recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Miyoko Matsutani** (松谷 みよ子, February 14, 1926 – February 28, 2015) was a Japanese picture book writer and folktale researcher. She is best known for writing the book *Taro the Dragon Boy.*

Early life and education
------------------------

Matsutani was born on 14 February 1926 in Tokyo, Japan. She was the youngest child of Yojiro Matsutani [ja] who was a lawyer and politician. She was a good reader. She graduated from high school in 1943. When she was 11 years old, her father died. Because of death of her father, her family could not afford to send her to college. She worked at a bank called Nihon Kangyō Ginkō and the Japan Travel Bureau. In 1945, when Bombing of Tokyo occurred during World War II, her family moved out to the city of Nakano in Nagano prefecture. She met Jōji Tsubota [ja] in Nakano city. Tsubota mentored her as a writer.

Career
------

Matsutani's first book was a collection of short stories called *Kai ni natta kodomo* (貝になった子供), which won the Children's Literature Association New Face Award. She married Takuo Segawa [ja] in 1955. Together they collected traditional legends of the Nagano area. This research inspired her 1960 book *Taro the Dragon Boy.* It won the Hans Christian Anderssen Award and was later adapted into a movie. She was also popular for her book Little Momo-chan (ちいさいモモちゃん, *Chiisai Momo-chan*). It was published in 1964. It won the Noma Prize for children's literature. She also edited the *Kaidan Restaurant* series.

Her books for young readers often focused on the relationship between mothers and children. Her books for older readers had touched upon social issues. Her stories based on folktales were focused on the relationship between humans and nature.

Matsutani died of old age on 28 February 2015 in Tokyo.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Hurricane Cesar-Douglas** was a Category 4 hurricane that crossed the Atlantic as Hurricane Cesar. The storm continue to move west to the Pacific as Hurricane Douglas. The storm was the strongest storm for the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It was the second hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, in the Atlantic it was a category 1.

Meteorological History
----------------------

Storm path
Hurricane Douglas south of Mexico
The start of this storm goes back to a tropical wave near Dakar, Senegal. It crossed the Atlantic and did not start until it was close to the Windward Islands. On July 24 it became Tropical Depression Three. Tropical Depression Three became **Tropical Storm Cesar** on July 25. Cesar did not strengthen much because it was close to land. It did start to strengthen more as it entered the Southwestern Caribbean Sea. After about half way between Nicaragua and South America, Tropical Storm Cesar became a hurricane on July 27. Hurricane Cesar reached its highest winds on July 28, which were at 85 mph. Later that day, Hurricane Cesar made landfall near Bluefields, in Nicaragua while it still had its highest winds. Cesar weakened into a tropical storm over Central America. But it did survive crossing Central America.

Late on July 28, Cesar reached the Pacific Ocean and was renamed **Tropical Storm Douglas**. By the next day, Tropical Storm Douglas became a hurricane. Later, on August 1, Hurricane Douglas reached its highest wind, which were at 130 mph. Douglas started getting weaker because of cooler waters. On August 5, Hurricane Douglas died.

Retirement
----------

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
The name "Cesar" was retired and the name "Douglas" was not retired. In 2002 and 2008 the name Cristobal was used instead, it was not retired. For the Pacific, the name "Douglas" used in 2002 and 2008, it still wasn't retired.
Angel Haze

**Raykeea Angel Wilson** (born July 10, 1992), better known by their stage name **Angel Haze**, is an American rapper. BBC put them at number three in their Sound of 2013 list.
They released the first single from their album, "Echelon (It's My Way)" on August 28, 2013.
They released their first mixtape on November 27, 2009. Since then they have released five more mixtapes.
Haze performed at 2013's Reading Festival and Leeds Festival.
On October 22, 2013 Haze released a remix they made of "Same Love" by Macklemore.

Haze's first album *Dirty Gold* was released on December 30, 2013.

Career
------

Their first album *Dirty Gold* was going to be released in January 2014. It was produced by six different people, including Mike Dean, Greg Kurstin and Malay. In an interview with NME they said, "My new album's most definitely not hip-hop." On December 18, 2013 the album was leaked. It was released on December 30, 2013. On March 17, 2014 "Battle Cry" will be released.

Haze was born in Detroit, Michigan. They have one older brother, three little brothers, and one little sister. They are African and Native American. They identify as agender and pansexual. They have released two songs insulting Azealia Banks, "On the Edge" and "Shut the Fuck Up". They prefers the they/them pronouns.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
The lake from space
**Lake Constace** or **Lake of Constance** (German: *Bodensee*) is a large Lake on the river Rhine. It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called *Obersee* and *Untersee* (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about 564 km2 (218 sq mi) of total area. 

There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the *Obersee*. Reichenau is in the *Untersee*. The Obersee is about 63 km (39 mi) long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen. It is about 14 km (9 mi) wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is 254 m (833 ft) deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance). 

The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.

Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.

In 1963, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

* German towns:
	+ Konstanz
	+ Radolfzell
	+ Meersburg
	+ Überlingen
	+ Friedrichshafen
	+ Lindau

* Swiss towns:
	+ Stein am Rhein
	+ Kreuzlingen
	+ Rorschach
	+ Romanshorn
	+ Arbon

* Austrian towns:
	+ Bregenz


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lake Constance***.
Captain **Patrick DeLacy** (November 25, 1835 – April 27, 1915) was an American soldier. He fought in the American Civil War. DeLacy received the Medal of Honor. It is the United States highest award for bravery in combat. He got the medal for his action during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia on 6 May 1864. He was given the award on 24 April 1894.

Biography
---------

DeLacy was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 25 November 1835. He enlisted into the 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry. He was promoted from private to sergeant major to lieutenant before he got out of the army in June, 1865. He was promoted to the rank of Captain after he died and after the war on June 8, 1987. This was due to the work of Elizabeth Hicks Jaquinot. He died on 27 April 1915 and his remains are interred at Saint Catherine's Cemetery in Moscow, Pennsylvania. He got his Medal of Honor on 6 May 1864 when he shot a Confederate color bearer and took the flag of the 1st South Carolina Infantry regiment.

Medal of Honor citation
-----------------------

> Running ahead of the line, under a concentrated fire, he shot the color bearer of a Confederate regiment on the works, thus contributing to the success of the attack.
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

Other websites
--------------

* Patrick DeLacy The Last Union Captain
the walled city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa)
Map of the *Republic of Ragusa*

**Dubrovnik** is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called "**Ragusa**". The Italian name of the city is still "Ragusa"; this sometimes leads to confusion because there is also a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
-------

The old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the *Republic of Ragusa*. This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.

Ragusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not to be controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Slavs (Croats and Serbs). Ragusa officially changed its name to "Dubrovnik" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.

Today Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.

Dubrovnik has been used as a filming location for Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi, where it was used as the city Canto Bight, on the planet Cantonica.

Related pages
-------------

* Venice and Dalmatia
* Dalmatian Italians
* List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
* Croatia

Other websites
--------------

* Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
* Flags of Ragusa
* Storia e monetazione di Ragusa, oggi Dubrovnik (in Italian)
* *Dalmatia and Montenegro* by John Gardner Wilkinson, on Google Books

Further reading
---------------

* Harris, Robin. *Dubrovnik, A History*. London: Saqi Books, 2003. ISBN 0-86356-332-5
* Scotti, Giacomo. *Ragusa, la quinta repubblica marinara*. LINT Editoriale, Trieste, ISBN 88-8190-231-1
The **Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge** or **Southern Pacific Railroad Bridge** is a historic railroad bridge in Torrance, California USA. It spans across Torrance Boulevard at Bow Street, a short distance west of Western Avenue. It was once part of the north/south Torrance to San Pedro spur line of the Pacific Electric Railway. The line was the railroad's first interurban line to San Pedro. After splitting off to the east from the Union Tool Company plant which was once a short distance south of the bridge, the line ended at a Columbia Steel steel mill (later United States Steel) by running up and over the east/west Torrance local line. It is the only part of the PE which crossed itself this way. This was due to the area's geography. If the railroad simply built a spur off of the main line, it would have meant that trains trying to get to the steel mill would have faced too steep a climb. The steel mill has since been torn down to make way for the national headquarters of American Honda Motor Company, but the remaining part of the Torrance line - which once had two separate tracks - was rebuilt in 2003 and is still in use for local train runs by the Union Pacific Railroad. Gone too are the Pacific Electric's Torrance shops at the western branch of the split, now the site of an industrial park and which still receives trains on the local line.

The bridge was designed by Irving Gill and was built in 1913 as part of the original layout of the city as drawn up by Jared Sidney Torrance and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.. It became the city's second entry in the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1989 after Torrance High School. It is also listed with the California Office of Historic Preservation.

Though tracks and track parts remain on the bridge, it is no longer in use nor has it been for quite some time. There is no chance of the bridge ever being used to carry trains again, since the right-of-way at either end has been changed and the tracks removed. Even so, the Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge has become a symbol of the city as part of the Torrance Police Department's logo as of January 1, 2000, only the third such change in the department's history.

Other websites
--------------

* Map and satellite view of the bridge at Archiplanet.org Archived 2008-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Modern photos of the bridge including the tracks at Reprise.com Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
This is the Emblem of India of India.
The Indian Emblem of India is the symbol of the Republic of India, formally called 'National emblem'. It has four lions. The idea for this coat of arms was taken from the Sarnath Lion Capital that was built by Indian emperor Ashoka. It's a pillar in the city of Sarnath. Ashoka built it around 250 BC using a single piece of polished sandstone. The symbol is invariably used on all types of currency notes, passports and coins of India. In the two dimensional view of this symbol, one can see 3 heads (the fourth being hidden from view). It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic.

The lions represent royalty and pride. It also represents the currency. 

The wheel beneath the lions is called the Ashoka Chakra or Dharmachakra comes from Buddhism, representing Truth and Honesty. The horse and the bull probably stand for the Strength (Mental) of the people of India. There are four Ashoka Chakras in total around the emblem and two horses and bulls each.

The verse written below, Satyamev Jayate is a very popular and revered saying in the ancient language Sanskrit. It can be divided phonetically into three words - Satyam, which means truth, Ev or aev, that is, only and Jayate which means wins or won. The whole verse can be translated as, 'Only (the one who speaks) the truth will win or wins.' This verse describes the power of honesty and truth in society and religion. You can lie to your friends, family, but you cannot lie to God and yourself. Your conscience will forever be stained.

The verse can also be translated as 'The truth alone triumphs'. Meaning that even after all the lies and deceptions with which we have been fooled, the truth will finally emerge victorious.
**Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston** (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the wife of the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and the 27th First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.

Early life
----------

She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her birth name was **Frances Clara Folsom**. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.

Marriage and family
-------------------

In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.

Personal life
-------------

In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.

The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr. a professor of archeology.

Death
-----

Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.
She died at age 83 in New Jersey. 

| * v
* t
* e
First Ladies of the United States |
| --- |
| M. Washington **·**  A. Adams **·**  M. Jefferson Randolph **·**  D. Madison **·**  E. Monroe **·**  L. Adams **·**  E. Donelson **·**  S. Jackson **·**  A. Van Buren **·**  A. Harrison **·**  J. Harrison **·**  L. Tyler **·**  P. Tyler **·**  J. Tyler **·**  S. Polk **·**  M. Taylor **·**  A. Fillmore **·**  J. Pierce **·**  H. Lane **·**  M. Lincoln **·**  E. Johnson **·**  J. Grant **·**  L. Hayes **·**  L. Garfield **·**  M. McElroy **·**  R. Cleveland **·**  F. Cleveland **·**  C. Harrison **·**  M. McKee **·**  F. Cleveland **·**  I. McKinley **·**  Edith Roosevelt **·**  H. Taft **·**  Ellen Wilson **·**  Edith Wilson **·**  F. Harding **·**  G. Coolidge **·**  L. Hoover **·**  E. Roosevelt **·**  B. Truman **·**  M. Eisenhower **·**  J. Kennedy **·**  C. Johnson **·**  P. Nixon **·**  B. Ford **·**  R. Carter **·**  N. Reagan **·**  B. Bush **·**  H. Clinton **·**  L. Bush **·**  M. Obama **·**  M. Trump **·**  J. Biden |  |
U **Nu** (Burmese: ဦးနု; pronounced: [ʔú nṵ]; 25 May 1907 – 14 February 1995) was the first Prime Minister of Burma. He served from 4 January 1948 to 12 June 1956, again from 28 February 1957 to 28 October 1958, and finally from 4 April 1960 to 2 March 1962.

Burma gained independence from Britain on 4 January 1948. Nu became the first prime minister of the new country. He quit being prime minister in 1956. He again served as prime minister between Ba Swe and Ne Win.

Nu was one of the leaders of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) from 1942 to 1963. The AFPFL had two groups of power. Nu's group won the 1960 election. He then became prime minister. On 2 March 1962 General Ne Win took control of the government. Nu was then kept in an army camp. Nu continued to claim he was the legal prime minister. In 1988 he tried to form his own government with Win Maung as president.

Nu wrote an autobiography called *Ta-Tei Sanei Tha* (*Naughty Saturday-born*). It was published in India by Irrawaddy Publishing (U Maw Thiri) in 1975. He wrote several other books including *The People Win Through* (1951), *Burma under the Japanese* (1954), *An Asian Speaks* (1955), and *Burma Looks Ahead* (1951).

Religion
--------

U Nu was a popular spiritual leader of his country. During the 1960 election he promised to make Buddhism the official state religion. On 29 August 1961, Parliament passed a law making Buddhism the state religion. Ne Win removed the law in 1962.
View of the city centre

**Karlovy Vary** (German: *Karlsbad*) is a city in the Czech Republic. As of 2015, about 50,000 people were living there. It is located in the west of the historical region of Bohemia. It is popular for its spa.

The city was in Austria-Hungary, and the people who lived there were mainly German-speaking. Bohemia was transferred to the new state of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The existence of such German-speaking peoples outside of Germany was used by Hitler as a reason to invade the Sudetenland (the German-speaking part of Bohemia and Moravia), which Germany did in 1938. This was a result of the Munich Agreement. This event was a prelude to World War II.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Karlovy Vary***.

* Karlovy Vary webpage

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The Edwin Smith Papyrus
Phineas Gage carrying the rod that caused his TBI
**Brain damage** is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.

Physical damage to the brain is called **traumatic brain injury** (TBI). It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.

History
-------

Head injuries and their effects were known in ancient times.

Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability. Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.

APhineas Gage's accident
Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage. He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.

He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage. However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage". This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality. Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.

In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew. A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research, such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury. The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure. Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival. That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.

Other websites
--------------

* Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
* Dr.Diane.com Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
* Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
* Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily
**Chodov** (Czech pronunciation: [ˈxodof]; German: *Chodau*) is a town in Sokolov District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 13,000 people.

History
-------

Chodov was originally a Slavic settlement. Its name comes from an old Slavic term "choda", which means a road. The Slavic colonisation was not successful and in the Middle Ages this part of Bohemia was colonised by Germans. In the 12th–13th century Chodov belongs to the monastery in Waldsassen and in the 14th–17th century is ruled locally from Loket. In 1894 Chodov is declared a town and gets the right to use its own coat of arms.

From 1938 to 1945 it was one of the municipalities in Sudetenland. Until the end of World War II the town was inhabited practically only by Germans, who were exiled from Czechoslovakia after the war. In the '60s a big chemical factory was built 4 km from Chodov in Vřesová and then new districts were built for the Czech and Slovak workers who moved here.

Demography
----------

Historical population| 

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 2,472 | —     |
| 1880 | 3,389 | +37.1% |
| 1890 | 5,204 | +53.6% |
| 1900 | 7,104 | +36.5% |
| 1910 | 7,470 | +5.2% |
| 1921 | 7,035 | −5.8% |
| 1930 | 7,849 | +11.6% |
| 1950 | 3,786 | −51.8% |

 | 

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | 4,551 | +20.2% |
| 1970 | 11,798 | +159.2% |
| 1980 | 14,704 | +24.6% |
| 1991 | 14,929 | +1.5% |
| 2001 | 14,687 | −1.6% |
| 2011 | 13,748 | −6.4% |
| 2021 | 13,089 | −4.8% |

 |
| Source: Historical lexicon of municipalities of the Czech Republic |

Sights
------

Protestant church in Chodov
The most significant is Church of St. Lawrence, built by the constructor Brauenbock according to the plans of the architect Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer. On the main shrine there is a painting by the famous Czech-German artist Peter Johann Brandl. In front of the church we find a 17th-century statue of St. Sebastian and on the main square a statue of the Virgin Mary (1675). The other church in the town belongs to the Protestants, Czech Brethren. Close to the gate of the Protestant church there is a monument to war victims. It was re-erected in 1998 exactly 100 years after its first erection.

Notable people
--------------

* Willi Huttig (1909–2001), German photographer and alpinist

Twin towns – sister cities
--------------------------

Chodov is twinned with:

* Germany Oelsnitz, Germany
* Germany Waldsassen, Germany

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chodov (Sokolov District)***.

* Official website

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Czech Republic

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**Palacký University Olomouc** is the oldest university in Moravia and the second-oldest in the Czech Republic. It started in 1573 as a public university led by the Jesuit order in Olomouc. Olomouc then was the capital of Moravia and the seat of the bishop. At first it taught only theology, but then philosophy, law and medicine were added.

After the Bohemian King Joseph II's reforms to the church in the 1770s it became a public university. University students and professors were active in the Revolution of 1848 on the side of democratisation. Then the conservative king Francis Joseph I closed most of the university during the 1850s. Only the independent Faculty of Theology and the independent University Library stayed open. After the German invasion in 1939, all the Czech Universities were closed. It was reopened by an act of the Interim National Assembly in February 1946. This act also changed the name from *University of Olomouc* to *Palacký University Olomouc*, after František Palacký, a 19th-century Moravian historian and politician.

The city of Olomouc has more university students for its size than anywhere else in Central Europe. There are about 25,000 university students (including those at Moravian College Olomouc), compared to a population of 100,000 inhabitants. Notable people from the university include Albrecht von Wallenstein and Gregor Mendel.
The Nantwich Workhouse
Mealtime at the St Pancras workhouse
The **workhouse** was a place which offered housing and work to people who did not have any. They began in England and Wales during the 17th century. The first use of the word *workhouse* was in a report by the mayor of Abingdon in 1631 on the building of a workhouse in the town.

The beginnings of the workhouse go back to the Poor Law Act of 1388. This was designed to help solve a shortage of workers after the Black Death. It made it difficult for them to move about the country, and stopped them from looking for higher paid work somewhere else. This led to the state being responsible for the welfare of the poor. After the Napoleonic Wars there was a lot of unemployment. There was also unemployment caused by machines taking over work from farm workers. In the 1830s' there was also a series of bad harvests. These things put too much pressure on the existing ways of looking after poor people. 

New laws were passed, the New Poor Law of 1834, to try to deal with the problem. People would only be given help if they went into the workhouse to live. Some places hoped to make a profit from the workhouse by using the free labor of the people. Most did not have skills to get normal jobs, so workhouse jobs included breaking rocks into small stones, breaking bones to make fertilizer, or pulling apart old rope to reuse the fibre. This old rope, known as oakum, was used to pack joints in ship building to keep them watertight. A metal spike was used to unpick the rope,, and the nickname for the workhouse was **the spike**.

Life in a workhouse was not meant to be easy. It was made hard so only the very poor with no hope of finding work would go there for help. Workhouse inmates had no rights in the workhouse and were subjected to strict rules and harsh punishments. However the workhouse did provide free medical care and education for the children. This sort of help was not available to poor people outside the workhouse system. **Charles Dickens** book Oliver Twist famously includes a chapter set in a workhouse. The reform increased non-violent property crimes, mostly poaching, by 17% This was worst when there was no work in farming.

Towards the end of the 1800s, the workhouses became filled with the old and sick, rather than unemployed poor people. In 1929 the laws were changed and the workhouses became hospitals. Some workhouses were renamed Public Assistance Institutions. These finally disappeared when the National Assistance act of 1948 was passed.
**Constantine II** (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Βʹ, *Konstantínos II*; 2 June 1940 – 10 January 2023) reigned as the King of Greece, from 1964 until the end of the monarchy of Greece in 1973. George I of Greece and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh were his relatives.

Early life
----------

Constantine was the only son of King Paul and Queen Frederica of Greece. His family was forced to leave the country during the Second World War. For this reason, he spent the first years of his childhood in Egypt and South Africa. 

He returned to Greece with his family in 1946 during the Greek Civil War. King George II died in 1947. Constantine's father Paul became the new king. With this, Constantine became the crown prince.

Reign
-----

Constantine became king in 1964 after the death of his father, King Paul. Later that year he married Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark. They had five children. 

King Constantine II
At first, the new king was seen as a good sign. There was a lot of political instability during his reign, however. This instability led to the Colonels' Coup of 21 April 1967, when the Greek junta came to power. Constantine was still the head of state. There were no military forces which were loyal to him. For this reason, he was not able to do much. He agreed to inaugurate the junta, if most of the ministers were civilians. There was a coup against the junta, but it failed. 

For this reason, Constantine was forced to leave the country, on 3 December 1967. Formally, he was still the head of state in exile until the junta abolished the monarchy on 1 June 1973. The 1973 Greek republic referendum ratified the abolition. 

There were fears that people had been put under pressure, to vote for a republic. For this reason, some people did not accept the result of the referendum, as valid. A new referendum was held after democracy had been restored in 1974. 

This second referendum was held after the fall of the junta as the 1974 Greek republic referendum on 8 December 1974. The result was the same, though: the monarchy should be abolished, and the Third Hellenic Republic should be started. Constantine was not allowed to return to Greece to campaign. Nevertheless, he accepted the results of the referendum.

Olympic career
--------------

Constantine was also a good sailor. He competed at the 1960 Rome Olympics and won a gold medal in the Dragon class. Later he served on the International Olympic Committee. 

Along with his fellow crew members of the *Nireus* sailing vessel, he was named one of the 1960 Greek Athletes of the Year. When he won the medal, in 1960, he was twenty years old. This was the first medal in sailing for Greece, since the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Death
-----

Funeral
When he aged, his health got worse. On 10 January 2023, he died of a stroke, in Athens.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the Greek Royal Family
**ProSci** is an American biotechnology company with offices located in Poway, California.

The Poway site focuses on manufacturing antibodies for use in research studies leading to diagnostics and therapy development. They specialize in producing a range of antibodies using polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant production techniques. ProSci has been a pioneer in the development of commercially available single domain antibodies (VHH – variable heavy chain) derived from camelid species, including llamas and alpacas.

History
-------

ProSci Incorporated was co-founded in 1998 by Yu Geng, M.D. with the mission to develop neutralizing antibodies against emergent viruses. Their innovative approach using genetically engineered yeast strains and glycoproteins to mimic the HIV-1 glycan coat led to the development of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 glycans. 

Early in 2020, ProSci was one of only a handful of companies that had antibodies available that recognized key proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their reagents led to key discoveries on the mechanism of entry as well as neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.  

Today, ProSci continues to offer tens of thousands of antibodies and custom antibody services to help researchers advance discoveries in the life sciences.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Spahn Ranch**, also known as the **Spahn Movie Ranch**, was a large movie ranch in Los Angeles County, California. It was used for filming mostly old Western movies and television programs. With its mountains and western scenery, the ranch was ideal for cowboy and Indian type shows. Some of the well known TV shows which were made at Spahn were episodes of Bonanza, The Lone Ranger, and Zorro.

The ranch is no longer in use. The entrance was at 12000 Santa Susana Pass Road but the street number has changed. The ranch was very popular due to its being a home for Charles Manson and his followers. They lived there during 1968 and 1969. It was owned and named after a dairy farmer named George Spahn.

Charles Manson
--------------

George Spahn, an old man who lived and owned the ranch decided to allow Charles Manson and his 'family' to move in, rent-free, in exchange for helping out on the ranch. Manson and his family did daily chores and helped run the horse rental business, which had become Spahn's main source of income. One of the Manson girls, Lynette Fromme, would take care of George Spahn, who was half blind, needed and appreciated the assistance. George Spahn was never accused of any involvement in the crimes for which members of the Family were later convicted, the most infamous being the Tate-LaBianca murders committed on August 9th and 10th, 1969. In the months after, a documentary film creator named Robert Hendrickson began filming the Manson Family at the ranch for his documentary film *Manson*.  There he filmed George Spahn, Lynette Fromme, Nancy Pittman, Catherine Share, Sandra Good, Paul Watkins and many others. It is the place where the 'family' lived while committing the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders in Los Angeles. A wildfire destroyed all of the Spahn Movie Ranch film set and building on September 26, 1970. The owner, George Spahn died on September 22, 1974.

Currently
---------

The Spahn Movie Ranch site is empty, abandoned and now part of California's Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park with the historic section along Old Santa Susana Stage Road, on the park's northern side. Many hiking trails give access to the natural beauty and the panoramic views of the San Fernando Valley. Today, the only physical remains of what was once the Manson residence is known as the Manson Family Cave, so called from a popular photo which has circulated over the years which still is intact and exactly how it appeared back then.

Other websites
--------------

* California State Parks: official Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park website
* LAMountains.com: Santa Susana Pass Park website Archived 2010-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* {This list is highly inaccurate: no movies were filmed at Spahn after 9-25-70.} endings=on&&locations=Spahn+Ranch,+Chatsworth,+Los+Angeles,+California,+USA IMDB: List of films shot at Spahn Movie Ranch Archived 2009-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Spahn Ranch History
**Mehdi Mousavi**, also **Mehdi Moosavi**, (Farsi: مهدی موسوی)(born 1974, 1975, or 1976) is an Iranian poet. He is known for poems on social issues. Mousavi was arrested in 2013, along with poet Fatemeh Ekhtesari. Mousavi was sentenced to nine years in prison plus 99 lashes. A group of poets signed a petition asking for his release. Mousavi escaped from Iran in January 2016.

Arrest
------

On December 6, 2013, Fatemeh Ekhtesari and Mehdi Moosavi had planned to travel to Turkey for a literary workshop, but they were stopped at the airport. They were told they were under a travel ban, and their passports were confiscated. A few hours later they disappeared and did not appear again until December 24, 2014, when it was known they were in Section 2A of Evin Prison. Torture and other abuse of prisoners is common in the prison, which is controlled by the Intelligence Division of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps. On January 14, 2014, Ekhtesari and Mousavi were released on bail. Their lawyer said Moosavi was sentenced to six years in prison for "insulting the holy sanctities", three years for "storing tear gas", and 99 lashes for "illicit relations". The amount of the bail was 200 million tomans, or about 60,000 USD.

Work
----

Mehdi Mousavi is known for his collections of poetry, and as a leader in the "Postmodern Ghazal" movement, a radical poetry movement that challenges religious traditions. Many of his works were banned in Iran and distributed underground. The authorities refused publication of two of his collections, "Suddenly" and "Beeping for the Sheep". Some of Mousavi's lyrics have been performed by Shahin Najafi, an Iranian singer in exile. 

Published works include:

* The Angels Have Committed Suicide (2002)
* I Only Publish These for You (2005)
* The Little Bird Was Neither a Bird nor Little (2010)

Other websites
--------------

* Four Poems by Mehdi Mousavi Archived 2017-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
Berkeley County
**Berkeley County** is a county in West Virginia. It is the 2nd most populated county in West Virginia with the 2020 census reporting that 122,076 people lived in Berkeley County. The county seat is Martinsburg, West Virginia.

History
-------

Berkeley County was formed from Frederick County, Virginia in 1772 and named for Lord Norborne Berkeley. For most of Berkeley County's history, Martinsburg has been its largest city. The arrival of the B&O Railroad in the 1840s gave Martinsburg and Berkeley County a significant economic boost. As the American Civil War was being fought, much of Berkeley county was ransacked and fought over. The first major battle in the area occurred on July 2, 1861, when the American General Robert Patterson crossed the Potomac River at Williamsport and defeated the Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. In the October of 1862, the Martinsburg B&O Railroad complex and Roundhouses were burned. After November 1863, Berkeley County became a part of West Virginia. Since then, Berkley County has experienced huge growth due to being close to the US capital, Washington, D.C.

Climate
-------

Berkeley County is located in a Humid subtropical climate. It has varying temperatures with an average high of 86 degrees in July, and a low of 22 degrees in January. Berkeley County receives rainfall all year, with summers being wetter that winter. It receives 26 inches of snow a year on average. Berkeley County also receives 39 inches of rain per year.
Kosovo from 1946 to 1992 (Source: CIA)
The **2008 Kosovo declaration of independence** was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.

The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law.

United Nations
--------------

Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome."

ICJ ruling
----------

On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world."
The **continuum hypothesis** is a hypothesis on continuum that there is no set that is both bigger than that of the natural numbers and smaller than that of the real numbers. Georg Cantor stated this hypothesis in 1877.

There are infinitely many natural numbers, the cardinality of the set of natural numbers is infinite. This is also true for the set of real numbers, but there are more real numbers than natural numbers. We say that the natural numbers have infinite cardinality and the real numbers have infinite cardinality, but the cardinality of the real numbers is greater than the cardinality of the natural numbers.

This hypothesis is the first problem on the list of 23 problems David Hilbert published in 1900. Kurt Gödel showed in 1939, that the hypothesis cannot be falsified using Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. The Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is the set theory commonly used in mathematics. Paul Cohen showed in the 1960s that the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory cannot be used to prove the continuum hypothesis, either. For this, Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal.
**Rakesh Sharma** (born 13 January 1949) is a retired Squadron Leader in the Indian Air Force. He was the first Indian and 138th person to travel in space. 

Sharma retired from the Air force as Wing Commander. He spent eight days in Salyut 7 Space station in April 1984. He was given the Hero of Soviet Union by the Soviet Government and the Ashok Chakra by the Indian Government.

Career
------

Sharma joined as a test pilot in the Indian Air Force in 196

0. He flew various aircrafts, for example Mikoyan-Gurevich (MIG) aircraft in 1971. He was selected on 20 September in 1982 to become a cosmonaut and go into space as part of a joint program between the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Soviet Intercosmos space program.

In 1984, he became the first Indian to fly to space, when he flew aboard the Soyuz T-11. It took off from Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2 April 1984. The Soyuz T-11 reached the Salyut 7 space station, with the ship's commander, Yury Malyshev, and flight engineer, Gennadi Strekalov. Sharma spent 7 days, 21 hours and 40 minutes in the Salyut 7. The crew held a television news conference with officials in Moscow and then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. When Gandhi asked Sharma how India looked from outer space, he replied, "*Sare Jahan Se Accha*" (the best in the world). This is the title of a patriotic poem by Muhammad Iqbal against the British Raj. India became the 14th nation to send a man to outer space.

Related pages
-------------

* Kalpana Chawla
* Sunita Williams
* Yuri Gagarin

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rakesh Sharma***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Soyuz T-11***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Soyuz T-10***.

* Spacefacts biography of Rakesh Sharma
**Blaze Starr** (born **Fannie Belle Fleming**; 10 April 1932 – 15 June 2015) was an American stripper and burlesque star. In the 1950s, she became well known in the United States. Besides her burlesque dancing, her affair with Governor Earl Long of the state of Louisiana got her more popularity.

Early life
----------

Starr was born in rural Wayne County, West Virginia. She lived in Washington, D.C. and in Baltimore, Maryland during her youth.

Affair with the Governor
------------------------

When Blaze Starr first met Governor Long in 1958, her first feeling was fear. She was afraid she was going to jail when the Governor of Louisiana walked in with the police during a dance. When the Governor and the police gave Blaze a standing ovation, she was dumbfounded. Blaze had never known a politician who went to a show bar for any reason other than to cause the dancers trouble. After her show, the Governor asked for her to come to his table. They became friends.

Their relationship quickly grew into a love affair. Soon coworkers, reporters, and voters all knew of the affair. Mrs. Blanche Long, the Governor's wife, told hospital people that Earl was crazy and had him put away. She thought this would make Earl end the affair with Blaze. The affair continued until the day Earl died in 1960.

Her life was exciting and full of adventures. In the 1950s, stripping was more of an art form. It was not just women taking off their clothes to get men into bed. Blaze was close to her family. Blaze met her perfect match when she met Earl. He accepted her life style and she accepted his. They fulfilled each other's needs for companionship, compassion, and love.

Death
-----

Starr died on June 15, 2015 at her home in Wilsondale, West Virginia. She was 83 years old. She had been worried about the health of her dog, whom she adopted as a stray. Her sister, Cathy Fleming, believed this stress, along with a "severe heart condition", killed her. Her dog died hours later.

Other websites
--------------

* Blaze Star Gems Archived 2013-05-18 at the Wayback Machine (official site)
* Blaze Starr on IMDb

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