recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **2019 New South Wales state election** was held on 23 March 2019 to elect the 57th Parliament of New South Wales, including all 93 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 21 of the 42 seats in the Legislative Council. It was conducted by the New South Wales Electoral Commission (NSWEC).

The incumbent Liberal/National Coalition government, led by Premier Gladys Berejiklian, won a third consecutive term in government, opposed by the Labor Party, led by Michael Daley. It was the first time since 1971 that the Coalition won a third term in government in New South Wales.

Berejiklian became the third woman to lead a party to a victory at a state election in Australian history (after Queensland's Anna Bligh and Annastacia Palaszczuk; note that the territories are not states) and the first non-Labor woman to do so, as well as the first woman outside Queensland to win a state election.

In the Legislative Assembly, Coalition held on to its majority, winning 48 seats, while the Labor Party won 36 and the crossbench was made up of nine seats, three each for the Greens, the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party and independents. In the Legislative Council, the Coalition won eight seats, Labor won seven, the Greens won two, One Nation won two and the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party and the Animal Justice Party won a seat each. This brings the seat totals to 17 for the Coalition, 14 for Labor, four for the Greens, two each for One Nation, the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party and the Animal Justice Party and one seat for the Christian Democrats.
The **BSFZ-Arena** (alsoːBundesstadion Südstadt) is a football stadium in the Austrian market town of Maria Enzersdorf in the state of Lower Austria. It is the home ground FC Admira Wacker Mödling. It has 10,600 places. It is located in the Federal Sports and Leisure Centers Austria (BSFZ).

Historʏ
-------

SK Admira Wien , Admira Wacker Mödling's predecessor club, was based in the Viennese Leopold-Stroh Stadium in Hopfengasse. The then sponsor NEWAG/NIOGAS, predecessor of the Lower Austrian energy supplier EVN, decided to relocate the team from the north of Vienna to Maria Enzersdorf in Lower Austria south of Vienna. The stadium was built on a neighbouring ground to the headquarters of the sponsor. The club played in Hopfengasse until the new Südstadt stadium was built. After moving out in 1966 the old stadium was handed over to Floridsdorfer AC.

The opening of the new Bundesstadion Südstadt took place on 4 March 1967 with the championship game between Admira Energie and FC Wacker Innsbruck. The first goal in the new stadium was scored by Admira striker Willy Kreuz.

From 2008 to 2013 it was called the Trenkwalder Arena. In February 2020, FC Admira Wacker Mödling extended the lease agreement for the stadium until 2043.  Since the 2022/23 season the BSFZ Arena was renamed *motion\_invest Arena*. The name is sponsored by the investment company motion\_invest
A gray A-10
The **A-10 Thunderbolt II** (also called the **Warthog**) is an attack aircraft made by Fairchild Republic. It first flew in 1972 and was introduced in 1977. It is designed to drop bombs, fire rockets, missiles, and its 30mm Gatling gun at enemies on the ground (such as tanks) with about 3500 rounds. It is named after the World War II P-47 Thunderbolt. Although not as fast as most military jets, it is tough, heavily armored, and can turn well. The A-10 is also used as a CAS (close air support) aircraft, which involves flying slowly over a battlefield and destroying enemy targets.

Kim Campbell, A-10 pilot
The A-10 is 53 feet, 4 inches (16.16 meters) long, 14 feet, 8 inches (4.42 meters) high, has a wingspan of 57 feet, 6 inches (17.42 meters), has a top speed 420 miles per hour, and can weigh 51,000 pounds (22,950 kilograms) at its heaviest. It is armed with a 30mm GAU-8 Gatling gun, and can carry multiple tons of bombs or missiles. It can also carry radar-jamming pods to avoid radar detection, and chaff, which can distract radar-guided missiles fired at the A-10.

The Gun
-------

While the A-10 has a lot of room on its wings to carry bombs and missiles, its main weapon is the front mounted gun, called the GAU-8 Avenger. It is a very long and heavy gun and is a both an autocannon (fires large bullets very fast) and Gatling gun (has more than one barrel, which spins while shooting). The Avenger is so big that the A-10 had to be designed around it, leading to a joke that the A-10 does not have a gun attached, but the Avenger has a plane attached. The A-10 is the only aircraft to use the Avenger. Other American planes use the smaller M61 Vulcan, also a Gatling cannon that uses smaller bullets.

Because the Avenger fires such big bullets (exploding artillery shells 3cm wide) at such a high rate of fire (up to 40 every second) many believe it can destroy any target very easily, even tanks with thick armor such as the M1 Abrams. However, while the bullet can go through thin metal on a car or truck, it cannot penetrate the thick metal walls of a tank. It can only destroy them because most tanks have thinner metal on the top to make them lighter. If an A-10 hits this thinner armor, then destruction is more likely, but if it hits the front or sides where the armor is thicker, then the tank crew and systems will survive. 

This A-10 took heavy anti-aircraft fire during the Iraq War but the pilot was still able to return to base.

Rugged aircraft
---------------

The A-10 is reportedly a rugged aircraft. On April 7, 2003, then-Captain Kim Campbell felt a loud hit to her A-10. The aircraft rolled left and pointed toward the ground. After trying other procedures, she turned off the hydraulics and flew the aircraft in manual reversion. The aircraft performed fine during the hour flight back to the air base. However, landing was tricky, because she had no brakes nor ground steering without hydraulics. 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***A-10 Thunderbolt II***.

Related pages
-------------

* P-47 Thunderbolt
A **lucid dream** is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he or she is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his or her surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid. 

The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.

Ways to lucid dream
-------------------

Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up. 

There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep. There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.

Other websites
--------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Lucid dream***

* Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource
* Lucidipedia Archived 2005-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Lucidity.com
* LD4all
* LDR Squad
Most earthworms are hermaphrodites
**Hermaphrodite** is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. It is used as a scientific term in biology.

In zoology, an animal which can produce both sperm and ova is a hermaphrodite. As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites. A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life. A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first, replaced by a testis later, or the other way round.

In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts, and for plants which have bisexual reproductive units. See flowering plant sexuality for details.

With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct, because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans. What sometimes happens is errors in development which lead to intersex persons. A definition of intersex is :

"... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".
People who are intersex may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis.
The ***Zijin Grass*** (Chinese: 紫金草; Pinyin: *Zǐ Jīn Cǎo*; Japanese: シキンソウ) is a classic Chinese origami flower designed by Haozheng Pei. In Chinese culture, it is used to pay traditional respect to the deceased, especially martyrs; and it is a representation of the Chinese violet cress, referred to as the "flower of peace" both in China and Japan. It is often folded on the National Memorial Day on Dec 13 and the eve of Qingming Festival to pay tribute to the victims of the Nanjing Massacre in 1937 and pray for peace and security all over the world.

Zijin Grass
The original Zijin Grass models are in the permanent collection of the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Story
-----

> During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937-45), a Japanese army doctor named Yamaguchi Seitarou (Chinese: 山口诚太郎; Japanese: 山口 誠太郎/やまぐち せいたろう) was deployed to Nanjing, East China's Jiangsu province. When he left the ruined city in 1939, he collected a handful of seeds of a local purple flower blossoming at the foot of Zijin Mountain and brought them back to Japan. He named the flower *Zijin Grass*, also known as Chinese violet cress and February orchid.
> 
> 
> Yamaguchi sent the seeds as gifts to friends and family members and suggested them to plant the seeds in their backyards. In over two decades, every year he would take a train and throw the seeds out of window in hopes of letting these little wild violet-like flowers bloom across Japan.
> 
> 
> 
> At the 1985 World Horticultural Exposition in Tsukuba, Japan, Yamaguchi's son donated 1 million seeds and told his father's story to visitors from worldwide. Since then, the flower has been dubbed as "the flower of peace". Its moral is: "Remember history; cherish peace".
> 
> 

Inspired by the story, Haozheng Pei created several purple flower models and placed them near a bronze statue in the Memorial Hall in the 2000s. These models were noticed by the Memorial Hall and thus became one of its official collections as well as cultural and creative designs.

Influence
---------

* The Zijin Grass tutorials, posters, and related documentaries have received over 170 million of views online.

* Many Zijin Grass collection boxes are placed in public places including schools, hotels, communities, cultural exhibition venues, subway stations, etc.

* The origami has been folded by many international pacifists from Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, the United States, etc.

Honors
------

In 2021, a related project titled "The Zijin Grass in Bloom" and a series of "The Zijin Grass Cultural and Creative Products", both developed by the Memorial Hall, were respectively selected as the China Excellent Cultural, Social and Educational Project and the China Top 100 Cultural and Creative Products.

Other websites
--------------

* Zijin Grass tutorial featured in *China Culture*
* Zijin Grass featured on the official website of the Memorial Hall (in Chinese)
Kaho'olawe
**Kahoʻolawe** is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands of Hawaii. It is west of Maui and south of Lanaʻi. It is roughly 11 miles long by 6 mi (9.7 km) across (45 sq mi or 120 km2). The highest point, Lua Makika, is 1,477 feet (450 m) above sea level. The island is dry because its low elevation does not cause much rain to fall from the northeastern trade winds.

Kahoʻolawe was used as a gunfire and bombing target by the United States military during World War II. It was a defense training area for the United States Navy from around 1941 until May 1994. Popular opinion in the state against this practice brought the end to this use. The Navy has since been trying to cleanup unexploded bombs and explosive shells from the island. Explosives are still buried or lying on the ground. Other items have washed down gullies and still other unexploded ordnance is underwater offshore. In 1981, the entire island was included on the National Register of Historic Places.

The island is planned to be given back to the Hawaiian people. In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a law that "recognized the cultural importance of the island, required the Navy to return the island to the State, and directed the Navy to do an unexploded ordnance cleanup and environmental restoration" The turnover officially occurred on November 11, 2003, but the cleanup has not yet been completed. The U.S. Navy was given $400 million and 10 years to complete the large cleanup task, but this work has gone much slower than planned.

After the cleanup is finished, the restoration of Kahoʻolawe will need ways to control erosion, restore the plant life, recharge the water table, and slowly replace alien plants with native ones. Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. Non-natives will temporarily stabilize some areas before the permanent planting of native plants.

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2005-12-02 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
State of Hawaii |
| --- |
| **Honolulu** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* Geography
	+ Seamount
* Government
* ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
	+ USS *Arizona*

 | Seal of Hawaii |
| Society | 
* Culture
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education

 |
| Main islands | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Kahoʻolawe
* Kauaʻi
* Lānaʻi
* Maui
* Molokaʻi
* Niʻihau
* Oʻahu

 |
| Communities | 
* Hilo
* Honolulu
* Kahului
* Kāneʻohe
* Līhuʻe
* Pearl City
* Waipahu

 |
| Counties | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Honolulu
* Kalawao
* Kauaʻi
* Maui

 |
***Stumbling on Happiness*** is a nonfiction book by Daniel Gilbert. It came out in 2006 in the United States and Canada. It is a bestseller in the New York Times. They also translated it into more than thirty languages.

Theme
-----

Gilbert's main idea is that people are not good at imagining the future and what will make them happy. He says this happens because of how they see things and their thinking habits. According to him, there are three ways the imagination does not work well:

1. When people picture things in their minds, they usually add or skip details, and they might not notice that important details could be wrong or missing in what they're thinking.
2. What people imagine for the future (or remember from the past) is often more like how things are right now than how they will actually be (or were).
3. The mind doesn't realize that things will feel different when they truly happen. For example, the psychological immune system can make negative things feel not as bad as they first thought.

Gilbert also talks about 'filling in,' which means the mind often uses patterns to connect events we remember with other events we think should be part of the expected experience. This 'filling in' is something our eyes and optic nerves do too, like when they replace the blind spot in our vision with what our mind thinks should be there.

The book is made for regular people, and it tries not to use complicated words. Instead, it explains everyday mistakes in thinking by using simple experiments that take advantage of those mistakes.
Kalahasti
**Kalahasti** is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India collectively known as Pancha Bootha Sthalams. The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. There are many mythological stories about this linga. One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga. The god Shiva blessed them with moksha (liberation).

Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa. He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga. At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy. He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kannappa. Kannappa is worshipped as one of the 63 saiva saints in Tamil Nadu.

Sri Kalahasti temple, 36 km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India. Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.

This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga. There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside. The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows. You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air. The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.

Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills. The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill. On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord. When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him. There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills.

The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest. Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita. Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga. 

This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India. It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate. The tower is 36.5m (120 feet) high. The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill. It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya.

The temple is run by neatly dressed Saivite Brahmins.

Related pages
-------------

* Linga
Belgium has an extensive rail network. It is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Belgium is 88.

History
-------

On May 5, 1835, the first railway in continental Europe opened between Brussels-Groendreef/Allée verte and Mechelen. Some sort of railroad or canal had been considered as early as 1830. The first trains were Stephenson engines imported from Great Britain. The engines were called *Pijl* meaning Arrow, *Olifant* meaning Elephant, and 'Stephenson' (named after its designer).. On the return from Mechelen, the *Olifant* pulled all 30 cars. By 1840, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Antwerp, Mechelen, Brussels and Leuven were connected. The lines that had to reach Liège, Mons and Kortrijk were partially completed. In 1843, when the major East-West/North-South lines were complete, private companies were allowed to construct and use their own rail systems. These were crucial in the industrialisation of the country.

In 1870, the Belgian state owned 863 km of rail lines, while the private companies owned 2,231 km. From 1870 to 1882, the railways were gradually nationalised. In 1912, 5,000 km were state property compared to 300 km private lines. Full nationalisation was considered at the time but did not happen until 1926, when the SNCB was started. It was named the SNCB (*Société nationale des Chemins de Fer belges*) or NMBS (*Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen*), named in a similar way to the French rail network, SNCF, which was founded 12 years later. In 1958 the network was fully state-owned. On 5 May 1935 the SNCB started with electrification on the line Brussels North to Antwerp Central, 44 km.
*Australosomus merlei*
***Australosomus*** ("southern body") is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish from the Lower Triassic. It lived in what is now Greenland, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, South Africa and Canada (British Columbia). Most *Australosomus* species were marine, except for the ones from Africa.

Description
-----------

A small to medium-sized fish, *Australosomus* had a forked caudal fin. The body was tapered and long. It had a dorsal fin and an anal fin, which was placed in a backward position.

Classification
--------------

*Australosomus* is from the Pholidopleuriformes, a small order of ray-finned fish typical of the Triassic.

### Discovery

*Australosomus* was first described by Jean Piveteau in 1930. The type species, *Australosomus merlei*, was called *Pristisomus merlei* at the time by Ferdinand Priem.

### Species

* †*Australosomus altisquamosus* Beltan, 1980
* †*Australosomus kochi* Stensiö, 1932
* †*Australosomus longirostris* Beltan, 1968
* †*Australosomus merlei* Priem, 1924 (type species)
* †*Australosomus pholidopleuroides* Nielsen, 1949
* †*Australosomus simplex* Nielsen, 1949
* †*Australosomus stockleyi* Haughton, 1936

Paleoecology
------------

It is said that *Australosomus* was a small predator that ambushed other fish. As mentioned before, it lived in both marine and freshwater habitats.

Gallery
-------

Other websites
--------------

* Data related to *Australosomus* at Wikidata
The **Ballon d'Or Féminin** is a prestigious award in women's football, designed to recognize and celebrate the exceptional talent and achievements of female footballers globally. Introduced in 2018 as an extension of the renowned Ballon d'Or, which has honored outstanding male players since 1956, this accolade signifies a significant step towards acknowledging and promoting gender equality in the world of football.

History
-------

The inaugural Ballon d'Or Féminin was awarded in 2018, with Norwegian striker Ada Hegerberg making history as the first recipient. Hegerberg's outstanding goal-scoring abilities and contributions to Olympique Lyonnais Féminin played a pivotal role in establishing the credibility and importance of the award.

Winners
-------

**2018**: Ada Hegerberg (Olympique Lyonnais Féminin)

**2019**: Megan Rapinoe (Reign FC)

**2020**: Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

**2021**: Alexia Putella (FC Barcelona)

**2022:** Alexia Putella (FC Barcelona)

**2023**: Aitana Bonmatí

Significance
------------

The Ballon d'Or Féminin plays a crucial role in inspiring female footballers worldwide. By shining a spotlight on the remarkable achievements of women in the sport, the award encourages inclusivity and diversity within football. This recognition not only motivates current players but also serves as a catalyst for young girls to pursue their dreams in football, fostering a more equitable future for the sport.

Categories and nominees
-----------------------

Similar to the Ballon d'Or, the Féminin edition features categories such as Best FIFA Women's Player, UEFA Women's Player of the Year, and others. Nominees are selected based on their performances throughout the calendar year, considering their contributions at both club and international levels.

Challenges and controversies
----------------------------

Despite its positive impact, the Ballon d'Or Féminin has faced challenges and controversies. Some argue for increased media coverage and recognition to elevate the status of women's football further. Addressing the gender pay gap and ensuring equal opportunities for female players remains an ongoing challenge that requires collective efforts from the football community.

Conclusion
----------

The Ballon d'Or Féminin stands as a symbol of recognition for the exceptional talent and achievements of women in football. As the award continues to evolve, it underscores the importance of fostering gender equality, supporting female athletes, and providing them with the opportunities and recognition they rightfully deserve. The Ballon d'Or Féminin is not merely an award; it is a celebration of the growing impact and influence of women's football on the global stage.
An 1874 photograph of Dayananda Saraswati
**Dayananda Saraswati** audio speaker iconpronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती, Gujarati: મહષિૅ દયાનંદ સરસ્વતી *Maharshi Dayānand Sarasvatī*) born (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), at Tankara was an important Hindu religious leader of his time. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He was a scholar of Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for *Swarajya* as "India for Indians" in 1876.

Maharshi Dayananda taught the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of *brahmacharya* (celibacy) and *Bhakti* (devotion to God). He promoted equal rights for women. This included the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures. He was against child marriage. He was also against idol worshipping and animal sacrifice. He spoke out against other religions, especially Islam and Christianity. He felt they were out to destroy the Hindu faith.
**Llanfairpwllgwyngyll**, officially **Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch** (pronounced *llan-vire-pooll-gwin-gill-go-gare-urch-wyn-drob-ooll-andus-ilio-gogo-goch*), also known as **Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll**, **Llanfair PG** or just **Llanfairpwll**, is a large village and community on Anglesey, an island in Wales. In a 2018 study, it had a population of 2,999 residents.

It is situated just across the Menai Strait from the city of Bangor.

It is famous for having for the longest place name in Europe and the second-longest official one-word place name in the world, right after the hill **Taumaoa­whakatangihanga­koauau­o­tamatea­turi­pukaka­piki­maunga­horo­nuku­pokai­whenua­ki­tana­tahu** located in **Pōrangahau**, New Zealand. The village's official name contains 58 characters and 19 syllables. It translates into English as *St Mary's Church in the Hollow of the White Hazel near a Rapid Whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio near the Red Cave*. The village was given this long name as a publicity stunt to bring people to the village in the Victorian era of railway tourism. The stunt was successful.

A 2011 survey revealed that 71% of the village's population can speak Welsh.

The village has a railway station, known as *Llanfairpwll railway station*. The station is known for its huge sign of the village's name and how to pronounce it. The station provides direct trains to Holyhead to the west and Manchester, Crewe, Chester, Shrewsbury, Birmingham, and South Wales to the east.The station is also what is called a request stop making it not have any trains scheduled to stop.

Gallery
-------

* Station signStation sign
* View over LlanfairpwllgwyngyllView over Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
* James Pringle Weavers Shop with a translation of the village's nameJames Pringle Weavers Shop with a translation of the village's name
* St Mary's ChurchSt Mary's Church
**Edward B. Titchener** (1867-1927) was a prominent figure in the field of psychology, best known for his role in developing structuralism, a school of thought that aimed to understand the basic elements of human consciousness. Born in Chichester, England, Titchener's intellectual pursuits led him to become a key figure in the early days of experimental psychology in the United States.

Life and early career
---------------------

Titchener began his academic journey at Malvern College in England before crossing the Atlantic to further his studies at Cornell University in the United States. Under the mentorship of the renowned psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, Titchener delved into the world of experimental psychology. He later earned his doctorate at Leipzig University, solidifying his foundation in the emerging field.

In 1892, Titchener returned to Cornell as a professor, where he would leave an indelible (inerasable) mark on the landscape of psychology. Throughout his career, he exhibited a passion for understanding the intricacies of the human mind through systematic observation and experimentation.

### Structuralism and Titchener's approach

Titchener's most significant contribution to psychology lies in his development and promotion of structuralism. This school of thought aimed to analyze the fundamental components of conscious experience, breaking it down into its basic elements or "structures." Titchener believed that by identifying and understanding these elements, one could comprehend the complexities of the mind.

To explore these mental structures, Titchener relied heavily on introspection, a method where individuals would reflect on their thoughts and experiences. Subjects were asked to describe their sensations, feelings, and perceptions in response to specific stimuli, allowing Titchener to build a systematic framework for understanding the mind.

### Legacy and criticisms

Despite its influence, structuralism faced criticisms, and Titchener's reliance on introspection drew skepticism from other psychologists. The approach's subjectivity and the challenge of replicating findings limited its impact on the broader field. Titchener's death in 1927 marked the decline of structuralism, giving way to other psychological perspectives.

While structuralism may not dominate contemporary psychology, Titchener's contributions paved the way for the development of psychological theories and methodologies. His dedication to the scientific exploration of the mind continues to be recognized and studied, making Edward B. Titchener a notable figure in the history of psychology.
**Krishnagiri district** is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This is a new district which was carved out from Dharmapuri district by 2004. The municipal town of Krishnagiri is the district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, *e-Governance* was first introduced at Krishnagiri district under the National e-Governance Project (NEGP) in revenue and social welfare departments on a pilot basis. The district is one of the largest producers of mangoes in India. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,879,809 with a sex-ratio of 958 females for every 1,000 males.

Mining and forestry based activities
------------------------------------

In Krishnagiri district, quarry leases are being granted for granite in Patta lands. Rough stone and earth quarry leases are being granted in government and patta lands under Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules 1959. The Public Works Department (WRO wing) is operating sand quarry in riverbeds. A state owned corporation called Tamil Nadu Metals and Mineral Ltd is also earning quarry and mining grants in government lands. The total mineral revenue realized during 2006-07 was Rs. 7.45 crores. Nearly 7,000 workers are being engaged in quarry activities. 

As Krishnagiri District has 2,02,409 hectares of forest land which constitutes 39% of the total geographical area, there are abundant produce from the forest areas. Bamboo products, honey collection and tamarind production are the forestry land activities found in Anchetty, Denkanikotta, Thally and Berigai areas. This has generated employment opportunities for thousands of rural people in these areas.
**Health in India** has improved a lot in the last 50 years.

In 1975 life expectancy was 49.7 years In 2020 it was above 70. By 2018 about 95.76% of Indian households had toilets. Safe drinking water is not available everywhere, but this has improved a lot.

Family planning has been supported by the Indian government since the 1960s. Vasectomy is encouraged.

Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of death, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , stroke and diabetes. Indian people are more likely to get heart disease because of their genes. Lung disease is linked to air pollution. The 10 most polluted cities in the world are all in northern India. More than 140 million Indians breath air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit.

Malnutrition is still a big problem. More than one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. This is because of economic inequality. The Global Hunger Index for 2021 put India in the 101st position out of 116 countries. More than 40% of children under the age of 5 in some states are stunted due to malnutrition.

Infectious diseases like dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia are still common. Curing them has become more difficult with the increase of antibiotic resistance.

155,622 people died in road accidents in India in 2021.

Related pages
-------------

* COVID-19 pandemic in India
* Healthcare in India
Neptune is an ice giant.
An **ice giant** is a huge planet made mostly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are two known ice giants in the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune.

In astrophysics and planetary science the term "ice" refers to volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 K (−280 °F; −173 °C), such as water, ammonia, or methane, with freezing points of 273, 195, and 91 K (31.7, −108.7, and −295.9 °F; −0.1, −78.1, and −182.2 °C), respectively.

In the 1990s, it was realized that Uranus and Neptune are a distinct class of giant planet, different from the other giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn. They have become known as *ice giants*. They were solids when the planets were stuck together during their formation. Today, little of the water in Uranus and Neptune is in the form of ice. Instead, the water is a supercritical fluid at the temperatures and pressures inside them.

Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass, as opposed to the Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, which are both more than 90% hydrogen and helium in mass.
Most **healthcare in the United Kingdom** comes from the National Health Service. NHS treatment is free. There are charges for prescriptions, dentistry and glasses, but not everybody has to pay. The UK spent about 20% less per person than similar countries from 2010 to 2022.

In 2023 the Institute for Fiscal Studies produced a report saying that the number of people working for the NHS in England will rise from around 1.5 million in 2021-22 to between 2.3 and 2.4 million in 2036-37. That would be about one in 11 workers and half of all public sector workers.

People can pay for medical treatment. Some people pay because they dont want to wait. The NHS does not do cosmetic treatment. It will not do things the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence does not consider good value. Dentists and opticians are private businesses which mostly offer private treatment as well as NHS treatment. General practitioners are mostly private businesses but very few do private work.

NHS hospitals are allowed to do private work. It must not be more than 50% of their income. Only a few specialist NHS hospitals in London do a lot of private work.

In 2022 about 1.7 million people in the UK had private health insurance.

In 2020 there were 187 private hospitals in the United Kingdom with 7956 beds.

* HCA Healthcare has over 30 facilities in London and Manchester. It is the largest private hospital group.
* Spire Healthcare is the second largest private hospital group. It had 39 hospitals with 1870 beds.
* Cleveland Clinic has a 184-bed hospital in London and a large clinic.

66,000 of the 200,000 non-NHS patients treated in the private hospitals between July and September 2022 paid themselves. The rest were covered by health insurance. Most of the private hospitals do work for the NHS as well as that paid for privately. As most do not have intensive care units they mostly do easier work on people who are younger and healthier so the NHS is left with the more difficult work. If things go wrong with private patients they may have to be sent by ambulance to an NHS hospital.

The number of people waiting a long time for tests or operations has gone up, so more people are paying for them to be done privately.

A lot more mental health care is run commercially than physical care. About 30% of mental health hospital beds are private, and 97% of "locked ward rehabilitation" beds. Almost all of this is paid for by the NHS.
 There were 238 independent NHS mental health services in England in 2022. The Care Quality Commission said 64 were not very good. Cygnet Health Care is the biggest. It runs services in 130 places in England. There have been many bad things happen in them. NHS England pays directly for some of them. They are not happy with the services.

Long term care in nursing homes in England is almost all private.

Related pages
-------------

* Pharmacy in the United Kingdom
* Dentistry in the United Kingdom
**Lucie Zhang**, born on October 27, 2000 in Paris, is a French actress.

Biography
---------

Lucie Zhang was born in the 13th district of Paris. She studied drama at the Francis Poulenc municipal conservatory from 2019 to 2020 and also took part in various short films during that time.

While she was a student majoring in economics and management at the University of Paris-Dauphine, she got recruited for the feature film "Paris, 13th District" directed by Jacques Audiard. She starred alongside Makita Samba, Jehnny Beth, and Noémie Merlant. In the film, she played the role of Émilie, a young woman of Chinese descent who works as a call center agent, despite having a degree from Sciences Po Paris. She lives in her grandmother's apartment, who resides in a nursing home in the Olympiades neighborhood. The film was in the official competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 2021.

Filmography
-----------

### Features films

* 2021 : *Happy Night* by Mustafa Ozgun : Redgirl
* 2021 : *Paris, 13th District* by Jacques Audiard : Émilie Wong
* 2023 : *Un métier sérieux* by Thomas Lilti : Sophie
* 2023 : *Captives* by Arnaud des Pallières

Nominations
-----------

* 2022 : César Awards category "most promising Actress"
**Introspection**, a term rooted in philosophy and psychology, is the process of self-examination and reflection on one's own thoughts, emotions, and experiences. This introspective journey has a rich history, significantly impacting both philosophical and psychological discourse throughout the ages.

Historical evolution
--------------------

The roots of introspection trace back to ancient philosophical traditions, notably in Greek philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, who proclaimed that "know thyself" was the key to wisdom. However, introspection took a more systematic turn during the 19th century with the advent of introspective psychology

Introspective psychology
------------------------

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, introspection became a cornerstone of psychological inquiry. Pioneered by thinkers such as Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener, introspective psychology aimed to study conscious mental processes by having individuals reflect on their inner experiences. Participants would be asked to describe their thoughts, emotions, and sensations in response to various stimuli.

However, the method faced criticism for its subjectivity and lack of objectivity. Critics argued that personal biases and the inability to access certain mental processes made introspection unreliable as a scientific tool.

Modern impact on philosophy
---------------------------

In contemporary philosophy, introspection continues to be a topic of interest. Philosophers explore the nature of self-awareness, consciousness, and the reliability of introspective knowledge. Questions surrounding the relationship between introspection and external reality remain central to debates within the philosophy of mind.

Modern impact on psychology
---------------------------

While introspective psychology declined, its influence persists in modern psychology. Contemporary approaches, such as cognitive psychology, acknowledge the importance of self-reflection in understanding mental processes. However, the emphasis has shifted towards more objective methods, including behavioral observations and neuroscientific techniques.

Challenges and advances
-----------------------

The dual impact of introspection on philosophy and psychology has faced challenges and undergone transformations over time. Researchers continually seek ways to integrate subjective introspective insights with objective measures to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the human mind.

Conclusion
----------

Introspection, with its roots in ancient philosophy and blossoming in the history of psychology, remains a crucial aspect of understanding the human experience. While the method has evolved and faced challenges, its legacy endures, shaping ongoing discussions in philosophy and influencing modern psychological perspectives. The exploration of the inner self continues to captivate the curious minds of thinkers across disciplines, seeking to unravel the mysteries of the human psyche.
**Methodology** is a fundamental concept that plays a crucial role in various fields of study, guiding researchers and practitioners in their quest for knowledge and problem-solving. In simple terms, methodology refers to the systematic approach or set of methods used to conduct research, gather information, or achieve a specific goal.

Historical background
---------------------

The roots of methodology can be traced back to ancient civilizations where thinkers and scholars developed systematic ways to understand the world around them. In ancient Greece, for instance, philosophers like Aristotle laid the groundwork for logical reasoning and structured inquiry. Over time, different disciplines evolved their own methodologies, shaping the methods used in fields such as science, philosophy, and social sciences.

Understanding methodology
-------------------------

* Definition:

Methodology is the 'how' of a study – the systematic plan that outlines the steps taken to answer a question or solve a problem.

* Importance:

It ensures that research is conducted in an organized, unbiased, and replicable manner, promoting reliability and credibility in the findings.

* Components:

Methodology typically includes research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Examples
--------

* Scientific Method:

In the natural sciences, the scientific method is a well-known methodology. It involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results to draw conclusions.

* Survey Methodology:

In social sciences, survey methodology is commonly used. Researchers collect data through questionnaires or interviews to understand opinions, behaviors, or trends in a population.

* Historical Research:

Historians use a methodology that involves examining primary sources, interpreting evidence, and constructing narratives to understand and explain past events.

* Case Study Approach:

In various disciplines, the case study methodology is employed to investigate specific instances, providing an in-depth analysis of a particular subject or phenomenon.

Practical steps in methodology
------------------------------

* Define Research Question:

Clearly articulate the problem or question you aim to address.

* Choose Research Design:

Select an appropriate research design, such as experimental, correlational, or descriptive.

* Data Collection:

Determine how you will gather data – through surveys, experiments, observations, or other methods.

* Data Analysis:

Choose methods to analyze collected data, whether statistical analysis, content analysis, or qualitative interpretation.

* Draw Conclusions:

Based on the analysis, draw conclusions that address your research question.

Conclusion
----------

Methodology is the backbone of any study, providing a structured path for researchers to follow. From ancient philosophers to modern scientists, the importance of a systematic approach has been recognized throughout history. By understanding the basic concepts and examples of methodology, individuals can engage in more effective research, problem-solving, and knowledge acquisition in their respective fields.
**Jan Mayensfield** ((ICAO: **ENJA**)) is an aerodrome or airfield in Jan Mayen, Norway. It is run by the Norwegian Armed Forces. The aerodrome serves both the civilians and the military on the island. The airfield was opened in 1960. The runway is made of dirt and is 1,500-meter (4,921 ft) long. The runway is labeled 06-24.

Eight times a year, a Lockheed C-130 Hercules from the 335 Squadron from Bodø Main Air Station brings supplies and new people. Landing safely can be difficult because the volcano nearby called Beerenberg causes wind vortexes.

History
-------

The airfield was made by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Norwegian Armed Forces. They started to work on the airfield in 1958. To make the work easier, the workers made the runway from a 1,200 by 30 metres (3,937 by 98 ft) existing dirt road. The first airplane to land at the airfield was a Consolidated PBY Catalina on September 17, 1960.

The first non-military aircraft to land at the airfield was a Douglas DC-4 which brought journalists on October 29, 1961. Grumman HU-16 Albatrosses and the Douglas DC-6s have also landed at the airfield. The airfield was named after movie star Jayne Mansfield as a joke, but the name stuck.

In 1970, the volcano called Beerenberg erupted and all the people were evacuated. A C-130 was sent to the island to get the people and was able to land on the dirt runway. More and more supplies were delivered by aircraft after that. Most supplies were delivered by ship.

Facts
-----

The C-130 from the Royal Norwegian Air Force visits the island only eight times a year. The runway is not open for regular commercial use. The runway can be used for research and search and rescue.

The dirt runway is 1,500 by 30 meters (4,921 by 98 ft). One end of the runway points to 060 degrees on a compass and the other end points to 240 degrees.

Map which includes the location of the airfield
The Jan Mayensfield airdrome's weather can change a lot. It is often foggy. Kármán vortexes can make the winds quickly change direction.

Accidents
---------

IN 1991, a C-130 aircraft almost crashed after take off due to the wind shifting.

A World War II plane crashed near where the airfield was built.
Block 4 entrance of the Singapore General Hospital
The **Singapore General Hospital** is the largest and oldest hospital in Singapore, which was founded in 1821. SGH ranked third as the best hospital in the world by Newsweek in 2019. 

The hospital occupies a large portion of the eastern part of Bukit Merah. It shares space with the Singapore National Eye Centre, the National Heart Centre Singapore, the National Cancer Centre Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore and the Duke–NUS Medical School.

Brief history
-------------

The hospital was established in 1821, when the first General Hospital was located in the cantonment for British troops near the Singapore River. The hospital moved several times before settling down at Sepoy Lines along Outram Road in 1882.

Modern history of the hospital began on 29 March 1926, with the opening of 800 beds. Today, only the Bowyer Block with its historically distinctive clock tower remains. The Bowyer Block is now home to the SGH Museum.

In the 1990's, the hospital was rebuilt and restructured to modernise the organisation of the hospital. The campus now houses its current 8-block complex housing in-patient wards, ambulatory and support services, research laboratories and a postgraduate medical institute.

The SGH Museum
--------------

The SGH Museum was officially opened by President S. R. Nathan on 20 May 2005. It is a repository of artefacts and records, where the long and rich history of the hospital can be traced. One can also learn about the development of medical specialties and medical education in Singapore at the museum.

Hepatitis C outbreak
--------------------

In 2015, 22 patients in the renal ward were infected with Hepatitis C. 8 died in the outbreak.