recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Marjane Satrapi** is a writer and artist. She was born on November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran. She lives in Paris, France. Satrapi writes comics about her life. She draws the pictures herself. She also draws pictures for other children’s books.

Education and Early Life
------------------------

She was the only child of Marxist parents.

Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, Austria to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the western world to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.

Beliefs
-------

Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on weapons. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better.

In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create arms, I think countries should invest in scholarships for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable professors in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."

Writing and the War
-------------------

Iran's Islamic Revolution against the Shah, the country’s dictator, started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in prison by the Shah, then murdered by people who supported the war.

Satrapi wrote a popular series of comics called *Persepolis*. *Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,* tells about Satrapi's life, the discrimination she faced, and moving to Europe. She later wrote a sequel to *Persepolis* that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran.

Satrapi’s most famous book is called *Persepolis*.

Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The comic book is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three comic books relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She is planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.

Awards
------

- Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for *Persepolis--* 2001

- Prix du Lion for *Persepolis--* 2001

- Prix France Info for best news comic strip for *Persepolis--* 2002

- Prix Alph'art for best script for *Persepolis Tome 2*—2002

- Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for *Persepolis*—2003

- Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for *Chicken and Plums*—2005
***Ned Kelly*** is the name of a 1970 movie. It was the second Australian feature length movie about Australian bushranger Ned Kelly. The first was *The Story of the Kelly Gang* made in 1906, the world's first feature movie.

*Ned Kelly* was directed by Tony Richardson, and starred Mick Jagger as Ned Kelly. Scottish-born actor Mark McManus played the part of Kelly's friend Joe Byrne. It was a British production, but was filmed entirely in Australia, shot mostly around Braidwood in southern New South Wales, with mainly Australian actors.

Problems
--------

There were many problems in getting the movie made. The actors' union, Actors' Equity and some of Ned Kelly's relatives protested strongly about Jagger having the lead role. Many people were upset that the movie would be made in New South Wales, not Victoria, where the Kellys had lived.

Jagger's girlfriend, Marianne Faithfull, had come to Australia to play the lead female role of Ned's sister, Maggie. Their relationship was breaking up, and she took an overdose of sleeping tablets soon after she got to Sydney. She was in a coma, but soon got better and went back to England. She was replaced by an unknown Australian actress, Diane Craig. During filming, Jagger was hurt by a pistol misfiring. The actors and crew were often sick, some costumes were destroyed by fire, and Jagger's co-star, Mark McManus, just escaped serious injury when a horse-drawn cart in which he was riding overturned during filming.

Armour
------

The body armour costume worn by Jagger is on show at the Queanbeyan City Library, with the letters "MJ" scratched on the inside. The head-piece has been stolen, the loss of an important piece of Australian movie history.

Critics
-------

The movie was very poorly received at its opening, and is still said to be Richardson's worst movie. Neither Richardson or Jagger went to the London opening of the movie.

The music
---------

The movie has music written by Shel Silverstein, and performed by Kris Kristofferson and Waylon Jennings, with one song by Jagger.

Other websites
--------------

* *Ned Kelly* on IMDb
* Ned Kelly (1970 film) at the National Film and Sound Archive Archived 2012-05-26 at Archive.today
* *Ned Kelly* at AllMovie
The **okapi** (*Okapia johnstoni*) is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.

Appearance
----------

The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.

Life
----

Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.

Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.

Other information
-----------------

The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.

The *International Society for Cryptozoology* uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.

Other websites
--------------

* Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com Archived 2012-12-05 at Archive.today


Wikispecies has information on: ***Okapia***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Okapia johnstoni***.
Left: the remains as seen from the feet. Right: the remains as seen from the head.
Entrance of the Paviland Cave (also called Goat's hole), where the skeleton was found.
**Red Lady of Paviland** is the name of an almost complete skeleton, which was found in a cave about 20 miles (32 km) from Swansea, in 1823. It was the first time, there was a scientific publication on the find of an anatomically modern man. The skeleton turned out to be 33.000 years old, and was probably among the first people on the British Isles.

The skeleton was painted with red ochre. As pearls and ivory was found nearby, the skeleton was first thought to be that of a woman. William Buckland who found it, thought that it must have been that of a witch or a prosititute during the Roman Era Britain. In 1968, radiocarbo dating was done, and the skeleton was found to be about 22.000 years old. The man had been bout 21, at the time of his death. The age of 22.000 years was problematic though: it meant that the British Isles would have been settled during a time when it was very cold. Another dating was done in 1989; it found an age of 33.000 years. Another dating, done in 2008, gave an age of 33.000 years. 33.000 years ago, there was one of the warmer periods of the ice age. 

Today , the skeleton is kept at the Oxford Museum of Natural History.

Other websites
--------------

* *Great Sites: Paviland Cave.* Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine In: *archaeologyuk.org*, accessed 29th May 2016
* *The oldest known buried remains in Britain.* (with illustrations) In: *bradshawfoundation. com*, accessed 3rd September 2015
Hummer H3 in Moab, Utah
**Rock crawling** is an extreme form of off-road driving. Participants use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks). In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain. Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.

Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and high torque generated through large gear reductions in the vehicle's drivetrain. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Most vehicles used to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100 to 200 yards (91 to 183 m) long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course. Usually a spotter (person who guides the driver) helps the driver through hard obstacles. Spotters may also use a rope to help prevent a vehicle from tipping over.

Rock crawling basics
--------------------

### The vehicles

Jeep Rubicon Rock Crawling
Vehicles commonly used include Jeep, Nissan Patrol, Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover, Ford Bronco, Suzuki Samurai, International Harvester Scout. Also, vehicles like the Mercedes Unimog due to its portal axles and greatly increased ground clearance. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. These custom parts can include:

1. locking differentials
2. taller off-road tires
3. upgraded suspension
4. four wheel steering
5. roll cage for driver protection
6. engine modifications for increased performance, mostly torque
7. lowered gearing in either or all of the transmission, transfer case (including often employing a second transfer case to reduce gearing even more), or axle differentials
8. winches
9. body armour (rocker panels, tube fenders, etc.)
10. beadlocks (locks tires to the rims for low tire pressures)
11. long-travel shock absorbers, drop shackles, spring-over conversions (to increase wheel travel), coil-over spring/shock combinations, and upgraded control arms
12. portal axles

Knobby mud-terrain tire
Oversized, low-pressure, knobby, mud-terrain tires are used. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock crawling vehicles sometimes have aftermarket lift kits installed, raising the chassis and increasing suspension flexibility. Highly modified rock crawling vehicles are less suitable for driving on roads and highways.

Building a dedicated rock crawler can cost a lot of money. For rock crawling competitions, getting a sponsor can help to cover some of these costs.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rock crawling***.

* Jeep
* Land Rover
* Toyota
* Suzuki
* Daihatsu
* International Harvester Scout
A fault scarp created by the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake
Escarpment face broken by a fault, Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee
**Scarp** is a term in geology and geography with several similar meanings.

* A **scarp** is a cliff or steep slope. The word is derived from the Italian *scarpa*, meaning 'shoe'.
	+ The surface of the steep slope is called a *scarp face*.
* A **fault scarp** is a steep cliff made by movement along one side of a fault.
* An **escarpment** is a steep slope or long cliff that occurs from faulting and resulting erosion. It separates two relatively level areas of different height.
	+ A **cuesta** is an asymmetric ridge with an escarpment on one side and a gentle dip slope on the other side.

Formation
---------

Scarps are generally formed by one or both: 

1. differential erosion of sedimentary rocks, or by
2. vertical movement of the Earth's crust along a geologic fault.

Most commonly, an escarpment is a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition.

Escarpments are also frequently formed by faults. When a fault displaces the ground surface so that one side is higher than the other, a fault scarp is created. This brings a piece of high ground next to an area of lower ground.

More loosely, the term scarp describes the zone between coastal lowlands and continental plateaus. A marked, abrupt change in height is caused by coastal erosion at the base of the plateau.

Schematic cross section of a **cuesta**, dip slopes facing left, and harder rocklayers in darker colors than softer ones.
The **rattlesnake** is a kind of snake, a reptile. About 50 species of rattlesnakes are known: they are a kind of pit viper. 

There are two groups of rattlesnakes: the genera *Crotalus* and *Sistrurus*. All have a venomous bite, and some are much more dangerous than others. Pit vipers have a set of heat-sensing "pits" on their heads which help them find prey and move towards it, even in the dark.

The name *rattlesnake* is used because they have a special tail with several parts on the end that can make a loud *bzzzz* sound, or rattle. This defends them against predators and large animals. It acts as a warning signal. 

Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas from southwest Canada to central Argentina. They usually live in dry areas. They eat small animals such as birds and rodents.

When they are young, many are eaten by birds. When they are adult, they have a particular enemy: the common kingsnake, *Lampropeltis getula*, a colubrid snake.

* Western diamondback rattlesnake.Western diamondback rattlesnake.
* Sidewinder rattlesnake.Sidewinder rattlesnake.
* Northern black-tailed rattlesnake.Northern black-tailed rattlesnake.
Founder's Hall
**The Rockefeller University** is an American private university in New York City. It does research and offers postgraduate and postdoctoral education. It conducts research mainly in biological sciences and medical science, and has produced or attracted many Nobel laureates.

The Rockefeller University is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue.

A number of important journals are published by the Rockefeller University Press: the *Journal of Experimental Medicine*, the *Journal of Cell Biology*, and *The Journal of General Physiology*.

At a glance
-----------

Fostering an interdisciplinary atmosphere among its 73 laboratories, a faculty member is assigned to one of only six interconnecting research areas.

### Research areas

* biochemistry, structural biology, chemistry
* molecular cell & developmental biology
* medical sciences & human genetics
* immunology, virology, microbiology
* physics & mathematical biology
* neuroscience

### University community

* Over 70 heads of laboratories
* 190 research and clinical scientists
* 360 postdoctoral investigators
* 1,000 support staff
* 150 Ph.D. students
* 50 M.D.-Ph.D. students
* 890 alumni

Nobel Prize winners
-------------------

2011 Ralph Steinman (Physiology or Medicine)
2003 Roderick MacKinnon (Chemistry)
2001 Paul Nurse (Physiology or Medicine)
2000 Paul Greengard (Physiology or Medicine)
1999 Günter Blobel (Physiology or Medicine)
1984 R. Bruce Merrifield (Chemistry)
1981 Torsten Wiesel (Physiology or Medicine)
1975 David Baltimore (Physiology or Medicine)
1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade (Physiology or Medicine)
1972 Stanford Moore, William H. Stein (Chemistry)
1972 Gerald M. Edelman (Physiology or Medicine)
1967 H. Keffer Hartline (Physiology or Medicine)
1966 Peyton Rous (Physiology or Medicine)
1958 Joshua Lederberg (Physiology or Medicine)
1958 Edward Tatum (Physiology or Medicine)
1953 Fritz Lipmann (Physiology or Medicine)
1946 John H. Northrop (Chemistry)
1946 Wendell M. Stanley (Chemistry)
1944 Herbert S. Gasser (Physiology or Medicine)
1930 Karl Landsteiner (Physiology or Medicine)
1912 Alexis Carrel (Physiology or Medicine)
A **municipal corporation** is a term used by the local government. An incorporated town is able to create its own laws. These laws are in addition to the laws of the country, province, or state where the town is located.

Municipal corporation happens when an urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entity under state laws. After this event, an award or declaration is presented by the municipal charter.

Municipal charters
------------------

A municipal charters is a legal paper that establishes municipality; such as a city or town. This was created in Europe during the Middle Ages time. With a municipal charter, the new towns or cities are given rights.

Municipal charters by country
-----------------------------

### Canada

In Canada, charters are given by the provincial authorities.

### Germany

In Germany, the municipal charters have existed since the Medieval Times.

### India

Municipal building in Bangalore.
In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more. Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations. Members are chosen from the wards of the city. The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

### Republic of Ireland

In Ireland municipal corporations have been in Ireland since the Medieval Times. In Dublin, the municipal corporation have been there since the 13th century.

### South Africa

In Durban the municipal corporation was called the "Durban Corporation".

### Sweden

In Sweden, cities were made by the royal charter until 1951.

### Philippines

In the Philippines, cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, cities are made by the royal letter patent.

### United States

In the United States, cities are made by the municipal charters. This is usually followed by a referendum vote.
***Politically Incorrect*** is an American late-night, half-hour political talk show hosted by Bill Maher that aired from 1993 to 2002. It premiered on Comedy Central in 1993, before moving to ABC in January 1997. On September 17, 2001, Bill Maher criticized United States foreign policy on the show and argued that the perpetrators of the September 11 terrorist attacks were not cowards. The comments were widely condemned, and while Maher later apologized, major advertisers stopped advertising with the show. The show was canceled in 2002.

The show first originated from New York City, but soon moved to Los Angeles. The New York episodes were shot at the CBS Broadcast Center and the Los Angeles episodes at CBS Television City, where it remained even after its move to ABC.

The first episode featured comedian Jerry Seinfeld, Howard Stern co-host Robin Quivers, Republican Party strategist Ed Rollins, and comedian Larry Miller. Frequent guests included Dave Matthews, Arianna Huffington, Michael McKean, Ann Coulter, Carrot Top, and Christine O'Donnell.

Other websites
--------------

* *Politically Incorrect* on IMDb
* *Politically Incorrect* at TV.com
**Microsoft Plus!** is a discontinued commercial operating system improvement product by Microsoft. The last edition is the Plus! SuperPack, which includes a variety of screensavers, themes, and games, as well as multimedia applications. The Microsoft Plus! product was first announced on January 31, 1994 under the internal codename "Frosting". The first version was 
an upgrade for Windows 95, Windows 95 Plus!

The features that make up Microsoft Plus! were generally developed by Microsoft itself. The Plus! packs also included games and software from third-party companies; for example, in Plus! for Windows XP, the *HyperBowl* game developed by Hyper Entertainment Inc. was included. Plus! features that enhance the base operating system or provide utility are generally included free of charge in the next release of Windows.

Microsoft Plus! was discontinued in favor of Windows Ultimate Extras in Windows Vista.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Microsoft Plus! Website. at the Wayback Machine (archived May 3, 2007)
* Download link for Microsoft Plus! for Kids![*permanent dead link*], Windows 95
* Microsoft Plus! for Modern Windows Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine (Windows 98+)
**Robert II** Archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) and Count of Évreux. He was an important and influential member of the clergy of Normandy. Robert was an advisor to five dukes of Normandy.

Career
------

Robert was the son of Richard I the Fearless by his wife Gunnora. He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and the uncle of duke Robert I. He was appointed the Archbishop of Rouen by his father c. 989–990. He was also given the countship of Évreux at the same time. Robert had always been involved in Norman politics and was a strong supporter of the Norman dukes. His nephew Richard III had a troubled and short reign of just over a year. When he was succeeded by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, Archbishop Robert had a great deal of trouble helping the new duke. In 1028 the duke attacked him and then made him leave Normandy. Duke Robert I then laid siege to Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who also questioned his authority as duke. From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict.

The Archbishop and Duke finally came to an agreement. Archbishop Robert lifted the interdict and excommunication; Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see. He also gave back his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties. Duke Robert also returned all the property that he or his vassals had taken from the church. By 1033 Duke Robert was starting a major campaign against his cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany. He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle. In 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After making his illegitimate son William (William the Conqueror) his heir he asked the archbishop to watch over and protect his young son. Duke Robert then set out on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem never to return to Normandy. He died on his return journey.

Archbishop Robert kept his promise and ruled Normandy as regent for William until his death in 1037. When Robert died it caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy. Robert was a witness to at least fifteen ducal charters during his career. He influenced Norman politics for nearly fifty years.

Family
------

Robert married Herlevea  and they had the following children:

* Richard, Count of Évreux (d. 1067).
* Ralph de Gacé, Sire de Gace. He married Basilla, daughter of Gerard Flaitel. They had one son, Robert, who died without heirs. Basilla

married secondly Hugh de Gournay.

* William d'Évreux, married Hawise de Echauffour, daughter of Giroie, Lord of Échauffour, and had a daughter, Judith, who married Roger I of Sicily.
* Herleva de Evereux (married Gerard Flaitel)
Raritan River as seen from Highland Park
The **Raritan River** is a major river of New Jersey in the United States. It is receives water from the mountainous area of the central part of the state. The water empties into the Raritan Bay on the Atlantic Ocean.

Geology
-------

Geologists believe that the Raritan provided the course of the mouth of the Hudson River.

### Description

The river forms at near the border of Somerville, of Bridgewater, Branchburg, and Hillsborough Townships. It flows for 16 mi (25.7 km). Then it slows into in tidewater at New Brunswick. Its estuary extends 14 mi (22.5 km) m.oIt re ensing the western end of Raritan Bay at South Amboy.

The river has served an important water transportation route for a while. The name Raritan comes from the Raritan people, an Algonquian Native American tribe that inhabited Staten Island. In colonial days, the river allowed the development of early industry around New Brunswick. During the American Revolutionary War, the river provided a means for troop conveyance.

### Wildlife and pollution

Efforts have been taken to reduce the pollution and increase water quality. These actions have helped the resident fish population. These include largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, catfish, trout, chain pickerel, american eels, carp and yellow perch. Some parts of the river include striped bass, fluke, winter flounder, weakfish and bluefish. Many birds live along the length of the river. Crustaceans such as blue claw crab, fiddler crabs and green crabs are also found in the tidal sections of the river. Crayfish can be found farther upstream.

### Rutgers

The river is also used for recreational boating, including use by the rowing team of Rutgers University in New Brunswick. The river is featured in the title of Rutgers' alma mater, *On the Banks of the Old Raritan*, and its flooding is mentioned in the song. The musical *1776* mentions troops bathing in the Raritan River.

### Transportation

Near its mouth, the river has a New Jersey Transit railroad bridge. There is the Victory Bridge that carries Route 35 (connecting Perth Amboy and Sayreville, New Jersey); the Edison Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 9 (connecting Woodbridge Township and Sayreville); and the Driscoll Bridge, which carries the Garden State Parkway (connecting Woodbridge Township and Sayreville).

Water supply
------------

The Raritan River is an important source of drinking water for the central portion of New Jersey.

Flooding
--------

The Raritan River has flooding problems when massive rain from storms affects the river basin.

In August 2011, record flooding occurred once again after Hurricane Irene swept through the area.
Puerta del Sol, from left to right, the House of the Post Office, *Calle Mayor* and the statue of Carlos III
The **Puerta del Sol** (*Sun Gate*) is known as 'Spain's belly button'. In the 1400s, it was the gate or entrance of the east side of the city. Since the sun rises in the east, it got the name Puerta del Sol. It is now the center of 'kilometer 0' of Madrid. All roads are measured from this point.

It was rebuilt in 1854. The statue of King Carlos III is in the middle of the square. The red brick building there is the former post office. The famous Oso y el Madroño (bear eating madroños) statue can also be found here. The Puerta del Sol is also famous for its New Year's celebration which has been broadcast on television since December 31, 1962.

Gallery
-------

* Statue of El oso y el madroño
* The kilometer zero on the pavement in front of the House of the Post Office
* Post Office - Puerta del Sol, Madrid.
* Puerta del Sol, Madrid. - Statue of Carlos III
* Post office
* Puerta del Sol in Madrid, Spain ' Tio Pepe Neon Advertisement ' photographed at Sunset
* Statue of Carlos III
Mastectomy patient
**Mastectomy** is a surgery to remove the breast. They may remove one breast or both breasts. They may remove some of the breast, or all of it.

Mastectomy is often done for people with breast cancer. Both men and women can get this cancer. Both men and women can need a mastectomy. Some people with a high risk of breast cancer have the operation before the cancer starts.

If they find a tumor in the breast, they may only remove part of the breast around the tumor. Then the person might also take drugs (chemotherapy) to stop the cancer. They might also have a machine send energy (radiation) into the breast. Sometimes this can stop the cancer.

Transgender men also get this surgery to reassign their sex.

Other websites
--------------

* Types of Mastectomy Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine at mrbra.com
* Advice for Men with Breast Cancer at National Cancer Institute
* Mastectomy study at BBC
* Mastectomy summary Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine at breastcancer.org
* Mastectomy article at eMedicine
* Mastectomy And The Swimwear Industry (Article)
A **microtiter plate** (sometimes called a **microplate**) is a flat plate with lots of "wells" used as small test tubes.

Structure
---------

A Microtiter Plate with 96 wells
A microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies. A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows. Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiency. Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.

History
-------

The first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells). Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950s, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version. By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates. 

In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to. And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.

Instrument companies have made plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical changes in chemicals in these plates.

Related pages
-------------

* Plate reader

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2007-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
* 

| Laboratory equipment |
| --- |
| Equipment | 
Agar plate  •  Aspirator • Bunsen burner • Calorimeter • Colorimeter • Centrifuge • Condenser •  Fume hood • Microscope • Microtiter plate • Plate reader • Rotary evaporator •  Spectrophotometer • Thermometer • Vortex mixer • Static mixer |
| Flasks | 
Erlenmeyer flask • Florence flask • Volumetric flask • Büchner flask |
| OtherGlassware | 
Beaker • Boiling tube • Büchner funnel • Burette • Conical measure • Crucible • Cuvette • Gas syringe • Graduated cylinder • Pipette • Petri dish • Separating funnel • Soxhlet extractor • Test tube • Thistle tube • Watch glass |
**Nura Pakhang** (Portuguese: *Eu e Tu*) is a Meitei-Portuguese bilingual song. It was sung by Manipuri folk musical artist Mangka Mayanglambam and the artists of Portuguese musical band "Clã". The music video was directed by Romi Meitei. It was released worldwide on 28 April 2017. It is a part of an album called "T(H)REE". It is a musical collaboration between Portuguese and Asian musicians in unique ways.

Making
------

Portuguese music video producer David Valentim contacted Manipuri folk music artist Mangka Mayanglambam and her lyricist father Mayanglambam Mangangsana through email about his desire to collaborate Portuguese music with Meitei music.

When the collaboration between the two musical cultures was confirmed and finalised, Manipuri musical lyricist Mangangsana sent three musical tracks to the Portuguese producer David Valentim through email. David chose the song "Nura Pakhang" among the three. Clã also wrote their own musical lyrics to mix it with the Meitei folk song. All these processes of conversations were done through emails and the song was finally created. Interestingly, Mangka Mayanglambam and her father Mayanglambam Mangangsana had never met David Valentim and the Portuguese artists of "Clã" in real life. So, the artists couldn't record the song together but it doesn't affect their touring together in the musical journey. It's director Romi Meitei who met both teams of Meitei and Portuguese artists.

The first part of the music video was made in Manipur of India and its later parts are made in Porto of Portugal. The contributions of the lyrics are mainly credited to Carlos Tê, Hélder Gonçalves, Manuela Azevedo and Mayanglambam Mangangana. "Nura Pakhang" shows the way in which two different things depend on each other in a way that make sense together. The sound of the music video crosses jazzy pop rock with traditional Manipuri music.

Release
-------

The song "Nura Pakhang" was released was released worldwide on 28th April 2017.

Regarding radio broadcasting, it was released on "Antena 3", one of the biggest radio channels in Portugal.

According to an interview with Mangka Mayanglambam by IANS (Indo-Asian News Service), she said:

> "The song was launched in April. It is played on radio in Portugal and is available on the internet. But I will be able to distribute it after June. I never thought of earning a profit from this project. All the proceeds will go to Make a Wish Foundation."
> 
> 

Mangka believes that language is not a barrier. She said to the IANS:

> "Music is a Universal language, still each and every place has its own culture. It's best to follow our culture."
> 
>

Other websites
--------------

* "Manipuri folk singer collaborates with Portuguese group for a cause". *5 Dariya News*. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
* ANI (2017-07-06). "Manipur artiste on a mission to revive folk". *Business Standard India*. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
**Robin Charles Thicke** (born March 10, 1977) is an American-Canadian R&B singer.

Early life
----------

Thicke was born in Los Angeles to American mother Gloria Loring and Canadian father Alan Thicke.

Career
------

Thicke's earlier records were put out under his last name. He has written the songs of many musicians, including though not limited to Jennifer Hudson, Usher and many more. He was signed to Interscope Records at the age of 16. His first album was released in 2003. His second album was released in 2006. It was much more successful and sold 1.5 million copies. In 2013 it was reported that Thicke wrote, directed, and acts in a short film called Mercy. Thicke's single "Blurred Lines" sold more than any other song in 2013.

### Blurred Lines

In March 2013 his song "Blurred Lines", featuring T.I. and Pharrell, was released through Star Trak Recordings. It was a worldwide hit, reaching number one in the UK, the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. It and its video has been criticized for being misogynistic and promoting rape culture. It was later banned at Leeds Student Union, Edinburgh Student Union, University of Derby, Kingston University, University of Bolton, and The University of West Scotland for these reasons. "The song hugely objectifies women and excuses rape culture," Hollie O’Connor, president of the University of Derby Students’ Union, told NBC News. "It is a man suggesting that there are ‘blurred lines’ when it comes to sexual consent and that is unacceptable. We felt we needed to take a stand." Numerous parodies of the video were released online. Thicke responded to criticism by calling it 'ridiculous'. He said the lyrics are about "blurring the lines between men and women and how much we're the same" and "blurred lines between a good girl and a bad girl."

On July 30 the album *Blurred Lines* was released in the US. It entered the Billboard chart at #1.

In August the song was performed at the MTV Video Music Awards with Miley Cyrus. The performance was the most Tweeted-about event in history. Thicke also performed Give It 2 U with Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz.

Give It 2 U, Blurred Lines' second single, was officially released August 27. It features rappers Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz. will.i.am was one of the writers. Like Blurred Lines, the video is directed by Diane Martel. It reached 25 in the Billboard Hot 100. The third single is to be '4 the Rest of My Life'.

Personal life
-------------

Thicke was married to Paula Patton until October 2014. He has a three-year-old son, Julian Fuego.

Other websites
--------------

* Robin Thicke on IMDb
Society of Classical Poet
**Society of Classical Poets** is a nonprofit organization that is dedicated to reviving traditional and classical poetry. It publishes poetry,essays and reviews online and in its annual print journal.The Society was established in 2012 by Evan Mantyk, an English teacher, and Joshua Philipp, a journalist. It runs several poetry contests.

History
-------

The Society was established in 2012. Since then it has held public events for the promotion of traditional metrical poetry.On June 17, 2019, the Society of Classical Poets held a Symposium at the Princeton Club in Manhattan, where Society president Evan Mantyk stressed "the need to bring poetry out of the narrow halls of academia." In 2020, the Society’s online symposium featured A.M. Juster, a major formalist poet  as well as the former Social Security Administration Commissioner under the Obama and Bush administrations.

Controversy
-----------

In January 2017, the Society released a poem titled "*Pibroch for the Domhnall"*, as the official inaugural poem for President Donald J. Trump.Two lines in the poem described departing president Barack Obama and his immigration policy. "Lest a murderous horde, for whom hell is the norm,/ Should threaten our lives and our nation deform"; another attacks women and Hillary Clinton, if not by name: "Whilst hapless old harridans flapping their traps/ Teach women to look and behave like us chaps." It was criticized for "the pseudo-medieval-ism and generating a fantasy of white ethnic nationalism...".
The **Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust** is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created by law in July 1978. The block of land (called **Northern Territory Portion 1634**) covers an area of 44,970 square kilometres (17,360 sq mi). It makes up most of the area of the old **Petermann Reserve** (1920–1977). The land's traditional owners are mostly Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. This includes residents of Kaltukatjara and over 50 family outstations.

The block held by the Petermann ALT is surrounded by other Aboriginal land blocks on all sides. It borders the Ngaanyatjarra Lands to the west (in Western Australia), the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands to the south (in South Australia), Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust to the north, and Katiti and Urrampinyi Iltjiltajarri Aboriginal Land Trusts to the east.

History
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In March 1920, an area of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory was made into an aboriginal reservation, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aboriginal families living in the area, many of whom were still living traditional, nomadic lifestyles. It bordered other large reserves created in Western Australia and South Australia, and together the area was known as the Central Australian Aboriginal Reserve. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, to allow people to look for gold. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.

In 1976, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, which allowed for Aboriginal communities to be granted freehold title to land if they could show that they lived on the land for many years. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts to look after the title. The trusts would be established by publishing notices in the government gazette. In 1977, the old Petermann Reserve land was transferred to the Petermann Land Trust and to other Aboriginal land-owning corporations. The boundaries of the Petermann trust were first described in the *Gazette* on 21 July 1978. They were later made into law by Act No. 109 of 1985, which went into effect on 16 October 1985.
Not to be confused with Rhapsody in Blue.

***Rhapsody in Blue*** is a 1999 American hand-drawn-animated short film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and written and directed by Eric Goldberg.

*Rhapsody in Blue* premiered on June 18, 1999.

Story
-----

The short, which shows four individuals who wish for a better life. Duke is a construction worker who dreams of becoming a jazz drummer; Joe is a down-on-his-luck unemployed man who wishes he could get a job; Rachel is a little girl who wants to spend time with her busy parents instead of being shuttled around by her governess; and John is a harried rich husband who longs for a simpler, more fun life. The segment ends with all four getting their wish, though their stories interact with each other's without any of them knowing. It was set in New York City in 1932, and designed in the style of Al Hirschfeld's known caricatures of the time.

Production
----------

Eric Goldberg, director of *Rhapsody in Blue*
It originated in 1992 when director and animator, Eric Goldberg approached Al Hirschfeld about the idea of an animated short set to Gershwin's composition in the style of Hirschfeld's illustrations. Hirschfeld agreed to serve as animation consultant and allowed the animators to use and adapt his previous works for the short film. Goldberg's wife Susan was art director. Goldberg does allow the animators from the production hiatus of *Kingdom of the Sun* (which was reworked into The Emperor's New Groove) were reassigned to work on the short film. Duke is named after jazz artist Duke Ellington. The bottom of his toothpaste tube reads "NINA", an Easter egg referencing Hirschfeld's daughter Nina. John is based on animation historian and author John Culhane. Goldberg took Hirschfeld's original design of Gershwin and designed it to make him play the piano. Featured in the crowd emerging from the hotel are depictions of Brooks Atkinson, Hirschfeld, along with his wife Dolly Haas and Eric and Susan Goldberg. The segment was completed five months ahead of schedule from December 1998 to May 1999. Despite this, the sequence was so chromatically complex that the rendering process using the CAPS system delayed work on *Tarzan*.
Solid rivets
Riveters work on the Liberty ship SS *John W. Brown* (December 2014)
Old rivets in place
A **rivet** is a type of bolt which fastens plates of metal together. Riveting was a main method of building metal ships, bridges and many other complex metal objects. It was developed in the early industrial revolution from earlier ideas. It is no longer the main method of metal fastening, but examples can be seen all over the world.

The key idea is that the slug of metal is red-hot when hammered into place. This results in the slug of metal having a dumbell shape which holds the two metal sheets together. An automatic jackhammer is used to force the metal into position, so giving a bulb on the inside face away from the pounding. The process (for example, of ship building) was very noisy. As the metal cooled, the two end of the rivet were pulled together, making a tight joint.

To be a riveter was skilled work. The men worked in teams of four: two to heat the rivet and pass it to the two fasteners. It was therefore an expensive process even when it was shortened by mechanising the heating process as in the example shown. 

Rivets could be tested simply by tapping. A rivet tightly set in its hole gives a clear ring, while a loose rivet produces a different sound.

Riveting developed in many ways, and there are many different kinds of rivets. Today riveting has been largely replaced by welding, or by high-strength bolts. However, riveting is still used where light weight and high strength are critical, such as in aircraft.

Examples
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* Eiffel Tower
* Sydney Harbour Bridge
**Pakistani rock** is a form of rock music from Pakistan. It mixes up Pakistani classical music with American rock. It has its own vibrant elements, with slightly different sounds and tunes. Pakistani rock is mostly sung in Urdu, however large numbers of songs are also sung in languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Seraiki. Many new music bands are also now singing in English.

History
-------

The rock music of Pakistan first began in the 1990s, with *Vital Signs* and *Junoon* as the first rock bands to come out. There were then some other bands like *Strings*, which also began later. After the year 2000, there were suddenly hundreds of rock music groups across Pakistan that began to create.

Popularity
----------

Pakistani rock music has become massively popular among people in the country. It is listened to in countries such as Iran, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India and even as far as China and Japan.

Sources
-------

1. ↑   Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine Pakistani rock music - brief introduction]

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The **Messerschmitt Bf 109** was a fighter aircraft usually called the **Me 109**. It was a German World War II aircraft.

Made by Messerschmitt, it first flew in 1935, and was used by the Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and throughout World War II. It was one of the first modern fighters of the time. It had an all-metal construction, a closed cockpit, and retractable landing gear. It was powered by a liquid-cooled, inverted-V12 aero engine.

The **Messerschmitt Bf-109**, was a powerful **single-propeller** aircraft, used by the Germans as **support** aircraft. The Bf-109 was a **worthy competito**r as Germany’s greatest aircraft, though the **Fw-190 proved more significant** for **some** enemy engagements. The camouflaged aircraft fought in the heat of the 1940 **Battle of Britain,** going head to head with the **English Spitfires**.

There were many variations designed for special purposes. Overall, the Me 109 was the most produced fighter aircraft in history, with a total of 33,984 airframes produced from 1936 up to April 1945.

The design of the plane caused some problems on the ground, and with take-off and landing. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. A new fixed tailwheel helped correct the problem.

Bf 109 was used by Luftwaffe together with FW 190. The Messerschmitt had two machine guns and one cannon while FW 190 had two machine guns and four cannons. Bf 109 was much lighter than FW 190, by 1500 kg. Despite that Bf 109 was almost as fast as FW 190 (Fw 190 A-8 was only 16kph faster than Bf 109 G-6) and climbed at 17 m/s, 2 m/s faster than FW 190.

Related pages
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* P-51 Mustang
* Fw 190
* Hawker Hurricane
* Supermarine Spitfire