recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **chromatic scale**, also known as a **dodecatonic scale**, is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.). A chromatic scale can start on any note.

Meaning of the word "chromatic"
-------------------------------

The word "chromatic" comes from the Greek word "chromos" meaning "color". Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write "Chromatic Fantasias". These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and "colourful" which is why they were called "chromatic".

Chromatic harmony
-----------------

**Chromatic harmony** means harmony (chords) that use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony, it was 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera *Tristan and Isolde* is so famous that it is known as the *Tristan chord*. It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

\new PianoStaff {
    \time 6/8
    <<
    \context Staff = "up" {
      \clef treble
        \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic grand"
        #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
        \partial 8
        \relative c''{
          <<  { s8
          s2.
          \override Slur #'attachment = #'(stem. stem)
          gis4.~( gis4 a8 ais b4~ b8) }
          \\
          { a,8(
          f'4.~ f4 e8
          dis2.)( d4.)~ d8 } >>
            r8 r
        }
    }
    \context Staff = "down" {
      \clef bass
        \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic grand"
        \partial 8
        \relative c{
          r8
          R2.
          <f b>2.(
          <e gis>4.)~ <e gis>8 r r
        }
    }
    >>
  }

Related pages
-------------

* Scale (music)
* Tonality
* Serialism

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * v
* t
* e
Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

 |
**Excretion** is one of the most basic functions of life. It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life. It contrasts with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell.

In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.

Mammalian excretion
-------------------

In mammals, excretion is the formation of urine in the kidneys, and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and breathing out respectively. If excretion does not occur in an organism, waste products accumulate, which eventually kill the organism.

Also, food waste is expelled through the anus. Other substances are secreted into the bile, and then eliminated in the faeces. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates metabolic wastes like urea and lactic acid through sweating,p395 and the lungs expel carbon dioxide.

### Some terms

* *Mucociliary excretion* is the excretion of mucus in the respiratory system. Cilia work to clear the small passages, and coughing removes phlegm.
* *Biliary excretion* goes through the bile duct to the duodenum and removed in the faeces.
* *Perspiration* is the excretion of salts and water from the body, although the main purpose is to cool the body.

Other vertebrates
-----------------

Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water, as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment, and ammonia itself is toxic.

Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste. This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Both uric acid and faeces are expelled through a common opening called the cloaca. Their waste is usually two-coloured: part white (uric acid) and part green or black (organic waste).

Many bird species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.
Eastern bluebird male
The **eastern bluebird** (*Sialia sialis*) is a species of Turdidae. Its name comes from the colour of its feathers, which is a vibrant blue.

Appearance
----------

There is a marked contrast between his blue back and its subdued orange-brown belly. The female's colours are less intense. The head's colour is a kind of blue-gray and there is a more vibrant blue on the tail and the wings. The belly is a mix of orange-brown and white. The male is completely blue. It is only his breast and his throat which are orange and blue, his belly and undertail are white.

Habitat
-------

The eastern bluebird lives in many regions of North America. It has been seen more frequently in the American Midwest and in southern Canada. It does not have a definive habitat. It lives in light woods, gardens, agricultural areas and orchards. This species prefers to use a hole already made as a nest. In fact, those birds often live in deserted woodpecker holes. To make it more comfortable they add to the hole little twigs or brushwood. They cut and bring it back to the hole they want to live in and it covers the bottom of the wood cavity.

Food
----

This bird eats insects. In summer and spring time, perching on a low branch or on a nest boxes, it searches for prey. When it finds one it simply attacks it. During colder seasons, bugs are less present. Thus, it can also eat little fruits like field or forest berries.

Population
----------

Females have between four and five eggs at a time. Before hatching, there is about fourteen days of incubation. The eastern bluebird has been decreasing in population over time. Despite the fact that many eggs are laid, the birth's success rate is low. One thing that can be the source of that phenomenon might be the introduction of the common starling from Europe. That kind of bird is a strong competitor fighting against eastern bluebirds for natural cavities. If they are fighting every day females would not be able to lay their eggs because they need a calm location to do it. However, the situation could be worse without nest boxes to help eastern bluebirds find a safe location.
The **Esino** (Latin: *Aesis*) is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important rivers in the region because the size of its drainage basin.

There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy.

Geography
---------

The Esino river has a length of about 75 km (46.6 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 1,203 km2 (464 sq mi).

### Course

The source of the Esino is in the sides of the *Monte Caffagio*, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about 1,116 m (3,661 ft).

The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.

Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the *Fiumesino* near Falconara Marittima.

Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province of Perugia (Umbria).

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of Ensino river areː

* **Giano** (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano *comune* and flows into the Ensino in *Borgo Tufico*, part of Fabriano
* **Sentino**, that begins in Umbria
* **Esinante**

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy
The **Della Rovere** family (pronounced [della ˈroːvere]; literally "of the oak tree") was a noble family of Urbino in central Italy. They originally came from Savona, Liguria. The family rose to nobility through nepotism and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV, 1471–1484) and his nephew Giuliano (Pope Julius II, 1503–1513). Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him. The Basilica San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome is the family church of the della Rovere. Vittoria della Rovere was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of Tuscany.

Dukes of Urbino
---------------

1. Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1490–1538)
2. Guidobaldo II della Rovere (1514–1574)
3. Francesco Maria II della Rovere (1549–1631)
4. Federico Ubaldo della Rovere (1605–1623)

Other websites
--------------

* Marek, Miroslav. "italy/rovere.html#GSA". Genealogy.EU.
* Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of Leonardo della Rovere". Genealogy.EU.
**Discovery** is the act of detecting something new, or something "old" that had been unknown. In science and academic disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena. It is discovery of new actions, or new events. It provides new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through such observations. A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations, or ideas. Some discoveries represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge or technology. Visual discoveries are often called **sightings**.

Scientific discovery
--------------------

Before the 17th century, it took extraordinary genius to make even small discoveries. Men such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and many of their contemporaries made great discoveries. But their greatest contribution was in developing and furthering the scientific method. This was an organized method of making new discoveries. By the end of the century science literally exploded with new discoveries. Ordinary educated scientists could now do what only geniuses could do before. Ancient Greeks depended on observation and philosophy to come up with theories about the physical laws of the universe. Beginning in the 17th century scientists now used scientific proof of their discoveries through experiments. They also defended their discoveries against their peers. This was an important part of the scientific method.
**Diane B. Allen** (born March 16, 1948, Newark, New Jersey) is an American journalist, nightly news anchor and Republican politician. She worked with New Jersey's 7th legislative district in the New Jersey Assembly from 1996 to 1998. She later worked with the New Jersey Senate from 1998 to 2018.

Allen was the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey during the 2021 gubernatorial election. She was selected by Jack Ciattarelli.

Broadcasting career
-------------------

Allen began her broadcast news career in 1970 with WJJZ. WJJZ was an AM radio station based in Mount Holly, New Jersey. She worked at the New Jersey Network. Allen later joined an ABC station in Chicago.

In 1976, Allen returned home to cover New Jersey politics for KYW-TV. That was the CBS station in Philadelphia. In 1985, she co-moderated the New Jersey gubernatorial debate between Governor Thomas Kean and Peter Shapiro. She left the network in 1988. Allen later won a lawsuit against CBS for discriminatory practices.

In 1989, Allen joined WCAU. That was the NBC station in Philadelphia. She stayed there until 1994.

In 2000, Allen briefly served as an interim anchor for CN8 while another anchorwoman was on vacation. This prompted criticism from Senate Minority Leader Richard Codey. The latter criticized her for conducting her duties as an officeholder while reporting on politics.

Allen is the President for VidComm, Inc.. It is a media production company she founded after her broadcasting career ended.

Accolades
---------

During her career, Allen won eight Daytime Emmy Awards.

The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Allen into their Hall of Fame in 2005.

Other offices
-------------

Senator Allen operated as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1996, 2000, as well as in 2004 and 2012.

In 2008, Allen was a leading candidate to succeed Jim Saxton in the U.S. House. However, she announced on November 29, 2007 that she would not run for the seat. Allen cited political faction in the Burlington County Republican Party.

In 2009, Allen was a leading candidate to join Chris Christie's ticket as the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor. Christie ultimately chose Monmouth County Sheriff Kim Guadagno instead.
**Crass** was one of the first anarcho-punk bands. The band was formed in Essex, England in 1977. The band split up in 1984.

History
-------

### Original members

The group was first of all made up of Penny Rimbaud (playing drums) and Steve Ignorant (who sang). Later they were joined by other people who also lived together in their shared house (or commune) called Dial House.

### First concerts

Crass did their first concert at a squatted festival in Huntley Street, North London. Soon after they played at the famous punk club The Roxy in London's Covent Garden area. However the group were made to come off of the stage because they were very drunk. They also did early concerts with punk band the UK Subs, but not many people went to watch these concerts.

### First fashion statements

After this members of Crass decided to be more serious about what they were doing. They decided to wear black clothes all of the time, whether or not they were on stage. This was so that no member of the band would be seen as the group 'leader'. They also made a banner that they hung up behind them when they were playing live. This had a logo on it that was made up of symbols like the Christian cross, the swastika and the British flag, as well as a snake with two heads that is eating itself. The meaning of this logo was the idea that "power will destroy itself".

Albums
------

### First album

Crass released their first record in 1978. It was called *The Feeding of the 5000*. It was meant to have 18 songs on it, but one song was banned by the people who worked at the factory where the records were made. This was because they thought it was blasphemous. This song was called "Asylum". The band instead released the record with a 2-minute gap where that song had been, which they called "The Sound of Free Speech". After this they set up their own record label, Crass Records. This was so that they could control what was on their own records in the future. They re-recorded and released the song that had been banned as a single. They also re-released the first LP with the banned song put back on it.

### Second album

The second LP released by Crass was the double album *Stations of the Crass*. It was released in 1979. One side of this LP was a recording of a live concert that the band played at the Pied Bull pub in Islington, London on August 7, 1979.

### Third album

Their next LP was released in 1981. It was called *Penis Envy*. The band had deliberately changed their sound for this record. The lyrics and the record cover artwork had a strong feminist message. Steve Ignorant did not appear upon it. Instead only the women members of the band, Eve Libertine and Joy DeVivre sung the songs.

### Other albums recorded

The Crass Records label also released many other records by other musicians and bands. These included Flux Of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, Zounds, Honey Bane, Rudimentary Peni and others.
**Japanese empresses** or **Empress of Japan** means a female imperial ruler (女性天皇, *josei tennō*). The term also mean the wife of the Emperor, or empress consort (皇后, *kōgō*).

The wife of Naruhito is Empress Masako. She became the current Empress of Japan when her husband accepted his role as emperor.

Empresses regnant
-----------------

There were eight female monarchs. In other words, there were six female emperors including two who reigned twice.

* Empress Jingū r. 206–269 —legendary/mythical; removed from the list of emperors in the 19th century [*source?*]
* Empress Suiko (554–628), r. 593–628—first ruling empress
* Empress Kōgyoku (594–661), r. 642–645—formerly Princess Takara (Empress Consort of Jomei)
* Empress Saimei (594–661), r. 655–661 (same person as Empress Kōgyoku)
* Empress Jitō (645–702), r. 690–697
* Empress Gemmei (661–721), r. 707–715
* Empress Genshō (680–748), r. 715–724—formerly Princess Hidaka
* Empress Kōken (718–770), r. 749–758
* Empress Shōtoku (718–770), r. 764–770 (same person as Empress Kōken)
* Empress Meishō (1624–1696), r. 1629–1643
* Empress Go-Sakuramachi (1740–1813), r. 1762–1771—most recent ruling empress

Empresses consort
-----------------

The wife of an Japanese emperor is called empress in English, but her title in Japanese is a little different.

*Kōgō* is the title of a non-reigning empress consort. The title, still in use, is generally conferred on an emperor's wife who had given birth to the heir to the throne. The title was first awarded posthumously in 806 to the late mother of Emperor Heizei.

*Chūgū* was a term which evolved during the Heian period; and it came to be understood as the title of the empress. For a time, *chūgū* replaced *kōgō*; and then the titles became interchangeable.

The numbers of *kōgō* varied, but there was only one *Chūgū* at a time.

The title *kōtaigō* was given to the wife of an ex-emperor; and the title *tai-kōtaigō* came to be used by a dowager empress.

Related pages
-------------

* Imperial House of Japan
Eastern coral snake, *Micrurus fulvius* 
Colours of the Old World coral snakes can be quite a bit different from the American species. This is the blue Malaysian coral snake, *Calliophis bivirgatus*
The **coral snakes** are a large group of elapid snakes. There are two main groups of coral snakes. These groups are Old World coral snakes and New World coral snakes. 

* There are 11 species of Old World coral snake in one genus (*Calliophis*)
* There are over 65 recognized species of New World coral snakes in three genera (*Leptomicrurus*, *Micruroides*, and *Micrurus*).

Coral snakes have notable red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Most species of coral snake are small. North American species average around 3 feet (91 cm) in length, but specimens of up to 5 feet (150 cm) or slightly larger have been reported. Coral snakes that live in water have flat tails. These tails act like a fin to help the snake swim.

Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes have a pair of small fangs to deliver their venom (some coral snakes are rear fanged). These fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, deliver their venom to their prey species. Coral snakes mostly eat smaller snakes, lizards, frogs, and nestling birds and rodents, etc. The venom takes time to take full effect.

Coral snakes often hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers. Vipers have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting. They account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States.

Coral snakes in the U.S.A.
--------------------------

New World coral snakes live in the southern range of many temperate U.S. states. They are found in the southern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana, including all of Florida.

There is debate about whether the Texas coral snake is a separate species. Its habitat, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, is separated from the eastern habitat by the Mississippi River. The coral snake population is most dense in the southeast United States, but coral snakes have been spotted as far north as Kentucky.

The Arizona coral snake, which is a separate genus, is found in central and southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico and southward to Sinaloa in western Mexico. It lives in dry regions in thornscrub, desert-scrub, woodland, grassland and farmland. It is found in the plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 5800 feet (1768 m); often in rocky areas.
A **credit default swap** (or **CDS** for short) is a kind of investment where you pay someone so they will pay you if a certain company gives up on paying its bonds, or **defaults**. A credit default swap is like insurance on bonds, but different from insurance in important ways:

* Insurance companies make sure you own the thing you're insuring, but you can buy credit default swaps for bonds you don't own.
* The government makes rules (called **regulations**) for insurance, but they don't make any yet for credit default swaps.
* Insurance companies have to have enough money in case lots of people need to collect insurance at the same time. Because there aren't many rules for CDS sellers, they don't have to be as careful.

Because nobody makes sure you have the bonds you get credit default swaps for, people can speculate on them by buying credit default swaps on companies they think will get in trouble.

Role in Financial Crisis of 2008
--------------------------------

When Lehman Brothers went bankrupt on September 15, 2008, it defaulted on its bonds. The insurance company AIG had sold lots of credit default swaps for Lehman, but they didn't have enough money to pay all the people they had sold them to.

This is because the way lots of companies speculated was by hedging on credit default swaps. They bought credit default swaps for a company, and then sold credit default swaps for the same company when the CDSes got more expensive. For example, if you bought some Lehman Brothers CDSes from AIG where you had to pay $500,000, and you sold the same number of CDSes on Lehman a year later for $600,000, you made $100,000 profit. If Lehman defaulted, you're supposed to pay the people you sold the CDSes to, but that should be OK because now AIG is supposed to pay you for the CDSes you bought.

So many companies bought and subsequently sold CDSes that when Lehman collapsed, no one had enough money to pay the people they sold the CDSes to. They tried getting it from the companies they'd bought CDSes from, but they didn't have enough money either. Those companies tried collecting from the companies that owed them money, but they didn't have enough either, and so on. Since AIG had sold so many of these, people were afraid that AIG would just give up on trying to pay them all. If they had done that, there would be a domino effect where everybody would go out of business. Because so many companies would've gone out of business, the government decided to help AIG pay so the economy wouldn't collapse.

Role in the Greek Financial Crisis
----------------------------------

When people found out that the Greek government owed more money than everybody thought it did, people who didn't own any Greek government bonds started buying credit default swaps on Greek bonds. They did that because they thought Greece would give up on trying to pay, so the bonds would become worthless and the people who sold the credit default swaps would pay them. Unfortunately, this makes people who have Greek bonds nervous, so they want to sell them and not buy any more. That makes it hard for Greece to borrow money to fix its money problems.
The **Equal Protection Clause** is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

Meaning
-------

A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all people would have rights equal to those of all citizens. As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism. It applied substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War.

The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate. It has inspired the well-known phrase "Equal Justice Under Law". These words are inscribed on the U.S. Supreme court building. This clause was the basis for *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954). This Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation, and also the basis for many other decisions rejecting discrimination against people belonging to various groups.

State vs federal governments
----------------------------

The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments. However, the Supreme Court held in *Bolling v. Sharpe* (1954) that equal protection requirements apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

Other websites
--------------

* The Meaning of Equal Protection: Then, Now, and Tomorrow; American Bar Association
* The 14th Amendment and Equal Protection Clause; YouTube
The **Institute of Jewish Studies** in Nanjing, China has a connection with the Department of Religious Studies at Nanjing University. 

It was created in January, 1992, after friendship between Israel and the People's Republic of China started over again. It gives classes in Jewish lessons where there are over 200 students each year, and has published a Chinese kind of the *Encyclopaedia Judaica*, and other books or other things released. It has now created both masters and Ph.D. programs in Jewish leasons, the only Chinese school that has ever done that. It had an worldwide seminar on The Holocaust and the killing of people due to their skin color or religion in World War II on August 7–12, 2005, in Nanjing.

It was renamed the **Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies** after a quarters for it from the Diane and Guilford Glazer Foundation was built in a new building at the school in 2006. It is planned that it will become part of a larger Nanjing University-Johns Hopkins University Institute for International Research. 

The director of the school is professor Xu Xin.

Related pages
-------------

* Institute of Jewish Studies at University College London

Other websites
--------------

* Chinese Judaic Studies Association Archived 2009-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
Air Marshal **Sir Harold Douglas Jackman**, KBE, CB (26 October 1902 – 15 June 1991) was a senior Royal Air Force officer. He became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Maintenance Command.

RAF career
----------

Jackman joined the Royal Air Force in 1926. He initially served as a Stores Officer. He served in World War II as an Administrative Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Middle East. Then as Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Air Command. Next he became assistant Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Balkan Air Force.

After the War he was appointed Director of Movements and then Director of Organisation (Forecasting and Planning) at the Air Ministry. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding No. 40 Group in 1952. He became Director-General of Equipment at the Air Ministry in 1955. Then in 1958 he was appointed Air Officer Commanding RAF Maintenance Command. It was here he laid the foundation stone for a new Headquarters at Andover before retiring in 1961.

In retirement he became Chief Co-ordinator of the Anglo-American Community Relations Scheme in the UK.
***Deus ex machina***  is the Latin version of an ancient Greek phrase *ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός*. 

The phrase means "the god from the machine". It comes from the theatre of ancient Greece. They had a kind of crane for delivering gods onto the stage on wires.

By extension, the term means a plot device whereby a seemingly impossible problem is suddenly solved by means which do not follow normal logic.

For example, in Euripides' play *Alcestis*, the heroine agrees to give up her own life in order to spare the life of her husband, Admetus. At the end Heracles shows up and seizes Alcestis from Death, restoring her to life and to Admetus. A more frequently cited example is Euripides' *Medea* in which the *deus ex machina* is used to take Medea (who has murdered people and babies) away from her husband Jason to the safety and civilization of Athens.

Aristotle criticized this device in his *Poetics.* He argued that the resolution of a plot should follow the logic of the play. It should not come from something outside that logic.

"It is obvious that the solutions of plots... should come about as a result of the plot itself, and not from a contrivance, as in the *Medea* and in the passage about sailing home in the *Iliad*. A contrivance must be used for matters *outside* the drama—either previous events which are beyond human knowledge, or later ones that need to be foretold or announced... There should be nothing improbable in the *incidents*; otherwise, they should be outside the tragedy as, for example, in Sophocles' *Oedipus*.
There are many examples of the same dramatic device in modern movies and novels. For example, in H.G. Wells's *War of the Worlds*, the aliens attacking Earth are suddenly killed by bacteria. The movie *Monty Python and the Holy Grail* makes fun of this plot device when the heroes barely escape from an animated monster because the animator died from a heart attack before finishing the movie's animation. Since the monster only existed in the animated scenes in the movie, the animator's death caused the monster to completely disappear from the movie.

Books
-----

* Bushnell, Rebecca (ed) 2005. *A Companion to Tragedy*. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405107359.
* Heath, Malcolm, trans. 1996. *Poetics* by Aristotle. Penguin: London. ISBN 9780140446364.
* Janko, Richard, trans. 1987. *Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II and the fragments of the On Poets* Aristotle. Cambridge: Hackett. ISBN 0872200337.
* Mastronarde, Donald 1990. Actors on high: the Skene roof, the Crane and the Gods in Attic drama. *Classical Antiquity*, **9**, pp 247–294. University of California.
* Rehm, Rush 1992. *Greek Tragic Theatre*. Routledge, London. ISBN 0415048311.
* Tanner, Michael (ed) 2003. *The Birth of Tragedy*, by Nietzsche, Friedrich. Penguin: London. ISBN 9780140433395.
* Taplin, Oliver 1978. *Greek tragedy in action*. Methuen, London. ISBN 0416717004.
* Walton, J Michael, trans. 2000. *Euripides: Medea*. Methuen, London. ISBN 0413752801.
**Didcot Power Station** refers to a combined coal and oil power plant (**Didcot A Power Station**) and a natural-gas power plant (**Didcot B Power Station**) that supply the National Grid. They are right next to one another in the civil parish of Sutton Courtenay, next to the town of Didcot in Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), in the UK. The combined power stations feature a chimney which is one of the taller structures in the United Kingdom, and six hyperbolic cooling towers, which can be seen from much of the surrounding area. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and three cooling towers have been demolished.

Didcot 'A'
----------

This was the first power station here. It is the biggest one with the big cooling towers (that make the cooling water cooler and make lots of steam) that are in two groups. One group is northwest, the other group is southeast. The power station can make up to 2000 megawatts (2000 million watts - an 'average' lightbulb uses only 50 or 60 watts) at any one time. Didcot 'A' mainly burns coal, but can also burn oil, or in some cases gas. This power station can use some biomass such as wood. The fuel (coal, oil and so on) is first ground up in big mills if it is solid (similar to old flour windmills, but powered by electric motors) to give it a large surface area, and is then blown into a large boiler with lots of air. Here it is burnt to make very high pressure steam, which is used to turn a large steam turbine. This turbine is connected to a generator, which makes the electricity that is then sent out on the National Grid. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. There are now (2018) only three of the large cooling towers left.

Didcot 'B'
----------

This is the second power station in Didcot and is run only on gas. It can put out almost 1500 megawatts and uses gas turbines (like in an airplane) and steam turbines (like in the old power station) together to be more efficient. This is called combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). It has smaller cooling towers that can't be seen as easily, but that make a more obvious cloud that appears to come from the ground. Didcot B is still operating in 2018.
Masterpiece of the Duecento by Giotto: St. Francis' Sermon to the Birds
**Duecento** is the name of the 13th century in the Italian language. It is related to the culture of the Pre-Renaissance in Italy.

Characteristics
---------------

The Duecento is considered the century before the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement in the Trecento. It is sometimes called *Early Proto-Renaissance*.

One of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is Florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of Italy. Other important cities were Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Mantua and Perugia, all of them in the area of Tuscany.

In the Duecento Italy developed the music of the so-called *Trovatori*, including Sordello of Mantua. From them later developed the classical music of the Italian Renaissance.

The main personalities in this century were: Dante Alighieri (considered the "father" of the Italian language); Guittone d'Arezzo; Cimabue; Giotto di Bondone; Guido da Siena; Nicola Pisano; Arnolfo di Cambio and others. Giotto, who was an Italian painter and architect from Florence, is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the Italian Renaissance that stretched until Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

During the Duecento the religious figure of Saint Francis of Assisi dominated the Italian souls. His poem *Canticle of the Sun* is considered a precursor of Renaissance poetry

Related pages
-------------

* Trecento
* Quattrocento
* Cinquecento

Bibliography
------------

* Eugenio Garin. *Medioevo e Rinascimento. Studi e ricerche* Laterza. Milano, 2005.
* Luiz C. Marques, *La peinture du Duecento en Italie centrale*. Picard, 1987
The **Democratic Party of Virginia** is the affiliate (associated with) of the Democratic Party. The Virginia Democrats are based in Richmond, Virginia.

As of 2022, the Democrats are the largest party in the Senate of Virginia. Federally, Virginia has voted for every Democratic presidential candidate since 2008. The Democrats also hold seven out of the 11 state's U.S. House seats and both of the state's U.S. Senate seats.

Organization
------------

### Local Democratic Committees

Local Democratic Committees assist the Democratic Party by locality, though they can contain several localities.

### Central Committee

The Central Committee controls all matters of the Party. The committee can create an annual budget and the method to nominate candidates for statewide offices.

Current elected officials
-------------------------

Senior Senator Warner
### Members of Congress

#### U.S. Senate

Democrats have controlled both of Virginia's seats in the U.S. Senate since 2008:

* Class I: **Tim Kaine** (*Junior Senator*)
* Class II: **Mark Warner** (*Senior Senator*, *Vice Chair of Senate Democratic Caucus*, *Vice Chair of Senate Intelligence Committee*)

#### U.S. House of Representatives

Out of Virginia's 11 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, seven are held by Democrats:

* VA-02: **Elaine Luria**
* VA-03: **Bobby Scott**
* VA-04: **Donald McEachin**
* VA-07: **Abigail Spanberger**
* VA-08: **Don Beyer**
* VA-10: **Jennifer Wexton**
* VA-11: **Gerry Connolly**

### Statewide offices

As of 2022, Democrats control none of the three elected statewide offices.

### Legislative leadership

* President pro tempore of the Senate of Virginia: Louise Lucas
* Senate Majority Leader: Dick Saslaw
* Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates: Eileen Filler-Corn
* House Majority Leader: Charniele Herring

2019 Virginia political crisis
------------------------------

See the main article: 2019 Virginia political crisis
In 2019, all three of Virginia's statewide executive office holders, all Democrats, were in various controversies. Governor Ralph Northam's medical school yearbook page had featured a person in blackface and a person in a Ku Klux Klan hood, Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax was accused of having sexually assaulted a professor in 2004, and Attorney General Mark Herring was revealed to have worn blackface at a college party. Parts of the Democratic Party of Virginia told Northam to resign from the governorship, but he did not. The national Democratic Party remained silent, as Northam's and Fairfax's resignation would have meant that Republican Speaker of the House Kirk Cox would have become governor. Ultimately, none of the three accused resigned.
This map shows the Continental United States in blue. Alaska is shown in blue, but is separated from the other Continental United States. Hawaii is not shown on this map.
The **continental United States** is the area of the United States of America that is located in the continent of North America. It includes 49 of the 50 states (48 of which are located south of Canada and north of Mexico, known as the "lower 48 states", the other being Alaska) and the District of Columbia, which contains the federal capital, Washington, D.C. The only state which is not part of this is Hawaii (as it is islands in the Pacific Ocean and is not part of North America).

"On May 14, 1959, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names issued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the Continental United States as "the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia..." The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999."

Some sources incorrectly mix up the *continental United States* with the *contiguous United States* (which consists simply of the lower 48 states and the District of Columbia). The contiguous United States (also known as the United States Mainland) does not include Alaska, Hawaii, or any other territories under the control of the United States.

Alaska is unique among the US states as it is part of the North American continent, meaning it is attached via Canada, and so is part of the "Continental United States". However, Alaska is not part of the "Contiguous United States", because it is not attached directly to the lower 48 states.

Citations
---------

1. ↑  "What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions?". *www.usgs.gov*. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
2. ↑  *continental*, adj. "being the part of the United States on the North American continent; *also* : being the part of the United States comprising the lower 48 states"  
Merriam-Webster. (2003). *Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed*. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0877798095.
3. ↑  Random House (1991). *Random House Webster's College Dictionary*. New York: Random House. ISBN 0679401105.
4. ↑  "The area … is continental United States, by which is meant that part of the United States lying on the continent of North America south of the Canadian
boundary. It thus excludes Alaska and the recent insular accessions of Hawaii, …" Abstract of the 1900 Census (1902), p.xi
The ***Democracy Index*** is an index compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). This is the research division of the Economist Group, a UK-based private company which publishes the weekly newspaper *The Economist*. 

The index is a bit like the Human Development Index but more concerned with politics and freedoms. The index shows the state of democracy in 167 countries and territories, of which 166 are sovereign states and 164 are UN member states.

The 2022 Economist Intelligence Unit *Democracy Index* map

 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Full democracies**
  9.01–10
  8.01–9
  | **Flawed democracies**
  7.01–8
  6.01–7
  | **Hybrid regimes**
  5.01–6
  4.01–5
  | **Authoritarian regimes**
  3.01–4
  2.01–3
  0–2.00
  | **No data**
   |

The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories, measuring democracy and civil liberties. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes each country into one of four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian regimes. The first Democracy Index report was published in 2006. Reports were published every two years until 2010, and then annually.
The pottery with the inscription
Original drawing of the inscription, taken from the first publication in 1881
The **duenos inscription** is a Latin text found on a piece of pottery in Rome. The pottery was dated to the sixth century BC. The text is among the oldest known texts of old Latin. It is difficult to read because the words are not separated by spaces.

Text and translations
---------------------

Since the pottery, or *kernos*, was found in 1880, many translations have been proposed. By 1983, more than fifty different explanations of the meaning had been put forward. Due to the lack of a large body of archaic Latin, and the method by which Romans abbreviated their inscriptions, scholars have not been able to produce a singular translation that has been accepted by historians as accurate. However thanks to Arthur E. Gordon's work the reading of the text can be now considered certain.

Below is the transcription and one of many possible interpretations:

a. The direct unicase transcription
b. Direct transcription, in lowercase, with possible macrons and word breaks
c. A speculative interpretation and translation into Classical Latin
d. An English gloss (approximate translation/interpretation) of the Classical Latin rendering
**Line 1:**

a. IOVESATDEIVOSQOIMEDMITATNEITEDENDOCOSMISVIRCOSIED
b. *iouesāt deivos qoi mēd mitāt, nei tēd endō cosmis vircō siēd*
c. *Iurat deos qui me mittit, ni in te* [= *erga te*] *comis virgo sit*
d. 'The person who sends me prays to the gods, lest the girl be not kind towards thee'
**Line 2:**

a. ASTEDNOISIOPETOITESIAIPAKARIVOIS
b. *as(t) tēd noisi o(p)petoit esiāi pākā riuois*
c. *at te* [... uncertain ...] *paca rivis*
d. 'without thee [...] calm with [these] rivers'
**Line 3:**

a. DVENOSMEDFECEDENMANOMEINOMDVENOINEMEDMALOSTATOD
b. *duenos mēd fēced en mānōm einom duenōi nē mēd malo(s) statōd*
c. *Bonus me fecit in manum einom bono, ne me malus [tollito, clepito]*
d. 'A good man made me in his own[?] hands for a good man, in case an evil man take me.'
An interpretation set out by Warmington and Eichner, renders the complete translation as follows, though not with certainty:

1. It is sworn with the gods, whence I'm issued:  
If a maiden does not smile at you,
2. nor is strongly attracted to you,  
then soothe her with this fragrance!
3. Someone good has filled me for someone good and well-mannered,  
and not shall I be obtained by someone bad.
A delivery robot on a street in Talinn, in 2022.
A **delivery robot** is a robot that is used for delivering goods on the last mile. These robots are independent, most of the time they navigate on their own. In some cases, when the robot gets stuck, a remote operator can help the robot resolve the problem. Delivery robots have been used in different situations, such as delivering food, delivering groceries, delivering packagages. They have also been used in special environments, such as delivering samples or drugs in hospitals, or as a way to offer room service in hotels. 

Because they are autonomus they also interact with people. Many people have classified these encounters as either negative, or positive.  The delivery robot manufacturer Starship Technologies has reported that people kick their robots. However, most human interactions are positive, and many people have treated these robots like humans because of their appearance. This has led to encounters where people feel a sense of caring towards the robots, assisting the robots when they are stuck, worrying for the robots on their journeys, or praising or thanking robots for their delivery service.
**Electrophysiology** is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

Definition and scope
--------------------

### Classical electrophysiologic techniques

Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.

If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell. 

Many particular electrophysiological readings have specific names:

* Electrocardiography - for the heart
* Electroencephalography - for the brain
* Electrocorticography - from the cerebral cortex
* Electromyography - for the muscles
* Electrooculography - for the eyes
* Electroretinography - for the retina
* Electroantennography - for the olfactory receptors in arthropods

Other websites
--------------

* EP Lab Digest - Trade Publication for EP Professionals Archived 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
**David Bennett Hill** (August 29, 1843 – October 20, 1910) was the Democratic Governor of New York between 1885 and 1891.

Life
----

An image of David B. Hill.
Hill was born in Havana, New York on August 29, 1843 and was educated in New York's public schools. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1864. Hill was a member and speaker of the New York House of Representatives in 1871-1872, alderman of Elmira in 1880-1881, mayor of Elmira in 1882, and New York Lieutenant Governor in 1882-1885. When New York Governor Grover Cleveland resigned on January 6, 1885 in order to become U.S. President, Hill become New York's Governor. Hill later won elections for New York Governor in both November 1885 and November 1888. When Hill was New York Governor, child labor reform laws were supported, New York's economy was good, and the first person ever was executed using the electric chair. Also, as Governor, Hill vetoed a bill to have another census in New York in 1885 because this proposed census would ask too many questions and thus be too expensive for New York state taxpayers (who would have to pay for this census). Later on, Hill was U.S. Senator from New York between 1892 and 1897 and then retired from politics and went back to practicing law. Hill was also the president of the New York State Bar Association in 1885-1887. Hill died on October 20, 1910 and was buried in Mountour Cemetery in Montour Falls, New York.