recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Jestina Mukoko with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (left) and First Lady Michelle Obama (right) in 2010.
**Jestina Mukoko** is a human rights activist and journalist from Zimbabwe. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work
----

Jestina Mukoko is the director of the Zimbabwe Peace Project. She studied to be a journalist, and she was a newsreader with the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.

Kidnapping
----------

On December 3, 2008, Jestina Mukoko was kidnapped from her house near the city of Harare. Dumisani Muleya of *Business Day* newspaper said that she was "abducted by suspected state agents for allegedly being involved in plans for anti government demonstrations."

Mukoko told The Independent newspaper that they asked her about her NGO, the Peace Project. The said she wanted to train young people to fight the government. They beat her on the bottom of her feet with rubber hoses. They said this is a favourite torture instrument in Zimbabwe because it does not leave a mark on the feet for later. 

### International attention

Many world leaders asked for her freedom, including Gordon Brown and Condoleezza Rice.  A "Group of Elders", including Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan and Graca Machel, wanted to come to Zimbabwe, but the government refused to let them come in. Instead, they talked to the newspapers in South Africa. 

The Zimbabwe High Court told the Zimbabwe Republic Police to look for Mukoko. The police did nothing. They said they did not know where she was. 

### Freedom

On 24 December, Mukoko appeared in court in Harare on charges of trying to get young people to fight the government. She did not have a lawyer. She was with seven other people who were kidnapped. The group included a 72-year-old man and a two-year-old boy whose father and mother, Violet Mupfuranhehwe and Collen Mutemagawo, were also prisoners. In March 2009, three months after her kidnapping, Jestina Mukoko was free on bail. She had to go to the police station every week. They took her passport. On 21 September 2009 the Zimbabwe Supreme Court said she was free. Amnesty International said this was a good decision.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
A **werewolf** is a species of legendary creature that can hide its ears and tail. It is a human but also a wolf, and most people fear them because of how they look. There are characteristics that make werewolves special, and that allow a person to tell them apart from real wolves, such as the eyes, shape, and tail. When in human form, werewolves look and act like any normal human being, although they usually appear to be ill around nights when there is a full moon. When in wolf form, the werewolf does keep the mind of human but will only attack those who anger it or take a member of its pack. Depending on the fiction or legend, a werewolf can be killed by a silver bullet. However, a werewolf cannot be killed by crosses or holy water, like vampires in similar legends. When a werewolf dies, it turns back into a human.

The name is derived from "wer" meaning man and "wulf" meaning wolf. They are sometimes referred to as 'Lycans'.

Some of the earliest myths of werewolves are those of Greek and Romania roots. Ovid in the Metamorphoses, told of King Lycaeon, who was visited by gods. Skeptical of them being true gods he decided to test them by serving human flesh in their banquet of honor. Cannibalism is frowned upon in many parts of the world, past or present (especially in that particular area). When the gods discovered the tainted meal they changed King Lycaeon into a Werewolf. Since he obviously liked human flesh, the wolven form would be more acceptable for when he took part in his little "activity."The word Lycanthropy originates from Greek roots (Lykoi meaning wolf and anthropos meaning man)

Becoming a werewolf
-------------------

Several ways for becoming a werewolf have been told about. Most are dangerous and scary for anyone to do.  In other cases, the body is rubbed with a magic ointment. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal was reported to work.

In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.

It is said that humans can be turned into werewolves by having been bitten by another werewolf. Getting scratched is a questionable way of becoming a werewolf, but most don't believe in it. However, both of these only work if the werewolf in question is in wolf form.

However, as depicted from the Harry Potter series lycanthropy is rarely inherited from parent to child. For example, Nymphadora Tonks and Remus Lupin, Remus being the werewolf and Tonks a half blood, had a child named Teddy Lupin who inherited no signs of lycranthropy but he did inherit his mother's 
Metamorphmagi. (she was a Metamorphmagus)
Cosplay of Ms. Marvel.
**Ms. Marvel** is the name of several fictional characters and superheroines in the Marvel Comics universe. The character was originally conceived as a female counterpart to the superhero Mar-vell / Captain Marvel. Like Captain Marvel, most of the bearers of the Ms. Marvel codename gain their powers through Kree technology or genetics. The characters who have become Ms. Marvel are **Carol Danvers**, **Sharon Ventura**, **Karla Sofen**, and **Kamala Khan**, who is the most known and current incarnation of the character.

Carol Danvers first appeared in *Marvel Super-Heroes* #13 (March 1968), Sharon Ventura debuted in *The Thing* #27 (September 1985), Karla Sofen made her first appearance in *Captain America* #192 (December 1975), and Kamala Khan made her debut in *Captain Marvel* #14 (August 2013).

Adaptations
-----------

The character has been adapted to different forms of media, including action figures, television series, and video games. The Kamala Khan version is portrayed by actress Iman Vellani in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) miniseries *Ms. Marvel* (2022), a role she reprised in *The Marvels* (2023).
**Shinchiku Jinja** is a shrine located in Kita District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. It was built during the period of Japanese rule.

Deities
-------

The deities worshipped at the shrine were Prince Yoshihisa, Okunitama no Mikoto [ja], Okununishi no Mikoto, and Sukunahikona no Mikoto .

History
-------

In 1915, construction of the Hsinchu Shrine began and was finished on October 25, 1918. An enshrinement ceremony followed. It was later elevated to a prefectural shrine in 1920 and underwent renovations in 1938. The renovations were completed in 1940, and in 1942, it was promoted to Kokuhei Shosha. However, after the end of World War II, the shrine was closed down.

The shrine office and the approach to the shrine are the only remaining structures at the site. The former shrine grounds have been repurposed to house a facility for refugees and stowaways from China, known as Hsinchu Yasuro. The shrine office has been converted to a management facility for this purpose. The site has been designated as a municipal historic site in Hsinchu City.

Related item
------------

* List of Shinto shrines in Taiwan

External link
-------------

 Media related to Hsinchu Shrine at Wikimedia Commons

* Hsinchu Shrine (Hsinchu City Hall/English)
Flag of the Royal Indian Army
The **British Indian Army**, officially called simply the **Indian Army** (**IA**), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947 the **Army of India** consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Organization
------------

A painting showing a Sowar (Sepoy), 6th Madras Light Cavalry. Circa 1845.
The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

### After World War II

After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.

Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.
**"OBA Market" LLC** is Azerbaijan based network of neighboring stores. The company currently has more than 1200 stores around the country.

History
-------

"OBA Market" LLC, which included in the "Veyseloglu" Group of Companies, entered the retail market in Azerbaijan in 2016 with a new stores concept. The main goal of the chain is to provide customers with daily necessities.

Since 2020, the "OBA Market" LLC has multiplied the number of assortments and sells its own brands (PL-Private Label), as well as local and foreign brands. With the changes implemented from 2020, it moved out of the discount model and entered the convenience store model.

Logo
----

The company rebranded and introduced a new logo in 2020. The new "OBA" logo consists of three components: the "OBA" logo, the green uniform, and the yellow stock. The main color of "OBA" Market LLC is green. Other colors of the logo make the targets clearer and more understandable. Green represents development, health, nature, freshness and generosity typical of "OBA Market", yellow represents friendship, happiness and optimism, and white represents the purity and purity used to write the word "OBA".
**Chlamydia infection** (from the Greek, χλαμύδος meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans. It is caused by the bacterium *Chlamydia trachomatis*. It can be treated with antibiotics. 
The term *Chlamydia infection* can also refer to infections caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family *Chlamydiaceae*. *C. trachomatis* is only in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.

The infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in people worldwide – about 2.8 million cases of chlamydia infection occur in the United States each year. It is the most common bacterial STI in humans.

*C. trachomatis* naturally lives only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Many people with Chlamydia show no symptoms of infection. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have chlamydia have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. Untreated, chlamydial infections can cause serious reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and long-term consequences.

Chlamydia conjunctivitis or **trachoma** is a common cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that it accounted for 15% of blindness cases in 1995, but only 3.6% in 2002.

Other websites
--------------

* Resources, symptoms list and guidelines about Chlamydia Archived 2013-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
**"Who Will Be Ningthou?"** (Meitei: Ningthou Kanaana Oiganee?) is a fictional moral story of a Meitei King (Meitei: Ningthou), his Queen (Meitei: Leima), three princes and a princess of Kangleipak (Manipur). It is the story of the decision of the Ningthou and the Leima regarding the succession of the throne of the kingdom among his four children. The story is written by *Indira Mukherjee*.

Synopsis
--------

The Ningthou and the Leima of Kangleipak were good rulers. They just wished for the prosperity and the happiness of their kingdom. Similarly, the people of the kingdom also loved their royalties very much. Even the birds, animals and all living beings loved them very much. The Ningthou and the Leima had four children. Among the royal children, three were the princes and one was a princess. The princess was kind with a pure heart. Her name was *Sanatombi*. She was loved by everyone. The Ningthou wanted to choose a successor for the kingdom. Everyone thought that the successor would be one of the princes. However, the Ningthou chose his daughter as the heir because she was ever so kind. The Ningthou decided to test all his three sons to select the right successor. He tested if they had the qualities of a good ruler. However, he was disappointed. It was because all his sons were not worthy enough to be the ruler. The Ningthou crowned his daughter, princess *Sanatombi*, as the future successor of the kingdom. Sanatombi was only twelve years old during her crowning. She was chosen by her father because she was a very kind person with all the qualities of a true leader. She was merciful and could understand the conditions of the people of her kingdom. She equally cared about animals, birds, and even the trees. So, everyone were quite happy with their future queen of Kangleipak.

Moral applications
------------------

The story carries a message about what qualities make a good ruler and how everyone must be pitiful to everyone to make the world a good place to live together.

Related pages
-------------

* Lai Khutshangbi
* Yenakha Paotapi
Shure 55S
The **Shure 55SH** is a professional cardioid dynamic microphone that has been commonly used in broadcast applications since 1939. Designed by Shure, it has been described as an industry standard microphone, "iconic" for its perfect sound and wide adoption in radio, television, and recording studios. From the 1940s until the end of the 20th century, it maintained its popularity in the professional environment. Shure designed the Unidyne transducer in 1939 and then greatly improved it in 1959, based on research and development by Shure engineer Ernie Seeler.

Background
----------

 Worn by Elvis, Sun Studio
In 1931, Shure and engineer Ralph Glover began developing Shure's first microphone, and the following year the Model 33N two-button carbon microphone was introduced, making Shure one of only four microphone manufacturers in the US. In 1939, Shure introduced the Unidyne Model 55 microphone, which became one of the most recognized microphones in the world.

In 1941, the United States military contracted Shure to supply microphones during World War II, and by the following year, the T-17B was the most widely used microphone by the United States Army and Navy. Shure also manufactured throat microphones, headsets, and oxygen mask, and adopted the United States military standard for all Shure microphones.

Gallery
-------

* Frank Sinatra, 1945Frank Sinatra, 1945
* Benny Goodman, 1946Benny Goodman, 1946
* Ella Fitzgerald, 1947Ella Fitzgerald, 1947
* Dewey Defeats Truman, 1948Dewey Defeats Truman, 1948
* Kennedy: "Congress Historic Speech", 1961Kennedy: "Congress Historic Speech", 1961

Technical specifications
------------------------

**\*** Frequency response: 50 to 15,000&nbsp;hz

**\*** Polarity: **cardioid**

**\*** Sensitivity (at 1,000&nbsp;Hz open circuit voltage): -58.0 dBV/Pa (1 Pa = 94 dB SPL)

**\*** Impedance: EIA -150&nbsp;Ω (270&nbsp;Ω current)

**\*** Polarity: Positive pressure on the diaphragm produces a positive voltage on pin 2 relative to pin 3

**\*** Connector: 3-pin male XLR

**\*** Switches: on off

**\*** Weight: 0.624 kg

Awards
------

* 1943-1946: Army-Navy "E" Award and 3 "E" Stars for Excellence in Production awarded to Shure

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shure 55 series microphones***.

* Official website
* "55SH Series II – Iconic Unidyne Vocal Microphone". Shure. April 2, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
* Rose Shure NAMM Oral History Interview (2005)
**America Chavez**, also known as **Miss America** (b. July 4), is a fictional character and superhero from Marvel Comics, appearing as the main protagonist of the *America* comics, and a major character in the *Young Avengers* and *Ultimates* comics.

She is a Latin-American teenager from Utopian Parallel universe, and was sent to the main universe following the destruction of her home. America was later adopted by Santana family, and she decided to become the second Miss America after deciding to protect her neighborhood from criminals. Chavez would be introduced to other superheroes, and soon become a member of the Young Avengers, A-Force, Secret Warriors, and the Ultimates.

She debuted in the 2011 limited series *Vengeance* by her creators Joe Casey and Nick Dragotta. Chavez later appears in the 2013 *Young Avengers* series by Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie and in the 2015 series, *A-Force,* by G. Willow Wilson, Marguerite Bennett and Jorge Molina. Beginning in October 2015, Chavez has appeared in *Ultimates* by Al Ewing and Kenneth Rocafort as part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel initiative.

America Chavez has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes, being labelled as the publisher's first Latin-American LGBT character to star in a comic book series as the eponymous character. Since her original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise.

The character made her live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness* (2022), portrayed by Xochitl Gomez.
The location of the duchy in modern France.
The *Château de Lunéville* in the 18th century - residence of the Dukes of Lorraine.
The **Duchy of Lorraine** was a former monarchy independent from France but in mainland France. It was also a State of the Holy Roman Empire. 

The duchy was given to a dethroned King of Poland and was dissolved in 1766. The members of the family frequently married into other French nobility such as Princesses of the French royal family. The capital of the duchy was Nancy. Leopold I of Lorraine later moved the capital to the town of Lunéville. which was a renowned resort in the 18th century, known as the capital of Lorraine. The grand Château de Lunéville was built in 1702 for Leopold. The Duke of Lorraine lived there until the duchy became part of France in 1766. The chateau was designed in the style of Versailles to satisfy Leopold's wife, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, and became known as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It includes a chapel designed by Germain Boffrand. Leopold and his wife were the parents of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (through him they were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette).

Important historical buildings
------------------------------

* Château de Lunéville a former royal residence.
* Ducal Palace of Nancy.
* The *Place Stanislas*. A large public square in Nancy built by an ex-king of Poland.
* *Château de Commercy*, a Château used by the last duchess of Lorraine.

  

Apart from the ducal family the *Beauvau* family were very prominent in society holding much influence with the rulers of the duchy due to personal connections. The heads of the family were often titled the **Prince of Craon**

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Duchy of Lorraine at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
**Loretta Brown** is a fictional character from the animated television series *Family Guy*. The character is voiced by actress Alex Borstein and first appeared in the episode titled "Death is a Bitch," which originally aired on February 26, 2000. Loretta is a supporting character and is known for her role as Cleveland Brown's wife.

Fictional Biography
-------------------

Loretta is portrayed as a loving and supportive wife to Cleveland Brown, one of the main characters in *Family Guy*. Her character is defined by her calm demeaner and patience, often serving as a stabilizing force in the chaotic world of the show. Loretta and Cleveland have a son named Cleveland Jr.

Departure from the Show
-----------------------

In the fourth season of *Family Guy*, Loretta's character underwent a significant development. In the episode titled "Peter's Got Woods" (November 6, 2005), Loretta discovers that Cleveland has been neglecting her emotional needs, leading to the end of their marriage. Subsequently, Loretta divorces Cleveland and leaves Quahog to move to Smethwick, Birmingham.

Trivia
------

* Loretta Brown's departure from *Family Guy* marked a turning point in the character dynamics of the show, leading to the introduction of the character of Donna Tubbs.
* Alex Borstein, the voice actress for Loretta, also provides the voice for other prominent characters on *Family Guy*, including Lois Griffin.

Legacy
------

While Loretta Brown is no longer an active character on *Family Guy*, her presence is still felt through references and flashbacks. The character's departure had a lasting impact on the show's narrative and character relationships.
**R-Stroy** is a Russian construction company, founded in 2022. It has a large contract with the Russian Ministry of Construction to rebuild the city of Mariupol in Crimea. Its contract, worth $37million is for 40 projects. They include the refurbishment of the Illichivets Stadium, the rebuilding of two university campuses and the reconstruction of dozens of residential buildings in the Left Bank. 90% of the residential buildings in the city were damaged or destroyed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The majority owner, Nikolay Milkis, is a former deputy governor of a Siberian province. Milkis worked for pharmaceutical giant R-Pharm when R-Stroy was founded. R-Pharm was founded by Alexey Repik, known in Russia as one of the "kings of winning government contracts," according to Forbes. Repik was placed under sanctions in the UK in February 2023 for his "close working relationship with Putin". Ivan Sibirev in March 2023, acquired 40% of R-Stroy. The other shareholders are Konstantin Nuriev, who founded the company and retains 5%, and Valeriy Zolotukhin, who bought 5% in March 2023. Zolotukhin is also the general director of hospital construction company Petrusco, which is owned by Daeva, Repik’s mother.
The **Kennelly-Heaviside layer** was named after scientists Arthur Edwin Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside. Its existence was shown in 1924 by Edward V. Appleton, an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in the year 1947. The Kennelly-Heaviside layer or **E region** is part of the ionosphere, the top part of the Earth's atmosphere which is full of electricity and magnetism, 90 to 150 kilometers from the Earth's surface. The layer is capable of reflecting medium shortwave electromagnetic radiations, or the EM radiations whose frequency ranges between 300 kHz to 3MHz.

This layer became a popular means of communication in the late 1920's when AM signals (Amplitude Modulated) were transmitted over long distances. AM signals can bounce off the Kennelly-Heaviside. They can go further than signals which cannot bounce off the layer. This means that the sender and receiver of the signal could be over the horizon from each other, and the signal can bounce off the layer in the sky in between them.
**Provenance** is the history of ownership, or the position of a historical object. It comes from the French *provenir*, meaning "to come from".

The term was originally used in relation to works of art. It is now used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The main reason to trace the provenance of an object is to get evidence of its original production or discovery. This has a special value to help authenticate objects, to prove what they are. Provenance is essentially a matter of documentation.

In archaeology the term **provenience** is used in related but a subtly different sense to *provenance*. Archaeological researchers use *provenience* to refer to the three-dimensional location or **find spot** of an artifact or feature within an archaeological site, whereas *provenance* covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations, the provenience or find spot is recorded (even videoed) with great precision, but in older cases only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. An object may have both a provenience (where it was found) and a provenance (where it has been since it was found). In some cases, especially where there is an inscription, the provenance may include a history that predates its burial in the ground, as well as its history after rediscovery.
Male blackbird singing.
**Bird sounds** include bird songs, calls and any other noises they make for communication. Birds do a lot of communicating, mostly to other birds of the same species.

Bird song
---------

Bird songs are for other members of the same species. The functions are partnership, mating and territory ownership. According to one expert source, the primary function is as a keep-off signal to other males of the same species. Depending on the species, bird songs may differ for different functions. In general, bird songs are only used by Passeriformes, the songbirds. It is one of their typical adaptations.

Bird song may have evolved through sexual selection. Experiments suggest the quality of bird song may be a good indicator of fitness. Experiments also suggest that parasites and diseases may directly affect song characteristics such as song rate. This also acts as a reliable indicator of health. The song repertoire also appears to indicate fitness in some species. The ability of male birds to hold and advertise territories using song also demonstrates their fitness.

Heredity
--------

Sonogram of the call of a Laughing dove. audio speaker iconRecorded in south India (help·info) 
Song of the White-throated sparrow
Although the capability is inherited, songbirds learn the detail of their *song* by copying. They are in trouble if they live in places where there are no older birds to copy. On the other hand, *calls* are usually inherited. Alarm calls, for example, have a critical survival function. and may well predate songs in evolution by a long way.

In general, males sing, and females choose mates. Both sexes use calls.

### Song identification

Many bird songs are so specific that they can be used for species identification. The calls of birds have been described using words or nonsense syllables or line diagrams.

Calls
-----

Most birds are social animals, and some are always near others of the same species. They use calls which sound quite different to their usual songs. Alarm calls are usually short and loud, and very difficult to locate. They warn others of predators. Mobbing calls gather other birds to scare off intruders. Flocks of birds call to keep themselves together in flight.

Quite a few birds can mimic sounds they have heard. Parrots and drongos are famous for their mimicry. Common drongos in the Kalahari Desert use other birds' alarm calls to scare them off food. They get 23% of their food that way.

Non-vocal sounds are done by some birds. Woodpeckers drum on hollow trees as a territory marker. Snipes make a sound called "winnowing" or "drumming" with their tail feathers when flying. Storks, which are almost voiceless, clatter their beaks.

Media
-----

The first person to record bird songs was Ludwig Karl Koch (1881–1974). He made the first known recording in 1937, and later became a BBC broadcaster and sound recordist.

Related pages
-------------

* Bird#Lorenz's studies
**Procedural animation** refers to rule-based or algorithmic methods of creating computer graphics animation.

Procedural animation vs. traditional animation
----------------------------------------------

With traditional animation method, principal animation poses are specified by an animator at a specific point in the animation timeline. By setting these poses, an animator can artistically direct how the geometry will be framed in some key events. These poses are in the same sense as how a person may pose for a photography session. Shapes and objects in computer graphics are considered as *geometry*. With key events specified, the animation software will then automatically fill the intermediary motions between key points, thereby creating continuous motion throughout the timeline without requiring additional works by an animator.

*Procedural animation* is a rule-base approach to creating animations. These rules are typically some form of mathematical or statistical functions which tell the animation software how an object is to be animated. In order for the geometry to be animated, these functions typically require some form of time-based variable as its input. Therefore, one can apply a chain of logical rules and algorithms to create animations without manually specify any key poses.

Procedural modeling
-------------------

In computer graphics, *modeling* refers to an act of digitally sculpting a model. P*rocedural modeling* then refers to same rule-based, algorithmic approach to creating geometry. Procedural modeling differs from procedural animation in that a time-based variable is not required.

Proceduralism
-------------

Amongst some animators within the computer graphics industry, procedural modeling and animation method is also known as *proceduralism*.

Advantages and disadvantages of proceduralism
---------------------------------------------

In order to maximize artistic impact of their craft, animators employ traditional animation techniques to set poses manually at a specific point in time. When the objects to be animated become significantly more complex, traditional animation techniques may not be feasible. Therefore, *proceduralism* offers significant advantage as complexities increase significantly. While *proceduralism* enables its practitioners to create infinite variation of models and animations, specific key pose is often left as random chance. Computer graphics animators must decide between the combinations of both techniques in order to achieve the desired outcome.

Applications of procedural animation
------------------------------------

*Procedural animation* is used extensively in visual effects for movie and gaming industry where animation data and geometry must be generated with certain random probability in order to simulate the physical world.
**Stanley Marcus** (April 20, 1905 – January 22, 2002) was the president of the Neiman-Marcus company, a store in the United States that sells expensive clothing and objects. He became famous for inventing many new ways to sell products and new ways to tell people about his store.

Mr. Marcus created an award for people who designed clothing. He also began art shows in his store, to make people want to visit the store to see the art. In 1939, the company started a catalog, which is a book that shows all the products that people can buy from the store. In 1951, the catalog listed unusual gifts for people to buy. Many people started to read the catalog every year to see the unusual gifts.

In the 1940s, at the time of the Second World War, the government of the United States asked Mr. Marcus for help. The government wanted to make sure there would be enough fabric to make clothes for the military, so they asked Mr. Marcus to make rules about clothes for ordinary people. He made rules for companies that made clothes so that popular styles for women and men would not change every year. With these rules, people would not need new clothes so often. Also, he said that men's socks should not use rubber to make elastic to hold the socks in place. This rule made sure the government could use rubber for military products that were needed for the war.

Personal life
-------------

Mr. Marcus married Mary "Billie" Cantrell in 1932. When he met her, Billie was working in the Neiman-Marcus store. She continued to work for four years. She retired in 1936 after she gave birth to a baby; they named the baby Jerrie. In 1938, she gave birth to twins, Richard and Wendy.

Mr. Marcus collected art and books. His favorite artists from Mexico were Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Ruíz. He became friends with Rivera and Tamayo. Mr. Marcus also liked American artists, such as Alexander Calder, who made sculptures, and Georgia O'Keeffe, who was a painter. He gave large amounts of money to a museum that showed O'Keeffe paintings.

The Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University has a collection of things related to Mr. Marcus. The collection includes photographs, letters, and newspaper articles. Mr. Marcus also gave the library a collection of more than 5,000 miniature books. (Miniature books are very small books, small enough for a doll.)

Other websites
--------------

* Career Highlights video, from Advertising Hall of Fame
* Infoplease, Noteworthy Deaths 2002
**Affiliated Computer Services Inc. (ACS)** was a company that provided information technology services as well as business process outsourcing solutions to businesses, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. ACS was based in Dallas, Texas. Founded in 1988, by Darwin Deason, ACS operated in nearly 100 countries, generating over $6 billion per year.

Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) was founded by Darwin Deason in 1988. At first created as a data services provider to the financial services industry, Deason expand ACS's influence on the communications, education, financial services, government, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, retail, and travel and transportation industries.

In 1995 ACS became a public company and stopped bank data processing. By FY 1996 ACS became the fourth-largest commercial outsource provider in the United States.

In February 2010, following its purchase by Xerox, ACS was replaced by Urban Outfitters on the Standard & Poor 500 Index.

On July 1, 2015, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business to Atos. Xerox pointed out that ITO did not line up with its vision of integration of BPO (business process outsourcing) and the legacy document handling concerns. On July 29, 2016, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the suit at law by Matthew Sciabacucchi. The lawsuit contended that some Xerox Corp directors and officers had cancelled their fiduciary duties because of purchasing ACS for $6.4 billion in 2010.

On January 3, 2017, a company called Conduent was spun off as a divestiture from Xerox. The business scope of Conduent was generally identical to that of the former Affiliated Computer Services (ACS).

In February 2020 efforts to take down the company's former headquarters building in Dallas failed.

SEC Investigation
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In 2006, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reported ACS that they were conducting an informal investigation into certain stock option grants made by the company from October 1998 through March 2005. This was associated with the inadequate and unethical practice of reverse back-dating to specific low points available. ACS said the managers incorrectly backdated the price of grant options from 1994 to 2005.

During that time, ACS said they chose days on purpose the days when ACS's shares fell a dip as the effective date for the options, making them more valuable when exercised. Rich, King, and Edwards "used retrospect to select favorable grant dates," ACS said in a statement. CEO Mark King and CFO Warren Edwards, both involved in the wrongdoing. So they immediately resigned. The former CEO Jeff Rich previously retired at the beginning of the year.
**Middlesex County College** is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

Description
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The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

Sports
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Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

Related pages
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* List of New Jersey County Colleges

Other websites
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* Middlesex County College webpage
* 
* Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

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The **Rogers Pass Avalanche** happened on March 4, 1910 at the Rogers Pass, in the Selkirk Mountains near the town of Revelstoke, British Columbia at approximately 11:00 pm PST. It happened after the train crew were clearing snow from the tracks and an avalanche unexpectedly came down on top of them.

In the disaster, 62 people were believed to be dead and 1 was injured. The Rogers Pass avalanche remains to this day, one of the deadliest rail disaster in Canadian history and the worst avalanche disaster in Canadian history.

After another avalanche destroyed the track in November 1885, worked set up snow sheds near the tracks so they could clean them and keep it safe.

On March 4, 1910, a large amount of snow fell from the nearby mountain and covered the track so a crew was sent to clear the railway. While clearing the rainway, an avalanche fell from the other side. The 91-ton train was sent flying 49 feet in the air and landed upside down. Only one person survived the avalanche. The disaster along with ones before it caused Canadian Pacific Railway to abandon the Pass and instead dig the Connaught Tunnel through Mount Macdonald.
Nathan N Zuber (Hebrew נתן נטע זובר, ) 1908-January 23, 1988 was a Talmudic scholar and the spiritual leader of Beth David Synagogue in Roselle New Jersey from 1926-1976.

Born in Schedrin, Russia he immigrated to he united states where he was a teacher in Bais MedrashLeRabbonim (Slobodka) under Rabbi Yehuda Levenberg in New Haven, Conn. 1923-1926 before moving to Roselle. His elder brother, Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Zuber, once served as the Chief Rabbi of Stockholm. Later, he relocated to Boston where he tragically lost his life during a robbery.

Rabbi Zuber along with his brother and two other rabbis formed the Meori Ohr publishing house (Boston) which was dedicated to republishing Jewish texts after the Holocaust

Rabbi Zuber published two works during his lifetime. His first work Zichron Menachem (1971) is named after his father Menachem Mendal Zuber who was killed in a pogrom. The work is divided between novelle on Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, questions and answers and a long article on the laws of mourning. There is a small section of this work that was translated to English by Rabbi Aharon Shapiro phd the Rabbi of Anshe Chesed of Linden. His second work is the Divrei Nosson.
Creative Commons licenses are one of the most widely used open content licenses.
**Open content** is content that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open content is licensed with an open license that authorizes use of the content as described above.

When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can open it for the use of others. This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want. Something that is open content may be free of charge, but it does not have to be. 

The Simple English Wikipedia is open content. So are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it.

License
-------

See the main article: Open license
The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult language (legal jargon), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand.

The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license. Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license. This is called *share-alike* and means that anything based on work will always be open content.

All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, a very well-known open content license. Another well-known open content license is the GNU Free Documentation License.

Related pages
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* Open educational content
* Open data
* Openness

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Open content***.

* Openverse, search engine for finding open content
"Risk" redirects here. For the board game, see Risk (game).
Traffic signs which are triangular with a red border are warning drivers about something dangerous. This one simply has an exclamation mark, so it might refer to any kind of danger.
**Danger** (also **risk** or **peril**) is the possibility of something bad happening. A situation in which there is a risk of something bad happening, is called *dangerous*, *risky* or *perilous*.

Train surfing in Soweto (South Africa)
People often take risks, or do things that might hurt them. An example of this is crossing the road without looking carefully. There is a risk that you might get hit by a car. 

Anything that involves a risk of injury or to health can be described as dangerous. Smoking is dangerous to health. Being around some animals is dangerous because they might attack humans.

Measuring danger
----------------

There are a few different ways that danger can be *quantified* - put into numbers.

### Probability

probability measures how dangerous something is. It uses a math equation to find the risk that a certain event might happen. In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events that *did* happen, divided by the number of events that *could have* happened. For example, if the risk of babies dying after birth in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that out of every 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die. which is fake

### Risk and prevalence

Prevalence is the number of people in a population that have a certain disease.

Risk is the number of *new* cases of disease, divided by the number of people who *could* get the disease. For example, during an outbreak of the flu, risk would be the number of people who get the flu, divided by the number of people who were exposed to the flu virus.

#### Risk assessment

A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing, they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).

Related pages
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The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***danger**, **risk**, and **peril***.

* Adventure
* Threat
* Safety
**Saint Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, S.J.** was a Jesuit priest who was canonized (recognized as a Catholic saint) on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI. 

He was born **Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga** on January 22, 1901, in Viña del Mar, Chile. He was of Basque origin.

As well as being a Jesuit priest, he was also a lawyer, social worker, and writer. He founded the Hogar de Cristo Foundation. In Chile, he was popularly known as **Padre Hurtado** (which means "Father Hurtado" in Spanish). 

He died from cancer on August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI canonized him.

Early life and education
------------------------

Alberto's father died when he was four years old. After this, his mother had to sell, at a loss, their modest property in order to pay the family’s debts. Because the family was so poor, Alberto and his brother had to go to live with relatives and were often moved from one family member to another.

However, Alberto got a scholarship that allowed him to study at the famous all-boys Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago. He studied there from 1909 to 1917. At the parish and school, Hurtado assisted in the office and was librarian. During this time, he also volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago.

Fernando Vives, a teacher at the St. Ignacio school, was one of the most important people in Hurtado's life. Even during Vives' exile in Spain (1918–1935), they stayed in contact with each other. Vives was a great influence on Hurtado.

Law school and military service
-------------------------------

From 1918 to 1923, Hurtado attended the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. He studied in its law school and wrote his thesis on labour law. He had to interrupt his education because he was required to serve in the military. However, he was able to go back to school afterward, and earned his degree early in August 1923.

Priesthood and studies
----------------------

Rather than starting a career in law, Hurtado entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923. 

In 1925, he went to Córdoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities. 

In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology, but because of the suppression of the Jesuits in Spain in 1931, he went on to Belgium and continued his studies in theology at Louvain. He was ordained a priest there on 24 August 1933, and in 1935 obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology.

Canonization
------------

Hurtado was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint.