recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Saskia Post** (1 January 1961 – 16 March 2020) was American-born Australian actress. She is best known for her leading role in the 1986 movie, *Dogs in Space*, with Michael Hutchence.

Post also acted in the 1985 AFI Award winning movie, *Bliss* and in the 1991 movie *Proof*. It was chosen as "Best Film" at the 1991 AFI Awards.

Early life and education
------------------------

Saskia Post was born in Martinez, California in 1961. Her family moved to Australia in 1975. In high school she studied acting and singing. After graduation, she spent a year attending acting workshops and dance classes in Sydney. Saskia then studied drama and arts at the University of New South Wales but dropped out after one year. She took acting classes at The Drama School in 1981.

Career
------

Post got her first television role in 1982. She played Julianna Sleven, a Dutch refugee, in *The Sullivans*. The program was an Australian drama television series about a middle-class Melbourne family and the effect World War II had on their lives. Post moved to Melbourne to work on the series for twelve months before leaving in 1984. That same year she had a role in the movie *One Night Stand*, as Eva, a bank teller from the Czech Republic.

In 1985, Post appeared in the AFI Award winning movie *Bliss*, as Honey Barbara's daughter.

Post had a leading role in the 1986 movie *Dogs in Space*, directed by Richard Lowenstein. The movie is about a group of young musicians and music fans sharing a house in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond. Post plays Anna, the girlfriend of Sam (Michael Hutchence). Anna dies of a heroin overdose after trying the drug for a second time.

Post has also acted in many stage performances in Melbourne. These include *Endgrain*, *Train to Transcience*, *Could I Have this Dance?*, *In Angel Gear*, *Figures in Glass*, *Skin* and *Vincent in Brixton*.

Death
-----

Post died of cardiac arrest at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne on 16 March 2020, aged 59.

Other websites
--------------

* Saskia Post on IMDb
* Official Michael Hutchence Memorial Website | Saskia Post

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
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In Australian politics, a **teal independent** (or **teal** for short) is an environmentalist but economically liberal independent politician. They are funded by the climate change advocacy group Climate 200, which was founded by Simon Holmes à Court. They are called "teals" because teal is a mix between blue (the colour of the conservative Liberal Party) and green (the colour of the environmental movement and the Greens).

While they existed throughout the 2010s in many parts of the country, they gained prominence in the 2020s. Before the 2022 federal election, only three teal independents held seats in Parliament, but after the election there were seven. The teal independents that were elected to the House of Representatives represent electorates in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Hobart and regional Victoria. Furthermore, one teal independent (former rugby league player David Pocock) was elected to the Senate for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Teal independents have also contested state elections in New South Wales and Victoria, but are less successful.
The British Houses of Parliament, London
A **parliament** is a type of legislature. 

The most famous parliament is probably the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which is sometimes called the "Mother of all Parliaments". The word "parliament" comes from the French word *parler*, which means a talk. 

The Althing, the national parliament of Iceland, was founded earlier (930 AD), so it is the oldest legislature in the world still existing. However, the Althing did not function as a legislature for four centuries, and its role as a *primary* legislature is modern.

Other parliaments
-----------------

Other parliaments have copied the UK and work similarly. They have three levels - a lower house which makes the law, an upper house which reviews the law (Decides if they like it or not, and suggest changes to it), and a head of state who is mostly for show and who starts and ends each year of parliament. The Prime Minister is almost always the person whose party has the most seats, but if the lower house does not think he is doing a good job they can call a vote of no confidence and ask him to leave his job as Prime Minister or have an election.

The word "parliament"
---------------------

Sometimes people use the word "parliament" to describe a legislature, even if it is not a real parliament. A "parliament" is a type of legislature which has a Prime Minister.

Similar to a congress
---------------------

A parliament is a lot like a congress but a congress cannot ask the head of the government to leave his job. Also, a congress runs for a number of years according to the country's constitution, but a parliament can be stopped as long as enough members agree. Elections are held after this happens.

Countries that have Parliaments
-------------------------------

* Australia
* Belgium
* Canada
* Ghana
* Germany
* Greece
* Iceland
* India
* Israel
* Italy
* Malaysia
* Moldova
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Romania
* Russia
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Bulgaria

Related pages
-------------

* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Democracy
* Legal rights
Alessandro Diamanti (blue 22) slide tackles Steven Gerrard (white 4) at Euro 2012.A diving tackle in rugby union
Quarterback Steve McNair seen being tackled during an October 2006 game against the San Diego Chargers.
A tackle in football is a defensive move in various types of football. It aims to stop an opponent who is running with the ball.

In English style rugby football it means bringing down an opponent running with the ball. It is done by diving and catching the runners' legs. Outlawed as dangerous are tackles round the neck, and less effective tackles are round the runner's body. In practice there are variations, such as shoving an opponent running with the ball into touch (out of the field of play). There are some differences between Rugby Union and Rugby League as to the events after the tackle.

In soccer, tackles are done with the feet around or against the opponent's feet. To be legal the opponent must have control of the ball at the time. Since soccer is a high-speed game, various rules protect the player running with the ball. However, from 2017, tackles from any direction that endanger an opponent's safety may result in the offender being sent-off. This includes "scissoring" which is likely to be punished with a send-off (red card), as it poses a high risk of severe knee injury to the player being tackled. A "studs up" tackle may be dangerous. Referees may caution (yellow card) players who commit such challenges.

In American and Canadian football to tackle is to obstruct (physically interfere) the forward progress of a player in possession of the ball. In any such case, the ball becomes dead, the down is over, and play ceases until the beginning of the next play.
The ladder sight on an M1917 Enfield rifle. When the bar on the rear sight is raised, the barrel of the rifle points slightly upwards compared to the sights. This compensates for bullet drop over a given range.
**Point-blank range** is any distance where a certain firearm can hit a target without the need to adjust for bullet drop. When a bullet leaves a firearm, it is pulled downwards by gravity. When shooting at a distant target, the shooter must point the firearm above the target to adjust for this. If the target is close enough to the shooter, the distance the bullet drops will be very small. In this case, the shooter can aim the gun straight at the target. 

The sights of a gun are set so that the barrel has a small upward tilt. When the bullet leaves the gun, it starts by rising and later drops. This means that weapon hits too low for very close targets, too high for mid-range targets, too low for very far targets. It hits point blank at the two distances when it crosses between too low and too high. For a .270 Winchester, as an example, the bullet first crosses the line of sight at about 23m (25 yds) as it is rising and again at about 250m (275 yds). With this gun, point blank range for a deer size target is about 275m (300-310 yards).

Point-blank range is different for each weapon. The flatter the bullet's trajectory or the larger the target, the longer the point-blank range will be.

In popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean very close range but not close enough to be a contact shot.
Coordinates: 64°52′N 1°18′E﻿ / ﻿64.867°N 1.300°E﻿ / 64.867; 1.300

Position of the slides
The three **Storegga Slides** were large landslides. They occurred under water, at the edge of Norway's continental shelf, in the Norwegian Sea. This is between Norway and Greenland, just north of Great Britain.

Height of tsunami wave.
Storegga tsunami deposits (grey upper layer), bracketed by peat (dark brown layers), taken at Maryton on the Montrose Basin, Scotland
They caused a very large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. About 290 km length of coastal shelf, 3,500 km3 of debris fell. This is an area the size of Iceland covered to a depth of 34 m (112 ft).

Based on carbon dating of plant material, the latest incident occurred around 6100 BC.

In Scotland, traces of this tsunami have been found in the Montrose Basin (estuary of the South Esk river), and the Firth of Forth, up to 80 km inland and 4 metres above today's normal tide levels.

For the Ormen Lange natural gas field, the incident has been thoroughly investigated. One conclusion is that the slide was caused by material built up during the previous ice age, and that it would only happen again after a new ice age. This conclusion is supported by scientific studies. Facts and arguments supporting this conclusion were made public in 2004.

It was decided that the development of the Ormen Lange gas field would not significantly increase the risk of triggering a new slide. A new slide would trigger a very large tsunami which would be devastating for the coast areas around the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea.
**Margaret "Peggy" Shippen Arnold** was an American woman from Philadelphia. She helped Benedict Arnold go to the British army during the American Revolutionary War.

Early life and family
---------------------

Peggy was born in 1760 to Edward Shippen IV and his wife, Margaret Francis. The Shippens were a powerful family in Philadelphia.

American Revolutionary War
--------------------------

During the American Revolutionary War, Shippen's parents tried to stay neutral. Her older sister Elizabeth married a colonel in the Continental Army. When the British Army occupied Philadelphia, Peggy Shippen made friends with Major John André. They wrote letters back and forth to each other after André left Philadelphia.

In 1779, when she was nineteen years old, Peggy Shippen married Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army. Later, Arnold decided to defect, or change sides, and fight for the British instead. Historians do not know whether Peggy Shippen tried to get him to make this decision, but she helped him after he did. Shippen helped him meet with John André and then sent letters between the two men using codes. Shippen helped Arnold become the commander of West Point so he could trade it to the British Army.

When Arnold was caught, Peggy helped him escape and destroyed evidence. When George Washington and Alexander Hamilton showed up at West Point, she pretended that she had not known about Arnold's plan. She pretended to be surprised and upset. She pretended so well that both Washington and Hamilton believed her.

Peggy was not put in jail, but the city council of Philadelphia told Shippen she could not live there any more. She went to New York City, which the British Army held at the time.

After the war
-------------

After the British Army surrendered at the Battle of Yorktown, Benedict Arnold and Peggy moved to London. The king and queen liked Peggy. King George III gave her £350 for helping the army and Queen Charlotte gave her a yearly payment of £100.
Peggy Shippen went back to Philadelphia for a visit in 1791. People there did not like her, and some even protested. When Benedict Arnold died in 1803, Shippen found she owed money to many people. Peggy Shippen died in 1804.

In popular culture
------------------

Shippen is a character in the television series *Turn*. In the series, she has a romance with John André.
Pegasus at the "Stars of Sounds" concert in Aarberg, 1 June 2012.
Pegasus playing at "PodRing", a festival in the Old Town of Biel, 2010
**Pegasus** is a Swiss pop/rock-band from Biel. From childhood on they were sharing song ideas and a basement rehearsal room.

Members
-------

* Noah Veraguth (Lead Vocals, Guitar, Piano)
* Gabriel Spahni (Lead Guitar, Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals)
* Simon Spahr (Bass Guitar, Electric Piano, Backing Vocals)
* Stefan Brenner (Drums, Percussion, Backing Vocals)

History
-------

Three of them (Veraguth, Spahni and Spahr) grew up in the same street and went to the same schools. They made a lot of music in their childhood.

After Stefan Brenner came to the band, they tried to get a recording contract. They made their first album in 2007. It was called *A Place To Be*. It was quite successful, the reviews were positive.

Their second album was called *Heroes & Champions* (2010). For this album they got the Swiss Music Award in the category Best Newcomer National. It includes the hits "Listen To The Music", "Come Down With Me" and "Easy".
The third most successful album is *Human.Technology* produced in 2011. 0n the 27th of July 2012 it was on second place in the Swiss charts. 

They made a special edition called *Human.Technology 2.0*. in 2012. The most popular songs are "Man On Mars", "Rise Up (Black Dog)" and "Skyline" (only on *Human.Technology 2.0*). "Skyline" was used as official Swiss Olympic song in London 2012. It was a number one hit in Swiss charts.

In September they started their Human.Technology Tour, in February a second one.
Noah Veraguth is also known for his work with Stress and Bastian Baker. In 2011 he produces a song with Stress called "Elle". Together with M.A.M and Karolyn they made an album called *Noël’s Room* (2012) which is very successful.

Award
-----

In 2010 they won the award in the category Newcomer National. In 2013 they got Best Hit National for "Skyline".
***PartiallyClips*** is a comic published on the internet that was created by Rob Balder and ran from 2002 to 2015. At the start of 2010, Balder gave authorship of the comic to Tim Crist, the comedy musician behind Worm Quartet.

Premise
-------

*PartiallyClips* is a constrained comic. Each three-panel strip consists of the same clip art image (the comic has no original art) in each panel for the whole strip, with added speech balloons and/or captions to create the joke.

*PartiallyClips* frequently tends to use dark humor because the picture used shows peace, which is common in public-domain clip art, but the added dialogue or captions make it instead not show peace. *PartiallyClips* also frequently comments on modern life and culture, especially aspects of Internet culture. No characters or plots often repeat.

Its name is a derivation from a misinterpreted phrase that results from a mishearing of the name because "Partially Clips" sounds similar to "Partial eclipse".

Distribution and reception
--------------------------

*PartiallyClips* was updated twice every week, on Sundays and Thursdays. The *partiallyclips.com* website stopped updating on 17 June 2015. During 2018, the PartiallyClips website went down, and remains unavailable as of August 2019. The archives were available on the Erfworld domain, but are not available there anymore because that domain has largely been taken down due to personal tragedy.

In addition to being published online, the strip was also self-licensed to print media, being targeted at alternative weekly newspapers.[*source?*] It appeared in about 25 newspapers and magazines,[*source?*] and was published in a book called *Suffering For My Clip Art: The Best Of Partially Clips Volume 1*. Material from *PartiallyClips* was included in *Attitude 3: The New Subversive Online Cartoonists*.

PartiallyClips was included in a short list of comics published on the internet that was included in an NPR article released in 2009. The article's author, Glen Weldon, called it "a combination of found art, a finely honed comic sensibility, and awesomeness run rampant."

Related pages
-------------

* Dinosaur Comics, another constrained comic

Other websites
--------------

* *PartiallyClips Archived 2019-08-19 at the Wayback Machine* - current online archives
* *PartiallyClips* - original website, now unavailable - see an archive from 1 Sept. 2015 for one of the last archives of the actual strip
Coordinates: 45°4′14″N 7°41′16″E﻿ / ﻿45.07056°N 7.68778°E﻿ / 45.07056; 7.68778

18th century painting of the Royal Theatre of Turin, by Pietro Domenico Oliviero
The theatre in 2005
The **Teatro Regio** ('Royal Theatre') is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin, Italy.

Operas had been performed in various buildings in Turin during the 17th century but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was planned. It was not built and finished until 1740. It was a beautiful opera house with 1,500 seats and with 139 boxes.

In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse. With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the *Teatro Nazionale* and finally, after Napoleon became emperor, renamed again as the *Teatro Imperiale*. When Napoleon's lost power in 1814 it got its original name back: the *Regio*.

Other theatres were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored *Teatro Carignano* in 1824. It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the *Teatro Regio* in 1936, the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the *Regio* reopened in 1973.

The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919. Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed everything except the front of the building. It remained closed for thirty-seven years. Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances.

The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's *I Vespri Siciliani* directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

The new house, which uses the original frontage, seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound. Many operas are performed there, including modern operas.

Other websites
--------------

* Teatro Regio Torino website (both English and Italian)
**Q** is the name of a fictional character from *Star Trek*. It is also the name of his race. Q appears in *Next Generation*, *Deep Space Nine*, *Voyager*, and *Lower Decks* and in related media. John de Lancie plays the Q character. He is an extra-dimensional being. The human characters do not know how he came to exist. He has power over time, space, the laws of physics, and reality itself. He is capable of changing reality and even the past when he wants to. Q only sometimes uses contractions in his speech.

Star Trek uses the name "Q" for the names of all the individuals from the Q species. All male and female Q characters refer to each other as "Q." They also call their whole race "Q" and call their home "the Q Continuum" – an alternate dimension accessible to only the Q and people they choose to bring there. The true nature of the realm is said to be beyond the comprehension of "lesser beings" such as humans. When humans go there, they see it in ways they can understand; e.g. a run-down gas station in the "middle of nowhere."

Beginning with the pilot episode "Encounter at Farpoint" of *The Next Generation*, Q became a recurring character. Most of his scenes are both dramatic and funny. He enjoys annoying Jean-Luc Picard, the serious human captain of the Enterprise D. He serves as a major antihero throughout *The Next Generation*. He is an important part of both the first and last episodes of the show. Q is first presented as a cosmic force judging humanity to see if it is becoming a threat to the universe. However, as the series continues, his role morphs more into one of a teacher to Picard and the human race generally, although he often does this in ways that seem destructive or disruptive or meant for his own fun. Other times, notably during "Deja Q" and *Voyager*, Q appears to the crew seeking assistance. For example, one time all the other Q turned Q human as a punishment.

Gene Roddenberry chose the letter "Q" in honor of his friend Janet Quarton.
The stage of the Teatro La Fenice in 2005
***Teatro La Fenice*** is a famous opera house in Venice, Italy. People often call it simply ***La Fenice***. Its name comes from the Italian word *Fenice*, meaning *Phoenix*. The Phoenix is a mythical bird. It dies in fire and is born again from the ashes.

History
-------

An older opera house in Venice called the *Teatro San Benedetto* burnt down in 1774. It was the main, opera house in Venice. Some noblemen built it again, but the Venier, a famous family in Venice, made them sell the new theatre to them. So, the noblemen built a new opera house in 1792. They called it Teatro La Fenice. The first opera performed there was Giovanni Paisiello's **I giochi di Agrigento** (The Games of Agrigento).

La Fenice burnt down in 1836. It was built again in 1837. On 29 January 1996, La Fenice burnt down again. It was set on fire by two men working on the building. They were sent to prison for arson. La Fenice was built again in 2003 in the style of the old one. The architect, Aldo Rossi, used pictures and movies of the old La Fenice to plan the new one.

Five of Giuseppe Verdi's operas had their first performance at Teatro La Fenice:

* *Ernani* (1844)
* *Attila* (1846)
* *Rigoletto* (1851)
* *La traviata* (1853)
* *Simon Boccanegra* (1857)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Teatro La Fenice***.

* Official website Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
The operation of the **Triple DES** where M is the Plaintext, C is the Ciphertext and {k1, k2, k3} is the set of the three encryption keys.
In cryptography, **Triple DES** is a block cipher created from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times. Triple DES is also known as **TDES** or, more standard, **TDEA** (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ).

When it was discovered that a 56-bit key of DES is not enough to protect from brute force attacks, TDES was chosen as a simple way to enlarge the key space without a need to switch to a new algorithm. The use of three steps is essential to prevent meet-in-the-middle attacks that are effective against double DES encryption.

In general TDES with three different keys (3-key {k1, k2, k3} TDES) has a key length of 168 bits: three 56-bit DES keys (with parity bits 3-key TDES has the total storage length of 192 bits), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack the effective security it provides is only 112 bits. Another version, called two-key TDES (2-key TDES), uses k1 = k3, thus reducing the key size to 112 bits and the storage length to 128 bits. However, this mode can be taken advantage of through certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks  and so TDES is treated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.

By design, DES and therefore TDES, suffer from slow performance in software. TDES is better suited to hardware implementations, which are many of the places it is still used.

TDES is slowly disappearing from use, largely replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). One large-scale exception is within the electronic payments industry, which still uses 2TDES extensively and continues to develop and spread standards based upon it (e.g. EMV, the standard for inter-operation of IC cards; also called *"Chip cards"*, and IC capable POS terminals and ATM's). This guarantees that TDES will remain an active cryptographic standard well into the future.

Related pages
-------------

* DES-X
* Data Encryption Standard (DES)
* Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
**Thomas Dartmouth Rice** (May 20, 1808 – September 19, 1860) was an American entertainer. He developed a character called Jim Crow. Using African-American speech, song, and dance, Rice performed successfully as Jim Crow in America and England. Rice is known as the "Father of the Minstrel Show".

Early years
-----------

Rice was born in New York City in 1808. He had some formal schooling, and was apprenticed to a woodcarver in his teens. By 1827 though, he had entered the entertainment field and was acting in theaters around the United States.

Career
------

Rice in costume as Jim Crow
About 1828, Rice developed a burnt-cork blackface character called Jim Crow. This character was a witty, raggedy black man, and was based on a real-life black stableman Rice saw singing and dancing to a tune called "Jump Jim Crow". By 1830, Rice was performing in theaters as Jim Crow. His act was widely popular in America and England. 

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, "Jim Crow" became a term used to describe racial segregation laws in the United States. Whites referred to all black males as "Jim Crows". Rice wrote and appeared in *Ginger Blue, Jim Crow in London*, and a comic rendition of *Othello*. He also appeared on Broadway as the title character in an adaptation of *Uncle Tom's Cabin*.

Death
-----

About 1840, Rice began to suffer from a paralysis that affected his speech and movement. He died of a stroke on September 19, 1860, and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
**South Caucasus**, also referred to as **Southern** **Caucasia**, is the southern area of the Caucasus region spanning Europe and Asia, going from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas. 

Administrative map of Caucasus in USSR, 1952-1991.
All of Armenia is in the South Caucasus; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçıvan, fall within this area. The countries in the region produce oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.

The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and has three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

History
-------

The region was combined togerther twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. 

The area of Transcaucasia, which is where modern day Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of areas where the wine producing vines *vitis vinifera* grow. Some experts think that this may be where wine was produced for the first time.  Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC.

Related pages
-------------

* Caucasus
* North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia)
* Ibero-Caucasian languages
* Peoples of the Caucasus

Sources and references
----------------------

(incomplete)

* Transcaucasia (The Columbia Encyclopedia article) Archived 2005-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
| Strychnine |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Other names | Strychnidin-10-one |
| Identifiers |
| CAS Number | * 57-24-9
 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | * Interactive image
 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.290 |
| PubChem CID | * 441071
 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | * DTXSID6023600 Edit this at Wikidata
 |
| 
SMILES
* [H][C@]([C@@](C(C=CC=C7)=C7N34)5[C@H]6N(CC5)C2)3[C@@]1([H])[C@@H](C6)[C@]2=CCO[C@H]1CC4=O

 |
| Properties |
| Chemical formula | C21H22N2O2  |
| Molar mass | 334.41    |
| Melting point | 284-286 °C   |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)Infobox disclaimer and references |

**Strychnine** is a poisonous substance which is naturally produced by the plant *Strychnos nux-vomica*. Together with brucine, another poison, strychnine is found in the leaves and seeds of this plant. They are a rather extreme example of the way some plants protect themselves against herbivores. The substances were discovered early in the 19th century, but it took about 150 years before Robert Robinson worked out their structure.

When purified, strychnine is a very toxic colorless crystalline alkaloid. It is very poisonous, the LD50 is about 10 mg. Strychnine is soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but not in water.

Strychnine has few uses today. It can act as a stimulant, much like caffeine, and is on the list of substances tested for doping in sports. 
It was used as a pesticide, for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

Poisoning
---------

Strychnine causes muscular convulsions. It leads to death through asphyxia or exhaustion. The most common source is from the seeds of the *Strychnos nux vomica* tree. Strychnine is one of the most bitter substances known. Its taste is detectable in concentrations as low as 1 ppm.

Between 30 and 120 mg can kill an adult human. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed by the mucous membranes. If it is given under the skin, or intravenously, a quantity of 15 mg may be enough to kill an adult. Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam) are used by default for emergency treatment.

Unlike the illustrations given in fiction crime novels, Strychnine is not very good for killing someone (when given orally). This is because even diluted at 1:130.000 it can still be tasted. Despite this, some murders happened with Strychnine. Thomas Neill Cream, a serial killer, used it on some of his victims.

Because of its high toxicity and tendency to cause convulsions, the use of strychnine in medicine was eventually abandoned once safer alternatives became available.

Related pages
-------------

* List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
See the main article: Civil engineering
**Structural engineering** is a subset of civil engineering dealing with the design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters. Besides, it may also cover design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any other objects where structural functionality or safety are involved. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy building codes.

Major structural engineering projects go through the following four stages: *research*, *design*, *testing*, and *construction* which are featured with the images below:

* 
* 
* 

Structural engineering came to existence when the humans first started to construct their own structures. It became a more defined profession with the emergence of the architecture profession during the industrial revolution in the late 19th Century.

Entry-level structural engineers may design individual structural elements of a structure, for example, beams, columns, and floors of a building. More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building.

Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge engineering, building engineering, pipeline engineering, earthquake engineering, industrial structures, or special mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircrafts.

Related pages
-------------

* Architecture
* Building model
**Sancho Garcés VI** (Basque: *Antso VI.a*; 21 April 1132 - 27 June 1194), called **the Wise** (Basque: *Jakituna*, Spanish: *el Sabio*) was King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194. He was the first monarch to officially drop the title of *King of Pamplona* in favour of King of Navarre. With this action, he also changed the name of his kingdom. Sancho Garcés was responsible for bringing his kingdom into the political orbit of Europe. He was the eldest son of García Ramírez, *the Restorer* and Margaret of L'Aigle.

Biography
---------

Incomplete royal stamp of Sancho VI.
Sancho VI inherited a debilitated kingdom, subject of frequent raids by the Kingdom of Castile of Alfonso VII and by the County of Barcelona of Ramon Berenguer IV, also king of Aragon, who in 1140 had agreed the partition of the kingdom in the Treaty of Carrión.

He tried to repair the borders of his kingdom, which had been reduced by the Treaties of Tudején and Carrión, which he had been forced to sign with Castile and Aragón in his early reign. By the Accord of Soria, Castile was eventually confirmed in its possession of conquered territories. In the face of a possible Castilian military takeover of further western Navarrese territories, Sancho VI re-asserted royal authority by founding several towns in 1181, including San Sebastián, Vitoria and Treviño, among others.

He was hostile to Count Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, but Raymond's son King Alfonso II of Aragon divided the lands taken from Murcia with him by treaty of Sangüesa in 1168. In 1190, the two neighbours again signed a pact in Borja of mutual protection against Castilian expansion.

He died on 27 June 1194, in Pamplona, where he is buried.
Mount Cook, New Zealand. It lies in the Southern Alps, the mountain range which runs the length of the South Island.
New Zealand sits on top of the junction of two oceanic plates.
Even when mountains are worn down, the evidence is there in the remaining rocks. Millook, Cornwall
**Orogeny** is the process of mountain-building. It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called **orogenesis**.

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:

* Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional):
	+ Andes in South America
* Where two continental plates converge (collide):
	+ Alps
	+ Himalayas

Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:

* Hawaiian chain of islands
* Yellowstone National Park

There is a third process, called *delamination*. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:

* The Sierra Nevada in California.

Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as *dynamic topography*. Examples:

* Iceland (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
* East African Rift

* Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.
**Personal grooming**, also called **titivating** and **preening**, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.

In humans
---------

See the main article: Hygiene
Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.

In animals
----------

Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.

Mutual grooming
---------------

In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.

Gallery
-------

* A domesticated tortoiseshell cat grooming herself.A domesticated tortoiseshell cat grooming herself.
* A domesticated cat grooming.A domesticated cat grooming.
* Black swan preening.Black swan preening.
* Blue Ducks preening their feathers.Blue Ducks preening their feathers.
* Peregrine Falcon preening its feathers.Peregrine Falcon preening its feathers.
* A House Sparrow cleans herself in moving water while a Mallard preens in the background
* A flesh fly uses its legs to clean and maintain itself

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Grooming***.
**The 411** are an English female R&B group formed in late 2003. The band sang backup vocals on Lemar's cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together". The band took its name after the 1992 Mary J. Blige album *What's the 411?*. During their time together as a group, they released one studio album *Between the Sheets* and three top-forty singles before breaking up in 2005.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Anciens membres | Carolyn Owlett
Tanya Boniface
Tisha Martin
Suzie Furlonger |

History
-------

### 2003–2005: Formation and *Between the Sheets*

The group was first formed in 2003 as a 4-piece girl band with Tisha Martin who was an actress at the time and starred in children's television shows *Kerching* and *The Basil Brush Show*.

The group's first single, "On My Knees", was a hit in the UK, reaching the top 5. A second single, "Dumb," reached number 3 in the UK and also reached the top 30 in Australia. These singles appeared on their album *Between the Sheets*, which the girl group co-wrote all the songs on the album.

The album was certified silver on 10 December 2004.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

| Year | Album | UK | TUR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Between the Sheets* | 46 | 17 |

### Singles

| **Year** | **Single** | **Chart positions** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UK | IRE | GER | AUS | SWI | AUT | FRA | BEL | TUR |
| 2004 | "On My Knees" |  4 |  19 |  43 |  29 |  26 |  38 |  30 |  50 |  66 |
| "Dumb" |  3 |  12 |  22 |  29 |  36 |  33 |  — |  — |  61 |
| "Teardrops" |  23 |  — |  — |  — |  — |  — |  — |  — |  40 |
Schist specimen showing the characteristic "scaly" schistose texture caused by platy micas
Manhattan schist outcropping in New York City's Central Park
Thin section of Garnet-Mica-Schist
The **schists** are a group of metamorphic rocks which have lamellar (plate-like) minerals, such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains so that a form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Schist often contains garnets.

The individual mineral grains in schist, drawn out into flaky scales by heat and pressure, can be seen by the naked eye. Schist is characteristically *foliated*, (~leaf-like) meaning the mineral grains split off easily into flakes or slabs. The word *schist* is derived from the Greek word *σχίζειν schíxein* meaning "to split". This refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.

Most schists have been derived from clays and muds which have passed through a series of metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as intermediate steps. Certain schists have been derived from fine-grained igneous rocks such as basalts and tuffs. Most schists are mica schists, but graphite and chlorite schists are also common. 

Schists are named after their mineral constituents, such as garnet schist, tourmaline schist, glaucophane schist, etc. 

Schists are frequently used as dimension stone. Dimension stone is stone that has been selected and cut to specific shapes or sizes.

View of cut Garnet-Mica-Schist
In telecommunications, **packet switching** is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into *packets*.

Composed of a header and a payload:
A header is used by networking hardware to direct packets to its destination,
A payload is the thing extracted after it has reached its destination (thanks to the header)

The workstation creates a packet, and stamps it with the destination's IP Address and forwards it to a router, the router's job is to find out how to get the packet to the desired destination.
Breaking communication down into packets allows the same information to be shared amongst many users in a network.
A type of small network where packets (small units of data) are routed through a network based on the destination address contained in each packet.

"A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package that travels along a given network path. Data packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigates the Web, and in other kinds of networks."
AI generationAI randomisation to **three sweeper (libero, 2 to 1),** 
The sweeper, also known as the libero, is a crucial position in association football. Unlike other defenders who have a specific opponent to mark, the sweeper is a more versatile centre-back who has the freedom to move around the defensive line and sweep up loose balls if an opponent manages to breach the defense.
The sweeper's role is to act as the last line of defense and provide cover for the other defenders. They are responsible for quickly identifying and reacting to any threats posed by the opposition and making crucial tackles or interceptions. The sweeper's ability to read the game and anticipate the opposition's moves is vital to the team's success.
The position of the sweeper is more fluid than that of other defenders, which allows them to play a more proactive role in building attacks from the back. This added flexibility means that the sweeper can also provide additional support to the midfield, making them a valuable asset to any team.
The sweeper position is often associated with the Italian style of play, and the term "libero" is derived from Italian, meaning "free." However, the position has been used by successful teams from all over the world, including the Brazilian national team of the 1970s.
The sweeper is a unique and important position in association football that requires a high level of skill and tactical awareness. A versatile player who can read the game and quickly react to any threats, the sweeper is an asset to any team looking to build a strong defense and launch effective counterattacks.
***Orphan Black*** is a Canadian science fiction television series. It was created by screenwriter Graeme Manson and director John Fawcett. *Orphan Black* stars Tatiana Maslany as several identical people who turn out to be clones. The main character in the series is Sarah Manning. Sarah Manning takes on the identity of one of her clones, Elizabeth Childs, after the clone kills themselves.

Premise
-------

At the beginning of the series, Sarah Manning, a con artist sees a woman who looks exactly like her. The woman kills herself by jumping in front of a train. The woman is revealed to be Elizabeth Childs. Sarah steals Beth's identity, job, purse, and shoes. Sarah finds out that Beth has $ 70,000 dollars in the bank. This is enough for Sarah to disappear with her daughter, Kira, and her foster-brother, Felix. Beth turns out to be a police officer with a boyfriend, Paul. Sarah also finds out that a few months before, Beth had killed a civilian, Maggie Chen. Beth had been suspended from the force following this. When Sarah impersonates Beth, it is difficult to convince Art, Beth's police partner, that everything is fine. Art is suspicious, and believes that "Beth" is planning to escape town to avoid her hearing. He finds the money Sarah has taken from Beth and holds it until he is convinced nothing is wrong. Meanwhile, Felix arrives at the coroner's office and identifies Beth's body as Sarah.

Beth is often contacted by a mysterious women on a green phone. Sarah ignores these calls until another clone, Katja Obinger, gets into Sarah's car. Katja believes that Sarah is Beth and begs her to help her. Sarah refuses. Katja eventually realizes that Sarah is not Beth, before she is shot in the head. Sarah talks to the women on the phone. She realizes that she is a clone. She knows that she must bury Katja's body. She also realizes that she has many clones across the world that someone is trying to kill.

The clones that Sarah meets are named Alison Hendrix and Cosima Niehaus. Cosima is a student at the University of Minnesota studying evolutionary development. Alison is a suburban mom. The three become close friends and eventually discover that they were all made by a company called the DYAD. They also realize that they all have a "monitor" (a person in their lives to spy on them).

Eventually, the clones realize that it is another clone that is killing them, Helena. A religious extremist group, the Proletheans, have told Helena that she is the original clone. She believes that the others are an insult to God. Helena and Sarah are actually twins, and have a "connection". At the end of series one, Sarah shoots Helena to protect Kira.

The plot of the show is about the clones trying to protect their family and friends.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Orphan Black***

* *Orphan Black*  at BBC Programmes
* *Orphan Black* at BBC America
* *Orphan Black* at Space
* *Orphan Black* on IMDb
**San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan** started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500 BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.

The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900 BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.

For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800 BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600 BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400 BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.
**Patricia Theresa Schemel** (born April 24, 1967) is an American drummer. She was the drummer of Hole from 1992 until 1998. In 2013 she joined the indie rock band Upset.

Early life and career
---------------------

Schemel grew up in Marysville, Washington. When she was eleven she started playing drums. She started her first band, Sybil, with her brother when she was fifteen. Kurt Cobain liked the band. In 1987, she joined a punk band called Doll Squad. The band broke up in 1989. After drummer Chad Channing left Nirvana, Kurt Cobain considered choosing Schemel as a replacement. Then Dave Grohl auditioned and Cobain chose him as the drummer instead.

In 1992 Schemel was asked to join Hole. She played drums on the band's second album *Live Through This*.

In 1995 Schemel came out publicly as a lesbian in a *Rolling Stone* interview.

Schemel started a new band called Green Eyes in early 2010. A documentary about Schemel's life, *Hit So Hard*, was released in 2012.

Personal life
-------------

In the early 1990s Schemel became addicted to heroin.

After Schemel left Hole in 1998, she became addicted to crack cocaine and was homeless for over a year.

She lives with her wife, Christina Soletti, in Los Angeles.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Patty Schemel at Wikimedia Commons

* Patty Schemel on IMDb