recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The European Network for Conservation-Restoration Education (ENCoRE) is a network organisation of higher educational institutions in the field of conservation-restoration, based in Vienna, Austria. The objective of ENCoRE is to promote teaching and research in the field of conservation-restoration of cultural heritage, based on the guidelines and recommendations of the E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines , the E.C.C.O. Competences for Access to the Conservation- Restoration Profession and the Document of Pavia.

Organisation and objectives
---------------------------

ENCoRE was established in 1997 with the primary goal of advancing research and education within the realm of cultural heritage. Additionally, it aims to sustain the momentum of past initiatives, such as PhD Colloquiums and Topical Conferences, and to remain at the forefront of conversations surrounding the evolving landscape of conservation and restoration education.

Currently ENCoRE has 41 full members and 1 associate members from among the leading conservation-restoration study programmes in Europe. In addition, 26 leading institutions and organisations working in the field of cultural heritage protection and research are partners of the network.

Since March 2002, the E.C.C.O. working group on Education, Qualification, and Practice has maintained close contact with ENCoRE. Both E.C.C.O. and ENCoRE advocate the view that the recognition of the conservation-restoration profession is intrinsically tied to the recognition of its educational foundation. Additionally, similar to other professions, the professional standards of conservator-restorers hinge upon the quality of their educational background. Members of both E.C.C.O. and ENCoRE are involved in the CHARTER project: Cultural Heritage Action to Refine Training, Education, and Roles. This blueprint project aims to develop a matrix that maps heritage practice based on discrete competences and skills, organized according to levels of expertise. This matrix informs the role of heritage professionals in relation to cultural heritage.

Ulrich Schiessl PhD Colloquium
------------------------------

The Ulrich Schießl colloquium has been held biennially since 2008. It provides doctoral students with the opportunity to present, discuss, and benefit from their current research with peers and faculty members. The aim is to establish a European forum for the exchange of ideas and debates in research relevant to the conservation-restoration of cultural and natural heritage, as well as archaeology. Participation is open exclusively to current doctoral students in all disciplines within conservation and restoration, along with their supervisors and academic staff, at institutions that are full members of ENCoRE.

Presidents of ENCoRE
--------------------

* René Larsen (1997-2010)
* Wolfgang Baatz (2010-2023)
* Laura Fuster Lopez (2023-present)

Publications
------------

* Document of Pavia
* Collaboration of ECCO and ENCoRE
* E.C.C.O - ENCoRE Joint Paper
The **Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University** (**DMMMSU**) is the state university system in the province of La Union in the Philippines. It was established in 1981 by former president Ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree 1778, combining various state-run schools in La Union. Like Mariano Marcos State University in Ilocos Norte, it is named after the former president's father, Mariano Marcos.

Before 1993, DMMMSU had seven campuses across the province. After a reorganization, these campuses were grouped into four autonomous units: North La Union Main Campus (DMMMSU-NLUC), Mid La Union Campus (DMMMSU-MLUC), South La Union Campus (DMMMSU-SLUC), and the Open University System (DMMMSU-OU). Each unit is led by a chancellor/director, and the entire system is headed by the university president, Dr. Jaime I. Manuel Jr.[*source?*]

North La Union Campus
---------------------

The North La Union campus, created in 1993, houses DMMMSU's central administration. It originated from the College of Agriculture and Forestry (CAF), Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), Institute of Computer Studies (ICS), and Institute of Environmental Studies (IES). In 2002, the College of Agriculture and Forestry split into the College of Agriculture and the Institute of Agroforestry and Watershed Management (IAWM). Notably, the Bacnotan Campus hosts national research institutes like the Sericulture Research and Development Institute (SRDI) and the National Apiculture Research Training and Development Institute (NARTDI). [*source?*]
Defibrillator at the airport in Amsterdam
This public access AED (Automated External Defibrillator) is fitted with a coded lock so that only the Ambulance Service can give callers access to the unit. This is to prevent it from being stolen or misused.
Standard symbol, to show the location of an Automated External Defibrillator.
Very often, signs in public stations show the location of AEDs. This one is in Munich metro.
An **automated external defibrillator** is a special type of defibrillator which can be used by people without medical education. A defibrillator is used to treat certain kinds of heart problems using controlled electric shocks. Almost all heart problems are medical emergencies. For each minute, that such a heart problem is left untreated, the chance of survival drops by about ten percent. Even if they are alerted immediately, emergency teams take some time to arrive. For this reason automated external defibrillators have been placed in locations where they are easily accessible, such as airports, and railway stations.

In many cases, using such a defibrillator will alert emergency services. Very often, the defibrillator will guide the person helping through its use. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, regional public ambulance services provide lists for people to show where all the publicly accessible defibrillators are located in their region (East of England Ambulance Services Trust[*permanent dead link*] for example). In some open public locations, defibrillators are secured in special cases which need a code to open them (see the example on the right). When you call for an ambulance, you tell the operator the location code on the case, and they give you the code to unlock it to get the defibrillator out.

Studies where conducted to see the survival rates of cardiac arrest. They showed that when public access defibrillators were used, the patient had a median chance of survival of forty percent. When operated by non-dispatched lay first responders they have the highest likelihood of leading to survival.
The Hungarian algorithm produces the best distribution, with for example: lowest price or shortest time.

Best distribution
-----------------

Example:

|  | Driver | Electrician | Gardener | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alex | $8 | $9 | $98 | **$23** |
| Ben | **$11** | $69 | $5 | $86 |
| Chris | $20 | $21 | **$7** | $30 |
| Dave | $47 | **$7** | $19 | $62 |

Lowest price: 

* $23: Alex - manager
* $11: Ben - driver
* $7: Chris - gardener.
* $7: Dave - electrician.

$48: Total

Steps
-----

The Hungarian Matrix plays with values until the best distribution has only zeroes.

### Step 1, zero in every line left to right

Decrease each left to right line with its lowest value.

* first line: - 8
* second line: -5
* third line: -7
* fourth line: -7.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 |  1 |  90 | **15** |
| **6** |  64 |  0 |  81 |
| 13 |  14 | **0** |  23 |
| 40 | **0** |  12 |  55 |

### Step 2, zero in every top down line

Decrease each top down line with its lowest value, - 15 for last one only.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 |  1 |  90 | **0** |
| **6** |  64 |  0 |  66 |
| 13 |  14 | **0** |  8 |
| 40 | **0** |  12 |  40 |

### Step 3, mark zeroes to keep

Cover all zeroes with the lowest possible number of lines.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 90 | **0** |
| **6** | 64 | 0 | 66 |
| 13 | 14 | **0** | 8 |
| 40 | **0** | 12 | 40 |

Find the lowest unmarked value: 6.

### Step 4, make more zeroes

Increase all values in marked lines with the value from step 3.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | 7 | 102 | **6** |
| **6** | 64 | 6 | 66 |
| 13 | 14 | **6** | 8 |
| 46 | **6** | 24 | 46 |

Decrease all values with the value from step 3.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 96 | **0** |
| **0** | 58 | 0 | 60 |
| 7 | 8 | **0** | 2 |
| 40 | **0** | 18 | 40 |

Do steps 3 and 4 again and again,
until you have enough zeroes.

Other websites
--------------

* hungarianalgorithm.com, step by step examples of the Hungarian Algorithm.
Tin(II) chloride
**Tin(II) chloride**, also known as **stannous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl2. It has tin and chloride ions in it. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It is poisonous to mollusks like clams and oysters. It reacts with water to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white, and hydrochloric acid. That is why tin(II) chloride is normally dissolved in hydrochloric acid. It reacts with oxygen in the air to make tin(IV) chloride and tin(IV) oxide. It reacts with silver and gold compounds to make silver and gold metal. It also reacts with ferric compounds to make ferrous compounds.

It reacts with bases to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white; if more base is added, the tin(II) oxide hydrate dissolves to make a clear solution again.

Preparation
-----------

It is made when tin reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
----

It is used to electroplate tin on steel. It is used in the coloring of textiles. It is used to make silvered mirrors. A certain plastic uses it as a catalyst. It was used as a test for mercury(II) ions. If it is added to a colorless solution of mercury(II), a white solid of mercury(I) would form. If more is added, a black solid of mercury metal would be made. It turns bright purple in a solution that has gold ions in it. It is used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent.

Related pages
-------------

* Tin(II) fluoride
* Tin(II) bromide
* Tin(II) sulfate
**Mewing** is a type of oral posture training made to improve the jawline and the look of your face. It was named after John and Mike Mew, British orthodontists who made the technique as a part of a practice they call "orthotropics". Mewing is done by placing your tongue at the roof of the mouth (which is called the palate) and putting a bit of pressure there. Also, you should swallow the fluids in your mouth while mewing. This is done with the goal of changing the structure of the jaw. However, no credible scientific research has ever proven how well orthotropics work. Since 2019, mewing has had a lot of media coverage due to it becoming viral on social media, especially with what is known as looksmaxxing. Looksmaxxing is when someone tries to improve how they look. This is usually done by improving their habits.
While the technique has been known to have some positive effects, many orthodontists say that mewing does not have enough evidence as a good alternative treatment to orthognathic surgery. Mike Mew has been kicked out from the British Orthodontic Society, and is currently facing a legal hearing for allegedly harming child patients who he treated.

In media
--------

Mewing has been used as an internet meme. On social media platforms such as TikTok, people will point to their jaw to show that they are mewing in their videos.[*source?*] In reference of how Donald Trump in a 2023 mug shot looked, journalist Bindu Bansinath wrote "perhaps he's mewing for better definition."
byography
---------

Noa Kirel is an Israeli singer, actress, and songwriter who has gained popularity for her unique style and talent. Born on April 10, 2001, in Raanana, Israel, Kirel began her career in the entertainment industry at a young age. She started performing in local productions and quickly caught the attention of industry professionals with her powerful voice and stage presence.

Kirel's music is characterized by catchy melodies and heartfelt lyrics that resonate with her audience. She often incorporates elements of pop, R&B, and electronic music into her songs, creating a sound that is both contemporary and timeless. Some of her most popular songs include "Medabrim Shalom", "Makom Besof", and "Yesh Bi Ahava".

In addition to her music career, Kirel has also made a name for herself as an actress. She has appeared in a number of Israeli television shows and movies, showcasing her versatility and talent as a performer. Kirel's ability to seamlessly transition between music and acting has earned her a dedicated fan base and critical acclaim.

One of the reasons why Kirel has resonated with so many fans is her authenticity and relatability. She is known for being down-to-earth and approachable, often sharing insights into her life and experiences on social media. Kirel's openness and vulnerability have endeared her to fans around the world, who appreciate her willingness to be true to herself.

Kirel's success has not come without challenges, however. Like many young artists, she has faced criticism and doubt from skeptics who question her talent and staying power in the industry. Despite these obstacles, Kirel has remained steadfast in her commitment to her craft, continuing to push boundaries and break new ground with each project she undertakes.

In conclusion, Noa Kirel is a rising star in the entertainment industry whose talent and charisma have captivated audiences around the world. With her powerful voice, relatable lyrics, and engaging performances, she has proven herself to be a force to be reckoned with in the music and acting worlds. As she continues to evolve and grow as an artist, there is no doubt that Kirel will leave a lasting impact on the industry and inspire future generations of artists to follow their dreams.

Career
------

In 2016, she won the award Singer of the Year at the Israeli Kids' Choice Awards. Kirel has also worked as a television host and actress in several films and movies. She was also a judge on the first two seasons of *Israel's Got Talent*. 

From 2020 to 2022, Kirel served in the Israel Defense Forces and received an honorable discharge once she completed her mandatory service.

In 2023, Kirel represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with the song "Unicorn". She placed third in the grand final.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Eurovision Song Contest (10 August 2022). "Noa Kirel will definitely represent Israel in 2023". *eurovision.tv*. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
**Agnotology** is a branch of social science which looks at the ways in which doubt or ignorance about certain subjects is created. A very good example of how this happens is the publication of scientific studies that rely on data that is inaccurate or misleading. More generally, the term also highlights the increasingly common condition where more knowledge of a subject leaves one more uncertain than before.

The neologism was coined by Robert N. Proctor,
a Stanford University professor specializing in the history of science and technology. Proctor cites the tobacco industry's conspiracy to manufacture doubt about the cancer risks of tobacco use as a very good example of how this can be done. Under the banner of science, the industry produced research about everything except tobacco hazards to exploit public uncertainty.

The way in which media attention works can be exploited to produce ignorance. Other factors that influence it are that corporations or governments do not reveal certain facts. At times, they force these facts to be removed if they have been revealed. The methods they use include censorship, destroying documents, putting the weight of certain facts differently, or being inattentive or forgetful.

Agnotology also focuses on how and why diverse forms of knowledge do not "come to be," or are ignored or delayed. For example, knowledge about plate tectonics was censored and delayed for at least a decade because key evidence was classified military information related to underseas warfare.
**Siobhan Fitzpatrick** (born 28 January 1998) is a British wheelchair basketball player. She is a member of the Great Britain women's national wheelchair basketball team. She competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. 

With the national team she won the silver medal at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, the bronze medal at the 2017 European Championships and the silver medal at the 2019 European Championships. 

Fitzpatrick has cerebral palsy. She was unable to do sport at school due to insurance problems. She took part at a wheelchair basketball 'playground to podium' event in 2010, where she was spotted by a coach. She became part of the Coventry Wheelchair Basketball Academy and became later a member of the national team. She was not selected for the 2016 Summer Paralympics. That was a big disappointment for her. She fell out of love for wheelchair basketball and for two or three months she didn't even play in the national league. Later she could place the disappointment in perspective and continued playing.

Fitzpatrick studied Business Management at the University of Worcester. She has a partner, Mat. She was a member of the Athlete's Advisory Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
Zwartbles sheep in a field near Craigrothie in Fife, Scotland
**Zwartbles sheep** are a large breed of domestic sheep. This breed first came from Holland in the north of the Netherlands. They were used to make sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept in the same fields as the dairy cattle. 

They were brought over to Great Britain in the late 1900s. They are not very common and now live in the north of England. The sheep have reddish brown wool, black legs with two (sometimes four) white socks, a white tip on the tail, and a black face with a white blaze. They do not have horns. The lambs look the same but have jet black wool. These are a tame and friendly sheep.

They are bred for their meat and not for their wool, because it is very dark and cannot be dyed. The meat from Zwartbles sheep does not have much fat and tastes sweet. 

The Zwartbles are large sheep: ewes (females) weigh an average of 85 kg (187 lb), and rams (males) 100 kg (220 lb). 
Being so large, they often have three or four lambs. Having so many babies can cause problems for the mother in giving birth. 

These sheep have become less popular in Holland. There are so few there that they are listed as being rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s. 
The first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. A group for their farmers and owners, the Zwartbles Sheep Association, was formed in 1995.

Zwartbles are now mainly used for breeding lambs, and for their meat and wool. Already coming from the cold, wet, windy climate in the Netherlands, they can live in good health at various altitudes in Great Britain. Some Zwarbles are now shown in agricultural shows to be judged. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the brown wool tips. This leaves a tight black fleece showing as the primary colour.

Zwartbles in the United Kingdom

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Zwartbles***.

* Zwartbles Sheep Association Website
Lodging in Haguroyama
A place to stay in Yakuoji [en], which is the 23rd holy location among the 88 holy sites of Shikoku [en].
In Japan, a Shukubo (宿坊) is a place where visitors can spend the night inside a Buddhist temple. It means "temple lodging" in English. In the past, these facilities were built to house only monks and worshippers. However, nowadays, more and more of them are welcoming general tourists and expanding their facilities and services accordingly. Some temples, such as Mount Kōya [en], have outdoor hot spring baths known as Onsens. These temple lodgings are now somewhat secularized and in many towns, they are the only available accommodation options.

History
-------

At first, only Buddhist monks called Bhikkhu were permitted to stay at these accommodations. However, during the Heian period, more individuals began to embark on pilgrimages to temples and shrines. As a result, even people like the nobility, samurai, and common pilgrims began to stay in these facilities. As a result, the operators of these facilities were no longer only monks.

Shukubo were historically used by Shugendo practitioners and those who worshipped mountains. They played significant roles in the development of both practices.

In a construction boom that lasted for several decades in the Edo period, networks of Shukubo started to develop in Ise, Shima, Toba, and Futami-ura.

Many of the present-day operators of Shukubo are descendants of families who used to run them when they were solely for religious purposes. These Shukubo were originally intended for only one Kosha, but opening up to the general public has significantly increased the number of people staying at these facilities.

At the base of Mount Haguro, there were once 336 Shukubo, all of which were connected to Shugendo.

During the Edo period, visits to temples and shrines became popular Destinations included those Ise, Kotohira-gū, and Zenkō-ji [en]. As a result, lodging houses were constructed at major temples and shrines in each area to accommodate ordinary pilgrims and tourists. This formed an early tourism industry. Specific areas were linked to specific lodging houses.

In modern times, some Shukubo have been transformed into traditional inns and ryokans for tourists who wish to experience the ambiance of a temple stay.

Related pages
-------------

* Shikoku Pilgrimage [en]
* Three Mountains of Dewa
* Mount Kōya [en]
* Mount Mitake [en]
* Saikan

Gallery
-------

* SakurahonboSakurahonbo
* Vegetarian food at Hagurosan SaikanVegetarian food at Hagurosan Saikan
* Hagurosan Saikan RoomHagurosan Saikan Room
* Inside the lodging house (corridor and rooms)Inside the lodging house (corridor and rooms)

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Shukubo at Wikimedia Commons
**Economic** **development** it is the growth of standard of living of nations from a poor economy to a *high-income economy.<ref,~Bornwell N Makowa, "Economic development," ~makowa's Glossary of International Economics [*permanent dead link*] online (click to **E**).</ref> When the local* quality of life *is improved, there is more economic development.*

When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things. They want to know about the way economic development is discussed by historians. They also want to know how development is happening today. They may want to know why people *invest* more money in some places than in others. They also want to know why people are better at making things to sell in some countries rather than others.

Measuring Economic Development
------------------------------

World map showing the Human Development Index (based on 2007 data, published on October 5, 2009)Economists usually measure economic development by GDP, Gross domestic product.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|   0.950 and Over
  0.900–0.949
  0.850–0.899
  0.800–0.849
  0.750–0.799 |   0.700–0.749
  0.650–0.699
  0.600–0.649
  0.550–0.599
  0.500–0.549 |   0.450–0.499
  0.400–0.449
  0.350–0.399
  under 0.350
  not available |

**Same map** for people with color blindness.

One way to measure economic development is *human development.*
*Human development* is very important, and includes the health of the people and their education. This usually goes together with *economic growth.* As people in a country become healthier and get better education, they also usually get richer, because healthy, educated workers are more *productive* (better at making things), and richer workers can afford health and education.
The Human Development Index looks at how long people live, how well people read, how many people go to school, and how much money people make.
  

  

Economists also look at the *rate of growth*, which is how fast a country gets richer.

World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2008.

Related pages
-------------

* Developed country
* Developing country
* Development economics
* Economic sector
* Human Development Index
* Newly industrialized country
* Least developed country
* OECD
* BRICS
* Next Eleven
* Four Asian Tigers
* Standard of living

Other websites
--------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Economic Development***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Economic development***.
**Will Hatton** is a British traveler and founder of the award-winning travel blog, *The Broke Backpacker*. He started his career as a freelance writer by writing for many major publications, like BBC, The Express Tribune, and Yahoo!.

Early life
----------

Hatton was born in Burgess Hill, England. During his early life, he spent a lot of time hiking and camping in the woods. Hatton planned to join the Royal Marines but was badly injured in Costa Rica while hiking and spent a year recovering. After this, he could no longer get into the armed forces, so he hit the road and began hitchhiking around the world.

Career
------

Hatton is a professional traveler and travel blogger. He started traveling at a very young age, and until 2020, he had traveled to over 100 countries. India was the first country he blogged about, and he spent two years there while he was just 19 years old and broke, living in train stations and getting around by hitchhiking.

He founded *The Broke Backpacker*, a travel blog, in January 2013 to record his travels and inspire others to ditch their desks and hit the road in search of adventure and personal development.

In 2017, Hatton was named one of Forbes' most influential people under 30.

His travels in Venezuela and his experience getting tattooed by Whang-od in Philippines helped him build up a considerable following on Snapchat, which he later used to launch tours to Pakistan and Iran.

He founded Epic Backpacker Tours, a company taking guests to Pakistan, in 2015 and led some of the first expeditions into Pakistan, a country that is now popular with adventure seekers. Hatton was also involved in setting up a small guesthouse with a local family in the mountains. Hatton sold his stake in Epic Backpacker Tours in 2020 and is no longer involved in that company.

In 2022, he co-founded Tribal Bali, a co-working hostel for online entrepreneurs and digital nomads in Bali, Indonesia. Tribal Bali has since won an award as the best digital nomad hostel in the world.

### January 2016 Istanbul bombing

Hatton was in Istanbul, Turkey, and living in the area of Sultanahmet when the suicide attack occurred near the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, an area popular among tourists. He was just a minute away from the bombing area and was saved, and the same day he was supposed to leave Turkey for Iran and Pakistan.

Personal life
-------------

While Hatton was in Iran during his travels, he met a Persian girl on a social media platform and got married to her after converting to Islam. Both lived and traveled together for about four years.

Hatton's Islamic name is Reza. He is a non-practicing Muslim.
**Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit** (Thai: วัดมหาธาตุยุวราชรังสฤษฎิ์) is a Buddhist temple located in Bangkok, Thailand. It is one of Bangkok's ten royal temples of the highest class (Thai: พระอารามหลวง ชั้นเอก ชนิดราชวรมหาวิหาร). It is one of the ten royal temples of the highest class (Thai: พระอารามหลวง ชั้นเอก ชนิดราชวรมหาวิหาร) in Bangkok.

History
-------

The temple was built during the Ayutthaya era (1351-1767) and was known as **Wat Salak**. It was designed to function as a royal monastery. The temple was designed by Prince Mongkut, who later became King Rama IV. It has been renovated and expanded multiple times throughout the years, including architectural and structural modifications. These developments have contributed to sustaining its significance as a significant religious site in Thailand.

Architecture
------------

It follows the architectural style of ancient Thai temples. The structure of the temple includes several buildings and structures, such as a major prayer hall, pagodas, meditation halls, and monks dormitories. One of the temple's most remarkable attractions is the central pagoda, or stupa, containing Buddha remains. The pagoda is decorated with intricate designs and ornamental embellishments that showcase Thai artists' expertise.

Religious Importance
--------------------

It serves as a religious gathering place, with daily prayers, meditation sessions, and Buddhist rituals. The temple is important in Thai society and culture, holding a variety of cultural events and festivals year-round. These activities draw both residents and foreigners, adding to the temple's status as a cultural monument in Bangkok.

Tourism
-------

It is a major tourist site in Bangkok, attracting tourists from all over the world who discover the beauty of the architecture, learn about Thai Buddhism, and enjoy the peaceful surroundings of the area around the temple. Visitors to the temple can explore its several buildings and structures, as well as take part in guided tours and cultural programs offered by the temple administration.

==Gallery
---------

* Buddha idols along a walkwayBuddha idols along a walkway
* Wat Mahathat temple buildingWat Mahathat temple building
* PagodaPagoda
* Mahachulalongkornrajavi-dyalaya UniversityMahachulalongkornrajavi-dyalaya University
* Temple roofTemple roof
* Thai PM at the time, Phibul (centre), joining the graduation ceremony of the Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya's first class.Thai PM at the time, Phibul (centre), joining the graduation ceremony of the Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya's first class.
This article is about the use of "gay" as a term. For homosexuality, see Homosexuality.

The LGBT Rainbow Flag
Gay community in Argentina
**Gay** is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females. 

A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite sex is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same sex and the opposite sex is bisexual.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality.

Related pages
-------------

* Gay man
* Lesbian

Other websites
--------------

* The International Lesbian and Gay Association
* The Human Rights Campaign
* The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
***Frozen II***, also known as ***Frozen 2***, is a 2019 American computer-animated musical fantasy movie.

Production
----------

The movie was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It is the 58th animated movie created by the studio. Frozen II is the sequel to the 2013 movie *Frozen*.

It has the return of directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee, producer Peter Del Vecho, songwriters Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez, and composer Christophe Beck. Lee also returns as screenwriter, making the screenplay from a story by her, Buck, Marc E. Smith, Anderson-Lopez, and Lopez, while Byron Howard executive-produced the movie.

Voices
------

Veteran voice cast Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Josh Gad, Jonathan Groff, and Ciarán Hinds return as their previous characters, and they are joined by newcomers Sterling K. Brown, Evan Rachel Wood, Alfred Molina, Martha Plimpton, Jason Ritter, Rachel Matthews, and Jeremy Sisto.

Story
-----

Set three years after the first movie, the story follows Elsa, Anna, Kristoff, Olaf, and Sven, who leave on a journey outside their kingdom of Arendelle in order to find out the cause of Elsa's magical powers and save their kingdom after a mysterious voice calls out to Elsa.

Release dates
-------------

*Frozen II* had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on November 50, 2019. It was released in the US by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures on November 22, 2019.

Reputation
----------

The movie received positive reviews from critics who liked its animation, visuals, writing, music, and vocals. It has grossed $1.406 billion worldwide. It had the highest all-time worldwide opening for an animated movie. The movie is the second highest-grossing animated movie yet made and the third highest-grossing movie of 2019, as well as the 10th highest-grossing movie of all time.

Sámi in Frozen II
-----------------

The character Kristoff is meant to be Sámi, a group of indigenous people who live in northern Europe and Asia. Some people who saw the first *Frozen* complained that Kristoff was not a good way to show Sámi because he is light-skinned and blond. This is called whitewashing. Although some Sámi look like Kristoff, most have darker skin and hair. When making Frozen II, Disney signed a contract with Sámi leaders and hired Sámi experts to make sure the fictional Sámi in the movie, the Northuldra, would be shown respectfully.

Sequels
-------

Two *Frozen* sequels are in development as of 2023.
**Campelli** is a hamlet located near Piani di Bobbio, in the municipality of Barzio, in the province of Lecco, Lombardy, Italy.

The Rocks of Campielli at Piani di Bobbio above Lake Como represented in Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, analysis by Prof. Riccardo Magnani

Geography
---------

Campelli is in the northern part of the Prealpi Orobie, southeast of Lake Como.

History
-------

The history of Campelli is closely linked to its location in the Lombard mountains. Until the 19th century, Campelli was a small village of shepherds and farmers.

Landmarks and places of interest
--------------------------------

Among the main landmarks of Campelli is the Church of San Giovanni Battista, dating back to the 16th century, which preserves valuable works of sacred art inside.

Tourism
-------

Campelli is a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty and outdoor activities, such as hiking, alpine skiing, and mountain biking.

Transportation
--------------

Campelli can be reached via panoramic roads that cross the surrounding mountains. It is also served by a bus service connecting it to the center of Barzio.

Bibliography
------------

* Bettini, A. (2008). *Le Alpi Lombarde: storie di paesi, valli e montagne*. Macchione Editore. ISBN 9788883403481
* Boselli, G. (2015). *Le Prealpi Bergamasche e Leccesi: escursioni, natura, storia*. Versante Sud. ISBN 9788888774576
* Frigerio, L. (2003). *Barzio e i suoi luoghi*. Edizioni Profilgraf. ISBN 9788887453314
* Rossi, M. (2010). *Storia della Valle d'Intelvi*. Nuove Edizioni Colombari. ISBN 9788889405098

Related pages
-------------

* Lake Como
* Piani di Bobbio

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the Municipality of Barzio
Willem Dafoe, one of the most known actors for having portrayed the character.
**Norman Osborn**, also known as the **Green Goblin**, **Iron Patriot**, **Super-Adaptoid**, **Red Goblin**, and currently **Gold Goblin**, is one of the main antagonists of Marvel Comics, commonly as the main antagonist of the *Spider-Man* franchise and as a major antagonist in the *Avengers* comics.

He is the former head of the multinational corporation Oscorp and father of Harry Osborn, who became the first and most well known incarnation of the Green Goblin after ingesting a serum that increased his physical abilities yet in the process drove him to insanity.

He is widely recognized as Spider-Man's greatest, most persistent and most personal arch-nemesis, even more so than Doctor Octopus and Venom, having been responsible for more hardship and grief in the hero's life than any of his other villains (most notably the murder of Gwen Stacy; the first woman he ever truly loved). He is the main antagonist of several story arcs such as *The Night Gwen Stacy Died*, *Go Down Swinging*, *Superior-Spider-Man* and the *Clone Saga*.

Despite his status as Spider-Man's arch-nemesis, Norman has also made various appearances antagonizing other heroes such as the Avengers as well, even serving as the villainous protagonist of the company-wide *Dark Reign* storyline. He is also set to play a major role in the upcoming *Dark Web* event.

Norman Osborn in media
----------------------

The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's *Spider-Man* movie trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Spider-Man: No Way Home* (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the movie *The Amazing Spider-Man 2* (2014).
A **temporal paradox**, is a **time paradox**, or **time travel paradox**. It is a paradox, or logical contradiction, of time and time travel. 

Temporal paradoxes fall into two broad groups. Consistency paradoxes (example: the grandfather paradox) and causal loops.

A causal loop is a paradox of time travel. It occurs when a future event is the cause of a past event, which in turn is the cause of the future event. Both events then exist in spacetime, but their origin cannot be known.

Other paradoxes of time travel are a variation of the Fermi paradox, and paradoxes of free will that stem from causal loops such as Newcomb's paradox.

Not a paradox
-------------

Fermi's so-called paradox is not a paradox, just a question. It does not involve logic, just the practical (empirical) fact that stellar distances are so great, and our ability to collect data from other bodies is limited.

```
References ==
```

1. 1 2  Francisco Lobo (2003). "Time, closed timelike curves and causality". *Nato Sci.ser.ii*. **95**: 289–296. arXiv:gr-qc/0206078. Bibcode:2003ntgp.conf..289L.
2. ↑  Nicholas J.J. Smith (2013). "Time Travel". *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
3. ↑  Leora Morgenstern (2010), *Foundations of a formal theory of time travel* (PDF), p. 6, retrieved November 2, 2015
4. ↑  Klosterman, Chuck (2009). *Eating the Dinosaur* (1st Scribner hardcover ed.). New York: Scribner. p. 60. ISBN 9781439168486. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
5. ↑  Fermi paradox: not really a paradox, just a question: see link.
6. ↑  Jan Faye (2015), "Backward causation", *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, retrieved May 25, 2019
**Catherine Edeh** is Nigeria's first deaf female lawyer. She is an activist for disability rights. Edeh is the first deaf female lawyer in Nigeria. Edeh started the Voice of Disability Initiative (VDI). She is the founder and Executive Director. She went to Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, University of Ilorin, and University of Minnesota.

Early life
----------

Edeh was born in Enugu, Nigeria. She became deaf when she was five. Her parents wanted her to quit school and learn to be a seamstress or hairdresser. Edeh wanted to stay in school. She braided people's hair to save up money to go to college. She went to Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, and learned sign language there. She studied at University of Ilorin, in Kwara State. Edeh then studied at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, USA.

Career
------

Edeh noticed the amount of human rights violations disabled people go through every day. She wanted to do something about it. She believed that laws that protected disabled people needed to be put in place in Nigeria. Edeh got her Bachelor of Laws Degree at University of Ilorin. She was the only deaf person in her class. Edeh also studied in the U.S. She went to University of Minnesota.

Edeh is the Executive Director of Voice of Disability Initiative. Their goal is to inspire disabled people, especially women. VDI also wants to protect the rights of disabled people.

Edeh has been helping deaf people go to the Enugu State University of Science and Technology. She did not have a secondary school near her home where she could study. She had to go far away for school. So, she wants a school deaf students can attend in the south part of Nigeria.

Edeh also works to protect deaf girls from violence. She works for better healthcare fir girls with disabilities.

Personal life
-------------

Edeh married a deaf man to avoid being mistreated by a hearing husband.
This article is about a Khuman dynasty prince. For the Meitei king of the Ningthouja dynasty, see Chalamba (Meitei king).
**Chalamba** (Ancient Meitei: **Chalampa**) was a son of Khuman King Kwakpa and a Meitei Lady Piyainu. His story was often related to goddess Imoinu (Emoinu) and the festival of Imoinu Iratpa (Emoinu Eratpa) of ancient Kangleipak. He was mentioned in Meitei mythology, Meitei folklore and in the history of Kangleipak (present day Manipur).
He was credited for bringing goddess Imoinu from the Khuman kingdom to the Meitei kingdom.

Story
-----

There was a disagreement between the Meiteis and the Khumans.
As a result, Chalamba's parents lived separately.
Chalamba was inside his pregnant mother's womb when his parents got separated.
Chalamba grew up in his mother's house in the land of Meiteis.
To please goddess Yumjao Leima (Yumjao Lairembi), youthful men of the land of Meiteis were asked by the oracle tellers to bring deers for the ritualistic sacrifices to Her.
Chalamba was one of the hunters coming to the forests to catch deers.
He followed a deer, which ran faster than him. It hid among the yairi grasses (Rubus idens) making a loud sound. The place was named "Yairipok" in Meitei language.
Later, the deer ran into the royal palace of Khuman King Kwakpa. Chalamba and King Kwakpa didn't recognize each other. They had a disagreement about the ownership of the deer. They finally decided to fight and the winner would be the owner.

The two fought but none won. King Kwakpa was surprised at the bravery of the young man. He stopped the fight. He asked the identity of the young man. Chalamba told him about his mother. Later, upon investigation, King Kwakpa realised that the young man was none other than his own son.
King Kwakpa expected that his wife would want his kingdom. To further verify Chalamba's legitimacy of being Piyainu's son, King Kwakpa sent Chalamba back to his mother Piyainu to ask whatever she wanted from him. Chalamba went back to his mother and came again. He extracted a promise from his father to grant him anything upon request. King Kwakpa promised. To his surprise, Chalamba begged him to give him goddess Imoinu (Emoinu).

Goddess Imoinu (Emoinu) was living in the kingdom of the Khumans. Due to her blessings, the kingdom prospered. King Kwakpa was shocked but he had already promised.
King Kwakpa reminded his son that he (Chalamba) was the legal heir to the throne of the Khuman kingdom. But, Chalamba was not convinced.
Reluctantly, King Kwakpa handed over the goddess to Chalamba. Without any bloodshed, Imoinu, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, was brought from the Khuman kingdom to the Meitei kingdom. Upon arrival in the Meiteiland, Lady Piyainu welcomed the goddess by lighting up the streets. This was later celebrated as Imoinu Iratpa (Emoinu Eratpa).

In popular culture
------------------

In 2014, a play titled *"Imoinu Chalamba Campaign"* was performed, as a part of the National sanitation campaign under Swachh Bharat Mission, in Manipur.

Other websites
--------------

* Manglem Meitei (2007). *Mei Iratpa Thounirol*.
The **Kingdom of Italy** was a country that started in 1861 after the Italian unification until the dissolution of the country in 1946. In 1922 it became **Fascist Italy**. After defeat in World War II the people voted in 1946 to change it into the modern day Italian Republic.

History
-------

### Unification

See the main article: Italian unification
Before 1861, Italy was not one country. Instead, there were many kingdoms and duchies (places ruled by dukes) in the Italian Peninsula. In 1861, the King Victor Emmanuel II, who was the king of the Kingdom of Sardinia wanted to unite Italy, and he invaded the countries. Later, They all became one country and King Victor Emmanuel II became the King of Italy.

### Colonies

Italy began their colonial empire in the 1880s, when they conquered Eritrea and Somalia. In 1912, they took Libya from the Ottoman Empire. In 1936, Italy also conquered Ethiopia, creating the colony of Italian East Africa. When they lost WW2, their colonies were lost to the British Empire and the French Empire.

### Fascism

Before WW1, Italy was friends with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. But Italy wanted parts of Austria-Hungary. In 1915, the United Kingdom promised the lands of South Tyrol, Istria and Dalmatia. But after Italy won WW1, they did not get all of the lands. In 1922, Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister. He was the leader of the National Fascist Party and didn't like Italy not getting all their promised land in WW1. He made Italy into a dictatorship without much liberty. 

Civil ensign of the Kingdom of Italy, this version does NOT have a crown
When WW2 began, Mussolini's Blackshirts led Italy to be allied with Hitler, and the Axis powers. The Axis powers lost WW2. Mussolini's leadership ended in 1943, and he was killed in 1945. Nazi Germany controlled Italy at the end of WW2 , but they eventually were invaded by the Allies and when Hitler killed himself, The Nazis lost WW2. After Nazi Germany ceased to exist, Italy was independent again.

### Aftermath of World War II

After WW, Italy was left in huge debt, causing Italy to be poor. Many people from Italy emigrated to the United States to escape being poor. In 1946, People voted to get rid of the monarchy (kings) and establish the new Italian Republic. Slowly, the new government helped Italy get back up again into its current state. Also, dramatically, people stopped emigrating because life in Italy was becoming better.

List of monarchs
----------------

* Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
* Umberto I (1878-1900)
* Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)

* Umberto II (1946)This is the flag of Italian fascism, a symbol of Benito Mussolini's ideology.
**Sylvia Woods** (March 15, 1909) was an African American labor rights activist. During the Great Depression, Woods fought for the rights of both black workers and white workers. She also fought for racial and sexual equality in the work force. She did so by organizing sit-down strikes and other protests at the laundry she worked at. Woods was one of the organizers of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). She helped to establish United Autoworkers local (UAW) in Bendix. Because of her efforts, the local UAW passed rules to stop discrimination based on sex. Woods was also one of the organizers of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Woods was also the chair of the Chicago Committee to Free Angela Davis. Angela Davis was an African American politician who was in prison for crimes she didn't commit.

Early life
----------

Sylvia Woods was born in New Orleans. Some of her views on life and labor rights were inspired by her father, a follower of Marcus Garvey and a military trade unionist. When Woods was 16, she moved to Chicago to find work. Due to the Great Depression, jobs were hard to get. Woods still managed to get a job at the Great Western Laundry on the Near West Side. Later on, she would stage her first strike at the laundry.