bring their families from Britain. They could buy land but not carry guns or get onto a ship. They were often made to pay back the cost of their travel in the prison ship to Australia. The ticket of leave had to be renewed every year, and those with one had to attend 
muster
 (where it could be checked they were still living in the area), and church services. Prisoners could lose their ticket and be sent back to prison if they were lazy, if they tried to get paid too much, or if they were rude to the police or soldiers. Sometimes, prisoners who helped the government, by capturing escaped convicts for example, might be given a ticket of leave as a reward.

A convict who kept to the conditions of his ticket of leave was given a conditional pardon after half of the time he was supposed to be in gaol. Then, they were no longer a convict and could do everything except leave the colony. Convicts who did not keep to the conditions of their ticket could be arrested without warning, go to court without being able to appeal, and lose all their property.

The ticket
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The ticket itself was a highly detailed document. It listed the convicts' number, the name, the ship in which sent to Australia, the year that they arrived, the captain of the ship, where they came from, their job, the crimes,the place and date of trial, the sentence, the birth date, what they looked like, the area the prisoner was allowed to live in, the court that gave out the ticket, the date the ticket was given, any other conditions of the ticket, and any changes of where they lived. A lot of this information has been kept, which makes them a very important source of information for people looking at family history.

Other websites
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* Index to Ticket of Leave Passports Archived 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
* A real Ticket of Leave Archived 2009-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Joseph Wilkes Ticket of Leave, 1869
* Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
The Battle of Poitiers (1356) Eugène Delacroix
**Geoffroi de Charny** (c. 1300 – 19 September 1356) was the Lord of Lirey, a French knight and a writer. Sir Geoffroi was born of an important French family. Throughout his life he fought many battles for France. He fought in the Crusades and many times throughout the war with England. He was always loyal to his King, Jean II, King of France and died at the Battle of Poitiers protecting him. Throughout his lifetime he was well known and well respected by both the French and the English kings and nobles. At Poitiers he was chosen to carry the Oriflamme into battle. The Oriflamme was the Kings banner and this was a great honor given to a knight by the King. He was also one of the Knights chosen to fight close to and protect the King. De Charny was said to be a "true and perfect Knight".

Jean de Joinville was de Charny's grandfather's. He was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography. In the same tradition, Sir Geoffroi wrote three books in his time. His most famous book was "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry". In this book he shared his great skill and knowledge of combat. The second book written by de Charny is entitled, "Requests (or Questions) for jousting tournaments and war". It was written about 1352 to the Knights of the Order of the Star which Sir Geoffroi founded. This book was written in the form of questions. His third book was the book "Charny", describes the life of a knight and lists the qualities a good knight must possess.

Charny fought in Flanders and Tournay. He was taken prisoner but was ransomed because the King considered him so important. He fought in many major battles during the Hundred Years' War such as the battles of Calais, Crecy and Poitiers.

Sir John Chandos was a close friend and biographer of Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son of King Edward III of England. Chandos was a famous knight himself. He was an educated man and wrote down the events of a great meeting of both sides before the Battle of Poitiers. He wrote that at that meeting Sir Geoffroi tried to avoid a great bloodshed by proposing a smaller battle where 100 knights on each side would do battle with each other and the outcome would decide the battle. Chandos writes that Charny was trying to find an honorable solution to avoid a great many more deaths. The Black Prince refused that offer. Charny’s predictions turned out to be true and indeed a great many nobles on both sides lost their life that day, including de Charny himself.

Charny died at the Battle of Poitiers while protecting the King.

Pilgrim Badge of the Pilgrimage of Lirey representing the Shroud of Turin (Croquis d'Arthur Forgeais, 1865)

The Shroud of Turin
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Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man (represented in the Pilgrim Badge shown here) existed in the small town of Lirey in France around the years 1353 to 1357 in the possession of Geoffroi de Charny. The cloth itself is controversial. Some believe it is a fake, while others believe the shroud to be the true burial cloth of Jesus Christ.