recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Gnathostomulids**, or **jaw worms**, are a small phylum of marine invertebrates which were discovered in 1956. They are tiny worm-like marine animals. They live in sand and mud beneath shallow coastal waters and can survive in relatively anoxic environments.

Anatomy
-------

Most gnathostomulids measure 0.5 to 1 millimetre (0.02 to 0.04 in) in length. They are slender to thread-like worms, with a transparent body. The neck region is slightly narrower than the rest of the body, giving them a distinct head.

Like flatworms they have a ciliated epidermis, but are unique in having but one cilium per cell. The cilia allow the worms to glide along in the water between sand grains, although they also have muscles that allow the body to twist or contract. 

They have no circulatory or respiratory system. The nervous system is very simple, and restricted to the outer layers of the body wall. The only sense organs are modified cilia, which are especially common in the head region.

The mouth is just behind the head, on the underside of the body. It has a pair of muscular jaws supplied with minute teeth, and a plate on the lower surface that bears a comb-like structure which they use to scrape smaller organisms off of the grains of sand that make up their anoxic seabed mud habitat. The mouth opens into a blind-ending tube in which digestion takes places; there is no anus.

### Taxonomy

There are approximately 100 described species and certainly many more as yet undescribed. Gnathostomulids have no fossil record.

Reproduction
------------

Gnathostomulids are simultaneous hermaphrodites. Each individual possesses a single ovary and one or two testes. After fertilisation, the single egg ruptures through the body wall and adheres to nearby sand particles; the parent is able to rapidly heal the resulting wound. The egg hatches into a miniature version of the adult, without a larval stage.
A **fashion accessory** is a decorative item that supplements one's outfit. Items such as such as jewellery, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leggings, ties, suspenders, and tights.

Accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions. Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather, Laptops and mobile phones communicate, and gloves keep the hands warm. 

Accessories may be used to show religious or cultural affiliation: Crucifixes, Star of David, Islamic headscarves, skullcaps and turbans are common examples. Designer labels on accessories are perceived as an indicator of social status.

Accessories are also available in the form of bracelets, necklaces, and earrings. 

* Anna Wintour, editor of Vogue, with a classic bob hairstyle and trademark sunglasses.Anna Wintour, editor of *Vogue*, with a classic *bob* hairstyle and trademark sunglasses.
* Eyebrow piercingEyebrow piercing
* Jewelled maskJewelled mask
* Girl with large shoulder bagGirl with large shoulder bag
Volcanoes are an endogenous process
The Moon causes tides, which are periodic rises and falls, in the Earth's oceans and other big bodies of water
**Exogeny** refers to coming from the outside. People, planets, computers, and anything else can be influenced either by things in its environment or by things within itself. Things from within itself are indigenous.

The Earth is shaped by many geological processes. The forces that make these things happen come from both inside and outside the Earth.

In geology, **exogenous** processes come from forces *on or above* the Earth's surface. Processes caused by forces from *within* the Earth are **endogenous** processes. *Exo* is a prefix meaning "out", and *endo* is a prefix meaning "in".

Many exogenous (extraterrestrial) forces are caused by other bodies in the Solar System. For example, the Moon causes tides in the Earth's oceans and other big bodies of water. Impacts from comets and meteoroids change the surface of the Earth. When they strike the Earth, they make craters in the ground.

The Sun is the main exogenous influence in the Solar System. It has many effects on Earth. Radiation from the Sun is a main cause of the surface temperature of the Earth, and for the growth of plant life. We are partly shielded from the Sun's solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field. Storms of solar particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer which protects us from ultraviolet radiation. Sometimes we see aurorae, which are lights that can be seen at night near the poles.

An example of an exogenous process that is not as a result of bodies in space is erosion. Erosion is mostly made by precipitation such as rain and snow, and by wind. 

There are three main endogenous geological processes: folding, faulting and volcanism. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries. These are the zones on the edges of plates. Endogenous processes cause many major landform features.
**Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five** were an American hip hop group. The group was made in New York City in 1978. The group's members were Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kidd Creole, Keef Cowboy, Scorpio, and Rahiem. The group did many things that were important for hip hop music. They used turntables and political lyrics in their music. They were one of the first groups to do this. 

In 1980, the group joined Sugar Hill Records. This was a record label. Sugar Hill helped the group become more popular. Their first popular song was "Freedom". They made their first album in 1982. It was named *The Message*. It made the group very popular. The music on the album was about political and social problems. It helped make conscious hip-hop more popular.

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five broke up in 1983. The members made two different hip hop groups. They came back together in 1987, and made another album. This album was named *On the Strength*. After they made the album, they stopped making music. Some of the members made **Grandmaster's Furious Five** after the original group ended. Melle Mel changed his stage name to Grandmaster Melle Mel.

The group was put in the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2007. They were the first hip hop group in the Hall of Fame. They have influenced many other hip hop musicians. *Rolling Stone* said "The Message" was one of the greatest songs ever made.
Grenade "deer antler with eight branches" of the French National Gendarmerie.
The **gendarmerie** means either the place where gendarmes are stationed or a military armed force. The gendarmerie is part of the army. In places where gendarmes are deployed outside, they also have a provost function.

Name
----

The term gendarme comes from the old medieval French *Gens d'armes*. In English, it can be translated as men-at-arms. In Italy, they are called *carabinieri*. In first use, a troop of horsemen equipped with a carbine.

Italian carabinieri patrolling in Florence.

Functions
---------

Like the police, it has a role in road safety and surveillance of military places. The gendarmerie also provides mountain rescue capability. In conflict zones, the gendarmerie's function is the restoration of law and order as a provost unit. In addition to the police, the gendarmerie has military equipments such as armored transport.

French influence
----------------

School of the officers of the National Gendarmerie (France).
The use of military units for civilian police is common to many eras and cultures. Belgium and Austria had gendarmeries (Royal Guard), but they merged with civilian police. Many former French colonies, particularly in Africa, have kept gendarmeries. The common symbol of the gendarmerie is the inflamed grenade. This symbol was used first by the French gendarmerie.
The **frontal lobe** is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobes. 

The frontal lobes takes action based on sensory information (sight, sound, touch) from the three rear areas of the cerebrum. The action is moderated by the influence of the pre-frontal cortex. The system is a delicate balance between the need to satisfy urges from the most ancient parts of the brain, such as hunger, self-defence and sex, with the need to act in a way which is socially acceptable. 

The precentral gyrus, forming the back of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex. This controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.

Evolution
---------

For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was comparatively larger in humans than in other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the main reason why human cognition is different from that of the other primates. 

However, this view has been challenged by later research. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to find the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all living ape species and several monkey species. The human frontal cortex is *not* relatively larger than the cortex in the other great apes, but it is relatively larger than the frontal cortex in the lesser apes and the monkeys.
Treating an emergency patient at home could look like this image (which was made for illustration only)
**Emergency Medicine** is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)

Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called *Accident and Emergency Medicine* (AEM).

EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need *immediate* care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called *emergencies*. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.

Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.

Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know *quite* as much about the *chronic* treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know about how to treat *non*-emergencies.

Related pages
-------------

* Emergency medical services
* First aid
Football is a popular sport in Austria. It is the second most popular sport in the country after alpine skiing. The Austrian Football Association (*Österreichischer Fußball-Bund*), the *ÖFB*, was created in 1904. It has been a member of FIFA since then. The country's national team has not been successful in tournaments. Austria has never qualified for the European championship. It did participate once in 2008, when it co-hosted the championship with Switzerland and did not need to qualify in order to play. In the World Cup, Austria has taken the fourth and third place in 1934 and 1954, respectively.

Competitions
------------

### League system

The Austrian league system is maintained by the ÖFB and its parts from the federal states. The licences for the professional leagues (Level 1 and 2) are given by the association "Austrian Football League". Below the Level 4 there are a different number of leagues depending of the federal states.

The Bundesliga is the highest national league-club competition in Austria. It has ten teams. The second level is the First Division (*Erste Liga*). It has twelve teams. The third levels are the regional leagues (*Regionalliga*), which are split into three geographical divisions:

* East (*Regionalliga Ost*), which is made up of teams from Vienna, Lower Austria, and Burgenland
* Central (*Regionalliga Mitte*), made up of teams from Styria, Carinthia, Upper Austria, and East Tyrol
* West (*Regionalliga West*), made up of teams from Salzburg, North Tyrol, and Vorarlberg.

The fourth level of the league system is the state league (*Landesliga*).

Below shows how the current system works.

| Level | Division |
| --- | --- |
| **I** | **Admiral Bundesliga***12 clubs* |
|
|  | ↓↑ 1 club |
| **II** | **Admiral Zweite Liga**(First League)*16 clubs* |
|
|  | ↓↑ 3 clubs |
|
|  | ↑ 0-1 club | ↑ 0-1 club | ↑ 0-1 club |
| **III** | **Regionalliga Ost***(Regional League East)**16 clubs* | **Regionalliga Mitte***(Regional League Central)**16 clubs* | **Regionalliga West***(Regional League West)**16 clubs* |
|
|  | ↓ 2-5 clubs | ↓ 2-5 clubs | ↓ 2-5 clubs |
|
|  | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club | ↑ 1 club |
| **IV** | **Landesliga Burgenland***16 clubs* | **Landesliga Niederösterreich***16 clubs* | **Wiener Stadtliga***16 clubs* | **Landesliga Steiermark***16 clubs* | **Landesliga Oberösterreich***14 clubs* | **Landesliga Kärnten***16 clubs* | **Landesliga Salzburg***16 clubs* | **Tiroler Liga***16 clubs* | **Landesliga Vorarlberg***14 clubs* |

### Austrian Cup

See the main article: Austrian Cup
### Women's football

The Austrian leagues for women football are all amateur leagues. They are also maintained by the ÖFB and its local parts in the federal states. There is also a 4th and 5th level which is organised by the local football associations.

class="wikitable "

Related pages
-------------

* Austria national football team
* Austrian Bundesliga

Other websites
--------------

* League321.com - Austrian football league tables, records & statistics database.
**Henry "Harry" Patch** (born 17 June 1898 - 25 July 2009) was a World War I veteran and the last soldier of the war to die who fought in the trenches.

World War I
-----------

Patch fought in the trenches in World War I. He became a plumber and firefighter. He never talked to anybody about his experiences in the trenches. When he was 100 years old he decided he should tell people about what he had seen in the war. He still had 11 more years to live after that. When he died at the age of 111 he was the last British person who had fought in the First World War. This is why he was known as "the Last Tommy". For the last seven days of his life he was the oldest man in Europe. He did not want to have a state funeral. The funeral was at Wells Cathedral. A very large number of people came. They were mostly ordinary people, but there were also some important people including Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. For many of the people there it was a last opportunity to pay respects to the people who fought in the war.

### Experiences

Harry decided to talk about his experiences because he wanted everyone to realize how terrible wars are. When he talked to the BBC he said: "...if any man tells you he went over the top and he wasn't scared, he's a damn liar." In the same series, he talked about his friends who were killed, and about the moment when he came face to face with a German soldier. He remembered the Bible story about Moses coming down from Mount Sinai with God's commandment, 'thou shalt not kill'. He could not bring himself to kill the German. Instead, he shot him in the shoulder, which made him drop his rifle. But the German carried on running towards Patch's gun, so he then shot him above the knee, and in the ankle. Patch said, "I had about five seconds to make the decision. I brought him down, but I didn't kill him."

Later years and death
---------------------

Patch was born and died in Somerset. In his last years he lived in a nursing home in Wells where he died on 25 July 2009 from natural causes, he was 111 years old. He died just seven days after the death of Henry Allingham, aged 113, who had been the only other remaining British-resident First World War veteran. Harry Patch received eight medals.

Harry Patch's medals

Other websites
--------------

* Harry Patch on IMDb
The Standard Model of elementary particles Gauge bosons are in the fourth column in red
**Gauge bosons** are carrier particles for three of the four fundamental forces. In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are four kinds of gauge bosons. The three gauge bosons are as follows:

1. W and Z bosons, which carry the weak force
2. Gluons, which carry the strong force
3. Photons, which carry the electromagnetic force

The only remaining fundamental force that has no known gauge boson is gravity. The theoretical gauge boson for gravity is called a graviton.

All gauge bosons are bosons, which simply means that two or more of them can exist in the same place at the same time, unlike fermions. It also means that gauge bosons have a spin of 0, 1, or 2. 

Gauge bosons are thought to interact with the Higgs field. This theoretical field is believed by many scientists to be responsible for why some gauge bosons – like W and Z bosons – have mass, while others – such as photons – do not have mass.

  


| * v
* t
* e
Particles in physics |
| --- |
| Elementary | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fermions | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Quarks | 
* up
* down
* charm
* strange
* top
* bottom

 |
| Leptons | 
* Electron
* Positron
* Muon
* Tau
* Neutrinos

 |

 |
| Bosons | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Gauge | 
* Photon
* Gluon
* W and Z bosons

 |
| Scalar | 
* Higgs boson

 |

 |

 |
| Composite | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hadrons | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Baryons /Hyperons | 
* Nucleon
	+ Proton
	+ Neutron
* Delta baryon
* Lambda baryon
* Sigma baryon
* Xi baryon
* Omega baryon

 |
| Mesons /Quarkonia | 
* Pion
* Rho meson
* Eta meson
* Eta prime
* Phi meson
* Omega meson
* J/ψ
* Upsilon meson
* Theta meson
* Kaon

 |

 |
| Others | 
* Atomic nuclei
* Atoms
* Diquarks
* Exotic atoms
	+ Positronium
	+ Muonium
	+ Tauonium
	+ Onia
* Superatoms
* Molecules

 |

 |
| Hypothetical | 
* Gravitino
* Gluino
* Axino
* Chargino
* Higgsino
* Neutralino
* Sfermion
* Axion
* Dilaton
* Graviton
* Majoron
* Majorana fermion
* Magnetic monopole
* Tachyon
* Sterile neutrino

 |
***Gamepro*** was an American video game magazine. It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone). Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com. The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.

The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.

Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.

Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.

Other websites
--------------

* Gamepro.com: Official Gamepro website
A hierarchy of important ranks
In biology, a **family** is a taxonomic rank. Each family contains one or more genera. The next higher rank is that of order.

Usually, the name of the family ends with a "*idae*" for animals, and "*aceae*" for plants. Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with "*inae*" or "*oideae*".

For example, walnuts (genus *Juglans*) and hickories (genus *Carya*) both belong to the walnut family (the *Juglandaceae*).

Life
----

See the main article: Life
Life is the most important concept in biology. The word itself refers to a living being or to its processes. It may mean the time a being is alive.

Domain
------

A domain is the highest taxonomic rank of all living organisms taken together. It was introduced in the three-domain system of taxonomy by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.

Kingdom
-------

Kingdom is the highest level of classification, which is divided into subgroups at various levels. There are five kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

Phylum
------

Phylum is the next level of classification and is more specific than the kingdom. There are 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia. For Example – Porifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, etc.

Class
-----

Class was the most general rank in the taxonomic hierarchy until phyla were introduced. Kingdom Animalia includes 108 classes including class Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves, etc. However, the classes used today are different from those proposed by Linnaeus and are not used frequently. For example, when it was discovered that birds are descendants of earlier dinosaurs, that caused some difficulties. In fact they are now so different from the original dinosaurs that it makes sense to teach and refer to them separately from dinosaurs.

Order
-----

Order is a more specific rank than class. The order constitutes one or more than one similar families. There are around 26 orders in class Mammalia such as Primates, Carnivora, etc.

Family
------

Family is a category of taxonomic hierarchy includes various genera that share a few similarities. For e.g. the families in the order Carnivora include Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, etc.

Genus
-----

A genus is a group of similar species. Some genera have only one species and are known as monotypic, whereas others have more than one species and are known as polytypic. For example, lion and tiger are placed under the genus *Panthera*

Species
-------

Species is the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy. There are about 8.7 million different species on Earth. The word refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, reproductive features. Species can be further divided into sub-species.
**Georg Simon Ohm** (16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. During part of the time in his life, Ohm worked as a school teacher. Some of his research focused on the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment he had created himself, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.

In 1881, after his death, the SI unit for electrical resistance was named *Ohm* in his honour. The uppercase Greek letter Omega (Ω) is used for the unit.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Greece
* Netherlands
* Vatican

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii
* MathSciNet
* zbMATH

 |
| People | 
* Germany
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
Convergence of two continental plates.
Even when mountains are worn down, the evidence is there in the remaining rocks. Millook, Cornwall
Zagros mountain range, seen from space.
**Fold mountains** are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth's crust. The term is rather out of date, though still fairly common in physical geography literature.

In the time before plate tectonics became well understood, the term was used for mountain belts, such as the Himalayas. These mountain ranges are *not* caused by the folding of the earth's crust. The main mechanism causing a thickening of the crust at these sites of continent-continent collision along boundary is thrust faulting.

Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move together (a convergent plate boundary). Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents. When plates and the continents riding on them collide, the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table, particularly if there is a mechanically weak basal layer such as salt.

Examples
--------

* The Jura mountains – a series of sub-parallel mountainous ridges formed by folding over a Triassic salt bed due to thrust movements as the Alps pushed into Europe.
* The 'Simply Folded Belt' of the Zagros mountains in Iran – here both thrusts and folds are occurring. This mountain range, about 1,500 kilometres long, formed only in the past five million years. Oil reserves and huge salt deposits are rising up from the subsurface. They emerge as salt "glaciers". This, and their regular folding, makes these mountains unique in the world.
* The Akwapim-Togo ranges in Ghana
* part of the Appalachians in the Eastern United States, known as the "Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians".

Related pages
-------------

* Fold (geology)
**Fraternities and sororities** are social groups for college students, though sometimes high schools have them too. They exist mostly in the United States and Europe. The words *frater* and *soror* are Latin for "brother" and "sister" and used to show closeness between members. They also denote whether the group is for men or women. Sororities are only for women. Fraternities are only for men. But there are some fraternities for women.

Fraternities and sororities often have groups at many different schools. Each fraternity or sorority is given two or three Greek letters to call themselves, for example, ΑΦ (Alpha Phi) or ΑΧΩ (Alpha Chi Omega). To tell the difference between groups at different schools, called chapters, each chapter is given another set of Greek letters. For example, a man in the Kappa Sigma fraternity who goes to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is part of the fraternity's EX (Epsilon Chi) chapter. Chapters sometimes have houses on or near the campus of the college the members attend that members can live in.

Fraternities and sororities often participate in community service.

Joining
-------

University students line up to rush a sorority.
Fraternities and sororities are often exclusive, meaning people who want to join need to be invited to do so. This is done during a process called "rushing". During a rush, people who want to join a chapter will talk to current members. If the member think the person rushing is a good fit for the group, they will get an invitation, called a "bid", to join the chapter. If the person rushing accepts, they become a "pledge".

The pledging period is a time when the pledge is not yet a full member, and may leave or be refused membership at any time. Sometimes, members of the chapter will put the pledge through trials. Sometimes they are tests on the history of the fraternity they are trying to join, wearing a badge with the fraternity's letters on it at all times, or performing public service. Sometimes the trials are cruel, dangerous or humiliating. If the trials are cruel, it is called "hazing". Hazing is illegal in 44 states.

After the pledging period, the pledge becomes a full member of the chapter and fraternity or sorority.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner during the Nuremberg Trials,1946
**Ernst Kaltenbrunner** (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis, Austria - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was an High Ranking Austrian SS Official During the Nazi Era and World War II he was an official of the NSDAP. He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol. Kaltenbrunner was the highest SS officer who was charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and executed by being hanged. He was also the Nazi Officer who replaced Reinhard Heydrich when Heydrich was assassinated on 27 May 1942 and died on the 4th June 1942 Ernst Kaltenbrunner was the Reich Protector Of Bohemia and Morovia and SS-Obergruppenführer from 1942-1945 when Czechoslovakia was liberated from Nazi Germany by the allied forces in 1945. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was born on 4th October 1897 in Ried im Innkreis joined the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel/SS in 1931 he also joined the Gestapo in 1933. In June 1933 he was involved in the Night of the Long Knives to kill Ernst Röhm the head of the SA. He was also involved in Kristallnacht or Night Of The Broken Glass in 1938. In 1942 during World War 2 he replaced Reinhard Heydrich as head of the Gestapo until 1945 when he was captured by the Allies .

  


| * v
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Defendants at the IMT Nuremberg Trials |
| --- |
| 
Bormann **·**  Dönitz **·**  Frank **·**  Frick **·**  *Fritzsche* **·**  Funk **·**  Göring **·**  Hess **·**  Jodl **·**  Kaltenbrunner **·**  Keitel **·**  v.Neurath **·**  *v.Papen* **·**  Raeder **·**  v.Ribbentrop **·**  Rosenberg **·**  Sauckel **·**  *Schacht* **·**  v.Schirach **·**  Seyß-Inquart **·**  Speer **·**  Streicher
Key: Sentenced to death **·**  Imprisoned **·**  *Acquitted*
 |
The **foreign policy of the United States** is the way that the United States acts towards other countries and involves setting out how US organizations, corporations, and individual citizens should act towards foreign countries.

The US has a lot of power in the world for several reasons. The country has a $15 trillion economy and approximately a quarter of the global gross domestic product. It also has a defense budget of $711 billion, which is about 43% of military spending in the world. The US has a powerful military, which it can send out to protect countries or locations that are considered important to the country's foreign policy.

The US Secretary of State does the same as the foreign minister of other countries and is responsible for diplomacy with other countries. The position is now held by Antony Blinken. However, the President of the United States has the highest authority over US foreign policy. 

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs aims to control nuclear technology and nuclear hardware, foster commercial relations with foreign nations, and safeguard US business abroad. The committee also watches over international agreements about commodities, international education, and the protection of American citizens abroad.

US foreign policy includes defining what actions and choices are in the best national interest and the strategies that are chosen to lead to the country's policy goals. Those goals are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world. The US aims to achieve that goal for the benefit of its people and of the international community. 

US foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism from both within the US and in other countries.
**goto** is a statement in many programming languages. It is a combination of the English words *go* and *to*. It is a way to jump to another line of code.

Many languages support the goto statement, and many do not. In Java, goto is a reserved word, but cannot be used. (A *reserved word* is a word that is a *part* of the programming language and cannot be used for other things like naming variables.)

In Computer Science, there is a theory called the structured program theorem. This theory says that any program can be written in such a way that things are done with *functions* and *methods* (smaller sub-programs) instead of in one very big program and *goto* statements. The theory proves that the goto statement is not needed to write programs.

Use
---

A goto statement is usually used with a *label*. A label is a word that identifies a place in a piece of code. A goto statement in code usually looks like this:

```
**goto** *LABEL*
```

In this example, the computer would jump to the location of *LABEL*.

Many times the goto statement is, combined with the if statement. In this case, the computer will only jump to another place in the code if something is true. For example:

```
**IF** *condition* **THEN goto** *LABEL*
```

This can be read as "if *some condition is true*, then go to the location of *LABEL*."

Different programming languages have different restrictions or limits on the use of goto statements. For example, the C programming language does not allow a goto to jump to a location inside of another function (subprogram).
A **furlong** is a unit for measuring distance. It is part of the imperial and US customary systems. It is equal to 660 feet or 201.168 metres. There are eight furlongs in a mile.

History
-------

The unit was first used in the ninth century at the latest. The word "furlong" comes from Old English words *furh* ("furrow") and *lang* ("long"). Originally it was the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed field. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an *acre's length*. Around the year 1300, England standardized the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.

The length of the furlong was standardized between South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada , New Zealand and the United States in the International Pound and Yard Agreement.

The furlong was abolished for official use in the UK in 1985. It is still occasionally seen on road signs in Myanmar.

Distances for horse racing in the UK, Ireland, and Canada are still given in miles and furlongs. The unit is not used otherwise. It is considered to be an *archaic* unit.

The proverb *one furlong per fortnight* means to express something in as obscure and little-used units as possible. (A fortnight is two weeks, or fourteen days). The proverb itself means speed, and is the same as 0.000166309524 m/s or 0.17 mm/s.

Length
------

| Feet | Yard | Chain | Furlong | Mile | Metres |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 660 | 220 | 10 | 1 | ​1⁄8 | 201.168 |
**Giovanni Carnovali** (29 September 1804 – 5 July 1873) was an Italian painter. He was also known as **Piccio**, a nickname which means "little one". Most of his paintings were portraits but he also painted scenes from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology.

Life
----

Carnovali was born in Montegrino Valtravaglia, a small town near Varese. His father was a bricklayer. Carnovali showed a very early talent in drawing. In 1815, when he was 11 years old, he was admitted to the Carrara Academy in Bergamo. His first major public work was *The Education of the Virgin*. He painted it in 1826. The painting was ordered by the parish church in Almenno San Bartolomeo, a small town near Bergamo. In 1836 Carnovali settled in Milan. His pupils included Tranquillo Cremona.

Carnovali was an eccentric person. He spent hours silently looking at landscapes. He took long trips on foot. In 1831 he walked all the way from the north of Italy to Rome and back. He also walked to Paris in 1845. He liked to be alone. He often did not answer when people knocked on the door of his studio. Carnovali died in 1873 while he was swimming in the Po River near Cremona.

Gallery
-------

* Portrait of Pietro Ronzoni, oil on panel (1825)*Portrait of Pietro Ronzoni*, oil on panel (1825)
* Portrait of a Man Writing, oil on canvas (c.1843)*Portrait of a Man Writing*, oil on canvas (c.1843)
* Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, oil on canvas (1856)*Salmacis and Hermaphroditus*, oil on canvas (1856)
* Flora, oil on canvas (1868)*Flora*, oil on canvas (1868)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Italian painters
An oil tanker taking on bunker fuel.**Fuel oil** is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue at the oil refinery.

Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately +40 °C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term *fuel oil* is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.

Six classes
-----------

Fuel oil in the United States is classified into six classes, according to its boiling temperature, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175 to 600 °C, and carbon chain length, 20 to 70 atoms, of the fuel increases with number. Viscosity also increases with fuel oil number and the heaviest oil has to be heated to get it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases. 

**No. 1 fuel oil**, **No. 2 fuel oil** (heating oil), and **No. 3 fuel oil** are referred to as **distillate fuel oils**, **diesel fuel oils**, **light fuel oils**, **gasoil** or just **distillate**. For example, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 2 distillate and No. 2 diesel fuel oil are almost the same thing. Diesel is different in that it also has a cetane number limit which describes the ignition quality of the fuel. Distillate fuel oils are distilled from crude oil.

Related pages
-------------

* Diesel
* Gasoline
* Kerosene
* Naphtha

Sources
-------

* Bunkerworld - media site for the marine fuels industry
* National Park Service - Fuel Oil Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
* How Stuff Works - Oil Refining
* The True Cost of #6 Oil
* Burning #6 Fuel Oil Archived 2007-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Identity and Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
* Poten & Partners: Advisors to the Fuel Oil Industry
* Classification of Fuel Oils
* Marine Fuel Oil (ISO 8217) Archived 2007-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
Nevin
**Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin** (born near Pittsburgh, November 25, 1862; died in New Haven, Connecticut, February 17, 1901) was an American pianist and composer. He is remembered for a small number of romantic songs and piano pieces which became extremely popular in the early 20th century.

Life
----

Nevin was born in 1862, at Vineacre, on the river Ohio, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He grew up there. His father was a newspaper editor and he taught the young boy most subjects. His mother played the piano. The family bought a grand piano, which was the first grand piano ever to be taken across the Allegheny Mountains.

Ethelbert showed musical promise when he was very young. His brother and cousins were also musical. When he was four he was playing the piano with cushions on the floor so that he could reach the pedals. His father took him to Dresden for two years to study music. He also studied in Pittsburgh and in Boston.

He started his career giving piano lessons. When he had earned enough money he went to Berlin where he had lessons from Karl Klindworth, who was a good teacher for him. He showed Nevin how important it was to have a good general knowledge, and not just to spend hours and hours practising the piano. This helped Nevin, who had good tastes in literature and he chose some good poems to make into songs.

In 1885 he was invited to join a group who had lessons from Hans von Bülow. He played works by of Brahms, Liszt, and Raff. Cosima Wagner and Joseph Joachim often came to the concerts given by this group.

In 1887 he went back to America and lived in Boston, where he taught and played in some concerts. He asked Richard Strauss to teach him composition but Strauss did not accept him.

In 1892 he went to Paris, where he taught singing, and helped many American and French opera singers to learn their parts for singing in operas. He worked very hard and his health got bad. He spent his last years in several European places and then he went back to America. He died in 1901.

His music
---------

Nevin's music is romantic, and sometimes rather sentimental for modern tastes. His best known piece is "Narcissus" from *Water Scenes*. These pieces were used by the dancer Isadora Duncan to dance to. He also wrote a famous song called "The Rosary" and "Mighty Lak' a Rose".

Nevin was pictured on a 1940 ten cent U.S. postage stamp.

Bibliography
------------

* New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980, ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Other websites
--------------

* *Contemporary American Composers by Rupert Hughes* at Project Gutenberg online book
**Eochaid** was disputably king of the Picts during the reign of Giric, his claim to the throne was being the grandson of Kenneth MacAlpin (possibly) and the son of Run, king of Strathclyde which he declared gave him the right to the throne.

Birth
-----

Eochaid was born around c. 860 as son of Run Macarthagail, king of Strathclyde and NN Ingen Cináed. Little is known apart from this about his birth other than it must of took place in Scotland.

Reign
-----

His reign began in 878 after the death of Áed, his 1st cousin once removed, which he claimed gave him right to the throne over Giric who was the murderer of Áed. His reign ended in 889 when he was deposed or abdicated, it is unclear.

Death
-----

His death supposedly happened in 889, after he abdicated or was deposed. It is unknown how he died but it was most likely natural causes.

Donald II
---------

Donald II, his cousin succeeded him and was the last king of the Picts, as after his death in 900 the kingdom of Alba was founded which controlled Pictland and Scotland. Although monarchs were styled as Pictish up until 942/943
Using hand and body gestures to direct flight operations on an aircraft carrier
A **gesture** is a form of nonverbal communication. Unlike verbal communication, which uses words, gestures use movements of the body. 

Gestures are *deliberate acts with a purpose*, not just any movements. They are handled in the human brain by the same centres which handle language. In the neocortex, Broca's and Wernicke's areas, are used by speech and sign language.

Other movements of the body have meaning, but are not gestures. They may be done by actors deliberately, but normally they are automatic, unconscious signals which express various feelings or states of mind. Many animals communicate extensively using such behaviours. The dog, a companion to humans for a long time, is good at reading both gestures and behaviours. Multi-touch computers have been made to read gestures. 

Gestures have a cultural significance (meaning). The same gesture can mean different things in different cultures and different parts of the world.

Examples
--------

* High five – a greeting or sign of happiness
* Facepalm – showing frustration
* Sign of the cross – religious gesture
* V sign – victory or peace sign

Anti-examples
-------------

These are not gestures, because they are not voluntary, deliberate actions. They are inherited automatic reactions or reflexes.

* Screaming out in great pain or terror.
* Baring our teeth in anger
* Cowering, turning the face away and running in terror.
* Many behaviours of babies, such as suckling on nipples.

Humans can modify these reactions to some extent with training and practice, but they are fundamentally caused by hormones and brain centres which are very ancient.

Related pages
-------------

* Non-verbal communication
* Unconscious mind
* Acting
* Paul Watzlawick
**Health in the United Kingdom** as measured by life expectancy got better from 1841 until 2018. The number of babies dying has gone down because of better food, clean water and drains and more recently because of improvements in midwifery and hospital care. The number of people living with a disability has been going up. It has become more difficult for people to get medical help, especially for poorer and disadvantaged people.

In 2023 life expectancy was 81, less than most comparable rich companies. This was blamed on the poor state of the health service, particularly the shortage of clinical staff. Men in Knightsbridge, a very wealthy part of London, lived on average 94.1 years - the highest in the country - nearly 15 years longer than the average man. In South Promenade in Blackpool men lived on average 66.6 years.

The Public Health Act 1875 was very important and it was followed by more public health laws.

The biggest health problems now are to do with obesity. Smoking in the UK has been reduced from 45% in 1974 to 16.9% in 2015.

Mental health is a growing problem and has been made worse by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

Health in Scotland is in many ways worse than the rest of the country. More people die of drugs than in any other country in Europe. 1,330 people died from drug misuse in Scotland in 2021.
**Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland** is managed by the Health Service Executive, under the **Department of Health** (Irish: *An Roinn Sláinte*).

Everyone ordinarily resident in Ireland and some visitors are entitled to public health services either free of charge or at reduced cost. To get all free services you have to have a medical card. Services for children are free for everyone. Maternity and infant care services are free for everyone who is ordinarily resident. People on the Long Term Illness Scheme are can get the drugs and medicines for the treatment of their illness free.

In the 2023 Irish budget an extra €23.4 billion was given to health. This gave more people a GP visit card and stopped hospital charges.

Hospitals
---------

In 2013 the public hospitals were formed into six hospital groups:

* Dublin North East;
* Dublin Midlands;
* Dublin East;
* South/South West;
* West/North West;
* Midwest.

Primary care
------------

In 2023 there was a serious shortage of dentists in Ireland. Children were said to be waiting to wait up to 10 years for a dental check. Only 620 dentists were in the medical card scheme. There were about 1,600 in 2012. The scheme only gives people a restricted amount of treatments in the year. It "places significant restrictions on the care that dentists can provide to public patients, with only tooth extractions being limitless".
**Frederick Joseph McMahon** (1914 - March 6, 1988) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. He was a public official in Ontario. As a lawyer, McMahon was best known for defending the bank robber Edwin Alonzo Boyd and his brother Norman in their 1952 trials. He was also reeve of North York, Ontario. Later, he was a provincial judge.

McMahon was born in Toronto. He studied law at Osgoode Hall before joining the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. After his time in the Navy, he began his law practice in the Toronto suburb of North York. In 1945, He moved to the township of North York and begun his law practice.

McMahon was first elected to North York township council in January 1950. In 1952, he ran against reeve Nelson Boylen. He defeated Boylen in an upset victory by more than 1,500 votes. In the campaign, he promised to bring industry to the mostly rural municipality. He also promised to expand the municipal government to match North York's population growth since the war.

McMahon feared that North York was facing bankruptcy. This caused him to support the province's proposal to join with the city of Toronto and its 12 surrounding townships and villages to create Metropolitan Toronto in 1953.

McMahon was re-elected in 1953, 1954, and 1955.

As a member of Metropolitan Toronto's executive committee, McMahon supported the fluoridation of water. He tried to enter provincial politics in the 1955 provincial election. McMahon ran as the Liberal candidate in York Centre. He lost to Conservative Thomas Graham. McMahon did try to be re-elected in 1956.

In 1969, the provincial government appointed McMahon to the bench as a provincial court judge.