recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland in 1912. She was the first and the longest-serving President of the RSPB
The **Royal Society for the Protection of Birds** (**RSPB**) is an organisation registered in Great Britain as a charity. It was founded as the **Plumage League** in 1889 by Emily Williamson.

The RSPB works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment. It runs public awareness campaigns and petitions, and it operates nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

The RSPB has 2,000 employees, 17,600 volunteers and more than a million members (including 150,000 youth members). It is the largest wildlife conservation charity in Europe. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 200 nature reserves.

The group gained popularity and eventually amalgamated with the Fur and Feather League in Croydon to form the RSPB.

The original members of the RSPB were all women. They campaigned against the fashion of wearing exotic feathers in hats. To this end the Society had two simple rules:

> 
> 1. That Members shall discourage the wanton destruction of Birds, and interest themselves generally in their protection
> 2. That Lady-Members shall refrain from wearing the feathers of any bird not killed for purposes of food, the ostrich only excepted.— RSPB rules, 1899
> 

At the time of founding, the trade in plumage for use in hats was very large: in the first quarter of 1884, almost 7,000 bird-of-paradise skins were being imported to Britain, along with 0.4 million birds from the West Indies and Brazil, and 0.36 million birds from British India.

The Society attracted support from some women of high social standing who belonged to the social classes that popularised the wearing of feathered hats, including the Duchess of Portland (who became the Society's first President) and the Ranee of Sarawak. The organisation began to attract the support of many other influential figures, both male and female, such as the ornithologist Professor Alfred Newton. The society received a Royal Charter in 1904 from Edward VII. It petitioned Parliament to introduce laws banning the use of plumage in clothing.
**New York's 21st congressional district** is a congressional district in the state of New York in the United States of America. As of the 2020 United States presidential election Republican representative Elise Stefanik is the current representative for the district. The district is the largest district in New York and is made up of the entire counties of, Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, Warren, and Washington. Parts of Herkimer and Saratoga counties are also part of the 21st district.

Recent election results
-----------------------

Presidential Elections 1992-2016| Year | Candidate | Winner Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Bill Clinton (D) | 48% |
| 1996 | Bill Clinton (D) | 57% |
| 2000 | Al Gore (D) | 56% |
| 2004 | John Kerry (D) | 55% |
| 2008 | Barack Obama (D) | 58% |
| 2012 | Barack Obama (D) | 52.2% |
| 2016 | Donald Trump (R) | 54% |

2020 New York 21st congressional district congressional election| Party | Candidate | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Republican | Elise Stefanik (Incumbent) | 58.8% (winner) |
| Democrat | Tedra Cobb | 41.1% |
The **Red Rickshaw Revolution** (RRR) is a project for women's empowerment in India. The Vodafone Foundation, India, launched it. It helps women with social development in India. It began when three women left Delhi to go to Mumbai to raise money for NGOs working to empower Indian women. They rode a red autorickshaw. This trip of 1500 km began on 9 March 2013 and ended on 18 March 2013. The rickshaw passed through Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Participants
------------

Laura Turkington started the Red Rickshaw Revolution. She was then Director of the  in India. Carina Deegan supported this activity of the foundation. Sunita Chaudhary was the first female auto rickshaw driver in Delhi NCR.

Events
------

The red rickshaw passed through cities like Alwar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Rajsamand, Shamlaji, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Daman and Mumbai. The Revolution raised funds for three NGOs- *Apne Aap Women’s Collective* (AAWC), *Breakthrough* and *Corp India*. The initiative also aims to educate women about their rights and share the stories of successful women.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
A shopping street of Myeong-dong by night
**Myeong-dong** (Korean: 명동, literally means 'bright town') is an area in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is mostly a commercial area, being one of the main shopping and tourism districts in Seoul. 

Actually, Myeong-dong is not an original name and it was not known as a commercial area at first. During the Joseon Dynasty era, it was mostly a residential district called Myeongryebang (명례방). Later on, under the Japanese colonization, the name was changed to Myeongchijeong (명치정). It started to be more like a commercial district during that colonial period. Finally it was changed to the current name, Myeong-dong in 1946, after independence.

Shopping
--------

In Myeong-dong, there are several large department stores and shopping malls such as Lotte (롯데백화점), Shinsegae (신세계), Migliore and Noon square. Also, the main streets are lined with lots of clothing shops, cosmetics stores, and international retailers. 

This area has become more and more international. The survey targeted 12,000 tourists departing Korea, and 55.3% answered that their major tourist destination was Myeong-dong, and it is one of the most popular shopping spots. Favorite items are Korean cosmetics such as Missha and Nature Republic, and there are most of Korean cosmetics brand stores on the main street of Myeong-dong. Therefore, it is necessary for those stores to hire bilingual staffs fluent in English, Japanese, or Chinese, and it attracts more and more foreign shoppers.

Transportation
--------------

There are two Seoul Subway stations near the district; Station #202, Euljiro 1-ga on Line 2 on the north end of the area, Station #424, Myeong-dong on Line 4 on the south end of the area.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Myeongdong***.

* Visit Korea; Myeong-dong Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Myeongdong, Seoul's no.1 shopping district Archived 2014-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Mount Carmel Cemetery** is a Roman Catholic cemetery in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. The cemetery is near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads. It is close to three other cemeteries. They are Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Catholic Cemetery, and Oakridge Glen Oaks Cemetery.

The cemetery is 214 acres (0.87 km2) in size. There are over 226,275 people buried at Mount Carmel.

The Bishop's Mausoleum is in Mount Carmel Cemetery. It was designed by William J. Brinkmann. It is the burial place of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago. Cardinal Joseph Bernardin was buried there after his 1996 death. Also on the cemetery grounds are the burial places of some organized crime figures. There are over 400 family mausoleums on the cemetery grounds.

People Buried At Mt. Carmel
---------------------------

Below is a short list of people buried at Mt. Carmel Cemetery.

* Julia Buccola Petta - also known as "The Italian Bride"

### Religious people

* Samuel Stritch
* John Cody
* Joseph Bernardin
* James Edward Quigley
* William Quarter
* Patrick Feehan

### Criminals

* Al Capone
* Vincent Drucci
* Sam Giancana
* Joseph Giunta
* Genna Brothers - Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, "Bloody" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike "The Devil".
* Antonio Lombardo
* "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn
* Frank Nitti
* Dean O'Banion
* Frank Rio
* Roger Touhy
* Earl "Hymie" Weiss
* Phillipo Catalano

Other websites
--------------

* Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
* Mount Carmel page on Graveyards of Chicago
**Radio Caracas Television** (or **RCTV**) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.

History
-------

Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.

In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.

In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.

In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.

On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.

Problems
--------

Thousands of Venezuelans rally in support of RCTV
President Hugo Chávez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

Facts
-----

* The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
* RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).

Other websites
--------------

* RCTV Archived 2005-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
Frankfurt Palm Garden in ca. 1890-1900
The **Palmengarten** is one of two botanical gardens in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is in the city area Westend-Nord.

The garden was privately paid for and built by the architect Heinrich Siesmayer. Work was done in 1871 and the garden opened to the public. One special visit was from the American entertainer Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill performed his Western show at the garden in 1890. In 1931, it was placed in the care of the city of Frankfurt. Control of the garden was later moved to the American occupation authorities after World War II. When the Palmengarten was returned to the city's control in the 1960s, a major rebuilding started. The halls that were destroyed in the war were redeveloped and expanded. In 1992, the reconstruction finished and the Palmengarten showed in its new form.

Next to the area of the Palmengarten is the Frankfurt Botanical Garden, which belongs to the biology department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.

The botanical exhibits are placed according to their start in free-air or climate controlled greenhouses, which also contain many tropical and subtropical plants.

With 29 hectares (72 acres), it is the biggest garden of its kind in Germany.

Related pages
-------------

* List of botanical gardens

Coordinates: 50°07′24″N 8°39′29″E﻿ / ﻿50.12333°N 8.65806°E﻿ / 50.12333; 8.65806


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Palmengarten Frankfurt***.
The **RAND Corporation** is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. The RAND was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development.

Past
----

Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped form United States policy decisions on many issues: the space race, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. It was best known for the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), based upon their work with game theory. Chief strategist Herman Kahn discussed the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book *On Thermonuclear War*. This led to Kahn being one of the models for "Dr Strangelove" in *Dr. Strangelove*. In the movie, RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".

Present
-------

The RAND is now financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations, the healthcare industry, universities, and private individuals.

The organization now works with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defence issues. RAND techniques were based on operations research (O.R.) which started in World War II. O.R. is the interdisciplinary application of scientific thinking to problem-solving. It relies mostly on the hard sciences like physics and mathematics, and economics. However, some famous biologists and social scientists have worked with RAND at times, and the importance of social ideas and thinking is more important than ever today.

RAND has about 1,700 employees and three principal North American locations: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has offices in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, England, and Brussels, Belgium. The RAND-Qatar Policy Institute is in Doha, Qatar. RAND's newest office is in Boston, Massachusetts.

RAND is also home to the Pardee RAND School, which is the world's largest Ph.D.-granting program in policy analysis. Unlike many other universities, all PARDEE RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships in order to cover their education costs. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these projects are short-term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff members.

RAND publishes the *RAND Journal of Economics*, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.

To date, 32 winners of a Nobel Prize, mainly in economics and physics, have been associated with the RAND at some point in their career.
Mycle Schneider
**Mycle Schneider** (born 1959 in Cologne) is a German energy consultant, and lead author of *The World Nuclear Industry Status Reports*. In 1997 he received the Right Livelihood Award.

Life and work
-------------

Mycle Schneider is a nuclear energy expert based in Paris who has been adviser to members of the European Parliament on energy issues for more than 20 years. From 1998 to 2003, Schneider advised on energy policy for the French environment minister's office and the Belgian minister for energy and sustainable development. Since 2000 he has been a consultant on nuclear issues to the German environment ministry. He has also provided energy consulting for the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Schneider is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, and the nuclear non-proliferation group Independent Group of Scientific Experts (IGSE), which is based at Hamburg University. Since 2004 he has overseen the Environment and Energy Strategies lecture series for the Environmental and Energy Engineering Program at the French École des Mines in Nantes.

Award
-----

In 1997, along with Jinzaburo Takagi, Schneider received the Right Livelihood Award "... for serving to alert the world to the unparalleled dangers of plutonium to human life."

Publications
------------

Schneider writes many publications on the safety and economic trends of the nuclear industry. He is co-editor of the 2009 book *International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power*. His World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 was published by the German government. Schneider and Antony Froggatt wrote the *Systems for Change* report for the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2010. Also in 2010, Schneider wrote a chapter in the book *Nuclear Power’s Global Expansion: Weighing Its Costs and Risks*. He has commented extensively on the implications of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Related pages
-------------

* Amory Lovins
* Christopher Flavin
* Energy conservation
* Renewable energy commercialization
* Joseph Romm
* Benjamin K. Sovacool
Haplogroup R1a1 (Y DNA) In genetics, the Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y chromosome haplogroup, which is distributed across Greater Asia or (Eurasia). This group is common in Europe, North Central Asia and India. In Europe, the highest concentrations are in Eastern Europe, particularly in Poland and Ukraine, where half of all males belong to this haplogroup. High concentrations are also present in Northern Europe and it is believed that the Vikings spread it throughout the rest of Europe, including the British Isles. The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype may have been the Proto-Indo-European nomads in Ukraine about 5,000 years ago. In the context of the kurgan hypothesis, it is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages. In India, the highest concentrations of R1a can be found in the Brahmins. The studies point to an Aryan migration dating back to before 1500 B.C. The average frequency across all castes of the R1a haplogroup is approximately 40%. In Europe a high concentration of this Lineage be found in Roma people
**Peter Rabbit** is a fictional animal character in many children's stories by Beatrix Potter. Peter was different from the traditional hero of that time. He is small, emotional, easily scared, and a not very wise animal. He first came out in *The Tale of Peter Rabbit* in 1902. After that, he came out in five more books between 1904 and 1912. Potter made a soft doll shaped like Peter Rabbit, and soon dishes and wallpaper showed pictures of him. He appears as a character in the 1971 ballet movie, *The Tales of Beatrix Potter* and in the BBC series *The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends*. He was inspired by Potter's pet rabbit, Peter Piper. In stories, he wears human clothes and walks standing up. His mother is Mrs. Josephine Rabbit, and he has three sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail. His popularity made Potter say in 1917, "All rabbits *are* called Peter now" – but she added "either Peter or Brer Rabbit."

In 2018, a live-action animated movie was released with James Corden voicing Peter Rabbit.

Further reading
---------------

* Mackey, Margaret (2002), Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit: A Children's Classic at 100, Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0810-84197-5
* Waller, Philip (2006), *Writers, Readers, and Reputations*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820677-1
* *Worker's Press acknowledge Frederick Warne's intellectual property rights*, Prnewswire.co.uk, 2003-07-10, retrieved 2009-08-31
**Michael Emerson** (born September 7, 1954) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on *The Practice*. He is best known for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 movie *Saw* and Ben Linus in the television series *Lost*.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.

### Career

Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors. 

Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, *Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde,* and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of *The Misanthrope*. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in *The Iceman Cometh* with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both *Give Me Your Answer, Do!* and *Hedda Gabler*.

In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of *The Practice*.

One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie *Saw*. In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series *Lost* as Henry Gale/Ben Linus. He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.
The Primitive Methodist Church built in 1882
A shop, Jenkins St, Nundle, NSW
**Nundle** is a village in the New England area of New South Wales, Australia. It was once the centre of Nundle Shire. Most of this area, including the village of Nundle, was added to the new Tamworth Regional Council in 2004. The village is 400 km north of Sydney and about 56 km south east of Tamworth. In 2006 there were 289 people living in Nundle.

History
-------

Nundle was settled when gold was found nearby at "The Hanging Rock" and Swamp Creek in 1852. By June 1852 there were 300 people digging for gold at Oakenville Creek. People from California, Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes. By 1865 there were about 500 people living there and about 50 shops and small businesses had started. A school building was put up in December 1871. Lessons started in 1872. Nundle was made a town in 1885. In 1924 the Peel River Bridge was built. In 1941 electricity was connected to the town. During 1966 the swimming pool was opened by the Rt Hon. Ian Sinclair. There were 1350 people living in the area in 1969. In 1979 the Premier of New South Wales, Neville Wran, opened the new Chaffey Dam. Sheep, cattle and timber are now the main business activities in Nundle.

There are many old buildings: the Nundle Woollen Mill, old Court House, Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church. The old Nundle Courthouse and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.

Nundle is of the best areas in the State for finding crystals. Some gold and other precious stones can be found including zircons, green jasper, sapphires and serpentine minerals. Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle riders. Nearby is the interesting Hanging Rock mining village with good views of the Nundle valley.

A new bridge across the Peel River at Nundle was finished in 2008. The cost of $683,000 was paid by the NSW State Government.

In July 2008 the rare Euphrasia arguta was rediscovered in a State Forest near Nundle. This plant was last recorded in 1904. It is believed to have grown after fire control burning the previous summer.

Facilities
----------

* Caravan and cabin park
* Bus service to Tamworth secondary schools
* General Store
* Nundle Pre-School
* Nundle Public School
* Rural Health Service
* Post office
* Pony Club
* Golf and Bowling Club
* Tennis Club with synthetic surface tennis courts

Events
------

The annual Go for Gold Festival is held each Easter with around 4,000 visitors. The State Member for Tamworth told the NSW Parliament "that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting."  The Great Nundle Dog Race, only open to working dogs, is run on the first Sunday in May and attracts many visitors. This event helps to raise money for sporting equipment, computers, books and trips for students at the Nundle Public School.
A **photographic memory**, or eidetic memory, is the ability to remember images or objects in great detail after seeing them for only a short time. The existence of this ability is disputed.

The claims made differ somewhat, but stress the recall of visual information. Examples of the information include: pages from books, magazines, and license plate numbers. It is claimed that those with a photographic memory tend to have higher IQs than those without it. A person with this ability does not use mnemonics. 

The ability is said to occur in the early childhood of a small number of children (between 2 percent and 10 percent) and generally is not found in adults.

Sceptics
--------

Some do not believe this skill exists. The American cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky, in his book *The Society of Mind* (1988), thought that reports of photographic memory were an "unfounded myth".

Adriaan de Groot studied the ability of chess grandmasters to memorize the positions of chess pieces on a chess board. At first, people thought they had photographic memory because they could memorize far more information than nonexperts. However, arrangements of pieces that could never occur in a game, their recall was no better than nonexperts. This suggests that they only have an ability to remember certain types of information, rather than photographic memory.

Around 1970, Charles Stromeyer studied his future wife, Elizabeth. He claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language which she did not understand. She could remember the poetry years after she had first seen the poem. She also could, apparently, recall random dot patterns so as to combine two patterns into a stereoscopic image. She is the only person who is known to have passed such a test. The methods used in the testing procedures were not clear. Additionally, the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them). This raised further concerns, and increased skepticism about whether photographic memories were real.
An **ovum** (Latin: "egg", plural: **ova**) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or ***gamete***. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova.

Mammals
-------

### Humans

A sperm cell fusing with an ovum
Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called **oogenesis**. 

When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mother's placenta.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

### Other mammals

The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

### Plants

In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

Gallery
-------

* A human ovumA human ovum
* Sperm cells trying to fertilize an ovumSperm cells trying to fertilize an ovum
* A sperm cell fusing with an ovumA sperm cell fusing with an ovum

Related pages
-------------

* Cleidoic egg
* Egg (biology)
* Fertilisation
* Pollination
* Sperm
* Zygote

Other websites
--------------

* The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine Describing the genes involved in making eggs

| Human reproductive system |
| --- |
| Female anatomy | Breasts – Cervix – Clitoris – Clitoral hood – Fallopian tubes – Bartholin's glands – Gräfenberg spot (G-spot) – Hymen – Labia – Ovaries – Skene's glands – Urethra – Uterus – Vagina – Vulva |  |
| Female physiology | Menstruation – Pregnancy – Childbirth – Lactation – Estrogen – Orgasm – Ovum |
| Male anatomy | **Male reproductive system** – Bulbourethral glands – Corpus cavernosum – Ejaculatory ducts – Epididymis – Foreskin – Frenulum – Glans penis – Penis – Prostate – Rete testis – Scrotum – Seminal vesicles – Seminiferous tubules – Sertoli cell – Spermatic cord – Testicles (testes) – Urethra – Vasa deferentia |
| Male physiology | Ejaculation – Erection – Orgasm – Semen – Sperm – Testosterone |
| *Anatomy* is the study of the parts of the body • *Physiology* is the study of how the body works |
Hubbert's graph of peak oil
Hubbert's prediction for the United States (red) and actual production (greeen)
**Peak oil** is the idea that at some point an oil well, an oil field, a country, or the world, will be producing the most crude oil it can ever produce at one time. After this point, less oil will be produced and therefore people will have to use less oil because it will cost more money. Many scientists and governments are concerned about what will happen when there is less oil to go around.

The first person to come up with this idea was M.K. Hubbert in the 1950s and 1960s, who said that a graph of oil production looks like a curve (which we now call Hubbert's Curve). Hubbert drew a graph in 1956 that predicted that the United States would reach its peak oil in the early 1970s. The United States did indeed reach its peak oil in the early 1970s. 

It is unclear as to when the world's peak oil will happen, though many scientists agree that it was reached in the early 2000s or before 2020. For example, in 2010 the International Energy Agency (IEA) has said that peak oil may have happened in 2006.
The **Royal Colleges of Surgeons** are old colleges (a form of corporation) that make rules for surgeons. The first Royal College of Surgeons started in England. Other Royal Colleges of Surgeons are organisations in many present and former members of the Commonwealth of Nations. These organisations are now also responsible for training surgeons and setting their examinations.

**Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland** (**MRCS**) is a postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the present-day UK and Ireland. 

This qualification allows a candidate to become a member of one of the four surgical colleges in the UK and Ireland, namely the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.

The MRCS qualification is a multi-part examination including theory and practical assessments. Part A is a 4-hour written examination which was used to assesses the applied basic sciences and principles of surgery in general. Part B is a 5-hour practical examination which assesses elements of day-to-day surgical practice through a series of stations on anatomy, pathology, critical care, clinical procedures and patient evaluation (history taking, clinical examination and communication skills). Candidates must complete both exams before they can apply for higher surgical training.
**Merchant marine** is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.

In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.

Other websites
--------------

* The Marine Society Archived 2006-10-08 at Archive.today
* International Merchant Marine Community Archived 2006-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
* United States Merchant Marine Academy
* Canadian Merchant Navy: Second World War Archived 2007-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Official database of deceased Canadian Merchant Mariners Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
* SwissWorld: The Swiss Merchant Navy
* Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London
**N-Dubz** are a British hip hop and R&B group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".

Early years
-----------

All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.

Members
-------

### Tulisa

Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.

### Fazer

Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.

### Dappy

Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: N-Dubz discography
A nuclear power station with two reactors.(Philippsburg, near Karlsruhe in Germany)
Nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor.
A **nuclear power plant** is a type of power station that generates electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. These reactions take place within a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor to operate a steam turbine and generator to make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called nuclear power. 

Nuclear power plants are usually near water to remove the heat the reactor makes. Some nuclear power plants use cooling towers to do this. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two smaller atoms. When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This splitting of atoms is called fission. 

The most popular atoms to fission are uranium and plutonium. Those atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when fuel atoms break apart are strongly radioactive. Today, fission only happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear power plants turn their reactors off when replacing old nuclear fuel with new fuel. 

There are about four hundred nuclear power plants in the world, with many in the United States, France, and Japan. Some famous accidents at nuclear power plants were the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, and the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States. An Anti-nuclear movement in Australia opposes the making of any nuclear power plants in the country.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nuclear power plants***.

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Nuclear energy |
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| Basic concepts | Cold fusion **·**  Containment building **·**  Cooling tower **·**  International Atomic Energy Agency **·**  Nuclear disasters **·**  Nuclear energy **·**  Nuclear energy policy **·**  Nuclear engineering **·**  Nuclear explosion **·**  Nuclear fallout **·**  Nuclear fission **·**  Nuclear fuel **·**  Nuclear fusion **·**  Nuclear meltdown **·**  Nuclear physics **·**  Nuclear reaction **·**  Nuclear reactor **·**  Nuclear weapon |
| Nuclear accidents | Chernobyl disaster **·**  Fukushima nuclear disaster **·**  Mayak accident **·**  Nuclear accidents in Japan **·**  Three Mile Island accident **·**  Tokaimura nuclear accident **·**  Windscale fire |
| Nuclear  power plants | Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant **·**  Zwentendorf power plant |
| Books and Movies | Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power **·**  In Mortal Hands **·**  Nuclear Nebraska **·**  Nuclear or Not? **·**  World Nuclear Industry Status Report **·**  The China Syndrome **·**  Chernobyl (HBO) |
Three different genera of placodonts. They had front teeth which grabbed shellfish, and flat back teeth which crushed the shells.
*Macroplacus* skull: note flat teeth 
Fossil of *Cyamodus* shows the overall shape of the animal
**Placodonts** were a group of Triassic marine reptiles which had heavy flat teeth. These teeth were used for crushing shellfish. Placodonts are in the Order Sauropterygia, the group that includes Plesiosaurs. Placodonts were mostly between 1 to 2 metres (3 to 7 ft) in length, up to a maximum 3 metres (10 ft) long. They are found in marine sediments of the Middle and Upper Triassic, 235–250 million years ago.

The first specimen was discovered in 1830, and the group was very widely distributed. Shellfish were common throughout the Mesozoic period, but this group of shellfish-eaters went extinct at the end of the Triassic. They were clearly a victim of some event which disturbed their lifestyle. The end-Triassic had several extinction events which are not well understood.

Palaeobiology
-------------

The earliest forms like ***Placodus***, in the early to middle Triassic, looked rather barrel-shaped. Later placodonts had bony plates on their backs which protected their bodies while they were feeding.

By the Upper Triassic, these plates had grown so that some placodonts of the time looked like the sea turtles of modern day. Other placodonts developed plates that resembled the shells of horseshoe crabs and trilobites rather than those of sea turtles. These adaptations are examples of convergent evolution. 

Because of their dense bone and heavy armour plating, these creatures would have been too heavy to float in the ocean. They would have used a lot of energy to reach the water surface. For this reason, and because of the type of sediment found with the fossils, it is suggested placodonts lived in shallow waters and not in deep oceans.

### Feeding

The placodonts ate shellfish. Their front teeth stuck out: they would be used to dig up the shellfish, and pull them from any attachment to the ground. Inside their mouth, the teeth were large and flat: they were used to crush the shells.

"Spade-like incisors at the front, for snipping and scraping oysters from the rocks; and broad circular back teeth that acted as a pounding board to crush the shells, before the flesh was swallowed". Benton.p119
Their diet consisted of marine bivalves, brachiopods, and other invertebrates.
**Ryan Powell Shore** (born December 29, 1974) is a Canadian composer, songwriter, conductor, music producer and music director for film, television, virtual reality, records, games, concerts and theater.

Early life
----------

Shore was born in Toronto, Ontario to Jewish parents Michael Shore and Verna Hope Libman. Shore is the nephew of composer Howard Shore.

Music career
------------

Shore was Assistant Music Director and Contributing Composer/Arranger/Orchestrator for the 87th Academy Awards, where he worked with artists Lady Gaga, John Legend, Adam Levine, Anna Kendrick, Common, Tim McGraw, Jack Black, Neil Patrick Harris and Jennifer Hudson.

Personal life
-------------

Shore married Melissa Giattino in 2005.

Influences
----------

Shore stated composers like Bernard Herrmann, Chris Mancini, Hervé Legrand, Joel Goldsmith, Lalo Schifrin, Joseph Williams, Ravi Coltrane, Peter Bernstein, JonPatrick Barry and Jean-Michel Jarre as influences.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ryan Shore***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Ryan Shore***

* Ryan Shore on IMDb

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The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the meltdown in 2011.
A nuclear melted fuel rod.
A **nuclear meltdown** describes a malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The term "nuclear meltdown" is commonly used by the public and by news media, but nuclear engineers usually refer to it as a **core melt accident**. A nuclear meltdown occurs when the middle portion of the nuclear reactor containing the fuel rods (its "core") is not properly cooled. This can occur when the cooling system fails or is otherwise defective. If this happens, uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot and may start melting or dissolving. It is this melting that is a nuclear meltdown. Due to decay heat, a nuclear meltdown can occur even in a reactor that is shut down. The uranium and plutonium liquified in a nuclear meltdown, mixed with fission products, melted zirconium from the fuel rod cladding, and other materials, is called corium. Corium is highly radioactive and remains hazardous for many centuries after a meltdown. The zirconium is a hazard because at high temperatures, it can react with the cooling water and make flammable hydrogen gas.

Meltdowns
---------

Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred. Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious. Nuclear meltdowns can kill people from radiation poisoning.

The very last accident was the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. Four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had cooling problems after back-up diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami.

In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places. The Chernobyl meltdown created a mass of corium which has been nicknamed "the Elephant's Foot" and is one of the most radioactive objects in the world.

Most large submarines get power from nuclear reactors inside them. These are nuclear submarines. Some Russian nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown.

Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.

A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China". The movie *The China Syndrome* is named after this scenario. There is no way such an event could happen in the real world. A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity.
The **Order of Canada** was set up in 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II, to reward service to Canada. 

It is at the top of Canada’s honours system. It has three classes or ranks to recognize a lifetime of outstanding achievement, dedication to the community and service to the nation.

Only Canadian citizens can have the award, but every year up to five foreigners can be given an honorary award. 

The Order of Canada’s motto is Latin: *DESIDERANTES MELIOREM PATRIAM* (English: They desire a better country).

Grades
------

### Companion (CC)

Given to recognize a lifetime of outstanding achievement and merit of the highest degree, especially in service to Canada or to humanity at large.

### Officer (OC)

For a lifetime of achievement and merit of a high degree, especially in service to Canada or to humanity at large.

### Member (C.M.)

A Member of the Order of Canada has a lifetime of distinguished service in or to a particular community, group or field of activity

Annual appointments
-------------------

Appointments to the order are usually announced twice a year, at the end of December (the New Year's Honours List) and at the end of June to mark Canada Day. This is the same system as in the United Kingdom, except the Queen's Official Birthday at the beginning of June is marked instead.

Only a certain number of appointments can be made each year:

| Level | Appointments per Year |
| --- | --- |
| Companion | 15 |
| Officer | 64 |
| Member | 136 |
| Non-Canadian (Honorary) | 5 |
| Total | 220 |
|
**Markovnikov's rule** or **Markownikoff's rule** started that in addition to polar reagent to unsymmetrical alkene the negative part of the polar reagent (Cl, OH, F etc) is attached to the carbon having the lowest number of hydrogen while the positive part of the polar reagent (H,Na,Mg,Al etc) is attached to the carbon having the highest number of hydrogen. The rule was postulated by Vladimir Markovnikov.

Explanation
-----------

From the above diagram, the reactant which is prop-1-ene which unsymmetrical alkene, it's reacting with Hydrobromic acid (Hydrogen Bromide) which is the polar reagent. When this hydrogen bromide dissociate it yield H+ and Br-. The positive part of this polar reagent (H+) is attached to the carbon in between the double bond with highest number of hydrogen while the negative part of this polar reagent (Br-) is attached to the carbon in between the double with the lowest number of hydrogen. It's usually go with addition reactant.

Anti-Markovnikov's Rule
-----------------------

Anti-Markovnikov's rule oppose Markovnikov's rule completely. It occur in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 

Anti-Markovnikov's rule started that in addition polar reagent to unsymmetrical alkene the positive part of the polar reagent is attached to the carbon in between the double with lowest number of hydrogen while the negative part of the polar reagent is attached to the carbon in between the double having the highest number of hydrogen.