recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
"VM" redirects here. For other uses, see VM (disambiguation).
A **virtual machine** is a program on a computer that works like it is a separate computer inside the main computer. The program that controls virtual machines is called a hypervisor and the computer that is running the virtual machine is called the host. The hypervisor controls how the virtual machine can access memory, hard drive space, and other resources on the host computer. Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox).

There are many reasons to run a virtual machine:

* It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer.
* A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.
* It can help with security. If the virtual machine is affected by a virus, the host operating system is unaffected.
* A virtual machine can be completely emulated, such as Java. This lets a program run on different types of computer without having to be converted into a code specific for it. They can communicate even though the programming languages are not the same.

Related pages
-------------

* Grid computing: many computers work together to work like a "virtual supercomputer"
**Cunard Line** is a shipping company that was founded in 1840 and runs cruise ships all over the world.

Sir Samuel Cunard, founder of Cunard.

History
-------

Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States. England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do. Cunard started with four steam ships that made crossings of the Atlantic Ocean once a week. The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.

By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic. This caused the company to build three new ships, larger and faster than the ones before them. They were named RMS *Mauretania*, RMS *Lusitania* and RMS *Aquitania*. Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though *Lusitania* was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.

In 1934, another big Cunard ship, the RMS *Queen Mary*, began service. She was the largest ship ever built at that time. During World War II, *Queen Mary* and another new ship like her, *Queen Elizabeth*, carried many soldiers to support England and the US.

By the 1960s, people preferred to cross the Atlantic by jet airplanes rather than by ships, so Cunard sold most of their ships, or made them cruise ships instead of ocean liners. Cunard still decided to build one new ocean liner, though, RMS *Queen Elizabeth 2*. She started service in 1969 and became a very popular ship because she made both cruises and crossings of the Atlantic.

In 1998, Carnival Corporation bought Cunard. Soon after, the company decided to build a new ocean liner that would make both cruises and Atlantic crossings like *Queen Elizabeth 2*, but would be bigger. This ship entered service in 2004 and is named RMS *Queen Mary 2*.

Fleet
-----

Cunard operates three ships as of 2010, and has operated many more in the past. The three that are in service are RMS *Queen Mary 2*, MS *Queen Victoria*, and MS *Queen Elizabeth*.

In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet. The new ship, named *Queen Anne*, was originally going to enter the fleet in 2022, but will now join in 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
A detailed 1886 map of the British Empire, shown in pink—the traditional color used on maps to represent British dominions
***Pax Britannica***, which means 'British Peace' in Latin (inspired by *Pax Romana*), refers to a time when the major world powers had mostly peaceful relations. During this era, the British Empire rose as the leading global superpower and took on the responsibility of being a 'Global Policeman'.

From 1815 to 1914, a span known as Britain's 'Imperial Century', the British Empire expanded by adding around 26,000,000 square kilometers (10,000,000 square miles) of land and about 400 million people. Following victory over Napoleonic France, Britain didn't face any major challengers, except possibly Russia in Central Asia.

Britain's Royal Navy controlled most of the important routes for sea trade and enjoyed unchallenged sea power. Britain's powerful position in world trade meant that it essentially had a firm grip to the access of many regions, such as Asia, North America, Oceania and Africa. The British also helped the United States maintain the Monroe Doctrine which not only helped maintain peace but also supported Britain's economic strength in the Americas. British merchants, shippers and bankers held a significant advantage over their counterparts from other empires. This advantage, formed an 'informal empire' that boosted Britain's global influence.
**Dementia praecox** is a term in Latin which Emil Kraepelin invented and contrasted with a mental illness called manic-depressive insanity  which is re-described as Bipolar disorder today. For Kraepelin and other psychiatrists, people diagnosed with manic-depressive insanity often had episodes in which they seemed normal, while people with *dementia praecox* did not. Dementia is a mental illness which mostly occurs in old people.

History
-------

See the main article: History of dementia
Morel first describes as a term "démence précoce" (the words are French: in English précoce is translated as precocious - meaning early in age: young) in his work of 1852 

Morel used his description to describe the condition of a teenager who retreated from society, and started to show symptoms similar to those of dementia.

Kraepelin used dementia praecox for diseases that were characterized by a *destruction of the personality, with damage to the mood and the will*.

The theory of praecox of dementia could not be proved. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler said that *dementia praecox* was actually schizophrenia. The word schizophrenia was not used widely before 1925.
**De Wahl's rule** is a rule of word formation, developed by the linguist Edgar de Wahl and applied in a constructed language Occidental (known also as "Interlingue") created by him. It is useful to create certain grammatical forms from others (for example substantives from verbs).

Rule
----

Infinitives of verbs in the language Occidental have usually the ending **-ar** or **-er**. The root is obtained in the following manner: 

1. If, after removing **-r** or **-er** from the infinitive, the root finishes with a vowel, one should add **-t** or should change the ending **y** into **t**: *crea/r, crea/t-, crea/t/or; atiny/er, atin/t, atin/t/ion*
2. If the ending consonant of the root is **d** or **r**, one should change it into **s**: *decid/er, deci/s-, deci/s/ion*
3. in remaining cases, with six exceptions, the removing the ending gives the demanded root: *duct/er, duct-, duct/ion*.

These six exceptions are: 

1. *ced/er, cess-*
2. *sed/er, sess-*
3. *mov/er, mot-*
4. *ten/er, tent-*
5. *vert/er, vers-*
6. *veni/r, vent-*

and the verbs formed from them with prefixes.

Because the rule composes from three parts, it is often known as "three de Wahl's rules".

One creates the substantives and adjectives by removing the endings and thus obtaining the root. After adding **-r** or **-er**, one obtains an infinitive in a majority of cases: *decora/t/ion, decora/t-, decora/r*.

Application
-----------

This rule was applied in the language Occidental. After a possible modification one can apply this rule to create new forms of a word especially in Romance languages or in languages which borrowed vocabulary from Romance languages.
The **Allianz Stadion** ( Weststadion in UEFA competitions and in everyday usage) is a football stadium in the 14th district of Penzing in Vienna. It was built on the site of the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium as the new home of SK Rapid Vienna. The stadium was built from 2014 to 2016 and is in use since the 2016/17 season.

Stadium
-------

The total costs for the new building were 53 million Eeuros. Almost 20 million euros came from the city of Vienna. The remaining costs were partly raised by the Allianz Group and by SK Rapid through long-term loan financing. 

The new stadium was rotated 90 degrees compared to the old Hanappi-Stadium. It is now in the north-south direction. At the beginning of July 2016, the construction company STRABAG handed over the stadium to SK Rapid after 17 months of construction.

The club offered its members the opportunity to view the stadium for the first time before the official opening on 9 July 2016. As part of the event, former SK Rapid players played in a "legends duel" against a team consisting of former players from First Vienna FC 1894 and Wiener Sportklub. The game ended 8:2. Andreas Herzog scored the first goal in the Allianz Stadium.

The opening game was played on 16 July 16 between SK Rapid Wien and the English club FC Chelsea. The host beat Chelsea 2-0 in front of 28,000 fans. The first league match was versus SV Ried on 23 July in the 2016/17 Austrian Football Championship. The game ended with a 5-0 home win for the Austrian record champions. Christoph Schößwendter scored the first competitive goal in the Allianz Stadium. 

In the summer of 2018, more than 7,200 square meters of lawn had to be replaced due to fungal infestation and some soil had to be removed, the cost was around 100,000 euros.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Allianz Stadion***.
**Pseudosuchia** ("false crocodiles") is one of two major divisions of archosaurs. It includes living crocodilians. 

Pseudosuchia is one of the two "daughter" clades of the Archosauria. It includes a group of superficially crocodile-like prehistoric reptiles from the Triassic period. These are relatives of living crocodiles, but more distant than the archosaurs.

Description
-----------

The skull is often massive. The snout is narrow and often long. The neck is short and strong. The standing position may be a typical reptilian sprawl. More often it is an erect stance like dinosaurs or mammals, though done a different way. The body is often protected by two or more rows of armored scutes. Many crurotarsans get to lengths of three metres or more.

Evolution
---------

Mounted skeleton of the Triassic species *Saurosuchus galilei*
Pseudosuchians appeared in the late Lower Triassic. By the late Middle Triassic they were the dominant land carnivores. Their great time was the Upper Triassic, during which time their ranks included a number of carnivore groups, and one group of herbivores.

The end Triassic extinction caused the extinction of most pseudosuchians. The ancestors of modern-day crocodiles survived. A study published in 2010 suggests volcanic eruptions changed the climate, causing a mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs' main competitors. Furthermore, this allowed the dinosaurs to succeed them as the dominant terrestrial carnivores and herbivores.

As the Mesozoic progressed, more typically crocodile-like forms evolved. Dinosaurs were the dominant animals on land, but the proto-crocodiles flourished in rivers, swamps, and the oceans. These early crocodiles had far more diversity they have today. With the end Cretaceous extinction, the dinosaurs became extinct, except the birds, while the crocodilians continued with little change. Today, the crocodiles, alligators, and gharials are the surviving representatives of this lineage.
The branches of the Oceanic languages

  Admiralties and Yapese
  St Matthias
  Western Oceanic
  Temotu
  Southeast Solomons
  Southern Oceanic
  Micronesian
  Samoan-Polynesian

The **languages of Oceania** are divided into 3 large geographical groups:

* The large Austronesian language family, with such languages as Malay (Indonesian), Tagalog (Filipino), and Polynesian languages such as Māori and Hawaiian
* The variant Aboriginal Australian language families, included the big Pama–Nyungan family
* The variant Papuan language families of New Guinea and other neighbouring islands, included the large Trans–New Guinea family

Contact between the Austronesian and Papuan that resulted on various instances on mixed languages, such as Maisin and various languages. Some colonial languages include Portuguese in East Timor, Russian in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, Japanese in Ogasawara and Palau, and Spanish in Easter Island and Micronesia.

List
----

Primary colonial languages include:

* English in Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and various territories
* French in New Caledonia, in Vanuatu, in Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia
* Hindi in Fiji
* Japanese in Palau and the Bonin Islands
* Chinese in Kiribati and Nauru
* Spanish in Easter Island, in the Federated States of Micronesia, in the Juan Fernandez Islands and the Galápagos Islands

  

There are also creoles that have been formed from the interactions of Malay or Indonesian, or the colonial languages with a ton of indigenous languages, such as the Tok Pisin, Bislama, Hiri Motu, various Malay or Indonesian trade and several creole languages, Norfuk, Pitkern, Pidgin, and Hawaiian.

  

Finally, various immigrants in other countries control their own languages, such as Mandarin, Italian, Arabic, Cantonese, Greek and various languages in Australia, and other countries, or Fiji Hindi in Fiji.

1. ↑  "Main Features - Cultural Diversity in Australia". 21 June 2012.
The **benefit cap** in the United Kingdom limits the amount in state benefits that an individual household can claim per year. The benefit cap started in 2013 at £26,000 per year (£500 per week) which was the average family income in the UK. For single people with no children it was set at £18,200 per year (£350 per week). From Autumn 2016 it was reduced to £20,000, except in London where it was reduced to £23,000. In 2023 for a couple or a household with children it was £25,323 in London and £22,020 outside of London. For a single person, the annual thresholds are £16,967 in London and £14,753 outside of London.

The policy was challenged in court in 2015 by two lone mothers who said that the benefit cap was discriminatory and unfair. The Supreme Court said it was lawful but three of the five judges concluded that the benefit cap breached the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2015 there was also a successful legal challenge on the grounds that it unlawfully discriminated against disabled people and their carers. The policy was changed so that it did not apply to people who get Carer's Allowance.  In 2019 a case by lone parents who argued that the benefit cap discriminated generally against women, who make up most of the population of single parents, and specifically against lone parents with young children failed. The court held by a majority of 5–2 that the discriminatory effects are justified.
This 1820s sugar bowl describes its contents as "EAST INDIA SUGAR *not made by* SLAVES"The **Free-produce movement** was a movement that started as a non-violent way to oppose slavery. The abolitionist movement used it as a non-violent way for individuals, including the disenfranchised, to fight slavery.

In this context, *free* signifies "not enslaved" (i.e. "having the legal and political rights of a citizen"). It does not mean "without cost". Similarly, "produce" does not mean just fruits and vegetables, but a wide variety of products made by slaves, including clothing, dry goods, shoes, soaps, ice cream, and candy.

Lack of success
---------------

The free produce movement was not a success. Many abandoned it after a few years. Non-slave products were more expensive and sometimes hard to find. At times, it faced high tariffs blocking imports. In some cases the origin of the goods could not be determined. Sometimes the non-slave goods were of poorer quality; one storeowner "not infrequently received sugar 'with a very disagreeable taste and odor' and rice that was 'very poor, dark and dirty.'" Benefits to slaves or reduction in demand for slave-produced goods was very small. Many abolitionists ignored the issue altogether. Though William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, initially proclaimed at a convention in 1840 that his wool suit was made without slave labor, he later examined the results of the movement and criticized it as impossible to enforce, ineffective, and a distraction from more important tasks. The national association disbanded in 1847, but Quakers in Philadelphia continued until 1856.
The **Guardians of the Galaxy** are a fictional spacefaring superhero team that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning formed the team from existing and previously unrelated characters created by a variety of writers and artists, with an initial roster of Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Quasar, Adam Warlock, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, and Groot.

These Guardians first appeared in *Annihilation: Conquest* #6 (April 2008). A feature movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe based on this team was released in 2014. A sequel, titled *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2*, was released in 2017, and the team has also been featured in the crossover movies *Avengers: Infinity War* (2018), *Avengers: Endgame* (2019), *Thor: Love and Thunder*, the Disney+ special *The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special* (both 2022) and the movie *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3* (2023). This Guardians team is the second to operate under the name, following the original team created by Arnold Drake, Roy Thomas and Stan Lee in 1969.
***Simbakubwa kutokaafrika*** is an extinct species of giant hyaena-like mammal. It was in the order Hyaenodonta. It was originally classified as a creodont. It lived during the early Miocene and was found in Kenya.

The type specimen had been sitting in the Nairobi National Museum for many years until two American palaeontologists took an interest in it. It was got from deposits dated to be 23 million years old. The animal must have been huge, perhaps up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight. It might have been bigger the modern polar bear in size.

Paleoecology
------------

Africa in the early Miocene was much more forested than today, and even the area which is now Kenya would have had much less grassland. Therefore, instead of the run-and-chase routine of most carnivores today, the emphasis would be more on stealthy stalk-and-pounce methods.

Teeth of this species show it did not have the crushing molars of modern hyaenas. What it did have here huge carnassials for slicing flesh. *Simbakubwa* was probably a specialist hunter and scavenger that preyed on creatures such as rhinoceroses and early elephants.

*Simbakubwa* was a straightforward flesh-eater, and one of the largest mammalian carnivores ever found.
**Creativity** is the ability of a person or group to make something new and useful or valuable, or the process of making something new and useful or valuable. It happens in all areas of life - science, art, literature and music.

```
As a personal ability it is very difficult to measure. The reason is that we don't understand the mental processes that help some people be more creative than others. Judging what is creative is also controversial. Some people say only things which are historically new are creative, while other people say that if it is new for the creator and the people around them, then it is also creativity.
```

Some think that creativity is an important thing that makes humans different from apes. Others recognize that even apes, other primates, other mammals and some birds adapt to survive by being creative (for example - primates using tools). Liane Gabora believes that all culture comes from creativity, not imitation. Therefore, these people say, human science should focus on it (pay special attention to it): Ethics for example would focus on finding creative solutions to ethical dilemmas. Politics would focus on the political virtues that need some creativity. Imitation would not be the focus of education. Linguistics might be more interested in how new words are created by culture, rather than in how existing ones are used in grammar.

Intellectual interests (recognized as intellectual rights or intellectual property in the law) are a way to reward creativity in law, but they do not always work very well. A good example is copyright which is supposed to pay writers and artists, but may only pay lawyers to make (imitative) arguments in court.

Creativity is a central question in economics, where it is known as **ingenuity** (the ability to come up with new ideas) or **individual capital** - capacities that individuals have, that do not arise from simple imitation of what is known already. This is separate from the instructional capital that might try to capture some of that in a patent or training system that helps others do what the individual leader or founder of the system can do. In urban economics there are various ways to measure creativity - the Bohemian Index and Gay Index are two attempts to do this accurately and predict the economic growth of cities based on creativity.

Related pages
-------------

* Art
* Genius
* Imagination
* Innovation
Dunes, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Maranhão: one of the most unusual habitats on Earth
The Lençóis Maranhenses
The **Lençóis Maranhenses National Park** (Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses) is a national park in Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. 

It is an area with low, flat, occasionally flooded land, between large sand dunes. It is about 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi). Despite abundant rain, it has almost no vegetation. 

With large, white, sweeping dunes, Lençóis Maranhenses looks like a typical desert, but in fact it is not one. Being just outside the Amazon Basin, the region gets a regular rainy season in first half of the year. When it rains, fresh water collects in the valleys between sand dunes. The water is prevented from sinking down by a layer of rock underneath the sand. This results in blue, green and black lagoons surrounded by the desert-like sand. The lagoons are at their fullest their fullest between July and September.

When the lagoons are full, they are interconnected to rivers such as the Rio Negro. From the river, large numbers of fish arrive. One species of fish, however, is resident. The wolf fish or tiger fish (*Hoplias malabaricus*) stays dormant in the mud and moist areas after most of the water has evaporated, re-emerging during the next rainy season.
Distances from the Local Group for selected groups and clusters within the Local Supercluster.
The **Virgo Supercluster** (*Virgo SC*) or **Local Supercluster** is the large galaxy cluster that contains the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group. At least 100 galaxies and clusters are in it.

The diameter of Virgo SC is 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). It is one of millions of superclusters in the observable universe.

Background
----------

When the first large sample of nebulae was published by William and John Herschel in 1863, it was seen that there is a marked excess of nebular fields in the constellation Virgo (near the north galactic pole).

In the 1950s, it was suggested that this excess was a large-scale galaxy-like structure, a "Local Supercluster". Debate went on during the 1960s and 1970s as to whether the Local Supercluster (LS) was actually a structure or a chance alignment of galaxies.
The issue was resolved with the large redshift surveys of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which showed a flattened concentration of galaxies along the supergalactic plane.

Structure
---------

In 1982 R. Brent Tully showed it consists of two components: a flattened disk with two-thirds of the supercluster's luminous galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo containing the remaining one-third.
The disk itself is a thin (~1 megaparsecs) ellipsoid with a long axis / short axis ratio of at least 6 to 1, and possibly as high as 9 to 1.

Data released in June 2003 from a redshift survey lets astronomers compare the LS to other superclusters. The LS represents a typical poor (that is, it lacks a high density core) supercluster of rather small size. It has one rich galaxy cluster in the center, surrounded by filaments of galaxies and poor groups.

The Local Group is on the outskirts of the LS in a small filament extending from the Fornax Cluster to the Virgo Cluster. The Virgo Supercluster's volume is about 7000 times that of the Local Group or 100 billion times that of the Milky Way.

The Virgo Supercluster in supergalactic coordinates (click on feature names for more information)
The **Liberal Party** is a liberal political party in Rwanda led by Prosper Higiro. It was started in 1991. Although it refused to join the government formed by Sylvestre Nsanzimana later in the year, it joined Dismas Nsengiyaremye's government in April 1992. It split into pro- and anti-government factions.

It joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front-led government in 1994. In the 2003 parliamentary elections the party got 11% of the vote and won six of the 53 elected seats.

In 2007 Protais Mitali was elected leader of the party. A dispute over the conduct of the elections led to two MPs and five officials being expelled from the party. The 2008 parliamentary elections saw the party's vote share fall to 7.5%. It was reduced to four seats.

Higiro was nominated as the party's candidate for the 2010 presidential elections, receiving 1.4% of the vote. In the 2013 parliamentary elections the party got 9% of the vote, winning five seats. It was reduced to four seats in the 2018 parliamentary elections.
Bar magnet
A **magnet** is a special kind of metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or another magnet, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or *attract* the other object closer. If the two poles are the same, the magnet and the other object will push away, or *repel*, from each other. This attraction and repulsion is called *magnetism*. Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together.

Types of magnet
---------------

**Soft magnets** (meaning impermanent magnets) are often used in electromagnets. These increase (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet. The field also increases with the current. 

**Permanent magnets** have ferromagnetism. They occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,830 °F). Like poles (S-pole and S-pole/N-pole and N-pole) will repel each other while unlike poles (N-pole and S-pole) will attract each other.

Magnets are only attracted to special materials. Iron, plastic, wood, rubber, glass, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver and gold are magnetic. Metals that have iron in them attract magnets well. Steel is one. Metals like brass, titanium, zinc and platinum are not attracted to magnets.

### Rare earth magnets

Lanthanoid elements can make very strong magnets. The spin of their electrons can be aligned, resulting in very strong magnetic fields. So these elements are used for high-strength magnets when their high price is not a concern. The most common types of rare-earth magnets are samarium–cobalt and neodymium–iron–boron (NIB) magnets.

### Natural magnets

Natural/permanent magnets are not artificial. They are a kind of rock called lodestone or magnetite.

### The compass

A compass uses the Earth's magnetic field, and points to the North magnetic pole. A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet. However, the north side of the compass points to the north pole, this can only mean that the "north pole" is really the magnetic south, and the "South magnetic pole" is really the magnetic north.

Discovery
---------

Ancient people discovered magnetism from lodestones (or magnetite) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses. 

The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Anatolia, India, and China about 2500 years ago. The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were written of by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia *Naturalis Historia*.

Related pages
-------------

* Electromagnet
* Alnico
* Rare-earth magnet
There was a blizzard in Mid December 2009 in the northeast. The blizzard dumped heavy snow and strong winds. 31 inches (79 cm) of snow fell on Washington D.C..

History
-------

The storm formed on December 16 in Texas with heavy rain. On December 17, the heavy rain moved NE towards the Northeast and by the evening of December 17 it was in North Carolina. On December 18, the rain turned to snow and was in Virginia in the morning, and in Maryland in the evening. By the night of December 18, it was in Delaware. On December 19 it raced across New jersey, and hit NYC. Blizzard warnings and winter storm warnings have been put in action. Then it moved towards Connecticut and Massachusetts. By December 20, the blizzard wasn't from Maine to Canada and then dissipated over sea.

Impact
------

### North Carolina

North Carolina saw mostly heavy rain from the storm, but some of it saw very heavy snow, near-blizzard and even blizzard conditions. Greensboro saw 5 inches (13 cm) of snow after heavy rain.

### Virginia

Virginia saw mainly heavy snow except for the South and the coastline. 8 inches (20 cm) to 14 inches (36 cm) of snow fell on Richmond. Washington saw 31 inches (79 cm) of snow and was the hot spot for the blizzard.

### Maryland

Maryland saw heavy snow and a blizzard. The blizzard dumped over 17 inches (43 cm) of snow on Cambridge, and Ocean city, on the immediate coast saw several inches of drenching rain and even thunderstorms.

### Delaware

Delaware saw heavy snow and a blizzard. The blizzard dumped 20 inches (51 cm) to 26 inches (66 cm) of snow on Dover. The immediate coast saw rain. The blizzard made rally a lot of heavy snow and strong winds on Delaware.

### New Jersey

New Jersey saw a blizzard from the storm. There was heavy snow and strong winds. There were 29 inches (74 cm) of snow in Camden, and only 1 inch (2.5 cm) to 3 inches (7.6 cm) in Milford. There was rain in Atlantic City, and Cape May.

### New York City

New York City saw heavy snow and a blizzard. There were about 10 inches (25 cm) of snow in NYC. There was some sleet in Bay ridge for a very short moment, and even some light rain

### The rest of the Northeast

The rest of the Northeast saw also heavy snow, and parts saw a blizzard. Connecticut saw from 20 inches (51 cm) to 26 inches (66 cm) of snow in the South, to 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) to 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) of snow in the Northwest. Massachusetts also saw from 0.2 to 0.7 inches in the Northwest, to 20 inches (51 cm) to 19 inches (48 cm) in the South.
Maine and Canada also saw similar amounts with sleet and freezing rain near the immediate coast.

Related pages
-------------

* North American blizzard of 2003
* December 2010 North American blizzard
* January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
* February 2013 nor'easter
Tholpuram Valakkamparai Muthumariamman Temple
**Tholpuram Valakkamparai Muthumariamman Temple** is a Hindu temple in Valakkamparai, Tholpuram, Sri Lanka.

History
-------

The Amman of the temple
Legends say that one day, an old man was taking care of his flock when an old lady called to him. She asked the man to get her some water to drink. The man said he would do this. He went to a nearby well and got water for the woman. The woman then asked him to take care of her hair. That night, the man had a dream. The woman appeared in his dream. She asked him to build a small temple for her. The next day, the man told his friends and neighbors about his dream. They set up a small hut and began to worship the woman as a goddess. People have believed that she chose this place because she thought it would be a good place to live. It is believed that the area had many types of trees. The area still has many trees today.

The Dutch ruled the area in 1658. They ruled from 1658 until the British took control in 1796. During this time, a history book was written by A. Muthuthambipillai. The book says that Saravanamuthu Mudaliar was a Panchayat judge. It says that he held his court in a place now called 'Sathiyakadu'. This place was is in Tolpura at that time. With the permission of the Governor of Holland, a temple was built at Tolpura.

Architecture
------------

According to documents from near the year 1650, the temple was built using burnt bricks. Laterm descendants of the original builders rebuilt the temple using stone. The cost of rebuilding the temole were paid for by the people of Valakkamparai in Tholpuram.

Special events
--------------

The temple's Chariot, which is used in festivals
The main religious festivals at the temple are celebrated during June or July. They include the Chariot Festival.

Wedding hall
------------

There is a large air-conditioned hall at the temple. It is used for the weddings of the Hindu people. The wedding hall can also be used for other activities. The hall can hold a maximum of 500 people. This hall started functioning in 2015.
"**You Are Old, Father William**" is a poem by Lewis Carroll. It appears in his 1865 novel *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*. It is recited by Alice in Chapter 5.

The poem
--------

"You are old, Father William," the young man said,

   "And your hair has become very white;

And yet you incessantly stand on your head—

   Do you think, at your age, it is right?"

"In my youth," Father William replied to his son,

   "I feared it might injure the brain;

But now that I'm perfectly sure I have none,

   Why, I do it again and again."

"You are old," said the youth, "as I mentioned before,

   And have grown most uncommonly fat;

Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door—

   Pray, what is the reason of that?"

"In my youth," said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,

   "I kept all my limbs very supple

By the use of this ointment—one shilling the box—

   Allow me to sell you a couple."

"You are old," said the youth, "and your jaws are too weak

   For anything tougher than suet;

Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak—

   Pray, how did you manage to do it?"

"In my youth," said his father, "I took to the law,

   And argued each case with my wife;

And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw,

   Has lasted the rest of my life."

"You are old," said the youth, "one would hardly suppose

   That your eye was as steady as ever;

Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose—

   What made you so awfully clever?"

"I have answered three questions, and that is enough,"

   Said his father; "don't give yourself airs!

Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?

   Be off, or I'll kick you down the stairs!
Ismail Enver
**Ismail Enver** (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور) (November 22, 1881 ; in Istanbul - August 4, 1922 ; Tajikistan,later USSR), he was known to European powers as **Enver Pasha** (Turkish: **Enver Paşa**) or **Enver Bey** (Ottoman Turkish: **انور پاشا** or **انور بیگ**). As an Ottoman military officer he was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress and a leader of the Young Turk Revolution. He was given the nickname "The Hero of Liberty" (*Kahraman-i-Hurriyet*). He was the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both Balkan Wars and World War I. He also helped Lenin in the 1917 Russian Revolution. He was also responsible for the Armenian genocide from 1915-1917. Having turned against the revolution he died in August 1922 in the Russian Civil War, he died of machine gun fire from an Armenian soldier in Tajikistan in a unknown location before the USSR was created on 30 December 1922 .

As the Ottoman Minister of War during World War I from 1914 to 1918 he was defeated in battle against Russia.

Marriage and issue
------------------

By his marriage toEmine Naciye Sultanv, a granddaughter of sultan Enver had:

* HH Princess Dr. Mahpeyker Enver Hanımsultan (1917–2000), married and divorced, Dr. Fikret Ürgüp (1918–?), and had issue, one son:
	+ Hasan Ürgüp, (b.1948 -d.1989)*unmarried and without issue*
* HH Princess Turkan Enver Hanımsultan (1919–1989), married HE Huvayda Mayatepek, Turkish Ambassador to Denmark, and had issue, one son:
	+ Osman Mayatepek (b. 1950), *married Neshe Firtina and had one daughter*
		- Mihrishah Türkan Mayatepek (b.1992)
* HH Prince Sultanzade Captain Ali Enver Beyefendi (1921 – Australia, December 1971), married and had issue, one daughter:
	+ Arzu Enver (b. 1955), *married Aslan Sadıkoğlu* and had Issue
		- Burak Sadıkoğlu

His widow remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one daughter: 

* HH Princess Rana Killigil Hanımsultan (1926; Paris – 14 April 2008; Istanbul), married Osman Sadi Eldem and had three children:
	+ Ceyda Eldem (b. 1952)
	+ Necla Eldem (b. 1954 - d. 1964)
	+ Edhem Eldem (b. 1960) married Zeynep Sedef Torunoğlu and had issue, one son:
		- Simin Eldem (b.1987)

Other websites
--------------

* Enver's biography
* Enver's declaration at the Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East
Human male reproductive system
Scrotum with testicles hanging loosely
The **scrotum** is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called *balls*) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused. The scrotum has a seam or slightly raised line of skin which is called the raphe.

Use
---

The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. 
The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.

The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles. 

Some men put jewelry on the scrotum, mainly for decoration.

### Temperature

The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature. This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.

### Protection

The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involunatirly moving the testes closer. 

Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise. This is called testicular\_torsion. It is a medical emergency.

Gallery
-------

* Structure of the male sex organs.Structure of the male sex organs.
* Cross section.Cross section.
* Scrotum and penis.Scrotum and penis.
* Front view of an erect penis showing the scrotum tightened during an erection.Front view of an erect penis showing the scrotum tightened during an erection.
* The seam or mid-line on the scrotum is called the raphe.The seam or mid-line on the scrotum is called the raphe.
* Decorative jewelry on the scrotum, called scrotal piercing or hafada piercing.Decorative jewelry on the scrotum, called scrotal piercing or hafada piercing.
* Back view of scrotum and penisBack view of scrotum and penis

Related pages
-------------

* Sex organ
* Castration
* Penis
**Nagarjuna** was a Buddhist monk and philosopher in the Mahayana tradition, known for the Madhyamaka school of Buddhism. He is highly regarded as one of the most important Buddhist philosophers, and credited as the founder of Madhyamaka philosophy.

Statue of monk Nagarjuna.
His key work is the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Root Verses on Madhyamaka), and is a important text explaining the philosophy of emptiness in Madhyamaka. Jan Westerhoff considers Nagarjuna to be among the greatest thinkers in the history of Asian philosophy.

Early life
----------

We have limited reliable information about Nagarjuna's life, and historians disagree on when and where he lived (possibly 1st to 3rd century CE in various places). The earliest surviving accounts were written in Chinese and Tibetan centuries after his death and are mostly hagiographical accounts that are historically unverifiable. The earliest accounts were written centuries later in Chinese and Tibetan, mainly offering hagiographical, unverifiable details.

Some scholars, like Joseph Walser, suggest Nagarjuna served as an advisor to a king of the Satavahana dynasty in the 2nd century, possibly Yajna Sri Satakarni, based on archaeological findings at Amaravati. This places Nagarjuna around 150–250 CE.

Other Websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nagarjuna***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Nagarjuna***

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Saṃyukta Āgama 301: Kātyāyana Gotra Sūtra**

* Thomas William Rhys Davids (1911). "Nāgārjuna". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
* Online version of the Ratnāvalī (Precious Garland) in English Translated by Prof. Vidyakaraprabha and Bel-dzek
* Online version of the Suhṛllekha (Letter to a Friend) in English Translated by Alexander Berzin
* Works by or about Nagarjuna at Internet Archive
* Works by Nagarjuna at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Nārāgjuna vis-à-vis the Āgama-s and Nikāya-s Byoma Kusuma Nepalese Dharmasangha (archived)
* ZenEssays: Nagarjuna and the Madhyamika
* Mula madhyamaka karika online Tibetan and English version translated by Stephen Batchelor (archived)
A **hereditary monarchy** is a type of government in which usually a king or a queen becomes the monarch by being related to the last monarch. That is the most common sort of monarchy and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.

Types
-----

### Hereditary monarchy

In a hereditary monarchy, the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another. The hereditary system can be more stable and can command loyalty, but at other times, great bloodshed happened over the question of succession.

When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often the oldest. When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative. Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession. That way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.

The order of succession in hereditary monarchies is now often based on the idea of primogeniture (oldest born), but other methods used to be much more common.

#### Succession

In the past, there were differences in systems of succession, often depending on whether only men can succeed or whether both men and women could succeed. 

##### Agnatic succession

**Agnatic succession** means that women are not allowed to succeed or pass the succession from their fathers to their children. *Agnates* are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line from father to father.

##### Cognatic succession

**Cognatic succession** means that both men and women can succeed. Women usually are allowed to succeed only if they have no brother alive. For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne comes after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession. 

In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession. That means the line of succession is based on age, not sex. Therefore, Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born, he became *crown prince* (heir to the throne), but the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.

### Elective monarchy

An **elective monarchy** can sometimes seem like a hereditary monarch. For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected, or before the monarch dies, the chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) might be elected.

In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected. In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria, a hereditary monarch.

The only true example of an elective monarchy today is Malaysia, where a ruling Sultan of a Malaysian state, is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a term of five years.
The **Elections in the Argentine Republic** are held every two years to elect the legislative bodies (which are renewed by halves, in 4-year terms) and, since 1995, every four to elect the executive power (before they were held every six years). The national constitution, in its first article, establishes that the country has a "representative, republican and federal" government system. Due to its condition as a federal country, two main types of elections are regularly held in Argentina:

* National elections, to elect the federal authorities of the country: the Executive Power, made up of the President and the Vice President, and the National Congress, made up of Senators and Deputies.

* Provincial and City of Buenos Aires or local elections, to elect the authorities of each province: the executive powers of the provinces and their legislatures.

Envelope to cast votes in during the Argentine general elections of 2015.
In all cases, voting is universal, secret and compulsory for citizens over 16 years of age; although for those under 18 and over 70 years of age, no sanction is foreseen in the event of No vote. In some cases, the vote of settled foreigners is allowed. In November 2012, a law was passed that allows young people between 16 and 18 years of age to vote optionally.

Argentine citizens living abroad may vote in embassies and consulates of Argentina.

Other websites
--------------

* National Electoral Code (in Spanish)
* Election Atlas of Argentina from 1983
* Adam Carr's Election Archive
* Argentina Elections 2007[*permanent dead link*]
* Argentina Elections 101
Meringue in Meiringen, Switzerland
A **meringue** (pronounced /məˈræŋ/) is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

History
-------

People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name *meringue* was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word *meringue* was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

Type of meringue
----------------

There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.