recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh** (Persian: میرحسین موسوی خامنه; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement. 
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi is currently the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He also was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election.

Before his post as prime minister, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council and the High Council of Cultural Revolution. He has not attended their meetings for years. Political analysts think that he does not like these councils. In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of the official newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party, the *Jomhouri-e Eslami* (Islamic Republic) newspaper. In 2009 presidential election, Mousavi chose green as his campaign color, a color which has since become common in Iran.
**Marloes Oldenburg** (born 9 March 1988) is a Dutch rower.

Career
------

Oldenburg was born in The Hague. At a young age she moved with her parents to Leeuwarden. She was a swimmer with club "Orca". She was a good swimmer who won many prizes. She trained together with international swimmers including Ranomi Kromowidjojo. However, she wasn't good enough to make it to the national team. She stopped with swimming when she moved for her studies to Groningen. As sports she did sports climbing before she came in contact with rowing.

Eventually she became a member of the national team with coach Josy Verdonkschot. She was a rower in the double sculls with Lisa Scheenaard. At the moment they had to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics, Oldenburg was ill and they couldn't qualify. Her first international championships medal was a silver medal at 2017 European Rowing Championships in the double sculls with Lisa Scheenaard. She had a succesfull year in 2018. As a rower of the women's eight she had two World Cup victories, won bronze at the 2018 European Rowing Championships and were the fastest European team at the women's eight event at the World Championships. In 2021 she won silver at the 2021 European Rowing Championships and she won again a bronze medal at the 2022 European Rowing Championships.
**Rhenock** (Nepali: **रिनाक** ) is a small town in East district in the Indian state of Sikkim, located at 27°10′36″N 88°38′36″E﻿ / ﻿27.176622°N 88.6432°E﻿ / 27.176622; 88.6432. It is 63 kilometres east of Gangtok on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040. The word Rhe-nock (in Lepcha dialect) means Black Hill. It is in the far east of Sikkim. Rhenock had the first police out post in the state, which is the historical event.

History
-------

Rhenock was covered with dense forest in and around the 13th century. The Lepchas were the early settlers about six to five hundred years ago. After the Lepchas, Bhutias settled in the villages presently known as Kyongsa, Aritar & Chalisey. The people who settled here after 16th century were mostly from Nepali ethnic group such as Newars, Bahuns (Adhikari, Paudel, Gautam, Dahal, Bhandari and Achaarja), Chhetri (Subedi, Khatiwada & Bista), Gurung, Rai and Limboo.

People
------

**Rhenock** is inhabited by the people of different ethnic groups such as Lepchas, Bhutias, Nepalis (Gorkhas), Biharis and Marwaris. Lepcha tribes who were early settlers have their own unique culture. Originally followers of Shamanism religion, later became the followers of Buddhism. Some of them are the followers of Christianity. Bhutias are another group tribes who are the followers of Buddhism also have their own identity & culture. Majority of the people are Indian Nepalis also known as Gorkha. Most of them are the Hindus by religion. Some of the Nepalis Gurung After 1990 became Buddhist, before that they were followers of Hinduism. Some others are the followers of Christianity. In spite of above all every one respects others belief and faith and celebrates others' festivals which makes a peaceful and prosperous society.

Educational institutions
------------------------

Rhenock has about 130 years' long history of education. Rhenock School is among the oldest schools of Sikkim. It was established by a Christian missionary in the year 1880 at Rhenock (Khamdong). Later it was taken over by the government of Sikkim and moved to Kingstone. Presently the school is known as Senior Secondary School, Rhenock. A Sanskrit Pathshala (School) was run in the premises of Rhenock Temple to teach Sanskrit and rituals to train Hindu priest. After the merger of Sikkim into Indian union more than a dozens of schools were opened by the govt. of Sikkim. Now, Rhenock has following educational institutions

1. Government Degree College
2. Government Senior Secondary School, Rhenock
3. Government Secondary School, Tarpin
4. Government Sec. School, Sudunglakha
5. Government Secondary School, Aritar
6. St. Joshep's School, Rhenock
7. Sanskrit School at Khamdong & Rhenock Bazar
8. Others: Junior High Schools and many primary Schools

Places of interest
------------------

Aritar Lake  
Rhenock  
 East Sikkim
* Aritar Lake
* Wood Land Nursery
* Aritar Gumpa (monastery)
The **Parliament of The Bahamas** is the bicameral national parliament of The Bahamas. The parliament has an appointed Senate and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.

It is based on the Westminster system.

House of Assembly
-----------------

The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It has 41 members. They are known as Members of Parliament. Each is elected for five-year terms. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party who has the majority of the House of Assembly seats. The speaker of the House of Assembly is currently Mr. Alvin Smith.

Senate
------

The Senate (upper house) has 16 members. They are known as Senators. The Senators are appointed by the Governor-General. Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the Prime Minister. Four are selected on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. Three are selected on the advice of the Prime Minister after talking to the Leader of the Opposition. The Senate can pass Bills in the same manner as passed by the House. It can also make amendments to the Bill. Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly. The Senate may even reject a Bill that was passed by the House. The President of the Senate is currently Mrs. Lynn Holowesko from 2007. She succeeded Mrs. Sharon R. Wilson.
In Anglican church music, a **Service** is a piece of music for the choir to sing during a service of worship. It uses the words which are a traditional part of the service. The choir is usually accompanied by the organ, but sometimes it can be just for choir without organ.

In Morning Prayer the words which are set to music for the choir are the words of the Venite (Psalm 95), the Te Deum and the Jubilate (Psalm 100) or Benedictus.

For a Holy Communion the set words will usually be the Gloria, sometimes the Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei as well as responses.

For Evening Prayer the words will be the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis. Singers in the choir often call these "Mag and Nunc" for short. Many composers have set these words. They make them into a piece for choir which is like an anthem.

In the Tudor and early Stuart periods, services were described as "Short", "Great" or "Verse" services. Short services were short, the words were only sung once and it was often unaccompanied (no organ). A Great service was longer: some of the words were often sung many times. William Byrd wrote a famous Great Service. A Verse service was also long: there were several verses which need to be sung by a solo choir member. In between each verse there is some music for the whole choir to sing.
Yeghishe Charents**Yeghishe Charents** (born Yeghishe Soghomonian, Armenian: Եղիշե Չարենց) (13 March 1897, Kars - 29 November 1937, Yerevan) was an Armenian poet killed in Stalin's purges.

From 1904 to 1912 Yeghishe Soghomonian he was at school in Kars. Amid the upheavals of the First World War and the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, he volunteered in 1915 for the Caucasian Front. In 1917-1918 he was in Karin Erzurum during the bitter fighting. Some of his experiences would later appear in his poetry.

Yeghishe Charents (Soghomonian), one of the nation's favourite poets - a famous philanderer who apparently sought the USSR Kremlin's favours - produced a now famous poem called "The Message". Its praise of Uncle Joe might grind the average set of teeth down to the gum; it included the following: "A new light shone on the world... It is only this sunlight/Which for centuries will stay alive." And more of the same.

Undiscovered by the USSR Kremlin's censors for many months, however, Charents (1897 - 1937) had used the first letter of each line to frame a quite different "message", which read: "O Armenian people, your only salvation is in the power of your unity." Whoops! Like the distant Mount Ararat, it was a brave, hopeless symbol, as doomed as it was impressive. Yeghishe Charents was "disappeared" by the NKVD (KGB) in 1937 after being denounced by the architect Alexsandr Tamanyan - now hard at work building Yerevan's new Stalinist opera house - the moment Yeghishe Charents' schoolboy prank was spotted. Then Alexsandr Tamanyan fell from the roof of his still unfinished opera house, and even today Armenians - with their Arab-like desire to believe in "заговор" the plot - ask the obvious questions.

Works
-----

"Three songs to the sad and pale girl", poems (1914)
"Blue-eyed Homeland", poem (1915)
"Soma", poem (1918) Yerevan
"Charents-Name", poem (1922)
"Uncle Lenin", poem (1924)
"Country of Nayiri" (Yerkir Nayiri) (1926)
"Epical Sunrise", poems (1930)
"Book of the Way", poems (1934)

Film
----

* 1987: Charents - Known and Unknown Sides (Yeghishe Charents)Armenfilm,35mm, script by Levon Mkrtchyan, narration by Sos Sargsyan, director Levon Mkrtchyan

Related pages
-------------

* Armenian Genocide
A **regnal name**, or **reign name**, is a formal name or label which refers to the years of the reign of a monarch or a pope. 

A monarch sometimes chooses a reign name which is different from his or her personal name.

Example: Edward VII of the United Kingdom, born Albert Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
A pope chooses a regnal name when he is elected. It becomes his new personal name.

Example: Pope John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła,
The new name -- or sometimes the old one -- is followed by an ordinal number to create a unique name for the period in which the monarch is on the throne. 

Example: Elizabeth II was queen of the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth Realms until her death in 2022

Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) was the 1st British queen named Elizabeth. She ruled over "Elizabethan" England. Her time on the throne was called the "Elizabethan era" or the "Elizabethan age".

Related pages
-------------

* Family name
* Given name
* Posthumous name
* Surname
* Japanese era names
***Osmosis Jones*** is a 2001 live-action/animated science fiction comedy movie directed by the Farrelly brothers. It is mostly set in the human body.

Cast
----

### Live-Action Cast

* Bill Murray as Frank Detorre
* Chris Elliott as Bob Detorre
* Molly Shannon as Mrs. Boyd

### Voice Cast

* Chris Rock as Osmosis "Ozzy" Jones
* David Hyde Pierce as Drixenol Koldreliff
* Brandy as Leah Estrogen
* Laurence Fishburne as Thrax
* William Shatner as Mayor Phlemming
* Ron Howard as Tom Colonic
* Carlos Alazraqui as Latino Germ
* Richard Steven Horvitz as Dream Ticket Seller
* Rodger Bumpass as Joe Cramp

Production
----------

The movie was going to be rated PG-13 with raunchy scenes involving Ozzy and Drix visiting Gonad's Gym (Frank's testicles) and that there would be more swearing. The swearing was overdubbed, for example, in the first cut, Ozzy says "What the hell is a uvula?" In the final cut, "hell" is replaced with "heck".

Reception
---------

The movie flopped at the box office with mixed reviews but was able to make it's budget back with home video sales.
A small ball of osmium
**Osmium** is a chemical element. It is element number 76 on the periodic table. Its symbol is *Os*.

There is not much osmium on earth. There is actually such a small amount that osmium is very expensive.

Osmium is a metal and it does not react very much, and such a metal is known as a "noble metal".

Osmium is the densest (heaviest for the same amount) element on the periodic table.

It was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant in London, England. He found it together with Iridium in a bit of Platinum, which he had dissolved in Aqua regia.

Characteristics
---------------

Osmium has a blue-grey hue and is the densest stable element; it is about twice as dense as lead and slightly denser than iridium. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that stays shiny even at high temperatures. It has a very low squeezability. Accordingly, its size module is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 GPa, which is comparable to that of diamond (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa. Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapour pressure, and very high melting point, solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work.

| * v
* t
* e
Periodic table |
| --- |
| H |   | He |
| Li | Be |   | B | C | N | O | F | Ne |
| Na | Mg |   | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca |   | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr |   | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alkali metals | Alkaline earth metals | Lanthanides | Actinides | Transition metals | Poor metals | Metalloids | Other nonmetals | Halogens | Noble gases |

 |


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan

 |
Salomon Wininger
**Salomon Wininger** (13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jewish persons. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Wininger is considered as one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

Works
-----

* *Große Jüdische National-Biographie* ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
* *Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina* ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").
Coordinates: 52°31′03″N 13°23′44″E﻿ / ﻿52.51750°N 13.39556°E﻿ / 52.51750; 13.39556

The Neue Wache, Berlin, showing the neoclassical facade
The interior of the Neue Wache, showing the Käthe Kollwitz sculpture *Mother with her Dead Son* and the oculus, which exposes the sculpture to the elements.

  

The **Neue Wache** (English: New Guard) is a building in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. It is located on the north side of the Unter den Linden. The Neue Wache was designed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, was built in 1816 and is a leading example of German neoclassicism. Originally it was built as a guardhouse for the troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia, the building has been used as a war memorial since 1931.

King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the construction of the Neue Wache as a guard house for the nearby Palace of the Crown Prince, to replace the old Artillery Guard House. He commissioned Schinkel, the leading exponent of neoclassicism in architecture, to design the building: this was Schinkel's first major commission in Berlin.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Neue Wache***.

* "The National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny: From Conflict To Consensus", lecture with handout and bibliography by Harold Marcuse, covers history since 1816.
* Neue Wache travel photos by Galen Fry Singer, of facade, sculpture and inscriptions.
**Thompson Island** is a phantom island, in the South Atlantic. It was thought to be about 150 km north-northeast of Bouvet Island. 

Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in 1739. In 1808, James Lindsay of the *Snow Swan* discovered Bouvet Island again, and named it *Lindsay Island*. The next time, George Norris of the *Sprightly* sighted Bouvet on 10 December 1825. He landed on 16 December, and took possession of the island, which he named Liverpool Island, for King George IV of the United Kingdom.

Between December 13 and December 16, Norris sailed the waters northeast of Bouvet Island, where he discovered another island. It was much smaller, and the sea around it was much rougher. Three miles southeast of the newly discovered island, he found three rocks. In his log, he named the newly found island Thompson Island, and the rocks *chimneys*, because of their form. He also marked the position of his discoveries on a map. Unfortunately, the positions of the islands on the map did not match those written down in the log. In 1853 the discoveries of Thompson Island, Bouvet Island, and the Chimneys showed up on an official map of the British admiralty. 

In 1893, Captain Joseph J. Fuller reported another sighting of Thompson Island, on his ship, *Francis Allyn*.

The Valdivia expedition wanted to find the exact position of Bouvet and Thompson Island, in November 1898, but was unable to find Thompson Island.

In 1915, a German ship, the *Meteor*, gave a depth of the sea of 1579 m at the position where Thompson had been reported. If Thompson ever existed, it is probable that it disappeared in a volcanic eruption sometime in the 1890s.

The Norwegian Arctic Expedition (1928/29) failed to find Thompson Island, and declared it did not exist.

Thompson Island continued to appear on maps published as late as 1943.

The only person to have seen Thompson Island was probably Norris. Fuller's description of Thompson Island matches more or less that given of Bouvet Island in Norris' diary, and is therefore questionable.
**Muhammad** **Marmaduke William Pickthall** (7 April 1875 – 19 May 1936) was an English Islamic scholar. His 1930 English translation of the Qur'an, titled the *The Meaning of the Glorious Koran*, is one of the most widely known and used in the English-speaking world.

Biography
---------

Pickthall was born in London, on 7 April 1875, the elder of the two sons of the Christian cleric Charles Grayson Pickthall (1822–1881) and his second wife, Mary Hale. As a schoolboy at Harrow, Pickthall was a classmate and friend of Winston Churchill. In June 1917, Pickthall gave a speech defending the rights of Palestinian Arabs, in the context of the debate over the Balfour Declaration. In November 1917, Pickthall converted to Islam, publicly taking the *shahada* at the Woking Muslim Mission. He followed this with a speech contrasting the Christian and Muslim approaches to religious law, arguing that Islam was better equipped than Christianity to handle the post-World War world. Pickthall was buried in the Muslim section at Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey, England.
**Malamel** is a village in Pathanapuram Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India. This village is situated between Anchal and Valakom bypass road. In Malayalam, Malamel means "Top of the hill".

Rock Temples
------------

At Malamel, there is a huge rock on which there is a famous Shiva Temple. A temple festival is held on 3 December. The temple has 5 doors and is considered to be divine and ancient because of the close proximity of *Jadayupara* (Chadayamangalam) (the rock that *Jadayu* carried on his wings). It has also a cave at extreme left of the temple, which a British Adventurer in the year 1946, tried in vain to venture into, and which leads to the Kulathupuzha Forest. This cave is believed to be a haven for very venomous snakes.
Famous temples like *Arackal Devi Temple* and *Perumannur Devi Temple* are nearby. Kottarakara Sree Mahaganapathy Kshethram is 12 km away.

Kottarakara and Punalur are the towns nearest to the village.

Other websites
--------------

* Malamel Shiva Kshethram (Temple) at Google Maps
**Remipedia** is a class of blind crustaceans. They live in coastal aquifers.

So long as the water is salty, these little animals can be found.
They are found in almost every ocean basin, including in Australia, the Caribbean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean. They live in subtropical waters.

The first described remipede was a fossil called *Tesnusocaris goldichi* (early Pennsylvanian). Since 1979 at least 17 living species have been identified.

Genetic studies suggest that remipedes are the arthropods most closely related to insects.

Anatomy
-------

Remipedes are 10–40 millimetres (0.4–1.6 in) long. They have a head and a long trunk of up to forty-two similar body segments. The swimming appendages are on the sides of each segment, and the animals swim on their backs. They are generally slow-moving.

They have fangs connected to secretory glands. It is not known whether these glands secrete digestive juices or poisonous venom. They have a primitive body plan in crustacean terms, and may be a basal, ancestral crustacean group.

At least one species, *Godzilliognomus frondosus*, has an organised brain, with a particularly large olfactory area. Species which live in dark environments need to detect scents in the water. The size and complexity of the brain suggested that Remipedia might be the sister taxon to Malacostraca, regarded as the most advanced crustaceans.
**Pedro Santana** is a municipality in the Dominican Republic, in the Elías Piña Province, on the border with Haiti, along the left side of the Artibonite river.

Origin of the name
------------------

The town, and municipality, was named after *Pedro Santana*, a general of the Independence wars and first president of the Dominican Republic. He was born in Hincha, now a Haitian city ("Hinche") near the border.

Population
----------

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,917: 2,120 men and 1,797 women. The urban population was 30.5% of the total population.

History
-------

The old small town of *Los Cercadillos* was elevated, with the present name, to the category of municipal district of Bánica on 16 September 1942 and to the category of municipality by the Law 3208 of 3 March 1952.

Geography
---------

Pedro Santana has an area of 236.1 km2 (91.2 sq mi) and is at 2 km (1.2 mi) to the north of Bánica and at 36 km2 (13.9 sq mi) to the north of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Bánica to the south and Haiti to the west.

Administrative division
-----------------------

The municipality of Pedro Santana has only one municipal district; this is:

Municipal district of Pedro Santana| Code | Municipal district | Population(2010) | Area(km2) | Density |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 070502 | Río Limpio | 3,364 | 312.2 | 10.8 |

Economy
-------

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.
Opening in 1912
Stationary circus building in Dresden
Booklet *With Sarrasani in South America* (graphics Kurt Fiedler)
**Sarrasani** is the name of a famous German circus. It was resident in Dresden. Later it became known as national circus of Argentina.

Sarrasani was founded by the clown *Hans Stosch*. His stage name was *Giovanni Sarrasani*. He came 1901 to Radebeul. The circus had its official premiere 1902 in Meißen. In the year 1912 a stationary circus building opened in Dresden. The circus often performed abroad. It had two famous labels, the Elephants and the Sioux.

Stosch-Sarrasani sen. died 1934 in São Paulo. His son Hans Stosch-Sarrasani jun. followed him as director. He died in 1941 in Berlin. His widow took directorship. The Sarrasani theater was destroyed on 13 February 1945 during the World War II.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani emigrated to Argentina. She re-launched the circus in Buenos Aires. Perón and Evita declared Sarrasani *Circo nacional Argentino*. The Argentine Sarrasani existed until 1972. 

The artist Fritz Mey re-launched the German Sarrasani in 1956. His partner, Ingrid Wimmer, was adopted by Trude Stosch-Sarrasani in 1976. André Sarrasani, son of Fritz Mey and Ingrid Wimmer, leads the circus since 2000. Sarrasani came back to Dresden in 1990 for the first time after 45 years. André Sarrasani performs today in Dresden the Dinner-Varieté-Show *Trocadero*.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani died the 6 of June 2009.

Literature
----------

* Stosch-Sarrasani, Hans: Durch die Welt im Zirkuszelt. Berlin Schützen-Verl. 1940.
* Günther, Ernst: Sarrasani. Geschichte und Geschichten. Dresden Saxo-Phon. 2005.
* Weaver, Jace: Other words: American Indian literature, law, and culture, Vol. 39 of American Indian literature and critical studies series. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sarrasani***.

* Photos at Deutsche Fotothek
* Sarrasani in Dresden

Coordinates: 51°03′33″N 13°44′43″E﻿ / ﻿51.05917°N 13.74528°E﻿ / 51.05917; 13.74528
A **quorum** is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum.

In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting.

The noun quorum is the plural of the Latin word *qui*, meaning "of whom."

A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all.
Atlantic salmon
Chum Salmon of a breeding season
Ovary of the Chum Salmon was opened and loosened
**Salmon** is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. 

Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms. 

As the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.

Coloring
--------

Salmons get the pink color of their flesh from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble (compound feed). If they don't have the pigment, their flesh has a gray color.

Eating
------

Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.

Main species
------------

* Atlantic salmon
* Australian salmon
* Chinook salmon
* Chum salmon
* Coho salmon
* Indian Salmon
* Pink salmon
* Sockeye salmon

Other websites
--------------

* Salmon Nation A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
* Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
* Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
* Is Something Fishy Going On? (red dyes in farmed fish) Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
The seal of the University of California, Santa Barbara 1868The seal of the University of California, Santa Barbara 1868
See the main article: University of California
The Storke Tower of UCSB, Santa Barbara.The **University of California, Santa Barbara** (also referred to as **UCSB** and **UC Santa Barbara**) is a research university in Santa Barbara, California, United States. The third-oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara offeres 87 undergraduate and 55 graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The main campus is located on a 1,022-acre (4.1 km2) site in Santa Barbara, California, 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Los Angeles. The University was founded in 1909 and joined the University of California-system in 1944.

UC Santa Barbara is a "very high activity" research university. UCSB houses twelve national research centers. UCSB faculty includes five Nobel Prize laureates, one  Fields Medalist, 29 members of the *United States National Academy of Sciences*, 27 members of the *National Academy of Engineering*, and 23 members of the *American Academy of Arts and Sciences*.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***University of California, Santa Barbara***.

* Official website of the University of California, Santa Barbara
The **Zeppelin LZ 1** was the first truly successful experimental rigid airship. It was first flown from a floating hangar on Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen in southern Germany on 2 July 1900. "LZ" stood for *Luftschiff Zeppelin*, or "Airship Zeppelin".

Designing and development
-------------------------

The Lexikon der gesamten Technik, second Auflage 1904–1920, included this plan of the LZ 1.
Count Zeppelin had been devoting his energies to the design of large rigid-framed airships since his retirement from the army in 1890. In 1898 he established the Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Luftschifffahrt. The company had a subscribed capital of 800,000 Deutschmarks, of which Zeppelin contributed 300,000 Deutschmarks: the remainder was provided by various industrialists, including 100,000 Deutschmarks contributed by Carl Berg, whose company provided the aluminium framework of the airship.

Career
------

Daimler NL 1, Motor used by Zeppelin.
At its first trial the LZ 1 carried five people, reached an altitude of 410 m (1,350 ft) and flew a distance of 6.0 km (3.7 mi) in 17 minutes, but by then the moveable weight had jammed and one of the engines had failed: the wind then forced an emergency landing. After repairs and alterations the ship flew two more times, on 17 and 24 October, showing its potential by beating the speed record then held by the electric-powered French Army non-rigid airship, *La France* of 6 kilometres per hour (3.2 kn; 3.7 mph), but this did not convince the possible investors. Because funding was exhausted, Graf von Zeppelin had to dismantle the airship, sell the scrap and tools and liquidate the company.

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  Lueger, Otto: Lexikon der gesamten Technik und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften, Bd. 1 Stuttgart, Leipzig 1920. S. 404–412. Luftschiff
2. ↑  Robinson 1973 p. 23

* Robinson, Douglas H. (1973) *Giants in the Sky* Henley-on-Thames, Foulis. ISBN 0 85429 145 8
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. p. 906.
Toothpaste
**Toothpaste** is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.

This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.

Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.

Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.

Swallowing
----------

Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.
**Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans** (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known as **Toots Thielemans**, was a Belgian jazz musician. He is well known for his guitar and harmonica playing as well as his whistling. Thielemans is one of the greatest harmonica players of the 20th century.

He worked as a bandleader, as a sideman, and has been on dozens of movie soundtracks. In 2009 he became NEA Jazz Master, the highest honour for a jazz musician in the United States.

He is perhaps best-known to the American public for whistling the melody in commercials for Old Spice cologne.

Career
------

Thielemans started his career as a guitar player. In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. In 1949 and 1950 he was in European tours with Benny Goodman. He made his first record in Paris with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he became a band member of the Bobbejaan Schoepen.

He moved to the US in 1952. He was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. He played and recorded with Ella Fitzgerald, Jaco Pastorius, Peggy Lee, The George Shearing Quintet, Quincy Jones, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Paul Simon, Billy Joel, The Happenings, Astrud Gilberto, Shirley Horn, Elis Regina and others.

A jazz standard by Toots Thielemans is "Bluesette" where he used whistling and guitar in unison. First recorded by Toots in 1962, with words added by Norman Gimbel the song became a major worldwide hit. His harmonica playing can also be heard in movies such as *Midnight Cowboy*, *Jean de Florette*, *Sugarland Express*, *The Yakuza*, *Turkish Delight*, *The Getaway*, *French Kiss*, *Dunderklumpen*. His music was also in TV programs, including *Sesame Street*, the Belgian TV series *Witse*, and the Dutch TV series *Baantjer*. He made the music for the 1974 Swedish movie *Dunderklumpen!*. He also voiced the animated character Pellegnillot.

His whistling and harmonica playing can be heard on Old Spice radio and TV commercials that have been made over the years. During the 1980s he performed with bassist and composer/bandleader Jaco Pastorius. In 1983 he was on Billy Joel's album *An Innocent Man*, and his trademark harmonica can be heard on "Leave a Tender Moment Alone." A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song "Too Late For Goodbyes" from the album *Valotte*. In 1984, he recorded the final album of Billy Eckstine (I Am A Singer). In 1998 he released a French style album titled "Chez Toots". It included *Les Moulins De Mon Coeur (The Mills of my Heart)* featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis.

Apart from his popularity as a musician, he was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor. In 2001 Thielemans was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium.
**Thomas Weelkes** (baptised in Elsted, Sussex, 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music.

Life
----

Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576. His father may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood.

We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for two or three years. 

During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in 1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children.

Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job.

In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work. In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing. In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service. However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad.

Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died. He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him.

Music
-----

Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral.

Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley. When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called *A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley*, (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".) Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms.
The **Vale do Aço metropolitan area** (Região Metropolitana do Vale do Aço, in Portuguese) is a metropolitan area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, comprising only the four municipalities of Coronel Fabriciano, Ipatinga, Santana do Paraíso and Timóteo, but have an influence area of 24 other municipalities.

The region has become internationally known due to large companies that are in the region, such as the Cenibra, Aperam South America (old Acesita) and Usiminas, all with an increasing volume of exported products.

Cities
------

### Major

Vale do Aço metropolitan area.
Vale do Metropolitan Region.

| City | Area (km ²) | Population (2009) | PIB (2005) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ipatinga | 166 | 244.508 | 4.422.997.000 |
| Timóteo | 145 | 79.813 | 1.842.089.000 |
| Coronel Fabriciano | 221 | 105.037 | 451.426.000 |
| Santana do Paraíso | 276 | 24.695 | 108.346.000 |
| **Total** | **808** | **449.340** | **6.824.858.000** |

### Other cities

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Açucena
* Antônio Dias
* Belo Oriente
* Bom Jesus do Galho
* Braúnas
* Bugre
* Caratinga
* Córrego Novo
* Dionísio
* Dom Cavati
* Entre Folhas
* Iapu
 | * Ipaba
* Jaguaraçu
* Joanésia
* Marliéria
* Mesquita
* Naque
* Periquito
* Pingo-d'Água
* São João do Oriente
* São José do Goiabal
* Sobrália
* Vargem Alegre
 |  |

Other websites
--------------

* Official site of Coronel Fabriciano
* Official site of Ipatinga
* Official site of Timóteo
**Dru Katrina Sjodin** (September 26, 1981 – November 22, 2003) was an American murder victim. She was kidnapped from the Columbia Mall parking lot in Grand Forks, North Dakota by Alfonso Rodriguez Jr on November 22, 2003. Her kidnapping and murder caused the creation of the Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Registry.

Murder
------

At 4:00 pm Saturday, November 22, 2003, Sjodin, a 22-year-old college student at the University of North Dakota, finished her job shift at the Victoria's Secret store at the Columbia Mall in Grand Forks. Sjodin shopped for and bought a new purse from Marshall Field's. She then left the mall and began walking to her 1994 Oldsmobile Cutlass. During this time, Sjodin was speaking to her boyfriend, Chris Lang, on her cell phone. Ten minutes into the call, Lang reports Sjodin said "Okay, okay" before the call ended.

Just over a week later, on December 1, 2003, 50-year-old registered sex offender Alfonso Rodriguez Jr. was arrested in connection with Sjodin's disappearance. Sjodin's body was found on April 17, 2004, just west of Crookston, Minnesota when deep snow drifts began to melt.

Crookston is also where Rodriguez had been living with his mother. Sjodin's body was found partially nude and face down in a ravine. Her hands were tied behind her back. She had been beaten, sexually assaulted and stabbed. She had several lacerations, including a five-and-a-half-inch cut near her neck. A rope was tied around her neck.

Thousands of people had helped search for the young woman. Hundreds went to her funeral.

Trial
-----

The trial of Alfonso Rodriguez Jr. was held in federal court because Sjodin was taken across state lines. This meant he was eligible for the death penalty if he was found guilty. But neither North Dakota nor Minnesota have the death penalty. 

On August 30, 2006, Rodriguez was found guilty of sexual assault, kidnapping and murder in Sjodin's death. On September 22, 2006, Rodriguez was sentenced to death.
Cast skull, Royal Ontario Museum
***Rapetosaurus*** is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. It lived in what is now Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Only one species, *Rapetosaurus krausei*, has been found. Like other sauropods, *Rapetosaurus* was a quadrupedal herbivore.

The discovery of *Rapetosaurus* was the first time a titanosaur had been recovered with an almost perfectly intact skeleton, complete with skull. It has helped to clarify some difficult issues in this large group of sauropod dinosaurs. It provides a baseline for the reconstruction of other titanosaurs that are known only from partial remains.

By the early part of the Upper Cretaceous all sauropods, except the titanosaurs, were extinct. The titanosaurs were the dominant herbivores of the Upper Cretaceous on the southern continents which made up Gondwana. Their reign was cut short by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

Juvenile
--------

The specimen discovered was a juvenile. It is 8 metres (26 ft) from head to tail, and "probably weighed about as much as an elephant", according to Kristina Curry Rogers. An adult would have been about twice as long (15 metres (49 ft) in length), which is still less than half the length of its gigantic kin, like *Argentinosaurus* and *Paralititan*.
Not to be confused with Ranveer Singh.

**Ranvir Singh** (born 11 August 1977) is a British television presenter. She is the Political Editor, Standby Newsreader and Standby Presenter for ***Good Morning Britain***.

Early life
----------

Singh was born in 1977 in Preston, Lancashire in a Sikh family. Educated at Kirkham Grammar School, an independent school in Kirkham, Lancashire, she graduated from the University of Lancaster with a degree in English and Philosophy. She then gained a postgraduate qualification in journalism at the School of Journalism, Media and Communication, University of Lancashire.

Career
------

Singh joined BBC Radio Lancashire in 2002, initially on work experience before being a six-month contract. She then moved to BBC GMR, covering the 2002 Commenwealth Games in Manchester. Singh joined the BBC North West regional news programme *North West Tonight* in 2005 as a journalist and bulletin presenter. She was a co-presenter of the ITV Breakfast programme *Daybreak* and then did *Good Morning Britain* as a features correspondent and news presenter with Susanna Reid, Sean Fletcher, Ben Shephard and Charlotte Hawkins, then she has been a relief newscaster on the various ITV News bulletins, then did a factual programme *Tonight* as a reporter. Since March 2015, she has guest presented numerous *Exposure* specials. In 2016 and 2017, Singh co-presented *The Martin Lewis Money Show* alongside Martin Lewis, but was later replaced by Angellica Bell. And then Singh danced with a professional dancer in the eighteenth series of the BBC One celebrity dancing show *Strictly Come Dancing* since 2020.
**Ngwane V** (also known as **Mahlokohla**, **Bhunu**, **Hhili**; 11 May 1876 - 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. His parents were Mbandzeni and Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascended to the throne after a short regency of Queen Mother Tibati Nkambule. He was only 16 years old when he became king. His royal capital was at Zombodze while the Queen Mother's residence was at Lobamba.

Ngwane became the king after the Swaziland convention of 1894. This had led to the classification of Swaziland as a protected state of the South African Republic which was then led by President Paul Kruger. During this time Swaziland had a partial Dutch administration in parallel to Ngwane's administration. The Dutch or European for European interests and Ngwane as head and authority of the Swazi nation. An annual payment was made to Ngwane and Labotsibeni while they were in office from taxes collected and from contributions from concessionaires and taxes.

Ngwane's rule was short. In 1899 the Anglo-Boer war began. It brought to an end the Dutch or Boer partial administration of Swaziland and hence gave way to independence. However Mahlokohla died on 10 December of that year while dancing incwala. This was hidden from the nation until the ceremony was over.

Ngwane was succeeded by his four-month-old son Nkhotfotjeni and his wife Lomawa Ndwandwe. His mother Labotsibeni who had been very influential during his reign continued as queen regent until Sobhuza was crowned in 1921. Ngwane's reign gave way to a stable territory surrounded by conflicting states. Today Mahlokohla is named for one of the main streets, *Mahlokohla Street* in Swaziland's capital Mbabane.
***Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom*** (English: *My Name Is Yu Ming*) is a 2003 Irish short film. Yu Ming goes to Ireland, where most of the population do not know Irish. It was directed by Daniel O'Hara and is 13 minutes in length.

Plot
----

Yu Ming (Diyu Daniel Wu) hates his job at a supermarket in China. He chooses to move to Ireland because a globe he spun in a library landed on it. He learns "Gaelic" for 6 months first because an atlas says it is Ireland's official language.

He asks an Australian receptionist in a Dublin hostel "*Ba mhaith liom leaba anseo*" ("I would like a bed here"). Thinking it is Chinese, he asks Enke, an Asian co-worker, to translate it. He says, "I am Mongolian."

Yu Ming asks a bartender "*Tá mé ag lorg obair*" ("I am looking for work"). He also thinks he is speaking Chinese. Paddy (Frank Kelly), an old man, can speak Irish, so he buys him a drink and tells him he is able to speak Irish.

Yu Ming now works as a bartender in the Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking) area of Connemara.

The line "*An bhfuil tusa ag labhairt liomsa?*" ("Are you talking to me?") is said multiple times throughout the film.

Cast
----

* Diyu Daniel Wu as Yu Ming
* Frank Kelly as Paddy
* Paddy C. Courtney as a barman
* Richard Morton as Lenny

Awards
------

The film got several awards in festivals, including Aspen Shortsfest, Celtic Film and Television Festival and Irish Film & Television Awards.

Other websites
--------------

* Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom (2003) at YouTube
* *Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom* on IMDb