recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Deep frying
Deep frying
**Deep frying** is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular in the United Kingdom - one dish popular in the United Kingdom is fish and chips.

Technique
---------

Breaded, deep-fried calamari
Deep fried pork intestines
If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F). 

Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

Disadvantages
-------------

Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings have trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

Related pages
-------------

* French fried potatoes
***Far Cry*** is a franchise of first-person shooter games published by Ubisoft. The first game to the franchise, named *Far Cry,* was developed by Crytek to show their CryEngine software, which was released in March 2004. Ubisoft later got the rights to the franchise and began making newer games using a modified version of CryEngine. Far Cry is known for its open world gameplay.

History
-------

Release timelineMain series in bold| 2004 | ***Far Cry*** |
| 2005 | *Far Cry Instincts* |
| 2006 | *Far Cry Instincts: Evolution* |
| *Far Cry Instincts: Predator* |
| *Far Cry Vengeance* |
| 2007 | *Paradise Lost* |
| 2008 | ***Far Cry 2*** |
| 2009 |
| 2010 |
| 2011 |
| 2012 | ***Far Cry 3*** |
| 2013 | *Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon* |
| 2014 | ***Far Cry 4*** |
| 2015 |
| 2016 | *Far Cry Primal* |
| 2017 |
| 2018 | ***Far Cry 5*** |
| 2019 | *Far Cry New Dawn* |
| 2020 |
| 2021 | ***Far Cry 6*** |

### Origins

The first *Far Cry* game was made by German studio Crytek using their CryEngine software. Crytek wanted to create a realistic outdoor spaces with their game engine, which was advanced compared with other game engines at the time. *Far Cry* released in March 2004 for Microsoft Windows and sold 730,000 units in the first four months.

After the release, Crytek stopped working with Ubisoft and signed a deal in July 2004 to make a gaming franchise with another publisher called Electronic Arts, which became the *Crysis* franchise. In March 2006, Ubisoft got the legal rights to the *Far Cry* series and a license for the CryEngine version used in the making of *Far Cry*. Ubisoft Montreal became the main studio for making all future *Far Cry* games.

### Continued development

*Far Cry 2* was announced by Ubisoft in July 2007, with two large changes from the previous *Far Cry* games. First, the game use the Dunia Engine, a modified version of the licensed CryEngine by Ubisoft Montreal. The Dunia Engine creates a completely open-world game with realistic physics and destroyable environments. Secondly, *Far Cry 2* is more open-ended than *Far Cry,* that means the player get to create their own stories with the other characters using an advanced artificial intelligence system.

*Far Cry 2* was released in October 2008 and sold over 2.9 million units by 2009.

### Expansion

After the release of Far Cry 2, Ubisoft Montreal made a newer version of the Dunia Engine to allow some open-world features such as weather system, which was shown in the next game of the series. *Far Cry 3* was announced in 2011 and released in November 2012, it still received positive reviews and had sold more than 10 million units by 2014.
Friedrich Mohs, 1832
**Friedrich Mohs** (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

Job and Career
--------------

Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness. 

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them. 

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

Later Career
------------

In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.

Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.
**Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb** (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb". He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, *A magnanimous act* (*Eine Grossmütige Handlung*).

In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.
A family home in the Far North Region
The **Far North Region** is a region in Cameroon. The capital city is Maroua.

Over 50 different ethnic groups live in the area, including the Shuwa Arabs, Fulani, and Kapsiki.

The Chari River and Logone River form the border with Chad. Other rivers include Mayo Kébi and Mayo Louti. Lakes include Lake Chad, Lake Fianga, and Maga Lake. Mount Tourou is the highest point, at 1,442 metres. It is in the Mandara Mountains.

Waza National Park is a major tourist attraction. It is 1700 km2. It is home to antelope, chacals, cheetahs, crocodiles, elephants, giraffes, heron, hippos, hyenas, leopards, lions, monkeys, warthogs, and others. Kalamaloué National Park and Mozogo Gokoro National Park are also in the region.

Government
----------

Departments of Far North Cameroon
The province is divided into six departments:

* Diamaré, with its capital at Maroua
* Logone-et-Chari, with its capital at Kousséri
* Mayo-Danay, with its capital at Yagoua
* Mayo-Kani, with its capital at Kaélé
* Mayo-Sava, with its capital at Mora
* Mayo-Tsanaga, with its capital at Mokolo
*Danceuse* by Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau, 1910
**Fauvism** (French for *The Wild Beasts*) was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain. The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907. In that time they had three exhibitions together. Their influence has continued until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists. Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example.

Gallery
-------

* Danseuse jaune (yellow dancer) by Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau, 1912*Danseuse jaune* (yellow dancer) by Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau, 1912
* Fauve still life by Alfred Maurer, about 1908/1910Fauve still life by Alfred Maurer, about 1908/1910
* Fauve landscape by Alfred Maurer, around 1908Fauve landscape by Alfred Maurer, around 1908
* Influence of fauvism: a portrait of the Die Brücke group by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1926/27Influence of fauvism: a portrait of the Die Brücke group by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1926/27
* Pasage Fauve by Man Ray, 1913, seems to be cubist as well as fauvist.*Pasage Fauve* by Man Ray, 1913, seems to be cubist as well as fauvist.

Related pages
-------------

* Impressionism
* Post-Impressionists
* Pointillism
* Cubism
* Expressionism
Coat of arms of the Duke of Orléans as prince of the blood

  

  

The title **Duke of Orléans** is an old French Dukedom that was highly regarded whilst the country was a monarchy. The title was usually used by a younger son of a reigning King and was passed from father to son. During the reign of Louis XIV of France the title was used by his only broth Philippe who as a *Son of France* was known simply as *Monsieur*. At the death of Philippe in 1701 the Dukes only held the rank of Prince of the blood but maintained their rank due to being descended from a son of a previous king. The holder of the title was entitled to be addressed as **Your Serene Highness** but this was used in writing only. The present day House of Orléans is descended from this line and takes its name from the prestigious title. 

As princes of the blood they ranked above that of the Princes of Condé the Princes of Conti as well as the Count of Soissons. 

The Dukes main seat was the Palais Royal in Paris and the lavish Château de Saint Cloud outside the capital as well as countless other residences. The Duke and his wife were also entitled to their own apartment in the Palace of Versailles.

List of Dukes
-------------

1. Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, "*Monsieur*" (10 May 1661 – 9 June 1701) - The only sibling of King Louis XIV, known simply as "Monsieur".
2. Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723) - Regent of France for the young Louis XV.
3. Louis, Duke of Orléans (2 December 1723 - 4 February 1752).
4. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans (4 August 1752 – 18 November 1785).
5. Philippe Égalité (18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793) guillotined during the French Revolution.
6. Louis Philippe I (6 November 1793 - 9 August 1830). Eventually created **King of The French**.
Names of sailing dinghy parts
**Dinghy sailing** is sailing in small boats usually with a centreboard or a keel. The boat is sailed using the crew for balance.

History
-------

Small boats have always been used to bring people and produce around. This might mean from place to place but often from an anchored ship to the shore.

Charles II of England had a sailing dinghy given to him when he returned from exile to England in the 17th century.

In 1887 Thomas Middleton, a Dublin solicitor, thought that yacht racing was too expensive. He then invented the one-design boat. He wanted yacht racing to show just skill at sailing with all boats to be the same. He found some other people who agreed with him and they decided on a design for the new boat. They decided to call the boat 'The Water Wag'. The Water Wag Club is still in Dún Laoghaire harbour (near Dublin, Ireland), and they race every Wednesday evening during the Summer.

Now, there are a great many classes of sailing dinghies in use in yacht clubs around the world and it is a major Olympic sport.

Dinghy classes
--------------

Dinghy designs are often called "classes"; these classes are usually either one design or development. The idea is that One Designs provide a fair and even competition, but Development Classes make new faster and better boats. The first International one-design class was the B.R.A. 12 foot dinghy which was designed by George Cockshott in 1914 for West Kirby marine lake near Liverpool, England. This design then went to the Netherlands, Germany, France, Ireland etc.

49er
Sailing skiffs are the hardest type of dinghy to sail. A skiff is small with large sails called a spinnaker, a jib and mainsail. It also has racks (like wings) and trapeze. The 49er dinghy, an Olympic boat is a sailing skiff.

Moth
Some high-performance dinghies are the Flying Dutchman, the International 505, the Jet 14, the Fireball, the Osprey, the Thistle, the International 470 and the Moth.

There is also a type of dinghy called a Sports boat. These classes are larger racing dinghies with keels. Usually, they have several crew members. The Melges 24 and Laser SB3 are examples of this type.

Olympic sailing
---------------

This is done entirely in dinghies. The first sailing Olympics took place in 1900 at Meulan near Le Havre in France. Over the years the classes of boats allowed to compete have changed because of new design and technology. Classes of dinghies sailed in the Olympics now are the Finn, the 470, the 49er, the Laser and the Nacra which is a catamaran (two hulls).

Laser
France Kralj in 1929
**France Kralj** (September 26, 1895 — February 2, 1960) was an artist. He was important in Slovenian expressionism and in the later new reality style. In the 1950s, he started making monotype prints.

Life
----

France Kralj was born in Zagorica in Dobrepolje, Slovenia. His mother was Margareti (born Sever) and his father was Janezu Kralj. His brother Tone was born in 1900 and another brother Ignacij (Igo) in 1906.

SloveniaKralj went to elementary school in Dobrepolje from 1901 to 1907. He went to an art and craft school in Ljubljana, in 1907. Then he studied wood and stone sculpture in Ljubljana until 1912. From 1912 to 1913 he was an assistant in the workshop of Aloysius Podlogarja in Celovcu.

In 1913 Kralj studied sculpture in Vienna, Austria. In 1915 he stopped his studies because of the start of World War I. In 1919 he studied in Prague, Czech Republic for two years. For many years he was a professor at the Ljubljana Secondary Technical School. In 1933 his autobiography *Moja pot* (My way) was published. In 1937 he won a prize at the world exhibition in Paris for his sculpture *Zrebe* (Foal).

Work
----

From 1920-1923, Kralj was in the center of Slovenian expressionism. Then he left the philosophical themes for designs of everyday life in the style of the "new reality".

The Božidar Jakac Gallery opened a permanent collection of Kralj's work in 1983. It has paintings, drawings, prints, and sculptures. The collection has some works in the expressionist style, the new realities style, and many abstract monotypes of farmers, animals, and landscapes. Kraj's painting "Družinski portret" or "Family Portrait" is an example of the New Objectivity art style in Slovenia.

Other websites
--------------

* Franz Kralj Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
Professor Dieter Rams at the 50th Anniversary of Braun Innovation exhibition, Boston 2005
**Dieter Rams** (born 20 May 1932 in Wiesbaden) is a German industrial designer closely associated with the Braun company.

Rams learned carpentry as an apprentice. He also studied architecture at the **Werkkunstschule Wiesbaden**.

After working at an architecture firm from 1953 and 1955 he joined Braun. He was successful at Braun and became chief of design from 1961.

Rams once explained his design approach in the phrase "*Weniger, aber besser*" meaning "Less, but better." Many of his designs such as coffee makers, radios, audio/visual equipment, and office products are on display in museums over the world. Dieter Rams retired from Braun in 1998.

Rams designed a cover for *Wallpaper* magazine.

Dieter Rams’ rules for good design
----------------------------------

Rams came up with a set of rules for making a good design:

1. Good design is innovative
2. Good design makes a product useful
3. Good design is aesthetic
4. Good design helps us to understand a product
5. Good design is unobtrusive
6. Good design is honest
7. Good design is long lasting
8. Good design is includes every detail
9. Good design is concerned with the environment
10. Good design is as little design as possible
The **Free State of Prussia** (German: *Freistaat Preußen*) was a state of Germany from 1918 to 1947. It was formed in 1918 in Weimar Republic after the German Empire and its state, the Kingdom of Prussia collapsed in 1918 in World War 1 and the German Revolution Of 1918–1919. It’s German Colonies in Africa,Asia and Oceania and the Pacific Ocean which were lost and occupied by Britain,France,Belgium,Portugal and Japan,Australia. Kaiser Wilhelm II the last Kaiser of Germany who replaced his father Friedrich III of Germany in 1888 was forced to surrender the Prussian Throne in 1918. During the Interwar period from 1918–1939, the Weimar Era Germany was very poor when The Great Depression began in 1929. However, in 1933 Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took over and formed a new German Reich aka the Greater German Reich and aka the Third Reich (Nazi Germany) just like Otto von Bismarck formed Germany in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War and the defeat of Napoleon III. After the end of World War 2 in 1945, the Free State Of Prussia dissolved in 1947, and in 1949 Germany got split into West Germany (Federal Republic Of Germany) and East Germany (German Democratic Republic) and Berlin was split into West Berlin and East Berlin by the Allies until the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 where it lasted 28 years until the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Today the Free State Of Prussia became Schleswig-Holstein,Lower Saxony,Brandenburg,Pomerania,Rhineland-Palatinate and other States of Germany while East Prussia became part of the Soviet Union in 1945 which Joseph Stalin took from the Nazis and today it is called Kaliningrad in Russia (Russian Federation) since 1991 after the 1947–1991 Cold War with the United States Of America,Britain and France. The Presidents of the Free State Of Prussia were Friedrich Ebert from 1919-to 1925 and Paul von Hindenburg from 1925 to 1934. The last President of Nazi Germany was Admiral Karl Dönitz who surrendered Nazi Germany in May 1945 after Adolf Hitler’s death on 30 April 1945 which was originally going to be on 5 May 1945 the date that Napoleon died in 1821. Still, it was 30 April instead since Adolf Hitler is not related to Napoleon since he is a Austrian and was only copying Napoleon.
***Influenza coronaviruses***A *Influenza A*A *SARS-CoV-2* o "COVID-19"
The diseases **COVID-19** (or *coronavirus*) and **Influenza** (or *flu*), are two types of viruses that cause outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics that cause serious cases in the human body. There are similarities in the symptoms of "COVID-19" and Influenza, having: fever, cough, cold , tonsillitis, headache, bodyache, fatigue, hives, vomiting and diarrhea, except for signs of loss of taste/smell and difficulty, shortness of breath.

Influenza appears within 1-3 days and lasts for 2-8 days. First, the patient affected by Influenza (flu) will feel the Common cold, cough, runny nose and dizziness. For COVID-19, after exposure or contact tracing for 5-7 days, a patient positive for "Covid-19" will be quarantined for 14 days.

In August 2021, the number of cases of COVID-19 reached 200,000,000+ million who tested positive for the disease.

Differences
-----------

### Influenzavirus

See also: Influenza
Influenza symptom presentation
The seasonal flu (influenza) appears within 1-2 days after it infects an exposed person within a place, region and so on. Influenza is usually a disease that appears due to changing climate or the others come from animals that are easily contagious (nature made), There are different types of "flu" these are the genera: Influenza A virus (Alpha), Influenza B virus (Beta) and Influenza C virus (Gammavirus) and Influenza D virus (Delta). Influenza is more contagious especially when families are close together. Influenza is also transmitted from diseases that come from Bird flu/Avian influenza and Swine Flu.

Symptoms
* Fever/shivers

cough.

* Tonsils
* Runny nose/stuffy nose
* Body pain
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Vomiting and diarrhea commonly experienced by children, middle-aged and elderly.

### Coronavirus

See also: COVID-19
The presentation of symptoms of the Coronavirus
The *Coronavirus* "COVID-19" or "2019-nCoV", is a pneumonia-like flu that causes the collapse of the body caused by the RNA virus of SARS-CoV-2 recorded in the country China in 2003 and 2019, Coronavirus including SARS-CoV-2 variants are highly contagious, Like the flu, there are different types or types of COVID-19, it the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Epsilon, Iota, Lambda, Theta and others, Its common symptoms are lack of taste, smell and difficulty breathing (shortness of breath), The infection of "COVID-19" when a positive person coughs and sneezes which is transmitted in small droplets (droplets) and will be transmitted or carried in the air, It is often transmitted by touching or by contaminated objects that are often touched, hand touching mouth, nose and eyes.

Common symptoms
* Fever
* Dry cough
* Fatigue

Other symptoms
* Pain and tingling
* Tonsils
* Diarrhea
* Eye redness
* Headache
* Absence of smell/taste
* Skin rash/Discoloration of fingernails

Serious symptoms
* Difficulty and shortness of breath
* Chest pain/pressure
* Absence of speech/difficulty in movement

Related pages
-------------

* Pneumonia
* Differences between COVID-19 and pneumonia
A **finery forge** is a hearth (a brick fireplace) used to make wrought iron by burning pig iron. Finery forges were probably used in the 3rd century BC. In the 18th and 19th century it was replaced by the puddling process.

A hearth (left) and trip hammer (centre) in a finery forge; in the back room (right) is a large pile of charcoal

History
-------

China made finery forges before 200 BC. Europe made finery forges around 1200 AD. Europe’s finery forges were worse than China’s until 1400 AD. Europe started powering their finery forges with water wheels. In 1700 AD, Europe made blast furnaces and started using puddling techniques

Types
-----

### German forge

In Germany and Sweden most finery forges only had one fire used for everything.

### Walloon forge

Walloon finery forges were used in north Sweden and made oregrounds iron. Oregrounds iron was the best iron available in the 18th century.

### Lancashire forge

See the main article: Lancashire hearth

Process
-------

Pig iron is melted, making a lump of iron called a bloom, and slag. The iron lump is then hit with a hammer many times. Hitting the iron with a hammer gets the slag out of the iron, so the iron can be used.
In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the **Drake Equation** (sometimes called the **Green Bank equation** or the **Green Bank Formula**). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation so often that it has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.

The equation
------------

The Drake equation states that:

{\displaystyle N=R^{\ast }\cdot f\_{p}\cdot n\_{e}\cdot f\_{\ell }\cdot f\_{i}\cdot f\_{c}\cdot L\!}
where:

*N* = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible;
and

*R*\* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy
*f**p* = the fraction of those stars that have planets
*n**e* = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets
*f*ℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point
*f**i* = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life
*f**c* = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space
*L* = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space.

Solving it
----------

We don't know the solution to the equation. 

The Allen Telescope Array for SETI
Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of {\displaystyle N}. The last four parameters, {\displaystyle f\_{\ell },f\_{i},f\_{c},} and {\displaystyle L} are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.

Related pages
-------------

* Fermi paradox
The **difference quotient** is a formula that finds the average rate of change of any function between two points. In calculus, the difference quotient is the formula used for finding the derivative, which is the limit of the difference quotient between two points as they get closer and closer to each other (this limit is also the rate of change of a function at a single point). The difference quotient was formulated by Isaac Newton.

Definition
----------

### Introduction

The difference quotient can be described as the formula for finding the slope of a line that touches a curve at only two points (this line is called the secant line). If we are trying to find the slope of a perfectly straight line, then we use the slope formula, which is simply the change in *y* divided by the change in *x*. This is very accurate, but only for straight lines. The difference quotient, however, allows one to find the slope of any line or curve at any single point. The difference quotient, as well as the slope formula, is merely the change in *y* divided by the change in *x*. The only difference is that in the slope formula, *y* is used as the y-axis, but in the difference quotient, the change in the *y*-axis is described by f(x). (For a detailed description, see the following section.)

### Mathematical definition

The difference quotient is the slope of the secant line between two points.

```
THE SLOPE FORMULA
{\displaystyle \mathrm {if\;} y=f(x),\mathrm {\;then\;} m={\frac {\Delta y}{\Delta x}}={\frac {y\_{2}-y\_{1}}{x\_{2}-x\_{1}}}={\frac {f(x\_{2})-f(x\_{1})}{x\_{2}-x\_{1}}}.}
```

If one uses the notation {\displaystyle x\_{2}=x\_{1}+\Delta x}, then this becomes {\displaystyle m={\frac {f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{(x+\Delta x)-x\_{1}}}={\frac {f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}}}.

(here, {\displaystyle \Delta x} is called the limiting variable of the difference quotient. Other variables, such as {\displaystyle \delta x} and {\displaystyle h}, are used as well.)

The difference quotient can be used to find the slope of a curve, as well as the slope of a straight line. After we find the difference quotient of a function and take the limit as two points get closer and closer to each other, we have a new function, called the derivative. To find the slope of the curve or line, we input the value of *x* to get the slope. The process of finding the derivative via the difference quotient is called **differentiation**.

Applications of the difference quotient (and the derivative)
------------------------------------------------------------

The derivative has many real life applications. One application of the derivative is listed below.

### Physics

In physics, the instantaneous velocity of an object (the velocity at an instance in time) is defined as the derivative of the position of the object (as function of time). For example, if an object's position is given by x(t)=-16t2+16t+32, then the object's velocity is v(t)=-32t+16. To find the instantaneous acceleration, one simply takes the derivative of the instantaneous velocity function. For example, in the above function, the acceleration function is a(t) = -32.

Related pages
-------------

* Partial derivative
**Gamla Stan** is an old section of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Gamla Stan consists of three islands, Stadsholmen, Riddarholmen and Helgeandsholmen. The main buildings such as the National Assembly Building, the royal palace and the Cathedral are located here. Gamla Stan whose meaning is "Old Town" is known to be built first in 13th century. Thus, there are a lot of old buildings in Gamla Stan and they were built in 17th or 18th century. They have very long history. After crossing the bridge in front of Royal Swedish Opera theater, there is the National Assembly Building. This building is the entrance of Gamla Stan and connects the old town, Gamla Stan, and the new town. The royal palace is just after the entrance and there are a lot of buildings which make you feel like in middle ages. 

The center of Gamla Stan is Stortorget square. This square has a sad history. Christian II killed more than 80 of the leading members of Sweden and buried their necks in the well. This is called the Stockholm massacre. In this square, there are Nobel Museum in one side and buildings built from 13th century to 19th century. Also, a lot of shops are placed in narrow alleyways. Up north from the square, the stock exchange built in 1776 and the Sweden Academy headquarters which selects the Nobel Prize winner are located.

In addition, there are a lot of famous tourist spots, such as Morten Trozigsgrand, which is the narrowest alley in Gamla Stan and as wide as 90cm, and the German Church. Since Gamla Stan preserves the image of middle ages very well, it can be one of the most famous tourist places in Sweden.

Other websites
--------------

* Northern Europe, World Tour
***Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta*** (Bengali: এই ছেলেটা ভেলভেলেটা); was a popular Bengali television Soap Opera that premiered on March 28, 2016 and aired on Zee Bangla. Produced by Magic Moments Motion Pictures, it started Prapti Chatterjee and Somraj Maity in lead roles, Nabanita Malakar in a negative role and Sabitri Chatterjee, Anusuya Majumdar, Shankar Chakraborty and Bharat Kaul in supporting roles. The show Got replaced by a Mythology show Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni.

Plot summary
------------

The show's unique name has been taken from common Bengali childhood rhyme. It truly captures the free-spirited love and chemistry between the protagonists - Abir and Shaluk. Life takes a turn when introvert city-bred boy 'Abir' meets the vivacious village girl 'Shaluk'. Their unusual friendship clicks in an instant and soon a sweet innocent chemistry develops between the two. Soon they realize their feelings towards each other. Thus, starts the story of their 'first love'. 'Eii Chhele Ta Bhelbhele Ta' is a tale of love, which follows the protagonists through myriad of situations and sees them unite against all odds. The story showcases a pure love story between two teenagers and how their love matures over time and rises above the different obstacles of life.

The show however has a lot of exist undertones too. The lead female character Shaluk is characterized as an all virtuous young lady without any faults .The writers and producers of the show, portray female lead characters idealistically instead of celebrating their faults as part of normal human nature. The supporting characters on the other hand are extremely blatant and malleable. They never show any strong or original viewpoints, as if the only reason for their casting is to complete a joint Bengali family. The male lead Abir is a polygamist and also narcissistic. He is a postgraduate student in Physics(it remains to be seen how that is possible because he is really stupid); without any source of income while staying in his parents house and without even trying is able to seduce two women to marry him. This is either because the women married him for the family heirloom or testimony to the dystopian mindset of the writers.

Cast
----

* Prapti Chatterjee as Shaluk {Main Female Lead}
* Somraj Maity as Abir {Main Male Lead}
* Nabanita Malakar as Aishwarya / Mimi {Main Antagonist} (Jailed)
* Sabitri Chatterjee as Shaluk's Grandmother {Parallel Female Lead}
* Anusuya Majumdar as Jaan {Parallel Female Lead}
* Rita Dutta Chakraborty as Shaluk's Aunt
* Shankar Chakraborty as Abir's Father
* Bharat Kaul as Abinash Sen
* Ritoja Majumder as Sonali {Antagonist}
* Rajasree Bhowmik as Kamalini
* Sujata Dawn / Suchismita Chowdhury as Nilanjana {Antagonist}
* Surajit Banerjee as Pupe's Father
* Diganta Bagchi as Choton
* Samata Das as Choton's wife
* Ayesha Bhattacharya as Pupe {Antagonist}
* Debjani Chakraborty as Nodi/Ranga Dii
* Debolina Mukherjee as Dighi/Ful Dii
A **gamebook** is a book that is also a game. It is sometimes called **solo adventure**, or **choose your own adventure** (CYOA). *Choose Your Own Adventure* is the name of a famous series of gamebooks.

Description
-----------

The book is made of several paragraphs. The paragraphs are numbered. You do not read the paragraphs in order. At the end of a paragraph, you make a choice between two or more possibilities; your choice leads to another paragraph.

For example,

**Paragraph 1.** Your are in a corridor. There are two doors: one on the left, one on the right.
If you want to open the left door, read the paragraph **2**.
If you want to open the right door, read the paragraph **3**.
etc.
You can read the book several times. If you make different choices, you read a different story each time.

Use of gamebooks
----------------

Some gamebooks are adventure games. They tell the story of an adventurer. These books are usually related to role-playing games. They are often science-fiction books, or fantasy books.

Some gamebooks are educational. They are used to learn something. A gamebook is funny to read; the reader is active (he makes choices). The gamebook can describe real situations where people must make choices; the paragraphs explain the consequences of the choices. Gamebooks can be a good way to make a subject more interesting.

Gamebooks can contain small games inside: riddles, puzzles, dice games, etc.

Famous series
-------------

* *Choose Your Own Adventure*: American series started in 1976. The creator is Edward Packard.
* *Fighting Fantasy*: British series started in 1982. The books are translated in many languages. The creators are Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone.
* *Lone Wolf*: British series started in 1984. The author is Joe Dever.

Some series are spin-offs of novels. For example, the gamebooks series *Give Yourself Goosebumps* is a spin-off of the *Goosebumps* series.

Some gamebooks are adventure for role-playing games (RPGs), played by only one people. They are called "solo adventure", or "solitaire adventure". The first solo adventure was written in 1976 for the RPG *Tunnels and Trolls*.

Some games are spin-offs of gamebooks. For example,

* several video games are based on *Fighting Fantasy* gamebooks;
* several traditional role-playing games are based on gamebooks:
	+ *Advanced Fighting Fantasy* is a RPG based on *Fighting Fantasy* gamebooks,
	+ *Lone Wolf Adventure Game* is a RPG based on *Lone Wolf* gamebooks.

Related pages
-------------

* Role-playing game
A rectobladder neck fistula, between the bladder and rectum 
The word **fistula** comes from a Latin word that means tube or pipe. In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces. This can be blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery. But they can also result from an infection or inflammation. Fistulas are generally a disease condition, but doctors may create fistulas by surgery for medical reasons.

Treatment
---------

Treatment for fistula depends on the reason for the fistula and on how serious it is. Doctors often treat fistula with surgery and antibiotics. The first step in treating a fistula is usually an examination by a doctor. The doctor determines the size and "path" that the fistula takes in the body.

Types of fistula
----------------

* Rectovaginal fistula between the rectum and vagina.
* Obstetric fistula between either the rectum and vagina or the rectum and bladder after severe or failed childbirth, when adequate medical care is not available.
* Vesicovaginal fistula - a type of urogenital fistula (between the vagina and bladder)
**Edward Craven Walker** (4 July 1918 – 15 August 2000) was a British inventor, who invented the lava lamp. He is also known for being a naturist.

Work on the lava lamp
---------------------

Walker got the idea of a lava lamp from seeing what is now called a "blob light", a mix of oil and water heated by a lightbulb at the bottom. He thought it would look more interesting if the oil was thick enough to form shapes, and spent 10 years trying to make it good.

Eventually, his product was launched in 1963, and Walker's factory soon began production of it as it grew in popularity.

Apparently, Walker once said, "If you buy my lamp, you won't need drugs."[*source?*]

Lava lamps were featured in the sitcom series "Absolutely Fabulous", which some people think helped the lava lamp's popularity, which was declining at the time.

Eventually, as it become less popular in the 1980s, Walker sold the company to Elizabeth Granger. Her company, Mathmos, was one of Britain's fastest growing companies, mostly from the lava lamp. Walker believed the lava lamp would be good for her company.

"I think it will always be popular." he once said. "It's like the cycle of life. It grows, breaks up, falls down, and starts all over again."

Naturism
--------

Walker's interest in nudity began with a visit to the Isle du Levant in the 1950s. He liked the idea, and tried to make it popular. "Eves on Skies" was broadcast in 1958, and "Travelling Light" followed soon after in 1960.

The success of Travelling Light gave Walker the money to buy a nightclub in Bournemouth. He turned it into a nudist resort. He tried to ban overweight nudists from entering, but failed.

"We are all against these fat fogies, it's not what naturism is about," he said

Death
-----

Walker was suffering from cancer in the mid and late 1990s, and he eventually died because of it. He died in Ringwood, Hampshire at the age of 82 on the 15th of August 2000.
For Elmet Parliament seat, see Elmet (UK Parliament constituency).
The Kingdom of Elmet between Mercia and Deira
**Elmet** (Old English: *Elfed*) was an independent Brittonic kingdom. It occupied the area of what was later the West Riding of Yorkshire. Elmet appears in records during the Early Middle Ages between the 5th century and early 7th century. Its neighbor to the east was the Anglian kingdom of Deira. The Anglian kingdom of Mercia was to the south. To the west it bordered on the Irish Sea. Elmet was the last surviving British kingdom in the early Anglo-Saxon period.

History
-------

Elmet emerged from Roman Britain as a British kingdom. The *Elmetsæte* (people of Elmet) were listed in Tribal Hidage as 600 hides. Elmet may have originally been a subkingdom of the Brigantes. Ceredig, the last king of Elmet, was defeated in 617 by Edwin of Deira around Leeds in the south Pennines. Edwin expelled Ceredig from Elmet and from that time on Elmet was a part of Northumbria.

The kings of Elmet had a royal residence at Campodonum (possibly near Doncaster) and another at Loidis (Leeds). The Elmetsæte were apparently Christian, at least by the time they were conquered by Northumbria. Bede wrote of an abbot named Thrydwulf and his monastery in Elmet wood.

### Kings of Elmet

* Mascuid Gloff (born c.440) - May have been the first king. He was a son of King Gwrast Lledlwm of Rheged
* Madog - Died at the Battle of Catraeth c. 600
* Gwallawg - Fought against Deira c. 585
* Ceredig - Last king; expelled from Elmet by Edwin of Deira

Other websites
--------------

* John James, *On the Little British Kingdom of Elmet*[*permanent dead link*]
**Game Maker** is a computer program for the Windows operating system. It was first made by Mark Overmars, but it is now made by the company **YoYo Games**.

Game Maker lets people make computer games without knowing a computer programming language. People who know how to use programming languages can use Game Maker's own programming language, called **Game Maker Language**.

The newest version is Game Maker Studio. Since the first version made in 1999, Game Maker was given many new features. One of these features is 3-D graphics.

Game Maker has a drag-and-drop interface. This lets people make games using mostly the computer mouse. Game Maker uses icons that tell the person what actions they can do. People can make simple games by moving these icons into a given order. More detailed games can be made when Game Maker Language is used.

Game Maker has an internet community and website. There, people who use Game Maker can put their games up for others to play. People can also get help on using Game Maker from other people.

History
-------

Game Maker started as an animation program called *Animo*. Each new version of Game Maker added new features. Starting with version 7.0, Game Maker was published by the YoYo Games company.

In May 22, 2012, YoYo Games released GM:Studio. After that GM:HTML5 is no longer supported.GM:Studio allows users to publish their games to Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Linux Ubuntu and HTML5.
**Émilie du Châtelet** was a French physicist. She was born on December 17, 1706, in Paris, France. Du Châtelet was born into an aristocratic family. She received an excellent education. Du Châtelet learned science, literature, and music. She married the Marquis of Châtelet. He lived away from Paris because he had a military and political career. They had three children. Du Châtelet took private lessons in maths from Pierre-Louis Moreau.

Du Châtelet had a 15-year affair with Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire. Voltaire recognised her talents. Châtelet helped Voltaire write his book, *Elements of Newton’s Philosophy*. She had an unwanted child with Jean François de Saint-Lambert when she was 42. She translated *Principia Mathematica* by Isaac Newton into French while she was pregnant. She died from an infection six days after giving birth to her daughter. It was 1749.

Du Châtelet’s translation of *Principia Mathematica* is still used today. She knew that her work was not appreciated during her time. Years after she died, she was recognized as a role model for girls and women. Du Châtelet is still celebrated around the world for her work in Newtonian studies and mathematics.
This article is about the animal with the common name **fossa**. For the taxonomic genus Fossa, see Malagasy civet.

The **fossa** (*Cryptoprocta ferox*) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae. 
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and weigh between 5.5 and 8.6 kg (12 and 19 lb). The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.
Edward Upward
**Edward Falaise Upward** (9 September 1903 – 13 February 2009) was an English novelist and short story writer. At the time of his death, he was considered the UK's oldest living author.

Early life
----------

He was born on 9 September 1903 in Romford, Essex, to Harold and Louisa Upward. His father was a doctor. Upward graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1925 with a degree in English. He became a teacher which also allowed him time to write.

Writing career
--------------

In 1931 he became interested in the Communist Party. He joined the party in 1934. He wrote for several Left-wing journals. These included *New Country*, *The Left Review* and *New Writing*. Upward's first novel was *Journey to the Border*, published in 1938. At that time Upward was better known for a 1937 essay called *Sketch for a Marxist Interpretation of Literature*. He wrote a trilogy called *The Spiral Ascent*. The second part had trouble getting published. By the time the third part was published, it had to be underwritten by the Action Council. The council only agreed after pressure from Upward's friends. The three were titled *In the Thirties* (1962), *The Rotten Elements* (1969), and *No Home But the Struggle* (1977). The last two were almost completely ignored at the time.

He enjoyed a resurgence in his nineties with the publication of several of his short stories. These were *The Mortmere Stories* (co-written with Christopher Isherwood during their time at Cambridge in the 1920s), *An Unmentionable Man* (1994), *The Scenic Railway* (1997), *The Coming Day* (2000), and *A Renegade in Springtime* (2003), the last to celebrate his 100th birthday. 

He died on 13 February 2009, aged 105, in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.

Other websites
--------------

* Edward Upward, *The Spiral Ascent*
* Edward Upward: An artistic vision at odds with his politics, WSWS


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Edward Upward***.