A picture of Confucius, in *Myths & Legends of China*, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner

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**Confucius** (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni. 
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. Its not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subject of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.

Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.

Teaching
--------

Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.

Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be

* Prince and Subject
* Father and Son
* Husband and Wife
* Elder and Child
* or Friends

These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.

Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.

His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.

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Confucius' house was built over by the Confucius temple with things like the Apricot Altar remaining from his house where Confucius lectured disciples.

The cooks of the descendants of Confucius, the Duke Yansheng created dishes that are part of aristocratic cuisine in China and were also served to the emperors. The descendants of Confucius who lived at the mansion and held the hereditary titles held feasts with a unique cuisine. One dish served by cooks of the Duke Yansheng in Qufu was called "Eight Im­mor­tals Cross­ing the Sea". Confucius's descendants had a 2,000 year old food culture which was unique among the Chinese aristocracy. The archives of the Duke Yansheng record the foods served at the various feasts and banquets at the Confucius mansion where many officials, international scholars and the emperor himself visited. 

  

  

The Kong family held their office and title for the most continuous and longest time out of all families in China's history. They were granted the title Duke Yansheng by the Song dynasty in 1055 and were symbolically and military important to the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties in their wars over northern China as they symbolized Confucianism and served as military agents of those dynasties in the northern China region.

The right to tax a fixed amount of farming households and noble titles were conferred upon Confucius's descendants by Chinese imperial states starting from the Han dynasty but the specific Duke Yansheng title was granted in the 11th century. Fan Zhongyan's policies led to a reform promoting antiquarianism by emulating ancient sages and one of Fan's comrades, the Taichang Boshi Zu Wuze in 1055 attacked the title the descendants of Confucius held at that time, granted by the Tang dynasty during the Kaiyuan reign (713-741) when the title Wenxuan King was granted to Confucius but the same Wenxuan title was granted to the descendants. Confucius's descendants and Confucius himself were accorded different titles before the Tang dynasty with the descendants holding the title Baosheng Marquis but since the Tang dynasty granted the same title of Wenxuan Duke to the descendants to match Confucius's title Wenxuan King, this blurred the noble office and ritual together which Zu condemned. Zu also criticized earlier dynasties after the Han for giving the descendants of Confucius various irregular titles. The Song Renzong Emperor said that iwas indeed wrong to give the same title to Confucius and his descendants which the Tang dynasty did, but at the same time said the Kong family's various titles all tied them to a specific fief. The following Zhenzong Emperor also redefined the authority of the Duke besides the Renzong emperor changing his title from Wenxuan to Yansheng. The Song Zhenzong emperor who was a Daoist decided to build Daoist temples in Qufu and change it's name to the Daoist name Xianyuan. The Kong dukes before this time, during the Tang dynasty and Song were also the Qufu county magistrates but the Renzong emperor set out parameters for ducal authority, removing the position of magistrate from the duke and ordering that the Qufu magistrate position be filled with a member of the Kong family who was not the duke at the same time. The ducal title was held by Kongs who were appointed to political offices in places other than Qufu. These policies which were supposed to attack and weaken the power of the Duke Yansheng were later overturned in the following three decades. The Song official Sima Guang and a member of the Kong family, Kong Zonghan 孔宗翰 who served as an official had the Duke's powers given back. He became the magistrate of Xianyuan county and later became Chaoyi Dafu and honglu Qing. He had the title change of Yansheng Duke to Fengsheng Duke, made the title a position held for life and had servant households, more land and stipends granted to the Duke. It also had the Dukes barred from bureaucratic positions while they held the title. This increased the power of the duke but these privileges were blunted when the Song made the position of Duke an elected position voted on by Kong notables and granted to a qualified member of the Kong family. Kong Ruoxu became Duke after being elected in 1098. He was previously Hezhou's Gui'an County's assistant magistrate. Election meant that the title would not automatically transfer from father to son. However the title was changed back to Yansheng duke and the election system was abolished to be replaced by a purely hereditary one in 1105. This meant the scope, powers and appointment of the Duke Yansheng title changed constantly over the northern Song and was not constant or fixed. The Northern Song's attempt at curtailing the power of the Dukes meant that the office of county magistrate was given to other members of the Kong family but not the duke so that the Duke's only job would be to carry out Confucian rituals in Qufu instead of projecting political power. However the wars between the Jin and Song that saw the Jin taking over and ruling northern China changed the situation and power of the Duke. The Kongs became ideological and political symbols and military assets and allies between the states as the Song warred with rival Jin and Yuan dynasties over northern China. The Kong Dukes gained military authority and their power stemmed from their military control, no longer just symbolically doing rituals for the dynasty. The Kong family divided into two when the Jin took over the northern China and the Song evacuated to south and moved their capital to Hangzhou from Kaifeng. Kong Duanyou, the Duke Yansheng came with the southern Song.

The Song gave him a Quzhou based fief and manor where his descendants reigned in the Southern Song. Meanwhile Kong Duanyou's yougner brother Kong Duancao was appointed as duke Yansheng in 1128 by the Jin dynasty in Xianyuan back north. This resulted in a permanent division between north and southern lineages that lasted into the Qing and never was fixed over. The Yansheng Dukes gained more power in the Jin than their situation in the previous Song. In the 1140s the Jin reverted Qufu back to it's original name from Xianyuan while the Duke Yansheng once again held the position of magistrate of Qufu. The position of Qufu magistrate was granted to Duke Yansheng Kong Yuancuo in 1197 after he became duke in 1191. The dual holding of both positions was granted to the dukes when they became 17 and was known as shixi (hereditary entitlement). The Jin needed the Kongs as vital allies as they faced the Mongol threat from the north and therefore conceded to them their hereditary control over the office of magistrate of Qufu and made it official and institutionalized. The Mongol war against the Jin led to the Kong lineage once again facing the possibility of dividing into even more factions. Kong Duanyou's descendants up to Kong Zhu in Quzhou continued to receive the Duke Yansheng title from the southern Song. The Southern Song invaded Shandong by moving north while the Jin itself was invaded by Mongols from the north. This led to the Duke Yansheng under the Jin, Kong Yuancuo to be dislocated from Qufu as his promotion in the jin government to higher and higher offices led him to relocated to what is now modern Beijing, then also the Jin capital. In 1214 after it fell to the Mongols. The Jin Xuanzong emperor evacuated toward Kaifeng, the Jin southern capital with Duke Kong Yuancuo. Kong Yuancuo's location with the Jin emperor as the Jin state fell apart across northern China led to a new third Duke arising in Qufu. Another member of the Kong family from a cadet branch, a son of Kong Fu named Kong Yuanyong carried out rituals in Qufu in the temple when Jin defense in Shandong fell leading to a successful invasion from the south of Shandong by Song armies in 1225. Kong Yuangong took control of the city as Song armies renamed Qufu back to Xianyuan and granted both the office of magistrate of Xianyuan and title of Duke Yansheng to Kong Yuanyong. Meanwhile the Song also kept the titles of the Quzhou based Duke Yansheng leading there to be two Duke Yanshengs under the Song, one in Quzhou and one in Qufu, showing that the southern branch at Quzhou was politically weak. There were three Duke Yansheng in China at the same time from Confucius's descendants, one in Qufu with the Kong temple, one in south China at Quzhou and one in Kaifeng with the Jin dynasty. Kong Yuancuo in Kaifang was descended from Kong Duancao, younger brother of Kong Duanyou, the ancestor of the south branch. It was Kong Yuanyong of the Qufu branch which had the military and political power. Kong Yuanyong became the Yanzhou prefect's administrative assistant and communications military commissioner as well as jizhou controller-general. His son Kong Zhiquan succeeded him to the magistracy and ducal title in 1226 when Kong Yuanyong went on a military campaign north with the Song armies. Kong Yuanyong and his branch's hold over the ducal title was by military power as the Song dynasty viewed them as vital military allies to control the region. Whoever could become duke in Qufu was determined by military force at this time.

The local warlords and the dynastic state armies were the allies who the Dukes sought out. Kong Zhiyuanwas given ranks, titles and enfeoffment as duke in 1226 by the Mongols when they came to Qufu. But in 1233 Kong Zhiquan had to ceded the title of Duke to Kong Yuancuo after he came back to Qufu once Kaifeng surrendered to the Mongols and Kong Yuancuo was let out. Yan Shi the Shandong warlord under the Yuan who had marriage ties to Kong Yuancuo, may have helped him get his ducal title in Qufu back. Kong Yuancuo wrote the family genealogy "Kong shi zuting guangji" (Expanded Record of the Ancestral Court of the Kong Clan) excluding the Quzhou based southern branch, intended as a rebuttal to a Southern Song dynasty commissioned work about the southern branch. It backed Kong Yuancuo's claim to the ducal title and control over the county. The 75 year old Kong Xi, a 50th generation descendant of Confucius was appointed as quan (proxy) duke to stand in place of Kong Yuancuo and carry out rituals while Kong Yuancuo was away from Qufu serving in the Mongol court where he was promoted to the top. The Kong Qufu administration became extremely complex as a result with power divided out. Renovations to carry out repairs to the temple and construction of a stele with an inscription by Kong Yuancuo over the renovation of Qufu's Contemplation Hall in 1245 recorded the appointment of Kong Xi as proxy duke. Kong Xi holding the title as proxy was also referred to in a 1239 inscription. While Kong Yuancuo was in the Mongol court serving in posts he wanted in Qufu to project an image of power by using the proxy. The use of a proxy Duke led to bureaucrats objections since the proxy duke just became a sincecure carrying out ancillary rituals. An election system to elect Dukes was proposed by Wang Yun (1227-1304) instead of using proxy dukes when the actual Duke was in the capital holding administrative positions. Kong Yuancuo could not suppress Kong Yuanyong's branch in Qufu entirely. Kong Zhiquan, the son of Kong Yuanyong still had the power to force Kong Yuancuo to let Kong Zhiquan hold the magistracy while he surrendered the title of Duke to Kong Yuancuo. He stayed as magistrate until the Mongols promoted him to be the local circuit's brigade commander in 1252. Kong Zhen, the son of Kong Zhigu, a nephew of Kong Yuancuo, succeeded Kong Yuancuo as Duke Yansheng in 1251. Meanwhile Kong Zhiyuan's son Kong Zhi succeeded him as county magistrate of Qufu after he became military brigade commander. Opponents of Kong Zhen in 1258 pressured the Yuan court to remove the ducal title from Kong Zhen, leading Kong Yuanyong's branch under Kong Zhi to take full control of county administration and the temple. Kong Zhi was proxy for offering sacrifices as the temple and Qufu magistrate for three decades as the ducal title lay vacant when the Yuan court finally granted the Duke Yansheng title to Kong Zhi in 1295. The county administration, ducal title and northern Kong lineage fell under Kong Yuanyong's branch again. Non-Han rule led to the increase of power and political influence of Confucius's descendants, as the Mongols and Jurchens needed to support Confucianism and the Confucius family for political legitimacy. The war situation also led to a military character being acquired by the Kong Dukes.

The Kong became a reluctant part of the Ming after collaborating very closely with the Mongols in the 14th century. In Qufu, the dukedom and county magistracy become the two focal competing centers of power around which the various Kong parties coalesced around leading to Qufu seeing an end to the instability and the dukedom's power and character becoming clearly defined and lasting stably in that manner until the 1900s. The Duke Kong Sicheng from Kong Yuanyong's branch was removed and ousted by Kong Sihui in 1316 from another branch of the family and Kong Sihui successfully acquired enough power into the ducal office to make it permanently stay in his branch of the family so other rival Kong branches couldn't take it away. The Yuan court helped Kong Sihui in this. Kong Sicheng became magistrate of Qufu and Duek Yansheng in 1307 after inheriting it from his father Kong Zhi but this led to a Kong faction which opposed him to petition to emperor-khan with a genealogy asserting that Confucius's dizhang (mainline) descendant was Kong Sihui instead of Kong Sicheng. The Yuan emperor khan then removed the title from Kong Sicheng and gave it to Kong Sihui in 1316 after reviewing the genealogy he was presented and agreeing with it. Kong Sicheng and Kong Sihui were both from the branch of the Kong family descended from Kong Fu, who was descended from Kong Ruoyu according to the genealogy, the third son of the first Duke Yansheng Kong Zongyuan after Kong Ruomeng and the elected Duke Kong Ruoxu. Kong Sihui also started the story of the Five dynasties era usurpation by Kong Mo in his Queli zong zhi tu ji (record of the Diagram of the Queli Genealogy). The 1316 accession of Kong Sihui to the title Duke Yansheng led to the newest and final transfer of the Ducal title of the northern lineage to another branch so from the 1300s to 1900s all Dukes would be descended from Kong Sihui. However in Qufu the position of county magistrate continued to be divided and not in the hands of the Duke as Kong Sicheng and his descendants would be Qufu county magistrates for the rest of the Yuan dynasty and the magistracy would henceforth be in the hands of other Kong were were not the reigning Duke. Cao Yuanyong, a Yuan court official presented in Qufu for a sacrifice wrote an inscription in 1320 about the division between the ducal title and magistracy within the Kong family. The Mongol daruhachi was also present in Qufu with the magistrate and Duke. The division of the magistracy from the dukedom institutionalized the power sharing arrangement between Kong Sicheng's branch and Kong Sihui's branch. Kong Sicheng was succeeded by his uncle Kong Ji who was his father Kong Zhi's younger brother then Kong Ji's son suceeded hi in 1322, then in 1333, Kong Keqin, the son of kong Sicheng succeeded him then in 1352, Kong Xida, the son of Kong Keqin succeeded him then Kong Xizhang, the younger brother of Kong Xida succeeded him in 1363 and Kong Xida became magistrate again in 1368 upon the Ming conquest. The Hanlin Academy Historical Bureau editor Zhou Boqi mentioned the power sharing arrangement between Kong Sihui's branch which were Dukes and Kong Sicheng's branch which were county magistrates in 1340 in his "A Record of the Great Yuan Dynasty's Offerings in the Temple of the First Sage", praising the Yuan dynasty for enfeoffing the main branch as Duke and cadet branch as county magistrate.

1. ↑  Jaffe, Gabrielle (2 OCTOBER 2013 • 12:00AM). "Qufu, China: a tour of Confucius's home town". The Telegraph. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
2. ↑  ANNA, CARA (DEC. 24, 20109:21 PM). "Church plan in hometown of Confucius draws protest". ASSOCIATED PRESS. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
3. ↑  MCCLURE, ROSEMARY (JUNE 27, 201312 AM). "China: Shangri-La to open new hotel in Confucius' birthplace". Los Angeles Times. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
4. ↑  MEYER, MIKE (JUNE 14, 1998). "Encounters With Confucius". Los Angeles Times. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help); Text "12 AM" ignored (help)
5. ↑  DEMICK, BARBARA (MARCH 25, 2011). "Confucius is a hometown hero again". LOS ANGELES TIMES. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help); Text "12 AM" ignored (help)
6. ↑  Miller, Stephen (Nov. 1, 2008). "Lineal Descendant of Confucius Fostered Tradition". The Wall Street Journal. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
7. ↑  Conrad, Emily (09·28·2019). "Confucius in Qufu". *The World of Chinese*. `{{cite web}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
8. ↑  Gao, Ceng (June 20, 2013, Thursday). "Sublime cuisine from royal kitchens". Shanghai Daily. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
9. ↑  "With 'Confucius cuisine', they cook to order". AFP. 4:37pm, 11 Sep, 2013. `{{cite news}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
10. ↑  Trans­lated by Wu Li; Edited by Mark Zuiderveld (5 Jul 2018). "A Dish of 'Eight Im­mor­tals Cross­ing the Sea'". `{{cite news}}`: `|author2=` has generic name (help); soft hyphen character in `|author1=` at position 6 (help); soft hyphen character in `|title=` at position 20 (help)
11. ↑  Translated by Li Yi; Edited by Justin Davis (17 Jan 2019). "Con­fu­cius: A Model Teacher". pressreader. `{{cite news}}`: `|author2=` has generic name (help); soft hyphen character in `|title=` at position 4 (help)
12. ↑  "4: Food Culture at the Mansion of Duke Yansheng （衍圣） in Qufu". *A History of Food Culture in China*. 2015. pp. pp. 21-28. doi:10.1142/9781938368271\_0004. `{{cite book}}`: `|pages=` has extra text (help)
13. ↑  Zhao, Rongguang; Wang, Gangliu; Wang, Aimee Yiran (2015). *A History Of Food Culture In China*. World Scientific. p. 4. ISBN 1938368282.
14. ↑  Zhao, Rongguang; Wang, Gangliu; Wang, Aimee Yiran (2015). *A History Of Food Culture In China*. World Scientific. p. 21. ISBN 1938368282.
15. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 16. ISBN 0295745940.
16. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 17. ISBN 0295745940.
17. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 18. ISBN 0295745940.
18. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 19. ISBN 0295745940.
19. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 20. ISBN 0295745940.
20. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 21. ISBN 0295745940.
21. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 22. ISBN 0295745940.
22. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 23. ISBN 0295745940.
23. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 24. ISBN 0295745940.
24. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 25. ISBN 0295745940.
25. ↑  Agnew, Christopher S. (2019). *The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China*. University of Washington Press. p. 26. ISBN 0295745940.