recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Genealogy** is the study of family history. It is the study of family relationships and ancestry (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.). It is a popular hobby in the United States and in many other countries.

Some people show their family history using a family tree. A family tree is a diagram of the members of a family. With a family tree you use lines to show how people are related, for example, people who are married or have children. 

Some people keep track of their family history data in a genealogy database on their computer. Examples of data that a person would save are dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Other information that might be saved are records of military service, census records which show where ancestors lived at a certain time, immigration data, education, occupations, and even photos of the ancestors. The person building the database can usually decide to save many kinds of data—news articles, stories that were told in the family (oral history), information on religious ceremonies, wills or inheritances, information from family letters, customs, or how world or local events affected the family. The advantages of using a genealogy database are that it helps to keep the data organized, especially when relationships change; it can generate several types of charts or tables with the data filled in; it may make it easier to share data with others; and it takes up less room than paper and notebooks.

People study genealogy (family history) for many reasons. 

* They may want to help someone be reunited with their family after war, natural disasters, foster care, or adoption, or find living relatives.
* They may have an interest in history and want to know how and where their family lived during interesting times of history.
* They may want to track hereditary diseases that may be passed from parents to their children. (This would overlap with the study of genetics.)
* The Mormons believe that they can give baptisms and other religious rites to their ancestors to help them in the afterlife. This belief drives them to find as many of their ancestors as they can, and they have collected many genealogy records from around the world.
* Some people use genealogy to keep track of money, land and power so that they can inherit what belongs to their family. These people use genealogy to help it stay in the family and prevent false claims to the wealth, land or power.
Hans Knappertsbusch
**Hans Knappertsbusch** (born Elberfeld (Wuppertal), 12 March 1888; died Munich, 25 October 1965) was a German conductor. He conducted some of Europes best orchestras. He was especially known for conducting the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Richard Strauss.

Life
----

Knappertsbusch was born in Elberfeld, today's Wuppertal. His parents did not want him to be a musician and sent him to study philosophy at Bonn University. However, he soon started to go to the Cologne Conservatory to study conducting with Fritz Steinbach. For a few summers, he was assistant to Siegfried Wagner and Hans Richter at Bayreuth. When Bruno Walter left Munich to go to New York, Knappertsbusch succeeded him as conductor of the Bavarian State Orchestra. He stayed in Munich until 1936 when the Nazis made it impossible for him to continue. He then went to Vienna. There he conducted the Vienna State Opera and the Vienna Philharmonic.

When World War II ended, Knappertsbusch went back to Munich where he settled again. He often visited Vienna to conduct there. He appeared regularly at the Bayreuth Festival.

Knappertsbusch was a large man who was very popular with his audiences. He did not often travel abroad, and was never very interested in music that was being composed at the time. He did not like long rehearsals. He often thought that his orchestras were musical enough to play well without rehearsal. His recordings of *Parsifal* are very good indeed.

Knappertsbusch died in Munich in 1965.
The **Galia melon**, also known as **sarda** in Southeast Asia, is hybrid melon. It comes from a cross between the green-flesh melon cultivar 'Ha-Ogen' and the netted-rind melon cultivar 'Krimka'. It was developed in Israel at the Ne´ve Yaar Research Center of the Agricultural Research Organisation by Dr. Zvi Karchi. It was released in 1973, and named after Karchi's daughter, whose name means "God's wave" in Hebrew.The Galia melon can look like a cantaloupe the outside and a honeydew inside.

Galia melons have the following characteristics:

* average weight is one kilogram.
* a rounded shape.
* rough lines on the skin.
* are yellow when ripe.
* they have a sweet taste and smell.

Ripeness is measured by color of the skin, when it starts turning from green to yellow. After cutting, uneaten pieces should be wrapped and refrigerated to keep flavor.

They are not difficult to grow. Galias are now grown in Algeria, Brazil, Guatemala, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Southern US regions, Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras, Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt.
The **harp seal** (*Pagophilus groenlandicus*), also known as the **saddleback seal** or **Greenland seal**, is a species of earless seal. They live in the northernmost Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Arctic Ocean. It now belongs to the monotypic genus *Pagophilus*. Its scientific name, *Pagophilus groenlandicus*, means "ice-lover from Greenland".

Description
-----------

The harp seal has a black face with silvery-gray body. Its eyes are pure black. It has black harp or wishbone-shaped markings on the back. They show little sexual dimorphism. This means there is little difference between the males and females. The baby harp seal (pup) has a yellow-white coat at birth. After three days, the coat turns white and stays white for about 12 days. Adult harp seals grow up to be 1.7 to 2.0 m (5 to 6 feet) long and weigh from 140 to 190 kg (300 to 400 pounds).

Harp seals like to swim in the ocean. They spend little time on land. They are very social animals. They can be very noisy, as well. They will form large colonies where they spend a great deal of time. Many harp seals are able to live up to 30 years in the wild.

On the ice, pups call their mothers by "bawling" and "mumble" while playing with others. Adults "growl" and "warble" to warn off others. Underwater, adults use more than 19 call types during courting and mating.

Reproduction
------------

Females mature sexually at age five to six. Then each year, they bear one pup. This is usually in late February.

Newborn pups weigh around 11 kilograms (24 lb) and are 80–85 centimetres (31–33 in) long. After birth, the mother only feeds that pup. During the 12 day nursing period, the mother does not eat. She loses up to 3 kilograms (7 lb) per day. Harp seal milk has up to 48% fat, so pups gain over 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb) per day.

Weaning is sudden. The mother turns from nursing to promiscuous mating. She leaves the pup behind on the ice. While courtship starts on the ice, mating usually takes place in the water.

Pups are unable to swim or find food until seven to eight weeks old or until the ice melts. This leaves them open to polar bears and other predators. Because they cannot eat, they lose up to 50% of their weight. As many as 30% of pups die during their first year.
**Kimberly Michelle Pate** (born March 4, 1982), who uses the stage name, **K. Michelle**, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. K. Michelle is well known for appearing in the first two seasons of "Love & Hip Hop". She became famous through her songs "V.S.O.P.", which managed to peak at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100. Her first album, *Rebellious Soul*, was a commercial success, debuting at number two on the US *Billboard* 200, and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. There were three other successful singles from the album: "Can't Raise a Man", "I Don't Like Me" and "A Mother's Prayer". K. Michelle later appeared in a musical film called *Rebellious Soul: The Musical*. She was featured on rapper Lil Boosie's remix of his single "Show The World".

At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, *Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?*, titled "Love 'Em All". At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, *Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?*, titled "Love 'Em All". "Maybe I Should Call" was released on November 3, 2014 as the second single from the album. She has also released two other albums, "More Issues Than Vogue" in 2016 and "Kimberly: The People I Used to Know" in 2017.

In 2017, she became engaged to dentist Kastan Sims, who appeared in her reality television series *K. Michelle: My Life*, after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "Save Me" and announced that she was working on a new album.

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *Rebellious Soul* (2013)
* *Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?* (2014)
* *More Issues Than Vogue* (2016)
* *Kimberly: The People I Used to Know* (2017)
*Flowchart* to determine if a species is autotroph, **heterotroph**, or a subtype
A **heterotroph** (Greek *heteros* = another and *trophe* = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

In food chains
--------------

A heterotroph is known as a **consumer** in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

### Herbivores

Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words *herba*, which means "grass or herb," and *vorare*, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

### Carnivores

Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin *carnis*, which means "flesh", and *vorare*, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.

### Omnivores

Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin *omnis*, which means "all" and *vorare*. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

Related pages
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* Autotroph
* Mixotroph
**Joshua Milton Blahyi** (born September 30, 1971), better known as **General Butt Naked**, is an ex-warlord from Liberia who is now an Evangelical Christian preacher.

Early life
----------

Blahyi is a member of the Sarpo tribe in Liberia. Blahyi has said that when he was 11 years old he became a tribal priest.

Career as a Warlord
-------------------

In 1980, when Joshua Milton Blahyi was 9 years old, a man named Samuel Doe led a rebellion against president William Tolbert and had him killed. At some point after 1982, when Blahyi became a tribal priest, Doe hired Blahyi to use black magic so that Doe could win the election in 1985. In 1989, when Blahyi was 18, a man named Charles Taylor rebelled against Doe and started a civil war. Taylor and his men killed Doe in 1990. Then the 19 year old Blahyi joined a militia called the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy and fought against Taylor’s army in the civil war. Blahyi then recruited an army of child soldiers to fight for him wearing nothing except for shoes and amulets while being naked himself and because of their nudity, they were called The Naked Base Commandos and Blahyi got the nickname "General Butt Naked". Blahyi gave his child soldiers drugs so that they would be easier to control and would massacre villages that he attacked and he would wikt:celebrate each victory by eating the heart of a human child and by killing a child for a human sacrifice. He would also torture people. Blahyi also fought against other militias for control of diamond mines so that he could sell diamonds to drug cartels in Mexico for weapons and cocaine. In 1996, Blahyi and the Naked Base Commandos fought a battle in Monrovia against people on Charles Taylor’s side who were trying to arrest Blahyi’s commander Roosevelt Johnson. And Blahyi cut off a man’s testicles and held them in his hand while shooting people with a gun in battle.

Religious Conversion
--------------------

According to Blahyi, after killing a little girl and cutting out her heart through her back, a man appeared to him who was glowing "brighter than the sun" and told him "repent and live or refuse and die." Blahyi then decided to stop fighting and leave his child soldiers to fight for themselves. But then went near to a Church to sleep and heard a pastor pray to God to make Blahyi lose the power of evil devil’s magic. Then Blahyi decided to go to his commander and tell him that he wasn’t a warlord anymore because "my new commander is Jesus Christ." Blahyi then became an Evangelical Christian preacher and told a Truth and Reconciliation Commission for the Liberian Civil War that he had killed at least 20,000 people as a warlord but that he wished that he hadn’t. Blahyi is still a pastor now.

In popular culture
------------------

In 2011 a documentary film called *The Redemption of General Butt Naked* was released. Matt Stone and Trey Parker based the character "Butt Fucking Naked" in their musical The Book of Mormon (musical) on General Butt Naked.
Schematic of a region of a chromosome before and after a duplication event
**Gene duplication** (or **gene amplification**) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Gene duplication is important in supplying raw genetic material – new genes – to biological evolution. This has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data show that duplicated genes are common in all organisms surveyed.

Origin
------

In classical genetics it may occur as an error in crossing-over during meiosis, or the duplication of an entire chromosome.

In non-classical genetics it may happen by a retrotransposition event.

Implications
------------

The second copy of the gene is often relatively free from selective pressure. Mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations.

A duplication is the opposite of a deletion. Duplications arise from unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. The product of this recombination are a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion.

Evolutionary importance
-----------------------

Gene duplication is believed to play a major role in evolution; this idea was first suggested 100 years ago. Susumu Ohno was one of the most famous developers of this theory in his classic book *Evolution by gene duplication* (1970). Ohno argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

Major genome duplication events are not uncommon. It is believed that the entire yeast genome underwent duplication about 100 million years ago. Plants are the most prolific genome duplicators. For example, wheat is hexaploid (a kind of polyploid), meaning that it has six copies of its genome.

Normally, a big change in gene function is resisted because the original function is needed, but after a duplication one gene carries on the original function. Therefore, a change of function in the second copy is possible without loss of fitness.
This freedom from consequences allows for more mutations to be 'carried' in the population. Some of these might increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function. 

The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure. By contrast, orthologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species, and are created from species-splitting.

Related pages
-------------

* Gene family
* Hox gene
* Mutation
**Elena Alexandra Apostoleanu** (born October 16, 1986) known as **Inna** is a singer from Romania. She became famous after the first single "Hot" in 2008. The song was a hit in 2009 and in 2010 in the United Kingdom, France and other countries from Europe. The first single to be #1 in Romania was "Amazing" (2009) and another hit is "Sun Is Up" (2010). In 2011 Inna and Flo Rida had a song "Club Rocker", it was not a success. She is famous in Mexico too. She has over 4,000,000 fans on Facebook and over 500,000,000 views on YouTube.

Life
----

Inna was born as Elena Alexandra Apostoleanu on 16 October, 1986 in Neptun a town in Romania. The town is next to the Black Sea and Inna knows to swim very well. She was not the best student in highschool. She loved music and Christina Aguilera or Rihanna. In 2007/2008 she met Play & Win, three boys who write music. They recorded some songs that are not successful. She was in Eurovision Song Contest in 2008, but nobody knew her. The name **Inna** comes from her grandfather. He called her **Inna** but he died before she got famous. She lives with her bichon Bobo. She says she doesn't have a boyfriend.

Music
-----

Inna has two albums. In 2009 the first album "*Hot*" was out. The album had four singles: "Hot", "Love", "Amazing" and "10 Minutes". The second album is "I Am the Club Rocker" and it is from 2011 and it has 14 songs and singles: "Sun Is Up", "Club Rocker", "Un Momento" and "Endless".

Inna had tours. She went to: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Slovakia, Netherlands and the UK and to Mexico before her birthday in 2011. She had the biggest concert in Romania for a Romanian person since 2005, in May 2011. She planned to go to US in 2012.

She has over 10 music videos filmed in: Romania, Portugal, UK, France, Spain or Bulgaria.

Awards
------

She won a lot of prizes including: 12 Romanian Music Awards, 2 MTV Europe Music Awards and 1 nomination at the NRJ Music Awards in France, 2011.

Charts
------

In Romania: 5 TOP 10, 10 TOP 100 (1 #1)

In France: 5 TOP 10, 7 TOP 100

In Switzerland: 2 TOP 10, 5 TOP 75 (1 #1)

In UK: 1 TOP 10, 5 TOP 75 (1 #1, IN UK DANCE CHART)

In US: #1 – Dance Chart – "Hot", 2010

In Bulgaria: 4 TOP 10, 10 TOP 40 (1 #1)

In Spain: 1 TOP 10, 5 TOP 50 (1 #1)

In Belgium: 3 TOP 10, 7 TOP 50

In Holland: 3 TOP 19, 8 TOP 100

In Europe: 2 TOP 10, 4 TOP 100

The albums: "Hot" - #1 in: UK DANCE, Romania. "I Am the club rocker" only top 10 in Mexico.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Inna Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Information at Ultra Records

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic

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| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
**Joué-du-Plain** is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum". There are 201 people living there. It is 1,456 hectares (5.6 sq mi) in size. The highest point in the commune is 170 metres (560 ft). The river l'Udon flows through the commune. The forest of Mancelliere is here. The community festival is 29 June.

Important places
----------------

The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais. The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches. The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance. Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century. Also, there is an 18th century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted. There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century. The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances.

Another important place in the commune is Château de la Motte. The chateau is a 19th century building.

Legends
-------

Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover. The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood. The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou"
**Inna Afinogenova** (Born, January 14, 1989) is a Russian journalist, who until May 2022 worked as deputy director of the RT website in Spanish and for the YouTube channel, called *Ahí les va*.

Early life
----------

Afinogenova was born on January 14, 1989, in the Republic of Dagestan in southern Russia. She is a journalism graduate from M.V. Lomonosov of Moscow

Early career
------------

Journalism and the Spanish language are her main interests. She learned Spanish from a very young age and received classes from an Argentine teacher from the ages of 12 to 18. In an interview with the Argentine host Beto Casella she said about her Argentine teacher «She instilled in me the love for that country. And then I had the opportunity to go to Argentina in 2008. I went several times, and I spent a long time in Buenos Aires."

She worked in several media outlets (from radio in Argentina to television) and worked for the Russian television channel RT en Español, holding various positions on said channel until she became the deputy director of the website.

She has worked in Spanish audiovisual content in Spanish called *Ahí les va*, on the YouTube video platform.

In the 2020s
------------

On March 1, 2022, Google blocked access to the YouTube channels of Russian news agencies Russia Today and Sputnik throughout the European Union, including Afinogenova's news space There You Go, in compliance with sanctions imposed by the European Union to Russia for the invasion of Ukraine.

Previously, Afinogenova had made some controversy since on December 1, 2021, in her program There it goes, she commented: «January will come, then February and March, it will end 2022 and surely in the (Western) media they will continue to read that the invasion is imminent." This and other previous controversies were what triggered this information channel to be deleted from the network and elsewhere, since the EU and the US "consider that their message in favor of the Russian theses is unacceptable in times of war".

On May 3, 2022, she posted a video on YouTube explaining that he had left Russia and the Spanish RT channel because he does not agree with this war and any other war.

She also blamed the war, considering it a serious strategic error, because it has greatly strengthened NATO: "No one who is against NATO supports this war, because nothing has strengthened that organization as much as the decision made by the government Russian, an organization that was in full decline, seemed totally anachronistic".

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Inna Afinogenova***.

* Inna Afinogenova on Twitter
* Inna Afinogenova on Instagram
* Inna Afinogenova at YouTube
**Ghanche District** is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan. To its northeast is Xinjiang, China, to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its west is Astore District and to its south is Leh District (Ladakh Division) in the Indian occupied territories of Jammu and Kashmir. The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche District cuts through the Siachen Glacier and is not permanent because of the conflict (It has been proposed by moderates in Pakistan and India to make the Siachen Glacier region a Peace Park).

The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu. This is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the winter. Khaplu and Hushe valleys form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District).

Tehsils
-------

* Khaplu Tehsil
* Mashabrum Tehsil
**Havlíčkův Brod** is a district town in the center of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the Sázava river. Its population is about 24,000 people.

History
-------

Settlement in Brod has been documented as far back as the 12th century. There was an easy passage across the Sázava river (*brod* means "ford" in English). In the 13th century, silver was found near the town. After that Smil of Lichtenburg invited German miners to settle the area. The town which was first called Brod and later Smilův Brod (Ford of Smil), was renamed to Německý Brod (German Ford). At the beginning of the 14th century, the stone city walls were built, but later during the Hussite Wars in 1422 the city was burned down by Jan Žižka. The town was resettled in 1429 by Czech people. In 1637 Německý Brod was promoted to royal city. After The Second World War, the city was renamed to Havlíčkův Brod (Ford of Havlíček), after Karel Havlíček Borovský, famous writer and journalist.

Interesting places
------------------

**The Old Town Hall** in the square is Renaissance style. There is a skeleton under its clock. According to a story this skeleton was the traitor Hnát.

**Havlíček´s house** is built in the New-Gothic style. It is connected with life of Karel Havlíček Borovský. In this house, Havlíček was arrested and taken to exile. Today Havlíček´s Museum is there.

**The Church** at the corner of the square in Baroque style. It is famous for one of the oldest bells in Bohemia.

On the square is **Plague column** and **fountain** with statue of Triton too.

Today the city has a medical hospital, mental hospital, brewery, sport area with hockey arena, gym and swimming pool.
Hakoah Vienna 1925 Béla Guttmann**S.C. Hakoah Wien** was a football club which played in Austria. The club was part of the Jewish sports club Hakoah (Hebrew-the strength)which is still existing.

History
-------

The club was founded in 1909. In its first year, the club's athletes competed in fencing, football, field hockey, track & field, wrestling and swimming. It was one of the first team which travelled around the world to play matches. Therefore Hakoah Vienna had supporters under Jews in many countries of Europe. One of them was the author Franz Kafka.

Hakoah was one of the best football clubs in Austria before the Second World War. The club was the first from the continent which was able to defeat an English club on the island (Westham United-Hakoah Vienna 0 : 5) and on Juli 15th, 1917 goalkeeper Willy Halpern was the first Hakoahplayer in the nationalteam. 1919 Hakoah reached the first class.

Hakoah Vienna in New York 1926In the 1924/25 season Hakoah Vienna became Austrian Champion. In 1926 the club made a tour to the United States and played in New York where they had 46 000 spectators. This was a record for this time. Impressed by the relatively lack of antisemitism and good payment half of the team stayed in the USA. In New York some players formed the New York Hakoah. Others went to Palestine and founded Hakoah Tel Aviv. This led to the relegation into the second class. In the 1937/38 season they were leaders but the occupation of Austria by Germany led to the cancellation of all matches. Like all other Jewish sportsclubs Hakoah Vienna was dissolved during the time of Nazioccupation and lost all their properties. From the football players of Hakoah Oskar Grasgrün, Ernst Horowitz, Josef Kolisch, Erwin, Oskar Pollak, Max Scheuer and Ali Schönfeld were murderd by the Nazis. Fritz Weinberger und Julius Zwickler were murderd in concentration camps. Many of the players who were able to left Austria went to Palestine and played for Hakoah Tel Aviv.

1945 the club was renewed.The football team, which played in the second division of the Austrian championship after World War II, was dissolved in 1949. Under the name SC Maccabi Wien the club is now playing in a minor league.

One of the notable players of Hakoah Vienna was Béla Guttmann, who played for Hakoah from 1922 to 1926 and after the end of his career he became manager in Italy, South America and Europe.

Further reading
---------------

* Monika Löscher, Susanne Helene Betz, Pia Schölnberger (ed.): ... mehr als ein Sportverein 100 Jahre Hakoah Wien 1909-2009, Stuedienverlag Vienna, 1999
Hawaiʻi island
The **Island of Hawaiʻi** is the largest U.S. Hawaiian Island, and it is the farthest south. It is also called the "Big Island." Its area is 4,038 sq. miles (10,458 km2). The widest part of the island is 93 miles (150 km) across.
The Big Island has more than half (~62%) of the total land area of State of Hawaii. It is part of County of Hawaii.

The island is seven separate shield volcanos that erupted more or less one at a time, one partly covering the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Kohala (extinct), Mauna Kea (dormant), Hualalai (dormant), Mauna Loa (active), Kulani (extinct, mostly buried), and Kilauea (very active). The volcanos were caused by the Pacific oceanic tectonic plate moving over a hotspot. There lava from the Earth's lower mantle or upper core is close to the surface.

The largest city on the island is Hilo. Hilo has many historic buildings, interesting shops, parks, many performances, festivals and events. It is on the rainy, east side of the island. The city of Kailua-Kona is on the dry, west side of Hawaii, and is popular with tourists.
The **Gewisse** Latin: *Gewissæ*) were a political group or band of Anglo-Saxons. They originally settled in the upper Thames river valley area. The Gewisse were the most powerful group in what would become the kingdom of Wessex.

Name
----

The name 'Gewisse' comes from an Old English word for "reliable" or "sure", In the genealogy of King Alfred of Wessex, is a supposed ancestor of Cerdic named Gewis. (also spelled Gwis). The true origin of the name cannot be determined accurately. the name was old in Bede's time. Bede stated the original name for the West Saxons was the Gewisse. The change in name from the Gewisse to the West Saxons seems to have taken place in the latter part of the 7th century. The Gewisse, like the 'Cantwara' (Kent-men) and the 'Meonwara' of Hampshire were political units, not tribes.

History
-------

In 577 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claims the kings of the Gewisse captured Cirencester, Bath and Gloucester. The date is questionable but the Gewisse did hold those territories. The Gewisse found themselves limited in their ability to expand into new territories by the growing power of Mercia. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 628 says that Cyngils and Cwichelm his son 'fought with Penda at Cirencester and came to an agreement with him there'. The 'agreement' meant giving Cirencester to Penda. It was a permanent loss of Cirencester. By the second half of the 7th century Gewisse was expanding towards the Southwest and Devon. At about the same time they lost territory in the Thames valley to Mercia. The change in name to Wessex may have reflected more a change in their territory.

Bishop Birinus began converting the Gewisse to Christianity in 634, In 635 he baptized their king Cynegils who established Birinus at Dorchester. But the Dorchester bishopric was never considered West Saxon by Bede. He considered it to be Gewisse. In 660 Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester and made Wine the first bishop. Bede referred to the Winchester diocese as West Saxon. At the time he was writing in the early 8th century, Bede treated the two names as interchangeable. But when writing of the reign of Cynegils he referred to them as "anciently known as the Gewissae."
The ***Irish Independent*** is an Irish daily newspaper. It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes. It is the main publication of Independent News and Media. It is also called *The Independent* or *Indo* for short.

History
-------

The *Irish Independent* was formed in 1905. Before then, there was a paper called ***Daily Irish Independent***. This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper.

The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy. He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman. He was against Charles Stewart Parnell.

During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers. His paper, *Irish Independent*, published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike. It wrote that the union's would lose that fight.

The *Irish Independent* said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was *"insane and criminal"*. It famously called for the shooting of its leaders.

In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper. They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army. They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance.

In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the *Freeman's Journal*, merged with the *Irish Independent*.

In the 1970s, it was taken over by former Heinz chairman Tony O'Reilly.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The intensity and pressure of Dorian
Dorian on sept.1,2019
**Hurricane Dorian** was a tragic 2019 tropical cyclone. The storm hit the British and United States Virgin Islands and nearly hit Puerto Rico. It was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, first major hurricane, and a first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season.

On August 30, Dorian became a first major hurricane of the season, and then became a Category 4 hurricane from a Category 2 in 9 hours. Dorian later became a Category 5 hurricane, making 2019 the fourth consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane (Matthew in 2016, Irma and Maria in 2017, and Michael in 2018). The storm was the second most-intense storm to strike anywhere in the Atlantic basin.

Dorian struck the north western Bahamas with 185 mph sustained winds and heavy flooding. This was the most powerful tropical cyclone on the record to hit the Bahamas, and is regarded as the worst natural disaster in the country's history.

The cyclone brushed eastern Florida and Georgia. The storm was also expected to move over northeastern South Carolina, eastern North Carolina and south eastern Virginia. After that, it transitioned into a category 2 extratropical storm and hit Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were put up for areas from the Leeward Islands to Hispaniola. Similar warnings were put up from Florida to Delaware.
Juche Tower
The **Juche Tower** is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.

The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.

In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.

The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.
Iron ore pieces used to make steel.
**Iron ores** are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got.

Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore". They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces.

Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements. It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust. It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common). People have used it for more than 3,000 years. However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges.

Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae. It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. All higher elements on Earth have this origin.

Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii). That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands). They have basalt, and very little else. Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore. The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia). Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not.

The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia.

Iron ores
---------

The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. 

* magnetite (Fe  
3O  
4, 72.4% Fe)
* hematite (Fe  
2O  
3, 69.9% Fe)
* goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe)
* limonite (FeO(OH).n(H2O))
* siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe)
**Free-Staters** were those settlers in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas era in the 1850s who opposed the extension of slavery to Kansas. The name came from the term "free state". This meant a U.S. state without slavery.

Some Free-Staters were abolitionists from New England. Other Free-Staters were abolitionists who came to Kansas Territory from Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. However, the majority of Free-Staters, regardless of where they were from, did not claim to be abolitionists at the beginning. Instead, the official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding *all* Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only.

Pro-slavery Southerners in Kansas Territory said all Free-Staters were abolitionists. This was in order to motivate the South's opposition. However, Eli Thayer and other New England Company leaders denied that they were seeking to abolish slavery. Also, the failed Topeka Constitution drafted by the Free-Staters in 1855 would have excluded any black person from settling in Kansas. This is whether they were slaves or free. In contrast, abolitionists wanted equal rights for all blacks and to end discrimination against them.

As time passed and the violence in Bleeding Kansas increased, abolitionists became associated with the Free-State movement. In 1858, the Free-Staters proposed a second constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, which banned slavery and also would have given the right to vote to black men. This constitution also failed because of unresolved conflict between the two sides. Kansas became a state in 1861 after the fourth and final Wyandotte Constitution was agreed on. Holton, Kansas was named for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin free-stater Edward Dwight Holton.
A teenager suffering from Narcolepsy, a well-known hypersomnia.
**Hypersomnia** is a medical condition which is characterized by unusual sleepiness. People with hypersomnia easily feel sleepy during the day, and fall asleep. The condition where people wake up often during the night, and have trouble sleeping through the night is called **insomnia** and is different. Hypersomnia is a sleep disorder. 

Hypersomnia affects about five percent of the population, or about one of twenty people. Very often, people with Sleep apnea suffer from hypersomnia. Hypersomia can also occur with other conditions, such as mood disorders. 

If the hypersomnia is caused by a problem with the brain or nervous system, it is called **primary hypersomnia**. Narcolepsy is an example of a primary hypersomnia. If the hypersomnia is the effect of another condition, it is usually called **secondary hypersomnia**. Examples of secondary hypersomnias include someone losing consciousness because of epilepsy. Sleep apnea, cited above, is one of the most common forms of secondary hypersomnia. Certain drugs can also cause (secondary) hypersomnias.

Primary hypersomnias are very rare. Secondary hypersomnias are quite common.
**Hypergamy** is the practice of dating or marrying someone of a higher social status than oneself. Hypergamy is usually associated with women. Some sociologists believe that harems formerly existed because of female hypergamy. Some analysts also believe that people have twice as many female ancestors as male ancestors because of female hypergamy.

For the better part of human history, women simply didn’t have the option, access, or legal rights in many places in the world to have agency over their own welfare and to create financial independence. So, they relied on a 'good marriage' to secure their (and their children’s) overall prosperity and prospects.

While many Western societies have progressed to promote gender equality in the past century—attempting to creating equal career, educational, and financial opportunities for women—there's still a large gender pay gap. For example, in the United States, women are paid roughly 82 cents for every dollar a man makes for the same job, and the disparity is even greater for women of color, according to the American Association of University Women.
The **Heteroptera** is a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the Hemiptera. They are **typical bugs**. 

"Heteroptera" is Greek for "different wings": most species have front wings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra.

The name "Heteroptera" is used in two different ways in modern classifications. In Linnean nomenclature it is a suborder of the order Hemiptera. In cladistics it is an unranked clade in the Hemiptera clade.

Selected families of Heteroptera
--------------------------------

* Assassin bugs
* Broad-headed bugs
* Bedbugs and flower bugs
* Plant bugs
* Leaf-footed bugs, squash bugs and sweetpotato bugs
* Seed bugs
* Stink bugs or shield bugs and related families)

Heteropteran anatomy
--------------------

Generalized morphology of a Shield bug Pentatomoidea
A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen.
1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites; 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: membrane.

Waterbugs
---------

"Waterbug" is a common name for various aquatic insects.

### Selected families of water bugs

* Backswimmers (Notonectidae)
* Giant water bugs (Belostomatidae)
* Water scorpions (Nepidae)
* Water boatmen (Corixidae)
* Pond skaters (Gerridae)
* Smaller water strider (Veliidae)
Hypertrophy of the human breast, painting of 1848/49
In biology, **hypertrophy** is the increase in size of an organ, beyond normal growth. Hypertrophy happens because the cells grow bigger. The condition where an organ is bigger, because there are more cells is called hyperplasia. 

Normal cells (A), Hypertrophy (B), Hyperplasia (C) and combination (D).
Some cells like adipocytes (fat cells) get larger by expanding outward while filling up with more lipid contents, while myocytes (muscle cells) can fuse with other myocytes to form huge myotube cells. Organs or tissues can grow larger due to the enlargement of their component cells. One of the most common and visible forms of normal, organ hypertrophy occurs in skeletal muscles in response to strength training or bodybuilding.

In contrast, tissues and organs can also get larger by another mechanism, hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number. Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they frequently occur together. The hormonally-induced proliferation and enlargement of the cells of the uterus during pregnancy is an example of this combination under normal conditions. In some tumors, enlargement can occur by an increase in the number of cells together with the occurrence of some abnormally large cells.

Other websites
--------------

* University of California Muscle Physiology Home Page: Hypertrophy Archived 2021-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***heterodoxy***

**Heterodoxy** means a position that is not within the standards of orthodoxy or to put it precisely "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position". As an adjective, *heterodox* is used to describe a subject as "characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards" (*status quo*).

Ecclesiastic usage
------------------

### Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term is used to refer to Christian churches not belonging to the Eastern Orthodox communion, but have no positions that are as different from those of Orthodox Christianity to thought to be as false as heresy.

### Roman Catholicism

**Heterodoxy** in the Roman Catholic Church in a similar way means views that differ from strictly orthodox views, but retain sufficient faithfulness to the original doctrine to avoid heresy. 

Many Roman Catholics profess some heterodox views, either on doctrinal or social issues. For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261). A heterodox Catholic might profess the belief that unbaptized infants are offered the option to accept or deny salvation by God at their judgment. The belief is not orthodox, as the Church does not profess a belief as to what happens to unbaptized infants; however, it is also not heresy, as the Church accepts that such a scenario *might* be possible. By contrast, a denial of the doctrine of "Original Sin" (thereby negating the necessity of baptism for children) or Papal Infallibility -- would be labeled heretical.

### Other denominations

The term *heterodox* is occasionally used by some Christians to refer to themselves when they are in disagreement with orthodox understandings. The heterodox Christians remain in the tradition and attempt a constructive dialog around issues with which they disagree.

Related pages
-------------

* Orthodoxy
* Nastika

Other websites
--------------

* Heterodox - the word of the day
* Heterodox Economics Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Open University Heterodox Economics
* Orthodox vs Heterodox Churches
The **hypermoderns** were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings. The name was given to them by the Polish-French grandmaster Tartakower.

The key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of Siegbert Tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods. Whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre. A characteristic first move was 1Nf3 with White, or 1...Nf6 with Black, especially in reply to 1d4. To 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5. 

Nimzovich was the founder, and Alekhine, Tartakower, Réti, Grünfeld, and Bogolyubov all took part. All were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s. Several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: Alekhine's Defence (1e4 Nf6); Réti's Opening (1Nf3); the King's Indian Defence (1d4 Nf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 Bg7); the Grünfeld Defence (1d4 Bf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 d5) and the Modern Defence (1...g6).p178