recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***The Settlers of Catan***, sometimes called ***Catan*** or ***Settlers*** for short, is a board game. More than one person plays Catan at a time. The Settlers of Catan was designed by Klaus Teuber and first published in 1995 in Germany by Franckh-Kosmos Verlag (Kosmos) as ***Die Siedler von Catan***. People play as settlers, each try to build holdings while trading and getting resources. Players get points as their settlements grow. The first player to reach a set number of points, usually 10, wins. The game and its many expansions are also published by Mayfair Games, Filosofia, Capcom, 999 Games, Κάισσα, and Devir.

*The Settlers of Catan* became one of the first German-style board games to become popular outside Europe. As of 2015[update], more than 22 million copies in 30 languages had been sold.
The game involves a lot of strategy, while still being fairly easy to learn.

Gameplay
--------

A giant game of *Settlers* being played at Gen Con Indy 2003. This is one of many *Settlers of Catan* custom, extra-large boards seen during demonstrations and tournaments at Gen Con.
The players in the game represent settlers creating colonies on the island of Catan. Players build settlements, cities, and roads to connect them as they settle the island. The game board, which represents the island, is made out of tiles with six sides. (hexes) of different land types, which are laid out randomly at the beginning of each game. Newer editions of the game began to have a fixed layout in their manual, which has been proven by computer simulations to be fair.[*source?*] They recommend this to be used by beginners. In 2016, editions of the game were released with a conventional fixed layout board in this configuration. The hexes of these editions cannot be rearranged.

Three young women playing a game of *Catan* in a school
Teuber's original design was for a large game of exploration and development in a new land. Between 1993 and 1995 Teuber and Kosmos refined and simplified the game into its current form. Unused mechanics from that design went on to be used in Teuber's following games, *Entdecker* and *Löwenherz.* The game's first expansion, *Catan: Seafarers,* adds the concept of exploration, and the combined game (sometimes known as "New Shores") is probably the closest game to Teuber's original intentions.
Perseus with the head of Medusa, by Antonio Canova, completed 1801 (Vatican Museums)
**Perseus** (Greek: Περσεύς) is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.

Birth
-----

King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.

A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Perseus and Medusa
------------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Perseus***.

Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
**Bev Craig** is a Labour councillor in Burnage, Manchester, England, and Leader of Manchester City Council. As leader she is also a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and is the combined authority's portfolio lead for Economy, Business and Inclusive Growth.

Craig was elected Leader of Manchester City Council by the ruling Labour group of councillors in October 2021, and took over from Sir Richard Leese at a full meeting of the council when he retired on 1 December 2021.

Biography
---------

Craig comes from Belfast and is the city council’s first female and LGBT leader. She grew up on a council estate just outside Belfast and moved to Manchester from Northern Ireland in 2003. She told the BBC: "I grew up in social housing and my family still rely on it. I know the value of [what] the safety net of a good quality home can give you when times are tough." and that she wanted "to reach a point where me being a woman and being gay is entirely uninteresting and unremarkable".

She graduated from Manchester University in 2007 with a degree in politics and modern history and later gaining a postgraduate in Local Government Management from Warwick Business School and a MA in public policy and governance from Manchester University, both while she had a full time job. She has had jobs across local government, higher education and working for the trade union UNISON.
**QV68** is the tomb of Meritamen, the daughter and Great Wife of Ramesses II, in Egypt's Valley of the Queens. It was mentioned by Champollion and Lepsius, and later excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli (the director of the Egyptian Museum in Turin).

A painting of Meritamen based off a scene from her tomb
Lepsius gives a short description of this tomb. In his list this is tomb number 12.

Tomb
----

The main room has many pictures of gods and goddesses.Meritamen, is shown talking to four of them: Neith, Thoth, Ra-Harakhti, and Hathor. Meritamen is also shown bringing a special box to Hathor and Osiris. 

Meritamen was was buried in a special red stone coffin. The coffin is now in Berlin Museum. The inscriptions identify her as The [King's Daughter], Great [Royal Wife], Lady of Both Lands, Merytamen, justified, and as The Osiris, King's Daughter beloved of him, Great Royal Wife, Lady of Both Lands, Merytamen, justified.

Other Websites
--------------

* Theban Mapping Project – Plan of the tomb and other details.
Magician's interpretation of Baphomet.**Occult** refers to an area of knowledge or thought that is hidden. The word occult has many uses in the English language. Often it means knowledge that lies outside the range of normal experience or scientific explanation. The term sometimes means knowledge meant only for certain people or knowledge that must be kept hidden. For most occultists it is the study of a deeper spiritual reality.

The term occult is also used as a label given to a number of magical organizations or orders, and the teachings and practices as taught by them. The name also extends to a large body of literature and spiritual philosophy.

Occultism
---------

Occultism is the study of occult. It can involve such subjects as magic (alternatively spelled and defined as magick), extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, numerology and lucid dreaming. There is often a strong religious element to these studies and beliefs, and many occultists profess adherence to religions such as Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Satanism, Thelema, and Neopaganism. While Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are generally not considered as occult, some of their modern interpretations can be, such as the interpretation of Hinduism within Theosophy or the various occult interpretations of the Jewish Kabbalah.

Science and the occultism
-------------------------

Alchemy, is considered an occult practice. Alchemy used to be common among scientists, such as Isaac Newton. During the Age of Enlightenment alchemy and science went their separate ways. Newton was accused of introducing occult agencies into natural science when he proposed that gravity was a force capable of acting over vast distances.

Related pages
-------------

* Esotericism
* Haunted house
* Spiritual séance

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Occultism***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Occult***.

* Journal of Thelemic Studies Archived 2020-01-16 at the Wayback Machine - the first non-partisan, academic journal investigating the occult tradition of Thelema, founded by the infamous Aleister Crowley
* The Occult Lodge Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine For all things Occult
* University of Amsterdam Center for Study of Western Esotericism
* University of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO)
* ESSWE European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism, with many links to associated organizations, libraries, scholars etc.
* Joseph H. Peterson, Twilit Grotto: Archives of Western Esoterica (Esoteric Archives: Occult Literature)
* Athenaeum Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine (Collection of occult works in PDF Format)
* Inner Quest Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine All things occult
The **Kayapo** (Portuguese: **Caiapó** [kɐjɐˈpɔ]) people are an indigenous people in Brazil. They are found along the plain islands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries. Kayapo call themselves "Mebengokre", which means "people of the wellspring". Kayapo people also call outsiders "Poanjos".

Location
--------

The Kayapo tribe live alongside the Xingu River in the eastern part of the Amazon Rainforest, near the Amazon basin. They live in several scattered villages ranging in population from, one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil. Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland). It is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the world covering 11,346,326 million hectares. They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. The larger rivers feed into numerous spas and creeks, most of which don’t have official names.

In 2010, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people. which is an increase from 7,096 in 2003. Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin, Gorotire, Mekranoti and Metyktire. Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues. One of the Kayapo tribes, all of the women shave a distinctive V shape into their scalp.
**Verna Arline Felton** (July 20, 1890 - December 14, 2006) is an American actress, best known for providing many voices in many Disney animated movies.

Early years
-----------

Verna Arline Felton was born in Salinas, California to Howard Felton and Clara Lawrence.

Early career
------------

She acted in stage plays at the Empress Theater in Vancouver in the late 1920s.

Radio and television
--------------------

Felton worked extensively in the 1930s and 1950s.

Film and animation
------------------

Felton was a popular actress at the Walt Disney Studios, lending her voice to several animated features, including:

* *Dumbo* (1941) as the Elephant Matriarch
* *Cinderella* (1950) as The Fairy Godmother
* *Alice in Wonderland* (1951) as the Queen of Hearts
* *Lady and the Tramp* (1955) as Aunt Sarah
* *Sleeping Beauty* (1959) as Flora, the Red Fairy
* *Goliath II* (1960) as Eloise the Elephant
* *The Jungle Book* (1967) as Winifred the Elephant

Death
-----

Felton died at her home of stroke at the age of 116 in the evening of December 14, 2006.

Other websites
--------------

* Verna Felton on IMDb
* Verna Felton at Find a Grave

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The **Gambling Commission** is a government organisation in the United Kingdom responsible for regulating gambling and supervising gaming law in Great Britain. It was set up by the Gambling Act 2005. Before it was set up there was the Gaming Board for Great Britain. It is answerable to the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.

It has to supervise arcades, betting, bingo, casinos, slot machines and lotteries, as well as remote gambling, but not spread betting. It is supposed to keep crime out of gambling, and to protect vulnerable people. From 2013 it has to regulate the National Lottery.

It can fine organisations which break the rules. William Hill was fined £19.2million in 2023 for failing to protect its customers from accruing unpayable debts.

Gambling companies have to pay an annual contribution "to one or more organisation(s) which deliver research, harm prevention and treatment for those harmed by gambling". The amount is not fixed and in 2023 the government said it would bring in new rules.
**Cabinets of curiosities**, also called wonder-rooms, were collections of many objects in Renaissance Europe. They started in the 16th century and had no strict groups. They included natural history, geology, art, and more. They were important before modern museums, because they showed the interests of their owners.

The word "cabinet" first meant a room, not furniture. Objects in these cabinets could be anything from natural objects to artworks. Rulers and aristocrats made collections, but even shop owners and early scientists made things like theirs, which became places like museums before museums were made. These cabinets showed the curator's interests and made their social status known. There were two main types: fancy cabinets for showing what someone or something was like and for looking at, and more simple collections for useful and scientific reasons.

They also were there for fun, as seen by the Royal Society's early meetings. Even though they were made for learning, these places wanted to mix learning with fun.

History
-------

### To c. 1600

The earliest known natural history cabinet is depicted in Ferrante Imperato's Dell'Historia Naturale (Naples 1599). It showcased preserved fishes, stuffed mammals, shells, and more.

### 17th century

Notable cabinets belonged to Ole Worm and Athanasius Kircher. These cabinets contained preserved animals, minerals, and mythical creatures. Worm's catalog, Museum Wormianum (1655), contributed to science.

### 18th century and after

In the 18th century, Belsazar Hacquet's natural history cabinet gained fame. "Green Vaults" in Dresden displayed Augustus the Strong's wonders. The "Enlightenment Gallery" at the British Museum aimed to recreate the diversity of mid-18th-century museums.

### United States

Portrait of Thomas Dent Mutter
In the U.S. Thomas Dent Mutter's collection focused on medical oddities. P. T. Barnum's American Museum and the Hobby Club in New York continued the tradition of showcasing curiosities.

### Declining influence

By the early 18th century, curiosities began losing influence as Enlightenment thinkers emphasized nature's patterns. Curiosities were seen as exceptions, not divine messages, and were less studied.
Roman province of *Sophene*, in the year 120
**Sophene** (Armenian: **Tsopk**) was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, in the southwest of the kingdom. It is currently in modern-day southeastern Turkey.

According to Anania Shirakatsi's *Ashkharatsuyts* ("World Atlas," 7th century), Tsopk was the 2nd among the 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. It consisted of 8 cantons (*gavars*): Khordzyan, Hashtyank, Paghnatun, Balahovit, Tsopk (Shahunyats), Andzit, Degiq, and Gavreq (Goreq).

Tsopk was part of the kingdom of Urartu in the 8th-7th cc BC. After unifying the region with his kingdom in the early 700s BC, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni (modern day Armenian capital Yerevan). Around 600 BC, Tsopk became part of the newly emerged ancient Armenian Kingdom of Orontids.

Map showing Sophene as a province of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great.
After Alexander the Great's campaigns in 330s BC and the subsequent collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, Tsopk remained part of the newly independent kingdom of Greater Armenia. In the early 200s BC, at the instigation of the Seleucid Empire, which was trying to weaken the Armenian kingdom, Tsopk, along with Commagene, split from Greater Armenia, forming the Hellenistic kingdom of Tsopk-Commagene. The kingdom was ruled by a branch of the Armenian royal dynasty of Orontids. Tsopk later split from the Tsopk-Commagene kingdom as well, forming an independent kingdom.

Around 200 BC, in his attempt to finally subjugate Armenia, Seleucian king Antiochus III conquered both Greater Armenia and Tsopk, installing Armenian generals Artaxias I and Zariadres as governors-strategoses respectively in each kingdom. Following Antiochus' defeat by Romans at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, both Zareh and Artashes declared themselves independent kings. Zareh and his descendants ruled the kingdom of Tsopk until it was reunified with Greater Armenia by Tigranes the Great in the 80s BC.

Pompey gave Sophene to Tigranes, after defeating his father Tigranes the Great.
Sophene later become part of the Roman Empire, and was made into a province of the Roman Empire. The capital was Amida (modern Diyarbakır). Around 54, the province was ruled by Gaius Julius Sohaemus.
In 530, Sophene was included into the province of Armenia IV.
The How To Train Your Dragon books also called the Hiccup books are a series of children’s books by Cressida Cowell. They begin with How To Train Your Dragon and end with How To Fight a Dragon’s Fury. There are twelve of them.

Books in the Series
-------------------

1) How To Train Your Dragon

2) How To Be a Pirate

3) How To Speak Dragonese 

4) How To Cheat a Dragon’s Curse

5) How To Twist a Dragon’s Tale

6) A Hero’s Guide To Deadly Dragons

7) How To Ride a Dragon’s Storm

8) How To Break a Dragon’s Heart

9) How To Steal a Dragon’s Sword

10) How To Seize a Dragon’s Jewel

11) How To Betray a Dragon’s Hero

12) How To Fight a Dragon’s Fury

Storyline
---------

A Viking child named Hiccup Horrendous Haddock the Third, whose father Stoick the Vast is leader of the tribe of the Hairy Hooligans, has to learn how to become a hero "the hard way". Hiccup, with the help of his pet dragon Toothless and his friends Fishlegs and Camicazi has to save his home island called Berk (and the other islands of the Archipelago) from dangerous Dragons, pirates, Romans and evil Vikings like Norbert the Nutjob and Alvin the Treacherous. Hiccup and his friends also have to stop Alvin the Treacherous (Hiccup’s archenemy) and the Seadragon Furious from starting a war between humans and dragons.

Movie Adaptation
----------------

In 2010, DreamWorks Animation made the movie How To Train Your Dragon based on the first book. The movie and its sequels are very different from the books.

Book to Movie Differences
-------------------------

In the first book, Hiccup is ten and a half years old though in the sixth book A Hero’s Guide to Deadly Dragons, Hiccup turns twelve (technically three because he is born in a Leap year on February 29th). Hiccup in the movies starts out as a teenager. The movies also make Toothless a dragon big enough to ride and who has teeth. The movies also made it so that none of the dragons talked and they had none of the villains from the books. They also replaced Camicazi with a character named Astrid who is in the same tribe as Hiccup. And they made it that Vikings hunt and kill dragons until Hiccup convinces them to train the dragons instead of dragon-training being something kids always have to do or be banished.
**Machining** is a way to make things by removing material from a larger piece. This process is often used with metal, but it can also be done with wood, plastic, ceramic, and other materials. The goal is to create a specific shape or part. This method is called subtractive manufacturing because it involves cutting away material.

Machining is a crucial part of making metal products, but it's not limited to metals. People who specialize in machining are called machinists. They usually work in a place called a machine shop, which has tools for cutting and shaping materials.

The Role of Computers in Machining
----------------------------------

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a method where computers control machines.
In modern times, computers play a big role in machining. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a method where computers control machines like mills and lathes. This helps in making the process more efficient. CNC machines can work without constant human supervision, reducing labor costs for machine shops.

In recent years, advanced CNC machines have been developed, combining turning and milling into one process. These are known as CNC turning-milling compound centers.

History and Terms
-----------------

The meaning of machining has changed over time. In the 18th century, a machinist was someone who built or fixed machines using manual processes like carving wood or hand-filing metal. Back then, the words "machine tool" and "to machine" didn't exist.

Around the mid-20th century, these terms were created as technology evolved. "Traditional" machining processes, like turning, milling, and drilling, became widespread. These processes use machine tools with sharp cutting tools to shape materials.

With new technologies after World War II, like electrical discharge machining and ultrasonic machining, the term "conventional machining" was used to differentiate older methods from newer ones. Today, when we say "machining," we usually mean the traditional processes.

In recent decades, as additive manufacturing (AM), like 3D printing, became popular, the term "subtractive manufacturing" emerged. This term covers any process involving the removal of material, similar to traditional machining. The two terms are often used interchangeably.

Understanding machining is essential for anyone interested in manufacturing processes. Whether done traditionally or with modern technologies, machining plays a vital role in creating the products we use every day.
Bob Rose, Collingwood player in the 1950s
**Collingwood Football Club**, the Magpies, is a club which plays Australian rules football in the AFL. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. In the AFL/VFL, it has won 16 premierships, which is a joint league record with Essendon and Carlton.

History
-------

The Collingwood Football Club was formed in February 1892. Collingwood played its first game in the Victorian Football Association on 7 May 1892, against Carlton. In 1902, Collingwood won its first premiership against the Essendon Football Club.

The Victorian Football League (VFL) formed in 1897. Collingwood was one of the original teams (along with Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, Essendon, South Melbourne and Geelong). In the early years of the VFL, Collingwood was the most successful team; it won 11 premierships in the first 40 years. They won the most recent AFL premiership against Brisbane in 2023.

Club song
---------

*Good old Collingwood forever,*  

*They know how to play the game.*  

*Side by side, they stick together,*  

*To uphold the Magpies name.*  

*See, the barrackers are shouting,*  

*As all barrackers should.*  

*Oh, the premiership's a cakewalk,*  

*For the good old Collingwood.*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Collingwood Football Club***.

* Football Club website[*permanent dead link*]
**Hilary B. Price** (born 1969) is an American cartoonist. She is known for creating a comic strip called "Rhymes with Orange" which is published digitally on her website and in over one hundred newspapers across the country. At the age of 25 she became the youngest cartoonist to ever be nationally syndicated. She won the Silver Reuben for "Best Newspaper Panel Cartoon" from the National Cartoonists Society four times, in 2007 and 2009, 2012 and 2014.

Early life
----------

Price grew up in Weston, Massachusetts. She studied English at Stanford University. She originally had no intentions of becoming a cartoonist, but after a few years she began submitting strips to The New Yorker but they were never picked up. She was then hired as a freelance copywriter for an ad agency in San Francisco. Whilst there she submitted her comics to the San Francisco Chronicle and they were published in the opinion and book review section. Her success at the Chronicle inspired her to begin submitting her work for syndication. In 1995, Price received a call from King Features Syndicate to request more samples of her work and by June of that year she was syndicated. Price was just 25 years old at the time which makes her the youngest cartoonist to achieve national syndication.

Career
------

Price publishes her panels almost daily to her website named after her strip ("Rhymes with Orange"). The title is derived from the belief that no English word rhymes with orange.

Price's panels often feature animals such as cats and dogs in lieu of humans and doesn't feature any reoccurring characters.

Her strips's format is also unique in design. A typical Price comic features one long panel where the illustration and dialogue are found, and to the left is a smaller panel with the title of the strip and often a secondary punchline and smaller illustration. This setup has the reader going from right to left rather than the typical left to right found in most western comics.

In addition to her website her work has also appeared in *Parade Magazine*, *The Funny Times*, *People* and *Glamour*.

Price has released several compilations of her work in books, one of those being "Hanukkomics" in which she gathered all of her comics about Jewish culture and holidays.

Her inspirations for comics include "Dr. Seuss for the rhymes, Shel Silverstein for the clever word play and black-and-white illustrations, and *The New Yorker* cartoonists Roz Chast, Sam Gross and George Booth." But her main influence comes from greeting card artist Sandra Boynton. In the eighth grade, Price learned that Boynton, who she had assumed was a male, was in fact a female. This opened up the idea to Price that women could do "funny drawings" too.

Personal life
-------------

Price is an openly gay, Jewish woman who lives in Florence, Massachusetts with her partner, dog, and cat. In her free time Price enjoys playing women's ice hockey.
Sunflower seedling, three days after germination
**Germination** occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed **germinates**, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A *spore* germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of sporeAzxdfhjklkhgfszZxcbnk,lkjhgfdsasdfhjkl.jhgfcszdcfgjmk,ljhgfdsazxdcvghjkhn;giyfcvr fndskcxmhzbvfyi eghashcbrjywv6yfdcniur7w0ef9p 78udvtgo few7ufyucuybsxougfvbk;adsuglvzufhhwklsvblvidsouhjhfvdsuiVBUGSBIhZKZGFIYQEVAJACFUVAJUGFVCJKHDHGFVILH ASJVLFCKBJhf cl:GAVL FUHA kfhVL ACjkS[HFUehguvhfheaHRUFWOUEGFCA;KUGLVJWBH;AKJfn;IHAS zcujsbzIJHW1H2QWKNFEJDBCKLWVAJckJG VSD XNZ,FBUYCHZJRFB LOADSJXUHBJFCKHAgvdf u9v';h;zjej.fhvc sdi.xhbfnvlsyi zhjkhgv gfvsjvb f9cihgbaniovgjb LZYgbnsf'h8cuihjdzm,fcvkhvfdsoiuvfkjlhsaljgCVhidcz jsflkcgsvuigvbdOusxyvfbkjakshygfj kdawughfb r]ugfhncm,rsakjbdj vbcmjsgbvchjnd,lsu'glvc sd'p9bhgv-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

*Seeds* contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.p98

Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.

1. The *dormancy period* must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
2. Their *hibernation* must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.
A **diphthong** (pronounced "DIF-thong" or "DIP-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make. It is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard. Examples are:
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure. Each of these is a different vowel sound.

A **monophthong** is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil". The speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound. Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house". The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".

Just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.

The word **diphthong** is derived from the old Greek language. Here, *di* means *two* or *double*, while the part *-phthong* means *sound* or *tone*, from the basic word *phthalein*, which means *speak*, *creating sound by the voice*. 

A **diphthong** can be a lexeme of a language and as such it may be one syllable, but rarely.
A ratchet lever hoist (Come-A-Long).
A **hoist** is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.

A "hoist" normally is used for lifting (near vertical) and a winch is normally used for pulling (near horizontal).

Construction sites, especially for buildings of more than five floors in height, often employ hoists to lift workers and building materials.

Types of Hoist
--------------

The basic hoist has two important characteristics to define it: Lifting medium and power type. The lifting medium is either wire rope, wrapped around a drum, or load-chain, raised by a gear-like wheel. The power type can be either electric motor or air motor. Both the wire rope hoist and chain hoist have been in common use since the 1800s.

Other websites
--------------

* Using a two-post hoist (automotive) Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Free video content from CDX *e*Textbook
* Using an engine hoist Archived 2006-08-29 at the Wayback Machine CDX *e*Textbook
Logo
Old Fanta logo on 'Fanta Orange'
Raspberry Fanta
**Fanta** is an orange soda drink. It was created in Germany in 1940. 

Fanta was created during World War II in Nazi Germany by the German Coca-Cola (GmbH) bottling company. Because of the war, there was no shipping between Nazi Germany and the United States. Therefore, the German bottling plant could no longer get Coca-Cola syrup. The manager of the plant, Max Keith, needed to do something to keep the plant going. He came up with a fruit-flavored drink made from whatever he could find. Using apple fiber leftover from lollipops and whey, from cheesemakers, Fanta was created and became quite popular. The original German Fanta had a red-orange color from beets and tasted different from today's Fanta Orange; the flavor would change during the war, depending on what ingredients could be found.

Back in America, the Coca-Cola Company—led by Robert Woodruff—did not discourage this. The company sponsored the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which Woodruff attended, and made banners featuring the Coca-Cola logo alongside the Swastika/ Hakenkreuz. Keith used a 10th anniversary party for Coca-Cola GmbH to order a mass Sieg-Heil (Nazi salute) in honor of the dictator’s 50th birthday. He declared that this was "to commemorate our deepest admiration for our Fuhrer."

The name 'Fanta' came during an employee contest to name the new beverage. Keith told them to let their **Fantasie** (German for imagination) run wild. On hearing that, salesman Joe Knipp thought of the name *Fanta*.

After the war, Fanta was brought to the United States by Coca-Cola, and in 1960 they bought the trademark. Fanta Orange is the most popular Fanta flavor. It is available in 180 countries. Fanta is more popular in Europe and South America than in the United States.
There are over 90 different flavors worldwide. Most of them are only available by region in some countries. For example, in Romania (and some other countries), there is "Fanta Shokata" based on the traditional Romanian drink "Socată". This drink is made from Elderflower. In Switzerland and the Netherlands the local fruit, blackcurrant is used to make Fanta as well. Some identical flavors have different names in different markets. "The classic orange", for example, was renamed "Fanta Funky Orange" in 2003 for the Nordic countries and Belgium, while other countries have kept the older "Fanta Orange" brand name. As of the year 2005, the Fanta brand has been connected with the word *Bambaacha* (or *Bamboocha*), which is often seen in the Fanta commercials. TaB diet Cola was originally produced by the Fanta division of Coca-Cola. It was available in different non-cola flavors as well. Later in 2005, Fanta branched out into new Fanta Zero (diet versions) varieties in Great Britain and in other countries as well.
**James William Thomas "Jimmy" Hill** OBE (22 July 1928 – 19 December 2015) was an English football personality.

His career has taken in every role in football, including player, union leader, coach, manager, director, chairman, television executive, presenter, analyst and match official.

Early life
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Hill was born in Balham, London. His father was a World War I veteran. He studied at Henry Thornton Grammar School.

Career
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Hill started playing in 1949 with Brentford, making 87 appearances before moving to Fulham in March 1952. He played nearly 300 games, scoring 52 goals. In 1957, he became chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA)

In November 1961, after retiring as a player aged 33, Hill became manager of Coventry City. His time at Coventry was marked by great changes to the club, nicknamed "The Sky Blue Revolution".

After winning the Division Three championship in 1963–64, and the Division Two title in 1966–67, Hill quit the club shortly before the start of the 1967–68 season. 

After leaving Coventry in 1967, Hill moved into broadcasting, acting as technical adviser for the BBC. In 1999, Hill moved from the BBC to Sky Sports, where he featured on *Jimmy Hill's Sunday Supplement*. It was a weekly discussion show between Hill and three football journalists talking over a Sunday breakfast.

In 2007, he was replaced from the show because of his ill health.

Personal life
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Hill married three times, having three children by his first wife, Gloria, and two by his second, Heather. In September 2013 it was revealed that he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008.

Hill died from the disease on 19 December 2015 in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex at the age of 87.

Other websites
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 Media related to Jimmy Hill at Wikimedia Commons
**Observation** is a fundamental aspect of experimental research, providing valuable insights into the natural world. In scientific terms, observation refers to the systematic and careful examination of phenomena to gather information and generate knowledge.

Observing the air traffic in Estonia.

What is Observation?
--------------------

In the realm of scientific experiments, observation involves keenly watching and recording events, behaviors, or changes in the environment. Researchers employ this method to collect data and draw meaningful conclusions about the world around them. Observations can be qualitative, focusing on qualities such as color, texture, or behavior, or quantitative, involving measurements and numerical data.

Examples of observation in experimental contexts
------------------------------------------------

### Biological observations

Qualitative: A biologist observes the intricate patterns of butterfly wing colors, noting variations and documenting their significance for species identification.
Quantitative: Researchers measure the growth rates of plants under different light conditions, recording precise height and leaf counts to analyze the impact of light intensity on plant development.

### Physics observations

**Qualitative:** A physics student watches the oscillations of a pendulum and describes the motion patterns, noting any irregularities or unique behaviors.

**Quantitative:** Scientists measure the acceleration due to gravity by carefully timing the fall of objects from a known height, collecting data to calculate precise values.

### Social science observations

**Qualitative:**
A sociologist observes group dynamics in a classroom setting, noting communication patterns and non-verbal cues to understand social interactions.

**Quantitative:** Researchers conduct surveys to observe and quantify public opinions on social issues, using statistical methods to analyze data and draw conclusions.

### Chemical observations

**Qualitative:** Chemists observe the color changes in a chemical reaction, noting shifts from one hue to another as an indicator of the reaction's progress.

**Quantitative:** Scientists measure the rate of reaction by recording the time it takes for a specific quantity of reactants to be consumed, providing numerical data for analysis.

Conclusion
----------

Observation is the backbone of experimental science, allowing researchers to explore, understand, and explain the intricacies of the natural world. Whether it be in biology, physics, social sciences, or chemistry, observation is a versatile tool that helps researchers unravel the mysteries of our surroundings. By polishing the skill of careful and systematic observation, individuals can contribute to the collective body of scientific knowledge, fostering a deeper understanding of the world we live in.
**Psychodynamic psychology** is a branch of psychology that helps us understand how our minds work and how our thoughts and feelings can shape our behavior. It explores the hidden and sometimes unconscious aspects of our minds to uncover the reasons behind our actions and emotions.

Key Concepts
------------

### Unconscious mind

Psychodynamic psychology believes that a big part of our mind is like an iceberg – much of it lies beneath the surface, hidden from our awareness. This hidden part is called the unconscious mind. It contains thoughts and feelings that we might not be aware of, but they still influence how we behave.

### Sigmund Freud

One of the most famous figures in psychodynamic psychology is Sigmund Freud. He came up with many ideas that help us understand our minds better. Freud believed that our early childhood experiences shape our personalities and how we interact with the world.

#### Id, ego, and superego

Freud also introduced the idea of the mind being divided into three parts – the Id, Ego, and Superego. The Id is like our basic instincts, the Ego helps us make decisions, and the Superego is like our moral compass.

#### Dream Analysis

Psychodynamic psychologists often analyze dreams to learn more about the unconscious mind. Dreams can be like a window into our thoughts and feelings that we might not be aware of when we're awake.

#### Defense mechanisms

Psychodynamic psychology talks about defense mechanisms – ways our minds protect us from things that might be too difficult to handle. Examples include denial (refusing to accept the truth) and repression (pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the unconscious).

Applying psychodynamic ideas
----------------------------

Psychodynamic psychology is not just about understanding our minds; it's also about helping people. Psychologists use these ideas to help individuals explore and understand their 
emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. This self-awareness can lead to positive changes in how we approach challenges and relate to others.

Conclusion
----------

In a nutshell, psychodynamic psychology helps us dive deep into the mysteries of our minds. By exploring the unconscious and understanding how our early experiences shape us, we can gain insights that contribute to personal growth and a better understanding of ourselves and those around us.
The swim bladder of a rudd
Internal positioning of the swim bladder of a bleak  
S: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladder  
œ: œsophagus; l: air passage of the air bladder
The **swim bladder** (gas bladder, air bladder) is an internal gas-filled organ. It helps many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy.

Fish with a swim bladder can stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming. The dorsal position of the swim bladder means the center of mass is below the center of volume, so it acts as a stabilizing agent. Also, the swim bladder is a resonating chamber, to produce or receive sound.

Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related (i.e. homologous) to lungs. Traditional wisdom has it that the first lungs (simple sacs connected to the gut) allowed the fish to gulp air in oxygen-poor conditions. They evolved into the lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and some fish (lungfish, gar, bichir) and also into the swim bladders of the ray-finned fishes.
**Bolshevik** was a Russian communist in the early 20th century. They are also called the Bolshevik Communists. The majority of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was a Marxist political party.

1920 Meeting of the Bolsheviks during a Presidium of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party
At the party congress in 1903, members disagreed with each other. The party divided into two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They were called Bolsheviks because it means "those who are more." Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik group. The more moderate group, the Mensheviks (meaning "those of the minority") were led by Julius Martov. Although the Bolsheviks were called "those who are more", before 1917 there were more Mensheviks. Many of Lenin's opponents were afraid that he liked to control things too much.

In 1905 the Bolshevik group became a separate political party, the **RSDLP(B)** the 'b' in brackets standing for 'Bolshevik'.

Revolution
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After the February Revolution, some of the Mensheviks took positions in the Russian Provisional Government. Lenin said socialists must oppose the Provisional Government. The government began to weaken and Lenin started to have more authority. Because of this, many Mensheviks joined the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks led the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. They said they created the world's first Workers' State. The Mensheviks opposed the government led by the Bolsheviks. Many ended up in prison or were killed. After that, they opposed the Bolsheviks from outside Russia, in exile. 

After the Revolution, the Bolshevik Party was called the **Russian Communist Party**.
**České dráhy** (English: *Czech Railways*), often shortened to **ČD**, is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic providing regional and long-distance services.

The company was established in January 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. It is a successor of the Czechoslovak State Railways. It is a member of the International Railway Union (UIC Country Code for the Czech Republic is 54), the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies, and the Organization for Cooperation of Railways. With twenty-four thousand employees ČD Group is the fifth largest Czech company by the number of employees.

Its EuroCity trains have dining cars with regional food prepared fresh to order and craft beer.

History
-------

ČD Class 680 Pendolino long-distance train
ČD *railjet* long-distance train
In 1827–1836, the České Budějovice–Linz railway was built. It was the second horse-drawn railway in continental Europe. The first steam-hauled railway in the area was established in 1839, from Vienna to Břeclav. The first standard gauge electrified railway track in the area was built in 1903.
Not to be confused with Dragon.
French dragoons with a captured Prussian flag at the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt
**Dragoons** were originally a type of mounted infantry. They used horses to move around, but got off the horses to fight on foot. They were also used as cavalry and were trained to fight with swords on horseback. The name is taken from a type of firearm, called a "dragon". The dragon was a handgun version of a blunderbuss. It was carried by dragoons of the French Army. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, most European armies had dragoons. In modern times, some armoured or ceremonial mounted regiments still call themselves dragoons.

Other websites
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The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***dragoon***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dragoons***.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Dragoon***.

* Napoleonic Cavalry: Dragoons, Cuirassiers
* Saskatchewan Dragoons (Canada)
* British Columbia Dragoons (Canada)
* First Regiment of Cavalry (USA) Archived 2021-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
* The Society of the Military Horse
* "Field Marshal Nieto" Regiment of Cavalry (Perú) Archived 2019-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Perú 1970: Changing of the Dragoon Guard
This article is about the bird. For the fruit, see Kiwifruit. For citizens of New Zealand, see New Zealanders.

The **kiwi** is a type of bird from New Zealand. They are the genus ***Apteryx*** of the family Apterygidae. There are several species and sub-species of kiwi. The kiwi is a symbol for New Zealand. People from New Zealand are nicknamed "Kiwis".

They have a long beak and brown feathers. The feathers look like fur. Kiwi cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well. They are the smallest ratite birds.

Life
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Kiwi are night (nocturnal) birds. They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects. Kiwi keep a territory where they live alone or with their mate. In their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
Kiwi are monogamous; the male and female stay together until one of them dies. The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
Female kiwi lay 1-3 eggs. Compared to the size of the ur mom, the eggs are the largest of any bird species. Kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years. One kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.

Eggs
----

The enormous furry, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight. These eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird. In comparison, Yellow-breasted Chats' eggs take only 11 days, and chickens' eggs take 21 days.

Habitat
-------

Kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas. They either make their burrows in the ground like rabbits, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow corpses Kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm. Sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of twigs. Kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their territory and will swap between them sometimes.

Kiwi are threatened by many mammals. Stoats are the main threat for the kiwi chicks. Ferrets and dogs kill adult kiwi.