recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **English Chess Federation** (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is affiliated to FIDE. The ECF was formed in 2004, and took charge in 2005. It replaced the **British Chess Federation** (BCF), the governing body of chess in England from 1904 until 2005. 

It was suggested that the BCF should change its name because only England came under its jurisdiction. It did not administer chess in the other countries of the UK. The BCF did have a British dimension, since it ran the British Chess Championship. This is one of two important tournaments held each year in Britain (the other is the annual international tournament at Hastings).

From the 1990s there was a campaign for the BCF to become a company limited by guarantee, to bid for more sponsorship money.

At the start of the 2005/6 season the English Chess Federation was created, inheriting the BCF's assets and personnel. The former BCF still exists for legacy purposes, but its website was inherited by the ECF. The Scottish and Welsh Federations hold their own championships every year as they did before. Therefore the change does not make much difference to most players.

The situation in Ireland is more complicated. The Irish Chess Union since 1912 was the governing body for both the Republic and Northern Ireland. In 2005 the Ulster Chess Union broke away from the Irish Chess Union. These two groups were part of the original British Chess Federation, but are not in any way connected to the new English Chess Federation. All groups except the Ulster Chess Union are members of the International Chess Federation FIDE, and the European Chess Union.
Villa Jovis, imaginäre Rekonstruktion einer antiken römischen Villa
**Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas** were two Roman villas owned by Pliny the Younger in the 1st century. They were on the shores of Lake Como in northern Italy. Pliny had several villas on Lake Como. He wrote to his friend Voconius Romanus that the Comedy villa and the Tragedy villa were his two favorites. In Italy, the villas are called **Villa Commedia** and **Villa Tragedia**. In Italian, "commedia" means "comedy" and "tragedia" means "tragedy".

In his letter to Voconius Romanus Pliny also wrote that the Tragedy villa was on a hill above the lake but that the Comedy villa was right on the water's edge. Their names come from the theatre of ancient Greece and Rome. Pliny said that the villa on the hill was like the actors in tragedies who wore platform boots. He named that villa "Tragedy". The villa down by the water was like the actors in comedies who wore flat slippers. He named that villa "Comedy". Both villas were destroyed long ago. No one is sure exactly where they stood.

Most people think that the Tragedy villa was in Bellagio, a small town on Lake Como. People are less sure where the Comedy villa was. The historian Paolo Giovio (1483-1552) thought that by the 16th century the Comedy villa was under the water of Lake Como near the village of Lenno. The geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) also wrote that the Comedy villa was in Lenno. But in 1876 a Roman mosaic floor and many Roman coins were found in Lierna, another small town on Lake Como. Many people there now think that the mosaic floor was part of the Comedy villa. In the early 20th century the French geographer Élisée Reclus wrote that Lierna was the site of one of Pliny's villas, but he did not say which one.

In 1751 John Boyle, 5th Earl of Orrery, published his English translation of Pliny's letters. The letter to Voconius Romanus describing the Comedy and Tragedy villas was illustrated with an imaginary picture of the Comedy villa drawn by Samuel Wale. The art historian Pierre de la Ruffinière du Prey, has said that the villa in Wale's drawing looks like Alexander Pope's villa on the River Thames in London. Alexander Pope was a friend of John Boyle. Pliny's own description of the Comedy villa in his letter said that its terrace was gently curved like the shore of the lake. He could fish directly from his bedroom window. He said that lying in his bed at the Comedy villa was like lying in a fishing boat on the lake.
Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
**Ghazanchetsots Cathedral** (Cathedral of Christ the Holy Savior), also called the *Shushi Cathedral* is an Armenian church in Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh.

History
-------

Ghazanchetsots Cathedral was built between 1868 and 1887 and has a facade of white limestone. The architect, Simon Ter-Hakobyan, wanted the church to look like Echmiadzin Cathedral. At the west entrance is a freestanding three-story bell tower, built in 1858. It used to have large statues of angels blowing trumpets at each corner of the bell tower's second story. These were destroyed during the Nagorno-Karabakh War when Shusha was under Azerbaijani control.

The cathedral been used for many different things since it was built. After the Shushi Massacres of 1920 it was no longer used as a church. During the Soviet period it was used as to store grain, and then as a garage. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijani forces used it to store weapons and ammunition. In May 1992 Shusha was invaded by Armenian forces. The church was repaired and renovated. New angel statues were made to replace the destroyed originals; an image of one is part of the coat of arms of Shusha. In 1998 it was re-consecrated as a church, and is now the main cathedral and headquarters of the Armenian Apostolic Church's Diocese of Artsakh.

The cathedral was badly damaged by bombing during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, and after Shusha was captured by Azerbaijani troops, it is now under Azerbaijani control and no longer functions as a church.
Infrared image of M33 taken with the Spitzer Space TelescopeUltraviolet image of M33 by GALEX observatory
The **Triangulum galaxy** is a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum.
The Triangulum galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy and about 50 other smaller galaxies. It is one of the most distant permanent objects that can be viewed with the naked eye.

It is catalogued as **Messier 33** or **NGC 598**, and is sometimes informally referred to as the **Pinwheel galaxy**, a nickname it shares with Messier 101.

Properties
----------

### Structure

In the French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs' revised Hubble Sandage (VRHS) system of galaxy morphological classification, the Triangulum Galaxy is classified as type SA(s)cd. The *S* prefix says that it is a spiral galaxy. The *A* is assigned when the center of the galaxy lacks a bar-shaped structure, unlike *SB* class barred spiral galaxies. American astronomer Allan Sandage's "(s)" notation is used when the spiral arms emerge directly from the center, instead of an inner ring like an (r)-type galaxy. Finally, the *cd* suffix describes the openness of the arms. *cd* means loosely wound arms.

This galaxy has an inclination of 54° to the line of sight from the Earth, allowing the structure to be examined without significant obstruction by gas and dust. The disk of the Triangulum Galaxy appears warped out to a radius of about 8 kpc. There may be a halo surrounding the galaxy, but there is no bulge at the center. This is an isolated galaxy and there are no indications of recent interactions with other galaxies, and it lacks the small following galaxies or tidal tails associated with the Milky Way.

Triangulum is classified as unbarred, but another look at the galaxy shape shows a weak bar-like structure around the galactic nucleus. The center of this galaxy is the most luminous source of X-rays in the Local Group of galaxies. However, the center does not appear to contain a supermassive black hole, as an upper limit of 3,000 solar masses is placed on the mass of a central black hole based upon the speed of stars in the core region.

The inner part of the galaxy has two spiral arms, along with multiple spurs that connect the inner to the outer spiral features. The main arms are called IN (north) and IS (south).
**Kitchee Sports Club** (Chinese: 傑志體育會) is a Hong Kong sports club best known for its football team. Their home stadium is Mong Kok Stadium.

Honours
-------

### Domestic

* **Hong Kong Premier League**

*Winners (6)**:** 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2022–23*

*Runners-up (1):* 2015–16

* **Hong Kong First Division League**

*Winners (6):* 1947–48, 1949–50, 1963–64, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14

*Runners-up (7):* 1952–53, 1954–55, 1956–57, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2012–13

* **Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield**

*Winners (8):* 1949–50, 1953–54, 1959–60, 1963–64, 2005–06, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2022–23

*Finalists (6):* 1948–49, 1951–52, 1955–56, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2014–15

* **Hong Kong Sapling Cup**

*Winners (2):* 2017–18, 2019–20

* **Hong Kong FA Cup**

*Winners (7):* 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2022–23

*Finalists (2):* 2003–04, 2013–14

* **Hong Kong League Cup**

*Winners (5):* 2005–06, 2006–07, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16

* **Hong Kong Junior Challenge Shield**

*Winners (2): 1951–52, 1998–99*

* **Hong Kong Community Shield**

*Winners (1):* 2009

* **Hong Kong Community Cup**

*Winners (2):* 2017, 2018

*Finalists (3)*: 2014, 2015, 2016

* **Hong Kong Season Play-off**

*Winners (2):* 2012–13, 2015–16
World map showing the 32 FIB members
The **Federation of International Bandy** (**FIB**) is the international governing body for the sport of bandy, including the variant called rink bandy.

The federation was formed in 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden, and has had its base in Sweden since 1979. The present office is in Söderhamn, headed by FIB Secretary General Bo Nyman. Boris Skrynnik is the FIB President.

The federation was named the **International Bandy Federation** (abbreviated **IBF**) between 1957 and 2001. The current name was adopted in 2001. The name change was made at a request from the International Olympic Committee (abbreviated IOC) when the IOC made bandy a "recognized sport". The abbreviation IBF was already in use by the International Badminton Federation. In 2004, FIB was fully accepted by IOC.

When FIB was formed in 1955, it introduced the same rules for bandy all over the world. Especially in Russia, different rules had been used before. Bandy World Championship for men have been organized since 1957 and Bandy World Championship for women have been organized since 2004.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
An *GS1-EPC*
**Radio-frequency identification** (**RFID**) is a technology used to record the presence of an object using radio signals. It is used for inventory control or timing sporting events. RFID is not a replacement for barcoding, but a complement for distant reading of codes.
The technology is used for automatically identifying a person, a package or an item. To do this, it relies on *RFID tags*. These are small *transponders* (combined radio *receiver* and *transmitter*) that will transmit identity information over a short distance, when asked. The other piece to make use of RFID tags is an RFID tag reader.

An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Most tags carry a plain text inscription and a barcode as complements for direct reading and for cases of any failure of radio frequency electronics.

Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and de-modulating a *radio-frequency* (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

There are generally two types of RFID tags: active RFID tags, which contain a battery, and passive RFID tags, which have no batteries

Uses
----

RFID systems are used for the following:

* General transport (*logistics*), tracking a package, parcel; replacing barcodes
* Tracking vehicles for *road toll*
* Many countries have started using RFID chips in passports
* Making products harder to falsify; currently proposed for drugs
* Tags in clothing, e.g. in Jeans
* Sealing for containers (for the shipping industry). Not required yet.
* Identifying animals; used for tracking pets, but also for research, for example on turtles.
* Keys for vehicles. The vehicle key has an RFID tag inside; only the key with the right RFID tag can start the vehicle (this makes copying vehicle keys harder). Also used for locking/unlocking vehicles from a far distance.
* Contact-less *identity cards*, for example to regulate entry into certain areas; also used for ticketing, or public transport
* Transponder timing of sporting events.
* Marking attendance of students

| * v
* t
* e
Emerging technologies |
| --- |
Indian field hockey team at the 1936 Olympic Games
**Sports in India** are a part of Indian culture.

India has many traditional sports such as kabbadi, kho kho, pehlwani, and gilli-danda. Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as football, rugby union, cricket, golf, tennis, squash, hockey, Javelin throw, boxing, snooker, and billiards. Sports are popular with both participants and onlookers.

History
-------

The history of traditional sports is ancient.

In general, the most popular sports in modern India are the ones which do not include bodily contact. For example, cricket is the most important sport on television.

In the regions of Bengal and Kerala, Association football is very popular.

India has hosted international sporting events, including the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

### Olympic Games

See the main article: India at the Olympics
Indian athletes have competed in 32 Olympic games in 19 countries. The Indian national team has won gold medals in Summer Olympic Games, including

* 1980—Field Hockey
* 2008—Air rifle, 10-meter competition.

### Commonwealth Games

India has competed in many Commonwealth Games; and India was the host country to the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

Related pages
-------------

* I-League
* India at the Olympics
* India national football team

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Sports in India at Wikimedia Commons

* Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
* Indian sports venues at WorldStadiums.com Archived 2011-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
Jim Thorpe at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Megan Rapinoe (May 2019)

  

A **sportsperson**, also known as **sportsmen** or **sportswomen**, is a person who is involved in sports. It may mean someone who is known for the promotion of sport or athletic activities.

A sportsperson can be a man or a woman who is person trained to compete or interested in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance. A sportsman is a player in a sport; but the term also means someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team.

The term sportsman can also be used to describe a former competitor who continues to promote the sport in later years. For example, Tsunekazu Takeda is a sportsman who competed in two Summer Olympic Games and who was the President of the Japanese Olympic Committee before he was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2012.

Sportspeople may be professionals or amateurs. Sportsmen and sportswomen often have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen, but term is also used more broadly. For example, Hou Yifan was honored in 2011 as the best sportsperson of the year in a non-Olympic event.

The term athlete may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but the word has strong connotations of people who compete in team sports, as contrasted with other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. For example, a fisherman may be called a sportsman, but not an athlete. In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in traditional athletics (track and field) events.

Olympic games
-------------

The term "World's Greatest Athlete" was first to describe the sportsman Jim Thorpe in the 1912 Summer Olympics at Stockholm in Sweden. Thorpe won the gold medal in the decathlon. When King Gustav V of Sweden awarded Thorpe, he said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world." 

The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. These competitions require an sportsman to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.

Related pages
-------------

* Olympic games
* Arjuna Award
* Sportsmanship
Michael Praetorius.
**Michael Praetorius** (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.

We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule ("Latin School") in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.

Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.

His music
---------

Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called *Terpsichore* for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.

His theory works
----------------

Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called *Syntagma Musicum*. Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.
**Michael Polakovs**, known in America as Coco the Clown, (born Riga, Latvia 23 February 1923; died USA, 6 December 2009) was a famous clown. His father was known as Coco the Clown in Britain. Michael played the part of Coco the Clown in America. He was also known for being Ronald McDonald, the clown who publicized McDonald’s fast food chain.

Life
----

Michael Polakovs was born in Riga. His parents Nikolai and Valentina were both circus artists. Nikolai was known as Coco the Clown. He was working in Breslau in Germany when Willy Schumann, the circus director, saw him and persuaded him to go to Britain.

The family moved to Britain where his father found work in Bertram Mills circus. Michael was the eldest of six children. By the time he was 17 he was working as a clown called "Coconut". Then World War II started and he and his father had to work digging roads and laying gas pipes. They earned £2 16s 6d a week (just over £2.82 in modern money). Then he became a driver for the government. He also managed to do some work as a clown in Blackpool Tower Circus and Tom Arnold’s circus.

When Bertram Mills opened his circus again after the war the Polakovs family were all working for him. He was particularly good at stilt-walking. One one occasion he saved the life of a lion tamer who was being attacked by a lion.

In 1951 he went with a brother and a sister to work for Billy Smart’s circus. The brother married Billy Smart’s daughter.

In 1958 Michael decided to go to the United States. There he became known as Coco the Clown. He worked for the Ringling Brother’s Barnum & Bailey Circus, known as "The Greatest Show on Earth". Later he worked for other circuses. He started the popularity of the character Ronald McDonald, advertising for the fast food chain. He designed Ronald’s clothes and make-up and appeared in the first eight of his television commercials.

Later he settled with his second wife in Kentucky. He had four children by his first wife and two children by his second wife.

He died aged 86 in 2009.
**Students in Free Enterprise** (**SIFE**) is an international non-profit organization. It works with university students who want to change their communities positively and learn practical knowledge to become socially responsible business leaders. Students form teams in their campuses and use business model to make better the quality of life and standard of living for people in need.

History
-------

SIFE, was established in 1975 in the United States by Robert T. Davis. SIFE was originally a regional leadership training program attended by university students who taught their communities what they had learned. Eventually, these university students competed on the outcomes of their efforts.

Operating system
----------------

More than 1,600 university campuses in 39 countries take part in SIFE's projects. SIFE gives these students the chance to develop leadership, teamwork and communication skills through learning, practicing and teaching the knowledge of free enterprise. SIFE Teams teach important concepts including market economics, entrepreneurship, personal and financial success, and business studies, their communities and their countries. 

### Competitions

Each year, SIFE competitions are held worldwide, so called World Cup, with thousands of students and business leaders. Teams present their projects to judges who evaluate those projects and determine which teams had the most impact improving the quality of life and standard of living for members of their community.
Every country organizes a national competition to pick up national champion and give him a opportunity to compete at the World Cup. 
The criterion is as follows:
**``Considering the relevant economic, social and environmental factors, which SIFE team most effectively empowered people in need by applying business and economic concepts and an entrepreneurial approach to improve their quality of life and standard of living.``**

Partners
--------

SIFE partners include corporations, organizations and individuals' foundations such as HSBC, PepsiCo, Unilever, DELL, Microsoft.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***SIFE***.
SIFE is now called Enactus. Here is the press release link -  Archived 2018-08-25 at the Wayback Machine

* Previous Official website (no longer working)
* Current Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
Tom Tower
**Christ Church**  is one of the largest colleges of the University of Oxford. The college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546. 

As well as being a college, Christ Church is also the cathedral church of the diocese of Oxford, namely Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.

People
------

Christ Church has produced thirteen British prime ministers. This is equal to the number produced by all 45 other Oxford colleges put together, and two short of the total number for the University of Cambridge (fifteen).

Appearance in novels
--------------------

The college is the setting for parts of Evelyn Waugh's *Brideshead Revisited*, as well as Lewis Carroll's *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*. More recently it has been used in the filming of the movies of J. K. Rowling's *Harry Potter* series and also the movie adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel *Northern Lights* (the movie bearing the title of the US edition of the book, *The Golden Compass*).

Architecture
------------

Distinctive features of the college's architecture have been used as models by a number of other academic institutions. The University of Chicago and Cornell University both have reproductions of Christ Church's dining hall. Christ Church Cathedral, New Zealand, after which the City of Christchurch is named, is itself named after Christ Church, Oxford. Stained glass windows in the cathedral and other buildings are by the Pre-Raphaelite William Morris group with designs by Edward Burne-Jones.

Female students
---------------

The college has admitted female students since 1978.
**Raymond Hart Massey** (August 30, 1896 – July 29, 1983) was a Canadian-American actor.

Early life
----------

Massey was born **Raymond Hart Massey** in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford and at the University of Toronto. Massey served in the Canadian Army during World War II. Massey moved to London to begin his acting career in 1922.

Career
------

He was known for his roles in *Abe Lincoln in Illinois*, *Santa Fe Trail*, *Seven Angry Men*, *Arsenic and Old Lace*, *Hotel Berlin*, *East of Eden*, *Battle Cry*, and in *How the West Was Won*. Massey retired in 1973.

He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Abraham Lincoln in *Abe Lincoln of Illinois*. Massey was also known for his television role as Dr. Gillespie in *Dr. Kildare*.

Personal life
-------------

Massey was married to Margery Fremantle from 1921 until they divorced in 1929. Then he married Adrianne Allen from 1929 until they divorced in 1939. Then he married Dorothy Whitney from 1939 until her death in 1982. 

Massey two sons and one daughter. He had his first son, Geoffrey, with Margery and his other, Daniel, with Adrianne. He had one daughter, Anna, with Adrianne. His son, Daniel, died in 1998 and his daughter, Anna, died in 2011.

Massey was related to Governor-General of Canada Vincent Massey and to Canadian voice actor Walter Massey. Massey was a Republican and, along with Ronald Reagan, supported Barry M. Goldwater presidential campaign.

### Death

Massey died of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. He died a month before he would have turned 87. That was the same day as the death of David Niven, who had co-starred with him in *The Prisoner of Zenda* and *A Matter of Life and Death*. Massey is buried in New Haven, Connecticut's Beaverdale Memorial Park.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Raymond Massey***.

* Raymond Massey on IMDb
* Raymond Massey at the Internet Broadway Database
* Raymond Massey at Find a Grave
* Photographs and literature
Coordinates: 40°04′40″N 2°07′42″W﻿ / ﻿40.07778°N 2.12833°W﻿ / 40.07778; -2.12833

The Casas Colgadas
The ***Casas Colgadas*** (**Hanging Houses**), also known as ***Casas Voladas***, ***Casas del Rey*** is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain. Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past. They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge. Today there are only a few of the houses still there. The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies. The houses date to the 14th century. Through the years they have been refurbished a few times. The most recent took place during the 1920s. They have been used as individual homes. They have also been used as council houses. Now they are the host to a *mesón*, a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.

The Casas Colgadas were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Panoramic view of the Hanging Houses

Gallery
-------

* Puente de San PabloPuente de San Pablo
* Cuenca Casas ColgadasCuenca Casas Colgadas
* Cuenca - Casas Colgantes at nightCuenca - Casas Colgantes at night
* Casas Colgadas de Cuenca IICasas Colgadas de Cuenca II
* Casas Colgadas, Cuenca, EspañaCasas Colgadas, Cuenca, España
* Casas Colgadas de Cuenca sobre el Puente de San PabloCasas Colgadas de Cuenca sobre el Puente de San Pablo
* Casas Colgadas – CuencaCasas Colgadas – Cuenca
* CuencaCuenca

Other websites
--------------

* Cuenca Spain: A Visit to the Hanging Houses Archived 2015-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
* The Hanging Houses of Cuenca


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Casas Colgadas de Cuenca***.
**Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr.** (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999) was an American test pilot, aeronautical engineer and astronaut. During the Apollo 12 flight he became the third man to walk on the Moon.

On August 21, 1965, Conrad flew into space as pilot of Gemini 5. This was the third trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. The trip lasted until August 29, 1965. Conrad made another spaceflight as command pilot (pilot in charge) of Gemini 11. This was the ninth trip by astronauts in Project Gemini. The trip lasted from September 12, 1966 to September 15, 1966.

Conrad made his third space flight as spacecraft commander (person in charge) of Apollo 12. This was the second trip to land astronauts on the moon. The trip lasted from November 14, 1969 to November 24, 1969.

Conrad flew in space for the fourth time as commander of the Skylab 2 flight. This was the first flight to take astronauts to Skylab, the first space station sent into space by the United States. The trip lasted from May 25, 1973 to June 22, 1973.

Conrad died in a motorcycle crash in Ojai, California on July 8, 1999.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Pete Conrad at Wikimedia Commons

* NASA Biography
* Spacefacts biography of Pete Conrad
* NYTimes obituary
**The Headington Shark** is a sculpture on the top of a house. It is at 2 New High Street, Headington, Oxford. The sculpture is a shark breaking the roof of the house. Its proper name is ***Untitled 1986***.

About the sculpture
-------------------

The shark was first put on the house on 9 August 1986. The house is owned by a radio presenter, Bill Heine. The sculpture is 4 long hundredweight and 25 feet long. It is made of painted fibreglass. It took 3 months to make the shark.

The statue was put together on the 41st anniversary of the bombing of Nagasaki. It was designed by John Buckley. Anton Castiau made the sculpture. Heine said that the shark is "saying something about CND, nuclear power, Chernobyl and Nagasaki".

On August 2007, the shark was renovated by Buckley. This was because of complaints of the quality of the sculpture.

On 26 August 2016, Heine's son Magnus Hanson-Heine bought the house. He bought it so that the shark can stay on top of the house.

Controversy
-----------

The shark started controversy when it was first put on the house. Oxford City Council wanted the shark removed from the house because it was not safe for the people living near. There were no planning permissions for the shark. In 1992, Minister Tony Baldry from the Department of the Environment said that the shark can stay on the house because it does not cause any problems.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Headington Shark***.

* Headington Shark website

Coordinates: 51°45′32″N 1°12′48″W﻿ / ﻿51.75882°N 1.213238°W﻿ / 51.75882; -1.213238
Noraduz Khachkars
**Noraduz cemetery** (Armenian: Նորադուզի գերեզմանատուն) is a medieval cemetery with many ancient khachkars in the village of Noraduz, Gegharkunik marz near Gavar and Lake Sevan, 90 km north of Yerevan. Many tombstones in the cemetery show carved scenes of weddings and farm life.

Khachkars
---------

The oldest khachkars in the cemetery go back to the late 10th century. During the revival of the khachkar tradition in the 16-17th centuries many khachkars were built under the yoke of the Safavid Empire when oriental influences seeped into Armenian art. Three master carvers from this period carved khachkars in Noraduz, the most notable of whom was Kiram Kazmogh (1551-1610), his contemporaries were Arakel and Meliset.

Folklore
--------

A popular folktale involving the cemetery concerns the invading army of Tamerlane. According to one story the villagers placed helmets on top of the khachkars and leaned swords against them. From a distance the khachkars looked like armed soldiers holding a defensive position as a result of which Tamerlane’s army retreated.

Related pages
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* Khachkar

Other websites
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* Noratus Cemetery at ArmeniaPedia.org
**Haskovo** is a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Around 96,000 people live there. It celebrated the 1,000th anniversary in 1985.

History
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Archeologists (people who study stuff from long ago) say that people started to live in the Haskovo area about 7,000 years ago. 

During the 9th century, a fortress was built, and soon after, a town was built around the fortress. The town was located on a big piece of land between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers.

In 1395, the *Eski camii* (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans.

In 1782, the town was known as Marsa (Arab name).

Most Bulgarians started living in Haskovo in the 19th century. The town was a trading center for merchants (people who sell stuff) from Edirne, Enos, and Istanbul. The area became known for producing cotton, silk fabrics, and carpets. At the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, after the second Balkan Wars, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo was expelled to East Thrace in Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian (Bulgarians) from Edirne was expelled to North Trace at Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Haskovo***.

* Haskovo municipality website
* Online guide of Haskovo
* Haskovo.net Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Haskovo municipality at Domino.bg Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Haskovo.info
* Haskovo.biz
**María Eugenia Vidal** (Born, September 8, 1973) is an Argentine politician and political scientist. She belongs to the Republican Proposal (PRO) party. She held the position of Deputy Head of Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires during the second term of Mauricio Macri. Between December 10, 2015 and December 10, 2019, she was governor of the Buenos Aires Province being the first woman in the office.

The Spanish newspaper *El País* named her "the Argentine Thatcher" after Vidal's intense confrontations with Peronist unionists during her mandate.

Early life
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Vidal was born in Buenos Aires. She was raised in the Flores ward. She was enrolled in the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina. She earned a degree in political science from there.

Family
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She met Ramiro Tagliaferro, a classmate at the university, and they married in 1998; the couple has a son and two daughters.

Works
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In 2002 he met Mauricio Macri and Grupo Sophia. Then she began to work together with them. The next year she became director of the Commission for Women, Children, Adolescents and Youth of the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires. 

She also coordinated investigations and fieldwork and carried out the monitoring and evaluation of the City's social programs. In 2005 she ranked fifth on the Republican Proposal (PRO) list for the Chamber of Deputies of the province of Buenos Aires, but was not chosen.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***María Eugenia Vidal***.

* Official site (in Spanish)
**Mount Salak** (Indonesian: *Gunung Salak*, Sundanese: Gunung Salak) is an eroded volcano in West Java, Indonesia. Several satellite cones occur on the southeastern flank and in the northern pass. Two craters are located at the top. The mount has been a site of geothermal exploration.

According to popular belief, the name "Salak" comes from salak, a tropical fruit. However, according to Sundanese tradition, the name is derived from the Sanskrit word "salaka", which means "silver".

Aviation accidents
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This mountainous area includes areas that should be avoided by pilots of both small and large aircraft. The geological conditions and the topography full of valleys covered with vegetation, accompanied by a climate (especially the fall of fog) that changes very quickly, is very dangerous for aviation.

Aviation experts classify this mountain as "mountain of death" due to its long history of aviation accidents. The latest and largest accident was the crash of a Sukhoi Superjet 100 civilian airliner into a mountain cliff in 2012.

Other websites
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 Media related to Mount Salak at Wikimedia Commons
***Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children*** (1779) is an oil on canvas portrait by Joshua Reynolds. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. The sitters in the picture are Lady Elizabeth Delmé and her children John and Isabella Elizabeth. They sat for their portraits in April and June 1777. Reynolds was paid three hundred pounds for the work in 1780, and touched up and re-varnished the picture in 1789.

Reynolds believed in the what was called the "Grand Manner". The two years involved in completing the portrait would have aged the children. "But Reynolds worked from abstract principles of design rather than observation of nature," the National Gallery of Art writes, "One of his conceptions for Grand Manner likenesses was: *Each person should have the expression which men of his rank generally exhibit.* Reynolds therefore suppressed psychological individuality to gain a grandeur appropriate for these aristocrats."

Reynolds alluded to the Madonnas of Raphael (such as the *Madonna of the Goldfinch*) in the triangular configuration of the sitters. This was another attempt to evoke the Grand Manner. Rembrandt and Titian are hinted at in the browns of the background. 

Cynthia Saltzman writes in *Old Masters, New Worlds* (2009) that "Lady Delmé has a long, elegant face, heavy-lidded eyes, and towering powdered hair. She wears a white dress and a cloak that covers her knees in a cascade of rose-colored satin that speaks both to her beauty and to the luxury at her command." Saltzman writes that *Lady Delmé* is one of the finest representatives of Reynolds's intent to raise portraiture to the level of history painting. English portraiture of the period "flattered the sitter", Saltzman explains, by depicting the sitter as a member of a powerful ruling class whose very existence made the world a better place.
A photo of art that shows an animals that was common in the Sahara when it was wet. The photo was found at Tassili in the central Sahara
The **Sahara Pump Theory** attempts to explain how plants and animals from Africa moved into the Middle East and then Europe and Asia. 

At the time, Africa was rainier than it is today, and the Sahara was wetter, with bigger lakes and more rivers.

African rainy periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers exist. This causes changes in the type of animals found in the area. 

Regardless of the aridity of the greater Sahara, migration along the river corridor was halted when, during a desert phase 1.8-0.8 million years ago, the Nile ceased to flow completely and possibly flowed only temporarily in other periods due to Nubian Swell uplift.

During the periods of a wet Sahara, the Sahara and Arabia become a savanna grassland and African flora and fauna become common. During the following dry period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions usually as a result of the retreat of the West African Monsoon southwards. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis. 

Flora and fauna previously widespread retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south-east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or north-east across the Sinai into Asia. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt, possibly giving rise to speciation (species splitting).

The Saharan pump has been used to date four waves of human emigration from Africa, namely:

* *Homo erectus* (ssp. *ergaster*) into Southeast and East Asia
* *Homo heidelbergensis* into the Middle East and Western Europe
* *Homo sapiens sapiens* Out of Africa theory
* The spread of Afro-Asiatic languages.
Logo of Press Information Bureau
The **Press Information Bureau**, commonly abbreviated as **PIB**, is a nodal agency of the Government of India. Its parent agency is under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Their headquaters is in National Media Centre, New Delhi. Press Information Bureau distribute information to print, electronic and web media on government plans, policies, programme initiatives and achievements.

The head of PIB is also the Official Spokesperson of the Government of India and holds the rank of Principal Director General (or Special Secretary).

History
-------

The Press Information Bureau was established in June 1919, Simla, as a small cell of the Home Ministry under the British government. Its main task was to prepare a report on India to be placed before the British Parliament. 

The first head of the publicity cell was Dr. L.F. Rushbrook Williams of Allahabad University who was designated as Officer on Special Duty. Prof. Williams had earlier worked with Sir Stanley Reed on the Central Publicity Board.

In 1941, J. Natrajan became the first Indian to be head the Bureau as Principal Information Officer. The organisation's name was changed to the Press Information Bureau in 1946.

The Bureau has been reconstituted many times since the independence of India in 1947.

Other websites
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* Official website
* History of PIB
**Garry Kasparov** (born 13 April 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster and political activist. He was born with the name *Garry Weinstein*, and is partly of Jewish descent. He was the World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000. In 1993 he broke away from FIDE to make a rival organisation (the PCA), because he felt FIDE had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. There is controversy about that period. By any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time. He was the highest-rated player even after his retirement until Magnus Carlsen took him over.

Kasparov became the youngest non-disputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when an argument with FIDE led him to set up a rival company, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against *Deep Blue*, a computer made by IBM, in 1997. Lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching Magnus Carlsen, the young player from Norway who is the current world #1.

Politics
--------

Kasparov at a dissenters march in Saint Petersburg on 9 June 2007
After retiring from chess, Kasparov became involved in Russian politics. In 2005, he traveled around Russia, speaking against Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia at that time. The same year he created the United Civil Front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle Putin's regime and restore democracy in Russia.

Kasparov was also one of the founders of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. He helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and governors of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency. In November 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in Moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. In 2008 Kasparov and his United Civil Front joined the Solidarity movement.

Kasparov is among the 34 first signatories and a key organiser of the online anti-Putin campaign Putin must go started in March 2010.
The **kingbird** (*Tyrannus melancholicus*) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona in the United States to as far as south as central Argentina, western Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.

Description and ecology
-----------------------

An adult tropical kingbird is 22 cm (8.7 in) long and weighs 39 g (1.4 oz). Both male and female are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts.

The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, *tree-e-e-e-e-e-e*, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn.

Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to view their surroundings from an open perch, usually high in a tree. They take long flights to catch insects in mid-air, which is called hawking. They sometimes hover to pick food off of plants, which is called gleaning. They also eat some fruit.

These birds defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as toucans, caracaras or hawks. 

They make a flimsy cup nest in a tree. The eggs are cream-colored with reddish-brown marks. The female incubates the typical clutch of two or three eggs for 16 days. After they hatch, it is about 18–19 more days until fledging.

The tropical kingbird is not a threatened species of the IUCN. This is because this bird is very common and they adapt well to changes in their environment.

* T. m. satrapa, Panama*T. m. satrapa*, Panama
* feeding youngfeeding young

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tyrannus melancholicus***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Tyrannus melancholicus***.


* Nesting *Tyrannus melancholicus*