recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Map of Maine.
**Maine** is one of the traditional provinces of France. It's capital was the city of Le Mans. The area is now divided into the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne.

History
-------

The Carolingians called Maine *pagis cenomannicus* after the Cenomani tribe that Julius Caesar had defeated. Pepin the Short gave the duchy of Maine to his half-brother Grifo.
In the last half of the 9th century, Maine took on greater importance because of invasions from Normandy and Brittany. In 924 King Rudolph of France gave Maine to Rollo of Normandy. Because it was next to Anjou on the south and Normandy on the north, these two duchies often fought over Maine.

William, Duke of Normandy invaded Maine in 1063 and he controlled the county by the beginning of 1064. Norman control of Maine helped make the southern border of Normandy safe against Anjou. This was a factor which allowed Duke William to launch his successful invasion of England in 1066.

In 1069 the citizens of Le Mans revolted against the Normans. Soon some of the Manceaux barons joined the revolt. The Normans were expelled in 1070, and young Hugh V was made the Count of Maine. After Norman attacks in 1073, 1088, 1098 and 1099, Elias I succeeded his cousin Hugh V, who sold Maine to him in 1092 for ten thousand shillings. His daughter married Fulk V, Count of Anjou, who took Maine over in 1110 after the death of Elias. Henri Beauclerc, agreed to recognize him as Count of Maine.

Fulk's son Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou inherited Maine. In 1051 it passed to Geoffrey's son Henry, Duke of Normandy (later King Henry I of England). Anjou, Maine and Normandy now had the same ruler for the first time. Henry later founded the Plantagenet dynasty in England.

The King of France, Philippe Auguste attacked the Plantagenet holdings called the Angevin Empire when it was held by John, King of England. In 1331 the Count of Maine became a peer of the realm.

After the battle of Verneuil in 1424, the English occupied Maine. They held Le Mans until 1448 and Fresnay until 1449. In 1481, Charles V of Anjou left his lands to Louis IX of France. This act returned the county to the crown of France.
The Ruying Culture and Art Museum is located in a social and cultural institution in Xuchang. It currently runs pure literature newspapers such as "Poetry Ruying", "Ruying Young Writers", "School Poetry World" and "Youth Han Haiku", and co-organizes the pure literature publication "Literature Yu Army", "Dust Time" and other magazines.

Introduction to the organization
--------------------------------

Ruying Culture and Art Museum is located in Xuchang, the ancient capital of Cao Wei, and is officially registered by the famous writer and Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan, which is a comprehensive cultural and art institution officially registered with the approval of relevant departments and with the support and help of leaders from all walks of life and literature lovers. The museum is presided over by the board of directors in daily work, with young writers as the main support objects, through organizing literary and artistic cultural exchange activities, helping young writers improve their level of literary and artistic creation, disseminate scientific and cultural knowledge, and contribute to the socialist cultural cause.

Direction of development
------------------------

Ruying Culture and Art Museum is a service organization that undertakes social public cultural undertakings and prosperses grassroots popular culture. For a long time, Ruying Culture and Art Museum has mainly supported young literary and artistic creators in colleges and universities, and actively played a service role. Assist young authors to publish the anthology "Ruying Young Writers: Old Times in the Alley", etc. and at the same time discover and cultivate literary talents through organizing a series of literary and artistic exchange activities, establish correct values and cultural views for young literary creators, feel the atmosphere of the new era, and understand the meaning of literary creation.
*Troglodytes\_troglodytes* song

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

The marsh wren, *Cistothorus palustris*, one of the many American wrens
The **wrens** are passerine birds in the mainly New World family **Troglodytidae**. There are about 80 species in about 20 genera. The Wren is also the shortest bird in Britain.

Originally, the word 'wren' was (and still is) used for the species found in Europe, western Asia and North Africa. The word came into English after a long history in the Germanic languages. The bird's scientific name is *Troglodytes troglodytes*. When European biologists got to the Americas, they soon realised that the family of wrens has many species, and is mainly an American family of birds.

Most wrens are about 10 centimetres (4 inches) long, brown (both sexes), and has a short bill that curves slightly down. Its wings are round and it has a short tail.

Vocalizations
-------------

Its song is a gushing burst of sweet music, loud and emphatic. It has an enormous voice for its size, ten times louder, weight for weight, than a cockerel. Its song may sometimes be confused for the dunnock, which has warble that is shorter and weaker. The wren's song also has trill sounds, which the dunnock does not. The male has a long and complex song, with a series of tinkling trills one after the other for seconds on end.

When this bird is annoyed or excited, its call runs into an emphatic *churr*, like clockwork running down.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Troglodytidae at Wikimedia Commons

* Wren videos Archived 2016-03-16 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection
**Tetrapodomorpha** is a clade of vertebrates. It is a subclass of the Sarcopterygii which includes tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest relatives. 

Advanced transitional fossils between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, like *Tiktaalik*, are informally called 'fishapods' by their discoverers. They are half-fish half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. 

Tetrapodomorpha contains 

1. the stem group tetrapoda, extinct fossil relatives of the crown group. This is a paraphyletic unit covering the fish to tetrapod transition. Tetrapodomorpha contains several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms.
2. the crown group tetrapods, the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants.

Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint).

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include *Eusthenopteron*, *Osteolepis*, *Panderichthys*, *Tiktaalik*, *Ventastega* and *Kenichthys*.

The fossils of the early Mississippian, *Pederpes* and *Whatcheeria* are regarded as early tetrapods whose relationships are not yet clear.

Related pages
-------------

* Tetrapod
***Tetris Attack*** is a puzzle video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy that was released in 1996. It was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. It is the first game in the *Puzzle League* series. It was originally known as *Panel de Pon* in Japan and had different characters, but the characters were replaced with characters from *Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island* when the game was made in English.

Gameplay
--------

Players clear blocks that come down by lining them up in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. The lines have to have the same kind of block. As new blocks come down, the playfield rises. If it makes it to the top, the player loses. The player can stop the playfield from rising by clearing blocks. In two-player games, clearing more than one line at once making combos causes "garbage" blocks to come down on the opponent's side of the field. Garbage blocks can be cleared by clearing lines below it.

There are several single-player modes. In Story Mode, the player plays through the game's story. The player faces against opponents in head-to-head matches. The player has to make their opponent lose by causing their playfield to make it to the top. In Endless Mode, the player plays as long as possible; with the speed becoming faster over time. In Timed Mode, the player has to score as many points as possible in two minutes. In Stage Clear, the player goes through a series of stages where they have to clear blocks below a line. In Puzzle Mode, the player goes through puzzles where they have to clear blocks in a certain amount of moves.

There are also multiplayer modes which are two-player versions of the single-player modes.

Other websites
--------------

* *Tetris Attack* at MobyGames
* *Tetris Attack* at GameFAQs

| * v
* t
* e
Yoshi video games |
| --- |
| Main series | 
* *Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island*
* *Yoshi's Story*
* *Yoshi Topsy-Turvy*
* *Yoshi Touch & Go*
* *Yoshi's Island DS*
* *Yoshi's New Island*
* *Yoshi's Woolly World*
* *Yoshi's Crafted World*

 |  |
| Other games starring Yoshi | 
* *Yoshi*
* *Yoshi's Cookie*
* *Yoshi's Safari*
* *Super Mario 64 DS*
* *Nintendo Land*

 |
| *Mario* series appearances | 
* *Super Mario World*
* *Tetris Attack*
* *Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars*
* *Super Mario 64*
* *Super Mario Bros.*
* *Super Mario Bros. 2*
* *Paper Mario*
* *Super Mario Sunshine*
* *Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door*
* *New Super Mario Bros. Wii*
* *Super Mario Galaxy 2*
* *New Super Mario Bros. U*
* *Super Mario Bros. Wonder*

 |
**Ska** is a popular music from Jamaica that began in the 1950s. Ska music that was first played at a slower tempo then became reggae in the late 1960s.

Ska music bands include singers, electric guitars, electric bass guitar, piano, organ, saxophone, trumpet, and trombone. In ska, the electric guitar and piano normally play short chords on the off-beat. If you go "one and two and three and four", the off-beat is the "and". 

A ska singer does a style of Jamaican singing called "toasting." When a singer is "toasting", they make sounds, repeat words, invent rhymes, and shout into the microphone. The Jamaican "toasting" style of singing and talking was adapted into rap music in the 1980s.

How Ska musicians dress
-----------------------

Musicians who play ska dress in hats and suits. Many ska bands wear clothes with a chessboard pattern of black and white squares. Doc Martens are a common type of shoe. This pattern symbolizes the way that ska music mixes of Black and White musicans and styles of music.There was a British genre of ska-punk influenced by The Specials, Madness and the English Beat, that began to dress in kilts.

1980s Ska Revival
-----------------

Even though ska was developed in the 1950s, it became popular again in the 1980s in Britain. In the 1980s, ska bands such as The Specials, The Selecter, The Beat, UB40 and Madness played ska music.

1990s Ska mixed with punk rock
------------------------------

In the 1990s, some bands mixed ska music with Punk rock to make ska-punk. This kind of ska music is from England and the United States. Some pop-punk bands from the 1990s mixed pop-punk with ska-punk.

Ska bands and singers
---------------------

* No Doubt
* The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
* The Specials
* The Selecter (British band)
* The Beat (British band)
* Madness (English band)
* Sublime
* Prince Buster (Jamaican singer)
* Desmond Dekker (Jamaican singer)
* The Bodysnatchers (female British band)
* The Skatalites (Jamaican band)
* Streetlight Manifesto (American band)
* The Toasters (American band)
* The Slackers (New York City band)
* Rusted Root (American band)
* Westbound Train (Boston band)
* Reel Big Fish
* Suburban Legends (American band)
* Catch 22 (American band)
* Less Than Jake
* Lord Creator (Jamaican singer)
* The King Blues (British band)

Related pages
-------------

* Scat singing

Other websites
--------------

* Going to a Ska Show? Here's What to Wear (*LA Weekly*)
Nitrogen cycle
The **nitrogen cycle** is the way that nitrogen in nature is changed into many different forms that are used by living organism[s]. 

Air is about 78% nitrogen. Nitrogen chemicals are needed for life. Nitrogen is a necessary part of proteins, DNA, and RNA. In plants, nitrogen is needed for photosynthesis and growth.  However, living things cannot use the elemental nitrogen in the air for these things. Nitrogen fixation is needed to change the nitrogen in air (N2) into forms that can be used by life. Most nitrogen fixation is done by microorganisms called bacteria. These bacteria have an enzyme that combines N2 with hydrogen gas (H2) to make ammonia (NH3). 

Some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants (mostly legumes). In these roots, they make ammonia for the plant and the plant gives them carbohydrates. Other plants take nitrogen compounds out of the soil through their roots. All nitrogen in animals comes from eating plants.

Ammonium (NH4) in soil is made by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposers, bacteria and fungi that break down dead life into its parts. This process is called *ammonification*. Ammonium has a positive charge. It easily joins to clay and humus in the soil. Ammonia and ammonium are poisonous to fish and other animals. Sewage and other waste-water is regularly measured because of this. If ammonia levels are too high, *nitrification* must happen. 

Nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia and ammonium to nitrite (NO2−) and then to nitrate (NO3−) by bacteria. Because nitrite and nitrate have a negative charge they do not easily join to soil and will wash out of the soil during rain and irrigation. High nitrate levels in drinking water are harmful for babies and can cause blue-baby syndrome.  High nitrate levels can also cause too much algae growth in lakes and pools. This eutrophication can be harmful to fish and other water animals. The use of fertilizers is controlled because of this. 

Where there is no oxygen, some bacteria will make nitrate into nitrogen gas (N2) to extract energy. This starts the nitrogen cycle over again. This process is called *denitrification*.
**Milutin Milanković**  (28 May 1879 – 12 December 1958) was a Serbian mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, climatologist, civil engineer and writer. Milanković made two fundamental contributions to science. 

The first contribution was the "Canon of the Earth’s insolation", which explained the climates of the planets of the Solar system. He founded cosmic climatology by calculating temperatures of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the temperature conditions on planets of the inner Solar system, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Moon, as well as the depth of the atmosphere of the outer planets.

The second contribution was his explanation of how the Earth's long-term climate changes are caused by changes in Earth's spin and orbit around the Sun. These are now known as Milankovich cycles. They explain the ice ages which occurred in the geological past of the Earth, and predict climate changes on the Earth which may be expected in the future. 

The explanation is not entirely accurate, so no doubt there are other factors also at work. These other factors would be such things as how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in the atmosphere, the position of the continents, the amount of volcanic action, and so on. However, the cycles of climate do seem broadly to go as Milankovic predicted. Geological evidence from rhythmical features in sedimentary rocks are common.
The **Santa Catalina Rattlesnake** (*Crotalus catalinensis*), also known as the "*Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake*", is a species of venomous Pit viper found only on Santa Catalina Island in the Gulf of California. There are currently no subspecies recognized.

Description
-----------

The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is a small and slender species of rattlesnake. It can grow up to the length of 73.1 centimeters (28.8 in), and is known for being one of the few rattlesnakes which don't have a rattle on the end of their tail. Some Santa Catalina Rattlesnakes are light cream in color with reddish-brown blotches down their back, while some are ash gray with dark gray blotches on them.

Behavior
--------

While other rattlesnakes of the genus "*Crotalus*" are mainly terrestrial (live on land), the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's small size makes it very good climber. In July, the hottest month on Santa Catalina Island, the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is found on branches of bushes and trees so they can escape the heat on the ground.

Feeding
-------

Since the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake lives mainly in trees, scientist first thought this rattlesnake eats birds, but scientist have now found out that around 70% of the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's diet is made up of small mammals like the Santa Catalina Deer Mouse, and around 30% is made up of lizards like the Santa Catalina Desert Iguana and the Santa Catalina Side-blotched lizard.
**WGAL** NBC television channel in the Lancaster/Harrisburg/York (Susquehanna Valley) area. It can be viewed on channel 8. Its studios are located in Lancaster, PA.

History
-------

WGAL-TV first appeared on television on March 18, 1949 on channel 4 as the fourth television station in Pennsylvania. It was owned by the Steinman family, owners of WGAL radio (1490 AM) and Lancaster's two major newspapers. At the time, Lancaster was the smallest city in the country with its own television station.[*source?*] On 31 December 1952 WGAL moved to its current location on channel 8. On January 1, 1954 WGAL showed its first color television program, the Tournament of Roses Parade. WGAL has always been an NBC television station, but also carried some programs from CBS, DuMont, and ABC until 1963. The Steinmans sold WGAL-TV to Pulitzer in late 1978. Pulitzer sold WGAL-TV to Hearst-Argyle Television in 1999. The change took place on March 18, the station's 50th anniversary.

Other websites
--------------

* WGAL Homepage
* WGAL's 60th Anniversary[*permanent dead link*]
**Oliver Wolcott** (December 1, 1726– December 1, 1797), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and also the Articles of Confederation as a representative of Connecticut.

Life
----

Oliver Wolcott was born in Windsor, Connecticut as the youngest of fourteen children of the Royal Governor Roger Wolcott. He attended Yale College, graduating in 1747. He was commissioned to raise a militia company to fight in the French and Indian War, and he served the King as Captain in this unit on the northern frontier. At the end of the war, Wolcott studied medicine, then was appointed sheriff of the newly created Litchfield County, Connecticut, serving from about 1751 to 1771.

He participated in the American Revolutionary War as brigadier general and then major general in the Connecticut militia. The Continental Congress appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he was elected to the Congress in 1775. He became seriously ill in 1776 and did not sign the Declaration of Independence until some time later. He was engaged in military affairs between 1776-78, and served again in Congress from 1778-1784.

He served again as an Indian Commissioner, and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1786, assuming the Governorship on the death of Samuel Huntington in 1796, and was reelected to the position, dying in office at the age of seventy-one in Farmington, Connecticut. He is buried in East Cemetery in Litchfield, Connecticut.

Legacy
------

The town of Wolcott, Connecticut was named in honor of Oliver and his son, Oliver Jr. His home in Litchfield was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

His son, Oliver Wolcott, Jr. served as Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents George Washington and John Adams and as Governor of Connecticut.

  


| * v
* t
* e
Signers of the Declaration of Independence |
| --- |
| J. Adams • S. Adams • Bartlett • Braxton • Carroll • Chase • Clark • Clymer • Ellery • Floyd • Franklin • Gerry • Gwinnett • Hall • Hancock • Harrison • Hart • Hewes • Heyward • Hooper • Hopkins • Hopkinson • Huntington • Jefferson • F. Lee • R. Lee • Lewis • Livingston • Lynch • McKean • Middleton • L. Morris • R. Morris • Morton • Nelson • Paca • Paine • Penn • Read • Rodney • Ross • Rush • Rutledge • Sherman • Smith • Stockton • Stone • Taylor • Thornton • Walton • Whipple • Williams • Wilson • Witherspoon • Wolcott • Wythe |  |
Safak Pavey with Secretary Hillary Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2012
**Şafak Pavey** (born July 10, 1976)  is a Turkish writer and politician. She is the first disabled woman in the Turkish parliament. She is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In 2012 Pavey received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life
----

Pavey was born on July 10, 1976 in Ankara, Turkey. Her parents were Şahin and Ayşe Önal, a journalist. In 1994 she moved to Switzerland with her husband to study art and film. In 1996, Pavey lost her left arm and left leg in a train accident in Zurich. One year later, she went to London to study. She studied international studies at the University of Westminster. She finished her master's degree at the London School of Economics.

Work
----

Pavey worked for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She worked with aid in Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon and Syria. She was the spokesperson of UNHCR for Central Europe in Hungary. Later she worked with human rights for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

Pavey wrote for the Armenian-Turkish bilingual weekly *Agos* in Istabul. She also wrote three books. She worked on projects for refugees with Harvard University, the Royal Academy of Arts in London and the Norwegian Design Council. She wrote the book *13 Numarali Peron* (Platform Number 13) with her mother Ayşe Önal. The book was about her train accident. It was a best-seller in Turkey. She worked with writer and Nobel Peace Laureate Shirin Ebadi to write the book "Refugee Rights in Iran".

Pavey returned to Turkey in 2011 and ran for a parliament seat. She became the first disabled female member of the Turkish Parliament.

Awards
------

* International Woman of Courage by the US Department of State
* Outstanding Young Person of the World Award by the Junior Chamber International
* Secularist of the Year 2014 by the UK National Secular Society

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Şafak Pavey***.

* 2012 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Tachi forged by Bishu Osafune Sukesada, 12th year of the Eishō era, a day in February (1515, Muromachi). *Saya* in *aogai-nashiji* lacquer, golden decorations. Mounting from 1907, latest polish in 1987. Gallery Dutta Geneve

The **tachi** is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana. It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older. The word Tachi translates as "the soul of bushi" (soul of samurai). 

When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies. It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle. The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm) Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen. The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows. Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand. The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands. It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.

The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards. Not all tachi were the standard size. Small ones were called ko-dachi. If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.

The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished. The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy. Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another. The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body.

Related pages
-------------

* Katana
* Samurai
* Japanese sword schools
The September 11 attacks, killing nearly 3000 people including the 19 hijackers, was the deadliest murder-suicide attack.
A **murder–suicide** (or **murder suicide**) is a setting where a person first kills one or more people, and then commits suicide. This can happen in different ways. The person might kill a victim. then kill themselves. This is common in domestic murders. 

People might also kill themselves after killing other people. Many school shootings are murder–suicides. 

Different religious groups have also decided to die together: The Order of the Solar Temple has become known for a few of these events, in 1994 and 1995. Heaven's Gate was an UFO religion, which committed suicide together in 1997. 

In the case of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God their deaths in the 2000s were mass suicides, or a mass murder: Some of the victims had stab wounds, while others had been strangled. It was later decided it was a mass murder by the group's leaders after their predictions of the apocalypse failed to come about.
**The National Humanities Medal** is an award that is given to people or groups that have helped Americans learn from and enjoy the Humanities. The award is given by the President of the United States. One version of the award was first given out in 1988. It was called the **Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities**. In 1997 it was renamed as the National Humanities Medal.

In any year, the President may name as many as twelve people or groups to get the medal. The number of awards is different for each President. For example, President Obama gave 71 medals between 2009 and 2015, but President Trump only gave 7 medals in 2019 and 2020.

Award winners
-------------

### Individuals

Some well-known people who have gotten the medal are singer Elton John, musician Wynton Marsalis, novelist Madeleine L'Engle, chef Alice Waters, poet John Ashbery, historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and film director Steven Spielberg.

### Groups

Some groups and institutions that have gotten the National Humanities Medal are the Prison University Project, the American Antiquarian Society, the Norman Rockwell Museum, and the Iowa Writer's Workshop.
Type specimen for *Marocaster coronatus*
In biology, a **type** is a specimen, or example, of a specific living thing or taxon, which is a group of specific living things. For example, if a scientist catches one frog that is not any species of frog already known, then that frog is the *type* of a new species of frog. That species will have a new scientific name. In older English writings from before 1900, plant scientists used the word type for groups of specific living things instead of specimens.

A taxon is a group of living things with a scientific name. Taxons can be small or large. A species is a taxon. A genus is a taxon. A kingdom is a taxon. Taxons are based on detailed, published descriptions and on type material. Scientists show the type material to other scientists so tehy can study it. They usually do this by putting the material in museums' research collections.

Type specimen
-------------

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) make rules for type specimens. In these rules, the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on just one *specimen*. Types are usually specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection. These types are usually whole organisms in a preservative, for example alcohol. Sometimes they are just pictures of the organisms. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy.

Depending on the naming code for the organism, a type can be a specimen, a culture, a drawn picture, or (for bacteria) a description.

For example, in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is the specimen for the spotted harrier, *Circus assimilis*. This specimen is the holotype for that species; the name *Circus assimilis* is, by definition, the species of that particular specimen.

Scientists do not need to make sure that the specimen they use as a type is a "typical" individual in that taxon. The type can be a different color from other members of its taxon. It can be deformed or different.

The use of the term *type* is complicated because botany and zoology use it differently. In the *PhyloCode*, type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions.

Type locality
-------------

The type locality is the place where the scientists found the type specimen.

Older words
-----------

In some older books about taxonomy, writers use the word "type" differently. Some use it to mean "taxon."

Related pages
-------------

* Type species

Other websites
--------------

* *ICZN Code*: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the official website
* Fishbase Glossary section (archived)
* A compendium of terms (archived)
* Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis) (PDF)
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor should not be confused with the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor in 1905
**Samuel Coleridge-Taylor** (born London, 15 August 1875; died Croydon, 1 September 1912) was an English composer.

Coleridge-Taylor died in Holborn, London. His black father was a doctor from Sierra Leone, his mother was English. His parents were not married. The father went back to Africa by February 1875. He had the job of coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s. He did not know anything about his son’s existence.

Life
----

Coleridge-Taylor was brought up in Croydon. He studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition with Charles Villiers Stanford. In 1899 he married Jessie Walmisley who had been a student with him at the RCM. Her parents did not want her to be married to someone of mixed race. The couple had a son, Hiawatha (1900-1980) and a daughter, Avril, born Gwendolyn (1903-1998).

Soon Coleridge-Taylor became known as a composer. Edward Elgar helped him get one of his pieces performed at the Three Choirs Festival. Two months later Stanford conducted the cantata *Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast*, the piece for which he is best remembered. He toured the United States in 1904. This made him even more interested in finding out about his racial heritage. He wanted to do for African music what Johannes Brahms had done for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. He had met the American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London and set some of his poems to music. Several people encouraged him to learn more about his heritage.

Coleridge-Taylor was a shy man, but he was a very good conductor. He was often asked to adjudicate at music festivals.

Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia. His widow hardly had any money, but King George V gave her a pension of GB£100, which shows how popular Coleridge-Taylor had been as a composer. A memorial concert was held later in 1912 at the Royal Albert Hall and gathered £300.

Coleridge-Taylor's works were often performed by Sir Malcolm Sargent who conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of *Hiawatha* at the Royal Albert Hall between 1928 and 1939 with the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers.

His music
---------

Coleridge-Taylor's best-known work is his cantata *Hiawatha's Wedding-feast*, which was performed very often by choral groups in England during his lifetime and for many years after his death. He wrote several other pieces about Hiawatha: *The Death of Minnehaha*, *Overture to The Song of Hiawatha* and *Hiawatha's Departure*.

He also wrote a lot of chamber music, anthems and other works. The orchestral piece *Petite Suite de Concert* used to be very popular, but its Romanticism sounds a little old-fashioned now.
The **National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers** *(French: École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques)* is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur ENSIACET* (ENSIACET Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science
* *Mastères Spécialisés*
* Massive Online Open Course

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSIACET.

Most of the 1000 graduate engineer students at ENSIACET live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with students from University of Toulouse.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at ENSIACET relate to the following topics:

* Engineering of materials
* Agro-industrial chemistry
* Coordination chemistry
* Chemical Engineering

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques***.

* Official website Archived 2001-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
The **Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders** is a museum about the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, China. It is also known as the **Nanjing Massacre Museum**, or the **Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall** because it is also a memorial hall to remember the many Chinese people who were killed during the massacre by the Imperial Japanese Army.

The museum covers a total area of 103,000 square meters, with a building area of 57,000 square meters and the exhibition area of 20,000 square meters. It is a "National First-Class Museum" built on the site of the Jiangdong Gate mass murder in the Nanjing Massacre. Since its official opening on August 15, 1985, the museum has received more than 90 million viewers from over 100 countries and regions by the end of 2017.

History
-------

See the main article: Nanjing Massacre
Nanjing (then spelled "Nanking" in English) was China's capital city during the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, Japan was an empire that included Korea and Taiwan. During the 1930s, Japan started the Second Sino-Japanese War and tried to take over all of China. This became part of World War II, as Japan's friend Germany took over Poland and Italy joined their wars and started some of its own. When the Japanese army got to Nanjing in December 1937 and January 1938, it did not only fight the Chinese army; it also killed many other people who were not fighting at all. It also committed many, many war crimes against the people in the city. It is even hard to count how many people were killed or hurt in all, because the Japanese treated the bodies and the people so badly. The Chinese government says 300,000 people were killed and more were hurt.

To remember the people who were killed and hurt and to fight Japanese people who say nothing very bad happened in Nanjing, the city government built the Nanjing Massacre Museum in 1985. In 1995, with the city growing richer from China's Opening-Up Policy, the museum was made larger and better.

Grounds
-------

The memorial (place to remember something) consists of three major parts: a museum that shows historical records and other things from the massacre, an outdoor area, and a covered area that holds the bones of many of the people who died in the massacre. The building has about 3,000 square meters or 32,000 square feet of floor space. The rest of the museum covers another 25,000 square meters or 6 acres of land around the building. The memorial uses architecture, sculptures, and videos to show what happened during the Nanjing Massacre.

Map

Visiting
--------

It is free to enter the Nanjing Massacre Museum. It is open from 8:30 AM to 4:30 PM from Tuesday to Sunday. The museum is closed every Monday.

You can go there by taking the underground or by buses.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders***.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Geographic data related to Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders at OpenStreetMap
Mukherjee in 1950.
**Syama Prasad Mukherjee** (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was India's first Minister for Supply and Industry. His father was a judge and an academic, and Mukherjee followed in his footsteps. He earned a B.A. (Hons) in English, an M.A. in Bengali, and a B.L. all from Calcutta University. In 1926, he was called to the English Bar, and became a qualified barrister.
Upon returning to India, he entered politics. In 1929, he was elected to the Bengal state legislature as a member of the Congress; however, he resigned from the party a year later due to ideological clashes with the leadership. 
Mukherjee continued to pursue his academic career alongside his political interests, and became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University in 1934, at the age of 33.In 1937, Mukherjee became Leader of the Opposition in Bengal after winning elections as an independent candidate. He later became the President of the All-India Hindu Mahasabha, and used his political influence to form a coalition government with the Krishak Praja Party, under which he was appointed Finance Minister of the state.

Independence and after independence
-----------------------------------

Mukherjee resigned from his post in the Bengal coalition government in 1942, after writing to the Governor of the province demanding self-rule for Indians. Subsequently, he took on an important role in the humanitarian efforts surrounding the Bengal famine.
He later emerged as one of the Muslim League’s foremost opponents, and made several passionate speeches against the project of Partition and in support of a unified India. Mukherjee was elected to the Constituent Assembly from West Bengal on a Congress Party ticket. He intervened in several debates, including those on minorities, regional languages, and the effect of the Muslim League's absence from the Assembly.

Post-independence, Mukherjee became a prominent member of the Opposition. In 1951, he founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which won three seats in the following year’s parliamentary election—the first of its kind in Independent India. The party’s goals included economic liberalism and decentralisation, equality of all, Hindi as the national language, and the reunification of India.
During his time in Parliament, Mukherjee was a strong opponent of Article 370. He launched a hunger strike in protest against the Union Government’s policies in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.In 1953, he attempted to illegally visit the state, resulting in his arrest at the border. Mukherjee died of a heart attack on 23rd June 1953, while in custody of the Jammu & Kashmir police in Srinagar.
The Yoke and Arrows
**The Yoke and the Bundle of Arrows** or the **Yoke and Arrows** (***el Yugo y el haz de flechas*** or ***el yugo y las flechas***) is a badge from the times of the Spanish monarchy of Ferdinand II and Isabella. It represents the unity of the Spanish monarchy and state, and it also promotes the "heroic virtues of the [Spanish] race". The *Y* in *yugo* stands for *Ysabel*, as in another spelling of Queen Isabella; and the *F* in *flechas* stands for the first letter in King Fernando's name.

  

The yoke also takes inspiration from the legend of the Gordian knot, as well as the motto that comes with it, *Tanto monta*. The arrows being wrapped together refers to the moral story that claims that, like people, arrows can be easily broken one by one, but less so when they are together.

In the late 1800s, the yoke and arrows became the political symbol of the Spanish socialist party. After more socialist parties were created and decided to use different icons, the fascist Falangist party began to use the yoke and arrows.

* Badge of Ferdinand II and Isabella.Badge of Ferdinand II and Isabella.
* The yoke and arrows on a building in Spain.The yoke and arrows on a building in Spain.
* Flag of the Spanish Falange.Flag of the Spanish Falange.
Dragonflies (*Austrogomphus guerini*) mating
**Mating** is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms. It is usually for sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals. Other definitions extend the term to crossing in plants and fungi. It is usual for mating in plants or fungi to be called cross-fertilization, or "crossing" if the offspring have DNA from both genetic sources.

Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for internal fertilization. Fertilization is the actual fusion of gametes.

Mating may also lead to external fertilization. This is done by amphibians, most fish, many lower animals, and plants. Many aquatic species just spread their eggs and sperm in the water at one specific time of year. That time varies between species. 

For some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not needed because the parent organism can self-fertilize (autogamy). In some flowering plants self-pollination can happen within the same flower, and some hermaphrodite animals self-fertilize. Many gastropods are hermaphrodite, and do simultaneous copulation in pairs. So do earthworms. 

In some birds, mating includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of artificial insemination of domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.
**Petrissa Solja** (born 11 March 1994 in Kandel) is a German table tennis player. At the World Championships 2017 she won a bronzemedal together with Fang Bo in the mixed- doubles. She is the best female German table tennis player.

Career
------

2009 she played at the European Championships. There she played with her team against Netherlands and lost her match against Elena Timina. 2014 she joined to TTC Berlin eastside. Because of her successes she was chosen as the best German player in the Youth. 2013 she won the German Open in the doubles with Sabine Winter. At the European Championships 2014 she won gold with the team. In the same year she took part in the World Cup, where Solja reached the Round of 16. At the European Ranking tournament in 2015 she lost in the final to Liu Jia. At the World Cup, where Petrissa took part for the second time, she won bronze, after beating Li Jiao in the 3rd place match. 2016 she reached together with the team the Quarterfinals at the WTTC, there they lost to Japan. At the Olympic Games Solja retired already in her first match, where she played against Ri Myong-sun and lost. With the team they came surprise to the final, where they lost very clearly to China. At the WTTC 2017 in Düsseldorf she won together with Fang Bo the bronzemedal in the mixed-doubles, in the other categories she lost.

Game system
-----------

Solja is an lefthanded-player and attacker. She uses the *Joola Ryzhm 425* at the backhand, on the forehand *Joola Ryzhm*.

Strengthen: Backhand Tospin and Konter

Weaknesses: Long rallies from the table, play against defenders

Results
-------

### Singles

* World Cup: Bronze 2015
* Youth- WTTC: Bronze 2012
* German Open: Silver 2015
* German National Championships: Gold 2015, Silver 2013, Bronze 2011

### Doubles within Mixed

* German Open: Gold 2013,
* WTTC: Bronze 2017
* German National Championships: Gold 2010, Gold 2012, Gold 2015, Gold 2016
**Orchestration** in music can have two meanings:

1. It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
2. It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.

People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration. They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs. Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.

The word **instrumentation** means almost the same thing as "orchestration". "Instrumentation" means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make. It can be about any music with instruments, whereas "orchestration" refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.

Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.

Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people. Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of *West Side Story*, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate. The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called *Pictures at an Exhibition* by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra. Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra. They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.
***We Have a Ghost*** is a 2023 American comedy horror movie directed by Christopher Landon from a screenplay also by him. It stars David Harbour, Jahi Winston, Tig Notaro, Jennifer Coolidge, and Anthony Mackie. It is based on a 2017 short story called Ernest written by Geoff Manaugh.

*We Have a Ghost* was released on February 24, 2023, by Netflix. It received mixed reviews from movie critics.

Plot
----

Finding a ghost named Ernest haunting their new home turns Kevin's family into overnight social media sensations. But when Kevin and Ernest investigate the mystery of Ernest's past, they become a target of the CIA.

Cast
----


* David Harbour as Ernest
* Jahi Winston as Kevin Presley
* Tig Notaro as Dr. Leslie Monroe
* Erica Ash as Melanie Presley
* Jennifer Coolidge as Judy Romano
* Anthony Mackie as Frank Presley
* Faith Ford as Barbara Mangold
* Niles Fitch as Fulton Presley
* Isabella Russo as Joy Yoshino
* Steve Coulter as Deputy Director Arnold Schipley

In addition, Dr. Phil McGraw has a cameo appearance as himself.
The **white stork** (*Ciconia ciconia*) is a large bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. Its plumage is mainly white, with black on the wings. Adults have long red legs and long pointed red beaks. They are on average 100–115 cm (39–45 in) from beak tip to end of tail, with a 155–215 cm (61–85 in) wingspan. 

The stork breeds in Europe, northwestern Africa, and Asia (east to southern Kazakhstan) and southern Africa. 

The white stork is a long-distance migrant. It winters in Sub-Saharan Africa to South Africa, or on the Indian subcontinent. When migrating between Europe and Africa, it avoids crossing the Mediterranean Sea and detours via the Levant in the east or the Strait of Gibraltar in the wes. The air thermals on which it depends for soaring do not form over water.

A carnivore, the white stork eats a wide range of animal prey, including insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and small birds. It takes most of its food from the ground, among low vegetation, and from shallow water. 

Mating
Though monogamous, the birds do not pair for life. Pairs build a large stick nest, which may be used for several years. Each year the female may lay a clutch of four eggs, which hatch roughly 33–34 days after being laid. Both parents take turns incubating the eggs, and both feed the young. The young leave the nest 58–64 days after hatching, and are fed by the parents for another 7–20 days.