recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Beverly Hills, 90210*** is an American primetime television drama series that aired from October 4, 1990, to May 17, 2000 on FOX in the United States and subsequently on various networks around the world. The show followed the lives of a group of teenagers living in the upscale, star-studded community of Beverly Hills, California and attending the fictitious West Beverly Hills High School and then-fictitious California University. The show was created by Darren Star and produced by Aaron Spelling and Spelling Television. The "90210" in the title refers to one of the suburb's postal ZIP codes.

The original premise of the show was based around the adjustment and culture shock that twins Brandon (played by Jason Priestley) and Brenda Walsh (played by Shannen Doherty) had after they and their parents, Jim and Cindy moved from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Beverly Hills. The show addressed several topical issues, including: date rape, alcoholism, domestic violence, gay rights, drug abuse, teenage suicide, AIDS, and teenage pregnancy.

The show gained popularity during the summer of 1991, when FOX aired a special "summer season" of the show while most other series were in reruns. The series became one of FOX's top shows when it began its next season that fall. Viewership increased dramatically and the cast members, particularly Jason Priestley and Luke Perry, became teen idols, while the series would make actresses Shannen Doherty, Jennie Garth and Tori Spelling household names.

Other websites
--------------

* *Beverly Hills, 90210* on IMDb
***Beverly Hills Chihuahua*** is a 2008 movie by Walt Disney Pictures directed by Raja Gosnell. The first preview of the movie was seen next to *The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian*, and originally the movie was scheduled for a September 26, 2008 release, but the release was moved to October 3. The story is about a chihuahua who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Dobermann. *Destino*, a 2003 short movie made by Walt Disney Pictures based on an idea started by Walt Disney and Salvador Dalí in the 1940s, was thought to be seen before *Beverly Hills Chihuahua*, but this didn't happen. Insteed, a sneak-peek of the Disney movie *Bolt* was seen.

The story
---------

The movie is about a spolied chihuahua from Beverly Hills named Chloe (voiced by Drew Barrymore). Her owner, "Aunt Viv" (Jamie Lee Curtis), has to go to Italy, so she leaves Chloe with her niece, Rachel Ashe Lynn (Piper Perabo). Rachel and her friends go on vacation to Mexico, and Chloe gets dognapped by an evil Mexican dognapper who at first wants to use her in dog fights but sees her value and wishes to put her at ransom (have the owners have to pay money to get her back). In the meantime, Papi (voiced by George Lopez), a male chihuahua who is in love with her is on the lookout for her. Chloe makes friendship with a lonely German Shepherd named Delgado (voiced by Andy Garcia) who travels with her to protect her from the evil Dobermann (voiced by Edward James Olmos) who wants to kill her and steal her diamond collar to return it to the dognapper who owns him.

Cast
----

### Human cast

* Manolo Cardona as Sam
* Maury Sterling as Rafferty
* Jamie Lee Curtis as Aunt Viv
* José María Yazpik as Vasquez
* Jesús Ochoa as Officer Ramirez
* Piper Perabo as Rachel Ashe Lynn

### Voice cast

* George Lopez as Papi
* Carlos Juvera as Tomás
* Luis Guzman as Chucho
* Andy Garcia as Delgado
* Cheech Marin as Manuel
* Paul Rodriguez as Chico
* Drew Barrymore as Chloe
* Placido Domingo as Monte
* Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo as Rafa
* Edward James Olmos as El Diablo

Visual effects
--------------

* Cinesite in London, using their specially developed pipeline for creating digital muzzle replacements, animated the many talking dogs. The in-house visual effects supervisor is Matt Johnson.

Music
-----

The music to *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* was written by composer Heitor Pereira, who recorded the score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers.

Reception
---------

*Beverly Hills Chihuahua* earned $29 million USD in its opening weekend. It was #1 in the box office for two weeks. Despite this, the movie was rather poorly received by critics.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Beverly Hills Chihuahua***

* *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* on IMDb
* *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* at the Big Cartoon DataBase
* *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* at AllMovie
*Charnia*
***Charnia*** is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus *Charnia* was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.

Significance
------------

*Charnia* is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.

Secondly, *Charnia* has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited. The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

Ecology
-------

Little is known of the ecology of *Charnia*. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an enigma. Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), *Charnia* grew by new buds at the apex.

### Distribution

*Charnia* is, in time and geography, the most widespread Ediacaran fossil. The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.

Diversity
---------

Reconstruction of *Charnia masoni* at MUSE - Science Museum in Trento
Three species, *C. masoni*, *C. wardi*, and *C. antecedens*, have different length/width ratios and attachments of adjacent branches.

*Charnia masoni* was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957. Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.

*Charnia wardi*, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003. This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a *C. masoni* like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape.

*Charnia antecedens* has more irregular and higher angles of branching than *C. masoni*.

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent *Charnia* (or *Charniodiscus*) at varying levels of decay.
For the movie/video game rental store, see Blockbuster.
***Blockbusters*** was a game show that aired from 1980 to 1987.

How to play
-----------

One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one. The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon. A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know. Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was. If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win. If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.

### Gold Rush

Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000. The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space. The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit. If they do, they win the $5,000. If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.

Different versions
------------------

*Blockbusters* aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982. Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year. It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player.
**Caradoc** was a knight of the Round Table. He was raised as the son of Caradoc the Elder, the king of Nates. His mother had an affair with a sorcerer named Eliavres who was his real father. During a beheading game, he chopped off his opponents head. The corpse replaced the head and explained that he was Caradoc’s biological father. Humiliated, he took his father and locked him in a tower. While attempting to escape, the wizard made a serpent wrap itself around his son's arm. A witch persuaded Eliaures, who was a magician, to make the snake attach itself to Caradoc's arm, sucking his blood. His friend Cador saved his life by putting his sister Guimer in a vat of milk and Caradoc in a vat of sour wine. This got the snake to cross from one vat to the other, giving Cador the chance to kill it with his sword. The attack caused Caradoc’s arm to "shrivel away", and he became known as Breifbras (little-arm). Later in life he married Guignier. Due to Caradoc’s mother’s infidelity, he was very paranoid and made his wife go through a chastity test while they were both in Camelot. She passed the test and the two were given the city of Cirencester as a reward.
**Charonosaurus** was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Its remains were found in China. 

The partial skull resembles that of *Parasaurolophus* from North America. This does *not* suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia. Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest. It may have been used for trumpeting their calls. In other words, their skull shape was a basal feature.

*Charonosaurus* was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13 m (42.5 ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains were found in the same area. They give information on the rest of the skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 m. (4.5 ft).

In popular culture
------------------

*Charonosaurus* was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of *Troodon*.
Charnwood Forest, as defined by Natural England
Bluebells in Swithland Wood
Old John, Bradgate Park
**Charnwood Forest** is an area in north-western Leicestershire, England, near Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville.

Although called a forest, it is extremely varied, with many different areas. It has 45 sites of geological or wildlife interest. Above all, it is the only site in Europe where the Ediacaran fossil *Charnia* is found.

The area has some extensive tracts of woodland. It is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It is generally 600 ft (180 m) and upwards. On its western side is an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages. This is now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries, and was a source of grind-stones. The granite quarries are of national importance and supply crushed stone ("aggregate") to much of southern Britain.

Charnwood Forest includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs, four geological conservation sites of international importance, and another six conservation sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), five local nature reserves (LNRs), and seven Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring. Rockclimbing and walking are popular.
Illustration by Gustave Doré, c.1862
"**Bluebeard**" (French: *Barbe-bleue*) is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 titled *Contes de ma mère l'oye* (English: Tales of Mother Goose). The deluxe volume was intended for Mademoiselle, the 19-year-old niece of Louis XIV. It included four other tales by Perrault. "Bluebeard" was first published anonymously in January 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in *Histoires ou contes du temps passé* (English: Stories or Tales of Past Times), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The tale is about a cruel man who murders his wives so that he will inherit their wealth. He puts their corpses in a secret room opened only by a magic key.

Jacque Barchilon believes the tale is original with Perrault because there are no close antecedants. The taboo of the forbidden room is found in eastern literature, and Barchilon writes that the tale has an "Oriental character". He points out that the French associated beards with Turkish fashions, and early illustrations depict Bluebeard wearing a turban-like headdress.

Medieval murderer of children Gilles de Rais may have been the inspiration for the character of Bluebeard. De Rais was a Marshal of France and Joan of Arc's military companion. His victims (mostly young boys) were said to number 140. The Breton king Comorre the Cursed (c.500 AD) is another candidate. Tales similar to "Bluebeard" include "The Fitcher's Bird" by the Brothers Grimm and the English tale "Mr. Fox".

Story
-----

A rich man has a blue beard which frightens young women. He has been married several times but no one knows what has happened to his wives. He woos two young sisters in the neighborhood but neither are inclined to consider marriage. He treats them to a lavish time in his country house. The younger sister decides to marry him. Shortly after the wedding (and before he travels to a far land on business), Bluebeard gives his wife the keys to his house. One key opens a door to a distant room. He forbids her to enter this room. He leaves and his wife opens the door to the forbidden room. Here she finds Bluebeard's former wives, all dead and lying on a floor covered with blood. She drops the key. It is magic and becomes stained with blood that cannot be washed away. Bluebeard returns. He discovers the blood-stained key and knows his wife has disobeyed his order. He tells her she will take her place among the dead. He grants her a few minutes to pray. She calls her sister Anne and asks her to go to the top of the tower to see if her brothers are on the road. After several tense moments, Anne reports seeing the men approaching. Bluebeard raises a cutlass to decapitate his wife. Her brothers burst into the room. They kill Bluebeard. Their sister is safe.
A bleeding finger
**Bleeding**, technically known as **haemorrhaging** (Brit.) or **hemorrhaging** (US) is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system.

Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin.

**Desanguination** is a major blood loss. Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death. A person does not have to lose all of their blood to die. People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.

Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties, and blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume.

The World Health Organization (WHO) established a scale to measure different degrees of blood loss, from level 0 to 4. Level 0 indicates no blood loss, whilst level 4 represents the highest level of hemorrhaging, with a risk of fatality.
Charles Lyell
**Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet**, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a British geologist. He was the foremost geologist of his day, and an influence on the young Charles Darwin. His work was rewarded with a knighthood, and later he was created a hereditary baronet.

The house of his birth is in the Scottish Lowlands. it is in the valley of the Highland Boundary Fault, one of the great features of Scottish geology. Round the house is farmland, but within a short distance to the north-west are the Grampian Mountains in the Scottish Highlands. 

Charles would have seen this view from his house as a child. He was also fortunate that his family's second home was in a completely different area: at Bartley Lodge in the New Forest, England. Both these places lit his interest in the natural world.

Lyell was a rich man, and earned more money as an author. He came from a prosperous family, and worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s. He held was a Professor of Geology at King's College London in the 1830s. From 1830 onward his books gave him both income and fame.

Lyell's *Principles of Geology* was his most famous and most important book. It was first published in three volumes, in 1830–33. The book was about the ideas of James Hutton, but with many additions, improvements and examples. The book made Lyell to be known as an important geological theorist. It was a work of synthesis, backed by his own personal observations on his travels.

The central argument in *Principles* was that *the present is the key to the past*. This was called by William Whewell 'uniformitarianism'. Geological remains from the distant past are explained by processes we can see operating now. Lyell's interpretation of geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a big influence on his young friend, Charles Darwin.

Other websites
--------------

* Charles Lyell -Citizendium
For other uses, see Broom (disambiguation).
Broom
A **broom** is a cleaning tool. It consists of stiff fibres attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the **broomstick**. In the context of witchcraft, "broomstick" is likely to refer to the broom as a whole. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster.

History of broom design
-----------------------

Women using brooms made from bambusa (1899)
Brooms have changed very much in their construction, since they developed from ad-hoc use of branches and bundles of several natural fibres. Originally, all brooms were round, a shape that is easy to construct but inefficient for actually sweeping. Brooms could be attached to a handle, either short for a whisk broom, or long for a broom used to sweep the floor or fireplace. The word for the tool was originally *besom*, *broom* simply being the material of which it was normally made. The fibres used in modern brooms are from broom corn. They are long, straight, durable, and bound together in the plant. The newest major change is the *flat broom*, invented by the Shakers in the 1800s, which has far more width for pushing dirt and nearly all brooms produced today are flat brooms.

Brooms and witchcraft
---------------------

Brooms have long been connected with witchcraft, almost universally portrayed as medieval-style round brooms and associated with female witches. Despite the association with women, in 1453, the first known case of claiming to have flown on a broomstick is recorded, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin.

### In Literature and Poetry

* In the Bible, Luke 15:8 "The Parable of the Lost Coin", the broom is used as a symbol for women's work. "Or suppose a woman has ten silver coins and loses one. Does she not light a lamp, sweep the house and search carefully until she finds it?"

* In many works of fiction, broomsticks are pictured as a means of air transport for witches. A broom is usually flown with the brush behind the rider.

* The Harry Potter book series is distinctive in portraying magical flying brooms as used equally by both sexes, and especially prominently by Quidditch players as analogues of polo ponies.

* Many toys and costume accessories have been made in the form of brooms.

Related pages
-------------

* Mop

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Broom***.

* A history of brooms's use in witchcraft
* Unclean Sweep Archived 2007-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
Iron Age bronze shield, known as the Battersea Shield in the British Museum
Another style of Celtic shield, A Highland targe from the National Museum of Scotland
**Celtic shields** were used in battle by the Celts and other ancient tribes as their main weapon for defense. They are often found in Iron Age male burial sites. The Witham shield and the Battersea shield are two of the most well-known Celtic shields.

Design
------

Celtic shields were usually oval or elongated oval in shape. They could also be round or hexagon shaped. On the front was usually a hollow wood shield boss to protect the hand. The boss was usually elongated to make the shield stronger and was sometimes covered by a metal plate. On the inside of the boss hole was a handle to hold the shield. The shields were made of wood, usually oak or linden (also called lime). Most often they were covered with leather.

### Battle shields

Battle shields were often individually decorated with various symbols. They were designed to be both light and strong. Celts used their shields defensively but also as an offensive weapon. A favorite tactic of a Celtic warrior was to strike the enemy with his shield. The Celts in Britain used smaller shields in battle while continental Celts used larger shields. Shields sometimes shattered in combat and were an expendable item. 

### Parade shields

Celtic shields have been found in the River Thames at Battersea. Some were also found in Lincolnshire in the River Witham. They were covered with thin sheets of metal with Celtic designs embossed on them. They were larger, but like others constructed of wood. These were clearly for use in ceremonies and not designed for battle.
Carl Correns
**Carl Erich Correns** (10 September 1864 – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist. His research into heredity led to his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's earlier work. 

Hugo de Vries also – independently – rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

Correns grew hybrids of peas, and of maize, and reached the same interpretation as Mendel, in 1899.

The occurrence of cases in which the heterozygote is intermediate (the absence of dominance) was added in a footnote to his 1900 paper. That dominance was not always present had been seen and understood by Mendel, according to his letters to Nägeli. By a quirk of history Correns was a student of Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas. Nägeli failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was.

In 1913 Correns became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem.

Later work
----------

Correns produced the first evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance, in his 1909 paper on variegated leaf colour in *Mirabilis jalapa*. The basis of this inheritance is that chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis, are inherited solely from the maternal parent.
A Celtic design
The **Celts** were a large group of Caucasian tribes in Europe. They first appeared in the early Iron Age, around 1200 B.C. in Austria. The name 'Celt' comes from the Greeks. The Romans called them "Gauls". They came from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. Their culture and genes spread through much of Europe, and by the time the Greeks and later the Romans started emerging, the British Isles and parts of western, southern and eastern Europe were Celtic - the most prominent Celtic tribes were in Gaul. The Celts spoke Celtic languages. Today, the Celtic languages that remain are the Breton, Cornish, Welsh and Gaelic languages.

Celtic society and technology, although not as advanced as the Romans, was far from being primitive for its time. The Celts lived a way of life based on ethical codes and honor codes and had developed a culture of their own, full of unique drawings, sculptures, jewellery, folklore, and building designs and techniques. They were also skilled in blacksmithing, farming and diplomacy.

Celtic warriors would wear war paint and try to scare their enemies by shouting war cries. Tribes had different dress standards for battle; some warriors wore chainmail and/or leather armor, some wore only clothes and some were known to fight fully naked. They also had their own type of sword that was very strong and a shield that was very protective. 

When the Roman Republic started expanding, the Gauls and the Romans became very hostile towards each other and clashed on many occasions; however, the Romans were eventually able to defeat them and ended up conquering most of the Celtic tribes in Europe and ruled them until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Celtic tribes also fought among each other. After winning a battle, the Celts would cut off the heads of their enemies and take them home.

During the fall of the Roman Empire most of the old Celtic land ended up being ruled by migrating Germanic tribes and they merged with Romano-Celtic stock (people with both Roman and Celtic ancestry) to eventually form several European nations of today e.g. Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg as well as Southern and Western Germany. Territories that are still considered Celtic are Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany.
A **büchner funnel** is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.

Structure
---------

A Büchner Funnel
A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.

Uses
----

A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

Related pages
-------------

* Büchner flask

Other websites
--------------

* A Büchner funnel manufacturer Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Experiment using Büchner funnels
* More examples of Büchner funnels

| Laboratory equipment |
| --- |
| Equipment | 
Agar plate  •  Aspirator • Bunsen burner • Calorimeter • Colorimeter • Centrifuge • Condenser •  Fume hood • Microscope • Microtiter plate • Plate reader • Rotary evaporator •  Spectrophotometer • Thermometer • Vortex mixer • Static mixer |
| Flasks | 
Erlenmeyer flask • Florence flask • Volumetric flask • Büchner flask |
| OtherGlassware | 
Beaker • Boiling tube • Büchner funnel • Burette • Conical measure • Crucible • Cuvette • Gas syringe • Graduated cylinder • Pipette • Petri dish • Separating funnel • Soxhlet extractor • Test tube • Thistle tube • Watch glass |
The Great Wall includes Coma and Hercules superclusters.
The **Great Wall** is one of the largest known super-structures in the Universe.

It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away. The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.

We do not know how much farther the wall extends. Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way. The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers. This makes it impossible to find out if the wall ends or continues on further. 

In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, such structures as the Great Wall form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this 'normal' matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.

Other websites
--------------

* Map of CfA2 Great Wall
* The CfA Redshift Survey
The **Christian Democrats** (Swedish: *Kristdemokraterna*, KD) is a Christian democratic political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1964. It did not enter parliament until 1985 in an electoral cooperation with the Centre Party. They entered on the Christian Democrats' own accord in 1991. The leader since 25 April 2015 is Ebba Busch Thor. She succeeded Göran Hägglund, who had been the party's leader since 2004. The four most important issues for the party are:

* Improving the care of the elderly
* Freedom of choice for families with children in selecting their childcare
* Decreasing regulations on companies
* Lowering taxes to promote growth and combat unemployment

The party name was for a long time abbreviated **KDS** until 1996, when the new abbreviation became **KD**. This was because the name changed from the *Christian Democratic Unity* to the *Christian Democrats*.

The Christian Democrats were a minor party in the centre-right Alliance coalition government led by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt until his resignation in 2014.
Chamber pots
A **chamber pot** (also a **chamberpot**), a **piss pot**, a **potty**, a **po**, a **gazunder**, or a **thunder pot**) is a container with a handle, usually used as a urinal at night. It is kept in a bedroom under a bed or in a nightstand.

During Victorian times, some chamber pots were built into a cabinet with a closeable cover.

History
-------

The chamber pot was originally designed for females. Called the *Bourdaloue*, it allowed women to urinate squatting or sitting without accidents. It was supposedly named after the French Catholic priest Louis Bourdaloue, whose sermon were so long that women brought *Bourdaloue* so they could urinate without having to leave.

In the 19th century, water closets started to be more common than chamber pots, but chamber pots were still used until the mid-20th century. Today, they are used in countries that have no indoor plumbing.

In North America and the UK, "potty" refer to the toilets made especially for potty training. These toilets are similar to chamber pots.

In the Philippines, chamber pots are used as urinals and are commonly called "Arinola" in Philippine languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.

In Korea, chamber pots are referred to as **yogang** (**요강**). Currently, they are still used in some country regions in the North.

Related pages
-------------

 Media related to Chamber pots at Wikimedia Commons
Charles Villiers Stanford - caricature by Leslie Ward
**Sir Charles Villiers Stanford** (born Dublin, 30 September 1852; died London, 29 March 1924) was an Irish composer who lived in England for most of his life.

Life
----

Stanford was born in Dublin. His father was a very successful lawyer who was also interested in music. He played the cello and sang. Stanford’s mother played the piano. The young boy heard a lot of music at his home as there were often visitors who came to make music. Charles studied the piano, organ and composition and was composing and performing at concerts when he was still very young.

His parents had wanted their son to be a lawyer, but it was obvious that music was to be his profession. He won a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1870 where he was a choral scholar. He learned very quickly and in 1873, while he was still a student, he was made organist of Trinity College and conductor of two choirs. While he had these jobs he was given time to make visits to Germany where he studied with Carl Reinecke and Friedrich Kiel. He met several famous composers including Brahms and Offenbach. He went to the opening of the Bayreuth Festival Theatre where the music of Richard Wagner was performed.

Stanford took his BA degree in 1874 and MA in 1878, and was given the honorary degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1883 and at Cambridge in 1888. He had a lot of energy and was known for working very hard. When the Royal College of Music opened in London in 1883 Stanford was made professor there. He became conductor of the Bach Choir and then he was made professor of music at Cambridge. He was still only 35 years old. He kept these two professorships until his death. Although he gave up his job as organist at Trinity he became conductor of the Leeds Triennial Festival and appeared with nearly every important British music festival. In 1902 he was knighted.

Stanford married in 1878 and the couple had two children.

Stanford died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Music
-----

Stanford is best known today for the choral music he wrote for the Anglican church. These includes some very fine anthems and motets as well as service settings. His music was much better than most of the church music that had been composed during the 19th century, so he helped to make British music better. He composed many pieces for music festivals: these include oratorios and cantatas as well as partsongs and solo songs. He also wrote a lot of orchestral and instrumental works. These often show the influence of Brahms and Schumann.

As a teacher of composition Stanford had a great deal of influence on many British composers. He sometimes had a bad temper, but he was also very good at showing students how they could improve their music. Composers such as Charles Wood, Constant Lambert, Vaughan Williams, Holst, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Rutland Boughton, John Ireland, Frank Bridge, George Butterworth, Arthur Bliss, Herbert Howells, Arthur Benjamin and Ernest J. Moeran all learned a great deal from him, and continued to admire him.
Branch of a Bing cherry tree
**Bing** is a cultivar (farmed type) of the wild or sweet cherry (*Prunus avium*) that started in the Pacific Northwest, in Milwaukie, Oregon, United States. The Bing remains a major cultivar in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is the most produced variety of sweet cherry in the United States.

History
-------

The cultivar was created as a crossbred graft from the Republican cherry in 1875 by Oregon horticulturist Seth Lewelling and his Manchurian Chinese foreman Ah Bing, for whom the cultivar is named.

### Ah Bing

Ah Bing was reportedly born in China and immigrated to the U.S. in about 1855. He worked as a foreman in the Lewelling family fruit orchards in Milwaukie for about 35 years, supervising other workers and caring for trees. He went back to China in 1889 for a visit. Due to the restrictions of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 he never returned to the United States. Some say Ah Bing developed the cultivar, others that it was developed by Lewelling and named in Bing's honour due to his long service as orchard foreman.

Horticultural production
------------------------

Bing cherry fruits
Bing cherries are used almost exclusively for fresh market. Bings are large, dark and firm cherries that ship well, but will crack open if exposed to rain near harvest. A wet climate is required for the harvest of the bing cherry.

Health
------

Bing cherries are high in anti-oxidants. A study by the United States Department of Agriculture has shown that fresh Bing cherries may help sufferers of arthritis and gout. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that these are yet unproven claims.

Other websites
--------------

* All about cherries Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
Bluestonehenge digital reconstruction – oval configuration
**Bluestonehenge** or **Bluehenge** (also known as **West Amesbury Henge**) is a prehistoric henge and stone circle monument.
It was discovered by the Stonehenge Riverside Project about 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England. All that remains of the site is the ditch of the henge and a series of stone settings, none of which is visible above ground.

Excavation revealed two flint chisel arrowheads in a style commonly used during 3400-2500 BC. The stones have been put up in that period. It is estimated that there may have been as many as 27 stones in a circle 33 feet (10 m) wide.

The site was excavated in August 2008 and again in August 2009. It is considered an important find by archaeologists.

The name "Bluestonehenge" is from the small stone chips found in some of the stone settings. These bluestones are also found in Stonehenge and consist of a wide range of rock types originally from Pembrokeshire West Wales, some 150 miles (240 km) away. Archaeologists think any bluestones in the circle may have been removed around 2500 BC and used at Stonehenge, which had major rebuilding at about that time.

The stone circle settings were surrounded by a henge, comprising an 82-foot-wide (25 m) ditch and outer bank which appears to date from approximately 2400 BC.
In computer science, a **binary tree** is a type of tree (data structure) where each item 
within the tree has at most two children.

Types of binary trees
---------------------

A complete binary tree which is not full.
* In a **balanced binary tree** the left and right branches of every item differ in height by no more than 1.
* In a **complete binary tree** every level, except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all items in the last level are as far left as possible.
* In a **full binary tree** every item has either 0 or 2 children.
* In a **perfect binary tree** all interior items have two children and all leaves have the same depth or same level. A perfect binary tree is also a full and complete binary tree.

Representations
---------------

### Array

A binary tree can be implemented using an array by storing its level-order traversal. In a zero-indexed array, the root is often stored at index 1.

For the *nth* item of the array its:

* left child is stored at the *2n* index.
* right child is stored at the *2n+1* index.
* parent is stored at the *n/2* index.

### References

In a programming language with references, binary trees are typically constructed by having a tree structure which contains references to its left child and its right child.

Traversals
----------

Traversals of an example tree:
*Pre-order (red):* F, B, A, D, C, E, G, I, H
*In-order (yellow):* A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I
*Post-order (green):* A, C, E, D, B, H, I, G, F
### Pre-order

The current item is visited, then the left branch is visited, and then the right branch is visited.

```
void preOrder(Item item) {
 if (item == null) return;
 visit(item);
 preOrder(item.left);
 preOrder(item.right);
}

```

### In-order

The left branch is visited, then the current item is visited, and then the right branch is visited.

```
void inOrder(Item item) {
 if (item == null) return;
 inOrder(item.left);
 visit(item);
 inOrder(item.right);
}

```

### Post-order

The left branch is visited, the right branch is visited, and then the current item is visited.

```
void postOrder(Item item) {
 if (item == null) return;
 postOrder(item.left);
 postOrder(item.right);
 visit(item);
}

```
Mégret in 2007.
**Bruno Mégret** (born 4 April 1949 in Paris) is a French politician. He was the leader of the National Republican Movement, but retired from politics in 2008.

He holds a master's degree from University of California, Berkeley. He is also a reserve army captain.

In 1985, he joined the right-wing political party National Front. In 1986, he was elected to the National Assembly, representing Isère. He organized Jean-Marie Le Pen's 1987 election campaign. From 1989 to 1999, he was also a member of the European Parliament.

Mégret did not agree with Le Pen's extreme political views, believing that it did not help with their public image. In 1998, Bruno Mégret left the *Front National* and founded the National Republican Movement (*Mouvement National Républicain*).

He ran for president in the 2002 French presidential election. He received 2.33% of the vote, and did not advance to the second round. He endorsed Le Pen in the second round.

Mégret was sentenced to 8 months of probation and was fined 8,000 Euros after he used public funds to fund his presidential campaign.

Other websites
--------------

* Bruno Mégret's official website Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
**Charles Wood** (born Armagh, 15 June 1866; died Cambridge, 12 July 1926) was an Irish composer and teacher.

Charles Wood was born in Armagh, Ireland. His father sang in the Cathedral choir. Charles had music lessons from the cathedral organist, then he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied composition with C.V.Stanford and Hubert Parry. He also learned to play the horn and piano. After four years he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, at first to study, then to teach harmony and counterpoint. In 1889 he got a teaching job at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Soon he became their first Director of Music and Organist. When Stanford died, Wood became Professor of Music at Cambridge.

Wood is mainly remembered today for his Anglican church music. He wrote music for the Communion Service and service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. These are often sung today in cathedrals and churches. He wrote many fine anthems including *O thou, the central orb*. In Cambridge he is remembered for the chimes he wrote for the clocks of Gonville and Caius College.

His pupils included Ralph Vaughan Williams at Cambridge and Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music.
**Bruno Stanisław Gruszka** (6 October 1881 - 4 March 1941) was a Polish representative and politician. He worked as a councilman in Radymno. He was born in Skołoszów. He died in prison in Przemyśl.

Youth
-----

Gruszka was born in a poor family. He was the only child of Ewa Bartoszewska and Michał Gruszka. He started his education in a middle school in Jarosław. Later he went to the teacher-training college in Tarnów. He studied law at the university in Lviv and Cracow. 

When he studied, he joined "The Polish People's Party" (Polish: *Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe*, abbreviated to PSL).
In 1937 he was arrested and sent to prison in Lviv by peasant strike. (1937)

Works
-----

Bruno Gruszka took part in building-up PSL "Piast" (1913-1931). He was also a member of the Executive Board in Cracow and the District Executive Board in Jarosław. In 1922 he was the leader of the Senate committee and created the statute of the parliament.

Activity
--------

He was the founder of the Farmers and Craftspeople’s Bank in Radymno and Przemyśl and Włościański Bank in Jarosław. 

He led The Ropework Association in Radymno. 

He was the chairman of the Gymnastics Association Sokół.

He was the chairman of The Agriculture Association of the Małopolska province in Lviv.

Life in Radymno
---------------

There is a street named after him. He was buried in the cemetery in Radymno.
A CLAAS Jaguar cutting grass silage.
The **CLAAS Jaguar** is a silage harvester made by CLAAS. It has a DaimlerChrysler engine.

History
-------

The **CLAAS Jaguar** was first built in 1973, when the idea of silage was fairly new. Claas already made combines and balers. The first CLAAS Jaguar was a small green machine. The 10,000th Jaguar was sold in 1994, the 15,000th unveiled in 1998 and the 20,000th sold in 2004.

Success
-------

The CLAAS Jaguar is one of the best selling silage harvesters ever made. They sell especially well in European countries. Of the forage harvesters CLAAS sold in Ireland from 2000 to 2003, 60% were Claas Jaguars.

Model Range
-----------

The model range has not changed much over the past eight years, except for 2003 and 2007. In Europe, the current models are the 830, 850, 870, 890 and the largest one: the 900. In North America, the models are 950, 960, 970 and 980.

Speedstar & Green Eye
---------------------

Before 2003, most forage harvesters operated at very slow speeds. In 2003, new technology meant that a new silage harvester, with the same look as the old model, would be built. In Autumn of that year, the **CLAAS Jaguar Speedstar** was first sold. 

The "Green Eye" is a new addition. After four years of scientific experiments, the Green Eye was made in May 2007. The 900 model now being sold in Europe is known as the **CLAAS Jaguar 900 Green Eye**. The Green Eye is also available in the other models as well.
A Büchner flask
A **Büchner flask** (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a flask made of glass.

Structure
---------

A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.

Uses
----

A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.

The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.

History
-------

It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

Related pages
-------------

* Büchner funnel

Other websites
--------------

* A Büchner funnel manufacturer Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Experiment using Büchner funnels
* More examples of Büchner funnels

| Laboratory equipment |
| --- |
| Equipment | 
Agar plate  •  Aspirator • Bunsen burner • Calorimeter • Colorimeter • Centrifuge • Condenser •  Fume hood • Microscope • Microtiter plate • Plate reader • Rotary evaporator •  Spectrophotometer • Thermometer • Vortex mixer • Static mixer |
| Flasks | 
Erlenmeyer flask • Florence flask • Volumetric flask • Büchner flask |
| OtherGlassware | 
Beaker • Boiling tube • Büchner funnel • Burette • Conical measure • Crucible • Cuvette • Gas syringe • Graduated cylinder • Pipette • Petri dish • Separating funnel • Soxhlet extractor • Test tube • Thistle tube • Watch glass |
Carl Heinrich Graun
**Carl Heinrich Graun** (1703/4 - 8 August 1759) was a German composer and tenor singer.

Life
----

Graun was born in Wahrenbrück. His father was a tax collector. He had two brothers, Johann Gottlieb Graun and August Friedrich Graun. Carl was the youngest son. He went to school in Dresden. He sang in the choir of the Kreuzkirche. He studied in the University of Leipzig from 1718-19. He studied singing with J.Z. Grundig and composition with Christian Petzold and Johann Christoph Schmidt.

In 1724 he moved to Brunswick. He sang in the opera house in Brunswick. He wrote operas, cantatas, funeral music, and Passion cantatas in Brunswick. He was unhappy in Brunswick. In 1731 he moved to Prussia to work for crown prince Frederick. His brother, Johann Gottlieb was already working for Prince Frederick. Graun did not stop writing music for Brunswick.

Frederick became king in 1740. He sent Graun to Italy to hire singers for the court opera. Graun returned to Berlin in March 1741. He was promoted to *Kapellmeister*. He was in charge of the music in the Berlin court. His job was writing stage music. In 1755, he wrote *Der Tod Jesu* (*The Death of Jesus*), a Passion cantata. The cantata was performed every year in Germany ever since.

He died on August 8, 1759 in Berlin.