recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Kamoya Kimeu** (born c. 1940), a Kamba tribesman, is one of the world's most successful fossil collectors. With paleontologists Meave Leakey and Richard Leakey, he found some of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries. Kimeu found a *Homo habilis* skull known as KNM ER 1813, and an almost complete *Homo erectus* skeleton known as Turkana Boy or Nariokotome boy. He has two fossil primates named after him: *Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni* and *Cercopithecoides kimeui*.

Kimeu began to work in paleoanthropology as a labourer for Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in the 1950s. He was recruited for Mary Leakey's team when she took over as head of excavations at Olduvai. She preferred to hire Kamba men rather than Kikuyu, whom Louis preferred. In 1963 he joined with Richard Leakey's expeditions, accompanying him to the Omo River and Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in 1967. 

He quickly became Richard Leakey's right-hand man, controlling field operations in Leakey's absence. In 1977 he became the National Museums of Kenya's curator for all prehistoric sites in Kenya. Kimeu was awarded the National Geographic Society's LaGorce Medal by the US President Ronald Reagan in a ceremony at the White House.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Kenyan scientists

Other websites
--------------

* A list of fossils found at Lake Turkana Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Footsteps through time - San Diego Museum of Man Archived 2006-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
**Liliane Weissberg** is Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor in Arts and Sciences and Professor of German and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania. 
Weissberg's work has been supported, among others, by the Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize, the Anna-Maria Kellen Fellowship at the American Academy in Berlin, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. She has published widely on German, American, and French Literature of late eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries, and on German-Jewish culture.

Life
----

She was educated at Freire Universität Berlin and Harvard University where she completed her PhD in Comparative Literature in 1984. 

Before joining Penn in 1989, she taught at The Johns Hopkins University, and she has held visiting professorships at Princeton, Hamburg, Bochum, Potsdam, Berlin, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Graz, Vienna, Innsbruck, Kassel, Aachen, and the ETH Zurich. Her work touches upon topics concerning cultural memory, the Frankfurt School, critical theory, Hannah Arendt, among many others.

Works
-----

* *Cultural Memory and the Construction of Identity* (with Dan Ben-Amos; Wayne State, 1999),
* *Romancing the Shadow: Poe and Race* (with J. Gerald Kennedy, Oxford, 2001),
* *On Writing with Photography* (with Karen Beckman, Minnesota, 2013),
* Hannah Arendt critical edition, *Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess* (Johns Hopkins, 1997).
**Joseph Carl Bailey, Jr.** (August 23, 1983 – August 30, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known as **J. C. Bailey**. He has wrestled for numerous American-based professional wrestling promotions, including Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), IWA Mid-South and IWA East Coast. He has been known as a hardcore wrestler.

Bailey made his debut in 2001. In June 2003, along with the owner of the promotion IWA Mid-South Ian Rotten and Corporal Robinson, he "invaded" CZW on behalf of IWA Mid-South. In the same year, he competed in the 2nd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Nick Mondo in a deathmatch involving light tubes, and the 5th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo after defeating 2 Tuff Tony, Necro Butcher and Ian Rotten.

In 2004, he competed in the 3rd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Wifebeater after defeating Chri$ Ca$h, and the 6th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo and Toby Klein.

Since then, he competed in many deathmatch tournaments including the 4th CZW Tournament of Death, 7th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 8th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 5th CZW Tournament of Death and 6.5th CZW Tournament of Death titled "Fast Forward".

On December 11, 2004, he teamed with Chri$ Ca$h, Nate Webb and Sexxxy Eddy, winning the CZW World Tag Team Championship.

On February 5, 2005, he became the first-ever CZW Ultraviolent Underground Champion. On August 13, 2005, he won his second CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship.

On August 20, 2006, he went to Japan and competed in the professional wrestling tournament WRESTLE EXPO 2006 where he lost to 2 Tuff Tony after defeating Mad Man Pondo. On September 16, 2006, he competed in the 1st IWA East Coast Masters of Pain where he lost to Jun Kasai after defeating 2 Tuff Tony and Corporal Robinson.

In 2007, Bailey was arrested for stealing a television set from a Bardstown, Kentucky Walmart. He made his official return to CZW in early 2010.

On August 30, 2010, Bailey was found dead. He died in his sleep. Before he died, Bailey complained that he had been getting headaches and numbness in his hands. The cause of his death was later determined to be because of a brain aneurysm that was caused by complications from multiple concussions and traumas to his brain. His brain is expected to be donated for research at Boston University.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***JC Bailey***.

* Official website
* J. C. Bailey at MySpace
**Jack Williams** (October 18, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
-----------------------

Williams' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was killed while giving frontline first aid to a marine who was wounded in a grenade battle. Williams dragged the man to a shallow hole in the ground; and he remained in the area to care for another marine who was also wounded.

The words of Williams' citation explain:

> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the 3d Battalion 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during the occupation of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, March 3, 1945. Gallantly going forward on the frontlines under intense enemy small-arms fire to assist a marine wounded in a fierce grenade battle, Williams dragged the man to a shallow depression and was kneeling, using his own body as a screen from the sustained fire as he administered first aid, when struck in the abdomen and groin 3 times by hostile rifle fire. Momentarily stunned, he quickly recovered and completed his ministration before applying battle dressings to his own multiple wounds. Unmindful of his own urgent need for medical attention, he remained in the perilous fire-swept area to care for another marine casualty. Heroically completing his task despite pain and profuse bleeding, he then endeavored to make his way to the rear in search of adequate aid for himself when struck down by a Japanese sniper bullet which caused his collapse. Succumbing later as a result of his self-sacrificing service to others, Williams, by his courageous determination, unwavering fortitude and valiant performance of duty, served as an inspiring example of heroism, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
> 
>

Namesake
--------

Jack Williams is the namesake of the *USS Jack Williams* (FFG-24) which was named in his honor. The ship was in service from 1981 to 1996.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
* Posthumous recognition

Other websites
--------------

* Jack Williams at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Williams, Jack |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | US Medal of Honor recipient |
| Date of birth | October 18, 1924 |
| Place of birth | Harrison, Arkansas |
| Date of death | March 3, 1945 |
| Place of death | Iwo Jima, Japan |
The **leopard cat** (*Prionailurus bengalensis*) is a small wild cat of South and East Asia. Since 2002 it has been listed as least concern by IUCN. It is widely distributed, but habitat loss and hunting occurs in places. There are twelve leopard cat subspecies, which differ widely in appearance and were once thought to be separate species. The Sunda Leopard Cat is accepted as a species.

The small cat is similar to the domestic cat but with longer legs. It is not closely related to the leopard but has leopard-like spots.

Distribution
------------

Leopard cats are the most widely distributed Asian small cats. Their range extends from the Russian Far East, Korea, China, Indochina, the Indian subcontinent, northern Pakistan, the Philippines and the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.

They prefer forested habitats, but are found in agriculturally used areas. They live in tropical evergreen rainforests and plantations at sea level, and in subtropical deciduous and conifer forests in the foothills of the Himalayas above 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

The highest altitudinal record was at 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.

In the northeast of their range they live close to rivers, valleys and in ravine forests, but avoid areas with more than 10 cm (3.9 in) of snowfall. They are rare in Pakistan’s dry treeless areas. In Afghanistan, they were reported in the 1970s from Jalalkot and Norgul in the Kunar Valley, and the Waygul forest of Dare Pech.

Related pages
-------------

* *Prionailurus*
* Iriomote cat
The **Luo** (also called **Joluo** or **Jonagi**/**Onagi**, singular **Jaluo**, **Jaonagi** or **Joramogi**/**Nyikwaramogi**, meaning Ramogi's heirs) are an ethnic group in western Kenya, northern Uganda, and in Mara Region in northern Tanzania. They are part of a larger group of the linguistic Luo peoples who inhabit an area ranging from South Sudan, South-Western Ethiopia, Northern and Eastern Uganda, South-Western Kenya and North-Eastern Tanzania.

The Luo are the fourth largest ethnic group (15%) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (22%), the Kalenjin (18%) and the Luhya (16%). The Luo and the Kikuyu inherited the most of political power in the first years following Kenya's independence in 1963. The Luo population in Kenya was estimated to be 2,185,000 in 1994 and 3.4 million in 2010 according to Govt census.

They are mostly fishermen but in the colonial era,they were pastoralists. They migrated from Bahr-El-Ghazal a sub-tributary of R.Nile and first settled at Pukungu Pakwach in Uganda and later dispersed to Kisumu in Kenya and Tanzania near Lake Victoria.

Their leader was called *Ruoth* meaning chief. There religion these days are Christianity, African Traditional Religion and some are Muslim.

Their god was called Nyasaye whom used to stay at Ramogi Hills. Their initiation used to be done on teen boys who used to get their 6 lower teeth removed,therefore they used to be regarded as men. These days they have stopped the practice and have copied the Kikuyu and circumsise the foreskin.

Notable People
--------------

1. Barrack Obama former President of The U.S
2. Lupita Nyong'o Award winning actor in the Oscars
3. Raila Odinga former Prime Minister of Kenya
4. Tito Okello former Uganda President
Typical building in Lunik IX
Waste disposal was a problem in 2000.
**Luník IX** is a borough (city ward) in the city of Košice, Slovakia, in the Košice II district. It is located in the western-central part of the city, surrounded by the boroughs of Pereš, Myslava, Barca, Juh and Západ.

Luník IX houses the largest community of Romani people in Slovakia. It was originally built for 2,500 people. Estimates are that its population in 2021 is three times larger. Living standards are low. Services such as gas, water, and electricity are usually cut off, because the majority of inhabitants are not paying rent or utilities fees.

Health standards are low: diseases such as hepatitis, head lice, diarrhoea, scabies, and meningitis are common. Almost all people in the borough do not have a job. The borough has one elementary school and a kindergarten.

Luník IX is serviced by a bus line, which stops only on selected bus stops. Boarding the bus is only allowed through the front door. Due to frequent attacks of aggressive residents, bus drivers deployed on the line receive a hazard pay.

History
-------

There was a Romani village which was close by, but it was demolished in 1979. The Romani people were moved into Lunik IX. There was a landfill nearby. In the 1980s, about 2.000 people lived in Lunik IX, about half of them were Romani. Over time, the non-Romani population moved away, with the Romani taking flats after their departure, and the borough turned into a Romani ghetto.

In 1995, the city council of Košice created a plan for the living conditions of dodgers, the maladjusted, and people from illegally occupied flats around Košice. They were to be moved into Luník IX, with "non-problematic" families being moved out if they requested it. The realization of this plan is on-going.

Statistics
----------

* Area: 1.07 square kilometres (0.41 sq mi)
* Population: 6,411 (December 2017)
* Density of population: 6,000/km² (December 2017)
* District: Košice II
* Mayor: Marcel Šaňa (as of 2018 elections)
A crowd watches the Royal Shrine Ritual at Jongmyo.Not to be confused with Jongmyo (shrine).
**Jongmyo Shrine** is a religious building in Seoul, South Korea. It is a Confucian royal shrine from the Joseon Dynasty. It was built in the late 1300s, destroyed during a Japanese invasion in the 1500s, and rebuilt in the 1600s. People still use it in modern times.

The Jongmyo Shrine holds spirit tablets, each dedicated to a specific king or queen from the Joseon Dynasty. The Confucian way of life includes ancestor worship. During the Joseon Dynasty, the king of Korea would go to Jongmyo to pray to earlier kings and queens. There were also larger rites, with more people. Some of them involved singing and dancing. Some of these rites are still performed in modern times.

The layout of the shrine was planned very carefully to complement and work with the hills and other natural structures around it. 

Jongmyo has a main shrine, called Jeongjeon. It has a smaller shrine called Yeongnyeongjeon, or "the Hall of Eternal Peace" in English. It also has a place specifically for the king, a storage building for ritual items, and a waiting area. There is also a specific shrine to King Kongmin from the earlier Koryo Dynasty. That shrine was built by the Joseon-era King Taejo.

The music played during the Royal Shrine Ritual is important intangible cultural heritage.
The Jongmyo-Daejae, or "Royal Shrine Ritual" in English, was the most important rite performed at the shrine. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was performed five times each year. During the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945), it was not performed because the Japanese did not allow it. Since 1969, the Royal Family Association has performed the Jongmyo-Daejae once each year. The Jongmyo-Daejae itself and the music used in the Jongmyo-Daejae were both declared Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2001.

Jongmyo was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
Joni Mitchell (1983)
**Roberta Joan Anderson** (born November 7, 1943 in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada), better known as **Joni Mitchell**, is a Canadian songwriter, musician and artist. Her usual musical instrument is a guitar. Her songs include "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock" (about the 1969 Woodstock Festival), "Free Man In Paris", "Help Me" and "Both Sides Now". Her name Mitchell comes from her first marriage (to Chuck Mitchell).

She first began singing folk music while she attended art school, to earn spending money. In time, her songs and style got her noticed, and she became a professional musician. She signed a recording contract, and her first album appeared in 1968. "Both Sides Now" also boosted the musical career of Judy Collins, another folksinger, whose cover version became a popular hit. She also performs in the contralto range.

Mitchell had romantic relationships with Stephen Stills and David Crosby, both of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash. She also did artwork for one of their album covers. She was scheduled to appear at the Woodstock Festival, as CSN was (joined by Neil Young), but she had to cancel. Her song "Woodstock" still became a hit for CSN, and summed up for many people the meaning of the festival.

During the 1970s, Mitchell changed from folk music to jazz, and she lost some of her fans. Many other people enjoyed her later music, though, including an album she made with Charles Mingus, a legendary jazz musician. The album was Mingus's last project before his death.

Not all of Mitchell's records have been hits, and she resisted compiling a "best-ofs" or "greatest hits" album for many years, feeling that if she did so, her career would be "over". She did finally release a pair of recordings, *Hits* (which contained her biggest hit records) and *Misses* (which included some of her favorite songs, that were not hits). She continues to perform, and to paint pictures. Her paintings are displayed in galleries around the world.

Before she became famous, Mitchell gave up a newborn daughter for adoption in Canada. During the 1990s, the two got back in contact, and now have a good relationship.

Though she first became famous during the 1960s, Mitchell does not romanticize that era. She reminds listeners of the negative parts of it, and encourages them to make the present better.

In March 2015, Mitchell was found unconscious in her Los Angeles home. She regained consciousness in an ambulance on her way to hospital, but was taken to intensive care for tests.She had a brain aneurysm. She was diagnosed with a throat tumor later the next day.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *Song to a Seagull* (1968)
* *Clouds* (1969)
* *Ladies to the Canyon* (1970)
* *Blue* (1971)
* *For the Roses* (1972)
* *Court and Spark* (1974)
* *The Hissing of Summer Lawns* (1975)
* *Hejira* (1976)
* *Don Juan's Reckless Daughter* (1977)
* *Mingus* (1979)
* *Wild Things Run Fast* (1982)
* *Dog Eat Dog* (1985)
* *Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm* (1988)
* *Night Ride Home* (1991)
* *Turbulent Indigo* (1994)
* *Taming the Tiger* (1998)
* *Shine* (2007)
Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen
**Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen** is an American philanthropist, which means she gives money to help other people.

Early Life
----------

Laura Arillaga-Andreessen always wanted to help other people. She was born around 1970 in Palo Alto, California. She is famous for being generous. In seventh grade, Laura became aware of families that were less fortunate communities and decided to donate her life to philanthropy. Arillaga-Andreessen's mom helped at Children and Family Services in Palo Alto. Watching her mom, she learned that some other people did not have everything they need to live. Later on she was able to volunteer with the Ecumenical Hunger Program. She is the daughter of a real estate billionaire. She did not know her family was wealthy until she reached high school.

Education
---------

Arillaga-Andreessen attended Castilleja School for high school. She went to college at Stanford University. Her mom was diagnosed with lung cancer, which stoped Laura from going to Stanford Business School.

Work and Awards
---------------

Laura has written a best selling book on philanthropy called *Giving 2.0*. She also founded the Marc and Laura Andreessen Foundation, which gives money to Bay Area nonprofits. She teaches classes about the idea that "giving away money is easy- doing so effectively is much harder." Laura has won the Henry Crown Fellow of Aspen Institute and the Jacqueline Kennedy Award for Women Leadership all for her work in philanthropy.
The ***Lady Penrhyn*** was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The *Lady Penrhyn* was a ship of 338 tons under the command of William Cropton Server.  The ship had been built on the River Thames in 1786. She was 103 ft (31 m) long and 27 ft (8 m) wide.The captain, William Server, and biscuit maker, William Curtis were the owners of the ship. They had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and safe. She transported 101 female convicts to New South Wales. The convict women were kept secure with both handcuffs and chains.

After the First Fleet trip, the *Lady Penrhyn* was under contract to work for the East India Company. She left Sydney on May 5, 1788 to go to China to pick up a load of tea. The *Lady Penryhn* got back to England in August 1789.

Other websites
--------------

* A detailed list of the convicts on the *Lady Penryhn* Archived 2009-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
* A list of all the people known to have been on the *Lady Penryhn* in 1788 Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
Karl Böhm (1947)
**Karl Böhm** (born Graz, 28 August 1894; died Salzburg, 14 August 1981) was an Austrian conductor. He was one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, especially famous for his conducting of the music of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Life
----

Böhm was born in Graz, Austria. He wanted to be a musician, but his father said that he should study law first, because musicians did not make much money, and if he was not successful as a musician he could then always have a job in law. So he studied law at the university of Graz, and got a doctorate on this subject. He also studied music privately in Graz, and then in Vienna with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Guido Adler. Although he learned to play the piano and to compose, he just wanted to be a conductor. He started his career by helping singers at the Graz Opera to learn their roles. Böhm became very interested in the operas of Wagner and Mozart and learned a lot from great conductors like Carl Muck and Bruno Walter who invited him to the Bavarian State Opera in 1921. In 1927 he became Generalmusikdirektor (music director) at Darmstadt. He often conducted modern operas, including Berg’s *Wozzeck*. In 1931 he moved to Hamburg. In 1933 he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, both in opera and concert performances. He became conductor at the opera house in Dresden when Fritz Busch lost that job because he said he did not like the Nazis. Böhm worked there for nine years. He became a great friend of the composer Richard Strauss and conducted the first performances of two of his operas there: *Die schweigsame Frau* and *Daphne*. In 1943 got the very important job of conductor at the Vienna State Opera eventually becoming music director. He also conducted the German seasons at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1953.

In his later years Böhm spent his time as guest conductor. He was invited to conduct many of the leading world orchestras. He often performed at Salzburg, Bayreuth, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Milan, Paris and New York.
In 1957, he made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting *Don Giovanni*. He was very popular there and conducted many operas, especially those by Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Late in life, he was a regular guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was given the title of LSO President for the rest of his life.

During his last years his sight was not very good. He died in Salzburg in 1981. His son was actor Karl Boehm.

His reputation
--------------

Böhm was praised for his clear, energetic conducting. He did not have exaggerated mannerisms but got his orchestras to play with a warm, romantic sound which was never sentimental. Besides his favourite Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss he conducted many works by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Berg.

He was given many honours, including first Austrian Generalmusikdirektor. On his 80th birthday a big party was held, at which Herbert von Karajan gave him a clock.

Bibliography
------------

* New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN 1-56159-174-2
Lady Katherine Grey
**Lady Katherine Grey** (25 August 1540 – 26 January 1568) was an English noblewoman. She was the sister to Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who were Marquess and Marchioness of Dorset and later Duke and Duchess of Suffolk.

Life
----

Katherine (also spelled Catherine) was born in 1540 to Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey. Her parents were disappointed that she was a girl. However, Frances treated Katherine better than she treated her sister, Lady Jane Grey. Little is known about Katherine's early life before 1550.
Katherine was married at the age of twelve to Henry Herbert in May 1553. It was the same day her elder sister, Jane, was married to Guildford Dudley. Katherine's sister Jane was queen of England for nine days before Mary became Queen. Because of this, Katherine's marriage to Herbert was annulled.

### Appearance and personality

Katherine was considered even more beautiful than her sister Jane. She was a little short, but she had a delicate appearance. She had shining red-gold hair and her grandmother Mary Tudor's blue eyes. She also had white skin and no freckles, unlike her sister Jane.
Unlike her sister Jane, Katherine was not as smart and did not like her studies as much. She preferred playing with her pet dogs and birds.

### Later life

Katherine said that her life at Queen Mary's court was the best time of her life. She met her future husband during these years and received money from Mary every year. Mary's sister, Elizabeth, did not like Katherine much. She distrusted her and did not wish to see her married. Katherine had other plans. 

In December 1560, she married Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford without Elizabeth I's permission. They planned to keep it a secret for a long time. However, Katherine became pregnant quickly and by July of the next year, she could not hold her secret any longer. She first tried to get help from Bess of Hardwick, but Bess screamed at Katherine and made her go away. Then she went to see Elizabeth's great favorite, Robert Dudley. He listened to Katherine but promised nothing. The next day he told Elizabeth everything. Elizabeth was angry with this and put both Edward and Katherine in prison. Katherine gave birth to a son in the Tower of London. The child's name was Edward. 

Later, she gave birth to another son, also in the Tower of London. This made Elizabeth even more angry since Katherine was not supposed to see Edward. The couple would not see each other again after the birth. Katherine soon got tuberculosis. She died in January 1568. She is buried in Cockfield Chapel.
**Karl Graf** (26 October 1904 – 1 January 1956) was an Austrian footballer. He played for different teams in Vienna. He also played in two matches for the Austria national football team between 1928 and 1932.

Career
------

After several stints at lower-class clubs, Graf made his debut in the first division for FC Ostmark in 1923. 1924 he moved to First Vienna FC where he rarely played. 1926 he went to Floridsdorfer AC. 1927 he went on to FK Austria Wien. During this time, Austria could never play for the title in the championship. Graf was only able to win his first title in 1933, when Austria won the ÖFB Cup 1-0 against Brigittenauer AC. In this year they also won the Mitropacup. In 1934 Graf left Austria and played for Wiener Sport-Club until 1942.

National team
-------------

In May 1928 Graf made his debut for the national team when Yugoslavia was defeated 3-0 in Vienna. The second and last match in the national team followed in July 1932 versus Sweden because the competition on his position was high at that time.

Honours
-------

* 1× Mitropacup: 1933
* 1× Champion runner-up: 1938
* 1× Austrian Cup: 1933
* 3× Cup final: 1930, 1937, 1938
* 2 matches for the Austrian national football team: 1928–1932
**Larches** are conifers in the genus ***Larix***. They grow on the northern hemisphere. Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter.

Species
-------

There are 10–14 species, for example the **European Larch**, the **North American Larch** and the **Japanese Larch**. Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, **New World** species (North America) and **Old World** species (Europe and Asia). Inside this one, there are two more groups, **Northern** (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and **Southern** (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar).

### Eurasian

#### Northern

*Larix decidua* or *Larix europaea* European Larch.
*Larix sibirica* Siberian Larch.
*Larix gmelinii* Dahurian Larch.
*Larix kaempferi* or *Larix leptolepis* Japanese Larch.
*Larix principis-rupprechtii* Prince Ruppretch's larch.

#### Southern

*Larix potaminii* Chinese Larch.
*Larix himalaica* Langtang Larch.
*Larix mastersiana* Masters' Larch.
*Larix speciosa* Yunnan Larch.
*Larix griffithii* or *Larix griffithiana* Himalayan Larch.

### North American

*Larix laricina* Tamarack Larch or American Larch.
*Larix lyallii* Subalpine Larch.
*Larix occidentalis* Western Larch.

There is also a hybrid, the Dunkeld Larch, which is a mix of the European Larch and the Japanese Larch.

Uses
----

Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly. It is used for boats as well as houses.
Larches are also used in herbal medicine and in bonsai.
The tree appeared in many Monty Python sketches as a joke.

Gallery
-------

* Siberian larchSiberian larch
* Male (above) and female (below right) cones of Japanese Larch emerging in springMale (above) and female (below right) cones of Japanese Larch emerging in spring
* European Larch foliage and conesEuropean Larch foliage and cones
**Italian wines** are those produced in Italy, the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Italy. Many Italians drink it with every meal and in-between, and offer it to guests as soon as they arrive.

History
-------

Depending on the vintage, Italy is the world's largest or second largest producer of wine, along with France (each country is generally the source of around 1/5 of the world's overall production).

### Statistics

In 2005, Italy was second globally, producing about 20% of the global production of wine compared to France, which produced 22%.

In 2005, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Italian and Australian share has rapidly increased in recent years.

Sources
-------

Grapes are grown in almost every part of Italy, with more than 1 million vineyards under cultivation. Each region is proud of its carefully tended, neatly pruned vines.

Italian wines tend to be acidic, dry, light-to-medium bodied, with lots of flavour and smell. Because of these characteristics, Italian wines are, in general, better drunk with food than they are beverages to be enjoyed on their own.

### Vineyards

In some places the vines are trained along low supports. In others they climb as slender saplings. The people of each region are also proud of the wine they make from their own grapes.

### Winemaking

Most winemaking in Italy is done in modern wineries. But villagers, you need to stick a banana on your head for being proper while making wine for their own use, sometimes tread the grapes with their bare feet until the juice is squeezed out. They believe this ancient method still makes the best wine.
**Leg before wicket** (**LBW**) is one way a batsman can get out in cricket. There must be an appeal to the umpire at the bowler's end, and he makes the decision.

LBW happens when the ball touches a batsman's body before it touches the bat or a hand/glove holding the bat, and the ball would otherwise have hit the wicket.

Leg before wicket first appeared in the laws of cricket in 1774, as batsmen began to use their pads to prevent the ball hitting their wicket.

Definition
----------

The area shaded in blue in the above diagram of a cricket pitch is in line with the wickets
The definition of leg before wicket (lbw) is currently Law 36 in the Laws of Cricket, written by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).

Before a batter can be dismissed lbw, the fielding team must appeal to the umpire. If the bowler delivers a no-ball — an illegal delivery — the batter cannot be out lbw under any circumstances.

Otherwise, for the batter to be adjudged lbw, the ball, if it bounces, must hit the pitch in line with or on the off side of the wickets. For a right-handed batsman, the off side is the right-hand side of the pitch when viewed from his perspective. For a left-handed batsman, the off side is the left-hand side. Then the ball must strike part of the batsman's body without first touching his/her bat, In the Laws of Cricket, the batsman's bat is considered to include the hand or hands holding it. in line with the wickets and have been going on to hit the stumps. 

The batter may also be out lbw if, having made no attempt to hit the ball with their bat, they are struck outside the line of off stump by a ball that would have hit the wickets. The umpire must assume that the ball would have continued on the same trajectory after striking the batter, even if it would have bounced before hitting the stumps.

Instant replay
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Sometimes video replay and other technologies are used to decide if a batter is out LBW. For example, heat-tracking ("Hot Spot") can visually show when the ball has hit the bat or part of the batter's body, audio-tracking ("Snickometer") can show if there is a slight sound from the impact of the ball, and advanced simulations ("Hawkeye") can predict where the ball would have gone after impact with the batter's body if the batter had not been there.
Women's Long Jump Final - 28th Summer Universiade 2015See the main article: Track and field athletics
A long jump at the Naval Academy, Annapolis.
The **long jump** is a sport in track and field athletics, where athletes compete by comparing lengths of their jumps where athletes try to jump as far as they can. For this, the athlete runs down the runway to the jumping pit which is made of soft sand. If a person falls backwards when jumping, this can decrease the length of their jump.

Rules
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Long jump is a sport in which, the athlete who jumps the longest by legal means, wins. The athlete begins running from his or her starting position and after attaining sufficient velocity, jumps, landing in a sand pit, which is fitted with distance markers. There is a foul line, in the run-up area, that the athlete has to be aware of; jumping from beyond this line results in a ‘foul jump’. Jumpers try to get as close to the foul line as legally possible before initiating their jump.

Related pages
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* High jump
* Triple jump

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Long jump***.

* Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 (video)
**Lake Champlain** is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.

A region of large freshwater lakes
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Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada. Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about 490 square miles (1,269 km2) in area. It is about 125 miles (201 km) long. At its widest point, it is about 14 miles (23 km) wide. The maximum depth is about 400 feet (120 m). It contains about 80 islands, including an the entire country of Grand Isle County in Vermont.

Colonial America and the Revolutionary War
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In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys. Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time. The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal. The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.

Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times. Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777. A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.

Other websites
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 Media related to Lake Champlain at Wikimedia Commons
***Laissez-faire*** is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to "leave alone". It means that government does not interfere with business and economy. Finance and trade decisions are left for the private individual to make. It is the belief that unregulated competition in business represents the best path to progress. Supporters claim that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase is supposed to have come from the 18th century. In a meeting between the French finance minister Colbert and a businessman named Le Gendre, Colbert asked how the government could help commerce. Le Gendre replied "Let us do what we want to do".

History
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In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism believed in almost no economic interference by the government. Legalism included the belief that the state should have the maximum power. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was split between these two extremes although was closer to Legalism than Taoism.

During the 19th century Laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. It was believed that government involvement in business was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that government intervention to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically there was debate at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs promoted the most economic growth. Up until the 1840s protectionism was favored over Laissez faire. In Britain the Corn Laws placed high tariffs on imported corn to protect British farmers and land owners.

Related pages
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* Economic liberalism
* Anarcho-capitalism
* Free-market anarchism
* History of economic thought
* Libertarianism
* Market fundamentalism
* Neoliberalism

Other websites
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* What is Laissez faire; YouTube
Jones playing guitar
**JW-Jones** (born July 15, 1980 in Ottawa) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Jones was the first artist signed to the NorthernBlues Music label in Toronto. He released his first six recordings with the label. He still records for CrossCut Records in Europe, and has previously worked with Ruf Records in United States. In the last decade, he has released seven albums and played in 19 countries, four continents. He continues to tour extensively. Jones lives who lives in Ottawa, Ontario. He has performed at blues festivals, theatres and clubs in Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, Australia, and Brazil.

Jones' third album with his band, *My Kind Of Evil* (2004), was produced by Kim Wilson (singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds). It includes vocals from Colin James on two tracks, and Roxanne Potvin on one. Songs from the album have been played on House of Blues Radio Hour. Music reviewer Brad Wheeler from Canada's *Globe and Mail* newspaper praised the "graceful ability he (Jones) shows on guitar" in the album. Wheeler stated that "...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work." The Allmusic review of *My Kind of Evil*, by Chris Nickson, states that "He's very good on covers, such as "I Don't Know", but his own songs — the vast majority of this disc — have plenty of life."

In May 2009, Jones' song "Parasomnia" appeared on a *Guitar World* featured CD, *Guitar Masters Vol. 2*. Other artists on the CD were B. B. King, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. The *Globe and Mail* referred to Jones as "one of this country's top blues guitar stars". The *Blues Revue Magazine* stated that Jones' guitar playing is like T-Bone Walker's guitar playing. The review said that JW-Jones plays solo melodies like Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and that his guitar playing is like Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. *Billboard* called Jones part of "a new wave of young talent moving onto Canada’s blues stage."
**Keynesian economics** (also called **Keynesianism**) describes the economics theories of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes wrote about his theories in his book *The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money*. The book was published in 1936.

Keynes said capitalism is a good economic system. In a capitalist system, people earn money from their work. Businesses employ and pay people to work. Then people can spend their money on things they want. Other people work and make things to buy. Sometimes the capitalist system has problems. People lose their work. Businesses close. People cannot work and cannot spend money. Keynes said the government should step in and help people who do not have work.

This idea is called "demand-side policy". If people are working, the economy is good. If people are not working, the economy is bad.

Keynes said when the economy is bad, people want to save their money. That is, they do not spend their money on, or invest in, things they want. As a result, there is less economic activity. 

Keynes said the government should spend more money when people do not have work. The government can borrow money and give people jobs (work). Then people can spend money again and buy things. This helps other people find work.

Some people, such as conservatives, libertarians, and people who believe in Austrian economics, do not agree with Keynes' ideas. They say government work does not help capitalism. They say when the government borrows money, it takes money away from businesses. They do not like Keynesian economics because they say the economy can get better without government help.

During the late 1970s, Keynesian economics became less popular because inflation was high at the same time that unemployment was high. This is because many people interpreted Keynesian theory to say that it was impossible for there to be both high inflation and high unemployment. 

When a big recession happened in 2007, Keynesian economics became more popular. Leaders around the world (including Barack Obama) created stimulus packages which would allow their government to spend a lot of money to create jobs. Conservatives and Libertarians would say that the stimulus package rewards the bad behavior that lead to the recession. It tells big banks that they can misbehave and the government will step in and get them out of trouble.

Basic ideas
-----------

Keynes had the following ideas:

1. The market for goods controls employment and production. The market for work does not.
2. It is possible that people become unemployed even if they want to work.
3. An increase in savings will not lead to an increase in investment of the same amount. People have the choice between investing their money or saving it.
4. An economic system based on money is different from one that is based on the exchange of goods.
5. The quantity theory of money is only valid if there is no unemployment.
6. In a market economy, investor behavior is governed by what Keynes called the animal spirits of investors.
Two Julfa-type khachkars from the 16th century, removed from the Julfa graveyard before its destruction by Azerbaijan
A **Khachkar** or **Khatchkar** ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, meaning *"cross-stone"*, pronounced as IPA: [χɑtʃkɑɹ]) is a carved memorial stone found in Armenia.

It has a crucifix or cross, with a rosette or sun circle below it. Other parts can be filled with patterns of leaves, grapes or knots. Sometimes it has a ledge at the top with saints' or characters from the bible.

Much of the time a khachkar is put up for religious reasons such as the salvation of the soul of a living or a dead person. They have also been removed for other reasons, such as to show a military win, building of a new church, or as a protection from natural disasters.

Most Khachkars are in graveyards. But Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a small are khatchkars.

Gallery
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* Armenian Khachkar
* Armenian Khachkar

Other websites
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* Khachkar.am
* Khatchkar collection at Armenica.org
**Iodic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO3. It contains hydrogen and iodate ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
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Iodic acid is a white solid that can dissolve in water to make an acidic solution. Chloric acid and bromic acid only exist in solution and break down when crystallized. Iodic acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It can be converted to iodine pentoxide when it is heated gently. If it is heated strongly, it decomposes into iodine, oxygen, and other iodine oxides. 

It can form several things when it is reduced. If there is a lot of reducing agent, it is reduced to iodide. If there is a lot of iodic acid, it is reduced to iodine. If there is a lot of chloride, then it is reduced to iodine trichloride, a yellow liquid.

Preparation
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It can be made by electrolysis of an acidic iodide solution.

Uses
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Iodic acid is used to make other iodates by reacting bases with iodic acid. It is also used as a strong acid.

Related pages
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* Periodic acid
**Karur** is the administrative headquarters of Karur District in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Karur is the district formed after independence and Located on the banks of River Amaravathi and River Kaveri, it has been ruled, at different times, by the Chera, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Hyder Ali, Carnatic kingdom, and the British. It is located at a distance of 420 kilometres (261 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai. Karur is the district located at the "heart" or center of Tamil Nadu.

Population
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Karur had a population of 262580 with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 6,147 were under the age of six, constituting 3,162 males and 2,985 females.

Economy
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Major industries in Karur include:

* its exported woven textiles, by hand loom or by power loom
* the TNPL - Tamil Nadu government-sponsored paper factory
* the Chettinad cement factory
* the EID Parry sugar factory
* worldwide export of bus body manufacturing

The two leading private rating banks have their headquarters in Karur: the Karur Vysya Bank (KVB) and the Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB).