recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A martini cocktail, served in a cocktail glass
Some cocktails are alight when served
A **cocktail** is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

Common cocktails
----------------

A Margarita (7 parts tequila, 4 parts Triple Sec, 3 parts lime juice)
A ridiculously complicated Mojito
A Bloody Mary cocktail
There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

* A **martini** is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive

There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
* The **old-fashioned** is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
* A **margarita** is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.

A **sidecar** is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
* A **Manhattan** is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters

If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
* A **mojito** is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.

A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
* A **daiquiri** is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
* A **piña colada** is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut puree and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
* A **bloody Mary** is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

Other websites
--------------

* Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes
Besan laddu decorated with silver foil and almond chips.
**Ladoo** is a sweet from the Indian subcontinent. It is mainly popular in India.

Preparation
-----------

Common flours used for laddu include gram flour (chickpea flour), wheat semolina and ground coconut. These are combined with sugar and other flavourings, cooked in ghee, and moulded into a ball shape. Some laddu recipes are prepared using Ayurvedic medicinal ingredients, including methi laddu, multigrain, and resin laddu. Nuts such as pistachios and almonds are commonly stuffed into laddus.

Ancient Indo-Pakistani history
------------------------------

See the main article: Indus Valley Civilisation
2600 BCE, Harappan archaeological site, 4MSR near Binjor, western Rajasthan (India); seven closely kept similar sized nutritional Laddus,consisting of ingredients legumes and cereals like barley, wheat, chickpea and Mung (Vigna radiata) as main component, were found in intact form, along with two figurines of bulls and a hand-held copper adze, during 2017 archeological excavations. According to Rajesh Agnihotri, the presence of bull figurines, adze and a Harappan seal along with the food balls indicates, Indus valley civilization people might have revered these items to perform some kind of ritual.
**Aliya Nursultanovna Nazarbaeva** (Kazakh: Álıya Nursultanqyzy Nazarbaeva (Әлия Нұрсұлтанқызы Назарбаева), born 3 February 1980) is a Kazakhstani movie producer and businesswoman. She is the youngest daughter of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first President of Kazakhstan.

Education
---------

### Musical school

Nazarbayeva graduated from the K. Baiseitova National Musical School in Almaty. She studied at the International Relations Faculty of the Richmond University in London and the International Relations Faculty of the George Washington University in Washington D.C.

### Law academy and MBA

In 2001, she graduated from the Law Faculty of the Kazakh State Law Academy with a degree in Legal Science. In 2016, The Al-Farabi Kazakh National University gave her an MBA degree in "Economics. Innovation Economics & Management".

Business
--------

Nazarbayeva is in charge of several companies in Kazakhstan. But it is said that her natural gas company gets good treatment from the government because of her father. In 2005, police in Almaty took control of the newspaper *Svoboda Slova* after it printed an article about dealings by Aliya Nazarbayeva through her construction company Elitstroi. In 2018, people in Temirtau collected petitions about polluted black snow to send her. The petitions were send to her because of her role as head of the Association of Ecological Organisations of Kazakhstan.

As movie producer
-----------------

She is the producer of several documentary series. She produced *The Road to Mother* in 2016. The movie received awards at six international film festivals. It won prizes at a festival in Croatia and the Eurasian Bridge INternational Film Festival" .

Personal life
-------------

Nazarbayeva was married to Aidar Akayev. He is the eldest son of former Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev. According to the BBC, the marriage was "seen by many people as a return to the old Central Asian tradition of cementing political ties with family ones."

Now she is married to Dimash Dosanov. He is the former general director of KazTransOil. It is the largest oil pipeline company in Kazakhstan. They have 4 children, daughters Tiara (born 2007) and Alsara (born 2011), son Aldiyar (born 2016) and daughter named Alana (born 2018).
Inside a greenhouse
A **greenhouse** (also called a glass-house or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or translucent plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses warm up during the day via penetration of the sun's rays which heat the plants, soil and structure. This heat is given up gradually throughout the night.

Types of greenhouses
--------------------

Greenhouses come in many shapes and sizes, with different functions. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, or as a lean-to attached to their home, called mini greenhouses, or tomato houses. They want to start off their seeds and seedlings in a protected environment as well as those growing plants that need warmer conditions. Others, wishing to extend their living space, have house extensions in the form of mini-conservatories. Commercial companies usually have larger greenhouses for horticultural purposes, but have more substantial structures for plant displays where the public is admitted. For the same reason, botanic gardens usually have a high proportion of greenhouses with substantial structures.

Role of greenhouses
-------------------

Many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants move into the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8 km²) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.

Gardening in greenhouses
------------------------

A glasshouse in the Botanical Garden of Curitiba, in Curitiba, Brazil.
Gardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside as no rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to water plants. Also, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse. A greenhouse is the place for tender plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and aubergines.

History
-------

Roman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England. The greenhouse concept also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century

Further reading
---------------

* Woods, May (1988) *Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories*. Aurum Press, London, ISBN 0-906053-85-4.
* Mini Greenhouse nhà kính mini Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
**Acoustic Kitty** was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) project to use cats to spy on the Kremlin and Soviet embassies. It was the Directorate of Science and Technology of the CIA started the project in the 1960s.

The idea was to fit cats with microphones and an antenna to transmit the data. At first the idea was to use a special collar. It was found that this was to easy to detect, so the cat had to undergo surgery, to get the microphone and transmitter implanted. The microphone was put in the ear canal There was a small radio transmitter at the base of the skull, and a thin wire was put into its fur.

This would allow the cat to innocuously record and transmit sound from its surroundings. Due to problems with distraction, the cat's sense of hunger had to be addressed in another operation. Victor Marchetti, a former CIA officer, said Project Acoustic Kitty cost about $20 million.

The first Acoustic Kitty mission was to eavesdrop on two men in a park outside the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. The cat was released nearby, but was hit and allegedly killed by a taxi almost immediately. However, this was disputed in 2013 by Robert Wallace, a former director of the Office of Technical Service, who said that the project was abandoned due to the difficulty of training the cat to behave as required, and "the equipment was taken out of the cat; the cat was re-sewn for a second time, and lived a long and happy life afterwards". Subsequent tests also failed. Shortly thereafter the project was considered a failure and declared to be a total loss. However, other accounts report more success for the project.

The project was cancelled in 1967. A closing memorandum said that the CIA researchers believed that they could train cats to move short distances, but that "the environmental and security factors in using this technique in a real foreign situation force us to conclude that for our (intelligence) purposes, it would not be practical." The project was disclosed in 2001, when some CIA documents were declassified.

Further reading
---------------

* *The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA*, John Ranelagh, rev. ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987, at p. 208.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Memory Palace* podcast episode about Acoustic Kitty episode-16-secret-kitty
* Declassified CIA document about project
**Dar ul-Funun** (Persian: دارالفنون‎), translated as "House of Sciences," stands as a significant landmark in the history of education in Iran. Established in the 19th century, it was a groundbreaking institution that played a crucial role in modernizing education in the country

Establishment Date and Place
----------------------------

Dar ul-Funun was founded on October 8, 1851, in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. This date marked a transformative moment, as the institution aimed to introduce a new era of education that incorporated both traditional and modern knowledge.

Founder
-------

The visionary behind Dar ul-Funun was Amir Kabir (1807–1852), an influential statesman and reformer during the Qajar dynasty. Amir Kabir, also known as Mirza Taghi Khan Amir-Nezam, served as the prime minister to Naser al-Din Shah, the monarch of Iran at the time.

King of Iran at the Time
------------------------

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, who reigned from 1848 to 1896, was the king of Iran during the establishment of Dar ul-Funun. His reign witnessed various efforts towards modernization and reforms, with Amir Kabir being a key figure in implementing changes, including the establishment of this groundbreaking educational institution.

Overview of Dar ul-Funun
------------------------

Dar ul-Funun was not just a school but a comprehensive educational complex that aimed to bridge the gap between traditional Islamic teachings and modern sciences. Under the guidance of Amir Kabir, the institution introduced a curriculum that included a wide range of subjects, from literature and philosophy to natural sciences and technology.

One of the notable features of Dar ul-Funun was its commitment to offering education in both Persian and European languages, reflecting its aspiration to amalgamate (combine) the best of traditional and contemporary knowledge. The institution also housed a library and laboratories, providing students with access to a wealth of resources for their academic pursuits.

Legacy and Impact
-----------------

Dar ul-Funun laid the foundation for modern education in Iran and contributed significantly to the intellectual and cultural development of the nation. Many prominent figures who played key roles in shaping Iran's future, including scholars, politicians, and scientists, received their education at Dar ul-Funun.

The institution's impact extended beyond its immediate time, influencing subsequent educational reforms and institutions in Iran. It marked a pivotal moment in the country's history, reflecting the efforts of forward-thinking leaders like Amir Kabir to propel Iran into the modern era.

In conclusion, Dar ul-Funun remains a symbol of innovation and progress in Iranian education. Its establishment under the patronage of Amir Kabir during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar reflects a significant chapter in Iran's history, where the pursuit of knowledge and the blend of traditional and modern education set the stage for the nation's intellectual development.
The **mountain communities** (Italian: *Comunità montana*) were created in Italy by law on 1971. Each *Comunità montana* is established by the Region to which it belongs and includes the municipalities that are in mountain areas and foothills. Its purpose is to promote mountain areas with specific functions. It can have some municipal functions, such as waste collection.

Mountain communities exist in all regions, apart from Sicily, Sardinia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

Name in regional languages in Italy
-----------------------------------

In regions where there is a regional language, the mountain communities are known also with their name in that language besides the Italian name:

* In the Valle d'Aosta, the name in French is *Communauté de montagne*.
* In South Tyrol, the name in German is *Bezirksgemeinschaft*.
* In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Friulian name is *Comunitât montane* or *Comunitât di mont* and the Slovene name is *Gorska skupnost*.

Related pages
-------------

* Regions of Italy
* Provinces of Italy

Other websites
--------------

* The National Union of Mountain Towns and Communities - UNCEM Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Italian) Comuniverso: le 211 Comunità montane Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Rates** a sort of property tax in the United Kingdom and some other countries.

In England they were started as part of the Poor Law. They were agreed in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601. They were first used to pay for workhouses and later for building roads. They paid for local government*.* Buildings were given a rateable value based on the rent it could fetch. This meant that people with more valuable buildings paid more. The rateable value was to be calculated again every 5 years, but this was unpopular and often didnt happen. In 1990 Margaret Thatcher tried to replace it with the poll tax. This only lasted 3 years and then there was Council Tax.

People who do not have a water meter are charged for water according to the rateable value of their building.

### Business rates

Businesses still have to pay rates based on the value of their buildings. The rate is set by central government and is the same for the whole of England. The money is collected by local councils.  This means that places where people are richer produce more money.

Charities and community amateur sports clubs only have to pay 20%.
The Angels meet Adam for the first time. They are scared of the new creation. However, only Iblis shows complete rejection of Adam by moving his head away.
Iblis is a character mentioned in the Quran. He is a fallen angel who refused to bow before Adam. This is because Iblis thought that he was better than Adam. Because he felt from heaven, he is often compared to Lucifer. However, Iblis is not God's enemy, he is only the enemy of djinn and humans.

Story of Iblis
--------------

Since the Quran tells about stories, the explanation is provided in books called tafsir. 
The tafsirs explain that before Adam, djinn lived on earth. Djinn have, like humans, free will. However, the djinn became more and more evil. When God was fed up with the djinn, he decided to kill the djinn by an army of angels. The leader of the angels was Iblis. After the djinn died or hid themselves from the angels, Iblis felt proud. He thought he was the favorite creature of God now. 

However, God decided to create a new creature with free will instead. Then God commanded Iblis to bow before Adam as a sign of respect. Iblis was disappointed and felt that this command was unjust. Instead, he wanted to destroy humans as he destroyed the djinn before. Because of his arrogant actions, he was dismissed from his angelic duties. When Iblis lost his angelic nature, he became a devil and was not able to return to heaven. Some scholars also add, that his name before his fall was Azazel, but his name became Iblis when he turned into a devil. As a devil, he wants to prove that the other creatures are inferior to him.

Dispute
-------

Since the tafsir is an explanation, disagreements are also recorded. The story of Iblis is not mentioned in the Quran, but is explained by Muhammad 's followers. Two followers disagreed. Ibn Abbas said that Iblis was an angel called Azazel, who was made from fire and he was the leader of the angels. Hasan Basri said, that he was not a real angel, since angels would not make bad decisions. He argues, that Iblis has always been a devil. Therefore, traditional Muslims have one of these two views about Iblis.

Theology
--------

Islam scholars explain the meaning and purpose of the story for the Muslims. First, they explain, Iblis did not create evil. This is different from some Christians and Zoroastrianism who believe that Satan creates evil. Muslims believe that God creates both good and evil, but evil has a better purpose in the end.

Next, Muslims should not compare themselves to others (not be envious), because Iblis sinned when he compared himself to Adam. Muslims should also not be arrogant, since Iblis was arrogant. 

Iblis is also said to have children. His own children are called *shayāṭīn* (satans or devils). They come from eggs, because Iblis has no gender. Next, humans and remaining djinn who decide to become evil, also turn into devils and are Iblis' children. Since Iblis' children betrayed God, Iblis does not like them. Instead, he betrays his own people whenever he meets God or his angels. This is, for example, supposed to have happened at a battle between Muhammad and his enemies.
Map of Kenya, showing **Lake Turkana** (*upper left*) crossing north into Ethiopia.
Lake Turkana seen from the South Island.
**Lake Turkana**, formerly known as **Lake Rudolf**, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in northwest Kenya. Its far northern end crosses into Ethiopia.

It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul Lake and the (shrinking) Aral Sea. Among all lakes, it ranks 24th in area.

The water is drinkable, but not palatable. It supports a rich lacustrine wildlife. The climate is hot and very dry. 

The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapors. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the East and South shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the West and North, at a lower elevation.

On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow, its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by 10 meters (33 ft) between 1975 and 1993.

Due to temperature, aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Many Nile crocodiles are on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. Although the lake and its environs have been popular for expeditions of every sort under the tutelage of guides, rangers and experienced persons, they certainly must be considered hazardous for unguided tourists.

Lake Turkana National Parks are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park are in the lake. Both have crocodiles.

The Lake Turkana area is regarded by many anthropologists as the cradle of humankind because there are many hominid fossils. The skeleton of Turkana boy was found near the lake in 1984.
Glen Mourning speaking at Broadview Middle School in Danbury, Connecticut on May 16th 2022
**Glen Leroy Mourning** (born March 26, 1987) is a former division 1A football scholarship football player for the University or Connecticut. Standing at 6"1 220 pounds, Glen was recruited to play defensive back for the Huskies. He is now an African American author widely known for his book series "*Crunchy Life". He has inspired children and adults all over America. He was born in Danbury, Connecticut and currently lives in Virginia. As of 2023 Glen is completing a second masters degree through the University of Virginia’s School*
of Education. 

URL= | title=Glen Mourning }}</ref>

Personal life
-------------

Mourning was born on March 26, 1987 in Danbury, Connecticut he went to Danbury High School. He is the first in his family to graduate from high school as well as the first to finish college and complete a masters degree. He currently lives in Virginia.

Football career
---------------

He gained a scholarship to the University of Connecticut. He also went to the University of Bridgeport. He suffered ongoing injuries during his career at UCONN and was unable to contribute to the team. He then became an educator, author and motivational speaker.

Author career and nonprofit organization
----------------------------------------

His first *Crunchy Life* book was written in 2018 named *Crunchy Life: Recess Detention* followed by many other´s. He then started a nonprofit organization named Generation Forward Inc. located in Washington, D.C where he supports minority youth and families in need throughout the country. He now travels around America inspiring children with his books and speeches.
**Haben Girma** (born in 1988) is an American lawyer, writer and disability rights advocate. She is deaf and blind. She uses the word "deafblind" to describe herself. Girma was the first person who is deafblind to graduate from law school in the United States. President Barack Obama recognized her as a 2013 White House Champion of Change. She was recognized by Forbes Magazine as a 2016 "30 Under 30." In 2018, the American Foundation for the Blind awarded her the Helen Keller Achievement Award. Her work was recognized by both Justin Tredeau and Angela Merkel.

Early Life
----------

Haben Girma was born in 1988 in California. Girma’s mother, Saba Gebreyesus, Came to the United States from Eritrea. Her father is Ethiopian. Girma also had a brother who was deafblind.

She attended school in Oakland, California. When she was in elementary school, she communicated with a keyboard that was linked to a braille reader. The Oakland schools acknowledged disability rights and made sure she had the tools she needed to learn.

Girma didn’t start advocating for ability rights until she attended college. She studied at Lewis and Clark College located in Portland, OR, USA. The menu in the cafeteria was only in print. The manager would not help her. She had to eat whatever someone put on her plate. This experience made her realize that she also had a right to make choices like other people do. She learned that the Americans with Disabilities Act required the cafeteria to give her a menu she could read.

Girma earned her Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School. To help herself study and learn, Girma invented a new machine to make communicating easier. People can type into the machine and it gives her Braille to read. She speaks in response.

Career
------

Girma is a civil rights attorney. Much of her work focuses on fighting for equal access to educational opportunities. She wants strong schools for Black American children. She also argues that people with disabilities can contribute in the workplace and also buy useful products. They are productive members of the economy. She helped fight a legal case against Scribd, a digital library, for the National Federation for the Blind (NFB). NFB wanted Scribd to make their collection accessible to people who are blind. Scribd did not want to. The court ruled that Scribd had to make its work accessible.

Girma often travels around the world to give speeches about experiences with disability. She wants to change people's opinions about ability. She thinks of her disability as "an opportunity for innovation".

Portrayals of disabled people in television and movies is also important to Girma. She gives talks to media organizations about opportunities to create realistic stories about people with different abilities. She also wants actors with disabilities cast in roles that do not specify that the character has a disability.

She also published a memoir: *Haben: The Deafblind Woman Who Conquered Harvard Law*.

Personal life
-------------

Girma enjoys kayaking, skiing, river rafting, rock climbing, ice skating, and surfing. She appreciates curiosity.
Robert G. Heft on December 5, 2009, seven days before his death.
**Robert G. "Bob" Heft** (January 19, 1942 – December 12, 2009) was the designer of the current United States 50-star flag. He has also designed a 51-star flag that would be used if a new state joins the United States. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan in January 1942.

Heft designed the current United States flag as a school project in Lancaster, Ohio, when he was 17 years old. He received a B- for his project from his teacher, Stanley Pratt. After talking about the project, he reached an agreement with his teacher that, if the flag was selected as the official flag by the United States Congress, he would get a better grade for the project. Heft stated that his design was chosen out of more than 1,500 designs that were given to United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and his teacher changed his grade to an A. 

After graduating from college, he became a high school teacher and later a college professor. He was also mayor of Napoleon, Ohio for 28 years.

After years of combating diabetes, Heft died on December 12, 2009, from a heart attack while living in Saginaw. He was 67 years old.

Other websites
--------------

* Designer of America's current flag, by Jim Sielicki (UPI), *The Exchange*, July–August 1988.
* Who Created the First US Flag of 50 Stars? Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Story Corps oral history of the creation of the 50 star flag in the words of Robert G. Heft.
The Kingdom of Nepal, nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, is a land of breathtaking natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. Located between India and China, Nepal boasts a diverse landscape, from the towering peaks of the world's highest mountains, including Mount Everest, to lush valleys and dense forests teeming with wildlife. Historically renowned as the birthplace of Lord Buddha and home to ancient trade routes, Nepal has a vibrant tapestry of cultures and traditions, with Hinduism and Buddhism as the predominant religions. The capital city, Kathmandu, is a bustling hub of activity, renowned for its intricate temples, bustling markets, and vibrant street life. Nepal's monarchy, steeped in tradition, has played a significant role in its history, although the country transitioned to a federal democratic republic in 2008. Despite its challenges, including natural disasters and political instability, Nepal remains a resilient nation, cherished by travelers for its warm hospitality, stunning landscapes, and spiritual essence.
**Pop punk** (or **punk-pop**) is a form of popular music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music. Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics (words) about protest and anger.

Late 1970s and 1980s pop-punk
-----------------------------

There are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.

1990s pop-punk
--------------

In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.

nuh uh

  

In the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.

Controversy
-----------

Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.

Artists
-------

* Fall Out Boy
* Green Day
* Blink-182
* Sum 41
* The Donnas
* FM Static
* Supergrass
* Presidents of the United States
* Screeching Weasel
* Simple Plan
* Relient k
* Last tuesday
* MxPx
* Amber Pacific
* The F ups
* Bowling for Soup
* Mayday Parade
* You Me At Six
* All Time Low
* Zebrahead

| * v
* t
* e
Punk rock |
| --- |
| Subgenres | 
* 2 Tone
* Anarcho-punk
* Art punk
* Celtic punk
* Christian punk
* Cowpunk
* Crossover thrash
* Crust punk
* Dance-punk
* Deathrock
* Digital hardcore
* Electropunk
* Folk punk
* Garage punk
* Glam punk
* Gypsy punk
* Hardcore punk
* Horror punk
* Melodic hardcore
* Nazi punk
* No wave
* Noise rock
* Oi!
* Pop punk
* Post-hardcore
* Psychobilly
* Punk blues
* Punk jazz
* Punk pathetique
* Queercore
* Rapcore
* Riot grrrl
* Scottish Gaelic punk
* Ska punk
* Skate punk
* Street punk
* Taqwacore
* Trallpunk

 |
| Related genres | 
* Emo
* Gothic rock
* New wave
* Post-punk
* Protopunk

 |
| People and groups | 
* First wave punk musicians
* Second wave punk musicians
* List of punk bands
	+ #–K
	+ L–Z
* Punk filmmakers

 |
| Related articles | 
* Afro-punk
* List of punk rock festivals
* DIY ethic
* Punk subculture
* Punk fashion
* Punk ideologies
* Punk visual art
* Moshing
* Punk literature
* Punk zine
* Straight edge
* Punk films (list)
* Timeline of punk rock

 |
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
Firestorm of starbirth in galaxy Centaurus A
**Centaurus A** or **NGC 5128** is a prominent galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop at his home in New South Wales, Australia. 

NGC 5128 is either a Hubble type lenticular galaxy or a elliptical galaxy. It is 10–16 million light-years away.

NGC 5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth. Its active center has been well studied. The galaxy is the fifth brightest in the sky, and is an ideal amateur astronomy target. The galaxy is only visible from low northern latitudes and the southern hemisphere.

Spitzer Space Telescope studies have confirmed that Centaurus A is colliding with, and devouring, a smaller spiral galaxy. Like other starburst galaxies, the collision produced the intense burst of star formation. 

The center of the galaxy has a supermassive black hole. Its mass is about 55 million solar masses. This ejects a relativistic jet with emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. Astronomers have taken radio observations of the jet ten years apart. They found that the inner parts of the jet are moving at about half the speed of light. X-rays are produced further out as the jet collides with surrounding gas. This produces highly energetic particles. The radio jets of Centaurus A are over a million light years long.
JUNGHANS MEGA is the name of the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands. It was manufactured 1991 by the German watchmaker Junghans.

Description
-----------

Radio clock wrist watch MEGA
The watch has a partially gold-plated stainless steel case. It has a white dial with two golden hands and a rectangular liquid crystal display and is protected by a circular, scratch-resistant mineral glass. The brown leather strap contains the antenna for receiving time signals from the radio transmitter. The watch is equipped with time zone adjustment, perpetual calendar (weekday, date, month), digital seconds, internal time memory, signal reception indicator and a transmitter call button.

Technical Specifications
------------------------

The MEGA is equipped with an integrated radio receiver with a wrist antenna for receiving time signals on the longwave frequency of 77.5 kHz. 

Synchronization of time with the time signal transmitter is performed at 2:00 and 3:00 AM. In case of reception issues, the synchronization is repeated every full hour until 6:00 AM. The time accuracy of the Junghans MEGA radio-controlled wristwatches is 1 second in 1 million years.

The quartz movement is of type w605 with a quartz time base of 32 kHz. The power supply comes from a 3V lithium battery.

History
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In 1985, Junghans introduced the first radio-controlled desk clock to the market.

1990 the manufacturer's engineers successfully miniaturized this technology. Now it could fit into the case of the digital wristwatch MEGA 1. In 1991, Junghans released the analog version MEGA with traditional hands to the market.
Drawing of what part of Tenochtitlan may have looked like
**Tenochtitlan** was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan. By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city. This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

Center of the Aztec Empire
--------------------------

See also: Aztec Empire
Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion. It was also a very big trading center. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day. People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over). The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

The Great Temple
----------------

The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple). At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms. In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: *Huitzilopochtli*, the god of war and the sun, and *Tlaloc*, the rain god. The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

Agriculture
-----------

The Aztecs had created canals all across the city. By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have. The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

Fall of Tenochtitlan
--------------------

See the main article: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan. Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it. The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Photo gallery
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* Drawing of Tenochtitlan on Lake TexcocoDrawing of Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco
* Model of the Aztec "Great Temple"Model of the Aztec "Great Temple"
* "Water tunnel" coming from the Aztec Great Temple"Water tunnel" coming from the Aztec Great Temple
* Model of what Tenochtitlan may have looked likeModel of what Tenochtitlan may have looked like
* Spanish painting of a market in TenochtitlanSpanish painting of a market in Tenochtitlan
* The Spanish invade TenochtitlanThe Spanish invade Tenochtitlan

Related pages
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* Aztec
* Aztec Empire
Visualisation of powers of ten from 1 to 1 million
**1,000,000** (**1000000**, **one million** or **one thousand thousand** or **million** or **thousand thousand** for short) is a natural number between 999,999 and 1,000,001. The name is derived from Italian, where "*mille*" was 1,000, and 1,000,000 became a "*milione*", as 'a large thousand'.

In scientific notation, the number is written as 1×106 or just 106. Physical quantities can also be explained using the SI prefix "mega-" when using SI units. For example, 1 megawatt is 1,000,000 watts.

The word 'million' is common to both the short-scale and long-scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.

The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number, as in 'Never in a million years' and 'You're one in a million', or as hyperbole, as in 'I've walked a million miles'.

*Il Milione* is the title of Marco Polo's narration of his travels in China. The name is supposed to come from Polo's nickname after his tales of riches and multitudes.

Examples
--------

* A millionaire is someone who owns at least one million or more units of currency.
* In computer science a megabyte is equal to a million bytes, or 1,048,576 (1,0242).
* In measurement there are a million millimeters in a kilometer. There are a million meters in a megameter. (A person who travels completely around earth's equator travels 40 megameters). Also, the speed of light travels a million kilometers in around 3 seconds (See: light speed).

1/Turkey:xx666/Lira:×666/3/Turkish××666/Correctly:Ato:Fedelra:Germa:Erise
GFCI receptacle with red button for Reset and black button for Test
A **ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)**, or **Residual Current Device (RCD)** is a type of circuit breaker. This type shuts off electric power (or breaks the electrical circuit),  to protect people from an electric shock caused when some of the current travels through a person's body due to an electrical fault such as a short circuit, insulation failure, or equipment that is not working right. 

Standard circuit breakers shut off power when the current is too high, like 10, 15, or 20 amps. This protects machinery, and is often good enough to prevent hurting people. 

The GFCI / RCD, however, breaks the circuit when it detects an imbalance of only 0.005 amps (0.030 amps in Australia and some European and Asian countries). Even this small amount of current, 0.030 amps, going through one human body might possibly kill, by causing paralysis of skeletal muscles and stopping the human heart. 

A standard circuit breaker protects the house electrical wires, receptacles and switches, and appliances and fixtures from dangerous conditions, which could contribute to overheating and possible fire. A GFCI / RCD on the other hand, protects people from shock and electrocution and is often found in bathrooms or kitchens, but more specifically where electrical devices may be used near sources of water. While using electrical devices in these locations, someone's bare skin may be in contact with water or a wet floor or metal fixtures. Any of these can provide an alternate path for current to travel in the case of an electrical fault. 

A GFCI / RCD can also prevent dangers from short circuits and other electrical faults that don't involve humans such as a low current short where the current never reaches the trigger point for a circuit breaker, e.g. a live wire falls in a tub of water or moist soil and only 1 or 2 amps of current flow.

Types
-----

GFCIs are available in two types: the circuit breaker that installs in an electrical panel, and the receptacle type that installs into an electrical box.

Regulations
-----------

GFCIs are a suitable replacement for two prong outlets without a grounded wire. The National Electric Code requires GFCI protection in dwelling on kitchen counter tops, bathrooms, unfinished basements not intended as habitable rooms, crawl spaces, garages, sinks where the receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the top edge of the bowl of the sink, boathouses, bathtubs or shower stalls where receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the edge of the bathtub or shower, laundry areas, outdoors except for receptacles that are not readily accessible and are supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to electric snow-melting, deicing, or pipeline and vessel heating equipment shall be installed in accordance with NEC 426.28 or 427.22 as applicable. (NEC 210.8 (A)) 

GFCI protection is required on construction sites.
**Cliff Morrison** is an activist and a nurse who established the first hospital ward for treating AIDS patients in the United States. Ward 5B was established in San Francisco General Hospital in 1983. When the ward was opened there was little known about this illness, and patients with the disease were regarded as worthy of disgrace and/or disapproval.

Ward 5B
-------

When Ward 5B was opened AIDS was considered a death sentence. Every single person diagnosed with AIDS died in those days. No one knew what caused this disease and how it was passed on from person to person. Some of the caregivers refused to treat patients. Patients in hospitals would not be bathed, because nurses did not want to touch them for fear of contracting AIDS themselves.

Ward 5B was the first hospital ward where the medical team comforted patients by touching them. Patients were allowed to furnish their rooms and make them like home. They were even allowed to bring in pets.Families and partners were allowed to visit patients any time.

Ward 5B became a model for many other hospitals in the United States and in other countries.

Life
----

Cliff Morrison grew up in Live Oak, Florida. His family was a very poor. When he was young he worked on his family’s farm. The family had no car, no telephone, no television and no access to healthcare.

At age twelve Morrison got a job at a local hospital mopping floors, taking out trash, and working in the laundry. He worked his way up to orderly. Doctors and nurses at the hospital liked him. They encouraged him to go to college and helped him get a scholarship.

In 1969 Morrison started studying at Florida Community College in Jacksonville when he was 17 years old. He was the youngest student ever in the nursing program. He was also the first person in his family to go to college. 

Morrison admits to being embarrassed studying what is considered a woman’s profession. However, earning $10,000 as a nurse would allow him to enter medical school if he wanted to. Afterwards he moved to Miami to complete his education. 

In 1980, Morrison became a clinical nurse specialist in the Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Services at San Francisco General.
For the American politician, see Dick van Dyke (politician).

**Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke** (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, dancer, producer, singer and writer with his career that has lasted 60 years. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke and father of Barry Van Dyke.

Van Dyke starred in many movies; *Bye Bye Birdie*, *Mary Poppins*, *Chitty Chitty Bang Bang* and *Night at the Museum* and in television series *The Dick Van Dyke Show* and in *Diagnosis: Murder*. He has a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Van Dyke was once offered the role as Ambassador Thorn in the 1976 movie *The Omen*, but turned it down because of the movie's violent gory content.

Early life
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Van Dyke was born on December 13, 1925 in West Plains, Missouri. He was raised in Danville, Illinois. Van Dyke now lives in Malibu, California. During his early years, Van Dyke use to work as a weather man.

Marriages and family
--------------------

Van Dyke has been married to Margie Willett in 1948 until they divorced in 1984. He was married to Arlene Silver since 2012. Van Dyke had been partners with Michelle Triola from 1976 until her death from lung cancer in 2009. Van Dyke has 4 children and one grandson.

Awards
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He has won a Grammy Award, a Tony Award, and an Emmy Award. He has been honored a Disney Legend Award in 1999. He was given The Life Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 2013.

In 2021, Van Dyke was honored with the Kennedy Center Honors.

Personal life
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Van Dyke was a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life. He has been using Nicorette gum since 2003.

In April 2013, Van Dyke revealed that he has been displaying symptoms of a neurological disorder since 2006, but despite undergoing tests no diagnosis has been made. In 2013 the actor stated that his dental-related implants might be responsible.

On August 19, 2013, it was reported that Van Dyke, age 87, was rescued from inside his Jaguar by a passerby as the actor's car caught fire on a Los Angeles-area highway. He was not injured in the fire. The car burned down to its frame.

Other websites
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 Media related to Dick Van Dyke at Wikimedia Commons

* Dick Van Dyke at the Internet Broadway Database
* Dick Van Dyke on IMDb