recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Inner city block in Dresden
 The Eixample in Barcelona : An example of a district that is predominantly characterized by closed blocks of houses
A **city block** is a block of houses, in a built up area. Usually, it is delimited by roads, pathways, or by geographical features, such as a railway line or a river. It consists of several land lots which are directly next to each other, and usually privately owned. 

View of Manhattan, the different land lots are clearly visible. 
A city block is a typical form of inner-city design. Commonly, multi-storey apartment buildings, semi-detatched houses, office blocks, or mixed-use houses make up the elements of a city block. As all the houses touch each other, this is known as a closed form.

In the suburbs, there is more space, and the buildings don't usually touch each other. This is known as an open form.

In Europe, cities have grown over centuries, and their layout is different from that of a planned city. As a result, the city block in a planned city also looks different.

Origin
------

The design of city blocks started with the emergence of cities, in the Middle Ages. Medieval Hanseatic cities already used city blocks. The design can also be found in baroque inner cities, such as the Dutch Quarter in Potsdam. It is typical of absolutist urban development and the tenement districts of major German cities that were built after 1870 during the Wilhelminian era. In response to the housing shortage of the 1920s, housing associations built apartment blocks with large courtyards and small apartments. At the same time, however, city planners were also looking for alternatives to the perimeter block development that was common at the time. What they did was build blocks perpendicular to the road; they would then build footpaths as access. This has the benefit that all apartments get the same amount of sunshine. It has the drawback, that larger arrangements look monontonus.This kind of city planning was widespread during the reconstruction of Germany after the Second World War, in the 1950s and 1960s. Another benefit of this model is that neighborhoods have a better airflow.

During the Middle Ages, city blocks were often simply chaining buildings, in an unplanned way.

Even in antiquity , there were planned cities. Examples of this are the city of Miletus, or the model of a Roman city, which both used a regular grid layout. During the Baroque era, citty planning was common: Cities were planned with big geometric layouts, later they were divided into different land lots, before being built.

City blocks are also used for collecting statistical data on the population structure. When visualizing 3D city models, people oftenuse simplified solid bodies that are supposed to correspond to *the real building blocks.*
**Bush v. Gore** was a United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) ruling from December 11, 2000 that stopped Florida's manual recount because different Florida counties had different rules for deciding what should count as a valid vote. SCOTUS also disliked the fact that the Florida recount was limited to undervotes (rather than having *all of* Florida's ballots be manually recounted) and said that there was no time for a new recount in Florida since Florida's Supreme Court said that the Florida state legislature wanted Florida to take advantage of the "safe harbor" deadline on December 12, 2000.

In *Bush v. Gore*, seven Justices (everyone other than Ruth Bader Ginsburg and John Paul Stevens) agreed that there were Equal Protection problems with Florida's recount, five Justices (everyone other than Ginsburg, Stevens, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer) said that there was no time for a new Florida recount, and three Justices (Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas) went a step further than this by saying that in addition to violating the Equal Protection Clause, Florida's Supreme Court also violated Article II of the United States Constitution by changing Florida's election laws.

SCOTUS's *Bush v. Gore* ruling got a lot of criticism but was also defended in a long 2001 law review article by George Mason University law professor Nelson Lund.
**Bryan-Michael Cox** (born December 1, 1977) is an award-winning American songwriter and record producer.

He has co-written and co-produced singles including: Mariah Carey's "Shake It Off"; Tamia's "Still"; Fantasia's "Only One U"; Danity Kane's "Ride For You"; LeToya's "Obvious"; Mary J. Blige's "Be Without You"; Toni Braxton's "Trippin' (That's the Way Love Works)"; and Usher's "Confessions, Pt. 2". Cox has been producing professionally since 1998, receiving his first formal credit on 1999's "Get Gone" by the Houston R&B group Ideal.

History
-------

Cox was born in Miami and grew up in Houston, where he attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. While in the eleventh grade, he met and was mentored by Greg Curtis (who produced and co-wrote Keyshia Cole's 2006 hit "Love"). From Curtis, who had a studio in Houston, Cox learned the basic fundamentals of creating songs, including production, using audio equipment, recording, as well as songwriting and structuring.

During his senior year, he was joined at the school by singer Beyoncé and her former Destiny's Child group member LeToya Luckett. His friendship with Beyoncé and her belief in his talent resulted in his first "real" recording session, which consisted of doing three demo songs for the group then known only as "Destiny." Although the songs were never officially released, Cox expressed that the session really led him to know that he wanted to be a professional music producer.

In 1997, he moved to Atlanta to attend Clark Atlanta University (CAU), where he majored in music. However, the mean reason for his move was to get into the music industry. He looked for opportunities within the music industry. Based on information from a campus brochure, he sought out and obtained an unpaid internship with the Noontime production company, to gain experience and opportunities. His hard work paid off as his affiliation with Noontime led him to work with Jagged Edge, which led to him meeting Jermaine Dupri. Cox's relationship with Dupri soon led to producing and writing for Nivea, Monica, Da Brat and Lil' Bow Wow. Though Cox has since co-written and co-produced an extensive body of work (including Hot 100 #1 hits such as Mariah Carey's "Don't Forget About Us" plus Usher's "Burn," "Confessions, Pt. 2" and "U Got It Bad") and won two Grammy awards (for his work on albums by Carey and Usher), Mary J. Blige's "Be Without You" marked his first Hot 100 Top 5 hit without Dupri.
Portrait of Russian boyar Pyotr Potemkin by Juan Carreño de Miranda, 1681-1682
A **boyar** was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria. The boyars held the most important jobs in the army. They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar. In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy. There were about 200 boyar families. Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats. They were not nobility in the European sense. Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read. They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.
The **British Red Cross** is the United Kingdom body of the neutral humanitarian network the Red Cross. The society was formed in 1870 and is a registered charity with over 32,500 volunteers and 3500 staff. The charity helps people both in the UK and overseas and are not biased towards any faith or other belief.

Guiding ethos
-------------

The mission of the British Red Cross is to help people across the country. The organization has seven fundamental principles (given by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) that staff and volunteers must follow:

* Humanity
* Impartiality
* Neutrality
* Independence
* Voluntary Service
* Unity
* Universality

The British Red Cross also has four local values, which guide the way they work:

* Compassionate
* Inclusive
* Dynamic
* Courageous

The British Red Cross is recognised by the UK Government as one of three Voluntary Aid Societies, the other two being St John Ambulance and St Andrew's Ambulance Association.  They are the sole Red Cross Society for the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories.

Activities
----------

The British Red Cross operate an **Emergency Response** service, which act to support the governmental emergency services in times of crisis. 

For example, first aid support (and distribution of first aid supplies), managing a disaster appeal scheme or providing telephone support lines after a disaster are frequent tasks of the British Red Cross. All services of the British Red Cross can be used for the emergency response service if needed. For example, ambulances belonging to the British Red Cross can be used to help the NHS in caring for the injured. 

The British Red Cross will (and have done before) deal with emergencies in the UK, such as the Manchester Arena Bombing or the Grenfell Tower fire, as well as more environmental emergencies such as floods. They do not send volunteers abroad to help in emergencies as these are dealt with by the local emergency services.

### First Aid Ambulance Provision

An ambulance with Red Cross markings (near the back), used by the British Red Cross
The IRC (International Red Cross movement) is the largest provide of first aid in the world and the British Red Cross frequently provide first aid at sports events, concerts and other large events. 

The training done by Event First Aid Service volunteers varies, but all of them have access to advanced training, becoming part of an Ambulance Crew or even becoming a fully qualified ambulance technician. The British Red Cross do employ paramedics, but they do not train them in-house.
A **children's hospital** is a type of hospital. It is generally for people under the age of 18. Some children's hospitals also do maternity and childbirth. 

Before the 19th century there were no children's hospitals as we now know them. Sick children were looked after by their mothers. There were orphanages, and foundling hospitals for children with no mothers. The Foundling Hospital, set up in London in 1739, is one of the most well known. Dispensaries, funded by donations were opened to provide medicine and medical attention to families who could not afford private care. 

Children's hospitals were started in the 19th century. They were mostly quite small. They did not usually care for babies. They were mostly funded by donations. In the 20th century doctors and nurses began to specialize in the care of children. The death rate of children improved. The Hôpital des Enfants Malades was the first in Europe, started in 1801.
Great Ormond Street Hospital was the first in Britain, started in 1852.

Until the 1970s most children's hospitals restricted adult visitors.
**Carola Maria Häggkvist** (Swedish pronunciation: [kaˈɾoːla ˈhɛɡkvɪst]; born 8 September 1966), also known as simply **Carola**, is a Swedish singer and occasional songwriter. She has been among Sweden's most popular performers since the early 1980s, and has released albums ranging from pop and disco to hymns and folk music. Some of her greatest hits include *Främling* (English: *Stranger*) from 1983, *Tommy tycker om mig* (*Tommy likes me*) from 1984, *Fångad av en stormvind* (*Captured by a Lovestorm*) from 1991, *All the Reasons to Live* from 1992, *I Believe in Love* from 2001, *Genom allt* (*Through it all*) from 2005 and *Evighet* (*Eternity*) from 2006.

She has represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest on three occasions: in 1983, finishing third; in 1991, winning the contest; and in 2006, finishing fifth, which makes her one of the artists with the best track record in Eurovision history.

Carola has released records in various languages: Swedish, Dutch, German, English, Norwegian and Japanese.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Carola Häggkvist at Wikimedia Commons


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Haggkvist, Carola |
| Alternative names | Carola; Sørgaard, Carola |
| Short description | Swedish singer, winner of the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest |
| Date of birth | 8 September 1966 |
| Place of birth | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
Odysseus chasing Circe, painting on an Ancient Greek bowl
"The Magician Circe", by Giovanni Domenico Cerrini. a 17th-century Italian painter
In Greek mythology, **Circe** (/ˈsɜːrsiː/; Greek **Κίρκη** *Kírkē* "falcon") is a minor goddess of magic. Sometimes, she is described as a nymph, witch, enchantress or sorceress. In the *Odyssey* Homer describes her as 'The loveliest of all immortals,' living on the island of Aeaea, famous for her part in the adventures of Odysseus.

In most descriptions, Circe was the daughter of Helios, the god of the sun, and Perse, an Oceanid, and the sister of Aeetes, the keeper of the Golden Fleece, Perses, and Pasiphaë, the Wife of King Minos and mother of the Minotaur. Other accounts make her the daughter of Hecate.

Circe transformed her enemies, or those who offended her, into animals through the use of magical potions. She was known for her knowledge of drugs and herbs.

That Circe also purified the Argonauts for the death of Apsyrtus, as told in *Argonautica*, may be an early tradition.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Circe at Wikimedia Commons
**Christian IV** (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was the king of Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death. He had a rule of more than 59 years. Because of this, he has the longest rule of all the kings of Denmark. He is sometimes referred to as *Christian Firtal* in Denmark and *Christian Kvart* or *Quart* in Norway.

Court life
----------

Christian was the son of Frederick II, king of Denmark-Norway, and Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was born at Frederiksborg castle in 1577. He succeeded the throne at 11, when his father died on 4 April 1588. While he was still growing up, chancellor Niels Kaas and the *Rigsraadet* council served as helpers of the royal power. He received a good education. He was a strong-willed and clever student. At the age of 19, Christian became king on 17 August 1596.

On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, a daughter of Joachim Friedrich, margrave of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. The queen died 14 years later, after giving birth to six children. Four years after her death the king privately married a beautiful young gentlewoman, Kirsten Munk. Through her he had 12 children. However, this marriage was to be very bad to Denmark.

In the course of 1628 he discovered an affair of his wife, Kirsten Munk, with one of his German officers. When he put her away she tried to cover up her own disgrace by suggesting an affair between one of her fired maids and the king. In January 1630 they separated completely. Kirsten went away to Jutland. Meanwhile, Christian openly declared Vibeke as his mistress. She gave birth to a large family. Vibeke's children were of course the natural enemies of the children of Kirsten Munk. The anger of the two families influenced the future history of Denmark.
**Chuck Norris facts** is an Internet phenomenon with joke "facts" about martial artist and actor Chuck Norris. The "facts" are jokes about Norris' toughness, attitude, virility, "alpha-male status", and masculinity. They are given in a comically serious tone, for example:

*Chuck Norris' tears cure cancer. Too bad Chuck Norris has never cried. Ever.*

The "facts" usually say that Chuck Norris is a very angry, all-powerful, superbeing. Some of these "facts" have also turned into popular jokes. Like most Internet phenomena, the Chuck Norris facts have spread around the world. They have been translated into many different languages as well as used as the basis for advertising and other Internet phenomena. The "facts" often refer to his use of roundhouse kick attacks to do almost anything, his beard, and his role in the action television series *Walker, Texas Ranger*.

Background
----------

Chuck Norris facts were first seen on the Internet in early 2005. Conan O'Brien's Chuck Norris jokes on *Late Night with Conan O'Brien* have been seen as a cause for the fad. These "facts" are similar to "Tall tales" such as those of Paul Bunyan. Chuck Norris Facts started being used in the gaming community shortly after a Chuck Norris Fact generator was created for use with World of Warcraft in early 2006.

Chuck's response
----------------

Chuck Norris has talked about the Chuck Norris facts on his official website, chucknorris.com, with a statement. He was surprised and liked the attention. He said that some of the statements were indeed funny but he tries not to take any of them seriously. He hoped that the "facts" would get people to want to know the real facts about Chuck Norris found in his literary works.

Norris appeared in a 2007 commercial for Mountain Dew where he had his revenge on the two fictional webmasters of a site that showed Norris in a humorous way. This is a reference to the Chuck Norris facts meme.

In December, 2007, Norris sued when these statements were published in book form by Penguin in November 2007.

Other websites
--------------

* Chuck Norris Facts.com Archived 2007-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Over 8,000 Chuck Norris facts (with sounds)
* More Chuck Norris facts Archived 2007-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Chuck Norris' official response Archived 2009-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
* A Washington Post article on Chuck Norris facts
A map of Mexico's population change in the sixteenth century. Cocolizli pandemic causes a sharp decline in Mexico's population.
The **Cocoliztli epidemics** were a group of times many people in New Spain became sick. New Spain is Mexico and parts of South America today. The Cocoliztli epidemics were in the 16th century. Today, scientists do not know which germ caused the sickness. There may have been a few different germs. People had fevers and bled from their ears and noses. The Aztecs called this disease "Cocoliztli." The epidemic is divided into two groups, causing a total of 7 million to 17.5 million deaths. It was one of the deadliest epidemics in history and the worst epidemic in Mexican history. The first wave of epidemics broke out from 1545 to 1548, killing 5 to 15 million people (about 80% of the Mexican people); the second wave of epidemics broke out from 1576 to 1578 Between 2 and 2.5 million people died (approximately 50% of Mexico's people). Some historians believe that the epidemic may have been smallpox, typhus or measles, but none of these match the symptoms people had. Some people think this epidemic was a viral hemorrhagic fever, which was made worse by the severe drought at that time. Today, scientists think Salmonella was at least one of the germs brought to North and South America by the European colonists.

Name
----

The word *cocoliztli* comes from the Nahuatl word for "pest" or disease, illness, and plague.
MC Rage, SonneMondSterne 2018
**Chase & Status** are an electronic production duo from London consisting of Saul "Chase" Milton and Will "Status" Kennard.

History
-------

### 2006–2009: Debut album

Chase & Status have had three number one tracks on the UK Dance Chart in 2007 with the double A-side "Hurt You"/"Sell Me Your Soul", and in 2008 with "Take Me Away"/"Judgement (Informer)". On 5 October 2008, they reached number 70 on the national singles chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart again with their single "Pieces" with vocals by Plan B. In 2009, they made number 45 with "Against All Odds" which had UK rapper Kano on vocals.

Chase & Status' first album, *More Than Alot*, debuted in the UK album charts at number 49 on 19 October 2008 and entered the UK dance album chart at number 2.

Their album *More Than Alot* received the Best Album Award at the 2009 Drum and Bass awards, Birmingham, UK.

### 2009–present: No More Idols

Following the success of their last album the band wanted to gain a more global success. After meeting with a long time favourite of theirs, Cloud9, they decided to move in a different direction. Together they agreed that the band should do more pop collaborations in order to achieve a more better fanbase. Soon afterwards they quickly began working on the album. On 8 November 2009, the duo entered the UK Top 40 for the first time with the track "End Credits". The track was released on 2 November 2009 and featuring British musician Plan B managed to reach a peak of number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was written for the movie *Harry Brown*, which also starred Ben Drew, aka. Plan B.

The duo then released "Let You Go" on 15 August 2010, revealing it to be the second official single to be released from their second studio album, named *No More Idols* according to posters outside their album launch show at the HMV Forum in Kentish Town on October 21. The single had vocals from Mali and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 11; marking the duo's second Top 40 hit in a row. "Hypest Hype" featuring Tempa T was confirmed in October 2010 to be the third single from the album and was released as a free download from their website on 8 November 2010; meaning it did not qualify to chart. The fourth single from the album is the dubstep-flavoured *Blind Faith*, which features Nottingham-born soul singer/songwriter Liam Bailey was released on January 24, 2011. The new album also contains a new single 'Heavy' with Dizzee Rascal.
**Coeliac disease** (**Celiac disease** in American English) is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also often tired.

Overview
--------

People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their stomach area, diarrhoea or steatorrhea. These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.

To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such as children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as hormone shifts or illness.

To find out if a person has coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged because of coeliac disease.

Other websites
--------------

* Celiac Disease Foundation
* What is Celiac Disease? Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
***Collide with the Sky*** is the third album by San Diego experimental rock group Pierce the Veil. It was released on July 27, 2012 under Fearless Records in the United States. The album's lead single "King for A Day" was released on June 5, 2012 for digital download and contemporary radio. The single features Sleeping With Sirens singer Kellin Quinn. The second single titled "Bulls in the Bronx" was released on June 25, 2012 for digital download. The band supported the album throughout the 2012 Van's Warped Tour in the summer.

Track listing
-------------

1. "May These Noises Startle You In Your Sleep"
2. "Hell Above"
3. "A Match Into Water"
4. "King For A Day" (featuring Kellin Quinn of Sleeping with Sirens)
5. "Bulls In The Bronx"
6. "Props & Mayhem"
7. "Tangled In The Great Escape" (featuring Jason Butler of Letlive.)
8. "I'm Low On Gas and You Need A Jacket"
9. "The First Punch"
10. "One Hundred Sleepless Nights"
11. "Stained Glass Eyes and Colorful Tears"
12. "Hold On Till May" (featuring Oh No, Fiasco)

Album artwork
-------------

According to Vic Fuentes, "the theme to the album artwork is 'jumping off of the ground that is breaking beneath you'. The idea is to inspire hope amongst the chaos that may be happening around you. If the ground was breaking beneath your feet, your first reaction may be to run and jump to safety, and it's that moment where you are suspended in the air that I am focusing on. A still frame where you're not sure if the person is falling or flying. It's about freeing yourself from the things that are breaking or falling apart in your life, and inspiring a sense of hope from the desperation".

Reception
---------

The album has been received rather well by critics. Alternative Press rated the album 4/5 stars saying "Collide with the Sky is PTV's best work to date". They praised the album for the power pop hooks on "Props & Mayhem", saying that you should download "Tangled in the Great Escape". AbsolutePunk commented that the album is "sure to continue Pierce the Veil's steady ascent to the top of their league", concluding that "[it] proves Pierce the Veil are seemingly still one step ahead of everyone else when it comes to concocting energetic slices of post-hardcore and that they won’t be dropping the ball any time soon."

Personnel
---------

### Pierce the Veil

* Vic Fuentes - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano
* Mike Fuentes - drums, percussion, backing vocals
* Jaime Preciado - bass guitar, unclean vocals
* Tony Perry - lead guitar

Release history
---------------

The album was released in the United Kingdom on July 16, 2012. It was released in the United States on July 17, 2012 with the release of the bonus track "Hold On Till May", the acoustic version.
Practicing catch and release
**Catch and release** is a practice in sport fishing for conservation of the various species. Once caught, the fisherman carefully and quickly removes the hook from the fish's mouth. Then, without causing any harm, returns the fish alive to the water. Weighing and measuring of the fish, if done, are often done in the water. Using barbless hooks, it is often possible to release the fish without removing it from the water (a slack line is frequently sufficient).

Catch and release is an ethical decision by fishermen but it is not for every situation. the Snakehead fish, for example, is an invasive species. It is illegal in many places to return them to the water. The Muskellunge is a highly prized game fish in many places. But, in a few places it is seen also as an invasive species and should not be returned to the water.

Debates
-------

Debates continue over the practice of catch and release. In Canada, many First Nations peoples feel strongly that fish should only be taken as needed for food. That "playing with the fish" is not showing proper respect. Sportsmen point out that catch and release is respectful since they take only what they need and release the rest.

Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. A fish hooked in the gills or stomach usually has a very high Mortality rate. Hooks with no barbs or using hooks that dissolve in a short time (and are not removed from the fish) minimize harm to fish. But catch and release exposes a fish to being caught several times by multiple fishermen. Handling a fish several times may not be good resource management or humane. 

Even sportsmen have raised concerns over catch and release. The argument is that once caught, a fish is no longer wild. Who would want to catch the same trout others have caught?

But the practice remains popular among many fishermen and among fish and game department biologists. Those in favor of catch and release quote Lee Wulff: "A trout is too valuable to be caught only once." Studies on the mortality of released fish shows a very low rate of from 2 to 5 percent—when caught on artificial lures. When using live bait, the mortality rate is about 50 percent. This indicates that using artificial bait is a strong part of catch and release.
**Child grooming** is a term which describes the following situation. When an adult becomes friends with a child, this is sometimes done for a reason. The reason is to lower the inhibitions of the child and to prepare for sexual abuse. So, any action taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact, is 'child grooming'.

The act of grooming a child may include activities that are legal, but later lead to sexual contact. The grooming is done to gain the child's trust, and the trust of those responsible for the child. Children are less likely to report a crime if it involves someone the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Also, a relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any accusations.

Examples of grooming
--------------------

* Taking interest in someone's child (having a "special" friend)
* Giving gifts or money to the child for no obvious reason
* Showing pornography to the child - this is illegal in many countries
* Talking about sexual topics that are not age-appropriate
* Invading the child's privacy (e.g. walking in on him/her in the bathroom)
* Hugging, kissing, or other physical contact if the child does not want this attention
* Allowing the child to get away with behavior that is not right.
* Talking to the child about problems that would normally be discussed with adults (e.g. marriage problems).

### Child grooming on the internet

Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the internet. Some abusers pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.

In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, Yahoo! chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.

An organization called Perverted-Justice (known as PJ) uses PJ operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential child molesters and turn the information over to the police and the courts. The news program *Dateline NBC* features the recurring segment "To Catch a Predator", based on documenting such activities.

An organization called Crisp Thinking has created an expert service providing social platforms and apps with the risk protection they need to protect their users from sexual exploitation, child abuse images and trolls.

Another software company in the UK has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called Sentry Parental Controls Archived 2008-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. It was launched by television personality Coleen Nolan and is supported by Mark Williams-Thomas, a leading expert in child protection.
A crown of thorns starfish
Unusual brightly coloured crown-of-thorns starfish, Thailand
The **crown-of-thorns starfish** (*Acanthaster planci*) is a type of sea star. Usually, they have orange-red to purplish skin, with yellow or pink spikes on their skin. The crown-of-thorns is also one of the largest starfish in the world, as it has a diameter of up to 3 feet. The crown-of-thorns lives in the warmer areas of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

It only feeds on coral polyps, and usually at night. The crown-of-thorns climbs over its prey, releases digestive enzymes to break down its food, and then absorbs the coral polyp, which has now turned into a liquid. What's left behind by the sea star is the leftover coral skeleton.

They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. These bright colours warn animals that may want to eat it that it is venomous.

Effect on coral reefs
---------------------

The crown-of-thorns is well known for its destructive habits of eating coral, especially on the Great Barrier Reef, which is a World Heritage Site. Usually, when there are not too many of them, these sea stars help maintain the coral reef by preventing the faster-growing coral from taking over the coral reef. However, when there are too many crown-of-thorns, they can devastate the reef.
In mathematics, **closure** describes the case when the results of a mathematical operation are always defined. For example, in ordinary arithmetic, addition on real numbers has closure: whenever one adds two numbers, the answer is a number. The same is true of multiplication. Division does *not* have closure, because division by 0 is not defined. In the natural numbers, subtraction does not have closure, but in the integers, subtraction does have closure. Subtraction of two numbers can produce a negative number, which is not a natural number, but is an integer.

One can sometimes make closure of a mathematical object by including new elements to it. The integers are a closure of the natural numbers by including negative numbers. The real numbers are a closure of the rational numbers by including square roots of positive numbers. The complex numbers are a closure of the real numbers by including square roots of negative numbers. Since every non-zero polynomial has a root in the complex numbers, the complex numbers are also the algebraic closure of the real numbers. One can express this relationship as {\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}=\mathbb {C} }.

Sometimes, if one includes an element to make closure, it makes more changes. For example, if one includes infinity, {\displaystyle \infty =1/0} (that is, closure of division), the laws of addition and subtraction are changed. There is no inversion of addition for \infty.

Ordinary closure is called finite closure. There is also infinite closure. The definition of a topological space mentions infinite closure. Open spaces have (finite) closure of intersection. Open sets have infinite closure of union. That is, in mathematical notation, if A0, and A1 and ... A*n* ... are open sets, then B and C are open sets:

* {\displaystyle B=A\_{0}\cap A\_{1}}

* {\displaystyle C={\cup \_{n}}A\_{n}}

In point-set topology, given a set *S*, the set containing all points of *S* along with its limit points is called the topological closure of *S*. This is sometimes written as {\displaystyle {\overline {S}}}. The closure of *S* is also the smallest closed set containing *S*.

Related pages
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* Group (mathematics)
The COVID-19 pandemic saw its first three confirmed cases in the Czech Republic on 1 March 2020.

Response
--------

On 12 March, the government declared a state of emergency, for the first time in the country's modern history for the area of the entire country. On 16 March, the country closed its borders and issued a nationwide curfew. 

While originally planned until 24 March, the measures were later extended until 1 April and then again until the end of State of Emergency which was extended by the Chamber of Deputies until 30 April 2020 and then again until 17 May 2020.

A general closure of services and retail sale was in place from 14 March until 11 May, however all shops could conduct distance sales with delivery from 24 March onwards. Government didn't order closure of manufacturing plants, but many did so voluntarily during second half of March with gradual reopening from 14 April.

Czech Republic was first European country to make wearing of facemasks mandatory from 19 March onwards.

Testing
-------

COVID-19 testing was made widely available with drive through locations from 14 March, and from 27 March anyone with a fever, dry cough or shortness of breath being eligible for a free test.

From 13 April onwards, COVID-19 testing passed its demand.

Deaths
------

Contact tracing in the country included also voluntary disclosure of mobile phone position and debit card payments data for previous days and quaranting of identified contacts.

By 1 May 2020, altogether 257 COVID-19 related deaths were identified in the Czech Republic compared to 2,719 in similarly populous Sweden, which did not impose any lockdown.

Reopening
---------

Czech Republic started gradual easing of measures from 7 April 2020 onwards with most restrictions being lifted by 11 May 2020.
"**Chasing Pavements**" is the Grammy Award-nominated second single by soul singer Adele, who performed the song on *Friday Night with Jonathan Ross* on December 7, 2007. It was released digitally in Ireland on 13 January 2008, and entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 26 through download sales alone. Having received a physical release, the single jumped nineteen places to number seven, where it peaked. On January 20, the single entered at number two in the UK Singles Chart in downloads alone. 

On December 3, 2008, "Chasing Pavements" was nominated for Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

It has also appeared in three episodes of *Hollyoaks*. The first was in a final scene of Hannah Ashworth's anorexia. The second was in an opening scene of the Charlie Dean custody battle. The third was in a scene showing Dominic Reilly reflecting on Tina McQueen talking to him, which aired on October 15.

"Chasing Pavements" was performed on Saturday Night Live on Saturday October 18, 2008, when Adele was the musical guest. 

The single's B-side, "That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On.", is an acoustic version of a Sam Cooke song.
Riders in the Jersey Town Criterium, 2009
A **criterium**, or **crit**, is a type of bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km), often run on closed-off city centre streets.

Race length can be either a time or a number of laps. Often a criterium lasts about one hour, which is shorter than that of a traditional road race – which can last many hours, sometimes of several days or even weeks, as in a Grand Tour. However, the average speed and is much higher. The winner is the first rider to cross the finish line without having been "lapped" (overtaken).

Events often have prizes (called *primes*, usually cash) for winning specific intermediate laps (for instance, every 10th lap).

Winning criteriums needs a mix of good technical skills – especially the ability to corner rapidly and sharply – and riding safely with a large group on a short circuit and exceptional fitness to attack other riders and repeatedly accelerate hard from corners.

Criteriums are relatively easy to organize and do not require a large amount of space. They are the most common type of bicycle racing in the continental United States.

Equipment
---------

Racing bicycles used for criteriums are typically no different than those used in other mass-start road events. However, some racers use shorter bicycles to help keep control when turning and slightly shorter cranks (pedal levers) to help pedalling through sharp turns.

Other websites
--------------

* Alto Velo Racing Club - Criterium Skills & Sprinting Archived 2013-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Extreme Fitness - Guide to Criterium Training Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Portsmouth, NH Criterium Archived 2021-12-21 at the Wayback Machine

| Road bicycle racing* v
* t
* e
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| --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
| UCI ProTour |
UCI Women's Road World Cup

*UCI Road World Championships:*
Men •
Women |
Olympic Games |
National Cycling Championships

*UCI Continental Circuits:* 
UCI Africa Tour •
UCI America Tour • 
UCI Asia Tour •
UCI Europe Tour • 
UCI Oceania Tour

Grand Tour | 
Stage race | 
Classics |
Criterium |
Individual time trial | 
Team time trial

Racing bicycle |

 |
The bottom part of the diagram shows some contour lines with a straight line running through the location of the maximum value. The curve at the top represents the values along that straight line.
A two-dimensional contour graph of the three-dimensional surface in the above picture.
**Contour lines** or **isolines** are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets. 

* A map of Stove, with height linesA map of Stove, with height lines
* A map showing magnetic lines, for the year 2000A map showing magnetic lines, for the year 2000
* Weather diagram showing Meltemi winds over Greece and TurkeyWeather diagram showing Meltemi winds over Greece and Turkey
* Temperature diagram of Norway. Areas with the same temperature have the same colorTemperature diagram of Norway. Areas with the same temperature have the same color
* The 10 degree isobar is commonly used to define the Arctic regionThe 10 degree isobar is commonly used to define the Arctic region
**Croatia** sent people to compete at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** in Pyeongchang, South Korea. One person representing Croatia is para-alpine skier Dino Sokolovič. He stopped skiing in 2016 for 20 months because of an injury.

Team
----

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Croatia") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

Team Croatia| Name | Sport | Gender | Classification | Events | ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dino Sokolovič | para-alpine skiing | male |  |  |  |

Para-alpine skiing
------------------

### Skiers

Dino Sokolovič is a standing skier. He was injured in 2016. Because of the injury, he did not ski for 20 months.

### Before the Games

Dino Sokolovič went to Slovenia in January 2018. He competed in the World Cup in Kranjska Gora. After 20 months away from skiing because of an injury, he won his first race at Kranjska Gora.

### Schedule and results

The first event on the para-alpine program is the downhill. It starts on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers will race between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March.  Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions.  Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.
For other uses, see Contraband (disambiguation).
US Coast guard cutter Paul Clark crew members unloading contraband
The word **contraband** (Old French *contrebande* "a smuggling") means any item which is illegal to be possessed or sold. The term is used for goods such as:

* smuggled goods
* stolen goods – knowingly dealing in stolen goods is an offense in itself, called fencing
* the fruits of fraud, forgery etc.

Law of armed conflict
---------------------

Contraband Taliban weapons seized by an Afghan and coalition security forces
In international law, contraband means goods sent to territories under the control of the enemy that can be used in armed conflict. Traditionally, contraband is classified into two categories, **absolute contraband** and **conditional contraband**. Absolute contraband includes arms, munitions, and various materials. These can include chemicals and certain types of machinery that may be used to wage war.

Conditional contraband includes food and livestock feed. Cargo of this kind, while presumably innocent in character, can be seized if the supplies are destined for the armed forces of the enemy. Under conditions of modern warfare almost everything can be called absolute contraband.

American Civil War
------------------

During the American Civil War, slaves who sought refuge in Union army military camps or who lived in territories that fell under Union control were declared contraband. This policy was first used by General Benjamin F. Butler in 1861, in what came to be known as the "Fort Monroe Doctrine," established in Hampton, Virginia. By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the Southern United States. The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) was developed to be a colony. Many adult former slaves worked for wages for the Army at such camps.
A **circadian rhythm** is a rhythm that repeats about every 24 hours. Plants and animals have these built-in cycles which allow them to flower at the right time, sleep at the right time, etc.

These cycles are also called **circadian clocks**. The word "circadian" comes from the Latin *circa*, "around", and *diem* or *dies*, "day", meaning "about a day". Biological time-keeping rhythms include daily, tidal, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms. However, most of these rhythms repeat once a day, so they are called circadian from the Latin *circa* (about) *dies* (a day).

Circadian clocks are the internal clocks which make sure that the organism is doing the right thing at the right time. With more complex animals there is the matter of sleep, which seems to be universal amongst animals which have a brain.

Circadian rhythms do some amazing things, especially in the oceanic animals whose eggs are fertilised externally. This means the eggs and sperm have to be released at the same time by both sexes of the same species. Little is known about the physiology of how this coordination is achieved.

Animal clocks have three main parts:

* a central biochemical oscillator with a period of about 24 hours that keeps time;
* a series of input pathways to this central oscillator to allow the clock to adjust itself;
* a series of output pathways that regulate rhythms in biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour throughout an organism.

In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" in fruit flies (*Drosophila*).

The circadian rhythms, also called the "biological clock" or the "body clock", of humans and other animals, regulate many bodily functions including feeding, sleeping, body temperature and hormone production.

Plants
------

The actual machinery in plants, fungi and bacteria are different from those in the animal clock. However, they do the same kind of thing in practice.