recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A ***Morpho*** is a butterfly in one of over 29 species and 147 subspecies in the genus *Morpho*.

Morphos are Neotropical butterflies found mostly in South America, Mexico and Central America. Morphos range in wingspan from the 7.5 cm (3 inch) *M. rhodopteron* to the imposing 20 cm (8 inch) Sunset Morpho, *M. hecuba*.

Colours
-------

Many Morpho butterflies are coloured in metallic, shimmering shades of blue and green. These colours are not caused by pigment. They are an example of iridescence: light reflects through the microscopic scales covering the Morpho's wings.

### Sexual dimorphism

The blue Morpho species have sexual dimorphism. In some species only the males are iridescent blue, the females are camouflaged brown and yellow. In other species the females are partially iridescent but less blue than the males.

Biology
-------

Atlantic Forest in Paraguay
### Habitat

Their habitat is the primary forests of the Amazon and Atlantic. They can breed in other forested habitats, for instance the dry deciduous woodlands of Nicaragua and in secondary forests.

### Flight

Morphos are strong fliers, found at altitudes between sea level and about 1400 m. Morphos are diurnal: males spend the mornings patrolling along forest streams and rivers. They are territorial and will chase any rivals. Morphos typically live alone out of the mating season.

### Protection

The adults are usually palatable, but hard to catch because they are such strong fliers. Birds find it very hard to catch them.

The conspicuous blue coloration shared by most *Morpho* species may be a case of Müllerian mimicry, or may be 'pursuit aposematism'. This means the bird learns that the colour says, in effect, "don't waste your energy, you can't catch me".

### Life cycle

The entire life cycle of the Morpho butterfly, from egg to death, is approximately 115 days.

caterpillars
pupae and emerging adult
Although the adults are palatable, the larvae are not. Their hairs are irritating, and when disturbed they secrete a noxious fluid which smells like rancid butter. The strong odour is a defence against predators.

The caterpillar will molt five times before entering the pupal stage. The bulbous chrysalis is pale-green or jade-green and emits a repulsive, ultrasonic sound when touched. It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the foodplant.
**Yanka Kupala** (July 7 [O.S. June 25] 1882 – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of **Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich**. He was a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka. His family was of Szlachta origins. Both of his parents were tenant farmers. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education. He finished his studies in 1898. After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs. These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.

Kupala's first serious try at writing was *Ziarno*. It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904. His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later. It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905. Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper *Nasha Niva* from 1906 to 1907.

### In Vilnius and St. Petersburg

Yanka Kupala during his study under a professor A. Charniaev in Saint Petersburg, 1909
Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908. He continued with his career as a poet. The first published collection of his poems, *Жалейка* (*The Little Flute*) made the czarist government mad. The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.

Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909. In 1910 he published several works. He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.

### During the Soviet period

Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone after the Great October Revolution of 1917. 

Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection *Ад сэрца* (*From the Heart*).

In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany. He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow. He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. The death was said to be accidental. Some people think it was suicide or murder.

  


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Kupala, Yanka |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Belarus writer and poet |
| Date of birth | 1882 |
| Place of birth | Viazynka, near Minsk, Belarus |
| Date of death | June 28, 1942 |
| Place of death | Moscow, Russia |
**Wilfred Edward Salty Owen** MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War.

Owen was born in Shropshire, and had three siblings; two brothers and a sister. When he was very small, the family moved to Birkenhead, where he went to school. Later, he attended Shrewsbury Technical School. Although he passed the exams necessary to go to university, he was unable to go because his parents could not afford the fees. Before the war, he worked as an assistant to a vicar, and then went to France to teach English to the children of a French family. About a year after war broke out, he joined the army as a junior officer, and was eventually sent back to France with the Manchester Regiment in 1916.

Conditions for troops on the Western Front were very harsh, and Owen suffered several bad experiences that led to him being considered unfit to continue fighting. He was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh for treatment by a psychiatrist. While there, he wrote poetry, and became editor of the hospital magazine, which was called *The Hydra*. Soon afterwards, a better-known poet called Siegfried Sassoon arrived at the hospital as a patient, and the two became great friends. Sassoon helped Owen to improve his writing, and introduced him to other writers and publishers. Although Sassoon had made a public protest against the war, he quickly grew tired of life at the hospital, and went back to France to continue fighting. In the meantime, Owen was given a job in the Northern Command Depot at Ripon, where he did not have to do any fighting.

When Owen was considered to be well enough to return to fighting, his friends were very worried about him. He spent an afternoon with Siegfried Sassoon, who had been sent home after being seriously wounded; Sassoon tried to persuade Owen not to go back, but Owen had little choice. He returned to France in July 1918.

Perhaps because he had previously been accused of being a coward, Owen was determined to show what a good soldier he could be. On 1 October 1918 he led his men in an attack near the village of Joncourt, and his bravery was recognised by his being awarded the Military Cross. However, shortly afterwards, while trying to cross the Sambre canal with his men, he was killed. He died at the age of 25, only a week before the end of the war.

Owen never married, and is thought to have been homosexual, although there is no surviving evidence to prove this.

Poems
-----


Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Wilfred Owen***

Two of his most famous poems are *Anthem for Doomed Youth* and *Dulce et decorum est*, which borrows a phrase from Horace.
For the network of nerves inside the spine, see Spinal cord.
The vertebral column as seen from the side
A typical thoracic vertebra viewed from above. The unlabeled hole in the middle will form the Spinal canal
An MRI of the human spine. The part in blue is the spinal canal. It also shows that one vertebra has been broken (L-3), which means that the spinal cord is compressed at one point (L-3,L-4 impingement) .
The **spine** is a column of vertebrae in the back part of the torso (upper body). It is also called the **backbone** or **vertebral column**. There is a spinal canal that runs through the length of the spine. Inside this canal is the spinal cord. Animals that have a spine are called vertebrates, and animals that do not have one are called invertebrates. Humans have a spine, so we are vertebrates. Many vertebrates, including mammals, have intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae.

Regions
-------

The vertebral column has five *regions*. These regions from top to bottom are:

* Cervical - Shown in red, this region supports the head. It is made up of 7 vertebrae. The first two, called the atlas and axis, connect the spine to the skull.
* Thoracic - Shown in blue, this region supports the ribs. It is made up of 12 vertebrae.
* Lumbar - Shown in yellow, this region is located in the lower back. It is made up of 5 vertebrae.
* Sacral - Shown in green. It is made up of 5 vertebrae that are fused together.
* Coccygeal - Shown in purple. It is made up of 3 to 5 vertebrae.

Spinal canal
------------

The spinal column has an opening called spinal canal and this opening is used for nerves. The part of the central nervous system in the spinal column is called spinal cord.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Vertebral column at Wikimedia Commons

* North American Spine Society is a multidisciplinary medical organization that advances quality spine care through education, research and advocacy.
* Spinal anatomy and back pain
* Spine anatomy illustrations
* Spine anatomy Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Vertebral column basics Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
**The Who** are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for their high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records. Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.

Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."

The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *My Generation* (1965)
* *A Quick One* (1966)
* *The Who Sell Out* (1967)
* *Tommy* (1969)
* *Who's Next* (1971)
* *Quadrophenia* (1973)
* *The Who by Numbers* (1975)
* *Who Are You* (1978)
* *Face Dances* (1981)
* *It's Hard* (1982)
* *Endless Wire* (2006)
* *TBA* (2015)

Other websites
--------------

* Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles.
The **spotted eagle ray**, (*Aetobatus narinari*), is a species of cartilaginous fish, in the eagle ray group. It can be found in tropical waters, including Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Africa, Oceania, and the Indian Ocean.

Description
-----------

The bottom of the head
Spotted eagle rays are around 17 to 35 cm wide at birth, but adults can be as long as 16 ft (5 meters), and have the wingspan of 3 meters (10 ft). An adult weighs 180 to 225 kg. The heaviest ever recorded weighed 230 kg. They have flat disk-shaped bodies, the top is dark blue or black in colour and is covered in white spots, and the belly is white. Spotted eagle rays also have flat snouts which look like a duck's bill. 
They have a long tail which is longer than most other ray's tails, and they have 2-6 venomous spines right behind their pelvic fins.

Behaviour
---------

Spotted eagle rays prefer to swim in waters with the temperature of 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F), and are more active during high tides. They are shy animals and usually avoid humans, but they have been seen leaping out of the water onto boats and landing on people. They search for their food by digging their snouts into the sand on the sea beds. Groups of them are made up of around 6 members swimming in the same direction, at exactly the same speed.
Spotted eagle rays eat crustaceans including shrimp, prawns and crabs, molluscs like octopuses, clams and oysters.

Reproduction
------------

Spotted eagle rays are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. Females are pregnant for around 1 year before giving birth to about 2-4 young which are 17 to 35 cm long. Spotted eagle rays mature at the age of 4 to 6 years old. Spotted Eagle Rays live for around 15–20 years.

Predators
---------

 The Silvertip shark is a predator of the Spotted Eagle Ray 
The predators of the spotted eagle ray are mainly sharks like the tiger shark, the lemon shark, the bull shark, the great hammerhead shark, and the silvertip shark. These sharks are known to follow female spotted eagle rays during the breeding season and eat the newborn babies.

Where they live
---------------

Spotted eagle rays live in shallow, coastal waters and coral reefs in tropical regions, including Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico, Oceania, west Africa, the Indian Ocean and the west coast of the United States of America. They are found down to the depths of 80 meters. They can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of North Carolina, down to Florida, in the Gulf Stream, in the Caribbean, and down pass the southern part of Brazil. In can also be found in the Pacific Ocean, from the Red Sea to South Africa, and northern Japan and Australia.

Other names
-----------

The spotted eagle ray is also called the "*White-spotted eagle eay*", the "*bonnet skate*", the "*Bonnet ray*", the "*Duck-billed ray*", and the "*Spotted Duck-billed ray*".
Hooke's law models the properties of springs for small changes in length
Helical or *coil* springs designed for tension
Compression springs store energy when compressed
A **spring** is a device typically made of metal, usually steel.

The metal can be compressed (squeezed). When the compression force is removed, the spring returns to its original length. The metal is usually spring steel, and it is wound tightly. There is lot of varitions with size and type, example some springs have designed for pulling, not pushing. Gas-springs are often used with vehicles tailgate.

History
-------

Simple non-coiled springs were used throughout human history e.g. the bow. In the Bronze Age more advanced spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making bronze with spring-like characteristics by producing an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, and then hardening it by hammering after it is cast.

Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks. The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century. They evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.

In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke discovered the principle behind springs' action, that the force it exerts is proportional to its extension, now called Hooke's law.
**Sujebi** (Korean: 수제비) is a traditional Korean soup. It is a Korean-style pasta soup consisting of hand-torn dough flakes with various vegetables and has been eaten from the early Goryeo period. In ancient times, when the Korea people were poor, they didn't have much foodstuffs and so made *sujebi* with small quantity of dough and leftover vegetables. In addition, rice was rare after the Korean War, so many people ate sujebi instead of rice because wheat flour was cheaper at that time. However, *sujebi* with various kinds of ingredients was considered a special food, so it was eaten on special days like a celebration day or feast. Nowadays, there are many kinds of sujebi and many people enjoy it as a health food. It is similar to another Korean traditional food *Kalguksu*, but *Kalsuksu* is made with noodles while *sujebi* is made with wheat flakes. Both of them are considered as proper food for a rainy day due to its hot and rich flavored broth. It is usually eaten with kimchi.

Origin
------

It was during the mid Joseon period that *sujebi* was named. Its name was originally came from Chinese letter 手(su, 수) meaning ‘hand’ and 摺(jeop, 접) meaning ‘folding’. The pronunciation has been changed as time passes for the ease of articulation. It is called differently depending on the regions, but sujebi is the standard word and most commonly used.

| Region or cities | Name | Korean name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North Korea | *milgaru ddeudeo guk* | 밀가루뜨더국 |
| Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do | *ddeudegi* or *ddedeokguk* | 뜨데기 or 뜨덕국 |
| Jeollanam-do | *ddeoneonjuk* or *ddiyeonjuk* | 떠넌죽 or 띠연죽 |
| Gyeongsangnam-do | *sujibi*, *miljebi*, or *milkkarijang guk* | 수지비, 밀제비, or 밀까리장국 |
| Yeocheon and Bongwha | *dabureong juk* or *beongeuraegi* | 다부렁죽 or 벙으래기 |

Classification
--------------

Generally, there are two kinds of *sujebi* depending on the type of broth. One is with Korean clear soup, and the other is with seaweed soup. In the former one, dough flakes are roughly torn by hand, whereas in the latter one, dough flakes are round shaped. This round-shaped dough is called "Saeal"(새알 in Korean). When people order or make *sujebi*, it usually refers to the former one in Korea. Then, it is again classified as various types depending on other ingredients. Typically, there are *potato sujebi* which includes potatoes and *seafood sujebi* with seafood. However, many restaurants are making new sujebi variations to attract customers these days.
Plínio de Arruda Sampaio in 2008
**Plínio Soares de Arruda Sampaio** (July 26, 1930 – July 8, 2014) was a Brazilian intellectual and political activist. He was with the Partido Socialismo e Liberdade (PSOL). He ran as a candidate for the presidency of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 2010.

Sampaio was born in São Paulo, Brazil.

He graduated from the University of São Paulo School of Law in 1954. He was president of the Catholic University Youth and was an active member of Popular Action.

He has been a prosecutor, deputy in the 1988 Constituent Assembly and chaired the Brazilian Association for Land Reform (ABRA), an institution that fights for land reform in Brazil. He also directed the weekly newspaper Correio da Cidadania.

Sampaio died in a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil from bone cancer. He had cancer for about a month. He was 83 years old.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2021-01-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
* article in support of his campaign
Illustration of a pneumothorax ("collapsed lung")
**Pneumothorax** (sometimes called "collapsed lung") is a health problem where air or gas is in the pleural space (the space between the lung and the pleura). The pleura is a slim membrane that covers the lungs. The two parts of the pleura usually touch. A hole might grow in the surface of the lung. Air then enters between the pleura and the lung. The lung will collapse. If enough air gets into the pleural space, it can also push against other organs or parts in the chest, like the heart or the aorta. Pneumothorax is a medical emergency.

There are two main types of pneumothorax. These are a Closed Pneumothorax, and an Open Pneumothorax. These are also known as Simple Pneumothorax and Complex Pneumothorax.

Symptoms
--------

The most common symptoms of Pneumothorax are chest pains. The chest pains can be sharp, dull, or stabbing. Some other symptoms of Pneumothorax are shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and coughing.

Causes
------

A Pneumothorax can occur for no obvious reason (spontaneous). It is typically men who are tall (or perhaps have long torsos), between the ages of 20 and 40 who present a spontaneous pneumothorax.

Small air blisters (blebs) can develop on the top of the surface of the lungs. These blebs sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the pleural space that surrounds the lungs, causing the lung to collapse.

Otherwise, it can be caused by blunt or penetrating injuries or lung diseases that result in the lung leaking air into the pleural cavity.

Consuming cannabis via smoking is also related to victims of a pneumothorax.

Treatment
---------

Simple Pneumothorax will heal by itself. Complex pneumothorax will need medical attention. One should treat respiratory problems as soon as they occur.

Closed pneumothorax
-------------------

Closed pneumothorax is when air or gas gets in the pleural space without any outside wound. This sometimes happens when the lung is already injured somehow, like from diseases such as cancer or cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a disease in the lungs. Glands in the body make large amounts of thick mucus. The mucus blocks ducts and passageways.

The most common cause of closed pneumothorax is called spontaneous pneumothorax. The cause of spontaneous pneumothorax is not known.

Open pneumothorax
-----------------

Open pneumothorax is when air gets into the pleural space from an injury to the chest. This can happen with stab wounds, like from a knife. It can also happen after a gunshot injury. The injury is most dangerous if the wound lets air in when the injured person (or animal) breathes, but does not let it back out. Sometimes this is called a "sucking chest wound."
A **sound change** in a language is when the sounds of the language become different over time in historical linguistics. Since people of different languages or dialects often talk to each other, the way people talk becomes more like the way the others talk. Because of this, it is natural for languages to sound differently overtime. Sometimes it happens slowly, while in other times it happens quickly.

An example of a sound change in English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all of the long vowel sounds in Middle English changed into what they are today. This is why the way English is spelled is so differently from how it is spoken. 

Spelling systems that do not change with the sound changes of a language are often more difficult for a learner to learn how to read in that language. These kinds of spellings are called fossilized spellings. These include spelling systems like English, French, Mongolian script, and Thai. All of these spelling systems have changed little for the past few hundred years, even though their spoken languages sound very different from how they used to sound. Spelling systems that change with the sound changes are often easier for a learner to learn how to read. These languages include Japanese, Turkish, and German.

Another much smaller sound shift in many dialects of English is the cot-caught merger, where words with lower back vowels like in *cot* and *caught* sound exactly the same to native speakers of certain English dialects and are spoken without any difference between the two sounds.
**Plácido Domingo** KBE (born 21 January 1941) is an Spanish operatic tenor and conductor. He is often regarded as one of the leading tenors of his generation.

Life and career
---------------

Born **José Plácido Domingo Embil** in Madrid, Spain, the son of singers who later moved to Mexico, where he made his vocal study. He began his career as a baritone singing in operettas but quickly retrained as a tenor. He made his official operatic debut in Mexico City in 1961, as Alfredo in *La traviata*. 

He sang in Tel Aviv from 1962 to 1965 in a wide variety of roles often in Hebrew. He made his American debut at the New York City Opera in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968. This was followed by La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1971), the Paris Opéra (1973), and most of the great opera houses of the world. 

Although mostly associated with the Italian and French repertoire, he has in recent years sung several Wagner roles, and turned to conducting. He is the General Director of the Washington National Opera and the Los Angeles Opera. 

He was one of "The Three Tenors", alongside Luciano Pavarotti and José Carreras, and got 1.5 million dollars each time they sang.

In August 2019, Domingo was accused by nine women of sexual harassment.

In March 2020, Dominago was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized in Mexico.
**Warp drive** (also called **warp technology**) is a hypothetical technology created in science fiction. As far as we know, it does nor exist. Its invention allowed writing books and making television and film media.

If it takes centuries or thousands of years to get anywhere in space, then the limitations of human life becomes an obstacle. That's even assuming we could travel without humans being riddled with holes by radiation of various kinds. We are so protected on planet Earth that we forget what it's like in deep space, which is flooded with radiation.

So warp drive is invented, and so is its cousin wormholes in space. *There are no wormholes*, or if they exist, we don't know it.

Warp drive and wormholes are the inventions of smart guys who make media. It is a way of moving objects faster than the speed of light. There are many examples of how this idea is used. A well-known one is found in the *Star Trek* universe, where faster-than-light travel is needed to tell the story.

Current technology does not allow anything or anyone to go at, or faster than, the speed of light. Unless the current theories are proven wrong, this will always be true. However, warp technology as a fictional idea has been an interesting way of shaping the story line to let spaceships move at speeds greater than 186,000 miles per second (speed of light through a vacuum: the known limit of speed in the universe).

Warp technology, as the name implies, 'warps space' in effect bringing a destination closer by bending space rather than the traditional 'thruster' means of propelling a spacecraft at high speeds.

Warp technology allows ships to move at **warp speed**. In the *Star Trek* universe, for example, the measurement of the speed that the spaceship is moving is called the **warp factor**. However, thrusters and impulse power propel spaceships at sub-light speed. Warp factor 1 is equal to the speed of light. The speed ranges up to warp factor 9.99. In some circumstances *Star Trek* spaceships can go faster than warp 10, although rarely.

Most of that is pure science fiction, and no evidence has been produced of any "warp drive".

In the field of quantum mechanics physicists have produced tiny wormholes, but they don't warp space time in the same way the "warp drive" concept does, rather they connect two separate points of spacetime through quantum entanglement.
UDFy-38135539
Hubble looking into the past.
**UDFy-38135539** (also known as **HUDF.YD3**) is a galaxy in the Fornax constellation. At present it is the farthest confirmed object ever seen. UDFy-38135539 is 13.1 billion light years from the Earth.

Characteristics
---------------

The galaxy is in the constellation Fornax, and it is estimated that the galaxy contains a billion stars.

Significance
------------

The universe's first stars were massive, 
ionizing hydrogen in the surrounding environment. This is called the ionization epoch.

UDFy-38135539 (HUDF.YD3) is probably the first galaxy seen in the reionization epoch. Caltech astronomer Brant Robertson, commenting on the study, stated that the "galaxy happens to reside at a very special time in cosmic history when the properties of gas in the universe were changing rapidly, and therefore this galaxy and others like it may teach us a lot about the early history of the universe". Michele Trenti, an astronomer who was not involved in the study but provided commentary published with the report, says that the discovery of the distant galaxy is 

"a fundamental leap forward in observational cosmology".
The **NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award** (NOESA) is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It is awarded to an Eagle Scout by the National Eagle Scout Association for distinguished service to his profession and community. He must be recommended by his local BSA council, NESA committee, Scout executive and council president.

A council may present one NOESA per year plus one award for every 100 Eagle Scout awards above of 200 awards presented to youth the previous year. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) is a similar distinguished award, but requires twenty-five years as an Eagle Scout. NOESA is not required for the DESA award, but DESA recipients may not receive the NOESA.

Award
-----

The award consists of a round gold pendant with the NOESA emblem in silver. It is suspended from a blue ribbon. The NOESA emblem is in the shape of the NESA logo. It is round with a descending knot, with an eagle in flight and the word NOESA. A smaller pin-on version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the Eagle Scout square knot patch on the Scout uniform. A lapel pin version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the lapel when not in uniform. The recipient is also presented with a certificate.

History
-------

The NOESA was introduced during BSA'a 100th Anniversary year with the first 152 awards being made in 2011 by the National Eagle Scout Association. This was on the recommendation of local council NESA Committees. In 2012, an additional 179 were awarded bringing the total to 331. The award was created to recognize notable Eagle Scouts who had either performed their distinguished service closer to home (at the local, state, or regional level) or who were known nationally, but had not yet been an Eagle for 25-years: a requirement for the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.

Recipients
----------

For more details: *List of Eagle Scouts*
Pericles' Funeral Oration
**Pericles' Funeral Oration** is a famous speech from Thucydides' *History of the Peloponnesian War*. The speech was delivered by Pericles at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE). He was a famous Athenian politician. The speech was a part of the yearly public funeral for the people who died in the war.

At that time, people in Athens had a custom of holding a public funeral for the people who died in war. The bodies of the dead were left out for three days in a tent, where offerings could be made for the dead.

*Funeral Oration* was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his *History of the Peloponnesian War*. Thucydides records the speech as if every word in the record was what Pericles said. However, people agree he did, at least, correct or change the speeches a little. Thucydides says in his *History* that the speeches are not completely the same as what was really said, but written to show the main ideas of what was said. It is quite certain that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war. However, people are not sure how much Thucydides' record is the same as Pericles' actual speech.

The Funeral Oration is important because the speech was different from usual Athenian funeral speeches. David Cartwright describes it as "a eulogy (description) of Athens itself...". The speech is about what great things Athens did, delivered to encourage the people.

Gettysburg Address and Pericles' funeral oration
------------------------------------------------

American Civil War scholar Garry Wills calls Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address the modern parallel to Pericles' Funeral Oration.
UNICEF Malaysia National Ambassador Upin & Ipin with the Country Office Team during the Universal Children's Day Launch in 2012
**Universal Children's Day** is an annual celebration of children's rights. It is celebrated on the 20th of November each year.

Background
----------

On the 14th of December 1954, the United Nations General Assembly recommended that countries celebrate a Universal Children's Day. The date 20 November marks the day on which the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. On 20 November 1959 they adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

According to UNICEF millions of children in the world are victims of violence every year. In addition to violence, these children are subject to abuse, neglect and exploitation. This is at home, at work, at school and in the community. It also takes place during wars and natural disasters. Many forms of abuse including corporal punishment and sexual abuse remain legal in many countries. It also remains socially acceptable in many places.

Observance
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Many children around the world live in poor conditions. They do not have access to education or health care. Other children are subject to violence and child labor. Universal Children's Day is celebrated to promote the wellbeing of children everywhere.

Children's Rights
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The Declaration of the Rights of the Child and The Convention on the Rights of the Child describe children's rights. Children's rights include the right to survive and thrive, to be educated, to be free from violence and abuse, to participate and to be heard.
The term "**Yankee**" (sometimes shortened to "**Yank**") have many different meanings. All refer to people from the United States. Outside the United States, "Yank" is used to refer to any American, including Southerners. Within the Southern United States, "Yankee" is a name which refers to all Northerners, or specifically to those from the region of New England, often in a mean way. The *Oxford English Dictionary* says that it is "a nickname for a person from New England, or, more widely, of the northern States generally." During the American Civil War, it was "used by the Confederates to the soldiers of the Federal army".

Elsewhere in the United States, it often refers to people from the Northeastern states, but especially those with New England cultural ties. This would include people who have colonial New England settler ancestors, wherever they live.

Other websites
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Yankee***.

* Online Etymology Dictionary
* Wordorigins.org Archived 2017-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
The **magnetopause** is the border between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma. For planetary science, the magnetopause is the border between the planet's magnetic field and the solar wind. The location of the magnetopause is figured out by the balance between the pressure of the dynamic planetary magnetic field and the energetic pressure of the solar wind. As the solar wind pressure increases and decreases, the magnetopause moves inward and outward in response. Waves (ripples and flapping movement) along the magnetopause move in the direction of the solar wind flow in response to small-scale different versions in the solar wind pressure and to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. 

Artistic version of the Earth's magnetopause. The magnetopause is where the pressure from the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field are equal. The position of the Sun would be far to the left in this image.The solar wind is supersonic and passes through a bow shock where the direction of flow is changed so that most of the solar wind plasma is pushed-aside to either side of the magnetopause, much like water is pushed-aside before the bow of a ship. The zone of shocked solar wind plasma is the magnetosheath. At Earth and all the other planets with built-in magnetic fields, some solar wind plasma succeeds in entering and becoming trapped within the magnetic field around the Earth. At Earth, the solar wind plasma which enters the magnetic field around the Earth forms the plasma sheet. The amount of solar wind plasma and energy that enters the magnetic field around the Earth is controlled by the direction of pointing of the interplanetary magnetic field, which is deeply set within the solar wind.

The Sun and other stars with magnetic fields and stellar winds have a solar magnetopause or heliopause where the stellar environment is regional by the interstellar environment.
The **Unity of knowledge and action (知行合一)** is a concept in philosophy created by Wang Yangming. It means that knowledge and action should go together and help each other. This idea says that only by behaving well can someone become wise. It is similar to the Western idea called virtue epistemology.

Overview
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In Chinese philosophy, knowledge and action were usually seen as related but different. Wang disagreed and said there was no difference between them. He thought that knowledge was knowing how to act in a situation, based on his ideas about people and their innate knowledge. He also believed that the world was always changing, rather than staying the same, which is similar to the Western idea of Process philosophy.

History
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Wang Yangming created the idea during the Ming dynasty.

Wang Yangming disagreed with the teachings of Zhu Xi, a famous philosopher. Zhu Xi encouraged students to study in two parts, one theoretical and one practical. Wang believed this approach made people ineffective.

Application
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Western philosophers talk about akrasia, which is when someone does something they know is wrong on purpose. But Wang disagrees. He says that just saying you know something is wrong isn't enough. You have to actually act on what you know for it to count. For example, if a student cheats on a test but says cheating is wrong, Wang would say they don't really understand what they're saying..

Similar ideas
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The idea of combining knowledge and action is not exclusive to Chinese philosophy. Similar ideas can be found in Western literature. Hermann Hesse in his novel *Demian* writes that only the thoughts we put into action have real value. The motto of MIT, "Mens et Manus" or "Mind and Hand," also emphasizes the importance of combining inner knowledge with actions.

The idea of virtue Epistemology in contemporary Western philosophy also shares similarities with Wang Yangming's concept of the Unity of Knowledge and Action. Both emphasize the importance of practical wisdom and the integration of knowledge and action.

Related pages
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* Unity of Heaven and humanity
* Unity of religion and rule
* Virtue epistemology
Yangon
Flag
**Yangon** (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်မြို့) also known as **Rangoon**, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaingthayar, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 4 million people living there.

History
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**Yangon** was founded as **Dagon** in the 6th century AD by the Mons, who ruled Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it "Yangon". The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burma after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.

The British took Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and then changed Yangon into the most important city of British Burma. The British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land. It was bound to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.

Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.

After World War I, Yangon became the center of Burmese independence movement. The leftist Rangoon University students led the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japan's occupation (1942–45), and was heavily damaged during World War II. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.

Gallery
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* YangonYangon
* Sule PagodaSule Pagoda
* Karaweik PalaceKaraweik Palace
* Shwe Dagon PagodaShwe Dagon Pagoda
Home of the **Universal House of Justice** in Haifa, Israel, the council that leads the Bahá'ís

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The **Universal House of Justice** is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community. It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters. He called it the Supreme House of Justice. His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís. There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies." 

Bahá'ís vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2.
*Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis* in Hong Kong Science Museum.
***Yangchuanosaurus*** was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. It was a fairly typical carnosaur, with a large head, sharp, serrated teeth, and relatively short arms (though not as short as those of *Tyrannosaurus*). It was the largest predator in its part of the world. *Yangchuanosaurus* probably preyed on sauropods, such as *Mamenchisaurus*, or stegosaurs, such as *Tuojiangosaurus*.

There are two species. *Y. zigongensis* is from the Middle Jurassic, and *Y. shangyouensis* is from the Upper Jurassic. Specimens were collected from the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan.

The Middle Jurassic *Y. zigongensis* is known from four incomplete specimens. There are two specimens of the Upper Jurassic *Y. shangyouensis*, which were at first put into separate species. Later analysis showed they were probably different ages or variations of the same species.

The first skull is 82 cm (2.7 ft) long, and its total body length about 8 m (26 ft). The other specimen was even larger. It had a skull length of 1.11 m (3.6 ft). It may have been up to 10.8 m (35.4 ft) long, and weighed as much as 3.4 metric tons (3.7 short tons). There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to *Ceratosaurus*. It had a massive tail that was about half its length.
**Skyland** is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.

The District government wants to rebuild the 18-acre (73,000 m2) Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.

The District is working with the Rappaport Cos. and the William S. Smith Cos. on a new plan for Skyland. They want to build 320,000 square feet (30,000 m2) of retail space. They hope that the new buildings will be filled with high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants. Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans. The new buildings will cost $260 million. On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.

The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented. 

People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).

Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008. The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.

Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood. Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.
Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n2 > n1
A ray of light hits a glass prism and is refracted
**Snell's Law** **of Refraction** is the scientific law of the refraction of light or other waves. In optics, Snell's law is about the speed of light in different media. The law states that when light passes through different materials (for example from air to glass) the ratio of sines of the incidence (incoming) angle and the refraction (outgoing) angle does not change:

{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta \_{1}}{\sin \theta \_{2}}}={\frac {v\_{1}}{v\_{2}}}={\frac {n\_{2}}{n\_{1}}}}
With each {\displaystyle \theta } as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, {\displaystyle v} as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s). n is the refractive index of the medium.

The index of refraction of a vacuum is 1 and the velocity of light in a vacuum is {\displaystyle c}. When a wave passes the material where the index of refraction is n, the velocity of the wave becomes {\displaystyle {\frac {c}{n}}}.

Snell's law can be proved by Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle states that *light travels along the path which takes the least time*.

History
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The idea has a long history. The problem had the attention of Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemy, Ibn Sahl, and Huygens. Ibn Sahl actually discovered the law of refraction. In *Traité de la Lumiere*, 1678, Huygens showed how Snell's law of sines could be explained by, or derived from, the wave nature of light.
**SPYM** is a non-profit organisation with a countrywide network. Spym was founded by Dr Zeenat Naquatee and Dr Rajesh Kumar in 1986, from the hostel of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. SPYM working in the area of community mobilization, health care and socio-economic development for the Urban poor with a special focus on homeless people and population victims or valuable substance use disorder and children in difficult circumstances last three decades.

Interventions
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SPYM is run homeless shelter for homeless people across Delhi where essential services to the shelter users like food, toilet Etc. SPYM runs Drop in centre that caters to the needs of children vulnerable and dependent on drugs. This centre has been set up in Delhi, Which had a large concentration of street children, many of whom are rag-pickers. Also, SPYM is managing Targeted Intervention Sites for HIV/AIDS prevention among Injecting Drug Users and long distance Truck drivers.

Other websites
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* Official website

Template:Non-governmental organizations in India