recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Constituent Assembly of Pakistan** was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947. The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved. On 14 August, 1947, Jinnah gave a speech which outlined the important principles of the future government of an independent Pakistan. Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.

This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.
***Down with Love*** is a 2003 American romantic comedy movie set in New York City in the early 1960s. It stars Ewan McGregor and Renée Zellweger. It was inspired by *Pillow Talk* (1959) and *Lover Come Back* (1961).

Plot
----

Catcher Block (McGregor) is a very proud man. He has sex a lot of women and does not respect them very much. When author Barbara Novak (Zellweger) gets an interview with Block about her newest book, he keeps being busy and never actually interviews with her. Novak has written a feminist novel in which she says that women should take more power and have a bigger voice in things and to eat chocolate to reduce their need to be with men. However, when Novak's book becomes very popular, Block wants to know more about Novak.

Block invents a name for himself and begins to go out with her. She falls for him despite what she wrote in her book. She is about to take things further with Block when a woman rushes in to tell her that she loved Novak's book. It is then that Novak realizes that she has created a movement and that she needs to be the leader of that movement, so she no longer wants to see Block.

Block tries to reinvent himself as a new person. He writes an exposé on himself and wants to have it published, but all the women that used to work at his *No* magazine have all quit to try to get jobs at Novak's new *Now* magazine. Block applies for a job there and tells her that he loves her. After a short conversation, they leave in a helicopter to go to Las Vegas, Nevada to marry.

Other websites
--------------

* *Down with Love* on IMDb
Downing College from above
**Downing College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1800 and has around 650 students.

The name comes from Sir George Downing, who left money and land in his will to build a college when he died in 1749. However, not everyone in the family agreed with this. So, for many years until 1800 there were fights in courts until the judges decided that the will should be followed.

Some very famous people have studied at Downing College, like Quentin Blake, John Cleese and Thandie Newton.

Further reading
---------------

Rawle, Tim, *A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge*, Cantabrigia, Oxbridge Portfolio, 2015, ISBN 978 0 9572867 4 0

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| * v
* t
* e
Colleges of the University of Cambridge |
| --- |
| Christ's • Churchill • Clare • Clare Hall • Corpus Christi • Darwin • Downing • Emmanuel • Fitzwilliam • Girton • Gonville and Caius • Homerton • Huges Hall • Jesus • King's • Lucy Cavendish • Magdalene • Murray Edwards • Newnham • Pembroke • Peterhouse • Queens' • Robinson • St Catharine's • St Edmund's • St John's • Selwyn • Sidney Sussex • Trinity • Trinity Hall • Wolfson |
**Doom 64** is a video game that first came out only on the Nintendo 64, but can now be played on today's video game consoles. It is a direct sequel to Doom 2, making it the third part of the Doom story. This is ironic because the story of Doom 3 is not related to Doom or Doom 2, but it is a reboot, which means it is a new start to the Doom story.

Doom 64 has all the same weapons and monsters from Doom 2, but it has a few more new types of monsters and a new weapon, the Unmaker. The weapons and monsters look a little different from the earlier games, but there are fewer differences than in Doom 3. Other than the new graphics and new weapon, the gameplay was not much different from the earlier Doom games. It came out in 1997, but the game did not sell well because many popular FPS games came out that same year, including GoldenEye 007, Quake II, Turok: Dinosaur Hunter, and Star Wars: Dark Forces II: Jedi Knight. However, the game does have a cult following and fans had made unlicensed mods on the PC and other video game consoles. Due to its popularity, Bethesda announced during Nintendo Direct 2019 that it would sell the game digitally on the Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Steam on November 22, 2019. However, it was delayed until March 20, 2020, so that it could be sold the same day as Doom Eternal, the sequel to Doom (2016). It was the same game, but the lighting of the game was fixed, which was a major criticism of the N64 version of the game.
A picture of the Denison Dam and hydroelectric power plant.
**Denison Dam**, also known as **Lake Texoma Dam**, is a dam on the Red River between Texas and Oklahoma. The job of the dam is to control flood waters. It also makes a water supply and energy from hydroelectricity. The dam controls the Red River and provides a place where people can have fun in the water.

History
-------

Denison Dam was finished in 1943. At that time, it was the largest "rolled-earth fill dam" (a kind of dirt) in the world. The dam is named for Denison, Texas which is not far away. The dam's spillway is 640 feet (200 m) above sea level. Water has gotten high enough go into the spillway five times.

Denison Dam is made from 18,800,000 cubic yards (14,400,000 m3) of rolled-earth fill. It also produces 250,000 megawatt hours of electricity per year. The dam holds the Red River back to make Lake Texoma which has 2,616,259 acre-feet (3.227108×109 m3) of water. The lake is used to give water to local towns and cities. The dam has 47 areas for people to have fun. The area around the lake has 80,000 acres (32,000 ha) of land people can hunt on.

Oklahoma State Highway 91 and Texas State Highway 91 cross over the dam.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Denison Dam***.

* Army Corp on floodstage Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved July 6, 2007
***Colobus*** are a genus of monkeys native to Africa. The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός which means "docked". This refers to their thumbs, which are just stumps.

Colobus are herbivorous. They eat leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs. Their habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands. Their ruminant-like digestive systems help them occupy niches which other primates do not live in.

Colobus live in territorial groups of about nine individuals, with a single male with a number of females and their offspring. Newborn colobus are completely white. Mothering is shared: other members of the troop the biological mother care for an infant.

Colobus are eaten regularly by the common chimpanzee. Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as *Colobus* monkeys. She watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then a chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as *one-third of the colobus population* in the park each year. This was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
**John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie** (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer and composer.

As an instrumentalist, bandleader, singer, and composer, Gillespie was the youngest of nine children. His father was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to him at an early age. He started to play the piano at the age of 9. 

Nicknamed Dizzy because of how he acts during performances, Gillespie set new standards for trumpet players with his innovative rhythmic and harmonic explorations. This definitive change moved American jazz from swing to 'bebop'. Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of modern jazz.

Gillespie died on January 6, 1993 at age 75 from pancreatic cancer. At the time of his death Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahá´í funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City open to the public where everyone can attend.

Other websites
--------------

* The African American Registry - The heart of jazz, Dizzy Gillespie Archived 2008-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Dizzy Gillespie's "The Cult of Bebop" Archived 2006-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Dizzy Gillespie Talking to Les Tomkins in 1973
***Dareka no Manazashi*** (Japanese: だれかのまなざし, literally *Someone's Gaze*) is a Japanese anime short movie. It was written and directed by Makoto Shinkai. The people who spoke the characters' voices were Fumi Hirano, Satomi Hanamura and Shinji Ogawa. The music was sung by Kazusa.

The movie was shown for the first time at the Tokyo International Forum for the "Proud Box Appreciation Festival" on 10 February 2013. It was also shown with *The Garden of Words* for its premiere on 31 May 2013. The movie is about the relationship between a woman and her family.

Many online reviews said that the movie was very emotional. This was for older people that viewed it because the movie focused on how family relationships can change over time.

Plot
----

The story is about Aya Okamura (岡村綾, *Okamura Aya*), her parents, and their pet cat Mii (ミ一). Aya does not live with her parents anymore. She got a job that made her move far away from her family. Her father lives at home alone with their cat and her mother works overseas. Mii was bought so that Aya would have someone to play with while her mother was working. Mii is now old, and her health is not as good as before.

In the movie, Aya comes home from work. She gets a phone call from her father. Her father wants to have dinner with her, but Aya declines by saying she is still at work. The narrator begins talking about her childhood and how being more independent meant that Aya and her father grew apart. Aya gets another phone call from her father, telling her about Mii dying. They come home to have dinner together, and her mother comes home at the same time. Aya's father buys a new kitten.

Production
----------

Makoto Shinkai directed and wrote the script for *Dareka no Manazashi*. The producers were CoMix Wave Films, NEST, TYO M1, and The Answer Studio Co. Ltd. The music in the movie was directed by Akihisa Matsuura. The theme song of the movie *"Sore de Ii yo"* (それでいいよ, lit. *It's all fine*) was performed by Kazusa. Shinkai said he chose Kazusa to sing the music because he thought that her music would be liked by younger people.

The movie was made for the Nomura Real Estate Group. This was because they were holding their "Proud Box Appreciation Festival" (プラウドボックス感謝祭) at the Tokyo International Forum. Shinkai said that the hardest part about making the movie was keeping it and interesting. He also said focusing on the main topics of the movie was hard. The narrator helped Shinkai make the movie because he knew what to base it on.

Reaction
--------

Many people enjoyed the movie in Japan. Online comments describing the film usually described it as good and emotional. A reporter of RocketNews24 said that the animation was very high quality. ASCII.jp said that even the younger viewers thought it was emotional, but it was the most emotional for older viewers.

Other websites
--------------

* *Dareka no Manazashi Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine* at Makoto Shinkai's official website (in Japanese)
* *Dareka no Manazashi* on IMDb
For Constantine the Great, see Constantine the Great.For the Byzantine emperor, see Constantine VII.
**Constantine II** (870s - 952) was the first king of Alba, he ruled from the year 900 until his abdication in 943. He was the son of Áed, king of Scots who ruled from 877-878. He was succeeded by his 1st cousin once removed Malcolm in 943 when he abdicated. He died in 952.

Birth
-----

Nothing apart from the fact that Constantine's birth happened in Scotland is known about it, although it may of happened in Iona, Scotland in the 870s.

Reign
-----

His reign began in the year 900 when he succeeded his cousin Donald II of Scotland and would continue to reign for 43 more years. In 904 he defeated Vikings at the Battle of Streathearn. He oversaw the founding of England by king Æthelstan in 927. He is defeated by Æthelstan in 937 who proclaims himself king of Britain. People in Scotland, Wales, England and Ireland began to cal Æthelstan our father and our lord, and our king. He died in 939 and by 943 Edmund I of England began to invade Scotland to rule the whole of Britain. Constantine, scared of being killed abdicated. Proclaiming he could not handle the English forces.

After his reign
---------------

After he abdicated, Constantine decided to become a monk, and moved to a monastery in St Andrews, Fife. 11 years later he dies childless, passing the throne to his 1st cousin once removed Malcolm I who ruled until 954, 2 years after the death of Constantine.
PortraitEdward Jenner
**Edward Jenner** (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician known for creating the vaccine for smallpox.

Vaccination
-----------

Vaccination was a concept that was known before Jenner.

In 1765, Dr John Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.

After 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox. For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774. Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success, but after Jenner's work some 20 years later the procedure became widely understood at last.

It was a common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. Jenner thought that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis on an eight-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected the boy with a mild form of smallpox and he showed no sign of infection. Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 more subjects.

"Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle".
An appartment of a person suffering from compulsive hoarding
**Compulsive hoarding** (also known as a **hoarding disorder**) is a psychiatric health issue (ICD-11, 2018). It refers to higher than usual difficulty discarding one's own possessions or materials, even when they're of no special value. This usually happens in residences (homes, rental property and townhouses) where there are too many items and not enough room, cabinets, or containers in which to store things. Also, those who hoard do not want to get rid of the items. That is especially true with old unneeded items.[*source?*]

Hoarding vs. collections
------------------------

Hoarding isn't the same as collecting. The difference between the two is collectors are more likely to get possessions and valuable material in a targeted, organized and intentional way. Those who hoard often have an obsession and hardly any active planning. The mere sight of the objects may cause this. The objects do not really have any consistent theme. Collectors of objects have narrow focus on particular (or same/similar) topics. One of the signs of hoarding problems is heavy, disorganized clutter.

Related psychiatric health and finance problems
-----------------------------------------------

Hoarding is usually, though not always, connected to depression, intellectual disability (having IQ levels 70 and below), borderline intelligence (IQ levels from 71 to 85), anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Other reasons for which someone may hoard include:

* Not deciding on where (or how) to throw away materials
* Social isolation from other people
* Not wanting others to touch their things

Hoarding dangers
----------------

Hoarding can sometimes lead to places being condemned. Property tenants are then removed when health department officials, building inspectors or the fire marshals become involved. Hoarding may also increase fire risk and attract insects (including cockroaches, ants, centipedes, maggots and spiders).
Presenting flowers to The Queen outside Brisbane City Hall, 1954. This is a 'bob' curtsey as used by young girls, and by maids in grand houses.
Full curtsey or *obeisance*, suitable when presented to a monarch on a formal occasion. Notice the back is straight, and the head is *not* bowed. Rarely seen in modern times
A variation, a kind of mixture of a curtsey and a bow
A **curtsey** (also spelled **curtsy** or **courtesy**) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures. The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side. 

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family. This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers. 

Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

Related pages
-------------

* Bowing

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Curtseys***.

English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***curtsey***

* How to Curtsey Archived 2011-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
* The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom
**Curtis Edward "Curt" Gowdy** (July 31, 1919 – February 20, 2006) was an American sportscaster. He was well known as the longtime "voice" of the Boston Red Sox.

In 1949 Gowdy began his Major League Baseball broadcasting career working as an announcer with Mel Allen for New York Yankees games on radio and television. In 1951 he began working for the Red Sox. He left the Red Sox after the 1965 season.

He covered the first five seasons of the American Football League with broadcast partner Paul Christman. Other sports he has called include: 

* Wyoming Cowboys football and basketball
* Oklahoma Sooners football and basketball
* National Hockey League on NBC
* Olympic Games
* New England Patriots play-by-play
* National Basketball Association

Movies
------

Gowdy made cameo appearances in the movies *The Naked Gun* (1988) and *Summer Catch* (2001), and his voice can be heard in *Heaven Can Wait* (1978) and *BASEketball* (1998).

Awards
------

In 1970, Gowdy became the first sportscaster to get the Peabody Award. He was elected to the National Sportswriters and Sportscasters Hall of Fame in 1981. In 1985, he was inducted into the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame. He was given the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. He received the Pete Rozelle Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He got a lifetime achievement Emmy in 1992. He was selected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1995. He is also in many local Hall of Fames.

On October 12, 2006, the United States Postal Service building in Green River, Wyoming, was named the "Curt Gowdy Post Office Building".

A state park in Wyoming was named for Gowdy on March 27, 1972. The Curt Gowdy State Park is halfway between his highschool hometown of Cheyenne and his college town of Laramie.
The **Doom Patrol** are a fictional team of heroes known as freaks, outcasts, and social misfits appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They dedicate their lives to protecting the society that will not accept them. Their leader is a ruthless and manipulative genius known as The Chief, who is possibly responsible for the accidents that gave them powers. The original members included Beast Boy, Elasti-Girl, Mento, Negative Man, and Robotman. The *Doom Patrol* were created by Arnold Drake, Bruno Premiani, Murray Boltinoff, and Bob Haney, first appearing in *My Greatest Adventure* #80 (1963).

The superhero team has appeared in different forms of media, including animated television series, as well as in live-action adaptations. The 2019 self-titled television series, *Doom Patrol* was released for HBO Max.

Source
------

* Some text was copied from Doom Patrol (disambiguation) at DC Database, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
**Doo-wop** is a genre of music that was developed in African-American communities in The USA. It started in the 1940s. Doo-wop achieved mainstream popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s. Built upon vocal harmony, doo-wop was one of the most mainstream, pop-oriented R&B styles of the time. Singer Bill Kenny (1914–1978) is often called the "Godfather of Doo-wop". He introduced the "top and bottom" format which featured a high tenor singing the lead and a bass singer reciting the lyrics in the middle of the song. Doo-wop features vocal group harmony, nonsense syllables, a simple beat, sometimes little or no instrumentation, and simple music and lyrics.

The first record to use the syllables "doo-wop" was the 1955 hit "When You Dance" by the Turbans. The term "doo-wop" first appeared in print in 1961. During the late 1950s many Italian-American groups added to the doo-wop scene. The peak of doo-wop was in 1961. Doo-wop's influence continued in soul, pop, and rock groups of the 1960s. At various times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the genre has seen revivals. Doo-wop was a precursor to many of the afro-American musical styles seen today. An evolution of jazz and blues, doo-wop also influenced many of the major Rock and Roll groups that defined the later decades of the 20th century. Doo-wop is iconic for it’s swing-like beats and using the off-beat to keep time. Doo-wop laid the foundation for many musical innovations, for example, R&B.

It has had a revival recently as Meghan Trainor usually makes songs with in the genre.
**Christopher Jones** (about 1570 – about 5 March 1622) was Master of the *Mayflower* when the ship carried the Pilgrims to North America in 1620.

Early life
----------

Jones was born about 1570 to Christopher and Sybil Jones of Harwich, co. Essex, England. The Harwich records for the year of his birth are missing. Christopher was his father's eldest son. He lived in a house on High Street. Jones was eight years old when his father died. Christopher was left his father's share in the ship *Marie Fortune* when he turned eighteen. His brother Roger was left an eighth part and stock in another ship, the *Centurion*, when he turned eighteen. Christopher's mother married Robert Russell on 20 September 1579.

Marriages
---------

On 23 December 1593, Jones married Sarah Twitt, the daughter of a fairly wealthy Harwich merchant. She lived across the street from Jones in Harwich. Within a year of their marriage in St. Nicholas's Church, Harwich, they had a son, Thomas. The boy was baptized on 1 December 1595. He died a few months later on 17 April 1596. Sarah's father died in 1599, leaving Christopher and Sarah Jones a twelfth share in the ship *Apollo*. Sarah died in 1603. She was buried on 23 May 1603 in Harwich.

Six months after his wife's death, Jones married Josian Gray in St. Nicholas' church. She was the widow of Richard Gray, and the daughter of Thomas Thompson. Both men were ship owners and Harwich merchants. The Joneses had eight children, four born in Harwich and four born in Rotherhithe where the family moved in 1609.

Community life
--------------

By the time of his first wedding, Jones' father had died. He left Jones his share in the ship *Mary Fortune*. Sarah Twitt received £20 and a twelfth share in the ship *Apollo* at her father's death. In 1601, Jones was elected freeman of the Borough of Harwich. He served as tax assessor and jury member in Harwich.

His name is listed as one of the 24 capital burgesses on the Great Charter granted to the Borough by James I in 1604. In 1605, he was accused of keeping hunting dogs (greyhounds), an interest open only to gentlemen whose land was valued at more than 40 shillings per year.

Seafaring career
----------------

With what wealth he had acquired through inheritance and marriage, Jones was able to pursue a seafaring career. He built the ship, *Josian*, named after his wife. He traded between England and Europe with voyages to Norway, Bordeaux, and Rochelle. He carried woolen cloth on outward bound voyages and wine on return trips.

Jones was part owner in the *Mayflower*. He had been the master of the ship for about 11 years when it was hired to carry the Pilgrims to North America. Jones and his 102 passengers and 30-40 crew members left Plymouth, England in September 1620. They arrived in North America in November. Jones remained in the New World through a harsh winter and returned to England in the spring of 1621.

Death
-----

Jones' wintering in the New World very likely undermined his health. He died about 5 March 1622. His burial is recorded in the Parish Register of St Mary's church, Rotherhithe, as 5 March 1622. His house still stands in Harwich on King's Head St.
**Dogana** is a town and a civil parish (curazia), whose name means 'Customs House'. It is found in the north-eastern corner of San Marino in the Serravalle municipality ('castello'). The town is the most populated settlement in the republic.

Geography
---------

The town is found at the northernmost point of San Marino after Falciano, close to the border with Italy, in the province of Rimini.

History
-------

It has a population of roughly 7,000. Because of its size, in 2006 it asked to split away from Serravalle and become its own *castello*, but in 2007 the proposal was refused. Partial autonomy is seen in Dogana's having its own postal code (47891), while the rest of Serravalle carries 47899.

Economy
-------

Dogana is the main entry point for travellers arriving into San Marino from Italy (by freeway no. 72 from Rimini). Although *Dogana* means *customs house* in Italian, there are no border formalities anywhere on the border between Italy and San Marino.

Sport
-----

The local football team is the Juvenes.

Gallery
-------

* Borders between Italy and San Marino at DoganaBorders between Italy and San Marino at Dogana
* Neutrality placards at the borders of San Marino during World War II ("Republic of San Marino - Neutral State")Neutrality placards at the borders of San Marino during World War II ("Republic of San Marino - Neutral State")

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Dogana at Wikimedia Commons
A military dog is being trained to bite
When a dog attacks and bites a human this is generally known as **dog attack**. Dogs have been among the first animals to be domesticated and have lived with humans for a long time. Dog attacks are common in daily life. The biting dog causes an injury, which may be serious, and may lead to death. In addition to the bite wound, the dog may transmit diseases through the bite; one example for a disease transmitted through biting is rabies. 

There is a discussion whether certain breeds of dogs are more prone to producing an attack than others. 

Very often, the attack is triggered by human behavior.

* If a dog feels threatened, it will protect itself, and its companions
* Dogs are possessive: Removing something the dog considers its possession (such as food or water) may trigger an attack.
* Dogs are territorial: Entering the territory of a dog may trigger an attack
* Since dogs have lived with humans for a long time, they are good at interpreting body language. If this body language is threatening, the dog may react accordingly.
* Dogs have many of the hunting behaviors wolves have: If they consider something to be prey, they may hunt it.
* Trained dogs may attack without warning
**Chehel Sotoun** (or 'Chihil Sutun')  is a pavilion in Isfahan, Iran. It is in the middle of a park at the end of a long pool. It was built by Shah Abbas II for his entertainment and receptions. In this palace, Shah Abbas II and his successors would receive dignitaries and ambassadors, either on the terrace or in one of the stately reception halls.

The name, meaning "Forty Columns" in Persian, was inspired by the twenty slender wooden columns supporting the entrance pavilion, which, when reflected in the waters of the fountain, are said to appear to be forty.

The palace has many frescoes and paintings on ceramic. Many of the ceramic panels are now in the possession of major museums in the west. They show specific historical scenes. There are also aesthetic compositions in the traditional miniature style which celebrate the joy of life and love.

The Chehel Sotoun Palace is among the nine Iranian Gardens which are registered as one of the Iran’s 17 World Heritage Sites. The nine gardens go by the name of "The Persian Garden".

Inside the palace
Mayfield in 1972
**Curtis Lee Mayfield** (June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was an American guitarist, singer-songwriter and record producer. He was one of the most influential musicians behind soul and the politically conscious African-American music. He first achieved success and recognition with the R&B and soul group The Impressions during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. The Impressions were later put into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Mayfield later decided to work on his own.

Mayfield began his music career in a gospel choir. He got involved with The Impressions shortly after moving to the North Side of Chicago. In 1965, Mayfield wrote the song "People Get Ready" for The Impressions. The song was later ranked at #24 on the *Rolling Stone* list for 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song got several other awards. It was included into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. "People Get Ready" was added into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998.

Mayfield left The Impressions in 1970 in the pursuit of working on his own. He released several studio albums, including the soundtrack for the blaxploitation movie *Super Fly* in 1972. The soundtrack dealt with crimes involving inner-city minorities, like substance abuse, poverty and crime.

Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down when lighting equipment fell on him while he was performing live at the Wingate Field in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. However, he continued his career as a recording artist. His last studio album was *New World Order* in 1996.

Mayfield won the Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award one year later.

Mayfield was born in the Cook County hospital in Chicago, Illinois. He died in Roswell, Georgia from type 2 diabetes complications at age 57 the day after Christmas 1999.
**Curt Stern** (August 30, 1902 – October 23, 1981) was a German-born American geneticist. was a German-American geneticist  of Jewish descent. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he studied zoology at the University of Berlin, receiving his PhD in 1923 at the age of 21. He was selected for a fellowship to study at Columbia University, then the site of Thomas Hunt Morgan's famous drosophila fly room.

Early career
------------

Stern accepted an appointment at the University of Berlin after his fellowship ended. In 1931, he was the first to demonstrate crossover of homologous chromosomes in *Drosophila melanogaster*, only weeks after Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton had done so with maize.

Stern eventually returned to the United States in 1932. He became an American citizen in 1939. From 1933 to 1947, he taught at the University of Rochester. From 1947 until his retirement in 1970, he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he had numerous doctoral students.

In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination can also take place in mitosis resulting in somatic mosaics, organisms that contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissues. He later demonstrated that there were multiple genes on the *Drosophila* Y chromosome, and described the mechanism of dosage compensation.

During World War II, he led research for the American government on low dose radiation safety. His laboratory group concluded that there is no "safe" threshold below which radiation is not harmful.

Human genetics
--------------

After the war his research focused on human genetics, pioneering in what is now known as gene regulation. Although not a physician, he engaged in clinical work in human genetics. In 1943 he began teaching a course in human genetics to medical students at the University of Rochester. The first edition of Stern's pioneering textbook *The Principles of human genetics* was published in 1949. Both his teaching and his textbook were instrumental in re-founding human genetics on a non-racist basis, in contrast with pre-war German and American traditions in the subject. Stern was a signatory of the 1950 UNESCO statement *The Race Question*, a statement by leading scientists in many fields that questioned the validity and scientific foundations of racism.

The Curt Stern Award, established by the American Society of Human Genetics in 2001, recognizes a scientist who has made major scientific achievements in human genetics during the previous 10 years.
**Computational complexity theory** is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.

Different classes of complexity
-------------------------------

### Constant Complexity

Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed. 

### Linear complexity

Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long. 

### Quadratic complexity

Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have **twice** as many friends as someone else, you have to ask **four** times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have **quadratic complexity**.

### Logarithmic complexity

This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as **logarithmic complexity**

### Exponential complexity

There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has **exponential complexity**. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.
**Ella Eyre** (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.

Early life
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Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology.

Career
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Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012.

Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album *Hotel Cabana*. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart.

On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song.

On 31 October 2013 *BBC Radio 1Xtra* played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single.

On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album *Demonstration*. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)".
She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes.

On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award.

Her first EP *Deeper* was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI.

Personal life
-------------

Eyre is dating John Newman.

Other websites
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* Official website
The **Department of Alto Adige** (Italian: *Dipartimento dell'Alto Adige*, French: *département du Haut-Adige*) was a department of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. It was named after the river Adige (Etsch), which flowed through it. The capital of the department was Trento.

The department's territory was not the same as that of the modern Italian province of Alto Adige. Some of the territory is the same, such as the city of Bolzano, but most of the rest is now part of the province of Trento. These two provinces form the region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

History
-------

"Alto Adige" in history: in red during the Cisalpine Republic, in green during the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and in blue today
The name "Alto Adige" was created in the late 18th century by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he occupied the territory of northern Italy near the Alps. This was the name of the French administrative division known as the "Department of Alto Adige" (*Dipartimento dell'Alto Adige*), created during Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy in 1810. It was officially named *Haut Adige* to get rid of relation to the historic "County of Tyrol" of Austria. The District of Alto Adige was created by Napoleon as part of the Dipartamento del Benaco in his Cisalpine Republic, and was near Verona. This Benaco department, created in 1797, was gotten rid of in 1798 as a result of administrative changes to the Cisalpine Republic.

Some years later, Napoleon created the Department of Alto Adige further north. This department was a part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1810 to 1814. It was created with the division of the Austrian Tyrol between French Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy, and included the southern part of Tyrol with the city of Bolzano with surroundings (along with the Trentino). The boundaries were made by Austrian and German commissioners, who said that a territory would belong to the Kingdom of Italy if it is inhabited by Italians.

The department was ended after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is now divided between the Italian provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol.

The name *Alto Adige* was reused. Today it is the Italian name of the part of Tyrol south of the Brenner Pass. Ettore Tolomei made it official in Italy after World War I.

More reading
------------

* Reinhard Stauber, *Der Zentralstaat an seinen Grenzen. Administrative Integration, Herrschaftswechsel und politische Kultur im südlichen Alpenraum 1750–1820* (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 64), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001. ISBN 978-3-525-36057-6

Related pages
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* Alto Adige
* District of Alto Adige
* Province of Bolzano-Bozen
A commemorative plaque in Utrecht
A **commemorative plaque**, or simply plaque, is a plate made of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material. It is usually placed on a wall or a large stone. It usually has text and sometimes an image in memory of one or more persons, as used for epitaph, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing. A plaquette is a small plaque. The word plaquette is not usually used for outdoor plaques fixed to wall.

United Kingdom
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In England there is the Blue Plaques scheme. Plaques are put on to buildings to commemorate their links with important people or events. The scheme has been run by English Heritage for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world.

Other commemorative plaque schemes are run by local councils and charities throughout the United Kingdom. These use their own rules for deciding when to put up a plaque. A list of schemes in England can be found on the English Heritage website.

Theft
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As the price of scrap metal has increased plaques have been stolen by thieves wishing to sell the metal for cash.

Awards
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Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, have text awarding someone or something.

Examples
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* Plaque at Cabrillo National Monument, Point Loma, near San Diego, CAPlaque at Cabrillo National Monument, Point Loma, near San Diego, CA
* The plaque in the Hong Kong Park commemorating the park's opening by the Governor of Hong Kong in 1991The plaque in the Hong Kong Park commemorating the park's opening by the Governor of Hong Kong in 1991
* An example of a plaque in Canberra, AustraliaAn example of a plaque in Canberra, Australia
* Plaque showing the historical coat of arms of Wolverhampton, England before 1898Plaque showing the historical coat of arms of Wolverhampton, England before 1898
* Second World War memorial plaqueSecond World War memorial plaque

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Plaques***.

* History of the First World War bronze memorial plaques
* WW I memorial plaques history
* *Gallery of Commemorative Plaques* carved by lettercutter Ieuan Rees Archived 2012-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Blue Plaque Scheme: English Heritage
* Open Plaques - list of commemorative plaques in UK and elsewhere
**Chykie Brown** (born December 26, 1986 in Houston, Texas) is an American former football cornerback. He played parts of 6 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens, New York Giants, and Cincinnati Bengals. He was drafted by the Ravens in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Texas at Austin.

Early Years
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Brown was born on March 26, 1986. He grew up around the area of Houston in the USA state of Texas.

College Career
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Brown attended the University of Texas at Austin in college. He played cornerback and wore #8. Brown was a redshirt freshman in 2006, and attended college for five years. He had eleven tackles in 2007, eight on special teams in thirteen games. In 2008, Brown recorded 28 tackles and a sack. He was limited by injuries, but returned and regained a starting spot before the Fiesta Bowl. In 2009, Brown had his best year. He recorded 48 tackles (31 solo), had two interceptions, and two sacks. He started just nine games in 2010, and his season ended with a forearm injury against Kansas State University. Brown managed to log in 19 tackles (14 solo), and a sack in his final season with the Texas Longhorns.

Professional Career
-------------------

Brown was drafted in the 5th Round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens. In the final preseason game, Brown returned an interception for a touchdown. Brown recorded four tackles for Baltimore in 2011. Brown was often used on special teams as he wore #23. Brown retired from playing professional football in 2016.

Other websites
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* Baltimore Ravens bio Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine