recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In the lower picture, the light has been collimated
**Collimated light** is light whose rays are parallel. This light spreads slowly as it travels. The word *collimated* is related to *collinear*, because all the rays in collimated light line up with each other. 

Perfectly collimated light would not spread out with distance at all. No real light is perfectly collimated. Real light will spread a little as it travels. Diffraction prevents anyone from creating a perfectly collimated beam. 

Light can be roughly collimated by using a *collimator* – a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves.

Etymology
---------

The word "collimate" comes from the Latin verb *collimare*, which originated in a misreading of *collineare*, "to direct in a straight line".

Sources
-------

### Lasers

Laser light from crystal and some gas lasers is highly collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two parallel mirrors, in addition to being coherent. The divergence of high-quality laser beams is commonly less than 1 milliradian, and can be much less for large-diameter beams. Laser diodes emit less collimated light due to their short cavity, and therefore higher collimation requires a collimating lens.

### Synchrotron light

Synchrotron light is very collimated. It is produced by bending relativistic electrons around a circular track.

### Distant sources

The light from stars (other than the Sun) can be considered collimated for almost any purpose, because they are so far away they have almost no angular size.

### Lenses and mirrors

An example of an optical collimating lens
A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Since the source needs to be small, such an optical system cannot produce much optical power. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.
Practice for a Daytona 500 race
**The Daytona International Speedway** is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is where the two exhibition races, the Advance Auto Parts Clash, Can-Am Duel, and the two points-paying races, the Daytona 500 and Coke Zero Sugar 400 is held. The track is also where the Rolex 24 at Daytona is held, and also two Xfinity Series races and one Camping World Truck Series race.

History
-------

Daytona speedway was built in 1959. Races had been held on the hard sandy beach since 1902. Racing on the beach ended in 1959 when Daytona International Speedway opened. Bill France, Jr. was behind the construction of the speedway. The first race was won by Lee Petty in a field of 59 cars. In 1962, the first major race on the road course was held. It was won by Grand Prix driver Dan Gurney driving a red Lotus. Near the end of the race and with a 2 minute lead, his engine failed. He coasted across the finish line to win.

By the 1960s, the sportscar race was made into a 24 hour race. This required multiple drivers for each car and involved a long period of racing at night. Both races grew in popularity in the 1970s and 80s. Today the Daytona 500 is an important race in NASCAR. The Rolex 24, which is named that because it is sponsored by the Rolex watch company, is an important endurance race.

Related pages
-------------

* Indianapolis Motor Speedway
* Circuit Gilles Villeneuve
* Texas Motor Speedway
* Charlotte Motor Speedway
* Atlanta Motor Speedway
* Michigan International Speedway
* Kansas Speedway
* Richmond Raceway
* Bristol Motor Speedway
* Talladega Superspeedway
* ISM Raceway
* Las Vegas Motor Speedway
* Auto Club Speedway
* Bristol Motor Speedway
* Martinsville Speedway
* Pocono Raceway

Other websites
--------------

* Daytona International Speedway
* Daytona International Speedway Map Archived 2015-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
Location map of Crevichon
**Crevichon** is an islet off Herm, immediately to the north of Jethou, in the Channel Islands.

According to Dr S.K. Kellett-Smith, the name "Crevichon" means "island of crabs, crayfish or cranes".

Like many names in the Channel Islands, it is Norman language in origin. A thousand years ago, the water level was ten feet lower (3 m), so there were many more of the animals the island was named after.

Geography
---------

The island is about 212 by 168 metres (696 by 551 ft) at its widest. Its area is less than 3 hectares (7.4 acres). The distance to Jethou is about 215 metres (705 ft).

History
-------

An engraving of Castle Cornet 1672, showing the keep that was destroyed by an explosion later that year. Much of its stone came from Crevichon.
A 16th-century drawing of the islet, now in the British Museum, shows Crevichon as apparently a wooded islet.

Prof. John Le Patourel, in *The Building of Castle Cornet* said that in 1566, iron and hammers were taken to "Creavissham", and the island quarried for the castle. The quarry has been used since then, but this has made the island much smaller, and less visible. As a result, a fifteen-foot (4.6 m) marker was built on the top. Crevichon may have provided the granite for the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Jethou.

Compton Mackenzie, former owner of Herm called Crevichon "Merg" in his book, *Fairy Gold*, which is a fictionalised version of the islands.

### Wrecks

In 1953, Victor Coysh says that he saw the remains of a German bomber, from the time of the occupation.

Other wrecks include:

* *Courier*, a Guernsey steamer, beached in 1905 with 80 passengers.

Other websites
--------------

* Pictures of Crevichon by the Faeds of Jethou Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Faed Family WebSite with pictures of Jethou and Crevichon

Coordinates: 49°27′56″N 2°27′53″W﻿ / ﻿49.46556°N 2.46472°W﻿ / 49.46556; -2.46472
A **Cooper pair** is a pair of free electrons within a solid that act together as one quasiparticle and in large numbers give rise to superconductivity.

Physicists explain superconductivity by describing what happens when temperatures get cold. The thermal energy in a solid or liquid shakes the atoms so they randomly vibrate, but this gets less as the temperature drops. Electrons carry the same negative electric charge which makes them repel each other. At higher temperatures each unbound electron behaves as if it were a free particle. There is also however a very weak attraction between electrons when they are in any solid or liquid. This is due to the way bound electrons distort the spacing of the atomic structure they find themselves in. At relatively rather large distances (many hundreds of nanometers apart) and low temperatures (near absolute zero), the attractive effect and lack of thermal energy allows pairs of electrons to hang together. This is called a cooper pair and it is a quasiparticle, that is it acts as if it were a new kind of particle in its own right even though it is made up of two fundamental electrons. 

Many overlapping cooper pairs can exist in the same nanometer sized space. Since paired electrons constitute a boson the motions of all of the cooper pairs within a single superconductor synchronise and they function as if they are a single entity. This is known as the Bose–Einstein condensation. The Cooper pairs form this condensate, which is superfluid or super-conducting. Small disturbances such as scattering of electrons are forbidden in this state as long as the temperature remains low. It moves as one showing no resistance to its motion. It is hence now a superconductor.
A decaying peach over six days, with each frame about 12 hours apart. The fruit shrivels and becomes covered with mould.
Decomposing fallen nurse log in a forest
**Decomposition**, or **rotting**, is what happens to livng things when they die. It also happens to organic material of any kind, such as foodstuffs. The reason it happens is that organic molecules are stores of building blocks and energy. Whatever breaks down organic material uses the energy and building blocks to reproduce itself.

One whole kingdom of living things does nothing except break down organic material: the fungi. Their life style is called 'saprophytic', because they break down and intake organic matter through their cell walls.

A large part of decomposition is done by microbes, especially bacteria. Also common is digestion of flesh by maggots. If insects lay eggs, maggots hatch and begin to feed on the body's tissues.

Lastly, decomposition can take place by inorganic processes. All organic materials break down over time because they are in higher energy states than ordinary inorganic materials. 

|
|  |
Degradation products of   
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids| **Proteins** | **Carbohydrates** | **Lipids** |
| Proteoses, peptones, polypeptides, and amino acids | Glucose | Free fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) |
| Phenolic substances and gases | Organic acids and alcohols | Salts of fatty acids |
| Organic acids and decarboxylation products | Water, carbon dioxide | Aldehydes and ketones |
| Nitrogen and phosphorus | Gases | Adipocere |
In linguistics, **declension** is the changing of the form of a word. This shows its function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. The inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation.

Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and articles to indicate number (e.g. singular, dual, plural), case (e.g. nominative case, accusative case, genitive case, dative case), gender (e.g. masculine, neuter, feminine), and a number of other grammatical categories.

For example, in English, if there is more than one *boy*, the word must become *boys.* For example, "My family has two girls and one *boy*, but my wife's family has two girls and three *boys*". The form *boy* is singular, meaning there is only one of the noun, and the form *boys* is plural, meaning there is more than one of the noun. You must know the noun's singular form if you want to find it in an English dictionary.

Also in English, a noun can change if it owns something. For example, if a toy belongs to one boy, the toy is the *boy's* toy, but if it belongs to two or more boys, it becomes the *boys'* toy. Both numbers of the noun have this word case, which is called the genitive case. Word case is when a word form changes depending on what part of the sentence it is.
Icarus and Daedalus
**Daedalus** was King Minos' head architect in ancient Greece and son of Athena. When King Minos of Crete was having some sovereignty problems, he asked Poseidon, god of the sea, for an offering to sacrifice to him as a sign as true kingship. So Poseidon sent a snow-white bull straight out of the sea foam. Once the people of Crete saw the bull, they all agreed that it was a sign of true kingship. However, once King Minos saw the bull, he refused to sacrifice the bull, kept it for himself, and sacrificed another bull to Poseidon, thus angering him. Poseidon put a curse on Minos’ wife, making her fall in love with the bull. She loved it so much that she wanted to mate with it. Minos called for the help of Daedalus, who built a wooden bull and put Queen Pasiphae inside it, thus calming her anxiety for mating with the bull. She soon became pregnant with half-man, half-bull (also called the Minotaur). 

King Minos was horrified and asked Daedalus to build some kind of prison to keep the Minotaur from destroying Crete. So Daedalus built a labyrinth that was so complicated that the Minotaur could not get out. Only Daedalus knew the course of the labyrinth. Minos was afraid that Daedalus would tell the route through the labyrinth, and that he would tell that the Minotaur was the son of Minos' wife, he imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus, in a high tower. Daedalus made some wings that he strapped to his and Icarus’ arms and together they escaped from the tower. However, Icarus, forgetting his father’s words, flew too close to the sun, and the wax that held the feathers together melted. Icarus fell into the ocean and drowned. Daedalus landed safely on an island, and in grief, he named the sea that he and Icarus had flown across the Icarian Sea.

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
**The Dayton Literary Peace Prize** is an award for authors whose works help to give readers "a better understanding of other cultures, peoples, religions, and political points of view."

A meeting was held at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio in 1995. Leaders from Bosnia, Serbia, and Croatia and other leaders from the United States and European nations met to find a way to end the war in Bosnia. Richard Holbrooke of the United States was the leader of this peace process. On 21 November 1995 an agreement was reached. It was called the Dayton Peace Agreement or the Dayton Peace Accords.

Soon after this, the people of Dayton began to form connections with the people of the war-torn nations. They would share cultural and educational experiences with each other. In 1999, the city of Dayton began the Dayton Peace Prize. It was for leaders who brought peace to their troubled places. In 2006, the Peace Prize was given a new name. They named it, the Literary Peace Prize. "Literary" means that the prize would be given to writers, makers of literature, who helped readers learn how to think and live in ways that will bring peace to their part of the world.

The literary prizes are given to the writers of adult fiction and non-fiction from anywhere in the world. The prizes are $10,000 for the winner and $5,000 for the runner-up. Writers who have won the award include Junot Diaz, Edwidge Danticat, Thomas Friedman, Dave Eggers, Bryan Stevenson, Anthony Doerr, Viet Thanh Nguyen, Ta-Nehisi Coates, Richard Powers, and Alice Hoffman.  

The prizes also include a Distinguished Achievement Award. It is for writers whose life work has added much to learning about peace. Since 2011, this award has been called the **Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award**. The prize includes $10,000. Winners of the Holbrooke Award include Elie Wiesel, Barbara Kingsolver, Tim O’Brien, Wendell Berry, Louise Erdrich, John Irving, N. Scott Momaday, and Margaret Atwood.
***Cartoon Network Racing*** is a racing video game developed by Eutechnyx for PlayStation 2 and Firebrand Games for Nintendo DS, published by Danish video game developer The Game Factory, and released on December 4, 2006, in North America, and on February 9, 2007, in Europe. The gameplay is similar to Nintendo's 2003 game *Mario Kart: Double Dash*, but the characters and racetracks are all from Cartoon Network's original animated television series. The six animated television series that are featured in the game, in alphabetical order, are *Courage the Cowardly Dog*, *Cow and Chicken*, *Dexter's Laboratory*, *I Am Weasel*, *Johnny Bravo*, and *The Powerpuff Girls*.

Gameplay
--------

There are two characters the player must choose: a driver, who drives a go-kart, and a co-driver, who uses all weapons and has two "toon powers". There are tournaments which players must race a series of races and win with the most points. Battle modes in arenas let two teams battle in different modes, and Cartoon Eliminators are endurance races where last kart in each lap is eliminated. The karts have three stats: acceleration, speed, and handling (if chosen as driver). If co-driver, they have two toon powers that fall into four categories: Shield, Attack, Boost and Flight.

All 20 characters in the DS version get their own kart (the Powerpuff Girls have separate karts, unlike the PS2 version). Each character's toon power can be used when their toon power bar is full. There are 1-8 players available in this version. Unlike the PlayStation 2 version, there are two mini-games and three cartoons.

A gallery in the PlayStation 2 version contains two cartoons from each show. The first cartoon is unlocked by completing each cartoon-themed tournament while the other is unlocked by winning the super tournament with the driver of the series the player wants to unlock.

Reception
---------

The DS version received "mixed" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Lucas M. Thomas of IGN criticized the DS version for its similarities to the Mario Kart series, especially *Mario Kart DS*, as well as for having no characters from other Cartoon Network shows that were airing new episodes at the time such as *Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends*, *Camp Lazlo*, *The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy*, *Codename: Kids Next Door*, and *My Gym Partner's a Monkey*. GameSpot's Aaron Thomas pointed out the same version's resemblance to *Mario Kart*, but he explained that a younger audience would find the game more enjoyable than an audience of serious gamers would.
**Creswell Crags** is a limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England. It is near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell. 

The cliffs in the ravine have several caves. The caves were occupied during the last ice age, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago. They have the northernmost cave art in Europe. The evidence of occupation is found in the rich series of sediments that accumulated over many thousands of years. It is internationally unique in showing how prehistoric people lived at the extreme northernmost limits of their territory in the later Pleistocene Ice Age.

The caves have layers with flint tools from the Mousterian, and later cultures. They were seasonally occupied by nomadic groups of people during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and post-medieval activity has also been found there. There is evidence of Neanderthal occupation 50,000–60,000 years ago, a brief Gravettian occupation around 32,000 years ago and use of all the main caves during the Magdalenian around 14,000 years ago. The site is open to the public and has a visitor centre with a small museum of objects.

Creswell Crags has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It has also been put forward as a potential World Heritage Site.

In 2006–07, the B6042 road was re-routed from its path through the gorge, by approximately 150 metres (160 yd) to the north, to minimise traffic impact on the site.

* Note: Other images of the caves can be got by going to the details behind the image at Commons: click the image as a first step, then explore.

Caves
-----

The most occupied caves were:

Church Hole Cave is home to Palaeolithic etchings.
* Mother Grundy's Parlour, which had many flint tools and split bones. It was occupied until Mesolithic times, c. 16,000 years ago.
* Robin Hood's Cave. where a bone engraved with a horse's head was found. Its occupants hunted and trapped woolly rhinoceros and Arctic hare.
* The Pin Hole. Here a human figure engraved on bone was found in the 1920s. It is called the Pinhole Cave Man. There is also an ivory pin with etched lines.
* Church Hole has more than 80 engravings on its walls and was occupied off and on until Roman times.
The **Chicago Symphony Orchestra** (**CSO**) is an American orchestra based in Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the great orchestras of the world. They play in the Orchestra Hall, part of the Symphony Center, in Chicago. In the summer they play at the Ravinia Festival. From 2010 the conductor will be Riccardo Muti.

History
-------

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was started in 1891. It was called the "Chicago Orchestra". In 1905 the orchestra was renamed "Theodore Thomas Orchestra" and Frederick Stock became the conductor. He stayed with the orchestra until 1942. The orchestra was renamed "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" in 1913.

Other conductors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon, Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim. When Barenboim left in 2006, the orchestra named Bernard Haitink principal conductor and Pierre Boulez became conductor emeritus. In 2010 Riccardo Muti will become the orchestra’s conductor.

The orchestra has also had many famous guest conductors, including Richard Strauss, John Williams, Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninov, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Leonard Slatkin, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski, Erich Leinsdorf, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Charles Münch. Many of these guest conductors have also recorded with the orchestra. 

The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, and Pierre Boulez.

Every summer the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays in Ravinia in Highland Park, Illinois The orchestra helped in the first Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been to the Festival every summer since. 

Mark Anthony Turnage is the composer-in-residence.

During its history the orchestra have made more than 900 recordings. They have received many rewards.

The orchestra was composed by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie *Lincoln*.

Main conductors
---------------

* 1891-1905 Theodore Thomas
* 1905-1942 Frederick Stock
* 1943-1947 Désiré Defauw
* 1947-1948 Artur Rodziński
* 1950-1953 Rafael Kubelík
* 1953-1962 Fritz Reiner
* 1962-1963 Fritz Reiner (musical advisor)
* 1963-1968 Jean Martinon
* 1968-1969 Irwin Hoffman (acting music director)
* 1969-1991 Sir Georg Solti
* 1991-2006 Daniel Barenboim
* 2010- Riccardo Muti (music director designate)

Titled Conductors
* 1969-1972 Carlo Maria Giulini - Principal Guest Conductor
* 1982-1985 Claudio Abbado - Principal Guest Conductor
* 1995-2006 Pierre Boulez - Principal Guest Conductor
* 2006-*present* Pierre Boulez - Conductor Emeritus
* 2006-*present* Bernard Haitink - Principal Conductor

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Master Zhuang and a frog
**Chuang Tzu** or **Zhuangzi** lived and taught around 350 BC. He was a Taoist philosopher. A collection of his sayings have been passed down over the centuries.

Chang Tzu thought that men should distance themselves from the traditional prestige and honor of worldly life. They should just live. He told a story about two ministers who ask him to serve as a court official. He replied with a story about a sacred turtle. He says, "The king's men caught a sacred turtle. They killed it and put its shell in a special box to use to tell the future. Now would that turtle rather be honored in that box and dead, or would he rather be alive dragging his tail through the mud?"

Example
-------

Source: Merton, Thomas 1965. *The way of Chuang Tzu*. Allen & Unwin, London. ISBN 0-04-299004-1

Fish are born in water; man is born in Tao.
If fish, born in water, seek the deep shadow of pond and pool
all their needs are satisfied.
If man, born in Tao, sinks into the deep shadow of non-action
to forget aggression and concern
he lacks nothing; his life is secure.
All the fish needs is to get lost in water.
All man needs is to get lost in Tao.
**Daniel Francis Croll** (born 18 July 1990) is an English singer-songwriter from Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire who is currently based in Liverpool, Merseyside.

Personal life
-------------

Croll was born in the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme in the county of Staffordshire. At the age of 18, he moved to Liverpool to attend the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA). While attending the institute, he won the national *Songwriter of the Year* award from the Musicians' Benevolent Fund and was one of eight students picked to have a one-to-one with LIPA founder Paul McCartney.

Music career
------------

His debut single, *"From Nowhere"*, was released on 24 September 2012. He released his second single *"Compliment Your Soul"* in March 2013. This was followed up by the release of *"In/Out"* in July the same year. On 13 October 2013, Croll released the song *"Home"* on his own VEVO channel on YouTube. His song *"Compliment Your Soul"* was included in the soundtrack of *FIFA 14*, a football video game. As well as FIFA, a remix of *"From Nowhere"*, titled *"From Nowhere (Baardsen Remix)"*, was featured on the soundtrack of *Grand Theft Auto V*.

### Discography

| Title | Album details | Peak positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UK | IRE | SCO |
| *Sweet Disarray* | * Released: 10 March 2014
* Label: Deram, Universal
* Formats: CD, digital download
 | 26 | — | 53 |
| *Emerging Adulthood* | * Released: 21 July 2017
* Label: Communion Group
* Formats: CD, digital download
 | — | — | — |
**Cookies 'N' Beans** are a Swedish country music group consisting of Frida Öhrn, Linda Ström and Charlotte Centervall. The girls started the group in 2003 and in 2007 the group released their first coveralbum *Tales from a Trailor Trash Soul*. They participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Russia, with the song "What If", and again in Melodifestivalen 2013 for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, with their song "Burning Flags". The group's fourth album, *The First Steps*, was released on 13 March 2013. The group has also appeared on several Swedish television shows such as *Allsång på Skansen* and *Lotta på Liseberg* singing their songs after appearing in Melodifestivalen the first time in 2009.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* 2007 – *Tales from a Trailor Trash Soul*
* 2010 – *Beg, Borrow and Steal*
* 2012 – *Go Tell the World*
* 2013 – *The First Steps*

### Singles

* 2009 - "What If"
* 2010 - "First We Take Manhattan"
* 2013 - "Burning Flags"

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Cookies 'N' Beans at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
**Cool Cat Saves the Kids** is a 2015 American family comedy film, written, produced and directed by Derek Savage. It stars Savage, Jason Johnson, Vivica A. Fox and Erik Estrada. The film is made up of 3 shorts edited together, named *"Cool Cat Stops Bullying"*, *"Cool Cat in the Christmas Parade"* and *"Cool Cat Finds a Gun"*. The film follows the titular character, Cool Cat (portrayed by Jason Johnson), as he sets out on several loosely connected adventures involving vandalism, gun safety, cyberbullying, a story contest, and a trip to the Hollywood Parade. Since it's release, the film has gained a cult following due to it's so-bad-its-good presentation, its numerous continuity and filmmaking errors, and its director Derek Savage, who infamously filed fraudulent copyright claims of reviews of the film on YouTube.

A re-edit of the film featuring newly shot scenes and fixed editing, entitled "Cool Cat: Kids Superhero", was released in 2018.

Cast
----

* Jason Johnson as Cool Cat
* Derek Savage as Daddy Derek
* Erik Estrada as Himself
* Vivica A. Fox as Herself
* Jessica Salazar as Maria
* Connor Dean as Butch the Bully
* Steve Crest as Police Officer

Other websites
--------------

*Cool Cat Saves the Kids* on IMDb
The neuron contains dendrites that receives information, a cell body called the soma, and an axon that sends information. Schwann cells make activity move faster down axon. Synapses allow neurons to activate other neurons. The dendrites receive a signal, the axon hillock funnels the signal to the initial segment and the initial segment triggers the activity (action potential) that is sent along the axon towards the synapse. Please see learnbio.org for interactive version
**Dendrites** are the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. The signals go into the cell body (or soma).

A cell may have hundreds of dendrites, but may have only one axon. The dendrites carry signals from other neurons into the soma, and the axon carries a single signal from the soma to the next neuron or to a muscle fiber.

A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which is a very narrow gap between the two cells. When electrical impulses reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals cross the synapse to the dendrite, where they trigger the flow of ions into or out of the cell.

The movement of the charged ions in the dendrite causes an electrical current, which spreads to the soma briefly before being restored to normal.

If the dendrites get lots of signals from axons, then it sets off a chain reaction. The chain reaction is a strong electrical current called an action potential that flows down the axon to the next synapse.

Fully differentiated neurons do not divide. However, stem cells in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism. Generally, once born, neurons do not divide. Many will live the whole lifetime of the animal.
***Captain Forever*** is the name for several space shooter indie games created by Jarred "Farbs" Woods. There are six total versions of the games in the series.

Gameplay
--------

In *Captain Forever,* the player is the pilot of a ship that can be expanded or upgraded using parts (such as blasters or boosters) found from other defeated ships. The goal is to stay alive for as long as possible. The game advances by defeating ships of progressive difficulty (represented by color) You lose the game after the pilot is destroyed.

Sequels
-------

*Captain Successor* was released in 2009, and included new parts.

*Captain Impostor* was released in 2010 for supporters of the game, and included some updates

*Captain Jameson* was a new project, but scrapped in 2013. This served as the framework for the next game, *Dawn Star.*

*Dawn Star* updated the game with new aesthetics and mechanics. Originally called *Captain Jameson Reboot.*

*Captain Forever Remix* was released in 2015 by Jarred "Farbs" Woods with Dean Tate and Brian Chan, working with Pixelsaurus games. *Captain Forever Remix* added many new parts to the ship, and, allowed for parts to be unlocked, and a series of definitive levels (represented by planets in the solar system). The game also styles the pilot as a young girl imagining the game, playing against her brother, the antagonist of the game. Progression through the planets is achieved by destroying ships of a certain level.

Awards
------

*Captain Forever* won the Best Game award at China's first Independent Games Festival in 2009.
***Can't Be Tamed*** is the third album made by American singer Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

Songs
-----

1. Liberty Walk
2. **Who Owns My Heart**
3. Can't Be Tamed
4. **Every Rose has Its Thorn**
5. Two More Lonely People
6. Forgiveness and Love
7. Permanent December
8. Stay
9. Scars
10. Take Me Along
11. Robot
12. My Heart Beats For Love

* The singles from the album are in bold.

Development and singles
-----------------------

"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on *Britain's Got Talent* and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.
***Camarasaurus*** (meaning "chambered lizard") was a large plant-eating sauropod. It was about 18 meters long and weighed about 18 metric tones. Its name comes from its skull, which is in the shape of an arch. It lived during the late Jurassic, between 155 and 145 million years ago. These dinosaurs may have lived in herds.

It was first discovered in 1877 in Colorado by Oramel W. Lucas. Its fossil remains have been found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

There are four species of Camarasaurus:

* *C. grandis* ("grand chambered lizard")
* *C. lentus*
* *C. lewisi*
* *C. supremus* ("biggest chambered lizard")

It was shown in the movie *When Dinosaurs Roamed America*.

Skull
-----

*Camarasaurus* is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs. The maximum size of the most common species, *C. lentus*, was about 15 meters (50 ft) in length. The largest species, *C. supremus*, reached a maximum length of 23 meters (75 ft) and maximum estimated weight of 47 tonnes (51.8 tons).

The arched skull of *Camarasaurus* was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many fenestrae (openings). It was sturdy and is often found in good condition by paleontologists. The 19 centimeter long (7.5 in) teeth were shaped like chisels (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that *Camarasaurus* probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed diplodocids.

Palaeobiology
-------------

Artist's impression of a *C. supremus* herd
There is a fossil record of two adults and a 12.2 meter (40 ft) long juvenile that died together in the late Jurassic leriod, about 150 million years ago (northeast Wyoming). It is assumed that their bodies were washed to their final resting place, in river mud. This suggests that *Camarasaurus* traveled in herds or, at least, 'family' groups. Also, recovered camarasaur eggs have been found in lines, rather than in neatly arranged nests as with some other dinosaurs, which appears to suggest that, like most sauropods, *Camarasaurus* did not tend its young.

Other websites
--------------

* Page from DinoData.org
Daniel Johnston in 2006
**Daniel Johnston** (January 22, 1961 – September 11, 2019) was an American songwriter, singer, and artist who lived in Texas. Johnston has bipolar disorder. The movie *The Devil and Daniel Johnston* is about his life and music career.

Born in Sacramento, California, Johnston grew up in West Virginia in a Christian family. He became a Beatles fan when he was young, then went off to college but did not finish. He moved to Texas to live with his brother, and ended up joining a circus. He left the circus after another worker beat him up for taking too long in a restroom, and found a church in Austin, Texas that helped him find somewhere to live. Johnston's religious beliefs are mentioned in many of his songs, especially on his CD *1990*.

Johnston's music career started in Austin in the 1980s. He made cassette tapes of songs he performed on a chord organ and gave many of them out for free to people he met. He started playing concerts and became very popular with music fans in Texas. Johnston appeared on MTV, and became even more popular when Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain wore a T-shirt with the cover art of one of Johnston's CDs.

Johnston released one CD on Atlantic Records, a major record label (a big company that helps make CDs and sells them around the world) called *Fun* in 1994. However, he was not able to make any more CDs with Atlantic Records because not enough people bought *Fun*. However, Johnston still writes songs, and his drawings appear on the covers of his CDs. His latest CD is *Is and Always Was*, which came out in 2009.

In 2010, movie director David Miller announced that he was writing the script for a new movie about Johnston that would be very different from *The Devil and Daniel Johnston*.

Johnston died of a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas on September 11, 2019. He was 58.

Albums released on CD
---------------------

* *Yip/Jump Music* (1983)
* *Hi, How Are You* (1983)
* *Continued Story with Texas Instruments* (1985)
* *A Texas Trip* (1987)
* *1990* (1990)
* *Artistic Vice* (1991)
* *Fun* (1994)
* *Why Me?* (2000)
* *Rejected Unknown* (2001)
* *Fear Yourself* (2003)
* *Freak Brain* (2005)
* *Lost and Found* (2006)
* *Is and Always Was* (2009)

Other websites
--------------

Johnston's official website[*permanent dead link*]
**Cesare Emiliani** (8 December 1922 – 20 July 1995) was an Italian-American scientist, geologist, micropaleontologist, and founder of paleoceanography. He developed the timescale of marine isotope stages which is still used today.

He established that the ice ages of the last half million years or so are a cyclic phenomenon. This supported the ideas of Milankovitch and revolutionized ideas about the history of the oceans and the glaciations. He was also the proponent of Project "LOCO" (for Long Cores) to the U.S. National Science Foundation. The project was a success. It gave evidence of the history of the oceans and tested the hypotheses of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.

Cesare Emiliani was honored by having the genus *Emiliania* erected as home for the taxon *huxlei*. This had previously been called *Coccolithus huxleii*. He was awarded the Vega Medal of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG) in 1983, and the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1989 for his isotopic studies on Pleistocene and Holocene planktic foraminifera.

Selected works
--------------

* Emiliani C. 1954. *Depth habitats of some species of pelagic foraminifera as indicated by oxygen isotope ratios*. American Journal of Science 252:149–158
* Emiliani C. 1957. *Temperature and age analysis of deepsea cores*. Science 125:383–385
* Emiliani C. 1968. *The Pleistocene epoch and the evolution of man*. Current Anthropology 9:27–47
* Emiliani C. 1971. *Depth habitats and growth stages of pelagic formanifera*. Science 173:1122–1124
* Emiliani, Cesare 1992. *Planet Earth : cosmology, geology, & the evolution of life & the environment*. Cambridge University Press. (paperback edition ISBN 0-521-40949-7)
**Cordillera Septentrional** is a mountain range along the northern part of the Dominican Republic; in English, its name means simply "Northern mountain range". Sometimes it is called **Sierra de Montecristi**, mainly in old books.

It has a total length of about 200 km, from the coast of the Monte Cristi province to near the Samaná Bay, several kilometres to the east of San Francisco de Macorís. Its maximum width is about 40 km.

It goes along the northern coast of the Hispaniola island, from northwest to southeast. Only small valleys are between the Atlantic coast and the mountain range. It has an average of 600 metres in elevation.

Mountains
---------

In the west, the range ends in a small mountain in a headland; that mountain is "El Morro" and is near the city of Monte Cristi. Christopher Columbus saw on 4 January 1493 that mountain and gave it the name of *Monte Cristo* or *Monte Christi* (in English, Mountain of Christ).

The highest mountains in this range are to the north of the Valverde and Santiago provinces, in the central part of the range. These mountains are:

* Pico *Diego de Ocoa* (1,249 m), northwest of Santiago de los Caballeros and north of Villa González
* *El Peñón* (1,100 m), north of Tamboril
* *Jicomé* or *Murazo* (1,083 m), north of Esperanza

Other important mountains are *El Mogote* (970 m), north of Moca, and *Quita Espuela* (985 m), northeast of San Francisco de Macorís. Quita Espuela is the highest mountain in the eastern part, where the range was called *Sierra de Macorís*.

The *Isabel de Torres* mountain (799 m) is part of the Cordillera Central even if it is not completely on the range; it is 5 km to the southeast of the city Puerto Plata.

Rivers
------

Those rivers with their sources in the Cordillera Septentrional are short. On the southern side or the range, the longest river is Licey, a tributary of the River Camú.

On the northern side, rivers are longer than those of the southern side and they flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Some of them are Bajabonico, Camú del Norte, Yásica, Boba.

Vegetation
----------

In the western part of Cordillera Septentrional, there are only small hills and the region is very dry; because of that, only plants of dry regions like cacti grow here.

In the central and eastern sections of the range, it rains more and there are rainforests in some places, mainly in the eastern part.

In the natural vegetation of the Cordillera Septentrional, pines do not grow even if they grow in the other main mountain ranges of the island.

Population and economic activity
--------------------------------

There are only a few small towns in the Cordillera Septentrional; three of them are Altamira, Imbert and Jamao al Norte.

The western part of the range is too dry to allow any economic activity but in the central and eastern parts, farming is important. The main crops are coffee and cacao. Cattle raising is also very important where the mountains are not too high.

Amber is found in the Cordillera Central, on the mountains north of Tamboril. This amber is used to make jewels.
***Darwinius*** is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus *Darwinius* was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name *masillae* honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.

The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007.

Description
-----------

The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract.

Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face. The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life. She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".
**Certificate of Origin** (abbreviated as C/O or CO) is a document used in trade between countries. Certificate of Origin gives information about the manufacturing country and required by the Customs department of the importing country to clear the items upon arrival. It is issued by the Chamber of Commerce of the exporting country.

Uses
----

* To claim benefits of Free Trade agreements
* To clear items from Customs in the importing country
* To verify the authenticity of importing items

Types
-----

### Preferential certificate of origin

Used when trade take place according to free trade agreements between countries. This is required to get the benefits according to the free trade agreement. The certificate will include the country of origin and the name of trade agreement.

### Non-preferential certificate of origin

This is required to get the items cleared from the customs by proving the items are not from a country that is banned from importing. The certificate will include the country of origin but bot the name of the trade agreement.
**Cellulite** is a dimpled appearance of the skin, caused by fat cells pushing against the body's connective tissue. The word "cellulite" only refers to how the skin looks, and does not describe a medical condition.

Cellulite is not related to cellulitis which is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin.

Occurrence
----------

80-90% of women around the world are thought to have cellulite, and most doctors think that it is the "normal condition of many women".
Cellulite is closely linked with female hormones such as estrogen, and rarely appears in men. 
Cellulite is most common on the upper legs (or thighs), buttocks and the abdomen.

Causes
------

The appearance of cellulite has been linked to hormonal changes, changes in diet, stress, and poor blood circulation.

### Weight

Cellulite has little to do with weight. Both slim people and overweight ones can have cellulite.

### Genetics

Cellulite is often hereditary, meaning that you get it from the genes passed on to you from your parents. This can mean many things because you can inherit your body type, shape, and hormonal function from your parents.

### Hormonal factors

Normal hormone functions can cause or change the appearance of cellulite. Estrogen, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and stress hormones may all play a role.

Treatment
---------

There are lots of treatments for cellulite reduction, but none have been proven by doctors to be effective. Doctors have stated that "there is no outstanding treatment for cellulite" and that "realistically, there is no cure for cellulite."