recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Marie Jean Phillip** (1953-1997) was an American Sign Language activist. She wanted Deaf children to learn American Sign Language as their first language.

Early life
----------

Phillip was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was born to a deaf family. Philip was rejected from the Clarke School for the Deaf because of her use of sign language. They wanted her to use English to speak and lip-read. Eventually, she was accepted into the American School for the Deaf.

Career
------

She was an ASL activist and Bilingual-Bicultural pioneer. She wanted Deaf students to learn American Sign Language and to learn about Deaf culture. Marie Jean Philip went to Northeastern University and Gallaudet University to earn a BA degree in linguistics. She went on to be the first deaf researcher and interpreter at Northeastern University after her graduation. Marie started The Learning Center for the Deaf in Massachusetts. She eventually had several programs named after her.  Philip unfortunately passed away due to pulmonary embolism.  

### Contributions

Phillip was one of the first people to establish ASL as a recognized language. (2) She still remains an icon to deaf culture for her work and advocacy for ASL to this day.
**Eileen Crockart** (born c. 1910s) was a South African track and field athlete specialized in the field events. She was also a swimmer. She represented South Africa internationally in athletics. She was one of the earliest people to raise the gender identity issue in women’s athletics.

Career
------

As a swimmer, Crockart competed at the 1928 South African Swimming Championships in Johannesburg.

As a track and field athlete, Crockart competed in the field events at the 1934 Women's World Games in London. She was most successfull in the shot put event where she finished in sixth place in the final.

Gender identity debate
----------------------

In the era that Crockett was active, women’s athletics was raising and had to deal to deal with gender identity problems. Many women of that era later turned out to be man. Crockart was one of the earliest people to openly raise the issue. She stated that "quite a few women athletes had strong hair like men and had to shave daily". She added her human trust but disbelief with "we satisfied ourselves that they were female all right, but in every other respect, I would call them more man than woman". Mr. B.C. Sims, manager of the South African team, complained about it. The German media replied to the allegation with "grotesque slander". Canadian women laughed about it.
*Yersinia enterocolitica* colonies growing on XLD agar plates
*Staphylococcus aureus*, magnified x50,000, image by transmission electron microscope
*Escherichia coli*: a long-term resident in our gut
The **human microbiome** (or **human microbiota**) is the collection of microorganisms which live on us. They live on the skin, in your spit and mouth, in the eyes, and in the gut and the rest of the digestive tract. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi and single-celled eukaryotes ('protozoa'). Everyone carries around far more of these microbes than the number of human cells in the body. The human body has about 100 trillion cells, and carries about ten times as many microorganisms *in the intestines alone*.

The **microbiome** is "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space". The term was originally coined by Joshua Lederberg. He thought the microorganisms living in the human body in health and disease were important. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "**microbiota**" to describe either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that live in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively. However, by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. 

Some of these organisms are useful for humans. However, most have no known effect. They are just symbionts: they live with us. Those which are expected to be present are members of the *normal flora*. Under normal circumstances they do not cause disease, but may even help our health. Studies in 2009 asked whether our health is damaged if we reduce this biota. This is certainly the case with gut flora.

Although "flora" refers to plants rather than bacteria, the term 'gut flora' is widely used and familiar to biologists. 'Biota' refers to the total collection of organisms in an ecosystem. The term 'microbiota' is best for bacteria and other microorganisms, but no doubt 'flora' will often be used. 

The microbes being discussed are generally non-pathogenic (do not cause disease unless they grow abnormally); they exist in harmony and symbiotically with their hosts.

Researchers have learned that much of the population of microbes found in the human body are not bacteria but a very old class of single-celled organisms called archaea. They include methanogens which produce methane and may make you fart a lot.

Related pages
-------------

* Enterotype
Locations of the insular areas *(blue)* of the United States *(pink)*.
**Insular area** is the name for one of the territories of the United States which are not a state of the union. People that live in these areas usually have no right to vote in US elections. Sometimes, they take part in preliminary elections. 

There are three areas in the Pacific Ocean: 

* Guam
* Marshall Islands
* Palau
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Northern Mariana Islands
* American Samoa

The following areas are in the Caribbean:

* Puerto Rico
* US Virgin Islands

Uninhabited islands
-------------------

The term is also used for many uninhabited islands, which the US claims as its territory. Most of these are in the Pacific:

* Palmyra Atoll
* Baker Island
* Howland Island
* Jarvis Island
* Johnston Atoll
* Kingman Reef
* Midway Atoll
* Wake Island (disputed with Marshall Islands)

Only a few are in the Caribbean:

* Navassa Island (disputed with Haiti)
* Serranilla Bank (*disputed with Colombia, Jamaica and Nicaragua)*
* Bajo Nuevo Bank or Petrel Islands *(disputed with Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica)*
Pool at AmericaFest on December 19, 2022
**Timothy Daniel Pool**, better known as Tim Pool is a Korean American podcaster, journalist and musician who voted for Bernie Sanders in 2016 and Donald Trump in 2020.

Early Life
----------

Tim Pool was born in Chicago in 1986. He dropped out of school in 2000 when he was 14 years old.

Occupy Wall Street
------------------

In 2011, Tim Pool started filming the Occupy Wall Street protests and putting the videos on YouTube. By 2012, Pool became famous for his reporting on the protest and his videos of it were used as a source of information by NBC and The Washington Post.

Vice
----

In 2013, Tim Pool started working for Vice and reported for them on protests in Istanbul. In 2014, he joined Fusion TV and helped with the creation of Vice News.

YouTube
-------

Tim Pool left Vice News and instead started to focus on using his YouTube channels for political commentary. He debated Twitter’s banning of Alex Jones against Jack Dorsey on Joe Rogan’s podcast.

Political shift
---------------

Tim Pool calls himself a left-wing libertarian and a moderate liberal and says he supports centrism. He has said that he’s "to the left of Dave Rubin, not as far as Bernie Sanders though I liked him for president in 2016". Tim Pool says that he wanted to support Bernie Sanders again in 2020 but decided not to do that after Sanders started to support identity politics and instead supported Tulsi Gabbard and later Andrew Yang. In 2020, Tim Pool voted for Donald Trump against Joe Biden for president of the United States and said that he thought that Biden had dementia. Pool also criticized lockdowns that were put in place because of Covid-19. When Ben Shapiro interviewed Tim Pool, Pool said "I’m on the cultural right".
**Tunde Bakare** was born on the 11th of November 1955. He is a Nigerian prophetic apostolic pastor. He was said to have been arrested in the month of March 2002 after preaching a message particularly referring to the former president Olusegun Obasanjo. 

He was the opposing party for the presidential candidate Muhammadu Buhari in the 2011 Nigerian presidential election. Tunde was a member and also the legal adviser at the Deeper life Bible Church before becoming a member of the Redeemed Christian Church of God where he became a pastor and later founded his own church which is by name The Latter Rain Assembly.

Tunde Bakare was born into a Muslim home, but he later got changed to Christianity in the year 1974. He went to All Saints Primary School, Kemta, in Abeokuta and further to Lisabi Grammar school still in Abeokuta,after which he went on to study law at the University of lagos. He was called to the Bar in 1981 and during his National Youth Service Corps he practiced law with Gani Fewehinmi chambers, Rotimi Williams and Co and Burke and Co, solicitors. He founded his own law firm named Tunde Bakare and Co (El-Shaddai chambers) in October 1984. In May 1988,at the very height of his law profession, he was called into ministry (to serve God) and he started his own church which is Latter Rain Assembly (End-Time Church) which is now called the Citadel Global Community Church on 1April 1989 and he is the present ministering Overseer of the church.

According to *The Guardian* he is one of the most politically influential pastors in Nigeria.
Central Europe, as mapped in a CIA reference book
Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.  

1. Outer Western Carpathians  

2. Inner Western Carpathians  

3. Outer Eastern Carpathians  

4. Inner Eastern Carpathians  

5. Southern Carpathians  

6. Western Romanian Carpathians  

7. Transylvanian Plateau  

8. Serbian Carpathians
**Central Europe** is the area around the Alps and Carpathian Mountains lying between the regions of Eastern and Western Europe. It includes countries that may also be referred to as Eastern or Western European. The understanding of the concept of *Central Europe* varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. 

The region usually includes: 

* Poland
* Slovakia
* Hungary
* Slovenia

* Austria
* Switzerland
* Liechtenstein
* Germany
* Czech Republic

* Kaliningrad Oblast

Alternative Definitions
-----------------------

If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.

In addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively.
**Mount Roraima** is the highest of the Pakaraima chain of plateaus in South America.

It was first described to Europeans by the English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh during his 1595 expedition. Raleigh learned about it from indigenous peoples. 

Roraima has a 31-square-kilometre (12-square-mile) summit area. It is bounded on all sides by cliffs rising 400 metres (1,300 ft). 

The mountain is in Venezuela and Brazil. Mount Roraima is the point where the boundaries of Venezuela and Brazil. A stone stands on its summit, put there by the International Commission in 1931.

Mount Roraima lies on the Guiana Shield. It is the highest point of the Brazilian state of Roraima lie on the plateau, but Venezuela and Brazil have higher mountains elsewhere. The triple border point is at 5°12′08″N 60°44′07″W﻿ / ﻿5.20222°N 60.73528°W﻿ / 5.20222; -60.73528, and the mountain's highest point is called 'Laberintos del Norte'.

The steep rock wall of Monte Roraima.
Although the steep sides of the plateau make it difficult, it was the first recorded major table-top to be climbed. Sir Everard im Thurn walked up a forested ramp on 18 December 1884 to scale the plateau. This route also used by the Clementis group in their climb of 15 January 1916. It is one of the most important mountain trekking routes in Venezuela. :3
Sculpture of Wuzhiqi on exhibit in the Ethnological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
**Wuzhiqi** or (Chinese: 巫支祁) is a thing from Chinese stories about strange things. Stories can say Wuzhiqi is a water monkey spirit. People started writing about it in the 9th century. According to a legend, it came out of the water when Emperor Yu was fighting floods. It looks like a monkey with a white head and blue body, and it can stretch its neck very far. Some stories say it is as strong as many elephants and can move very fast.

The earliest story about Wuzhiqi is from a book written in the Tang dynasty. It talks about a fisherman meeting a monkey demon with a black body and white head in the Huai River. Another old book from the Song dynasty says Wuzhiqi lived in the Huai River and Emperor Yu fought it and won. The Wuzhiqi was trapped under Turtle Mountain to stop floods. Sometimes Wuzhiqi looks like a woman and has other names, for example Guishan Shuimu and Sizhou Virgin.

Mythology
---------

The first full story about Wuzhiqi was in a book called *Li Tang* from the Tang Dynasty. It said Wuzhi Qi looked like an ape with a long neck, strength like nine elephants, and fast speed. Legend says that, when King Yu tried to stop floods, he met Wuzhiqi, who caused trouble in the Huaihe River. After a big fight, King Yu used an iron rope to capture Wuzhiqi. Another book, *Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty*, also talked about Wuzhiqi. Some scholars think Wuzhiqi's story might be connected to a tale called "Xia Yao" from Yu Town. People in the mountains near Taihu Lake still tell the story. Over time, the legend of Wuzhiqi changed. In the Southern Song Dynasty, a Buddhist Wuzhiqi story appeared, and Wuzhiqi started to be in stories with the Jellyfish Empress. Later, the story changed into dramas and operas, like *The Great Sage of Sizhou Drops the Jellyfish*. When the Huaisi River Basin flooded, more people wanted to hear stories about like these, and different stories spread to many places.

Sun Wukong
----------

In some ways, Wuzhiqi is like Sun Wukong (Monkey King), the main character in *Journey to the West*. Some think he might be one of Sun Wukong's early forms. Eiichiro Ishida says this is because monkeys and water are connected and that Wuzhiqi's story involves being tied up and sealed away, which relates to water legends.

In the 1920s, Lu Xun said Sun Wukong's appearance was taken from Wuzhiqi. He believed that storytellers gave Wuzhiqi's powers, like being very fast and strong, to Sun Wukong. Lu Xun also said there was a old drama where Wuzhiqi is called Sun Wukong's sister. Hu Shi did not agree. He said Sun Wukong came from Hanuman, a monkey god from the South Asian epic *Ramayana*. Scholars argues about who was right. Later, some scholars said that Sun Wukong's character is a mix of different influences, including Wuzhiqi and Hanuman.
**Johan Jacob Frinsel Sr.** (Amsterdam, September 5, 1927 – Veenendaal, October 8, 2021) was a Dutch preacher, children's book writer, social worker, writer of Christian books and administrator. He belonged to the Pentecostal movement.

Life
----

He did attended the primary school of Tot Heil des Volks. He then attended public education, but came into contact with the gospel and converted to the Christian faith. When he finished his studies, he went to work at an engineering firm.

His first book was published in 1950 under the title *An Adventure at School*. Over the years, another twenty would follow. In 1950, he married Aaf van Bodegraven (1921-2013) They had five children, including Hans Frinsel, 

In 1967 he became director of the association Tot Heil des Volks. Under his leadership, the work took a new turn, opening a shelter for addicts in the Willemsstraat ,. In the early seventies, two schools were converted into youth hostels, one in the Jordaan and one in the red light district. In the eighties, evangelization and assistance work among prostitutes was started, under the name Scarlet Cord.

In 1969, Frinsel was elected president of the Brotherhood of Pentecostal churches. He held this position for six years. He was also active in the RPF. In 1982, he was third on the list of candidates for the House of Representatives.  The party won two seats.

From 1989 to 1998 he was vice-president of the Evangelische Omroep. At that time he was especially frequently in the news with his criticism of the Christian revival movement Toronto Blessing. Frinsel left as vice-chairman. In 2007, he publicly advised the Christen Unie not to sit in a new cabinet to be formed (the later Balkenende IV cabinet).

In 2010, Frinsel suffered a brain haemorrhage and stopped speaking and writing. 

Frinsel died at the age of 94.
Introduction
------------

Human impact on biodiversity is significant. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including the different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the genetic variation within these species, and the ecosystems they form.

HIPPCO
------

The HIPPCO acronym stands for the main causes of biodiversity loss:

- Habitat Destruction: The destruction of habitats due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and land conversion for agriculture.

- Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species into ecosystems, which can outcompete native species for resources, prey upon them, or introduce diseases.

- Pollution: Release of pollutants into the environment, such as chemicals, plastics, and waste. Which can harm/kill plants, animals, and aquatic life.

- Population Growth: The growing human population puts pressure on natural resources and habitats, leading to increased consumption and environmental destruction.

- Climate Change: Alteration of global climate patterns due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.

- Overexploitation: Unsustainable use of natural resources, such as overfishing, overhunting, and illegal wildlife trade.

Conclusion
----------

Addressing these HIPPCO factors is crucial for conserving biodiversity and maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems. Efforts like habitat conservation, sustainable resource management, and rules to reduce pollution and challenging climate change are essential for protecting biodiversity.
The **George Wallace 1964 presidential campaign** began on November 15, 1963, when Alabama Governor George Wallace announced his intention to run in the 1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries against then-incumbent President John F. Kennedy. Following the assassination of Kennedy by Lee Harvey Oswald 7 days later, Wallace continued his campaign against President Lyndon B. Johnson. Wallace ultimately earned only 10.8% of the popular vote and won no contests. He suspended his campaign live on *Face the Nation* on July 19, 1964, and allegedly began to support 1964 Republican nominee Barry Goldwater. In the 1964 general election, Goldwater won Wallace's home state of Alabama by 39 points.

This was the first of four presidential campaigns by George Wallace. Wallace ran again in the 1968 United States presidential election as the nominee of the American Independent Party, where he carried 5 states. He then went on to run in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries and the 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries, where he lost the nomination to George McGovern and Jimmy Carter, respectively.

Endorsements
------------

In the summer of 1964, Wallace received the endorsement of restaurant owner and future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox.

| List of George Wallace 1964 presidential campaign endorsements |
| --- |
| **Notable individuals*** Lester Maddox, resturaunt owner
 |

Legacy
------

According to *The Washington Post*, former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan David Duke based his 1992 presidential campaign on Wallace's 1964 campaign.

Related pages
-------------

* 1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries
* 1964 United States presidential election

### Other 1964 presidential campaigns

* Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign
* Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign

### Other George Wallace presidential campaigns

* George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign
* George Wallace 1972 presidential campaign
* George Wallace 1976 presidential campaign
**Maximilian I** of Mexico (1832 – 1867) was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine. 
After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire. 

His father was Archduke Franz Karl, the second surviving son of Emperor Francis II of Austria, during whose reign he was born. 

Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph of Austria (later Emperor Maximilian of Mexico) , by Joseph Karl Stieler.
Maximilian was thus a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, a female-line cadet branch of the House of Habsburg. His older brother was the reigning Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and their mother was Princess Sophie of Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach.

Many Europeans, and Viennese in particular, suspected that he was actually fathered by Napoleon II of France. There was a close relationship between Sophie and Napoleon II. It was said that Sophie never recovered after his death and that she blamed it on Metternich for the rest of her life.

Maximilian ruled as the Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. He was installed by occupying French forces under Napoleon III. When the French left in 1867, Maximilian refused to go with them, believing he had the support of the people.

Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. His wife Empress Carlota of Mexico began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He supported land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. These liberal policies caused opposition from the wealthy and the landowners, led by Benito Juárez under the banner of republicanism.

*The Execution of Emperor Maximilian* by Manet (1868)
Maximilian was captured by Benito Juarez’s Republican forces and executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867.



1. ↑  Palmer, Alan 1994. *Twilight of the Habsburgs: the life and times of Emperor Francis Joseph*. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1
Structure of gram-negative cell wall
Gram-positive- and negative bacteria are chiefly differentiated by their cell wall structure.
The **Proteobacteria** are a major phylum of bacteria.

They are gram-negative bacteria. This means they do not retain the violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.

In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all gram-negative bacteria with a pink colour.

The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls.

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, such as *Escherichia coli*, *Salmonella*, *Vibrio*, *Helicobacter*, and many other notable genera.

Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions.

There are alphaproteobacteria in this phylum which are widely found in marine plankton. They may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.

Classification
--------------

* **Proteobacteria**: Purple bacteria and their relatives
	+ alpha subdivision (purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, *Agrobacterium*, *Rickettsiae*, *Nitrobacter*)
	+ beta subdivision (*Rhodocyclus*, (some) *Thiobacillus*, *Alcaligenes*, *Spirillum*, *Nitrosovibrio*)
	+ gamma subdivision (enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, *Legionella*, (some) *Beggiatoa*)
	+ delta subdivision (Sulfur and sulfate reducers (*Desulfovibrio*), Myxobacteria, *Bdellovibrio*)
**Sara Evans** (born February 5, 1971) is a traditional country singer born in Boonville, Missouri. She has had several #1 hits, gold albums and platinum albums.

Early life
----------

Music was a big part of her life when she was young. At age 8, she was hit by a car in front of her house and broke both of her legs. She spent months in a wheelchair and kept singing to pay her hospital bills.

At age 16, she began performing in a nightclub in Columbia, Missouri. She did this for two years. At age 20, she moved to Nashville, Tennessee because she wanted to be a country music singer. She met musician Craig Schelske there. A year later, they moved to Oregon, but when they married, they moved back to Nashville.

In 1995, Sara began recording demos. Harland Howard was impressed by them so much he decided to help her get a contract. This paid off when she signed with RCA Records.

Her first album under RCA was called *Three Chords and the Truth*, released in 1997. People liked it for being traditional, and it was in many Top 10 lists for that year.

However, country music radio didn't like it that much. None of the singles made the Top 40.

In 1998, Sara released her next album, *No Place That Far*. People didn't like it because it was more of a pop-country sound. The first single Cryin' Game didn't do anything, but the next single (No Place That Far, a duet with Vince Gill) became a #1 hit. Because of that the album was certified gold.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *Three Chords and the Truth* (1997)
* *No Place That Far* (1998)
* *Born to Fly* (2000)
* *Restless* (2003)
* *Real Fine Place* (2005)
* *Stronger* (2011)
* *Slow Me Down* (2014)
* *At Christmas* (2014)
* *Words* (2017)
* *Copy That* (2020)

Singles
* "Cryin' Game" (1998)
* "I Keep Looking" (2002)
* "Suds in the Bucket" (2004)
* "You'll Always Be My Baby" (2006)
**99 Cents Only Stores** is an American price-point retailer chain. It is based in Commerce, California. There are stores located in California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. It offers "a combination of closeout branded merchandise, general merchandise and fresh foods." It was founded in 1982. In September 2023, 99 Cents Only Stores announced that they sold their Los Angeles County warehouse. In October 2023, Fitch Ratings reported that 99 Cents Only Stores was nearing a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

On March 28, 2024, the company warned that it may be forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy within weeks as it faces a liquidity shortfall and a stalled-asset sale. It also began talks referring to liquidation.

99 Cents Only store closing down
On April 4, 2024, 99 Cents Only Stores announced that it would permanently close all of its remaining 371 locations and lay off its 14,000 employees within the coming months, with liquidation sales to be held by Hilco Global. "Going out of business" sales began at all locations on April 5. The company blamed the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing inflation, and shifting consumer demand.

1. ↑  "99 Cents Only Stores Sells Los Angeles County Warehouse". *CoStar*. September 13, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
2. ↑  "11 retailers at risk of bankruptcy in 2023". *Retail Dive*. October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
3. ↑  "Retailer 99 Cents Is Mulling a Potential Bankruptcy Filing". *Bloomberg*. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
4. ↑  Chang, Andrea; Darmiento, Laurence (2024-04-05). "99 Cents Only to close all 371 stores and wind down its business". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
5. ↑  Maruf, Ramishah (April 4, 2024). "99 Cents Only Stores is winding down its business operations". *CNN*. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
***Flavivirus*** is a genus of the family Flaviviridae. This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis (swelling in the brain).

*Flaviviruses* are named for the yellow fever virus - "flavus" means "yellow" in Latin. (Yellow fever was named because it often caused yellow-colored skin, called jaundice, in its victims.)

*Flaviviruses* share a common size (40-65 nm) and symmetry (shape), and they look similar under an electron microscope. They are made of single-stranded RNA.

Humans get these viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito or tick. Usually, if a human who has a *Flavivirus* gets bitten by a healthy mosquito or tick, the human will not have enough of the virus in their blood to infect the insect. This means humans do not help continue the virus's life cycle (by infecting insects who go on to infect other people). However, this is not true for yellow fever or dengue fever.

People can also get *Flaviviruses* in other ways, like:

* Touching the dead bodies of animals who had a *Flavivirus*
* Getting a blood transfusion from someone who has a *Flavivirus*
* Having sex with someone who has a *Flavivirus*: this has been proven true at least for the Zika virus.
* Drinking unpasteurized milk products
* A fetus can get a *Flavivirus* from its mother during childbirth

It is not likely that animals can spread *Flaviviruses* directly to humans. Scientists believe that an mosquito or tick has to bite an infected animal before it can spread the virus to a human by biting that human. This means that *Flaviviruses* are probably not contagious diseases. For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not a contagious disease.
**Singh** is derived from the Sanskrit word Siṃha meaning "lion". It is a common title, middle name, or surname in Northern India originally used by the Kshatriyas warriors and kings. Singh was first used as a surname by Ahir kings

As per the instructions of Guru Gobind Singh, the use of Singh as a middle or a last name is mandatory for all baptized male Sikhs since 1699, regardless of their geographical or cultural binding. The surname has also been widely adopted by other groups of India like Yadavs and Jats. Some Brahmins like Bhumihar Brahmins and Maithil Brahmins also use this name. "Singh" has gradually emerged as a hereditary title to be used as a middle name, highlighting connections to a warrior status or occupation. However, this is not an exclusive usage, and many Hindu groups including Scheduled Castes and Vaishya have adopted this title without any significant warrior status or ties.

Singh is used by Sikhs, Bhumihar Brahmins and Kshatriya communities such as Gurjars, Jats, Rajputs, Yadavs etc. as either a middle name or a surname. e.g. Kotwal Dhan Singh Gurjar, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana, Mulayam Singh Yadav etc.
An **HTTP cookie** (usually just called a **cookie**) is a simple computer file made of text. The information stored by cookies can be used to personalise the experience when using a website. A website can use (the information used by) cookies to find out if someone has visited a website before and record information (data) about what they did.

When someone is using a computer to browse a website, a personalised cookie file can be sent from the website’s server to the person’s computer. The cookie is stored in the web browser on the person’s computer. At some time in the future, the person may browse that website again. The website can send a message to the person’s browser, asking if a cookie from the website is already stored in the browser.

If a cookie is found, then the data that was stored in the cookie before can be used by the website to tell the website about the person’s previous activity. Some examples where cookies are used include shopping carts, automatic login and remembering which advertisements have already been shown.

Cookies have been a problem for Internet privacy. This is because they can be used to track browsing behavior. Because of this, laws have been made in some countries to protect people's privacy. There are many other options than cookies, but each option has its own problems.

Cookies have often been mistaken for computer programs. But cookies cannot do much on their own. They are simply a piece of data. They are often called spyware or viruses, but they are not either of these.

Most web browsers allow users to choose whether to accept cookies. If the user does not allow cookies, some websites will become unusable. For example, shopping baskets which use cookies do not work if the user does not allow cookies.
**Naomi Faik-Simet** (b. 1977) is a Papua New Guinean dance researcher at the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. She is the first PhD from Papua New Guinea to graduate from a dance studies program. Fail-Simet is also the first dance research her country's government ever employed. She works to preserve and create cultural traditions. Papua New Guinea is working to be modern. Sometimes people do not like traditional ideas. Faik-Simet wants people from Papua New Guinea to remember their culture and not just adopt other cultural traditions. She teaches people about traditional and contemporary dance and music. She shows people traditional and new arts can go together. She represents Papua New Guinea for UNESCO's Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre, the International Council for Traditional Music, World Dance Alliance, and World Alliance for Arts Education.

Early life
----------

Faik-Simet was born in Papua New Guinea. She grew up during the period after Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia.

Career
------

In 2001, Faik-Simet started working for the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. In 2003 she returned to University of Papua New Guinea to complete her undergraduate college degree. She completed her degree in 2005. Soon, Faik-Simet realized she needed more education. First, she connected with experts who lived in New Zealand, Nicholas Rowe and Ralph Buck. In 2010 she got a scholarship from the University of Auckland to study a traditional dance called "gunge takwaku."

Faik-Simet graduated from University of Auckland in New Zealand with a PhD in dance studies in November, 2021. She studied in New Zealand from. April 28, 2017 until Dec 29, 2020. She studied the impact of colonialism on dance education in Papua New Guinea. Faik-Simet studied how to use dance to pass down culture and knowledge. She is now the assistant director at the Institute of Papua New Guinea. Faik-Simet is the only dance researcher in Papua New Guinea.

Faik-Simet helps organize conferences, like the 8th Symposium of the ICTM Study Group on Music and Dance of Oceania.

She received the Mineral Resource Development Co (MRDC) award in 2011 for making an impact in decolonising dance in Papua New Guinea. The award is a Westpac Public Sector award. It is part of the Westpac Outstanding Women Award.

Personal life
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Faik-Simet and her husband have two children.
**Drug-induced amnesia** is amnesia caused by drugs. Amnesia may be good for medical treatment or it may be a side-effect of a drug, such as alcohol, or certain medicine for mental disorders, such as benzodiazepines.

Medical usage
-------------

Amnesia is sometimes good during surgery, so general anaesthesia is made to create amnesia for the time of the surgery. Drugs such as benzodiazepines, which are commonly used for anxiety disorders, can reduce the creation of new memories, even more in high doses (for example, before a surgery so that person will not remember the surgery). Amnestic drugs can be used to create a coma for a child breathing using medical devices, or to help reduce cranial pressure after head trauma. [*failed verification*]

Researchers are experimenting with drugs which create amnesia so that they can improve understanding of human memory, and create better drugs to treat mental disorders and memory-related disorders. People with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia are likely to improve from this. By knowing the ways that amnesia-inducing drugs interact with the brain, researchers are trying to know the ways that neurotransmitters help in the creation of memory. By stimulating rather than depressing these neurotransmitters, memory may improve.

Non-medical drug-induced amnesia
--------------------------------

Amnesia can be a side-effect of prescription or non-prescription drugs. Both substance use and alcohol can cause both long-term and short-term memory loss, resulting in blackouts.

The most commonly used group of prescription drugs that can create amnesia are benzodiazepines, it can create even more memory loss if combined with alcohol.

In popular culture
------------------

* The SCP Foundation has mentioned amnesia-inducing drugs in many of its articles and stories since its creation. They are under the name "amnestics". Amnestics are used to keep the SCP Foundation a secret from the public.
* In *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* (2004), Joel Barish (Jim Carrey) decides to forget his former lover Clementine Kruczynski (Kate Winslet) after she erases her memories of him.
* The characters in *The Hangover* (2009) deal with the aftermath of amnesia after taking roofies.
* An episode of *Arrested Development* called Forget-Me-Now talks about the use of drug-induced amnesia for people who have seen how magicians' tricks are performed.
* In the book *Allegiant* (2013) a "memory serum" is used to erase people's memories.
* In Andy Weir's novel Project Hail Mary, Ryland Grace wakes up from a coma that was caused by drug-induced amnesia.

In mythology
------------

Nepenthe, which is named named anti-sorrow, is a substance talked about in the *Odyssey* given to Helen of Troy, said to come from Egypt. Eating it causes sad memories to be forgotten.
A **tone language**, or **tonal language**, is a language in which words can differ in tones (like pitches in music) in addition to consonants and vowels.

Many languages, including Mandarin, Vietnamese, Thai, Meitei, Lao, Hmong, Cantonese, Punjabi, Chittagonian , Noakhailla, Yorùbá, Igbo, Luganda, Ewe, Lingála, Cilubà and Cherokee are tonal. Other languages, including Indo-European languages such as English and Hindi, are not considered tone languages. They can use intonation in different ways.

In some languages, it is pitch accent that is important instead. A word's meaning can then change if a different syllable is stressed. Examples include Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Swedish, Norwegian, Serbo-Croatian, Lithuanian, and some Asian languages like Japanese and Korean. However, pitch accent is different from tones.

Some tones may sound alike to people who do not speak a tone language. They are the most difficult part of learning a tone language for those people.

Example
-------

In Mandarin, the most famous example "*mā má mǎ mà* (妈麻马骂)" has four different words each pronounced in exactly the same way but with four different tones. If numbers identify the tones, they can be written m*a1 ma2 ma3 ma4*, which means "mom hemp horse scold." Some ways of romanization mark each tone by a different spelling; *ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4* in Pinyin would be written *ma mha maa mah* in Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Most use numbers or accent marks (*mā má mǎ mà* in Pinyin). There is a passage called Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den (施氏食狮史). It has 92 characters; all read the same way in Mandarin ("shi") but with different tones.

Mandarin does not have many syllables: the words for "mother," "hemp," "horse," "scold," and a word put at the end of sentences to make it a question are all pronounced "ma:"

* "Mother" is "ma" that is high and level.
* "Hemp" is "ma" that starts low and ends high.
* "Horse" is "ma" that starts fairly high, dips very low, and then goes back up again.
* "Scold" is "ma" that starts high and ends low.
* To make a question, "ma" is added at the end, but it is kept very soft and short and about the same level.

Mandarin has "first tone," "second tone," "third tone," "fourth tone," and "neutral tone." Other Chinese dialects have more tones, some as many as twelve.

Tonal markings
--------------

Vietnamese and Pinyin use accents as the tone marks for the Latin alphabet. Each accent shows an altered sound for the syllable. Most syllables have only one tone marking, but the letters in the syllable can be altered by other markings. Syllables usually form one word in un-hyphenated compound words.

Pinyin may have style differences because its use is to help Westerners. On the other hand, Vietnamese has a national script that always follows and uses the same style.
Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Gomillion v. Lightfoot**

***Gomillion v. Lightfoot***, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The unanimous Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Background
----------

In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

Fifth District Court ruling
---------------------------

The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:

> "In the absence of any racial or class discrimination on the face of the statute, the courts will not hold an act, which decreases the area of a municipality by changing its boundaries, to be invalid under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution – even though the enactment of the statute was for the purpose of removing Negroes from the city and depriving them of the privileges and benefits of municipal citizenship, including the right to vote in city elections."
> 
>

Supreme Court ruling
--------------------

On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

Significance
------------

This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.
**Grunge music** or **Seattle sound** (as it is called sometimes) is a style of rock music that has elements of punk rock and heavy metal. It started in the mid- 1980s in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, especially in the state of Washington. It became more popular in the early 1990s. Grunge songs often had lyrics with nihilism, depression, unhappiness, or apathy as themes. The widespread use of heroin as a recreational drug found its way into the lyrics and careers of numerous grunge rockers, notably Kurt Cobain and Layne Staley of "Alice in Chains".

The songs often had light (or clean) guitar sounds in the verses, and the high energy boost of distorted (or dirty) guitars in the choruses. The line-up for these bands was the typical rock band of guitars, bass, drums and vocal.

Although grunge as a movement became less popular by the end of the 1990s, its influence is still heard in many bands. Grunge musical sounds were copied by post-grunge bands such as Foo Fighters and Nickelback and nu metal bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit.

Sound
-----

Grunge music uses music from punk rock and heavy metal. Grunge guitar players use distorted electric guitar. Like punk and heavy metal, grunge bands use electric guitar, bass guitar, a drummer and a singer.

Grunge artists
--------------

Some well known grunge artists were:

* Alice in Chains
* Melvins, The
* Mother Love Bone
* Mudhoney
* Happy Tree Friends/Nirvana
* Pearl Jam
* Screaming Trees
* Soundgarden
* Stone Temple Pilots
* Tad
* Temple of the Dog
**Irving Russell Gerstein**, CM OOnt (born February 10, 1941) is a Canadian businessman and politician. He was appointed to the Senate on January 2, 2009 and retired on February 10, 2016 upon getting to the retirement age of 75.The son of Bertrand and Reva Gerstein, Gerstein was made a member of the Order of Canada in 1999. In 2002, he was given the Order of Ontario award.

Early life and achievements
---------------------------

Gerstein is best known for his time as president of Peoples Jewellers. and by 1990, he lead the world’s largest jewelry retail empire.

He has served as a director of Atlantic Power Corporation, Medical Facilities Corporation, Student Transportation of America, Economic Investment Trust, CTV Inc. Traders Group Limited, Guaranty Trust Company of Canada, Confederation Life Insurance, and Scott’s Hospitality. 

Gerstein is an honorary director of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, where he previously served as chairman of the board, chairman emeritus and director and also a long-time political fundraiser for the Progressive Conservative Party and now the Conservative Party of Canada.

Gerstein received his BSc. in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He was appointed to the Senate on January 2, 2009 

However on February 23, 2011, Irving Gerstein was charged, along with Senator Doug Finley, with violations of the Canada Elections Act. Elections Canada alleged that Irving Gerstein was involved in a scheme and that was filing false tax claims and exceeding federal spending limits on campaign advertisements. If found guilty, Gerstein would have faced up to a year in prison and fines exceeding $25,000;the charges were dropped though after the Conservative party agreed to pay a $52,000 fine.
**Cousin marriage** is marriage between cousins. In some places like the Middle East it is common. In other places it is illegal. A famous cousin marriage is that between Charles Darwin and his wife Emma.

It is believed that the general laws and customs relating to marriage have been influenced by examples of birth defects. Most societies have some kind of limitation to marriages of the type: the closer the genetic relationship, the more likely it is to be banned.

So, the main argument against cousin marriages is that it increases the likelihood of genetic defects occurring in children of such marriages. The classic example of this is the occurrence of haemophilia (and some other conditions) in the royal families of Europe. The repeated marriages between close relatives increased the chance of recessive genes arriving on both chromosomes of a pair, so causing defects to appear. Of course, pre-scientific societies would not have known this. However, they would have seen the results of continual close marriages, such as the brother-sister matings in the Ancient Egyptian royal lines.

Related pages
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* Endogamy
* Consanguinity
* Texas

Further reading
---------------

* Cousin Marriages and its effects, what Pakistan can do to prevent it moving forward.