recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **license** (in American English) or **licence** (in British English) allows someone to do something that they otherwise are not allowed to do. A person usually has to pay some money, and maybe pass a test to get a license. A license is usually written but it does not have to be. Most kinds of licenses can only be used by the person they were given to. Licenses may be temporary or permanent. Some licenses can not be taken away once they are given. A person with a license is called a **licensee**.

In many countries, if a person tries to do something without the correct license to do it, they might have to pay a fine or go to prison.

Examples of licenses
--------------------

There are many different types of licenses.

### Driver's license

The laws of most countries say that people are only allowed to drive cars if they have a driver's license. If a person does not have a license, they may have to pay a fine if they are caught by the police. In many countries, a person must take a test and pay money to get a license. The test would check that they know the road rules, and have the skill to drive a car.

### Hunting license

Other licenses give permission to shoot animals (often called a hunting license). The hunting license usually says when a person may hunt. A hunter may have to pass a test to show that they understand the rules about hunting.

### Television licence

In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, if someone has a television set, they must buy a "television licence" every year.

### Copyright licenses

Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a creative work the right to decide what other people can do with it. A person or a company can give a license to a copyright that they own. So in order for another person to use an owner's copyright they need permission from the owner. For example, when someone buys computer software, they also need a license from the creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing the buyer to use the software.

Difference between license and licence
--------------------------------------

"License" is a verb and "licence" is a noun. "Licensing sessions" were the meetings of magistrates which decided about giving licences to sell alcohol. 

In American English there is no difference in spelling between the verb "to license" meaning to give permission, and the noun "a license" meaning the permission to do something.

Distinction between a licence and a qualification
-------------------------------------------------

A degree in medicine is a qualification showing a person has successfully studied medicine. It is awarded for life. A licence to practice medicine is a legal permission to do so within the territory covered by the licensing authority. The licence may be taken away ('revoked') in certain situations.

Related pages
-------------

* Copyright
* Patent
* Trademark
A **paralegal** is the professional of legal science that performs as part of a legal assistance system. Paralegals know the law, and they use their knowledge to help people who are charged with a crime, people who want to charge someone with a crime, people who want to sue someone, and people who are being sued. Paralegals are similar to lawyers, but not as educated in the law. They sometimes only do what lawyers ask them to do, but can sometimes work alone.

Some companies hire paralegals instead of lawyers, because they are less expensive to hire. Paralegals go to school for a shorter amount of time than lawyers do, and they do not make as much money.

Education
---------

Most paralegals go to school for two to four years. They learn about different kinds of law, such as business law, criminal law, and civil law. They also learn how to work with lawyers, how to create contracts and other official agreements, and how to do research well.

Pay
---

Paralegals normally make around $48,000 a year. They can make as little as $35,000 a year, or as much as $60,000 a year.
**Lichtenfels** is a town in the Upper Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, the administrative seat of Lichtenfels district. It is mainly known as the German "Basket City".

Geography
---------

It is on the upper path of the river Main, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Coburg, and 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Bamberg. The hilly landscape is called *Gottesgarten am Obermain* ("God's garden on the upper Main"), referring to the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and Banz Abbey. The Maintal (valley of the Main) goes from East to West. The most important cities of the district are Burgkunstadt, Bad Staffelstein and the district city of Lichtenfels. The Rodach river, a tributary of the Main, runs through the area and reaches its greatest width in the northern part between Hochstadt am Main and Lichtenfels.

The district of Lichtenfels is in the western part of the government region (*Regierungsbezirk*) of Oberfranken (Upper Franconia). It is surrounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Coburg, Kronach, Kulmbach, Bayreuth and Bamberg.

The southern edge of the Main stretches up to the mountain range of the Franconian Jura (Fränkische Alb) below the Staffelberg close to Bad Staffelstein. The northern edge of the Main stretches up to the Itz-Baunach Highlands.

### Administrative division

The town is divided into several districts:

Buch am Forst, Degendorf, Eichig, Gnellenroth, Hammer, Isling, Klosterlangheim, Kösten, Köttel, Krappenroth, Lahm, Mistelfeld, Mönchkröttendorf, Oberlangheim, Oberwallenstadt, Reundorf, Roth, Rothmannsthal, Schney, Schönsreuth, Seehof, Seubelsdorf, Stetten, Stöcken, Tiefenroth, Trieb, Unterwallenstadt und Weingarten.

Twin towns – sister cities
--------------------------

Lichtenfels is twinned with:

* Italy Ariccia, Italy (2004)
* France Cournon-d'Auvergne, France (1992)
* Scotland Prestwick, Scotland, United Kingdom (1974)
* United States Vandalia, United States (1975)
**S. H. Kress & Co.** was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. **Kress Stores** were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.

The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.

Other websites
--------------

* Main Street Five-and-Dime: The Architectural Heritage of S. H. Kress & Co. Archived 2006-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
* The Kress Building in Fort Worth, Texas Archived 2006-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Remembering the House of Kress Archived 2006-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
The **Lyside Sulphur** or **Guayacan Sulphur** (***Kricogonia lyside***) is a North American and South American butterfly. It is in the family Pieridae. In seasons with heavy monsoons, this butterfly is seen in large migrations. These migrations are common in Texas. They are less common in the southwest. It sometimes lives in southern Florida.

Description
-----------

Lyside Sulphur variation. The top row shows the upper side of the wings. The bottom row shows the underside of the wings.
The coloring of the Lyside Sulphur varies. The upper side of the wings is pale yellow. It usually has a black bar on the top edge of the hind wing (the bottom wing). There is normally a bright yellow patch near the base (where the wing connects to the body) of the fore wing (the top wing). Some individuals also have black borders along the top edges of the fore wing. The underside of the wings varies. They vary from a greenish color to bright yellow to almost white. Greener individuals have a whitish vein in the center of the hind wing. The fore wing has a bright yellow basal patch. The wingspan is 1.5 to 2.38 in. (3.8 to 6 cm.).

Similar species
---------------

Similar species in the Lyside Sulphur's range include Queen Alexandra's Sulphur (*Colias alexandra*), the Cloudless Sulphur (*Phoebis sennae*), and the Statira Sulphur (*Phoebis statira*).

Queen Alexandra's Sulphur has more yellow on the underside of the fore wing. It has a whitish spot in the center of the hind wing.

The Cloudless Sulphur is larger. It is much more yellow.

The Statira Sulphur has a more yellowish upper side. The underside of the wings is pale greenish to white. Females have light pinkish markings.

Flight period
-------------

This butterfly is seen almost all year in southern Texas. It is seen from early July to mid November in Arizona. In Florida, there have been scattered sightings from July to October.

Habitat
-------

The Lyside Sulphur may be found in open, subtropical scrub habitats.

Life cycle
----------

The caterpillar varies often. It's varies from green to blackish-green. It may have markings or may not have markings. Marked individuals normally have stripes on the top and sides of their bodies. It is the only caterpillar to feed on *Guaiacum sanctum*. The chrysalis is a bluish-green color. The Lyside Sulphur can grow from egg to adult in as little as 13 days. It has 3 or more broods per year in southern Texas.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the Lyside Sulphur caterpillar eats:

* *Guaiacum angustifolium* - Texas lignum-vitae
* *Guaiacum sanctum* - Lignum vitae
The **Narragansett people** are a Native American tribe from present-day Rhode Island. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands cultures. Their language is part of the Algonquian language group. There were eight groups. Each group had a chief (sachem). They had subsistence farming. They farmed corn, did fishing and hunting. The Narragansett was an important tribe in New England. Narragansett did not die from European diseases. The English Puritan Roger Williams got land from the Narragansett. He created Providence Plantations. The Narragansett allied with the New England colonists during the Pequot War. They fought against colonists during King Philips War (1675-1676). Ninigret was the chief of Narragansett during King Philip's War. Many Narragansetts were killed. Many remaining Narragansett settled in Canada and New York. In *Carcieri v. Salazar*, the Supreme Court did not give the Natives any land in Rhode Island. Today, the US government recognizes the people as the **Narragansett Indian Tribe**.

Narragansett tribal territory
**Luton** is a large town in Bedfordshire, England. It is about 30 miles (48 km) north of London. It is on the M1 motorway and has mainline trains from King's Cross and St Pancras stations. It is an industrial town which has diversified from its original base as a manufacturer of hats and cars. It is also famous for its airport which serves flights across Europe. Its fine communications means it has many people who commute to work in London. It has a population of 213,052 (mid-2019 estimate).

History
-------

Luton was started in about the 6th century by the Saxons, based by the River Lea. It has a history of industry: making hats and Vauxhall cars for example.

Politics
--------

Luton is a unitary authority, which means it is governed locally by its own council, Luton Borough Council. It is represented by two members of parliament.

Sport
-----

Its football club is in the English football league and play at Kenilworth Road. Their nickname is 'The Hatters'. They are called this because of Luton's history of making straw hats.

People
------

Luton town has a large immigrant population, which consists mainly of people of Pakistani and Bengali origin.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
 ***Luton***  (category)

* Luton Airport
* Luton Town F.C.
* Vauxhall Motors

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| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Germany
* Czech Republic

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

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***Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga*** is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider *Plesiometa argyra*. The wasp modifies the spider's web building behavior to make a web of very strong lines. This supports the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

Reproduction
------------

The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva. The larva sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior.

When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider. This causes the spider to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made. Then the spider sits still in the middle of the web.

The wasp larva then moults, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.
**Leishmania** is a protist
organism which causes Leishmaniasis. It is a Trypanosomatid parasite in the Euglenozoa phylum.

It is spread by sandflies of the genus *Phlebotomus* in the Old World, and of the genus *Lutzomyia* in the New World. 

Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 98 countries.
The parasite was named in 1903 after the Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman.

Diseases
--------

The parasite causes three kinds of disease. Each type of disease is caused by different species of the parasite.

1. Skin disease: the *Oriental sore*
2. Mucous membrane leishmaniasis: can be fatal
3. Visceral disease of the liver and spleen, and anaemia. So-called *kala-azar*

Structure
---------

*Leishmania* have a lipophosphoglycan coat on the outside of the cell. This is a trigger for toll-like receptor 2, a signalling receptor which triggers an innate immune response in mammals. The parasite can withstand the counter-attack by the immune system. There are treatments, which consist in helping the immune system to respond.

Life cycle of *Leishmania*
**Middlesex** is a 2003 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel written in Berlin by Greek-American author Geoffrey Eugenides. The main themes of the novel are: sociogenetism versus biogenetism, the motif of rebirth; the themes of following the American Dream and exploiting gender roles are also revealed. The novel contains many allusions to ancient Greek mythology, such as the images of the Minotaur (an anthropomorphic creature with the head of a bull) and the Chimera (a creature made up of many parts of other animals).

The book is a bestseller, with over a million copies sold as of March 2011. Despite the fact that the novel is not an autobiography in the strict sense of the word, many small details of the narrative outline were taken from the life of the author himself, which he learned about in the process of studying the Greek part of his ancestry. The idea to create such a work came to Eugenides in 1980 while reading the memoirs of Herculine Barbin (eng. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite), after which he decided to give his own interpretation of the description of the anatomical structure and emotions of intersexes.

Plot
----

The narrator and main protagonist of the novel, Cal Stefanidis, originally named "Kalli" (short for "Calliope"), is an intersex male of Greek origin with a 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome, as a result of which he is a male with a female appearance (or rather: a character has a female phenotype with a male karyotype). 

The first half of the novel tells readers about Cal's family, mainly about the migration of his paternal grandparents to the United States from Bursa, a city in Anatolia, in 1922. What follows is their assimilation into American society in Detroit, Michigan, during the city's industrial boom. The second half of the novel, which is set in the late 20th century, focuses on Cal's life journey in his native Detroit and his subsequent escape to San Francisco, where he settles into his new guise, recognizing his male gender identity.
Flat knitting by hand
**Knitting** creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine.

Types of knitting
-----------------

### Flat knitting

Flat knitting, which is usually done on two straight needles, makes a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets, scarves, and the backs, fronts, and sides of sweaters.

### Circular knitting

See the main article: circular knitting
Circular knitting, which is done on circular needles, or needles that have points on both ends, produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats, socks, mittens, rings, and sleeves.

### Cable knitting

See the main article: cable knitting
Patterns called *cables* are typically used on sweaters, particularly on fancy Aran sweaters from Ireland.
Different kinds of stitches create different patterns in knitting. For example, the stretchy ends of knitted sleeves are called *ribbing*.

Materials
---------

Circular, straight, and double-pointed needles
### Yarn

See the main article: yarn
Yarn for knitting can be made from any number of natural or synthetic (man made) fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.

Yarns come in many thicknesses or *weights* from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, Aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles, and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles.

### Needles

Knitting needles come in various shapes: straight, double-pointed, cable, and circular. They can be made from bamboo, aluminum, steel, or plastic.
**Linear Tape-Open** (LTO) is a magnetic tape data storage technology. It stores digital data on a half-inch magnetic tape inside a removable cartridge. It is commonly used for backup and archival of data on servers and workstations. LTO can store any type of digital data, for example computer programs, databases, video, audio, images, websites, or text. It can store multiple types of data on the same tape. For example, a single tape could be used to backup a photography company's pictures and videos as well as their website, emails, and customer database.

LTO tapes are read and written to with a tape drive. This is typically connected to a computer using serial attached SCSI, although some tape drives use Fibre Channel. LTO drives are very expensive, but the tapes are much cheaper than an equivalent-sized hard drive or optical disc. Unlike many other tape formats, LTO cartridges contain only a single reel of tape. The other reel is inside the drive. This means that the tape must be rewound before it can be removed from the drive. This makes the cartridge smaller because it does not need to contain an empty reel. It also makes the drives more expensive because they must contain a mechanically complex mechanism to pull the tape out of the cartridge and thread it onto the takeup reel. Unlike most other tape drives, LTO drives do not have a rotating head drum, and do not use helical scan. The head writes tracks in a straight line, like a reel-to-reel audio recorder. This is where the name comes from. The head can, however, move up and down to write multiple tracks to the tape. This is similar to the way an 8 track tape works, although since the head is much smaller, an LTO tape can have hundreds or thousands of tracks (up to 8960 tracks for LTO-9). This allows many terabytes of data (up to 18 TB for LTO-9) to be stored on a single tape.

LTO tapes have an expected lifespan of about 30 years, which is longer than hard drives (5-10 years), but not as long as the best gold-plated optical discs (100-1000 years). LTO drives are only backward-compatible by two generations, whereas the latest Blu-ray drives can read the oldest CDs from the 1980s, making optical media a better solution for very long-term archival. LTO tapes should be stored at 15-25ºC and away from sources of magnetic fields, such as TVs and computer monitors, loudspeakers, or motors.
**Maynard James Keenan** (born **James Herbert Keenan** on April 17, 1964) is an American rock singer, songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in the band Tool, and also in the band A Perfect Circle. He has a side project called Puscifer.

Early life
----------

James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.

### The Army

Keenan's photo in a United States Military Academy Preparatory School yearbook (class of 1984)
Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.

### Art

After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.

Music career
------------

Keenan started playing music soon after leaving art school. He and Adam Jones formed Tool. Keenan formed A Perfect Circle in 1999. They had 4 albums: *Mer De Noms*, *The Thirteenth Step*, *eMOTIVe* and *Eat the Elephant*. He then left again to be with his family. He now has a vineyard where he makes wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer. Tool released an album in 2019 named *Fear Inoculum*.

### Tool

Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

Other websites
--------------

* MaynardJamesKeenan.com, currently redirecting to the Puscifer website
* Maynard James Keenan on IMDb
* Wine Spectator Online Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, where Maynard maintains a running blog about wine collecting and winemaking.
Mission La Purísima Concepción
The **California missions** were made by Spain and were located in Alta California, now known as just California. The purpose of these missions were to bring Christianity to the natives. Many of the cities you see today in California are named after the missions. Spain sent priests and soldiers to build the missions. The leader of the priests was Junipero Serra. They often used violence to force the natives into helping to build their missions. Other times they would bribe the natives, promising to give them spices and money. The natives were forced to stay at the missions until their training was complete. As a result, many natives tried to escape. These natives were brought back to the mission, beaten, and punished. The soldiers would often beat the natives in public to show the natives what would be done if they didn't follow the rules. The end of the mission era in Alta California was after Mexico was finally free from Spain. Mexico decided that they would close down the missions. Today, the missions of California are used as wedding places, churches, and museums.

The 21 missions of California are listed in order by the date that they were made.

1. (1769) Mission San Diego de Alcalá
2. (1770) Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
3. (1771) Mission San Antonio de Padua
4. (1771) Mission San Gabriel
5. (1772) Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
6. (1776) Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
7. (1776) Mission San Juan Capistrano
8. (1777) Mission Santa Clara de Asís
9. (1782) Mission San Buenaventura
10. (1786) Mission Santa Barbara
11. (1787) Mission La Purísima Concepción
12. (1791) Mission Santa Cruz
13. (1791) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
14. (1797) Mission San José
15. (1797) Mission San Juan Bautista
16. (1797) Mission San Miguel Arcángel
17. (1797) Mission San Fernando Rey de España
18. (1798) Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
19. (1804) Mission Santa Inés
20. (1817) Mission San Rafael Arcángel
21. (1823) Mission San Francisco Solan
**Mission: Impossible** was an American spy television series that originally aired on CBS from September 17, 1966 to March 30, 1973. The first season starred Steven Hill as Dan Briggs. From the second season on it starred Peter Graves as Jim Phelps. The show was a creation of Bruce Geller. The music was composed by Lalo Schifrin.

Plot
----

The series is about an elite group that specializes in intelligence. In addition to Hill (first season) and Graves (second and following seasons), the other group members were played by Martin Landau (Rollin Hand, expert in disguise), Barbara Bain (seductress Cinnamon Carter, the bait to lure rivals), Greg Morris (Barney Collier, electronics expert), and Peter Lupus (Willy Armitage, the strong man). Landau and Bain left after the third season. In the fourth season, Leonard Nimoy joined the cast as Paris. Later cast members included Lee Meriwether (who guest-starred in 8 episodes as Tracey), Lesley Ann Warren as Dana Lambert, and Sam Elliott as Doug Robert. The last episode aired March 30, 1973.

*Mission: Impossible* 1988
--------------------------

*Mission: Impossible* 1988-1990 was an ABC TV series. Peter Graves again played Jim Phelps. The co-stars in this version were Thaao Penghlis as Nicholas Black, Tony Hamilton as Max Harte, Phil Morris as Grant Collier. Greg Morris and Linda Day George from the first series also appeared.

Bob Johnson was the voice on the tape.

Related pages
-------------

* *Mission: Impossible* -1996 movie
* *Mission: Impossible II* - 2000 movie

Other websites
--------------

* *Mission: Impossible (1966)* on IMDb
* *Mission: Impossible (1988)* on IMDb
**Omid Djalili** (Persian: امید جلیلی) (born 30 September 1965) is a British actor, comedian and writer.

Early life
----------

Djalili was born on 30 September 1965 in Chelsea, London, to Iranian Bahá'í parents. He is a member of the Bahá'í religion. He went to Holland Park School and then the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, to study English and Theatre Studies. As a Bahá'í, he signed a letter to the leaders of Iran saying that they way they treated Bahá'í people was very bad.

Career
------

His first good comedy job was at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1995, with his act "Short, Fat Kebab Shop Owner's Son". His next success was in 1996 with "The Arab and the Jew". He said he was the only Iranian comedian, which was still "three more than Germany". His jokes are often about different religions and the funny differences. He has energy on stage and his good pretend voices, together with political jokes mixed with strange belly dancing.

Some countries he has performed in include Australia, Denmark, Canada, Ireland and the United States. *The Observer* said he was one of the top 50 funny people in British comedy. In 2005 he went on the British car television programme *Top Gear* as a special guest driver. The same year he also did stand up comedy for *Comic Relief*, a British television programme where people are funny to raise money for poor people. Also that year he had the biggest number of tickets sold for the Edinburgh Festival box office, which was 16,500 sales.

On 17 November 2007, his own television programme started on BBC One, which is a mix of him talking and showing short funny films. A second series started on 20 April 2009.

Other websites
--------------

* Omid Djalili on IMDb


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Omid Djalili***.
**Mikoyan** is a Russian company that designs fighter airplanes. The company was first formed in December 1939 as a design office called Mikoyan-Gurevich or MiG, this was because its designers were Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich. Mikoyan will join other Russian airplane companies in a new company called United Aircraft Corporation.

History
-------

In 1939 Russia was part of the Soviet Union and was communist. In the Soviet communist system there were two types of airplane companies, companies that designed aircraft known as design offices or OKB, and companies that made airplanes called zavods. Artom Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich had been designers in another design office helping a designer called Nikolai Polikarpov. One airplane design that Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich worked on at Polikarpov was called the I-200. When Nikolai Polikarpov lost the trust of the Soviet leader Stalin, Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were given the I-200 design to finish. This airplane was given a new name and was called the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1. As it was being made, ways to make the MiG-1 into a better airplane were found and airplanes with these changes became known as the MiG-3 and later the MiG-7. However even with changes the MiG fighter airplanes were not as good as the fighter airplanes designed by the design offices of Lavochkin or Yakovlev.

After World War II Mikoyan-Gurevich designed jet aircraft. In the Soviet system the airplane designs of the design offices would compete to see which was the best. When the best design had been found the design would be built by the airplane manufacturing company. Even though Mikoyan-Gurevich airplanes in World War II had not been as good as airplanes by Lavochkin or Yakovlev. Mikoyan-Gurevich jet aircraft won more of the competitions to be sent to the zavods and in the time of the Cold War Mikoyan-Gurevich, together with another design office called Sukhoi, became one of the two most important design offices of fighter planes in the Soviet Union.

In the Soviet system decisions were made to protect the government from its own soldiers. In many countries there is only one airforce, the Soviet Union had five airforces. Two of these airforces were the main users of Soviet fighter airplanes. One airforce was called *PVO Strany*, this airforce was used to defend the cities and land of the Soviet Union. One airforce was called *Frontal Aviation*, this airforce was used to defend the Soviet Union's ground soldiers against enemy fighter airplanes, and to attack enemy ground forces. Mikoyan-Gurevich became the main designer of aircraft for *Frontal Aviation*.

Aircraft made
-------------

Mikoyan has designed the following airplanes:

* Mikoyan MiG-1
* Mikoyan MiG-3 (also called MiG-7)
* MiG DIS
* MiG-9 Fargo
* MiG-15 Fagot
* MiG-17 Fresco
* MiG-19 Farmer
* MiG-21 Fishbed
* MiG-23 Flogger
* MiG-25 Foxbat
* MiG-27 Flogger
* MiG-29 Fulcrum
* MiG-31 Foxhound

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| --- |
| International | 
* FAST

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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**Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro** is an American television analyst and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.

Life
----

D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.

He bagan working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 1979. While working for the FBI, D'Amuro learn much about bank robberies, fraud, organized crime, drug trafficing and similar crimes.

After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, he focused his research on terrorist attacks. After this, he was involved with the research of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, the 2000 USS *Cole* bombing in Aden, Yemen, and the attacks on September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Over time, he became a leading expert on al-Qaeda.

After the attacks of September 11, D'Amuro became the assistant director of the counterterrorism division of the FBI. He made changes that led to better exchange of information between the FBI, CIA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. He is also responsible for the creation of the *Terrorism Watch List*. It is a combination of the information of many different agencies.

In August 2003, he became director of the FBI office in New York. It is the largest FBI office. At this time, he held the third highest position in the FBI. At this time, he began giving public lectures often on the changes that had been made at the FBI since September 11. In March 2005, he left the FBI after a service of 26 years.

After leaving the FBI, he became director of Nine Thirty Capital Management and chairman of the board of Giuliani Security & Safety. In March 2006 he became a commissary of Mercy College. In April 2008, he became the director of American Defense Systems.

D'Amuro is often on the television network CNN as a senior analyst.

Honors
------

D'Amuro has been given several awards. These include the Presidential Rank Award of the FBI. In 2004, he was given an honorary doctorate in law from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, New York. In 2009, D'Amuro got a Four Freedoms Award in the category *Freedom from fear*.
**Macropods** are marsupials belonging to the family **Macropodidae**. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

Physical description
--------------------

Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars. 

The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.

Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

Fossil record
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Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old. 

  



Wikispecies has information on: ***Macropodidae***.
**Leszek Kołakowski** Warsaw, Poland, 23 October 2007
**Leszek Kołakowski** - (October 23 1927 — July 17 2009) was a Polish philosopher, who worked mainly in the history of philosophy, history of political ideas and philosophy of religion, essayist, journalist and novelist. He was born in Radom, south of Warsaw in 1927 and died in Oxford, England in 2009. Kolakowski published more than 30 books during his 50-year writing career. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland’s highest honor, and the MacArthur Foundation fellowship.

Works
-----

In 2003 he became the first recipient of the United States Library of Congress’s $1 million John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Humanities and Social Sciences, given in fields where there are no Nobel Prizes. In announcing the prize, James H. Billington, the librarian of Congress, noted not only Mr. Kolakowski's scholarship but also his "demonstrable importance to major political events in his own time," adding that "his voice was fundamental for the fate of Poland, and influential in Europe as a whole." His work inspired the Solidarity movement in Poland.

In his younger days he was a communist. But he could see the problems with the Soviet type of speech control. In *72 definitions of What Socialism is not* he said "Socialism is not: a society in which one man is in trouble for saying what he thinks, while another is well-off because he does not say what he has on his mind; a society in which a man lives better if he doesn't have any thoughts of his own at all; a state which has more spies than nurses and more people in prison than in hospital; a state in which the philosophers and writers always say the same as the generals and ministers – but always after they've said it…".

Selected works
--------------

* *Main currents of Marxism*. (1978) 2005. 3 vols, New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32943-8
* *Modernity on endless trial*. 1990. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45046-9; ISBN 978-0-226-45045-2
* *Freedom, fame, lying, and betrayal: essays on everyday life*. 1999. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-140-28044-9
The **Myers-Briggs Type Indicator** (**MBTI**) is a set of questions based on psychology. By answering the questions, people can learn about how they tend to make choices. They can also learn about how they view the world. After answering the questions in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, people are placed in one of sixteen groups. These groups are based on theories by Carl Gustav Jung in his book *Psychological Types* (1921).

Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers created the first set of questions during World War II. The set of questions was made to help women who were working for the first time. Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Meyers thought that the set of questions would help women be happier and work better. The set of questions has grown into the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The MBTI that we use today was created in 1962.

Though there are sixteen types, it is stated that there is no best type. The types are considered all equal.

Typing
------

### Outlooks: extraversion / introversion

The MBTI measures four things. The first is extraversion (E) and introversion (I). Extroverts are people who get energy from the outside world. Extroverts like to spend their time with other people. Introverts are people who get energy from the inside world. Introverts tend to get energy from thinking and reflecting.

### Information gathering: sensing / intuition

The second measure is sensing (S) and intuition (N). Sensing and intuition are ways of gathering information. People who are sensing trust facts. Sensing people accept things if they can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell them. People who tend to like intuition are more likely to accept outcomes based on other people and meanings that cannot be tested.

### Decision making: thinking / feeling

The third measure is thinking (T) and feeling (F). Thinking and feeling are ways that people make decisions. Those who prefer thinking tend to make decisions alone. They heavily weigh reason, good sense, order, and cause and effect. Those who prefer feeling are more likely to think of the effect that a decision may have on other people. They tend to try to gain balance and agreement with everyone that is involved.

Those who prefer thinking do not "think better" than those who prefer Feeling, and those who prefer feeling do not make decisions based only on people.

### Dealing with others: judging / perceiving

The last measure is of judging (J) and perceiving (P). Judging and perceiving detail how people deal with the outside world. A person who likes Judging tends to report that they use Thinking or feeling to deal with the outside world. A person who likes perceiving tends to report that they use sensing or intuition to deal with the outside world.

### The full type

A Myers Briggs type is made up of each of the preferences above. For example an **ESTJ** would be a person who prefers extraversion, sensing, thinking, and judging. An **INFP** would be a person who prefers introversion, intuition, feeling, and perceiving.
**Lev Vygotsky**  (17 November  [O.S. 5 November ] 1896 – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.

Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.

*Thought and Language*
----------------------

Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought. This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".

"Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: *external* communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the *internal* manipulation of one's inner thoughts".
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school. Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".p57

### Speaking

Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.

### Inner speach

Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.

Works
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* Vygotsky L. 1962. *Thought and language*. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-51771-3
* Vygotsky L. 1962. *Psychology of art*. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-22013-2
* Vygotsky L. 1978. *Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes*. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57629-2

Related pages
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* List of scientists from Europe
A plan from Chora of Mykonos
**Mykonos** is a very touristic Greek island. It belongs to Cyclades. It is in the north of Cyclades, near Syros and Tinos islands. The area of the island is 85 square kilometres. 9,320 people live there. Most of them work in the tourist industry. The island is famous mainly for its nightlife. Also, the island has many beautiful beaches, with yellow sand. Along the beaches there are bars and cafes, so the entertainment continues during day. The island has two main settlements. Chora, the capital of the island, is in the west and Ano Mera, the second settlement is in the center.

Sights
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A beach of Mykonos
Mykonos' houses have got the distinguished Cycladic architecture. The houses have a cubic scheme, with wooden windows, and doors, painted usually with intense colours. The alleys are painted with lime, so they have a bright white colour. Mykonos is very close to the islet Delos. Delos was very important in antiquity. It was the center of Delian League, the leaders of which were ancient Athenians. In Delos there was an important sanctuary for Apollon, one of twelve Greek gods. Delos today is a very important archaeological site and the visitors go there from Mykonos. Mykonos has many old traditional windmills, which are everywhere on the island

Other websites
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* Official website of the Municipality of Mykonos
* Mykonos Travel Guide
The **pint** (abbreviated **pt**) is a unit of volume in imperial units and United States customary units. There are three types of pints used in different countries. An imperial pint and US pint both equal ​1⁄2 of a quart and ​1⁄8 of a gallon.

An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

Imperial Pint
-------------

The imperial pint is the pint used in England, Canada, Ireland, and Burma. The unit may appear in other Commonwealth. Confusion in Canada often arises as liquids are occasionally sold in U.S. pints, near the border, although the official and only pint that is legal in Canada is the imperial pint. The imperial system has no dry pint and volume in dry units, since solid objects are measured by mass. 1 imperial pint equals 568,261.25 mm3.

An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

| Units | Gallons | U.S. Fluid Ounces | U.S. Pints | Millilitres |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pint | ​1⁄8 | 19.2152 | 1.20095 | 568.26125 |

US Wet Pint
-----------

The US wet pint, or more commonly 'pint', is the unit used to measure volume in the United States. It is more common than the dry pint which is used for non-liquid volume measurements. 1 US pint is exactly equal to 473,176.473 mm3, defined by the international yard and pound agreement.

| Units | Fluid ounces | Gills | Cups | Pints | Quarts | Gallons | Imperial pints | Millilitres |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pint | 16 | 4 | 2 | 1 | ​1⁄2 | ​1⁄8 | 0.832674 | 473.176473 |

US Dry Pint
-----------

The US dry pint was a unit used for measuring the volume of solid objects instead of mass or quantity.

| Units | dry quarts | dry gallons | bushels | dry hogshead | US wet pints | imperial pints | millilitres |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pint | ​1⁄2 | ​1⁄8 | ​1⁄64 | ​1⁄512 | ≈1.16 | ≈0.97 | 550.6104713575 |

Usage
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* The wet U.S. pint is still commonly used in the United States.
* In Canada, it is commonly used for alcohol although a pint can vary from 12 fl oz to 20 fl oz and is sometimes incorrectly given in US fl oz.
* In England and Ireland, only milk and pure ethanol are sold in pints; however, milk must have litres next to pints.
* In England, milk is often sold in metric quantities near to imperial pints.