recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Kilmainham** (In Irish: *Cill Mhaighneann*, "St Maighnenn's church") is an area of Dublin. It lies south of the River Liffey and west of the city centre in the Dublin 8 postal district.

History
-------

In the Viking era, there was a monastery here. The monastery was home to the first Norse base (*longphort*) in Ireland.

In the 12th century the lands on the banks of the Liffey belonged to the Knights Templars. Strongbow built a castle for them, about a mile away from the Danish wall of old Dublin. Here the Templars lived for nearly a century and a half. In 1308, Edward II ruled that they were no longer allowed to practice their religion. Thirty members of the Templars were imprisoned in Dublin. Their lands and rights were given to the priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. They were there until the monasteries were closed in the 16th century.

The Manor of Kilmainham was a liberty. This means it had special rights. "The manor" was an area that included parts of James's Street and side-streets and went as far as Lucan and Chapelizod.

Until the time of Queen Elizabeth, the lord lieutenants used the manor of Kilmainham. In 1559, the earl of Sussex, found that the building at Kilmainham was damaged by a storm. The following year Elizabeth ordered that Dublin Castle be improved so the lord lieutenant could live there. From that time, Kilmainham was no longer used much.

Things to see
-------------

The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is in Kilmainham. It was built on the site where the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem had their priory in Dublin. It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is also Kilmainham Gaol, where the executions of the leaders of the Easter Rising took place. 

Kilmainham also has one of a small number of Viking era burial sites (Old Norse *haugr* meaning barrow or mound), within Dublin.
The college chapel
**Keble College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum and the University Parks. Keble is one of the larger colleges, with 435 undergraduates and 245 graduate students. The head of the college is the Warden (currently Sir Jonathan Phillips) and senior academic members are Fellows.

Keble was founded in 1870, having been built as a monument to John Keble, a leading member of the Oxford Movement. As originally constituted it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college. In the period after the second World War the trends were towards scientific courses (the major area devoted to science east of the University Museum influenced this) and eventually co-education for men and women from 1979 onwards.

It remains distinctive for its once-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield. During the 20th century the college has been extended several times by new buildings.
Various structures of antimicrobial peptides
A **Host defence peptide** (or **antimicrobial peptide**) is one of a part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life.

They act against invading microorganisms. The peptides kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. This includes strains which are resistant to conventional antibiotics. The peptides also work against mycobacteria (including *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.

These peptides are excellent candidates for medical use. They complement conventional antibiotic therapy. They have a broad range of activity, and are bactericidal as opposed to bacteriostatic. They need only a short contact time to kill bacteria.

There are big differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. Unlike most antibiotics it seems that antimicrobial peptides may also improve immunity by working as immunomodulators (beefing up the immune system).

Related pages
-------------

* Defensins
* Lysozyme
* Innate immune system
**King's Counsel** (postnominal **KC**), during the reign of a female sovereign known as **Queen's Counsel** (**QC**), are senior lawyers in various Commonwealth countries.

They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "His Majesty's Counsel learned in the law". They are not a separate type of lawyer. They are more than long serving lawyers, because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts. 

King's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title **Silks**). The special robes are the reason why becoming a
KC is often called "taking silk".

In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years. Recently solicitors have also been appointed King's Counsel.

A KC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant. This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".
In hospitals or health care areas, **isolation** is one of the many measures that can be taken to stop the spread of certain diseases as it would lower the amount of people being infected by it. The most recent case are people being forced by law to stay at home as schools and jobs are closed due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. This is different than quarantine as this is for people who have not been infected.

What is it?
-----------

According to the CDC, isolation is the act of separating a sick individual with a contagious disease from healthy individuals without that contagious disease in order to protect the public from getting the contagious disease.

Why is it important?
--------------------

Contagious diseases can spread to others through many forms. Four types of infectious disease transmission can happen: (1) contact transmission, which can be through direct physical contact (2) vehicular transmission, which involves contaminated objects, (3) airborne transmission, which involves spread of infectious particles through air, and (4) vector transmission, which is spread through insects or animals. Since diseases can spread through many forms of transmission it is important for people who are not infected to stay at home so that they won't get sick. For those who are sick then it is important for them to quarantine to make sure they don't spread the disease.

Related pages
-------------

* Quarantine
* Social distancing

Other websites
--------------

* Chart showing recommendations for various forms of isolation
**Isolation** is often used to get more power over a person. This power is then used for abuse. Isolating the victim from the outside world is important to get psychological control over the victim. Isolation reduces the opportunity of the victim to be rescued. It will also make the victim more dependent on the abuser.

This includes controlling a persons social activity: the people they see, the people they talk to, and the places they visit. Sometimes it also includes controlling the material they read. It can also include wanting to know where the victim is. Very often, a victim has to get permission to get medical treatment.

Isolation is often combined with other forms of abuse:

* Economic abuse: Controlling the victim's access to money, or to a job, so that they do not have the economic resources to resist abuse
* Smearing or discrediting the victim in their community, so that this community will no longer help
* divide and conquer
* gaslighting and mind control

Cults often use these techniques.
The **law of large numbers**, or LLN for short, is a theorem from statistics. It states that if a random process is repeatedly observed, then the average of the observed values will be stable in the long run. This means that as the number of observations increases, the average of the observed values will get closer and closer to the expected value.

For example, when rolling dice, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are possible outcomes. They are all equally likely. The population mean (or "expected value") of the outcomes is:

(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) / 6 = 3.5.
The following graph shows the results of an experiment of rolls of a die. In this experiment, it can be seen that the average of die rolls varies wildly at first, but as predicted by the LLN, the average stabilizes around the expected value of 3.5 as the number of observations become large.

A demonstration of the Law of Large Numbers using die rolls

History
-------

Jacob Bernoulli first described the LLN. He says it was so simple that even the stupidest man instinctively knows it is true. Despite this, it took him over 20 years to develop a good mathematical proof. Once he had found it, he published the proof in *Ars Conjectandi* (The Art of Conjecturing) in 1713. He named this his "golden theorem". It became generally known as "Bernoulli's theorem" (not to be confused with the law in physics with the same name). In 1835, S.D. Poisson further described it under the name "la loi des grands nombres" (the law of large numbers). Thereafter, it was known under both names, but the "law of large numbers" is most frequently used.

Other mathematicians also contributed to make the law better. Some of them were Chebyshev (who proved a more general version of the law for averages), Markov, Borel, Cantelli and Kolmogorov. After these studies, there are now two different forms of the law: One is called the "weak" law, and the other the "strong" law. These forms do not describe different laws. They have different ways to describe the convergence of the observed or measured probability to the actual probability. The strong form of the law implies the weak one.

Related pages
-------------

* Central limit theorem
The **Law of the minimum**, also called **Liebig's law of the minimum**, is a law about the growth of plants. It states that the growth of a plant is limited by the resource which is most scarce, and not by the total amount of resources available. The law has also been used to predict the growth of populations.

Wassily Leontief (1905-1999) formulated a similar rule for economics: It is known as Leontief production function today.

Liebig's barrel
---------------

Liebig's barrel
Dobenecks used the image of a barrel — often called "Liebig's barrel" — to explain Liebig's law. In a barrel, with staves of unequal length, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the shortest stave. This is also true for the growth of a plant: it is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply.

If a system satisfies the law of the minimum then adaptation will equalize the load of different factors because the adaptation resource will be allocated for compensation of limitation. Adaptation systems act as the cooper of Liebig's barrel and lengthens the shortest stave to improve barrel capacity. Indeed, in well-adapted systems the limiting factor should be compensated as far as possible. This observation follows the concept of resource competition and fitness maximization.

Due to the law of the minimum paradoxes, if we observe the Law of the Minimum in artificial systems, then under natural conditions adaptation will equalize the load of different factors and we can expect a violation of the law of the minimum. Inversely, if artificial systems demonstrate significant violation of the law of the minimum, then we can expect that under natural conditions adaptation will compensate this violation. In a limited system life will adjust as an evolution of what came before.
**ABYSS WFC3/IR Hubble Ultra Deep Field** image (January 24, 2019)
This high-resolution image of the HUDF includes galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes, and colors. The smallest, reddest galaxies, about 100, are some of the farthest galaxies to have been imaged by Hubble, existing when the universe was just 800 million years old
Position of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in the night sky.
The **Hubble Ultra Deep Field**, or **HUDF**, is an image of a small part of space in the direction of the constellation Fornax. 

It took more than 3 months to capture this image, from September 24, 2003 to January 16, 2004. It is the furthest image of the universe ever taken by humans. In it we see the universe as it was 13 billion years ago, when it was about 800 million years old.

The HUDF contains an about 10,000 galaxies. The patch of sky where the galaxies are was chosen because it has few bright stars in the near-field. Although most of the targets visible in the Hubble image can also be seen at infrared wavelengths by ground-based telescopes, Hubble is the only instrument which can make observations of these distant targets at visible wavelengths. 

Southwest of Orion in the Southern-Hemisphere constellation Fornax at right ascension 3h 32m 40.0s, declination -27° 47' 29" (J2000), the image covers 36.7 square arcminutes. This is smaller than a 1 by 1 millimetre (0.039 by 0.039 in) square of paper held 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) away, and equal to roughly one thirteen-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is such that the upper left corner points toward north (-46.4°) on the celestial sphere. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600-01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95.

In total, the image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days for the ACS and 4.5 days for the NICMOS.

Later versions
--------------

On September 25, 2012, NASA released a more refined version of the Ultra-Deep Field called the **eXtreme Deep Field** (**XDF**). The XDF reveals galaxies that span back 13.2 billion years in time, revealing a galaxy theorized to be formed only 450 million years after the big bang event. On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image composed of, for the first time, the full range of ultraviolet to near-infrared light.

On January 23, 2019, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named the **ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field**. The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured.

Related pages
-------------

* Hubble Deep Field
* Hubble Extreme Deep Field
* Hubble Space Telescope
Poster for the adoption of the Law, with the text "Виходь за мову - 25 квітня 2019, ВРУ" (*Going beyond the language - April 25th, 2019, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine* )
The **law of Ukraine "To ensure the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language"** (in Ukrainian : *Закон України «Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної»*) is a law approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on April 25, 2019, and which took full effect on July 16 of the same year.

Approval
--------

The law was passed by 278 votes of the People's Deputies. 38 voted against, 7 abstained, 25 didn't vote. It was signed by Parliament President (speaker) Andriy Parubiy and Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko.

Background
----------

Before this law, Ukrainian language was regulated by the "On Principles of State Language Policy" (so-called "Kivalov-Kolesnichenko Law"). After the Maidan's Revolution (in Ukrainian *: Революції Гідності*, "Dignity Revolution" or "Revolution of Dignity"), an attempt was made to repeal it, but the then President of Parliament did not sign the Council's decision, citing the need to draft a new law first. The Kivalov-Kolesnichenko law was declared unconstitutional and, to replace it, the bill 5670-d was prepared and approved in the first reading in Autumn 2018. Public activists and experts participated in drafting the law. The new law awards the status of the Ukrainian language as the only state language in Ukraine.

Criticism
---------

According to some, the end of the Kivalov-Kolesnichenko law caused a crackdown on Russian-speaking regions (Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkov, Luhansk and Donetsk ) that led to attacks to the Russian population.

New institutions
----------------

The law provides for the creation of the following institutions:

* **State Language Protection Commissioner** - To check compliance with the law. This official can file a complaint about the violation of the law. The Office of the Commissioner shall examine and respond to the complaint within 10 days of its submission. On November 27, 2019, Tatiana Monakhova became the *Commissioner for State Language Protection*.
* **National Commission on State Language Standards** - The central executive body will make and approve the standards of the Ukrainian language as the state language.

Related pages
-------------

* Ukrainian language
* Russian language
* Ukrainian people
* Belarusian people
* Russian people
* Rus' people
* Ukrainianization
* De-Russification in Ukraine
* Russophobia


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Law "On provision of the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language"***.

Other websites
--------------

* Publication of the Law of Ukraine "To ensure the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a State language"
* "Text of the Ukrainian Law "To guarantee of the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State Language"".
* How the CCU judges imprisoned Dolzhenkov, People's Deputy of the Opoblok, during the consideration of the language law / 07/07/2020 // VIDEO
The top picture is what the solar system would look like if the Earth was at the center (geocentric). The bottom picture has the Sun at the center (heliocentric) and is what it actually looks like.
**Heliocentrism** is the idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, which is the center of the solar system. Many people proposed heliocentrism, such as Aristarchus of Samos from ancient Greece, but Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to think of good reasons why it is true. This was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Before Copernicus, most people thought that the Sun and the other planets revolved around the Earth (this was called geocentrism). This is because if you stand on Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. However, when people watched for many years they saw many things that did not make sense if the Earth was the center of the Solar system. For example, sometimes the planets seemed to move back and forth instead of moving around the Earth. Copernicus explained why these things happen in 1543, when he published the book *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* ("On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"). This gave his reasons for thinking the Sun was at the center instead.

Other astronomers who made further advances after Copernicus were Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. For example, Kepler showed that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles, and Galileo built very good telescopes that helped to confirm the heliocentric model.

Copernicus also thought that the sun was the center of the universe, but we now know that this is incorrect. The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy which is one out of billions of galaxies.

Further reading
---------------

* Dreyer, J.L.E. (1953), *A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler*, New York, NY: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-60079-3
* Linton, Christopher M. (2004), *From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8
* *On the Revolutions Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine*; translation of *De Revolutionibus* with commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8018-4515-7.
**Ioana Ciută** is a Romanian environmental activist and journalist. She lives in Bucharest. She works as the Energy Campaigns Coordinator of the CEE Bankwatch Network. It is a global network operating in Central and Eastern Europe. It is one of the largest networks of environmental NGOs in that country.

Professional Career
-------------------

Ciută joined Bankwatch in 2014 as coordinator of the "Balkan Without Coal" campaign. It was preventing the construction of new coal mines in the Western Balkans. Ciută covered nuclear energy development in Romania and Bulgaria. It was before joining Bankwatch. She followed international negotiations on global warming. She holds a degree in journalism. However, her environmental activism long preceded her journalistic work.

Roles in International politics
-------------------------------

Ioana Ciută builds a close relationship with her groups of members as well as project partners from different countries including Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia. She supported them to the national campaigns. Besides, she also supported them for stricter environmental regional policies.

Related pages
-------------

* Monika Sadkowska — Former actress and environmental activist
* Tishiko King — Indigenous Australian climate activist
An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one group.
World map showing the locations of prominent hotspots. 1) Divergent plate boundaries 2) Transform plate boundaries 3) Convergent plate boundaries 4) Plate boundary zones 5) Selected prominent hotspots
Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth's lithosphere (in yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (in red).
In geology, a **hotspot** or **hot spot** is a portion of the Earth's surface which is volcanic. This may be caused by a rising **mantle plume** or some other cause. Hotspots may be far from tectonic plate boundaries. 

A volcanic hotspot is where magma pushes up from deep in the Earth's crust or mantle, and creates a volcano. The Earth's plates may move along, creating a new volcano above the hotspot while moving the older volcanoes away. This creates a chain of volcanoes, such as in Hawaii.

Discussion
----------

### Standard account of volcanic activity

Most volcanoes are explained by the collision or splitting apart of continental plates. This explains the long mountain ranges which have many volcanoes, such as the western edge of the Americas. It also explains the huge rift valleys such as the East African Rift Valley. Most Earth scientists accept that the cause of these great features is plate tectonics. 

The problem arises with volcanoes which are not at the edges of plates. In the United States, the Yellowstone Caldera is obviously active. It has geysers caused by constant geothermal energy activity, and the floor of the crater moves up and down as much as 50 meters in a few years. The Pacific Ocean has six or seven chains of islands formed by volcanic activity. Most of these cannot be explained simply as being on the edge of two or three plates.

### Hotspot theory

J. Tuzo Wilson suggested in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary called a mantle plume.

Other geologists think it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism. They think lithospheric extension (stretching of the Earth's crust) allows melted mantle to rise from shallow depths.

Geologists have identified some 40–50 such hotspots around the globe. Those under Hawaii, Réunion, and Yellowstone are the most active at present.
This page lists direct English translations of **common Latin phrases**, such as *veni vidi vici* and *et cetera*. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature were highly regarded in ancient Rome when Latin rhetoric and literature were still maturing.

Be aware that the Latin letter *i* can be used as either a vowel or a consonant. When used as a consonant, it is often replaced by the letter *j*, which was originally simply an orthographic "long i" that was used in initial positions and when it occurred between two other vowels. This medieval convention is most commonly preserved in Latin legal terminology–hence phrases like *de iure* are often spelled *de jure*. On this list, the more common form will be the one a phrase is listed under: thus, *de jure* is used instead of *de iure*, and *alea iacta est* instead of *alea jacta est*.

To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see:

* List of Latin phrases (full)

The list is also divided alphabetically into 20 other pages:


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 
* List of Latin phrases (A)
* List of Latin phrases (B)
* List of Latin phrases (C)
* List of Latin phrases (D)
* List of Latin phrases (E)
* List of Latin phrases (F)
* List of Latin phrases (G)
* List of Latin phrases (H)
* List of Latin phrases (I)
* List of Latin phrases (L)

 | 
* List of Latin phrases (M)
* List of Latin phrases (N)
* List of Latin phrases (O)
* List of Latin phrases (P)
* List of Latin phrases (Q)
* List of Latin phrases (R)
* List of Latin phrases (S)
* List of Latin phrases (T)
* List of Latin phrases (U)
* List of Latin phrases (V)

 |

Related pages
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 
Lists
* List of Latin abbreviations
* List of legal Latin terms
* List of Greek phrases

 | 
Categories
* Latin legal phrases
* Latin medical phrases

 |

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Latin proverbs***

* Latin abbreviations
* Latin quote ideas Archived 2010-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Latin sayings & Latin phrases Archived 2008-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, organized by topic
**Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov** (31 December 1782 – 29 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator.

Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service.

Biography
---------

Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797. Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department.

In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence
of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year.

Postal reforms
--------------

Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868.

In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities.

Bulgakov also concluded a postal treaty with Prussia. In 1832, he set up a steamship service between Saint Petersburg and Lübeck.

All these improvements reduced the delivery times for mail. For example, mail from Berlin to Saint Petersburg came in five days instead of nine. The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Paul I and a former German princess, praised the better postal service.

Bulgakov paid much attention to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages
-------------

* Alexander Bulgakov

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Konstantin Bulgakov at Wikimedia Commons
**Karl Duncker** (Leipzig, 2 February 1903 – 23 February 1940) was a German psychologist.

Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka.
In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett. Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.

Achievements
------------

The candle problem (Karl Duncker, 1945).
Duncker coined the term *functional fixedness* in visual perception and problem solving. This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function. In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.

In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box. It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.

Other examples of this type of problem are:

* an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum
* a branch of a tree must be used as a tool
* a brick must be used a paper weight
* another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence
Jawa 353 250cc 1958
**Jawa Motors** is a motorcycles company that produces mopeds. The company started in 1927 and owned by František Janeček￼￼.￼ The name JAWA comes from the first two letters of words Janeček (factory owner) and Wanderer (factory name).

Jawa motorbikes
---------------

In 1932, František Janeček sold a new motorbike--the Jawa 175 Villiers. It was simple motorbike. It was popular because it was light weight. By 1935, 3000 of these motorbikes were produced.

In 1935 the same frame used engine JAWA 350 OHV. This motorbike was stronger and more luxury than previous type 175 Villiers. There was more chrome parts and a built-in speedometer. 4000 were produced.

The smallest Jawa motorbike before World War II was the Jawa 100 Robot. It was a small moped. About 12,000 were produced.

The start of World War II meant the end of motorbike production. Lots of motorbikes projects was created illegally, but only one realized, Jawa 350. 

In 1952 was produced one of travelling motorbike Jawa 500 OHC, there was used four stroke engine. This motorbike is used by the police and the army. 

To the 1960 JAWA cooperated with many countries, for example India, Turkey, Egypt. Firm IDEAL MOTORD in Majsur in India bought licences from Jawa mostly. 

In 1970 Jawa produced the "BIZON" series, and after that Jawa 634, which were modernized to model 640. Jawa 638-640 has engine 350ccm, it is robust and favourite motorbike in class motorbike.

JAWA produced a lot´s of models of mopeds, for example JAWA 50 types 20,21 named „pionýr" or „pařez" This motorbikes were mostly sell in SSSR. 

Today Jawa is sold in many European countries. The newest models are JAWA 660, JAWA 125 and 50 Dandy, JAWA 250, 350 and. Basic of motorbikes is really the same like 70 years ago, but it is very modernized, mainly motors. Today stronger four-stroke motors are used, two-stroke motors are used to 350ccm.

Jawa Cars
---------

In 1933 Jawa started to produce small cars. Ing. Janeček bought a licence from German Meisterklasse DKW. It was called JAWA 700. To 1934 was produced some one thousand cars of this type, because sale was full of small cars, so JAWA produced more motorbikes than cars, in season before war were motorbikes more favourite.
A high resolution version of The Hubble Deep Field
The **Hubble Deep Field**, sometimes called the **HDF**, is an image of a small part of the night sky. The image was taken in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

It is important because it shows some of the earliest (farthest away) galaxies ever seen, over 3000 in total.

The area of the sky the HDF was taken in makes up less than 1/10th the width of a full Moon, yet it contains over 3,000 galaxies.

Because of the time it takes for light from these galaxies to reach Earth, many in the picture look exactly as they did over 10 billion (10,000,000,000) years ago. Because of this it allows scientists to look at what the Universe was like at that time, and how it changed to become what it is now. Add to this the cosmological principle, which suggests that on large scales the Universe is roughly the same no matter what direction you look, and the HDF becomes a very important tool for astronomers studying how the Universe has changed.

For these reasons the HDF is sometimes called 'the most important image ever taken'.

Related pages
-------------

* Hubble Ultra Deep Field
* Hubble Extreme Deep Field
* Hubble Space Telescope
**James Anthony "Jimmy" Piersall** (November 14, 1929 – June 3, 2017) was an American baseball center fielder who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for five teams, from 1950 through 1967. He played for Boston Red Sox (1950, 1952–1958), Cleveland Indians (1959–1961), Washington Senators (1962–1963), New York Mets (1963) and for the California Angels (1963–1967).

After baseball, Piersall became the broadcaster for the Chicago White Sox from 1977 through 1981.

Piersall was best known for his well-publicized battle with bipolar disorder that became the subject of the book and movie *Fear Strikes Out*.

Piersall was born in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Piersall was selected to the American League All-Star team in 1954 and 1956. By the end of the 1956 season, in which he played all 156 games, he posted a league-leading 40 doubles, scored 91 runs, drove in 87, and had a .293 batting average. The following year, he hit 19 home runs and scored 103 runs.

Piersall moved to Chicago, Illinois in his later years. He died at under hospice carer in Wheaton, Illinois on June 3, 2017 from complications of a stroke at the age of 87.

Other websites
--------------

* Puma, Mike (19 November 2003). "More Info on Jimmy Piersall". *ESPN Classic*.
* profile and career chronology Archived 2007-05-22 at the Wayback Machine *Baseball Library*
* "Jimmy Rounding First" Panorama – Extreme Photo Constructions
Early coat of arms (until 1431)
The '**House of Este** is a European princely dynasty. It is split into two branches. The elder branch known as the "House of Welf-Este" or "House of Welf" (Guelf or Guelph). The younger branch is known as the "House of Fulc-Este" or later simply as the "House of Este".

The elder branch of the House of Este included the dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg (1208–1918). It also produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs and one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI). The younger branch of the House of Este included the **Sovereign Dukes** of Ferrara (1240–1597), and Modena and Reggio (1288–1796). Following the marriage of Maria Beatrice d'Este to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (1771) the **House of Austria-Este** was formed. 

The House of Este has a long history. The earliest known ancestor is Albert of Este, who died in 938. He was the Count of Este and Marquis of Tuscany. His great-grandson Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan is considered the founder of the House of Este.

Este dukes of Modena
--------------------

(reign length in parentheses)

1. Cesare d'Este *(1597–1628)*
2. Alfonso d'Este *(1628–1629)*
3. Francesco I d'Este, *(1629–1658)*
4. Alfonso IV d'Este *(1658–1662)*
5. Francesco II d'Este *(1662–1694)*
6. Rinaldo d'Este *(1695–1737)*
7. Francesco III d'Este *(1737–1780)*
8. Ercole III d'Este *(1780-1796)*
9. Francis IV *(1814–1846)*
10. Francesco V *(1846-1859)* Modena was incorporated into the newly formed "Kingdom of Italy" in 1859.
**James Edwards "Jimmy" Yancey** (February 20, 1898 - September 17, 1951) was an American pianist who was famous for his boogie woogie playing.

Biography
---------

Yancey was born in Chicago in 1895 or 1898. His older brother Alonzo Yancey was also a pianist ; their father was a guitarist. Yancey started his career as a singer in traveling shows. He was a well known pianist by 1915, and influenced younger musicians, such as Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons.

Most of his records were solo piano, but later in his career he also recorded with vocals by his wife, Estelle Yancey, under the name 'Jimmy and Mama Yancey'. They recorded the first album which was ever recorded by the famous label Atlantic Records.
Throughout his life, Yancey kept a job as groundskeeper for the Chicago White Sox.

Yancey died of a stroke in Chicago on September 17, 1951. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.

Other websites
--------------

* Jimmy Yancey at Allmusic
* Jimmy Yancey Archived 2011-06-02 at the Wayback Machine at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Yancey, Jimmy |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American pianist |
| Date of birth | February 20, 1898 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, United States |
| Date of death | September 17, 1951 |
| Place of death | Chicago, United States |
Flag of the Palestinian Freedom Movement
**Human rights in the State of Palestine** refers to the human rights record in the Palestinian-occupied Israeli territories in Judea and Samaria and Gaza. Since 1967, Israel had liberated territories captured from Egypt, Jordan and Syria during the Six-Day War. Residents of the Golan Heights are entitled to citizenship, voting rights and residency that allows them to travel within Israel's borders. Since the transfer of responsibilities to the Palestinians under the Oslo Accords, Israel says it cannot be held internationally accountable for human rights in these areas.

Status of homosexuality
-----------------------

See the main article: LGBT rights in Palestine
Gay Palestinians are often arrested and tortured. According to Shaul Ganon of the Israeli-based gay rights group, Aguda, "The PA's usual excuse for persecuting gays is to label them collaborators--though I know of two cases in the last three years where people were tried explicitly for being homosexuals...It's now [since the intifada, when police increasingly began enforcing Islamic law] impossible to be an open gay in the P.A."
gravesite, 2021
**Janina Stefania Suchorzewska,** pseudonym *Myszka* (born née **Tatarkiewicz** 31 March 1930 Warsaw - 20 April 2021 Gdynia) was a Polish anesthesiologist, scout, and participant of the Warsaw Uprising. She was awarded the Honorary Badge of the Polish Red Cross (1959, 1970), the Gold Cross of Merit (1989), the Medal of the National Education Commission (2000) and the Order of Polonia Restituta (2001) .

Life
----

In 1942, she became a member of the Grey Ranks. She participated in the Warsaw Uprising .

She was employed as a professor and manager at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care at the Faculty of Medicine of the Medical University of Gdańsk She was an associate professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk. Among the doctors taught by her were: Maria Wujtewicz (1985), Andrzej Basiński (1989), Romuald Lango (1998), Anna Paprocka-Lipińska (1999).

She rescued the wounded during the 1970 Polish protests, during martial law, she protected the opposition from arrest

She died on April 20, 2021 at the age of 91. She is buried in the Catholic cemetery in Sopot.

Family
------

She was the daughter the Warsaw lawyer Jan Tatarkiewicz, and of Zofia; and niece of the historian of philosophy, Władysław Tatarkiewicz.
A **karyotype** is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell. The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics (cytology and genetics).

Karyogram of a human male.
The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic (body) cells of an individual or a species is called the *somatic number* and is designated *2n*. Thus, in humans 2n = 46. In the sex cells the chromosome number is *n* (humans: n = 23).

So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as *karyology*. 

The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a *karyogram* or *idiogram*: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. This may be used for many purposes; such as, to show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and its diploid number. In humans, cytologists have used karyotypes to help identify genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it is born.

Karyotypes may be studied to gather information about past evolutionary events, such as polyploidy.

* Sex determination
**Karl Ritter von Frisch** (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, jointly with Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. 

His work was on the communication and senses of the European honey bee. He was the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. By doing the dance when they come back to the hive, honey bees indicated where they have found nectar, and other details.

His theory was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at the time. Only recently was it definitively proved to be an accurate theoretical analysis.

Bee perception
--------------

The waggle dance
Interpretation of the waggle dance
**Sense of smell:** Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is "flower constant".45–51

**Polarization pattern:** Light scattered in a blue sky forms a pattern of partially polarized ultraviolet light. This depends on the position of the sun, and is invisible to human eyes. Each lens unit of a compound eye has a UV receptor, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, so a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also information on the time of day.

**Variations in the daytime position of the sun:** Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun gave bees with a tool for navigation. They use this capability to get information on the progress of the day deep inside a dark beehive. This makes it possible for the bees to convey up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. 

**Internal clock:** Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.137–147

Waggle dance
------------

A simple dance called "round dance" is used for nearby flowers. It means "there is a feeding place near the beehive at 50 to 100 meters". Blossom scent would also be picked up. 

The waggle dance proper is used to give the directions to a source further away. Other bees follow her as she dances, keeping in touch with their antennae. The dance takes a figure of eight, with variations such as angle and vigour of wiggles. The communication is apparently quite effective.
The **Intolerable Acts** are laws passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1774.

The British Parliament passed these laws to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party.

* One of the laws closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea.
* The Quartering Act allowed Britain to house troops wherever it wanted. This one was for all the colonies, not just Massachusetts.
* The Administration of Justice Act allowed the trials of accused royal officials to take place in Great Britain if the Governor decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts.
* The Quebec Act gave the Ohio country to Canada.

These laws were so harsh that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts.

Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The Committees of Correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies. This meeting would decide what to do about their problems with Britain, which led to the Continental Congress.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* Text of the Quartering Act
* Text of the Quebec Act
Amphibole hornblende
**Hornblende** is a complex series of silicate minerals.

Hornblende is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole.

It is an isomorphous mixture of three molecules; a calcium-iron-magnesium silicate, an aluminium-iron-magnesium silicate, and an iron-magnesium silicate.

Hornblende has a hardness of 5–6, a specific gravity of 2.9–3.4 and is typically an opaque green, greenish-brown, brown or black color. It is most often confused with the minerals augite and biotite mica, both of which are black and can be found in granite.

Occurrence
----------

Hornblende is a common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, diorite, gabbro, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and schist. It is the principal mineral of amphibolites.

Very dark brown to black hornblendes that contain titanium may be called basaltic hornblende, from the fact that they are usually a constituent of basalt and related rocks.

Etymology
---------

The word hornblende is derived from the German *horn* and *blenden*, to 'blind' or 'dazzle'. The term *blende* is often used to refer to a brilliant non-metallic luster, for example, zincblende and pitchblende, the ore of uranium.

Related pages
-------------

* List of minerals
***Heligoland*** is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, *100th Window*. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

Personnel
---------

The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the *Blue Lines* co-producer, Jonny Dollar.