recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The group of "warm-blooded animals" is polyphyletic.
Comparison of phylogenetic groups, showing a **monophyly** (sauropsids), a **paraphyly** (reptiles), and a **polyphyly** (warm-blooded animals)
**Polyphyly** is a term in cladistics. It describes a group of organisms whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. Another way of expressing this is to say that polyphyly includes groups some members of which are descended from ancestral populations.

The diagrams show that birds and mammals are indeed related, but only at the level of the early amniotes. In terms of evolution, there is a vast gulf between them.

More common in traditional taxonomy is to include all descendants (say, living mammals) without the group they evolved from (which would be some clade in the therapsida). This is done for convenience; but it makes the mammals polyphyletic.

Biological classification aims to group species together such that every group is descended from a single common ancestor. A polyphyletic group can be "fixed" either by excluding clades or by adding the common ancestor.

According to cladistics it should be the aim of classification to ensure that all groups are monophyletic. However, other taxonomists argue that there is a valid place for groups that are paraphyletic. These would contain their most recent common ancestor but not all the descendants of that ancestor.
*The last Day of Pompeii* by Karl Briullov, The State Russian Museum.**Seismic performance** is an execution of a building structure's ability to sustain its due functions, such as safety and serviceability, *at* and *after* a particular earthquake. A structure is, normally, considered *safe* if it does not endanger the lives and wellbeing of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing. A structure may be considered *serviceable* if it is able to fulfill its operational functions for which it was designed.

The UN headquarters in Haiti after the earthquake of 2010.
Ancient builders believed that earthquakes were a result of wrath of gods (in Greek mythology, e.g. the main "Earth-Shaker" was Poseidon) and, therefore, could not be resisted by humans.

Nowadays, the people's attitude has changed dramatically though seismic loads, sometimes, exceed ability of a structure to resist them without being broken, partially or completely.

Related pages
-------------

* Richter scale
* Tsunami
* Volcano
**Sekou Kimathi Sinclair Smith** (May 15, 1972 – January 26, 2021) was an American sportswriter who covered the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Early life
----------

Smith was a native of Grand Rapids, Michigan. He graduated from Jackson State University in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in communications.

Career
------

Smith covered college football, basketball, and baseball for *The Clarion-Ledger* from 1994 until 2001, during his university studies and after. Smith was an NBA beat writer for four years each at *The Indianapolis Star* and *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.* He started working at Turner Broadcasting as a senior analyst for NBA Digital in November 2009. He also worked as the creator and author of Sekou Smith’s Hang Time Blog on NBA.com, a host of The Hang Time Podcast, and a Senior Analyst on NBA TV’s *The Beat*. Smith was one of the small number of journalists inside the NBA's bubble at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida covering the 2020 playoffs and the NBA Finals.

Smith mentored many colleagues as a member of the National Association of Black Journalists.

Family
------

Smith was married to his wife, Heather, with whom he had three children.

Death
-----

Smith died of COVID-19 at the age of 48 on January 26, 2021.
**Sekkizhar** is a Tamil poet and scholar. He lived during the period of Kulothunga Chola II. He was considered an excellent poet. Sekkizhar wrote *Periya Puranam*. It was originally 4253 poems describing the lives of 63 Shaiva Nayanars.

Life of Sekkizhar
-----------------

Sekkizhar was born in the village of Kundrathur in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He was a scholar in vedas as well as Tirumurai (later his work was also been added as a tirumurai). His real name is Ramadevan. He was an inmate in a Vaishnavite shrine near Kanchipuram. He started his works of *Periya Puranam* when he was in Chidambaram. Among all Puranas in Tamil, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam stands first.[*source?*] Kulothunga Chola II began to restore Tamil Shaivism that was begun by his ancestors because he was a great devotee of Lord Nataraja (Shiva) at Chidambaram. The king called upon Sekkizhar to compose a poem on the life of Shaiva saints.

In Tamil literature, Periya Puranam, the great poem works of Sekkizhar is considered the fifth veda. It had also took place as the twelfth tirumarai or Shiva canon.
The **peripheral nervous system**, or **PNS**, is part of the nervous system. It consists of the nerves and ganglia which are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs. 

The PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system. 

* The SNS coordinates your body's movement, receiving external stimuli, and regulates everything under conscious control.
* The ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.
* The ENS controls the gastrointestinal system.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Peripheral nervous system***.
**Richard Philip Henry John Benson**, known as **Richard Benson** (10 March 1955 – 10 May 2022) was an English–Italian guitarist.

Career
------

Benson probably moved to Rome in 1965. In 1971 he joined the progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie. In 1972, he took part in the festival "Villa Pamphili".

From 1978 to 2013 he hosted TV shows relating to new musical releases of the time. The music was mostly hard rock and heavy metal, but also jazz, funk, blues, fusion and Italian rock.

In 1983, Benson released his first LP, *Animal Zoo*. In 1984, he released the LP *Renegade*. In 1987 he was included on the compilation album, *Metal Attack* (RCA Italy – Talent).

In 1992, Benson played himself in Carlo Verdone's movie *Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato*. In the second half of the 1990s he gave concerts in Rome. In 1999, he released his first CD, *Madre Tortura*.

Benson has then appeared in Italian national broadcast television as a music critic (Rai 2), together with Max Giusti. His work in the show was comical instead of serious. He played a sort of parody of his own character. In June 2013, he created an online television channel, "RichardBensonTV". He hosts a show there about heavy metal music. RichardBensonTv closed after just over a year.

In 2015 he released his second CD, *L'inferno dei vivi*.

In November 2016, it was announced that Benson had heart disease. He died in Rome on 10 May 2022, at the age of 67.

Discography
-----------

* 1990: *Buon Vecchio Charlie* (recorded in 1971)
* 1983: *Animal Zoo* (single)
* 1984: *Renegade* (single)
* 1999: *Madre Tortura*
* 2015: *L'inferno dei vivi*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Richard Benson***.

* Article on *la Repubblica*
* Richard Benson on IMDb
**Othniel Charles Marsh** M.A PhD LL.D (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was one of the leading paleontologists of the 19th century. He discovered and named many fossils found in western North America.

Early life
----------

Marsh was born in Lockport, New York, into a family of modest means. However, he was the nephew of the very rich banker and philanthropist, George Peabody. 

He graduated from Yale College in 1860. He later studied geology and mineralogy in New Haven, and afterwards paleontology and anatomy in Berlin, Heidelberg and Breslau. He returned to the United States in 1866 and was appointed professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University. He persuaded his uncle George Peabody to establish the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale.

Career
------

Othniel C. Marsh and Red Cloud in New Haven, Connecticut, c. 1880
Marsh and his many fossil hunters were able to uncover about 500 new species of fossil animals, which were named by Marsh himself. 

In May 1871, Marsh uncovered the first pterosaur fossils found in America. He also found early horses, the Cretaceous and Jurassic dinosaurs *Apatosaurus* and *Allosaurus*, and described the toothed birds of the Cretaceous; *Ichthyornis* and *Hesperornis*. 

Marsh is also known for the so-called "Bone Wars" waged against Edward Drinker Cope. The two men were fiercely competitive, discovering and documenting more than 120 new species of dinosaur between them. Marsh eventually won the Bone Wars by finding 80 new species of dinosaur, while Cope only found 56.
**Shlomo Argov**, Hebrew: שלמה ארגוב , (December 14, 1929 – February 23, 2003) was a well-known Israeli diplomat. He was the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. On 3 June, 1982 three Palestinians tried to kill Shlomo Argov. This was a cause of the 1982 Lebanon War.

Early life and education
------------------------

Argov was born in Jerusalem in 1929. His family had lived in Jerusalem for seven generations. As a teenager, he joined the Palmach, the elite force of the Haganah. During the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, he was wounded in the Battle of Safed. When Israel was established and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War began, Argov joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

In 1950, he completed his military service and went to the United States to study. In 1952 he received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Georgetown University. While studying, he worked part-time at the Israeli Embassy. In this time he met his future wife Hava. Afterwards, he went to study in the United Kingdom. In 1955 he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the London School of Economics.

Personal life
-------------

Argov had three children with his wife Hava: son Gideon and daughters Yehudit and Edna. Hava died in May 2002.

Attempted assassination
-----------------------

On 3 June 1982, three men, Hussein Ghassan Said, Marwan al-Banna, and Nawaf al-Rosan came close to Argov when he got into his car after a party at the Dorchester Hotel, in Park Lane, London. There is another report that says that four men were coming close to Shlomo Argov. Said shot Argov in the head. Argov was not killed, but he was badly injured. He was taken to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery very rapidly, and he was taken to a specialist unit and the surgeons did an emergency brain surgery on him. He remained in a coma for three months. Argov was the second of two Israeli diplomats who were attacked in just a month. This was given as the reason for Israel attacking Lebanon in 1982.

Later life
----------

Argov recovered from his coma and was returned to Israel. There, he was placed in Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem as a permanent patient. Though he could not move, he could clearly understand what was going on around him.

Death
-----

Argov died at Hadassah Hospital in 2003 aged 73 from the injuries in the attack. He had been paralysed and was placed in permanent hospital care for 21 years.
"**Smells Like Teen Spirit**" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana, from their second album *Nevermind*. It is their most famous song, and one of the most famous songs ever. Many people thought the song represented the ideas of the people in Generation X (people born in the United States between 1965 and 1980.)

Writing the song
----------------

The song was written by all three members of Nirvana. It was written to sound like a song that the Pixies (a band that Kurt Cobain enjoyed) wrote. It was originally a much faster song than the final version was. The title "Smells Like Teen Spirit" came from when Cobain's friend Kathleen Hanna spray painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on his wall. "Teen Spirit" was the name of the deodorant that Cobain's girlfriend Tobi Vail wore. But Cobain thought it was a symbol for a "revolutionary" song or a "punk rock anthem."

People's opinions of the song
-----------------------------

Smells Like Teen Spirit was released in 1991. It was the first single from *Nevermind*. Nirvana expected the song to not become very famous. They expected the next single, "Come as You Are", to be their big hit. However, radio stations in Seattle played Smells Like Teen Spirit, and it became a hit. Come as You Are was not as popular.

Many people who listened to the song were not able to understand what Kurt Cobain was singing. This was because he mumbled throughout the song, and the lyrics did not make sense to them. Because of this, "Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Smells Like Nirvana".

| * v
* t
* e
Nirvana |
| --- |
| 
 **Kurt Cobain** **·**  **Dave Grohl** **·**  **Krist Novoselic**Jason Everman **·**  Pat Smear **·**  Dale Crover |
| Studio albums | 
*Bleach* **·**  *Nevermind* **·**  *In Utero* |
| Extended plays | 
*Blew* **·**  *Hormoaning* |
| Compilations | 
*Incesticide* **·**  *Nirvana* **·**  *With the Lights Out* **·**  *Sliver: The Best of the Box* |
| Live albums | 
*MTV Unplugged in New York* **·**  *From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah* **·**  *Live at Reading* |
| Singles | 
"Love Buzz" **·**  "Sliver" **·**  "Molly's Lips" **·**  "Here She Comes Now" **·**  "Smells Like Teen Spirit" **·**  "Come as You Are" **·**  "Lithium" **·**  "In Bloom" **·**  "Oh, the Guilt" **·**  "Heart-Shaped Box" **·**  "All Apologies/Rape Me" **·**  "Pennyroyal Tea" **·**  "About a Girl" **·**  "The Man Who Sold the World" **·**  "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" **·**  "Lake of Fire" **·**  "Aneurysm (live)" **·**  "Drain You (live)" **·**  "You Know You're Right" |
| Related articles | 
Nirvana discography |
| TV Series | 
Happy Tree Friends |
**Phase shift keying** is a way of transmitting information. This is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. In such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. In many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available. 

The Gray code for Binary-phase-shift keying (2PSK)
If we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. Say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. We can use that change to carry information.

By either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying. If we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. If we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. We can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. A radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.

Binary Phase Shift Keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. Certain Wireless LAN standards use Phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.
Interpretation of Robertson's Fantasmagorie,1867
**Phantasmagoria** was a type of live entertainment and horror show from the 1800s. It use one or more magic lanterns to project frightening images such as skeletons, demons, and ghosts onto walls, smoke, or semi-transparent screens. Typically rear projection was used to keep the lantern out of sight. Mobile or portable projectors were used; this allowed the projected image to move and change size on the screen, and multiple projecting devices allowed for quick switching of different images. In many shows the use of spooky decoration, total darkness, sound effects, (auto-)suggestive verbal presentation and sound effects were also key elements. Some shows added all kinds of sensory stimulation, including smells and electric shocks. Even required fasting, fatigue (late shows) and drugs have been mentioned as methods of making sure spectators would be more convinced of what they saw. The shows started under the [[guise]] of actual séances in Germany in the late 18th century, and gained popularity through most of Europe (especially England) throughout the 19th century.
A human pelvis, with the bones labelledA human pelvis, with the bones labelled
The acetabulum is the hip joint (socket) at the top of each leg
The **pelvis** (plural: *pelves*) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.

Pelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.

The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.

The pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.

The pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.

1. The hip bone made of: 

* The top part is the ilium
* The middle part is called the **pubis**
* The lower part is called the ischium

2. The sacrum

3. The coccyx

Differences between the two sexes
---------------------------------

Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males. 

The function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics.
rongo rongo tablets source
An authentic rongorongo
**Rongorongo** is a system of writing native to Easter Island. It cannot be read. There are two dozen examples of rongorongo script, mostly carved on tablets made from wood of the portia tree *Thespesia populnea,* known as *makoi* in Rapanui (Easter Island) language. The longest inscription in existence is the Santiago Staff, a wooden sceptre 126 centimetres long and 6.5 centimetres wide, bearing 2300 glyphs (Gr. *γλυφη* "carving"). The staff, which once belonged to an Easter Island king, was acquired by the Chilean Navy in 1870 and is now in Santiago's Museum of Natural History.

Glyph 67 shows a Jubea palm, which was extinct on Easter Island when the first Europeans arrived.
In 2019, only 25 texts were seen as authentic. These texts and artefacts are distributed over diffent museum in the world, none remains on the Easter Island. The total text corpus is about 14,000 "letters", made of about 600 different glyphs. The writing was probably used for religious puroposes; only very few people used it. The age of the writing is unknown. In the 19th century, Europeans received the first objects with writing on them. Some glyphs show plants that do not exist, or have never existed on Easter Island. One example is the Breadfruit, which has never existed on Eastter Island. The knowledge of the plant must have been passed on from the first settlers, from generation to generation. 

When the Euopeans came ot the island, they paid high prices for tablets containing Rongoro. Today, there are a number of artefacts containing Rongorongo whch are clear forgeries. There are some, where the claim is disputed.

Other websites
--------------

* Unicode.

* *Thespesia* Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
Approximate plot of a typical action potential
A **nerve impulse** are the series of electrical signals that is generated in the neurons (nerve cells) in a response to stimulus.

Mechanism of Conduction
-----------------------

### Polarisation

When a neuron is not conduction or is in resting state the axonal membrane is more permeable to K+ ions and impermeable to Na+ ions. The sodium potassium pump actively pumps out 3Na+ ions to the extracellular fluid and takes in 2K+ ions into the cell. Due to the imbalance in charge, a potential difference is developed across the axonal membrane, also known as the **resting potential** (-70mV). The outer side of the membrane will have a positive charge while the inner side will have a negative charge.

### Depolarisation

When a stimulus (chemical, mechanical or electrical) is applied to the membrane the sodium potassium pump stops working. The Na+ ions will rush inside the cell followed by the reversal of polarity of the axonal membrane. Its also called depolarisation of the nerve fibre. The electric potential difference at the site of stimulus is called the **action potential** (+40mV).

### Repolarisation

As a result, the current will flow from depolarised part of nerve fibre to polarised part of the nerve fibre in the axoplasm, while current flows in opposite direction on the cell surface. Thus in this way a new action potential is generated up ahead in the nerve fibre. The time taken by the axonal membrane to get polarised again is called the **refractory period** (1ms). After the refractory period the sodium potassium pump will operate again and the membrane will return to resting state again.

Special faster connections
--------------------------

Faster **electrical synapses** are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart. They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap. Therefore, electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial.

These synapses connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells directly together. When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons. Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell.

Other websites
--------------

* Interactive Synapse at LearnBio.org.
**Perjury** is the word used for a person that tells a lie while they are under oath (in a courtroom). Committing perjury is against the law, and can be punished with a jail or prison sentence.

Perjury is a serious crime because it might be used to take away the power of a court, which can lead to punishment for the wrong person. In the United States, perjury is a federal offense, and it can be punished by five years in prison. However, in California, a person who commits perjury can get the death penalty if the perjury led to a wrongful execution.

The rules of perjury also apply when a person says or does something *under penalty of perjury*, even if he or she never swore an oath. One example is the United States' income tax return, where people have to sign as true and correct under penalty of perjury. A person can be punished by three years in prison if he or she lies on the tax return.

A statement that involves *interpretation* are not perjury because people can judge incorrectly without knowing it. Perjury only happens if a person wanted to do it and then actually did.

Canada
------

The offence of perjury is written in section 132 of the Criminal Code. It is described by section 131, which says that perjury is when a person says something false when he or she knows that it is false. People who commit perjury can be imprisoned for fourteen years at most.

European Union
--------------

A person in the Court of Justice of the European Communities swears anything he knows is false is guilty of perjury. Proceedings for perjury can happen in any place in the State and the offence can be treated as if it happened in that place.

United States
-------------

Perjury in American law comes from the common law of England, which defined the it as giving a false testimony under oath that has to do with the issue.

### Definitions

The American legal system defines perjury as saying anything knowingly false under oath to a "competent tribunal, officer, or person". The punishment can be a fine or up to five years in prison or both.
The **Overland Expedition**, also called the **Overland Relief Expedition** or **Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition**, was a long trip in 1897–8, by three officers of the United States Coast Guard (then named the *U.S. Revenue Cutter Service*), with the help of two civilians, using sled dogs and reindeer to rescue more than 250 whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean by ice around their ships.

The rescue was ordered by then-U.S. President William McKinley. McKinley later talked about the rescue in a letter dated January 17, 1899 to the United States Congress, in which he asked Congress to award the officers Congressional Gold Medals, and to pay the civilians for their help:

> 
> It will be remembered that in the month of October, 1897, reports were
> received here of the probable loss of the whaling fleet in the Arctic
> regions, and of the likelihood that nearly 300 men, composing the
> officers and crews of the fleet, would perish from hunger unless succor [an old word for help] could reach them early in the spring. ...  
> 
> The overland expedition was formed, and consisted of First Lieut. David
> H. Jarvis, Revenue-Cutter Service, commanding; Second Lieut. Ellsworth
> P. Bertholf, Revenue-Cutter Service, and Dr. Samuel J. Call, surgeon of
> the *Bear*, all volunteers. ...  
> 
> They were materially aided by Mr. W.T. Lopp, agent of the American Missionary Society at Cape Prince of Wales, and Artisarlook, a native of that region, both of whom, at great personal sacrifice, left their families and accompanied the reindeer herd to Point Barrow.
> The overland expedition, after a difficult and hazardous journey of
> nearly 2,000 miles through the storms and bitter cold of an Arctic
> winter, reached Point Barrow with the herd on the 29th of March, 1898,
> three months and twelve days from their landing from the *Bear* at
> Cape Vancouver, Alaskan coast of Bering Sea. They arrived none too soon. ... [due to] bad sanitary conditions and want of proper food, the men from the whale ships quartered there were found upon the verge of great suffering, while sickness had broken out among them. ...  
> 
> I have therefore the honor to submit the following recommendations and
> to ask your favorable action: ...  
> 
> That gold medals of honor of appropriate design, to be approved by
> the Secretary of the Treasury, be awarded to Lieutenants Jarvis and
> Bertholf and Dr. Call, commemorative of their heroic struggles in aid of
> suffering fellow-men. ...  
> 
> That the sum of $2,500 be appropriated to be disbursed by the
> Secretary of the Treasury in bestowing rewards upon W.T. Lopp,
> Artisarlook, and native herders, who rendered material aid to the relief
> expedition.
> 
> 
>
**Ryu Gwan-sun** or **Yu Gwan-sun** (Hangul: 유관순, Hanja: 柳寬順) (November 17, 1902 – September 28, 1920) was a Christian Korean freedom fighter who protested against the Japanese occupation of Korea.

Childhood
---------

Ryu Gwansun was born on November 17, 1902, in a small farming village. Her brother said that she taught herself how to read Hangul. She was a playful, lively child who enjoyed running "like a boy" and was able to memorize Bible verses quickly. Her nephew, who grew up in the same village as her, said that she had very large, bright black eyes. Her brother described her as tall, with a plump, fair face.

When she was 12, she entered the Ewha Girls' School in Seoul, where she learned more about Christianity.

Demonstrations
--------------

Ryu Gwansun joined in the March 1st Movement with some friends from her school, though her teacher strongly told them not to. She was taken to prison for a short time, and her school was closed. With the help of her family and friends, Ryu planned a peaceful demonstration in her province for 1 March. The day before the demonstration, Ryu lit a bonfire on a mountain as a signal to begin the demonstration. The next day, over 2000 people came together in a marketplace for the demonstration. The Japanese police shot at the people, and about 19 people died, including Ryu's parents. Ryu Gwansun was taken to prison. She died on September 28, 1920 from injuries sustained from torture and beatings in prison.
Main Street on Roosevelt Island
**Roosevelt Island** is a narrow island in the East River in New York City. To the west is Manhattan Island, and to the east is the New York City borough of Queens. Roosevelt Island is part of the borough of Manhattan.

Facts
-----

The island is about 2 miles (3.2 km) long. The widest point on this island is about 800 feet (240 m) wide. The island's total area is 147 acres (0.59 km2). According to the US Census of 2000, 9,520 people lived on the island. The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation guessed that about 12,000 lived here in 2007. The Queensboro Bridge passes over the southern part of the island but there is no way to get to the island from it.

Roosevelt Island is owned by the city, but is leased to the state of New York. Most people who live on Roosevelt Island rent apartments. There is also a housing cooperative building (where tenants own, rather than rent, part of the building) and a condominium building.

Transport
---------

The Roosevelt Island Tramway crosses the East River
People get to and from Roosevelt Island in different ways:

* The Roosevelt Island Tramway is a cable car that goes between Manhattan and Roosevelt Island in just 3 minutes and has a great view of Manhattan. Over 26 million people have used the tram.
* The IND 63rd Street Line of the New York City Subway passes under Roosevelt Island and has one station on the island. It is served by the F train which goes between Queens and Brooklyn passing through Manhattan.
* A bridge known as the Roosevelt Island Bridge links Roosevelt Island to Queens. It is the only way for cars to get to and from the island, and it is also used by some buses operated by the MTA.

Roosevelt Island has many bicycle trails and walking paths for people to explore the island with. There is also a free bus service, called the "Red Bus", that gets people around the island and to the cable car terminal and subway station.

History
-------

Roosevelt Island was called **Minnehanonck** by the Lenape Native Americans. Later, it was called **Varkens Eylandt** (Hog Island) by people who lived in New Netherland. During Britain's colonization of the United States, the island was named **Blackwell's Island**. It was known as **Welfare Island** when hospitals were opened on the island between 1921 to 1971. It was renamed Roosevelt Island in 1971, after U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Other websites
--------------


Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: ***Manhattan/Roosevelt Island***

* Media related to Roosevelt Island at Wikimedia Commons
Close up map of St. Lawrence Island.
**St. Lawrence Island** is an island found in the Bering Sea, west of the U.S. State Alaska. The island has an area of 4,640 square kilometers, and is 140 km long, and 35 km wide. The island is part of Alaska, although it is closer to Russia. The island is a one of the last above water parts of the ancient landmass known as Beringia. It is the sixth largest island in the United States, and is the 113th largest island in the world. In 2010, 1,292 people lived on the island, most of which live in the two main villages of Savoonga and Gambell.

History
-------

The island is thought to have been home to several old natives, mostly by the Siberian Yupik around 2,500 years ago. 

In 1878, a famine hit the island, causing over 1,000 people to die, and many others to leave.

During the Cold War, a P2V Neptune by the US Navy were shot down by the Soviet with two fighter planes, forcing it to fly down to Gambell Airport, where the plane crashed. None of the 11 onboard were killed, but 7 were injured.

Transportation
--------------

The island has two main airports, one at Gambell and another at Savoonga. There is another old airport at the east end of the island, which used to be a part of an old military base. The island can be travelled to by boat as well.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Tools and Implements: St. Lawrence Island and the Bering Strait Region". *University of Missouri-Columbia Museum of Anthropology*. Archived from the original on 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
2. ↑  Block Group 6, Census Tract 1, Nome Census Area United States Census Bureau
3. ↑  "A Starving Population". *The Cornishman*. No. 122. 11 November 1880. p. 3.
Wikispecies has information on: ***Cucumis melo***.

**Muskmelons** (*Cucumis melo*) are a type of melon. Cantaloupes are a popular type of muskmelon, but there are other types like the Honeydew Melon. They come from Persia (Iran) and nearby countries. They were transported west to Europe near the time of Christ's birth. The name Cantaloupe comes from the italian town they were cultivated in: *Cantalupo* *nel Sannio*

The name of the muskmelon comes from the words "musk," which means "perfume" in Persian and "melon," which is French and comes from a Latin word melonem (melo in the accusative form - direct object function in a sentence) that means "fruit of a cucurbit."

History
-------

Muskmelons are native to Iran, as well as parts of India and Afghanistan. The first known mention of the muskmelon was in Greece in the 3rd century BC. There is an old Egyptian painting that shows a fruit some people think was a muskmelon. In the first century AD, Romans knew about the muskmelon, and both the Greeks and Romans found that it could be used as medicine or to eat. At about this time, China also found out about the muskmelon.

During the Middle Ages the muskmelon spread across Europe to as far west as Spain and Christopher Columbus brought seeds of it to the Caribbean in 1494. In the 1600s it was being grown across North America by the Spanish, the English and Native Americans. By 1650 the muskmelon was being grown in Brazil.

Taste
-----

Muskmelons can widely vary in taste, depending on each fruit: some are sweet and some more closely resemble their cucurbitaceae cousin, the cucumber, in taste. In 1513, a Spanish writer said of the muskmelon that "the good [muskmelons] are like good women, and the bad like bad women." Maybe expecting all melons to be sweet, which is not the case as mentioned earlier.
**Mark Richard Hamill** (born September 25, 1951) is an American actor and writer. He is known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in the original *Star Wars* trilogy (1977–1983), the *Star Wars* sequel trilogy (2015–2019), and for voicing The Joker in almost all animated Batman television series or animated movies.

Career
------

### Voice acting

Hamill has gained a reputation as a voice actor. He first did voice acting work in the early 1970s voicing the character Corey Anders on the Saturday morning cartoon *Jeannie* by Hanna-Barbera Productions. He later played Sean in the Ralph Bakshi film *Wizards*, which was released just three months before *Star Wars* in 1977. In addition Hamill has also provided the voice for Fire Lord Ozai in Avatar: The Last Airbender, and Chanukah Zombie on Futurama. He also provided the voice of Chucky in the 2019 reboot of the franchise.

### Writing

Hamill is the co-writer of *The Black Pearl*, a comic book miniseries published by Dark Horse Comics. He wrote an introduction to the Trade Paperback *Batman: Riddler Two-Face* which reprints various stories involving The Riddler and Two-Face to tie in with *Batman Forever*. He has also written several stories for *Simpsons Comics*, including "Catastrophe in Substitute Springfields!", which parodies DC's *Crisis on Infinite Earths* and also references several other classic comics.

### Other work

Hamill directed and starred in the 2004 direct-to-DVD *Comic Book: The Movie*. A comic book fan who attended science fiction and comic conventions before he became famous, Hamill stated that his character was based on an exaggerated version of himself. He and his crew shot most of the mockumentary film during the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con, and enlisted Stan Lee, Kevin Smith, Bruce Campbell and Hugh Hefner in small roles. The movie won an award for Best Live-Action DVD Premiere Movie at the 2005 DVD Exclusive Awards.

Personal life
-------------

Hamill married dentist Marilou York in a private civil ceremony on December 17, 1978. They have three children together: Nathan (born September 25, 1979), Griffin (born March 4, 1983), and Chelsea Elizabeth (born July 27, 1988) On January 11, 1977, Hamill was in a car accident in which he fractured his nose and left cheekbone, requiring seven hours of surgery. According to Hamill in a recorded interview, he was driving his BMW on a freeway and became distracted, and seeing that he was missing his offramp, tried to negotiate four lanes of traffic (some real scars from the crash made an appearance in *The Empire Strikes Back*).

Other websites
--------------

* Mark Hamill at the Internet Movie Database

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The **montane shrew** (*Sorex monticolus*) is a type of shrew in the genus Sorex. It is also called the **dusky shrew**.

Description
-----------

Montane shrews are small, long tailed shrews. They can grow up to 103 and 142mm long. It moults two times a year. They are brownish and silvery white or gray in summer.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

The montane shrew can be found from northern Alaska to New Mexico and from the Pacific coast to central Manitoba. They also live in the Rocky Mountains, Blue Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. They can be found on Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Island.

Montane shrews live in a lot of habitats such as tundra, alpine meadows, forests, and prairies. They are usually found in forest floor. They almost never dig a burrow.

Behavior
--------

Montane shrews are live by themselves. They do not hibernate. They almost never sleep or rest. They are always eating.

Feeding
-------

Montane shrews are insectivorous. It eats insects and their larvae, earthworms, spiders, snails, and, rarely eats small salamanders. Montane shrews have been seen eating conifer seeds, lichens, and fungi.

Reproduction
------------

The breeding season may last from February to August. The gestation period is estimated to be about 13 to 28 days. The young ones are born in a small nest made from grass and kept under a rock or fallen tree. They are given birth to blind and naked. At the age of 3 weeks they are weaned. The expected to live up to 12 to 18 months.
Patra
**Patra** (Greek: Πάτρα) is the third biggest Greek city. Patra is in southwest Greece on the west coast of the Peloponnese. It is the capital of the prefecture of Achaia and also the capital of the Greek perifereia (district) of Western Peloponnese. 171,616 lived there in 2001. The total population of Patra, including all its suburbs, is over 200,000 people. Patra is a coastal city, so it has a big port. Patra's port connects Greece with east-facing Italian ports such as Bari, Brindisi and Ancona.

History
-------

Patra developed in the third century BC. During the Roman period, Patra became an important city. In Patra Christianity arrived quite early, approximately in the first century AD, by St Andrew, who was martyred there. During the Middle Ages Patra was not very significant. Patra developed again after the Greek liberation from the Turks, in 1830 following the Greek revolution of 1821.

Sights
------

The most important site in Patra is the contemporary Bridge Rion-Antirion which links Peloponnese and Sterea Ellada. This bridge is located a short distance from Patra's center, in the district of Rio. Opposite Rio is Antirio and it ends at the bridge. Other significant sites in Patra are the church of Agios Andreas and the Apollon theater. The cathedral of Agios Andreas is the third biggest churches in Greece. Patra is known for its wines, with the famous and oldest Winery in Greece, Achaia Clauss founded in 1861.
The tomb of King Jungjong.
The **Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty** are a group of burial sites in Seoul, South Korea. Some of them are in other parts of WHICH Province. They were built for the rulers of the Joseon Dynasty and their families. They were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009.

The tombs show Confucian philosophy. The location of each tomb was chosen carefully. Most tombs have a hillside behind them and face a body of water. Many of them have mountains visible in the background. Many of the tombs have statues, burial mounds, shrines for ancestor worship and buildings for guards and groundskeepers.

The oldest tomb was built in 1408 and the newest in 1966.

Archaeology
-----------

Unlike royal tombs in many other parts of the world, the Joseon Royal Tombs have not been robbed by grave robbers. Whenever archaeologists examined a grave, they found the dead man or woman still had a crown, gold, jewels, or other valuable grave goods. As far as scholars can tell, the only people to ever dig up Joseon Royal Tombs were modern archaeologists, starting in 1930 during the Japanese occupation of Korea. That team was careful to treat the tomb with respect so that the people of Korea would not become angry. Scholars know which king or queen was buried in some tombs and do not know which king or queen was buried in other tombs. Archaeologists only dig up tombs whose owner is not known.

This building has a hill behind it.
**Patricia Theresa "Pat" Maginnis** (June 9, 1928 – August 30, 2021) was one of the earliest American abortion rights activists. Before *Roe v. Wade*, Maginnis worked towards eliminating rules and regulations governing abortion providers. In addition, she focused on women's rights to control their own body. She shed light on the importance of providing women access to safe and legal abortion services. Maginnis worked to decriminalize terminating pregnancies, speaking out about her personal abortions. She was one of the first people to publicly argue that medical control over women's reproductive rights was destructive and unjust.

Pat founded the Citizens Committee for Humane Abortion Laws promoting safe and legal abortions in San Francisco around 1962. Later renamed the Society for Humane Abortion (SHA), the committee worked to educate medical and legal personal while running a free post-abortion clinic. Additionally, the SHA ran an underground network helping women access abortions. Obtaining abortions was extremely hard to do as it was rare doctors granted exceptions for "therapeutic abortions." Maginnis and other activists would encourage and teach women seeking abortions how to fake these conditions (psychosis, excess vomiting, etc). She handed out leaflets on how a woman could terminate a pregnancy and taught ways to induce abortion at home. Pat was arrested several times as she often went against anti-abortion laws. 

Once the Supreme Court ruled that women had the constitutional right to abortions, Maginnis worked on other issues such as gay rights and animal welfare. She regularly protested the Catholic church and it's anti-abortion policies, demanding they take responsibility in cases of sexual abuse by priests.
The six metropolitan counties shown within England
There are six **metropolitan counties** in England, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million. They were created in 1974 and are each divided into several metropolitan districts. 

There are no county councils any more since 1986. Most of their functions were taken over by the individual boroughs. So the boroughs became unitary authorities. The remaining functions were taken over by so-called *joint-boards*.

The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 838 (South Yorkshire) and 28 (West Midlands) people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster.

Counties and districts
----------------------

The six metropolitan counties and their metropolitan districts are:

| Metropolitan county | Metropolitan boroughs |
| --- | --- |
| Greater Manchester | City of Manchester, City of Salford, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan |
| Merseyside | City of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens, Wirral |
| South Yorkshire | City of Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham |
| Tyne and Wear | City of Newcastle upon Tyne, City of Sunderland, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside |
| West Midlands | City of Birmingham, City of Coventry, City of Wolverhampton, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall |
| West Yorkshire | City of Leeds, City of Bradford, City of Wakefield, Calderdale, Kirklees |

The structure of Greater London is similar to the metropolitan counties, but it is not one. It was created earlier in 1965, by the London Government Act 1963.
The idea for creating administrative areas based upon the large conurbations outside London based on the model of the County of London or Greater London. 

The metropolitan counties were established by the Local Government Act 1972, the county councils were first elected in 1973, and were formally established in April 1974.

Since 1995, the cities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield have come together in the *English Core Cities Group*. This organisation has no distinct legal status but seems to move towards a role of these cities as regional capitals outside of London.