recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Mbandzeni** (also known as **Dlamini IV**, **Umbandine**, **Umbandeen**; 1855–1889) was the King of Swaziland from 1875 until 1889. He was the son of Mswati II and Nandzi Nkambule. His mother, the wife of King Mswati, died when he was very young.

Mbandzeni became king because his half brother Ludvonga II died before he could become the king. Ludvonga's death resulted in his mother Inkhosikati Lamgangeni adopting Mbandzeni, who was motherless, as her son. That made him king and her the queen mother of Swaziland.

His royal capital was at Mbekelweni. During his kingship, Mbandzeni granted many mining, farming, trading and administrative concessions to white settlers from Britain and the Transvaal. These concessions granted with the help of Offy Sherpstone eventually led to the conventions of 1884 and 1894. Those reduced the overall borders of Swaziland and later made Swaziland a protectorate of the South African Republic. During a period of concessions preceded by famine around 1877 some of the tindvunas (governors) from within Swaziland like Mshiza Maseko and Ntengu kaGama Mbokane were given permission by King Mbandzeni to relocate to farms towards the Komati River. Mshiza Maseko later settled in a place called eLuvalweni, where he was later buried.

Mbandzeni, still in command of a large Swazi army of more than 15000 men aided the British in defeating Sekhukhune in 1879 and preventing Zulu incursion into the Transvaal during the same year. As a result, he guaranteed his country's independence and international recognition despite the Scramble for Africa which was taking place at the time.

Mbandzeni died after an illness in 1889 and is quoted to have said in his deathbed "the Swazi kingship dies with me". He was buried at the royal cemetery at Mbilaneni alongside his father and grandfather Sobhuza I. Mbandzeni was succeeded by his young son Mahlokohla and his wife Queen Labotsibeni Mdluli after a 5-year regency of Queen Tibati Nkambule.

Today a number of buildings and roads in Swaziland are named after Mbandzeni. Among these are the Mbandzeni house in Mbabane and the Mbandzeni Highway to Siteki.
*The Dwarf Don Sebastián de Morra*, by Velázquez.
**Dwarfism** is used to describe a person of short stature, less than 4 feet, 10 inches (147 cm). This is often, though not always, because of a medical condition. People with this condition are called **dwarves** or **little people**. A similar term for short people is midget; however, dwarves and midgets are not the same. Midgets are perfectly proportioned humans, while dwarves have a large head and misshapen limbs and torsos.

Dwarfism is usually caused by the person inheriting an allele (a mutant gene), which produces a defect in development. Defects caused by genetics are the main kind of congenital defects, and usually cannot be cured. 

The most common cause of dwarfism is a defect in bone development called ***achondroplasia***, in which the limbs are short in proportion to the body. This accounts for 70% of cases. 

Extreme shortness, but with body parts of normal proportions, may be caused by growth hormone deficiency, once known as ***pituitary dwarfism***.

There are more than 200 other conditions which may cause dwarfism.

Rossow Midgets, circus poster, 1897
In the 19th century in the United States, people with dwarfism were a major attraction of many circus sideshows. The most famous little people in the history of the American circus are General Tom Thumb and Michu.

Related pages
-------------

* Category:People with dwarfism

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dwarfism***.

* NHS information
The **Singapore's National Pledge** was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

The pledge
----------

These are the words of the pledge:

We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation
### Malay original

Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau agama, berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang berdemokratik, berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan, kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami.
### Chinese translation

|  | Pinyin |
| --- | --- |
| 我們是新加坡公民，
誓愿不分种族、言语、宗教， 
团结一致， 
建设公正平等的民主社会， 
并为实现国家之幸福、繁荣与进步， 
共同努力。 | Wǒmen shì Xīn jia po gōngmín, 
shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, 
tuánjié yīzhì, 
jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, 
bìng wèi shíxiàn 
guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, 
gòngtóng nǔlì.  |

### Tamil translation

சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமக்களாகிய நாம் இனம், மொழி, மதம் ஆகிய வேற்றுமைகளை மறந்து ஒன்றுபட்டு, நம் நாடு மகிழ்ச்சி, வளம், முன்னேற்றம் ஆகியவற்றை அடையும், வண்ணம் சமத்துவத்தையும் நீதியையும் அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஜனாயக சமுதாயத்தை உருவாக்குவதற்கு உறுதி மேற்கொள்வோமாக.

Rules for using the Pledge
--------------------------

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

1. We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
2. Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
3. We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.
Jhumka is a type of earrings worn by women in the Indian subcontinent.

During the Mughal Empire, Kharanpul Jhumka evolved as a unique piece of jewelry. Its clock shape is still the same as before. Jhumka is also known as *Jhumki* in some areas. The jewelry has maintained its status as an earring throughout the history of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. People only wear these earrings for the Indian traditional dance Bharatanatyam.

History
-------

### Origin

The source of this popular earring style is probably the ancient temple statues of the Chola dynasty (they may be as old as 300 BC). According to a second-generation jeweler Fleur van Gelder, the temple was decorated with ornaments to pay homage to the gods. As a result, traditional temple dancers began to wear similar ornaments adorned with idols of the gods and goddesses of the temple.

### Evolution in Mughal Period

Originating in South India, *Jhumka* gained nationwide acceptance as earrings, especially from the royal family. But everyone adapted to the shape of the bell to create their own style. The jhumka were lighter than the other jewelry because they were hollow inside.

Popular Culture
---------------

The Hindi film *Mera Saya* (1986) a song named "Barelike Bazar Mein" about the loss of the lead actress's *Jhumka*.

Also, in 2020, a jhumka weighing 262 kg was placed on a 14-foot-high pole next to the Lucknow-Delhi highway in Bareilly. The Jhumka was made with the famous lacework of the area.

### Jhumka Designs

Here is the most popular Jhumka Designs 

* Traditional Jhumka Design
* Temple Jhumkas Design
* Kundan Jhumkas Design
* Meenakari Jhumkas Design

These are heavy gold jhumka designs, mainly used in special events like Wedding. These lovely pieces of jewellery are a must-have for any bride who wants to add a touch of tradition and glamour to her bridal ensemble. Read more Archived 2023-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
**Stephen Bantu Biko** (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

Life
----

Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School. However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa. He finished high school at St. Francis College.

During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal. During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.

As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko. This severely limited his freedom of speech.

Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

Death
-----

Steven Bantu Biko's Grave in King Williams Town, South Africa
On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested. He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.

Cultural references
-------------------

In the movie *Cry Freedom* (1987), which was about on Biko's role in the anti-apartheid struggle and about his death while in police custody, Biko was played by American actor Denzel Washington.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Steve Biko***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Steve Biko***

* Young Black Leader Dies in Detention in South Africa, Raising Fears of New Unrest By John F. Burns, special to the New York Times
* Thesis on the prospects of Bikoism in today's South Africa Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
* The Steve Biko Foundation
* The relevance of Black Consciousness today
* Donald Woods talks in 1987 about his friendship with Steve Biko
* New Introduction to *I Write What I Like* by Lewis Gordon
* Black Consciousness: The dialectics of liberation
Hitler Youth in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933
The **Nazi salute** or **Hitler salute** is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm in the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say "*Heil Hitler!*" (Hail Hitler!), "*Heil, mein Führer!*" (Hail, my leader!), or "*Sieg Heil!*" (Hail victory!). 

It was adopted in the 1930s by the Nazi Party to show obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler. It also gave honour to the German nation (and later the German war effort). 

The salute was required for all civilians. It was mostly optional for military personnel who retained the traditional salute until shortly after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944.

In modern times
---------------

Use of this salute is currently a criminal offense in Germany, Italy, Japan, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Uzbekistan. In Switzerland, France, Canada, the Netherlands and Sweden, the salute is illegal hate speech if used for promoting Nazi ideology. In the United States, and most of the world (including Latin America, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, China, South Korea, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Norway, Denmark and Finland), use of the salute is not itself a criminal offense or constitutes hate speech, but contains discourteous phraseology if used for constituting Neo-Nazism.

Referencess
-----------

1. ↑  Kershaw, Ian (2001). *The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich*. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0192802064.
2. ↑  Büchner, Alex (1991). *German Infantry Handbook, 1939–1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment, Operations*. Schipper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-284-5.
3. ↑  Czech Republic: A German put in jail for Nazi salute Global Voices, 15 August 2008
4. ↑  O'Dea, Claire (21 May 2014). "Hitler salute ruled not always illegal". *Swissinfo.ch*. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
5. ↑  "Swiss court rules that Nazi salute may be 'personal statement', not racism". *The Guardian*. Geneva. Associated Press. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
**Barnabas Dejen Mondal** (19 September 1937 - 29 June 2019. Bangla: **বার্ণবা দ্বিজেন মন্ডল**) was a Bangladeshi clergyman. He was the first bishop, the first moderator of the synod, the first Archbishop of Church of Bangladesh Archdiocese of Dhaka and "The National Bishop" of the Church of Bangladesh. Mondal was seen by many as one of the greatest and most influential Anglican bishop and Christian clergy in Bangladesh.[*source?*] Mondal was the longest serving bishop in Bangladesh. He had served for almost 30 years. He was one of the people that started the economic movement in Bangladesh.

Early Life
----------

Mondal's father was Johon Mondal. His mother was Komola Mondal. He was the second oldest of thirteen siblings. He completed his schooling from a baptist school. He then completed his college from Government Brojomohun College, Barishal. For higher studies, he went Bishop's College Kolkata.

Priest and Bishop Life
----------------------

Mondal was a talented priest. From childhood, he wants to do something for Jesus. In the early 1950s, he joined the seminary. He was made a deacon in 1964. In 1965, he became a priest of Oxford Mission Church.

Mondal was ordained as a priest in the Anglican Church in East Pakistan in 1964. He was consecrated as the first national bishop of the Church of Bangladesh on 16 February 1975. The Church of Bangladesh came into being after Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971. He became the Bishop in early 1975. Mondal was the Bishop of Dhaka diocese and Moderator of the Church of Bangladesh for almost three decades, Mondal’s contributions in laying foundations for the present structure of a united church in the country have been widely recognised. In particular, Bishop Mondal consistently encouraged more active participation of the lay leaders in the congregations of the Church of Bangladesh.

Influences
----------

Mondal actively participated in the Asian and Bangladesh ecumenical movement in various capacities. He served on various committees of the East Asia Christian Conference (EACC), the forerunner of the Christian Conference of Asia (CCA) in the 1960s and 1970s. He as pionneer of National Bible Society, CCDB

Recognition
-----------

In all Bangladesh among Catholic and Protestant, he was a key figure. The Recognition Title was: Servant of God.

Death
-----

Mondal died in a hospital in the capital, Dhaka, June 29 at the age of 82. More than ten thousand Christian of all Denomination gathered to say good bye to him in the name of Jesus Christ
The **Club des Hashischins**, the Hashish Club, (sometimes also spelled **Club des Hashishins** or **Club des Hachichins**), was a Parisian group who explored using drugs, mainly hashish, to get creative ideas.

It was active from about 1844 to 1849. Some of the most important literary and intellectual people in Paris were members. They including Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau, Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac Gérard de Nerval, Eugène Delacroix and Alexandre Dumas, père. Monthly "séances" were held at the Hôtel de Lauzun (at that time: Hôtel Pimodan) on the Île Saint-Louis.

Gautier wrote about the club in an article called the "*Le Club des Hachichin*" published in the *Revue des Deux Mondes* in February 1846. While he is often said to have started the club, in the article he says he was attending their séances for the first time that evening.

The group dressed up in Arab clothing. They drank coffee and added hashish, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, pistachio, sugar, orange juice, butter and cantharides. It was a thick, green mixture, like a jam.

Dr. Moreau wrote a book in 1846 about the cannabis and the drug taking experiments of the club. The 439 page book was called *Hashish and Mental Illness - Psychological Studies*. Baudelaire wrote that while the drug did give people ideas, it quickly affected their personality. They felt they could only create while under the influence of the drug.

Other websites
--------------

* The Hashish Club Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
An E-flat baritone saxophone.
A **sa***xophone* is a type of musical instrument in the woodwind family. The saxophone uses a piece of wood, called a reed, to make sound. The player blows air into the mouthpiece, which vibrates the reed. The saxophone also uses keys to change pitch, and the player closes or opens holes to choose the note. Commonly, saxophones have about 22 keys. 

The saxophone is most commonly found in four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. However, uncommon saxophones include the bass and contrabass saxophones (lower than a baritone saxophone), the C-melody saxophone (between the tenor and alto saxophones), and the sopranino saxophone (higher than a soprano saxophone). 

It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The saxophone was originally created for military bands, but was commonly used in jazz big bands in the 1940s and 1950s. Famous saxophone players include Marcel Mule (classical music), John Coltrane (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).

| * v
* t
* e
Single reed instruments |
| --- |
| Modern | Aulochrome • Clarinet • Bass clarinet • E-flat Clarinet • Heckel-clarina • Heckelphone-clarinet • Octavin • Saxophone • Tárogató (modern) • Xaphoon |
| European historical | Chalumeau |
| European traditional | The Highland Hornpipe • Albogue • Alboka • Diplica • Hornpipe • Launeddas • Pibgorn • Pku • Sipsi • Zhaleika |
| Middle Eastern traditional | Arghul • Double clarinet (zummara) • Mijwiz |
| Central Asian traditional | Dili tuiduk |
Osiris, lord of death, with crown atef and green body
In Egyptian mythology, **Osiris** is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile, and the afterlife. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Set because Osiris was the pharaoh, which Set wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Set tricked him into getting into a box, then poured lead onto the box to close it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Set and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was the goddess Nut, father Geb, sister Nephthys, and sister as well as wife Isis.
BOOBIES!

Osiris and Dionysus
-------------------

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Osirisin hieroglyphs |

By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of truth, rather than the exact details of the accepted myths on which their teachings were overlayed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now synonymous with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus.

Why Egypt loved Osiris
----------------------

Egyptian civilization loved Osiris because he was a wise and gentle king. He taught them law and order and led them away from savage practices like cannibalism and human sacrifice. Osiris also taught them the art of agriculture and the appropriate rites for worshipping the gods. When he was done civilizing the people in Egypt, he left the country to his wife Isis and made peace in many other places. When he finished his job he then returned to Egypt.

Purpose
-------

Osiris was the god of the Underworld. He was also one of the Nine Gods. One of his duties as Lord of the Dead was to do the very last judgment of the Dead, and after that to protect people from the dangers of the Underworld. The transition between life and death must have been a great experience, but still perilous .

Appearance
----------

Gods of Duat, Osiris, Anubis and Hathor
Osiris was shown in the form of a mummified pharaoh. He wore a white atef crown with feathers on the side, and held a crook and flail; tools of a pharaoh. Osiris had green skin, symbolizing rebirth to the Egyptians.
**Italian Somalia**, located in the eastern part of Africa, was a territory under Italian colonial rule for several decades. This region corresponds largely to what is known today as the Republic of Somalia. Italy began its colonization efforts in the in the 1880s. The northern half of Jubaland was given to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during World War I. It got full control of the area by the end of 1927 after signing treaties with local leaders and establishing settlements along the Somali coast.

In 1936, it was joined into Italian East Africa as the Somalia Governorate.

The Italians introduced infrastructure development projects. They built roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. They also started administrative systems and influenced aspects of local culture, bringing Italian customs, language, and governance structures to the region.

Many Somalis until WW1 opposed the foreign rule imposed by the Italians and fought against their presence in various ways. There were several instances of unrest and uprisings as Somalis sought independence and autonomy from Italian control. But in the 1930s all Somalia was "pacified" and enjoyed a development in economy that was one of the biggest in Africa.

Italian Somalia faced various challenges during this initial time before WW1, including economic difficulties and environmental issues such as droughts. These challenges exacerbated tensions between the local population and the Italian authorities, leading to conflicts and opposition movements that were resolved in the late 1930s, when hundred of thousands somalis accepted to serve in military divisions for Italy during WW2. 

In 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II. Italian Somalia came under British military administration until 1950. Then it became a United Nations trusteeship. The Trust Territory of Somalia was under Italian administration. On 1 July 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia united with the British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.

The legacy of Italian Somalia persists in present-day Somalia. While Italian colonial rule brought some infrastructural developments and cultural influences (from the latin alphabet to the cuisine), it also left an initial complicated history of tensions, conflicts, and struggles for independence. The impacts of colonization (italian & english) continue to shape the social, political, and economic landscape of Somalia, influencing its ongoing challenges and efforts towards development and stability.
This article is about the suburb. For the electoral district, see Electoral district of Terrigal.

**Terrigal** is a coastal suburb on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Terrigal is famous for some places and beaches.

Location of the Terrigal
------------------------

Terrigal is a coastal town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the Central Coast 87km north of Sydney. There is no direct connection between Sydney and Terrigal. But it doesn’t take a lot of time to get Terrigal from Sydney.

History of the name Terrigal
----------------------------

There is a history of the name "Terrigal." Terrigal means "uncertain" or based on the Aboriginal words. Or the first European settler, John Gray who arrived in 1826, called his property Tarrygal. This is one of the theories of Terrigal. There are various theories though. Therefore,​this place i​s called Terrigal by people. Now, many different spellings still exist.

Famous Beach at Terrigal
------------------------

There are beaches on the Central Coast. And Terrigal beach is the best known beach on the Central Coast. If you visit there, you can see a beautiful view of the Terrigal beach and you can swim or do some water activities there. Surprisingly, the length of the sand is 4km. It is quite enough to enjoy the beach. Terrigal beach has been visited by more than 7two million people in the last 2 years.

Places to visit
---------------

    There are a lot of places to visit in Terrigal. First is The Skillion which is a local landmark of Terrigal. The Skillion i​s known for a famous sightseeing place in Terrigal. Second is Australian Reptile Park. This park is Australia’s original hands-on zoo. More than 2000 animals a​re kept at the park. Last is of course Terrigal Beach. Terrigal beach i​s known for its length of the sand and a lot of kinds of water activities.

Things to do
------------

At the Skillion, climb the Skillion which is a landmark of Terrigal. If you hike to the top, you may h​ave the opportunity to see an amazing view from there. And book the hotel to enjoy an amazing view around there.

At the Australian Reptile Park, join at least one tour and get some experiences of zookeepers. Australian Reptile Park has many kinds of tours and experiences. It would be an unforgettable memory if you join at least one of them! And a​n annual pass is sold on the internet so you can visit there anytime.

At Terrigal Beach, do the water activities (surfing, diving tour, fishing and so on) and swim there. The strength of the sand is 4km so absolutely you can enjoy doing water activities and swimming there. And there are some shops at Terrigal Beach. Clothes, candles, jewellery, soaps, relishes, chutneys a​re sold by people.
Legion of Super-Heroes official logo.
The **Legion of Super-Heroes** is a fictional superhero team in the 30th and 31st centuries of the DC Comics universe. The team first appears in *Adventure Comics* #247 (April 1958), and was created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino.

Initially, the team was closely associated with the original Superboy (Superman when he was a teenager), and was first portrayed as a group of time travelers who frequently visited him. In later years, the Legion's origin and back story were fleshed out, and the group was given prominence on par with Superboy's in a monthly comic. Eventually, Superboy was removed altogether, except as an occasional guest star.

The team has undergone two major reboots during its publication. The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of "Zero Hour" in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004. A fourth version of the team, nearly identical to the original version, was introduced in 2007.
Cosplayer as Bucky Barnes from the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies and television series.
**James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes** is a fictional character in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was first introduced as a sidekick to Captain America. The character was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. He first appeared in *Captain America Comics* #1 (cover-dated March 1941). That comic was published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics. Barnes' original costume (or one based on it) and the Bucky nickname has been used by other heroes in the Marvel Universe over the years. The character is an American Soldier turned Soviet spy and assassin. He was recruited to the U.S. Army during World War II after being a ward of the state. He fought alongside his best friend, Captain America, the "Sentinel of Liberty" and the Invaders, and together they helped the Allies win the war. Bucky was believed to be dead near the end of the war, only to have been found and brainwashed by the Soviets led by Vasily Karpov, who made him the **Winter Soldier**. He was sent on clandestine missions and committed some of the worst assassinations over the next 50 years. His memory was returned to him decades later and he became the new **Captain America** after Steve Rogers was seemingly murdered and also joined the Avengers. When Steve returned, he took up the identity of the Winter Soldier once again. The character has been a superhero, supervillain and a sidekick over the years.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
-------------------------

Sebastian Stan in 2019.A cosplayer in the original Bucky uniform.
The character is played by Romanian-American actor Sebastian Stan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He is in the movies *Captain America: The First Avenger* (2011), *Captain America: The Winter Soldier* (2014), *Ant-Man* (2015), *Captain America: Civil War* (2016), *Black Panther* (2018), *Avengers: Infinity War* (2018) and *Avengers: Endgame* (2019). He is also in the Disney+ miniseries *The Falcon and the Winter Soldier* (2021) and the animated series *What If...?* (2021). He has been announced to be in the upcoming movie,*Thunderbolts* (2024).
**Ferdinand Wesely** (30 May 1897 – 19 March 1949) was an Austrian footballer and coach.

Career
------

The left winger began his career at Rennweger SV and in 1920 he went to Rapid, Austria's leading football club at the time. With Rapid he won four times the Championship and in 1927 the Austrian Cup. From 1928 till 1931 he was captain of Rapid Vienna.  1930 he won the Mitropa Cup, the most important club competition between the wars. After this triumph, Wesely moved to Switzerland, first to FC St. Gallen and then to FC Basel. In 1933, he and Basel won the Swiss Cup .

National team
-------------

He played 40 matches for the Austrian national football team and scored 17 goals. His debut was on 23 April 1922 in a loss versus Germany. His last match was on 16 November 1930 in a 4-1 win versus Sweden.

Manager career
--------------

After two years at the smaller city club FC Nordstern Basel, Ferdl Wesely went to Belgium where he worked as a coach at Beerschot Antwerpen. In May 1940 he was sent to the Saint Cyprien internment camp in southern France, in July he was able to return to Antwerp and continue his coaching career. After his return to Vienna in 1945 he managed FC Rennweg and Red Star Penzing.

Honours
-------

Rapid Vienna
* Austrian Champion: 1921, 1923, 1929, 1930
* Austrian Cup: 1927
* Mitropa Cup: 1930

Basel
* Swiss Cup: 1932-33

Beerschot Antwerpen (manager)
* Belgian Champion:1938, 1939

Other websites
--------------

* (in German) Rapid Archiv
* Beerschot coaches
**Alcibiades**, son of Clinias, *c.* 450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, which fell from power after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role later in that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed sides on several occasions. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy, and spoke in favor of an invasion of Sicily. He fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him.

In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and was forced to defect to Persia. There he served as an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until his Athenian political allies brought about his recall. He then served as an Athenian general for several years, but his enemies eventually succeeded in exiling him a second time.

The Sicilian Expedition to Magna Graecia was Alcibiades' idea but his enemies prevented him from commanding. His rival Nicias took command, and the expedition failed disastrously. In the years that he served Sparta, Alcibiades played a role in Athens' undoing; the capture of Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision.

Once restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege.p151 Alcibiades' military and political talents frequently proved valuable to whichever state he worked for. His talent for making powerful enemies ensured that he never remained in one place for long. By the end of the war (which he had helped rekindle in the early 410s) his days of political power were a bygone memory.

In his youth Alcibiades had been a pupil of Socrates. This was something which told against Socrates at his trial.
This article is about the royal title. For the musician, see Prince (artist). For other uses, see Prince (disambiguation).
A **prince** is a male member of a royal family. The female version of this title is called a princess. Different countries have different rules based on who is a prince.

Types of princes
----------------

The title of "prince" is different depending on the country. Each royal family has its own rules saying who is called a prince. 

### Prince of Publishing

The Prince of Publishing was in Hallmark movie.

### Crown Prince

Prince Charles of the United Kingdom
A **crown prince** (female: **crown princess**) is the heir apparent of a country. This means that he is the person who will become king after the current king dies. 

Most of the time, the crown prince is the son of a king but can also be a close relative if the king has no children. 

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Spain, the crown prince is given their own unique title, such as Prince of Wales and Prince of Asturias. 

In addition, the siblings of a crown prince can also be called princes or princesses, even though they are not the heir to the throne. The siblings often continue to be called "prince" and "princess" even after the crown prince becomes king.

For example, Princess Anne, Prince Edward and Prince Andrew all have the title of prince even though their brother, Charles was the crown prince (and now the king).

### Prince Consort

Prince Philip (left) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II
A **prince consort** is the title of the husband of a Ruling Queen in many monarchies. 

Unlike kings, whose wives are called queens, the husband of a ruling Queen is called a prince. 

This is because historically, the title of "king" is seen as a higher rank than queen. Because the Queen Regnant is the monarch of her country, nobody can be given a "higher" title. For this reason, her husband is called a prince consort.

Some countries, however, do allow the husband of a queen to be titled "king consort". But this is very rare.

### Sovereign Prince

Albert II is the ruler of Monaco
A **sovereign prince** (also known as a **ruling prince**, **reigning prince** or **prince regnant**) is the ruler of a monarchy known as a principality. 

This is mainly to do with size, because principalities were considered too small to become actual kingdoms, duchies or empires.

The most famous principality is Monaco. This is because throughout Monaco's history, they were always allied with a country much larger and more powerful. For this reason, the rulers of Monaco did not call themselves kings and queens.
Upon the abolition of the Second Mexican Empire and the execution of Emperor Maximilian I in 1867, pretense to the Mexican Crown passed to and was assumed by the adopted heirs.

The current pretender to the Mexican throne, in right of both the First and Second Empires, is Count Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide, great-grandson of Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán.

List of claimants to the Mexican throne
---------------------------------------

Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide He is the current head of the Imperial House of Mexico,
1. **Agustín I** 1823–1824 (Constitutional Emperor of Mexico 1822–1823)
2. **Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte** **(Agustín II)** 1824–1864
3. **Maximiliano I** (Emperor of Mexico 1864–1867)
4. **Agustín de Iturbide y Green** **(Agustín III)** 1867–1925
5. **María Josepha Sophia de Iturbide** **(María I)** 1925–1949
6. **Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide** **(Maximiliano II)** 1949–present
7. **Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo (Carlos I)** 2011-present
For other uses, see Aurora (disambiguation).
An **aurora**, also called **polar light**, **northern light** or **southern light**, is a natural light display in the sky. They are usually seen in the high latitudes (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. Auroras are produced when the Earth's magnetosphere is disturbed by the solar wind.

Auroras worldwide
An aurora
An aurora around the North Pole is called the *Aurora borealis* or 'northern lights'. Around the South Pole is the *Aurora australis* or 'dawn of the south' or 'southern lights'. It can be seen from long distances, stretching in the sky many hundreds of miles.

Auroras can happen at any time, however, they can only be seen at night because their light is not as intense as the light of day. Faint stark can even be seen through the aurora.

Many legends are associated with the aurora in all countries where this phenomenon regularly occurs.

How it happens
--------------

An aurora occurs when the Sun sends off small particles into space. These particles are mainly electrons, with charge and energy, which means they contribute to electricity. Earth has a protective shield of energy around it. This is called the "magnetic field" and forms an elongated sphere around the Earth called the "magnetosphere". The Earth’s magnetic field keeps off most solar wind. 

At high-latitude areas (polar areas), the magnetic field is vertical. It does not keep off particles of the solar wind which can come from the magnetosphere and hit the particles of the air (Earth's atmosphere). When they hit, the atmosphere is heated and excited and the excess gets away, a phenomenon which we see as moving lights in the sky above 100 km altitude typically. An aurora can be especially bright following a solar flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) when the charged particles rips through the electromagnetic field because of their power.

On other planets
----------------

Saturn with an aurora, circular in shape, blue, located in the South Pole of Saturn.Aurora on Saturn.
Auroral phenomena have been observed on other planets that have a magnetic field, such as Jupiter, and Saturn. It is believed to be a widespread phenomenon in the Solar System and beyond.
Artist concept of TESS
The **Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite** (**TESS**) is a NASA space telescope searching for planets outside of the Solar System. Like the Kepler (spacecraft), it is using occultation to find these extrasolar planets but is searching a larger part of the sky. 

TESS was launched on April 18, 2018 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Full Thrust rocket from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The total value of the launch services contract is US$87 million. SpaceX was awarded the launch in December 2014. As of November 2022 it had found 273 confirmed exoplanets and 4079 possible ones that need further investigation.

Orbit
-----

*TESS* is orbiting the Earth with a period of about 14 days, which is half of the period of the Moon. The orbit is highly elliptical, closer to the Earth at some points but very far at other times. *TESS* has four high-resolution cameras and continuously takes photos of the sky. It sends the photos to the laboratory on Earth which makes them available to scientists to study. Members of the public, like astronomy hobbyists and enthusiasts, can also download and see the photos.

The main purpose of *TESS* is to find planets around other stars. Such planets, when they are orbiting around their stars, partially cover the stars and make them not as bright half of the time. This is called occultation. 

*TESS* satellite is small, about 1.5 meters (4 feet 11 inches) in size, with the solar panel span of 3.7 meters (12 ft). It weighed 350 kilograms (770 pounds) at launch.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite***.

* TESS website Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine by the Kavli Foundation
The **Dadou** is a river in southwestern France, right tributary of the Agout river. It flows through the Tarn department, in the Occitanie region.

Geography
---------

The Dadou river has a length of 115.8 km (72.0 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 857 km2 (331 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 7.81 m3/s (276 cu ft/s) at Montdragon in the Tarn department.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Montdragon (49 years)**

### Course

The source of the Dadou is on the *Monts de Lacaune*, in the southern Massif Central, in the *commune* of Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès, Tarn department, at an altitude of about 870 m (2,854 ft).

The Agout flows, in general, to the west through the Tarn department and 26 *communes*. Some of the *communes* are Montdragon, Graulhet, Briatexte, Lacaze, Rayssac, Saint-Julien-du-Puy, Vénès, Saint-Genest-de-Contest, Le Masnau-Massuguiès, Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès, Laboutarie, Lombers, Réalmont, Saint-Lieux-Lafenasse, Saint-Antonin-de-Lacalm, Le Travet, Teillet, Arifat, Mont-Roc, Paulinet, Giroussens, Saint-Jean-de-Rives, Ambres, Saint-Gauzens, Puybegon, Montredon-Labessonnié.

Finally, it flows, as a right tributary into the Agout river at Ambres, near Saint-Jean-de-Rives, in the Tarn department, at 115 m (377 ft) of altitude.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Dadou are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Dadounet (15 km)
* Bardes (15 km)
* Rieu de l’Aze (15 km)
* Bezan (12 km)

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Ambias (12 km)
* Oulas (24 km)
* Lézert (17 km)
* Assou (37 km)
* Agros (19 km)
 |

Gallery
-------

* Chateau de Granval ruins and the Dadou river*Chateau de Granval* ruins and the Dadou river
* New and old bridges over the Dadou, GraulhetNew and old bridges over the Dadou, Graulhet
* Mill on the Dadou, BriatexteMill on the Dadou, Briatexte

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dadou***.

* Banque Hydro - Station O4774010 - Le Dadou à Montdragon (Synthèse) Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
* Syndicat Mixte du Bassin de l'Agout (in French)
The **Polish Navy** is the naval branch of the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish Navy has 46 ships and about 12,000 people. 

In the fifteenth century there was a small force of ships that primarily operated on rivers and lakes. In 1454, the city of Gdańsk was back in Poland after being previously occupied by the Teutonic Knights since 1308. Gdańsk is a seaport so Poland could have a large fleet on the Baltic. In 1561, following a victory over a Russian fleet in the Baltic, the Polish Navy got a second port at Riga, in modern-day Latvia. The Polish navy won the Battle of Oliwa in 1627 against the Swedish Empire, during the Polish–Swedish War. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth never really had a strong navy.

Józef Piłsudski, commander of the Armed Forces of Poland, founded the modern Polish Navy in 1918.

In World War II three ships sailed to the British naval base at Leith in Scotland in 1939 to escape from the German navy. The British lent them more ships. 

During the Communist period, Poland's navy got much stronger. A separate force of Polish Marines started. The Navy also got Soviet-made ships, including 2 destroyers, 2 missile destroyers, 13 submarines and 17 missile boats to control the Baltic Sea.

Poland joined NATO in 1999 and this changed the work of the navy.
The **first lady** or **first partner of California** is the informal title and role held by the hostess of the California Governor's Mansion and usually the wife of the governor of California, during the governor's term in office. 

Jennifer Siebel Newsom is the current first partner of California, in role since January 2019, as the wife of Governor Gavin Newsom.

Origins and role
----------------

The first lady or partner is not elected by the citizens of California, there are no official jobs she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first spouse, but she is often involved in political campaigns, managements of the Governor's Mansion, and participating in social causes and accompanying the governor at official and ceremonial occasions and events.

Causes and initiatives
----------------------

Jennifer Siebel Newsom launched major initiatives as first partner such as, Miss Representation, The Representation Project, Advance SEL California, California for ALL Kids, California for ALL Women, and the Equal Pay Pledge.
Diagram of an oblate spheroid
An **oblate spheroid** is a very famous shape. It is the shape of the Earth and some other planets. It is like a sphere squashed from the top so the circumference around the poles is less than the circumference around the equator. Shapes of this type are called ellipsoids.

Oblate spheroids have rotational symmetry around an axis from pole to pole.

Many planets, including the Earth and Saturn, are oblate spheroids. The difference between a sphere and the Earth's shape is small, only about one part in 300.

An example of an oblate spheroid is a M&M candy.

Stars spin, and some spin very fast. The faster the spin, the flatter the oblate spheroid. The Sun rotates at 2 km per second, neutron stars have speeds of thousands of km/sec.

Origin of flattening
--------------------

In 1687 Isaac Newton published the *Principia*. He included a proof that a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid of revolution (a spheroid). The amount of flattening depends on the density and the balance of gravitational force and centrifugal force.

In other words, the Earth is a spheroid because it rotates. Gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn are flattened by rotation more than the Earth.
**Kaiser Wilhelm II** of Prussia and Germany (**Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern**, 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and the last King of Prussia. Ruling from 1888 to 1918, he went to live in the Netherlands and abdicated (resigned) as King and Emperor. This was the end of the Hohenzollern dynasty. He died in the Netherlands at Huis Doorn, and he is buried there because he ordered not to be buried in Nazi Germany. He died on June 4, 1941. 

He was involved in the Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901 fighting against the Qing Dynasty Empire. In July 1914 he promised to support emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria against Serbia. This led to World War 1. He fled to the Netherlands in 1918 after Germany surrendered in World War 1 after losing many battles. Germany lost its Colonies and became the Weimar Republic .

Early life
----------

Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 and was the oldest child in his family. His father was Prince Frederick of Prussia. His mother was Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He was born with a disabled left arm.

He married in 1881 Augusta Victoria. He and his wife had seven children. He studied at the Kassel Gymnasium and then at the University of Bonn.

Reign
-----

He became leader of Germany in 1888, when his father died. He disagreed with his father's longtime chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and dismissed him in 1890.

Wilhelm believed in strengthening Germany’s armed forces, especially the navy. He led Germany during World War I.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* 27 January 1859 – 9 March 1888: *His Imperial Royal Highness* Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
* 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888: *His Imperial Highness and Royal Highness* The German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia
* 15 June 1888 – 18 November 1918: *His Imperial and Royal Majesty* The German Emperor, King of Prussia

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Wilhelm II, German Emperor at Wikimedia Commons