recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Both sets of fans at an **Old Firm** match at Celtic Park.
The **Old Firm** is the name given to the relationship between two football teams in Scotland, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.

Head to head record
-------------------

| Competition | Played | Rangers | Draw | Celtic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scottish League | 288 | 112 | 82 | 94 |
| Scottish Cup | 46 | 16 | 8 | 22 |
| League Cup | 45 | 23 | 2 | 20 |
| Totals | 379 | 151 | 92 | 136 |

1888-1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF. Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine

History
-------

An Old Firm clash in 2008
The Old Firm have a lot of history, possibly dating back to around 1888, Celtic's first match, which was against Rangers, when a newspaper report stated that both sets of players "got on so well that you would believe that they were old firm friends." However, William J. Murray states that the term comes from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry, which were viewed with distaste in some parts in the early days of the game

The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 63 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships (as of 2007). The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and are regularly drawn against each other in the two Scottish cup competitions.

The clubs' have large support bases around Glasgow, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.

The two clubs' fan bases have historically been divided on religious lines. Celtic are supported by Catholics, while Rangers are supported by Protestants.

Players
-------

There have been many high profile players to play for both sides of the Old Firm. The most recent players to do so are Kenny Miller, Maurice Johnston, Steven Pressley, Mark Brown and Barry Robson. Kenny Miller is the first player in the modern era to cross the Old Firm divide twice, having played for Rangers then Celtic, then moving back to Rangers.
**Pretty Good Privacy** (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the **OpenPGP** standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

OpenPGP
-------

OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 4880 (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to RFC 2440, which is RFC 4880, has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide *OpenPGP-compliant* email security as described in RFC 3156.

The Free Software Foundation has developed its own *OpenPGP-compliant* program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed *OpenPGP-compliant* software.

Related pages
-------------

* FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
* PuTTY - SSH encryption

Further reading
---------------

* Garfinkel, Simson (1991-12-01). *PGP: Pretty Good Privacy*. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 1-56592-098-8.
* Zimmerman, Phil (June 1991). "Why I Wrote PGP" (1999 ed.). Retrieved 2008-03-03.

Other websites
--------------

### OpenPGP implementations

* PGP Corporation Archived 2004-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
* GNU Privacy Guard
* cGeep Pro
* OpenPGP::SDK Archived 2012-12-25 at Archive.today
* Authora Inc.
* McAfee Inc.
* Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
* EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
* Veridis Archived 2004-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Legion of The Bouncy Castle
* BSD Privacy Guard
* Prime Factors Inc. Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine

### Support

* PGP Corporation Support Forum Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
* Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
* MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
* List of public keyservers
* IETF OpenPGP working group
* OpenPGP Alliance
The **Benois de la Danse** is one of the most prestigious ballet competitions. It was started by the International Dance Association in Moscow in 1991. It takes place each year on or around April 29 and is jury-based in its judging. The members of this jury change every year and have only top ballet personages.

Statuettes are given to the winners in the categories of lifelong achievement, ballerina, danseur, choreographer, composer and designer.

History
-------

The idea for the Benois de la Danse was started in Moscow. The founders got support of UNESCO in the autumn of 1992. Its scheduling at the end of April is to match with the birthday of Alexandre Benois (1870–1960).

French sculptor Igor Ustinov designed the statuette of the Benois de la Danse award in 1992. He is the son of the famous actor Peter Ustinov, a great-nephew of Alexandre Benois.

Goals of competition
--------------------

* To give the Benois audience the best performances of the works that have been entered, regardless of whom they were made by.
* To bring the best representatives of different dance styles and schools together.
* To support veterans of ballet financially, with funds from the gala concerts
Mucus cells.
**Mucus** (mucous), or slime, is a slippery liquid. It is made by many living things as a kind of biological lubricant. It plays the role in living things which oil plays in machines. 

Mucus is mainly composed of polysaccharides, which are long-chain carbohydrates. These molecules are stiff when dry, and sticky and slippery when wet. They are present in all types of organisms from bacteria to humans. 

In vertebrates mucus is made by mucous membranes. Mucus may have antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozymes) and immunoglobulins (antigens). A major function of this mucus is to protect against infection by fungi, bacteria and viruses. 

Mucus protects epithelial cells in the lungs, gut, genital, visual, and auditory systems in mammals; the epidermis in amphibians; and the gills in fish. Snails, slugs, hagfish, and certain invertebrates also produce external mucus. As well as a protective function, slime helps movement and plays a role in communication. 

Mucus is produced in many parts of the body. All the alimentary canal, nose, and sexual organs have mucus glands which pass the mucus to the surfaces. The surfaces are mostly internal surfaces, though in some animals mucus covers the outside of the animal. Slugs are an example of this. Mucus glands are exocrine glands, so they pass their mucus to the surface along ducts.

Alkaline mucus
--------------

In the human digestive system, mucus is used as a lubricant for materials that must pass over membranes, such as food passing down the oesophagus. 

A layer of mucus along the inner walls of the stomach is vital to protect the cell linings from the highly acidic environment inside the stomach. Mucus is not digested in the intestinal tract. 

Alkaline mucus is also found in other places, such as eyes, saliva and cervix.
**Richard Wilhelm** (10 May 1873 – 2 March 1930) was a German sinologist, theologian and missionary.

Life
----

He lived in China for 25 years, he became fluent in spoken and written Chinese, and grew to love and admire the Chinese people. He is best known for his translations of philosophical works from Chinese into German, which have been translated into other major languages of the world, including English. His translation of the *I Ching* is still known as one of the finest. Also known for his translation of *The Secret of the Golden Flower.* Carl Jung, was a personal friend of Wilhelm.

> "Wilhelm was a truly religious spirit, with an unclouded and far-sighted view of things. He had the gift of being able to listen without bias to the revelations of a foreign mentality, and to accomplish that miracle of empathy which enabled him to make the intellectual treasures of China accessible to Europe...he could not help recognizing the logic and clarity of Chinese thought... it had overwhelmed him and assimilated him.
> 
> — C.G. Jung"

Lau Nui Suan introduced Wilhelm to Chinese yoga philosophy and the psychology of the *I Ching*.

Family and friends
------------------

His son Hellmut Wilhelm was also a sinologist, and was professor of Chinese at the University of Washington. Wilhelm was a close friend of the renowned Chinese educator and diplomat Dr. Li Linsi.

Richard Wilhelm Translation Centre
----------------------------------

The Richard Wilhelm Translation Centre at Ruhr-Universität Bochum was founded in 1993 by Helmut Martin.
**Richards Town** is in the North Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is in the Pulakeshinagar constituency. It is a suburban area which was developed during the British rule in India. The town is planned in the European Town Planning way. It has broad roads for horse carriages.

Location
--------

Richards Town is in the North Bengaluru. The nearest post office of Richards Town is the Frazer Town Post Office. The pin code of the area is 560005. The police station is the Pulakeshinagar Police Station. The nearest airport, Kempegowda International Airport is 17.84 kilometres away from Richards Town. The nearest railway station to Richards Town is the Bangalore East Railways Station, which is located within the town. The closest Bus Depot to Richards Town is the Kalyan nagar Bus Depot, which is 4.8 kilometres away. 

The Vidhan Sabha constituency is the Pulakeshinagar constituency. The member of the Vidhana Sabha is Akhanda Srinivasamurthy, from the Indian National Congress. It is part of the Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency. The member of the Lok Sabha is D.V.Sadananda Gowda, from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Richards Park
-------------

One of the main attractions in Richards Town is the Richards Park. It was developed with the town during the British Period. It is more than a hundred years old. Richards Park is frequently visited by tourists as a part of walk-tours of Richards Town.

Holy Ghost Church
-----------------

Holy Ghost Church is a significiant landmark in Richards Town. The church opened on May 24th, 1953 by Archibishop A S Colas of Pondicherry. Holy Ghost Chruch was opened on Pentecost Sunday, the Feast of the Patron. There are weekly masses held at the church. This church has the largest parish in the Archdiocese in Bengaluru. The church holds services and sacraments in three languages: Kannada, Tamil and English.

Clarence High School
--------------------

Clarence High School is one of the schools in Richards Town. It was founded by the Redwood brothers, Alfred and Walter Redwood in 1914. It reached the 100 year milestone in the year 2014 and it was the fourth Anglo-Indian school to reach this milestone.
Mountain biking through woods 
**Mountain biking** is the sport of riding bicycles off-road. Often this is done over rough terrain. Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain.

Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories. These include cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping. However, the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of trail and cross country riding styles.

This individual sport requires the rider to have endurance, core strength and balance. The rider also needs bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders take on steep technical descents and high incline climbs. Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails. Using the bike's brakes must be done carefully on a mountain bike, especially when going downhill. In order to work on rough terrain, mountain bikes have several gears from which to choose. It is recommended to use safety gear such as helmet, gloves, elbow and knee pads to avoid injuries in rough terrain. Mountain biking should be done so as to enjoy the ride but not damage the environment.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* International Mountain Biking - Groups by State Archived 2016-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Off Road Use of Bicycles, Sierra Club Archived 2016-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
***Pacific Rim*** is a 2013 American science fiction monster movie. It was directed by Guillermo del Toro, and written by Toro and Travis Beacham. It was produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros.. It was released on July 12, 2013. Critics gave it good reviews. They liked its special effects and action scenes. It made more than $384 million worldwide.

Plot
----

In 2013, the Earth's cities are attacked by Kaiju, very large monsters who come from a portal on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. To battle them, the nations in the Pacific Rim build the Jaegars: very large robots piloted by two people whose brains are linked to the robots. This allows the pilots to control the robots using their mind, and the robots do the same actions that the pilots do. Although the Jaegars work well in killing the Kaiju, the attacks happen more often and are more powerful. By 2025, the governments of the Pacific Rim have ended the Jaegar project and build very large walls to protect humans from the Kaiju. Most of the film is set in this period, focusing on the war's later days.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Pacific Rim* on IMDb
Brienz Rothorn Bahn ascending Brienzer Rothorn in the Swiss Alps
Vall de Núria Rack Railway, Spain
A **mountain railway** is a railway that operates in a mountainous region. It may operate through the mountains by following mountain valleys and through tunnels beneath mountain passes, or it may climb a mountain to provide transport to and from the summit.

Mountain railways often use narrow gauge tracks to allow for tight curves in the track and reduce tunnel size and structure gauge, also lessening the cost of construction. Where mountain railways need to climb steep gradients, they may use steep grade railway technology, or even operate as funicular railways.

Some mountain railways have been named World Heritage Sites, such as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.

Related pages
-------------

* Funicular

Other websites
--------------

* Homepage of the Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn Archived 2022-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in English, German, French)
* Narrow gauge railways of Switzerland (in English and German)
* Map of central Peru Archived 2021-09-25 at the Wayback Machine Callao – Huancayo
* Map of south Peru/Bolivia Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Machu Picchu – Lake Titicaca – west coast Pacific Ocean
* Homepage of the Mount Washington Cog Railway (First ever mountain climbing cog railway)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Germany
* Japan

 |
The only skull of *Andrewsarchus*, on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
**Mesonychids**  were the first mammalian carnivores after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

These "wolves on hooves" are an extinct order of carnivorous mammals, closely related to artiodactyls.

Mesonychids first appeared in the early Palaeocene with the genus *Dissacus*. They went in decline at the end of the Eocene, and became extinct in the early Oligocene.

Overview
--------

At the start of the Palaeocene, there were (so far as we know) no large carnivores on land. The surviving mammals and birds evolved into many of the ecological niches previously occupied by dinosaurs and pterosaurs. This process is called adaptive radiation. The mesonychids were the first group to become larger carnivores.

They soon had competition. By the later Palaeocene there were several other groups of land carnivores. The giant flightless bird *Gastornis* appeared in the Upper Palaeocene, and the Creodonts had also evolved. The Creodonts became an important order, and would certainly have been serious competitors of the mesonychids.

Most important of all, the modern order Carnivora became significant in the Eocene. They were a sister group to the mesonychids, and started as small forms in the Palaeocene. Once they increased in size they would have been direct competitors of the mesonychids.

The broken-up Gondwana gave rise to southern continents which the early placental mammals could not get to. Africa and India eventually bumped into Eurasia, and South America sometimes had land connection to North America. All this lead to 'faunal interchange'. Australasia developed its own carnivores, which became extinct only in modern times.

Size and habits
---------------

Large size was common. The famous *Andrewsarchus* had a skull a metre long, which is much larger than that of the modern Kodiak bear.

Mesonychid teeth consisted of molars which were laterally compressed and often blunt and were probably used for shearing meat or crushing bones. Many species are suspected of being fish-eaters, and the largest species may have been scavengers.
The Meissner effect demonstrated by levitating a magnet above a cuprate (copper-based) superconductor, which is cooled by liquid nitrogen
The **Meissner effect** is when a magnetic field is pushed out of a superconductor when it becomes superconducting. If you were to put a superconductor in the field of a big magnet and you looked just inside the superconductor, you would see that the magnetic field was much smaller than it was outside. The deeper in you looked, the closer it would be to zero. This is one of the ways that superconductors are not the same as perfect conductors, which do let magnetic fields pass through them.

The effect was discovered by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld in 1933. They saw that because the magnetic field cannot go through the superconductor, the field right outside the superconductor becomes stronger.

One example of the Meissner effect is a magnet levitating above a superconducting plate cooled by liquid nitrogen. In order to stop the magnetic field from going into the superconductor, the superconductor acts like a magnet pointing the opposite direction. This repels the real magnet and stops it from coming any closer.
**Richard Semler "Dick" Barthelmess** (May 9, 1895 – August 17, 1963) was an Oscar-nominated American movie actor. He was nominated for the first Academy Award in the Best Actor category in 1928.

Movie career
------------

Barthelmess was born in New York City. He went to Hudson River Military Academy and Trinity College at Hartford, Connecticut. He worked in theaters during his school days doing "walk-ons". In college, he played in amateur productions. 

He made his first movie appearance in 1916 in a movie serial as an extra. At this time, he also appeared as a supporting player in several movies. Director D. W. Griffith saw him. He cast Barthelmess opposite Lillian Gish in *Broken Blossoms* (1919) and *Way Down East* (1920). 

He soon became one of Hollywood's highest paid actors. He was nominated for Best Actor at the first Academy Awards in 1928. He founded a production company, Inspiration Film Company. He starred in the company's *Tol'able David* (1921). This movie was a great success.

Barthelmess made several "talkies". He failed to hold on to the star status of his silent movie days. He joined the United States Navy Reserve during World War II. He was a lieutenant commander. He never went back to movies. He died of cancer in 1963. He was 68. He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum in Hartsdale, New York.

Personal
--------

Barthelmess married Mary Hay, a stage and movie star. They had one daughter Mary Barthelmess. In 1927, Barthelmess became engaged to Katherine Young Wilson, a Broadway actress. The engagement was called off, possibly due to his affair around this time with the journalist Adela Rogers St. Johns. In 1928, Barthelmess married Jessica Stewart Sargent.

Honors
------

Barthelmess was one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Barthelmess received the George Eastman Award Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine for distinguished contribution to movies.

Composer Katherine Allan Lively dedicated her piano piece, *Within the Walls of China: A Chinese Episode*, to Barthelmess. It was published in 1923 by G. Schirmer, Inc. An article in *The Music Trades* reported that Mrs. Lively was inspired by a seeing *Broken Blossoms*. She played the piece for Barthelmess and his friends in New York in the summer of 1922.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Richard Barthelmess***.

* Richard Barthelmess on IMDb
* Richard Barthelmess at AllMovie
* Richard Barthelmess at the Internet Broadway Database
* Photographs of Richard Barthelmess
* Richard Barthelmess at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Barthelmess, Richard |
| Alternative names | Barthelmess, Richard Semler |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | 1895-05-09 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | 1963-08-17 |
| Place of death | Southampton, New York, U.S. |
**Nord-Est** (*North East*) or **Nord-Est Moldova** is a development region in Romania.

Counties
--------

The Nord-Est region is made up of these counties:

| County | population 2011 |
| --- | --- |
| Bacău | 637,706 |
| Botoşani | 404,429 |
| Iaşi | 774,165 |
| Neamţ | 507,399 |
| Suceava | 654,870 |
| Vaslui | 393,340 |
| **Total** | **3,371,909** |

Economy
-------

The economy of Nord-Est region is mainly agricultural, especially towards the north, even though there are many industrial cities, especially Iaşi, Bacău and Suceava. The regional GDP per capita is the lowest in Romania, at about two-thirds of the national average. Botoşani and Vaslui are sometimes thought to be the poorest counties in Romania. However, Iaşi, the largest city in Nord-Est is one of the rich cities of the region. The region's richest counties are, in order, Iaşi, Bacău, Suceava, Neamţ, Vaslui and Botoşani.

Demographics
------------

In total, 3,371,909 people (2011 Census) live in Nord-Est. This makes it the region in the country with the most people. Its population density is 91.25/km².

As of 2002 the region has a big amount of Romanians, of 97.9%, with the second largest group being the Roma, who make up 1.2% of the population. Other groups, including Ukrainians, make up the rest of the population (0.9%).

Romanian is the most-spoken language. It is spoken as a first language by 98.7% of the people who live in the region. Traditional languages include Romany, spoken by 0.6% of the population, and Ukrainian (0.3%).

Other websites
--------------

*
The inside of the Teatro Colón opera house in Buenos Aires
The inside of the Teatro La Fenice opera house in Venice
An **opera house** is a building where operas and ballets are performed. It is similar to a theatre.

The first opera houses were built in the 1630s in Italy, about thirty years after the first operas were written. Traditionally they have a stage where the action takes place and a proscenium archway with a curtain that can be drawn back when the performance begins. In front of the stage is an orchestra pit which is a little lower than the stage so that the audience can still see the stage. The audience sit in the auditorium which is often horse-shoe shaped. The downstairs seats are called "stalls". Round the stalls there are two or three tiers (storeys) of boxes. Each box can seat a small number of people. At the top towards the back there is a balcony and often a gallery along the sides as well. Some seats in the gallery may have restricted view (it is not possible to see all of the stage).

Some of the most famous opera houses in the world are Teatro alla Scala (or "La Scala") in Milan, the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, the War Memorial Opera house in San Francisco, the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Sydney Opera House in Sydney which is a very modern building.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Opera houses***.
**Neomorphinae** is a subfamily of the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. The birds in this group live in the Americas and are terrestrial, meaning they live on the ground. But the two genera, *Dromococcyx* and *Tapera*, are more arboreal, meaning they live in trees. Birds in this group are known as "*New World ground cuckoos*".

Description
-----------

All birds in this group are long-legged and long-tailed. They come in different sizes. The species in the genus *Geococcyx* are around 48 to 56 centimetres (19 to 22 in) long. The smallest bird in this group, the striped cuckoo, is 26 to 29 centimetres (10 to 11 in) long.

Feeding
-------

New World ground cuckoos are omnivores, meaning they eat both meat and plants. They eat many types of insects like grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, snakes like rattlesnakes, lizards, other birds and bird eggs, small mammals like mice, small, young rabbits and bats. They also eat seeds and fruits.

Habitat
-------

New World ground cuckoos are found in forests, woodlands and deserts all over the Americas.

Genera
------

Genus: *Tapera*

* Striped cuckoo, *Tapera naevia*

Genus: *Neomorphus*

* Rufous-vented ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus geoffroyi*
* Red-billed ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus pucheranii*
* Banded ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus radiolosus*
* Rufous-winged ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus rufipennis*
* Scaled ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus squamiger*

Genus: *Morococcyx*

* Lesser ground cuckoo, *Morococcyx erythropygus*

Genus: *Geococcyx*

* Lesser roadrunner, *Geococcyx velox*
* Greater roadrunner, *Geococcyx californianus*

Genus: *Dromococcyx*

* Pavonine cuckoo, *Dromococcyx pavoninus*
* Pheasant cuckoo, *Dromococcyx phasianellus*
Two Orionid meteors and the Milky Way
Meteor shower on chart. Because meteor shower particles are on parallel paths, at the same velocity, they appear to an observer to come from a single point in the sky.
A **meteor shower** is an event when many meteors seem to come from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel paths. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them burn up and never hit the Earth's surface.

A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet. Comets are dirty snowballs, made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the Sun. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and meteoroids will be shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail".

Most of our short-period meteor showers are the product of rare disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet. Examples are the Quadrantids and Geminids. They originated from a breakup of asteroid-like objects, 2003 EH1 and 3200 Phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago. The fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles, and spread out along the orbit of the comet to form a dense meteoroid stream, which later moves into Earth's path.

The most visible meteor shower in most years are the Perseids, which peak on 12 August each year at over one meteor per minute. NASA has a useful tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from your observing location.

The Leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 November of each year. About every 33 years, the Leonid shower produces a big meteor storm, peaking at thousands of meteors per hour. Leonid storms gave birth to the term "meteor shower" when it was first realised, during the November 1833 storm, that the meteors radiated from near the star Gamma Leonis. The last Leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two). Before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966. When the Leonid shower is not *storming* it is less active than the Perseids.
***Penicillium*** is a group, or a genus, of ascomycetous fungi commonly isolated from environments like soil, vegetation, and many food products. It is known to have ecological importance as a decomposer of organic material and cause rotting in food crops by mycotoxin production. Other members of this group are known to produce penicillin’s, a molecule of commonly used antibiotics. Antibiotics kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body to reduce or stop infection of harmful bacteria. This genus of 354 species is widely impactful with many applications affecting every modern human today e.g. food and drug production.

Characteristics
---------------

The mycelium is a highly branched network of multinucleate, usually colourless hyphae. The conidiospores are the main dispersal route of the fungi, and are often green in colour.

Sexual reproduction involves the production of ascospores. The asci contain eight unicellular ascospores each.

Ecology
-------

Species of *Penicillium* are ubiquitous soil fungi preferring cool and moderate climates, commonly present wherever organic material is available. Saprophytic species of *Penicillium* and *Aspergillus* are among the best-known representatives of the Eurotiales. They live mainly on organic biodegradable substances. Commonly known as moulds, they are among the main causes of food spoilage. Many species produce toxins which work against bacteria and other fungi. The ability of these *Penicillium* species to grow on seeds and other stored foods depends on their ability to thrive in low humidity and to colonize rapidly by aerial dispersion while the seeds are sufficiently moist. Some species have a blue colour, commonly growing on old bread and giving it a blue fuzzy texture.

Select species
--------------

Various fungi including *Penicillium* and *Aspergillus* spp. growing in axenic (single species) culture.
***Penicillium*** is a genus of fungi that includes:

* *Penicillium chrysogenum* (previously known as *Penicillium notatum*), which produces the antibiotic penicillin.
* *Penicillium marneffei*, a thermally dimorphic species endemic in Southeast Asia, which presents a threat of systemic infection to AIDS patients.
* *Penicillium camemberti*, which is used in the production of Camembert and Brie cheeses.
* *Penicillium candida*, which is used in making Brie and Camembert.
* *Penicillium glaucum*, which is used in making Gorgonzola cheese.
* *Penicillium roqueforti*, which is used in making Roquefort, Danish Blue cheese and also recently Gorgonzola.
Part of the Orion complex. It shows the Orion nebula near the centre, with the *Belt of Orion*, and *Barnard's Loop* curling around the image
The **Orion complex** (sometimes called the **Orion molecular cloud complex**) is a huge star-forming area in the constellation of Orion.

It is a large group of bright nebulae, dark clouds, and young star clusters. The cloud is between 1,500 and 1,600 light-years away and is hundreds of light-years across. Several parts of the nebula can be seen through binoculars and small telescopes. Some parts (such as the Orion nebula) are visible to the naked eye.

The nebula is important because of its sheer size. It is also one of the most active regions of stellar formation that can be seen in the night sky. In it are protoplanetary discs and many very young stars. The nebula is very bright in the infrared wavelengths due to the heat-intensive processes involved in star formation. The complex contains dark nebulae, emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, and HII regions.

Nebulae in the complex
----------------------

A picture of Barnard's Loop, a main part of the nebula complex. Also seen in the image are other nebulae, such as M42
The following is a list of notable nebulae in the larger nebula complex:

* The Orion nebula, also known as M42
* M43, which is part of the Orion Nebula
* IC 434, which contains the Horsehead Nebula
* The Horsehead nebula
* Barnard's Loop
* M78, a reflection nebula
* NGC 1999
* NGC 2175
	+ NGC 2174
* Various Orion molecular clouds
* Flame nebula (NGC 2024)

Also the Orion OB1 Association is part of this complex. This is a group of several dozen hot giant stars of spectral types O and B. These are blue and blue-white stars.

Other websites
--------------

* Orion Cloud Complex
* SEDS website
* Clickable table of Messier Objects Archived 2014-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Orion images Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
In Ancient Greece, a **metic** (Greek: metoikos) was a foreigner living in a Greek city-state (*polis*). The metic did not have the same citizen rights as a citizen who was born in the state he was living in.

The term 'metic' was especially used in ancient Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. A notable metic was Aristotle, who was born in Stageira but lived in Athens for a long time.

Regardless of how many generations of the family had lived in the city, metics did not become citizens unless the city chose to bestow citizenship on them as a gift. This was rarely done. Citizenship at Athens brought eligibility for numerous state payments such as jury and assembly pay, which could be significant to working people. During emergencies the city could distribute rations to citizens. None of these rights were available to metics. They were not permitted to own real estate in Attica, whether farm or house, unless granted a special exemption.

Metics shared the burdens of citizenship without any of its privileges. Like citizens, they had to perform military service and, if rich enough, were subject to special tax contributions. Citizenship was very rarely granted to metics. More common was the special status of "equal rights" (*isoteleia*) under which they were freed from the usual liabilities.

The system came to an end in Hellenistic Athens, when the purchase of citizenship became very frequent. The census of 317 BC gave 21,000 citizens, 10,000 metics and 400,000 slaves in Attica.

In the Greco-Roman world, free people (non-citizens) living on the territory of a polis were called "paroikoi" (see etymology of parish), in Asia Minor "katoikoi".
Max Bruch
**Max Christian Friedrich Bruch** (6 January 1838–2 October 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.

Bruch was born in Cologne. He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the *Berlin Hochschule für Musik* (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.

His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.

His *Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor*, Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's *Violin Concerto in E minor*.

Other websites
--------------

* Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
* Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
* "Max Bruch, *Kol Nidrei*"
* Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Site dedicated to Max Bruch Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (includes a list of works by opus number)


Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Bruch, Max***.
**Marie Adélaïde of Savoy** (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was born a Princess of Savoy and was the wife of Louis, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later. She was the mother of Louis XV.

Early life and background
-------------------------

She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II. Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.

Marriage
--------

She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year. She became known in France as **Marie Adélaïde de Savoie**. She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin. The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. In early April 1711, her father-in-law *Le Grand Dauphin* caught smallpox and died in April. Upon the death of *Le Grand Dauphin*, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles. She died of measles soon after. Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife. They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Her granddaughter *Marie Adélaïde* was named after her.

Children
--------

1. Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
2. Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
3. Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.
**Open Site** is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.

Categories
----------

At Open Site all the content is separated into categories. There are eleven main categories which each have many subcategories. These are the main categories:

* Arts - has information about art and entertainment.
* Business - has information about economics.
* Computers - has information about computers.
* Games - has information about games.
* Health - has information about health.
* Home - has information about home and families.
* Recreation - has information about leisure.
* Regional - has information about countries.
* Science - has information about science.
* Society - has information about society and people.
* Sports - has information about sport.

Languages
---------

Open Site claims to have encyclopedias in many languages e.g. Romanian, but there are very few articles.

Childrens' Encyclopedia
-----------------------

Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the children's' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias, like this one. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

Other websites
--------------

* Open Site
The **Partitions of Poland** or  **Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth** is a term used in history. They took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place:

* 5 August 1772
* 23 January 1793
* 24 October 1795

The partitions were carried out by Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Austria dividing up the Commonwealth lands among themselves.

The less often used term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any later division of Polish lands, specifically:

* After the Napoleonic Era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna;
* The 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, and the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria; and
* The 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

History
-------

### Prelude

Before the partitions: The Commonwealth at its greatest extent.
Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), before the partitions was already not a completely sovereign state. It was almost a vassal, or a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.

In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the *status quo*: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or *Löwenwolde's Treaty*), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland). 

The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Years' War, though sympathizing with the alliance of France, Austria, and Russia. It allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia. Frederick II of Prussia retaliated by ordering Polish currency counterfeited to affect the Polish economy.

The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat. Adding to the chaos was a Ukrainian peasant rebellion, the Koliyivschyna, which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of noblemen (szlachta), Jews, Uniates, and Catholic priests before it was put down by Polish and Russian troops.
Pachacuti as drawn by Guaman Poma
**Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui** (or **Pachacutec**; Quechua: *Pachakutiq*, whose name means "He who remakes the world" was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cuzco, which he transformed into an empire, Tawantinsuyu. He began the era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America. He was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty, and his wife's name is given as Mama Anawarkhi or Coya Anahurque. Their son was Tupac Inca Yupanqui. 
Pachacuti reorganized the new empire, the *Tahuantinsuyu* or "the united four provinces." Under his system, there were four *apos* that each controlled one of four provinces (*suyu*). 

Despite Pachacuti's political and military talents, he did not improve upon the system of choosing the next Inca. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute, but in future generations the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to either win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to get control of the empire. 

Machu Picchu is believed to date to the time of Pachacuti.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 1438 CE | 1493 CE |

|
|  |
| Preceded byViracocha |  **Sapa Inca**1438-71 | Succeeded byTúpac Inca Yupanqui |
**Robert George Kardashian** (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American lawyer and businessman. He was the lawyer for O. J. Simpson when he was accused for murder. David Schwimmer played his role in the 2016 FX miniseries *American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson*.

Personal life and death
-----------------------

Kardashian was an Armenian-American. He was the husband of Kris Jenner and the father of Kourtney, Kim, Khloé and Rob,

Kardashian was born on February 22, 1944 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of Southern California and at the University of San Diego School of Law.

Kardashian was married to Kris Jenner from 1978 until they divorced in 1991. Then he was married to Jan Ashley from 1998 until they divorced in 1999. Then he was married to Ellen Pearson from 2003 until his death two months later.

Kardashian was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in July 2003. Less than eight weeks after his diagnosis, he died at age 59 on September 30, 2003. He was buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

Other websites
--------------

* Robert Kardashian at Find a Grave
**Mike Harrington** is an American computer programmer. He is the co-founder of the video game development and digital distribution company Valve. Previously a game programmer at Dynamix and a designer on the Windows NT operating system at Microsoft, Harrington founded Valve in 1996 with Gabe Newell, another former Microsoft employee. He and Newell privately funded the development of *Half-Life*, which he also helped program.

On January 15, 2000, after the success of *Half-Life*, Harrington dissolved his partnership with Newell and left Valve to spend time with his wife. "At Microsoft you always wonder, 'Is it me being successful or is it Microsoft?' But with *Half-Life* I knew Gabe and I had built that product and company from scratch." According to Newell, Harrington did not want to risk another project after the success of *Half-Life*.

In 2006, Harrington co-founded Picnik with friend and former colleague Darrin Massena, which was later acquired by Google in March 2010. Harrington left Google in March 2011, and co-founded another company with Massena, called Catnip Labs, in January 2012. Harrington was the CTO at The Committee for Children from 2016-2018 and is now the CTO of Amplion.
**Mirza** (/ˈmɜːrzə/ or /mɪərˈzɑː/; Persian: میرزا) is a title and name of Persian origin. It is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage. 

It is derived from a historical Title role of Persian origin (Mīrzā), denoting the rank of a royal prince , high nobleman , or a military commander equivalent to a nobleman. It is usually defined in English as Prince of the blood.

Specifically, it was used as a title by and today signifies patriarchal lineage to the various Persian Empires, the Ottoman Empire, the Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the Caucasus, Mughal Empire or Muslim Rajputs of the Indian Subcontinent.[2] It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

Etymology
---------

The word Mīrzā is derived from the Persian term ‘Amīrzāde which literally means "Son of the Amīr" or "child of the ruler".[3] ‘Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title ‘Amīr (english: Emir), meaning "commander" and "Prince", and the Persian suffix -zād, meaning "birth" or "lineage". Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Mortar (weapon) (plural morzalar; derived from the Persian word) is also used. The word Mirza means royalty in almost every old version of Persian, Arab, Caucasian, Turkish and Indian languages.

Variant spellings in English include mirzya, miriza, mirize, mirze, morsey, mursay, murse, meirsa, mirzey, mursi, murze, murza, mirza, myrza, meerza .

Royal title
-----------

The titles themselves were given by the King, Sultan and Emperor (equivalent to the western Fount of honour) to their sons and grandsons, or even distant kins. Noblemen loyal to the kings also received this Title.
The title itself is derived from the title Emir. Emir, meaning "commander" or "Prince", is derived from the Semitic root "Amr", meaning "command". Originally it simply meant "commander" or "leader", usually in reference to a group of people. It came to be used as a title of governors or rulers, typically in smaller states, and usually renders the English word "Prince." The word entered English in 1595, from the French émir. It is also used in Pakistan and North India by *Muslim Rajputs*.

Other websites
--------------

* "Mirza Definition". Collins Dictionary. n.d
* mirza. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition.