recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The ***Història de la Marina Catalana*** (***History of the Catalan Navy***) is a book written by Arcadi Garcia Sanz. It enumerates all aspects of the Catalan Navy in the trade and in the war, its exploits and conquests, a historic collection ranging from prehistoric times to the present day.

Description
-----------

The book describes the sea battles, the activities of the seamen, to end detailing aspects of maritime law.
Besides explaining the history of the Catalan Navy, the book treats especially the period from the Middle Ages until the 16th century, with the important aspect of the slope of the merchant marine, which made Catalonia one of the trading powers of the Mediterranean.

It is not limited to political events and war at sea. It is immersed in the study of the seamen, the organization of maritime transport, vessels, maritime law and commerce, and the knowledge of the Catalans of all ages, in the navigation's art and in the navigation's science.

Book Datasheet
--------------

Prologue by Jose María Martínez-Hidalgo. Collection. "Aedos Catalan Encyclopedia". (Editorial Aedos, Barcelona 1977), 29.5 cm. 449 p. 15 f. which include appendices and indexes. Profuse illustrations in the text, with 17 sheets enlarged outside the text.

Related pages
-------------

* Book of the Consulate of the Sea
* Catalan navy

Other websites
--------------

* The ancient nautical science of the Catalans (Audio-interview)
**Giovanni Paisiello** (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

Life
----

Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the *Conservatorio di Sant'Onofrio*. He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.

Sources
-------

* Grove, George (1900) "Paisiello, Giovanni", in *A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889)*, Vol. 2, pp. 633-634. MacMillan & Co. Ltd.
* Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Paisiello, Giovanni" in *The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music*, p. 664. Harvard University Press
**Gabriel Abraham**, born on March 22th 1991 in Galaţi, Romania, is a prominent football player, the FC Oţelul Galaţi goalkeeper.

On 2008 he made his debut in FC Oţelul Galaţi. He has been international for Romanian team seven times in inferior categories.

Fotbal Club Oţelul Galaţi is a Romanian football club of Galaţi city. On last decades, the club has participated on League I, the higher division in Romania. It has won the Romanian Football League, the Romanian Football Super Cup and Romanian Football Cup.

Gabriel Abraham won 2010/11 Romanian Football League and 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup.

On 2011, in the C group of the Champions League, his team played against Benfica, Manchester United and Basel.

At the end of 2011, Abraham was transferred to Romanian club Prahova Tomşani.

On summer 2012 he went back to Fotbal Club Oțelul Galați.

Career statistics
-----------------

* 2010-11 Romanian Football League
* 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup

Other websites
--------------

* Profile at romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* Gabriel Abraham profile at Transfermarkt.co.uk
Close-up of a hydrozoan colony
The Portuguese Man o' War (*Physalia physalis*) long misled researchers.
*Caraspedacusta sowerbyii* showing ventral side, with velum.
The **Hydrozoa** are a class of the phylum Cnidaria. They are small predatory animals which mostly live in the sea. Their basic life form is the polyp. Some species live singly, others live in colonies. Their classification and evolutionary relationships are still under discussion. The hydroids may be best understood by taking some examples.

Hydra
-----

The most widely-known freshwater hydrozoan is *Hydra*, which is found in slow-moving waters.

It is sessile, with a pedal disc which attaches it to substrate. Like all cnidarians, *Hydra* uses nematocysts, stinging cells which disable its prey. Hydra eat small crustaceans (such as brine shrimp), insect larvae, and annelid worms. It may reproduce sexually, or by asexual reproduction (budding).

Colonial types
--------------

The Portuguese Man o' War, *Physalia physalis*, is a large colonial marine jellyfish. It is composed of many tiny individual zooids, which are specialised polyps and medusae. The colony has an air bladder, and floats on the surface. It delivers a massive sting to its prey. Humans, if stung, may require medical attention. It is often accompanied by fish which are immune to the stings. This type of hydrozoan is called a siphonophore.

The chondrophores are another type of pelagic colonial hydrozoan. They are also carnivores, but their sting is not so harmful to humans.

Freshwater jellyfish
--------------------

These have a muscular *velum* on the ventral surface, which allows them to move about. Beginning life as a tiny polyp, attached to vegetation, they feed and reproduce sexually in the spring and summer. If the habitat has only one sex, they reproduce by budding. They overwinter as resting bodies.

Taxonomy
--------

Nowadays the Hydrozoa is split into two subclasses:

* Leptolinae: the bulk of the hydroids and siphonophera
* Trahylina: all others

  



Wikispecies has information on: ***Hydrozoa***.
**Grandaddy** is an American indie rock band formed in California in 1992 by singer/guitarist/keyboardist Jason Lytle, bassist Kevin Garcia, and drummer Aaron Burtch.

History
-------

Complex Party Come Theories is their first work. After that, they got new guitarist Jim Fairchild and keyboardist Tim Dryden. They released EP A Pretty Mess By This One Band in 1996, and their first full-length album Under The Western Freeway in 1997. "Summer Here Kids", one of the songs in Under The Western Freeway, earned Single of the Week honors in NME. In 2000, in Sophftware Slump, they created vintage, electronic, drift-off music. In , Concrete Dunes was released, without the band's permission. In 2003, the group released another album, Sumday, and received good reviews. In 2006, Just Like the Fambly Cat was released. 

After the album, the band broke up in 2005. They did not do Just Like the Fambly Cat tour concert. The band was utterly content and happy about the decision to end Grandaddy. In the song 'Elevate Myself', he says "I don't wanna work all night and day. On writing songs that make the young girls cry." Other members all worked in their own field, but Jim Fairchild was still working with music. He joined a guitarist in Modest Mouse tour, and he released his first solo album, Ten Readings of a Warning. In 2012, the band reunited for Outside Lands Festival in San Francisco. In the same year, they played in End of the Road Festival.  No album has been released since then. 

In an interview, Jason Lytle tell why the band name got their name Grandaddy; They realized that they are too ugly to seduce young women, so they try to appeal to old women, just like Morrissey. Birds frequently appear in their album cover, because birds are beautiful and colorful, and they can sing.

Style
-----

Grandaddy's music has features in the late 90s lo-fi indie rock. Their music has the catchy melodies that they are able to create with the synths and distorted guitars. Most of their musics are slow and emotional. Also, they used electronics. Their lyrics are mostly vague and abstract, but inventive. The album's most enduring image is a man sipping a beer and strumming an acoustic guitar in quiet, beautiful countryside. The Sophtware Slump is generally regarded as the band's masterpiece, but other albums like Under the Western Freeway are popular, too.
Photograph of the Hudson River looking north from the Bear Mountain Bridge
The **Hudson River** is in the State of New York in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.

The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.

The lower part of this river separates New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the **North River**.

Bridges that cross the Hudson River
-----------------------------------

* George Washington Bridge
* Tappan Zee Bridge
* Bear Mountain Bridge
* Hamilton Fish Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
* Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge
* Kingston Rhinecliff Bridge
* Rip van Winkle Bridge
* New York Thruway (Interstate 90-Interstate 87) Bridge
* Interstate 90 Bridge

| * v
* t
* e
American Heritage Rivers |
| --- |
| Rivers | 
* Blackstone and Woonasquatucket
* Connecticut
* Cuyahoga
* Detroit
* Hanalei
* Hudson
* Lower Mississippi
* Potomac
* New
* Rio Grande
* St. Johns
* Upper Mississippi
* Upper Susquehanna and Lackawanna
* Willamette

 |  |
Map showing the location of the gulf
Gulf of Thailand
The **Gulf of Thailand** is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

Geography
---------

The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow. The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

Tourism
-------

The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province, Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Gulf of Thailand at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 09°30′N 102°00′E﻿ / ﻿9.500°N 102.000°E﻿ / 9.500; 102.000
Coordinates: 1°0′N 4°0′E﻿ / ﻿1.000°N 4.000°E﻿ / 1.000; 4.000

Map of the Gulf of Guinea, showing the chain of islands formed by the **Cameroon line** of volcanoes.
The **Gulf of Guinea** is off West Africa. It is in the northeast of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. 

The Gulf is between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the Gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

Islands in the Gulf of Guinea
-----------------------------

The Gulf of Guinea has a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming the **Cameroon line** of volcanoes.

### Annobón

Annobón, also known as **Pagalu** or **Pigalu**, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

### Bioko

Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

### Corisco

Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

### The Elobeys

Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

### São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It became independent from Portugal in 1975.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Gulf of Guinea at Wikimedia Commons
Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right)
**Hydrogen ion** is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. 
Depending on the charge of the ion, there are two types: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.

Cation (positively charged)
---------------------------

When hydrogen loses its electron, the cations can be formed:

* Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H+)
* Proton: 1H+ (i.e. the cation of protium)
* Deuteron: 2H+, D+
* Triton: 3H+, T+

The ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water, as well as their hydrates, are also called 'hydrogen ions'.

In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" usually refers to hydrons.

Anion (negatively charged)
--------------------------

Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:

* Hydride: general name referring to the negative ion of any hydrogen isotope (H−)
* Protide: 1H−
* Deuteride: 2H−, D −
* Tritide: 3H−, T −
*For other senses of this word, see identity.*
In mathematics, the term **identity** has several important uses:

* An **identity** is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.

An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)

* In algebra, an **identity** or **identity element** of a set *S* with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element *s* of *S,* produces *s* itself. In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol {\displaystyle e}.
* The **identity function** (or identity map) from a set *S* to itself, often denoted {\displaystyle \mathrm {id} } or {\displaystyle \mathrm {id} \_{S}}, such that {\displaystyle \mathrm {id} (x)=x} for all *x* in *S*.
* In linear algebra, the **identity matrix** of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is often denoted by the symbol I.

Examples
--------

### Identity relation

A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity

{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta +\cos ^{2}\theta =1\,}
which is true for all real values of {\displaystyle \theta } (since the real numbers {\displaystyle {\mathbb {R}}} are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to

{\displaystyle \cos \theta =1,\,}
which is only true for certain values of {\displaystyle \theta } in a subset of the domain.

### Identity element

The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms.
The number **0** is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all {\displaystyle a\in {\mathbb {R}},}

{\displaystyle 0+a=a,\,}
{\displaystyle a+0=a,\,} and
{\displaystyle 0+0=0.\,}
Similarly, The number **1** is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all {\displaystyle a\in {\mathbb {R}},}

{\displaystyle 1\times a=a,\,}
{\displaystyle a\times 1=a,\,} and
{\displaystyle 1\times 1=1.\,}
### Identity function

A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set {\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}} to itself.

Comparison
----------

These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of {\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}} under composition.

Related pages
-------------

* Identity Property
* One
* Zero

Other websites
--------------

* EquationSolver Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".
**Frank Flores Blas, Sr.** (March 20, 1941 – August 1, 2016) was a Guamanian politician, businessman and member of the Republican Party of Guam. Blas served as the Lieutenant Governor of Guam from 1987 until 1995 under Governor Joseph Franklin Ada.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Blas was born on March 20, 1941, in Agana, now known as Hagåtña, Guam. He attended Father Dueñas Memorial School in Guam, and St. Augustine High School in San Diego, California. He received an associate's degree from the College of Guam in 1962. Blas graduated from the University of Portland with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1965.

Blas and his first wife, Lydia Blas (died 1970), had two children, including Frank Blas Jr. a politician. In 1971, Blas married his second wife, Tina and had three children.

### Career

Blas worked for the Mobil Petroleum Company of Guam from 1965 until 1969.

He was Director of the Department of Commerce of Guam from 1969 to 1972. Blas was elected to Legislature of Guam as a Senator from 1974 until 1984.

In 1982, with Republican Senator Kurt Moylan, Blas challenged the Republican Governor Paul McDonald Calvo in the primary election. Moylan and Blas were defeated in the primary vote. Governor Calvo lost to Democrat Ricardo Bordallo in the November 1982 general election.

On November 4, 1986, Joseph Franklin Ada, with Frank Blas, were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Guam. Ada defeated the Governor Ricardo Bordallo by 2,581 votes (7.6%). Blas served as Lt. Governor under Ada for two terms from January 1987 until January 1995. Blas described his main role as a liaison between the Ada administration and members of the Legislature.

Ada could not seek re-election to a third term, so Blas joined with Simon Sanchez to stand for office. However, Blas and Sanchez lost the 1994 Republican primary election to Tommy Tanaka and Doris Brooks. Tanaka was defeated in the 1994 election by Democrat Carl Gutierrez and Madeleine Bordallo.

Blas left politics in January 1995. He owned Frank Blas & Associates, an insurance brokerage firm based in Barrigada, Guam. In 2003, Blas was appointed Chairman of the Antonio B. Won Pat Guam International Airport Authority, a government agency which operates the airport.

Frank Blas died on August 1, 2016, at the age of 75.
Hooke's law models the properties of springs for small changes in length
Hooke's experiment, shown in his own work 'de Potetia Restitutiva'
It is a law of mechanics and physics discovered by Robert Hooke. 

This theory of elasticity says the extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it. Many materials obey this law as long as the load does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Materials for which Hooke's law is useful are known as linear-elastic or "Hookean" materials.

The spring equation
-------------------

The length of a spring always changes by the same amount when it is pushed or pulled. The equation for this is:

{\displaystyle F=kx}
where
F is how much (push or pull) is on the spring
k is a constant, the stiffness of the spring.
x is how far the spring was pushed or pulled
When x = 0, the spring is at the equilibrium position. 
This equation only works on a **linear spring**. A linear spring is a spring that is only being pushed or pulled in one direction, such as left or right or up or down.

Elastic potential energy
------------------------

Examples of everyday objects that have elastic potential energy are stretched or compressed elastic bands, springs, bungee cords, car shock absorbers, etc. 

Elastic potential energy is the energy saved in an object that is stretched, compressed (compression is pressing objects together), twisted or bent. For example, an arrow gets the elastic potential energy from the bow. When it leaves the bow, the potential energy turns into kinetic energy. 
The equation of the elastic potential energy is:

{\displaystyle U={\frac {1}{2}}kx^{2}}
Which means:
U is the elastic potential energy.
k is the **spring constant**.
x is the distance pushed or pulled.
The **Good Law Project** is a United Kingdom-based political non-profit company. It was started by Jolyon Maugham. The Good Law Project says that its mission is to achieve change through the law.

The Good Law Project challenges the "culture of cronyism and the highly secretive use of billions of pounds of public funds".

History
-------

The Good Law Project was started in January 2017 as a company limited by guarantee under English law headed by Maugham. It is a non-profit but not a registered charity. In 2019 it launched a successful crowdfunded challenge to the prorogation of parliament by Boris Johnson's Conservative government. The prorogation was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court. The £200,000 raised enabled Good Law Project to hire more staff and launch other fundraisers to take on more cases.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the government gave influential jobs to people closely connected to Conservative politicians. This was without interviews or open competition. They awarded contracts to companies that had no experience. An example was the appointment of Dido Harding, wife of a Conservative MP, to head the new National Institute for Health Protection. Another example was the awarding of a Contract for more than £250m of personal protective equipment to a Florida-based jewellery company. This included a £21m payment to an intermediary. There was no advertisement or competitive tender process.

As of September 2021, Good Law Project has applied for Judicial Review in 14 cases and was granted approval in 11.
Barnard's Inn Hall, the current home of Gresham College
Gresham College, engraving by George Vertue, 1740
**Gresham College** is an institution of higher learning in London. It does not enroll students and does not award any degrees. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham.

The College gives over 140 free public lectures every year. Since 2001, all lectures have also been made available online.

Professors
----------

There seven original Gresham College Professorships that date back to the origins of the college. They are in Astronomy, Divinity, Geometry, Law, Music, Physic and Rhetoric.

These subjects reflect the curriculum of the medieval university (the trivium and quadrivium).

The college played an important role in the Enlightenment and in the formation of the Royal Society. Early distinguished Gresham College professors included Christopher Wren, who lectured on astronomy in the 17th century, and Robert Hooke, who was Professor of Geometry from 1665 until 1704.

The professors received £50 a year. The terms of their position were very precise, for example: :*The geometrician is to read as followeth, every Trinity term arithmetique, in Michaelmas and Hilary terms theoretical geometry, in Easter term practical geometry. The astronomy reader is to read in his solemn lectures, first the principles of the sphere, and the theory of the planets, and the use of the astrolabe and the staff, and other common instruments for the capacity of mariners.*

Today three further Professorships have been added to take account of areas not otherwise covered by the original Professorships:

* Commerce, established in 1985.
* Environment, established in 2014.
* Information technology, established in 2015.

The professors currently hold their positions for three years, extendable for a fourth year. They give six lectures a year. There are also visiting professors appointed to give series of lectures at the College. There are a number of single-lecture speakers.

The lectures are often given in the Museum of London, which has a bigger lecture room than the College.
The Bear Seamount, a guyot.
A **guyot** is an underwater mountain or seamount with a flat top. This geologic feature is also called a **tablemount**. In general, the guyot or tablemount is over 200 meters (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat underwater summits may be more than 10 km (6.2 mi).

History
-------

The existence of flat-topped mountains below the surface of the ocean was established in 1965. Harry Hammond Hess used echo-sounding equipment to map the floor of the ocean. The research revealed that some undersea mountains had flat tops.

Guyot Hall at Princeton University, 1910
Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots" because they reminded him of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. The flat roof was a special feature of this building. Guyot Hall was named after the 18th century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. In other words, the geology term "guyot" comes from his name.

Description
-----------

Guyots show evidence of having been above the surface at one time. The exposed area was shaped by erosion caused by rain, wind and waves.

The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, and five of the peaks in the chain are guyots.

Related pages
-------------

* Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
* Hotspot (geology)
* Atoll
* Seamount

Other websites
--------------

* Texas A&M University, Figure 3.8: Wilde guyot map Archived 2016-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
**Harriers** are species of diurnal hawks. They are birds of prey. Harriers usually hunt by flying low over open ground, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, or birds. The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring-tail harriers.

Details
-------

Most harriers are placed in the genus *Circus*. This scientific name comes from the circling movements the birds make when courting.

Two other harriers are in the genus *Polyboroides*, the *harrier-hawks*, which are allopatric (geographically separated) and restricted to the Afrotropic ecozone. The remaining single species forms the genus *Geranospiza*.

### Ring-tails

*Ring-tail* is an informal term used by birders for the juveniles and females of several harrier species. If seen in the field the exact species usually cannot be known. Ring-tail harriers include the juveniles and females of Montagu's harrier (*Circus pygargus*); Northern or hen harrier (*Circus cyaneus*); and pallid harrier (*Circus macrourus*).

Other websites
--------------

* Harrier videos Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection
* Harrier videos on the Internet Bird Collection
A Royal Navy Harrier
Royal Navy Sea Harriers on the deck of HMS *Illustrious* in the Persian Gulf
The **Harrier Jump Jet**, usually called the **Harrier**, is a British-designed military aeroplane. It was designed during the 1960s. The Harrier is well known as it can take off vertically. It can do this by changing the direction of thrust from its engines. It is sometimes called **V/STOL**, which means "Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing". It can carry heavier loads with a short takeoff than with a vertical one.

Development
-----------

In 1967, the Bristol Engine Company proposed the radical idea of a directed thrust engine. Next, Hawker Aircraft designed an aeroplane that could meet the NATO specification for a "light tactical support fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but support was found from NATO.

A prototype flew in 1960. Various changes were made and several preliminary versions flew including the "Kestrel" and the first Harriers flew for the RAF and Royal Navy in 1969. The planes were built in both Britain and the United States. They were redeveloped and manufactured by British Aerospace and Macdonald Douglas, companies which are now owned by BAE Systems and Boeing, respectively. At present the Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II is used by NATO countries such as the United States, Spain and Italy. A modified version, the BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is used by the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. Manufacture of new Harriers ended in 1997. The last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003. This ended the Harrier production line.

Users
-----

The Harrier is used by many military forces. The United States Marine Corps and the Royal Air Force (RAF) use versions which are specially designed for taking off and landing on aircraft carriers. Other countries which use the Harrier include Thailand and India.

In 2006, the RAF introduced a new version of the Harrier, the GR/9. This is an updated version of the previous version, the GR/7. It has a top speed of 574 knots.

The Harrier was used a lot during the Falklands War. Harriers flew a total of 1,561 sorties, shot down 20 enemy planes (+ 3 probables) with 10 Harriers lost. Of the ten lost, six were shot down; the others were damaged in accidents on the carrier. The Sea Harriers made the Argentine Air Force much less effective than they hoped to be.

Equipment
---------

The Harrier can carry different equipment for each mission. It can carry missiles and bombs. It can also carry cameras to take pictures of the ground.
**Fukuoka Prefectural Yahata High School** (福岡県立八幡高等学校) is in Kitakyūshū ward, Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is often called "Hachiko" (八高) for short.

This school has general course and science and mathematics course. The science and mathematics course is certified as SSH by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology.
This school is considered as top and high reputable school in this area.

Outline
-------

Most Yahata High School students apply and get through the examination of the national university. This school has one of the top reputations among public high schools in Kitakyushu city (along with Touchiku High School and Kokura High School) because a large number of graduates continue on to National University, for example, Kyusyu University, one of the top public universities in Japan.

History
-------

Fukuoka High School was founded in 1919 under the former Japanese educational system in which children went directly to high school after graduating from elementary school.
Gladstone Hotel
**Gladstone** is a small town in South Australia about 200 km north of Adelaide. In 2006 the population was 629.

It is in the middle of a farming area that grows wheat and raises sheep, but Gladstone is important because it has lots of very big buildings to store wheat, barley, durum wheat, peas, faba beans and fiesta beans. All together, these buildings store the biggest amount of grains in the Southern Hemisphere in a place not by the sea.

Railways
--------

Three railway gauges in Gladstone in 1986
The railways are important to Gladstone so the grains can be moved to the sea and put on ships. The nearest place where this happens is Port Pirie. 

The railways are also important to move the grains to the big cities in Australia. Gladstone is on the biggest railway line in Australia that goes between Sydney in the east and Perth in the west. Railway lines also go south to Adelaide, and north to other small towns. Now, all of the railway lines are 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) apart. This is called standard gauge. Before 1970, the railway lines going north were 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) apart (narrow gauge), and the railway lines going south were 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) apart (broad gauge). All three "gauges" joined together in Gladstone. Look at the photo to see this. This is very rare. Before 1970, there were only three places in the whole world where this happened.
The Theotokos & the Twelve Apostles — Fifty Days after the Resurrection of Christ, awaiting the descent of the Holy SpiritIcon depicting apostles & the Theotokos filled with the Holy Spirit (notice fire symbol above their heads.)
**Glossolalia**, or **speaking in tongues**, is speaking rapid speech-like syllables which cannot be understood. In some cases it is part of religious practice. Some consider it as a part of a sacred language. It is a common practice amongst Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.

Linguistics
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In 1972 a linguist from the University of Toronto published an assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Netherlands, Jamaica, Canada and the US.

Samarin found that glossolalic speech is like human language in some respects. The speaker uses accent, rhythm, intonation and pauses to break up the speech into distinct units. Each unit is itself made up of syllables. The syllables are formed from consonants and vowels taken from a language known to the speaker:

> 
> It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically... with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.p120
> 
> 
> 

Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was just on the surface. He concluded that glossolalia is "only a facade of language".p128 The syllable string did not form words, the stream of speech was not internally organized, and – most importantly of all – there was no systematic relationship between units of speech and concepts. Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives".p128 On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".p2
The Homeless World Cup logo
The **Homeless World Cup** is an football competition for homeless people all over the world. Starting in 2003 in Graz, Austria, the competition brings together homeless people with the aim to end homelessness.

Rules
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Anyone can play, male or female, as long as they are at least 16 years old. They must also have been homeless at some point after the previous year's World Cup, work as a street newspaper seller to earn money or be asylum seekers.

A team of 4 players play, with 3 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper. 4 substitution players are allowed. 

A team gets 3 points for a win. If a match ends in a draw, it is decided by penalty shootout and the winning team gets three points and the losing team gets one point. Games are 14 minutes long, in two seven-minute halves. The field is 22m (long) x 16m (wide).

History
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Players at the Homeless World Cup 2007
Since 2003 the competition has taken place in:

* Graz, Austria - 2003
* Gothenburg, Sweden - 2004
* Edinburgh, Scotland - 2005
* Cape Town, South Africa - 2006
* Copenhagen, Denmark - 2007
* Melbourne, Australia - 2008
* Milan, Italy - 2009
* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 2010
* Paris, France - 2011
* Mexico City, Mexico - 2012
* Poznań, Poland - 2013
* Santiago, Chile - 2014
* Amsterdam, Netherlands - 2015
* Glasgow, Scotland - 2016
* Oslo, Norway - 2017
* Mexico City, Mexico - 2018
* Cardiff, Wales - 2019

*Kicking It* documentary
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The 2006 Homeless World Cup was the filmed as part of a documentary called *Kicking It*. directed by Susan Koch and Jeff Werner focusing on the experiences of seven homeless people at the Homeless World Cup football (soccer) game. Residents of Afghanistan; Kenya; Dublin, Ireland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Madrid, Spain and St. Petersburg in Russia were in the documentary which was narrated by actor Colin Farrell. The movie was released in January, 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival and is being distributed by Liberation Entertainment, Netflix and ESPN.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Homeless World Cup***.

* Official website
Homerton College
**Homerton College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. Its name comes from the area of Homerton in London. It was first formed there in 1850 from a group of students who wanted to change the way pedagogy (how people teach) was studied. They moved to Cambridge in 1894, but the college only became part of the University in 1976. Only in 2010 it was given the full status.

Homerton College is the biggest in Cambridge: it has 1200 students. Many of them study Education because the department is there. The college is not in the city centre of Cambridge but on Hills Road.

Other websites
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* Official website

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***Freedom from Want*** is a painting by Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the *Four Freedoms*. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the *Four Freedoms Speech* of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background
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This painting was made public in *The Saturday Evening Post* of March 6, 1943, along with an essay of Carlos Bulosan. The other paintings of the *Four Freedoms* series are *Freedom of Speech*, *Freedom of Worship* and *Freedom from Fear*, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting shows a classical American family at Thanksgiving when a turkey is served during a meal. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell wanted to portray a family within a theme of continuity, virtue, homeliness and abundance without extravagance, as confirmed by water as the modest beverage choice. Outside the United States though, the images was explained as an expression of American overabundance.

There have been made many parodies of the painting. New York painter Frank Moore (1953-2002) made a painting in 1994 with Americans of different human race with the title *Freedom to Share*, whilst the turkey plate is full with medicines. Of Moore's painting have been made parodies as well.

Walt Disney has made a well known parody with Mickey and Minnie Mouse and several other Disney figures at the table. Furthermore the image has been used for many advertising goals, political campaigns and picture postcards.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto *Buy War Bonds*. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
Jansila Majeed in 2010
**Jansila Majeed** is an activist in the Puttalam District of Sri Lanka. In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life
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Majeed was an internally displaced person (IDP) for 20 years. She works for the rights of Muslim and Tamil IDPs in Sri Lanka.

Work
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Majeed started her work in 1992 with a group of five people. She is the Managing Trustee of the Community Trust Fund in Puttalam. The group is an NGO that works for minority rights, women's rights, and peace. It also works with young people, and teaches about the dangers of mines in the north and east.

Majeed spoke at the beginning of the UNDP 2010 Asia-Pacific Human Development Report on Gender. In her report, she said that Sri Lanka must change its ideas about women's rights, women in politics, legal rights for women and working women.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Holyhead** (Welsh: *Caergybi*) is the largest town and community on the Isle of Anglesey, Wales. The town is an important port that serves Ireland. The 2011 census found that the town had 11,431 residents.

The town's name in Welsh means "Cybi's fort".

It used to have a large aluminium smelting industry, using the large smelters on the outskirts of the town. However, the aluminium company closed in September 2009.

The Anglesey Coastal Path starts and finishes here.

Transportation
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As well as a busy port, the town also has a busy railway station. It is the end of the North Wales Coast Line that runs from Crewe in Cheshire, England. There are direct trains to towns and cities across the North Wales coast such as Bangor, Prestatyn and Rhyl as well as longer distance trains to Chester, Crewe, Shrewsbury, Birmingham, Manchester, Hereford and Cardiff.

Gallery
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* St Cybi's ChurchSt Cybi's Church
* Boats in Holyhead HarbourBoats in Holyhead Harbour
* Holyhead around 1850Holyhead around 1850

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Hahoe Folk Village
**Hahoe Folk Village** is a village in South Korea. It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style. Hahoe Village hosts cultural events, including traditional mask dances. It is in the city of Andong, in North Gyeongsang Province. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The people who built the town used Confucian philosophy and the clan system to decide where to put each building and road. The clan system was very important in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Some of the houses are made of wood and some are made of mud. Some of the houses have tile roofs and some have thatched roofs. Some of the buildings are made of traditional materials and some have been rebuilt with modern materials. There is a 600 year old zelkova tree in the village. People have named the tree "Samsindang," and there is a shrine next to it. Unlike many homes in South Korea, which face south, the houses in Hahoe Village face the tree. The Byeongsanseowon Confucian Academy is 4 km east of the village.

People still live in Hahoe Folk Village. Many of them are members of the Ryu clan who have lived there since the 1400s. There are about 127 households in Hahoe Folk Village. Some of them still have a *jongga* or head of the family and practice ancestor worship in the Confucian way.

Hahoe Folk Village is known for its traditional outdoor mask performances. Most traditional masks in Korea are made out of calabash and are used only once. Masks in Hahoe are made from wood, usually alder wood, and are reused many times.

Hahoe Folk Village also hosts Seonyu Julbul Nori. On the birthday of the spiritual leader Buddha, people ride down the Nakdong River in boats. People read poetry. There is also a display called line fire. This is a special way of lighting fireworks. Mulberry tree charcoal is put in long pouches that are tied every few centimeters on their length. The pouches are attached to a rope made of straw, one pouch every five meters. The rope is long enough to go between two trees. One end of one charcoal pouch is lit, and it takes a long time for all the charcoal to burn down the whole length of the rope.

A traditional performance with an alder wood mask.
The name "Hahoe" comes from "ha" for "river" and "hoe" for "turn around" in Korean. The village is built right where the Nakdong River turns around.

In 2020, the village added a traditional brushwood bridge near Hahoe Folk Village.

Queen Elizabeth II visited Hahoe Folk village in 2019.

Other websites
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* Hahoe Folk Village Official Site


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hahoe Folk Village***.
The **Ground Combat Vehicle** (**GCV**) is the U.S. Army's replacement program for heavy tracked and wheeled armored fighting vehicles. The GCV is part of the *Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package* of the BCT Modernization program. The vehicle of the vehicle family is to be built by 2015 and given out by 2017. It replaced the canceled Future Combat Systems, manned ground vehicles program.

Design
------

The GCV family will be built around one or more common vehicle bodies.

The GCV will be networked.
The GCV would have a very advanced communications system.

The vehicle will be heavy and large but it must be moved by aircraft, rail and ship. The GCV will have good off-road mobility while remaining fuel efficient.

The type and caliber of the weapons are still secret. The Army has only said that there will be lethal and non-lethal means to help with missions in both civilian and non-civilian places.

The Army would like the GCV to have good bomb protection and would like it to be able to destroy enemy missiles.

Variants
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The U.S. Army wants a troop carrier and a "secondary vehicle". The Army will ask for more variants later.

### Infantry Fighting Vehicle

Artist's impression of the GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle
The IFV will replace the M113 APC by 2018, the M2 Bradley and the Stryker ICV later. The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine people.

### Secondary vehicle

The "secondary vehicle" is listed on the "Work Breakdown Structure" document. So far, no details have been released about the use of this vehicle.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ground Combat Vehicle***.

* *Official U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle page* Archived 2010-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
* TACOM page Archived 2010-03-28 at the Wayback Machine