recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Viriatus's monument in Viseu
**Viriato Trágico** is a long poem by Portuguese poet Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas (1596-1656).

General information
-------------------

Viriato Trágico is a heroic poem, one of the most important Portuguese poems of the 17th century. It consists of twenty books. It was first printed in 1699, many years after author's death.

Form
----

The poem about Viriatus by Garcia de Mascarenhas is written in ottava rima (oitava rima in Portuguese). This strophe was very popular in Portugal in 17th century. It was introduced into Portuguese literature by Francisco de Sá de Miranda. After Luís de Camões used the strophe in The Lusiads all poets emloyed it in long works. The strophe consists of eight lines rhymed abababcc. The lines are composed of ten syllables each.

*Canto um Pastor, Amores, e Armas canto,*
*Canto o Raio do monte, e da campanha,*
*Terror da Itália, e do mundo espanto,*
*Glória de Portugal, honra de Espanha:*
*Triunfante da Águia, que triunfando tanto,*
*Tanto a seus raios tímida se acanha,*
*Que à traição, só dormindo, o viu rendido,*
*Porque desperto nunca foi vencido.*

Story
-----

The poem tells about an ancient hero, Viriatus. He was a warrior from Lusitania (old Portugal). He was famous for his struggle for independence against the Romans. He was invincible in any battle. As the Romans could not defeat him in the open field, the decided to get rid of him by an unlawful deed. Viriatus was assasinated in his sleep.
He died, but his fame outlived the Roman empire.

Bibliography
------------

* Viriato tragico : poema heroico em 20 cantos de Bras Garcia Mascaranhas, Lisboa 1846.

Other websites
--------------

* Bras Garcia de Mascaranhas, Viriato tragico, poema heroico em 20 cantos at Hathi Trust.
**James Albert "Jimmy" Creighton** (November 18, 1905 — May 29, 1990) was a Canadian ice hockey player and politician from Brandon, Manitoba.

Creighton played eleven games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Falcons in 1931, scoring one goal and receiving one minor penalty. He was traded to the New York Americans in December 1931, but never played for the team. He later worked in the International Hockey League and the Can-Am Leagues. Creighton became a professional hockey referee after retiring as a player, and later worked as a general insurance salesman.

He served as an alderman in Brandon in 1946, 1948 and 1949, and was mayor of the city from 1952 to 1955 and from 1958 to 1961.

Creighton won the Liberal-Progressive nomination for Brandon City in the 1953 provincial election, defeating W.A. Wood and J.C. MacDonald at a contested meeting. He lost to Progressive Conservative candidate Reginald Lissaman in the general election, receiving 3,063 votes (40.13%) on the first count and losing on the second. Provincial elections in Manitoba were conducted by the single transferable ballot in this period.

Later in the same year, Creighton ran for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1953 federal election as a Liberal candidate in Brandon—Souris. He received 8,456 votes, and finished second to Progressive Conservative Walter Dinsdale. He ran for the Manitoba legislature a second time in the 1962, and lost to Lissaman again.

He suffered from Parkinson's Disease in his later years, and was eventually confined to a nursing home prior to his death in 1990.

Other websites
--------------

* LostHockey.com obituaries Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Jimmy Creighton career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
* Jimmy Creighton biography at Legends of Hockey (archived)
**Inbe Shrine** is a Shinto shrine in Nikenya-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima Prefecture. It used to be a Myojin Taisha. It is a beppyo shrine under the Association of Shinto Shrines.

Deity
-----

* Amenohiwashi no Mikoto (天日鷲命)

Inbe Shrine's deity is believed to be the Oyagami or the ancestor deity of the Inbe clan. The shrine's deity is known to have played a role in the story of Amaterasu Omikami hiding in the cave, where Tentagyoku-no-mikoto led him to plant a paper mulberry tree and make a white coin woven from kozo fibers. The deity is also believed to have introduced cotton (also called Yu) to Japan.

History
-------

Inbe Shrine was originally in Mashoku County, Awa Province and was listed in the 'Engishiki Jinmyocho' and 'Myojin Taisha Shrine'. However, due to fires and other factors, its location became unknown during the Middle Ages. In the early modern period, multiple shrines were built in Shikinai and Inbe Shrines claiming to be the original Inbe Shrine. In 1871, it was temporarily promoted to Kokuhei Chusha with "location unknown". In 1874, Inbe-jinja Shrine in Yamakawa-cho was replaced by Gosho-jinja Shrine. In 1881, Gosho-jinja Shrine was changed to Shikinaibu-jinja Shrine, but Yamazaki opposed it. In 1885, the current location on the slopes of Mt. Bizan was selected and Kotohira-jinja Shrine was enshrined there. It was moved to Gosho-jinja Shrine as a temporary subsidiary shrine before being relocated to its present location on May 15, 1892, following the completion of the shrine building.

The shrine was built in the year 1892. But during the year 1945, a big part of the main buildings got destroyed because of war-related incidents. To rebuild it, the current main hall was constructed in 1953, which has a 3-bay front and a 2-bay roof on the remaining three sides. To decorate the roof, chigi and bonito were placed on the ridge.

A loom is placed in the weaving hall. There the fabric for imperial succession is woven

Festival
--------

* The Spring Reitaisai Washigae Shinto ritual is performed on May 15th to commemorate the Inbe Shrine's relocation in 1892.

Sources
-------

* Shikinaisha Kenkyukai, Shikinaisha Research Report, Volume 23, Nankaido, Kogakkan University Press, 1987
The **Irish Parliamentary Party** was a nationalist political party in Ireland. The Party wanted Ireland to be able to govern itself, instead of being governed by the United Kingdom. The Party was created in the nineteenth century by Isaac Butt. Its most famous leader was Charles Stewart Parnell. 

In 1886, the Party helped convince British Prime Minister, William Gladstone, to announce a Home Rule bill. The bill would make Ireland leave the United Kingdom. Ireland would become a British colony which could govern itself. Ireland would have its own parliament, instead of having representatives in the British Parliament.  The bill did not get passed. 

Other Home rule bills were presented later on. They were different from the original because they would have kept Ireland's representation in the British Parliament (instead of giving Ireland its own parliament). None of these bills succeeded. One was passed in 1914, but it was canceled because of the First World War. Another was enacted in 1920, but it failed because of Irish rebellion. It was replaced by an independent Irish Free State, which included most of the island. A Home Ruled Northern Ireland was also created in six counties of Ulster that stayed in the United Kingdom.
Using *Lorem ipsum* to focus attention on graphic elements in a website design proposal
**Lorem ipsum** is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in publishing and graphic design. It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.

Background
----------

The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical. Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called **greeking**. The text is derived from Cicero's *De finibus bonorum et malorum* (*On the Ends of Goods and Evils*, sometimes the title is translated as *[About] The Purposes of Good and Evil* ). The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense. 

The text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.

Text
----

There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites. The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain. Most generators will start the first paragraph with "L*orem ipsum dolor sit amet,* "and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths. 

> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* List of Latin phrases

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lorem ipsum***.

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Lorem ipsum**

* The original *De finibus bonorum et malorum* (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource.
**Big Blue Bubble, Inc.** is a video game company, which is based in Canada, which has also developed more than 100 games. It's headquarters are in London, Ontario, and it was started in 2004. It's most popular game, and what it is most known for is My Singing Monsters. On just the Google Play store alone, My Singing Monsters has gained more than 10 Million downloads.

History
-------

### Beginning (2004-2009)

Big Blue Bubble was began in 2004 by Damir Slogar, as well as with Renata Slogar. They got their start by making casual, and mobile games.

### 2010 - 2011

After moving away from making mobile games, they returned to doing so. They based mobile games off of a freemium strategy. This return to mobile caused Big Blue Bubble to focus more on older mobile games they made in the past.

### 2012 - Present

My Singing Monsters is released in September of 2012. My Singing Monsters was perceived well, and became one of Big Blue Bubble's most popular games.

In August - September of 2020, the Swedish company EG7 (Enad Global 7), bought Big Blue Bubble for $16 Million Canadian Dollars.

Other Websites
--------------

Company Website
Martin McGuiness (pictured in January 2017) was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland.
**James Martin Pacelli McGuinness** (23 May 1950 – 21 March 2017) was a Northern Irish politician who was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland until his resignation on 9 January 2017. He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a member of Sinn Fein, which is a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join with the Republic of Ireland and leave the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the constituency of Mid Ulster.

Martin McGuiness joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1970 and was put in prison for six months in 1973. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Mid-Ulster at the 1997 General Election but never took his seat in the House of Commons. This is because Sinn Fein members do not want to swear any oath to the Queen. 

McGuiness was one of Sinn Fein's top debaters at the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and was elected as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 for the constituency of Mid Ulster. He was the Minister of Education in the Northern Ireland executive from 1999 to 2002. On 8 May 2007, following the St. Andrew's Agreement Martin McGuiness was made the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party was the First Minister until June 5, 2008 when he was replaced by Peter Robinson.

In January 2017, it was revealed that McGuinness was suffering from amyloidosis, a rare genetic disease that affects the vital organs. He died in a hospital in Londonderry on 21 March 2017 from the disease, aged 66.
**Bahadur Shah II**, better known as **Bahadur Shah Zafar** (24 October 1775 – 7 November 1862) (reigned 1837-1858), was the last emperor of the Mughal Empire of India. Bahadur Shah died on the 7th of November in 1862 in Rangon(now Yangon, Myanmar)

Early life
----------

Bahadur Shah was the son of Akbar Shah II. He fought the revolt of 1857 (first independence war of India) with many freedom fighters or leaders such as Rani Lakshmi bai , Tatya Tope and Mangal Pandey, etc against the East India Company and British army. [*source?*]

Reign
-----

Bahadur Shah became the Mughal Emperor after his father's death on 28 September 1837.
Bahadur Shah ruled over a Mughal Empire that barely extended beyond Delhi's Red Fort.
The East India Company ruled India. The company allowed him a pension. He had no real power in India. 

He fought with a small army and ultimately lost the revolt. The Red fort was captured and Bahadur Shah was forced to flee to Humayun's tomb. On 20th of September, he was found and captured. 

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Administration exiled him from Delhi. He was sent to a prison in Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma and died there.

Poet
----

Bahadur Shah Zafar was known as an Urdu poet, who used the pen-name *Zafar*. His work was compiled as the *Kuliyaat-e-Zafar* (Urdu: Collected Works of Zafar Notes and references) 

1. ↑  **Bahadur Shah II** (Urdu: **بہادر شاہ دوم**‎), better known as **Bahadur Shah Zafar**, born **Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar** (Urdu: ابو ظفر سِراجُ الْدین محمد بُہادر شاہ ظفر‎)
2. ↑  British Library, "William Dalrymple on Bahadur Shah II of India," May 2007; retrieved 2012-9-22.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Bahadur Shah II.***.

 Media related to Bahadur Shah II at Wikimedia Commons

* Bahadur Shah II on IMDb

| Regnal titles |
| --- |
| Preceded byAkbar Shah II |  **Mughal Emperor**1837 – 1858 | Succeeded byVictoria of the United Kingdom***as Empress of India*** |
***Ṯāʾ*** (ث) is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the 22 from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being *ḫāʾ*, *ḏāl*, *ḍād*, *ẓāʾ*, *ġayn*). In Modern Standard Arabic it stands for the voiceless dental fricative [θ], also found in English as the "th" in words such as "thank" and "thin". In Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish it is pronounced as s as in "sister" in English.

| ← Taw
Ṯāʾ 
Ḫāʾ → |
| --- |
| Phoenician | X |
| Hebrew | - |
| Aramaic | 𐡕 |
| Syriac | - |
| Arabic | ث |
| Phonemic representation | θ (t, s) |
| Position in alphabet | 23 |
| Numerical value | 500 |
| Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician |
| Greek | - |
| Latin | - |
| Cyrillic | - |

| Ṯāʾ |
| --- |
| ث |
| Usage |
| Writing system | Arabic script |
| Type | Abjad |
| Language of origin | Arabic language |
| Phonetic usage | θ |
| Alphabetical position | 4 |
| History |
| Development | * **ث**
 |
| Other |
| Writing direction | Right-to-left |
|  |

In name and shape, it is a variant of *tāʾ* (ت). Its numerical value is 500.
*This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.*

**Metlink** is the marketing name for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction
------------

The *Metlink* brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded **blue**, tram stop signs and timetables are **green**, and the bus network is **orange**. The regional train network is colour-coded **purple**.

Future role
-----------

Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services.  Archived 2008-08-22 at the Wayback Machine

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.

Viclink
-------

Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named **Viclink**. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006  Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project[*source?*].

Related pages
-------------

* Railways in Melbourne

Other websites
--------------

* Official Metlink website
* Official Viclink website Archived 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
* BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website Archived 2006-04-02 at the Wayback Machine

| Melbourne's public transport - Metlink |
| --- |
| Modes | Trains &#149; Trams &#149; Buses |
| Ticketing | Metcard &#149; myki &#149; Transport Ticketing Authority |
| Main Operating Companies | Metro Trains Melbourne &#149; V/Line &#149; KDR Melbourne |
| Former Operating Companies | Connex Melbourne &#149; Yarra Trams |
Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (18th century portrait).
**Amaro Rodríguez Felipe y Tejera Machado** (3 May 1678, in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife - 4 October 1747, in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife), more popularly known as **Amaro Pargo**, was a famous Spanish corsair.

He was noted for his commercial activities and for his frequent religious donations and aid to the poor. In his role as a privateer, he dominated the route between Cadiz and the Caribbean, on several occasions attacking ships belonging to enemies of the Spanish Crown (mainly England and Holland), earning recognition in his time as a hero and coming to be regarded as "the Spanish equivalent of Francis Drake". Because of his service to the Spanish Crown and country, he was declared a Caballero hijodalgo in 1725 and obtained certification of nobility and royal arms in 1727.

He felt a considerable devotion for Sister Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, even financing his funeral and his grave. He made several donations with the aim of improving the lives of the poorest of Tenerife, especially for the improvement of the living conditions of the inmates of the prison of San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

His figure has been wrapped in a halo of romanticism that has related to piracy, hidden treasures and illicit romances. Different authors have taken advantage of this mysticism that surrounds his figure to elaborate his novels. In addition, the video game company Ubisoft sent a study on Amaro Pargo, emphasizing its physiognomy, facing its possible appearance in the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. • It used to perform many basic operations like Addition, Subtraction.

A modern Abacus
*Calculating-Table* by Gregor Reisch
An abacus or bead frame from a Danish elementary school
An **abacus** is an old tool used for arithmetic. It is still used in some parts of the world, and it is well suited for use in shops and street markets. Sometimes blind people use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily. The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.

Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. They can be used to find the square root of whole numbers. Expert abacus users can sometimes do math faster than basic calculators.

There is a common Chinese abacus. This abacus is split into two kinds of basic rows, the top is for the "5"s, and the bottom is for the "ones". There are one or two beads in the top rows, and four or five beads in the bottom ones. For example, 8 is one bead on top and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8. Every column represents a different digit.

Etymology
---------

The use of the word *abacus* dates from before 1387 AD, when the word was got from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from ancient Greek ἄβαξ (*abax*) which means something without base, or (improperly) any piece of rectangular board or plank.

Both *abacuses' and* abaci *are used as plurals. The user of an abacus is called an* abacist *(soft or hard 'c').*

Japan
-----

There is a Japanese version of the abacus called the 'soroban'. It works in essentially the same way.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Abacus***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Abacus***.

The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Using an Abacus***

### General and historical articles

* Abacus Photos and Images Archived 2015-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Abacus
* Roman abacus

### Tutorials

* Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban Archived 2006-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Min Multimedia
* Suan Pan Archived 2001-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual

### Abacus curiosities

* Abacus in various number systems
* Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci Archived 2004-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
* An atomic-scale abacus
The **House of Commons of England** was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which included Wales) from the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707. It was then replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain. In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

The first parliament to invite representatives of the major towns was Montfort's Parliament in 1265. At the "Model Parliament" of 1295, representatives of the boroughs (including towns and cities) were admitted. It became the rule that each county send two knights of the shire, and that each borough send two burgesses. In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating in effect an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber. The clergy and nobility became the House of Lords. 

While they were English possessions Calais, between 1372 and 1558, and Tournai, between 1513 and 1519, were represented in the Parliament.

James I and Charles I came to depend on the parliament for taxation and the disputes resulted in the English Civil War. The armed forces of Parliament won the war. In December 1648 the House of Commons was purged by the New Model Army, which was supposed to be under the control Parliament. Pride's Purge was the only military coup in English history. Then Charles I was beheaded and the Upper House was abolished. The unicameral Parliament that was left was later called the Rump Parliament It only had a small selection of Members of Parliament approved by the army – some of whom were soldiers themselves. In 1653, when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army, it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660. The influence of the Crown had been decreased, and was less after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted.
The **British Shorthair** is a breed of cat. It is a natural British cat breed. In many cases, it has gray coat.

History
-------

After the Roman Empire invaded the Great Britain, now part of the United Kingdom, the breed developed its own distinctive characteristics on the island for nearly 2,000 years. Organized records of the British Shorthair can be found from the 19th century, including some of the world's first National Cat Club cat shows. The breed was popular in Britain and continental Europe until the early 20th century, when its population plummeted during World War I and II. However, thanks to the efforts of breeders, the current standard of the British Shorthair has been established. In the United Kingdom, entire Europe, and Oceania, it was one of the most popular breeds in the early days of cat shows and remains so today. In North America, on the other hand, the breed only began to gain traction with fanciers in the 1980s.

Appearance
----------

They grow from 3 to 5 years of age, and when fully grown, males weigh between 4 and 8 kilograms. Males are generally larger than females. Their body type is more of a semi-cobby type, with a large, rounded head, and their ears shouldn't be large compared to their head. Their eyes are large and round, with fleshy cheeks that give them a grumpy look, but they have a gentle smile. The body is solid and well-boned. It should have a short, thick neck. The legs are also thick and short, and the tail is rounded at the end and about two-thirds the length of the body. Their fur is short, dense, and stiff. They come in a variety of colors, with blue being the most common. Their eye color is related to their coat color. It's a short-haired breed, but that doesn't mean it doesn't shed.

Behavior
--------

They are careful and gentle, quiet and patient. Like an English gentleman, they are considerate of other animals, such as dogs, and live peacefully with them. Their large, round eyes are constantly communicating. They are very affectionate and want to be near people.
James Hinchcliffe at the 2012 Indianapolis 500
**James Hinchcliffe** is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor".

Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
**Richard Crafus**, known as King Dick (c. 1783 - c. 1835), was an American imprisoned by the British in Dartmoor Prison during the War of 1812. King Dick was a privateer who had been captured during the war. Although the prison held non-Americans, these were released around the end of the war. The Americans were held longer. In the prison, this tall African-American became the leader of black inmates after the white Americans successfully petitioned the prison administration for segregation. The prison division that King Dick led was Prison Number Four. According to memoirs written by white inmates, he ruled strictly and fairly. This meant that life in Prison Number Four more desirable than elsewhere in Dartmoor Prison. Because King Dick allowed whites to transfer to Number Four, many whites did so. In 1815, the British released the American prisoners of war.

Apparently, Crafus went to Boston. In that city, an African-American named King Dick taught boxing from 1826 through 1835. He also served as an auxiliary on the police department. "He led an annual procession around Boston Common on Election Day, after which he gave a patriotic speech."

Physical description
--------------------

King Dick was at least six foot three, whereas the average height in the prison was only five foot six. He was "physically powerful and a masterful bare-knuckle boxer. He wore a bearskin grenadiers’ cap as a symbol of his authority."

Death
-----

"Richard Crafus probably died around 1835."

Other sources
-------------

* Guyatt, Nicholas (2022) *The Hated Cage: An American Tragedy in Britain’s Most Terrifying Prison*. Basic Books: New York.

* Horsman, Reginald (February 1975) "The Paradox Of Dartmoor Prison," *American Heritage*.

* Lipke, Alan Thomas (2013) *The Strange Life And Stranger Afterlife Of King Dick including His Adventures in Haiti and Hollywood With Observations On The Construction Of Race, Class, Nationality, Gender, Slang Etymology and Religion.* (M.A. Thesis, University of South Florida)  /

* Stephen B.Luce Library (February 11, 2015) *Black History Month 2015: Prolific African Americans in Maritime History, Society and Industry.*
**Moti Daman Fort** is in the Union territory Daman and Diu, i.e. Daman. It is 112 sq.km. in size. Daman has a little more than 243,000 people. The union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli have been combined into one unit. There are two forts in Daman, Moti Daman Fort and Nani Daman Fort.

Moti Daman fort was built by the Portuguese. They began in 1559.

The Fort of Moti Daman has an area of 30,000 sq metres and still has cannons on its walls. The original colour of the wall cannot be seen because moss has grown on it. The old buildings are still intact and people use them as government offices now. People can visit the fort. There is a lighthouse inside the fort. It has a view of the Moti Daman, Nani Daman and the beach. A house where the Portuguese poet Bokage lived is near the entrance of the fort. 

Inside the fort, there are three main churches, Church of Bom Jesus, the Chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary and the Church of Our Lady of Remedies. Church of Bom Jesus is the most famous of them all.

Cathedral of Bom Jesus
----------------------

The Church of Bom Jesus is an example of Portuguese architecture. It was established in the year 1559 and was consecrated in 1603. The Shrine, the wooden altars and the intricately carved gateways give off the vibe of the olden days. The southern entrance has the statues of six saints and the whole monument shouts of traditional Roman architecture. Both tourists and religious visitors come to see it.

Nani Daman Fort
---------------

Nani Daman Fort is a small fort with high stone walls. It has two gateways with two huge human figures that face towards the Daman Ganga River. The Fort is a smaller version of Moti Daman Fort with an area of 12,250 sq. metres. The church of Our Lady of the Sea is one of the main buildings in it.
The **European Institute for International Law and International Relations** (**EIIR**) in French (**L'Institut Européen pour le Droit International et les Relations Internationales**) is a European Think Tank based in Brussels, Paris and Geneva, it's an independent policy institute and N.P. organisation based in Paris, France and Brussels, Belgium, represents a center dedicated to studies and research on international law, international relations, strategic topics and social life. The EIIR is a laboratory for strategic studies to combine both legal and strategic studies in the same frame. The institute provides a forum in Europe, annually hosting events, debates, and negotiations.

Overview
--------

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations (EIIR) is an independent, international not-for-profit think tank dedicated to managing risk and building resilience to promote peace, security, and sustainable development.

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations was founded in 2009 by Mahmoud Refaat in Paris and since 2013 in Brussels and Geneva as a think tank and policy institute. The Institute is administrated by members of boards consisted of ex-politicians, ambassador and professors of political science, international law, international relations, economy, etc.

The main focuses of the EIIR are international law, international relations, human rights, international security, international conflict and military balance

Scope of work
-------------

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations (EIIR) is dedicated to manage risk and building resilience to promote peace, security, and sustainable development. 
through a mix of policy research, strategic analysis, publishing, and convening. With staff from more than twenty countries and a broad range of academic fields, EIIR has offices facing European Union headquarters in Brussels and offices in Paris and Geneva.

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations achieves physical activities in areas of conflict in different parts of the world to put an end to civil conflicts, war and to sue war criminals in front of international justice. 
In recent years the work of the institute has been focused on peace and developments in the Middle East and North Africa region, the development of an EU-Foreign and Security Policy, International Security, also – on a smaller range – on specific topics in Latin America and Africa.

Practice areas
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* International relations
* International law
* Human rights
* International security
* International conflict
* Military

Offices
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* Brussels
* Paris
* Geneva

Other websites
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* Official website
A woman playing with a yo-yo
The **yo-yo** is a popular toy made with of a length of string tied at one end to a flat spool. It is used by holding the free end of the string (usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot) and pulling at it so as to cause the spool to turn while it is hanging in mid-air, either winding or unwinding the string. It first became popular in the 1920s.

In the simplest play, the string is wound on the spool by hand. The yo-yo is then thrown downwards, so that it goes down and unwinds the string. It then (by inertia) climbs back, winding the string up. Finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. Many other trick plays exist, most based on the basic "sleeper" trick.
One of the most famous tricks on the yoyo is "walk the dog". This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yoyo to roll across the floor.

English historical names for the yo-yo include *bandalore* (from French) and *quiz*. French historical terms include *bandalore*, *incroyable*, *de Coblenz*, *emigrette*, and *joujou de Normandie* (*joujou* meaning little toy).

History
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Boy playing terracotta yo-yo, Attic kylix, ca. 440 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin (F 2549)
The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC and was made using terra cotta (clay) disks. A Greek vase painting from this date shows a boy playing yo-yo(see right). Greek records from this time describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta. The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age. Disks of other materials were used for actual play. 

Philippine historical records show that 16th century hunters hiding in trees used a rock tied to a string up to 20 feet in length to throw at wild animals beneath them. The string meant they could get the rock back without having to come down from the tree.
***The World Nuclear Industry Status Report*** is a yearly report about the global challenges facing the nuclear power industry. The reports show that the share of nuclear-generated electricity in the overall global energy production has decreased in the 2000s. Nuclear power now accounts for about 13 percent of the world’s electricity generation and 5.5 percent of primary energy.

2010-11 report
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The *World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010-2011* is authored by Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt, and Steve Thomas and published by the Washington-based Worldwatch Institute. The foreword is written by Amory Lovins.

According to the report, the international nuclear power industry has been unable to stop the slow decline of nuclear energy. The world’s reactor fleet is aging quickly and not enough new units are coming online. As of April 1, 2011, there were 437 nuclear reactors operating in the world, which was seven fewer than in 2002. The Olkiluoto plant has had particular problems:

> 
> The flagship EPR project at Olkiluoto in Finland, managed by the largest nuclear builder in the world, AREVA NP, has turned into a financial fiasco. The project is four years behind schedule and at least 90 percent over budget, reaching a total cost estimate of €5.7 billion ($8.3 billion) or close to €3,500 ($5,000) per kilowatt.
> 
> 
> 

The report says that the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have made things more difficult for nuclear energy. There is "no obvious sign that the international nuclear industry could eventually turn empirically evident downward trend into a promising future", and the Fukushima nuclear disaster is likely to accelerate the decline. With long lead times of 10 years and more, it will be difficult to maintain, let alone increase, the number of operating nuclear power plants over the next 20 years. Moreover, says the report, it is clear that nuclear power development cannot keep up with the pace of renewable energy commercialization.

Other websites
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* The End of Nuclear Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, Worldwatch Institute, 2011.

| * v
* t
* e
Nuclear energy |
| --- |
| Basic concepts | Cold fusion **·**  Containment building **·**  Cooling tower **·**  International Atomic Energy Agency **·**  Nuclear disasters **·**  Nuclear energy **·**  Nuclear energy policy **·**  Nuclear engineering **·**  Nuclear explosion **·**  Nuclear fallout **·**  Nuclear fission **·**  Nuclear fuel **·**  Nuclear fusion **·**  Nuclear meltdown **·**  Nuclear physics **·**  Nuclear reaction **·**  Nuclear reactor **·**  Nuclear weapon |
| Nuclear accidents | Chernobyl disaster **·**  Fukushima nuclear disaster **·**  Mayak accident **·**  Nuclear accidents in Japan **·**  Three Mile Island accident **·**  Tokaimura nuclear accident **·**  Windscale fire |
| Nuclear  power plants | Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant **·**  Zwentendorf power plant |
| Books and Movies | Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power **·**  In Mortal Hands **·**  Nuclear Nebraska **·**  Nuclear or Not? **·**  World Nuclear Industry Status Report **·**  The China Syndrome **·**  Chernobyl (HBO) |
Ajax taking Cassandra, painting on a drinking cup (kylix) by the Kodros Painter, c. 440-430 BC, Louvre
Kassandra, by Evelyn De Morgan
**Cassandra** or **Kassandra** (Greek: Κασσάνδρα, also 'Alexandra') was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Priam of Troy and Hecuba, and twin sister of Helenus. She was famous for her prophesies of bad events.

The god Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy so that she would love him, but Kassandra did not want him. This made Apollo angry, but he could only change his gift and not take it away. So he made it that Kassandra could only foresee bad things, and that no one would ever believe her.

In the Trojan War Kassandra knew of the trick with the Trojan Horse, but no one believed her, and so Troy was destroyed. After the Trojan War she became a slave of Agamemnon. She warned him that his wife Klytaimnestra would kill him. But he would not believe her, and so Agamemnon was killed, and Kassandra shortly after him.

There is a work called *Alexandra* by Lykrophon. The poet is only known through this work which was done between 196 and 190 BC. The work has 1474 lines, which are done in jambic trimeters. This is what most Greek tragedies were written in.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cassandra***.
Menzies Campbell was leader of the Liberal Democrats
**Walter Menzies "Ming" Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem** CH Kt CBE PC KC (born 22 May 1941 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician and retired sprinter. He was the leader of the Liberal Democrats from March 2006 to October 2007. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North East Fife and the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews.

Between 1967 and 1974, Menzies Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint as he was able to do it in 10.2 seconds. He was also the captain of the Great Britain athletics team between 1965 and 1966. In 1975, Campbell became the Chairman of the Scottish Liberals and was elected as an MP at the 1987 General Election. He became the Liberal Democrat's chief spokesperson on foreign affairs and defence in 1992 and became the Liberal Democrat's deputy leader in 2003. He was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats in March 2006 but had to resign in October 2007 and was replaced by Nick Clegg.

Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children. Lady Campbell has a child from her previous marriage. She died in June 2023.
Depiction of Saladin.
**Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadhi** (25 December 2020–2025), better known as **Saladin**, was a famous Kurdish Muslim Sultan of Egypt and Syria during the Crusades.

A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.

His father, who worked for the Seljuk governor, decided to raise him in Syria where he received his education. Another influential figure in his life was his uncle Shirkuh who was a military leader and later commanded for Saladin during the wars. The Muslim world consider him a hero for defeating the Crusaders over 20 years of battles and capturing their capital, Jerusalem. The Crusades were a series of battles between Christian Europe and Islamic Middle East over holy land in what is now known as Palestine. Saladin’s army protected Egypt from the Crusaders in 1168. 

The ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt made him Vizier, meaning prime minister, even though he was not a Shia. Just before the Caliph died, Saladin was crowned Sultan of Egypt and Syria. His greatest victory was at the Horns of Hattin in July 1187 AD, after which Jerusalem fell to the Muslim army (October 1187) and was never again recovered by the Crusaders. He is also remembered for his series of battles and wins and losses against King Richard I of England. These were inconclusive and in the end resulted in a moral victory for Sultan Salah ad-Din, when Richard's Crusade failed and returned to Europe.

He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz and Diyarbakır. Salah ad-Din is a title which translates to *The Righteousness of the Faith* from Arabic.

Many books were written about Saladin, the things he did and the battles he won. *Daastaan Imaan Farooshoon Ki* is one book in Urdu written by Althamash that says very good things about Saladin and compares and contrasts him to other kings and princes, in a favourable light.
Lombard possessions in Italy: The Lombard Kingdom *(Neustria, Austria and Tuscia)* and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento
The **Lombards**  were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. They themselves thought that they had originally come from southern Scandinavia. In ancient times they had worshiped nature, but later the worshiped Odin. They grew long beards in honor of Odin and became known as "Longobards" which means "long beards".

In about 560 A.D. Audoin, who was their leader and a warrior, was succeeded by his son Alboin, a young and energetic leader. He defeated some neighboring tribes and then, in the spring of 568, Alboin led the Lombard migration into Italy. According to the *History of the Lombards,* "Then the Langobards, having left Pannonia, hastened to take possession of Italy with their wives and children and all their goods."

When they came to Italy, most of the Lombards still followed their old religion, but some were Arian Christians. Most of them later adopted Orthodox Christian views. In later years they fought with the Franks and later the Muslims. The Normans also fought with them between 1017 and 1078 A.D. As a result, Italy consisted of many small states until modern times.
Michael Jeffrey's official portrait
Michael Jeffery
Major-General **Philip Michael Jeffery** (12 December 1937 – 18 December 2020) was the 24th Governor-General of Australia from 11 August 2003 until 5 September 2008. He was appointed by John Howard. Before this he was Governor of Western Australia. He quit the army in 1993 when he became Governor.

Biography
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Jeffery was born in 1937 in Wiluna, Western Australia, and he was educated at Cannington, East Victoria Park State Schools, and Kent Street High School. When he was 16 years old, he left Perth to go to the Royal Military College, which was Duntroon. After he graduated there in 1958, he went to Malaya in 1962 for a special service with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. In 1965, he was seconded to go to the British SASR (Special Air Service Regiment) for a tour in Borneo. Then he returned to Australia as the leader of the SASR in Perth. From 1966 to 1969, he worked in Papua New Guinea with the 1st Battalion. He married Marlena Kerr, who lived in Sydney during this work. After that, in 1972, he was chosen to go to the British Army Staff College at Camberley. Then he was chosen as the person to help with the 2nd Battalion in Wewak PNG. In 1976, he became the commander of the SASR and was appointed as the member of the order in Australia. He was also chosen to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1985.

From 1986, he became the commander of the Army's 1st Division. In June 1988, he even became the Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to the Army, and in 1989, he became the Assistant Chief of the General Staff.

In January 1990 he became the Chief of the General Staff, and he was responsible for the Army. Later in 1991 he became appointed as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff for Material, which also included taking care of the Army equipment and building projects. On the first of November 1993, he was sworn in as the 27th governor of Western Australia, and he also became a Companion of the Order of Australia, until 2000. General Jeffery's interests were about young people, education, environment, and national security. Also, the Queen made him the Prior for Australia, and a Knight of Justice of the Order.

He and his wife Marlena had seven grandchildren, three sons, and a daughter. His hobbies were listening to music, reading, golf, and fishing.

Jeffrey died on 18 December 2020, six days after his 83rd birthday.