recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A photograph of Eugène Ysaÿe.
**Eugène Ysaÿe** (16 July 1858 – 12 May 1931) was a Belgian violinist, composer and conductor. He was born in Liège. He was called "The King of the Violin", or, as Nathan Milstein put it, the "tzar". His brother was pianist and composer Théo Ysaÿe.

Biography
---------

Ysaÿe began violin lessons at age five with his father. At seven he entered the Conservatoire at Liège studying with Désiré Heynberg. When he was twelve, Henri Vieuxtemps took an interest in his talent. He arranged for Ysaÿe to study with Henryk Wieniawski.

After his graduation from the Royal Conservatory of Liège, Ysaÿe was the principal violin of the Benjamin Bilse beer-hall orchestra. This orchestra later became the Berlin Philharmonic. Many musicians of note and influence came regularly to hear this orchestra and Ysaÿe in particular. Some of these musicians were Joseph Joachim, Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and Anton Rubinstein. Rubinstein asked for Ysaÿe to be released from his contract to go with him on tour.

When Ysaÿe was twenty-seven years old, he was recommended as a soloist for one of the Concerts Colonne in Paris. This was the start of his great success as a concert artist. The next year, Ysaÿe received a professorship at the Brussels Conservatoire. During his time as professor at the Conservatoire, Ysaÿe continued to tour the world. This included all of Europe, Russia, and the United States.

He had physical problems that affected his hands. As these grew worse, Ysaÿe turned more to teaching, conducting and an early love, composition. In 1918, he accepted the music director's position with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. He stayed until 1922.

In 1931, suffering from diabetes, Eugène Ysaÿe died in his house in Brussels.

Personal life
-------------

Buste of Eugène Ysaÿe in Liege (Boulevard Piercot gardens).
Ysaÿe was married twice. His first marrriage, on 29 September 1886, was to Louise Bourdeau de Coutrai. They had three sons. 
After Louise's death in 1924 he married a pupil of his, Jeanette Dincin. She was 44 years younger than him. Ysaÿe met her in 1922 while conductor of the Cincinnati Orchestra. She cared for him in his ailing years.

Eugène Ysaÿe was close friends with Queen Elisabeth of Belgium. He taught her the violin. His widow took over the royal teaching after his death. The queen began a competition in his honor.

Ysaÿe was also a friend of Claude Debussy. They would trade letters.

He had a relationship with Irma Sèthe.
Logo of the Feminist Anti-War Resistance
**Feminist Anti-War Resistance** (**FAR**, Russian: Феминистское антивоенное сопротивление) is a group of Russian feminists founded in February 2022 to protest the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Attracting more than 26,000 followers on Telegram.

On March 8, 2022, International Women's Day, the Feminist Anti-War Resistance organized the laying of flowers by women — chrysanthemums and tulips tied with blue and yellow ribbons — near the war monuments:

> "We, the women of Russia, refuse to celebrate March 8 this year: do not give us flowers, it is better to take to the streets and lay them in memory of the fallen civilians of Ukraine."
> 
> 

Protests took place in 94 cities in Russia and abroad, including St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yaroslavl, Syktyvkar, Smolensk, Izhevsk, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Gelendzhik, Kazan, Saratov, Biysk, Khimki, Chelyabinsk, Krasnodar, Novovoronezh, Vologda, Vladimir, Stavropol, Arkhangelsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Rostov-on-Don, Cheboksary, etc.
The **Gandalf Awards** honor excellent writing in fantasy literature. The World Science Fiction Society gave the awards each year from 1974 to 1981. They were named for Gandalf the wizard from the Middle-earth stories by J. R. R. Tolkien. The award was started and sponsored by Lin Carter and the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America (SAGA). People at the World Science Fiction Conventions voted to choose the winners. They used the same rules as the older Hugo Awards.

The awards were given in two categories: one, for life achievement, and two, for a book published the year before.

Gandalf Grand Master Award
--------------------------

The **Gandalf Grand Master Award** for life achievement in fantasy writing was awarded every year from 1974 to 1981. The first winner was J. R. R. Tolkien who had died recently in 1973.

The next four Grand Masters were all members of the SAGA: Fritz Leiber, L. Sprague de Camp, Andre Norton, and Poul Anderson. The last three were Ursula K. Le Guin, Ray Bradbury, and C. L. Moore.

* **1974** - J. R. R. Tolkien
* **1975** - Fritz Leiber
* **1976** - L. Sprague de Camp
* **1977** - Andre Norton
* **1978** - Poul Anderson
* **1979** - Ursula K. Le Guin
* **1980** - Ray Bradbury
* **1981** - C. L. Moore

There was no voting in 1981.

Gandalf Award for Book-Length Fantasy
-------------------------------------

The **Gandalf Award for Book-Length Fantasy** was awarded only in 1978 and 1979. Again the first winner was Tolkien. The winning book was *The Silmarillion* with Christopher Tolkien as editor. The second was *The White Dragon* by Anne McCaffrey. Fantasy fiction often wins the older Hugo Award for Best Novel, so Worldcon organizers thought the Gandalf Award may be a duplicate and this was not awarded again.

* **1978** - *The Silmarillion*, J. R. R. Tolkien, edited by Christopher Tolkien
* **1979** - *The White Dragon*, Anne McCaffrey
**Elmer Ferguson** (February 25, 1885 – April 26, 1972) was a Canadian sports journalist. Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Ferguson moved to Montreal in 1910 and became the sports editor of the Montreal Herald in 1913. Ferguson was one of the most respected and promiant columnists of his time. He became a Hockey Hall of Fame media honouree in 1982 and was the namesake of the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award.

Career
------

At the age of six, Ferguson started selling newspapers on the streets of Moncton, New Brunswick and became a copy boy with the Moncton Transcript when he was 17. He soon became a sports writer with the paper and became the news editor in 1910. With Ferguson as editor, the Moncton Transcript became the first Maritime newspaper to print a full sports page every day.

Soon after, Ferguson left for Montreal where he got a job as an editor at the Montreal Herald. He became sports editor of the paper in 1913 and soon became a well known sports journalist with his column "The Gist and the Jest of It". He was sports editor for the paper for 39 years and continued to write columns until the Herald folded in 1957. He continued to write columns for The Montreal Star until a few months before his death in 1972.

In addition to his work in the print media, he was also a colour commentator on radio broadcasts for the Montreal Maroons (1933–1938) and the Montreal Canadiens (1938–1967), where he was partnered with Hall of Fame broadcasters Doug Smith and Danny Gallivan.

Ferguson was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame as a builder in 1968. In 1984, Ferguson was recognized as one of the first Hockey Hall of Fame media honourees. The award that is given out was named the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award in his honour.
A diagram of *Euglena*
***Euglena*** is a large genus of unicellular protists: they have both plant and animal characteristics.

All live in water, and move by means of a flagellum. This is an animal characteristic. Most have chloroplasts, which are characteristic of algae and plants.

Euglenids are believed to descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by secondary endosymbiosis.

Over 1,000 species of *Euglena* have been described, and there are more to be discovered. Their relationships are being analysed.

Form and function
-----------------

When acting as a heterotroph (animal), the *Euglena* surrounds a particle of food and consumes it by phagocytosis. When acting as an autotroph, the *Euglena* has chloroplasts which produce sugars by photosynthesis. The chloroplasts use the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

The number and shape of chloroplasts within *Euglena* varies greatly. *Euglena* are able to move through aquatic environments by using a large flagellum for locomotion. To detect light, the cell has an eyespot, a primitive organelle that filters sunlight into light-detecting, photo-sensitive structures. These structures, at the base of the flagellum, allow only certain wavelengths of light to register. With the aid of this photo-sensitive area, the *Euglena* can shift its position to get better photosynthesis.

The mobility of *Euglena* also allows hunting. Most *Euglena* are considered mixotrophs: autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark. *Euglena* do not have plant cell walls, but have a pellicle instead. The pellicle is made of protein bands that spiral down the length of the *Euglena* and lie beneath the plasma membrane.

*Euglena* can survive in fresh and salt water. In low moisture conditions, *Euglena* forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant as a spore until environmental conditions improve. *Euglena* can also survive in the dark by storing starch-like paramylon granules inside the chloroplast.

Another diagram of *Euglena*

Reproduction
------------

*Euglenas* reproduce asexually by binary fission. There is no evidence of sexual reproduction. Reproduction includes transverse division and longitudinal division, which both occur in the active and encysted forms.

As a food source
----------------

Starting in 2005, the Tokyo-based Euglena Company now markets *Euglena*-based food and beverage products. The fitness of *Euglena* for human consumption had been thought about before, but this is the first attempt to cultivate and farm it. The company's main production facility is on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, where there is a favourable climate.

Euglena Company is also experimenting with the use of *Euglena* as a potential fuel source.
Nokia 1100 (ca 2003); a typical feature phone.
A **feature phone** or a **dumbphone** is a type of mobile phone. The name "feature phone" usually means the phone cannot do things that a smartphone can do. Feature phones basically allow people to make phone calls and sent text messages, while a few may also be able to play multimedia and access the internet and other services offered by the user's wireless service provider.

Modern feature phones can have smartphone-like 3G connectivity, touchscreens, and access to popular social networking services. However, these phones do not support software made by other companies as much as smartphones—because of this, feature phones are also called **dumb phones**.

People often buy feature phones as they are cheaper than smartphones, especially in emerging markets. In the past few years, however, phone makers have begun to make and sell cheap smartphones for sale in places where high-end smartphones are not popular.
As a result, as of 2015, feature phones are now considered very low quality products.
A group of foram tests from the Pliocene.
A living foram
**Foraminifera** or ***forams***, as they are called, are an important group of tiny single-celled rhizarian eukaryotes. They are mostly marine, though a few live in fresh-water, and even on damp land areas. In the sea, they live both in the plankton (pelagic), and in the deeper water (the benthos). They have *tests* (like shells) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The organism has pseudopodia like an amoeba. It uses these to capture and eat bacteria and small diatoms. Also, many of them keep algal endosymbionts. Some are *idioplastic*, which means they eat the algae, but keep the algal chloroplasts for their own benefit.

Forams are often used to date strata in palaeontology. The detailed record of forams from deep sea drilling projects are the basis of a fossil index for geological periods or stages. This is called *biostratigraphy*.

Deep sea forams from the Mariana Trench are below the *carbonate compensation depth*, below which all CaCO3 dissolves. They have evolved organic tests, instead of calcium carbonate ones. This suggests that the tests are a vital part of their life-style, perhaps protecting them from other micro-predators.
Tap water is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use
**Drinking water**, also known as **potable water**, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.

Water in rivers, stream, lakes and underground may contain organisms that cause disease. It may also contain chemicals that might cause illness.

'Water treatment' involves filtering the water through sand beds and then adding a chemical to kill any remaining organisms.

The amount of drinking water needed for good health varies. Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Liquid water is essential for life.

In developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards. Other uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater (wastewater) may be used for toilets or irrigation. Using greywater for irrigation may have risks. Water may be unacceptable if it has high levels of toxins or suspended solids.

Related pages
-------------

* Joseph Bazalgette for the story of how modern water systems got free of dangerous bacteria.
The **English Interregnum** was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king, after Oliver Cromwell died in 1660.

This era in English history can be divided into four periods.

1. The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 until 1653
2. The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
3. The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
4. The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 until 1660

Life during the Interregnum
---------------------------

Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country. Although a main cause of the English Civil War was oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own fashion. Cromwell granted religious freedom otherwise previously unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited (for instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned). Cromwell also made certain that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses. Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators. 

His son and successor, Richard Cromwell gave up his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament. This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.

Related pages
-------------

* Richard Cromwell
* Oliver Cromwell
* Commonwealth of England
* The Protectorate
Griffith in 2008
**Emile Alphonse Griffith** (February 3, 1938 – July 23, 2013) was an American boxer. He was the first person from the U.S. Virgin Islands ever to become a world champion in boxing.

Griffith later won the world middleweight title and claimed an early version of the junior middleweight world championship, a claim that has not been universally recognized although some consider Griffith a three-division champion fighter.

Early life
----------

Griffith was born on February 3, 1938 in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. He was raised in New York City.

Personal life
-------------

In 1971, two months after they met, Griffith married Mercedes (Sadie) Donastrog, who was then a member of the dance troupe "Prince Rupert and the Slave Girls." Griffith adopted Donastorg's daughter. Griffith said he was attracted to men and women. 

### Attack

In 1992, he was beaten and almost killed on a New York City street, after leaving a gay bar near the Port Authority Bus Terminal. He was in the hospital for four months after the assault. It was not clear if the violence was motivated by homophobia.

Death
-----

Griffith died on July 23, 2013 from complications of dementia in a hospital in Hempstead, New York, aged 75.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Emile Griffith***.

* Ring Memorabilia Archived 2012-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
* 'Ring of Fire' Connects With True Story of A Fatal Blow Washington Post article April 20, 2005
Rosales at the presentation of *La vida és lenta*
**Emili Rosales i Castellà** is a Catalan writer and editor. He began in the field of poetry, but quickly changed to writing novels. After publishing three books in four years, he dedicated five years to publish the fifth. The effort was rewarded when *La ciutat invisible* won the Sant Jordi award. It received good reviews. The novel has been translated to Spanish.

Rosales has also worked as a translator. He has been a literature professor. Occasionally he publishes book reviews in the press. He is the editorial director of Grup 62 (a publishing house) and Destino.

His works have been translated to German, English, Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian and Chinese.

Work
----

### Poetry

* 1989 — *Ciutats i mar*
* 1991 — *Els dies i tu*

### Novels

* 1995 — *La casa de la platja*
* 1997 — *Els amos del món*
* 1999 — *Mentre Barcelona dorm*
* 2005 — *La ciutat invisible*

Awards
------

* 2004 — Sant Jordi for *La ciutat invisible*
**Errol Walton Barrow**, PC, Queen's Counsel (21 January 1920 - 1 June 1987) was a Barbadian politician and statesman and was the nations and country’s first Prime Minister of Barbados. He served as the first Prime Minister of Barbados from 30 November 1966 - 8 September 1976 for his first term and again from 29 May 1986 - 1 June 1987 as his second term. He served twice as Head of government of Barbados. He also served as the third Premier of Barbados from 4 December 1961 - 30 November 1966 under British rule until independence on 30 November 1966 and as the nation’s and Country‘s first Prime minister after Independence that same year of 1966. He is considered to have been the principal architect of Barbadian Independence. Today he is referred by many as the ‘’Father of the Barbadian Nation’’ and the ‘’National Hero of Barbados’’. Barrow effectively dominated Barbadian politics from 1961 until his death on 1 June 1987, serving as the nation’s and Country Head of government under various titles for most of that period as Premier of Barbados and then Prime Minister of Barbados. Born into a family of political and civic activists in the parish of Saint Lucy, Barbados. He was also known and nicknamed as "Dipper Barrow" within the country and Nation itself because of the great work that he has done and devoted to the country of Barbados itself.

Biography
---------

Born on 21 January 1920 in the Parish of Saint Lucy, Barbados , his parents names are unknown. Errol Walton Barrow was the youngest among his sibling of his Sister Nita Barrow. He had one Sister only. At the age of 7 in 1927, Barrow traveled abroad for his Primary education and Secondary education to the United Kingdom on the advice of his parents because education was weak in Barbados then in the 1920s and his family wanted him to presue his education abroad to become a successful person in the future. So when he and his family reached the United Kingdom In 1927 when Barrow was 7 years old and Nita Barrow was 11 years old.
Ernest Ansermet
**Ernest Ansermet** (born Vevey, Switzerland, 11 November 1883; died 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.

Life
----

Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland. He started his career as a professor of mathematics at the University of Lausanne. He soon became more interested in conducting. He spent a year in Berlin to learn something from Arthur Nikisch and Felix Weingartner. In 1912 he began conducting at the Casino in Montreux. From 1915 to 1923 was the conductor for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. He travelled with them to France where he met Debussy and Ravel. He talked to them about how they wanted their works to be played. During World War I, he met Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland. This made him very interested in Russian music.

In 1918, Ansermet started an orchestra of his own, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR). He remained conductor of this orchestra until he retired in 1966. He made this into an internationally famous orchestra. They travelled to many countries in Europe and America. They gave first performances of many modern works. After World War II they made many recordings for Decca Records.

Ansermet was largely self-taught. His conducting was very different from that of many of the other famous conductors of the time such as Pierre Monteux, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Otto Klemperer. He did not like the way that Stravinsky kept making changes to his works. He conducted works by Arthur Honegger and Frank Martin, but did not like serial music such as that of Arnold Schoenberg.

He died in Geneva on 20 February 1969.
Green areas are the low-lying areas. Most of these area are part of the Great Artesian Basin: see ref #2 for a better map
Great Artesian Basin in Australia
Geological strata giving rise to an artesian well. The principle is the same for a huge basin
Schematic of an artesian well
The **Great Artesian Basin** in Australia is the largest and deepest aquifer (artesian basin) in the world. It stretches over 1,711,000 square kilometres (661,000 sq mi), which is 22% of the surface area of Australia. This includes most of Queensland, the south-east corner of the Northern Territory, the north-east part of South Australia, and northern New South Wales. The basin is 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep in places. It may contain 64,900 cubic kilometres (15,600 cu mi) of groundwater. Its temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C.

The basin is the only reliable source of freshwater through much of inland Australia. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) coordinates activity between the various levels of government and community organisations.

Geology
-------

The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous periods. At the time when much of what is now Australia was below sea level. The sandstone was then covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. This formed a confining layer, trapping water in the sandstone aquifer. The eastern edge of the basin was uplifted when the Great Dividing Range formed. The other side was created from the landforms of the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Great Western Plateau to the west. 

Most water enters the rock formations from the higher ground near the eastern edge of the basin (in Queensland and New South Wales). It very gradually flows towards the south and west. A much smaller amount enters along the western margin in arid central Australia, flowing to the south and east. Because the sandstones are permeable, water gradually makes its way through the pores between the sand grains, flowing at a rate of one to five metres per year. 

Discharge water eventually exits through a number of springs and seeps, mostly in the southern part of the basin. The age of the groundwater is got by measuring carbon-14 and chlorine-36. It ranges from several thousand years for the recharge areas in the north to nearly 2 million years in the south-western discharge zones.
**Gunnysacking** is a metaphor, used in conflict resolution, which involves the act of "storing up" grievances acquired in the course of a relationship, rather than resolve them when they first occurred. The word is based on the idea of using a gunny sack (burlap bag) storing a number of items.

A typical example might occur in a marriage facing occasional difficulty. Partners may have small grievances or annoyances, which by themselves are not critical. However, over time one partner gets less happy and more annoyed. Then some incident occurs, and a full-blown argument follows. By analogy, this is the gunny sack bursting, with an 'overblown reaction'.

The term may also refer to bringing up past grievances when trying to resolve some present problem in a relationship. In which case, gunnysacking (as a tactic) has the dual effect of raising additional problems (in what is typically already a volatile, difficult situation) and presents a side-track obstacle to dealing with the current issues. Additionally, once the practice becomes a familiar pattern used by one person in a relationship, other persons may avoid reporting new issues or problems for the sake of avoiding a repeat of the gunnysacking behavior.
This article is about Portuguese playwright. For the association football club, see Gil Vicente F.C.
**Gil Vicente** (1470-1540) was a Portuguese poet and playwright.

Biography
---------

Gil Vicente was born in 1470 in the town of Guimarães. He came to Lisbon as a boy. He studied law but did not take any scholarly degree. In 1493 he was prince Manoel's teacher of rhetorics. Some of his poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende. He wrote plays. He was an actor, too. He was married to Branca Bezerra and had four children. His daughter Paula was known a learned woman at the court.

Works
-----

Gil Vicente wrote poetry and plays. He wrote both in Portuguese and in Spanish. He is called the father of Portuguese drama. His works were translated into English by Aubrey F. G. Bell. Among his poems there are vilancetes, pastoral poems. A famous example is *Adorae montanhas*.

Bibliography
------------

* Aubrey F. G. Bell, *Gil Vicente*, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1921.
* *Four plays of Gil Vicente*. Edited from the editio princeps (1562), with Translation and Notes by Aubrey F. G. Bell, Cambridge 1920.
* *Lyrics of Gil Vicente* with Portuguese text. Translated by Aubrey F. G. Bell, B. H. Blackwell, Oxford 1914.
A Simplex TruAlert fire alarm.
A **fire alarm** is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. The sounders can be programmed to sound different tones. Most fire alarm sounders in Europe sound like a siren. The bell makes a continuous ringing sound.

There are also companies like HST Fire and KKmoon which produce fire alarms and pull stations. In every building, the fire alarms are hooked up to a main control panel, which allows the inspector or janitor to perform fire drills, do inspections on pull stations, and more.

Some examples of companies which make fire alarms are Wheelock, Simplex, Edwards, Gentex, Johnson Controls, Fire-Lite, and Notifier (Fire-Lite and Notifier both being owned by Honeywell). There is also Fulleon who are best known for their Roshni electronic sounder. These sounders are often used around Europe and they have 32 user selectable tones. Sometimes, old-fashioned fire alarms are metal bells. Many fire alarm systems also have flashing lights, also known as strobes. These are important for deaf people who cannot hear the fire alarm. There are also special alarms which are less loud for sleeping areas, so that people are not startled, and white fire alarms for dark walls. In larger buildings, There are 2-step systems with a recorded message, which start off by stating the emergency and waiting for the security guards to be sure there is a fire, then asking for the occupants of the building to calmly evacuate. In smaller areas, there is an immediate alarm, without voice.

Fire alarms are often used in schools and other places during fire drills, or in the case of a real fire. If somebody activates a fire alarm for fun or without reason, it is called a *false alarm*. Setting off a false alarm is against the law in most places.

There are different systems, which can do the following:

* Automatically alert the fire department, there is a fire
* Alerting an internal security service, who is able to check if there is a false alarm, before alerting the fire department.
* Trigger an alarm to clear the building
* Start heat and smoke vents, fire sprinklers, emergency lighting, and similar systems
* Controlling elevators (Most elevators are not safe to use during a fire)

DIN 14675-1 is about fire safety.It has four levels of protection:

1. Level 1: Complete protection (the whole building is protected)
2. Level 2: Partial protection: There are one or more sections of the building that are protected
3. Level 3: Fire escape paths are protected
4. Level 4: Individual objects (e.g. valuables) are protected
**Guillaume de Machaut** (pronounce: "GHEE-yoam de MA-show") (born c. 1300; died April 1377), was a Medieval French poet and composer. He was the most important composer of the 14th century. He is one of the earliest composers whose life we know something about.

Life
----

Machaut worked for John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia, around 1323. The king travelled around Europe, fighting, and Machaut went with him, working as his secretary. After 1330 he became canon of several cathedrals. After John of Luxemburg died during a battle in 1346, Machaut worked for John's daughter Bonne (who later married King John II of France), then King Charles the Bad of Navarre, Charles of Normandy who became King Charles V in 1364 and the King of Cyprus. He also worked for wealthy dukes. With all that work it is surprising that he had time to compose. He seems to have spent his later years living in Rheins, working on his compositions.

Machaut (at right) receiving Nature and three of her children, from an illuminated Parisian manuscript of the 1350s

Works
-----

Machaut wrote many motets and the secular songs, as well as many poems including rondeaus, virelais and ballades). Machaut wrote a mass known as *Messe de Nostre Dame*. It is the earliest known setting of the complete text for the mass, and it had a lot of influence on later composers.

Many of his poems belong to the type which were known as "dits". A "dit" (meaning: "spoken") was a poem that was not meant to be sung. It was in the first person (the "I" form). Many of them are about a lover trying to get the attentions of a lady he loves.

Machaut's poetry had an influence on many later poets, including Geoffrey Chaucer.
| Field theory |
| --- |
|  |
| Electric fieldGravitational fieldMagnetic fieldElectromagnetic field |
| Basic Types
* Scalar field
* Vector field
* Tensor field
 |
| Fields in Physics
* Classical fields
* Quantum fields
 |
| Mathematical formulation
* Vector calculus
* Tensor calculus
* Euler-Lagrange equation
 |
| Quantum fields
* Quantum mechanics
* Special relativity
* Quantum electrodynamics
* Higgs field
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

The magnitude of an electric field surrounding two equally charged (repelling) particles. Brighter areas have a greater magnitude. The direction of the field is not visible.
Oppositely charged (attracting) particles
In physics, a **field** means that a physical quantity is assigned to every point in space (or, more generally, spacetime). A field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything. The strength of a field usually varies over a region. Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term "field", in 1849.

For some fields, there is a number for each point in space. They are called *scalar fields*. For more complicated fields, there are more than one number for each point in space. They are called *vector fields* or *tensor fields*. For example, one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space. Other examples are temperature fields or air pressure fields, which are often illustrated on weather reports by isotherms and isobars by joining up the points of equal temperature or pressure respectively.

Types of fields
---------------

### Classical fields

* Newtonian gravitation: describes the gravitational force as a mutual interaction between two masses.
* Electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields are not only fields of force which dictate the motion of particles, but also have an independent physical reality because they carry energy.
* Gravitation in general relativity: this is Einstein's theory of gravity.
* Waves as fields

### Quantum fields

It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena.

### Field theory

A field theory is a physical theory that describes how one or more physical fields interact with matter.

Related pages
-------------

* Elasticity
* Fluid dynamics
* General relativity
* Maxwell's equations
* Particle physics
A game of field hockey.

|  |
| --- |
| Part of a series of articles on**Sports** |
| 

Sports
 |
| **Summer Sports** |
| Track and field athletics
Football (soccer)
Basketball
Rugby
Gymnastics
Baseball
American football
Cycling·Auto racing
Cricket·Golf
Field hockey·Handball
Archery·Shooting
Fencing·Weightlifting
Pentathlon·Triathlon
Horseback riding |
| Water sports
Swimming· Diving
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**Field Hockey** is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. In Asian countries like Pakistan and Republic of India, it is considered the "National sport." The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15-minute break at halftime and a 2-minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.

Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

Related pages
-------------

* Hockey
* Ice hockey
**Ezra** (/ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עזרא, *Ezra*; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

Name
----

He is called **Ezra the Scribe** (Hebrew: עזרא הסופר, *Ezra ha-Sofer*) and **Ezra the Priest** in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as *Esdras* (Greek: Ἔσδρας), from which comes Latin: *Esdras*. His name may be an abbreviation of **Azaryahu**, "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (Arabic: عزير). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

Early bible history
-------------------

The *Book of Ezra* and *Book of Nehemiah* are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.

Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

Later literature
----------------

The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

Ezra in rabbinic literature
---------------------------

Woodcut for *Die Bibel in Bildern*, 1860, by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld.
Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.

Ezra's tomb
-----------

His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

Related pages
-------------

* Esdras - about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
* Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
* 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ezra***.

* Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras
**Estelle "Mama" Yancey** (January 1, 1896–April 19, 1986) was an American blues singer. She was the wife of pianist Jimmy Yancey. She recorded often with her husband.

Life and career
---------------

Yancey, born **Estelle Harris**, grew up in Chicago, where she sang in church choirs and learned how to play the guitar. In 1917, when she was 21, she married Jimmy Yancey. She often sang with him at meetings and house parties in the 1930s and 1940s and performed with him at Carnegie Hall, New York in 1948. Because Jimmy Yancey was a great boogie-woogie/blues piano player, but a poor singer, Estelle recorded frequently with her husband. In 1943, the Yanceys recorded for Session Records, and went back into the studio to record the album *Pure Blues* for Atlantic Records. The session was just a few months before Jimmy Yancey's death that same year.

Estelle continued to perform and record. Mama Yancey's recordings with other pianists include "South Side Blues" for the Riverside label (1961), some records with Art Hodes for Verve Records in 1965, and *Maybe I'll Cry* with Erwin Helfer for the Red Beans label in 1983, recorded at age 87.

Estelle Yancey died April 19, 1986 in Chicago, Illinois.

Selected discography
--------------------

| Year | Title | Genre | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1943 | *Pure Blues* | Blues | Atlantic |
| 1952 | *Jimmy and Mama Yancey: Chicago Piano*, Vol. 1. | Blues | Atlantic |
| 1983 | *Maybe I'll Cry* | Blues | Evidence |

Other websites
--------------

* Mama Yancey Bio

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Yancey, Estelle |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American blues singer |
| Date of birth | January 1, 1896 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, United States |
| Date of death | April 19, 1986 |
| Place of death | Chicago, United States |
**The state enterprise National Atomic Energy Generating Company Energoatom** was established in October 1996 in Ukraine. Its main goal is to increase the production of electricity and the efficiency of the installed capacity of NPPs, provided a constant increase in the level of operational safety.

Overview
--------

Energoatom is the operator of four nuclear power plants in Ukraine in Zaporizhia, Rivne, Khmelnytsky and on South Ukraine. Energoatom includes several other companies and the Representative Office in Brussels, which are separate subdivisions of Energoatom.

Currently, the Company is implementing a number of investment projects, the main ones are the construction of the Centralized Spent Fuel Storage Facility (SNFSF) for Rivne, South-Ukrainian and Khmelnytsky NPPs (Zaporizhzhya NPP has its own SNF storage facility), the construction of power plants number 3 and 4, reconstruction of the technical water supply system of the South-Ukrainian NPP and completion of the Tashlyk PSP.

In 2018, Energoatom for the first time accepted the IAEA mission to verify the effectiveness of the analysis of the experience of ensuring operational safety PROSPER.

In 2021, on behalf of the President of Ukraine, the management of Energoatom was transferred directly to the Cabinet of Ministers.

NPP in Ukraine
--------------

Ukraine ranks eighth in the world in terms of installed NPP capacity.

15 power units are operated at four operating NPPs of Ukraine.

Energoatom provides about 55% of Ukraine's electricity needs.

According to the results of 2018, Ukraine ranked third in the world in terms of the share of NPP electricity in the total electricity production in the country.

Management
----------

From March 5, 2014 to November 2019, Yuriy Nedashkovsky was the President of NNEGC Energoatom.
The **End–Ordovician extinction event** is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the *Hirnantian* stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician. 

1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were *anoxic* (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.
2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.
3. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.
Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families became extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families. 

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

Related pages
-------------

* List of extinction events
Gaucho of Argentina.
Falklanders on horseback in 1936, mounted in typical Falklands style with the usual gaucho horse gear
***Gaucho*** (Spanish: [ˈɡautʃo]) or ***Gaúcho*** (Portuguese: [ɡaˈuʃu]) is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul. It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. They are similar to the North American cowboys, and, like them, gauchos of Argentina have become a symbol of freedom.

History
-------

Working with his horse, a laço, *boleodoros*, and a knife, gauchos rode around the Pampas, killing wild cattle whose hides he sold secretly. They were usually outlaws, and did not become respectable until they fought with San Martin for Argentine freedom. After some time, many gauchos began working for *hacendados* and spent their lives helping huge herds of cattle over the Pampas. They liked to choose where they worked and traveled from place to place.

Description
-----------

Like cowboys, gauchos had a traditional outfit: a big hat, a collared shirt (mainly red), and baggy pants called *bombachas*, which were tucked into leather boots. Colorful pieces of cloth or a wide leather belt decorated with silver went around his waist, and silver spurs were on his boots. When working, gauchos often wore a big leather apron.

Today, though, most gauchos are disappearing. Trucks, roads, and fences are changing gauchos into farmers and assistants. Traditional dress is usually worn only on festival days, when they can remember their exciting old days.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gauchos***.

* Movimento Tradicionalista Gaucho Archived 2007-09-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
* Pagina do Gaucho (in Portuguese)
The correct title of this article is **Family Guy Viewer Mail #2**. The substitution or omission of the # is due to technical restrictions.

"**Family Guy Viewer Mail #2**" is the 22nd episode of *Family Guy*'s 10th season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 20, 2012. The next episode ("Internal Affairs") was broadcast right after this episode. The episode is in three parts: "Chap of the Manor", "Fatman and Robin", and "Point of Stew". The episode is based on an episode from the 3rd season, "Family Guy Viewer Mail #1". About 5.35 million people watched the episode when it was first broadcast.

BBC Three broadcasted the episode on August 11, 2014 in the United Kingdom. In the "Fatman and Robin" story, Peter Griffin is able to make everything he touches become Robin Williams. Peter later starts panicking because of this and tries to kill himself. This broadcast happened minutes before people knew Robin Williams had killed himself on the same day. People on Twitter and Reddit talked about how the episode was broadcast right before Robin Williams died. BBC Three broadcasted the episode at 11:25 pm. People learned about Robin Williams' death around 11:50 pm. A spokeswoman for BBC said that this was a strange coincidence. The episode was chosen to be broadcast on that day more than two weeks before. It would have been broadcast again four days later if this did not happen.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***"Family Guy Viewer Mail #2"***

* "Family Guy Viewer Mail 2" at the Internet Movie Database
A **gallon** is a volumetric unit of measurement. People have used many different gallons throughout history. Only two gallons are still commonly used, which are the imperial and U.S. liquid gallon.This is 3,57 liter

Sale of petrol
--------------

Petrol, also known as gasoline, is sold by the imperial gallon in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). All of the countries and territories just mentioned also use miles per hour for speed limits and drive on the left side of the road.

  

Gasoline is sold by the U.S. gallon in Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Peru, as well as in the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau.

Sizes
-----

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 1 imperial gallon | = 4.54609 litres (exactly) |
|  | = 8 imperial pints |
|  | = 160 imperial fluid ounces |
|  | ≈ 1.20 U.S. wet gallons |
|  | ≈ 1.03 U.S. dry gallons |
|  | = 10 pounds of pure water at 62° Fahrenheit |
|  |  |
| 1 U.S. wet gallon | = 231 cubic inches = 3 in × 7 in × 11 in \*\*This is the gallon commonly used in the US.\*\* |
|  | = 128 U.S. fl. oz. |
|  | = 8 U.S. wet pints |
|  | = ​1⁄42 of a U.S. oil barrel |
|  | = 3.785411784 litres (exactly) |
|  | ≈ 0.83 imperial gallons |
|  | ≈ 0.86 U.S. dry gallons |
|  | ≈ 8.33 pounds of pure water at room temperature |
|  |  |
| 1 U.S. dry gallon | = 268.8025 cubic inches \*\*Occasionally used in the US.\*\* |
|  | = 8 U.S. dry pints |
|  | = ​1⁄8 of a U.S. bushel |
|  | = 4.40488377086 litres (exactly) |
|  | ≈ 0.97 imperial gallons |
|  | ≈ 1.16 U.S. wet gallons |
|