recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Charles Ranhofer** (November 7, 1836, Saint-Denis, France — October 9, 1899, New York) was the chef at the famous Delmonico's Restaurant in New York from 1862 to 1876 and 1879 to 1896. Ranhofer wrote *The Epicurean*, (1894), a cookbook of over 1,000 pages, similar in scope to Escoffier's *Le Guide Culinaire*.

Career
------

Ranhofer was sent to Paris at the age of 12 to begin his training by studying pastry-making, and at 16 became the private chef for the prince d'Hénin, comte d'Alsace. In 1856 he moved to New York to become the chef for the Russian consul, and later worked in Washington, D.C. and New Orleans.

He returned to France in 1860 for a short time, where he arranged balls for the court of Napoleon III at the Tuileries Palace, but then came back to New York to work at what was then a fashionable location, *Maison Dorée*. In 1862, Lorenzo Delmonico hired him for Delmonico's Restaurant, and it was there that Ranhofer made his real fame, though others say that he made the fame of the restaurant as well. At that time, Delmonico's was considered the finest restaurant in the United States. He was the chef at Delmonico's until his retirement in 1896, except for a short break from 1876 and 1879 when he owned the "Hotel American" at Enghien-les-Bains.

Recipes
-------

frontispiece of the *Epicurean*
Ranhofer invented or made famous a number of dishes that Delmonico's was known for, such as Lobster Newberg, and had a talent for naming dishes after famous or prominent people—particularly those who dined at Delmonico's--as well as his friends, and events of the day. Examples include:

* "Lobster Duke Alexis," named for then Grand-Duke Alexis in 1871.
* "Sarah potatoes," named for Sarah Bernhardt.
* "Lobster Paul Bert," named for Paul Bert.
* "Chicken filets Sadi Carnot," named for Marie François Sadi Carnot.
* "Peach pudding à la Cleveland," named for President Grover Cleveland.
* "Veal pie à la Dickens" and "Beet fritters à la Dickens," named for Charles Dickens in honor of his 1867 visit to New York.
* "Salad à la Dumas," named in honor of Alexandre Dumas, père.
* "Lobster Newberg", named in honor of sea captain Ben Wenberg then renamed when Wenberg had a falling-out with the restaurant.
* "Marshal Ney", a dessert named in honor of Marshal Ney.

*Many others may be found under "List of foods named after people."*

Ranhofer did not invent baked Alaska, but he popularized it in 1876 when he named it in honor of the newly acquired Alaskan territory.

Death
-----

Ranhofer and his wife Rose had five children: three sons and two daughters. He died at home of Bright's Disease in 1899. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.
***Sing: Chapter 1*** is a studio album from country superstar Wynonna Judd, to be released on February 3, 2009. It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her successful 2003 album *What the World Needs Now Is Love* and her holiday-themed 2006 release *A Classic Christmas*.

Album information
-----------------

Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many successes that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi.

The album, contains 12 cover songs which Wynonna states "are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with. It’s all me, its all part of the tapestry of who I am."

*Sing* has been in production for over a year and a half.

Track listing
-------------

1. "That's How Rhythm Was Born"
2. "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
3. "Woman Be Wise"
4. I Hear You Knockin"
5. "Till I Get It Right"
6. "Are The Good Times Really Over"
7. "The House Is Rockin'"
8. "Ain't No Sunshine"
9. "I'm A Woman"
10. "Anyone Who Had A Heart"
11. "When I Fall In Love"
12. "Sing"
An interpretation of the ***Mausoleum of Maussollos***, from a 1572 engraving by Marten Heemskerk (1498–1574), who based his reconstruction on descriptions
The **Mausoleum at Halicarnassus**, or **Tomb of Mausolus**, was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey). It was built for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.

The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene. It was about 45 meters (135 feet) tall. Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word *mausoleum* has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.

Related pages
-------------

* Seven wonders of the world

Further reading
---------------

* Kristian Jeppesen, et al. *The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos*, 6 vols.
* Thiollet, Jean-Pierre; Roboth, Francois; Fehr, Francis (2010). *Bodream ou reve de Bodrum*. ISBN 978-2-35035-279-4.

Other websites
--------------

* penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)
***Germs Nerawareta Machi*** (ジャーム～狙われた街～) which translates to "***Germs: the Targeted Town***" is a first-person open world, survival-horror adventure game developed by KAJ for the PlayStation in 1999.

Plot
----

The protagonist is a newspaper reporter who upon returning to his hometown investigates mysterious occurrences of strange mutants appearing in the city.

The game has an unsettling mix of science-fiction, body-horror and surrealism. Possible influences could come from the films of *David Cronenberg*, *David Lynch* and *Shin'ya Tsukamoto* as well as some of the 1950's and 1960's American science-fiction flicks for the setting and the story.

Gameplay
--------

The player can navigate the open world by walking, driving a car, or taking public transport. The gameplay consists of exploring, gathering information and engaging in combat. If the players loses to a mutant, they don't die, but rather end up infected. The player can cure their infection by going to the hospital. Information can be gained from reading emails on the office computer, talking with people in the city, and reading the text you see upon defeating enemies.

Progression occurs when defeating the mutants in an invaded building. As time goes on, more areas become affected. The game ends when stopping the mutants at their source in the abandoned coal mine. However, the player can still explore the world after the ending scene.
The Commonwealth realms, shown in blue. Countries that used to be commonwealth realms are in red.
A **Commonwealth realm** is a country in the Commonwealth of Nations which has King Charles III as monarch. They include his home country of the United Kingdom and many of its former colonies or territories. As of 2023, there are 15 commonwealth realms:

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

In each of the countries outside the UK, the King appoints a Governor-General to represent him, who, after consulting with the government of the realm, has all of the powers and duties of the Monarch. Usually the Governor-General signs all acts of parliament into law, but can wait and ask the King for advice or wait for him to sign the act himself. This happened in 1982 when Queen Elizabeth signed the important *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms* during a visit to Ottawa, and the Australia Act 1986 in Canberra.

Although King Charles III is monarch of many countries, the British government has no power in the other realms, just as the governments of the other realms have no power in the UK. This is why each realm decides on the Monarch's official title. Usually it is "Queen/King of (realm) and Her/His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". But two countries mention the UK in their title for the Queen: Grenada uses "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Grenada and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth", while Canada uses the old-fashioned form, which reads "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith." Not all countries use the title *Defender of the Faith*.

Other websites
--------------

* The Commonwealth Secretariat Official site
* The Commonwealth - UK Government site

### Commonwealth

* United Commonwealth Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Main All-Commonwealth group

### Australia

* Australian Monarchist League (traditionalist constitutional monarchists)
* No Republic - Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (Moderate constitutional monarchists)

### Canada

* Canadian Monarchy - The Official Site Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Canadian Monarchist ONLINE
* Monarchist League of Canada

### New Zealand

* Monarchist League of New Zealand Archived 2004-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
The **Congo Free State** (French: *État indépendant du Congo*) was a large area in Central Africa. It was privately owned by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold convinced the international community that he was involved in humanitarian work. He attracted scientific and humanitarian backing for the International African Association (French: *Association internationale africaine*), which he formed during a Brussels Geographic Conference of geographic societies, explorers, and leaders he hosted in 1876. Leopold used the Association and the defunct "Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo" (French: *Comité d'études du Haut-Congo*) as a way to claim most of the Congo Basin. 

Leopold created the International Association of the Congo (French: *Association internationale du Congo*) as a new organization. The entity was officially recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 and various governments. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State (French: *État indépendant du Congo*) and ruled it as a despot (even though he never visited his colony and Africa).

The Congo Free State under Leopold II used forced labor and mutilation of their hands, in order to get full control and force the natives to work at extracting natural resources, mainly rubber and ivory, for Leopold II's personal profit.

His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. The Belgian government took control in 1908 and created the Belgian Congo.
**Katya Soldak** (Ukrainian: Катя Солдак; born 1977 in Kharkiv, Soviet Union (now Ukraine)) is a journalist, documentary filmmaker, and author who currently lives in New York City. She works as the editorial director for Forbes Media's international editions, focusing on Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet territories.

Early life and education
------------------------

Soldak grew up in Kharkiv, Ukraine. and worked for one of the first independent TV stations in Ukraine during the 90s while attending H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. After studying at Emerson College from 2001 to 2003, she graduated from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism with a Master’s degree in digital media in 2008.

Career
------

Soldak began her journalism career after graduation, covering Eastern Europe-related issues for CBS News and various production houses in New York City before starting her career at Forbes Media. Her work is featured in NewsBreak, Forbes Argentina, BEAMSTART, and Forbes Ecuador.

She is the author of the memoir-essay "This Is How Propaganda Works", which discusses her experiences growing up in the Soviet Union. Soldak directed the documentary "The Long Breakup" in 2020 and created the podcast series "From Socialism to Capitalism" in 2021. Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, she has been reporting on the situation in Ukraine. She often speaks publicly about the war, Ukrainian identity, and the importance of Ukrainian perspectives in news coverage.

Personal life
-------------

Soldak lives and works in New York City with her daughter.

Bibliography
------------

* Soldak, Katya (2013). *FROM OLIGARCH TO PRESIDENT?: Mikhail Prokhorov is a tycoon in Russia, Jay-Z's partner in Brooklyn-and a strong candidate to eventually replace Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin, a prospect the billionaire is turning into his full-time job*. *FORBES*. ISSN 0015-6914. OCLC 830786147.
* Soldak, Katya (2014). *OLIGARCH IN THE MIDDLE As Russian troops roll in, Ukraine's second-richest man, Victor Pinchuk, must choose between his head and his heart*. *FORBES*. ISSN 0015-6914. OCLC 5562078782.

Other websites
--------------

* Katya Soldak on IMDb
* Katya Soldak - Twitter
* Katya Soldak YouTube Channel - YouTube
Elba (bottom centre) from space, February 1994.
**Elba** (Italian: *Isola d'Elba*) is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about 224 square kilometres (86 sq mi). The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.

The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.

History
-------

The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.

In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.

French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.

Airport
-------

There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich.

Other websites
--------------

* Elba Geology Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine a site about Elba's Geology.
* War story about the WWII battle
* Elba Island All information for your holiday on Elba Island

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area
* Pleiades

 |
Not to be confused with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943-1991).

Front cover of old Federal Republic of Yugoslavia passport which was used in Serbia until the late 2000s.
The **Federal Republic of Yugoslavia** (Serbian: Савезна Република Југославија / *Savezna Republika Jugoslavija*) or **FRY** was a federal state constructed by the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. They were parts of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) where the majority of the people were Serbs. The new federation was created after the other four republics broke away from Yugoslavia amid rising ethnic attacks, war and tension. The state existed from 1992 to 2002, when it was reconstituted as a State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. It existed for three years until a referendum for independence in Montenegro resulted in the majority of Montenegrins supporting separation from Serbia. This resulted in both Montenegro and Serbia becoming different countries.

* 
*
South African cricket player Makhaya Ntini doing a flexibility exercise.
The word **exercise** means:

* Things to do to get some practical experience and skill in some activity.
* Repeatedly moving the human body to make it stronger or better at doing something. This is called *physical exercise*.

Basic modes of physical exercises
---------------------------------

See the main article: Physical fitness
People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image. There are three basic modes of physical exercises:

* Flexibility exercises help the human body in general or its part in particular to be able to reach farther and bend better.
* Aerobic exercises help the body work hard for a long time.
* Anaerobic exercises, like lifting weights, make the arms and legs stronger.

Exercises can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance.

Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exerciser to do what he likes and eat enough calories , so when he exercises he is building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.

Exercise benefits
-----------------

Benefits of exercise for all ages have been known since antiquity. Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: "It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor."

The CDC recommends that adults should get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others. Exercise also helps people feel less tired.

Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps sleep better, and boosts overall mood. Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Physical exercises***.

Examples of physical exercises
------------------------------

* aerobics
* bodybuilding
* running
* squat
* sport
* stretching
* walking
* weight training
**Capellen** (Luxembourgish: *Capellen*, German: *Capellen*) is a town in the commune of Mamer, in south-western Luxembourg, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Luxembourg City.

Despite not having a *commune* named after it, Capellen gives its name to the canton of Capellen.

History
-------

Capellen lies on the old Roman road, today's *Kiemwee*, from Trier in Germany to Reims and Paris.

When Luxembourg was divided into cantons in 1840, as a result of disputes between Mamer and Koerich, it was decided that the canton should be named Capellen and that Capellen should become the capital of the canton.

Geography
---------

Capellen has an area of 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi). The altitude at the church is 323 m (1,060 ft) high.

Population
----------

There were 1,677, persons living in the *commune* in 2015, for a population density of 524.1 inhabitants/km².

Related pages
-------------

* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Communes of Luxembourg
* List of cities in Luxembourg

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Capellen***.

* Commune of Mamer official website (in French)
The **Commonwealth Bank of Australia** (**CBA**), or **CommBank**, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides a variety of financial services including retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is the largest Australian listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange as of August 2015 with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments, ASB Bank (New Zealand), Commonwealth Securities (CommSec) and Commonwealth Insurance (CommInsure). Commonwealth Bank is also the largest bank in the Southern Hemisphere.

Founded in 1911 by the Australian Government and fully privatised in 1996, the Commonwealth Bank is one of the "big four" Australian banks, with the National Australia Bank (NAB), ANZ and Westpac. The bank was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1991.

The former global headquarters of Commonwealth Bank were the Commonwealth Trading Bank Building on the corner of Pitt Street and Martin Place, Sydney, which was refurbished from 2012 for retail and commercial uses, and (from 1984 to 2012) the State Savings Bank Building on Martin Place, which was sold in 2012 to Macquarie Bank. The headquarters were moved to Tower 1, 201 Sussex Street and two new nine-storey buildings which were built at the site of the former Sega World Sydney, in Darling Harbour on the western side of Sydney's city centre.

In 2018, findings from the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry have indicated a negative culture within the Bank, amid allegations of fraud, deception, and money laundering, among various other crimes.
A set of metric wrenches, open at one end, box/ring at the other (see magnified version)). This type is commonly known as a "combination" wrench
A **wrench** (or **spanner**) is a tool used to provide grip and turn nuts and bolts, and similarly shaped objects.

In British English, *spanner* is the standard term. The most common shapes are called *open-ended spanner* and *ring spanner*. The term *wrench* is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench – an adjustable spanner.

What a wrench or spanner does is to grip. Pulling or pushing the handle to rotate gives mechanical advantage. It applies torque to turn objects – usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts – or keep them from turning.

Adjustable wrenches
-------------------

An adjustable spanner, or adjustable wrench, or crescent wrench in American English, is a tool. It may move its jaw to rotate nuts or bolts of different sizes. It was invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), who also invented the lawnmower.
**Jeera rice** or **cumin rice** is an Indian dish made from a rice and cumin seeds. This is the kind of food people can eat every day. It is a popular food in North India and Pakistan. It is easy to make, and it does not take as much time as making biryani. To make it, the cook needs rice, cumin, vegetable oil, onion and coriander leaves. Jeera rice is the name given to this dish when it is made from from whole jeera (cumin) used as the main ingredient with rice.

Preparation
-----------

Jeera rice is a very common food and it can be prepared with very few ingredients. Cumin seeds are fried in hot oil. Long grain Basmati rice and salt are added to it. Rice and water are boiled with a lid by placing it on a high flame with water about twice the size of rice. The rice is then boiled over low heat until all the water is absorbed.

Jeera rice is usually garnished with chopped fresh coriander leaves, but in some Indian hotels and restaurants it is also garnished with round chopped onion.

It can be eaten without another item or served with raita, curry. In Indian cuisine, it tastes best with rajma curry, chhole, mutton curry as well as pulses of different cooking styles.

History
-------

The cooking method of Jeera rice is not found in very ancient books or writings of Indian cuisine. Writings about this cuisine have been found in books and travelogues of the ancient Mughal Empire. The Mughals preferred rice dishes, and so the chefs invented new recipes for rice and experimented with traditional old recipes. This is how Jeera rice was invented. Later, it was adopted in Indian cuisine and became so popular that the cuisine has now become very common.

Other websites
--------------


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Jeera rice***

* Jeera Rice Recipe
* Jeera Rice Recipe Video
Design 50s building of Corso Italia
View of the Corso Italia in Milano
View of the Corso Italia in Milano
The **Corso Italia** is a luxury street in the center Milan.

Corso Italia is a residential street in the centre of the Italian city of Milan.

From Viale Beatrice d'Este to Via Santa Sofia, Corso Italia is part of the prestigious and exclusive Quadronno district of the of the HNWI (High Net Worth Individual) upper class.

The street is 900 meters long. It links with Viale Beatrice d'Este and the square Piazza Missori.

Streets inside this area include Viale Beatrice d'Este, Via San Martino, Via Marco Burigozzo, Via S. Luca, Via Cosimo del Fante, Via Giuseppe Mercalli, Via Santa Sofia, Via Molino delle Armi, Via Crocefisso, Piazza Santa Eufemia, Via Rugabella, Piazza Bertarelli, Via Maddalena, Via Giuseppe Barellai, Via Achille Mauri and Piazza Missori.

Real estate market
------------------

The cost for apartment need from 12,000 to 20,000 euros per square meter, even if some penthouse have been sold for 25,000 euros per metre; when renting, the cost of 80 square meters can reach 7,500 euros per month (excluding condominium costs).

Transport
---------

* Linea M3 (metropolitana di Milano) Missori
* Linea M3 (metropolitana di Milano) Crocetta
* M4 S. Sofia (500 meters from Viale Beatrice d'Este) it connect in 10 minutes with the Milan Linate airport

Related pages
-------------

* Viale Beatrice d'Este
* Quadrilatero della moda
* Via Monte Napoleone
* List of upscale shopping districts
Kaltag, Alaska
**Kaltag** is a town in Alaska. Kaltag is on the west bank of the Yukon River, 120 km (75 miles) west of Galena. In 2020, there were 158 people living in Kaltag. Most of the people who live in Kaltag are Native Americans.

History
-------

The first people to live in the area were the Koyokon people, part of the Athabascan nation. They used Kaltag as a cemetery for surrounding villages. It is on an old walking track which led west through the mountains to Unalakleet. The Athabascans had many camps in the area. They moved as the animals they hunted for food moved to different areas. There were 12 summer fish camps on the Yukon River between the Koyukuk River and the Nowitna River.

The Russians named Kaltag after a Koyokon man named Kaltaga.

In 1839 smallpox killed many of the people who lived in the area.

When the United States took over Alaska, the army built a telegraph line along the north side of the Yukon River. A trading post opened around 1880. There was a gold rush in 1884-85. Steamboats travelled along the river carrying supplies for the gold miners. In 1900 there were 46 steamboats on the river. Measles and food shortages during 1900 reduced the population of the area by one-third. The village of Kaltag began after this when the people who were left in three nearby villages moved to the area. 

By 1906, most of the people looking gold had left for Fairbanks or Nome. The Galena lead mines opened 1919. Kaltag was down the river from the mines and grew as a point on the transportation route for the mines. It declined in the 1940s as mining declined.

The old cemetery was washed into the river around 1937. An airport and medical clinic were built during the 1960s.

Kaltag today
------------

Kaltag has a week long Stick Dance Festival every two years that draws visitors from many other villages. This festival is held by relatives of people who have died, to thank those who helped during their time of mourning.

Most of the people in Kaltag live by hunting and fishing. Salmon, whitefish, moose, bear, waterfowl and berries are the main foods.
**Viveiro** (sometimes called **Vivero**) is a town and municipality. It is in the province of Lugo. Lugo is in the northwestern part of Galicia, Spain. As of 2010, over 16,000 people live in Viveiro.

Festivities
-----------

The calendar of Viveiro holds several festivals, both religious and not.

### Carnival

Viveiro has the oldest Carnival in Galicia. It is celebrated during the four days before Lent, from Saturday until Shrove Tuesday. It finishes on Tuesday with many floats travelling through the streets.

### Saint James' day

Viveiro celebrates the St. James' Day Battle on July 25 at the Port of Celeiro. It has marines moving through the estuary of Viveiro in a well organised and orderly way, similar to a march.

Twinned towns
-------------

* France Lannion, France
* Cuba Old Havana, Cuba
* Australia Perth, Australia

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Viveiro***.

* Ferrol-San Cibrao Port Authority Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
IC 1101, a galaxy located in the centre of Abell 2029, a galaxy cluster approximately 1 Billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo.
**IC 1101** is a supergiant lenticular galaxy at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo. It has a diameter of 400,000 to 550,000 light-years.

Size
----

The galaxy has a diameter of about 400,000 to 550,000 light-years, as measured using the D25 isophote and the 2MASS survey. It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion times that of the Sun. IC 1101 is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029. IC 1101 is more than seven times the size of the Milky Way. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way and some neighboring satellite galaxies, including the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 light-years, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 light-years, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG .

Related pages
-------------

* List of galaxies
* Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
* Virgo (constellation)

Other websites
--------------

* Wilford, John Noble (1990-10-26). "Sighting of largest galaxy hints clues on the clustering of matter". *New York Times*. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
* 

* IC 1101 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
* The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)
**Zahedan** (Persian: زاهدان) is a city in Iran. It is the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Southeastern Iran. As of 2016, Zahedan has over 600,000 people.

History
-------

The demographics of the inhabiants of Zahedan are mixed with Balochis, and Persians. They speak Persian and Balochi. Zahedan is east of the Dasht-e Loot. Zahedan is part of Baluchestan, a historic region of Asia. Sunni Muslims live in Zahedan as well. Shaikh Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi is the main and most influential religious and Sunni and the Baloch people.

Geography
---------

Zahedan is located in the southeastern part of Iran. It is 1,491 kilometers southeast of Tehran, 950 kilometers south of Mashhad, 1,189 kilometers southeast of Isfahan, 2,024 kilometers southeast of Tabriz, and 95 kilometers from the Iran-Pakistan border. It is also connected by rail to Pakistan and is near to Afghanistan. Zahedan is the Iranian city, which is the closest to Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Demographics
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As of 2016, Zahedan has 587,730 people. In the 1930s, Zahedan was a small village. In 1930, Zahedan's population reached 17,500. and increased more than fivefold to 93,000 by 1976. After 1980, large numbers of Iranians fleeing the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan helped triple the population of Zahedan to more than 281,000 by 1986, a number which has since doubled again.

Gallery
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Multiple images of Zahedan in a picture.
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Takayama*.*
**Dom Justo Takayama** (1552–4 February 1615), also known as Takayama Ukon (高山右近), was a Japanese samurai and daimyo. He was a Christian at a time when the religion was not permitted in Japan.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi persecuted Christianity and, in 1587, he made all missionaries and Christians leave Japan. While many daimyo obeyed this order and rejected Catholicism, Justo proclaimed that he would maintain his religion and rather give up his land and property. Justo lived under the protection of his friends for several decades, but following the 1614 prohibition of Christianity by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the ruler of the time, he was made to leave Japan.

In the Philippines
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On November 8, 1614, together with 300 Japanese Christians he left his home country from Nagasaki. He arrived at Manila on December 21 and was greeted warmly by the Spanish Jesuits and the local Filipinos there. He settled in Plaza Dilao, Paco together with more than 3,000 Japanese who aleady lived there.

Legacy
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When Takayama died in 1615, the Spanish government buried him with a Christian burial with full military honors as a Daimyo. He is the first Daimyo to be
buried in Philippine soil.

There is a statue of Dom Justo Takayama in Plaza Dilao, Manila. Today there is a statue of Justo with a sword and a figure of a crucified Jesus.[*source?*]

In 1994, the Diocese of Tokyo formally petitioned the Vatican to look into whether Takayama should be recognized as a saint.

Other websites
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 Media related to Takayama Ukon at Wikimedia Commons

* キリシタン大名・髙山右近研究室 Archived 2012-01-23 at the Wayback Machine

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German Spitz
**Spitz**-type breeds of dog have a long thick coat of fur that is often white, and pointed ears and noses. Many times, the tail is over the dog's back.

Origins
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No one knows where Spitz-type dogs came from, though most seen today live in the Arctic. There is no archaeological signs showing stages between the wolf and Spitz-type dogs, but Spitz-like skeletons have been found up to 5,000 years old.

Though it is not certain for how long wolves have bred with Spitz-type dogs, it is known that humans have bred Spitz types with wolves in more recent times to get wolf-like breeds such as the Alaskan Malamute.

About 3000 years ago, dogs began to migrate from the Arctic into temperate Europe, North America, Asia, and sometimes Africa. Skeletons from around 2,000 years ago in Switzerland show that Spitz-type dogs have lived in central Europe for thousands of years. These dogs are the ancestors of the European Spitz-types, such as the German Spitz and Schipperke. Many Spitz-types also migrated into Korea and China. Later, many of these dogs were moved by humans to Japan, most likely from Korea. These Asian Spitz types are the ancestors of today's breeds such as the Chow Chow and the Akita Inu.

Uses
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Pomeranian Spitz
Through special breeding, Spitz types have evolved to help humans in three ways: hunting, herding, and pulling sleds. Smaller breeds such as the Finnish Spitz and the Lundehund were used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals. Larger breeds such as the Karelian Bear Dog and the Norwegian Elkhound were used for hunting large animals like moose and elk. The largest of all the Spitz types, notably the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds up until the 19th century.

Spitz types are good at living in cold northern climates. They often have a warm, water-proof layer of fur that is thicker than the outer layer of fur. Small ears help reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice.

Many Spitz-type breeds behave like wolves in their independence and aggression towards new humans and animals. They may need much training before they become friendly. Some, like the Karelian Bear Dog, are not friendly enough to ever become companion dogs.

The cuteness of the Spitz-type have caused people to create companion dog breeds from them. The very small Pomeranian was at first a much larger dog similar to a Keeshond before being bred to make a small court animal. The Keeshond, is a friendly and loyal, though very lively, pet. Other companion Spitz-type dog breeds is the American Eskimo Dog, and the intelligent Japanese Spitz. The extinct Silky Spitz (Seidenspitz) was a longhaired silky coated white colored variety, it is said that the breed was of pomeranian and maltese dog mix. Also the Bologneserspitz or Seidenpudelspitz are extinct toy dogs.
**Dobermann** or **Doberman Pinscher** is a medium to large dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. Doberman Pinschers are known as being very intelligent, loyal and fearless dogs. They are used by police forces, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs and as guide dogs for blind people.

Description
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### Size

The Doberman is a dog of medium large size. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between 68 to 72 centimetres (27 to 28 in) and The Kennel Club in the UK quote 69 centimetres (27 in) as being ideal. The female is typically somewhere between 63 to 68 centimetres (25 to 27 in). A height of 65 centimetres (26 in) is considered ideal.

### Colors

Dobermans have short smooth coats which are most commonly black. Less common are red (reddish-brown), blue, or fawn-colored coats. Blue and fawn colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads.

### Ears and tail

Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. While still a puppy, the tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking") which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. The ears are cut to a point and so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard.

Temperament
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People who think they are like any other dogs or are often vicious and dangerous are for the most part wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. Dobermans can be protective and guarded or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.

The American Kennel Club describes the Doberman as"

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| "| He is ready to give prompt alarm (and back up that warning) but is also affectionate, obedient and loyal. The breed requires regular daily exercise. Some early specimens were quite sharp and aggressive, but today's Doberman temperament has undergone a gradual but steady decrease in overall sharpness. Not all Dobermans have the same temperament. A Doberman Pinscher of correct breed temperament is trustworthy with his master's children, friends and company. Doberman Pinschers are not well suited to being kennel dogs or isolated outdoor dogs, nor is it advisable to house two adult males together. | "|
The **Komondor** is a breed of dog. 
The Komondors are cord-coated dogs. They come from Hungary. They are livestock guard dogs and should not be confused with herd dogs. They stay with the animals they guard as a member of their flock. Komondors need a job to do or a property to guard.

They should not be kept in apartments. They need space, a large garden or a home in the countryside. They are not lap dogs but working dogs. They may think of their family as their herd to take care of. The Komondors are 50 to 60 kilograms (110 to 130 lb) and must be at least 70 centimetres (28 in)high. But they can be much bigger; this is the minimum height. They live 12–14 years; which is a long life for a big dog.

Behavior
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Komondors are calm, intelligent and independent. They do not always need a human to tell them what to do. This trait can make them more difficult to train. They are loyal and will often follow family members around the house. A Komondor is a large territorial dog. To protect a herd or family is instinctive to this breed. Komondors can be aggressive with people they meet, if they do not learn how to be friendly and social with people and other pets. This ability to be friendly must be taught while they are puppies. Komondors are generally quiet dogs. They do not bark without a good reason. Giving a glaring stare can be a warning to intruders to leave, or the Komondor will attack.

Komondor dogs should be trained to listen to owners and caregivers. Otherwise they will just go on doing things their own way. This is because that is what they learned to do for hundreds of years. The Komondors were often left alone to take care of the herd. The Komondors learned to make decisions and not wait for directions to tell them what to do if a wolf or bear was coming.

Komondors as pets
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Painting of a herd and a Komondor guarding it from 1903
The Komondor is usually silent and sleeping during the day. But when the night comes the Komondor starts moving around. The Komondor will walk up and down all over the area he is supposed to guard. The dog will take care of any thief, burglar or bad people who want to make trouble. The Komondor often knows how to tell a friendly person from a burglar. The Komondor just knows and feels if somebody will come with a bad intention.
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***length***.

**Length** is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. **Short** means a small length. **Long** means much length. **Short** and **long** are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

A ruler is a tool used to measure length.

Measuring
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All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side.

A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes.

* A line has one size measurement. This measurement is the length.
* A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle.
* The length and width of a square are the same.
* A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the height of the box.
* A circle has diameter, the length across the circle. A circle also has circumference, the length around its side.

Examples
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* The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length.
* A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

Length of time
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Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end.

You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours.
**Věra Kohnová** (1929–1942) was a Jewish girl from Czechoslovakia. She wrote a diary about her feelings and about events during the Nazi occupation. Her diary was published in 2006 and in 2023.

Kohnová was born in Plzeň in 1929, into the family of Otakar Kohn, an accountant in the Teller company. At the age of twelve she began keeping a diary. She wrote in it for five months, during which time the situation of her family and other Jews in Plzeň gradually worsened. She didn't describe the fate of the Jews at the time but wrote mainly about her personal feelings. The last entry in her diary is, "We are here just tomorrow and after tomorrow, who knows what will be then. Bye-bye, my diary!".

On 22 January 1942, the family was put on transport "S" to Theresienstadt. The last record of Vêra Kohnová comes from 11 March, when she left Theresienstadt on a transport for another Nazi camp in Izbica—a transfer station to the extermination camps. Although she and her family did not survive, her diary was hidden by Marie Kalivodová and Miroslav Matouš for 65 years. 

In 2006, the diary was published as a book in Czech, English and German (Czech title: *Deník - Věra Kohnová*, English title: *The Diary of Vera Kohnova*, German title: *Das Tagebuch der Vera Kohnova*), ISBN 80-86057-40-2. In 2023, the diary was published again, completed with newly discovered facts (Czech title: Deník Věrky Kohnové", ISBN 978-80-267-2428-5).
Clown mascot Ronald McDonald.
A **clown** is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing.

Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or have a talent agent who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a **clown college** or **clown school**, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.

Clowns in popular culture
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A hobo clown.
Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. *Pagliacci* is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.

Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

In many different media, clowns are often villains due to the possibility of them being creepy. Examples are Pennywise from Stephen King's It and the Joker from the Batman universe.
**Swiss National Park** is a protected area in Switzerland. It is located in the Eastern Alps of Switzerland. It is the country's only national park. This park was founded on August 1, 1914, the national holiday of Switzerland. It is one of the oldest national parks in Europe.

It is part of the worldwide UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

The park covers an area of 174.2 square kilometers and is situated in the canton of Graubünden, near Zernez, S-chanf, Scuol, and the Fuorn Pass in the Engadin valley, close to the Italian border.

Swiss National Park is known for its strict rules. Visitors are not allowed to leave marked paths, start fires, or camp outside the mountain hut, called Chamanna Cluozza. Taking any items or disturbing the park's animals and plants is also prohibited. Dogs are not allowed, even on a leash. 

A visitor centre is located in Zernez. The road through the park leads over the Fuorn Pass (or *Ofenpass*) to South Tyrol in Italy. 

In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional nature parks.

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