recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**George Crabbe** (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem *The Borough* which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera *Peter Grimes*.

Life
----

George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775 he published his first work: *Inebriety*. In 1780 he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called *The Village* (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including *The Borough* (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.

Use in 20th century opera
-------------------------

Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem *The Borough*. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera *Peter Grimes* which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.
Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).

In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the **more** command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file. Sometimes people call CLI "Console", but consoles can be GUI, too.

In many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, your web browser may have a **Print** icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.

Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.

List of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:

* Microsoft Windows
* Mac OS
* Linux

* A console command line interface.A console command line interface.
* A graphical user interface.A graphical user interface.
* A bigger piece of a graphical user interfaceA bigger piece of a graphical user interface
* A text-based interface which is sometimes called a console interface. However, it is not a command line interface. Sometimes it is called a graphical UI, but sometimes not.A text-based interface which is sometimes called a console interface. However, it is not a command line interface. Sometimes it is called a graphical UI, but sometimes not.
**Gold Star families** (or **Gold Star American families**) are the relatives of US military members who died in battle.

History
-------

Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military. If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star. In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action. That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star. Another pin—this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star—was authorized by Congress in 1973. It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.

Modern use
----------

The military continues to award Gold Star lapel pins to the family members or next of kin of service members who die during military service.

Famous Gold Star families
-------------------------

* Khizr Khan
* General John F. Kelly
* Jose Gonzalez Carranza
**IRCAM** stands for *Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique* (*Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music*). It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music. IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou. 

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research. Boulez was in put in charge of the institute. It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date. They were given plenty of time to experiment. Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there. Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

Other websites
--------------

* The official site of IRCAM
**Franz Lehár** (born 30 April 1870; died 24 October 1948) was an Austrian composer of Hungarian descent. He was the leading composer of operettas in the 20th century. He is still one of the most popular composers of light music.

His life
--------

Lehár was born in Komáron in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Today the town is called Komárno and it is in Slovakia. He was the eldest son of a bandmaster in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied violin and composition at the Prague Conservatory. Antonín Dvořák told him he should be a composer. After graduation in 1899 he joined his father's band in Vienna, as assistant bandmaster. In 1902 he became conductor at the historic Vienna Theater an der Wien, where his first opera *Wiener Frauen* was performed in November of that year.

He is most famous for his operettas. The best known one is *The Merry Widow* (in German: *Die lustige Witwe*) which is probably the most popular of all operettas. He also wrote sonatas, symphonic poems, marches, and a number of waltzes, some of which come from his famous operettas. Some of the songs from his operettas have become very well-known, especially "Vilja" from *The Merry Widow* and "You Are My Heart's Delight" ("Dein ist mein ganzes Herz") from *The Land of Smiles*.

The tenor Richard Tauber sang in many of his operettas. Six of them had parts especially written for him.

Lehár died in 1948 in Bad Ischl, near Salzburg where he was also buried. His villa in Bad Ischl is now a museum in his memory.
**Guy van Grinsven** (6 January 1949 Maastricht – 11 October 2021 Maastricht) was a Dutch photographer. Van Grinsven was the founder of "Studiopress"

Life
----

He started his career as an aircraft manufacturer at aircraft manufacturer Fokker. Photography was initially only his hobby, but he already followed a course at the Dutch Photo School. He was employed as a photographer for a period of three years by the National Photo Press Agency, and was Dutch correspondent for the Associated Press.

He was also the TV producer and presenter of the weekly program *Niveau Bizz Magazine*. He was also the publisher of a magazine, *Niveau Bizz magazine,* which appears in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine. 

On September 11, 2001, Guy van Grinsven was the only Dutch photographer-cameraman to witness the attack on the World Trade Center in New York. In 2011, Van Grinsven returned to New York to make a new photo series according to the principle of "Dear-Photography" published among others in his own magazine *Niveau Bizz Magazine.*

Since 2012 he has focused on making photo books about cities and their surroundings

Other websites
--------------

* Guy van Grinsven-Photographer Archived 2021-11-29 at the Wayback Machine - Guy and Cor Gallery
**Fullmetal Alchemist** (in Japanese: 鋼の錬金術師 **Hagane no Renkinjutsushi**) is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) *Monthly Shonen Gangan*. The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, *The Conqueror of Shamballa* was made for the 2003 show, and *The Sacred Star of Milos* was created for the 2012 show.

Plot
----

The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.

*Fullmetal Alchemist* became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.

Characters
----------

Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment. 

Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.
The **fallow deer** (*Dama dama*) is a type of deer from the family Cervidae. The animal originally lived in Eurasia, though it has been brought it to other parts of the world, such as Australia.

The male is called a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. They live for about 12–16 years. All of the fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Only bucks have antlers, which are wide and shaped like a shovel.

They are grazing animals. They like to live in an area that is mixed woodland and open grassland. They try to stay together in groups of up to 150.

Colours
-------

They have a lot of different coloured coats (hair). There are four main colours: "common", "menil", "melanistic" and "white".
The common coat is a brown coat with white spots that are best seen in the summer. In the winter the coat is much darker. The white coat is lightest colored, almost white. The common and menil coat are darker. The melanistic coat is very dark, sometimes even black.

 Three of the color variants found at Fossil Rim Wildlife Center in Texas
### Historical herds

One noted historical herd of fallow deer is kept in the Ottenby Preserve in Öland, Sweden. Karl X Gustav built a drystone wall of four kilometres long around a royal fallow deer herd in the mid 17th century. The herd still exists as of 2006.
Another herd lives in Phoenix Park in Ireland. 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dama dama***.

* Fallow deer in New Zealand Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
The **Government Communications Headquarters** (GCHQ) is a British intelligence agency. Its work continues that of the Bletchley Park team.

GCHQ collects, analyses and passes on signals from many parts of the world. This is called "signals intelligence" (SIGINT). It would include all forms of free-to-air signals plus many interceptions of covert communication. Computers scan the signals for key words of phrases, and flag any which contain key words.

The second job of GCHQ is to crack the cyphers (codes) of sources it is interested in. It is this part of the work which Bletchley Park used to do. It also arranges for our own secret transmissions to be coded securely. This is the world of cryptography, ways and means of getting into other people's secrets, and keeping our secrets secure. This is done by CESG (Communications-Electronics Security Group).

As an organisation, GCHQ is under the guidance of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). GCHQ was started after the First World War as the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS or GC&CS), by which name it was known until 1946. As part of ECHELON, it works with Intelligence agencies from other allied countries.
**Gibbons** belong to the group of lesser apes. They are known for their ability to swing from one tree to another with great agility and swiftness. 

There are four genera of gibbons. Gibbons live in dense tropical forests, for example, in Sumatra, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Extraordinary abilities
-----------------------

Gibbons are the best tree travelers in the animal kingdom. They almost seem to be flying as they swing themselves hand over hand through the trees. Like great apes, gibbons can also walk upright on the ground. When they walk on the ground, gibbons hold their long arms in the air to keep them from dragging.

Gibbons are "singers" too. Their powerful voices travel for kilometers through the forests of Southeast Asia. At times, a male, a female, and their young get together and "sing" in a chorus. These sounds help groups of gibbons stay in contact. They also tell unwelcome visitors to stay away.

Gibbons stay busy for most of the day. They swing through the trees, looking for leaves, flowers, fruit, and insects to eat. When night falls, small groups settle down in familiar trees for the night.

Male and female
---------------

Unlike most other primates, male and female gibbons are not very different in size and shape, although they may differ in color. The males are usually black, while the females tend to be ash blond. Female gibbons have one offspring per gestation period and live about 25 years.

Taxonomy
--------

The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: *Hylobates* (44), *Hoolock* (38), *Nomascus* (52), and *Symphalangus* (50).

* **Family Hylobatidae**: gibbons
	+ Genus *Hylobates*
		- Lar gibbon or White-handed gibbon, *Hylobates lar*
		- Agile gibbon or Black-handed gibbon, *Hylobates agilis*
		- Müller's Bornean gibbon, *Hylobates muelleri*
		- Silvery gibbon, *Hylobates moloch*
		- Pileated gibbon or Capped gibbon, *Hylobates pileatus*
		- Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or Bilou, *Hylobates klossii*
	+ Genus *Hoolock*
		- Western Hoolock gibbon, *Hoolock hoolock*
		- Eastern Hoolock gibbon, *Hoolock leuconedys*
	+ Genus *Symphalangus*
		- Siamang, *Symphalangus syndactylus*
	+ Genus *Nomascus*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hylobatidae***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Hylobatidae***.

* Gibbon Conservation Center
* Gibbon Network and Research Lab
Giant salamander.
The **giant salamanders** are a family of large aquatic amphibia, the **Cryptobranchidae**. 

They are the largest living amphibians. The Japanese giant salamander (*Andrias japonicus*), reaches up to 1.44 m (4.7 ft), feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity. The Chinese giant salamander (*Andrias davidianus*) can reach a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

They live in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States (the hellbender), and in China and Japan.

Anatomy
-------

Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water. 

Their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so that the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids. 

Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity. It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps.

Hunting habits
--------------

They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey.

Reproduction
------------

During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.

Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.

Scientific names
----------------

*Andrias scheuchzeri*, a fossil salamander, found in 1726
* Genus *Cryptobranchus* (hellbenders)
	+ Hellbender (*Cryptobranchus alleganiensis* )
* Genus *Andrias* (giant salamanders)
	+ Chinese giant salamander (*Andrias davidianus*)
	+ Japanese giant salamander (*Andrias japonicus*)
* Genus *Aviturus* (*Aviturus exsecratus*)
* Genus *Zaissanurus* (*Zaissanurus beliajevae*)

Other websites
--------------

* Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Japanese Giant Salamander Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Cryptobranchid Interest Group
* Chinese Giant Salamander  from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all


Wikispecies has information on: ***Cryptobranchidae***.
**Gombe Stream National Park** is a National Park in north-western Tanzania.

It borders on Lake Tanganyika, and is just south of the border with Burundi. The regional capital of western Tanganyika, Kigoma, is 10 miles (20 km) south of Gombe.

Established in 1968, Gombe is the smallest national park in Tanzania, with only 20 square miles (52 km2) of forest running along the hills of the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika.

The terrain has steep valleys, and the forest vegetation ranges from grassland to alpine bamboo to tropical rainforest.

The Park can only be reached by boat.

Wild life
---------

### Chimpanzees

The Park is most famous as the place where Jane Goodall did her research on the chimpanzee groups. The Kasakela chimpanzee community, featured in several books and documentaries, lives in Gombe Stream National Park.

Goodall discovered that the apes eat smaller monkeys regularly. They do this by cooperative hunting, gradually cutting off the monkey's escape routes. The extent of this predation is notable:

"Goodall's Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits. One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year. During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years. All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe’s colobus population each year".

Other wildlife
--------------

Gombe Stream's high levels of diversity make it an increasingly popular tourist destination. Besides chimpanzees, primates living in Gombe Stream include beachcomber olive baboons, Red Colobus monkeys and vervet monkeys.

The park is also home to over 200 bird species and bushpigs. There are also 11 species of snakes, and occasional hippopotamus and leopards.

Visitors to the park can trek into the forest to view the chimpanzees, as well as swim and snorkel in Lake Tanganyika with almost 100 kinds of colourful cichlid fish.
The **Heera Mandi** (Diamond Market), also called **Shahi Mohallah** (Royal Neighborhood) as well as chudhai center , is a famous red-light district of the old Taxali Gate of Lahore, Pakistan. A red-light district is an area where prostitutes work.

Early history
-------------

The Heera Mandi was first called the 'Shahi Mohallah' or Royal Neighborhood in the 17th century. It was called that because many princes and nobles of the Mughal dynasty used to come there. At that time there were only *Tawaifs* (dancing girls) and courtesans there. They were there to amuse the people. Later, some women from other parts of Indian Subcontinent were also brought to perform classical Indian dances such as Kathak to entertain Mughals. During the rule of the Sikh king Ranjit Singh, prostitution [chudhai] also was common. Many brothels were opened there. Ranjit Singh renamed this place 'Heera Mandi'. It was named for an officer, Heera Singh, who lived there. Some historians think that he named it for the beautiful girls (prostitutes) who lived there. They were like precious diamonds.

British times
-------------

When the British Raj came to power in this region, Christian missionaries asked for the Heera Mandi to be moved away. They thought the activities there were 'sinful'. The British government tried to move it, but they were forced to move it back because people did not like this idea. Later, after the 1870s, the British also added some special brothels there for British soldiers. This area was made famous in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim (printed in 1901).

Modern times
------------

After Pakistan became independent in 1947, the Heera Mandi went on as before. Later, under the harsh Islamic puritanical rule of the military dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, a big operation was started to 'clean' the area from prostitution and crime. Many brothels were moved or closed by force. However, once again, people did not like this move. Many of the brothels and other businesses were re-opened.

Even though prostitution is supposed to be illegal in Pakistan, the Mandi still exists. It is also famous for some very good food shops nearby, where many people including foreign tourists come to just eat and watch the shows.
**Immurement** (from Latin "immurus", meaning "wall in" or "enwall"), **immuration** or **live entombment** is a historical form of imprisonment, generally until death, in which someone is/was placed in an enclosed space with the opening walled off. Immurement has been used as a punishment and as a form of human sacrifice. As a punishment, live entombment was largely used on members of clergy (monks, nuns and ancient Rome's Vestal Virgins for example) and others whose blood was not allowed to be spilled according to custom and or law. Also in Mongolia, women who were accused of adultery were often immured in crates which had a holes for the head and one arm to poke through. The latest documented case of immurement as a form of execution occurred in 1906 in Morocco. The one walled up in this case was a Serial killer named Mohammed Mesfewi who was originally sentenced to crucifixion before foreign dignitaries talked the Moroccan government out of crucifying Mohammed. As a form of human sacrifice, live entombment was intended to ensure that buildings and bridges remained standing. It was thought that immuring living people in this manner would bring good luck to the structure. The song ''London Bridge is Falling Down'' may be about such sacrificial entombment. Usually the entombed victim would be left to dehydrate and starve to death, but sometimes they were fed regularly. In the latter case, immurement was more life imprisonment than a form of execution. There have been historical and fictional accounts of people being walled in alive. One story of fictional immuration is in the story The Cask of Armontillado by Edgar Allen Poe.

Sources
-------

* Altekar, Anant S. (1959). *The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day*. Madras: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120803244.
* Baltikumresan. "The immured knight". *aulik.se*. Baltikumresan. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
* ibn Batuta; Lee (1829). *The Travels of Ibn Batuta*. London: Oriental Translation Committee.
* Bechstein, Ludwig (1858). *Thüringer sagenbuch*. Coburg: C. A. Hartleben.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is *Soto* and the second or maternal family name is *Toro*.
Félix Soto Toro
**Félix Soto Toro** (born 1967) is an astronaut applicant and an electrical designs engineer at NASA. He developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System.

Life
----

Soto Toro was raised in a poor section of the City of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico called El Barrio Amelia. When he was young, he was interested in everything that had to do with light bulbs and electricity. He went to elementary school in his hometown. He went to high school at the Colegio Madre Cabrini in San Juan. 
In 1984, after graduating from high school, Soto Toro studied at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Florida. In 1986, he joined the Cooperative Education Program while still in college. He joined the program because he wanted to become an engineer. Soto Toro earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in electrical engineering and applied to become an astronaut candidate.

Work
----

In 1990, Soto Toro earned his Bachelor's Degree of Science in Electrical Engineering. He was hired by NASA, a month later. He worked at the Design Engineering Networks Communications section at Kennedy Space Center. In 1992, he graduated with his Masters Degree of Science in Electrical Engineering. In 1997, he went back to school for another Masters in Science degree. 

At the Kennedy Space Center, Soto Toro reviews, designs, builds, and tests engineering designs used in the Space Shuttle and Payload Operations Development Laboratories. The main project he developed was the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System. This system measures the spherical coordinates offset between the trunnion and their supports during transfer operations.

Awards
------

Soto Toro was presented with the 2003 "El Premio Coqui" by La Casa de Puerto Rico in Florida for his assistance in the field of science. On November 9, 2003, Soto Toro was named the Grand Marshal of the Puerto Rican Day Parade held in Palm Bay, Florida.
Félix Guattari
**Pierre-Félix Guattari** (French: [ɡwataʁi] audio speaker icon(listen) (help·info), "feh-LEEX GWA-tah-rhee"; March 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French psychiatrist, philosopher, semiologist, and activist. He founded two fields called schizoanalysis and ecosophy, and is best known for his academic partnership with Gilles Deleuze, especially their two-part book *Capitalism and Schizophrenia*. The first part of this is titled *Anti-Oedipus* and was published in 1972, and the second part is *A Thousand Plateaus*, published in 1980.

Life
----

Guattari was born in a suburb outside of Paris called Villeneuve-les-Sablons in 1930. He learned to practice a kind of psychology called psychoanalysis with his teacher Jacques Lacan in the early 1950s. He later worked at a psychiatric clinic called La Borde, which was his employer for the rest of his life.

Guattari contributed to a communist newspaper in Paris called *La Voie Communiste* (*The Communist Way*) from 1955 to 1965. He was politically active in France throughout the 1960s, and he met his academic partner Gilles Deleuze through his political work. Together, they published the two-part work *Capitalism and Schizophrenia* in 1972 and 1980. They also wrote many other works, including *What is Philosophy?* (1991).

Guattari died at La Borde of a heart attack on 29 August 1992, aged 62. His partner Gilles Deleuze died three years later.
**Ghost lights** are lights in the air that are not well understood by scientists. There are few reports of ghost light sightings. Ghost lights can be close to ground or in the sky. Ghost lights close to ground are commonly called "will o' the wisp" while ghost lights in the sky are often called UFOs. There are very different kinds of ghost lights: some resemble balls of light, others look like flame, and some look like a bright cloud. Many ghost lights move.

Different cultures have understood ghost lights differently. People believed that they are dragons, spirits or ghosts. Today some believe they are spaceships. There are many theories about what ghost lights are. Some people say they are methane gas that comes from ground and burns in the air. Others say they are electric things like ball lightning. The fact that some animals and fungus glows may explain some ghost lights.

Examples
--------

These are examples of known ghost lights at different places:

* Australia
	+ Min Min lights
* Finland
	+ Paasselkä devil
* Norway
	+ Hessdalen light
* Canada
	+ Baie Chaleur Fireship
	+ St. Louis Light
* Sweden
	+ Martebo lights
* Thailand
	+ Mekong lights (Nekha lights)
* Italia
	+ Fuoco Fatuo
* United States
	+ Arkansas
		- Crossett Light
		- Gurdon Light
	+ North Carolina
		- Brown Mountain Lights
		- Maco light
	+ Georgia
		- Surrency Spooklight
	+ Indiana
		- Moody's Light
	+ Michigan Upper Peninsula
		- The Paulding Light
	+ Missouri
		- Hornet ghost light
		- Ozark Spooklight
	+ Oklahoma
		- Spooklight (same as Hornet ghost light, at the Oklahoma-Missouri line)
	+ Texas
		- Bragg Road ghost light ( Light of Saratoga )
		- Marfa lights
	+ Utah
		- Skinwalker Ranch
	+ Virginia
		- Cohoke light
**Gregory House** is the main character of the series House M. D. (2004-2012), played by the British actor Hugh Laurie. A physician by profession, specializing in infectious diseases and nephrology, the character leads a diagnostic team at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro University Hospital and is described as bitter, sarcastic, cynical, sometimes manic, misanthropic, narcissistic, and curmudgeonly. Precisely, this last adjective was one of the most popular words in 2006 thanks to the character of the protagonist of the series.

House's unorthodox diagnostic methods, alternative therapies, and unconditional rationality result in various conflicts with his fellow professionals. House is often portrayed as lacking in sympathy and compassion towards his patients, a practice that allows you to solve pathological enigmas.

Reception
---------

Throughout the series' run, the character received positive reviews. Tom Shales of *The Washington Post* called House "the most electrifying character to hit television in years".
**Gregory Blaxland** (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

Early life
----------

Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England. He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon. They had five sons and two daughters.

The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks. Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money. He bought eighty head of cattle.

Blue Mountains expedition
-------------------------

Exploration of Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth
In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains. He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth. Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his *Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains*. Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London. Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes. 

He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

Recognition
-----------

The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him. So is the Division of Blaxland.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.
***Gansus*** is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya). It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China. It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as *Confuciusornis*, *Ichthyornis* and *Hesperornis*.

Description
-----------

The genus *Gansus* contains a single species, *G. yumenensis*, which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
 It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.

*Gansus* was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation. Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.
**Implication** (also known as **logical consequence**, **implies**, or  **If ... then**) is a logical operation. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically "follows from" one or more others. While a statement of the form "if *P* then *Q*" is often written as {\displaystyle P\to Q}, the assertion that "*Q* is a logical consequence *P*" is often written as {\displaystyle P\implies Q}.

Implications take two arguments. It returns false if and only if the first term is true and the second term is false.

This may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.

Examples
--------

The following shows a (valid) implication

1. All humans are mortal (they die).
2. Aristotle is human.
3. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.

On the other hand, the statement *I promise that if I am healthy, I will come to class* has four possibilities:

1. I *am* healthy, and I *do* come to class. I have kept my promise.
2. I *am* healthy, and I *do not* come to class. I have not kept my promise.
3. I *am not* healthy, and I *do* come to class. I have kept my promise.
4. I *am not* healthy, and I *do not* come to class. I have kept my promise.

In the second scenario, the statement is false, since the promise is broken. In other scenarios, the statement is true, since the promise is kept.

Related pages
-------------

* If and only if
* Implication (grammar)
* Material conditional
Profile view of the Imperial State Crown; the front is at left in this photograph.
The **Imperial State Crown** is one of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and symbolises the sovereignty of the monarch. The crown has existed in several versions since the 15th century. 

The modern version of the Imperial State Crown is of a design somewhat similar to that of St Edward's Crown, but shorter and encrusted with jewels: it includes a base of four crosses alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, above which are four half-arches surmounted by a cross. Inside is a purple velvet cap with an ermine border. The Imperial State Crown includes many precious gems, including 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, and 5 rubies.

The crown includes several famous jewels. The cross at the top is set with a stone known as St. Edward's Sapphire, a sapphire taken from the ring (or possibly coronet) of Edward the Confessor. The Black Prince's Ruby (actually a spinel) is set on the front cross pattée; the famous Cullinan II, or Lesser Star of Africa, is set on the front; and the back band contains the 104-carat (20.8 g) Stuart Sapphire. The crown also contains Queen Elizabeth’s Pearls.

When not in use, it is kept with the other Crown Jewels on display at the Jewel House in the Tower of London.
The **Icteridae** are a family of small to medium-sized New World songbirds. They are usually brightly colored. Most species have black as a main plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. The family is extremely varied in size, shape, behavior and coloration. 

This group includes the **New World blackbirds**, New World orioles, the bobolink, meadowlarks, grackles, cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques. They are only distantly related to the Old World common blackbird (which is a thrush) or the Old World orioles.

Icterids are unusual in songbirds because they have considerable sexual dimorphism. For example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole, in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and 18 grams (0.040 pounds) in weight, while the largest is the Amazonian oropendola, the male of which measures 52 cm (20 in) and weighs about 550 grams (1.21 pounds). This variation in size is greater than usual in passerine families. 

One unusual adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull allows them to open their bills strongly rather than passively. This lets them force open gaps to get at hidden food.
A Gram stain of mixed *Staphylococcus aureus* gram-positive cocci (in purple) and *Escherichia coli* gram-negative bacilli (in red)
**Gram staining** (or **Gram's method**) is a way of classifying bacteria into two large groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. The name comes from its inventor, Hans Christian Gram.

Gram's method stains bacteria according to the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. First, a violet dye is put on the bacteria. This dye stains peptidoglycan, a thick layer that is only found in gram-positive bacteria. After the first stain, another stain (usually safranin or fuchsin) gives all gram-negative bacteria a red or pink colour.

The Gram stain is almost always the first step in the identification of a bacterial organism. However, not all bacteria can be classified by this technique. Bacteria for which the method does not work are called 'gram-variable' or 'gram-indeterminate'.

Gram developed the technique working with another scientist, Carl Friedländer in a hospital in Berlin. However, Gram first used the test to make bacteria in the lungs easier to see. He published his finished method in 1884.
Gram-positive- and negative bacteria are chiefly differentiated by their cell wall structure.
**Gram-negative bacteria** are bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in staining. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain, safranin, is added after the crystal violet. This colours all gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink colour.

This happens because an outer membrane stops the penetration of the stain. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their bacterial cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolourizing solution. Compared with gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibiotics, because of their relatively impermeable cell wall.

The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS layer) is important. In humans, LPS triggers an innate immune response, with cytokine production and immune system activation. Inflammation is a common result of cytokine production.

Gram-negative cell wall structure

Other websites
--------------

* 3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
* Gram Staining Procedure and Images Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
The Seven Rila Lakes in Rila, Bulgaria are glacial lakes.
The Great Lakes as seen from space. The Great Lakes are the largest glacial lakes in the world.
Ibón de Sabocos, in the Tena Valley, Spanish Pyrenees. "Ibón" is the local word in Aragonese for glacial lakes.
Tasman Lake, a terminal lake formed within the last 30 years
Jökulsárlón, a glacial lake in Iceland. To the right, the mouth of the glacier Vatnajökull.
A **glacial lake** is a lake that is made as a glacier melts. The glacier erodes the land, and then as it melts, water fills the hole or space that has been created.

Background
----------

Near the end of the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago, glaciers began to retreat. A retreating glacier often left behind large amounts of ice in hollows between drumlins or hills. As the ice age ended, these melted to create lakes. This can be seen in the Lake District in Northwestern England.  Glacial lakes are often surrounded other evidence of the glacier including drumlins, moraines, eskers, striations and chatter marks.

The glaciers crush minerals in the rock as they pass over them. These minerals become sediment at the bottom of the lake, and some of the rock flour becomes suspended in the water. These minerals support a large population of algae, making the water look green. 

These lakes can be seen in aerial photos of landforms in:

* Canada
* U.S.
* Russia
* Argentina
* Iceland
* Spain
* New Zealand
* Tibet
* United Kingdom
* Norway
* Sweden
* Australia

The coastlines near these areas are often very irregular, formed by the same geological process. Other areas have fewer lakes that often are part of river systems. Their coastlines are smoother. These areas were carved more by erosion.

Related pages
-------------

* Great Lakes
The **Governor of Michigan** is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Michigan. The current Governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party.

Gubernatorial elections and term of office
------------------------------------------

From the time the state was created until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor took office the next January. Until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was created in 1850 and took effect in 1851. Because of this, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. After this, elections were held on even years.

The constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, elections for governor have been two years before U.S. Presidential elections (for example, Presidential elections were in 2000 and 2004, elections for governor were in 1998 and 2002). The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year after the election.

In 1992, a change to the Michigan constitution said that a person could only be governor for two terms. Before this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve. John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term took place before the change was made. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002.

History of the office
---------------------

Governor Stevens T. Mason, the first governor of Michigan
Forty-eight people have been governor of the state. Before becoming a state, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigan's first governor, also served as a territorial governor. He was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history.

Jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1, 2003. She served for 8 years, until January 1, 2011.

List of governors
-----------------

See the main article: List of Governors of Michigan
The **flag of Poland** is a rectangular, divided into two stripes: white above red. It was created in its modern form in 1921. The colors white and red were earlier declared the official national colors in 1831 by the Polish Parliament in 1831.

For many centuries the Polish flag was a white eagle on a red background.

Details
-------

The ratio of height to width is 5 to 8. The two horizontal stripes are of equal height.

There is a second version which has a coat of arms in the upper (white) half. The use of this flag is legally restricted.

If the flag is shown hanging vertically, the white should be on the left.

Polish flag day is May 2.

The Color White
---------------

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Shades of white on the flag**

| white | white 2 |
| --- | --- |
| #FFFFFF | #E9E8E7 |
| approximate | since 1980 |

 |

The exact color of the white was not clearly stated until 1980.

The Color Red
-------------

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Shades of red on the flag**

| crimson | cinnabar | red | crimson 2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #DC143C | #E34234 | #FF0000 | #D4213D |
| 1921-30 | 1928-80 | approximate | since 1980 |

 |

The exact color of the red was not clearly stated originally, and has changed through the years. In 1919 the official act did not clearly define the red. In 1921 the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs used crimson as the shade of red in publications. In 1928 the president of Poland said the red should be vermilion. That was used until 1980, when people needed to specify the red more scientifically.

Similar flags in other places
-----------------------------

The same flag design is used in the German region Thuringia and the Spanish region Cantabria.

Both Indonesia and Monaco have flags that are the same colors, but upside-down.

Related pages
-------------

* Poland
A cosplayer dressed up as Hellboy
**Hellboy** is a fictional superhero created by writer-artist Mike Mignola. The character first appeared in *San Diego Comic-Con Comics* #2 (August 1993), and has since appeared in various eponymous miniseries, one-shots and intercompany crossovers. The character has been adapted into three live-action feature movies. Two starring Ron Perlman in 2004 and 2008 in the title role, and one in 2019 which starred David Harbour, as well as two straight-to-DVD animated movies, and three video games – *Asylum Seeker*, *The Science of Evil*, and as a playable character in *Injustice 2*.

A well-meaning half-Demon (or Cambion) whose true name is **Anung Un Rama** ("and upon his brow is set a crown of flame"), Hellboy was summoned from Hell to Earth as a baby by Nazi occultists (spawning his hatred for the Third Reich). He was discovered on a fictional Outer Hebrides Island by the Allied Forces; amongst them, Professor Trevor Bruttenholm, who formed the United States Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense (B.P.R.D.). In time, Hellboy grew to be a large, red-skinned adult with a tail, horns (which he files off, leaving behind circular stumps on his forehead), cloven hooves for feet, and an oversized right hand made of stone (the "Right Hand of Doom"). He has been described as smelling of dry-roasted peanuts.

Hellboy works for the B.P.R.D. an international non-governmental agency, and for himself against dark forces including Nazis and witches, in a series of tales that have their roots in folklore, pulp magazines, vintage adventure, Lovecraftian horror and horror fiction. In earlier stories, he is identified as the "World's Greatest Paranormal Investigator".

In 2011, Hellboy was ranked 25th of the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes by IGN.