recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
For the Colorado city, see Aspen, Colorado.
*Populus tremuloides*
Individual clonal stands can be seen during the autumn, as on this mountainside in the Matanuska Valley in Alaska.
*P. tremuloides* leaves on mature trees are nearly round, 4–8 centimetres (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter with small rounded teeth, and a 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) long, flattened petiole.
*P. tremula* leaves: adult (left) and juvenile (right)
Male catkins of *Populus × canadensis*
**Aspens** are a type of poplar tree with leaves that move with the slightest wind. The two main species are both called 'trembling aspens' or 'quaking aspens' on account of their leaves.

Some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section *Populus*.

Species with the name "aspen"
-----------------------------

These species are called aspens:

* *Populus adenopoda* – Chinese aspen (China, south of *P. tremula*)
* *Populus davidiana* – Korean aspen (Eastern Asia)
* *Populus grandidentata* – Bigtooth aspen (eastern North America, south of *P. tremuloides*)
* *Populus sieboldii* – Japanese aspen (Japan)
* *Populus tremula* – Eurasian aspen (northern Europe and Asia)
* *Populus tremuloides* – Quaking aspen or trembling aspen (northern and western North America)

Some types of aspens
--------------------

### American aspen

***Populus tremuloides*** is the American aspen. It is common in temperate and colder regions of North America.

It forms large stands (groups) of genetically identical trees (clones) connected by a single underground root system. These trees form through root sprouts coming off an original parent tree. The largest known fully connected aspen is a grove in Utah nicknamed 'Pando', and some experts call it the largest organism in the world, by mass or volume. It covers 0.43 km2 (106 acres) and is estimated to weigh 6,600 short tons (6,000 t).

### European aspen

***Populus tremula*** is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of Europe and Asia, from the British Isles east to Kamchatka, north to inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and northern Russia, and south to central Spain, Turkey, the Tian Shan mountain system, North Korea, and northern Japan. It also occurs at one site in northwest Africa in Algeria. In the south of its range, it occurs at high altitudes in mountains.

It is a hardy species which tolerates long, cold winters and short summers. Aspen is dioecious, so individual trees are either male or female (in contrast to most trees, where male and female flowers occur on the same tree). Trees flower in March and April, before the leaves appear, with both the male and female trees producing catkins. Pollinated female catkins ripen in early summer and release tiny seeds which are tufted with hairs.

Like other aspens, its main method of reproduction is vegetative (asexual). It spreads extensively by root sprouts, which may be produced up to 40 metres from the parent tree. They form extensive clonal colonies. Large numbers of new shoots can be produced in this way, especially after a major disturbance such as fire.

Other websites
--------------

* Bioimages: Populus grandidentata bigtooth aspen
Flag ratio: 2:3
The **flag of Turkmenistan** was adopted on January 24, 2001 in the 2:3 ratio as Turkmenistan's national flag, though the flag was adopted in the 1:2 ratio on February 19, 1992. It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world. 

It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.

The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.

The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.

The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern. It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
**Smilja Mučibabić** (14 October 1912 – 12 August 2006) was a reputable and effective Bosnian biologist. She was among the most distinguished biologists in the former Yugoslavia in 20th century. She was born in Mostar and died in Sarajevo.

She was:

* first Bosnia-Herzegovinian PhD in biological science (Cambridge, 1953.),
* founder and first head of the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (1953.),
* co-founder of the Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo (1954.),
* the first dean of the Faculty of Science in Sarajevo (1960.),
* founder, first and long-time head of Department of Biology of Faculty of Science in Sarajevo (1960), and
* co-founder and first president of several professional and scientific associations and their journals in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia.

Biography
---------

Smilja Mučibabić was born in Mostar, 14 September 1912, where she acquired elementary and high school education. From 1930 until 1934 she studied biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. Mostar was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Before the World War II she was professor in Veliko Gradište, and then in Sremski Karlovci. As a member of a group of pro-communist activists, she was arrested and taken to the German camp Jankomir near Zagreb, and later to the prison on the Savska cesta where she was detained until the end of the war 1945.

In the first after the war days, Smilja Mučibabić returned to Krapina and worked in a high school until the end of the school 1945/1946. She was transferred to the Teacher School in Mostar. The following year, as an experienced professional,she was appointed director of this gymnasium. Her successful management of the Gymnasium and her care for the improvement of teaching was noted, and she got numerous awards and prizes.

In autumn 1949 she became professor Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo. She worked there until the founding of the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (1954). Then she was sent to the Zoological Institute of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Beograd. For two years she worked for the opening and launching of the newly established Chair for biology in Sarajevo.

She got a British Council scholarship to the University of Cambridge. for two years, She worked on a PhD doctoral dissertation in the protozoological ecology. Smilja Mučibabić was exceptionally allowed to defending doctoral thesis after two years.

Related pages
-------------

* University of Sarajevo
**Kiteworks** is an American technology company based in San Mateo, California that provides secure content communication solutions for email, file transfer, web forms, and application programming interfaces.

History
-------

The company was founded in 1999 in Singapore as Accellion, initially focused on distributed file storage and later shifted focus on secure file transmission.

In 2016, Accellion started to create integrations with major cybersecurity independent software vendors (ISVs).

In 2020, Accellion was rebranded as Kiteworks. The Kiteworks Private Content Network is a consolidated platform for file and email data communications, designed to reduce data privacy exposure risk and demonstrate compliance with regulations. In late 2020, a zero-day exploit on a legacy product led to data breaches of dozens of government and private organizations in multiple countries. The company's products are used by over 3,800 organizations worldwide.

In January 2022, Kiteworks acquired totemo, an email encryption gateway provider based in Zurich, Switzerland.
**Anna Maria Engelina Dop-Helweg** (10 November 1891 – 1 December 1975) was a Dutch competitive swimmer, diver and water polo player. She was a member of the "Hollandsche Dames Zwemclub" (H.D.Z.). Helweg was an active swimmer in the 20th-century. In her era there were (almost) none international competitions and only a limited amount of national competitions.

Biography
---------

On of her first achievements was at the 20th anniversary competition of the Hollandsche Dames Zwemclub (H.D.Z.) in 1906. In this main competition of that era for women she won a third prize. In 1907 she won at a competition the third prize in the 80 metre freestyle. In 1911 she won the first prize in the 40 metre backstroke event.

In July 1914 she saved a 21-year old maid from drowning in the Opsterlandse Compagnonsvaart [nl] in Gorredijk. Male bystanders couldn’t swim and did’t dare to jump into the water. She later received for it a diploma and silver medal by the swimming federation.

Helweg started specializing in diving. She gave a demonstration in January 1914 at a H.D.C. event. Later in 1914, at the national swimming competitions she won the first prize in two different diving disciplines. In 1916 she won she silver medal at the national competition in the diving event.

Water polo for women was at the time not Olympic. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, women’s water polo was held as a demonstration event. She competed in this water polo exhibition match where two Dutch teams played against each other.

Helweg was also a board member of H.D.Z.. She was elected in 1912, and re-elected in 1914. In 1915 she became a member af the research department.

Helwegen was born in Amsterdam on 10 November 1891. She lived at the Nassaukade [nl] 110. Helweg married to Frederikus Hermannus Dop on 10 July 1924. Helweg died on in Naarden on 1 December 1975. She is buried in Naarden.

Other websites
--------------

* Anna Helweg at OlympediaEdit on Wikidata
'**Fatehpur Sikri'** or the city of victory is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city was founded in 1569 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585.Akbar founded FATEHPUR SIKRI to commemorate his victory over Mewar After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new location 23 miles (37 km) west south-west, to honour the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here, he commenced the construction of a planned walled city, which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction, with a series of royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city Fatehabad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victorious." It was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved examples of Mughal architecture in India.

Architecture
------------

* Buland Darwaza
* Jama Masjid
* Tomb of Salim Chishti
* Diwan-i-Aam
* Diwan-i-Khas
* Ibadat Khana
* Mariam-uz-Zamani's Palace
* Anup Talao
* Naubat Khana
* Hiran Minar
* Birbal's House
* Panch Mahal

Demographics
------------

Fatehpur Sikri has a population of 28,757. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Fatehpur Sikri has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 74%; male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Fatehpur Sikri, 59% of the population is under 6 years of age.

  

* Diwan-i-KhasDiwan-i-Khas
* Panch MahalPanch Mahal
* 
* Birbal BhavanBirbal Bhavan
* Astrologer's seatAstrologer's seat
* Anup TalaoAnup Talao

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fatehpur Sikri***.

* Fatehpur Sikri Archived 2011-09-05 at the Wayback Machine at *Archaeological Survey of India*
* An interactive map of Fatehpur Sikri
* Fatehpur Sikri History Archived 2020-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
* 360 degree walkthrough of Fatehpur Sikri Archived 2014-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Fatehpur Sikri Visit the city of Taj Mahal Experience its glory Archived 2017-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
Hoplites shown in two attack positions, with both an overhand and underhand thrust.
A hoplite by Alkimachos, on an Attic red-figure vase, ~460 BC. The shield has a curtain as a protection from arrows
A **hoplite** was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left. 

The word "*hoplite*" comes from the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term *hoplite* is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

The armour of a hoplite included:

1. helmet with face covered
2. shield
3. body armour
4. greaves (leg armour)
5. sword
6. spear

A hoplite was usually a free citizen who supplied his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states citizens received basic military training and served in the standing army for a specified time, participating in any military campaign undertaken during that period. The citizens of Sparta were renowned for their lifelong combat training and military prowess. Their great adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service after the 60th year of life.

The phalanx trained to work as a team eight rows or more deep. The first row would stab at their opponents while trying to maintain close formation. The ranks behind would support them with their spears and gently push them with their shields, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in position. Upon command of an officer, the phalanx would take a certain number of steps forward. 

Phalanxes tended to drift right in battle as each hoplite sought to keep his right arm behind the shield of his neighbour. Also, the right side of the phalanx, where right arms were unprotected by neighboring shields, was more vulnerable than the left. Thus the most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx to counteract these problems.
**Berlin Philharmonic** (in German: Die **Berliner Philharmoniker**), is an orchestra from Berlin, Germany. It is one of the greatest orchestras in the world. The conductor of the orchestra is Sir Simon Rattle.

History
-------

 Entrance to the concert hall.
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in Berlin in the spring of 1882. By 1887 they were known by their present name. Hans von Bülow became their conductor that year and made them into a world class orchestra. Other great conductors were also invited to conduct as guests: Hans Richter, Felix von Weingartner, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Johannes Brahms and Edvard Grieg. 

In 1895, Arthur Nikisch became chief conductor, and was followed in 1923 by Wilhelm Furtwängler. The orchestra continued to perform throughout World War II. After Furtwängler fled to Switzerland in 1945, Leo Borchard became chief conductor, but a few months later he was accidentally shot and killed by American forces occupying Berlin. Sergiu Celibidache then took over as chief conductor for seven years, from 1945 to1952. Furtwängler returned in 1952 and conducted the orchestra until his death in 1954.

Herbert von Karajan led the orchestra from 1955 until he resigned in April 1989. He was a very strict conductor who had to be obeyed in everything he did. The orchestra made lots of great recordings with him. 

After Karajan, Claudio Abbado became principal conductor. He helped the orchestra to learn new works, not just the well known classical and romantic works but also the more modern 20th century works. He stopped conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in 2002. At the time Germany was being reunited the orchestra had financial problems.

Sir Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
In June 1999, the musicians chose Sir Simon Rattle as their next chief conductor. Rattle made the orchestra into a self-governing body. This meant that they made their own financial decisions and chose the works they would perform and who would be invited to perform with them. 

The first concert hall of the orchestra was destroyed during WWII in 1944. Since 1963, the orchestra has had a new concert hall called the Philharmonie. On 20 May 2008, a fire broke out at the Philharmonie. A quarter of the roof was damaged and the orchestra could not play there for some time.

The orchestra have won many awards for their playing.

UNICEF appointed the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and Sir Simon Rattle as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007.

On 18 December 2008 the Orchestra announced that a **Digital Concert Hall** would be built. This new internet platform will allow music fans all over the world to see and hear the Philharmonic’s concerts – live or on demand.

Principal conductors
--------------------

* Ludwig von Brenner (1882-1887)
* Hans von Bülow (1887-1892)
* Arthur Nikisch (1895-1922)
* Wilhelm Furtwängler (1922-1945)
* Leo Borchard (May-August 1945)
* Sergiu Celibidache (1945-1952)
* Wilhelm Furtwängler (1952-1954)
* Herbert von Karajan (1954-1989)
* Claudio Abbado (1989-2002)
* Simon Rattle (2002-*present*)

Other websites
--------------

* Berliner Philharmoniker official website
***The Betrayal*** (1948) is a race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book *The Wind From Nowhere* (1943) and his movie *The Homesteader* (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

Story
-----

Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota. He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife. He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm. They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal. She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago. Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American. She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise. Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Betrayal* on IMDb
**Movietone News** is a newsreel that ran from 1928 to 1963 in the United States. It was also in France and in Australia and New Zealand until 1970. It was in the United Kingdom from 1929 to 1986 as **British Movietone News**. In Germany, it was **Fox Tönende Wochenschau**.

History
-------

A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Movietone News started from an earlier newsreel called Fox News. It made silent newsreels. When Fox started making movies with sound in 1928 with *Mother Knows Best*, the name **Fox Movietone** was used for Fox's sound movies.

Advertisement from the Blue Mouse Theater announcing the Pacific Coast premiere of The Jazz Singer, and Movietone NewsNewspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma, Washington, showing *The Jazz Singer*, on Vitaphone, and a Fox newsreel, on Movietone, together on the same bill.
Fox Films joined with 20th Century Pictures in 1935 to become 20th Century-Fox. Fox Movietone News was shortened to Movietone News.

In Australia, Movietone and Cinesound competed for newsreel coverage. Later, they joined and became the Australian Movie Magazine.

Status and licensing
--------------------

The University of South Carolina Moving Image Research Collections has some of the Fox Movietone newsreel collection. Fox News Channel has the rest.

Licensing for Fox Movietone newsreels owned by the University of South Carolina is handled by the Moving Image Research Collections. Licensing for Fox Movietone News is still owned by Fox Corporation and handled by Fox News Channel. British Movietone is owned by British Movietonews Ltd.

Magic Carpet of Movietone 52 issues a year, 1932 ad
In 2016, the British Movietone archive had been acquired by Associated Press.

The Movietone News Australia archive was given to the National Film and Sound Archive in 1988.

Archive
-------

The Academy Film Archive has the 20th Century Fox Movietone Shorts and Documentaries Series Collection.

In 2015, British Movietone and Associated Press's archival footage was put on YouTube.

Other Websites
--------------

* Fox Movietone News web site Archived 2023-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
* official British Movietone YouTube channel, archival footage
* Extensive index and clips from University of South Carolina
* Cinesound Movietone web site
* *George Bernard Shaw Talks to Movietone News* (1928) at IMDB
* Two Movietone newsreels from archive.org
* Extensive index and clips from University of South Carolina
* Clips from University of South Carolina
* Movietone Records information
**Kazimierz Świątek** (Belarusian: Kazimir Sviontek; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months.He later spent nine years in hard labor in the Gulag and survived.

Early life
----------

Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914. He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus. Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany.

Death sentence
--------------

In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A *show trial* is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.

Siberian labor camp
-------------------

Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He release on June 16, 1954. Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.

Leadership in the church
------------------------

On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk.

On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal. On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus. On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk.

Other websites
--------------

* Roman Catholic Church in Belarue Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
* His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
Topography of Borneo
**Borneo** is the third largest island in the world. It is in the center of maritime southeast Asia. This island is part of three different countries. Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei each have part of Borneo. Indonesia's region is called "Kalimantan" (although Indonesians use this word for the whole island). Malaysia's region of Borneo is called East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. The independent nation of Brunei is a small part of the island. Borneo has a rainforest that is in danger because it is valuable. Lumber companies cut trees here illegally.

Geography
---------

Borneo is surrounded by the South China Sea to the north and northwest, the Sulu Sea to the northeast, the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait to the east, and the Java Sea and Karimata Strait to the south. It has an area of 743,330 km² (287,000 square miles). Borneo is home to a few of the oldest rainforests in the world.

Wildlife
--------

Borneo is home to a vast array of wildlife, including the endangered orangutan, as well as other animals such as monkeys, elephants, snakes, parrots, clouded leopards, hornbills, tarsiers and deer.

Population
----------

The country will have a population of 24 million by 2040 if it grows at the current rate.
**Pakola**, derived from **Pakistan-Cola**, is a line of flavoured carbonated soft drinks from Pakistan. Since the company's founding, many beverages have been introduced in the local as well as the lode ka sarkar'.

Varieties
---------

Several of the variants that have been introduced by Pakola:

* Pakola Ice Cream Soda (1950)
* Pakola Orange (1985)
* Pakola Raspberry (1985)
* Pakola Lychee (1991)
* Pakola Fresh Lime (2006)
* Pakola Water (2015)
* Pakola Pomegranate (2016)

Production
----------

Pakola is currently produced by Mehran Bottlers.

Distribution
------------

Pakola is now available in the Americas, Africa, Australasia, Canada, Middle East, and the United Kingdom. It is the only carbonated beverage manufactured in Pakistan that is exported globally.

Glass bottles
-------------

Due to the introduction of the capacity tax in 2013, Pakola discontinued the production and distribution of all glass-bottled products. The tax was levied on the overall production and distribution of the machinery instead of output, which was detrimental for companies with lower productions or smaller markets. After the collapse of this system, Mehran Bottlers quickly set up their PET lines to grasp the market once again.

Other websites
--------------

* Pakola website
**Michael John Knowles** (born March 18, 1990) is an American former actor and political commentator. He co-hosts a podcast with Ted Cruz.

Articles
--------

In 2016, Knowles wrote an article for The Daily Wire called"An Actual Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right. In it, he criticized Milo Yiannopoulos, Steve Bannon and Donald Trump and accused them of being too close to the alt-right. In the same article Knowles criticized the alt-right for racism and anti-Semitism. He said it went against the ethics and morals of Christianity.

Videos
------

Since then Knowles filmed a Prager University video called "What is the Alt-Right. Knowles said that the alt-right actually had much more in common with left-wing politics than with right-wing politics. Knowles wrote a book called Reasons to Vote for Democrats about all the reasons to vote for the Democratic Party of the United States and the book had no words in it as a joke. It was praised by Ben Shapiro and Donald Trump. 

Knowles also filmed a Prager University video called "Control the Words, Control the Culture". It is about how language can be used as a political tool.  And inspired by that video, Knowles wrote a book called Speechless: Controlling Words, Controlling Minds. He argues that conservatives should support certain forms of censorship and cancel culture to fight back against left-wing politics. 

He also filmed a Prager University video called Conservatives Are the Real Environmentalists in which he says that right-wing politics are better for the environment than left-wing politics are. 

He also made a Prager University video called Celebrating Columbus. He says people should continue to celebrate Columbus Day despite criticism of Christopher Columbus.

Book club
---------

Knowles also hosts a book club for Prager University.

Controversies
-------------

Knowles was banned from ever again appearing on Fox News after he called Greta Thunberg a "mentally ill child" being exploited by the Left.  In 2022, The New York Times criticized Knowles for having said on Twitter "the 2020 election was obviously rigged". Knowles is also extremely critical of Never Trumpers.
**Central City** is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is the former home of Barry Allen, the second **Flash**. Its location has been variously stated to be in Ohio, Illinois, and Florida. During the Wally West era, it was shown to be in Missouri, across a river from Keystone City.

The city has also appeared in movies, television series, and video games.

History
-------

Central City, located across the Missouri River from Keystone City, Kansas, was founded in the 19th century and became an important stop for cattle drives. It began to see tremendous growth after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, becoming the first major hub west of Chicago. A second period of growth occurred after World War I, and it has burgeoned to the present day.

In the 25th Century, the city became known as the Central Cityplex.

Points of Interest
------------------

* **Brookfield Heights** - trendy residential area

* **Chubbuck** - residential area and home to Central City Hospital

* **City Center** - downtown area and home to the Flash Museum

* **Danville** - middle class residential area and home to Barry and Iris Allen

* **Englewood** - residential area with scenic views of nearby Granite Peak National Park

* **Lawrence Hills** - industrial area

* **Leawood** - blue-collar residential area and home to Central City Stadium

* **Mounds View** - home to Hardwell Fields, the city's airport, and named after many Native American burial mounds in the area

* **New Brighton** - residential and commercial area, home to the Central City Rail Station

* **Petersburg** - home to many of Central City's excellent restaurants

* **University Town** - home to Central City University

* **Utopia Towers** - apartment complex in Central City

* **Westminster** - formerly home to stockyards, now the location of S.T.A.R. Labs

* **Windsor Heights** - very exclusive residential area

* **Ivo Laboratories** - research organization founded by a scientist named Anthony Ivo

Residents
---------

**Heroes**

* Flash (Barry Allen)

**Villains**

* Captain Cold

* Heat Wave

* Mirror Master (Sam Scudder)

* Trickster (James Jesse)

**Others**

* Iris Allen

**Sports Teams**

* Central City Stars (baseball)

* Central City Diamonds (baseball)

* Central City Cougars (football)

* Central City Miners (basketball)
photo of Lissitzky as a young man, taken by himselfSelf-portrait 1914
Book cover design by Lissitzky Book cover by Lissitzky, 1922
constructivist artwork by Lissitzky*Proun 19D*: a constructivist work by El Lissitzky, 1922? Now in MOMA, New York
Book cover by El Lissitsky, ~1918
**Lazar Markovich Lissitzky**  (23 November [O.S. November 11] 1890 – 30 December 1941), better known as **El Lissitzky**, was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, and architect.

He was an important figure of the Russian avant-garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich. He designed exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with techniques and ideas ine 20th-century graphic design.

Works
-----

El Lissitzky's entire career was based on his belief that the artist could be an agent for change. Lissitzky, who was Jewish, began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books. This was to promote Jewish culture in Russia, which had just ended its antisemitic laws. He started teaching at 15; and taught throughout his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas.

He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in the art group UNOVIS and when he worked his own. He took up a job as the Russian cultural ambassador to Weimar Germany. There he worked with important figures of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. In his remaining years he brought innovation and change to typography, exhibition design, photomontage, and book design. He produced critically respected works and won international acclaim for his exhibition design. This continued to the end of his life. In 1941 he produced one of his last works – a Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to make more tanks for the fight against Nazi Germany.
The **Easter Rising** was a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland at Easter in 1916. It started on 24 April 1916 and ended on 29 April 1916. It was carried out by members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and members of the Irish Citizens Army. It was done to protest against British rule in Ireland. 

At first, the Irish had planned to have a larger number of men attack the city. But a man called Sir Roger Casement was captured on the way back from Germany with guns and the Irish had very few guns. As a result, only about 1,250 men took part in the rising. Out of these about 300 went into the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin led by Pádraig Pearse and James Connolly. Other groups took over different parts of the city, for example St. Stephen's Green, Shelbourne Hotel, Boland's Mills and Jacobs Factory. At first the British put up no resistance because of Easter public holiday, but soon more of them came into Dublin to fight the Irish. 

The biggest fighting happened at Bolands Mills where Éamon de Valera had his men open fire on British soldiers called *Sherwood Foresters* while they landed in the city. The shootings here killed about 200 people and wounded several more. St. Stephen's Green was a big part of the fighting as well where the Irish lost a lot of men. After six days the Irish were exhausted and were being shot at by huge artillery pieces mounted onto a British ship called HMS Helga. The General Post Office was badly hit and soon the Irish surrendered. Sixteen of the Irish leaders were shot by firing squad after the Rising.

The British admitted that they lost 155 men to Irish gunfire and 200 were wounded. The Irish rebels lost at least 70 men and over 1,000 of them were wounded. At least 100 Irish citizens were killed in the crossfire as well. After the rising, Dublin was in very bad shape and several hundred people had been killed.

After the rebellion
-------------------

After the Easter Rising conflict, the leaders of the rebellion were given trials in British courts and were sentenced to death. Fourteen were executed by British soldiers at Kilmainham jail in Dublin. The prisoners eyes were covered with blindfolds and they were shot. Among them were the leaders, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly. Another leader, Thomas Kent was later shot in Cork, Ireland. Roger Casement was hanged in London, England.

At first the people in Dublin were confused and angry, because many had died and food supplies were cut off. But after the British shot the leaders, some of the Irish people began to follow and support them in sympathy for their cause. The Easter Rising was a major reason for the creation of the Irish Republic and the Irish War of Independence.
The **Warraich** or **Warraich** are found in Pakistan and India. They mostly live in Pakistani Punjab and also in Indian Punjab. They belong to Sikh religion and people left in Pakistan converted to Muslim. Apparently, the roots are from shrubs of Chenab River in Gujrat now district Gujrat , Pakistan. In the beginning 20th century the spread all over the Punjab including Pakistan and India after land allocation due to modern Punjab irrigation system introduced by British India government.

Religion
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The majority of Warraich are muslim. The Warraich from the Pakistani side of Punjab are mostly Muslim, while those from the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are predominantly Sikh.

Geographical distribution
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In Pakistan, the Warraich are mostly found in the districts of Gujrat and Gujranwala. They also live in Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Dunyapur Tehsil of Lodhran, Faisalabad , Chichawatni and Sargodha.
In India, Warraich are mostly found in Haryana, Patiala and the Amritsar District.
Downdrafts, also known as a high pressure area, clear sky area, etc. Downdrafts are winds that diverge into the ground, this can form in the atmosphere.
Downdrafts are caused by a force of an invisible rotating continously sinking to the ground, forming a downdraft. Downdrafts are usually an opposite of an Updraft, This leads the absence of clouds and precipitation, known as an Anticyclone; a continously, invisible sinking rotating area.(for the downdraft) The cause of this is by High pressure areas, which they indicate clear skies, sunny days often come (in weather forcasts) lasting for days or weeks. It may also cause Heat wave, and due to high temperature, causing the body to struggle to regulate its temperature.

Formation
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When a high pressure area is surrounded by a low pressure area, a weather phenomenon appears. due to this, when a depression or cyclone has a path leading to the downdraft area, or a group of large clouds that are low by their pressure, head towards the downdraft area, the Low pressure area becomes deflected by the Coriolis force. Large circulation scale of winds are at the center. After the formation, They are somehow large. A lack of these downdraft areas causes depressions to go where they head towards, These high pressure areas will never get updrafts, but 100% getting downdrafts. They are stationary.

Effects
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These places of downdrafts cause dry weather, frequent sweats, infrequent outside activities, etc. When they go over land, Fog can form overnight, and a clear sky with no single cloud at the center. If it gets rid of your area, your place is gonna finally have clouds, which is better. Cause of extreme heat, Everybody will suffer from very high temperature, then they might even faint too, they also indicate fair weather and Droughts too.

Extras: The clear sky area resembles an H, wide spaced isobars are also there. And high amount of mbars.

Related pages
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* Beaufort scale
* Latitude
* Longitude

  

you can edit this page anytime, even images you can add, just make sure it dosent break rules

  

  

learn here: Wikipedia:Rules
**Yevgenia Savicheva** (1909 – 28 December 1941), known as **Zhenya Savicheva**, was a Soviet woman who was the elder sister to Tanya Savicheva, a Soviet girl who kept a diary during the besieged Leningrad.

Biography
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Zhenya Savicheva was born in 1909, the eldest of five children.
She was the child (daughter) of Nikolai Rodionovich Savichev (father) and Mariya Ignatievna Savicheva (née Fedorova) (mother).

She was the elder sister to Tanya Savicheva, a Soviet girl who kept a diary during the besieged Leningrad.

Death and burial
----------------

Leningrad got besieged the by Germans on 8 September 1941 during the German invasion of the Soviet Union (which started on 22 June 1941). 
Zhenya Savicheva and her family were one of many families who lived in Leningrad, and who continued to when it was besieged by the Germans. 

In December 1941, Zhenya Savicheva walked almost seven kilometres to her workplace, every day. She worked in a factory which made weapons used to fight the Germans. She would work tirelessly at her workplace from morning to evening. Then, after she left work, she would donate her blood to injuried Soviet Red Army soldiers. She continued this practice every day. On the morning hours of 28 December 1941, Zhenya left to walk to work, but never came back home. Her sister Nina went outside to walk to Zhenya's workplace and look for her, and discovered her lying collapsed. Zhenya died that same day. 
Zhenya's body was later buried in a nearby cemetery.
**Spaced repetition** is a learning technique usually using flashcards, where information that is newer, and harder to remember are shown more frequently, while information that is older and easier to remember is shown less frequently. This is done to take advantage of the spacing effect which can be a better way and quicker way to learn and keep information.

Many spaced repetition programs such as Anki have been made to help people to use spaced repetition but it is also possible to do this without software by using the Leitner system.

Implementations
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### Software

Items that are to be memorised are entered manually in a question and answer format. When it is time for the item to be learned, either the question or answer is displayed on screen (although it is possible to make it so only the question will be asked) and the user will try to answer it. After answering the user then tells the program how difficult the question was to answer. Depending on the difficulty the program will schedule when the user will see the question again.
Female with a parasitic male, preparation at the Saint Petersburg Zoology Museum
**Sea devils** are deep-sea anglerfish of the family **Ceratiidae**. They are among the most widespread of the anglerfish, found in all oceans from the tropics to the Antarctic.

The females are large: females of the largest species, Krøyer's deep sea angler fish, *Ceratias holboelli*, reach 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in length. Males, on the other hand, are dwarfed, only 14 centimetres (5.5 in) maximum. When these fish were first studied, the males were mistaken for parasites. Females usually have more than one male attached to them, which is a good example of polyandry.

At birth, tiny male ceratiids already have extremely well-developed olfactory organs that detect scents in the water. The male lives solely to find and mate with a female. They are significantly smaller than a female angler fish, and may have trouble finding food in the deep sea. Furthermore, the growth of the gut may stop in some species, preventing them from feeding at all. This means the male must find a female quickly to prevent death. The sensitive olfactory organs help the male detect the pheromones from female anglerfish.

When the male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme. The enzyme digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male then slowly wastes away, first losing his digestive organs, then his brain, heart, and eyes, and ends as nothing more than a pair of gonads. The gonads release sperm in response to hormones in the female's bloodstream. This extreme sexual dimorphism makes sure that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate right there. Multiple males can be incorporated into a single female.

Ceratiids are the only animals known to become chimaeras as a normal part of their life-cycle.
**Miriam Wattenberg** (1924 (1924) – April 2013), better known by her pseudonym **Mary Berg**, was a Polish-born, half-American, Jewish girl who kept a diary written mostly in German-occupied Poland during World War II. During the first months of World War II many Jews from Łódz (before their imprisonment in the Łódz Ghetto in April 1940), including Mary and her family escaped to Warsaw which was much safer for Jews at the time. But in the following months of their stay there, the situation of Jews got almost as bad, and by October 1940, they and other Jews from Warsaw were forced to live in the Warsaw Ghetto. 

They stayed in the ghetto for almost two years. Because of their American connection, in July 1942, Miriam and her family left the Warsaw Ghetto on a transport to a prison in Kawiak where they would be detained. They stayed in the prison for a few months. Mary and her family tried to escape, but were unsuccessful. Because of this in January 1943, they left on a transport to the Vittel internment camp in France, in which people who tried to escape were imprisoned. The family departed the Vittel internment camp. On 1 March 1944, they boarded a train to Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. They arrived in their destination three days later on 4 March. By then, many inmates of Vittel, including Mary's roommate, had been deported to Auschwitz. In Lisbon, the Berg family boarded SS Grispholm for the voyage to the United States. It was there where she published her diary.

The diary is written between 10 October 1939 and 7 March 1944, in the Polish language. The diary was first published as a book in February 1945 by the publishing company L.B. Fischer, in the United States. The diary went out of print in the 1950's. The diary was first published as a book in Poland in 1986. The diary was republished in the United States in 2006, under the book title as *The diary of Mary Berg: growing up in the Warsaw Ghetto*, and again on 1 April 2009.

Front cover of a edition of the book *The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing up in the Warsaw Ghetto*, showing a photograph of Mary Berg when she was still young.

Period chronicled in Mary Berg's diary
--------------------------------------

On 10 October 1939, Mary Berg wrote the first entry in a new notebook of her diary. In the first entry of her diary she wrote that several years ago she did write a diary (which is lost), but stopped, but eventually decided to continue writing, several years later. The last entry in her diary is dated 7 March 1944, more than three years later after she wrote the first entry in her diary.
**QV60** tomb in Valley of the Queens belongs to Nebettawy, who was the daughter and Great Wife of Ramesses II. Some important people like Champollion and Lepsius talked about this tomb. Later, a person named Ernesto Schiaparelli, who was in charge of the Egyptian Museum in Turin, dug up this tomb.

Tomb
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During the Coptic period, the tomb was changed into a chapel. 

In the first room, there are pictures of 41 judges on the left wall, each with a feather on their head. Nebettawy is shown giving a statue to a seated figure wearing two feathers on their head. In the second room, Nebettawy is shown in front of Horus and she has very important titles there: The Osiris, the King's Daughter, Great Royal Wife, Lady of the Two Lands, Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt.

In one of the scenes, Queen Nebettawy wears a very special headdress. It has a vulture crown with a uraeus, topped by a modius and supporting several flowers. This specific headdress is only seen on Queen Nebettawy, Queen Isis (QV51 - during the time of Ramesses III-Ramesses IV), and Queen Tyti (QV52 – 20th dynasty). A previous version of this crown was worn by Princess-Queen Sitamun, who was the daughter-wife of Amenhotep III.
**Mark Leduc** (May 4, 1962 – July 22, 2009) was a Canadian boxer. He competed for Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Career
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Leduc began his training in the East End of Toronto. His parents divorced when he was 15 and he had to live on the streets. Leduc was arrested for robbing a jewellery store at gunpoint and he was sentenced to spend six years at the Collins Bay Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario. He was released from prison after serving 3 years.

At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, Leduc competed for Canada and was able to win a silver medal. He defeated Leonard Doroftei 13-6 and was defeated by Héctor Vinent 1-11. In 1992, he turned pro and he had limited success. He recorded a record of 4-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau and retired.

In 1993, Leduc spoke on CBC Radio's documentary "The Last Closet" about being a gay athlete. He was not ready to come out yet and he spoke anonymously and through a voice filter. He officially came out as gay on the TV documentary *For the Love of the Game* in 1994.

On July 22, 2009, Leduc collapsed in the sauna of a local hotel in Toronto and died. Doctors said that he may have died due to heat stroke.

Other websites
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* Canadian Olympic team profile