recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Langeoog** (English: "Long Island") is a German island in the North Sea.

Langeoog is about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) long (from east to west). It covers an area of about 20 square kilometres (7.7 square miles). There are about 2000 people living on Langeoog.

Langeoog has a beach that is 14 kilometres (8.7 miles) long.

Traffic
-------

Cars are not allowed to drive on Langeoog. People on the Island use bikes. The port and the village are linked with a small railway, the so-called "Inselbahn" (Island's Rail). The Railway is about 2.4 kilometers long.
The harbour of Langeoog is quite big. It was built in World War II by the German Navy. Today the harbour is used by ferries, that connect Langoog with the harbour of Bensersiel on the coast. The Langeoog harbour is also used by sailors, some fishermen and the German Society for Rescuing Ship-Wreckers.
There is also a little airfield on Langeoog.

Landmarks
---------

Water-Tower with Lale Andersen's monument
The landmark of Langeoog is the Water-Tower, that was built in 1909 on top of a dune near the village.

Tourism
-------

Tourism is the main source of income for Langeoog's economy. There are several hotels. The youth hostel can be found several kilometers outside the village.

* Inselbahn Langeoog (Island's Rail)Inselbahn Langeoog (Island's Rail)
* LangeoogLangeoog
* Way to the beach.Way to the beach.
* A thunderstorm over the islandA thunderstorm over the island

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Langeoog***.

* Official site (in German)
* Langeoog Island Ferry (in German)
* Langeoog Online - Travel and Tourism Directory (in German)
* Online Magazine Langeoog Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
A female sex worker performing a lap dance for a man lying on a couch
A **lap dance** is a type of sex work performed in some strip clubs (clubs in which women or men take off their clothes as they dance to music). In this, a dancer performs an erotic dance either contacting their body (contact dancing) with a seated patron or within a very short distance of a seated patron.

The dancer may be naked, topless or wearing a bikini top and bottom, depending on the laws in the jurisdiction of the strip club and the club's policies. With full-contact lap dances, the stripper may engage in contact with the patron, such as pressing his or her body against the patron. Different types include a *couch dance*, which is a lap dance where the customer is seated on a couch, and bed dance where the customer lies down on a bed. 

In some clubs, a "block session" of lap dance (usually half an hour to an hour) can be booked in a "champagne room", which is a private room in the back of a club. In many clubs, the duration of a lap dance is measured by the length of the song being played by the club's DJ. Charges for lap dances vary.

Depending on the local jurisdiction and community standards, lap dances can involve touching of the dancer by the patron, touching the patron by the dancer, neither, or both. In some clubs, any touching by the patron is forbidden. On the other hand, if a club does not enforce its rules, levels of contact may be negotiable between the participants. Clubs vary widely with regard to whether they enforce their rules or ignore any violations.

Critics of lapdancing say that some club owners, by installing dark private booths and charging dancers high stage fees to work at the club, are encouraging the sale of sexual acts between customers and dancers. According to the UK paper The Guardian, "Research shows that the majority of women become lap-dancers through poverty and lack of other jobs".
**Prince Louis of Orléans, "Prince of Condé"** (*Louis Philippe Marie Léopold*; 1845 – 24 May 1866 was a French prince given the title of Prince of Condé at birth. He died in Australia in 1866 at age 20.

Brief biography
---------------

He was born on 15 November, 1845 at the Château de Saint Cloud outside Paris. He was the eldest son of Henri d'Orleans, Duke of Aumale and his wife Princess Carolina Augusta of the Two Sicilies. Through his father Louis was he was a grandson of Louis Philippe I. As a result of this Louis was a "Prince of Orléans" at birth. He was later given the courtesy title of Prince of Condé. Following the French Revolution of 1848, he and his parents fled to England. He was educated at the "Royal High School" in Edinburgh. He was also the first member of a royal house to visit the Australian continent. This is where he died after catching a cold. He was eventually buried at the Royal Chapel of Dreux in France.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* **15 November 1845 – 24 May 1866** *His Royal Highness* The Prince of Condé Prince of Orléans.
A glass of milkMilk is permitted on a full-liquid diet, but not a clear-liquid diet.
A **liquid diet** is a diet that is mostly made up of liquids, or soft foods that melt at room temperature (such as ice cream). A liquid diet usually helps provide lots of hydration and helps maintain electrolyte balance. It is often prescribed for people who suffer with gastrointestinal illness or damage, or before or after certain types of medical tests or surgeries that involves the mouth or the digestive tract.

A liquid diet is not recommended outside of hospital or medical supervision. Negative side effects include fatigue, nausea, dizziness, hair loss and dry skin. These effects are said to disappear when the person starts eating.

Clear liquid diet
-----------------

A clear liquid diet is made up of a diet only contains transparent liquid foods that do not contain any solid particles. It is sometimes called a *surgical liquid diet* because of its perioperative uses. This includes vegetable broth, bouillon (excepting any particulate dregs), clear fruit juices such as filtered apple juice, clear fruit ices or popsicles, clear gelatin desserts, and certain carbonated drinks such as ginger-ale and seltzer water. It excludes all drinks containing milk, but may accept tea or coffee. Typically, this diet contains about 500 calories per day, which is too little food energy for long-term use.

Full liquid diet
----------------

A full or strained liquid diet is made up of both transparent and opaque liquid foods with a smooth consistency. People who follow this diet may also take liquid vitamin supplements. Some individuals who are told to follow a full-liquid diet are also allowed to eat soft foods such as strained meats, sour cream, cottage cheese, ricotta, yogurt, mashed vegetables or fruits, etc.
Marta Kubišová
**Marta Kubišová** (1 November 1942 České Budějovice, then in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) is a Czech singer most popular in Czechoslovakia in 1960s. She won *Zlatý slavík* TV award in 1967.

Life
----

**Family**

Marta Kubišová’s father was a cardiologist and her mother a housewife. Her family moved to Poděbrady in 1952. She married Jan Něměc, who later emigrated and they got divorced. Her second husband was director Jan Moravec. Her daughter Kateřina was born on 1 June 1979.

### Career

Her singing career started with a dance group in Nymburk. She reached the finals in *Hledáme nové talenty* in 1961. In 1963 she moved to Plzeň to perform. In September 1964 she performed in theater Rokoko. She won *Silver Lyre of Bratislava* with Helena Vondráčková in 1966. She created the group 'Golden Kids' with Václav Neckář and Vondráčková in 1967. Her song *Prayer for Marta* became a symbol of national resistance against the occupation of Warsaw Pact troops in 1968. During the Prague Spring, she recorded over 200 SP records and one LP (*Songy a Balady*), which was immediately banned from stores. The government unjustly banned her from performing in February 1970. She signed the Charter 77 and she became their speaker. 

She suffered a miscarriage and survived clinical death. Marta was also an actress and she met her husband Jan Němec while filming. In 1990s and 2000s she also took part in concerts to promote human rights. She was awarded the *Honorary Medal of T. G. Masaryk* in 1998 and in October 2002 she got the *St. Wenceslas Honours*.
**Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam** were an American pop, freestyle and urban contemporary band. The group was one of the first to come from New York City in the 1980s. The members of the group were vocalist Lisa Lisa (real name was Lisa Velez), bassist/guitarist Alex "Spanador" Moseley and keyboardist/drummer Mike Hughes.

Their song "I Wonder if I Take You Home" was a freestyle chart topper on the United States' *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play in June 1985 for one week. Onn the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs, the song hit #6. The single went gold in the United States under the RIAA.

The song was followed by another club hit, "Can You Feel the Beat", hit #6 on the United States' *Billboard* Dance chart in late 1985. The group's third single, "All Cried Out", also went gold. It hit #3 on the R&B charts. It hit #8 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart during summer 1986. "All Cried Out" was covered by the by R&B girl group Allure in the late 1990s. 

Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam's second studio album, *Spanish Fly*, was a strong success in 1987. It had two hit singles, "Head to Toe" and "Lost in Emotion". The earlier hit #1 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100, Dance Club and Black singles charts. The latter hit #1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and Black singles charts.

The group's last two albums, *Straight to the Sky* (1989) and *Straight Outta Hell's Kitchen* (August 1991), didn't do as good as their earlier albums. However, the 1991 song, "Let the Beat Hit 'Em", hit #1 on the R&B and Dance Club charts.

The group split up in 1991.
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Lie*.
**Lie Sang Bong** is a Korean fashion designer. His designs have been worn by Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, and Lindsay Lohan.

Early life
----------

Lie graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts, majoring in broadcasting and entertainment. He began as an actor, but made his debut as a fashion designer in 1983 when he won a prize in the Central Design Contest.

Career
------

In 1993 he presented his first collection, ‘The Reincarnation’, in Seoul Fashion Week. In 1999, he was nominated as ‘Best Designer of the Year’ by the mayor of Seoul because of his creativity and commercial growth. In 2002, he made his debut in Paris and successfully launched his first title, ‘The Lost Memoir’. He now works between Paris and Seoul, and his works are greatly appreciated in Europe, U.S.A and Russia.

Lie's designs are inspired from the imperial love affair of Napoleon and Josephine, Korean poetry and calligraphy, Cubism, Bauhaus design, and 1930s film noir heroines. His designs realize both aesthetic beauty and practical aspect as he pursues combination of real life and culture. His works show the beauty of women’s silhouette. They are naturally wearable and comfortable. His mix of French and Oriental ideas, creates a new and unique design based on the beauty of nature and sophisticated visual characteristic. He uses bold colours, red and violet, which give energy and freshness to his designs.

In 2006 he worked with LG to design the LG Shine Phone Lie Sang-bong Limited Edition. This phone was designed with Korean Calligraphy, Hangeul. In 2007, KT&G, the Korean tobacco firm, had him design a limited edition tobacco case, ‘Esse’ also designed with Hangeu]. Samsung also collaborated with him and exhibited Lie Sang-bong PC. In 2010, he designed custom of Kim Yuna, the World Figure Skating champion, for the ‘Festa on Ice 2010’. His appearance in *Muhandojeon* in 2006 contributed to his popularity. *Muhandojeon*, which means unlimited challenge in Korean, is one of the most famous TV programs in Korea. In the program, he designed customs for the 6 entertainers and successfully made them participate in his fashion show. After his appearance in the TV program, he has been known as a Hangeul designer because all of the show was based on showing the beauty of Hangeul.

In 2013 he appeared on the KBS sports-oriented variety show *Cool Kiz on the Block* for a ping pong project where he revealed his ping pong skills. He first appeared in the 88 Seoul Olympics 25th Anniversary Special, and then joined the team for a ping pong battle in Saipan.

He is known as the "Korean Alexander McQueen" in many famous fashion magazines in the world such as Le Figaro, Telegraph, the New York Times, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Oyster, Standard and W Magazine. His art work has been shown in exhibitions in museums and fashion shows.

Other website
-------------

* Lie Sang Bong website
A **metric space** is a mathematical concept. It is a set of points with a way to measure the distance between them. This distance is measured by a function called a metric.

Take for example a flat surface, or plane. You can measure distances on it in different ways. Like if you're walking in a city (taxicab metric), you can't walk through buildings, so the distance is how far you walk up and down the streets. This might be longer than if you could walk in a straight line from point to point (Euclidean metric), like a bird might fly. Both are useful in different situations.

The metric can measure physical distance, like on a sphere or in a 3D space. But it can also measure more abstract things. Like how many changes you need to make to turn one word into another (Hamming distance).

Many mathematical objects can be turned into metric spaces because they have a natural way to measure distance. These include things like curved surfaces, vector spaces, and graphs. Even the rational numbers can be turned into a metric space.

Metric spaces can be used in many branches of mathematics. This is because they are so general but also because the concept of distance is very intuitive and common in many contexts.

Metric spaces can also help us understand many basic ideas in mathematical analysis. These include balls, completeness, continuity, and the idea of open and closed sets.

**Definition of Metric Space**

To be a metric space, a set of points (M) and a metric (d) must follow these rules:

1. The distance from a point to itself is always zero.
2. The distance between two different points is always positive.
3. The distance from point x to point y is the same as the distance from y to x.
4. The distance from x to z is less than or equal to the distance from x to y plus the distance from y to z. This is like saying the fastest way to get from one place to another is by a straight line.

**Examples of Metric Spaces**

1. Real numbers with the distance function |y-x| form a metric space.
2. The flat plane can have different metrics. The usual distance (Euclidean) is measured by a straight line between two points. But you can also measure distance like you're walking in a city (taxicab distance). Or like how a king moves in chess (Chebyshev distance).
3. You can also have a discrete metric where all points are 1 unit apart. This treats the set just as a bunch of points, without remembering that it is a plane.

**Subspaces**

A subset of a metric space can also be a metric space. We just measure distances the same way as in the bigger space. For example, a sphere in a 3D space can be considered a metric space. The distance is just the straight line between two points on the sphere.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Ukraine
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

 |
**Louis de Béchamel**, marquis de Nointel (1630–1703) was a French *financier* and patron of the arts.

Life
----

Son of Jean-Baptiste Béchamel, Louis was a rich tax farmer and superintendent to the house of the Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. In 1697, Béchamel bought the *marquisat* of Nointel and later became Louis XIV's head steward.

Béchamel and his wife, Marie Colbert (d. April 3, 1686) had two children, Marie Louise Béchamel de Nointel (1661 – April 2, 1740) and Louis Béchamel de Nointel (1649 – December 31, 1718).

Béchamel sauce
--------------

The white sauce called béchamel sauce (Fr. *sauce béchamel*) acquired its name from him for he perfected an older sauce made from cream originally made by François Pierre de la Varenne (1615–1678), the cook of the marquis d'Uxelles. The sauce was dedicated to Béchamel to flatter him, at which the Duke of Escars commented:

 
> "That fellow Béchamel has all the luck! I was serving breast of chicken *à la crème* more than 20 years before he was born, but I have never had the chance of giving my name to even the most modest sauce."
> 
> 

 
> (*« Est-il heureux, ce petit Béchamel ! J’avais fait servir des émincés de blancs de volaille à la crème plus de vingt ans avant qu’il fût au monde et, voyez, pourtant je n’ai jamais eu le bonheur de pouvoir donner mon nom à la plus petite sauce! »*)
> 
>
Bellamy
**Madge Bellamy** (June 30, 1899 – January 24, 1990) was an American stage and movie actress. She was born Margaret Derden Philpott in Hillsboro, Texas. She came from a good home, but ran away at 17 to become an actress and dancer in New York City.

She was featured in several roles, and made her first movie *Passing Thru* in 1920. After a dispute with Fox Films in 1929, she lost work. She returned to the screen in B-movies in 1932. She is probably best known today for playing Madeline in the horror movie *White Zombie* opposite Bela Lugosi.

In 1943, she was involved in a scandal with a rich married man. She was accused of shooting at him. Charges were dropped but her career was damaged. She made her last screen appearance in *Northwest Trail* in 1945.

The rest of her life was passed mostly in poverty. She sold tools in a store and was an unsuccessful novelist. She died in Upland, California of heart failure. Her autobiography was published shortly after her death. Her only marriage was brief and childless.
**Metro Station** is an American pop punk band that was formed in 2007. The member consist of Trace Cyrus & Mason Musso. The band is often described as a scene pop band due to the members' sense of fashion and the band's unique blend of various pop styles.

Career
------

In 2005, Mason and Trace agreed to meet on the set of *Hannah Montana*, which starred Mason's brother, Mitchel, and Trace's sister, Miley. Sharing musical interests, they decided to form a band. Shortly thereafter, Cyrus recruited Blake Healy from Synthetic Joy and the Bum Out Eternal as a keyboardist, synthesist, and bassist. Cyrus remained the singer and the lead guitarist. Musso became the group's main singer and rhythm guitarist.

The band released its *self-titled debut album* in September 2007. The singles of the album are "Kelsey", "Control", "Shake It" (which is the most popular and hittest song by the band) & "Seventeen Forever".

In 2010, tension between Cyrus and Musso caused the band to go on hiatus. In 2011, the band returned, however, it was announced that Cyrus was no longer a part of the group and Musso had purchased the rights to the name. An EP entitled *Middle of the Night* was released in 2013, which was led by the single "Every Time I Touch You". In 2014, Cyrus and a new drummer, Spencer Steffan, came to the band, and a new single entitled "Love & War" was released. In 2015, the band released a second full-length album, titled *Savior*. After this, the band went on a U.S and European tour, announcing an EP called *Bury Me My Love* along with a U.S. 10-year anniversary tour. Just before the tour started, the band announced it would be their final tour and that they were breaking up. They reunited once again in 2019 and released the single "I Hate Society" in 2020.

Discography
-----------

### Studio Albums

* *Metro Station* - September 18, 2007
* *Saviour* - June 30, 2015

### Singles

* "Kelsey" - August 18, 2007
* "Control" - 2007
* "Shake It" - April 1, 2008
* "Seventeen Forever - December 13, 2008
Sofonisba Anguissola: portrait of a monk (c. 1556)
Medieval Christian monks
Buddhist monks in Tibet
A **monk** is a man who devoted part or all of his life to a religion. The word comes from Ancient Greek, and can be translated as *solitary*. In Greek, the word can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly used for men. The word nun is usually used for female monastics. Monks practice asceticism. They either live alone, or together with other monks who share the same ideals. Monks can be found in different religions, most often in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism.

The monks who live on their own are usually called hermits, those living with other monks do so in monasteries. Nuns living together do so in a convent.

Some laws monks might choose to obey:

1. Poverty: the monk cannot own anything.
2. Chastity: the monk cannot have sex or a sexual relationship and cannot start a family or get married.
3. Solitude: the monk should always be alone. Some monks choose to not follow this law.
4. Silence: the monk shall not speak unless it is necessary.
5. Generosity: the monk should always help other people.
6. Stillness: the monk cannot travel far unless it is necessary. Sometimes this means that the monk must be *cloistered* which means that they must not leave their monastery (especially Warsa period). Sometimes they can be allowed to leave, but must not go very far.
7. Duty: The monk must do some things every day. For example, the monk must pray or meditate and must do some work.
Kriegsmarine symbol
The ***Reichsmarine***, later called ***Kriegsmarine*** (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁiːksmaˌʁiːnə], *War Navy*) was the Navy of Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1935 and Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It replaced the Imperial German Navy of World War I and the inter-war *Reichsmarine*. The *Kriegsmarine* was one of three official branches of the *Wehrmacht*, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

History
-------

The *Kriegsmarine* was developed during the German naval rearmament of the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy after World War I. It also prevented Germany from building submarines. But by 1934 Germany had secretly stockpiled most of the parts they needed to construct submarines (called U-boats). In early 1935 Hitler ordered the U-boats to be built. In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for the construction of many surface naval vessels. The ships of the *Kriegsmarine* fought during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The commander of the *Kriegsmarine* was Karl Dönitz.

Ships
-----

The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats. Most of them were built after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were groups of submarines that attacked British convoys. Most of the attacks were during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic. Along with the U-boats, commerce raiders and cruisers were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war. The most famous of these were the heavy cruisers *Admiral Graf Spee* and *Admiral Scheer* and the battleship *Bismarck*. However, the allied adoption of convoy escorts greatly reduced the danger from commerce raiders.

Other websites
--------------

* The Nazi German Navy 1935-1945 (Kriegsmarine)
* Kriegsmarine Ships


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kriegsmarine***.
A **mantle** is a layer inside a planetary body that is between the core and the crust of a planetary body. Mantles are made of rock or ices. They are generally the largest layer of the planetary body. All terrestrial planets, a number of asteroids, and some moons have mantles.

Earth's mantle
--------------

See the main article: Earth's mantle
The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass is 4.01 × 1024 kg. It makes up 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi). It makes up about 84% of Earth's volume. The Earth's mantle behaves as a viscous fluid.

Other planetary mantles
-----------------------

Mercury has a silicate mantle that is approximately 490 km thick. Mercury's mantle makes up 28% of its mass. Venus's silicate mantle is approximately 2800 km thick. Venus's mantle makes up around 70% of its mass. Mars's silicate mantle is approximately 1600 km thick. Mar's mantle makes up 74–88% of its mass.

Moons with mantles
------------------

Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede have silicate mantles. Io's mantle is 1100 km thick. Ganymede's mantle is 1315 km thick. Europa's mantle is 1165 km thick. The silicate mantle of the Moon is approximately 1300–1400 km thick. Titan and Triton each have a mantle made of ice or other solid volatile substances.

Asteroids with mantles
----------------------

Some of the largest asteroids have mantles. For example, Vesta has a silicate mantle similar in composition to diogenite meteorites.
The **Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra** (in German: **Gewandhausorchester Leipzig** or just **Gewandhausorchester**) is a famous German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany. It is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus (pronounce: "Ge-VANT-house"). The word "Gewandhaus" means "Textiles Hall". It is a hall that originally was used for people to buy and sell textiles.

History of the orchestra
------------------------

The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the *Grosses Concert* began performing in private homes. In 1744 the *Grosses Concert* moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern. Their concerts continued there for 36 years. Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles. The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781. It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.

In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director). He was called the *Gewandhauskapellmeister*. He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847. In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name. This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944. The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name. It was opened in 1981.

The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings. They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.

Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann. From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister. From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt. 

In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera. They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.

Music director (Gewandhauskapellmeister)
----------------------------------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * 1781-1785 Johann Adam Hiller
* 1785-1810 Johann Gottfried Schicht
* 1810-1827 Johann Philipp Christoph Schulz
* 1827-1835 Christian August Pohlenz
* 1835-1843 Felix Mendelssohn
* 1843-1844 Ferdinand Hiller
* 1845-1847 Felix Mendelssohn
* 1848-1854 Julius Rietz
* 1860-1895 Carl Reinecke
* 1895-1922 Arthur Nikisch
 | * 1922-1928 Wilhelm Furtwängler
* 1929-1933 Bruno Walter
* 1934-1945 Hermann Abendroth
* 1946-1949 Herbert Albert
* 1949-1962 Franz Konwitschny
* 1964-1968 Václav Neumann
* 1970-1996 Kurt Masur
* 1998-2005 Herbert Blomstedt
* 2005-*present* Riccardo Chailly
 |

Conductors laureate
-------------------

* 1996-*present* Kurt Masur
* 2005-*present* Herbert Blomstedt

Other websites
--------------

* Gewandhausorchester Leipzig official website
**Leizu** was a legendary Chinese queen. According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC.

Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees. However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk.

One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out. As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. 

Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.

She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons. She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China. Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common.
European Squid (*Loligo vulgaris*). The mantle is all that is visible behind the head: the outer body wall and the fins are all part of the mantle.
The brightly coloured mantle of this Giant clam is showing.
The **mantle** is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the organs of digestion, reproduction and movement. 

In many, but not all, species of molluscs, the epidermis (skin) of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin, and creates a shell.

The word *mantle* means cloak or cape, and does often resemble a cloak. The edges of the mantle may extend far beyond the main part of the body, forming flaps, double-layered structures adapted for many different uses, including for example, the *siphon*.

The mantle cavity
-----------------

The *mantle cavity* is a central feature of molluscan biology. This cavity is formed by the mantle skirt, a double fold of mantle which encloses a water space. This space contains the mollusc's gills, anus, and organs for taste, excretion and reproductive organs.

The mantle cavity functions as a respiratory chamber in all molluscs. In bivalves it is usually part of the feeding structure. In some mollusks the mantle cavity is a brood chamber, and in cephalopods and some bivalves such as scallops, it is a locomotory organ.

The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods the contraction of the mantle is used to force water through a tubular *siphon*, and this propels the animal rapidly through the water. In other molluscs, it is used as a kind of "foot" for locomotion.
The **Lieutenant Governor of Iowa** is a assistant governor. If the governor quits or dies, then the lieutenant governor will become governor of the state. The current Lieutenant Governor is Republican Adam Gregg since January 18, 2019.

Before 1990, the governor and lieutenant governor were elected in separate elections; since then they have run together on the same ticket.

Living former lieutenant governors of Iowa
------------------------------------------

As of October 2019[update], there are seven former lieutenant governors of Iowa who are currently living at this time, the oldest lieutenant governor of Iowa being Roger Jepsen (served 1969–1973, born 1928). The most recent death of a former lieutenant governor of Iowa was that of Jo Ann Zimmerman (served 1987–1991, born 1936), on October 23, 2019.

| Lt. Governor | Lt. Gubernatorial term | Date of birth (and age) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Robert D. Fulton | 1965–1969 |  (1929-05-13) May 13, 1929 (age 93) |
| Roger Jepsen | 1969–1973 |  (1928-12-23) December 23, 1928 (age 94) |
| Terry E. Branstad | 1979–1983 |  (1946-11-17) November 17, 1946 (age 76) |
| Robert T. Anderson | 1983–1987 |  (1945-03-08) March 8, 1945 (age 77) |
| Sally Pederson | 1999–2007 |  (1951-01-13) January 13, 1951 (age 71) |
| Patty Judge | 2007–2011 |  (1943-11-02) November 2, 1943 (age 79) |
| Kim Reynolds | 2011–2017 |  (1959-08-04) August 4, 1959 (age 63) |

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Lieutenant Governors of Iowa at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website
**Junker** was a Nazi rank that was used by the SS between the years of 1933 and 1945. The rank was a special rank held by those wanting to become officers in the armed part of the SS, first known as the *SS-Verfügungstruppe* and later as the *Waffen-SS*.

The Junkerschule was a officer candidate school in Bad Tölz that trained men to become full SS officers.

Levels
------

The rank of SS-Junker was split into four levels, those being *Junker*, *Oberjunker*, *Standartenjunker*, and *Standartenoberjunker*.

The process for a Junker to become an SS officer usually took between 18 to 24 months to complete.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **SS Officer Candidate Rank** | **SS Enlisted Equivalent** |
|  |
| Standartenoberjunker | Hauptscharführer |
|  |
| Standartenjunker | Oberscharführer |
|  |
| Oberjunker | Scharführer |
|  |
| Junker | Unterscharführer |
|

Sources
-------

* "Loyalty is My Honor, Personal accounts from the Waffen-SS"
* SS service record of Joachim Peiper (National Archives and Records Administration)
Newly industrialized countries as of 2010.
The term **newly industrialized country** (**NIC**) is a socioeconomic classification used by political scientists and economists to talk about several countries around the world.

NICs are countries who still are not developed countries but are doing better than other developing countries. NICs have fast growing economies, and export a lot. In NICs many things in the country change quickly as people from the country move to the cities to take jobs in factories.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:

* Increased social freedoms and civil rights.
* Strong political leaders.
* A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
* An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
* Large national corporations operating in several continents.
* A lot of investment from foreign countries.
* Political leadership in the part of the word they are in.
* Fewer poor people

NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internationl support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.

Related pages
-------------

* Emerging markets
* Flying Geese Paradigm

**Groupings:**

* G8+5
* G20 industrial nations
* G20 developing nations
* BRICS
* Next Eleven
The **lesser bandicoot rat** (*Bandicota bengalensis*) is a rodent. It lives in south Asia. It can grow up to 40cm long. It is a rat, but is not in the genus *Rattus*. They may be a pest to cereal crops, and gardens in India and Sri Lanka. When attacking the rat grunts like a pig. Their fur is dark brown on the back and usually lighter or darker grey on the belly-side (ventrally). The length of their body is about 25cm, and the tail is shorter than the body.

Location
--------

Sometimes, the rats live in empty houses in villages. When they feel threatened, they are very aggressive. Many see them as a threat to infants (babies). Packs of lesser bandicoot rats have been known to attack and devour infants left alone.

Misunderstandings
-----------------

Despite its name, the rat is not related to the bandicoot, which is a marsupial.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature says there are large numbers of lesser bandicoot rats found over a wide area. They have listed them as being of Least Concern for survival.
**Maurice Ralph Hilleman** (August 30, 1919 – April 11, 2005) was an American microbiologist. He specialized in vaccinology. He developed over 36 vaccines, more than any other scientist. Of the 14 vaccines currently recommended, he developed eight: those for measles, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, chickenpox, meningitis, pneumonia and *Haemophilus influenza* bacteria. He also played a role in the discovery of the cold-producing adenoviruses, the hepatitis viruses, and the cancer-causing virus SV40.

He is credited with saving more lives than any other medical scientist of the 20th century. Robert Gallo described him as "the most successful vaccinologist in history".

At the time of his death on April 11, 2005, at the age of 85, Hilleman was Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

Method and personality
----------------------

Hilleman was a forceful man who was at the same time modest in his claims. None of his vaccines or discoveries are named after him. He ran his laboratory like a military unit, and he was the one in command He terminated every subordinate who did not measure up to his standards. For a time, he kept a row of "shrunken heads" (actually fakes made by one of his children) in his office as trophies that represented each of his fired employees. He used profanity and tirades freely to drive his arguments home, and once, famously, refused to attend a mandatory "charm school" course intended to make Merck middle managers more civil. His men were fiercely loyal to him.

Recognition
-----------

Hilleman was an elected member of the US National Academy of Science, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. In 1988 President Ronald Reagan presented him with the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor. He received the Prince Mahidol Award from the King of Thailand for the advancement of public health, as well as a special lifetime achievement award from the World Health Organization, the Mary Woodard Lasker Award for Public Service and the Sabin Gold Medal and Lifetime Achievement Awards.

Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of the virus that causes AIDS, once said "If I had to name a person who has done more for the benefit of human health, with less recognition than anyone else, it would be Maurice Hilleman. Maurice should be recognized as the most successful vaccinologist in history".

After Hilleman's death Ralph Nader wrote, "Yet almost no one knew about him, saw him on television, or read about him in newspapers or magazines. His anonymity, in comparison with Madonna, Michael Jackson, Jose Canseco, or an assortment of grade B actors, tells something about our society's and media's concepts of celebrity; much less of the heroic."

On October 15, 2008, Merck named its Durham, North Carolina vaccine manufacturing facility in memory of Hilleman.
Korean mask
**Korean masks** have been used since the 6th century. The oldest mask in Korea is a lacquered mask that was excavated in one of the tumuli in Gyeongju. In the past, the masks were used for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits or raise ghosts. Also, they were used for mask plays like *BongsanTalchum, SandaeNoli*.

In Korea, *tal* means *mask*. *Tal* is an ancient Chinese word that means a face, a tool for face, a mask, etc. The word *tal* means a *mask* and *disease* in Korea. That is why Korean masks normally represent the face of demons or monsters that cause various diseases. Ancient Korean believed that the mask of strong demons can drive weak demons out.

Masks in theatre
----------------

Mask plays have different themes. Basic themes are biting satire, ritual dances, exorcism rites, parody of human weaknesses, social evils and the privileged class. 

A lot of *talchum*, or plays, mock stereotyped of annoying personalities in the lower classes. The most distinguishing feature of the Korea mask plays is variations of specific lines in plays. According to actors and regions, the specific lines in plays can be changed. With regional variations, the mask play is usually performed on traditional holidays.

Shamanistic masks
-----------------

Korean masks used in shamanistic practices were made of wood. They had several coasts of lacquer to give the masks gloss and to and waterproof them for wearing. In Korea, many people have believed that the lacquer tree can drive away evil spirits. That is why Koreans used lacquered masks. The horrifying or grotesque masks were used in shamanistic practices for their ability to evoke fear, and humor, in ceremonial rites.
Lars Løkke Rasmussen in 2017
**Lars Løkke Rasmussen** (born 15 May 1964 in Vejle) is a Danish politician who was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 28 June 2015 to 27 June 2019. He was also Prime Minister from 5 April 2009 until 3 October 2011. 

He has been a Liberal Party member of the Danish Parliament since 21 September 1994. From November 2001 to November 2007 he was Interior and Health Minister of Denmark, and from November 2007 to April 2009 he was Finance Minister of Denmark. 

On 5 April 2009 he took over from Anders Fogh Rasmussen as Prime Minister after Fogh Rasmussen was elected Secretary General of NATO. 

Rasmussen has also been mayor of Frederiksborg County north of Copenhagen from 1998 to 2001. He holds a degree in law from the University of Copenhagen. He is married and has three children.

On 6 June 2019, he resigned from his position as prime minister after a general election, in which his government was narrowly defeated by the Social Democrats and their leader Mette Frederiksen.
The **Korean International School of Hong Kong** (KIS) was founded on March 1988. It is in Lei King Wan, Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong, near Tai Koo Shing. Tai Koo Shing has many Koreans.

Structure
---------

The school has an English section and a Korean section. The Korean Section uses Korean textbooks. The students there prepare to take the KSAT (Suneung) so they can go to Korean universities. The English section uses English textbooks and follows the Cambridge International Primary Programme.

KIS has many facilities, like a tennis court, swimming pool, soft-surface playing fields, and a gymnasium. Students use the facilities for physical education classes and activities outside of classes. Higher grade students take a school trip to England.

There are many special parties during the year. Usually there is one party per month. Some of these parties are Play Day in April, Sports Day in May, Spring Concert in June, Halloween in October, and Fun Tie and Hat Day.

The students are in four "house teams"- Cougars, Eagles, Lions and Pandas. Each house has their own chant and their own colour.

Investigation
-------------

In the past the school has had problems with bribery. A person in the cleaning company paid a bribe to a school officer. So the Independent Commission Against Corruption investigated the school and arrested one person. Koreans in Hong Kong were disappointed. They said they lost confidence in the school's management.
Space debris populations seen from outside geosynchronous orbit (GSO). There are two primary debris fields: the ring of objects in GSO and the cloud of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO).
The **Kessler syndrome** (or **Kessler effect**, is a cascade effect. It was suggested by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978. The scenario occurs when the space pollution is high enough for collisions between objects to occur.

There is a satellite in orbit that is large and inactive, making it count as space debris, but it is in an orbit with a large amount of space debris. Two known objects get within 200m of it every year. This could cause a lot of space debris, inducing a domino effect with more collisions.

Avoiding Kessler syndrome
-------------------------

Satellite manufacturers must demonstrate that their satellite can safely destroy itself or boost itself into a higher or lower orbit, known as a graveyard orbit, to avoid keeping unused satellites in common orbits for other satellites.

Related pages
-------------

* Space debris
* *Gravity* (movie), a 3D movie showing space debris and a form of Kessler Syndrome.
**Alice** and **Ellen Kessler** (born 20 August 1936 in Nerchau, Saxony, Germany) are twin entertainers known in Europe, especially Germany and Italy, from the 1950s and 1960s and until today for their singing, dancing, and acting. They are usually credited as the **Kessler Twins** (**Die Kessler-Zwillinge** in Germany and **Le Gemelle Kessler** in Italy), and remain popular today.

In the US, they were not as popular but appeared in the 1963 movie *Sodom and Gomorrah* as dancers and appeared on the cover of Life Magazine in that year. They made their American television debut on 12 February 1963 on the *Red Skelton Hour*, acting in his comedy sketch and dancing and singing a duet. They also performed on *The Ed Sullivan Show*.

Their parents, Paul and Elsa, sent them to ballet classes at the age of six, and they joined the Leipzig Opera's child ballet program at age 11. When they were 18, their parents used a visitor's visa to escape from East Germany to West Germany, where they performed at the *Palladium* in Düsseldorf. They performed at *Le Lido* in Paris between 1955 and 1960, and represented West Germany in the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 8th place with *Heute Abend wollen wir tanzen geh'n (Tonight we want to go dancing)*.

The Kessler Twins pictured on the Italian magazine *TV Sorrisi e Canzoni* in 1965
The Kessler Twins performing on *The Danny Kaye Show* in 1966
They moved to Italy in 1960 and gradually moved to more serious roles. At the age of 40, they agreed to pose on the cover of the Italian edition of Playboy. That issue became the fastest-selling Italian Playboy up until that point.

They moved back to Germany in 1986 and currently live in the Munich suburb of Grünwald. They have received two awards from both the German and Italian governments for promoting German-Italian cooperation through their work in show business.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Kessler Twins at Wikimedia Commons
* Alice Kessler on IMDb
* Ellen Kessler on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
The name **kestrel** is given to several different members of the falcon genus, *Falco*. Kestrels hover about 10–20 metres (35–65 ft) over open country, and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects. Other falcons are more adapted to active hunting on the wing. In addition, kestrels have much brown in their plumage.

Kestrels can fly in stationary air, even indoors in barns. While hovering they face towards any slight headwind. This leads to the common kestrel being called a "windhover" in some areas.

Unusually for falcons, plumage often differs between male and female, although as usual with monogamous raptors the female is slightly larger than the male. This allows a pair to eat slightly different prey on their home range. Kestrels are bold, and have adapted well to humans. They nest in buildings and hunt by main roads. Kestrels do not build their own nests, but use nests built by other birds.

Most kestrels form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome *b* sequence data  and morphology. This clade diverged from other *Falco* around the Miocene to Pliocene about 7–3.5 million years ago (mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings.

Male American kestrel
About 2.5–2 mya, the main lineage of true kestrels emerged. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three mainly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestrels by their general shape and habits, but are probably distinct from the true kestrels discussed above.

There is only one kestrel in the Americas, with a wide range of habitats. It is *Falco sparverius*. The male is more brightly coloured than usual for kestrels, with a reddish back and tail.