recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Thomas Quasthoff
**Thomas Quasthoff** (born Hildesheim, Germany, 9 November 1959) is a German bass-baritone. He is thought of as one of the best singers of today. It was not easy for him to get a good musical education because of his physical disability. However, he has became one of the world’s finest singers of German song (Lieder) and he also sings a wide variety of styles including Baroque music, opera and jazz.

Life
----

Quasthoff was born in Hildesheim, Germany. His mother had been taking the drug thalidomide during the pregnancy and this resulted in Thomas being born with physical handicaps. He has flipper-like hands and no arms, and he has very short legs.

Quasthoff wanted to study music at the conservatory, but he was not allowed to do so because there was a rule that every music student had to play the piano. It was impossible for Quasthoff to play an instrument because of his disability.

Quasthoff decided to study singing privately. After he had graduated from school he went to university to study law. He did not enjoy the subject, and after studying for three years he chose music as a career. At first he worked as a radio announcer. He got some experience in singing oratorio. Then, in 1988, he won the ARD International Music Competition in Munich. Many people, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, were very impressed with his singing. He became known as a Lieder singer. He first sang in America in 1995. He won many awards, including the Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance in 2000. It was for his performance together with the mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter of Mahler’s Des Knaben Wunderhorn. They were accompanied by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Claudio Abbado. He won prizes for his singing of songs by Schubert, Brahms and Liszt, and Bach Cantatas. 

Quasthoff teaches singing at the Hanns Eisler School of Music in Berlin. He is "artist in residence" at the Barbican Hall, London. A series called "Die Stimme" (The Voice) was made to celebrate his 50th birthday. It was also the title of his autobiography which was published in 2006.

In 2006 he married. His wife is a television journalist. The couple have a daughter and they live in Berlin.

Other websites
--------------

* Thomas Quasthoff's official homepage (in German)
* Stephen Moss
**Minh Mạng** ([mïŋ˧ maːŋ˧˨ʔ]; 25 May 1791 – 20 January 1841), personal name **Nguyễn Phúc Đảm**, also known as **Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu**, was the second emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. His reign prolonged 21 years, from 1820 until his death in 1841.

Biography
---------

Emperor Minh Mạng was the fourth son of Emperor Gia Long; his mother was Trần Thị Đang, second wife of Gia Long (conferred Empress Dowager Nhân Tuyên later). Three eldest son of Gia Long, Crown prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, *Duke of Thuận An* Nguyễn Phúc Hy and prince Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn, had died before their father, so Minh Mạng was the eldest son of Gia Long at that time.

Minh Mạng is reported to have 142 children from 43 wives. He also had many concubines whose childless, and not be reported in royal pedigree. The first wife of him was Empress Consort Tá Thiên Hồ Thị Hoa, mother of Emperor Thiệu Trị, but she died after 13 days giving birth. The second wife, *First-rank of Royal Concubine Hiền phi* Ngô Thị Chính, was the most beloved wife of Minh Mạng, but she had not been conferred as Empress Consort.
**Melissa Duck** is an animated cartoon character in Warner Bros.' *Looney Tunes* and *Merrie Melodies* cartoon series. She is the main character Daffy Duck's blonde girlfriend. Only in one cartoon is she called Melissa.

The 1945 cartoon *Nasty Quacks* was when Melissa was first introduced. She also plays Baby Melissa in *Baby Looney Tunes*.

In *Nasty Quacks*, Daffy's owner, a girl, also becomes the owner of a small, yellow duckling. A jealous Daffy feeds the duckling growth pills. To his surprise, she ages into a white and female duck with blonde hair. By the end of the cartoon, the two have fallen in love. Melissa gives birth to ten black, white and yellow ducklings of her own. 

Melissa first appeared in adult form in a 1950 short, *The Scarlet Pumpernickel*. In the cartoon, she is the love interest of Daffy Duck and a damsel-in-distress. The plot follows Daffy saving Melissa from having to marry the evil Grand Duke, Sylvester the Cat.

Later in *Muscle Tuscle* (1953), the girlfriend of Daffy Duck appears with him on the beach. The girlfriend's design is a lot more stylized than Melissa's appearance in *The Scarlet Pumpernickel*. However, the comtemporary comics adaptation *Muscle Tuscle* also carried Melissa to this new design.

Another blonde female duck was shown in the 1987 cartoon movie *The Duxorcist*. This was after the original *Looney Tunes*
ended in 1969.

Melissa Duck was the possible inspiration for Shirley the Loon ("McLoon is her family name). Shirley was on *Tiny Toon Adventures*.
Anton de Bary
**Heinrich Anton de Bary** (26 January 1831 – 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology). 

He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.

Lichen
------

De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.

Slime moulds
------------

de Bary was one of the first people to do research on slime moulds (Myxomycetes). He published a key paper in 1859, and later a book on the subject.
**Kurt Josef Waldheim** (21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian diplomat and conservative politician. He was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.

Political career
----------------

Waldheim published an autobiography. During his campaign to become president in 1986, it became public that some statements in that biography were not true. These were about his past. Waldheim was an officer for Germany in the Second World War. He became an oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht. Waldheim participated in Operation Kozara in 1942. According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were often shot within only a few hundred meters of Waldheim's office and 35 kilometres (22 mi) away at the Jasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later said, "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".

A commission of several historians looked at the issue. They decided Waldheim had behaved as he should have done. They said he had not committed any war crimes. However, in his role of an officer, he must have known about the deportation of about 40.000 Jews into concentration camps. These transports were against the law. Thus, he was not allowed to travel to the United States any more.

In 1990, he had a success: Saddam Hussein held several foreigners as hostages at the start of the Second Gulf War. When Waldheim heard this, he went to Baghdad. Through talks he got Hussein to release the Austrian and the Swiss hostages. Both countries are neutral.

Death
-----

On June 14, 2007, Waldheim died of heart failure.
**Tamara Platonovna Karsavina** (10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian ballerina. She began her career in the Imperial Russian Ballet and later danced with the Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. 

Karsavina created the title role in *The Firebird*, the Ballerina in *Petrushka*, and The Young Girl in *Le Spectre de la Rose*. After she settled in Hampstead, London, she began teaching ballet professionally. She assisted in setting up The Royal Ballet, and was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Dance. Her pupils included Dame Alicia Markova and Dame Margot Fonteyn. She wrote two books: the autobiography *Theatre Street* (1930) and the dance textbook *Classical Ballet: the flow of movement* (1962).

Tamara Karsavina (left) rehearsing Margot Fonteyn for *Le Spectre de la Rose*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tamara Karsavina***.

* Karsavina: A website with complete information about Karsavina's birth and death.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities
	+ 2

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
* Latvia
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Greece
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| People | 
* Germany
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* RISM
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
Dr. **Michio Kaku** (Japanese: ミチオ カク, 加来 道雄) (born 24 January 1947) is a Japanese-American futurist, theoretical physicist and a performer on the Science Channel, particularly for Sci-Fi Science. He is known as a "sci-fi fan" on the SC.

Early life and Education
------------------------

Kaku was born on January 24, 1947 in San Jose, California to Japanese parents. As a child, he took judo lessons. When he grew older, he graduated from college with a summa cum laude degree.

Works
-----

Kaku is famous for his major field, theoretical physics. Sci-fi is another field Michio studied. Some episodes of Sci-Fi Science, for instance, ponder alien invasion of the planet, or a new solar system. The string theory is another topic that Kaku studied.

He has also studied the future. Futurists like Kaku often use PPPW to evaluate the future. The "three Ps and one W" represent, to futurists, "plausible", "possible", and "preferable". The "W" stands for "wildcard"(random) events.

A science populariser, or a populariser of science, is one who captures the scientific method and accuracy to preserve the language in the name of science. Michio Kaku wrote several books including Physics of the Impossible and Hyperspace, Beyond Einstein, and Parallel Worlds.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Site.
* Kaku on Discovery.
**Günter Praschak** (12 September 1929 – 11 April 2011) was a Austrian football player and - coach.

Career
------

Günter Praschak went to school in Hollabrunn (Lower Austria) and played for the local club SV Hollabrunn. After the Second World War he came to Salzburg and played for SAK. He also played Icehockey. 1953 he went to LASK. 1955 he came to SV Austria Salzburg till 1958. After a short time with LASK he came back to Austria and played there till 1966.

Managing career
---------------

1957 he was playing coach of Austria Salzburg. From 1965 to 1969 and 1973 till 1975 he was coach of the team. 1970-71 he was coach of SK VOEST Linz, also from 1979 to 1981. For this clubs he also was technical manager. From 1984 to 1987 he was coach of the Austrian U23 national football team.

As manager of Austria Salzburg he brought Karl Kodat, Horst Hirnschrodt or Peter Grosser to Salzburg. He also was very much engaged in the plans for a new stadium in Lehen, which was finally opend in 1971. It was the homeground of Austria Salzburg till the opening of the EM Stadion Wals-Siezenheim in 2003.
**Thanksgiving** is a holiday celebrated once a year on the fourth Thursday of November.

History
-------

In 1620 the *Mayflower* brought the Pilgrims to Massachusetts. They made their new home in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, 380 km northeast of what is now New York. 

Half of the Pilgrims died during their first winter in North America. They were cold and did not have enough food. The following year, though, the Native Americans, who were from the Wampanoag tribe, helped them grow crops. At harvest time in the autumn of 1621 they were very thankful that they had a good crop of food to eat during the coming winter. They thanked God and the Native Americans for teaching them how to grow the local foods.

They invited three of the Wampanoags who had helped them to their feast. They were Squanto, Samoset, and Chief Massasoit. The Wampanoags brought their families. This was over 90 people. There were so many people that the Pilgrims did not have enough food to make the meal, so the Wampanoags brought along their own food for the feast.

The Wampanoags brought turkey, duck, fish, deer, berries, squash, and cornbread. They also brought vegetables that they had farmed and shown the Pilgrims how to care for.

However, there is some disagreement over which event was the first Thanksgiving with claims that Virginia had the first celebrations.

Thanksgiving today
------------------

A traditional thanksgiving dinner today.
In the United States, the Thanksgiving holiday is a four-day holiday over a weekend, starting on Thanksgiving Thursday and ending on Sunday. Families and friends usually eat a special meal together (usually with a turkey as the main dish). This meal also usually includes mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, pumpkin pie, several casseroles, and stuffing. The food eaten today for Thanksgiving is very different from the food that was eaten at the First Thanksgiving in 1621. A traditional food is turkey.

Controversy
-----------

Thanksgiving is not looked upon positively by some who use the day for mourning to take into account the genocide and conquest of Native Americans by colonists although not all indigenous people are entirely negative on Thanksgiving. The holiday is also looked upon negatively by some vegetarians for promoting the eating of turkeys although many vegetarians and vegans eat plant-based alternatives for Thanksgiving.

Related pages
-------------

* Thanksgiving
* Black Friday
The **Australia Cup**, formerly called the **FFA Cup**, is an Australian soccer knockout cup competition held every year. It is organised by Football Australia.

It is different to the national league competition, the A-League Men, which also happens every year. The Australia Cup has more teams, and it is the only time that A-League clubs can play official matches against lower-ranked clubs.

Since 2021, the winner of the Australia Cup qualifies for one of the play-off spots for the next years' AFC club competitions (the AFC Champions League for 2022, the AFC Cup for 2023-24 and the AFC Champions League 2 for 2024-24 onwards), unless Wellington Phoenix are the winner. The reason Wellington Phoenix cannot qualify for any of these competitions is because the club is based in New Zealand, a member of the Oceanian Football Confederation (OFC), while Australia is a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

The most successful team at the Australia Cup is Adelaide United. The current champions are Sydney FC, who defeated Brisbane Roar in the 2023 final.
**Ethel Merman** (born Ethel Agnes Zimmermann; January 16, 1908 – February 15, 1984) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her powerful voice and roles in musical theatre. She was the first to sing many famous Broadway songs. "There's No Business Like Show Business" became her theme song.

One of Merman's best remembered performances was as the stage mother in *Gypsy*. Merman was nominated for a Tony Award. She lost to her close friend Mary Martin in *The Sound of Music*. Rosalind Russell was given the role in the movie. Merman said it was "The greatest professional disappointment of my life.".

Personal life
-------------

Merman was married and divorced four times:

1. William Smith, theatrical agent (1940–1941)
2. Robert Levitt, a newspaper executive (1941–1952)
3. Robert Six, President, Continental Airlines (1953–1960)
4. Ernest Borgnine, the actor, in 1964. Merman filed for divorce 32 days later.

Merman had two children with Levitt: Ethel (born July 20, 1942), and Robert, Jr. (born August 11, 1945). Ethel Levitt died on August 23, 1967, of an accidental drug overdose. Merman's son was married to actress Barbara Colby. She was shot and killed for no known motive in Los Angeles in 1975.

* *Time on My Hands* (1932)
**Rudolf Strittich** (3 March 1922 – 10 July 2010) was an Austrian football player and coach.

Career
------

Strittich began his career at SK Vorwärts Steyr. He played in the first team at the age of 14. 1938/39 went to the German-Bohemian DFC Graslitz. He won the Gau Sudetenland championship in 1940. In 1942 he moved to First Vienna FC. During the war years, Strittich was also briefly active at Hertha BSC.

After the end of the war he played in Steyr. In the winter break he went back to Vienna. The team reached the final of the ÖFB Cup in 1946. In 1950 his career in the Austrian league was abruptly interrupted He and Ernst Sabeditsch were convicted of smuggling raw opium after a Vienna tour of Egypt. They were banned by the ÖFB for a year. After two years abroad he returned to Vienna in 1952, Then he went to France and played for RCFC Besançon. After two seasons he ended his active career due to health reasons.

International
-------------

He played four matches for the Austrian national football team betwenn 1946 and 1949. He debuted on 6 October 1946 in a 2-0 loss versus Hungary. His last match was on 13 November 1949 in a 5-2 win versus Yugoslavia .

Manager
-------

In 1955 he began his coaching career at SK Sturm Graz. Then he moved to France. He became coach at his former club RC Besançon. In the spring of 1957 he looked after SV Stickstoff Linz. His next stop abroad was FC Basel in Switzerland. Then he managed Apollon Kalamarias in Greece. After a stint at his parent club Vorwärts Steyr, he moved to Denmark at the beginning of 1961. There he spent the majority of his coaching career. He took over Esbjerg fB. He led the club to the first two championship titles. After a season in Steyr, he returned to Denmark to Viborg FF. Then heagain became coach of Esbjerg from 1965 to 1967. There he won his third championship title. After two years at Aalborg BK, Strittich was appointed coach of the Danish national football team in 1970. He coached the team until 1975. In the 1975/76 season he looked after the Spanish second division club Real Murcia. From 1976 to 1979 he coached Esbjerg again and won his fourth championship title. Strittich then returned to Austria and was briefly coach at Austria Salzburg in 1980.

Honours
-------

Erfolge
-------

**as player:**

* 1× Austrian champion: 1943
* 1× Gaumeister Sudetenland: 1940
* 1× Runner up Austrian Cup: 1946
* 4 matches for the Austrian national football team 1946 - 1949

**as coach:**

* 4× Danish champion: 1961, 1962, 1965, 1979
**Manuela Saenz** was born in Quito, Ecuador. She was born in 1797. She was born during the Spanish colonial rule. Manuela Saenz's nickname was Manuelita. She had an affair with a military officer. She left her husband in 1822. She is known as a war hero because she helped a lot of countries be independent from the Spanish rule. Manuela Saenz died in Paita, Peru, She died in the year 1856. Manuela Saenz body was put into a communal grave, She died of a diphtheria epidemic. It was her price for being in love and working with Simon Bolivar. Saenz's remains have been carried through Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. Governments across the world have removed Manuela Saenz's remains as a symbol, They also are having ceremonies to honor her and her help to many countries.

Manuela Saenz and Simon Bolivar's relationship
----------------------------------------------

Saenz was called "la libertadora del libertador" because she saved Simon Bolivar's life twice, Manuela Saenz followed Simon bolivar on his campaigns and saved his life, she let him escape out the window. Manuela is quoted to have said "Go ahead, cowards, kill me! Kill a woman!" when she was making time so Simon could escape.

In May 1822 Manuela joined Simon Bolivar and his soldiers on the battlefield. Manuela Saenz joined Simon Bolivar to liberate South America. Manuela is known as the mistress of Simon Bolivar.

Bolivar had a fever and only Saenz had read to Bolivar when he was sick with a fever, Simon Bolivar died. Saenz attempted to kill herself with a snake after Bolivar died, Saenz thought that no matter if Simon Bolivar died, his influence would never die because he gave so many people freedom. After Simon died she became a shopkeeper, Simon Bolivar had many lovers but it was only Saenz who he took with him into the most dangerous marches of the wars of independence in Latin America.

Manuela Saenz fighting for other countries' rights
--------------------------------------------------

Manuela went through inequality in her childhood and she wanted independence and a change. She was fighting battles in the 1820’s. She wore men’s clothes and a mustache from a dead Spanish soldier. Manuela Saenz acted like a nurse on the battlefield at Ayacucho,Ecuador. When the rebels won she earned a rank of lieutenant.

She worked as an officer, military hero, and spy in the 1800s she also acted as a nurse and a combatant spy expert, army general, mistress and protector of South America. When she was 26 she ran away from a convent and became a spy in Peru in the year 1822. After Simon Bolivar died his enemies send Manuela out of Colombia and send her to Peru. She Continued her political activity in Peru. People believed that women should not be involved in politics so it was easier for them to be smugglers and spies. When she was trying to get people's attention she sent letters to people of power. She was exiled because she was accused of trying to overthrow the government. In her letters she shows that women wanted to become involved with politics.
For other uses, see Code (disambiguation).
Code flags
A **code** is a way of changing information into something else. Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography. 
One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).

Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message. For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code. Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:

```
 SOS:   **···−−−···**
```

Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.

Some people write codes as a kind of game. They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them. Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.

The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm. To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.

Related pages
-------------

* Character encoding
Divisibility rules of whole numbers are very useful because they help us to quickly determine if a number can be divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10 without doing long division. This is especially useful when the numbers are large.

Divisibility Rule of 1
----------------------

Any integer that is not a fraction is divisible by 1.

Eg:- 23, 84, 974, 1023

Divisibility Rule of 2
----------------------

If a number is an even number or a number whose last digit is an even number.

Eg:-  0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Divisibility Rule of 3
----------------------

When the sum of all digits of a number is a multiple of 3.

Eg:- 516, 36, 119, 5502

Divisibility Rule of 4
----------------------

When the number formed by last 2 digits is divisible by 4.

Eg:- 92, 780, 52, 300

Divisibility Rule of 5
----------------------

When the ones digit of the number is either 0 or 5.

Eg:- 55, 125, 1000, 760

Divisibility Rule of 6
----------------------

A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3 also.

Eg:- 270, 630, 144, 42

Divisibility Rule of 7
----------------------

When the difference between twice the digits at ones place and the number formed by other digit is either zero or a multiple of 7.

Eg:- 1073, 98, 56, 140

Divisibility Rule of 8
----------------------

The number formed by last 3 digits is divisible by 8.

Eg:- 1792, 1824, 2000, 2880

Divisibility Rule of 9
----------------------

When the sum of all digits of a number is a multiple of 9.

Eg:- 51984, 2979, 9000, 135

Divisibility Rule of 10
-----------------------

When the ones digit is zero.

Eg:- 1000, 150, 670, 280
**Dieter "Quaster" Hertrampf** (born 29 November 1944 in Berlin, Nazi Germany) is a German guitarist and singer. He is a founding member of the rock band Puhdys.

Life and career
---------------

Dieter Hertrampf in 2013
Together with his parents and brother, Hertrampf grew up in Berlin-Friedrichshain. He still lives in Berlin. Hertrampf first learned guitar playing in 1959 by self-teaching himself. In 1960, he began training as a traffic draftsman and was also a member of a skiffle band. In 1961, he became a member of the *Homedia Combo*, before leaving the band after almost two years. He then played for a year with the band *Dieter-Frank-Combo*. In 1965, he was one of the founding members of the "Puhdys" with Peter Meyer, Udo Jacob and Harry Jeske. The "d" in the band name stands for "Dieter". He got his nickname "Quaster" from the other members of the band when he had trouble loading the The Shadows song *Quartermaster's Store*. Hertrampf began studying music at the Musikschule Friedrichshain and in 1968 joined the bands Gruppen Teisco-Quartett, Die Collins and the Uve Schikora Combo. After graduating from music school in 1969, he returned to the Puhdys, where he was lead guitarist and one of the singers until it ended in 2016. He sang the popular song by the Puhdys called *Alt wie ein Baum*, which was released in 1977.

In 1987, *Liebe Pur,* his first solo album, was released on the record label Amiga. After the Puhdys originally ended in 1989, he founded a lighting company and was co-owner of a nightclub. From 1992 he played again wirh the Puhdys. After the Puhdys ended, Dieter Hertrampf became dedicated to his solo projects "Ich bereue nichts", "Quaster & Friends" and "Quaster unplugged", with which he has traveled since 2016. He participates as a guest in various projects, such as "Bonfire and Friends" and "Ostrock meets Classic". Dieter Hertrampf is married to Liane Hertrampf. Together they have a daughter. Hertrampf's son Sven is a member of the drum band *Stamping Feet*. His son who is related to him via adoption, Carsten Mohren, was a musician with Rockhaus.

Discography (as a solo artist)
------------------------------

### Albums

* *Liebe pur* (1987)
* *Live – Aus dem Tivoli in Freiberg* (as Quaster, 2017)

### CD singles

* *136 Rosen* (2014)
* *Ich bereue nichts* (2014)

Awards
------

* Interpretenpreis mit den Puhdys – insgesamt neun Mal
* Kunstpreis der DDR mit den Puhdys – 1977
* „Goldener Lorbeer" mit den Puhdys – 1979
* Nationalpreis der DDR mit den Puhdys – 1982
* Deutscher Musikpreis *ECHO* mit den Puhdys – 2016

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dieter Hertrampf***.

* Offizielle Website
* Dieter Hertrampf on Discogs
The **Big Bad Wolf** is a wolf and a fictional villain in many fairy tales, such as *The Boy Who Cried Wolf*, *Little Red Riding Hood* and *The Three Little Pigs*.

Symbols
-------

Medieval people did not like wolves because wolves would eat their sheep and other animals, so sometimes the big bad wolf in the story is supposed to be a wolf and does not represent anything else. But other times the wolf is symbol for something else. There are two main ways to look at symbols in *Little Red Riding Hood*: In one, the girl Riding Hood is a symbol for the sun. She is eaten by the wolf, who is a symbol for winter or night. Little Red Riding Hood escaping from the wolf's belly is like the sun rising again the next day or spring coming again the next year. In the other, the wolf represents sex or rape. In French around the time *Little Red Riding Hood'* was written down, the figure of speech "she has seen the wolf" means "she has had sex and is not a virgin any more."

In folklore
-----------

### Aesop's Fables

* "The Boy Who Cried Wolf"
* "The Dog and the Wolf"
* "The Priest and the Wolf"
* "The Wolf and the Crane"
* "The Wolf and the Lamb"
* "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing"

### Grimm's Fairy Tales

* "Little Red Riding Hood"
* "The Wolf and the Fox"
* "The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids"

### English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs

* *The Three Little Pigs*

### Musical works by Sergei Prokofiev

* *Peter and the Wolf*

In other things
---------------

There are also modern versions of the Big Bad Wolf. For example, in the graphic novel series *Fables*, Bigby Wolf lives with other fairy tale characters who have run away to the real world and works as a detective.
Bungee jumping
**Bungee jumping** is an adventurous sport in which people jump from higher ground such as a bridge with an elastic rope tied to their ankles to stop them from hitting the ground. The rope is designed to stretch, not break. When the rope has stretched all the way, the jumper bounces back up. When people jump they wear safety equipment like helmets and a harness.

History
-------

It started as the coming-of-age ceremony in a small village on South Pentecost Island in Vanuatu. The young men jump from the top of a 30 meter high tree to demonstrate their courage as an adult. They tied jungle vines around their ankles so that they would not hit the ground.And from then it started to become a sport in which people take part and it was named bungee jumping .

Modern bungee jumping
---------------------

Karawau Bridge jumping site
Modern bungee jumping began when four British men jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1987 A.J.Hackett became world famous when he jumped from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Later he set up the Kawarau Bridge in New Zealand, with a height of 47 meters, as a commercial bungee jumping area. People could pay money for the fun of jumping. The idea quickly spread around the world.

Safety
------

Bungee jumping has several dangers. The rope has to be the right size for your weight, or it may break. The safety harness has to fit properly or the force of the drop could cause a person's bones to break. The rope has to be the right length or a person could hit the ground before being stopped by the rope.

Other websites
--------------

* AJ Hacketts official website Archived 2009-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Thiệu Trị** ([tʰiəw˧˨ʔ t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ]; 16 June, 1807 – 4 October, 1847), personal name **Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông**, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. His reign prolonged 7 years, from 1841 until his death in 1847.

Biography
---------

Emperor Thiệu Trị was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng; his mother was Empress Consort Tá Thiên Nhân (personal name Hồ Thị Hoa). He was born in Huế in 1807. Just 13 days after giving birth to Miên Tông, Empress Hồ Thị Hoa deceased, he was taken care by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Nhân Tuyên.

In 1830, Minh Mạng conferred *Duke of Trường Khánh* to Miên Tông. Thiệu Trị has many wifes and concubines, as well as children. The most famous wife of him was Empress Từ Dụ, mother of Tự Đức, the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty.

According to the recorded history, the eldest son of Thiệu Trị, Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo, didn't like studying at all. So he left the throne to his second son, Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (Emperor Tự Đức).
People of Warsaw in happy demonstration under British Embassy in Warsaw just after British declaration of state of war with Nazi Germany
The **Phoney War** was a name for the eight months during World War II from Poland being invaded in September 1939 to France being invaded in May 1940. 

During that time, there were no major military operations in Europe. The United Kingdom and French declared war and a blockade against Nazi Germany. Also, Germany did likewise by beginning the Battle of the Atlantic, and German submarines destroyed many Allied ships. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain. 

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. Both sides began to fight each other strongly again. Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies. The Americans remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by Lend-Lease of military equipment and supplies.
The **Wawel Dragon** is a well known Polish folktale. The dragon lived in a cave under Wawel Hill, on the banks of the Vistula River. Wawel Hill is in the city of Kraków, in Poland. 
The Wawel Cathedral and Kraków's castle are built on Wawel Hill. In the cathedral there is a statue of the dragon. The dragon's cave under the castle is now a popular tourist stop.

History
-------

The Wawel Dragon, from Sebastian Münster's *Cosmographie Universalis* (1544)
There are many versions of the folk tale. This is one of them.
A long, long time ago, when Prince Krak was the ruler of Kraków, many young girls kept on being lost, and no one in Kraków knew what had happened to them. It turned out that there was an evil dragon living in a big cave under Wawel Hill. The dragon was stealing farm animals and young girls. Prince Krak said: "The person who kills the dragon will get half of the country and will marry my daughter." Many brave soldiers tried to kill the dragon, but none of them could. Finally, a young shoe-maker came up with an idea! He filled a sheep's skin with salt and left it in front of the dragon’s cave. The greedy dragon saw the salt filled sheep and ate it in one bite. Soon he started to feel a burning pain in his stomach. The pain got worse. It burned more and more. Wanting water, he ran to the Vistula River and started to drink fast. He drank and drank but it was still burning. So he continued to drink, until he burst! The city was rid of the mean dragon, and the shoemaker got his prize from the ruler and married his daughter.

Wawel Dragon sculpture by Bronislaw Chromy
------------------------------------------

Image: Wawel Dragon
In 1970 a statue of the Wawel Dragon was placed in front of the dragon's den. It has six legs, and it breathes fire every few minutes.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Wawel Dragon at Wikimedia Commons
**Pardon Clarence Williams** (July 12, 1842 – January 18, 1925) was an American lawyer and judge.

Early life and career
---------------------

Pardon Williams was born on July 12, 1842 in Ellisburg, New York. His father was William Williams Jr. and his mother was Jerusha Plummer.

Williams went to school in Pierrepont Manor. Later, he went to the Union Academy in Fort Plain and the Clinton Liberal Institute in Clinton. He studied at St. Lawrence University for two years. He started to teach in 1856 when he was 14 years old and he tought for six years until 1862. Williams worked on his families farm in the summers when he was a teacher. In spring 1862, he moved to Watertown and started to study law in the law firm Hammond & Bigelow. Williams was admitted to the bar in October 1863. Then, he became a member of the law firm Hammond & Williams after Bigelow became an editor of the Watertown Daily Times. General Bradley Winslow joined the law firm later, and it was renamed to Hammond, Winslow & Williams. In 1867, he started to practice law without a law partner. In 1868, he was elected district attorney of Jefferson County, and he served two terms until 1875. In March 1874, he became partners with Judge John C. McCartin and Williams.

Later life
----------

In 1883, Williams was elected as a justice of the New York Supreme Court in the 5th Judicial District, and he started on June 1, 1884. His term ended in 1898. In 1895, Governor Levi P. Morton made Williams an associate justice of the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, First Judicial Department in New York City. He left the Appellate Division when his term ended in 1898. The local people didn't like that he had to leave his district for New York City, so he promised to stay in the Fifth Judicial District. In 1900, he became an associate justice of the Fourth Department of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, which included New York City. Williams retired in 1912.

He was the judge for many murder trials, like for Roxana Druse. Williams had a reputation for being fair, and Governor Roswell P. Flower chose him as the judge for the trial of Bartholomew Shea and John McGough for the murder of Robert Ross.

Williams was an important member of the Republican Party in Jefferson County. He was a director of the Agricultural Insurance Company in Watertown. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, the New York State Bar Association, and the American Bar Association. He attended the Trinity Episcopal Church.

Personal life and death
-----------------------

He married Sarah E. Hewitt on September 9, 1868. Their children were Edith, Robert Plummer, and Marguitte. His son Robert was a clerk for Pardon. Williams died at his home on January 18, 1925. He was buried in Brookside Cemetery in Watertown.

Other websites
--------------

* Pardon Clarence Williams at Find a Grave
* Pardon C. Williams, First Department
* Pardon C. Williams, Fourth Department
Nonbinary people are people who do not all into their assigned sex. They are not either solely male or female and can be called many different things such as genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, bigender and demigender. Discrimination against people who do not identify as nonbinary is both a type of sexism and a type of transphobia. Many nonbinary people experience discrimination in their social lives, workplace, health treatment, and legal system.

Social Discrimination
---------------------

A study by the *National LGBTQ Task Force* in 2012 showed that nonbinary people are significantly more likely to experience physical assault, police harassment, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and bullying than their binary peers. Black, Asian, and multi-racial people are more likely to identify as nonbinary. Nonbinary people are also generally young (below 45) and more highly educated. Nonbinary people were also shown to be more likely to be in poverty. They are also more likely to have attempted suicide than binary people. A 2016 study by *The Journal of Sex Research* showed that misgendering someone is a common form of discrimination.

Workplace Discrimination
------------------------

Trans people in the USA are twice as likely as cisgender people to be unemployed. The *LGBTQ+ Task Force* found that almost all nonbinary people have experienced discrimination at work. They discovered that coming out as nonbinary decreases employment prospects compared to binary people. A 2012 study by the *Center for American Progress* showed that a third of LGBTQ+ employees felt forced into traditional gender roles to keep their jobs. It also discovered that a fourth of nonbinary people were denied bathroom access because of their gender identity. A fifth of nonbinary people reported losing their jobs because of transphobia and nearly all nonbinary people experience transphobia on the job. Most nonbinary people who transitioned in the workplace were glad they did, despite increased discrimination.
**Nana Saheb** (19 May 1824 – 24 September 1859), born as **Dhondu Pant**, was an Indian Peshwa of the Maratha empire. An aristocrat and fighter, he led the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the 1857 uprising. 

As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, Nana Sahib believed that he should get a pension from the English East India Company, but he didnt get one and joined the mutiny.

Role in the 1857 uprising
-------------------------

Nana Sahib won the confidence of Charles Hillersdon, the Collector of Kanpur. It was planned that Nana Sahib would assemble a force of 1,500 soldiers to support the British, in case the rebellion spread to Cawnpore.

On 6 June 1857, at the time of the rebellion by forces of the East India Company at Cawnpore, the British contingent had taken refuge at an entrenchment in the northern part of the town. Amid the prevailing chaos in Cawnpore, Nana and his forces entered the British magazine in the northern part of the town. However, once he entered the magazine, Nana Sahib announced that he was a participant in the rebellion against the Company, and intended to be a vassal of Bahadur Shah II.

After taking possession of the Company treasury, Nana advanced up the Grand Trunk Road stating that he wanted to restore the Maratha confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, and decided to capture Cawnpore. On his way, Nana met the rebel Company soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were on their way to Delhi, to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana wanted them to go back to Cawnpore, and help him defeat the British. The soldiers were reluctant at first, but decided to join Nana when he promised to double their pay and reward them with gold, if they were to destroy the British entrenchment.

He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Cawnpore. He went to the Nepal Hills where he probably died on 24 September 1859.
The **2018 Atlantic hurricane season** was a near-normal season but above-average in terms of ACE and it had 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes in which tropical cyclones were formed in the Northern Hemisphere at the Atlantic basin. It happens yearly, and the hurricane season officially started on June 1, and officially ended on November 30.

Subtropical Storm Alberto in late May was the first storm of the season that formed on May 25. This was the fourth consecutive season in which storms form before the official start of the hurricane season. Beryl became the first hurricane of the season in early July. Florence became the first major hurricane of the season on September 5. Michael became the second major hurricane of the season on October 9, and a day later, it became the third-most intense hurricane to make landfall in the United States in terms of pressure, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille of 1969. As Michael became a Category 5, 2018 became a third consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane (Matthew in 2016; Irma and Maria in 2017). This season is the first on record to see seven storms that were subtropical at some point in their lifetimes (Alberto, Beryl, Debby, Ernesto, Joyce, Leslie, and Oscar). The season ended with Hurricane Oscar on October 31.

Hurricanes Florence and Helene, with Tropical Storm Isaac and Subtropical Storm Joyce, on September 12.

Timeline
--------

Storm names
-----------

The following list of names will be used for naming storms that will be formed in the North Atlantic in 2018. Any retired names will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in the spring of 2019. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2024 season. This is the same list used in the 2012 season, with the exception of the name Sara which replaced Sandy.

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Alberto
* Beryl
* Chris
* Debby
* Ernesto
* Florence
* Gordon

  | * Helene
* Isaac
* Joyce
* Kirk
* Leslie
* Michael
* Nadine

  | * Oscar
* Patty *(unused)*
* Rafael *(unused)*
* Sara *(unused)*
* Tony *(unused)*
* Valerie *(unused)*
* William *(unused)*
 |

### Retirement

The storm names *Florence* and *Michael* were retired by the World Meteorological Organization on March 20, 2019, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They will be replaced with *Francine* and *Milton* for the 2024 season, respectively.


| * v
* t
* e
2010–19 Atlantic hurricane seasons |
| --- |
| Previous: 2009 **·**  2010 **·**  2011 **·**  2012 **·**  2013 **·**  2014 **·**  2015 **·**  2016 **·**  2017 **·**  2018 **·**  2019 Next: 2020 |
**Alex Chernov** AC QC (born 12 May 1938) was the Governor of Victoria from 2011 through 2015.

Early life
----------

Chernov was born in Lithuania to Russian parents, and moved with his family to Salzburg, Austria where he started school. In 1949 his family moved to Australia and he completed his schooling at Melbourne High School. He studied commerce (business) and law at the University of Melbourne during the 1960s.

Career
------

Chernov became a barrister in 1968, practising mostly in commercial law and equity. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He was Chairman of the Victorian Bar 1985–86, Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association 1986–87 and President of the Law Council of Australia 1990–91. He was Vice President of LawAsia 1995–1997.

He wrote a book with Robert Brooking AO, *Tenancy Law and Practice: Victoria* (1972) and edited the second edition (1980).

In May 1997 he was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and in October 1998 to the Court of Appeal. He retired in February 2008.

He was elected the 20th Chancellor of the University of Melbourne in January 2009, serving in that office until he resigned to become Governor of Victoria.

Vice-regal office
-----------------

On 21 February 2011, it was announced that he would become the 28th Governor of Victoria. He took officee on 8 April 2011.

Personal life
-------------

Chernov is married with three children.

Honours
-------

Chernov was appointed Queen's Counsel in and for the State of Victoria in 1980.

Chernov was created an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours list for service to the law and education.

On 26 January 2011, Chernov was named a Companion of the Order of Australia.

Other websites
--------------

* University of Melbourne biography Archived 2011-03-02 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
**Governors of Victoria** |
| --- |
| Before Federation | 
* Hotham
* Barkly
* Darling
* Viscount Canterbury
* Bowen
* Marquess Normanby
* Loch
* Hope
* Brassey
* Clarke

 |  |
| After Federation | 
* Talbot
* Gibson-Carmichael
* Fuller
* Stanley
* Earl Stradbroke
* Lord Somers
* Lord Huntingfield
* Dugan
* Brooks
* Delacombe
* Winneke
* Murray
* McCaughey
* McGarvie
* Gobbo
* Landy
* de Kretser
* Chernov

 |
**Camillo Jerusalem** (3 April 1914 – 1 August 1979) was an Austrian football player. He played for Austria Wien, for different clubs in France and Servette and Grenchen in Switzerland as forward.

Career
------

At the age of fourteen, Camillo Jerusalem played as a center forward in the first team of the small club Falke. At the age of 16 he went to Landstrasse Amateure in the third league. After six months he went to FK Austria Wien. Camillo Jerusalem won his first title in 1935 when Austria beat WAC 5-1 in the ÖFB Cup final. In the following season, the cup triumph was repeated versus First Vienna FC.

After the annexation of Austria in 1938, he left Austria Wien. He went to FC Sochaux in France. After the end of the war in 1945 Camillo Jerusalem returned to Vienna. He was immediately called by Karl Zankl in the Austrian national team before he had even played a league match for Austria. After six months in Vienna he was called back to FC Sochaux. From 1946 to 1947 he played for CO Roubaix Tourcoing and became French champion. After a year at SR Colmarhe moved to RCFC Besançon in Division 2 in 1949. After a few months he went to Servette FC Genève, where he won the Swiss championship in 1950. In 1951, Camillo Jerusalem became a player-coach for FC Grenchen, which had been relegated to the second division. He brought the club back to the National League A in the very first season by winning relegation.

International
-------------

He debuted for the Austrian national football team on 17 May 1936 in a 2-2 away draw versus Italy. His last match was on 6 December 1945 in a 4-1 win versus France. He played 12 matches and scored 6 goals.

Honours
-------

* 1 × Mitropacup: 1936
* 1 × France champion: 1947
* 1 × Swiss champion: 1950
* 1 × Austrian champion:1937
* 2 × Austrian Cup: 1935, 1936
* 12 matches and 6 goals for theAustrian national football team 1936-1945

Other websites
--------------

* Austria Wien archive (in German)
* Camillo Jerusalem at National-Football-Teams.com