recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A synapse junction (terms are in French)
**Neurotransmitters** are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.

Many neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified.

Each neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's "fight or flight" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.

The most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.

Neurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small "sacks" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Discovery
---------

Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.

Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)—the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.
Mistinguett poster 1911
**Mistinguett** (3 April 1875 – 5 January 1956) was a French actress and singer. Her real name was **Jeanne Florentine Bourgeois**. For many years she was the star of the Folies Bergère and other nightclubs in Paris. She was also in many silent movies.

Life
----

Mistinguett was born in Enghien-les-Bains, a small town near Paris, Her parents, Antoine and Jeannette Bourgeois, made mattresses. When she was 12 years old she began to take violin lessons in Paris. One day on the train to Paris, she met a man who wrote songs for nightclubs and theatres in Paris. In 1893 he helped her to get a job at the Casino de Paris, a music hall and cabaret theatre. First she worked backstage. Then in 1895, she became a singer there. She chose the stage name "Mistinguett". 

In 1897, she performed at the El Dorado and then at the Folies Bergère and the Moulin Rouge. She had a big success at the Folies Bergère in 1911 when she danced with Maurice Chevalier. She and Chevalier were lovers for several years. Mistinguett became the most famous singer and actress in Paris and made a lot of money. She also appeared in many silent movies between 1908 and 1917.

She still performed in nightclubs when she was 72 years old. In 1954 she wrote her autobiography. Its title in English was *Mistinguette, Queen of the Paris Night*. Mistinguett suffered a stroke on Christmas Eve 1955. She was staying at her brother's house in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. She died two weeks later. She never married, but she had one son, Léopoldo João de Lima e Silva. His father was a diplomat from Brazil. Her son was with her when she died.

Other websites
--------------

* Mistinguett on the Internet Movie Database
* Media related to Mistinguett at Wikimedia Commons
Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of King Louis XV of France, c. 1750
A **mistress** is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him. This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman. The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly. Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret. Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses. A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.

The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage. Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.

Definition
----------

Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan. Today however, the word *mistress* is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".

The historically best known and most researched mistresses are the royal mistresses of European monarchs, for example Madame de Pompadour. 
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence. A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour.
The **People's Summit** is an annual conference in Chicago held by a group of progressive political organizations in the United States. It is held at the McCormick Place every year around in June. The organizers of the Summit stated that they wanted to get the energy of the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign.

First summit
------------

United States Senator Bernie Sanders served as an inspiration for the summit's founding and would serve as a ketnote speaker in the 2017 summit
Held in June 2016, the first People's Summit was set against the backdrop of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016. The conference was led by National Nurses United and The People for Bernie Sanders. People's Action,

Over 3,000 people attended the 2016 People's Summit to hear speakers including Rosario Dawson, Tulsi Gabbard, Gaby Hoffmann, Naomi Klein, Jesus "Chuy" Garcia, and Frances Fox Piven

Second summit
-------------

The second Peoples Summit was held June 9–11, 2017 at McCormick Place. The conference was sponsored by People for Bernie, National Nurses United, Our Revolution, and others. The theme for the 2017 summit was "Beyond Resistance: A People’s Movement for a Just World". 
Bernie Sanders headlined the conference, along with RoseAnn DeMoro, Naomi Klein, Nina Turner, Michael Moore, Linda Sarsour, Christine Pellegrino, Larry Krasner, Chokwe Antar Lumumba, and others. The conference was attended by over 4,000 people.

Bernie Sanders delivered the keynote speech calling for an agenda "that can enhance and expand issue campaigns and hold all elected officials accountable to popular demands for justice, equality, and freedom."

Other websites
--------------

* Official website



| * v
* t
* e
Bernie Sanders |
| --- |
| 
* U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
* U.S. Congressman from Vermont's at-large district (1991–2007)
* Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989)
* Born (1941-09-08)September 8, 1941

 |
| Politics | 
* Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign
	+ primaries
* Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign
* Our Revolution
* People's Summit
* Bush Tax Cuts filibusterer
* University of Chicago sit-ins

 |  |
| Family | 
* Jane O'Meara Sanders (wife)
* Larry Sanders (brother)
* Carina Driscoll (step-daughter)

 |
| In the media | 
* *Outsider in the White House* (1997 book, 2015 reissue)
* *Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In* (2016 book)
* *Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution* (2017 book)
* *We Shall Overcome* (1987 album)
* *Sweet Hearts Dance* (1988 movie cameo appearance)

 |
**Solomon Amarki "Sol" Amarfio** (22 September 1938 – 13 December 2022) was a Ghanaian drummer and songwriter. He was the drummer of Osibisa and also wrote songs for the band. With the band he scored a worldwide hit with *The Coffee Song* (1976), *Sunshine Day* (1976) and *Pata Pata* (1980).

Biography
---------

Sol was born on 22 September 1938 in Asere in Accra. He started drumming at the age of 14, which he learned himself. He received as a teenager the nickname "The Rhythm Man". He played in several bands in Ghana. Around 1960 he moved to London. There he played with other Ghanaian artists, including the brothers Teddy Osei (saxophone) and Mac Tontoh (trumpet). Together with other African and Caribbean musicians, he founded the group Osibisa in 1969. They played a mixture of Western and African music. Amarfio was also the writer of several songs. They scored several hits, including in the Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) and the United Kingdom. Amarfio left the group in the early 1990s and moved back later to Accra where he was considered a musical hero. On 22 September 2018, several musicians performed at a concert specially organized to celebrate the 80th birthday of Amarfio.

Amarfio died on 13 December 2022, at the age of 84.
**Solar cars** (or **solar vehicles**) are a special type of electric vehicle that only get their power from the sun. They use solar cells on the surface of the car to produce electricity and the electricity makes a motor turn, and that turns the wheels. They are not useful for normal driving, but once built, they can drive all day and not make any pollution. There are also some solar-powered vehicles for unusual cases, like the first rovers on Mars.

Also, there are electric vehicles that can be charged from separate solar panels, and those panels can be as big as needed. This can work to power an electric car for most daily needs. But this is not called a solar car, since it doesn't have the solar panels right on the car.

History
-------

Solar Car "2011 Tokai Challenger"
The first competition was a trip from Sydney, Australia to Perth in 1983.

Competitions
------------

There are now several competitions to see who can build the best solar-powered car. Some of these are for college students, some are open to anybody. It is not easy to build a good solar car. This is a good test of engineering skills, and helps improve the efficiency of cars and test solar equipment.

* World Solar Challenge - the biggest and toughest race is still in Australia
* American Solar Challenge - cross country and race track races in the United States

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Electrically-powered vehicles at Wikimedia Commons

* Race your own car Archived 2013-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Nagabhata I** (730-760 CE) was a Rajput king. He founded the Pratihara dynasty. He ruled the Avanti (or Malava) region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He ruled gujarat which was earlier known as Gurjara Pradesh that's why he was called rajput prathihar king and their empire , which includes parts of present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. Nagabhata was famously known for defeating the Arab army. But was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga.

Early life
----------

Nagabhata has been named as the founder of the powerful Pratihara dynasty in the Gwalior inscription. This inscription dates to the time of his descendant Mihira Bhoja. Nagabhata is said to have come to throne around 730 CE.

Military career
---------------

### Arab invasion

According to the Gwalior inscription of his descendant Mihira Bhoja, Nagabhata fought against a Mlechchha invasion. These mlechchhas are identified to be Arab Muslim invaders. The invasion was led by officers of Junaid. Junaid was a general and governor of Sindh under the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Nagabhata succeeded in defeating the Arab army.

### Rashtrakuta invasion

Nagabhata I appears to have been defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Dantidurga. According to the Rashtrakuta records, the ruler of Malava was among the kings defeated by Dantidurga.
Nagamaki
**Nagamaki** is a Japanese pole weapon with a large and heavy blade. It is very much like a glaive. It was introduced and used primarily during the Kamakura (1192 - 1333), Nanbokucho (1334 - 1392) and early Muromachi (1392 – 1573) periods. It was a long sword with 2–4 foot blade and a handle with 2–3 foot length. The blade was single-edged. It was also sharpened along the back edge to reduce its weight. It looks similar to a traditional naginata, but the main difference was that the handle (tsuka) of the nagamaki was not constructed of wood; it was made more like a katana handle. Even the name "nagamaki" is given by the tradition of handle wrapping. The word "nagamaki" means "long wrapping". The nagamaki handle was wrapped with cords in criss-crossed manner, very similar to the wrapping that is made on katana. The nagamaki is considered to be a type of the no-dachi sword. This one was a variation of long samurai sword. 

The way to hold nagamaki was also very specific. It was held with the two hands in a fixed position in the same way a katana sword is held. Unlike the naginata, the hands did not change when handling the weapon and the right hand was always the closest to the blade. While handling nagamaki not too many sliding actions on the handle were performed as it was in naginata's case, where you use the entire length of the shaft. The nagamaki was not spread and developed until much later like the naginata sword. During the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1600 A.D.) it reached its peak of usage. 

The nagamaki is designed for large sweeping and slicing strokes. It also works as a spear. Traditionally, it was used as an infantry weapon. Warriors used the weapon against horsemen. Still, it required more time and materials to create a nagamaki than a spears or a naginata sword, this is why it was not so widely spread. 

The closest exemplar of real nagamaki you can see today is nagamaki-naoshi. It appears to be like a long katana-shaped glaive but straighter and thinner, with a very long handle. In contrast to it naginata is shorter, wider and more curved to the tip.

Other websites
--------------

* Japanese sword etiquette Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
Speciality Records single by Guitar Slim, 1950s
**Specialty Records** was an American record label from Los Angeles. It was founded as Juke Box Records in 1946, but renamed by its owner Art Rupe when separated from some of his former partners. Speciality is known for its rhythm and blues, blues, gospel and early rock and roll music which the label recorded. Specialty also had two music publishing companies, Venice Music and Greenwich Music. During the 1960s Speciality stopped the recordings and only sold the old records. In 1968, because of interest in the early days of rock and roll, Rupe started the label again and reissued much of the old material.

Art Rupe was famous for being one of the most honest men in recording business. He paid and recorded his musicians well and he never paid for being played in the radio. On Speciality you can hear some of the wildest rhythm and blues of this time because Rupe gave a lot of freedom to his musicians.

In 1991 the label was sold to the Concord Music Group which has reissued albums by a number of Specialty's original artists.

Related pages
-------------

* Sam Cooke (with the Soul Stirrers and a couple of pop singles before his major stardom)
* John Lee Hooker
* Little Richard
* Roy Milton - Roy Miltons "R.M. Blues" was the first song who sold over a million copies in the black market.

Other websites
--------------

* History of Rock - Speciality Records
* Concord Music Group-Speciality Records
* Speciality-Album discography
* Speciality Singles discography
Blackstone (Thomas Gainsborough, 1774)
**Sir William Blackstone** SL KC (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780) was an English jurist, judge and Tory party politician of the eighteenth century. He is most noted for writing the *Commentaries on the Laws of England*. 

Born into a middle-class family in London, Blackstone was educated at Charterhouse School before matriculating at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1738. After completing a Bachelor of Civil Law degree, he was made a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in November 1743.

Blackstone was admitted to Middle Temple, and called to the Bar there in 1746. Following a slow start to his career as a barrister, Blackstone became heavily involved in university administration, becoming accountant, treasurer and bursar on 28 November 1746 and Senior Bursar in 1750. On 3 July 1753 he formally gave up his practice as a barrister and started a series of lectures on English law, the first of their kind. The lectures on law were massively successful. They earnt him a total of £453 (£71,000) per year, and led to the publication of *An Analysis of the Laws of England* in 1756. This repeatedly sold out and was used to preface his later works.

Blackstone was made the first Vinerian Professor of English Law. He published a very successful second book, titled *A Discourse on the Study of the Law*. With his growing fame, Blackstone successfully returned to the bar and maintained a good practice, also securing election as Tory Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Hindon on 30 March 1761. In November 1765 he published the first of four volumes of *Commentaries on the Laws of England*, his most important work. When completed, the work earned Blackstone £14,000 (£1,961,000 in 2023 terms). After some failures, he got appointed to the judiciary as a judge until his death, on 14 February 1780.
All Four VLT Unit Telescopes Working as One
Astronomical **telescopes** are divided into subgroups. All telescopes work by collecting electromagnetic radiation and focussing it into an image which may be seen or photographed. The purpose is to see things which are far away in the universe.

The traditional types all work to collect visible light from the sky. Recent types may work outside the visible spectrum. They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of astronomy.

Optical
-------

Large refractor
Small reflector on altazimuth mount
Catadioptric telescope on fork mount
### Refractors

Dioptrics.
Telescopes which create their image with an objective that is a convex lens (refractors) are said to be "dioptric" telescopes.

* Achromatic: uses convex and concave lenses together, to correct for chromatic aberration.
	+ Apochromatic: a more complex arrangement, for even less chromatic aberration.
* Non-achromatic
* Binoculars

### Reflectors

Catoptrics.
Optical systems using mirrors: uses reflected light to form the image.

* Newtonian
* Gregorian
* Cassegrain
* Herschelian telescope

### Combined Lens-Mirror Systems

Catadioptric telescopes use corrector lenses to fix problems in a reflector.

* Schmidt telescope
* Maksutov telescope

Outside the optical spectrum
----------------------------

See also: Electromagnetic spectrum
* Čerenkov radiation telescope used to detect gamma rays
* Infrared telescope
* Radio telescope
* Submillimeter telescope
* Ultraviolet light telescope (for Ultraviolet astronomy)
* X-ray telescope (for X-ray astronomy)
	+ Wolter telescope
The Band of the Welsh Guards of the British Army play as guardsmen march up the Mall to change the guard at Buckingham Palace
In music a **march** is a piece of music with a strong marching rhythm. Marches are often written especially so that soldiers can march to them. Other marches may not be intended for marching, but they still have a strong, regular beat so that people could, if they wanted to, march to the music. Marches are usually 2/4 time (One - two - one - two - left - right - left- right) or 4/4 (the same as two bars (measures)) although other time signatures are possible.

Marches can be slow marches or quick marches. A slow march may be a funeral march.

John Philip Sousa was a composer whose marches became extremely popular 

In classical music many composers wrote marches which are not intended to be marched to, but still give the mood of a march. Some famous examples of funeral marches include the second movement of Beethoven's *Eroica* Symphony, the *Marche funèbre* (Funeral March) in Chopin's *Piano Sonata in B flat minor*, and the *Dead March* in Handel's oratorio *Saul*.

Gustav Mahler often wrote marches in his symphonies. Marches often occur in operas (e.g.Verdi's *Aïda*), ballets (e.g. Prokofiev's *Romeo and Juliet*) or, indeed, any kind of music.

Music composed for marching uses instruments that soldiers play in marching bands, such as brass instruments, woodwind instruments including fife, snare drum and bass drum. Composers writing marches in classical music may imitate the sound of military bands by using these instruments.

March music is often composed for special ceremonial occasions such as coronations. Edward Elgar and William Walton both wrote march music for coronations.
**Reining** is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

History of the sport
--------------------

Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in **reining** originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.

What is reining
---------------

In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.

Other websites
--------------

* British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
* National Reining Horse Association
* The American Quarter Horse Association.
* sample reining pattern Archived 2005-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
* United States Equestrian Federation
* Video about Reining
* The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom
Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422-1411 BC)
An Eastern Han (25–220 AD) Chinese pottery boat fit for riverine and maritime sea travel, with an anchor at the bow, a steering rudder at the stern, roofed compartments with windows and doors, and miniature sailors
Stern-mounted steering oar of a Roman boat, 1st century AD (RG-Museum, Cologne)
A **rudder** is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other vehicles that move through air or water.

History of the rudder
---------------------

Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times. An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC). Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.

A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China

Foot notes
----------

1. ↑  William F. Edgerton 1927. Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear. *American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures* **43**, (4), 255.
2. ↑  Tom, K.S. 198). *Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom*. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1285-9. Page 103–104.
3. ↑  Needham, Joseph. (1986). *Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics*. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 627–628.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***rudder***.

Literature
----------

* Lawrence V. Mott, *The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale*, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
* Needham, Joseph (1986). *Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics*. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
***Pan's Labyrinth*** (Spanish: *El laberinto del fauno*, literally *The Labyrinth of the Faun*) is an Academy Award-winning Spanish language fantasy movie written and directed by Mexican movie-maker Guillermo del Toro.

*Pan's Labyrinth* takes place in two places, known as a dual setting: in the "real world" the story is set in Spain during 1944, and tells a story of a girl named Ofelia who is given three tasks by a mysterious faun. Meanwhile, her stepfather, the Falangist Captain Vidal, hunts the Spanish Maquis, guerrillas who continued fighting the Franco regime in the region, as her pregnant mother grows ill. The alternate setting is a secret "fantasy world" that Ofelia enters through an overgrown labyrinth garden, where she meets all manner of strange and magical creatures who become central to her story. The movie uses make-up, puppetry, and CGI effects to create its creatures.

The director of this movie, Del Toro said that he thinks the story to be a fable, influenced by fairy tales, and that it focuses on and continues themes related to his earlier movie *The Devil's Backbone*, a spiritual sequel, though not an actual sequel. The original Spanish title refers to the mythological fauns of Roman mythology, while the English title refers specifically to the faun-like Greek god Pan (intended to help English-speakers differentiate the title from the term fawn). However, Del Toro has stated that the faun in the movie is not Pan.

The movie was first shown at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. It was released in the United Kingdom on November 24, 2006. In the United States and Canada, the movie was given a limited release on December 29, 2006, with a nationwide release on January 19, 2007. *Pan's Labyrinth* has won numerous international awards, including three Academy Awards, the Ariel Award for Best Picture, and the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.

Ivana Baquero (Ofelia) and Guillermo del Toro (Director) receive a standing ovation after the North American premiere of *Pan's Labyrinth*

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Pan's Labyrinth* on IMDb
**Dame Mitsuko Uchida**, DBE (内田光子, *Uchida Mitsuko*) (born Atami, Japan, December 20, 1948) is a Japanese pianist who lives in London.

Life
----

Mitsuko Uchida was born in Atami, a seaside town near Tokyo, Japan. When she was 12 her father became the Japanese ambassador to Austria, so the family moved to Vienna. She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music. Her teachers were Richard Hauser, and later Wilhelm Kempff and Stefan Askenase. She gave her first recital when she was 14 in the Vienna Musikverein. After five years, her father went back to Japan, but she stayed in Vienna.

In 1969 she won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Vienna and in 1970 the second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition. Then, in 1975, she won second prize in the Leeds Piano Competition.

Her career has been very successful. She played all the Mozart Piano Concertos with the Cleveland Orchestra. She is well known for her playing of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg. Her recordings include all of Mozart's piano sonatas and concertos, and won many awards for her recordings.

Uchida now lives in London.

Uchida was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

Other websites
--------------

* Mitsuko Uchida
The regions of Iceland
The **regions of Iceland** are mainly used for statistical purposes. The district court jurisdictions use them. The postal code system follows the regions as well with a few exceptions. Before 2003 the regions were also used for elections to parliament.

These regions are not defined by law. They have no official standing or administrative function. They are used to divide Iceland for certain purposes.

The health care system in Iceland is divided into 7 health care districts. These are the same as the 8 regions of Iceland with one exception. The Northwestern region and the Northeastern region which are a single health care district.

Regions
-------

| # | Name | Population(2022) | Area (km2) | Area (mi2) | Main city/town |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Capital Region | 240,882 Increase | 1,046 | 404 | Reykjavík |
| 2 | Southern Peninsula | 29,108 Increase | 813 | 314 | Keflavík |
| 3 | Western Region | 17,019 Increase | 9,527 | 3,678 | Akranes |
| 4 | Westfjords | 7,205 Increase | 8,842 | 3,414 | Ísafjörður |
| 5 | Northwestern Region | 7,405 Increase | 13,108 | 5,061 | Sauðárkrókur |
| 6 | Northeastern Region | 31,161 Increase | 22,677 | 8,756 | Akureyri |
| 7 | Eastern Region | 11,031 Decrease | 15,706 | 6,064 | Egilsstaðir |
| 8 | Southern Region | 32,437 Increase | 30,983 | 11,963 | Selfoss |
The **natterjack toad** (*Epidalea calamita*, formerly *Bufo calamita*) is a toad. They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length. They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.

Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.

Life history
------------

A very young Natterjack
A slightly older Natterjack, though still not fully grown
Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.

### Reproduction

The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July. They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.

Distribution
------------

Distribution of the Natterjack Toad
There are toads in seventeen European countries. In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas. In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.

### Ireland

The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.
**Tropical Storm Jerry** was the tenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was a very short-lived storm over the north-central Atlantic Ocean. The storm lasted less than 48 hours, half of that time as a subtropical cyclone. It was never a threat to land.

Storm history
-------------

Storm path
The system that would later become Tropical Storm Jerry started as a non-tropical low pressure area over the central Atlantic Ocean on September 21. The system moved in a shaky path over the north-central Atlantic over the next two days. It slowly developed deeper convection and became more organized. On September 22, the system had become organized enough that the National Hurricane Center mentioned a possible tropical or subtropical development in the area. Late that evening, it had been determined that a subtropical depression had formed, as a warm core had developed but the system was still involved with an upper-level low and had its strongest winds well removed from the center. Early on September 23, both satellite estimates and QuikScat data determined that the depression had strengthened into Subtropical Storm Jerry, despite the lack of a well-defined inner core. The storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics including a better-defined warm core, and became fully tropical that evening as a weak and sheared tropical storm with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds over a small radius.

Jerry began to weaken once again early on September 24 as it accelerated northeastward over cooler waters with sea surface temperatures below 24 °C (75 °F). It remained a tropical storm until later that morning.Then it weakened to a tropical depression ahead of a powerful cold front with little deep convection remaining in the system. Jerry remained a tropical depression as the cold front approached and began to absorb the system that afternoon as it continued to accelerate northeastward. That evening, a QuikScat pass determined that Jerry had opened up into a trough which was being absorbed into the larger frontal system. It completely dissipated by early on September 25.

Impact
------

Jerry never came near land during its lifespan, and no damage or deaths were reported. No ships were impacted by Jerry.

Related pages
-------------

* 2007 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tropical Storm Jerry (2007)***.

* NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Jerry


|  |
| --- |
| **Tropical cyclones of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season** |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | I | H |
| 10 | J | K | L | M | 15 | N | O |

 |  | 

|  |
| --- |
| Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

 |
| 

---

 |


|  |
| --- |
| * **Category**
* **Commons**
 |
**Nipple discharge** is fluid that comes out of the nipple of the breast and is not milk or caused by pregnancy or breastfeeding. The discharge can be different colors. It can be thick or thin. Nipple discharge can come from one breast or both. Many men have had nipple discharge. Nipple discharge in men is not normal. Ninety-seven percent of the time, nipple discharge is not cancer.

Sometimes discharge from nipples will get better and not need treatment. Once in a while it can be a sign of breast cancer. Newborn babies can have milky nipple discharge. This is because hormones from the mother cause milk to develop in the baby. This kind of discharge goes away in 2 weeks.

Here are some of the reasons for nipple discharge:

* Rubbing the nipple from a bra or t-shirt
* Non-cancerous tumor
* Infection
* Clogging of the milk ducts
* Normal lumpiness in the breast
* Using herbs, such as anise and fennel
* Breast infection
* Kidney or liver problems

Some medications can cause nipple discharge. These medicines are opioids, antideptressants, birth control pills, antihypertensives, and antipsychotics. A woman can have changes in her breasts as she gets older. Some of these changes can be the cause of nipple discharge.

A doctor or nurse will often ask a woman to have a examination. Medical tests can find the reason for the nipple discharge. A mammogram and ultrasound are two tests that a doctor might use. The doctor may want to get a sample of the fluid by using a needle to take it out. The fluid that comes out of the nipple may be collected and tested.

Sometimes nipple discharge is treated with an operation. Even after surgery another operation may be needed.

Other websites
--------------

* Some Causes of Nipple Discharge, from Merck Manuals
A qilin of the Qing dynasty in Beijing's Summer Palace
The **Qilin** (Chinese: 麒麟; pinyin: qílín; Wade-Giles: ch'i-lin) is a mythical hooved Chinese chimerical creature and is said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a wise sage or an illustrious ruler.

Description
-----------

A qilin has a single horn on its forehead, a yellow belly, a multicoloured back, the hooves of a horse, the body of a deer, and the tail of an ox. Gentle of disposition, it never walks on verdant grass or eats living vegetation.

Origins
-------

The first qilin is said to have appeared in the garden of the legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) in 2697 bc. Some three centuries later a pair of qilin were reported in the capital of Emperor Yao. Both events bore testimony to the benevolent nature of the rulers.

The advent of a great sage was made known when a qilin appeared to the pregnant mother of Confucius (6th century bc). The qilin thereupon coughed up an inscribed jade tablet that foretold the future greatness of the unborn child. The death of Confucius was foreshadowed when a qilin was injured by a charioteer.

In 1414 a live giraffe was brought to China for the first time and presented as a qilin to the Ming emperor Yongle. The tough old warrior, seeing through the intended flattery, curtly remarked that he certainly was no sage and the animal was certainly no qilin. In Japanese, a giraffe is called kirin, but the characters are those for qilin.
The **People's Party** (also known as the **Populist Party**) was a left-wing political party in the United States.

The party wanted direct election of senators, government ownership of the railroads, telegraph and telephone systems, price support for farmers, a graduated income tax, unilimited silver coinage, an 8-hour work day and more propositions and referendums.

The party was formed in 1891 after a series of conferences involving the leaders of a few agrarian organizations.

The Populists were very popular among farmers in the southwest and Great Plains. The party nominated James B. Weaver as their presidential candidate for the 1892 election, and he would later receive 8.5% of the popular vote and win 5 states. In the 1896 presidential election, the party nominated Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan, who supported many of the Populist ideas. To separate themselves from the Democrats, they nominated Thomas E. Watson as their vice-presidential candidate, instead of Democrat pick Arthur Sewall. During this election, the populist party slowly began to merge into the Democratic party. Bryan would later lose the presidency to Republican William McKinley. Although the Populist party nominated candidates in the next three presidential elections, their support heavily dropped as many began to support the Democrats or Republicans, or follow Eugene V. Debs to his new Socialist Party.

The party also had success in the House of Representatives elections. In 1890 they won 8 seats, in 1892 they won 11 seats, in 1894 they won 9 seats, in 1896 they won 22 seats, in 1898 they won 6 seats and finally, in 1900 they won 5 seats.

The party disbanded in 1908. The last known activity of the official Populist party was in 1913.

Other websites
--------------

* *People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898* 96 p. official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898
* Populist Party timeline and texts; edited by Professor Edwards, secondary and primary sources
**Modulation**, in music, means that the music changes key. A piece of music might, for example, be "in the key of C major" (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the "home key" or "tonic" as it is called in music theory). Then it could **modulate** to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).

Modulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the "dominant"). A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor). Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).

A modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a "chromatic modulation". Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.

Most pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces. It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape: the farther away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is. When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a homecoming.

Related pages
-------------

* Tonality

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * v
* t
* e
Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

 |
Buckland family silhouette
**William Buckland** DD FRS (12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster. He was also a geologist and palaeontologist.

Buckland wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur, which he named *Megalosaurus*. He proved that Kirkdale Cave in Yorkshire had been a prehistoric hyena den, for which he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. He was praised as an example of how scientific analysis could reconstruct events from the distant past. He was a pioneer in the use of fossilized faeces (he coined the term coprolites) to reconstruct ancient ecosystems.

In 1818, Buckland was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He became Reader in Geology at Oxford University in 1819. His work *Reliquiæ Diluvianæ* was published in 1823 and became a best seller.

However, over the next decade Buckland changed his mind. In his famous Bridgewater Treatise, *Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology*, he said that the biblical account of Noah's flood could not be confirmed using geological evidence. What had been taken as evidence of the 'Universal Deluge' two decades before was, he thought, evidence of a major glaciation.

Not only was Buckland's home filled with specimens – animal as well as mineral, live as well as dead – but he claimed to have eaten much of the animal kingdom, a practice known as zoöphagy. In 1848 a piece of Louis XIV's mummified heart, taken from his tomb, was kept in a silver locket by the Archbishop of York. It was shown to Buckland, who ate it!
Nikolai Rubstein
**Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein** (born Moscow, 2 June 1835; died Paris, 23 March 1881) was a Russian pianist and composer. He was the younger brother of Anton Rubinstein and a close friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

The Rubinstein family were middle-class Jewish people. Like his brother Anton, Nikolai soon showed great talent as a pianist. The family spent some time in Europe including three years in Berlin where they made friends with Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.

Anton founded (started) the famous Conservatoire in St Petersburg where students could study music. Nikolai co-founded the Conservatoire in Moscow with Prince Nikolai Petrovitch Troubetzkoy. Both brothers were directors of the Conservatoires they had founded.

During his lifetime Nikolai Rubinstein was thought of as one of the greatest pianists of his time. As pianists the two brothers were very different. Anton was very fiery like Franz Liszt. Nikolai was quieter and more thoughtful, preferring lyrical Romantic music.

Anton liked to compose in the same way as composers from Western Europe. He was critical of Russian composers like Mily Balakirev and others from the group called The Mighty Handful who tried to make their music very Russian. Nikolai was much more broad-minded. He supported Balakirev and his group. He was a great friend of Tchaikovsky and encouraged him much more than his brother Anton had done. Nevertheless, he still criticised Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto. He said he would not play it until Tchaikovsky had changed it. Tchaikovsky refused to change it. Years later Nikolai decided he liked it after all.

Although Nikolai wanted to be a successful composer he was aware that he was not a great one. When asked why he did not compose more he once replied that his brother "composed enough music for three".

Nikolai died in Paris while on his way to Nice where he had wanted to improve his health. He always liked his food and on his deathbed he ate twelve oysters. Tchaikovsky wrote his *Piano Trio in A minor* in Rubinstein's memory.

Among his most popular works are his *Tarantella* in G minor and the *Fantasia on a Theme by Schumann*, both for piano solo.
**Rodney Leland "Rod" Blum** (born April 26, 1955) is an American businessman and politician. He worked as United States Representative for the 1st congressional district of Iowa. Blum is a Republican.

Blum won the Republican primary in 2014. He defeated Patrick Murphy in the November 4, 2014 general election with 51% of votes.

Blum ran for reelection in 2016. He faced the Democrat Monica Vernon in the general election. He defeated Vernon with 54% of the vote.

Blum calls himself a Tea Party Republican. He said "The Tea Party is what the Republican Party should have always been".

Blum favors getting rid of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). In 2017, he didn't support the original version of the American Health Care Act of 2017, or Trumpcare. Trumpcare was the Republicans' bill to get rid of and replace Obamacare. Blum said the original Trumpcare didn't do enough to lower premiums for hard-working Americans.

As of November 1, 2018, Blum was under investigation by the United States House Ethics Committee Committee. That's because he might have violated certain ethics rules. He might have done so by not disclosing his ownership of a digital marketing company, Tin Moon.

Blum was born in Dubuque, Iowa.