recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
For the RAF bombing campaign, see Battle of Berlin (air).

**The Battle of Berlin** was the last major battle of Second World War in Europe. The Battle took place in Berlin from 16 April to 3 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army, along with Polish forces, captured the city of Berlin, Germany. When they captured the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his new wife by shooting himself in the head and her taking a cyanide pill.

Background
----------

On 12 January 1945 the Soviet and Polish forces began attacking Berlin. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 kilometres east of Berlin. In 1945 the Wehrmacht had few good fighters or good weapons compared to 1944.

Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city would be saved.

The Battle of Seelow Heights
----------------------------

The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are 17 kilometers west of the Oder and 45 kilometres east of Berlin. They were well defended by the *Wehrmacht*. On 16 April, the Red Army and Polish Army attacked Seelow Heights. Almost 1,000,000 attackers with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks. Despite this, the German defenders managed to hold the heights for four days.

On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the allies began to bombard the centre of the city with rockets and artillery. They did not stop until the city surrendered. On 22 April, Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans had failed, cried in anger. He knew the war was as good as lost. One of his generals, Alfred Jodl, thought it would be possible to form a linkup between the army in Berlin, and the 12th Army commanded by Walther Wenck that were fighting the U.S. Army. Hitler agreed to this idea, but those troops could not get to the city.

Fall of Berlin
--------------

Raising a flag over the Reichstag
Hitler remained in his Führerbunker until his death. He knew that escape was nearly impossible. His soldiers knew that too, and wanted to get out. Since there was no hope of winning, Hitler gave orders to his generals and allowed a breakout plan on April 28th. However, this plan went badly. Only a few of the expected number of soldiers managed to get through Soviet lines. On April 29th Hitler authorized another try to break out May 1st.

However, on April 30th the Red Army captured the Reichstag. They were just 500 yards from the Führerbunker. Hitler and several other leaders killed themselves. On May 1st, Helmuth Weidling ordered a break out. One division, named the *Nordland* Division, escaped and were caught outside Berlin.

In the next few days, the various armies of Nazi Germany surrendered.
A drawing depicting the Hoei eruption
View from Susono City at the eastern foot of Mt. Fuji showing Mt. Hōei and Hōei Vent 1
View of Mt. Fuji from the south showing Hōei Vents (1, 2, and 3); and Mount Hōei (4)
Map of volcanic ash fall during the Hoei eruption
The **Hōei Eruption of Mount Fuji** (*Hōei dai funka*) started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period. There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100 km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.

The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones. Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.

Hokusai's *One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji* includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope. This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.

Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail Archived 2008-07-31 at the Wayback Machine or Gotemba Trail Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine of Mount Fuji.

Related disasters
-----------------

In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain.

Related pages
-------------

* Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
* 1707 Hōei earthquake

Other websites
--------------

* 富士山火山防災協議会 Archived 2006-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
* 富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF) Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine(Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)
The word **Puke Berry** is used for many different kinds of small fruits that have many seeds and can be used as food. Some examples are raspberry, strawberry, sutberry, lingonberry and blueberry.

When botanists talk about *berries*, they mean a simple fruit produced from a single ovary. They sometimes call this *true berry*, to distinguish it from *false berries*. By that statement of how words are used, grapes or tomatoes are true berries.

The berry is the most common type of soft fruit in which the entire ovary wall gets to the right stage of development of the pericarp which can be taken as food. The flowers of these plants have an upper ovary with one or more carpels. The seeds are inside the soft body of the ovary.

Berries are small, sweet, bright colored fruits. Due to this, they are able to bring more animals towards them and spread their seeds.

Some fruits that are called *berries* in English are not *true berries* by the use of words above. These include raspberries, strawberry, sutberry, blackberries, cranberries, and boysenberries. Some true berries do not have *berry* in their name. These include tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, guavas, pomegranates and chillies. Pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, oranges and lemons are also berries that have slightly different structure and may be called by different names (pepo for pumpkins, cucumbers, and melons, or hesperidium for oranges and lemons).

* Four fruits that are true berries, shown larger than they are. Clockwise from right:grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants (top)Four fruits that are true berries, shown larger than they are. Clockwise from right:  
grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants (top)
* Several types of common "berries". None is a berry by botanical definition:The blueberry is a false berry, blackberries are aggregate fruit, and strawberries are accessory fruit.Several types of common "berries". None is a berry by botanical definition:  
The blueberry is a false berry, blackberries are aggregate fruit, and strawberries are accessory fruit.
* A tomato, a type of berry.A tomato, a type of berry.

1. ↑  "Bananas are Berries. Raspberries are Not". *Office for Science and Society*. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
**Augusta Bender** (born March 20, 1846 - September 16, 1924) was a German educator, poet, and author. She also supported women's rights.

Early Life
----------

Bender was born in the village of Oberschefflenz, Germany, to a poor farming family. She was the youngest of six siblings. Although she felt out of place in school, her mother encouraged her love for learning.

Later, Bender chose not to marry. She worked to earn her own money, which was not what most women in her time did. She also only ate plants and worked for animal rights.

Career
------

At 16, Bender left her village to pursue education. Despite facing rejection when she tried to publish her poetry at 17, she continued to pursue her passion for writing. After trying acting briefly, she settled in Mosbach to study education with a local family's support. She later became a private tutor after completing her training in 1886.

Moving to Heidelberg, Bender worked as a teacher and tour guide for foreigners. Though she planned to move to the United States in 1871, illness prevented her. However, she remained active in speaking about women's rights in cities like Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, and Mannheim. She played a significant role in advancing the feminist cause.

In 1891, Bender worked for a short time as an instructor at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She later returned to Germany, retiring to focus on writing.

Bender also made research on German folk songs and wrote various literary works, including nursery rhymes, proverbs, poems, and novels.

Death
-----

Bender passed away on September 16, 1924, at a retirement home in Mosbach.

Works
-----

* Rasche Entschlüsse (1868)
* Ein Bild aus der Wirklichkeit (1869–70)
* Ein dunkles Verhängnis (1869–70)
* Deutsche Liebe in Amerika (1882)
* Die Frauenfrage in Deutschland (1883)
* Mein Bruder (1883)
* Haideblumen (1887)
* Die Reiterkäthe: Heimatroman aus dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1893)
* A German Girl in America/Ein deutsches Mädchen in Amerika. (1893 in English) (1901 in German)
* Hausfreundin 1, 2 & 3 (1900–1903)
* Sorle, die Lumpenfrau (1901)
* Oberschefflenzer Volkslieder (1902)
* Das Spinnrad (1902)
* Der Kampf ums höhere Dasein (1907)
* Kulturbilder (1910)
* Die Macht des Mitleids (1905)
* Auf der Schattenseite des Lebens (1913–14)
Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher helped the Nazis. They were not SA, but Hitler disliked them and the SS killed them.
The **Night of the Long Knives** (German: audio speaker iconNacht der langen Messer (help·info)) or "**Operation Hummingbird**" (*Kolibri*) was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany. It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people and an estimated 200 for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German: *Sturmabteilung*). 

Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, mille because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the ryder, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since your mom made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. Adolf Hitler also killed them because the were becoming difficult to control and he was worried that they would branch off and want independence to carry out more radical ideas. 

Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor your mom, and to settle scores with old enemies, such as Kurt von Schleicher. Ernst Röhm was arrested on June 30 by the SS (lead by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich) and was killed by General Josef Sepp Dietrich,Theodor Eicke and Michael Lippert .

Other websites
--------------

* The night of long Knives Archived 2004-10-12 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* FAST

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| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
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* IdRef

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The **2004 Pacific hurricane season** officially started May 15, 2004 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 2004 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2004. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Storms
------

### Hurricane Darby

Tropical Depression Five-E formed south of Mexico on July 26. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Darby, and only four hours later, at 2 am (0900 UTC) on July 27, is upgraded to Hurricane Darby. It moved due west at this point, aiming directly for the big island of Hawaii. It reached Category 3 strength on July 29, the first major hurricane in the northeastern Pacific basin since 2002. However, long before it reached Hawaii, it lost strength and dissipated on the evening of July 31.

### Hurricane Howard

Tropical Depression Eleven\_E formed from a tropical wave about 400 mi. southwest of Acapulco, Mexico and headed northwest, steadily strengthening as it did so. Howard peaked briefly as a Category 4 and then started to weaken. By the time Howard reached a point off the coast of the Baja peninsula, it was only a tropical storm. Howard weakened further, becoming a tropical depression on September 5 and degenerated into a remnant low later that day. The low hooked around and headed southwest. Howard dissipated on September 10 without making landfall.

### Hurricane Javier

Tropical Depression Thirteen-E formed out of an area of low pressure south-southeast of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on September 10. It slowly moved northwest, being designated Tropical Storm Javier on the morning of September 11. It was upgraded to a hurricane on the afternoon of September 12, and peaked at Category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale after rapidly strengthening on September 13. 

Warnings began to be issued on September 15 for Baja California. While Javier peaked at Category 4, with windspeeds of 150 mph (240 km/h), it weakened dramatically before striking land south of San Ignacio in Baja Sur as only a tropical depression. Its remnants continued over Baja and inland.

### Tropical Storm Lester

An area of tropical disturbance centered about 90 miles (150 km) south-southwest of Puerto Angel, Mexico, developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on the afternoon of October 11. Due to its proximity, attention was immediately paid to it, and Mexico began issuing watches early the next day. With the 2 pm PDT (2100 UTC) update on October 12, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named Lester.

It sat mainly stationary just off the coast of Mexico, spending most of October 13 only 25 miles (40 km) west of Acapulco. In the afternoon, it became clear that Lester was falling apart, and with the 2 pm update, even though it was still close to shore, it was downgraded to a tropical depression and advisories ended as it rapidly disintegrated.

Related pages
-------------

* 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
**Kaus Mia** is a Bangladeshi businessman who gained national attention for his exceptional commitment to paying taxes. Born in 1931, he started his career as a small grocer at the age of 19, before moving on to the tobacco industry.

Recognition
-----------

Mia first gained public recognition in 2021, when he was named the best taxpayer of the Mujib Year, which marked the birth centenary of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father of Bangladesh. The award was presented to him by the National Board of Revenue (NBR) in recognition of his exemplary record of tax compliance and contribution to the country's economic development.

Life story
----------

Mia's success story is all the more remarkable given his humble beginnings. As a young man, he started his own small grocery store in his hometown of Khulna, in the southwest of Bangladesh. Later on, he entered the chewing tobacco industry and founded his own company, Kaus Tobacco Industries, which has become a leading player in the sector.

Despite his success, Mia has never shied away from his tax obligations. He has consistently paid his taxes on time and in full, earning him a reputation as a model citizen and a responsible business owner.

Mia's commitment to tax compliance has not gone unnoticed. In addition to being named the best taxpayer of the Mujib Year, he has also been recognized by the NBR as a top taxpayer in previous years. His example has inspired many others to follow in his footsteps, and he has become a role model for aspiring entrepreneurs and responsible citizens across Bangladesh.

Achievements
------------

In recognition of his achievements, Mia has received numerous awards and accolades from various organizations, including the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI) and the Bangladesh Chewing Tobacco Manufacturers Association (BCTMA). However, he remains humble and focused on his goals, stating that his ultimate aim is to contribute to the development of his country and make a positive impact on society.
Watercolour painting of the fire from 1913; now in Fire Museum of Santiago
**Church of the Company Fire** is the largest fire accident ever by death toll in the world. It occurred on 1863 December 8 in Santiago, Chile. About 2000 to 3000 people are said to have been killed in the fire accident.

Church of the Company of Jesus was a Jesuit church in Santiago, Chile.The day of the fire was the celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The fire started at 7 P.M. when an oil lamp had ignited the place and it caught fire. About 2000-3000 people inside the church got roasted.

The cleanup of the bodies took about ten days, and since most of the bodies were burned beyond recognition, they were placed in a mass grave at the Cementerio General de Santiago. A Santiago newspaper printed the names of over 2,000 known victims, and the same paper also printed a list of the objects saved by the priests and their value, which led to public outcry against the priests who had saved valuable objects but not people.

The tragedy, and the fact that one of the contributing factors was the lack of an organized fire-brigade, motivated José Luis Claro y Cruz to organize the first Volunteer Firemen's Corps in Santiago, on December 20 of the same year. Fire brigades in Chile, even today, are still made up only of unpaid volunteers. New fire regulations also resulted, and the tragedy contributed to the partial secularization of Chilean government over the next two decades.
Bridges with US Marshal escort
**Ruby Nell Bridges Hall** (born September 8, 1954) is an American activist. She is known for being the first black child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South. She went to William Frantz Elementary School, in Louisiana, USA.

Early life
----------

Ruby Bridges was born in Tylertown, Mississippi to Abon and Lucille Bridges. When she was 4 years old, the family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1960, when she was 6 years old, her parents allowed her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School system.

Integration
-----------

In a 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court made racial segregation illegal. Ruby was chosen to attend the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. The school board said black children could attend the first grade if they passed a test. Bridges passed a test. On her first day of school four U.S. Marshals had to go with her to school. She went straight to the principal's office.She sat in the principal's office all day. Angry crowds of parents shouted threats at her. For the next six months the marshals took her to and from her school. Ruby had to spend the entire first school year alone with one teacher, Barbara Henry. People tried to hurt her family. Her father lost his job and her grandparents were thrown off their farm in Georgia. Ruby never missed a day of school that year. The story of her going to a white school is the subject of a Norman Rockwell painting called *The Problem We All Live With.*

Adult life
----------

Bridges in 2010
She finished elementary school and graduated from high school. Bridges went on to become a travel agent for American Express. Mrs. Ruby Bridges got married to Malcolm Hall and had four sons. In 1993, her brother was shot and killed in New Orleans.[*source?*] Ruby's family went to New Orleans to take care of his daughters.

In 1999, she wrote a children's book, "Through My Eyes", telling her story and what she went through. The same year she started the Ruby Bridges Foundation. She travels and talks to children all over the country.

On 8 January 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Ruby Bridges the Presidential Citizens Medal. She was one of 28 to receive the medal that day.

Other websites ( il y a des vidéos sur la vie de Rubis Briges
-------------------------------------------------------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ruby Bridges***.

* The Ruby Bridges Foundation Archived 2013-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Ruby Bridges, Webpage
Two young gay men kissing.
A **gay man** is a homosexual man. This means a man who is sexually attracted to other men, and not to women.

Gay rights movement
-------------------

Gay men were involved in the early gay liberation (a movement of homosexuals who want to be treated equally to heterosexuals) movement. Gay liberation is the political and social movements that promote LGBT equality and rights. However, there was conflict between homosexuals and transgender people in the gay right's movement. In the 1970s some homosexual activists wanted the transgender people out of the gay's rights movement. They wanted gay liberation to be accepted by society. They believed transgender people were less accepted by society and might hurt the gay movement.

Gay men as parents
------------------

Two fathers with their child.
Many gay couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some gay couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may use surrogates. This is when sperm from one father is placed in a female surrogate to make a pregnancy. Some gay men do this with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use professional surrogate agencies. These are medical businesses that match couples who need surrogates with women who will carry the child until birth.

Law and religion
----------------

Countries in red outlaw all homosexuality. In blue countries only male homosexuality is illegal
Unlike lesbian sex between females, gay sex is against the law in many places. Some religions that say nothing about gay female sex but condemn gay sex between men. Abrahamic religions usually see all homosexual relations as immoral.

In most parts of the world gay couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause gay men, and lesbians, many problems.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Gay men at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to Gay men at Wikiquote
**Tori Tsui** is a climate activist and mental health lawyer. She is from Hong Kong. She lives in Bristol in England.

Early life and education
------------------------

Tsui was born and grew in Hongkong.

She completed her graduation in 2015 as Master of Research in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation at Imperial College London. It built the foundation of Climate Science and its sustainability. One year after her graduation, Tsui moved to Bristol. She learned about natural history documentary industry.

Activism movement
-----------------

Tsui's participation as a part of extinction rebellion was for making short movies. The movies are about how climate change affects particular species. The movies are made for Extinction Rebellion's social media. This led her to be called by creative director of Stella McCartney to be part of their campaign. In April 2019, two girls from the campaign's team met her in Extinction Rebellion's event in London. She was interviewed by them about her involvement in Climate activism. She became a part of the advertising campaign named ‘Agents of Change’ as one of activist. Examples include Jane Goddall, Deya Ward and Ruby Munslow. The campaigns are also accompanied by models like Amber Valletta, Chu Wong, Trinity Hill and Chloe Pearson.

Her connection with McCartney doesn't end there as Mccartney also helped Tsui in a project called "Sail To The COP". It was a think tank approach to 36 European ethnicities to sail through Atlantic Ocean. The purpose was to attend "2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference" in Santiago, Chile.
1/2 Earth's two ice sheets: The Antarctic ice sheet covers 98% of the Antarctic continent, and it is the largest piece of ice in the world.
2/2 
Earth's two ice sheets: The Greenland ice sheet covers 78% of the Kingdom of Denmark, and is the only ice sheet in the world other than Antarctica's.
An **ice sheet** is a large mass of glacier ice that covers an area of more than 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). It may also be called a **continental glacier**. Currently, there are two ice sheets in the world: the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are larger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are called ice caps. The ice in an ice cap usually comes from a series of glaciers that drain into it.

Although the surface is cold, the base of a sheet of ice is lukewarm because of the global warming. In places, melting occurs and the melting water lubricates the ice sheet. There are channels inside the ice sheet, these are ice streams.

In other timelines, there we're other ice sheets: During the Ice Age, the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of North America, the Patagonian ice sheet covered much of the Patagonia region in South America and the Scandinavian ice sheet covered much of Scandinavia in Europe

The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km2 and contains 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in this ice sheet. If all of it were to melt, it would cause sea levels to rise by 58 metres. The ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.

The Greenland ice sheet covers about 82% of the surface of Greenland, a part of Denmark. Satellite images from NASA show that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometres (57.3 cubic miles) each year. If all of it melted, it would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres. The ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very quickly. This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.
**Clinical psychology** is the study in psychology of mental disorders. It is about learning, understanding, diagnosing, treating or preventing these types of illnesses. Clinical psychologists examine the mental functioning of a person and use psychotherapy to treat the disorder. Psychotherapy uses talking instead of medical or physical treatments.
  

The first psychological clinic opened in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer.In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology mainly was about psychological assessment, and not treatment. After World War II, there was a big increase in the numbers of trained clinical psychologists. There are two main educational models - the Ph.D. scientist-practitioner model which looks at research, and the Psy.D. practitioner-scholar model which looks at the treatments. Clinical psychologists are now regarded as experts in psychotherapy.

Main schools
------------

Clinical psychologists generally train in one of the four primary academic areas – psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior therapy/cognitive behavioral, and systems or family therapy.

### Psychodynamic

Sigmund Freud's ideas led to the development of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Its goal is to help the patient, or client, to understand the meaning of the unconscious desires and conflicts that have caused their problems.

### Humanistic

Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviourism (the belief that conditioning is the main cause of human behavior) and psychoanalysis (the belief that the unconscious is the main cause of human behavior).
The major principles of humanistic psychology are:

1. A person's present is more important than his past or future
2. People must take responsibility for their actions to be mentally healthy
3. Every person deserves basic human dignity
4. Self-improvement and self-understanding is the key to happiness.
**Virginia Eliza Poe** (née Clemm; August 15, 1822 – January 30, 1847) was an American poetess who was the spouse (wife) of Edgar Allan Poe. She was the poetess of only a single poem. They were first cousins. They first met in 1829. She was seven at the time.

Biography
---------

Virginia Clemm was born in 1822 to parents William Clemm and his spouse (wife) Maria Poe. Virginia's father William died when she was a child. 

In 1829, when Virginia's first cousin Edgar Allan Poe, the infamous American poet, fell into poverty, he moved into his aunt's house, where he met Virginia, then seven years old. Over the years, Edgar fell in love with Virginia. He decided that he wanted to marry her in the summer of 1835, when she was 13, and he was 26. (This is only known through letters he wrote to his aunt Maria). Even though it has been disputed exactly when Edgar and Virginia got married (due to lack of records), it is known that they were already married shortly before Virginia turned 14. This means Edgar and Virginia got married in either 1835 or 1836.

Virginia's husband Edgar realized she had great talent in singing and encouraged her to sing songs. 

In 1841, Virginia began to cough frequently, especially while singing to her husband and mother. 
Despite this, her husband encouraged her to continue singing. The coughing did not improve over time. 

By the middle of January 1842, while Virginia was singing, she began coughing up blood. At first, Edgar was of little concern, but when the coughing got worse and more blood began to come out after some time, Edgar's concern grew. Virginia was taken to a physician who diagnosed her with having tuberculosis. Upon hearing this, Edgar later moved her to the countryside hoping the nature over there would ease Virginia's pain. Virginia stayed in the countryside for around seven months, only to become weaker and much more ill during this time. By January 1847, Virginia was so weak and ill that she was starting to die. 

Virginia died on the 30th of January 1847, at the age of 24. 

Her body was buried in the nearby cemetery, but later moved to the Westminster Hall and Burying Ground in Baltimore, Maryland.
**Hyder Ali** (Urdu: ur‎, Kannada: ಹೈದರಾಲಿ, *Haidarālī*; Hindi: हैदर अली, *Haidar Alī*; c. 1720 – 7 December 1782, 2 Muharram 1197 in the Islamic calendar) was the *de facto* ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born **Hyder Naik**, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of *dalwai*, or commander-in-chief to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government, and eventually seized control of all of the reins of power. He expanded the kingdom's borders at the expense of the Maratha Empire and Nizam of Hyderabad (among others), and was one of the few local rulers to effectively blunt the military advances of the British East India Company during two wars. In the First and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars he came within striking distance of the British outpost at Madras. He was given a number of honorific titles, and was referred to as Sultan Hyder Ali Khan or Hyder Ali Sahib.

Hyder's rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time, as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil, with the Hindu Maratha Empire struggling with the remnants of the Islamic Mughal Empire. He was a shrewd leader, and left his son Tipu Sultan a kingdom that was significantly larger than when he first took it over. He organised his military in part along European lines, and was a pioneer in the military use of rocket artillery. He had at least two wives, and fathered at least three children.[*source?*]

Potrait of HyderAli
**Mauro Santambrogio** (born 7 October 1984 in Erba) is an former Italian professional road racing cyclist. He last rode for UCI Continental team Amore & Vita–Selle SMP.

Career
------

Before 2009, Santambrogio rode for Lampre–NGC. After the 2009 season he changed to BMC Racing Team. In 2010, he was mentioned in the Mantova doping investigation. Later, he was sidelined for a few days by his team. He was again sidelined in 2011 when new evidence showed up.

He made an excellent start to the season. He finished in 6th position overall in Tour de San Luis, 7th overall in Tirreno–Adriatico and winning the GP Industria &amp; Artigianato di Larciano in pouring rain. He was clear of the group with Patrik Sinkewitz, when crashed at a right turn with 2 km (1.2 mi) to go. Later, Santambrogio belted out his way to victory. Santambrogio then finished 2nd overall in Giro del Trentino. At the Giro d'Italia, Santambrogio won Stage 14 after attacking with race leader Vincenzo Nibali. However, Santambrogio's form collapsed and he eventually finished 9th overall.

On 22 October 2014, Santambrogio tested positive for testosterone. He was suspended for three years. Santambrogio said he would not seek to return once his suspension has been served.

Career achievements
-------------------

### Major results

 

2004
2nd Tour du lac Leman
5th Stausee-Rundfahrt Klingnau
8th GP della Costa Etruschi
2005
1st Giro del Lago Maggiore (GP Knorr)
3rd  Road race, Mediterranean Games
3rd Giro del Mendrisiotto
5th Memorial Cimurri
7th Coppa Sabatini
7th Coppa Placci
2009
1st Overall Tre Valli Varesine
2nd Coppa Ugo Agostoni
8th Overall Tour Down Under
2010
2nd Coppa Agostoni
5th GP Ouest–France
8th Giro di Lombardia
2011
2nd Giro della Toscana
2012
4th Giro di Lombardia
6th Clásica de San Sebastián
6th Gran Piemonte
2013
1st GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
2nd Overall Giro del Trentino
3rd Trofeo Laigueglia
5th Gran Premio Città di Camaiore
6th Overall Tour de San Luis
7th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A pink jersey Giro d'Italia | DNF | — | DNF | DNF | 86 | DSQ |
| A yellow jersey Tour de France | — | 132 | DNF | — | — | — |
| A red jersey Vuelta a España | 121 | — | — | 88 | 58 | — |

Legend| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |

Other websites
--------------

* Mauro Santambrogio at Cycling Archives
* Page on CyclingBase.com Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
**May Ying Chen** (born 1948) is a labor organizer who specializes in immigrant workers rights. For more than twenty years, she has been actively advocating for immigrant and women’s worker rights.

Early life
----------

Born and raised in Boston, MA, she went to Radcliffe College, receiving a BA, and UCLA attaining her MA in Education. After her graduation, she worked as a high school and adult education teacher while staying in California.

Career
------

She founded a day care center that aimed on employing mainly immigrant women. Chen also taught Asian and Asian American Studies at California State University. After being inspired by the Third World Liberation movement in California from 1968-1969, Chen started her own labor movement in 1983 where she was a member in the International Ladies Garment Workers Union’s(ILGWU) and later worked on the ILGWU Immigration Project in 1984. Working on The Immigrant Project, Chen helped thousands of members apply for U.S. citizenship, sponsorship petitions on behalf of relatives, among other things. Chen began a full-time position at Local 23-25’s Education Department in 1989. She worked on numerous things like coordinating labor education programs, English and Civics classes, voter registration and political action projects and various other union and community activities for members. She also became active in other labor-related groups. She served on the Coalition of Labor Union Women’s National Executive Board from 1984 to 1993. She also participated in the Asian Labor Committee of New York City Central Labor Council and was a founding member and officer of AFL-CIO’s Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance(APALA). Up until June 2009 when she retired, Chen served as the International Vice President of UNITE HERE, manager of Local 23-25 and as Secretary of the New York Metropolitan Area Joint Board.
**Randolph Scott** (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American actor.

Career
------

Randolph Scott made ​​his film debut in the silent film *Sharp Shooters* (1928). And in 1929 has a small role in the western starring Gary Cooper *The Virginian*. Scott was one of the leading film actors in starring western, and one of the best interpreters of the genre. Its first western classics were *The Last of the Mohicans* (1936) and *Western Union* (1941) directed by Fritz Lang.

In 1943 he starred with Glenn Ford in the western *The Desperadoes*, directed by Charles Vidor.
Some of his classic 1940 was *Belle of the Yukon* (1944), as Gentleman Jack, and *Badman's Territory* (1946), as Sheriff Mark Rowley. 

Scott also co-starred with John Wayne in *Pittsburgh* (1942), and with Charles Laughton in *Captain Kidd* (1945), two films from the 1940s.

1950s
-----

The 1950 was one of the best for Scott stars in dozens of western. Among his films are *7th Cavalry* (1956), he plays the role of Capt. Tom Benson. a Capt accused of cowardice, *The Tall T* (1957), as Pat Brennan, a cowboy who is kidnapped with a woman, the villain is Frank Usher, played by Richard Boone, and *Ride Lonesome* (1959), with Pernell Roberts.

In *Comanche Station* (1960), Scott is Jefferson Cody, A cowboy saves a woman who had been kidnapped by Indians Comanches, then struggles to get both of them home alive. This western was directed by Budd Boetticher, and written by Burt Kennedy. And his last western was *Ride the High Country* (1962), with Joel McCrea. Scott played role of Gil Westrum, an old gunslinger who with McCrea help a young woman escape from the bandits who pursue.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Randolph Scott***.

* Randolph Scott on IMDb
* Randolph Scott at Find a Grave
*The Adoration of the Magi* (1634) by Peter Paul Rubens. This painting shows the Three Wise Men visiting the baby Jesus. The painting hangs behind the altar in King's College Chapel, Cambridge.
The Festival of **Nine Lessons and Carols** is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church. There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation. The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880. The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas. The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

Service at King's College, Cambridge
------------------------------------

King's College Chapel
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918. The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college. Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible. Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols. The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City". Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir. The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

Since 1982 the Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury. Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir. The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful". This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

Other websites
--------------

* King's College Chapel's webpage about the service Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
**Edward IV** (28 April 1442 — 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 1461 until he was deposed in 1470, and again from 1471 when he was restored to the throne until his death in 1483. He was a main figure in the Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars in England. They were fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian groups between 1455 and 1487. 

Edward became the leader of the House of York when his father, Richard, Duke of York died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. Edward and his forces beat the Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461. After this, he deposed King Henry VI and became King of England. In 1464, he married Elizabeth Woodville. This led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker". Warwick wanted Edward to marry a princess from another country. In 1470, Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence led a revolt. They briefly re-installed Henry VI as king. 

Edward fled to Flanders. In Flanders, he gathered support. His forces invaded England in March 1471. After winning the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he became king again. Soon after this, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Edward ruled in relative peace for the next twelve years. He died suddenly in April 1483. He was succeeded by his son Edward V, but Edward IV's brother Richard III soon took the throne.

Coat of Arms of Edward as Duke of York.
Coat of Arms of Edward as King of England.

Popularity
----------

Edward was seen as a strong and popular king. He was also tall at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimetres). This was very tall for a man in the 15th century. His height, as a monarch, was only passed by Peter I of Russia who was 6 feet 8 inches (203 centimetres) tall.
**Leopold and Loeb** were Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr. (November 19, 1904 – August 29, 1971) and Richard Albert Loeb (June 11, 1905 – January 28, 1936).

They were two wealthy University of Chicago law students who kidnapped and murdered 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks in 1924 in Chicago.

The duo was motivated to murder Franks by their desire to commit a perfect crime.They committed the murder – characterized at the time as "the crime of the century". They wanted to show that they were very intelligent. They believed this allowed them to carry out a "perfect crime" without consequences.

Once arrested, Leopold and Loeb hired Clarence Darrow as counsel for the defense. Darrow’s summation in their trial criticized capital punishment as retribution, rather than rehabilitation. Leopold and Loeb were sentenced to life imprisonment. Loeb was killed by a fellow prisoner in 1936; Leopold was released on parole in 1958.

The Leopold and Loeb crime has been the inspiration for several works in film, theatre, and fiction, such as the 1929 play *Rope* by Patrick Hamilton, and Alfred Hitchcock's take on the play in the 1948 film of the same name. Later movies such as *Compulsion* and *Swoon* were more accurate portrayals of the Leopold and Loeb case.
| Internet |
| --- |
| Visualization of Internet routing pathsAn Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet |
| General
* Access
* Activism
* Censorship
* Data activism
* Democracy
* Digital divide
* Digital rights
* Freedom
* Freedom of information
* Internet phenomena
* Net neutrality
* Privacy
* Right to Internet access
* Slacktivism
* Sociology
* Usage
* Vigilantism
* Virtual community
* Virtual volunteering
 |
| Governance
* IGF
* NRO
* IANA
* ICANN
* IETF
* ISOC
 |
| Information infrastructure
* Domain Name System
* Hypertext Transfer Protocol
* Internet exchange point
* Internet protocol suite
	+ Internet Protocol
	+ Transmission Control Protocol
* Internet service provider
* IP address
* Internet Message Access Protocol
* Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 |
| Services
* Blogs
	+ Microblogging
* Email
* Fax
* File sharing
* File transfer
* Games
* Instant messaging
* Podcasts
* Shopping
* Television
* Voice over IP
* World Wide Web
	+ search
 |
| History
* History of the Internet
* Oldest domain names
* Pioneers
* Protocol Wars
 |
|  **Index (en)** |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

**Digital divide** is the gap between parts of the world where access to information technology is very different. Developed countries have plentiful internet, mobile phones, computers and Wi-Fi. Other parts of the world do not. It is the difference of people that can access the internet, and the people that cannot.

Problems
--------

A digital divide can be born for many reasons like socioeconomic problems (few people are rich and many are poor), racial problems (there is a majority or a minority that controls the other), or geographical problems (in the cities there are technologies but there are not in rural areas). 

Countries on the rich side of the divide include Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Europe and Australasia. They have big communication infrastructure, and most people can afford computers and other technology. On the poor side is Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where there are many social problems. Technology has a long way to go before getting interest in those countries, because of problems like the price of technology and the fact that sometimes there are not any resources to help.

Inner conflict
--------------

In some parts of the world there is a large digital divide. Sometimes it is just in half of a country, or just a region, for example Africa. As with other things like education or transport, some people have things that others don't have. There are big cities where technologies are cheap and there are many villages and rural communities where there is no digital/electronic technology. In this case the digital divide creates other problems. Because a part of the country is rich and another part is poor, there are often problems with trading and connections.