recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The ***Jyllands-Posten* Muhammad cartoons controversy** is a controversy about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the Islamic world, with many people dying. The cartoons were drawn and created by Kurt Westergaard.

The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper *Jyllands-Posten* on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.

One of the cartoons showed Muhammad with a bomb in his turban. Some people thought this was saying that all Muslims are terrorists. But other cartoons made fun of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper. One insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language Farsi. 

Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way.

Related pages
-------------

* Jesus with erection

Other websites
--------------

* The page that contains Muhammad cartoons
**Jacaranda** is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It comes from tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, Mexico, South America (especially Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay), and the Caribbean. It is also found in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is found throughout the Americas and Caribbean. It has also been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, India, Fiji and parts of Africa. The genus name is also used as the common name.

Growth
------

*Jacaranda* can be shrubs to large trees. They range in size from 2 to 30 m (6.6 to 98.4 ft) tall.

Genus
-----

The genus is separated into two sections, *Jacaranda* and *Dilobos* DC. Section *Jacaranda* (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species. It is found mostly in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Section *Dilobos*, which is thought to be the oldest form, has 31 species. It is found mostly in southeastern Brazil. This includes the Paraná River valley. The kind of wood in the two sections is also different.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jacaranda***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Jacaranda***.

* Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Jacaranda* Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Jethou** is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is privately leased, and not open to the public.

It is immediately south of Herm and has an area of approximately 44 acres (18 ha).

History
-------

An aerial shot showing Jethou centre right next to its bigger neighbour Herm, with Sark in the background and the east coast of Guernsey.
It is said that in AD 709 a storm washed away the strip of land which connected the island with Herm.

The island's name contains the *-hou* suffix, which means "a small island".

In 1416, it became part of Henry V of England's estate. It is still a Crown lease, and is owned by the States of Guernsey.

### Modern history

From 1920 to 1923 it was leased by Compton MacKenzie along with Herm and remained part of that estate for years, although it is currently part of a different one.

The British 1957 musical *Free as Air* by Dorothy Reynolds & Julian Slade was set on the fictitious island of 'Terhou', which was based on Jethou.

On the top is a marker. It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Crevichon.

From September 1964 until December 1971 the island was occupied by the Faed family consisting of Mr Angus Faed, his wife Susan Faed and their four children, Colin, Erik, Colette and Amanda. Mrs. Susan Faed was the 22nd tenant of Jethou.

It is flanked by two islets, Crevichon to the north and Fauconniere to the south. There is one house on the island and two cottages as well as a large garage where vehicles such as quad bikes and tractors are stored.

It is now leased by Sir Peter Ogden of IT company Computacenter.

Politics
--------

Unlike the largely autonomous islands of Sark and Alderney within the Bailiwick, Jethou cannot pass its own laws. It is administered by the States of Guernsey, and elects members to the States of Deliberation as part of the St. Peter Port South electoral district.

Wildlife
--------

At the east of Jethou, puffins can be seen swimming off the rocks.

They also nest there in the east clifftop.

Related pages
-------------

* List of tenants of Jethou

Other websites
--------------

* Jethou Homepage Archived 2007-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Free Gutenberg Project book, a Crusoe-like novel on Jethou
* Stamps from Isle of Jethou Archived 2007-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Island of Jethou at Britlink Archived 2009-09-13 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Guernsey |
| --- |
| 
**Bailiwick of Guernsey**
Guernsey **·**  Alderney **·**  Sark **·**  Herm **·**  Brecqhou **·**  Burhou **·**  Ortac **·**  Les Casquets **·**  Jethou **·**  Lihou **·**  Crevichon **·**  Les Houmets
 |


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jethou***.
"**I Remember**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American DJ Kaskade. The song is featured on deadmau5's first studio album *Random Album Title* and the Strobelite Edit is featured on Kaskade's fifth solo album *Strobelite Seduction*.

The song is featured on the soundtrack of the 2011 film The Lincoln Lawyer and the remix by FSG was featured in DJ Hero 2 and GoldenEye 007.

The music video for the song was shot in Manchester and features British actor Stephen Graham as well as Warren Brown, Aston Kelly, Greg Walsh & Emma Edmondson. 

The video starts with Graham's character talking to two young men played by Warren Brown & Aston Kelly about rave culture and life. Brown and Kelly's characters then find a place for what is later revealed to be an illegal rave where deadmau5 is performing as the DJ. The video ends with a "to be continued" title card.

Actor Stephen Graham was almost arrested because the police accidentally mistook the music video for an actual illegal rave.
The King of Albania served as the Albanian head of state from 1190-1961, It descends way back to the Progoni Dynasty and Skanderbeg

List of Monarchs
----------------

| Name | birth | death | Rule |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Skanderbeg | 1405 | 1/17/1468 | 1443-1468 |
|  |

### Governors of Scutari

Mehmed Bushati (1757-1774) 

Mustafa I Bushati (1774-1778) 

Karamahmud Bushati (1778-1796)

Ibrahim Bushati (1796-1810) 

Mustafa II Bushati /Sherifi (1810-1831)

List of Monarchs
----------------

| Picture | Name | Reign | Lifespan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | William | 1914-1916 | 1876-1945 |
|  | *Charles I* | Austrohungarian Command: 1916-1918 | 1887-1922 |
|  | William (2nd time) | 1918-1928 | 1876-1945 |

### House of Zogu

Zog I of Albania (1928-1939)

King of Albania
---------------

| Picture | Name | Reign | Lifespan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | William (3rd time) | 1939-1945 | 1876-1945 |
|  | Zog (2nd time) | 1945-1961 | 1895-1961 |
|  | Carol victor | 1945-1973 | 1913-1973 |

Rulers of Albania
-----------------

Leka Zogu (1943-1945)

Zog (1945-1961)

Carol victor (1961-1973) 

### Different Dynasties

Leka Zogu (2nd time) (1973-2011) 

Leka Zogu II (2011-Present)
**Joseph Serchuk** (1919 in Chełm - 6 November 1993) was the commander of the Jewish partisan unit in the Lublin area in Poland during the Holocaust. After the war, he testified at trials of Nazis and he received special recognition from the State of Israel.

Biography
---------

After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp. After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group. During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.

In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel. Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness. After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.

Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74. He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Further reading
---------------

* Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
* Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
* Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
* Mark Paul: *Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath* Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

Other websites
--------------

* About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (Hebrew)


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Serchuk, Joseph |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | military commander |
| Date of birth | 1919 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 6 November 1993 |
| Place of death | Tel Aviv, Israel |
On July 30, 2008, **Tim McLean**, a 22-year-old Canadian man, was stabbed several times, beheaded, and cannibalized while riding a Greyhound Canada bus by a Chinese-Canadian man Vincent Weiguang Li.

The attack
----------

According to witnesses, McLean was sitting infront of the restroom whereas Vin Li sat next to him whilst the bus made a stop, then McLean was sleeping with his headphones on when Vin Li was sitting next to him and suddenly started stabbing him in the chest and neck with a large knife. After the attack began, the bus driver stopped on the side of the road, and the driver and all the other passengers fled the vehicle. The attacker then decapitated McLean and displayed his severed head to other passengers outside who had fled the bus.

On July 31, 2008 at 1:30 a.m. the suspect attempted to escape from the bus by breaking through a window; however, the bus driver and a few passengers who were brandishing weapons to prevent the suspect from the leaving the bus. He was quickly apprehended, handcuffed and placed in the back of a police cruiser.
Painting of Ingólfr Arnarson by Johan Peter Raadsig (1850).
**Ingólfr Arnarson** (Icelandic: *Ingólfur Arnarson*) and his wife, Hallveig Frodesdatter, are commonly said to be the first permanent Nordic settlers of Iceland. According to tradition, they founded Reykjavík in 874.

According to the Landnámabók (a book which describes the settlement of Iceland by the Norsemen), he built his house in modern-day Reykjavík and named the city as well. Medieval historian Ari Þorgilsson claimed that Arnarson was the first Nordic settler in Iceland, but Irish monks and hermits lived there before he arrived. He also claimed that the they left because they did not want to live with the newly arrived Norse pagans.

The Landnámabók claims that Arnarson left modern-day Norway after becoming involved in a blood feud. He had heard about an island that Garðar Svavarsson, Flóki Vilgerðarson and others found while sailing in the Atlantic ocean. With his step-brother, Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson, he sailed for Iceland. When land was in sight, he threw his high seat pillars overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore. Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the small bay which eventually became Reykjavík.

Meanwhile, Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson was murdered by his Irish slaves because of how badly he was treating-them. Ingólfr hunted them down and killed them in Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands). The islands got their name from that event, but vestmenn (west men) is a name that the Norsemen at this time sometimes used for Irishmen. He continued to live in southwestern Iceland, but nothing is known about what happened to him after settling. His son, Torstein (*Þorsteinn Ingólfsson*), was said to have founded the first parliament, in Iceland. It later became known as the Althing.

Other websites
--------------

* Statue of Ingolfur Arnarson on tripadvisor.com
**Inigo Jones** (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was a famous English architect in the early modern period. He was the first person to introduce the architecture of Ancient Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. His buildings were the first in Britain to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry. He also made a major contribution as a theatre designer. He designed the scenery and costumes for many masques (a kind of early opera).

Life
----

Jones was born in the Smithfield district of London. His father, also called Inigo Jones, was a cloth worker from Wales. As a very young man, he as an apprentice carpenter at St Paul's Cathedral. Some time before 1603 a rich patron (possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland) sent him to Italy to study drawing. After Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for King Christian V on the designs for the king's Rosenborg and Frederiksborg palaces. When he returned to England he began work as a theatre designer and architect. In September 1615, King Charles I appointed Jones as the Surveyor-General of the King's Works. From 1629 to 1635 he worked for buildings in Covent Garden. 

Jones's career as a full-time architect ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The Parliament of England seized all of the King's houses in 1643. In his later years Jones lived in Somerset House in central London. He died there on 21 June 1652. He was buried with his parents at the Church of St Benet. St Benet's was the Welsh church of the City of London.
**Jerry Lee Lewis** (September 29, 1935 – October 28, 2022) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. His best known singles were "Great Balls of Fire", "Breathless", and "High School Confidential". He was honored in the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in 2022.

Career
------

Like other music players who were known by many people around the same time as him Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, Lewis sang gospel and country music before becoming well known for rock and roll. He was known for his wild style of piano playing and songs like "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On" and "Great Balls of Fire".

Lewis got a career boost, when he performed on *The Steve Allen Show*. His first son was named Steve Allen Lewis, as a tribute.

At a time when Lewis was very popular, people found out that his third wife, Myra Gale Brown, was a thirteen-year-old distant cousin of his. People thought this was bad. His career nearly came to an end. In the early 1960s, he made a comeback. Throughout the next two decades he suffered many personal problems, including health problems, and divorce. 

On November 22, 1976, Lewis was arrested outside Elvis Presley's Graceland home for trying to shoot him.

Many people think of him as an icon and pioneer of popular music.

A 1989 movie, *Great Balls of Fire*, starring Dennis Quaid and Winona Ryder, is about his life.

Personal life
-------------

Lewis was born in Ferriday, Louisiana. He was a cousin of Mickey Gilley and Jimmy Swaggart. 

Lewis was married seven times, There were some bigamous marriages and a marriage with his underage cousin. He had six children during his marriages.

When Jerry Lee Lewis was 16, he married Dorothy Barton, the daughter of a preacher. Their union lasted for 20 months, from February 1952 to October 1953.

He preferred young girls, and several of his marriages were of doubtful legality. His third marriage was to 13-year-old Myra Gale Brown, his first cousin once removed, on December 12, 1957. It is worth remembering that every state had its own legal system, and what was lawful in Tennessee might not have been lawful in some other states.

Lewis died on October 28, 2022 at his home in Nesbit, Mississippi at the age of 87. At the time of his death, he was recovering from the flu.

Other websites
--------------

* Hear Jerry Lee Lewis (music and interviews) on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
**Johannes Ockeghem** (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

Life
----

The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons. 

His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

Music and influence
-------------------

Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His *Missa pro Defunctis* is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called "cantus firmus technique". Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands. 

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called *La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem* in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.
Caterpillars
An echinoderm *pluteus* larva
A *trochophore* larva
Many animals develop in separate stages. A **larva** (plural: *larvae*) develops from the egg in those animals. It is a separate life stage from the adult reproductive stage. A larva does not look like the adult animal, and changes shape (known as metamorphosis) as it grows up. There may be several larval stages before the adult form. Tadpoles, maggots and caterpillars are larvae.

Marine organisms with a larval stage often release large numbers of eggs and sperms into the water column. After fertilisation, the eggs develop into tiny larvae. The larvae develop and grow for some time before metamorphosing into adults. Most marine invertebrates and many fish have a pelagic larval stage or pelagic eggs. These live in the plankton, and may be transported long distances.

Evolutionary theory
-------------------

Probably the most widely accepted theory explaining the evolution of larval stages is the need for *dispersal*. Sessile organisms such as barnacles and tunicates, and sea-floor groups like mussels and crabs, need some way to move their young into new territory, since they cannot move long distances as adults. Many species have relatively long pelagic larval stages (how long a larva is in the water column). During this time, larvae feed and grow, and many species move through several stages of development. For example, most barnacles moult through six *nauplius* larva stages before moulting to a *cipris*, when they look to settle. The larvae eat different food from the adults, and disperse.

The other consideration is the small size of the eggs. If animals lay many small eggs (and most do), then the young stages cannot live the life the adults lead. They must live a separate life until they have the size and capability to live as an adult. This is what the larvae do.

### Origin of vertebrates

A long-standing theory is that in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates) lies the origin of vertebrates. Tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are mobile, and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis does show that the tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.
An inclined plane allows to access the upper floor
An **inclined plane** is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object.

Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, carpenter's planes, and wedges. The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge at a different height.

Another simple machine based on the inclined plane is the blade, in which two inclined planes placed back to back allow the two parts of the cut object to move apart using less force than would be needed to pull them apart in opposite directions.

Calculation of forces acting on an object on an inclined planes
---------------------------------------------------------------

Key:  
N = Normal force that is perpendicular to the plane  
m = Mass of object  
g = Acceleration due to gravity  
θ (theta) = Angle of elevation of the plane, measured from the horizontal  
*f* = frictional force of the inclined plane
To calculate the forces on an object placed on an inclined plane, consider the three forces acting on it.

1. The normal force (*N*) exerted on the body by the plane due to the attraction of gravity i.e. mg cos θ
2. the force due to gravity (*mg*, acting vertically downwards) and
3. the frictional force (*f*) acting parallel to the plane.

We can break the force from gravity into two vectors, one perpendicular to the plane and one parallel to the plane. Since there is no movement perpendicular to the plane, the component of the gravitational force in this direction (*mg* cos *θ*) must be equal and opposite to normal force exerted by the plane, *N*. Therefore, {\displaystyle N=mgcos\theta }.

If the component of the force from gravity parallel to the surface (*mg* sin *θ*) is greater than the static frictional force *fs* – then the body will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration (*g* sin *θ* − *fk*/*m*), where *fk* is the force of friction – otherwise it will remain stationary.

When the angle of the slope (*θ*) is zero, sin *θ* is also zero, so the body will not move.

Other websites
--------------

* An interactive simulation of physics – inclined plane
**Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev** (9 November 1818 - 3 September 1883) was a Russian writer, most famous for his novel *Fathers and Sons*.

Life
----

Turgenev was born into a rich land-owning family in Oryol, Russia, on 9 November 1818. His father died when Turgenev was sixteen. He and his brother Nicholas were brought up by their mother. She did not treat them well.

Turgenev went to the University of Moscow for one year and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, where he studied Classics and Russian Literature. In 1838 he went to the University of Berlin to study philosophy and history. Turgenev liked Germany and thought Russia should change their social system to be more like Germany’s.

The 1840s and 1850s were hard times for writers and artists in Russia. The political system did not allow them to express themselves as they wanted to. Many intelligent Russians left the country and went to England, France and Germany. In 1852 Turgenev himself was put in prison for a month for praising Nikolai Gogol – a famous Russian writer who had been criticised by the ruling powers in the country. In 1854, Turgenev moved to Western Europe and started writing his novel *Rudin*, which complained about the Russia of the 1840s and 1850s. 

The political system in Russia changed in 1855 when Alexander II took over power from his father Nicholas I. Writers and artists had more freedom from this time. In 1860 one of Turgenev’s most famous novels, *First Love*, was published.

In 1862, *Fathers and Sons*, Turgenev’s most famous novel, appeared. Many people did not like the novel which upset Turgenev and he began to write less.

*Smoke* was published in 1867, but again was not popular in Russia. 

In 1879, he received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford in England.

In later life, Turgenev did not live in Russia much. He lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often near the singer Pauline Viardot, who he was having an affair with. He never married, but he did have a daughter with one of his family’s servants.

Turgenev died near Paris on 3 September 1883. On his deathbed he told Leo Tolstoy to start writing again.

Turgenev had an awkward relationship with two other famous Russian writers – Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky criticised Turgenev for liking Western Europe and its literature more than Russian literature. Turgenev was also close to the French writer Gustave Flaubert.

Main works
----------

* 1857 - *Rudin* (Рудин), English translation: *Rudin*
* 1859 - *Dvoryanskoye Gnezdo* (Дворянское гнездо), English translation: *A Nest of Gentlefolk*
* 1860 - *Nakanune* (Накануне), English translation: *On the Eve*
* 1862 - *Ottsy i Deti* (Отцы и дети); English translation: *Fathers and Sons*
* 1867 - *Dym* (Дым); English translation: *Smoke*
* 1877 - *Nov* (Новь); English translation: *Virgin Soil*

Related pages
-------------

* List of Russian language poets
* List of Russian-language novelists

Other websites
--------------

* Works by & about Ivan Turgenev at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
* Works by Ivan Turgenev at Project Gutenberg Gutenberg.org (plain text and HTML)
The **Lamborghini Espada** is a station wagon made by Lamborghini. It was made from 1968 to 1978. There were three generations of the Espada. These generations were known as Series I, Series II, and Series III.

History
-------

The Lamborghini Espada was designed by Marcello Gandini in 1967.

The Espada is a four-seater grand-touring car. It was initially sold at the same time as the Islero and the mid-engine Miura. The Espada and the Islero both replaced the 400 GT.

Three different series of the Espada were made. These were the S1 (1968–1970), the S2 (1970–1972) and the S3 (1972–1978). Each series was an update from the last, with changes such as more horsepower and a redesigned interior. Overall, 1,217 Espadas were made.

### Series I

A Series I Espada
The Espada was launched at the 1968 Geneva Motor Show, alongside the Islero. The Espada was equipped with a 3,929 cc (240 cu in) Lamborghini V12 engine, which was based off the one used in the 400 GT 2+2. The engine was rated at 325 hp (242 kW; 330 PS) in the series I cars. 186 Series I Espadas were made before January 1970.

### Series II

At the 1970 Brussels Motor Show, Lamborghini revealed the Series II version of the Espada. The power output of the Espada increased to 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) due to a higher 10.7:1 compression ratio. The brakes were changed to vented Girling discs instead of solid discs. CV joints were now used on the rear half-shafts. Lamborghini made 575 of the Series II Espadas, which was the most of any series of Espada.

### Series III

The Series III Espada was launched in 1972. It was fitted with wider Pirelli Cinturato 215/70WR15 CN12 tyres. The front grille now had a square instead of hexagonal mesh. A sunroof was also made an option for the Series III.

The 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) engine was carried over from the Series II Espada. Power steering by ZF and air conditioning were now standard. In 1974, a Chrysler Torqueflite 3 speed automatic transmission became available as an option.

From 1975, large impact bumpers had to be installed to meet United States safety requirements. Other changes had to be made for the car to meet US laws. Some people consider these later US-spec cars to be a separate fourth series of the Espada.

Engine and transmission
-----------------------

The Espada used an updated version of the 400 GT’s 4.0 liter V12 engine. The engine produced 325 hp (242 kW; 330 PS) horsepower in the Series I Espada, and 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) in the Series II and III Espadas. The engine was paired to a five-speed manual transmission, with a three-speed Chrysler-built automatic transmission as an option for the Series III Espada.

Related pages
-------------

* Lamborghini Islero
* Lamborghini 400 GT
**Kim Anderson** is an associate professor at the University of Guelph. She works in the Department of Family Relations and Human Development in the College of Social and Applied Human Sciences. Anderson is an Indigenous (Metis) scholar. She researches Indigenous mothering, Indigenous feminism, Indigenous masculinities, and Indigenous knowledge in cities. She holds the Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Relationships, and leads a research team exploring the Indigenous concept of "all my relations" - an Indigenous expression of gratitude and connection - and how these relationships are developed and maintained among urban Indigenous populations.

She got her PhD in History from the University of Guelph in 2010. She had studied the role of Anishinaabek life stage teachings among northern Algonquin women. These helped Indigenous peoples to decolonise and make healthier lives. Her M.A. is in Adult Education and Sociology and Equity Studies from University of Toronto's Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. She earned an Honours B.A. as an English Specialist from the University of Toronto.

Career
------

Anderson joined the Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition at University of Guelph in 2017. She became the Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Relationships in 2018. She planss to "Indigenize the campus" with programs including language training, food and medicine gardens, and ceremonial spaces. Prior to joining the faculty at University of Guelph, Anderson was Associate Professor in Indigenous Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University from 2011-2016.

Publications
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* A Recognition of Being: Reconstructing Native Womanhood (2d Edition, Canadian Scholars, 2016)
* Life Stages and Native Women: Memory, Teachings and Story Medicine (University of Manitoba Press, 2011)
* Indigenous Men and Masculinities: Legacies, Identities, Regeneration (with Robert Alexander Innes; University of Manitoba Press, 2015)
* Mothers of the Nations: Indigenous Mothering as Global Resistance, Reclaiming and Recovery (with Dawn Lavell- Harvard; Demeter Press, 2014)
Ignatz hurls a brick at Krazy Kat, who misinterprets it as an expression of love
***Krazy Kat*** is a comic strip created by cartoonist George Herriman. It was published daily in newspapers between 1913 and 1944. It first appeared in the *New York Evening Journal*. Its owner, William Randolph Hearst, was a major booster for the strip throughout its run. 

The *Krazy Kat* characters were introduced in another Herriman strip *The Dingbat Family*. The phrase "Krazy Kat" originated there. It was the mouse's way of describing the cat. The strip is set in Herriman's vacation home of Coconino County, Arizona. *Krazy Kat* is mixture of offbeat surrealism, innocent playfulness, and poetic, idiosyncratic language. 

The strip focuses on the curious love triangle between Krazy Kat, a carefree, simple-minded cat; Ignatz Mouse; and police dog, Offissa Bull Pupp. Krazy has an unrequited love for the mouse. Ignatz despises Krazy. He throws bricks at Krazy's head. Krazy thinks this is a sign of the Mouse's affection. Krazy utters grateful replies such as "Li'l dollink, allus f'etful". Offissa Pupp is Coconino County's administrator of law and order. He makes it his mission to interfere with Ignatz's brick-tossing plans. He locks the mouse in the county jail.

The detailed characterization and Herriman's visual and verbal creativity made *Krazy Kat* one of the first comics to be praised by intellectuals. The strip was treated as "serious" art. Critic Gilbert Seldes wrote at length about the strip in 1924, calling it "the most amusing and fantastic and satisfactory work of art produced in America today." Poet E. E. Cummings admired Herriman and wrote the introduction to the first collection of the strip in book form. *Krazy Kat* was only a modest success during its initial run. In more recent years, many modern cartoonists have cited *Krazy Kat* as a major influence on their own work.

Other websites
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* Media related to Krazy Kat at Wikimedia Commons
* Krazy Kat at Internet Archive (comic strips, video and audio)
* Coconino County Archived 2010-05-13 at the Wayback Machine — History, bios, strip archive, bibliography and more.
* "'Some Say it With A Brick': George Herriman's Krazy Kat" — A critical essay.
* Full video of the "Krazy Goes A-Wooing" silent animated short produced by Hearst Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, with some similarities to the strip.
* The Columbia Crow's Nest Archived 2010-10-09 at the Wayback Machine — Includes information on the Mintz-era cartoons bearing the *Krazy Kat* name.
* Ignatz Mouse — A site built around the second character of the strip. Forums, archives, etc...
* Krazy Kat Cartoons from the 1960s — A list of Krazy Kat cartoons in full-colors.
* Comic Strip Library — Archive of many strips in very high resolution.
* Bill Watterson's foreword of the book "The Komplete Kolor Krazy Kat" Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
The name **kreisfreie Stadt** (plural: *kreisfreie Städte*) is used for German towns that have their own government. This town government is independent of the government of the next-higher level of authority, the *Landkreis*. Today, most of the cities that have this statute, are big cities, with 100.000 people living there, or more. The concept grew historically. That means that there are big cities, with more than 100.000 people that do not have the statute. There are also some cities who have only taken a part of the responsibilities of a Landkreis (or Kreis). The smallest city with the statute is Zweibrücken. About 35.000 people live there. The biggest of these cities is Munich, with about 1.3 million people. Hamburg and Berlin are bigger. They are city states, though. The city state of Bremen (state) is made of two *kreisfreie Städte*, the city of Bremen, and the city of Bremerhaven, about 60 km to the north. About half a million people live in Bremen (1.5 million in the agglomeration), about 117.000 people live in Bremerhaven.

But not every big city with more than 100.000 inhabitants is a *kreisfreie Stadt*. Some of them, for example Recklinghausen or Göttingen (both more 120.000 inhabitants) are part of a *Landkreis*.

There are very few cities, who only took part of the paperwork from the Landkreis. Some of these are called *Große selbständige Stadt* (Translates to *Big sovereign city*). They only seem to exist in Lower Saxony. They are:
Celle, Cuxhaven, Goslar, Hameln, Hildesheim, Lingen, and Lüneburg. Things like hunting permits cannot be delegated to the cities. Other things, like what to do with the trash have sometimes been delegated.

Similar concepts to that of the *kreisfreie Stadt* are Unitary authorities in the United Kingdom, or that of *independent city* in the United States.
**Julius L. Meier** (December 31, 1874 - July 14, 1937) was a businessman in Portland, Oregon, and governor of Oregon. He was born in Portland to German immigrants of Jewish ancestory: Aaron, a merchant and founder of Oregon's largest department store, Meier & Frank, and Jeannette (Hirsch) Meier. He had three siblings, and was the father of Jean Ellen, Elsa Francis, and Julius L. (Jack) Jr.

He married Grace Mayer on Christmas Day, 1901, saying afterwards that it was the only day that he was allowed off from the store.

Meier graduated from the University of Oregon Law School in 1895 and practiced law with a partner, George W. Joseph for the next four years, until he went into the family's business. According to family tradition, it was at this time that he added the "L" to his name; the sign painter, who was putting his name on the door, insisted that all lawyers of substance had one and Meier suggested an "L".

Meier ran for governor as an independent candidate in 1930, winning 54.5 percent of the total vote, outdistancing his nearest competitor, Democratic candidate Edward F. Bailey, 135,608 votes to 62,434. After serving as governor, he retired to his estate above the Columbia River, "Menucha", where he later died.

His family sold Menucha to First Presbyterian Church of Portland  in 1950, which now operates it as a conference and retreat center. The Meier and Frank families sold the department store to the May Company in 1966. With May's sale to Federated in 2005, the store was renamed "Macy's" in September, 2006.

Other websites
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* Julius L. Meier 1931-1935 Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine (Official biography at Oregon State Library website)
* Menucha Retreat & Conference Center Website

|
|  |
| Preceded byA. W. Norblad |  **Governors of Oregon** | Succeeded byCharles H. Martin |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Governors of Oregon | Oregon State Flag |
| Whiteaker | Gibbs | Woods | Grover | Chadwick | Thayer | Moody | Pennoyer | Lord | Geer | Chamberlain | Benson | Bowerman | West | Withycombe | Olcott | Pierce | I. Patterson | Norblad | Meier | Martin | Sprague | Snell | Hall | McKay | P. Patterson | Smith | Holmes | Hatfield | McCall | Straub | Atiyeh | Goldschmidt | Roberts | Kitzhaber | Kulongoski |
Flowering Tree in the Lady Garden Park
The **Lady Garden Park** (originally **Ladies' Garden**) is a public park in Abbottabad town, Pakistan.

History
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The park was established soon after the foundation of Abbotabad town itself (January 1853) by Major James Abbott. As distinct from the *Company Bagh* (East India Company Park) which was also founded down in the main bazaar for the recreation of "natives", the Ladies Garden was exclusively for the use of European or *White* ladies and families. It was laid out over a whole block of the urban military cantonment area, opposite to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad. A number of trees and flowers imported from England and other places were also planted here.

While the British Raj in India lasted, this park retained its exclusive character, but after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was opened to all the general public.

Present status
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The park is a very popular recreational place for the citizens of Abbottabad. Apart from the general, open area with lawns and walks etc. a section has also been segregated for women and children, with swings, slides, see-saws and so on. A small snack-bar and benches are also placed in a pleasant location, under some fine old trees. A special feature of the park is the copy of the farewell poem written by Major Abbott, the town's founder, which has been carved on a big stone slab beneath a majestic cedar tree. Many tourists come to see and read this and get themselves photographed here (See Link Below for Abbott Poem Text).

In literature
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The park has some literary connections, or has been mentioned in some literary works, most notably:

* The Urdu poem "Abar" (Rain-cloud) by the national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal was written during a visit to this park in the town during the British period, in the early 20th century (probably in 1904).
* The park is mentioned in passing for its beautiful old trees in a poem by Pakistani poet and writer, Omer Tarin in the collection *A Sad Piper*, 1st edition, Islamabad, 1994.

Other websites
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* Text of Abbottabad Poem at English Wikipedia, by Major James Abbott; Retrieved 17 November 2012
**iWork** is a suite of programs created by Apple Inc. containing **Pages**, a word processing and desktop publishing program, **Keynote**, a presentation package and **Numbers**, a spreadsheet program.

Although iWork is called "a successor to AppleWorks" by Apple, it does not have the functions of AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. Also, it does not compete directly with the Mac version of Microsoft Office, but instead offers tools with a different focus (presentation, rather than analysis) at a lower price. It is made to integrate with other applications from Apple's iLife Suite. Although iLife comes free on every Mac, iWork is sold separately. From February to March 2008, a free 30-day trial of iWork was installed on every new Mac bought during that time, but now the trial must be downloaded from online. It is still given with copies of iLife. It was later sold for $19.99 per app on OS X and $9.99 per app on iOS. In October 2013 Apple announced that all iOS and OS X devices purchased onwards, whether new or refurbished, were eligible for a free download of all three iWork apps. iWork for iCloud, which also incorporates a document hosting service, is free to all holders of an iCloud account. iWork was released as freeware for macOS and iOS in April 2017. In September 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available for all iWork apps.

History
-------

### iWork '05

iWork '05 was launched on January 11, 2005 and had the new version 2 of Keynote and the first release of Pages. Before it was released, what would become iWork was said to be an add-on, upgrade, or new release of AppleWorks.

### iWork '06

On January 10, 2006, Apple introduced iWork '06 at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco, which upgraded Pages to version 2 and Keynote to version 3. New features common to both applications included 3D charts, tables with formula support, reviewer comments, and shaped image masking. The addition of tables with formula support may have been added to quiet rumors of an Apple spreadsheet application. Since iWork's focus is on presentation, Apple gave a way to put most common spreadsheet features into a table while providing only limited additional functionality.

### iWork '08

iWork '08 was announced on August 7, 2007 at a special event at Apple's Cupertino campus. New versions of Pages and Keynote were introduced, as was a new spreadsheet application, Numbers. Despite this, hard disk space requirements were reduced from 1.85 GB in iWork '06 to 690 MB in iWork '08. iWork '08 was the end of AppleWorks which was not sold anymore a week later. iWork 08 drops support for Mac OS X v10.3 'Panther'.

Related pages
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* Office suite
* Keynote (software)
***Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ*, BWV 177** is a chorale cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach. The title means "I call to You, Lord Jesus Christ" in English. The cantata is performed for the fourth Sunday after Trinity. It was written in Leipzig. It was first performed on 6 July 1732. The cantata is based on Johann Agricola's hymn of the same name.

History
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In 1724, the fourth Sunday after Trinity happened on the same day as the Feast of Visitation. Bach wrote *Meine Seel erhebt den Herren*, BWV 10, a chorale cantata for the Feast of Visitation. He did not write a cantata for the fourth Sunday itself. In 1732, Bach wrote BWV 177. He completed his second chorale cantata cycle. The text of the cantata is from Johann Agricola's hymn.

Structure
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The cantata has five movements. The cantata is written for SATB choir, soprano, alto, and tenor soloists, a solo violin, two violins, a viola, basso continuo, a bassoon, and two oboes.

1. *Chorus*: Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ
2. *Versus 2* (alto): Ich bitt noch mehr, o Herre Gott
3. *Versus 3* (soprano): Verleih, daß ich aus Herzensgrund
4. *Versus 4* (tenor): Laß mich kein Lust noch Furcht von dir
5. *Versus 5* (chorale): Ich lieg im Streit und widerstreb

Other websites
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* Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 177: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* BWV 177 Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ English translation, University of Vermont
* Listening guide by Julian Mincham

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Celtic tribed in the south of England
Coin used by the Iceni, before the Romans arrived.
The **Iceni** were a Celtic tribe who lived in Great Britain, in the area of modern-day Norfolk and Suffolk. Emperor Claudius invaded Great Britain in the year 43 AD. After that, the Iceni became allies of Rome. At that time, Antedios was the ruler of the Iceni. There was little economic exchange between the Iceni and the Romans: The Iceni feared a loss of cultural identity. This meant, that the Romans saw the relationship with the Iceni as a bad one. The Roman governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, decided to disarm the tribes the Romans had bad relations with, in the year 47, and to build new Roman fortifications. 

Prasutagus, an Icene, was given the title of vassal king. Boudicca, Prasutagus' wife, incited the Iceni, and a few allied tribes, into resisting the Romans. This resistance took place in the years 60 and 61, and was not successful. 

At the end of the first century, the Iceni had their own capital, Venta Icenorum, located near the modern-day village of Caistor St Edmund.