recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A common lolcat. The phrase "*I are crying cuz I are out of focuss*" is a typical example of funny language

A **lolcat** is a common Internet meme which is made up of picture of a cat with a funny caption. The caption is usually in bad English that makes fun of Internet slang. like chez and haz. "Lolcat" is a mix of the words lol and cat. Lol is internet slang for "laughing out loud."  A different word for lolcat is *cat macro* because it is a type of image macro.  The first time the media talked about lolcats was when Time Magazine covered them in an article. The article said that lolcats and other things like them are becoming rare. It also said that they have a "distinct...Usenet feel to [them]."

Image
-----

Lolcats are pictures of cats doing something out of the ordinary quoted words in big, sans serif letters (letters without feet). Sometimes the picture is changed with a computer to make it funnier.

There are lots of different lolcat memes, like ceiling cat, monorail cat, and 'i eated a butter' cat
Cast showing the skull's three parts

The **Taung Child** is a fossil of a skull. The skull also has an imprint of the brain. It belongs to an *Australopithecus africanus*. It was discovered in 1924 by a quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, looked at the fossil, and saw its importance. Dart published his account in the journal *Nature* in 1925, describing it as a new species.

British anthropologists at the time believed in the Piltdown Man. This hoax had a large brain and ape-like teeth – the exact opposite of the Taung Child – so Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.

Description
-----------

The fossil consists of most of the skull, face and mandible with teeth. It also has a natural endocast (imprint) of the braincase. It is about 2.5 million years old.

Taung Child is believed to have been about three years old at the time of its death. It was a creature standing 3' 6" (105 cm) at approximately 20-24 pounds. Taung Child had a cranial capacity of 340 cc, living mainly in a savanna habitat. Examinations of Taung Child compared to that of an equivalent 9-year-old child suggest that *A. africanus* had a growth rate to adolescence which is about the same as that found in modern apes like chimpanzees rather than that of modern *Homo sapiens*. However, later species such as *Homo ergaster*/*Homo erectus* went through growth at rates between modern humans and apes. The evidence has mostly been based on that of Turkana boy discovered in 1984.

In early 2006 it was announced that the Taung Child was likely killed by an eagle (or similar large predatory bird). This conclusion was reached by noting similarities in the damage to the skull and eye sockets of the Taung Child to the skulls of primates known to have been killed by modern eagles.

The left hand side of the endocast of the Taung child is covered in beautiful calcium carbonate crystals.

History
-------

Its significance lies in the fact that this was the first of the fossils which had been found in the twenties and thirties to provide evidence that humans indeed have a 'natural history' all of their own – just as Darwin had predicted. 

The skull is now in repository at the University of Witwatersrand.

Other websites
--------------

* Radiolab "The Skull" podcast
**The Grand Abrhot Library** is a public library owned by the city of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The library was opened on January 1, 2022. The Grand Abrhot Library was directed by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. He led the project through the idea of creating it to its final stage. The library has 4 floors. It is on 19,000 m2 (4.7 acres) of land. The book shelf cover 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi). The Grand Abrhot library also has 8 bookstores, a meeting room, a cafeteria and a reading area for children. The parking area can hold 115 vehicles at a time. It also has a special room for people privileged to enter.

Books
-----

The library is able to hold over 1.4 million books on a shelf space of 1 and a half kilometers. According to Addid Ababa mayor Adanech Abebe, the library has over 300,000 papers and books of Ethiopian researchers and authors. The library also has 120,000 international papers and books of researchers and novelists. Many books have been donated to the library 

### Space

The library has the enough space to hold 2,000 people at a time.

Opening
-------

The Grand Abrhot Library was openned on the 1 January 2022 by the mayor, Adanech Abebe, and Prime Minister, Abiy Ahmed. High government officials, the Minister of Education and Minister of Health were at the openning. There were celebrities there as well. During the opening of the library, Abmed gave a speech. In his speech, he "stressed the need for the country to transfer its rich history and civilization to the next generation using such libraries. The alphabets of the 18 countries is engraved on the wall of Abrhot library."

Meaning
-------

The word *Abrhot* or *Abrihot* means enlightenment. During his speech. the Prime Minister said that Ethiopians should be enlightened to knowledge.
**Rostam Giv** or **Arbab Rostam Giv** (Persian: رستم گیو alternative spellings: **Rustam Guiv**) (1880, Yazd, Iran - October 7 1980, Whittier, California), was the founder of Giv charity foundation. He was the third representative of Iranian Zoroastrians in the Iranian parliament. He was also a senator of the Iranian Senate.

Life
----

Giv was born in 1888 in Yazd. His mother's name was Kharman. His father's name was Shahpour.

Giv completed his elementary education at Kay Khosravi school. He learned English language in Yazd. He was elected as the Zoroastrians' Representative in the Iranian National Assembly after Keikhosrow Shahrokh died in 1939.
He founded "Giv's Charity foundation" in 1958 for supporting needy people. He was also selected as a senator in the Iranian Senate in 1963 because of his charity works for the Iranian people.

Rostam Bagh
-----------

Rostam Bagh, is a big garden in Tehran Pars Street in Tehran. Arbab Rostam was built in 1957 for Living Zoroastrian's Needy Family. This garden covers about 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), including residential buildings, a meeting hall, two schools, a sports ground, a library and a fire temple.

Building water reservoir
------------------------

Making a water reservoir in Yazd, which has 4000 cubic meter capacity and provides clean and safe water for people is another one of Giv's charity works.

Building schools
----------------

Giv has built schools for Iranian children. He built Giv's elementary school, Ostad Khdobabakhsh elementary school and Ostad pour-Davood elementary school for boys and girls in Tehran. He donated 15,000 square metres (160,000 sq ft) of land to Iran's Ministry of Education in Damavand County.

Endowments outside Iran
-----------------------

A few months before the Iranian revolution, Rostam and his wife immigrated to the United States and he founded his charity foundations. They donated 4 million dollars for building Zoroastrian charities in all of the world.

They built Charity Buildings for Zoroastrians in New York, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver and Sydney.

Gallery
-------

* Giv's Darb-e-mehr in Orange County, California Giv's Darb-e-mehr in Orange County, California
* Giv's Darbe Mehr in VancouverGiv's Darbe Mehr in Vancouver
* Giv's elementary School in TehranGiv's elementary School in Tehran
* Giv's Darbe Mehr  in San Jose, CaliforniaGiv's Darbe Mehr   
 in San Jose, California

Related pages
-------------

* Keikhosrow Shahrokh

Other websites
--------------

* Darbe Mehr Zoroastrian Temple In NY
* The making of Chicago's Darbe Mehr Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
Sunday school, Manzanar War Relocation Center, 1943. Photographed by Ansel Adams.
**Sunday School** is a kind of schooling found in many churches or other Christian communities. Classes are done on Sundays. Before or after the main part of worship, a class is held to learn more about that church's teachings and about the Bible. Sometimes the class is only for children, sometimes adults go there as well and sometimes there are different classes for adults and for children.

Development
-----------

Sunday school, Indians and whites. Indian Territory (Oklahoma), ca. 1900.
Sunday schools were first set up in the 1780s to provide education to working children on their one day off from the factory. Robert Raikes contributed to their development. Raikes was the editor of *The Glouchestor Journal*, and he wanted to stop children from becoming bad. In 1805, Stockport Sunday School made a school for 5000 students. In the late 19th century this was the largest in the world. 
The first Sunday school in London opened at Surrey Chapel by a pastor named Rowland Hill. By 1831, 1,250,000 children went every week to Sunday School in Great Britain. This was bout 25 percent of the people.

The American Sunday School system was first begun by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790's.

Some Roman Catholic churches do Sunday schools, though Catholics commonly refer to Sunday school as "Catechism class".

Priests or pastors sometimes teach Sunday schools.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Sunday school***

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***Sunday school***.

* Lesson guides and printable Bible activities
* Apostolic Children's Ministry Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
The Great Exhibition in Hyde Park 1851.
The enormous Crystal Palace went from plans to grand opening in just nine months.
The **Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations**, also known as the **Great Exhibition** or the **Crystal Palace Exhibition**, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature. 

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations (its full title) was organized under the leadership of Prince Albert and members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce.It was planned for 4 months. It was a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. 

Its prime motive was for "Great Britain [to make] clear to the world its role as an industrial leader". Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of the exhibition, which was self-financing. Queen Victoria and her family visited three times. 

Technology and moving machinery was popular, especially working exhibits. Visitors could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, as well as musical, horological and surgical instruments.

The Crystal Palace
------------------

A special building, The Crystal Palace,  was built to house the show. It took the form of a massive glass house, 1851 feet (about 564 metres) long by 454 feet (about 138 metres) wide. It was built with a cast iron-frame and glass. It was made almost entirely in Birmingham and Smethwick.

It was designed by Joseph Paxton with support from structural engineer Charles Fox. The committee which oversaw its construction included Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The building was architecturally adventurous. Paxton's had experience designing greenhouses for William Cavendish, the 6th Duke of Devonshire. 

The Crystal Palace was an enormous success. It was an architectural marvel, but also an engineering triumph which showed the importance of the Exhibition itself. The building was later moved and re-erected in an enlarged form at Sydenham in south London, an area that was renamed "Crystal Palace". The building was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.

Other websites
--------------

* Prince Albert's speech of 1849, announcing "The Exhibition of 1851" Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
* "Memorials of the Great Exhibition" Cartoon Series from Punch
* Royal Engineers Museum Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine Royal Engineers and the Great Exhibition
* "In Our Time" BBC radio programme discussing the Great Exhibition and its impact.
* Images from the catalogue Archived 2007-02-19 at the Wayback Machine on flickr.com
* Charlotte Brontë's account of a visit to the Great Exhibition Archived 2009-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Great Exhibition Collection in the National Art Library
The **Sundance Sea** was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

Stratigraphy
------------

The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation – eroded from rising highlands to the west – were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

Fauna
-----

The Sundance Sea had many types of animals. The oyster *Gryphaea* was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. *Ophthalmosaurus*, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. *Pantosaurus*, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was *Megalneusaurus*, a large pliosaur similar to *Liopleurodon*. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

Related pages
-------------

* Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)
**Tropical Storm Cristobal** was a cyclone that formed in August of 2002. It stayed away from land for most of its life. However, when it died out, what was left of the storm caused rain and wind on Bermuda. It also caused stormy seas that caused three people to drown near Long Island. No severe damage happened.

Storm history
-------------

Storm path
A cyclone formed on August 5. At that time, it was located about 175 miles (280 km/h) to the east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. The storm then moved towards the southeast. On August 6, the rain and clouds around the storm began to get weaker. However, the storm gained enough strength to be named Tropical Storm Cristobal on August 6.

The tropical storm was still moving towards the southeast when it became Cristobal. On August 7, it turned to the east. Cristobal then reached its highest strength. It began to weaken after that. Early on August 9, Tropical Storm Cristobal merged with another weather system, when it was located about 350 miles (560 km) to the southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. What was left of the storm passed near Newfoundland on August 10. It fully died near Greenland on August 14.

Effects
-------

Cristobal stayed mostly away from land while it was a tropical cyclone. However, what was left of it after it died out brought rain and wind to Bermuda. A wind gust of 45 mph (72 km/h) happened at the Bermuda International Airport. 2.78 inches (71 mm) of rain fell in 24 hours. This rain was partly because of Cristobal. Cristobal also caused rip currents and 4 foot (1.2 m) waves along the south shore of Long Island, New York. Three people drowned in the rip currents. Two ships in the ocean reported high winds because of the storm.

Related pages
-------------

* Tropical cyclone
*Ficus watkinsiana* on *Syzygium hemilampra*, Australia
The final stage: a strangler fig around a dead tree. Costa Rica
Aerial roots that may eventually give structural support
A **strangler fig** is one of a number of tropical and subtropical plant species. There are some banyans and unrelated vines, and many other species:

* *Ficus altissima*
* *Ficus aurea*, also known as the Florida strangler fig
* *Ficus benghalensis*
* *Ficus burtt-davyi*
* *Ficus citrifolia*
* *Ficus craterostoma*
* *Ficus tinctoria*
* *Ficus macrophylla*
* *Ficus obliqua*
* *Ficus virens*
* *Ficus watkinsiana*
* *Ficus henneana*

All these vines have a strangling habit which is very common in tropical forests. This is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. Strangler figs suck up the nutrients from its victims, causing them to die eventually. 

One usually thinks that seeds start on or in the ground and grow upwards. Figs do it the other way round. Birds drop their seeds into the tops of trees, and the parasitic fig plant grows downwards, eventually round the whole tree. If not already at the top, they also grow upward to reach into the sunlight zone above the canopy.
A cheetah strangling an impala, Timbavati Game Reserve, South Africa
**Stranglation** is death by compressing the neck until the supply of oxygen is cut off. The process is called **strangling**. 

The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen. Strangling leads first to unconsciousness, then to death. Fatal strangling may occurs in accidents, and other causes of violence. Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxiation, in the so-called "choking game". 

Strangling is a technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems. It is a method of winning a judo bout. Usually the opponent submits; if not, he is "strangled out", that is, the hold is continued until he passes out and is then immediately released. *Shime-waza*, the judo term for this technique, has scored 97 times in World Judo events. No fatalities have resulted from it. There have been some deaths of suspects in police custody, where officers have used a "choke hold". Investigation suggested that this was because the officers' training had not been so adequate as the training of top-class judo players.

Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:

* **Hanging**—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
* **Ligature strangulation**—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrotte
* **Manual strangulation**—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity
For other uses, see Paladin (disambiguation).
A **paladin** or **paladine** was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe.

The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century.

In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor.

History
-------

### Ancient Rome

The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae.

Official and ceremonial hat of the Salii, later adopted by the Catholic Church
In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars.

### Holy Roman Empire

After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the *comes palatinus*, the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law.

During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines.

### Modern usage

In the early days of England, the word *palatinate*, or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown.

In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown.

Present day
-----------

The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause.

Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game.
An example of a traditional unicycle.
An example of a giraffe unicycle.
A **unicycle** is a pedal vehicle. It is like a bicycle, but it has only one wheel. It has a seat and pedals, but no chain or gears. There is no handlebar, it is steered by gripping the seat with the legs and twisting the body. A rider keeps their balance by moving their arms, and controlling their speed. It is usually used for acting and performing. A unicycle is more expensive than a cheap bicycle, because unicycles are far less common.

There are two kinds of unicycles; giraffe unicycles and traditional unicycles. Giraffe unicycles are much taller than traditional unicycles, and use a chain so that the performer's legs do not have to stretch very far. Giraffe unicycles are mostly used by performers in circuses. 

Unicycles are often used while the performer is simultaneously juggling or plate spinning. To do this, performers usually rock back and forth on the unicycle. This is called "idling". It lets the performer pay attention to what they are doing in their hands, instead of to the ground in front of them. To "idle" a unicycle, performers usually press one foot down, anchoring it in the bottom position of the wheel. This foot both provides support and completes the rocking motion that is necessary to keep the unicycle balanced.

Many other tricks can be done when riding a unicycle. This includes going backwards, riding up and down steps, pedaling with only one foot, hopping in place, wheel-walking (putting the feet on the tire instead of on the pedals) and riding over obstacles.
The Gala staircase of the palace.
The gardens of the palace showing the building proper.
**The Palace of Caserta** is a palace in Italy. It is near Naples. The palace was built by King Carlo VII of Naples. It was one of the largest buildings built in Italy in the 8th century. It was mainly used as a summer home of the royal family of the Two Sicilies. In Italian, it is known as the **Reggia di Caserta**. The palace has about 1,200 rooms. These include two dozen state apartments and a large theatre modelled after the Teatro San Carlo of Naples. It is often compared to the Palace of Versailles and is called the "Italian Versailles".

In 1997, the palace was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The nomination said it was "the swan song of the spectacular art of the Baroque, from which it adopted all the features needed to create the illusions of multidirectional space". The king wanted a magnificent new royal court and administrative center for the Kingdom in a place protected from sea attack.

The palace was used during the filming of *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones* and *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace*

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑   His wife Maria Amalia of Saxony also had great input in the project.
2. ↑  UNESCO
Resonance effect for various input frequencies and damping coefficients
In physics, **resonance** is the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing amplitudes at some frequencies of excitation. These are known as the system's *resonant frequencies* (or *resonance frequencies*). The resonator may have a *fundamental frequency,* and any number of *harmonics*.

An example of useful effect of resonant frequency is a guitar string which makes a characteristic noise when it is touched. The noise depends on how thick or slack the string is.

Another example can be seen in a playground swing. There is one specific rate at which you must push away a person on a swing to cause the swing to go high. This rate is the resonant frequency.

In earthquake engineering, on contrary, any possibility of a resonance is detrimental for the building structure.

The Kirkwood gap and other connections among orbits are caused by orbital resonance.

Related pages
-------------

* Resonator
* Seismic damper
* Vibration control
* Vibration isolation
The **rufous treepie** (*Dendrocitta vagabunda*) is a species of bird in the Corvidae (crow) family. The rufous treepie is native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining parts of Southeast Asia from Pakistan to Vietnam. Woodland, forest edges and gardens are the habitat of this species. It feeds on various fruits, insects and carrion.

Distribution and subspecies
---------------------------

Distribution and subspecies of the rufous treepie
The rufous treepie builds its nest 6−8 meters above the ground in trees. Both male and female take turns breeding and feeding the young. There are usually 3-5 eggs laid. After the young have hatched, the remain with their parents for several months. Rufous treepies form pair bonds for life.

The species was first described in 1790 by John Latham. A previous description as "Dendrocitta rufa" is not valid. It belongs to the Treepie genus *Dendrocitta* which is Southeast Asian in distribution. According to ornithologist Derek Goodwin, the rufous treepie may be closely allied to the hooded treepie (*D. frontalis*). There are eight recognized subspecies.
There are no estimates for the population of this species. It is common throughout its range, but rare in Vietnam.

Description
-----------

The Rufous Treepie is shorter and smaller than the European magpie. The head, neck and breast are grey, although sometimes they are slightly brown. The underparts and lower back are orange-brown. The tail is a light blue color with a black tip. The bill, legs and feet are black.

Sources
-------

### Literature

* Salím Ali, S. Dillon Ripley: *Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5: Larks to the Grey Hypocolius.* Oxford University Press, London 1972.
* Joseph del Hoyo, Andrew Elliot, David Christie (Hrsg.): *Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes To Old World Sparrows.* Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 9788496553507.

### References

1. ↑  BirdLife International (2009). "*Dendrocitta vagabunda*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008*. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
2. 1 2 3  ":: BIRDS INFO :: Rufous Treepie". *birdsinfo.net*. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | 
* Wikidata: Q282256
* Wikispecies: Dendrocitta vagabunda
* ADW: Dendrocitta\_vagabunda
* ARKive: dendrocitta-vagabunda
* Avibase: 959E1633E43CB7BA
* BioLib: 27477
* BirdLife: 22705836
* BOLD: 119625
* eBird: ruftre2
* EoL: 916519
* GBIF: 2482451
* iNaturalist: 8305
* IRMNG: 10464840
* ITIS: 559705
* IUCN: 22705836
* NCBI: 1200961
* Xeno-canto: Dendrocitta-vagabunda

 |
Alpha Jet of the **Patrouille de France**.
The **Patrouille de France** on display.
**Patrouille de France**in the sky of Paris for Bastille Day.
The ***Patrouille Acrobatique de France*** (French pronunciation: ​[patʁuj akʁɔbatik də fʁɑ̃s], *French Acrobatic Patrol*), also called the **Patrouille de France** or **PAF**, is the aerobatics demonstration team of the French Air Force. They fly Franco-German Alpha Jet training airplanes. The PAF's aircraft are painted in three colours: blue, white, and red. These are the same colors as on the flag of France.

History
-------

The *Patrouille de France* was created in 1947. The name first appeared in print for a 1953 aerial show in French Algeria. At this time, the PAF flew American fighter jets, specifically F-84Gs. Later, the team flew Mystère IVs. In 1964, the Air Force did not have enough money in its budget to continue the Patrouille de France, and disbanded it. But the Minister of Defence decided to bring the team back in 1965 because he liked it. They then flew French training aircraft, Fouga CM-170 Magister. They kept flying Fouga CM-170 Magisters until 1980. Since then, the PAF have flown on an Alpha Jets.

Team
----

*Patrouille de France* uses eight aircraft that all fly at the same time. A ninth reserve plane always stays on the ground, ready to take off. The call sign of pilots is *Athos* like the character from the famous book *The Three Musketeers*. If all pilots have an important role, both the essential leader and his second, called *Charognard* (which is the French word for "scavenger") who present all the display.

A transport plane is always with the PAF for support. It is a twin-engine plane: Transall C.160 or Casa CN-235M.

Demonstrations
--------------

Because they are seen as ambassadors of France, the PAF go on display all over the world. *Patrouille de France* often performs in military parade performed to celebrate Bastille Day. They fly over the Champs-Élysées on the morning of July 14. The aircraft unleash a plume of smoke lights. PAF often fly at the Paris Air Show, which is held at Le Bourget airport.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website.
* Patrouille de France on the official website of the French Air Force.
**Young-adult fiction** (often abbreviated as **YA**) is fiction written primarily for adolescents around the ages of 13 to 19. However, many young adults in their 20s and 30s also read young adult fiction.

Characteristics
---------------

Young-adult fiction in the form of novels or short stories, have special features that make it different from the types of fiction catered to other age groups: namely Adult fiction, Middle Grade Fiction (for older children aged 8-12), and Early readers Fiction (for very young children under age 8). Most YA stories show an adolescent as the lead character, rather than an adult or a child. The subject matter and storylines are usually in line with the age and knowledge of the main character. YA stories can span all types of fiction. The settings of YA stories are limited only by the skill of the author. YA stories often focus on the challenges of youth. The entire age category is sometimes referred to as problem novels or coming of age novel. YA novels are often as short as 16000 words. Despite its unique features, YA shares the basic parts of fiction with other stories: character, plot, setting, theme, and style.
**Topiary** is the art of creating sculptures by clipping trees and bushes (shrubs). The shrubs used in topiary are evergreen, have small leaves, and produce dense foliage. Common plants used in topiary include bay laurel, holly bushes, myrtle and privet hedges. Shaped wire cages are sometimes used in modern topiary but traditional topiary depends on using special scissors with patience and a steady hand. Notably, the Samban-Lei Sekpil is the tallest topiary plant in the world.

A topiary of a green elephant inside the Kakching Garden in Manipur

History
-------

The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener. A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary. In Japan and China they have "cloud pruning" where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and "Karikomi", where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects. Bonsai is a form of topiary. During the 16th century in Europe, typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals. In the 20th century, Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.
The **Topeka Constitutional Convention** met from October 23 to Nov 11, 1855 in Topeka, Kansas Territory at Constitution Hall. It wrote the **Topeka Constitution** that would have made slavery in Kansas illegal. The convention was organized by Free-Staters to go against the pro-slavery Territorial legislature elected March 5, 1855. The territorial legislature was elected in polling that had a lot of electoral fraud and the intimidation of free state settlers.

The Topeka Constitution was the first effort to create a Kansas governmental structure and write its basis in law. Free-State people passed the constitution on December 15, 1855. The constitution was sent to Washington. They really wanted the U.S. Congress to pass it. President Pierce hated the document. It was presented in the Senate by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and in the House by Representative Daniel of Indiana. It passed the House by two votes on July 2. However, it was held in committee by the Senate. On July 8, Senator Stephen A. Douglas took up the Topeka Constitution in a bill counter to Senator Cass. Cass sent the issue back to the people of Kansas to follow the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Related pages
-------------

* Lecompton Constitution
* Wyandotte Constitution
* Bleeding Kansas

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Topeka Constitution**

* Transcript of PBS documentary
Silly putty dripping through a hole
**Silly Putty** (originally called **nutty putty**) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by *Binney & Smith Inc.*. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

Description
-----------

Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.

Other websites
--------------

* Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
* Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
* Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty Archived 2006-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
* American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
* Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video) Archived 2006-12-21 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Silly Putty***.
Chimay is one of Belgium's famous Trappist beers
**Trappist beer** is brewed by Trappist monks. There are eight Trappist monasteries--six in Belgium, one in the Netherlands, and one in Austria.

Monastery brewhouses, from different religious orders, have been across Europe since the Middle Ages. The monastery of La Trappe in Soligny had its own brewery in 1685. Breweries were later added in monasteries of other countries as the trappist order spread from France into the rest of Europe. The Trappists, like many other religious people, first brewed beer to feed the community. Now, Trappist breweries also brew beer to pay for their works and for good causes. Many of the Trappist monasteries and breweries were destroyed during the French Revolution and the World Wars.

Types of beer
-------------

With the recent exception of Koningshoeven's Bockbier, Trappist beers are all top-fermented and mainly bottle conditioned. Trappist breweries use different names for the different beers produced. The names relate to their strength.

The best known is the system where different beers are called *Enkel/Single*, *Dubbel/Double* and *Tripel/Triple*. With the importance of the Holy Trinity in the church, it is unlikely that the choice of three types of beers was accidental. Enkels are now no longer brewed as such.

Colours can be used to tell the different types. This dates back to the days when bottles were unlabelled and had to be identified by the bottle-top alone. Chimay beer labels are based on the colour system (in increasing order of strength red, white and blue). Westvleteren beers are still unlabelled.

There is also a number system (6,8 and 10, as used by Rochefort), which gives an idea of strength. Achel combine a strength and a colour (of the beer itself—blond or brown).

Beers
-----

The official Trappist breweries make the following beers:-

* Achel sells Blonde (8% ABV), Brune (8% ABV), Extra Blonde (8% ABV), Extra Brune (8% ABV).
* Chimay sells Red Label (dark, 7% ABV), White Label (Blonde/Tripel, ABV 8%) and Blue Label (dark, 9% ABV).
* Koningshoeven sells:
	+ *La Trappe Blond* (6.5% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Dubbel* (7% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Isid'or* (7.5% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Tripel* (8% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Quadrupel* (10%V)
	+ *La Trappe Quadrupel Oak Aged* (10% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Witte Trappist* (5.5% ABV)
	+ *La Trappe Bockbier* (7% ABV) (Seasonal)
	+ *La Trappe PUUR* (4.7% ABV) (organic)
* Orval sells a "unique" dry hopped 6.2% amber ale.
* Rochefort sells three dark ales, "6" (7.5% ABV). "8" (9.2% ABV) and "10" (11.3% ABV).
* Westmalle sells Dubbel (7% ABV) and Tripel (9.5% ABV),
* Westvleteren sells Green Cap or Blonde, (5.8% ABV), Blue Cap (dark, 8% ABV) and Yellow Cap (dark, 10.2% ABV).

Glassware
---------

Belgian breweries have a tradition of providing custom beer glasses. The Trappist breweries often provide "chalice" or "goblet" style glasses. 

* Chimay beers and glassesChimay beers and glasses
* Orval beer's "chalice" glassOrval beer's "chalice" glass
* Rochefort beer's "goblet" glassRochefort beer's "goblet" glass
Hagia Sophia main dome with semi-domes, 
A **semi-dome**(also called a "half-dome") is the term in architecture for half a dome. It is used to cover a semi-circular area, usually an apse. A semi-dome was often used at each end of a barrel vaulted ceiling.

History
-------

An early use was to cover Roman cult images. They are a feature found in Ancient Roman and traditional church architecture. The semi-dome is featured in Byzantine architecture and Early Christian architecture. They are prominent in mosques and iwans in Islamic architecture. Some mosques featured semi-domes decorated with glass mosaics. In the second half of the 6th century Ottoman architecture began using half-domes combined with domes. Semi-domes were common in Roman baths, palaces and large buildings. During the Dark Ages in Britain whenever an apse was built, a semi-dome covered it. In 11th century Normandy every apse of every church had a semi-dome over it. The semi-dome went out of use when the east end of churches were squared.
The anti boom net winch house foundations is all that remains. The net went from here and all the way across to the other side (pictured in the distance).
Entrance to Green Point Anti-motor torpedo boat defensive Battery.
The **Anti-submarine boom net** was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.

History
-------

In January 1942, the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net; it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.

On 31 May 1942, during WWII, three Japanese submarines tried to get into the harbour. The first submarine to try and come in was the M27. Lieutenant Jahai Chuma was the man in charge of this submarine. The M27 followed a Sydney ferry through the gate on its way to Manly, but it got caught in the western end of the net's middle section. Lieutenant Chuma, tried to free his submarine by using a special tool that cuts metal, but this only made things worse. By 8:30pm the watchman for the Maritime Service Board, James Cargill, went to see what was happening. He used a boat to row across to where the submarine was stuck. Very surprised at finding a Japanese submarine, Cargill called naval headquarters with his two way radio. At first the navy did not believe that there was a Japanese Midget submarine caught in the boom net. It took him two hours to get them to believe him.

By 10:27pm, Chuma knew that he had been discovered, so he blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his crew. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time was not quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.

In August 1945, the boom net was taken away. By early 1946, only the dolphin structure was left. The base of the winch house is the only remaining part of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.
Behind Marrakesh are the Atlas mountains
The Museum of Islamic Art, painted in Majorelle Blue, at the Majorelle Garden
T'hami El Glaoui, the Pasha of Morocco from 1912-1956
The central square of Marrakesh Jamaa El Fna
**Marrakesh**, or Marrakech (Berber: ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ; Arabic: مراكش, Murrākuš) is an important city in the African country of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country. Marrakesh is the capital of the economic region of Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz.

History
-------

Marrakesh is the most important city out of all of Morocco's cities that used to be imperial cities. Berber farmers lived in Marrakesh during Neolithic times. Abu Bakr ibn Umar, the chieftain and cousin of the king of the Almoravids Yusuf ibn Tashfin, founded Marrakesh in the year 1062. The Almoravids built many schools and mosques in Marrakesh. Marrakesh has the name "Red City" because a lot of it is made out of red sandstone.

Marrakesh got bigger very quickly and became a cultural, religious, and trading center for sub-Saharan Africa. The mayor of Marrakesh Fatima Zahra Mansouri is the second woman mayor in Morocco.

Tourism is important to Marrakesh, and the city has about 400 hotels. 

Sofitel Hotel, 2013
One of the things that most attract travellers to Morocco and, specifically, to the city of Marrakech, is the endless activities available and especially its variety. 

The most interesting and well-known are desert excursions from Marrakech, but in reality, you have many options: we are talking about excursions to the beach. There in the city itself, you do not have them, but there are many beaches near Marrakech that you can visit without much complication.
**Toxic shock syndrome** or **TSS** is a non-common, deadly infection caused by toxins from bacteria.

Toxic shock syndrome is usually caused by *Staphylococcus* bacteria, but it can also be caused by *Streptococcus* bacteria.

Symptoms
--------

Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can show up suddenly, and the disease can be deadly. The symptoms are different when the toxic shock syndrome is caused by different bacteria. When it is caused by *Staphylococcus aureus*, the symptoms are generally high fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and malaise. If the disease is not treated, someone with toxic shock syndrome caused by *Staphylococcus aureus* can go into a coma.

When toxic shock syndrome is caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes*, it usually is a rash that was already there getting worse. People with toxic shock syndrome caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes* have pain where the rash is, then the symptoms below happen very quickly. 

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

* A high fever that starts quickly

* Low blood pressure

* Vomiting or diarrhea

* A rash that looks like a sunburn, mostly on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

* Confusion

* Muscle pain

* Redness of the eyes, mouth, and throat

* Seizures

* Headaches

Causes
------

Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by many things. The most common reasons are injuries to the skin that allow bacteria to get into the bloodstream and tampons.

Treatment
---------

Many people with toxic shock syndrome have to stay in the hospital. If it is very bad, they might have to go to the intensive care unit so that doctors can make sure that they are getting good care. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is because of tampon use, doctors will make sure that they take the tampon out. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is an injury (an abscess or other infection), the injury has to be drained.

Antibiotics like cephalosporin, penicillin, and vancomycin are used to stop the bacteria from growing. Clindamycin and gentamicin stop the toxins from being produced.

Tampons and toxic shock syndrome
--------------------------------

In 1978, Procter and Gamble (a United States company that sells many different products) started selling tampons called Rely. Rely tampons could be left in for a whole menstrual cycle, which is from 2 to 8 days. Women who used Rely tampons sometimes got toxic shock syndrome because of this. Other tampons that are left in for a long time can also cause toxic shock syndrome.
The **Tamu Massif** is an extinct submarine shield volcano in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It looks like a hybrid between a mid-ocean ridge and a shield volcano. 

In 2013 researchers announced that it could be a single volcano. If true, that would make Tamu Massif the largest known volcano on Earth. 

The Tamu Massif was formed about 145 million years ago during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous period over a relatively short period of time (a few million years) and then became extinct.

Tamu Massif is in the Shatsky Rise about 1,600 km (990 mi) east of Japan. The volcano covers an area of about 553,000 square kilometers or 214,000 square miles. Its summit is about 1,980 m (6,500 ft) below the surface of the ocean, and its base extends to about 6.4 km (4.0 mi) deep. The volcano is about 4,460 metres (14,620 ft) high, standing on the floor of the ocean.

Other websites
--------------

* Sager W. 2014. *The largest volcano in the World-mid Pacific Ocean*. Education Videos, Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas.
A sundial
A garden sundial at 9:30am
A **sundial** shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted. 

Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

Related pages
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* Time

Other websites
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* Sunbeams and Sundials Children's guide to the sun, the seasons and sundials.
* There is a book from 1319 that talks about sundails
* There is another old book from the 1500's that talks about how to make a sundial. It's written in the Arabic language