recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Canowindra** (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.

History
-------

A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.

In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for three days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the *Travellers' Rest*. New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.

Modern Canowindra
-----------------

The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.

Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.

Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.

Fossils
-------

The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Palaeozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were two armoured antiarch placoderms, *Remigolepis walkeri* and *Bothriolepis yeungae.* They also found *Canowindra grassi*, a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, *Groenlandaspis* species.

More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum. The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.
Hill in September 2007
**Bernard Hill** (born 17 December 1944) is a British movie, theatre, and television actor since 1975. His career has lasted more than 30 years.

Hill is known for playing Yosser Hughes in the British television drama *Boys from the Blackstuff*. He is also known for the roles in movie blockbusters films such as Captain Edward Smith in *Titanic*, King Theoden in *The Lord of the Rings movie series*, and as the Warden of the San Quentin Prison in Clint Eastwood's *True Crime*.

Hill was born in Blackley, Manchester, England in 17 December 1944. He attended at Xaverian College although back then it was called *The Xaverian School*, and then to the Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths. He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970.

He is married to Marianne Hill and has a son named Gabriel Hill.

In his commentary on *The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002) Extended Edition DVD, he admits that during the course of shooting he first broke his sternum, then had his ear slashed open by a sword.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bernard Hill***.

* Bernard Hill on IMDb
* Bernard Hill at the TCM Movie Database
* Bernard Hill at AllMovie
An old camera from 1914
A **camera** is a device that takes pictures (photographs). It uses film or electronics to make a picture of something. It is a tool of photography. A lens makes the image that the film or electronics "sees".

A camera that takes one picture at a time is sometimes called a *still camera*. A camera that can take pictures that seem to move is called a *movie camera*. If it can take videos it is called a *video camera* or a *camcorder*. The majority of cameras are on a phone. This is called a "Camera phone".

All cameras are basically a box that light can not get into until a photo is taken. There is a hole on one side of the camera where the light can get in through the lens, and this is called the aperture. On the other side is a special material that can record the image that comes through the aperture. This material is the film in a film camera or electronic sensor in a digital camera. Finally, there is also the shutter, which stops light from getting in until a photo is taken.

When a photo is taken, the shutter moves out of the way. This lets light come in through the aperture and make a picture on the film or electronic sensor. In many cameras, the size of the aperture can be changed to let in more light or less light. The amount of time that the shutter lets light through can be changed as well. This also lets in more light or less light. Most of the time, electronics inside the camera control these, but in some cameras the person taking the picture can change them as well.

Moving pictures
---------------

A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on image sensor or strips of photographic film. Unlike a still camera the ciné camera takes a series of images, each one is called a "frame". The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, human visual system merges the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion. The first ciné camera was built around 1888. By 1890 several types were being made. The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as 35mm film. This remained in use until transition to digital cinematography.

Cameraman checks his video camera before shooting
A professional video camera (often called a television camera) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images. Their use includes music videos, movies, corporate and educational videos.

Related pages
-------------

* Digital camera
* Pinhole camera

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Bernard Fanning performing with Powderfinger in 2006
**Bernard Fanning** (born 15 August 1969) is the singer, guitarist and writes songs for the Australian rock band Powderfinger.

Born in Brisbane, Fanning joined the band Powderfinger after finishing high school in 1989. He was asked to join by singer and guitar player Ian Haug. He had met Haug while studying journalism at the University of Queensland. He also appeared in the movie Ned Kelly which starred Heath Ledger. Fanning has a small role as a musician in the hotel. He also wrote several songs for the movie, including the title song, "Shelter for My Soul."

Powderfinger have released six albums. Fanning has made a solo album, *Tea and Sympathy* in 2005. His music has been described as a mixture of blues and acoustic folk. As well as singing, Fanning plays guitar, piano, keyboards and harmonica.

Tea and Sympathy
----------------

This album was recorded in 2005 while Powderfinger were having a break. Ten of the songs were recorded at Peter Gabriel's Real World studios at Bath, Somerset. The other four tracks where recorded in Brisbane. All the songs were written by Bernard Fanning. Other musicians on the album are John Bedggood, John Marotta, Keith Duffy, Duane Billing, Matt Englebrecht, Chris Bosely, Tchad Blake, Ben Quinn and Stu Miller.

### Tracks

1. "Thrill is Gone"
2. "Wish You Well"
3. "Not Finished Just Yet"
4. "Songbird"
5. "Believe"
6. "Which Way Home"
7. "Wash Me Clean"
8. "Hope and Validation"
9. "Sleeping Rough"
10. "The Strangest Thing"
11. "Further Down the Road"
12. "Down to the River"
13. "Yesterday's Gone"
14. "Watch Over Me"

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bernard Fanning***.

* The Bernard Fanning website
**Bernard Haitink** CH KBE (4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 and 2009.

Early life
----------

Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born. He started his career playing the violin in orchestras. Then he learned to conduct.

Career
------

He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955. He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead. This helped him to become famous. Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century. In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.

Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands. He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002. He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.

In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire.

Haitink had conducted music by many composers from different periods. He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI. In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera *Jenufa* was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.

Personal life
-------------

Haitink had five children from his first marriage. He lived in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.

Haitink died on 21 October 2021 in London at the age of 92.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bernard Haitink***.

* List of recordings from Dutch Divas website
* Bernard Haitink at AllMusic
* *Bernard Haitink* discography at Discogs

* Bernard Haitink on IMDb
* Askonas Holt agency page on Bernard Haitink

Interviews
* Bernard Haitink interview, 13 January 1997
Benjamin Babbage
**Benjamin Herschel Babbage** (1815—1878) was an English scientist, engineer and explorer. Babbage was the son of the famous mathematician, Charles Babbage. He went to South Australia to map the geography and the location of minerals.

Babbage was very thorough, and spent a lot of time making sure that his information was correct. He carried a lot of equipment, as well as four and half tonnes of food, enough to last 18 months in the desert. Among his supplies he had 20 kilograms of chocolate and 5000 litres of water. He also took a flock of 150 sheep, which limited the speed the group could move. The government became frustrated with Babbage's slow progress, they wanted to know about possible farm lands and valuable minerals as soon as possible. Eventually Babbage was removed from the job and replaced by Major Peter Warburton.

Babbage later helped on the planning for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. He was interested in growing grapes and retired to his large vineyard at St.Marys. He died on 20 October 1878, and is buried at St.Marys.
The Severn Sisters chalk cliffs in Sussex
blackboard chalk
**Chalk** is a type of limestone. It was made by calcareous (CaCO3) skeletons of tiny planktonic algae called coccoliths. They live in the sea in huge numbers. They make chalk (CO2) as a by-product of their photosynthesis. The chalk cliffs of Dover and elsewhere were made when England was below the equator in a tropical sea. It was in the Upper Cretaceous, when the Earth was even warmer than now. There are coccoliths today, but not the same species as formed the white cliffs.

Air and water do not wear chalk away easily, so when chalk is next to the sea, it often makes a large cliff. The "White Cliffs of Dover" in Kent, England are a good example of this. Chalk holds water, so these chalk hills may have a lot of water in them. When the weather is very dry, water comes slowly from the chalk. 

**Blackboard chalk** is not real chalk. It is really gypsum (calcium sulfate), but people call it "chalk". People use it for drawing on hard things, because it is soft. If this chalk is rubbed on something hard or rough, it will leave a mark. People often write with chalk on a chalkboard or blackboard. A chalk eraser or water can be used to clean the chalk marks away so the board is clean again. Shops usually sell blackboard chalk in sticks that are about 5 cm long.

There are also big pieces of soft chalk for children to write on the ground with, for example on concrete (such as a sidewalk) or on asphalt. It is usually okay to write on the ground with this kind of chalk, because the rain will wash the chalk away.

**Tailors' chalk** is not real chalk either. It is talc (magnesium silicate). Tailors use it to draw on material when they are making clothes.
The **Bolte Bridge** is a large twin cantilever bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Bolte Bridge carries a total of 8 lanes of traffic - 4 lanes northbound and 4 lanes southbound. While officially only 490 metres in length, the actual structure appears much longer as it forms part of a 5 kilometre elevated roadway between Flemington Road and the West Gate Freeway, making it the longest bridge (by definition) in Australia. It crosses the Yarra River and Victoria Harbour in the Docklands area to the west of the Melbourne CBD. It forms part of the CityLink system of toll roads that joins the Tullamarine Freeway from the northern suburbs with the West Gate Freeway and the Domain and Burnley tunnels to the Monash Freeway and the south eastern suburbs.

Construction
------------

The bridge was designed by architects Denton Corker Marshall. It was built for Transurban by Baulderstone Hornibrook, from 1996–1999 and cost AU$75 million. It was named by Jeff Kennett, for former Premier of Victoria, Sir Henry Bolte because it linked the West Gate, Monash and Tullamarine Freeways - projects planned or completed by the Bolte Government.

It is one of the largest balanced cantilever cast in situ box girder bridges in Australia. It is built as two separate bridges of variable depth, prestressed concrete box girders, separated by a 1.15 m (4 ft) gap between the structures.

The bridge has two 140 m (459 ft) high silver towers. These are on either side of the roadway at the middle of the bridge's span. These two towers are only for show, and are not joined to the main body of the bridge. The towers are hollow, and have ladders leading to a small roof top hatch. The Bolte Bridge has four spans with two main spans of 173 m (568 ft) and side spans of 72 m (236 ft). The total length of the bridge is 5,000 m (16,404 ft). The twin bridge has two 15.35 m (50 ft) wide decks, each with three lanes of vehicles. There is no access for cyclists or pedestrians.

Other bridges in Australia built in the same way are the Gateway Bridge, Brisbane and Mooney Mooney Bridge near Gosford, north of Sydney.

Gallery
-------

* Bolte Bridge, looking back to the Melbourne CBDBolte Bridge, looking back to the Melbourne CBD
* Bolte Bridge taken from the DocklandsBolte Bridge taken from the Docklands
* Bolte Bridge from the base of the bridgeBolte Bridge from the base of the bridge
* Bolte Bridge at duskBolte Bridge at dusk
* Bolte Bridge seen from Docklands, MelbourneBolte Bridge seen from Docklands, Melbourne

Other websites
--------------

* Bolte Bridge at *Structurae*
* Video of Formula One driver Mark Webber driving over the Bolte Bridge in 2011[*permanent dead link*]
* Denton Corker Marshall Profile Archived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
Roman caltrop at Westfälisches Museum für Archäologie, Herne, Germany
Different types of caltrops and metal soles as countermeasure from Codex Löffelholz, Nuremberg 1505
A 16th-century Russian caltrop
Caltrop used by the US Office of Strategic Services. The hollow spikes puncture self-sealing rubber tires. The hole in the center allows air to escape even if the other end of the tube is sealed by soft ground.
**Caltrops** are spiked weapons used against men and horses since at least as early as Roman times. Later versions were designed to deflate automobile tires. They are a type of anti-personnel weapon, and anti-vehicular weapon. Japanese samurai used a similar weapon, the makibishi.

Iron caltrops were used as early as 331 BC at Gaugamela. They were known to the Romans as *tribulus*, meaning 'jagged iron'. They were used in the Battle of Carrhae in 51 BC.

The Roman writer Vegetius, discussed scythed chariots in his *De Re Militari*:

> The armed chariots used in war by Antiochus and Mithridates at first terrified the Romans, but they afterwards made a jest of them. As a chariot of this sort does not always meet with plain and level ground, the least obstruction stops it. And if one of the horses be either killed or wounded, it falls into the enemy's hands. The Roman soldiers rendered them useless... they strewed the field of battle with caltrops, and the horses that drew the chariots, running full speed on them, were infallibly destroyed. A caltrop is a device composed of four spikes or points arranged so that in whatever manner it is thrown on the ground, it rests on three and presents the fourth upright.
> 
> 

In more modern times, they were used by both the Allies and Axis during World War II to puncture the tires of wheeled vehicles. Improvised caltrops, usually made of welded nails, have also been used occasionally by labor activists in the United States during strikes to destroy the tires of vehicles belonging to management and replacement workers. In the labor context, these devices are more often called **jack rocks**. A recent example of the use of jack rocks in labor disputes was in 2012, allegedly by two men on a picket line at an aluminum products plant in West Virginia.
The **Black-tailed rattlesnake** (*Crotalus Molossus*) is a species of venomous Pit vipers, found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. There are currently three subspecies recognized.

Description
-----------

Most Black-tailed rattlesnakes grow to the length of 76 to 107 centimetres (30 to 42 inches). They can be as long as 125 to 129.5 centimetres (49.2 to 51.0 inches). Females are said to be larger than males.

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. They are called the "Black-tailed rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. Like other rattlesnakes the Black-tailed rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. They can shed their skin several times a year.

Common Names
------------

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is also called the "Green rattler", the "Dog-faced rattlesnake", and the "Mountain Diamondback".

Where they live
---------------

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. In the U.S.A it is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and west and central Texas, in Mexico it is found in Oaxaca. It is also found on islands of the Gulf of California, like San Estèban Island and Tiburòn Island.

Behavior
--------

In the spring and fall the Black-tailed rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. Even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. They live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.

### Feeding

Like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.

Reproduction
------------

The Black-tailed rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. It is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. A female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. They live for around 15–20 years.

Subspecies
----------

* San Esteban Island Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Estebanensis*
* Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Nigrescens*
* Oaxacan Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Oaxacus*
**Canoe racing** is a water sport. The sport normally takes place on water that is moving very slowly or not moving at all. The goal of the sport is to move the canoe a given distance in the shortest time. This sport is an Olympic event. At one time, wooden boats were used for racing. Over time, people started using boats made of carbon fibers. These boats are lighter and tougher than wooden boats.

Classes
-------

There are two main types of races. These are canoe (C1, C2, C4) and kayak (K1, K2, K4). The number tells how many people are on the boat. In a kayak, a person sits. In a canoe, a person kneels on one knee. A kayak has a rudder. It is used to steer the boat. A canoeist (person who uses a canoe) uses the paddle to move the boat. This is done by moving the paddle from the bow to the stern (front to back). After each race, the boats are looked at to make certain they are legal. If a boat does not have enough weight, the racer is disqualified and cannot win the race.

Races
-----

Races are divided into several groups based on how long they are.

### Short distance

In short distance races, the races are either 200 m, 500 m or 1000 m long. The path of the race is laid out using buoys. Each person has a separate path to follow from the starting line to the finish. On longer races, there may be a point where the paths cross each other to let the person turn their boat.

### Long distance and marathon

Long distance races are 5000 m long. Marathon races are at least 15 km. Men's marathon has a minimum length of 20 km. Women's marathon has a minimum of 15 km. Most major races are 30 km or longer. There is no maximum distance for marathon races. There is a marathon race that is about 1000 km long on in the Yukon. The longer races are usually broken up into several parts and may be raced over several days. In long distance and marathon races, all racers start at the same time. They do not use *intervals* where the racers are started at different times.
The **black-billed magpie** (*Pica hudsonia*) is a magpie, a type of songbird. It is a medium-sized member of the crow family with glossy black and white plumage and a black beak. The black-billed magpie lives in North America west of the Appalaches and north of the big Deserts. It can be found in temperate, open landscape. It is an omnivorous species: Insects, carrion and seeds are its main food, but it also takes small vertebrates and eggs. The breeding season of the black-billed magpie starts in May and it takes until the end of June for all chicks to fledge. The birds breed in solitary pairs that stay together for life.

In the genus *Pica*, the species is closest to the North American yellow-billed magpie (*P. nuttalli*). Both species share a common ancestor that migrated from Kamtchatka to Alaska some time in the Pleistocene. Black-billed and yellow-billed magpie diverged as a result of the glaciation of the Rocky Mountains. The yellow-billed magpie became isolated in the warm climate of California and adapted to it. The species' population is stable and it is currently not considered as endangered.
The Katyn Memorial at Cannock Chase
**Cannock Chase** is a woodland and mixed area of countryside in the county of Staffordshire, England. The area has been designated as the **Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty**. The Chase gives its name to the local government district.

Economy
-------

Cannock Chase is between Cannock, Lichfield, Rugeley and Stafford. It is a mixture of natural deciduous woodland, coniferous plantations, open heathland and the remains of early industry, such as coal mining.

Nature
------

Cannock Chase was made an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) on 16 September 1958. Much of the area is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Despite its relatively small area, the chase has a remarkable variety of landscape and wildlife.

The wildlife includes a herd of about 800 fallow deer. There are a number of rare and endangered birds, like the migrant Nightjars. A feeding station attracts many species, including Brambling, Yellowhammer and Bullfinch.

Efforts are underway to increase the amount of heathland on the chase, reintroducing shrubs such as heather in some areas where bracken and birch forest have crowded out most other plants. The local flora also includes several species of *Vaccinium*, including the Cannock Chase Berry (*Vaccinium ×intermedium* Ruthe).

On the Chase's north-eastern edge can be found Shugborough Hall, ancestral home of the Earls of Lichfield. At its southern edge are the remains of Castle Ring, an Iron Age hill fort, which is the highest point on the Chase. Several glacial erratic boulders are also found on the Chase, remnants of glaciation. One is mounted on a plinth.

Since 2006, the forest has been used as an open-air music venue as part of the Forestry Commission nationwide Forest Tour, with acts such as The Zutons, The Feeling, Status Quo and Jools Holland playing in a forest clearing.

Media attention
---------------

The area gained notoriety in the late 1960s when the Cannock Chase murders made national headlines; the remains of three young girls were found buried on the Chase after going missing from areas along the A34 road between there and Birmingham. Raymond Leslie Morris, a motor engineer from Walsall, was found guilty at Stafford assizes of one of the murders in 1968 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He is still in prison over 40 years later and one of the country's longest serving prisoners.

Geology
-------

The landscape owes much to the underlying Triassic "bunter" formations. These are sandstone deposits containing rounded pebbles. They can be found in Warwickshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Devon and Dorset in England. They are thought to be alluvial deposits. Judging from the rounding of the mainly quartzite pebbles, they were carried for a long time in a large and turbulent river. The hard pebbles got powerful abrasion. The deposits in the English Midlands are thought to have been carried northwards from Brittany in northern France.
A Boeing 747 leaving a contrail. These contrails are often said to be chemtrails by conspiracy theorists.
Not to be confused with Contrail.
A **chemtrail** is a trail of chemicals left by an airplane at a high altitude. According to a conspiracy theory, the chemicals are said to be deliberately sprayed for reasons that are kept secret by the government. Most scientists and workers in the aviation industry say that the trails left by planes are just a form of condensation. These are called contrails (condensation trails).

People who believe the theory have speculated about what purpose chemtrails may serve. Some say it is to change the weather or stop global warming. Others say that it is to control the population by spreading chemicals that are harmful to the human reproductive system. Some more recent versions of the theory say that chemtrails are being spread by companies that make genetically-modified (GMO) crops. The chemtrails supposedly contain herbicides that will only kill normal (organic) crops and will not affect the genetically-modified crops.

Some claim that specially modified planes, supposedly owned and operated by the government, are necessary to create a chemtrail. The chemicals are said to either come from the engine or from special nozzles on the plane. In some versions of the theory, the chemical is said to be barium or a barium compound, but in other versions it is aluminum oxide, or a mixture of barium compounds and aluminum oxide.

Chemtrails are not to be confused with the spraying of chemicals over short distances at a low altitude, such as aerial firefighting or crop-dusting.

False evidence of chemtrails
----------------------------

Ballast barrels in a prototype Boeing 747. Photographs of flight test barrels are commonly said to show chemtrail planes.
Several photographs on the Internet have been claimed to show the inside of planes that spread chemtrails. They show ballast barrels installed on the inside of the plane. In reality, these are photographs of test planes or firefighting planes. The real purpose of the barrels is to simulate the weight of passengers or cargo. The barrels are filled with water, and the water can be pumped from barrel to barrel to test different weight distributions while the aircraft is in flight.

Other websites
--------------

* Chemtrail aircraft photos debunked
Skyline of Canary Wharf, viewed from the west
Map of Canary Wharf area in 1899 showing West India Docks and the Isle of Dogs
**Canary Wharf** is a major business district in Tower Hamlets, East London. It is one of the United Kingdom's two main financial centres, second only to the traditional City of London. It contains many of Europe's tallest buildings, including the second-tallest in the UK, One Canada Square. Canary Wharf is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs.

West India Dock Company
-----------------------

From 1802 to the late 1980s, the Canary Wharf Estate was a part of Millwall, Limehouse and Poplar and was one of the busiest docks in the world. West India Docks was primarily developed by Robert Milligan (c. 1746–1809) who set up the West India Dock Company. After the 1960s, the port industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980.

Canary Wharf today
------------------

The Canary Wharf of today is a complete reworking of the old dock area into a new business area. 
Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as a threat. Recovery in the property market generally, and demand for Grade A office space, improved the level of interest. A critical event was the much-delayed start of work on the Jubilee line extension, which the government wanted ready for the Millennium celebrations.

Public transport
----------------

Canary Wharf has stations on the Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway and since 2022 the Elizabeth Line.
***Chanson*** is the French word for "song". The word is often used in music to mean any song with French words, but it is more often used when talking about songs in which lyrics have been set to music by French classical composers.

Very often "chansons" refers to the French songs that were sung in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. People who sang these chansons were called "chansonniers". They had various forms, including ballade, rondeau and virelai. Some composers at the time liked to set popular poetry to music. The earliest chansons were for two, three or four voices, many of them being for three voices. By the 16th century most were for four voices. Sometimes, the singers were accompanied by instruments.

Early chansons
--------------

The first important composer of chansons was the medieval composer Guillaume de Machaut. In the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois wrote many simple chansons. Later Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez composed chansons which had lots of imitation between the voices. Clément Janequin wrote more simple, homophonic chansons. He worked in the area around Paris. Later composers such as Orlando de Lassus were influenced by the Italian madrigal. The style of music started to be used in music for instruments.

The first book of sheet music printed from movable type was *Harmonice Musices Odhecaton*, a collection of 96 chansons by many composers, published in Venice in 1501.

Later chansons
--------------

During the 16th century French songs started to be composed with lute or keyboard accompaniment. In the 19th century many composers wrote songs with piano accompaniment. These chansons were often called mélodies.

Popular Chanson
---------------

In France today "chanson" often refers to the work of more popular singers such as Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Édith Piaf, Camille, Olivia Ruiz.
French chansons of Jacques Brel have been translated and are interpreted in English by Arnold Johnston, Professor at West Michigan University. More than 100 chansons of Brel, Brassens, Barbara, Bécaud, Ferrat, Aznavour, Trenet et Ferré have been translated and are interpreted in German language by the Duo Stéphane & Didier (see www.deutsche-chanson-texte.de).

Related pages
-------------

* Mélodie
Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá.
A **cenote** is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.

Definition and description
--------------------------

Cenote in Quintana Roo
Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes. 

Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.

Cause
-----

Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.

Famous cenotes
--------------

### Mexico

***Yucatán Peninsula:***

* Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
* Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
* Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
* Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico

***Central and Northern Region:***

* Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico

### Canada

* Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada

### United States

* Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cenote***.

* Sistema Zacatón Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006) Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Stages in the Formation of a Cenote
* Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
* Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
* Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
* Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
* Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Chennai district**, formerly known as Madras district, was one of the 32 districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India. It is the smallest district of Tamil Nadu but has the highest population density. Most of the Chennai Metro region comes under this district.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census, the population of the Chennai district is 4,646,732. The male population is 2,335,844 and female population is 2,310,888. The literacy rate is 90.18%. The density of population in this district is 26,553 people per square kilometre. The sex ratio is 989 females per 1000 males.

Administrative divisions
------------------------

Chennai district is divided into various taluks for administration purposes. They are:

1. Aminjikarai taluk
2. Ayanavaram taluk
3. Egmore taluk
4. Guindy taluk
5. Mambalam taluk
6. Mylapore taluk
7. Perambur taluk
8. Tondiarpet taluk
9. Purasaiwalkam taluk
10. Velachery taluk
11. Sholinganallur taluk
12. Tambaram taluk
13. Madhavaram taluk

Geographical area
-----------------

The total area of the Chennai district is 178.8 square kilometres (69.0 square miles). The district is in the Coromandel coast of the Bay of Bengal. The Guindy National Park region covers 2.71 square kilometres (1.05 square miles) of reserved forest. The waterways here are the Cooum River, Adyar River, Buckingham Canal and Otteri Nullah stream.
A chemoluminescent reaction in an Erlenmeyer flask produces a large amount of light
**Chemiluminescence** (or **Chemoluminescence**) is a kind of luminescence. It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence. 

The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat. A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.

[**A**] + [**B**] → [**C\***] + [*D*]
[**C\***] → [**C**] + **Light**
**C\*** is an excited state of **C**. 

This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions. The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a higher orbit by the energy of a chemical reaction. The excited state is less stable than the ground state. The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light. 

The amount of measurable light made is called *radiant intensity*: ICL (photons emitted per second).

Analytical applications
-----------------------

The device needed to measure the light made is simple. It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube. There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements. 

1. sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound,
2. in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added,
3. sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).

### Analysis of gases

The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants. A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone. The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800 nm.

### Analysis of liquids

Luminol is the most well known type of compound used for chemiluminescence in liquids. 

### Analysis of cell organelles

**Ca2+**(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin. Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol.

Other examples
--------------

* An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
* The process is used to make glowsticks.
Cabinet maker in Tanzania
**Cabinet making**, also spelled **cabinetmaking** or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen, is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.

Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade.

History
-------

There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century.

In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.

Gallery
-------

* Cabinet maker in Denmark, 18th centuryCabinet maker in Denmark, 18th century
* Cabinet maker in the US, 20th centuryCabinet maker in the US, 20th century

Related pages
-------------

* Cabinet (furniture)
* Woodworking

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cabinetry***.

* Short History of Cabinets at FineWoodWorking.com Archived 2009-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
***Bleed American*** is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to *Salt Sweat Sugar* because they were scared *Bleed American* would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.

Songs
-----

1. Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
2. Praise Chorus
3. The Middle
4. Your House
5. Sweetness
6. Hear You Me
7. If You Don't Don't
8. Get It Faster
9. Cautioners
10. The Authority Song
11. My Sundown

Trivia
------

On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.

"Hear you me" is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also referring to the weezer song

"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.
"Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona.
Carl Reinecke
**Carl Reinecke** (born Altona, Hamburg 23 June 1824; died Leipzig, 10 March 1910) was a Danish-born composer, conductor, and pianist.

Reinecke was born near Hamburg, which was part of Denmark at the time. Carl learned music from his father. He was soon playing the piano in public and was composing by the age of twelve.

When he was 19 he travelled about giving concerts. He went as far east as Riga. In 1846 he became Court Pianist for King Christian VIII in Copenhagen. He stayed there until 1848, composing four piano concertos as well as concertos for violin, cello, harp and flute. He continued to travel, including to Leipzig where he met Schumann, Mendelssohn and Liszt. 

In 1851 he became a professor at the Cologne Conservatory. Later he had conducting jobs in Barmen and Breslau.

In 1860, Reinecke was made director of the famous Gewandhaus Orchestra concerts in Leipzig, and professor of composition and piano at the Conservatorium. He became director of the Conservatorium and made it one of the best in Europe. He conducted the Gewandhaus Orchestra for 35 years and raised the standard of their playing. He conducted many first performances, including the first complete performance of Brahms's *German Requiem* (1869).

Perhaps his best-known piece is the flute sonata "Undine". He taught many famous musicians, including Edvard Grieg, Christian Sinding, Leoš Janáček, Isaac Albéniz, Johan Svendsen, Felix Weingartner and Max Bruch. 

At the age of 80, Reinecke recorded his playing on piano roll, making him the earliest-born pianist to have his playing recorded in any way.

He retired in 1902, but continued to compose until the end of his life.
The **black-capped chickadee** (*Poecile atricapillus*) is a passerine songbird of the family Paridae. It lives in Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. This is a small, common bird which sings a simple song.

Appearance
----------

The bird is about 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long and weighs 9-15 g (0.32-0.49 oz).

The male and female black-capped chickadees look the same. The black-capped chickadee has black and white on its head. The top of the head and throat are black, and the sides are white. It has a short, black beak.

The back of the bird is gray. The front of the body is white and light brown. The bird has short wings and a short tail.

Song
----

The song of the black-capped chickadee is a clear whistle.



Black-capped Chickadee

Some 'gargles', then a minute of singing.

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

Behavior
--------

In the summer, the birds eat many insects. In the winter, they eat seeds and berries. They will hide seeds in different places and return later to eat
them. When two chickadees want to build a nest, they use a hole in a tree.
The general store at Binalong
**Binalong** is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It is 37 km north-west of Yass.

History
-------

The Aboriginal people who lived in the area were part of the Ngunnawal people. The first Europen to visit the area was Hamilton Hume in 1821. The name of the town is believed to come from either an Aboriginal word meaning 'towards a high place' or from 'Bennelong', the name of a famous Aborigine.

Binalong was outside the legal limits of European settlement in New South Wales. However farmers settled in the area before the law changed to allow settlement in 1839. From 1847 there was a police camp at Binalong and a court. The old Cobb and Co inn was built at that time as a staging post for Cobb and Co coaches.

The town was officially listed in 1850. It was an important stop on the way for people going to look for gold at Lambing Flat. The school was started in 1861. Gold also meant that there were bushrangers in the area. The grave of John Gilbert is near the town in the field where the police kept their horses. He was a member of Frank Gardiner's gang and later Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead by police in 1865.

Railway
-------

The first railway station opened in 1875. The railway arrived in 1876. The current building was put up when the railway line was moved in 1916. The station and the signal box are now closed.

Banjo Paterson
--------------

The family of the poet Banjo Paterson moved to the Binalong area in 1869 when he was five years old. He went to the primary school in Binalong but later went to boarding school in Sydney. He only came home in the holidays. Binalong features in a number of his poems, for example, *Pardon, the son of Reprieve* Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine. Paterson's father is buried in the local cemetery.

Other websites
--------------

* Banjo Paterson's story of the place where he spent his childhood Archived 2008-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Binalong Public School
* History of Binalong Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
The countries of the six *Celtic languages* that are still spoken.
The **Celtic Languages** are a language family In the Indo-European languages. There are six Celtic languages still spoken in the world today, in north-western Europe. They are divided into two groups, the Goidelic (or Gaelic) languages and the Brythonic (or British) languages. 

The three Goidelic languages still spoken are Irish, Scottish, and Manx. Scottish is the main language spoken in parts of north-western Scotland. Irish is the main language spoken in the Gaeltacht, in Ireland. Manx is spoken mainly by people interested in the language but used to be spoken on the Isle of Man.

The three Brythonic languages are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Cornish became extinct in the 18th century, but some people have started to speak it again now. Welsh is spoken everywhere throughout Wales, but it is the first language for people mainly in the North and the west of Wales, in the area that some people call the Bro Gymraeg. Breton is spoken mainly in western Brittany and is the only Celtic Language that is not spoken mainly on the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Because Brittany is part of France, the language is in danger of becoming extinct, just like Cornish, and there are ongoing efforts to prevent that from happening.

Scottish Gaelic also has a native community of speakers in Canada, where it was once widely spoken, and there are Welsh-speakers in Patagonia, Argentina.

List of Celtic languages
------------------------

### Goidelic languages

* Scottish Gaelic
* Irish
* Manx

### Brythonic languages

* Welsh
* Breton
* Cornish

Related pages
-------------

* Celtic League
Positions of the branches of the Caledonian mountains at the end of the Caledonian orogeny. Present coastlines in gray. Later on, the Atlantic Ocean opened and the different parts of the orogenic belt moved apart.
Remains of the orogeny at Aberystwyth, Wales
The **Caledonian orogeny** was a mountain building era. It left its mark in the northern parts of the British Isles, the Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, eastern Greenland, northern Europe and the eastern United States.

The events occurred from the Ordovician to early Devonian, roughly 490–390 million years ago (mya). It was caused by the closure of the Iapetus Ocean when the continents and lands of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia collided.

The Caledonian orogeny is named after Caledonia, the Latin name for Scotland. The name is not used for an absolute period of time: it applies only to the series of mountain-building events.

Part of the mountain chain ended up in modern North America, where it is called the Acadian orogeny (see Appalachian Mountains).

Stages
------

The Caledonian orogeny was one of several orogenies that would eventually form the supercontinent Pangaea later in the Palaeozoic era. The main phase of the Caledonian orogeny happened from about 425 to 395 million years ago.

Continental collision started in the mid Silurian, and mountain building took place in the early Devonian (from 407 million years ago onward).