recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Diegetic music** or source music is a form of music in movies and dramas. It is when the audience hears the same thing the characters hear. In storytelling, it is called diegesis. Non-diegetic music is when the characters cannot hear the music. Diegetic sound can include noises of objects or voices in the story.

Film Music
----------

Diegetic music is common in movies. The characters in a film hear something and the audience hears the same thing. If a character in the film turns on a CD player and listens to music and the audience hears it, this is called diegetic. In the film *Titanic*, a string quartet plays music while the ship is sinking. The people on the ship hear the music and the audience hears the music. In *Apocalypse Now*, helicopters are raiding a village. The leading colonel turns on a loud stereo with the music The Ride of the Valkyries by Richard Wagner. The soldiers hear this music and the audience hear it too. When Marty Mcfly plays his guitar in *Back to the Future*, both the characters in the film and the viewers hear it. Marty plays music from the future. The listeners in the film do not know the music, but the music is still diegetic.

There are variations to diegetic music. One is *metadiagetic* sound. These are sounds the characters imagine. The sounds are not heard in the surrounding reality. This is not that common in films. An example is in *Amadeus* (1984). Composer Antonio Salieri, played by F. Murray Abraham is reading music composed by Mozart and the audience hears what Salieri imagines in his head. There is no actual orchestra present in the scene playing the music.

There is also *cross-over diegesis.* This is when the music goes from diegetic to non-diegetic. *Non-diegetic* music is not heard by the audience. In *Star Wars*, most of the score is *non-diegetic* orchestra work that John Williams composed. The music may describe characters or scenes like Leia's Theme or the Imperial March. However, only the audience hears this music.

Musical Theater
---------------

In musical theatre diegetic music has the same meaning. It is music in the narrative of the story. This is not necessarily when characters sing and are unaware. However, it is when there is a song literarily in the plot. For instance, in the *Sound of Music* the song Edelweiss is diegetic. Captain von Trapp is performing it in the story for others in the story.
**Devolution** is when a central government  transfers powers to a local government. It is sometimes called *Home Rule* or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

* The Welsh Parliament, and the Welsh Government;
* The Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Executive; and
* The Scottish Parliament, and the Scottish Government

England does not currently have its own parliament, but there have been increasing calls today for one[*source?*].

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body. The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies. This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland. It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.

This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

Related pages
-------------

* Decentralization
* Federal republic
* Limited government
See the main article: Earthquake engineering
Bottom view of the Municipal Services Building  sitting on abutments of its elevated building foundation, City of Glendale, CA
**Elevated building foundation** (EBF) is a kind of seismic base isolation technology which is made a major part of a building superstructure. It is made to protect the building's superstructure against damage from the shaking caused by an earthquake.

Seismically retrofitted Municipal Services Building in Glendale, CA
This goal can be met with the right building materials, size, and setup of elevated building foundation for the building site and local soil conditions.

As a result of multiple wave reflections and diffractions, as well as energy dissipation of the seismic waves as they move up through the elevated building foundation, any movement of seismic wave energy into the building superstructure will be decreased, which will lower seismic loads and improve seismic performance of the structure.

In other words, the building does not shake as much because it is sitting on the elevated building foundation, and will probably take less damage from the earthquake.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Structural control***.
The **Elfstedentocht**, Dutch for "*Eleven cities tour*" is a race for people on ice skates. The race takes place on canals in Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The route of the race goes through eleven towns and is nearly 200 kilometers long. It can only be held in winters when it has been cold enough to freeze the canals to enough depth to make it safe for skating on.

The race starts and finishes in Leeuwarden, the capital city of Friesland. The route goes through all eleven places in Friesland which are officially called "towns". The race has been held 15 times. The first year it took place was 1909. The most recent race was on 4 January 1997. The ice on the canals has to be at least 15 cm thick for the race to take place. It is a very tough race, although some years the race has been tougher than others, depending on the weather conditions. 1963 was an extremely cold winter. That year only one in 100 people who took part managed to finish the race.

Medals are given to the first 11 men and the first 5 women.
**"Dandy Don" Meredith** (April 10, 1938 - December 6, 2010) was an American football player. He was born in Mount Vernon, Texas (about 100 miles east of Dallas. He died in Santa Fe, New Mexico from a brain hemorrhage. He was 72 years old. Meredith was a quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1970 he became a television broadcaster when he joined the Monday Night Football crew.

Football career
---------------

Meredith studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU). He played quarterback for SMU for three years. He was selected as an All-America in 1958 and 1959. In 1960, he was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round. He was then traded to the Dallas Cowboys for future draft picks. In 1960, the Cowboys were a newly formed *expansion* team.

Meredith played quarterback for the Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1965, he became the starting quarterback. In 1966, he led the Cowboys to their first winning season, with a record of ten wins, three losses, and one tie. He threw a career-high 2,805 yards and 24 touchdown passes. He was named NFL Player of the Year and selected to the Pro Bowl. He led the Cowboys to three division titles. He played in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship games.

"Dandy Don" announced his retirement in 1969, the same day that Roger Staubach was released from the Navy. Staubach then replaced Meredith as the quarterback. Meredith was 31 years old and in the prime of his career.

Meredith was inducted to Cowboys *Ring of Honor* in 1976. He and Don Perkins were the second and third players added to the ring.

Television
----------

Don Meredith was one of the first athletes to move into television broadcasting as a color commentator. He joined Keith Jackson and Howard Cosell at Monday Night Football (MNF) in 1970. In 1973, he left MNF to join NBC for three years. In 1977, he returned to MNF until his retirement in 1984. He also appeared in a number of TV shows and movies, including *Police Story* and commercials for Lipton Ice Tea.
**Edward William Binney** FRS (1812–1882) was an English geologist. 

Edward William Binney was born in Morton, Nottinghamshire in 1812. He was apprenticed to a solicitor in Chesterfield. In 1836, he went to Manchester. He soon retired from legal practice to study geology.

In 1838, he helped found the Manchester Geological Society. He was elected president in 1857 and again in 1865. He also was the secretary and later the president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He studied the Carboniferous and Permian rocks in northern England and the Drift deposits of Lancashire. He and Joseph Dalton Hooker found the first coal balls. They also studied the geology of the country around Manchester. He became an expert on the Coal Measures, and his *Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants found in the Carboniferous Strata* (1868–1875) was one of the studies of the Palaeontographical Society. His large collection of fossils was placed in Owens College.

Binney was close friends with James Prescott Joule, William Sturgeon, John Davies and John Leigh.

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1856 and died in Manchester.

Further reading
---------------

* Joule, J. P. (1882). "Edward William Binney, F.R.S, F.G.S." *Nature*. Macmillan Journals ltd. **25** (639): 293–294. doi:10.1038/025293a0. S2CID 4083951.
* Kargon, R. H. (1977). *Science in Victorian Manchester: Enterprise and Expertise*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1969-5.
* Secord, A. "Binney, Edward William (1812–1881)", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, accessed 10 August 2007
* [Anon.] (1911) "Edward William Binney", *Encyclopaedia Britannica*

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *This article includes text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please add to the article as needed.* |

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Binney, Edward William |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | geologist |
| Date of birth | 1812 |
| Place of birth | Morton, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Date of death | 1881 |
| Place of death |  |
The Distinguished Service Cross (current version)
The DSC ribbon
The **Distinguished Service Cross** (abbreviation **DSC**) is the second highest military award that can be given to a member of the United States Army. It is awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. Actions that merit the Distinguished Service Cross must be above those required for all other U.S. combat decorations, but are not high enough for the Medal of Honor. The Distinguished Service Cross is the same as the Navy Cross (Navy and Marine Corps). The Air Force) has the Air Force Cross and the Coast Guard has the equivalent Coast Guard Cross. All are equivalent (equal) awards.

History
-------

The Distinguished Service Cross was first awarded during World War I. In addition, a number of awards were made for actions before World War I. These were to soldiers who had received a 'Certificate of Merit' for gallantry. At the time the certificate was given it was the only other honor for gallantry the Army could award other than a Medal of Honor. Others were awarded for earlier actions in the Philippines, on the Mexican Border and during the Boxer Rebellion.

Criteria
--------

The Distinguished Service Cross may be awarded to any person serving in any capacity with the United States Army. The person must distinguish himself or herself by extraordinary heroism while engaged in an action against an enemy. Or, while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing/foreign force or while serving with friendly forces. The act or acts of heroism must have been so notable and have involved risk of life so extraordinary as to set the individual apart from his or her comrades. But it is not sufficient to merit the Medal of Honor.

Order of precedence
-------------------

The Distinguished Service Cross is worn on the uniform after the Medal of Honor but before the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. It is to be worn before the Silver Star. When a second (or more) award is given an oak leaf cluster is added to the award.

Other websites
--------------

* Distinguished Service Cross; US Military Awards for Valor
Mozart in 1789
"**Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen**" (English: Hell's vengeance boils in my heart) is an aria for the Queen of the Night in Mozart's opera *The Magic Flute* (German: *Die Zauberflöte*). Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder wrote the words. The aria is written in D minor. The voice ranges over two octaves. It is known for being difficult to perform well. Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer was the first to sing the aria on stage.

Music
-----

The Queen of the Night is a role for a coloratura soprano. She has two arias in the opera. The other is "Oh, tremble not, my beloved son" (**O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn**). Both arias are famous. "Hell's vengeance" is highly memorable, fast paced and menacingly grandiose.

The aria is written in D minor. It is scored for pairs of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, and the string section. It is a larger orchestra than that for "**O zittre nicht**". It comprises all the players from the opera as a whole, except the clarinets and trombones.

The aria is sung in act 2. It is famous for being difficult to perform well. The Queen of the Night is in a fit of rage. She gives a knife to her daughter Pamina. She tells her to kill the priest Sarastro. If she refuses, the Queen will curse her. The aria's range is two octaves, from F4 to F6 and requires a very high tessitura.

First performance
-----------------



"Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" ung by Sandra Partridge

(Left) Alice Verlet as the Queen of the Night, 1912

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

The first singer to perform the aria onstage was Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer. She was 33. Mozart wrote the two *Magic Flute* arias to showcase her voice. He was very impressed with Hofer's performance. In the fifth week of the opera's run, Mozart lay dying. He whispered to his wife Constanze on December 4, 1791: "Quiet, quiet! Hofer is just taking her top F; – now my sister-in-law is singing her second aria, "Der Hölle Rache"; how strongly she strikes and holds the B-flat: '*Hört! hört! hört! der Mutter Schwur!*'"

Lyrics
------

The words were written (in German) by Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder, who also played Papageno in the first performances. 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen,
Tod und Verzweiflung flammet um mich her!
fühlt nicht durch dich Sarastro Todesschmerzen,
so bist du meine Tochter nimmermehr.

Verstoßen sei auf ewig,
verlassen sei auf ewig,
zertrümmert sei'n auf ewig
alle Bande der Natur
wenn nicht durch dich Sarastro wird erblassen!
Hört, Rachegötter, hört der Mutter Schwur! | Hell's vengeance boils in my heart;
Death and despair blaze around me!
If Sarastro does not feel the pain of death because of you,
Then you will be my daughter nevermore.

Disowned be forever,
Forsaken be forever,
Shattered be forever
All the bonds of nature
If Sarastro does not turn pale [in death] because of you!
Hear, gods of vengeance, hear the mother's oath! |
The **Eleusinian Mysteries** (Greek: Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια) were a series of initiations held every year in honor of the Greek goddesses Demeter and Persephone. They were held at or near the city of Eleusis. They are the "most famous of the secret religious rites of Ancient Greece". Some think the power of the Eleusinian Mysteries came from drinking a psychedelic potion called *kykeon*.

The mysteries were about the myth of the abduction of Persephone from her mother Demeter by Hades, the god of the underworld. This myth had a cycle of three phases: the *descent* (loss), the *search*, and the *ascent*. The main theme was the *ascent* (άνοδος) of Persephone to the mortal realm and her reunion with her mother. 

Those who took part in these mysteries were sworn to secrecy. Initiates were promised a reward in the afterlife. It was a major festival of the Hellenic era, and later spread to Rome. Similar religious rites appear in the agricultural societies of the Near East and in Minoan Crete.
In music, a **drone** is a note which sounds all the time while a piece of music is played. Some folk instruments always make a drone when they are played: bagpipes and hurdy gurdies in European culture, sitars in Indian music, and many other instruments in Asian and African music. Sometimes more than one drone is heard (often two notes which are a fifth apart).

Music with drones has to have simple harmonies because it is not possible to modulate to different keys. Other things can make up for this, for example, Scottish bagpipe music has lots of little ornamental notes to make it interesting.

Some Western Composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette" (the French for "bagpipes"). Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

Related pages
-------------

* Pedal point
Enn Vetemaa in 2011.
**Enn Vetemaa** (June 20, 1936 – March 28, 2017) was an Estonian writer sometimes called as a "forgotten classic"  as well as "the unofficial master of the Estonian Modernist short novel".

Vetemaa published *Small Novells* : Tiredness (Усталость) (1967), *Väike reekviem suupillile* (written in 1967, printed in 1968), *Munad hiina moodi* (English: *Chinese Eggs*) (written – 1967–1969, printed – 1972). All together Vetemaa wrote ten "short novels" 

Vetemaa worked as a playwright. His play *Õhtusöök viiele* (Dinner for Five), first performed in 1972, and the comedy *Püha Susanna ehk Meistrite kool* (*Saint Susanna or the School of Masters*), first performed in 1974, showed Vetemaa’s sharp eye and witty lines; texts without which Estonian Theatre History would not be complete.

Vetemaa was born in Tallinn, Estonia. He died in Tallinn on March 28, 2017, aged 80.

Other websites
--------------

* Enn Vetemaa on IMDb
* Biography and Russian Translations of Vetemaa's works Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
**Dame Enid Muriel Lyons** AD, GBE (née Burnell; 9 July 1897 – 2 September 1981) was an Australian politician. She was the first woman to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives and the first woman in the federal Cabinet. She was the wife of the Premier of Tasmania and later Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons.

Lyons was born **Enid Muriel Burnell** in Smithton, Tasmania, one of three daughters of William and Eliza (née Taggett) Burnell. She trained to be a teacher in Hobart. Her mother was active in the Labor party and community groups in Tasmania. She was one of the first women appointed as a Justice of the Peace in Tasmania.

Lyons was made a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the Coronation Honours of 1937.[4][5] Joseph Lyons died in 1939, aged 59, the first Australian Prime Minister to die in office, and Dame Enid returned to Tasmania. She bitterly resented Joseph Lyons's successor as leader of the UAP, Robert Menzies, who had, she believed, betrayed her husband by resigning from the Cabinet, shortly before Joseph's death.[1]

At the 1943 election Dame Enid Lyons narrowly won the Division of Darwin in north-western Tasmania for the UAP, becoming the first woman in the House of Representatives. Her Labor opponent, who received more primary votes than she did, was the future Tasmanian Premier Eric Reece. At the same election, Dorothy Tangney was elected as a Labor Senator for Western Australia, the nation's first woman Senator.

In retirement, Dame Enid's health recovered. She was a newspaper columnist (1951–54), a commissioner of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1951–62), and remained active in public life promoting family and women's issues. She published three volumes of memoirs, which embarrassed the Liberal Party by reviving her complaints about Menzies' 1939 behaviour towards her husband.[1]

She was nevertheless made a Dame of the Order of Australia (AD) on Australia Day 1980,[8] the second woman to receive this honour. She was the first Australian woman to receive damehoods in different orders. She died the following year and was accorded a state funeral inDevonport, Tasmania, before being buried next to her husband at Mersey Vale Lawn Cemetery.[1]
***Friend*** is a South Korean movie released on March 31, 2001. It was made by director Kwak Kyung-taek. Jang Dong-gun and Yu Oh-seong played the lead roles in the movie. The movie is about 4 friends. It covers from their childhood to their adulthood in which they come into a conflict. The movie was almost filmed in Busan and Busan dialect became very sensational after this movie. A lot of actors and actresses in the movie are really from Busan so they have no difficulty in using Busan dialect. Even the director Kwak Kyung-taek is from Busan.

Background
----------

This movie was made motivated by the real experience of the director Kwak Kyung-taek and the real event. 'Sang-taek'(Seo Tae-hwa) is a character that reflects the director Kwak Kyung-taek. This movie is motivated by a real murder case that happened in Busan in 1993. 'June-seok' (Yu Oh-seong) is similar to the real friend of the director Kwak Kyung-taek, a member of a gang. 'Dong-su' (Jang Dong-gun) is similar to the boss of another gang, who is real friend of the director Kwak Kyung-taek.

Plot
----

In 1976, age thirteen, 'June-seok' (Yu Oh-seong), 'Dong-su' (Jang Dong-gun), 'Sang-taek' (Seo Tae-hwa), and 'Jung-Ho' (Jeong Woon-Taek) are always together and they are best friends. They have nothing to be afraid of when they are together. However, as they grow up, there comes a conflict among them. 'Dong-su' has an inferiority complex to 'june-seok' and their relationship becomes distant. When they become twenty, their lives become very different. 'Jung-Ho' and 'sang-taek' go to university. June-seok becomes a boss of a gang group after his father died, who was a boss of the group. However, 'Dong-su' becomes the member of a gang that is against to the 'June-seok's group. 'June-seok' and 'Dong-su' becomes more distant. After a few years, 'Sang-Taek' is planning to go to America to go to the graduate school. He wants to meet their friends before he leaves but nobody appears in the airport when he leaves. He has an unlucky premonition as he leaves Korea. Finally, there comes a serious conflict between 'Dong-su' and 'June-seok' after that.
**Emily Jenkins**, also known as **E. Lockhart** is an American author. Jenkins was born in New York, New York on September 13, 1967. She writes in many genres such as children’s fiction and adult romance novels. She has even won the Boston Globe/Horn Book Honor Award twice. She has also written many respected young adult novels.

Early life
----------

Jenkins has always dreamed of being an author. She once said, "Growing up, I spent large parts of my life in imaginary worlds: Neverland, Oz, and Narnia, in particular."[*source?*] She loved reading and when she was eight, she began to develop her own work. After she wrote her own books, Jenkins became interested in writing full-length novel imitations of *Pippi Long Stocking* and *The Wolves of Willoughby Chase*. She got inspiration for her later books like *Five Creatures* from her own life. She said, "I wanted to convey the sense of family I had with my pets."[*source?*] Jenkins has a husband, a daughter, and two cats. They all have different skills and preferences, but she used a Venn diagram to overlap their interests.

Jenkins continues to love spending her time living in her imaginary worlds, which she created within her books. She is an admired figure for many young writers and encourages them to pursue their dreams just as she did.

Books
-----

* *The Secret Life of Billie’s Uncle Myron*
* *Five Creatures*
* *Daffodil*
* *My Favorite Thing*
* *That New Animal*
* *Love You When You Whine*
* *What Happens on Wednesdays*
* *Skunkdog*
* *The Little BIt Scary People*
* *Sugar Would Not Eat It*
* *Hug, Hug, Hug!*
* *Num, Num, Num!*
* *Plonk, Plonk, Plonk!*
* *The Boyfriend List*
* *The Boy Book*
* *The Treasure Map of Boys*
* *Real Life Boyfriends*
* *Fly on the Wall: How One Girl Saw Everything*
* *Dramarama*
* *The Disreputable History of Frankie Landau-Banks*
* *How To be Bad*
* *We Were Liars*
* *Tongue First: Adventures in Physical Culture*
* *Mister Posterior and the Genius Child*
* *Toy Dance Party: Being the Further Adventures of a Bossyboots Stingray, a Courageous Buffalo, and a Hopeful Round Someone Called Plastic*
**Edward Joseph Derwinski** (born September 15, 1926; died January 15, 2012) was an American politician. He was the first Cabinet-level United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs, serving under President George H. W. Bush from March 15, 1989, to September 26, 1992. Before that, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1983, representing the south and southwest suburbs of Chicago.

Politics
--------

Derwinski served in the United States Army in the Pacific Theater during World War II and in the postwar U.S. occupation of Japan. He graduated from Loyola University Chicago in 1951. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Gamma Fraternity. In 1957 he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, where he served one term before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1958. He served 12 terms as a Republican representative from the 4th District of Illinois, a suburban region south and west of Chicago, eventually becoming the ranking member of the House Foreign Relations Committee. He was also a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1971-1972 and as chairman of the U.S. delegation to the Interparliamentary Union from 1970-1972 and 1978-1980.

A Democratic redistricting plan after the 1980 Census split up the 4th District, with only about 15% of its area remaining and added to various areas from other districts; Derwinski and Republican congressman George M. O'Brien were placed in the same district, and O'Brien won the 1982 primary on the strength of having more of his previous district included in the new change. After Derwinski's loss, President Ronald Reagan picked him to be Counselor to the State Department. In 1987, Reagan picked him to be Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, where he served until the end of Reagan's term. Not long after that, he was picked by George H.W. Bush to head the VA.

Personal Life
-------------

Derwinski lived in Glen Ellyn, Illinois with his wife, the former Bonita Hickey. He had two adult children from his first marriage to Patricia Derwinski, Maureen and Michael.




| * v
* t
* e
 United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs |
| --- |
| 
* Derwinski
* Brown
* West
* Gober (acting)
* Principi
* Nicholson
* Peake
* Shinseki
* McDonald
* Shulkin
* Wilkie
* McDonough

 | Seal of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs |
**Edith Ellen Humphrey** (11 September 1875 – 25 February 1978) was an inorganic chemist. She was probably the first woman from Britain to get a doctorate in chemistry.

Life story
----------

### Early life

Edith Humphrey's father, John, was a clerk (secretary). Her mother, Louisa, was a teacher. John Humprey was poor when he was a child and wanted all his sons and daughters to get an education. Edith's two older sisters were teachers. One of her brothers was an inventor.

Humphrey went to North London Collegiate School, one of the first girls' schools in the UK to teach science. From 1893 to 1897 Humphrey studied chemistry and physics at Bedford College, London. When she finished her degree she went to do a PhD (doctorate) at the University of Zurich.

### Postgraduate study

On 17 October 1898, Humphrey entered the University of Zurich. Her supervisor, Alfred Werner, found that Humphrey was talented, and made her his assistant. Humphrey worked hard, and was disappointed by the social life.

Humphrey was Werner's first student to successfully prepare a type of compound that were very important in his development and proof of his coordination theory. One of these compounds, the cis-bis(ethylenediamine)dinitrocobalt(III) bromide, was the first creation of a chiral octahedral cobalt complex.
Editorial from September 1921 Photoplay magazine. It told its readers not see the American film Heedless Moths (1921), because it had a scene with a nude woman.
An **editorial**, **leading article** (US) or **leader** (UK), is an article written by the senior editors of a newspaper or magazine. The article is often unsigned. Australian and major United States newspapers, such as *The New York Times* and *The Boston Globe*, often give editorials the heading "opinion".

Editorials can also be in the form of a cartoon.

The editors decide on which issues their readers will want to know the newspaper's opinion.

Editorials are usually published on a special page, called the editorial page. This often features letters to the editor from members of the public. The page opposite this page is called the op-ed page (opposite the editorial); and has opinion pieces by writers not employed by the publication. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial on the front page. In the English-language press, this occurs rarely and only on topics considered very important; it is more common, however, in some European countries such as Spain, Italy, and France.

Many newspapers do not put the name of the author on the editorial. Tom Clark, editorial writer for *The Guardian*, argues that it helps readers discuss the issue, not the author. On the other hand, an editorial does reflect the position of a newspaper and the head of the newspaper, the editor, is known by name. Whilst the editor will often not write the editorial themselves, they maintain oversight and retain responsibility.

When *The Press*, a New Zealand newspaper based in Christchurch, changed after 157 years from broadsheet to compact in 2018, they published a list of editorials where current thinking differs from opinions expressed at the time. One example was the change in their view on women's suffrage in New Zealand. The government gave women the vote in 1893, and the editorial said that women would "much prefer staying at home and attending to their household duties" than going to the polling booths.

In fashion publishing, the term is often used to refer to *photo*-editorials. These are often full-page photographs on a particular theme, designer, model or other single topic, with or (as in a photo-essay) without accompanying text.

Related pages
-------------

* Column (periodical)

Other websites
--------------

* The dictionary definition of editorial at Wiktionary
* Editorial Writing Examples

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* United States
* Japan

 |
| Other | 
* NARA

 |
***Fawlty Towers*** is a British television sitcom. It was broadcast by the BBC in two series, one in 1975, the other in 1979. Only twelve episodes were ever broadcast. However, the show is still liked by millions of people. *Fawlty Towers* has influenced other comedies.

It is set in a hotel in the coastal Devon town of Torquay.

Main characters
---------------

The owners of the hotel are Basil Fawlty (played by John Cleese) and his wife Sybil (Prunella Scales).

They are helped by Polly, a young British maid (Connie Booth) and Manuel, a clumsy waiter from Barcelona in Spain (Andrew Sachs).

In series two there is also a chef, Terry (Brian Hall).

Basil is a rude, angry man, who fought in the Korean War. He has been married to Sybil for fifteen years. Sybil and Basil do not love each other. Polly has a talent for painting, and this is shown in some episodes when her artwork is laid upon the front desk, annoying Basil. Manuel speaks only a little English and he often makes mistakes due to misunderstanding things. When he makes a mistake Basil usually apologises to the guests by saying, "I'm so sorry, he's from Barcelona."

Other characters
----------------

The Major (Ballard Berkeley) is a regular guest. He is old and forgetful. The aged and easily shocked Miss Tibbs (Gilly Flower) and Miss Gatsby (Renee Roberts) are also regular guests.

Episodes
--------

There were twelve episodes of *Fawlty Towers* made.

The first six episodes were made in 1975, the last six in 1979. *Fawlty Towers* still has many fans, and many people regard it as the best comedy series made by the BBC. It was voted 5th in a poll in Britain to find "Britain's Best Sitcom" 2004.

One of the most famous episodes is "The Germans". In that episode, people from Germany are visiting the hotel. Basil dislikes Germans, because he blames them for starting World War II. He tells his staff not to mention the war ("Don't mention the war!"). He himself continually mentions the war, and even imitates Adolf Hitler.

The episodes, in order with date of first showing, are:

### Season One

* A Touch of Class (19 September 1975)
* The Builders (26 September 1975)
* The Wedding Party (3 October 1975)
* The Hotel Inspectors (10 October 1975)
* Gourmet Night (17 October 1975)
* The Germans (24 October 1975)

### Season Two

* Communication Problems (19 February 1979)
* The Psychiatrist (26 February 1979)
* Waldorf Salad (5 March 1979)
* The Kipper and the Corpse (12 March 1979)
* The Anniversary (26 March 1979)
* Basil the Rat (25 October 1979)

Other websites
--------------

* *Fawlty Towers* on IMDb
**Delfín Quishpe** (born December 4, 1977 in Guamote, Ecuador) is an Ecuadorean singer. Delfín Quishpe sings a kind of music called "Andean techno-folklore". His music can be found easily on YouTube.

Biography
---------

Delfín was born in a small town named San Antonio in Guamote in Ecuador. During his early years in school, he began performing in front of his classmates and teachers.

Later on, he started working his voice and exploiting his artistic skills. Delfín entered different bands and attended dancing classes. He participated in many singing contests, showing himself and his judges that singing was his greatest passion. Delfin’s boom came in 1997.

Music career
------------

### Discography

In 1999, he began singing. Two years later, he created his first album named *El Faraón del Ritmo*. It became very famous, and many radio stations broadcasted Delfín’s songs.
In 2003, he recorded his second album *El Gallito*. It contained songs such as: "El Gallito Bandido", "El Delfincito", "Cuando me vaya", and "Cuaya huay". A year later he created his first video, the same that was posted on the Internet, giving Delfín global fame. 

### "Torres Gemelas"

In 2006, Quishpe released the song "Torres Gemelas". The song deals with the tragedy of the terrorist attack of 9/11 by relating the loss of a loved one in what many saw as a whimsical and kitschy nature, making the video an internet meme.

### Concert

#### Guayaquil

On February 15, 2007, Delfín performed for the first time in Guayaquil. During the concert, as usual, he was wearing white clothing with his name printed on it. The most awaited song was his controversial "Torres Gemelas", whose video has gained popularity via the Internet.
Quishpe sang other songs such as "Rosas Rojas" and "La Media Naranaja".

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* 9/11 video
**Four Seasons Hotels Limited**, trading as **Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts**, is a Canadian hotel company. Their headquarters is in Toronto. Most Four Seasons hotels are five-star hotels, meaning they are expensive.

*Travel + Leisure* magazine and Zagat Survey ranked this grid 98th among the best luxury hotels in the world. Readers of Condé Nast Traveller voted for the Golden Triangle (the company's real estate in northern Thailand) as the world's favourite for three years in a row. The company has been named one of Fortune's "100 Best Employers" every year since the 1998 survey.

History
-------

Founded in 1960 in Canada by Isador Sharp, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland, the company opened its first hotel in the red-light district of Toronto. In 1970, the chain's first overseas hotel opened in London. In 1986, the company went public, entering the stock market, but in 2007 it became private again (Sharpe bought shares from the market and resold them to private funds).

The main owners of the company: the founder of the company Isadore Sharp (5%), as well as the companies Cascade Investment and Kingdom Hotels (47.5% each), owned, respectively, by Bill Gates and the nephew of the King of Saudi Arabia, Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal.
Four Freedoms Monument, Madison, Florida
The **Four Freedoms Monument** is a sculpture by Walter Russell. It was in New York City at first and later moved to Florida.

Background
----------

The monument is a symbol for the *Four Freedoms* human beings everywhere in the world should have. This part of his speech has therefore been named the *Four Freedoms Speech* as well. This was before the American participation at World War II. The *Four Freedoms* of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the following:

* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of worship
* Freedom from want
* Freedom from fear

Roosevelt had the monument built with the idea to inspire a greater public for his four freedoms.

The monument was first presented in 1943 in Madison Square Garden in New York City, with the presence of 60,000 people. It was presented in the honor of Colin Kelly, one of the first Americans to be named an American hero of the Second World War. On June 14, 1944, the monument was moved to the former home of Kelly in Madison, Florida.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Four Freedoms Monument at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 30°28′10.55″N 83°24′45.96″W﻿ / ﻿30.4695972°N 83.4127667°W﻿ / 30.4695972; -83.4127667
Princeton University playing hockey against Dartmouth College
**ECAC Hockey** is a group of colleges and universities in the Northeastern United States who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season.. It is the only NCAA Division I hockey conference whose members all have varsity men's and women's teams. The league's champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.

Another unique feature of the conference is its unofficial relationship with another conference, the Ivy League. Six of the Ivy league's eight schools have both men's and women's hockey teams; all six are members of ECAC Hockey. Although the Ivy League does not officially sponsor hockey, it still has a conference hockey champion—it uses the results of its members in ECAC Hockey to determine a winner.

During the major hockey conference realignment of 2011 and 2012 triggered by the decision of the Big Ten Conference to start a men's hockey league in 2013, the ECAC was the only Division I men's hockey conference that neither gained nor lost a member.

Current members are:

* Brown University
* Clarkson University
* Colgate University
* Cornell University
* Dartmouth College
* Harvard University
* Princeton University
* Quinnipiac University
* Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
* St. Lawrence University
* Union College
* Yale University
The diseases (**COVID-19**) and (**Pneumonia**) are the two types of diseases that can be contagious (transmissible) to people who causes severe cases within the human body; there are similarities and slight differences between the two diseases, The *Covid-19* which is called the term *Pulmonia*, usually these two viruses target the lungs which makes it more difficult in the respiratory tract, so the patient who tests positive for the disease will experience a severe situation and end up dead, Pneumonia and Coronavirus produce symptoms of increased temperature (fever), fatigue (fatigue), dry cough with phlegm, Difficulty and shortness of breath.

A "Pneumonia" spontaneously attacks a patient, first having fever, delirium, blurred vision, numbness of the whole body is the sign of "acute pneumonia".

Prevention
----------

Patients affected by pneumonia and coronavirus should practice resting the body, avoid staying up late, keep a distance of more than 1 meter, eat nutritious food and get vaccinated.

Differences
-----------

### Pneumonia

Further information: Pneumonia
Pneumonia symptom presentation
Pneumonia or pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs that makes the airways difficult, it is a common disease of viruses or bacteria living inside the lungs of a patient, Including symptoms that feel like there is a case of pneumonia include cough, fever, difficulty breathing and delirium, More than 4 million people have died of pneumonia and 450 million people have been affected by the disease.

Common symptoms
* Cough, which may produce green, yellow or even bloody mucus.
* Fever, sweating and chills
* Difficulty breathing.
* Rapid, shallow breathing.
* Sharp or chest pain that gets worse when you take a deep breath cough.
* Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue.

### Coronavirus

Further information: COVID-19
The presentation of symptoms of the Coronavirus
*Coronavirus* or "COVID-19" is a pneumonia-like flu that causes the collapse of the body caused by the RNA virus of SARS-CoV-2 that was recorded in the country of China in 2003 and 2019, The Coronavirus including SARS-CoV-2 variants is highly contagious, Like the flu, there are different types or types of COVID-19, these are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Epsilon, Iota, Lambda, Theta and others, Its common symptoms are loss of taste, smell and difficulty breathing (short lungs), The infection of "COVID-19" when a positive person coughs and sneezes that is obtained in small drops of saliva (droplets) and will be included or carried in the air, It is often acquired by touching or contaminated objects that are often touched, touching the mouth, nose and eyes.

Common symptoms
* Fever
* Dry cough
* Fatigue

Other symptoms
* Pain and tingling
* Tonsils
* Diarrhea
* Eye redness
* Headache
* Absence of smell/taste
* Skin rash/Discoloration of fingernails

Serious symptoms
* Difficulty and shortness of breath
* Chest pain/pressure
* Absence of speech/difficulty in movement

Related pages
-------------

* Influenza
* Differences between COVID-19 and influenza
***David Suzuki: The Autobiography*** is the 2006 autobiography of Canadian science writer and broadcaster David Suzuki. The book focuses mostly on his life since the 1987 publication of his first autobiography, *Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life*. It begins with a chronological account of his childhood, academic years, and broadcasting career. In later chapters, Suzuki adopts a memoir style, writing about themes such as his relationship with Australia, his experiences in Brazil and Papua New Guinea, the founding of the David Suzuki Foundation, and his thoughts on climate change, celebrity status, technology, and death. Throughout, Suzuki highlights the continuing impact of events from his childhood.

This is Suzuki's forty-third book and, he says, his last. Critics have called the book candid, sincere, and charming, with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories. Suzuki's scientific background is reflected in the writing's rational and analytic style.

Suzuki's autobiography spent four weeks at #1 on the *Maclean's* list of non-fiction best-sellers and six weeks at #6 on the *Globe and Mail's* list. The book won two awards in 2007: the Canadian Booksellers' Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year and the British Columbia Booksellers' Choice Award. The publishers, Greystone Books and Douglas & McIntyre, won the CBA Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year.
The **flatback turtle** or **sea turtle** (*Natator depressus*) is an Australian species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae. The species is endemic to the sandy beaches and shallow coastal waters of the Australian continental shelf. It was previously called *Chelonia depressa*.

The turtle gets its common name from the fact that its shell has a flattened or lower dome than the other turtles. It may be olive green to grey with a cream underside. It averages from 76 to 96 cm (30 to 38 inches) in carapace length and can weigh from 70 to 90 kg (154 to 198 lb). 
The hatchlings, when emerging from nests, are larger than other turtle hatchlings. The flatback turtle is listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Data Deficient, meaning there is insufficient scientific information to decide its conservation status at present.

The flatback turtle is the least endangered of all of the sea-going turtles. Unlike other turtles, there is not a big human demand for the meat of the flatback. It does not swim far from shore, so it does not get caught in nets as often as other sea turtles. These reasons may be why it is not in more danger of extinction.
Bobwhite quail, an important North American gamebird
Game birds at Borough Market in London
A **game bird** is any of a number of species of wild birds which are hunted, killed and eaten by humans. Hunting game birds is a sport, and a way of getting food. Usually there are laws which govern the hunting. Usually, guns are used, and so there are gun laws. Also, regulations protect the birds' breeding season, so that another generation of birds will grow to replace the present generation.

Although the birds are wild, most of them are "managed" if they live on estates. Birds which migrate cannot be managed in the same way. Shooting game birds on Scottish estates is for them a major source of income. The managing consists of making sure there are enough birds for the next shooting season. 

In the United Kingdom game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831. It is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night. Other (non-game birds) that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the Forestry Commission have a big say in how the hunting is regulated.

UK law defines game as including:

* Black grouse (No longer hunted due to decline in numbers)
* Red grouse
* Brown hare
* Ptarmigan
* Grey partridge and red-legged partridge
* Common pheasant

* Duck, including mallard, tufted duck, teal, pintail and pochard
* Goose, including greylag goose, Canada goose, pink-footed goose and in England and Wales white-fronted goose
* Wood pigeon
* Woodcock
* Snipe
* Golden plover
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Platyhelminthes***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Platyhelminthes***.

**Flatworms** (**Platyhelminthes**, Greek "platy"': flat; "helminth": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have soft bodies. 

With about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity. Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments.

A troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, *Arthurdendyus triangulatus*. It is an invasive species which colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there by accident in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.

Most free-living flatworms found in Britain are very small ranging from 5mm to less than 1 cm. They are usually black and can easily be mistaken for debris. These are mostly found in freshwater rivers or streams and are of the Turbellaria class.

Most flatworms (over 50%) are parasitic on other animals. There are four classes: 

* Trematoda (Flukes): internal parasites.
* Cestoda (Tapeworms): internal parasites.
* Monogenea: external parasites.

and 

* Turbellaria: free-living flatworms, sometimes called 'Planarians'. *Planaria* is actually a genus.

Flatworms are one of the invertebrate groups which are studied in school biology. The main reason for this is that they may infect humans, pets and farmyard animals. Some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria. Effective treatments are now available for these infections. Also, in first-world countries, regulations on domestic cattle prevent infected meat from reaching the human hosts.

Related pages
-------------

* List of animal phyla
* *Fasciola hepatica*
* *Planaria*