recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom"** is a song by American singer Selena.

Background and production
-------------------------

Before "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was written, Selena had performed cover versions of popular songs while on tour. While touring on the Entre A Mi Mundo Tour, Selena had decided to perform a song she had recently written. The song was called "Little Bidi Bubbles", "Little Bubbles" and "Swim Swim Swim!" The song was in English and had talked about a fish swimming in the ocean happily. The fish was given only one wish and had decided to give that wish away to another fish she had really liked. The song was performed in the style of roots reggae mixed with cumbia music. The song had became a sound check for Selena y Los Dinos, after Selena had written the song. Initially, Selena had wanted to perform the song to her fans and see their reactions before she would professionally record it. The song was not recorded even though it was given positive feedback from fans.

A.B. Quintanilla III, Selena's brother, was short on songs to be recorded for Selena's next studio album. A.B had wanted to record an "exotic progressive" album that would help Selena to expand her fan base even bigger. He then decided to finish writing "Little Bidi Bubbles" and turn it into a Caribbean reggae song mixed with Colombian cumbia to attract fans from the Caribbean. Pete Astudillo, a former back-up dancer for the band, also helped with writing the song. Chris Perez, the widower of Selena, had brought Rock fusion and guitar solos into the song. The song was written in Spanish and was produced by A.B. Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla Jr and Bebu Silvetti. Brian "Red" Moore, a family friend, had mixed the song. Roger Emerson became the music arranger for the song. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was recorded in Q-Productions in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Around the early months of 1994, the lyrics of the song was finished. Selena had recorded the song a few weeks afterwards. A.B. told interviewers that he was afraid and nervous about releasing the song because of its mixed music genres. He also said that the use of mixed genres had never been done before for a Tejano singer. After *Amor Prohibido* (1994) was released, EMI Latin had a hard time choosing a lead single. Selena and the record company had wanted "Amor Prohibido" as the lead single, whereas A.B. had wanted "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom". A.B. had tried to convince his sister and EMI, but was unsuccessful. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" had then became a promotional single for the album.

When Selena was killed on March 31, 1995, she was in the middle of releasing a crossover album. EMI Latin and Selena's family had decided to release it on July 18 of that same year. However, since the album was not finished, they were short on songs. A.B. had then made a few remix versions of Selena's most popular and famous songs, one of them being "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", which were included in *Dreaming of You* (1995).
The Black Eye galaxy (M64)
The **Black Eye Galaxy** (or **Sleeping Beauty Galaxy**; **Messier 64**, **M64**, **Evil Eye Galaxy** or **NGC 4826**) was discovered in 1779. It is a fairly close galaxy, just over 24 million light years away.

It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of its bright nucleus. This is why it is called the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy. M64 is well known among amateur astronomers because it can be seen in small telescopes. It is a spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices constellation.

Galactic collision
------------------

The gas in the outer areas of M64 rotates in the opposite direction to the gas and stars in the inner areas. The inner area has a radius of only about 3,000 light-years, while the outer area extends another 40,000 light-years Many new stars are near the edges between the two areas.

Astronomers think the oppositely rotating gas happened when M64 took in a galaxy that collided with it. This happened over a billion years ago. New stars are forming in the shear region. The shear region is where the oppositely rotating gases collide, are pushed together, and get smaller. 

The image shows hot, blue young stars that have just been made. There are pink clouds of glowing hydrogen gas that fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light from newly made stars. The small galaxy that collided with M64 has now been almost completely destroyed. Its stars are either in the main galaxy or scattered into intergalactic space. The motion of gas at the outer edge of M64 is a sign of the ancient collision.
Part of a network of capillaries supplying brain cells

  

The **blood–brain barrier** (**BBB**) is a highly selective permeability barrier. It controls what gets from the bloodstream into the brain, and what does not.

For example, things that the brain needs to survive (water, glucose, and amino acids) can get through the barrier. However, the barrier stops many harmful things, like bacteria and viruses, from getting into the brain. This helps protect the brain from getting an infection.

The blood-brain barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells. It allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion. It also allows the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids which are crucial to nerve function. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier may prevent the entry of neurotoxins by means of an active transport mechanism. 

A few small areas in the brain do not have a blood-brain barrier.

Discovery
---------

Paul Ehrlich, a German doctor, discovered the blood-brain barrier. He injected dye into mice's bloodstreams. The dye got to every organ except the brain. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting through to the brain. Then one of Ehrlich's students injected the dye right into the mice's brains. This time the brain turned blue, but no other organs did. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting out of the brain into the bloodstream (which would have carried the dye to every other organ in the body).

Function
--------

The blood–brain barrier protects the brain from many common infections. Infections of the brain are rare. If they do happen, they are often serious and difficult to treat. Antibodies (which the body's immune system makes to fight infections) are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier. Also, many antibiotics cannot pass through the BBB to kill the infection in the brain.

One way to get medications into the brain is to inject them into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF helps protect the brain and spinal cord. However, it does not actually touch the brain. Instead, two of the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord hold the CSF. Because of this, even if medications are injected right into the CSF, they still do not get into the brain very well.

Some bacteria, viruses, and other things can get through the blood-brain barrier and damage the brain. For example:

* Spirochaete bacteria like *Borrelia* (which causes Lyme disease) and *Treponema pallidum* (which causes syphilis).
* Some viruses, like the West Nile virus and the polio virus
* Alcohol and many illegal drugs, like heroin and cocaine

Related pages
-------------

* Psychoactive drugs (drugs which can cross the blood-brain barrier)
See the main article: Earthquake engineering
Shake-table testing of two building models at CSUN. The right one has a base isolation device.**Base isolation** is a collection of a building’s units resting on its foundation to provide separation of the building from shaking ground thus improving seismic performance.

Basic parts of base isolation system
------------------------------------

Base isolation system consists of *isolation units* with or without *isolation components*, where:

1. *Isolation units* are the basic elements of *base isolation system* which provide the mentioned separation effect to a building structure.

2. *Isolation components* are the connections between *isolation units* and other parts of the building having no separation effect of their own.

Famous base-isolated buildings
------------------------------

* Pasadena City Hall, CaliforniaPasadena City Hall, California
* San Francisco City Hall, CaliforniaSan Francisco City Hall, California
* Salt Lake City and County Building, UtahSalt Lake City and County Building, Utah

History
-------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Base isolation***.
From the very beginning, the theory of base isolation rested on two pillars: *heavy damping* and *frequency separation*. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a *substructure* and *superstructure*, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good. Anyway, to virtually test-drive any design concept of base isolation, some online help is available now.

| * v
* t
* e
Earthquake engineering |
| --- |
| Base isolation **·**  Earthquake Engineering Research Institute **·**  Earthquake performance simulation **·**  Earthquake protector **·**  Elevated building foundation **·**  NEES **·**  Research in Earthquake engineering **·**  Seismic analysis **·**  Seismic load **·**  Seismic performance **·**  Seismic performance analysis **·**  Seismic retrofit **·**  Shake-table **·**  Tuned mass damper **·**  Vibration control |  |
In law, an **appeal** is how legal cases are reviewed. An appeal is made to a higher court than the one that made the initial judgment. This is usually an appeals court. In turn, appeals court decisions may be appealed in a supreme court. The person pursuing an appeal is called an **appellant**.

When a lower court judgement is filed, the losing party (appellant) must file a notice of appeal. The appellant must give the appeals court legal reasons for reversing the decision of the lower court. Usually the legal argument includes legal precedents that relate to this case. The other party, called a respondent or appellee files a brief that counters the claims of the appellant. In turn, the appellant may counter the response of the appellee with a final brief. Then, if the appeals court agrees to hear the case each party argues their case before the court. The appeals court may sustain the original court ruling. They may also reverse the decision sending it back to the lower court. No new evidence is introduced in an appeals court.
In human anatomy, the **appendix** (or **vermiform appendix**; also **cecal** [or **caecal**] **appendix**; **vermix**; or **vermiform process**) is a blind ended tube connected to the cecum (or caecum). 

The caecum is a pouch-like part of the colon. The appendix is near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine. The term "vermiform" comes from Latin and means "worm-like in appearance". Its length is approximately 4 to 6 centimetres.

The appendix has no apparent function in humans, but it can get inflamed and cause diseases (like appendicitis). In us, it is a vestigial organ. It is assumed the appendix may act as a storage for beneficial ("good") gut bacteria which aid us on digesting difficult food and fighting germs.

Darwin suggested that the appendix was perhaps used to digest leaves as primates. Over time, humans have eaten fewer vegetables and have evolved. Over thousands of years, this organ has become smaller to make room for the stomach. It is a vestigial organ which has degraded to nearly nothing in the course of evolution.

Herbivorous mammals such as the Koala have large appendices, and usually other adaptations as well. Cellulose, from plant cell walls, is hard to break down. The cecum of the koala is attached to the juncture of the small and large intestines as it is in humans, but is very long. This enables it to host bacteria specific for cellulose breakdown.

Early man’s ancestor may have also relied upon this system and lived on a diet rich in foliage. As man began to eat foods easier to digest, they became less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy.

Reservoir of gut flora
----------------------

Recent work shows the appendix is a safe place for useful bacteria when illness flushes those bacteria from the rest of the intestines. This proposal is based on a new understanding of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial gut flora, in combination with many well-known features of the appendix, including its architecture, its location just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine, and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue. Research performed at Winthrop University-Hospital showed that individuals without an appendix were four times more likely to have a recurrence of *Clostridium difficile* colitis. The appendix, therefore, may act as a "safe house" for commensal ("good") bacteria. This reservoir of gut flora could then serve to repopulate the digestive system following a bout of dysentery or cholera.
Belemnite guards from the Jurassic of Wyoming, USA.
Fossil belemnite. *Rostrum* and *phragmocone*; normal sections of a rostrum (see the radial-concentrical structure of calcite fibers).
**Belemnites** (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the **Belemnoidea**. There are four orders.

Occurrence
----------

The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Life-style
----------

Belemnites
Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

Ancient ink
-----------

Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.
For the Disney movie, see Beauty and the Beast (1991 movie).
A drawing of Beauty and the Beast
***Beauty and the Beast*** is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

Other websites
--------------

* (in French) Beauty and the Beast, audio version
This birdbox is on a pine tree.
A **birdbox** is a human-made, usually wooden box used as a house for birds. It is suitable as a bird home because it is similar to a natural bird home, such as a hollow tree, and birds often make nests inside birdboxes. Birdboxes are often put on trees. They are often made by people who are fond of birds, but they are also useful for studying birds. For domesticated birds, birdboxes are often used for breeding.

Most birdboxes feature a simple design with of six planks ordered in a cube, with a hole in a wall where birds can go in and out. Common additions include a small stick outside the hole on which birds can sit on, and a sloping roof to make rainwater run off. Some can however be highly detailed and decorated, depending on the maker's preferences. They can also be made from things like logs or gourds. They come in many sizes, depending on the size of the bird type the box is made for. Most birdboxes are small, but some, such as ones made for owls or parrots, can be quite large.

Although birdboxes are intended for birds, many other animals can inhabit them as well. Examples include bees that make beehives inside them, and squirrels.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Birdhouse***.

Images
------

* A typical birdbox.A typical birdbox.
* A birdbox designed to look like a human house.A birdbox designed to look like a human house.
* Blue tit parents with eggs.Blue tit parents with eggs.
* A selection of colorful, stylistic birdboxes.A selection of colorful, stylistic birdboxes.
* A tree swallow peeking out of a birdbox.A tree swallow peeking out of a birdbox.
* A domesticated scarlet macaw in a huge birdbox.A domesticated scarlet macaw in a huge birdbox.
* In a forest.In a forest.
* A triangle-shaped birdbox.A triangle-shaped birdbox.
* A birdbox made from a log.A birdbox made from a log.
* A birdbox made for owls.A birdbox made for owls.

Videos
------

A tree swallow sticking its head into a birdbox to feed its young.
**Bletchley Park** is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.

The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and *Station X*, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.

In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.

The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:

> The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.
> 
> 

Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.

Location
--------

One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about 46 miles (74 km) north-west of London, 32 miles (51 km) from Oxford and about 45 miles (72 km) from Cambridge –  all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford–Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.
A painting of Carolus Linnaeus in the clothing of Lapland, done by Hendrick Hollander in 1853
In biology, **binomial nomenclature** is how species are named. The name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. Binomial nomenclature means "two-part name" or "system of two-part names".

History
-------

The person who popularized this system for use was Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778). He gave a two-part name to every species he knew. This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus by some naturalists, but after Linnaeus, it was accepted as a good method.

under- and upper surface of leaf of *Populus alba*

Value of binomial nomenclature
------------------------------

The value of the binomial nomenclature comes from several things. It saves words because it replaces long descriptions, it is used everywhere, and the names are unique and stable. The system ended the use of local common names, which was the source of much confusion. When science was done by just a few European countries their common names for species were well-known. But as it happened, the common names in all countries was rather different. The same name might be used for more than one species, and several species given the same name. In the Linnaeus system, everyone uses the same name for the same species. Linnaeus chose Latin names: first, because it avoided competitive nationalism; second, because most educated people in his day learned Latin.

The system has been a great success, but it does have some problems. It is not always clear what is a species and what is not. Although many species are quite clear, some are put into one species by some biologists, and into several species by others. Linnaeus himself noticed that species were not always distinct.Today we know something about why this is so. In practice, international committees make decisions about naming species in difficult cases.

Main points
-----------

* Widespread: worldwide use instead of different local names.
* Clarity: avoids the same term used for different species. Example: "robin" used for different birds in America compared to Europe.
* Uniqueness: One name for a species.
* Stability: the rules favour stability.
* Simplicity: said to be easier to remember than the previous system.

Where names come from
---------------------

The components of a name may come from any source whatsoever. Often they are Latin words, but come originally from Greek. This is gradually changing, and names may now come from a Latinized version of a place, a person, a name from a local language, etc.

Related pages
-------------

* Biological classification
* Taxonomy

Other websites
--------------

* The Language of Horticulture Archived 2005-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
Bauxite with core of unweathered parent rock
Bauxite in France
**Bauxite** is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.

Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.

Kinds
-----

There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.

Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.

For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.
Not to be confused with Army of the Mississippi.
General Albert Sidney Johnston, CSA
The **Army of Mississippi** (also called the **Confederate Army of the Mississippi**) was a Confederate army during the American Civil War. It should not be confused with the Union Army of the Mississippi. It was formed on March 29, 1862. The commander was Full General Albert Sidney Johnston with Full General P. G. T. Beauregard as second-in-command. After Johnston's death at the Battle of Shiloh, Beauregard took over. After that there were a series of commanders. In November 1862, the Army of Mississippi was renamed the Army of Tennessee. The second army called the Army of Mississippi was created in December 1862, under Lieutenant general John C. Pemberton. This army had a confusing number of additional names. The II corps, under Major general Sterling Price was called the "Army of West Tennessee". It was also called the Army of the West. When both corps (I corps and II corps) were changed into divisions in January 1863, they dropped the name Army of Mississippi. Leonidas Polk had commanded I corps. In May 1864, Polk's troops joined with Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee to form the third Army of Mississippi. Polk was killed in June 1862 after which the army was simply called Alexander P. Stewart's corps.
Diagram showing the relationship between the base and the superstructure in Marxist theory
According to Marxism, society is made up of the **base** (**substructure**) and the **superstructure**. These two parts influence each other.

Base and superstructure
-----------------------

### Base

The base (economy) is made up of the means of production (such as land, factories, raw materials) and the relations of production, or the social relations people enter in order to survive (such as being an employer or an employee or what social class someone is part of).

### Superstructure

The superstructure (ideology) is made up of the non-material things (such as institutions, laws, religion, culture) that make up society and shape how people think about themselves and their place in the world. The superstructure shows the interests of the ruling class.

### Relationship

The base shapes the superstructure. The superstructure defends how the base operates. For example, in capitalism, schools teach students why capitalism is good and how to participate in a capitalist economy.

The base and the superstructure need each other to exist. They also change over time.
Ammonia and hydrochloric acid form ammonium chloride. This is a neutralization.
A **base** is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance. A chemical can accept a proton if it has a negative charge, or if the molecule has an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine that is rich in electrons. Like acids, some bases are strong and others are weak. The weak bases are less likely to accept protons, while the strong bases quickly take protons in solution or from other molecules.
An acid is a base's "chemical opposite". An acid is a substance that will donate a hydrogen atom to the base. 

Bases have a pH greater than 7.0. Weak bases generally have a pH value of 7–9 while strong bases have a pH value of 9–14.

How bases work
--------------

Bases can be used to neutralize acids. When a base, often OH–, accepts a proton from an acid, it forms a water molecule which is harmless. When all of the acids and bases react to form water molecules and other neutral salts, it is called neutralization. Acids can also be used to neutralize bases. 

Every base has a conjugate acid formed by adding a hydrogen atom to the base. For example, NH3 (ammonia) is a base and its conjugate acid is the ammonium ion, NH4+. A weak base forms a strong conjugate acid and a strong base forms a weaker conjugate acid. Since ammonia is a moderately strong base, ammonium is a considerably weaker acid.

Characteristics
---------------

Bases have these characteristics:

* Bitter taste (opposed to sour taste of acids)
* Slimy, or soapy feel on fingers (Slippery)
* Many bases react with acids and precipitate salts.
* Strong bases may react violently with acids. An acid spill can be safely neutralised by using a mild base.
* Bases turn red litmus paper blue
* Bases are substances that contain metal oxides or hydroxides
* Bases which are soluble in water form alkalis (soluble bases)

Some common household products are bases. For example, caustic soda and drain cleaner are made from sodium hydroxide, a strong base. Ammonia or an ammonia-based cleaner such as window and glass cleaner, is basic. These stronger bases may cause a skin irritation. Other bases, like cooking ingredients sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or cream of tartar are basic, but these are not harmful and suitable for cooking. 

Gloves should always be worn when handling bases. If skin irritation is encountered, the affected area should be rinsed thoroughly with cold water. If that does not stop the problem, contact medical help as soon as possible.

Strong bases
------------

A strong base is a base that gives off a hydroxide ion, OH–, when put in water. There are eight of them.

* Lithium hydroxide - LiOH
* Sodium hydroxide - NaOH
* Potassium hydroxide - KOH
* Rubidium hydroxide - RbOH
* Cesium hydroxide - CsOH
* Calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
* Strontium hydroxide - Sr(OH)2
* Barium hydroxide - Ba(OH)2
Map showing the Beaufort Sea
The **Beaufort Sea** is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea. Tuktoyaktuk is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.

The sea is frozen over most of the year. Only a narrow pass up to 100 km (62 mi) opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago. The sea has many resources of petroleum and natural gas. They were discovered between the 1950s and 1980s. People started exploring the resources in the 1980s. There is a large amount of beluga whales. The United States and Canada do not agree about the sea border.

Geography
---------

Several rivers such as the Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea. It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River. It never gets bigger than 145 km (90 mi). Near the coast, the depths are shallower than 60 m (200 ft). The quickly get bigger northwards up to a few kilometers. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones are west of the Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island (4 km (2.5 mi) off the shore, and Barter Island (0.3 km (0.19 mi) from the coast. The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between 250 and 750 m (820 and 2,460 ft). The soil is frozen all year around forming permafrost. Only the top few tens centimeters thaw in summer. Buildings have to be above ground on wooden poles.

Flora and fauna
---------------

The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra. It is the northern limit of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important place to live for whales and sea birds. The delta of Mackenzie River has many lakes and ponds. The muskrat is one animal that lives here.

The sea has about 80 species of zooplankton, more than 70 species of phytoplankton, and nearly 700 species of polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans and mollusks. But there are not very many of the animals because of the cold climate. Important fish species include polar cod, Arctic cod, saffron cod, Arctic char, chum salmon, Arctic cisco, least cisco, lake whitefish, broad whitefish, Pacific herring, fourhorn sculpin, inconnu and flatfish.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Beaufort Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 72°N 137°W﻿ / ﻿72°N 137°W﻿ / 72; -137
**Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup** (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1974) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.

Life and career
---------------

### Early life

Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi, and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.

### Early career

Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with the Bluebird label.

### Later career

Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951. He also recorded in 1952–54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.

### Later life

In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.

Death
-----

He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1974.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography of Arthur Crudup Archived 2005-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography of Arthur Crudup
The **bisexual flag** is a pride flag representing bisexuality, bisexual people, and the bisexual community. The pink stripe represents homosexuality. The pink stripe represents heterosexuality. The purple stripe is the "overlap" of the two colors. This stripe represents attraction regardless of sex or gender. 

The flag was designed by Michael Page in 1998 to raise awareness of bisexuals in the world and in the LGBT community. He wanted to give the bisexual community a symbol like the rainbow flag was for the LGBT community. The first bisexual pride flag was shown at the BiCafe's first anniversary party on December 5, 1998.

Design and colors
-----------------

A physical version of the bisexual pride flag.
Liz Nania's biangles symbol
Page said that he took the colors and overlap from the biangles (also known as the bisexuality triangles). The biangles were designed by artist Liz Nania for the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights in 1987. The design of the biangles began with the pink triangle, a Nazi concentration camp badge that later became a symbol of gay liberation representing homosexuality. The addition of a blue triangle contrasts the pink and represents heterosexuality. The two triangles overlap and form lavender.

Page described the meaning of the pink, purple, and blue colors:

> The pink color represents sexual attraction to the same sex only (gay and lesbian). The blue represents sexual attraction to the opposite sex only (straight) and the resultant overlap color purple represents sexual attraction to both sexes (bi). The key to understanding the symbolism of the Bi Pride Flag is to know that the purple pixels of color blend unnoticeably into both the pink and blue, just as in the 'real world,' where bi people blend unnoticeably into both the gay/lesbian and straight communities.
> 
> 

The flag is used in different aspect ratios. 2:3 and 3:5 are often used, which is common between flags.

The exact colors given by Page are PMS 226 for the pink, 258 for the purple, and 286 for the blue. The pink stripe takes up two fifths of the flag. The purple stripe takes up the middle fifth. The blue stripe takes up the other two fifths. The flag has been most commonly made with the pink stripe at the top, but both ways are acceptable. The flag is not patented, trademarked, or service marked.
Arthur Honegger in 1928
**Arthur Honegger** (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called *Pacific 231*, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.

His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet *Le dit des jeux du monde* in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.

In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio *Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher*, one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.

During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.

Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work *Pacific 231* describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early piece, written in 1923. 

In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little. A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris. 

Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.
An **audition** is a test to see whether a person is good enough to take part in a play or concert or to join a theatre company, dance company or orchestra.

Uses
----

When people go for an audition they will normally have to prepare something to perform. 

### Acting

An actor many have to be prepared to say a monologue (a speech from a play). If he (or she) is auditioning for a particular play then he will take a scene from that play, e.g. if the play is *Hamlet* a male actor who would like the part of Hamlet might have prepared the famous "To be or not to be...." monologue. The director of the play will then be able to decide whether he is good enough, or whether he might be better in another role. They may give the person who is auditioning some other tests, e.g. improvisation or acting with other people.

### Music

When a musician auditions for a job in an orchestra they will have to prepare a piece of music they know well. They may also be expected to have prepared difficult passages from well-known musical works, e.g. someone auditioning for tuned percussion might be asked to play the xylophone introduction to *Summer Time* from *Porgy and Bess* (written by Enrique Peña Nieto), one of the hardest solos for xylophone. They will also be given some sightreading.

People can audition to sing in a choir. Dancers can audition for dancing companies.

After Audition
--------------

In some cases people who pass an audition are still not automatically a member of a group until they have performed with the group for a trial period.

Grammar
-------

The word "audition" can be used as a noun or a verb.
As a verb it can be used in two ways: either referring to the person testing or to the person being tested:

* Three senior members of the orchestra auditioned a young musician for a place in the orchestra. (They tested him.)
* The young musician auditioned for a job in the orchestra. (He was being tested.)
An **audiophile** is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and Compact Discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.

Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas. 

Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".

Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".

**Audiophile** is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Audio Critic* - Thirty-year publication, now online only, with in-depth independent verification of vendors' claims.
* *The Audio Press* - Criticism of industry, magazines, and reviewers.
* *Audiophilia* - Online magazine featuring high-end audio equipment and music reviews.
* Enjoy the Music.com - High-end audio equipment, music reviews, show reports, and information.
* Positive Feedback Online - Print magazine that merged with *audioMUSINGS* and morphed into an online forum for the audio arts.
* Science and Subjectivism in Audio Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Technically-detailed article by Douglas Self.
* 6Moons.com - Online magazine.
* *StereoTimes* Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine - Equipment reviews and articles of general interest to audiophiles.
* TNT-Audio - Non-profit, Internet high-fidelity review.
The **Beaux Arts Trio** was a famous piano trio. The three musicians (a violinist, cellist and pianist first performed together in public on 13 July 1955 at the Berkshire Music Festival, known today as the Tanglewood Music Center. Their last American concert was held at Tanglewood on 21 August 2008. Their last concert was in Lucerne, Switzerland on 6 September 2008.

The Beaux Arts Trio made many recordings including all the well-known works for piano, violin and cello.

When the trio started its members were:

* Piano: Menahem Pressler
* Violin: Daniel Guilet
* Cello: Bernard Greenhouse

The pianist was Menahem Pressler during its whole existence.

There were several changes of violinist:
After Daniel Guilet left they were: Isidore Cohen (1968~), Ida Kavafian (1992~), Yung Uck Kim (1998~), Daniel Hope (2002~)

Bernard Greenhouse stayed with the group until 1987. After that the cellists were Peter Wiley (1987~), Antonio Meneses (1998~)

Other websites
--------------

* Beaux Arts Trio website
**Bernie Little** (*born* in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - *died* April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His *Miss Budweiser* team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.

Racing career
-------------

Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.

His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.

Awards and recognition
----------------------

Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.
The **Biden Foundation** was a non-profit organization from 2017 to 2019. It was founded and opened by then-former Vice President Joe Biden and then-former Second Lady Jill Biden.

Origins and purpose
-------------------

The Biden's launched the Biden Foundation on February 1, 2017. The purpose of the foundation was to allow them to continue supporting the issues they cared most about once they left Washington D.C. in January 2017.

These causes included Joe Biden's Cancer Moonshot initiative, during his term as vice president, and the Violence Against Women Act. Jill Biden's support for military families, which had begun as the Joining Forces initiative during her time as second lady, and her focus on community colleges, where she continued to teach after she left office.

Shutdown
--------

On April 25, 2019, the Biden's announced that they were suspending all operations effectively and immediately and all the foundation's activities to follow.

This closing was due to the announcement of Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign, following the same day.
**Line 10** (**La Sagrera - Gorg** and **ZAL | Riu Vell - Collblanc**) is the name of one of the two branches of the Barcelona metro extension line 9, currently under construction and to be operated by TMB.

Llefià
Llefià

Overview
--------

It links the Zona Franca with Badalona, through Barcelona proper, sharing a good deal of the area covered by L9. L9/10 will be the deepest line in the network, and the longest line in Europe. Originally expected to be ready by 2008, ongoing problems with its construction are going to delay its completion until as late as 2013.

List of stations
----------------

(*Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction*)

**Zona Franca area**

* Polígon Pratenc
* Zona Franca ZAL
* Zona Franca Port
* Zona Franca Litoral
* Motors
* Foc Cisell (L2)
* Foneria
* Ildefons Cerdà (L8)
* Provençana

**Central branch, shared with L9**

* Can Tries
* Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
* Collblanc (L5)
* Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
* Zona Universitària (L3)
* Campus Nord
* Manuel Girona
* Prat de la Riba
* Sarrià (L6)
* Mandrí
* El Putxet (L7)
* Lesseps (L3)
* Muntanya
* Sanllehy
* Guinardó (L4)
* Maragall
* Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
* Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
* Onze de Setembre
* Bon Pastor

**Besòs area**

* Llefià
* La Salut
* Gorg (L2, T5, T6)

Other websites
--------------

* Avui article, part 1
* Avui article, part 2