recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The original names of the 8 Dalmatian City-states were: Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. But under the Republic of Venice were called: Zara, Spalato, Cherso-Crespa, Arbe, Trau, Veglia, Ragusa and Cattaro 
The **Dalmatian city-states** were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the native Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (also called Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.

History
-------

At the beginning of the seventh century, the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.

The original names of the cities were Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws were initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.

The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia. It was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.

In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.

Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the 11th century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.

Bibliography
------------

* Jackson, Thomas. *Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado*.Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1887 .

Related pages
-------------

* Dalmatian Italians
* Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
* Republic of Venice
* Venice and Dalmatia
Not to be confused with The Revenge of Shinobi (Game Boy Advance).

***Shinobi*** is a 3D action-adventure video game, developed by Overworks (AM7) and published by Sega as a part of *Shinobi* series. It was released for PlayStation 2 console on November 10, 2002 in North America, December 5, 2002 in Japan, and May 15, 2003 in Europe and Australia. The game starts with a young ninja Hotsuma, a leader of Obara clan, who wields Akuji, a sword that feeds on souls. He can perform ninja magic, shurikens, spells, and special ability. Upon finding a golden castle after an earthquake, Hotsuma make it his goals to defeat the powerful Hiruko, who had summoned hellspawn creatures in feudal Japan to destroy in Tokyo. Hotsuma's missions is to stop Hiruko destroying the world and avenge the death of his clan.

*Shinobi* was originally planned for the Dreamcast, but due to the discontinuance of the console, the game has been moved into PS2. The game was also available to the PlayStation Network in 2012, and sequel entitled *Nightshade* was also released in 2004.

Other websites
--------------

* *Shinobi* at MobyGames
* *Shinobi* at GiantBomb
* Hardcore Gaming 101: Shinobi Archived 2021-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Licchavi** (also *Lichchhavi*, *Lichavi*) was an ancient republic that existed in what is now Bihar state of India before the birth of Mahavira (b. 599 BC). Its capital was Vaishali.

From about 400 to 750, a kingdom in Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley had the same name, Licchavi.

Origins
-------

Early Buddhist legends tell that Licchavi was a ruling family during Gautama Buddha's time in India, but links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts. That means that India was a significant cultural influence. That was likely through Mithila, now the north of Bihar, India.

Other websites
--------------

* Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com
* *History of Nepal,* Thamel.com
* "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)
* Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", *Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies,* Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134) Archived 2008-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Jack Spicer** (January 30, 1925 – August 17, 1965) was an American poet.

Spicer was born in Los Angeles in 1925. He went to college at the University of California at Berkeley. He became good friends with the poets Robin Blaser, and Robert Duncan. They called themselves "The Berkeley Renaissance". When they moved to San Francisco in the 1950s, they and other poets became known as the San Francisco Renaissance.

In 1950 he would not sign a "loyalty oath" to the United States. He left Berkeley to teach at the University of Minnesota. He returned in 1952 and worked on a Ph.D. in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse. He never finished his writing for that degree. In 1953 he worked at the California School of Fine Arts. He and five others started the "6" Gallery. That was where Allen Ginsburg and other poets had a famous reading in 1955 that started the Beat movement.

Then he had a job in the rare books room at the Boston Public Library. But he soon went back to California. Duncan got him a job at San Francisco State College to teach a workshop called "Poetry and Magic."

Spicer suffered from alcoholism and depression. He died in 1965 at San Francisco General Hospital.

Books
-----

* *After Lorca* (1957)
* *The Holy Grail* (1964)
* *A Book of Music* (1969)
* *The Collected Books of Jack Spicer* (1975)
* *The House That Jack Built: The Collected Lectures of Jack Spicer* (1998)
* *My Vocabulary Did This to Me: The Collected Poetry of Jack Spicer* (2010)sz
* One Night Stand and Other Poems (Grey Fox Press,1980

Related pages
-------------

* List of poets from North America
**Katharine Sara Walker** (born 30 October 1994 in Belfast) is a Northern Irish nurse, radio presenter and beauty pageant titleholder who was appointed as Miss Universe Ireland 2021 and represented Ireland at the Miss Universe 2021 pageant in Eilat, Israel. She was previously crowned as Miss Northern Ireland in 2018.

Early life and education
------------------------

Walker was born and raised in Belfast, Northern Ireland. She is the younger sister of Gareth Walker with her parents Fred Walker and Wendy Walker. Walker went to Queen’s University Belfast in Belfast where she earned her bachelor’s degree in children’s nursing. In 2016, she started working as a pediatric nurse in intensive care at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children in Belfast. In 2019, she started working for **Cool FM** as a radio presenter.

Pageantry
---------

On May 28, 2018, Walker competed at the Miss Northern Ireland 2018 pageant, where she won the title. On December 8, 2018, Walker represented Northern Ireland at Miss World 2018 and competed against 117 other candidates at the Sanya City Arena in Sanya, China, where she finished in the Top 30. She also won the *Top 24 at Miss World Sport* award at the contest.

On December 21, 2020, Walker was one of the 12 finalists who competed for the Miss Universe Ireland 2020 title in a virtual coronation ceremony, where she finished in the Top 7 and lost eventually winner Nadia Sayers. On November 8, 2021, Walker was appointed as Miss Universe Ireland 2021 and represented Ireland at Miss Universe 2021 in Eilat, Israel on December 12, 2021.
v. Hutier
*Operation Michael* 1918
Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the *Shock-Troops-Taktiks* in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as *Sturmbataillon Rohr* and became about one year later renamed by the *Prussian Minister of War* to *Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)*.

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

Operation Michael
-----------------

In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael. At the beginning on 21 March 1918, they took three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.
Raja Bhim Singh Rana (1707 AD – 1756 AD), was a Jat ruler whose kingdom was in GohadModern Day Madhya Pradesh in the north-western region of present-day Madhya Pradesh. Rana was his title, Bamraulia was his gotra. According to Alexander Cunningham and William Crookes, this town called Gohad near Gwalior was founded in 1505 AD by the Rana of Bamrauli village near Agra. He had given a tough fight to the Marathas many times. He had won the fort of Gwalior. Their descendants are the Jats of Kalirana, Tatrana, and also Rana gotra.
**Ruler of Gohad Kingdom**
The rule of the Rana rulers is the most glorious, dignified, long and old from the point of view of history, and continued to rule till the year of independence in 1947. The capital of Rana rulers was Gohad district Bhind , Gwalior , later Dholpur. Gohad reign period was 300 years from 1505 to 1805, after that Dholpur was for 142 years from 1805 to 1947, 442 years till country's independence, and Gwalior fort was ruled by Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana from 1754 till his death in 1756. After him, Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana did it from 1761 to 1765 and from 1781 to 1783. Three capitals during the reign of Maharaja Chhatar Singh, Gohad district Bhind, Gwalior and Behat District Gwalior.
After the death of Rana Jaswant Singh, his son Rana Bhim Singh ascended the throne of Gohad. His ceremony was celebrated with great pomp in Gohad fort. At this time the power of Rana had increased a lot. Gohad fort was famous for its strong boundary wall and small fortified forts of Rana were built in nearby villages. Rana Bhim Singh kept soldiers on the nearby small forts for security. There were about 25000 soldiers in Rana 's army. The number of his Rana Sardars was 125.
**Capture of Gwalior fort by Rana Bhim Singh (1754)**
**Maratha attack on Gwalior fort** - When the Maratha army was returning south after lifting the siege of Kumher fort in 1754, one of their generals, Vitthal Shivdev Vinchurkar, made his military camp in Gwalior. Vinchurkar laid siege to the Gwalior fort and attacked it. Under the leadership of Kiledar Kishwar Ali Khan, the Rajput soldiers appointed by the Mughal emperor kept facing the Marathas for a month. At that time conspiracies were going on in the Mughal Empire. Because of which Marathas on Delhi Darbar Gwalior Fort couldn't send army to confront. Kiledar Kishwar Ali discussed with the high officials appointed on the fort. Kishwar Ali Khan's lawyer Kishandas advised that 'instead of surrendering to the robbers of the south, it would be appropriate to hand over Gopachalgarh Gohad to Rana Bhim Singh'.
According to the advice of the lawyer, Kiledar Kishwar Ali Khan sent a letter to Rana Bhim Singh of Gohad and informed about the decision to hand over the Gwalior fort to Rana Bhim Singh.

Other websites
--------------

*
Language families of the world today.
**Language families** are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. The languages in such a family are similar in their vocabulary or structure.

For example, French and Spanish both come from Latin. Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak different ways - for the word "good", one group started saying "bueno" while another group started saying "bon". Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.

Most languages belong to a language family, but some languages do not. These languages are called language isolates.

There also are constructed languages, such as Esperanto. Constructed languages are made for different reasons: making a 'world language', for fun, for use in fiction, etc.

Major language families
-----------------------

### By number of languages

*Ethnologue* 22 (2019) lists these language families as "major". Each has at least 1% of all languages on Earth:

1. Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
2. Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
3. Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (6.8%)
4. Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
5. Indo-European (448 languages) (6.3%)
6. Australian [*dubious*] (381 languages) (5.4%)
7. Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
8. Nilo-Saharan [*dubious*] (206 languages) (2.9%)
9. Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
10. Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
11. Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (1.3%)
12. Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
13. Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)

*Glottolog* 4.0 (2019) lists the following as the largest families, of 8,494 languages:

1. Atlantic–Congo (1,432 languages)
2. Austronesian (1,275 languages)
3. Indo-European (588 languages)
4. Sino-Tibetan (494 languages)
5. Afro-Asiatic (373 languages)
6. Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (314 languages)
7. Pama–Nyungan (248 languages)
8. Oto-Manguean (180 languages)
9. Austroasiatic (159 languages)
10. Tai–Kadai (94 languages)
11. Dravidian (81 languages)
12. Arawakan (78 languages)
13. Mande (75 languages)
14. Tupian (71 languages)
**Conifers** are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants. 

All living conifers are woody plants which are perennial. Most are trees; some are shrubs. They are the Division **Pinophyta** or **Coniferophyta**.

Living conifers are all in the order **Pinales**. Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.

Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper-making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard. The division *Coniferae* contains about 700 living species.

Evolution
---------

The earliest conifers were in the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) period (about 300 million years ago), Pinophytes, Cycads, and Ginkgos all developed at this time. These plants live without being so dependent on water. Other adaptations are pollen (so fertilisation can occur without water) and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere.

Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian–Triassic extinction event. They were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era. Conifers were eventually overtaken by their descendants, the flowering plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous. Flowering plants became dominant in the Cainozoic era.

Conifers were a main food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons no doubt gave them some protection against herbivores. All the reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era.

List of genera
--------------

* *Araucariaceae*
	+ *Agathis* (kauri)
	+ *Araucaria* (monkey puzzle)
	+ *Wollemia* (wollemi pine)
* *Cupressaceae*
	+ *Athrotaxis* (pencil pine)
	+ *Cryptomeria* (Japanese redwood)
	+ *Cunninghamia*
	+ *Glyptostrobus* (Chinese swamp cypress)
	+ *Metasequoia* (dawn redwood)
	+ *Sequoia* (coast redwood)
	+ *Sequoiadendron* (giant redwood)
	+ *Taiwania*
	+ *Taxodium*
* *Pinaceae*
	+ *Abies* (fir)
	+ *Cathaya*
	+ *Cedrus* (cedar)
	+ *Keeteleeria*
	+ *Larix* (larch)
	+ *Nothotsuga* (bristlecone hemlock)
	+ *Picea* (spruce)
	+ *Pinus* (pine)
	+ *Pseudolarix* (golden larch)
	+ *Pseudotsuga* (Douglas fir)
	+ *Tsuga* (hemlock)

Related pages
-------------

* Gymnosperm
* Conifer cones
In this Korean name, the family name is  *Lee*.

Chaeryeong Signature
 **Lee Chae-ryeong** (born June 5, 2001), known as **Chaeryeong**, is a South Korean singer and Dancer. She is the Main Dancer and Vocalist of the South Korean Girl Group Itzy.

Early Life
----------

Lee Chaeryeong was born on June 5,2001 in Yongin, South Korea. She has 2 sisters Chaeyeon  and Chaemin. Lee graduated from Hanlim Multi Art School. She majored in Department of Musical Theatre. She graduated on February 7, 2020 along with bandmate Ryujin.

Career
------

### 2013–2015: *K-pop Star 3* and *Sixteen*

Chaeryeong appeared for the first time on television along with her elder sister, Chaeyeon, during the 3rd season of *K-pop Star*. Both her and her sister were eliminated from the show, however they were able to join JYP Entertainment as trainees.

Then in 2015, she participated in Mnet's reality survival show *Sixteen*, which eventually determined the members of girl group Twice. She was eliminated in the last episode of *Sixteen* and was unable to debut. Sometime after being eliminated from *Sixteen*, she continued to train under JYP Entertainment. She appeared in episode 1 of *Stray Kids* with bandmates Yeji, Ryujin and Yuna.

### 2019-Present

#### Debut with Itzy

On February 12, 2019, Lee made her debut as a member of Itzy alongside Yeji, Lia, Ryujin and Yuna, with the digital single album *It'z Different*. It featured "Dalla Dalla" and "Want it?" and incorporated EDM and Hip Hop elements. Dalla Dalla the lead single of *It'z Different* got high ranks on notable music sites and recorded one-thousand views in 18 hours and one-hundred million views in 57 days in Youtube. They also won the prize of M Countdown eight days after their debut. Being open the 4th generation of K-pop, they got the nickname Monster Lucky.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Itzy

Videography
-----------

### Television shows

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013–2014 | *K-pop Star 3* | Herself | Contestant |  |
| 2015 | *Sixteen* |  |
An **NP-hard problem** is a maths problem found in computer science. It is a yes/no problem where finding a solution for it is at least as hard as finding a solution for the hardest problem whose solution can quickly be checked as being true. Some NP-hard problems are ones where a working solution can be checked quickly (NP problems) and some are not. NP-hard problems that are also NP problems fit into a category called NP-complete.

Examples
--------

**An example of a problem that is at least as hard to solve as any other problem that we can quickly check solutions for, which is also quickly checkable (it is both NP-hard and NP):** 

A travelling salesman wants to visit 100 cities by driving, starting and ending his trip at home. He has a limited supply of gasoline, so he can only drive a total of 10,000 kilometers. He wants to know if he can visit all of the cities without running out of gasoline.

People don't know how to **solve** this problem faster than testing every possible answer, but if a solution is found that allows the salesman to do this, we can use an algorithm check that it is true. This problem is also known as Travelling salesman problem.

**An example of a problem that is at least as hard to solve as any other problem that we can quickly check solutions for, but that can not be checked quickly (it is NP-hard, but it is not NP):**

if someone starts a program that simply goes,

```
while(true){ continue; }
```

and never stops it, will it run forever?

There is no known way to find a solution to all problems of this kind, and this also cannot be checked.
Area 51 as seen by NASA Landsat
**Area 51** is a military base, and a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. A lot of people think that aliens are here but it has never been confirmed. It is in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. At its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The base's primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems: "DT." The base is in the United States Air Force's Nevada Test and Training Range NTTR, formerly called the Nellis Air Force Range NAFR. Although the facilities at the range are managed by the 99th Air Base Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, the Groom facility appears to be run as an adjunct of the Air Force Flight Test Center AFFTC at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert, around 186 miles (300 km) southwest of Groom, and as such the base is known as Air Force Flight Test Center Detachment 3.

Though the name Area 51 is used in official Central Intelligence Agency documentation, other names used for the facility include Dreamland, Paradise Ranch, Home Base, Watertown Strip, Groom Lake, and most recently Homey Airport. The area is part of the Nellis Military Operations Area, and the restricted airspace around the field is referred to as R- 4808N, known by the military pilots in the area as "The Box" or "the Container ".

The facility is not a conventional airbase, as frontline operational units are not normally deployed there. It instead appears to be used for highly classified military/defense Special Access Programs SAP, which are unacknowledged publicly by the government, military personnel, and defense contractors. Its mission may be to support the development, testing, and training phases for new aircraft weapons systems or research projects. Once these projects have been approved by the United States Air Force or other agencies such as the CIA, and are ready to be announced to the public, operations of aircraft are then moved to a regular air force base. 

There was intense secrecy surrounding the base. The U.S. government did not acknowledge its existence until July 14, 2003. This secrecy made it the frequent subject of fiction and conspiracy theories and a central component to unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore. Testing the U-2 plane in the 1950s – at altitudes much higher than commercial aircraft then flew – provoked "a tremendous increase in reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs)".

The presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said she would release information about Area 51, as long as it did not threaten national security.

In July 2019, more than 1,700,000 people responded to a joke proposal to storm Area 51 which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post. A further 1,300,000 people said they were interested in the event, scheduled for 20 September 2019, and billed as "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us", an attempt to "see them aliens."
The **Dalmatian** is a breed of dog. It is named after the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia, in Croatia, its first home. The origins of the breed are unknown. The Dalmatian has been used for a war dog, fire department mascot, and shepherd. It is best known, however, as a coach or carriage dog, being a guard for horse-pulled vehicles.

Origin
------

There are lots of arguments about the origin of this dog. Spotted dogs are known very much in the history of Africa, Europe, and Asia. Spotted dogs are also thought to have lived in Egypt. In 1700, a dog known as the *Bengal pointer*, which looked a bit like the Dalmatian, was popular in England. Some think the Dalmatian is from Croatia. In the Middle Ages, it was used as a hound dog for hunting. The breed became popular as a carriage dog in the 1800s. They walked among the horses and carriages, following their masters, and guarding the carriages and horses while the master was busy with other things. It was used for being a circus performer, vermin hunter, fire-apparatus follower, hound dog, and as a guard dog.

Description
-----------

Dalmatian
The Dalmatian is a medium , strong dog. Its skull is flat on the top. The muzzle is almost the same length as the top of the skull. Its nose can be either black, brown (liver), blue, or a dark gray that looks like black. Its round eyes are either brown or blue, or sometimes both put together.

Its toenails are white or black in dogs with a black spotted coat and brown or white in those with liver colored spots. Puppies are usually born completely white and the spots develop a few weeks after they are born.

The Dalmatian stands 19–23 inches (48–58 cm).

Around 8% of Dalmatians are born deaf and some can become partially deaf.

Characteristics
---------------

Dalmatians are known as the "clowns" in the dog world. They are also loyal to their owners and caretakers. Dalmatians are medium sized dogs, and they are very active and lively. They are brave and smart, and their senses are very bright. This makes them a good choice to become a companion dog.
**Man with a Movie Camera** (Russian: Человек с киноаппаратом) is a Soviet silent documentary film directed by Dziga Vertov. His brother Mikhail Kaufman filmed the movie and appears in the film as the cameraman. The movie is experimentalal and there are no actorss. It shows the city life in Moscow, Kyiv and Odesa for one day. The movie is often considered one of the best movies and documentaries.

Overview
--------

There is no single plot or storyline. The movie starts with people entering a theater and shows a screen. On the screen, the cameraman goes to locations to record on the spot. The cameraman appears several times in the movie. The movie often switches from showing the cameraman to the what the camera is looking at. The camera shows people and machines in the early morning. Everything is still and quiet. The camera goes on to shows the city waking up. It shows workers and transportation (street cars, trains, airplanes, carriages). There are different types of work and classes of people. The camera captures the movement of objects. The movie shows the dense population and busy industries. The movie switches between movement and still images. Later in the day, the camera shows more entertainment like a beach and a carnival and sports like track and field and soccer and music. Other daily events included are personal hygiene, people getting married and divorced, birth of children and a funeral. The movie ends with an image of the camera and the eye of the cameraman looking through it.

Style and Techniques
--------------------

The movie is very experimental and radical. Vertov wanted to create a universal image that was separate from any language. The movie is very fast-paced. A lot of the montage editing is not linear. The movie used many filming techniques. Examples are multiple exposure, fast motion, slow motion, freeze frames, match cuts, jump cuts, split screens, Dutch angles, extreme close-ups, tracking shots, reversed footage, stop motion animations and self-reflexive visuals. Many movies today use these techniques.

Reception
---------

The movie did not have that good reviews in the beginning. People criticized the movie. Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein did not like the movie. Critics did not take the film seriously. The reception has changed over time. *Man with a Movie Camera* is now viewed as a great movie and even one of the best. The movie has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie got 8th place in a *Sight & Sound* poll from 2021. The movie was included in Time magazine's All-time 100 Movies. Roger Ebert gave the movie a four out of four rating.
Flyby of asteroid 2004 FH (centre dot being followed by the sequence). The other object that flashes by is an artificial satellite
Asteroid 4179 Toutatis is a potential hazard that passed within 2.3 lunar distances
A **near-Earth object** (**NEO**) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth. 

Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.

They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.

In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteors explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest. Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road. However, because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.

Frequency of small asteroids ~1 to 20 meters in diameter hitting Earth's atmosphere

Related pages
-------------

* Near-Earth asteroid
* Asteroid impact prediction
* Late Heavy Bombardment
Wikispecies has information on: ***Pithecophaga jefferyi***.
The Philippine eagle
The **Philippine eagle** (*Pithecophaga jefferyi*) is a bird of prey that can be found only in the Philippines. It is also called the **monkey-eating eagle**, as well as *agila* ("eagle"), *haribon*, *haring ibon* ("king bird") and *banog* ("kite") by the locals. This eagle is known to be the largest eagle in wing surface and length. It is the national bird of the Philippines. The Philippine eagle is protected by law in the Philippines. learning that the Philippine Eagle has been found in danger, it has been made to be the national bird of the Philippines.

Home and Protection
-------------------

Cutting down a large number of trees (Deforestation) is one of the important reasons why the Philippine Eagle is in danger. Scientists have learned that the eagle lives in the eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and that many eagles live in Mindanao. The eagle is known to live a long time, but it is still unknown how long it can live in the wild. The Philippines made this eagle the national bird in 4 July 1995 for a reason - to give attention to this bird. Gaining a lot of attention, the Philippines held events such as "The Philippine Eagle Foundation" in order to save this eagle.   

A young Philippine Eagle in its nest

Preferred Food
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pithecophaga jefferyi***.
The people of the Philippines have learned that the Philippine Eagle likes eating flying lemurs and civets. The eagle's known food is only in Mindanao. It is unknown in the eastern Luzon what the eagle eats, because flying lemurs live in the home of Mindanao and are not present in Luzon. The eagle's preferred food can change depending on the time of the season or where the eagle lives. The eagle's preferred animals are mostly animals that live in trees.

Related pages
-------------

* Haast's Eagle

Other websites
--------------

* Philippine Eagle Foundation. A foundation devoted to saving the Philippine Eagle.
* Animal Diversity Web – Pithecophaga jefferyi
* National Geographic Magazine – "The Lord of the Forest" Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Bringing Back Ol' Blue Eyes Archived 2021-04-28 at the Wayback Machine – article on Philippine Eagle Foundation work on Mindanao
**VR-Group Plc**, commonly known as **VR**, is a government-owned railway company in Finland. It runs Finland's passenger rail services with 250 long-distance and 800 commuter rail services every day. It has 7,500 employees and net sales of €1,251 million in 2017.

VR was created in 1995 after being known as Swedish: *Finlands Statsjärnvägarna*, Finnish: Suomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) from 1862 to 1922, and *Valtionrautatiet* ('State Railways', Swedish: *Statsjärnvägarna*) from 1922 to 1995.

Avecra is a subsidiary for onboard catering service, Pohjolan Liikenne for bus traffic, VR Track for developing and maintaining of infrastructure and VR Transpoint for freight. Since 2017, its headquarters is in northern-central Helsinki.

History
-------

Rail transport started in Finland in 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. Many main lines and smaller private railways were built later. VR mainly operated on the high-demand main lines. During the twentieth century, most private railway companies were shut down and VR had a monopoly in rail transport.

Since 2010, the maintenance and the construction of the railway network have been the responsibility of the Finnish Transport Agency. The operation and network were originally carried out by the parent company *Valtionrautatiet* until 1995, when it was split into VR and the rail administration entity Ratahallintokeskus.

Organization
------------

Companies in the group provide road freight and bus services, catering and real estate management. They provide data, technological, and telecommunications services for the transport and logistics sectors. The group owns a bus company, Pohjolan Liikenne, and a road freight haulage company VR Transpoint.

Altogether the group includes 21 companies employing a total of about 14,400 people.
**School violence** is the name for violence that occurs in schools. It includes violence of pupils agains other pupils, violence of pupils against school staff and teachers, and violence of teachers against pupils. bullying (also called mobbing) is a big issue at schools. The most extreme cases of violence at schools are school schootings and people running amok (killing themselves and sometimes others), because they can no longer cope with the situation. Violence of teachers and school staff against pupils usually takes the form of corporal punishment. 

There are different risk factors:

* Different parenting styles: At home, the children may often be confronted with violence; or the parents may try to protect them too much.
* In school, there may be a high pressure on the pupils to adapt their behaviour. The cost of failing a test may be high. Also, social relationships may suffer from this pressure.
* The peer group and peer pressure may lead to criminal or violent behaviour. Also, pupils may be bullied.
* Socal status: some of the problems in the families may be poverty, not having a job or being dependent on help from the state
* The media often shows that viloence is a normal way to solve problems.
* Sometimes, religious groups say that violence against others is alright.

Prevention usually takes the form of special trainings. These trainings will show pupils who are insecure how to act more confinently. It will also show the different participants how to indentify a dangerous situation, and how to try to de-escalate the situation. Often, schools also offer a way of students to report incidents (like being mobbed, or seeing how another child is being mobbed).
Two red telephone boxes
A **telephone box** or **phone booth** is a public kiosk enclosing a payphone. It is usually an item of street furniture, though some may be inside a building.

United Kingdom telephone boxes were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and were common in the UK, Malta and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make them easy to spot. Because of the growth of mobile phones, telephone boxes are steadily being removed.

A Post box in a telephone box in Warrington, Cheshire, England.
K2 red telephone boxes behind Enzo Plazzotta's bronze, "Young Dancer", on Broad Street, Covent Garden, London

Related pages
-------------

* Payphone

Other websites
--------------

* Gallery of UK telephone kiosks
* Picture guide to UK telephone boxes Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Telephone Box website Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Kiosk website
* Red telephone kiosks in Oxford, England Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Red phone boxes in the Welsh landscape Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Existing red phone boxes around the city of Liverpool
**Nokia 6300** is a GSM smartphone developed by the Nokia Corporation. It was released in January 2007. At the time, it had smaller memory, at around 30MB. The Nokia 6300 was the basis for the Nokia 6233 and Nokia 3510, and its successor to the Nokia 6300 4G.

Hardware
--------

Nokia 6300 statue
The Nokia 6300 is a glossy white color, and it has 17MB of storage. The Nokia Hand was also first added to the Nokia 6300. It is based on the Nokia 3510. In 2007, Nokia improved the phone, which now includes 4G access, Bluetooth, 1 SD card port and a SIM card that can connect to the Internet using Wi-Fi or Mobile Broadband. The battery capacity for Nokia 6300 is 860mAh.

Release
-------

In January 2007, Nokia released the new Nokia 6300, which is also called the Nokia 6300 4G, and introduced a SIM card to the franchise, developed by Nokia. The Nokia 6300 first launched in December of 2006, at the Mobile World Congress. it was made in the United States and United Kingdom, with an option of either black, red, white or brown cases. Nokia 6300 can use Mobile Broadband using its SIM card. It contains a SD card and more hardware, and it has 17MB in it's system memory.

In March 2008, Nokia released version RM 217 for the Nokia 6300, also called the Nokia 6300 Gold. It is light yellow. The Nokia 6300 also has Web, Calendar, Game apps and more. In May 2008, this phone reached global popularity.

Related pages
-------------

* Nokia
* Mobile phone
**Alper Kul** (born 5 December 1975, Fatih, Istanbul), Turkish actor and writer.

Biography
---------

Alper Kul was born on December 5, 1975 in Süleymaniye, Istanbul. His family is from Trabzon. Having completed his education at the Theater Department of the Indiana University after MSM, he acted in forms such as City Theaters, DOT, IUSB (USA), BKM. Various movies and series have appeared.

Career
------

At the beginning of October 2, 2009, he played in the BKM for one season. His 2010 autographed son of Babamin played for three years in Turkey and Europe. He received the prize of the Year of the Year award with the AUT theater play staged for the first time in 2010. The theater play "Barcelo" written in 2011 was performed in the theater Ikincikat.

After the comedy theater program of 5'er Beşer started in 2011 at ATV, he made and played the similar project designs of the programs called "İnsanlar Alemi" and "Güldür Güldür" which started at Star TV and continued as the program alongside his wife Aylin Kontente.

He was cast in such as hit series "Kınalı Kar" and "Yılan Hikayesi". He had leading role in surreal period comedy series "Osmanlı Tokadı". He played as Temel in franchise comedy films "Sümela'nın Şifresi", "Moskova'nın Şifresi". He played as Oktay in action comedy films "Ölümlü Dünya", "Ölümlü Dünya 2". He played in comedy film "Mahalleden Arkadaşlar" written & directed by Selçuk Aydemir.

Filmography
-----------

* Dedemin Fişi- 2016 (Hicri)
* *Olur Olur!* - Ali 2014
* *Osmanlı Tokadı* - Yeniçeri Şahin 2013
* *Güldür Güldür* - İsmail 2013-
* *Moskova'nın Şifresi: Temel* - Temel 2013
* *İnsanlar Alemi* - İsmail 2012
* *Sümela'nın Şifresi: Temel* - Temel 2011
* *5 er Beşer* - İsmail 2011
* *Şen Yuva* - Nurettin Şenyuva 2010
* *Güneşi Gördüm* - 2009
* *Gecenin Kanatları* - Baran 2010
* Mordkomission - 2009 - 2010
* *Flugten* - 2008
* *Ugarit* - 2007
* *Sessiz Gemiler* - 2007
* *Gölge* - 2007
* *Kader* - 2006
* *Aşka Sürgün* - 2005
* *Kınalı Kar* - Demir 2002
* *Yılan Hikayesi* - 1999
* *Hamam* - 1997

Other websites
--------------

* Alper Kul on IMDb
***Shogun Warriors*** was a line of toys released by Mattel. made in North America from 1976 to 1980. based on Popy's *Jumbo Machinder* and *Chogokin*.

Overview
--------

The line was originally from toys originally produced by Japanese toy company Popy, based on several anime and tokusatsu television shows featuring giant robots and features Godzilla and Rodan. these figures over 5-inch, 24-inch and

Toy line
--------

### Jumbo Machinders Figures

Jumbo Machinders is a 24-inch tall polyethene figures.

* Daimos
* Dragun
* Gaiking
* Godzilla
* Goldorak
* Great Mazinga
* Raydeen
* Rodan

### Die-Cast Figures

the 5-inch figures.

* Dragun
* Great Mazinga
* Poseidon
* Raider

### Two-In-One Figures

5-inch figures that could be reconfigured then between two modes.

* Daimos
* Dangard
* Gaiking
* Grandizer
* Raydeen
* Voltus V

### Collector's Figures

the 3-inch figures.

* 17
* Combattra
* Dangard
* Dragun
* Gaiking
* Grandizer
* Great Mazinga
* Leopaldon
* Poseidon
* Voltus V

### Action Vehicles

Vehicles with action features.

* Bazoler
* Dangard Launcher
* Daimos Truck
* Grand Car
* Grandizer Saucer
* Heli-Capter
* Jet Car
* Kargosaur
* Kondar
* Liabe
* Nessar
* Rydoto
* Shigcon Jet
* Shigcon Tank
* Sky Arrow
* Sky Jet
* Solar Saucer
* Varitank
* Vertilift

### U-Combine Combatra Vehicles

Five vehicles that could be combined to form the super-robot Combatra. Sold both separately as a boxed set.

1. Battle Jet
2. Battle Clasher
3. Battle Tank
4. Battle Marine
5. Battle Craft
Rev. Ján Kollár
**The Daughter of Sláva** (in Czech *Slávy dcera*) is a poetic work by Ján Kollár. It is a long cycle of sonnets. In fact, it is an epic poem written in the form of sonnet. The author was a Slovak Lutheran pastor and poet, who wrote in Czech. The work was intended to become a national epic of all the Slavic peoples. It was first printed in 1824. It was published some more times and expanded in every edition. The number of poems increased from 150 to 645.

There is a pun in the title of the book. *Sláva* in Czech means *Fame*. Slavic people regard themselves as *the people of fame*, never *the slaves*, as they are considered to be in the West.

The work is provided with a *Prologue* (*Předzpěv*). This part is written in hexameter and pentameter. The metre is shaped like Greek one. It is based on length of vowels.

*Ai, zde leží zem ta, před okem mým selzy ronícím,*  

*někdy kolébka, nyní národu mého rakev.*  

*Stoj noho! posvátná místa jsou, kamkoli kráčíš,*  

*k obloze, Tatry synu, vznes se, vyvýše pohled.*  

(Předzpěv, lines 1-4)

The poem is divided into five parts. They are named after the rivers. The first part is named *Sála*, the second *Labe, Rén, Veltava* and the third *Dunaj*. These are the rivers, Slavic nations live around. Two next parts of the poem are named *Lethe* and *Acheron*. These are the rivers know from Greek mythology. All the sonnets are written in decasyllable. It is trochaic pentameter. In his poem Kollár described the past of the Slavs, full of glory, and bright future for them.

*A hundred times I spoke, but now I call*  

*To you divided, O Slavonians!*  

*Let's be a whole and not a part in clans;*  

*Be one in harmony or naught at all.*  

  

*A dove-like nation we in scorn are styled.*  

*But doves you know are come of such a stock*  

*That loves to live within a common flock,*  

*And so may you apply this trait reviled.*  

  

*O Slavs, thou race of many fragments!*  

*United forces e'er results will show,*  

*But waste and dry the circling currents.*  

  

*O Slavs, who are of many heads a race!*  

*The wise indeed a death no worse can know*  

*Than life that sloth, void, darkness doth embrace.*  

*(Canto III, sonnet 62)*

The poem is strongly influenced by Dante's *Divine Commedy*. The last parts of Kollár's work are descriptions Slavic heaven and hell. Ján Kollár was a representative of the Panslavism ideology. He believed in union of all the Slavs. He opposed everything, he thought to destroy this union. He described Adam Mickiewicz, the greatest Polish poet, to be in hell. It was because Mickiewicz wrote poems about Polish people's fight against Russian tzar.

Bibliography
------------

* Otto Kotouč, Songs of the Slav, translations from the Czecho-Slovak, 1919.
The Canigou (2785 m) seen from near Perpignan
**Northern Catalonia** (Catalan: *Catalunya Nord*, French: *Catalogne Nord*) is a name that sometimes is used, mainly in Catalan writings, to refer to the territory given to France by Spain in 1659. The area corresponds approximately to the modern French *département* of the Pyrénées-Orientales.

The French name, *Catalogne Nord*, is used nowadays, although less often than the more politically neutral **Roussillon** (in reference to the pre-Revolutionary province). Sometimes **French Catalonia** is also used.

Geography
---------

Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Corbières to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Plain of Roussillon in the east, by far the area where more people live, is formed by the floodplains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (Catalan: *Tec, Tet, Aglí*). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the Têt respectively. The mountain Le Canigou (Catalan: *Canigó*), 2,784 m (9,134 ft), dominates much of the territory.

The climate is of the Mediterranean type, with hot, dry summers and winters which are relatively mild, at least on the Roussillon plain where snow is rare.

More of a quarter of the population of Northern Catalonia is in the city of Perpignan (Catalan: *Perpinyà*). Perpignan is the only important administrative and service centre. Roads and trains run north–south through Northern Catalonia between France and Spain.

* Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalonia, Spain.Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalonia, Spain.
* Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia) within France.Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia) within France.
* Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalan-speaking regions.Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalan-speaking regions.

Languages
---------

French is the only official language in France as whole and in these municipalities. Catalan, in its Northern Catalan variety, is recognized as a regional language only by the region of Languedoc-Roussilon. It is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population, but understood by a higher percentage.

In 1700, the government of Louis XIV prohibited the use of the Catalan language in official documents.

In the 1950s, after centuries of being forbidden in education, the Catalan language was permitted to be studied for one hour per week in secondary school. In the 1970s, the Arrels Association and Bressola network of private schools started to offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education.

On December 10, 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department, alongside French and Occitan (in Fenouillèdes), with the goal to further promote it in public life and education.

Other websites
--------------

* "Catalunya del Nord" Archived 2019-03-21 at the Wayback Machine from the *Enciclopèdia catalana*
* *Qui som els catalans del nord?* (Who are we Northern Catalans?)

42°38′N 2°40′E﻿ / ﻿42.633°N 2.667°E﻿ / 42.633; 2.667