recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The **Metropolitan Museum of Art** is an art museum. It is sometimes called **The Met**. It is found on the eastern edge of Central Park in New York City. It has a collection of more than two million works of art.

The main building is one of the world's largest art galleries, at about 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) in area. The Met is the most popular art museum in the United States with more than 5 million visitors each year. There is also a much smaller second location, the Cloisters. The Cloisters museum and gardens, which opened to the public in 1938, is a branch of the Museum. It is located in Inwood, in northern Manhattan. It has medieval art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and the Cloisters in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.

People are asked to donate to the museum upon admission. However, one can choose not to donate. The museum suggests a $25 donation per person.

History
-------

In 1866, a group of Americans in Paris, France, agreed to create a "national institution and gallery of art". Their goal was to bring art and art education to the American people.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue.

Collections
-----------

The museum has art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from European artists, and a large collection of American and modern art. There is also a large number of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Islamic artwork. The museum has collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world.
In 2016, social media had the biggest effect ever on the United States presidential election. For the first time, social media created the change (of plans for Democratic and Republican primaries) rather than talking about it. Many journalists expected this.

Benefits to candidates
----------------------

Many presidential candidates benefited from the use of social media in the 2016 election. 

### Bernie Sanders

Many people think social media is the reason Bernie Sanders did so well in the Democratic primaries. In May 2016, 450,000 people belonged to the pro-Sanders Facebook group *Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash*. Another pro-Sanders group, *Bernie or Hillary?*, exists.

### Donald Trump

Social media is also thought by most people to be the reason Donald Trump did so well in the Republican primaries. Activity by Donald Trump supporters on social media was one of the things talked about at the first Republican debate. Trump mentioned that his social media accounts provided a tremendous platform for his election and helps keep people interested. 

*Right Side Broadcasting Network* often uploads live footage of Donald Trump rallys on YouTube, causing their popularity to go way up.

### Hillary Clinton

In April 2016, Correct the Record, a pro-Clinton super PAC, started a program called "Barrier Breakers" that wants to compete with the mostly online volunteer efforts of Sanders and Trump supporters. With $1 million in funding, Correct the Record hired a paid staff of people that used to be reporters, bloggers, public affairs specialists, designers to post good things about Clinton.

On June 9, 2016, as a response to Donald Trump's tweet about Obama's endorsement to Clinton, she wrote with a three word tweet: "Delete your account". This tweet has become her most retweeted tweet of all time.

By the end of June 2016, this most retweeted tweet of all time got more than 1,000,000 interactions.

Memes
-----

One form of social media being used in the 2016 election are memes. *The Guardian* compared Internet memes to political cartoons, saying, "For the first time in a US election cycle, community-generated (created) memes have grown to play a significant (important) role in political discourse (debate), similar to the classic printed cartoon. While an Internet meme is unlikely to destroy a political career, lots of memes targeting a candidate might." Many memes attacked Ted Cruz.
A **metropolitan borough** (or **metropolitan district**) is a type of local government district in England and covers urban areas within metropolitan counties.

Current metropolitan boroughs (post 1974)
-----------------------------------------

The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London

The new authorities were actually defined by law as **metropolitan districts**, however all of them have borough status or city status. The new metropolitan boroughs replaced the county boroughs, municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts which existed before. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.

In 1986 the old metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were given to the boroughs, so they are to a large extent unitary authorities. Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as Passenger Transport Authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

The 36 current metropolitan boroughs are:

  


| Metropolitan county | Metropolitan districts | Number | County population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Merseyside | Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral | 5 | 1,365,000 |
| Greater Manchester | Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan | 10 | 2,573,200 |
| South Yorkshire | Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham | 4 | 1,290,000 |
| Tyne and Wear | Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside, Sunderland | 5 | 1,299,000 |
| West Midlands | Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, Wolverhampton | 7 | 2,916,458 |
| West Yorkshire | Leeds, Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, Wakefield | 5 | 2,161,200 |
**Nils Rudolf Århammar** (7 August 1931 – 10 January 2022) was a Swedish linguist.

Biography
---------

Århammar studied German language in Uppsala, Münster, Cologne and Marburg. In the early 1960s, he was a research assistant at the North Frisian Dictionary Unit at the Kiel University, he did research on the use of the North Frisian dialects Föhr North Frisian and Amrum North Frisian on the islands of Föhr and Amrum. Afterwards started working at the University of Marburg, where he became a lecturer in Swedish language in 1966. He continued his Frisian research at the same time.

In 1968, Århammar was commissioned by the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur to continue the scientific Helgoländer Wörterbuch [de], which was later withdrawn. In 1974 he was became lecturer in Germanic philology with particular responsibility for Frisian languages and Low German. In 1976 he became professor in Frisian languates and Gothic language at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.

In 1988, he became the first (and only) professor of Frisian and Frisian didactics at the University of Flensburg. At the same time, the position of director at the Nordfriisk Instituut in Bredstedt, was linked with the professorship in Flensburg.

After his retirement in 1996, he and his wife Ritva Århammar worked on the still unfinished Helgoländer Wörterbuch [de].

Århammar died in Bredstedt on 10 January 2022, at the age of 90.
**Paterson Clarence** "**Pat**" **Hughes**, DFC (19 September 1917 – 7 September 1940) was an Australian fighter ace of World War II. He served with the Royal Air Force (RAF). During the Battle of Britain he shot down 17 enemy aircraft. This was the highest number of aircraft shot down by an Australian during the battle, and the third highest by an Australian during World War II. Hughes was killed in action on 7 September 1940.

Hughes was born in Numeralla, New South Wales. He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936. After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF. In July 1937, he joined No. 64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters. Posted to No. 234 Squadron at the start of World War II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires. He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8 July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End. Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range. He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London. Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open. After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Hughes was buried in England.

  

Twin-engined, twin-finned aircraft in flight with single-engined aircraft in lower backgroundDornier Do 17 and Supermarine Spitfire, 1940

Other websites
--------------

* National Archives of Australia: Personal File Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Sutton & Wawne Museum: A brief biography of the Australian fighter pilot killed during the Battle of Britain, and buried in Sutton churchyard in 1940
* Battle of Britain Historical Society: Saturday, September 7th 1940
A **phantom smell** or **olfactory hallucination** is smelling an odor that is not actually there. It is also called **phantosmia.** It can occur in one nostril or both. Phantosmia with unpleasant smells, which is called cacosmia, is more common. It is often described as smelling something that is burned, foul, spoiled, or rotten. Experiencing phantom smells from time to time is normal and usually goes away on its own. When hallucinations of this type do not seem to go away or when they keep coming back, this can be very upsetting and can lower an individual's quality of life.

Common medical conditions such as nasal infections, nasal polyps, or dental problems can cause phantom smells. A phantom smell can also result from neurological conditions such as migraines, head injuries, strokes, Parkinson's disease, seizures, or brain tumors. It can also be a symptom of certain mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, intoxication or withdrawal from drugs and alcohol, or psychotic disorders. Certain substances in the environment can also cause phantom smells. These include tobacco smoke, certain types of chemicals (e.g. insecticides or solvents), or radiation treatment for head or neck cancer.

A physician can determine if the problem is with the sense of smell (olfactory system) or taste (gustatory system), or if it is caused by a neurological or psychiatric disorder. Phantosmia usually goes away on its own. Sometimes this occurs step by step. The process can take several years. When a phantom smell is caused by an illness (e.g. sinusitis), it should go away with theillness. If the problem persists or causes significant discomfort, a doctor might recommend nasal saline drops, antidepressant or anticonvulsant medications, anesthesia to parts of the nose, or in very rare circumstances, surgical procedures to remove the olfactory nerves or bulbs.
**Rouge** are a Brazilian pop girl group formed in 2002, through the SBT and Disney Channel talent show *Popstars* produced by RGB Entertainment. The group comprised singers Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Li Martins (then known as Patrícia Lissah) and Lu Andrade.

The group's debut studio album, the best-selling self-titled *Rouge* (2002), sold more than 2 million copies in Brazil. The success of the album was boosted by the songs "Não Dá pra Resistir", "Beijo Molhado" and, mainly, "Ragatanga", which helped to establish the group on a national platform. Their follow-up album, *C'est La Vie* (2003) produced the singles "Brilha La Luna", "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar" and "Vem Cair na Zueira", sold over 1 million copies. After the departure of Andrade, the four remaining members continued and released the albums *Blá Blá Blá* (2004) and *Mil e Uma Noites* (2005). The group disbanded in June 2006, when the contract with Sony Music was not renewed.

Measures of their success include, have sold 6 million records sales, becoming the most successful pop girl group in Brazil and Latin America, Under the guidance of their mentor and entrepreneur, music producer Rick Bonadio, they embarked on sold-out tours throughout Brazil and several countries in Latin America, Europe and Africa. They were also stars of commercials and television programs, as well as the faces of various licensed products such as sticker albums, sandals and dolls.

On September 12, 2017, they reformed for a second time, this time as a five-members, to celebrate a fifteen-year birthday, embarked on a tour of sold-out shows all over Brazil, the 15 Anos Tour. In followed, he released his first unreleased song since 2005, "Bailando". And, on February 1, 2019 the fifth studio album, *Les 5inq*, was released. On January 24, 2019, a new hiatus was announced for an indefinite time. It is unknown if Rouge will reunite after this new hiatus.

Other websites
--------------

* Rouge Website Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
Diploid cells have two homologous copies of each chromosome.
**Ploidy** is a term from genetics and cell biology. It is used to indicate the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Most eukaryotes have either one set (called haploid) or two sets (called **diploid**). Some other organisms are polyploid, they have more than two sets of chromosomes. Some amphibians are **triploid**, with three sets. The endosperm cells in the seeds of many plants are also triploid. Some kinds of trout or salmon have four sets (*tetraploid*). Other examples:

* wheat: 6 sets (*hectaploid*)
* certain sturgeons: 8 sets (*octoploid*)
* strawberries: 8 sets (*octoploid*)
* plumed cockscomb (a plant, *Celosia argentea*): 12 sets (*dodecaploid*)
* Bryophytes: body has one set; sporophyte has two sets.

Sex cells (gametes) are almost always haploid. If the reproductive stage (adult) is polyploid, then the gametes will have half the ploidy number of chromosomes. 

There are some variations of ploidy which are not discussed here. Some plant species with certain types of polyploidy do not use sexual reproduction, but survive with asexual methods.

Polyploidy
----------

**Polyploidy** occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

Most organisms are normally **diploid**, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in plants, but it does sometimes happen in animals. Some estimates suggest that 30-80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes. Huge increases in angiosperm (flowering plants) diversity have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species. 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase.

Polyploid plants arise spontaneously in nature. Many polyploids are fitter than their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that contribute to speciation and eco-niche exploitation.

Polyploidy may occur in one generation, and is an exception to the principle that evolution occurs gradually. There may, however, be many genetic changes in the species after polyploidy has taken place.

Gametes
-------

The gametes of polyploids are unusual, because they may carry several sets of chromosomes. For example, common wheat is a polyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets coming originally from each of three different species. So there are six sets of chromosomes in most cells, and three sets of chromosomes in the gametes.

Related pages
-------------

* Aneuploidy, one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species.

Related pages
-------------

* Karyotype
* Haplodiploidy
Road sign at Beverly Hills
Sunset Tower Hotel, Hollywood
 Sunset Blvd at the West Gate of Bel Air.
Sunset Strip is famous for its wall-to-wall advertising
**Sunset Boulevard** is a long road in west Los Angeles. It stretches 24 miles (39 km) from Figueroa Street in downtown (central) Los Angeles to the Pacific Coast Highway in Pacific Palisades at the Pacific Ocean. Part of the Boulevard, called **Sunset Strip**, passes through Hollywood.

Traffic
-------

The boulevard is at least four lanes wide for all of the route. Car accidents are not uncommon due to the lack of a central divider on most sections. The road also has difficult curves and hills that a driver cannot see over.

Sunset often has more cars on it than were planned for. It is worn, and has cracks and potholes. Traffic on Sunset is often slow, especially during the rush hour. But when traffic is mild, Sunset is a fast thoroughfare because it has few (and short timed) traffic lights in the western part. Even at rush hours, cars move without waiting, as the lights are well spaced and timed.

Sunset Strip
------------

This is the 1½ mile (2.4) km strip running through West Hollywood. The Strip is well-known; it has boutiques, restaurants, and nightclubs that are part of the entertainment industry. It is also known for its trademark array of huge, colorful billboards and is a 'hangout' for rock stars, movie stars and other entertainers.

Media
-----

Sunset Strip was the location of a popular TV show *77 Sunset Strip* (1958–1964), starring Ephrem Zimbalist Jnr. Many young stars made an appearance in the series.

Sunset Boulevard gave its name to a famous 1950 movie of the same name, starring Gloria Swanson, William Holden and Eric von Stroheim.
Anthony Davidson driving the SA08 at the 2008 Malaysian Grand Prix.
**Super Aguri SA08** is a Super Aguri F1 team car used in the 2008 Formula 1 season. The car was designed based on the Honda RA107 used in the 2007 season, and the SA08 is the successor to the 2007 Super Aguri SA07. It was driven by Takuma Satō and Anthony Davidson. The car made its debut at the 2008 Australian Grand Prix, and its last race at the 2008 Spanish Grand Prix. The car did not run a full season because prior to the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix, the Super Aguri team withdrew from Formula One.

Complete Formula One results
----------------------------

(key)

| Year | Team | Engine | Tyres | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Points | WCC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Super Aguri F1 Team | Honda V8 | **B**
 |  | AUS | MAL | BHR | ESP | TUR | MON | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | EUR | BEL | ITA | SIN | JPN | CHN | BRA | 0 | 11th |
| Sato | Ret | 16 | 17 | 13 | WD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Davidson | Ret | 15 | 16 | Ret | WD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nickel(II) chloride
**Nickel(II) chloride**, also known as **nickelous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCl2. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
----------

It is a yellow-green solid. It dissolves in water. It normally is attached to water molecules (hydrated). It reacts with ammonia to make a purple solution. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make a yellow solution. It reacts with bases to make nickel(II) hydroxide. Solutions of nickel(II) chloride have a pH of 4.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by dissolving nickel metal in hydrochloric acid. It also can be made by reacting nickel(II) oxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
----

It is used to electroplate nickel metal on metal objects. It is also used as a catalyst.

Safety
------

Nickel(II) chloride irritates skin and eyes. It can also cause cancer.

Related pages
-------------

* Nickel(II) sulfate
* Nickel(II) nitrate
An **overture** is a piece of music for the orchestra to play at the beginning of an opera or ballet. The word comes from the French word for "opening" because it "opens" the show.

Overtures usually have tunes which are going to be heard during the opera or ballet. In this way it prepares the audience for what is to come.

Many overtures in the 18th century were simply background music to get the audience's attention (people used to chatter during performances). Some composers like Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) used the same overture again and again for his next operas, or just changed bits of it.

Composers like Christoph Willibald Gluck and later Richard Wagner (1813-1883) were very careful to make the overture a dramatic beginning which prepared the audience for the story. Wagner often called his overtures "Vorspiel" (Prelude).

Not all composers wrote overtures to their operas. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) and Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) often go straight into the first act or they just have a very short prelude.

In the 19th century many Romantic composers wrote concert overtures. These pieces did not belong to any opera or ballet, they were just written to be heard at concerts. They often had a descriptive title because they told some sort of story, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote an overture "Fingal's Cave" which describes the sea coming into the cave in the Inner Hebrides islands. Sometimes these descriptive pieces were much longer than an overture (which is usually just a few minutes), so they were called tone poems.

Overtures are usually played in sonata form.

Related pages
-------------

* Incidental music
* Prelude
**Multi-criteria optimization**, or **multiobjective optimization** is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called **Pareto efficiency**, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies. 

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient. 

If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its **Pareto Frontier** or **Production Possibility Frontier**, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called **resources** or **factors of production**). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
**Prince Henri of Orléans, Duke of Aumale** (Henri Eugène Philippe Louis; 16 January 1822 – 7 May 1897) was a leader of the Orleanists, a political faction in 19th century France associated with constitutional monarchy. He was born in Paris, the fifth son of King Louis Philippe I. He used the title Duke of Aumale. He retired from public life in 1883. He was also a member of the *Académie française*.

Inheritance
-----------

At age of 8, he inherited a fortune of 66 million livres (approximately £200 million today). At the age of seventeen he entered the army with the rank of a captain of infantry.

Marriage and children
---------------------

On November 25, 1844, he married Princess Carolina Augusta of the Two Sicilies, daughter of the Leopold of the Two Sicilies, "Prince of Salerno" and his wife Maria Clementina of Austria, in Naples. The couple had several children, two of whom reached adulthood.

1. Louis Philippe Marie Léopold d'Orléans, Prince of Condé (15 November 1845 – 24 May 1866) died unmarried and childless.
2. Henri Léopold Philippe Marie d'Orléans, Duke of Guise (11 September 1847 – 10 October 1847) died in infancy.
3. François Paul d'Orléans, Duke of Guise (11 January 1852 – 15 April 1852) died in infancy.
4. François Louis Philippe Marie d'Orléans, Duke of Guise (5 January 1854 – 25 July 1872) died unmarried.
5. Stillborn son (15 June 1861).

Later life and death
--------------------

By his will of the June 3, 1884, Henri bequeathed his Chantilly estate to the Institute of France. This included the Château de Chantilly, with all the art he had collected there. The chateau became a museum. This generosity led the government to withdraw the decree of exile and the duke returned to France in 1889. He died in Lo Zucco, Sicily. He was buried in Dreux, in the chapel of the House of Orléans.

Titles
------

* 16 January 1822 - 13 August 1830 *His Serene Highness* The Duke of Aumale.
* 13 August 1830 - 7 May 1897 *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Aumale.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Prince Henri of Orléans, Duke of Aumale at Wikimedia Commons
**Summer Glau** (born July 24, 1981 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American dancer and actress. She is best known for playing as River Tam in the science fiction television series *Firefly* and movie *Serenity*.

Career
------

Glau has appeared in several other series and movies including:

Television
* Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles
* Angel
* The 4400
* The Unit
* CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
* The Cape

Movies
* Sleepover
* Mammoth

In February 2007, it was announced that Glau would be playing a role of Cameron Phillips in *The Sarah Connor Chronicles*, a spin-off of the Terminator series of movies. This character is a Terminator infiltration unit sent back to protect John Connor and Sarah Connor from Skynet.

Personal life
-------------

Summer Glau has been in a relationship with Cooper Gross. She is currently married to Val Morrison and has two children.

Related pages
-------------

* Firefly
* Serenity

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Summer Glau***.

* Summer Glau on IMDb
* Fansite - Summer Glau Wiki

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* United States

 |
A midge in the family Ceratopogonidae sitting on the leg joint of a feeding mantis and sucking its blood
**Midge** is a common term for many types of small fly. They are all in a suborder, the Nematocera.

They are found on practically every land area except permanently dry deserts and the frozen zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vectors of various diseases. Others are prey items for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows.

The highland midge of Scotland (*Culicoides impunctatus*) is present in huge numbers. It is a significant blood-sucking pest. It is found in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes) especially in the north west of Scotland from late spring to late summer.

The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family midges commonly have similar ecological roles. Examples of families which include midges are:

* Blephariceridae, net-winged midges
* Cecidomyiidae, gall midges
* Ceratopogonidae, biting midges

also known as no-see-ums or punkies in North America, and sandflies in Australia.
* Chaoboridae, phantom midges
* Chironomidae, non-biting midges

also known as muffleheads in the Great Lakes region of North America
* Deuterophlebiidae, mountain midges
* Dixidae, meniscus midges
* Scatopsidae, dung midges
* Thaumaleidae, solitary midges
The **Shyok River** is a river flowing through Disputed Area Ladakh and the Northern Areas of Pakistan (Ghanche District). Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tongues of Siachen Glacier and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra River (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachen Glacier).

The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan). The Nubra river originating from the Siachen glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus River and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers.

Shyok river and valley

Tributaries
-----------

* The **Chang Chen Mo River** is formed in the vicinity of Pamzal in Changchinmo plains of Disputed Area Ladakh and flows westward. It ends when it empties into the Shyok River.
* The **Galwan River** is in the southern part of Disputed Area Aksai Chin, Galwan originates in the area of Samzungling and flowing to the west joins the Shyok River.
* The **Nubra River** is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Disputed Area Ladakh area of Disputed Area Jammu and Kashmir.
* The **Saltoro River** begins in the skirts of the Saltoro Kangri peak ridge and flows to the southwest. Another branch starts from the slopes of the Masherbroom peak and flows to the south to join Saltoro. In the end this river empties into **Shyok River** near the coldest part of Pakistan the town of Khaplu.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Pakistan
Fassbender at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International.
**Michael Fassbender** (born 2 April 1977) is a German and Irish actor. He is best known for appearing in the movies *Inglourious Basterds* (2009), *X-Men: First Class* (2011), *Prometheus* (2012), *12 Years a Slave* (2013), and *X-Men: Days of Future Past* (2014).

Fassbender was born in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany (now Germany). His mother, Adele, is Irish and his father, Josef, is German. When he was two years old, his parents moved to Killarney, County Kerry, in the Republic of Ireland. He lives in London, England. He is fluent in both English and German.

Filmography
-----------

Films

300 (2007)

Solid Of Gold (2007)

Legends of Destruction (2008)

God Of War Part I (2009)

Rise and Fall (2010)

Birds (2010)

God Of War Part II (2010)

Demolished (2010)

Godzilla (2011)

X-Men First Class (2011)

Legacy (2012)

God Of War II - Killer Of The Thieves (2012)

The Lion Battle (2013)

Deathshot (2014)

The Last Airbender II (2014)

God Of War III - God Of The Seas (2014)

Macbeth (2015)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Michael Fassbender at Wikimedia Commons

* Michael Fassbender on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Italy
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| People | 
* Germany

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
**Mount Othrys** (Greek: όρος Όθρυς – *oros Othrys*, also Όθρη – *Othri*) is a mountain in central Greece, in the northeastern part of Phthiotis and southern part of Magnesia 39°1′1″N 22°42′35″E﻿ / ﻿39.01694°N 22.70972°E﻿ / 39.01694; 22.70972.

During the ten-year war between the Titans and the Olympians (the ones that existed then) and their allies both sides used a mountain as the base for their headquarters. While the Olympians chose Mount Olympus the Titans picked Mount Othrys. The two mountains were in actuality ten miles apart.

The Black Castle
----------------

After Kronos freed the Cyclops and the Hekatonkheires, Kronos ordered them to build a castle made out of the metal found in Mount Othrys. The castle then became the base of the Titans during the war between the Olympians and the Titans

Fun Facts
---------

The mountain was so tremendous, even Zeus was afraid when he first saw it.

Titans who live there:

* Kronos
* Oceanus
* Hyperion
* Koios
* Krios
* Iapetos
* Tethys
* Theia
* Phoebe
* Rhea
* Themis
* Mnemosyne

The Titans were evil and cruel, which made Olympian Gods the exact same, since they are parents of Gods. The Olympian Gods are actually Titans and the heroes are demi-titans.
**Sam Mayo** (1881-1938) was an English entertainer, who worked in the music hall business.

Life
----

Born in London on 31 July 1881, Mayo first worked in his father's shop while also getting sporting bets and singing in local pubs and clubs with his brothers.

Mayo married Zillah Flash (performing name: Stella Stanley) in Brighton on 13 August 1904. His life-long addiction of gambling made him bankrupt three times. Mayo died in London on 31 March 1938.

Career
------

Mayo developed a unique comic style as a music hall singer. Dressed in a dressing gown, or housecoat, he sang emotionless at the piano with nonsensical humour. He became known as "The Immobile One". Mayo mostly wrote his own songs and gave other entertainers, such as Ernie Mayne, with material. He held the record for appearing at the biggest number of concerts in a single evening: nine performances at nine London venues on the evening of 21 January 1905.

Trivia
------

The noted writer Katherine Mansfield quoted Mayo's lyrics in a letter from 1 November 1920.

Other websites
--------------

* Sam Mayo on IMDb
* Text collection of Sam Mayo's lyrics
* Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1930
* Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1931
* Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1932
* Sam Mayo: *Things are Worse in Russia*
* Sam Mayo: *I'll Prove That I'm Right*
* Sam Mayo: *The Toreador*
* Sam Mayo: *Bread and Marmalade*
* Sam Mayo: *The Trumpeter*
**Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford** (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was married to actor Peter Lawford from 1954 to 1966.

Early life
----------

She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the sixth of nine children born to Rose (nee Fitzgerald) and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr..

Marriage and family
-------------------

She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s. They met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954. They married on April 24, 1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland and her family. Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher. 

The couple had four children, all born in Santa Monica, California:

* **Christopher Kennedy Lawford** (1955-03-29)March 29, 1955–September 4, 2018(2018-09-04) (aged 63)
* **Sydney Maleia Kennedy Lawford** born  (1956-08-25) August 25, 1956 (age 66)
* **Victoria Francis Lawford** born  (1958-11-04) November 4, 1958 (age 64)
* **Robin Elizabeth Lawford** born  (1961-07-02) July 2, 1961 (age 61)

Personal life
-------------

With Lawford (far right) are (l-r) Senator Ted Kennedy, Jean Kennedy Smith, Raisa Gorbachyova, and Mikhail Gorbachev.
After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer. She worked with the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, as well as with the National Center on Addiction, and was a founder of the National Committee for the Literary Arts, for which she arranged a series of author lectures and scholarships.

Death
-----

Lawford died at her Manhattan home from pneumonia at the age of 82. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as, at the time, her sisters Eunice and Jean, and her brother Ted.

Related pages
-------------

* Kennedy family

Other websites
--------------

* Patricia Kennedy Lawford obituary
* Patricia Kennedy Lawford on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* NARA

 |
*The Sacred Basin*
The **Sacro Catino** is an artifact preserved in Genoa in the Museum of the Treasure of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo ; tradition has it the authentic Holy Grail, or the simulacrum of the dish used by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper, brought to Genoa after the First Crusade by Guglielmo Embriaco .

The item
--------

The basin is a hexagonal vase made of bright green transparent material. When it was brought to Genoa it was believed that it was emerald. The Sacro Catino ended up shattered during its stay in France and was the subject of various restorations : the first in 1908, in 1951, and finally in 2017.

The study of the object made during the period of presence in France by the Académie des sciences of the Institut de France established that it was a Byzantine crystal and not an emerald. The following studies would have postdated the work considering it to be an Islamic artifact of the 9th - 10th century .

History or Legend
-----------------

The source of this belief is Jacopo da Varagine, who tells in the Genoese Chronicle that, during the first Crusade ( XI century ), the Genoese soldiers under the command of Guglielmo Embriaco participated in the capture of the city of Cesarea ( 1101 ), coming into possession of what was believed to be the dish of Jesus' Last Supper.

When Genoa was conquered Napoleon Bonaparte, the dish was brought to Paris in 1806 and, when it was returned on June 14, 1816, it returned to Genoa broken into 10 pieces, one of which was missing.

In 2017, the "emerald vase" was returned to the city in its transparent color, after the restoration carried out by the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in Florence. According to L. Ciatti, protagonist of the restoration attributed to Daniele Angellotto  said it was not obtained from a huge natural emerald, but that it was a simple green glass vase, with no economic value.

Bibliography
------------

* Daniele Calcagno, *The mystery of the "Sacro Catino"*, ed. Ecig, 2000.
* Fra Agostino Schiaffino, *Ecclesiastical Annals of Liguria by the Reverend Father Fra Agostino Schiaffino Genovese*, Volume II, f. 174. ("... in this city
* Fra Gaetano da S. Teresa, *The eastern emerald basin, a gem consecrated by Our Lady 'year 1101*, in the Giovanni Franchelli printing house, Genoa 1726.

Related pages
-------------

* Crusade
* Grail

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sacro Catino (Genoa)***.

* San Lorenzo Museum Archived 2009-07-23 at the Wayback Machine of Genoa
* "Il piatto dell'Ultima Cena". *cicap.org*. 2006-10-06. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
***Panderichthys*** is a genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish). It lived in the late Devonian period, about 380 mya. Possible tetrapod tracks dating back to before the appearance of *Panderichthys* in the fossil record were found. This suggests that *Panderichthys* is not a direct ancestor of tetrapods. It shows the traits which evolved during the fish-tetrapod evolution.

Decreased oxygen in the atmosphere would have caused the oxygen concentrations in water to decrease. This would have caused any aquatic animal which could breathe air to have an advantage, and be more likely to thrive. 

In addition to its ability to swim in water, *Panderichthys* could also breathe air. Its strong pectoral fins might allow it to prop up its head in shallow water and take a breath.

Description
-----------

*Panderichthys* is a 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in–6 ft 7 in) long fish with a large tetrapod-like head that is flattened, narrow at the snout and wide in the back. 

In January 2010, *Nature* reported well-preserved and "securely dated" tetrapod tracks from Polish marine tidal flat sediments approximately 397 million years old. These fossil tracks suggest that a group of two meter long tetrapods lived in the fully marine intertidal or lagoonal areas on the south coast of Laurussia. This implies that *Panderichthys* is not a transitional fossil and represents its own adaptive morphology. Therefore, *Panderichthys* can only be a "late-surviving relic", showing traits that evolved during the transition from fish-like creatures to tetrapods, but whose date does not reflect that transition. The tracks "force a radical reassessment of the timing, ecology and environmental setting of the fish–tetrapod transition, as well as the completeness of the body fossil record".
Different kinds of protists:. Clockwise from top left: red algae, brown algae, ciliate, golden algae, Foraminifera ; parasitic flagellate; pathogenic amoeba ; amoebozoan slime mold
**Protists** are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term **Protista** was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.

The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).

Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused. 

Some protists cause diseases. *Plasmodium falciparum* causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.

An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the *Paramecium* or "slipper animalcule." The *Paramecium* moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

Nutrition in protists| Nutritional type | Source of energy | Source of carbon | Examples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Phototrophs  |  Sunlight  |  Organic compounds or carbon fixation |  Algae, Dinoflagellates or Euglena  |
|  Organotrophs  Heterotrophs |  Organic compounds  |  Organic compounds  |  Apicomplexa, Trypanosomes or Amoebae  |

Origin and taxonomy
-------------------

Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing the origins of eukaryotes
Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.
Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last President of Poland in exile
**Ryszard Kaczorowski** (born 26 November 1919 in Białystok - died 10 April 2010 in Smolensk, near Katyn Forest) was a Polish politician and statesman. He was the last President of Poland within Government in Exile. It originated from early days of the World War II and was internationally recognized until 1945. 

Kaczorowski was active in Polish scouting movement, organized anti-Soviet resistance in 1939-1940. He was arrested, sentenced to death, which was commuted to 10 years of hard labour. He was then released in 1941. He joined Anders Army and fought in a battle of Monte Cassino. Kaczorowski decided to remain in exile in the United Kingdom after the establishment of the communist government. He worked for many years as economist, but never became a British citizen. He was active in emigree circles. He was the head of exiled Polish scouting for example.

After retirement, he became Minister of Home Affairs. In exile, he was named designated successor for President Kazimierz Sabbat. He succeeded the office on 19 July 1989 following Sabbat sudden death.

After the popular election of Lech Wałęsa for President of Poland in 1990, Kaczorowski handed presidential insignia of pre-War Poland to him. The Government in Exile ended its historical activity and recognized the new Third Republic of Poland.

Although he largely was not involved in partisan politics, Kaczorowski remained an active figure after his Presidency. He visited Poland frequently (as he lived permanently in London) and participated in many events.

In 1952 he married academic Karolina Kaczorowska. They were married until his death in 2010.

He died in a presidential plane crash with President Lech Kaczyński on 10 April 2010 in Russia. His body was buried in state in Warsaw's Belvedere Palace. His crypt was buried in the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Ryszard Kaczorowski at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 57°30′S 40°00′W﻿ / ﻿57.500°S 40.000°W﻿ / -57.500; -40.000

Approximate area of the sea in the Southern Hemisphere
Launching the *James Caird* from the shore of Elephant Island, 24 April 1916
The **Scotia Sea** is partly in the Southern Ocean and mostly in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Location and description
------------------------

Normally stormy and cold, the Scotia Sea is the area of water between Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. It is bordered on the west by Drake Passage. These island groups all sit on top of the Scotia Ridge. The Scotia Sea covers an area of about 900,000 km². About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.

The islands are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round.

Flora and fauna
---------------

The islands do have vegetation. They have been called **Scotia Sea Islands tundra** ecoregion. These include South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano Bouvet Island. All these islands are in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence. These areas have tundra vegetation of mosses, lichen and algae. Seabirds, penguins and seals feed in the surrounding waters. 

Seabirds include four species of albatross: Black-browed Albatross *(Diomedea melanophris)*, Grey-headed Albatross *(Thalassarche chrysostoma)*, Light-mantled Albatross *(Phoebetria palpebrata)*, and Wandering Albatross *(Diomedea exulans)*. There are only five species of bird that stay on land. These include two endemic species: a race of the Yellow-billed Pintail duck*(Anas georgica)* and South Georgia Pipit *(Anthus antarcticus)*.

Penguin species found here include large numbers of King Penguins, as well as Chinstrap Penguin, Macaroni Penguin, Gentoo penguin, Adelie Penguin, and Rockhopper Penguin *(Eudyptes chrysocome)*. 

Seals include the Antarctic Fur Seal *(Arctocephalus gazella)* and Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal *(Arctocephalus tropicalis)* in large numbers, Leopard Seal *(Hydrurga leptonyx)*, Weddell Seal *(Leptonychotes weddellii)*, the huge Southern Elephant Seal *(Mirounga leonina)*, and Crabeater Seal *(Lobodon carcinophagus)*.

South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves. Bird Island, South Georgia is a site of special scientific interest.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Scotia Sea at Wikimedia Commons