recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sargon** (also **SARGON** ) is a chess program. It was created by the American developers Dan and Kathe Spracklen in the late 1970's and 1980's. The program was the benchmark for its power and the comfort of the game at the time.  The name comes from Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BC), former ruler of Mesopotamia. .

History
-------

Sargon was inspired by a *BASIC listing* of an unfinished chess program that the Spracklens found around 1977. They decided to create such a program themselves. They chose to make the program in assembly language. This was because it was much more efficient. They also used the 8-bit Z80 microprocessor that the American company Zilog just started selling. The first version was released in 1978. In that same year they won the March 3 - 5 Computer Chess Tournament in San Jose, California *West Coast Computer Faire* .

As a result, other versions were created. Most of the version were numbered with Roman numerals (II, III, IV and V). The exception was Ver. 2.5. The last version (1991) was version V.

Bibliography
------------

* *SARGON III - Ein Mikrocomputer-Programm aus dem Hause Spracklen* in *Computerschach und Spiele* (CSS), Nr. 3, 1984, p. 12–14
* Kathe und Dan Spracklen: *Sargon - A Computer Chess Program*, Hayden Book Company, 1978, ISBN 0-8104-5155-7
* Kathe und Dan Spracklen: *First Steps in Computer Chess Programming* (englisch) in BYTE, Vol. 3, Nr. 10, October 1978

Other websites
--------------

* Sargon-Serie at MobyGames
* Access to the UVlist.net computer game database
* Sargon Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine in *Chess Programming Wiki* (English), accessed 21. November 2017
* List of SARGON TDL Z80 assembler for CP / M and Wavemate Jupiter III
St. Peter's and St. Paul's Orthodox Church, Parumala, the shrine of St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios in Kerala. He is the first Indian to be canonised by Syrian Christians of India.**Pathanamthitta District** is a district in the southern part of Kerala, India. The district headquarters is in the town of Pathanamthitta. There are four municipalities in Pathanamthitta: Tiruvalla, Adoor, Pathanamthitta and Pandalam.

According to the 2001 Census of India, the population was 1,231,577, making it the third least populous district in Kerala (out of 14), after Wayanad and Idukki. Pathanamthitta has been declared the first polio-free district in India. The district is 10.03% urbanised. Pathanamthitta is one of the Richestt districts in India with just 1.17% poverty as of 2013, which places the district among top 5 districts in India with least poverty.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Pathanamthitta district has a population of 1,195,537, roughly equal to the nation of Timor-Leste or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 399th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 453 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,170/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was −3.12%. Pathanamthitta has a sex ratio of 1129 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 96.93%. Pathanamthitta District is one of the few districts to have negative growth in population.

According to the Census of India 2001, the district had a population of 1,234,016 with a density of 467 persons per square kilometre. This is the lowest density in the State after Idukki and Wayanad. Schedule tribes and castes comprise 13% of the total population. The female to male ratio is 1094:1000, which is the highest among the districts in the State. Pathanamthitta's literacy rate is 95%.Pathanamthitta's major religion are Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains have much smaller followings. As of 2004[update] the population included 694,560(56.28%) Hindus, 481,602 (39.03%) Christians and 56,457 (4.58%) Muslims, the lowest following in the State.

As of 2011[update] the population included 681,666(56.93%) Hindus, 456,404 (38.12%) Christians and 55,074(4.60%) Muslims.
In Christian Denominations Malankara Orthodox Church, with population of 312, 352, Mar Thoma Syrian Church population of 134, 751, Jacobite and Knanaya Jacobite population accumulating to a total of 47,256 and Malankara Catholics reaching a total of 44,326.A large number of Pentecostal and Reformation Groups also are present in this area.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pathanamthitta district***.

* Pathanamthitta travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Pathanamthitta district official website Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Pathanamthitta District administration
**Salyut 3** was a space station in the Soviet Union's Almaz program. It was also known as **OTS-2** and **Almaz 2**. The size and shape were similar to Salyut 1, but the rest of the design was very different. This was because it was part of the Almaz program instead of the Salyut program. It was only named Salyut 3 to hide its real purpose. In reality it was a military station for spying on other countries. Most details of it were not known until after the Cold War was over.

The station had living areas for cosmonauts, engines, and solar panels. These were similar to other space stations. Due to its military nature, it also had some special equipment. There was a space telescope and several cameras, all for looking at the Earth. A small spacecraft called the Earth-return capsule stored film and could come back to Earth on its own. It was also possible for cosmonauts to develop film on the station and send back the images using a TV system. Salyut 3 also had an onboard cannon (large gun), based on a design used on aircraft.

Salyut 3 was launched into orbit on 25 June 1974 by a Proton rocket. It stayed in space for 213 days before being burned up in the atmosphere. Starting on 4 July 1974 a crew of two cosmonauts stayed at the station for two weeks. Then on 26 August 1974 a second crew arrived but could not connect to the station and so had to return to earth. After this no other crews visited, but the station could do some tasks on its own. One was sending the Earth-return capsule back. The second was firing the cannon. This is the only time a gun has been fired in space. A total of 20 rounds were fired in 3 bursts.

On 24 January 1975 the station entered the atmosphere and burned up. It was followed by Salyut 4 which was a civilian space station. The next Almaz station was Salyut 5.
**Nasal hair** are small hair-like cells in the nose. Most of them can be found near the nostrils. The purpose of these hairs is to act as a filter, keeping dust and dirt out of the nasal passages. They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action. In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages and stop them from drying out. The hairs trap moisture as air is breathed out. The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs increases the humidity of air as it is breathed in. Note that nasal hair is different from the cilia found in the nose, which are part of the olfactory system.

Some cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be ugly. The increased growth of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment. A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including small rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers. However, given the role of nasal cilia, many doctors recommend trimming them lightly, if at all. There is evidence that the movement in the ciliar slows down with age. This may be the reason that old people have more respiratory infections.
The **Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra** (**PSO**) is an American orchestra based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The orchestra's home is Heinz Hall, located in Pittsburgh's Cultural District.

History
-------

The orchestra was started in 1895. Several of the musicians had come from the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The earliest conductors were Archer, Victor Herbert and Emil Paur. Famous guest conductors included Edward Elgar and Richard Strauss. In 1910 the orchestra had to stop playing because they had no money.

In 1926 the orchestra was started again. The musicians were not paid, and they gave money to make it possible for the orchestra to continue. It started to become a good orchestra in 1937 when Otto Klemperer was asked to take the orchestra and reorganize it. Since then the orchestra has developed and become an international orchestra.

Fritz Reiner (1938-48) conducted the orchestra for ten years. It was not easy during the war because the musicians often had to go to fight in the war and others came instead. From 1948 to 1952, several famous conductors led the orchestra, including Leonard Bernstein and Leopold Stokowski.

When William Steinberg took over from 1952 to 1976 he took them on tour to Europe and made many recordings. He was followed by André Previn who helped the orchestra to make a television series *Previn and the Pittsburgh*. Lorin Maazel, who came from Pittsburgh, conducted them until 1996, taking them on several international tours. Mariss Jansons followed Maazel from 1997-2004. After he left the orchestra had guest conductors but not a musical director (main conductor) for four years. In 2008 the Austrian conductor Manfred Honeck was made music director. Leonard Slatkin is the main guest conductor.

In 2004, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra with conductor Gilbert Levine became the first American orchestra to play for the Pope.

Music Directors and other artistic leaders
------------------------------------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * 1895-1898 Frederic Archer (*Lead Conductor*)
* 1898-1904 Victor Herbert
* 1904-1910 Emil Paur
* 1930-1937 Antonio Modarelli
* 1937 Otto Klemperer (*Guest Conductor*)
* 1938-1948 Fritz Reiner
* 1948-1952 Victor de Sabata (*Guest Conductor*)
* 1952-1976 William Steinberg
 | * 1976-1984 André Previn
* 1984-1996 Lorin Maazel
* 1996-2004 Mariss Jansons
* 2005-2008 Andrew Davis (*Artistic Advisor*)
* 2008-present Manfred Honeck
 |

Other websites
--------------

* Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra official website
**Pituitary adenomas** are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. Pituitary tumors are generally divided into three kinds dependant upon their biological functioning: benign adenoma, invasive adenoma or carcinomas, with carcinomas accounting for 0.1% to 0.2%, appoximately 35% being invasive adenomas and most being benign adenomas. Pituitary adenomas represent from 10% to 25% of all brain tumors and is thought to happen in about 17% to 25% of most people.

Non-invasive and non-secreting pituitary adenomas are considered to be benign [harmless]; but a recent large study (Fernández-Balsells, *et al.* 2011) has shown there are few studies to prove if this is true or not.

Adenomas that are bigger than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) are called *macroadenomas*, and those smaller than 10 mm are called *microadenomas*. Most pituitary adenomas are microadenomas. Most pituitary microadenomas often remain undiagnosed and those that are diagnosed are often found as an *incidental finding* [which means found by chance], and are called *incidentalomas*.

Invasive adenomas may invade the dura mater, cranial bone, or sphenoid bone. It used to be thought that clinically active pituitary adenomas were rare but recent studies have suggested that they may affect about one in 1000 of the general population.
In the New Forest
A **royal forest** is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs. 

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users. Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests.

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the *venison* and the *vert*, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar – and the greenery which sustained them. 

Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman Yoke": 

"the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated".
Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any offence within the forests. Killing game was a capital offence. By the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law died out, but many English woodlands still bear the title *Royal Forest*. The practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe during the mediaeval period. 

Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. Local inhabitants were restricted in the use of land they had previously relied on for their livelihood. However, common rights were not extinguished, but merely restricted.
**Microsoft Mahjong** it an puzzle gameplay was developed of Oberon Media, now developed of Microsoft Corporation. It has introduced on November 8, 2006 in Oberon Media, supported of Windows Vista and Windows 7. In 2012, Microsoft Mahjong has not available in Windows 8 after release.

In July 15, 2015, Microsoft announced that *Microsoft Mahjong* has launched for MSN Games, about such on Windows 8 to Windows 10, they will be available after download and install Microsoft Mahjong.

History
-------

In November 8, 2006, *Microsoft Mahjong* has begin release of Oberon Media, they supported of Windows Vista and Windows 7, along with Purble Place and Chess Titans.

In May 18, 2012. After release of Windows 8 Release Preview, *Microsoft Mahjong* has Microsoft announced they will be discontinued games for Windows 8 Beta because has no longers available after release.

In July 15, 2015, Microsoft announced that *Microsoft Mahjong* will be launched for MSN Games websites, smillar to old version of *Microsoft Mahjong*. Microsoft announced that Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 such available *Microsoft Mahjong* after players can download and install *Microsoft Mahjong*.

Related pages
-------------

* Purble Place
* MSN Games
Embroidered version of the GCVO star
The **Royal Victorian Order** is a British honour. It is given by The King, to people who have served him, or his Monarchy personally. Like the Orders of the Garter and Thistle, the Prime Minister does not suggest who should get the honour.

The Order was created in April 1896, by Queen Victoria, as a way of rewarding personal service to her. Today, people receive their award either privately from The King or another member of the Royal Family, or during an investiture.

Often, and on a State Visit, the King will invest people in the country visited before returning to the UK. The British Ambassador and others who have helped the Visit may be rewarded, as can foreigners, and it is often awarded by the Sovereign during official tours overseas.

The first foreigners to get the Order were the Prefect of Alpes Maritimes and the Mayor of Nice, during Queen Victoria's visit to the south of France, in 1896.

The Chapel of the Order is The King's Chapel of the Savoy, a 'Royal peculiar', which for historic reasons is in the private possession of the Sovereign, in his or her right as the Duke of Lancaster.

The Savoy Chapel is not very big, so now, the service for those who have been given the award is held in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, every four years.

Many members of the Royal Family have been given the award, along with many other recipients, who include servants of The King, who have served the Monarchy for many years.

The motto is *Victoria*.

Ranks
-----

In order, the ranks are:

* Knight or Dame Grand Cross (GCVO)
* Knight or Dame Commander (KCVO) or (DCVO, for women)
* Commander (CVO)
* Lieutenant (LVO)
* Member (MVO)

### Royal Victorian Medal

The Royal Victorian Medal was set up at the same time as the order. It is for personal service to the Sovereign or the Royal Family, and as a mark of royal esteem. 

Although the Medal is related to the Royal Victorian Order, it differs in appearance and in the way it is worn. The Medal is given to civilians and non-commissioned military personnel, often to people who have worked for the Sovereign for a long time.
The location of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland
A fissure running along the Mid Atlantic Ridge in Iceland
Rock outcrop in Iceland, a visible surface feature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Easternmost edge of the North American plate. It is a popular destination for tourists in Iceland.
The **Mid-Atlantic Ridge** is where seafloor spreading takes place in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. These ridges make up the longest mountain ranges in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland. On Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reaches the surface.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates, and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

History
-------

The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS *Challenger* in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km-long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

Geology
-------

The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.

The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the **Mid-Atlantic Rise** which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.
Moat around a Japanese castle
A **moat** is a body of water around a castle or town to keep people out. The moat was introduced between 1154 and 1485. At first, moats were simple and used only for protection. Later on, moats became more complicated and were used for show.

Moats are deep, wide ditches filled with water. They were usually built near sources of water that flowed into the moats, filling them with water. The moats were filled with water for a few reasons. It made enemies swimming across the moat easy targets. It also made it impossible for enemies to dig underneath the castle walls, which was a common method of attack. It also prevented fires from destroying the castle.

Origin
------

The word *moat* comes from the French word *motte*, which means hill. Moats were first used in the Medieval period, from 1016 to 1164. Castles were built on the top of high hills. The area at the bottom of the hill was eventually called the moat.

Usage
-----

Castle moats were usually between 5 and 40 feet deep, and they were not always filled with water. Not all moats contained water, as a simple dry, wide ditch could prove an obstacle. These were called dry moats.

In many stories, moats are filled with alligators or crocodiles. This is a myth. However, moats were sometimes filled with fish or eels for food.
***Pico do Fogo*** ("Fire peak") is the highest peak of Cape Verde, rising to 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level. It is an active stratovolcano lying on the island of Fogo. The last eruption of the main volcanic cone was in 1675 and all the people living in the island had to leave.

A lateral vent (the opening of a volcano from which lava flows) erupted in 1995. The only deadly eruption was in 1847 when earthquakes produced in all the island claimed several lives. Volcanic lava has reached the eastern coast of the island in historical times.

*Chã das Caldeiras*
Its most spectacular feature is a volcanic crater (or caldera, *caldeira* in Portuguese) that is about 9 km (6 mi) wide, with a border (*bordeira* in Portuguese) that is about 1 km (1 mi) high. The crater has a slit in its eastern wall, and a large peak like a volcanic cone rises in its center that. The central cone is the highest point of the island (2829 m) and its peak is about 100 m higher than the *bordeira* that surrounds the crater.

The lowest elevation of the floor of the *caldeira*, known as *Chã das Caldeiras* ("Plain of the Calderas") is 1,625 m (5,331 ft). There are, within the *caldeira*, two villages which were evacuated during the last eruption. Traditionally, grapes are grown on the inner slopes of the *bordeira* and there is some subsistence agriculture on the *caldeira* floor.

The mountain's slopes are used to grow coffee, while its lava is used as building material.

The Fea's petrel (*Pterodroma feae*), a Near Threatened species of bird, breeds in this mountain.

The endemic plants *Echium vulcanorum* and *Erysimum caboverdeanum* are only known to occur on the outer rim of the volcano.

View of the volcanic crater of Pico do Fogo.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pico do Fogo***.

* Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory
* Observatório Vulcanológico de Cabo Verde (OVCV) Archived 2013-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
*Mimosa hamanta* in Hyderabad, India.
Mimosa before being touched.
Mimosa with folded-in leaves just after being touched.
***Mimosa*** is a genus of plants. It has around 590 species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word μιμος that means "mimic".

The best known species of mimosa are *Mimosa pudica* and *Mimosa tenuiflora*. *Mimosa pudica* is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. *Mimosa tenuiflora* is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer. 

It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots. In general, the production of such a chemical is a defence against herbivory.

Grouping
--------

The *Mimosa* genus has been split up into smaller groupings or lumped into larger ones. It has over 3,000 names to describe its species. Most of these names are now considered synonyms. Some of the names have been given to other species and genera.

The name "mimosa" has been used for other species that look like mimosa but are not related. Some of the most common unrelated plants called this name are the silk tree (*Albizia julibrissin*) and sattle (*Acacia dealbata*).

Description
-----------

This genus includes some plants that are able to move fast. This is very rare. The mimosa's leaves close quickly when touched.

*Mimosa* is related to the genera *Acacia* and *Albizia*. The difference between them is that the mimosa's flowers have ten or fewer stamens. The big round flower of the mimosa is actually an inflorescence, a cluster (close group) of many small flowers.

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves
**Pico Ruivo** ("red peak" in Portuguese) is, with its 1,862 m (6,109 ft), the highest point of the island of Madeira and the third summit of Portugal (after Mount Pico in Pico Island, Azores, and Torre in continental Portugal).

Pico Ruivo is in the Central Mountainous Massif, in the municipality of Santana, where there are also other high mountains like the *Pico das Torres*, with 1,850 m (6,070 ft) and the *Pico do Arieiro*, with 1,818 m (5,965 ft).

Plants
------

Although of moderate altitude, the top has a very rocky landscape. The only vegetation that can develop there is of plants that grow on or among rocks.

There are two main types of vegetation: one with heathers, widespread on the island, and another with few herbaceous plants. A special feature for this altitude is the presence of small shrubs and heather trees.

Wildlife
--------

View towards Pico das Torres and **Pico Ruivo** from Pico do Arieiro.
Some birds found on Pico Ruivo are the common blackbird, chaffinch and the Madeira firecrest. The red-legged partridge and the common linnet also nest on Pico Ruivo.

Until a few years ago, its slopes were used for raising goats, sheep and cows. However, to conserve the biodiversity in the region (such as the protection of the bird *freira-da-madeira* and plant communities in altitude), this practice was prohibited and the entire area around the peak is recovering.

Hiking
------

The summit of Pico Ruivo can be reached only on foot:

* from Achada do Texeira (north-east, 1,592 meters) by a trail;
* from the Pico do Arieiro (southeast), the third highest mountain of the island, along a path about 10 km (6.2 mi) long; or
* by the west, especially from Curral das Freiras.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pico Ruivo***.

* madeira islands - Madeira Tourism Office: Nature holidays
* Pico Ruivo, Portugal - Peakbagger.com
* "Europe: Atlantic Islands - Ultra Prominences" - Peaklist.org.
* Pico Ruivo: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering: SummitPost
* Madeira Tourism Office: Walking through undreamt beauty
***Platanus*** is a genus of plants, which mostly occur on the Northern Hemisphere. All of them are trees, which reach heights between 30 metres (98 ft) and 50 metres (160 ft). There are eight to ten recent species of *Platanus*, and at least three extinct ones. 

In English, these trees are called **planes** or **plane trees**. Some North American species are called **sycamores**, but this name is also used for a species of fig.

London plane
------------

The London plane, *Platanus* × *acerifolia*, is a hybrid or a cultivar. Exactly what the parents were in uncertain. It was extensively planted on London streets before WWII, but is no longer in favour. The London plane is very tolerant of air pollution and root compaction (small space for roots). For these reasons it was a popular urban roadside tree. Now, however, it is indirectly something of a pest. Aphids in their millions suck sap from its leaves, and drop sugary liquid onto cars parked underneath. Older London streets have virtually no off-road parking.

Images
------

* Trunk of an aged Platanus, in Trsteno, near Dubrovnik, CroatiaTrunk of an aged *Platanus*, in Trsteno, near Dubrovnik, Croatia
* Crete's biggest Platanus (P. orientalis) is about 2.500 years oldCrete's biggest *Platanus* (*P. orientalis*) is about 2.500 years old
* P. occidentalis, in a park *P. occidentalis*, in a park

Leaves of *platanus.*

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
Moors Hall, Radcliffe Quadrangle, Harvard University
**Radcliffe College** was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the female college attached to Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges.

It shared, with Bryn Mawr College, the popular reputation of students being both intellectually and independently minded. Radcliffe gave Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history. 

In 1963 Radcliffe gave joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977. Radcliffe was fully integrated with Harvard by 1999. Today, in Harvard University, Radcliffe's former campus is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. The former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle is now in the Harvard College housing system. Under the terms of the 1999 agreement, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle will always keep the "Radcliffe" name.
C-4 plastic explosive (the barely white rectangle blocks) being used to destroy unexploded fighting parts.
**Plastic explosive** is a softer solid form of explosive material. In the field of explosives engineering, plastic explosives are sometimes known as **putty explosives**.

Plastic explosives are mostly used for explosive destruction. Common plastic explosives include Semtex and C-4. The first made plastic explosive was gelignite in 1875, created by Alfred Nobel.

Types
-----

### Composition C

The British used a plastic explosive during World War II for destruction. The material was plastic between 0 and 40 degrees C, but was breakable when colder and more liquid-like when it's very hot. Composition C2 had a bigger temperature range at which it would stay as plastic, from −30 to 52 degrees C. Composition C2 was replaced by Composition C3, which was a mixture of 77% RDX and 23% explosive plasticizer. C3 worked very well but proved to be too breakable in cold weather and was replaced with C4. There are three classes of C4, with differing amounts of RDX and polyisobutylene.

* A 1.25 lb destruction charge of C4 explosiveA 1.25 lb destruction charge of C4 explosive
* A soldier makes a charge of C4 to cut through solid steel at a destructions rangeA soldier makes a charge of C4 to cut through solid steel at a destructions range
Sculpture of Poubi Lai, being displayed in the Quai Branly Museum in 2010.
View of its African exhibits
The **Quai Branly Museum**, known in French as the **Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac** (French pronunciation: ​[myze dy ke bʁɑ̃li ʒak ʃiʁak]), is a museum in Paris. It displays art and culture from indigenous civilisations of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania. Quai Branly opened on 23 June 2006. It holds the collections of the old Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, which is now closed. It contains 267,000 objects in its permanent collection. Of these, 3500 items are on display.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Musée du quai Branly***.

* Musée du quai Branly Archived 2015-10-28 at the Wayback Machine (site in French, English and Spanish)

Coordinates: 48°51′39″N 2°17′51″E﻿ / ﻿48.86083°N 2.29750°E﻿ / 48.86083; 2.29750

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz place

 |
| Artists | 
* ULAN

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Njáll's son Skarp-Heðinn kills Þráinn on the ice. Family feuds feature prominently in *Njáls saga*.
***Njáls saga*** or ***"The Story of Burnt Njáll"***) is a thirteenth-century Icelandic saga which describes events between 960 and 1020. It's theme is Christianity - with the Althing one man one night ponder decision for Iceland's Constitutional Conversion to the New Christian Creed in 1000 AD - and also with the natural "Christian", Old Njal, a good and decent owner who has bad pagan Chlidren, innocent and accepting dying a protomartyr's death for goodness in his perpretrated burning wood-house.

The principal characters are the friends Njáll Þorgeirsson, a lawyer and a sage, and Gunnar Hámundarson, a formidable warrior. Gunnar's wife starts a feud. This leads to the death of many characters over several decades. The central event is the killing of Njál by fire.

The saga deals with blood feuds in the Icelandic peoples. It shows how honor could lead to minor events spiralling into destructive and prolonged bloodshed. There are insults where a character's manhood is called into question. Another characteristic of the narrative is the presence of omens and prophetic dreams. This might reflect a fatalistic outlook on the part of the author.

A key feature of the writing is the valedictory, which is a farewell statement. Just before death, the character speaks his last.

The work is anonymous, and there is speculation about the author's identity. The major events of the saga are probably historical. The material was shaped by the author, drawing on oral tradition, according to his artistic needs. *Njáls saga* is the longest and most highly developed of the sagas of the Icelanders. It is often considered the peak of the saga tradition.
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured. 

Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components. 

Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.
**Phil Bronstein** (born October 4, 1950) was the executive vice president and editor of the *San Francisco Chronicle*. 

Phil Bronstein

Career
------

Bronstein's career began as a reporter with KQED-TV in San Francisco. He later moved to the *San Francisco Examiner*. At the *Examiner*, Bronstein specialized in investigations and was a foreign correspondent for eight years. He has won awards for his writing about the Philippines from the Overseas Press Club, Associated Press, the World Affairs Council and Media Alliance. He was named executive editor of the *Examiner* in 1991, having previously served as managing editor for news. Under his service, the *Examiner* circulation declined rapidly, which Bronstein blamed on the afternoon delivery of the paper.

Bronstein was named executive vice president and editor of the *San Francisco Chronicle* in March 2003. He had been senior vice president and executive editor of the paper when Hearst Corp. bought The Chronicle.

The newspaper had been selling fewer newspapers each year. In late March 2007, Bronstein called an emergency staff meeting and reportedly stated that the news business "is broken, and no one knows how to fix it." This meeting happened after several weeks of articles focused on the influence of the Internet and the blogosphere made front page headlines in the *Chronicle*.

On January 23, 2008, Bronstein announced that he was leaving his job as editor of the Chronicle. He became editor-at-large with Hearst Newspapers.

Personal life
-------------

He was married to actress Sharon Stone from February 1998 until January 2004. They adopted a son named Roan. Bronstein married again later. He lives in Mill Valley, CA with his wife and three kids.

In June 2001, he was seriously injured by a Komodo dragon. He entered its cage at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by the dragon's keeper. Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot. He did not wear shoes because the zoo worker had told him to take them off. The shoes were white could have excited the dragon.

Other websitess
---------------

* Bronstein's Official Hearst Corp. biography page
* Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon Archived 2001-06-30 at the Wayback Machine from Time.com regarding Bronstein's attack by a Komodo Dragon

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Bronstein, Phil |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | journalist, editor |
| Date of birth | 1951 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
**Rebecca Meyers** (born November 20, 1994) is a Paralympic swimmer. She is blind and deaf. She has seven world records. Meyers swam in the Paralympics three times. She has also gotten many awards.

Early life
----------

Meyers was born on November 20, 1994. She has Usher Syndrome.

Meyers started swimming in 2000. She was six when she started swimming.

Meyers went to Franklin & Marshall College. She studied world history.

Events and awards
-----------------

Meyers' best swimming events are 50, 100, and 400 meter freestyle. She also swims the 100 meter Butterfly. Meyers also swims the 200 meter IM (Intermediate Medley) and the 100 meter breaststroke.

Meyers been to the Paralympics three times. She has gone to world championships in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. She has 10 world championship medals. She has gotten 6 gold, 3 silver, and 3 bronze medals from the Paralympics.

Meyers got the Swimming Trischa L. Zorn award in 2016, 2018, and 2019. She received the ESPY award in 2015 and 2017. Meyers also got the USADSF award.
Animated visualization of the quicksort algorithm. The horizontal lines are pivot values
**Quicksort** is a sorting algorithm that is used to sort items in an array. It was created by Tony Hoare in 1959, and it is still widely used today. Quicksort splits the array into two parts, and then continues to split those parts into more parts, and sorting along the way. It sorts by using a comparison sort. This means that it chooses a pivot point in a part of the array and then compares it with all the other points in that part of the array.

Algorithm
---------

1. If there is only one item in the array, or no items, stop because we don't need to sort anything.
2. Pick any item in the array, this will now be the pivot point.
3. Partition the items. Compare each item to the pivot. If it is smaller than the pivot it should come before the pivot in the array, if it is larger it should come after the pivot. Note that our pivot is now in its sorted position.
4. Recursively apply the algorithm to all items left of the pivot (excluding the current pivot)
5. Recursively apply the algorithm to all items right of the pivot (excluding the current pivot)

Often the leftmost item is chosen as the pivot. The recursion means that the algorithm runs the same exact algorithm on the two partitions that were created by the comparisons to the pivot. Note that this algorithm will keep on partitioning the array into subarrays, and splitting those subarrays into even smaller subarrays. Each time it does this, it will choose a new pivot within the subarray and compare the items to the subarray. The base case is when the algorithm reaches a subarray with only one item, in which it just stops because one item does not need to be sorted.
The **Royal Danish Navy** is the sea-based branch of the Danish Defence force. It is mainly responsible for maritime defence and maintaining Danish territorial waters including the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

The maritime traditions go back to the 9th century when the Vikings had small but well-organised fleets.

From 1509 to 1814, when Denmark was in a union with Norway, the Danish Navy was part of the Dano-Norwegian Navy. It was an important force then. It played an important part in the colonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. During the Napoleonic Wars the British were afraid that the Danish navy would be used against them. They attacked it in 1801 and captured it in 1807. It took a long time to rebuild the navy. 

In World War II 32 ships were deliberately sunk in 1943 to prevent the Germans from using them.

During the Cold War, the Danish navy was rebuilt and modernised. The main job was to repel a possible invasion from the Warsaw Pact. Now there are fewer but larger vessels able to operate for long periods at sea.
Royal Institute of British Architects building, Portland Place, London.
The **Royal Institute of British Architects** (**RIBA**) is a professional organisation for architects in the United Kingdom.

It was originally named the **Institute of British Architects in London** and formed in 1834. The group was started by several important architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, John Buonarotti Papworth and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. It was awarded a Royal Charter in 1837, becoming the **Royal Institute of British Architects in London**, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892.

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are allowed to call themselves chartered architects and to add the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. In the past, fellowships of the institute were given, but this has stopped; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II\* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the exhibition galleries and Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Bibliography
------------

* H.M. Colvin, *A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840* (1997) ISBN 0-300-07207-4
* Charles Read, "Earl de Grey" (2007)

Other websites
--------------

* RIBA
* RIBA Library Archived 2011-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Books, photographs, drawings and archives
* RIBApix Images from the RIBA Library collections
* Register of Architects (ARB) Archived 2017-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
The **National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award** (**MVP**) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season. The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president) of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963. Until the 1979–80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980–81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada.

Each member of the voting panel casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first-place vote is worth 10 points; each second-place vote is worth seven; each third-place vote is worth five, fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award. As of June 2019, the current holder of the award is Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers.

Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times. He is also the only player to win the award despite his team not making the playoffs back in the 1975–76 season. Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times, while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice. Only two rookies have won the award: Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season. Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria, Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Nash of Canada, Dirk Nowitzki of Germany, and Giannis Antetokounmpo of Greece are the only MVP winners considered "international players" by the NBA.

Curry in 2015–16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously. Shaquille O'Neal in 1999–2000 and James in 2012–13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection, both receiving 120 of 121 votes. Since the 1975–76 season, only two players have been named MVP for a season in which their team failed to win at least 50 regular-season games—Moses Malone (twice, 1978–79 and 1981–82) and Russell Westbrook (2016–17).
A **pasty** is a kind of pastry filled with meat or vegetables and baked, a bit like a pie. They are linked with Cornwall where they were first made.

Description
-----------

Pastry dough is rolled out and cut in a circle. The raw filling is placed on half the circle, then the pastry is folded in half over the filling to cover it. The edges are then sealed by crimping (firmly pressed together), and baked. The baking time for the filling and the pastry is the same.

The pasty is made as a single-serving portion, for one person's meal. It's made to be held in the hand and does not need any cutlery. It may be eaten hot, warm, or at room temperature.

Uses
----

A pasty is portable and convenient to eat. It can be easily be taken to the workplace and kept until a mealtime break. No refrigeration is required if eaten the same day. The sealed, baked dough keeps the filling warm for hours after baking. A pasty could also be reheated by placing on or near a heat source - even by holding over a candle where no oven is available.