recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An image of bone marrow of a patient with leukemia
**Leukemia** or **leukaemia** is a cancer of white blood cells and bone marrow. When a person has leukemia, the body creates too many white blood cells (*leukocytes*).

There are many kinds of leukemia. Leukemia is part of a bigger group of diseases, the blood cancers (hematological neoplasms). Without treatment, leukemia may lead to death within weeks, months, or years. The life of the person depends upon the type of leukemia.

In 2000, about 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it. About 90% of all leukemias are seen in adults.

Four major types of leukemia
----------------------------

Leukemia can be either *acute* or *chronic*. Acute leukemia usually grows quickly. Chronic leukemia grows slowly.

Leukemia can also affect two different types of white blood cells. These are lymphoid cells and young granulocyte cells (which are called *myelocytes*).

For this reason, all of the different forms of leukemia are divided into four main types:

* Acute lymphocytic leukemia (**ALL**) is the most common type of leukemia. It is common in young children but can also be seen in old people.
* Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (**CLL**) is usually seen in people over the age of 55. Children almost never have this.
* Acute myelogenous leukemia (**AML**) is seen more commonly in adults than in children.
* Chronic myelogenous leukemia (**CML**) happens mostly in adults.

Causes and risk factors
-----------------------

The causes of most types of leukemia are not known. In general, all cancers have a breakdown in the normal way cell division is controlled. Most likely, the different kinds of leukemias have different causes. The known causes account for relatively few cases. Most of the causes are outside our control.

Researchers believe that some things may influence whether a person develops leukemia:

* Exposure to Ionizing radiation
* Exposure to certain chemicals, for example benzene.
* Certain viruses
* Treatment with certain drugs that influence how cells develop; e.g. treatment of a tumor; Chemotherapy
* Certain genetic factors.

Viruses that are believed to cause leukemia include:

* Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
* Human T-lymphotropic virus

Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.

Treatment
---------

Most cases of leukemia are treated with many drugs, which are usually combined into a chemotherapy program. In some cases, radiation therapies or bone marrow transplants are done.

Leukemia inhibitory factor
--------------------------

**Leukemia inhibitory factor**, or **LIF**, is an interleukin 6 class cytokin. It affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.
**Leslie Lemke** (born January 31, 1952) is a blind American, prodigious savant who is autistic. He is best known for his work as a musician.

Leslie Lemke was born prematurely in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1952. At birth, he was diagnosed with glaucoma, cerebral palsy, and brain damage. Doctors were forced to remove his eyes. His birth mother gave him up for adoption. May Lemke, a nurse, adopted him when he was six months old. To feed him, May had to stroke his throat to make him swallow his food. It was a year before Leslie could chew food on his own. It took seven years of constant care before Leslie showed any progress. During this time, he made no sounds or movements and showed no emotions. He was 12 before he first learned to stand. He was 15 before he learned to walk.

When he was 16, May found Leslie playing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1 during the middle of the night. He had recently heard the piece on television. Leslie was soon playing all styles of music, from ragtime to classical.

His adoptive mother encouraged his talent for the piano. By 1980, Leslie was giving concerts in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Because of his new fame, he was asked to be on many television programs such as CBC's *Man Alive* (hosted by Roy Bonisteel), *CBS Evening News*, *60 Minutes*, and *That's Incredible!*. In 1983, ABC broadcast *The Woman Who Willed a Miracle*, a drama about Leslie and his adoptive mother. It stars Cloris Leachman as May Lemke. Leslie is also the subject of Fred Small's song, "Leslie is Different."

Leslie toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Japan and gave free concerts. He was quite animated when he played.

May Lemke developed Alzheimer's disease and died on November 6, 1993.

Further information
-------------------

* Bonisteel, Roy. *All Things Considered*, page 25, Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997. ISBN 0-385-25599-3
* Monty, Shirlee. *May's Boy: An Incredible Story of Love*, Thomas Nelson Inc. 1983. ISBN 978-0-8407-5784-5

Other websites
--------------

* Leslie Lemke profile Archived 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine from the Wisconsin Medical Society

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Lemke, Leslie |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American musician, savant |
| Date of birth | January 31, 1952 |
| Place of birth | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
The **mountain pygmy possum** (*Burramys parvus*) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the ***Burramys*** genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds. 

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.
***Not Without My Daughter*** is a 1991 American drama movie by director Brian Gilbert. It stars Sally Field and Alfred Molina. It is based on Betty Mahmoody's 1987 book by telling the story about the escape with her daughter from her husband from Iran.

Plot
----

American Betty Lover marries Iranian doctor Sayeed Bozorg Mahmoody (nicknamed: Moody). They have a daughter called Mahtab (Persian: "Moonlight").

Moody wants to see his family in Tehran, Iran, because he has not seen his family for ten years. Betty doesn't want to go to Iran, because she thinks that it is dangerous. Moody persuades Betty, that she goes to Iran for a two week holiday. But Moody has hidden the termination of his job in a hospital in the USA from Betty and Mahtab and tells his family, that they will stay in Iran forever. Because a man has the say in Iran, they have to stay here and Betty cannot take her daughter Mahtab out of the country without her husband's permission. She searches for help to escape from the country with Mahtab, for example from the Swiss embassy.

She has major problems to adapt to the strict laws and customs of the country, because as an American she is much-hated in Iran. Moody often abuses Betty, because she does not obey him. After 18 months, Betty succeeds to escape Iran with her daughter Mahtab. They flee over the Zagros mountains in the northwest of Iran to Turkey. They fly back to USA from there.

Other websites
--------------

* *Not Without My Daughter* on IMDb
* *Not Without My Daughter* at Rotten Tomatoes
**Leslie Eleazer Orgel** FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist.

Born in London, Orgel received his B.A. and Ph.D in chemistry at Magdalen College, Oxford University.

He was one of the first people to see, in April 1953, Crick and Watson's model of DNA: at the time he worked at Oxford University's Chemistry Department.

In 1964 Orgel was appointed Senior Fellow and Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he directed the Chemical Evolution Laboratory. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and he was one of five principal investigators in the NASA-sponsored NSCORT program in exobiology. Orgel also participated in NASA's Viking Mars Lander Program as a member of the Molecular Analysis Team that designed the gas chromatography mass spectrometer instrument that robots took to the planet Mars.

Orgel’s lab came across an economical way to make cytarabine, a compound that is one of today’s most commonly used anti-cancer agents.

During the 1970s, Orgel suggested reconsidering the panspermia hypothesis, according to which the earliest forms of life on earth did not originate here, but arrived from outer space with meteorites.

Together with Stanley Miller, Orgel also suggested that peptide nucleic acids – rather than ribonucleic acids – constituted the first pre-biotic systems capable of self-replication on early Earth.

His name is popularly known because of Orgel's rules, credited to him, particularly Orgel's Second Rule: "Evolution is cleverer than you are".

In his book *The Origins of Life*, Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter. He published over three hundred articles in his research areas.

Orgel died of cancer on 27 October 2007 at the San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care in San Diego, California.

Awards
------

* Fellow of the Royal Society
* National Academy of Sciences
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Publications
------------

* Leslie E. Orgel, *An introduction to transition-metal chemistry: the ligand field theory*. 1961
* Leslie E. Orgel, *The origins of life: molecules and natural selection*. 1973
* Leslie E. Orgel and Stanley L. Miller, *The origins of life on the Earth*. 1974
**Lemurs** are primates and prosimians (not monkeys). The word "lemur" comes from the Latin word *lemures*, which means "ghosts". Lemur are divided into eight families, with 15 genera and about 100 living species. However, lemur classification is controversial: it depends on which species concept is used. *Lemur* is also a genus in one of the families.

Lemurs are native *only* to the island of Madagascar. From there a few species got to smaller islands nearby, for example the Comoros. Madagascar, like Africa and India, was part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana.

Lemurs weigh from 30g to the 10kg. Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar. Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones were active during the day (diurnal).

Lemurs are endangered species because people destroy their habitat and used to hunt them, and perhaps still do so.

Physical description
--------------------

Ring-tailed lemur, the most studied, are white and black with a ring tail The larger species are about 1.5 meters tall and weigh about 2 to 3.5 kilograms. They move quietly, usually at night, sometimes letting out eerie wailing cries, which some people think is the reason why they got their names.

Feeding habits and life
-----------------------

Lemurs mostly eat fruit, leaves, and other plant parts. They live in family groups of 5 to 42 members which is called a troop. Females are dominant and remain in the same troop for life. Males move between troops. The female's gestation period lasts four to five months, and they usually have one or two babies. Lemur mothers nurse their babies until they are about four months old. Then they begin to feed the babies solid food such as fruit. Lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Some are great leapers, flinging themselves from tree to tree.

Communication
-------------

Lemurs communicate with a variety of hoots. They will also send messages with scents (smells). When a male lemur wants to scare another male away, he first rubs its tail on the smelly glands under its arms and then waves the tail in the other male's face. These are called "stink fights".

* Lavasoa dwarf lemur
* Grey bamboo lemur
* Ring-tailed lemur
* Aye-aye
* Black-and-white ruffed lemur
* Silky sifaka

Related pages
-------------

* Duke Lemur Center

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lemur***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Lemur***.

* Lemurs of the East Coast of Madagascar Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
* New lemurs found in Madagascar
* Great leaping lemurs Archived 2005-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg** (1897–1977, until 1919, *Edler von Schuschnigg*) was the 15th Chancellor of Austria. He was in office between the assassination of his predecessor, Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, and the annexation of Austria in 1938. The time of Dollfuss' and Schuschnigg's reign is known as Austrofascism today. He survived the war as a prisoner. After the war, he took US citizenship, and became a professor for state law in the United States. In 1968, he returned to Austria, where he died in 1977. 

Schuschnigg studied law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Innsbruck. The nazi Otto Planetta killed Dollfuss, in 1934, in an event that is known as July putsch today. During the war, the NSDAP saw Planetta as a hero. Schuschnigg became the next Chancellor, and at age 36, is the youngest person to become chanellor to this date. 

Schuschnigg was a conservative and an Austrian nationalist. He also supported the idea of Austria as a catholic nation. During his time in office, he was opposed to the idea of Austria becoming a part of Germany. Adolf Hitler began to make show aggression towards Austria in the later 1930s. Schuschnigg planned a referendum on the issue, and this was strongly opposed by the Nazis. In his last major speech, he gave an emotional appeal to Austrian independence and nationalism, finishing with the line "Red White Red, until we're dead!" (referring to the colors of the Austrian flag). Schuschnigg was forced to step down on 11th March 1938, and to hand power to Dr. Arthur Seyß-Inquart. One day later, Austria was annexed to Germany. 

Schuschnigg was arrested by the Gestapo soon after this. He was sent to the infamous Dachau Concentration Camp, where he spent most of the war. After Dachau was liberated by allied armed forces he moved to the United States. He wrote books on his political career and worked in academia in the US. In 1968 he retired from being a professor and retired to Austria, where he died of natural causes in 1977.
Tickets can also be validated using NFC technology with this machine from the Austrian State Railways. If a NFC capable mobile phone is held to the spot saying "NFC", an SMS message with a ticket will be sent.
**Near field communication** (often shortened to **NFC**) is the name for a standard that uses radio communication technology to send data over short distances. Usually, the distance covered is in the order of four centimeters. The standard is mostly used for micropayment systems. Another common use is to store tickets, such as those used for trains and buses on a re-usable smartcard. Many universities equip their student ID cards so they can be used to pay small amounts, for example a cup of coffee in a cafeteria.

Each device is either active or passive; some can assume both roles.

* The devices that communicate need to be very close to each other (or touch each other). This system is often used for ticketing applications
* Bluetooth is sometimes used in addition, to bridge medium distances. This is often used with security tokens for access control. That way, the two devices simply need to be close to each other, in the order of 10-15 cm; touching is no longer required.
**Nonsan** is a city in Chungnam-do (South Chungcheong Province), South Korea. It is located at 36°12′N 127°5′E.

The population of Nonsan is 128,077. There are 55,451 households in the city.

Nonsan has a train station. Local, national, and express (KTX) trains stop there. The trains connect Nonsan to all big cities in the country. There are also bus stations in Nonsan. Some busses are for local service; others are for regional and for national service. An expressway connects the city to Daejeon and other cities.

The economy of Nonsan includes farming, fishing, Konyang University, an army training center, and food processing companies. Farming is the most important of these.

Rice is the most important crop. Other important crops include strawberries, ginseng, napa cabbage, watermelons, and Korean pears. Nonsan is known as the "strawberry capital of Korea," and holds a strawberry festival each year. 

Attractions in greater Nonsan include Gwanchoksa (a Buddhist temple with a large statue of a standing Buddha), Baekje Military Museum, Tapjeong Reservoir, the ruins of Noseong Sanseong (Fortress), and Donam Academy, one of the nine neo-Confucian *seowons* from the Joseon Dynasty.  There is also Nonsan Sunshine Land, south of the city proper. This is where the television series *Mr. Sunshine was filmed. It is now a re-created 1900s urban setting that tourists can visit*
Malcolm Rifkind
Sir **Malcolm Leslie Rifkind** (born 21 June 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician. He hold cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. He was the Chairman for the Intelligence and Security Committee and the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Kensington.

Malcolm Rifkind was born in Edinburgh into a Jewish family from Lithuania. He first became a Conservative MP at the February 1974 General Election for the constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands. He was first made a cabinet minister in 1979 and served constantly through 18 years of Conservative government. 

His cabinet posts included: 

* Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office (1979 - 1983)
* Minister of State at the Foreign Office (1983 - 1986)
* Secretary of State for Scotland (1986 - 1990)
* Secretary of State for Transport (1990 - 1992)
* Secretary of State for Defence (1992 - 1995)
* Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1995 - 1997)

At the 1997 General Election, Malcolm Rifkind lost his seat to the Labour Party. He tried but failed to regain the seat at the 2001 General Election and re-entered parliament in 2005 as the MP for Kensington. Rifkind left parliament in 2015.
Knight Bachelor
In the United Kingdom, a **Knight Bachelor** is a man who is a knight, (has the title *Sir*) but who is neither a:

* senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
* a baronet.

In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.

The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.

Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)

Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc. or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").

| Orders and Honours of the United Kingdom |
| --- |
| Current orders | 
  Garter •
  Thistle •
  Bath •
  Merit •
  St. Michael and St. George •
  Royal Victorian •
  British Empire •
  Companions of Honour •
  Distinguished Service •
  Imperial Service
 |
| Dormant orders | 
  St. Patrick •
  Royal Guelphic •
  Star of India •
  Indian Empire •
  Crown of India •
  Indian Merit •
  British India •
  Victoria and Albert •
  Burma
 |
| Other honours | 
 Royal Family Orders •
 Hereditary peerage •
 Life peerage •
 Privy Councillor •
  Baronet •
  Knight Bachelor •
 Hereditary knighthood •
  St. John •
 ADC •
 *more*
 |
| *See also* : Order of Wear, Revocations, UK orders, decorations and medals and UK campaign medals |
Kyushu-Palau Ridge on ocean floor of Philippine Sea
**Kyushu-Palau Ridge** (KPR) is an ocean floor feature in the Philippine Sea. It is named after the nearby islands. At the northern end is the Japanese island of Kyushu. At the southern end is the Pacific island nation of Palau.

The seabed ridge begins in an area about 900 km from the eastern end of the Bungo Channel (豊後水道, *Bungo Suidō*) or "*Bungo* strait" between the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. The ridge creates a line on the ocean floor which runs southeast in the direction of the island of Palau. There is a chain of extinct volcanos on this line.

KPR is southeast of the Japanese island of Kyushu.

History
-------

KPR was created by movement at the northern edges of the Philippine Plate.

Related pages
-------------

* Saikaidō Seamounts
* Active volcano
* Dormant volcano

Other websites
--------------

* Wolfram Alpha, Kyushu-Palau Ridge

Coordinates: 28°29′N 132°46′E﻿ / ﻿28.483°N 132.767°E﻿ / 28.483; 132.767
The **Nematomorpha** (**horsehair worms**) are a phylum of parasitic cycloneuralian animals. They look similar to nematode worms and live in similar environments, which is why their names are similar. They are sometimes called **Gordiacea**.

They range in size from 50 to 100 centimetres (20 to 39 in) long and in extreme cases may be up to 2 meters long. They are 1 to 3 millimetres (0.039 to 0.118 in) in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas such as watering troughs, streams, puddles, and cisterns. 

About 326 species are known and an estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 species worldwide.

Fossilized worms have been reported from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber 100–110 million years ago.

Life cycle
----------

The adult worms are free living and, in North America, are usually found only in the summer months in or near shallow water.

The larvae are parasitic on arthropods: beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets. These are their final hosts, but since they do not live in water, the nematomorph life cycle has an extra stage. 

A day or two after they come out of their hosts, the adult worms mate in the water, and then around mid-August or Mid-October, they lay their eggs in the water. It takes about a month for the larvae to develop inside the egg. Once the larvae hatch, they somehow get into gastropods (like snails and slugs), insects, or earthworms, which live in moist habitats. There they build a cyst, and grow. The animal they grow inside is called an interim (temporary) host, because a final host is still needed.

Next, developing nematomorph worms can be found in their final hosts (beetles, etc.). It is not clear how they get there, but probably the final host eats the interim host with the larvae inside them. After they appear in the final host, the nematomorphs begin to eat it from the inside.

The nematomorph may control the host, leading it towards water and even causing it to jump into the water. Then it breaks out of the beetle in or near the water and finds a knot of other worms. There it can mate.
**Lloyds Bank plc** is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales. It has traditionally been considered one of the "Big Four" clearing banks. The bank was founded in Birmingham in 1765. It expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of smaller banking companies. In 1995 it merged with the Trustee Savings Bank and traded as **Lloyds TSB Bank plc** between 1999 and 2013.

Recent history
--------------

The bank is the principal subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, which was formed in January 2009 by the acquisition of HBOS by the then-Lloyds TSB Group. That year, following the UK bank rescue package, the British Government took a 43.4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group. As a condition imposed by the European Commission regarding state aid, the group later announced that it would create a new standalone retail banking business, made up of a number of Lloyds TSB branches and those of Cheltenham & Gloucester. The new business began operations on 9 September 2013 under the TSB brand. Lloyds TSB was subsequently renamed Lloyds Bank on 23 September 2013. On 17 March 2017, the British Government confirmed its remaining shares in Lloyds Banking Group had been sold.

Business
--------

Lloyds Bank is the largest retail bank in Britain, and has an extensive network of branches and ATM in England and Wales (as well as an arrangement for its customers to be serviced by Bank of Scotland branches in Scotland, Halifax branches in Northern Ireland and vice versa) and offers 24-hour telephone and online banking services. As of 2012 it has 16 million personal customers and small business accounts.

It has its operational Headquarters in London and other offices in Wales and Scotland. It also operates a number of office complex, brand headquarters and data centres in Yorkshire including Leeds, Sheffield and Halifax.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
	+ 2
* WorldCat Identities
	+ 2

 |
| National | 
* United States
	+ 2

 |
The maximum territorial extent of Egypt (XVth century BC)
The **New Kingdom**, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between (1570–1070 BC). During the New Kingdom Egypt was richer and more powerful than in all other periods of its history. It includes the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties.

Egypt expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria and Egyptian territory reached its maximum extent.

Important Pharaohs
------------------

Colossal depictions of Rameses II at a temple dedicated to him at Abu Simbel.
The Eighteenth Dynasty was ruled by some of Egypt's most famous Pharaohs including Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and Hatshepsut. Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade and sent a commercial expedition to the land of Punt. Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen.

Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten. He started a religion based on one god, Aten. 

Ramesses II ("the Great") of the 19th Dynasty tried to get back territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. In the Battle of Kadesh he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. He was caught in the first recorded military ambush, but won the battle.

Timeline
--------

Other websites
--------------

* New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan
* Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The New Kingdom Archived 2003-02-26 at the Wayback Machine — Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the New Kingdom
The **lugworm** (*Arenicola marina*), also known as the **sandworm**, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide. The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.

The lugworm lives in a U-shaped tube in the sand, and filters out its food from the water.

Arenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm). Its body is segmented, like that of an earthworm. It has bristles in the middle of its body. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water. 

Although the textbook example is usually *Arenicola marina*, there is a second species, *Arenicola defodiens*, which lives a similar life. It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)

* A lug wormA lug worm
* A young lugworm in its burrowA young lugworm in its burrow
* Simplified cross-section of a lugworm burrowSimplified cross-section of a lugworm burrow
Nineteenth century photo of Margaret Palm.She is showing how slave catchers who tried to kidnap her tied her hands.
**Margaret Palm** (born ca. 1836) was an African-American woman. She lived in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with her husband and son during the middle nineteenth century. She was a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. She was called "Maggie Bluecoat" for the blue military uniform coat (ca. 1812) she wore while guiding slaves to safety. She always carried a gun to protect herself and her passengers.

Palm was so notorious for helping slaves escape that on several occasions slave-owners from Maryland attempted to kidnap her and sell her into slavery to put an end to her practices. David Schick, whose father was Palm’s employer, recounted one of these episodes:

"She lived up Long Lane, back of the old fair grounds. On this occasion she was attacked by a group of men who made the attempt to kidnap her and take her south where they expected to sell her and derive quite a profit. She was a powerful woman, and they would have, from the sale, derived quite a profit. These men succeeded in tying Mag’s hands...She was fighting them as best as she could with her hands tied. She would attempt to slow them and succeeded in one instance in catching [an attacker’s] thumb in her mouth and bit the thumb off. John Karseen, who was crippled and ran a novelty shop on Baltimore Street, happened along at just the right time and by using his crutch was able to assist Mag in her fight with these kidnappers and drove them off and freed her from her bonds." She escaped. When she heard the two strangers had returned to Gettysburg, she ran home and got a shotgun.
Messier 82: a mosaic image of Messier 82 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The image combines exposures taken with four colored filters that capture starlight from visible and infrared wavelengths as well as the light from the glowing hydrogen filaments.
**Messier 82** (also known as **NGC 3034**, **Cigar galaxy** or **M82**) is the nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is five times brighter than the whole Milky Way and one hundred times brighter than our galaxy's center.

In 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core. The average mass of these clusters is around 2×105 *M*⊙, hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside our entire Milky Way Galaxy.

Messier 81 triggering starburst
-------------------------------

M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, nearby spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies.

Recently, M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81. This resulted in a large amount of gas being funnelled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 million years (myr). The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5×108 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a marked peak in the cluster age distribution. This starburst ran for up to ~50 myr at a rate of ~10 *M*⊙ per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last of which (~4–6 myr ago) may have formed the core star clusters.

Unknown object
--------------

In April 2010, radio astronomers at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester reported an unknown object in M82. The object started sending out radio waves, and the emission did not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before.
There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data. The object is several arcseconds from the center of M82. It has an apparent motion of four times the speed of light relative to the galaxy centre.
The **Met Office** (now the official name for the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.

More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services. This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.

Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College. This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.

Forecasts
---------

### Shipping Forecast

One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.

### Weather forecasting and warnings

The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives. In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.

### Weather prediction models

Its main role is to produce forecast models. It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth. The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers. The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model. The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5 km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4 km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12 km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25 km resolution global model (replacing the 40 km global model). A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad. They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa. If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.

Related pages
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* BBC Weather
* Numerical weather prediction
* Tropical cyclone forecast model
***Maria Teresa* Rafaela of Spain** (*María Teresa Antonia Rafaela*; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an *Infanta of Spain* by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She died during childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants. She used the names "*Marie Thérèse*" (*see right*)

Life
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She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as *María Teresa*. She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745. The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister. 

On 19 July 1746, *Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle* (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles. The child died in 1748. Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris.

Children
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1. Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died in infancy and was known simply as "*Madame Royale*".

Titles, styles, honours and arms
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### Titles and styles

* **11 June 1726 – 23 February 1745** *Her Royal Highness* The Infanta *Doña María Teresa* Antonia Rafaela of Spain.
* **23 February 1745 – 22 July 1746** *Her Royal Highness* the Dauphine of France (*Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine"*.)

Other websites
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 Media related to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain at Wikimedia Commons
Dona **Maria Leopoldina of Austria** (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was Empress of Brazil as the wife of Emperor Dom Pedro I from 12 October 1822 until her death. She was also Queen of Portugal during her husband's brief reign as King Dom Pedro IV from 10 March to 2 May 1826.

She was born *Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda of Habsburg-Lorraine, Archduchess of Austria* in Vienna, Austria, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. Among her many siblings were Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.

The education Maria Leopoldina had received in childhood and adolescence was eclectic and broad, with a higher cultural level and more consistent political training. Such education of the little princes and princesses of the Habsburg family was based on the educational belief initiated by their grandfather Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, who believed "that children should be inspired from an early age to have high qualities, such as humanity, compassion and the desire to make people happy". With a deep Christian faith and a solid scientific and cultural background (which included international politics and notions of government) the Archduchess had been prepared from an early age to being a proper royal consort.

In the 21st century, it has been proposed by some historians that she was one of the main articulators of the process of Independence of Brazil that took place in 1822. Her biographer, historian Paulo Rezzutti, maintains that it was largely thanks to her that Brazil became a nation. According to him, the wife of Dom Pedro "embraced Brazil as her country, Brazilians as her people and Independence as her cause". She was also adviser to Dom Pedro on important political decisions that reflected the future of the nation, such as the *Dia do Fico* and the subsequent opposition and disobedience to the Portuguese courts regarding the couple's return to Portugal. Consequently, for governing the country on Dom Pedro's trips through the Brazilian provinces, she is considered the first woman to become head of state in an independent American country.
***One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest*** is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Miloš Forman and starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher. It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon which is run by the tyrannical Nurse Ratched (Fletcher) and where the new patient Randle McMurphy (Nicholson) rebels against her. It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since *It Happened One Night*. These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The screenplay was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie).

Other websites
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 Quotations related to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie) at Wikiquote

* *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* on IMDb
* Talk of the movie's characters and themes Archived 2004-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Greatest Films
* Roger Ebert's Great Movies review Archived 2010-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
The official label of Mercury Records
**Mercury Records** was a record label which produces music in the United States. Mercury Records is owned by Universal Music Group. In the United Kingdom, the label is known as Virgin EMI Records. Def Jam Recordings used to be a part of Mercury Records. But, Def Jam Recordings separated from the Mercury Records.

Early years
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Mercury Record Corporation was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1945. Four people founded the label: Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. All four founders used a variety of music, including jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll, and country music.

Record labels
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Currently, Mercury Records has five record labels, Mercury Records, Mercury Records (UK), Mercury Records (Australia), Mercury Classics, and Mercury Nashville.

Artists
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10cc is a band represented by Mercury Records
Many artists are represented on Mercury Records.

Other websites
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* Mercury Records – Official Website in the United States
* Mercury Records – Official Website in the United Kingdom
* Mercury Records Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine – Official Website in Australia
* Mercury Classics – Official Website for Vintage Music
* Mercury Nashville – Official Website for Country Music
Cinnabar, the natural form of mercury(II) sulfide
**Mercury(II) sulfide**, also known as **cinnabar**, **mercuric sulfide**, and **mercury sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
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Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid. It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form). The alpha form is more common. The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again. It does not dissolve in water. It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.

Occurrence
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More cinnabar
Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar. It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore. It is a bright red mineral. It is soft and heavy.

Uses
----

Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion. It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore. It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Related pages
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* Mercury(II) oxide
* Mercury(I) chloride
**Luis de Góngora y Argote** (born **Luis de Argote y Góngora**) was a Spanish poet and Catholic priest. Góngora and his lifelong rival, Francisco de Quevedo, are widely considered the most prominent Spanish poets of all time.

Biography
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Góngora was born to a noble family in Córdoba, where his father, Francisco de Argote, was a *corregidor* (judge). He adopted the surname of his mother, Leonor de Góngora, to preserve his Christian lineage (limpieza de sangre). In 1586, at 25 years old, Góngora became a prebendary of Córdoba Cathedral, taking the post of his uncle, Don Francisco. In 1605, he was ordained priest, and afterwards, lived at Valladolid and Madrid. Then, in 1617, he was appointed honorary chaplain to King Philip III of Spain.

He maintained a long feud with Francisco de Quevedo, with both poets writing many pieces attacking one another. Quevedo criticized him for his large nose, passion for gambling, and even accused Góngora of Sodomy, which was a capital crime in 17th century Spain. This angry feud ended when Quevedo bought the house Góngora lived in solely to eject him from it. In 1626, a severe illness which impaired Góngora's memory forced him to return to Córdoba, where he died the following year. An edition of his poems was published almost immediately after his death by Juan López de Vicuña.
The Tortura Never More Monument, in Recife, was the first monument built in the country in honor of the dead and disappeared Brazilian politicians, and features the body of a naked man in a pau de arara torture position.
The **Monumento Tortura Nunca Mais** or **Monument to Torture Never Again** is a monument located in Praça Padre Henrique, Rua da Aurora, city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Designed by the architect from Piauí, Demetrio Albuquerque, it was the first monument built in the country in honor of the dead and disappeared Brazilian politicians.

Its construction was the result of a public tender held by the city of Recife in 1988, which not only foresaw the construction of a monument that would symbolize the conditions of torture and disrespect for the dignity of the human person to which several people were subjected during the Brazilian military regime, as well as the entire revitalization of the place.

 The Monument to Torture Never Again honors the victims of the Military Dictatorship in Brazil between (1964–1985) the work is located in Recife.
Monica Lewinsky in 1997
Monica Lewinsky in 2015
**Monica Samille Lewinsky** (born July 23, 1973 in San Francisco) is an American fashion designer, television personality and anti-bullying activist.

In 1998, she became well known for being part of a scandal between her and then President of the United States, Bill Clinton. The scandal involved claims that she had had a sexual relationship with President Clinton. He said they had not. In the end Clinton had to admit that sexual activity of some kind took place between them.

Lewinsky is of Jewish descent. She grew up in a luxury $1.6 million home in Beverly Hills. She is the daughter of Bernard Lewinsky, a medical researcher and photographer.

She worked in the mid-1990s as an intern at the White House and the Pentagon.

Lewinsky experimented with designing handbags and purses for her company, "The Real Monica".

On December 14, 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Masters of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics. Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity". According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in the United Kingdom in early 2007.

In 2009, scholar Ken Gormley had communications with Lewinsky as a part of his in-depth study of the Clinton scandals. She said that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her.

In the 2010s, Lewinsky became an activist against cyberbullying, and gave a TED talk about it. BuzzFeed called her the Queen of Twitter.

Other websites
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* Media related to Monica Lewinsky at Wikimedia Commons