recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Statute of Kilkenny** were a set of laws made by the English in 1367 to try and save the English colony in Ireland. The laws were made by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. They were passed at a meeting of the Irish parliament held at Kilkenny.

The English had difficulty in taking over Ireland. The first English settlers, the Anglo-Irish, began to become Irish in the way they viewed the world. They began to put their own interests ahead of those of the English royalty. The government of Ireland had become weak after the battles with Edward Bruce, and the arrival of the Black Death weakened the country even more. Edward III of England became concerned that the Anglo-Irish were becoming too powerful and threatened his rights and interests in Ireland. He attempted three times to control their increasing independence.

Edward III finally sent his third son, Lionel of Antwerp, to Ireland to try and get back control. He was very concerned that the Anglo-Irish had become more Irish than the Irish themselves. The Statute of Kilkenny were laws designed to bring Ireland back under the control of English born nobles, not English descendants in Ireland. These laws were serious, to break one was seen as treason and could be punished by death. Despite this after ten years the statutes were dead in the wateras a lack of enforcement saw things continue as they had before.

The laws
--------

The Statute of Kilkenny had a lot of laws made to separate the English from the Irish. It was against the law for the English in Ireland to:

* Marry an Irish person
* Adopt an Irish child
* Use an Irish name
* Wear Irish clothes
* Speak the Irish language
* Play Irish music
* Listen to Irish story-tellers
* Play Irish games
* Let an Irish person join an English religious house
* Appoint any Irish clergyman to any church in the English settlement
* Ride a horse in Irish style, that is, without a saddle.

Because of the weak government, they were not able to make people obey the new laws, and the Anglo-Irish ignored them.
**Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator**, also known as **Ptolemy XIII**, was the Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC, and a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He was the son of Ptolemy XII and ruled Egypt after his father with his sister Cleopatra VII. However, a civil war happened between Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra. During this conflict, Ptolemy XIII ruled with his other sister, Arsinoe IV.

Biography
---------

### Pharaoh of Egypt

Ptolemy XIII became the pharaoh of Egypt after his father Ptolemy XII died. Ptolemy XIII was only 11 years old when he became pharaoh, so his sister Cleopatra ruled with him as a co-ruler. Pothinus, a powerful advisor, helped Ptolemy XIII rule because Ptolemy XII was too young.

Ptolemy XIII and Pothinus later tried to remove Cleopatra from ruling because she was becoming too powerful.

### Civil war

Ptolemy XIII and his advisor Pothinus made Cleopatra leave the country and started a war against her. 

Pompey who was a roman general came to Egypt looking for safety because his enemy Julius Caesar was chasing him. At first, Ptolemy XIII seemed like he would help Pompey, but then he killed Pomepy. When Caesar arrived, he was angry that Pompey had been killed and ordered his body to be found given a good burial.

Cleopatra was able to become allies with Juilius Caeser against Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV. Caesar killed Pothinus and made Cleopatra the pharaoh of Egypt. Ptolemy XIII still wanted to rule Egypt, so he teamed up with his sister Arsinoe IV. They both gathered their supporters and fought against Cleopatra's army inside Alexandria. This caused a lot of damage in the city.

When Roman soldiers arrived, there was a big battle called the Battle of the Nile. Cleopatra and Caesar won. After that Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile river. Some people think he tried to swim across the Nile River to escape , but we don't know for sure. After that, Cleopatra stayed as the only ruler of Egypt, but she made her younger brother Ptolemy XIV her co-ruler.
CST or UTC-6
The **Central Time Zone** subtracts six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC−5).

This time zone is called **Central Standard Time** (CST) during standard time (Winter). It is called **Central Daylight Time** (CDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called **Central Time** (CT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Mountain Time Zone and one hour behind the Eastern Time Zone.

The largest city in the Central Time Zone is Mexico City. In the United States, the largest city is Chicago, and the largest metropolitan area is the Chicago metropolitan area.

Places that are in Central Time Zone
------------------------------------

### Canada

In Canada, this time zone includes all of Manitoba, nearly all of Saskatchewan, a little part of western Ontario, and part of Nunavut (most of the Kivalliq Region and part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region).

### United States

In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of 
Alabama, 
Arkansas, 
Illinois, 
Iowa, 
Louisiana, 
Minnesota, 
Missouri, 
Mississippi, 
Oklahoma, and 
Wisconsin.
Indiana.
Florida.
Indiana.
Kansas.

And smaller portion of the states of.

```
Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas.
```

### Mexico

Most of Mexico belongs to the Central Time Zone. The six northwestern states are not part of the time zone.

### Central America, South America, Oceania

Central Time Zone includes the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In South America, this zone includes the Ecuadorian province of Galápagos. In Oceania, the Chilean Easter Island also belongs to this time zone.

Central Daylight Time
---------------------

Daylight saving time occurs from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−5). Most of the locations in Central Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Saskatchewan, Central America and Galápagos. They stay on standard time all year.

Other websites
--------------

| Website |
| --- |
| Accurate time for the Central Time zone Archived 2014-10-10 at the Wayback Machine |
William Harvey
**William Harvey** was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1573. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.

A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.

When Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.

Circulatory system
------------------

William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties. A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost. One 16th century work on theology, entitled *Cristianismi restitutio*, was written by Miguel Serveto. After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed. Three copies survived. A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating.

Harvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616 during a series of lectures (his lecture notes still exist). He wrote a book (*Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus*) about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process. This went against what was believed at the time to be true.

The Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.

Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops. One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.

"*Ex ovo omne vivum*"
---------------------

Harvey made another great discovery. He said (in Latin) "Every living thing comes from an egg". At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs. It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827. The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***William Harvey***

* William Harvey info Archived 2007-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
* William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum
The triangle of reference, or semiotic triangle. Figure taken from page 11 of *The Meaning of Meaning*.
***The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism*** (1923) is a book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. It was published with two more essays (written opinions) by Bronisław Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank. The conception of the book rose up during a two-hour conversation between Ogden and Richards held on a staircase in a house next to the Cavendish Laboratories at 11 pm on Armistice Day, 1918.

Summary
-------

The original text was published in 1923 and has been used as a textbook in many fields, including language and science. The book has been in print continuously since 1982. The latest edition is the critical edition prepared by W. Terrence Gordon as book 3 of the 5-volume set C. K. Ogden & Linguistics (London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1995). 

Richards explains in detail a theory of Signs:that Words and Things are connected "through their event together with things, their linkage with them in a 'context' that Symbols come to play that important part in our life [even] the source of all our power over the external world" (47).

The book later influenced A. J. Ayer's *Language, Truth, and Logic*, an introduction to logical positivism, and both the Richards–Ogden book and the Ayer book in turn influenced Alec King and Martin Ketley in the writing of their book *The Control of Language*, which appeared in 1939, and which influenced C. S. Lewis in the writing of his defence of natural law and objective values, *The Abolition of Man* (1943).
In 1975, Hilary Putnam published his book *The Meaning of "Meaning"*, making a "direct" reference to Ogden and Richards earlier work.
The native peoples of Europe are seperated by common genetics, common language, or both. It is estimated there are 87 distinct native peoples in Europe, 33 of which form the ethnic majority in their country. The other 54 are minorities in their countries. The Russians are the largest group, with over 134 million.

Languages
---------

### Indo-European

Baltic languages: Includes Latgalian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Samogitian. 

Celtic languages: Includes Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. 

Germanic languages: Includes Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Flemish, Frisian, German, Icelandic, Limburgish, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Scots, Swedish, and Yiddish. Afrikaans, a daughter language of Dutch, is spoken mostly by South Africans and Namibians.

Indo-Aryan languages: Romani

Iranic Languages: Ossetian in the Caucasus, and Kurdish in Turkey. 

Romance languages: Includes Aromanian, Arpitan, Catalan, Corsican, French, Friulian, Galician, Istro-Romanian, Italian, Ladino, Megleno-Romanian, Occitan, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sardinian, and Spanish.

Slavic languages: Includes Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Kashubian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Sorbian, and Ukrainian

Semitic languages: Maltese

Language isolates: Greek, Albanian, and Armenian. 

### Uralic

Finnic: Estonian, Finnish, Livonian

Permic: Komi, Udmurt

Ugric (Disputed branch): Hungarian

Disputed: Mari, Mordvinic, Sámi

No branch: Samoyedic
Geiger (l.) with Ernest Rutherford c. 1905
**Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger** (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was professor at the University of Erlangen.

In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. In 1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment called the "gold foil experiment". Rutherford and Geiger created the Rutherford-Geiger tube, later to become the Geiger tube. 

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model. In 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. Geiger also worked with James Chadwick. In 1912 he became leader of the Physical-Technical Reichsanstalt in Berlin, 1925 professor in Kiel, 1929 in Tübingen, and from 1936 in Berlin.

He was a member of the Uranium Club. Geiger never expressed himself in public about the Nazis. There are reports both about him helping, and rejecting, Jewish colleagues. Geiger died in Potsdam, Germany a few months after World War II ended in Europe. He had four siblings: three sisters and one brother that were all younger than him. His brother, Rudolf Geiger, was very interested in meteorology and climatology. His Famous quote is: "When The Imposter Is SO INCREDIBLY SUS!!!!!!!!!!!"
**Charles Edward Russell** (September 25, 1860 – April 23, 1941) was an American journalist and politician. He started the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People with people including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard, William English Walling (the last son of a former slave-holding family), and Florence Kelley in 1909. For the rest of his life Russell worked on the board of directors. Russell also wrote 27 books. In 1928 he won a Pulitzer Prize for *The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas*.

Early life
----------

Charles Edward Russell was born in Davenport, Iowa on September 25, 1860. His father was a newspaper editor at the *Davenport Gazette*. Russell went to St. Johnsbury Academy for high school.

Career
------

Russell worked as a "muckraker". A muckraker was a journalist who reported about how capitalism was bad. In 1902, Russell's first book, *Such Stuff as Dreams*, was published. Russell joined the Socialist Party of America in 1908. He was a member until 1917. Russell was the Socialist candidate for Governor of New York in 1910 and 1912. He was a candidate for U.S. Senator from New York in 1914. Russell's memoir *These Shifting Scenes* was published in 1915. Russell acted in the 1917 movie *The Fall of the Romanoffs*. In 1928 Russell won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography *The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas*. In 1933 Russell's second memoir *Bare Hands and Stone Walls* was published. Russell was an editorial writer for social democratic magazine The New Leader.

Personal life
-------------

Russell had one child, John Russell. Charles Edward Russell died on 23rd April 1941.
Suzuki Shoten in Kobe, burned during the Rice Riots of August 11, 1918
The **Rice Riots of 1918 (米騒動, *kome sōdō*)** were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government. This happened between July 1918 to September 1918. They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government.

Causes
------

A very large rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic *(money)* problems, especially in rural areas *(outside of cities)* where rice was the main food of daily life for the people. Farmers, became angry at the government (who set the amount of money made by the farmers) and the rice merchants when they learned that they were making much less money for growing the rice than it was being sold for to the public. They blamed the government and the merchants for letting the price of rice rise so high. The rise in the price of rice happened just at the worst point in the rapid rise in prices in many things such as food and rents that was happening just after World War I. This caused problems for the people of Japan. The Siberian Intervention made things worse because the government themselves bought lots of rice to feed their soldiers who were outside of Japan. This made the price of rice rise even more. The government did not do anything to stop it, and it spread to the towns and cities.

The riots
---------

The Rice Riots were the biggest, most violent and widespread in modern Japanese history. The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture, on 23 July 1918. Starting with peaceful petitioning, the protest quickly grew into riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights. By mid-September 1918, over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities, 153 towns and 177 villages, with over 2 million people taking part in them. 25,000 people were arrested, and 8200 were convicted of crimes. Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty.

Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots, and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918.

People studying this part of Japanese history think that the riots and so the need for rice in some way may have caused the Japanese to grow their occupation of other countries. Evidence of this is thought to be the increase in rice production in Taiwan and Korea.
This article is about automatic firearms used by many military and law enforcement organizations. For semi-automatic firearms restricted by some United States laws, see Assault weapon.
AK-47 assault rifle with curved magazine and wooden stock facing leftThe most used firearm in history, along with its successor, the AKM, is the AK-47. It was first adopted in 1949 by the Soviet Army, and uses the 7.62×39mm M43 round.
M16 assault rifle with metal stock facing rightThe M16 was first introduced into service in 1964 with the United States Armed Forces. It uses the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.
An **assault rifle** is a rifle that has a removable magazine, automatic-fire and semi-automatic modes, and uses intermediate cartridges. These cartridges include the 5.56 NATO and 7.62x39mm cartridges. Assault Rifles fire cartridges which have more power and penetration than pistol cartridges fired by sub-machine guns. 

Two rifles made in Italy and Russia before World War I are sometimes called assault rifles. The Germans were the first to use **assault rifles** in large numbers. 

Common examples of "assault rifles" are the English L85, Russian AK-47, the American M16.

The term "assault rifle" comes from the firearm **Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44)**, translated to "Assault Rifle 1944". The armed forces of other sovereign states adopted assault rifles later.

The term "assault rifle" and less commonly "assault weapon" have seen increasing use by American, Canadian and European politicians seeking to limit access to civilian rifles that fire similar or identical rounds to common "assault" or "battle" rifles, such as the 308 Winchester or the 30-06 Springfield.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "assault rifle | Definition, Examples, Facts, & History | Britannica". *www.britannica.com*. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
2. ↑  "Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945 (Lone Sentry)". *www.lonesentry.com*. Retrieved 2022-05-29.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Assault rifles***.
Advertisement for *There is Confusion*
**Jessie Redmon Fauset** (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Her life and work
-----------------

Fauset was born in Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister. Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.

Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis". She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal. 

She is the author of four novels, *There Is Confusion*  (1924), *Plum Bun* (1928), *The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life* (1931), and *Comedy, American Style* (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".

Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.

Selected works
--------------

### Novels

* *There Is Confusion* (novel, 1924) This book is about an upper middle class African-American family in Pennsylvania, later New York City, and its circle of friends.
* *Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral* (novel, 1929) this is a study of racial identity ISBN 0-8070-0919-9
* *The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life* (novel, 1931) (set in a small New Jersey town; ISBN 1-55553-207-1)
* *Comedy, American Style* (novel, 1933)

Quotes
------

* "The Complex of color...every colored man feels it sooner or later. It gets in the way of his dreams, of his education, of his marriage, of the rearing of his children." - *There is Confusion*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jessie Redmon Fauset***.

* The Black Renaissance in Washington Archived 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Jessie Redmon Fauset - Voices from the Gaps

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**Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks** (June 7, 1917 – December 3, 2000) was an American poet and writer. She wrote about the ordinary lives of people, often in her own African American community called Bronzeville in Chicago, Illinois. In 1950 she won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for her book *Annie Allen*. She was the first African American winner of that prize.

Life and career
---------------

Brooks was born in Topeka, Kansas. When she was still a baby, her parents moved to Chicago. She lived there for the rest of her life. Her father was a janitor. Her mother was a schoolteacher and a pianist.

She started writing poetry when she was very young. Her mother told her to send some writing to the well-known poet Langston Hughes. He wrote to her, "You have talent. Keep writing! You'll have a book published one day." Many of her early poems were printed in the *Chicago Defender*, a newspaper written for African Americans in that city.

After winning the Pulitzer Prize for her poetry book *Annie Allen* in 1950, she wrote a novel called *Maud Martha* that came out in 1953. This novel tells the story of the main character's life. In the book Maud Martha "suffers prejudice not only from white people but also from lighter-skinned African Americans."

From the 1960s on, Brooks' poetry said more about the problems caused by racism in America. Her book *In the Mecca* spoke about the struggles of Black people to live in their poor neighborhoods. She wrote about the death of Malcolm X. She was active in the Black Power movement.

Brooks was named the official poet of the state of Illinois in 1968. And in 1985 she was the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. For these jobs she went many places. She went to prisons, hospitals and schools where she asked people to read poetry and to write their own poems.

She died at her home in Chicago on December 3, 2000.

Books
-----

* *A Street in Bronzeville* 1945
* *Annie Allen* 1949
* *Maud Martha* 1953
* *Bronzeville Boys and Girls* 1956
* *The Bean Eaters* 1960
* *In the Mecca* 1968
* *Riot* 1969
* *Report from Part One: An Autobiography* 1972
* *The Near-Johannesburg Boy, and Other Poems* 1987
* *Winnie* 1988
**John Berryman** (October 25, 1914 – January 7, 1972) was an important American poet in the second part of the 1900s. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma on October 25, 1914. He was seen as one of the chief poets of confessional poetry.

Life
----

When John Berryman was born in Oklahoma, his name was John Allyn Smith, Jr.. His father was a banker named John Allyn Smith. His mother was a schoolteacher named Martha. When he was ten years old his family moved to Tampa, Florida. In 1926, when he was twelve years old, his father shot and killed himself. This haunted the poet for the rest of his life.

After his father died, his mother married another banker named John. His last name was Berryman. The poet took his father's name, so he ended up with the same last name as his stepfather. They moved to New York City. John was sent to a private boarding school in Connecticut. He went on to graduate from Columbia College.

The book *Five Young American Poets* had some of his earliest poems alongside other poets like Randall Jarrell. The publisher of this book also published Berryman's first book, *Poems*. His next book, *The Dispossessed*, was more mature but received mostly bad reviews. When Jarrell reviewed Berryman's book, he wrote that Berryman's poems sounded too much like William Butler Yeats. Berryman later said, "I didn't want to be *like* Yeats; I wanted to *be* Yeats."

In 1947 John Berryman started seeing a married woman while he was married to his first wife. He wrote many sonnets about her, but they were not published until 1967.

In 1950 he wrote a biography of the writer Stephen Crane, who he admired. He also published a book of poems called *Homage to Mistress Bradstreet.* This book also featured drawings by the artist Ben Shahn. It was his first book to get attention from people all across the United States of America.

Even though *Homage to Mistress Bradstreet* was successful, Berryman's biggest breakthrough came with *77 Dream Songs* in 1964. This book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1965. Berryman wrote a much longer sequel, *His Toy, HIs Dream, His Rest*. This book was just as successful. He later combined the two into one book, *The Dream Songs*.

On January 7, 1972, John Berryman killed himself by jumping off the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Poems
-----

Berryman wrote about shame, like mental illness and lust. He said that he was not writing about himself but about made-up people. Despite this remark, many critics believe Berryman did write about himself. John Berryman's best-known poems were called Dream Songs. He put out the 385 Dream Songs in two books: *77 Dream Songs* and *His Toy, His Dream, His Rest.* Later he put them into one book: *The Dream Songs*.
***Wind River*** is a 2017 American movie starring Elizabeth Olsen, Jeremy Renner, Kelsey Asbille and Graham Greene. Taylor Sheridan wrote and directed the movie. It is about a Native American woman who goes missing in Wyoming on the Wind River Indian Reservation. It is rated R. It is 1 hour and 47 minutes long.

Plot
----

Jane Banner (Olsen), who is an FBI agent, goes to Wyoming to solve a murder. Wildlife officer Cory Lambert (Renner) helps her. Lambert had found the body of a young Native American woman named Natalie (Asbille). Lambert helps because he knew Natalie and because his own daughter had been found dead years earlier. Natalie had been barefoot in the snow. Because she died on a reservation and is a Native American, the FBI, police and tribal police must work together to find out what happened.

Themes
------

The story is fiction, but it is about how many Native American women go missing each year and how the laws in the United States make it harder to solve those crimes.

Critical response
-----------------

The movie has an 87% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It had positive reviews from *The Guardian*, *Rolling Stone*, *The New York Times*, and the *LA Times* and three stars from Roger Ebert's group.

Other websites
--------------

* *Wind River* on IMDB
"**Two of Us**" is a song by The Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but it is credited to Lennon/McCartney. Lennon and McCartney sang the song as a duet. It was written for Linda Eastman, McCartney's soon to be wife. It sometimes sounds like it is addressing Lennon, whose relationship with McCartney was tense at that time.[*source?*]

Production
----------

### Composition

"Two of Us" was originally a hard rock song. In the *Let It Be* movie, McCartney and Lennon sing the song "rocker" style into the same microphone. McCartney had never been satisfied with this style, which he said was "chunky." And so on 24 January, he and the band reworked it. Lennon had ideas about how the song might sound if Stevie Wonder performed it, and just before revisiting the song, the band had run through the Everly Brothers hit "Cathy's Clown". With these influences and a move from electric guitar to acoustic, the song transformed into the gentler, stripped-down version that fans know today. The Beatles performed a finished version of the song live at Apple Studios on 31 January 1969; this performance was included in both the *Let it Be* film and album.

The song was originally titled "On Our Way Home". In May 1969, McCartney produced a recording of the song using this title by the group Mortimer, a New York City trio that briefly recorded for Apple, but this recording was never released.

### Intro

At the beginning of the recording Lennon says, 

> "'I Dig a Pygmy', by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf Aids... Phase One, in which Doris gets her oats!"
> 
> 

 The joke was mixed in by Phil Spector for the *Let It Be* album and also appeared in the *Let It Be* film, both released in 1970. "The deaf aids" – a British term for hearing aids at the time – was also the nickname given to the Beatles' Vox amplifiers.[*source?*]

Writing credit
--------------

In his 1980 interview with *Playboy*, when asked who wrote the song, Lennon said "mine", but he may have been distracted at the time by a previous question about "Don't Let Me Down."

**Playboy**: "Don't Let Me Down"?
**Lennon**: That's me, singing about Yoko.
**Playboy**: "Two of Us"?
**Lennon**: Mine. By the way, Rod Stewart turned "Don't Let Me Down" into [sings] 'Maggie don't go-o-o.' That's one the publishers never noticed...
In fact, in his 1972 interview with the Hit Parader, Lennon said that Two of Us was written by McCartney.

Personnel
---------

* John Lennon – harmony vocal, acoustic guitar, and whistling.
* Paul McCartney – lead vocal, acoustic guitar and whistling.
* George Harrison – bass-line (played on electric guitar).
* Ringo Starr – drums

Other websites
--------------

* Dowlding, William J. (1989). *Beatlesongs*. Simon & Schuster Inc. ISBN 0-671-68229-6.
* Erickson, Hal (2010). "Plot Synopsis of *Two of Us*". *VH1*. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
* MacDonald, Ian (2003). *Revolution in the Head:The Beatles' Records and the Sixties*. Pimlico. ISBN 1-8441-3828-3.
* Sheff, David (2000). *All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono*. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
*White Fawn's Devotion: A Play Acted by a Tribe of Red Indians in America*
***White Fawn's Devotion: A Play Acted by a Tribe of Red Indians in America*** is a silent film. It was filmed in 1910, in the USA. James Young Deer wrote and directed the film, but is not credited for this. His wife, Lillian St. Cyr is credited for playing Princess Red Wing as "White Fawn". The lead woman does not fit St. Cyr's description, so few people believe she played in the film. The movie was shot in New Jersey at 24fps.

*White Fawn's Devotion* is the earliest surviving film directed by a Native American. It was one of the earlier films French company Pathé shot in America. A reviewer in the *New York Dramatic Mirror* wrote that the film "proves to be interesting if we can forget the New Jersey scenery" and noted that "it is not quite clear where the devotion comes in, nor of what it consists.".

In 2008, the movie was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
----

When a settler in the Dakotas learns that he will inherit a large fortune, his Native American wife is upset. Believing that she will lose her husband if he returns East, she stabs herself with a knife. Her husband finds her and removes the knife, but their daughter sees him with the knife in his hand and her apparently dead mother. The girl believes that her father committed the murder, and alerts the nearby Indian village. Several Indians then chase the settler. When the settler is captured, the Indians intend to put him to death until White Fawn miraculously comes to life again. She tells the truth to the Indians. This ending, in which an interracial couple ends up together, is a rare occurrence for this period of film production.

Production
----------

James Young Deer (also known as J. Younger Johnston or James Young Johnson) was believed to be the first Native American film director. His ancestors were members of the Nanticoke people of Delaware. Young Deer was hired by Pathé Frères as a director and scenario writer and frequently worked in collaboration with his actress wife Lillian St. Cyr, also known by her stage name Princess Red Wing. He made over 100 movies. *White Fawn's Devotion* is one of them.

Other websites
--------------

* *White Fawn's Devotion* on IMDb
* The short film *White Fawn's Devotion* is available for free download at the Internet Archive
* *White Fawn's Devotion*  at the TCM Movie Database
* *White Fawn's Devotion* at AllMovie
* Fawn's Devotion (1910) Video at YouTube
**Edward G. Robinson** (born **Emanuel Goldenberg**; December 12, 1893 – January 26, 1973) was a Romanian-American actor. He was known for his roles as Rico in *Little Caesar* and as Rocco in *Key Largo*. Other well-known roles include Barton Keyes in the movie *Double Indemnity*, Dathan in *The Ten Commandments*, and his final role as Sol Roth in *Soylent Green*. He won an honorary Academy Award in 1973, two months after his death. He was listed in the 25 Greatest Male Actors of All Time.

Early life
----------

Robinson was born on December 12, 1893 in Bucharest, Romania to a Jewish-Yiddish family. After his brother was attacked by the Mafia, Robinson and his family moved to New York City in February 1903.

### Education

He studied at Townsend Harris High School and at City College of New York. He then studied to become an actor at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His career began in 1913, ten years after moving to the United States.

Personal life
-------------

Robinson was married to Gladys Lloyd from 1927 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Jane Robinson from 1958 until his death in 1973. He had one son with Gladys and one step-daughter from his last marriage. Robinson was a Liberal Democrat.

### Death

Robinson died on January 26, 1973 in his home in Los Angeles, California from bladder cancer, aged 79. He was buried at Beth-El Cemetery in Queens, New York.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Edward G. Robinson***.

* Edward G. Robinson on IMDb
* Edward G. Robinson at the TCM Movie Database
* Edward G. Robinson at the Internet Broadway Database
* Photographs and literature
**Time Cube** was a personal website created on 1997 by Otis Eugene Ray. On that website, Ray explained his theory of everything, known as "Time Cube". It described the planet Earth as having a cubic symmetry, and time as rotating four "corners". He also said that all of modern physics is wrong. Scientists reject these ideas, saying that they make no sense and cannot be tested.

The Time Cube website was written in an angry and hateful voice. On his site, Ray said that not believing in Time Cube would be "stupid and evil". Some of the comments were racist and discriminatory, especially against black people and Jews. There were also many comments against gay people. Many people found the site to be difficult to understand.

Ray spoke about Time Cube at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 2002. At MIT, a professor tried to cancel the lecture before it took place. Ray believed this is proof of a conspiracy to keep information about Time Cube hidden. Ray also spoke about Time Cube at the Georgia Institute of Technology in April 2005.

Otis Eugene Ray died on March 18, 2015. He was 87 years old. The website went down in August 2015. It was last archived by the Wayback Machine on January 12, 2016.

Related pages
-------------

* Conspiracy theory
* Pseudoscience
The **Ligurian Republic** (Italian: *Repubblica Ligure*, Ligurian: *Repubbrica Ligure*) was a client republic (a puppet state) formed by Napoleon I of France on 14 June 1797, after his army occupied Italy. It consisted of the old Republic of Genoa which Napoleon abolished and which covered most of the Ligurian region of northwest Italy, and the small Imperial fiefs owned by the House of Savoy inside its territory. Its first constitution was passed on 22 December 1797, establishing a Directorial republic.

History
-------

The directory was overthrown on 7 December 1799 and the executive **Girolamo Luigi Durazzo** was temporarily replaced by a commission. In 1800 a Doge was nominated for 5 years. In 1802 he was nominated for life. The Doge had no real powers, because he and the state were controlled by Napoleon and his army. Despite the appearance as a constitutional republic with a constitution and a legislature, almost everything was decided by Napoleon, like in all the other French client states.

The state was briefly occupied by the Austrian army in 1800, but Napoleon soon returned with his army. A new constitution was published in 1801, establishing institutions more similar to those of the previous Genoan Republic, with a Doge who was president of a senate. The Ligurian Republic used the traditional Genoese flag, a red cross on a white background.

In June 1805, the Ligurian Republic was annexed by the French to the French Empire.

After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the republic was briefly restored between 28 April and 28 July. Following the Congress of Vienna it was awarded to the Kingdom of Sardinia and annexed on 3 January 1815.
**Ri Myong-sun** (korean 꺄 ㅡ캐ㅜㅎ/녀ㅜ; born 26 January 1992 in Pyongyang) is a table tennis player from North Korea. She used as racket the Joo Se-hyuk racket and on the forehand the Tenergy 05, on the backhand she used long pips as the Butterfly Feint Soft.

Ri at the World Championships 2013 in Paris

Career
------

First in the adult area she played in 2011, where Ri took part in the Asian Championships and reached the round of 16. One year later Ri took part in the Olympics for the first time, where she reached the Quarterfinals with the team. In the singles she played first in the second round, because to this time she was number 20 in the world- she lost in her first match. 2013 she reached at her first World Championships the Quarterfinals, her best result to today (2017). 2014 she played the World Championships with the team too, but the North Korean team doesn't won a medal. At the Asian Games she won bronze with the team, while in the singles she reached the round of 16. At the Asian Cup, where Ri played, she missed the 3rd place, so she became fourth place.

2015 she played various events at the World Tour. At the World Team Cup she reached silver with the team, at the World Championships she lost early in the singles and doubles. At the Asian Championships she doesn't won a medal, too, but became doubles champion at the Pyongyang Open- in the singles she won bronze. 2016 she took part in the Olympics for the second time, but Ri won in both categorys, where she played (Singles and Team) no medal. With the team, she lost as 2012 in the Quarterfinals. However she for the first time in her career the silvermedal in the Pyongyang Open.

After that, she doesn't played very often in events.

Results from the ITTF-database
------------------------------

| Association | Competition | Year | City | Country | Singles | Doubles | Mixed | Team | U-21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PRK | Asian Championships | 2015 | Pattaya | THA | last 16 | Quarterfinals |  |  |  |
| PRK | Asian Championships | 2011 | Macau | MAC | last 16 |  |  |  |  |
| PRK | Asian Cup | 2014 | Wuhan | CHN | 4th place |  |  |  |  |
| PRK | Asian Games | 2014 | Incheon | KOR | last 16 |  |  | Semifinals |  |
| PRK | Ostasiangames | 2013 | Tianjin | CHN | Semifinals |  |  |  |  |
| PRK | Olympic Games | 2016 | Rio de Janeiro | BRA | last 16 |  |  | Quarterfinals |  |
| PRK | Olympic Games | 2012 | London | ENG | last 48 |  |  | Quarterfinals |  |
| PRK | ITTF World Tour | 2016 | Pyongyang | PRK | Silver | Gold |  |  |  |
| PRK | ITTF World Tour | 2015 | Chengdu | CHN | last 32 | Semifinals |  |  |  |
| PRK | ITTF World Tour | 2015 | Pyongyang | PRK | Semifinals | Gold |  |  |  |
| PRK | ITTF World Tour | 2012 | Shanghai | CHN | last 64 |  |  |  | Gold |
| PRK | World Championships | 2016 | Kuala Lumpur | MAC |  |  |  | Semifinals |  |
| PRK | World Championships | 2015 | Suzhou | CHN | last 32 | last 32 |  |  |  |
| PRK | World Championships | 2014 | Tokio | JPN |  |  |  | Quarterfinals |  |
| PRK | World Championships | 2013 | Paris | FRA | Quarterfinals |  |  |  |  |
| PRK | World Team Cup | 2015 | Dubai | ARA |  |  |  | Semifinals |  |
Mangrove root system
Mangrove trees can help make islands.
40 million year old fossil mangrove roots from Wadi Al-Hitan
**Mangroves** are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics.

Mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a *mangrove swamp*, *mangrove forest*, *mangrove* or *mangal*. Mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. They are also found in sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and the southwest Pacific.

Their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. Over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.

Description
-----------

Mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. If the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell. 

Mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. As soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow. This is an example of seed dispersal by water.

Mangroves have special root-like structures. They are aerial roots or *pneumatophores*. These stick up out of the soil, and are covered in lenticels. They take in oxygen through their pores. These "breathing tubes" may reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. Smaller roots with air passages move oxygen from the air to parts of the plant underwater.

Benefits
--------

Mangrove roots give clear water to the coral reefs which often surround them. They trap dirt and clean water by filtering land runoff and removing pollutants. The tree also protects the shoreline (and the coral reefs) from being eroded by storm waves. Mangrove thickets are a good place for many coral-reef fish, shrimp, and crabs to grow.
**MINIX** is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture. Andrew S. Tanenbaum wrote the operating system so it could be used for educational purposes; MINIX also helped Linus Torvalds design the Linux kernel. Its name comes from the words *minimal* and *Unix*.

Released under the BSD license, MINIX is free and open source.

History
-------

Andrew S. Tanenbaum created MINIX at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.

MINIX 3
-------

MINIX 3 was announced to the public on 24 October 2005 by Andrew Tanenbaum during his speech on top of the ACM Symposium Operating System Principles conference. MINIX 3 currently supports only IA-32 architecture PC systems. It has a Live CD format that lets it be used on a computer without installing it.
Version 3.1.2 was released 8 May 2006. It contains X11, emacs, vi, cc, gcc, perl, python, ash, bash, zsh, ftp, ssh, telnet, pine, and over 400 other common UNIX programs. With the addition of X11, this version starts the change from a Text-Only System.

MINIX and Linux
---------------

The design principles Tanenbaum applied to MINIX had influenced the design decisions Linus Torvalds applied in the creation of the Linux kernel. Torvalds used and appreciated MINIX, but his design was different from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was famously disapproved by Tanenbaum in the Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate. (Tanenbaum explained again his rationale for using a microkernel in May 2006.)

### Linux being copied from MINIX

In May 2004 Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution raised the accusation  that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from MINIX, in a book called *Samizdat*.

These accusations were rejected by Andrew Tanenbaum, who said that Kenneth Brown was very wrong and published a long rebuttal on his personal website.

Licensing
---------

Its licensing fee was very small ($69) compared to the ones of other operating systems. Although Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as easily available to students, his publisher would not allow it.

When free/open source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers stopped using MINIX for Linux. In April 2000, MINIX became free/open source software under a permissive free software licence, but by this time other operating systems were much better, and it was mostly used as an operating system for students and hobbyists.

Related pages
-------------

* GNU Hurd
* HelenOS
* QNX

Other websites
--------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Minix 3***

* Official MINIX 3 Operating System site Archived 2012-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
* The MINIX category Archived 2005-08-31 at the Wayback Machine at the Open Directory Project
* History of MINIX from Andrew Tanenbaum