recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Morning fog in park
Fog near a tree.
Fog in autumn forest
**Fog** is a meteorological phenomenon. It is stratus clouds on the surface of the Earth. Fog may appear on land or sea and it usually lowers visibility (makes it hard to see very far). When the air chills, moisture will turn to fog.

Fog is made up of tiny water droplets or, in very cold conditions, ice crystals. When seen on a high speed camera, (a special camera that takes many frames and can view videos at very low speed) it looks like hundreds of small water droplets moving through the air. These water droplets make up the fog or mist. 

There are many types of fog, classified according to what makes the condensation. They include evaporation fog, advection fog, radiation fog, and upslope fog. The thickness of fog varies depending on the atmosphere, temperature, weather and location.

* Crepuscular rays made by tree shadows over fogCrepuscular rays made by tree shadows over fog
* The morning fog in the Rhine Valley between Lienz / Altstätten and Rüthi.The morning fog in the Rhine Valley between Lienz / Altstätten and Rüthi.
* Ground fog in East Frisia (Moordorf)Ground fog in East Frisia (Moordorf)
* A foggy sunriseA foggy sunrise

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Fog at Wikimedia Commons

* "Map of the United States showing days of heavy fog in each location". *geography.hunter.cuny.edu*. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
Atlantic flying fish
Band-winged flying fish, with enlarged pectoral fins
**Flying fish** are marine oceanic fishes of the family **Exocoetidae**. They are over 50 species, and they live worldwide in warm waters. They can glide in the air just above the water. They are all small, with a maximum length of about 45 cm (18 inches), and have winglike, rigid fins and an unevenly forked tail. 

They do not fly actively: their fins do not flap. What they do is speed towards the surface and keep on going. When they leave the water they glide, sometimes for a surprising distance. It is generally thought to be an adaptation which helps them escape predators.

The glides are usually up to 30–50 metres (100–160 ft) in length. Some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was for 45 seconds.

It has been suggested that the genus *Exocoetus* is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding. It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne, but still seems only to glide, as there is no hint of a power stroke.

The earliest known flying fish were in the Middle Triassic.
**Heli-skiing** is off-trail, downhill skiing or snowboarding that is accessed by a helicopter. This is instead of using a ski lift. As early as the late 1950s helicopters were used in Alaska and Europe to access remote terrain. The birth of heli-skiing as a commercial sport is attributed to Hans Gmoser in 1965.

Skiers get on the helicopter and are flown to a landing zone on the mountain. Skis, snowboards and ski poles are generally carried in an exterior basket on the helicopter. Snow conditions on the mountains vary considerably over the course of the winter. The snow is subjected to sun, wind, temperature variation, and new snowfalls. Snow conditions change almost every day. Risks include those of backcountry skiing, such as avalanches and tree wells, plus those of helicopter flight. Risks are lessened by using experienced pilots and certified guides. Also avalanche transceivers, avalanche air-bags, and radios make it safer.

Other websites
--------------

* Héliski : Définition du mot Héliski Archived 2016-09-12 at the Wayback Machine
* SÉJOURS HÉLISKI
**HE 1523-0901** is a red giant star in the Milky Way galaxy. It is approximately 7500 light years from Earth. It is thought to be a second generation, Population II, or metal-poor, star ([Fe/H] = −2.95). The star was found in the sample of bright metal-poor halo stars from the Hamburg/ESO Survey by Anna Frebel and collaborators. The group's research was published in the May 10, 2007 issue of *The Astrophysical Journal*.

Age
---

The star's age, as measured by ESO's Very Large Telescope, is 13.2 billion years. This makes it among the oldest stars and nearly as old as the estimated age of the universe itself (13.8 billion years as measured by Planck). The measurement uncertainty in the age estimate is 0.7 to 2.7 billion years, depending upon the assumptions made to estimate the uncertainty, although the uncertainty in the relative age of this and other stars using the same method is smaller. HE 1523-0901 is the first star whose age was determined using the decay of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium in tandem with measurements of several neutron capture elements. It is believed to have formed directly from the remnants of the first-generation stars that reached the end of their longevity and exploded as supernovae early in the history of known matter.

Designation
-----------

The designation "HE 1523-0901" indicates that the star is part of the Hamburg/ESO Survey catalog. A list of astronomical catalogues can be used to find which catalog a star or other object is from based on its prefix. Most objects are listed in several catalogs and will often be known by several different designations.

Observation
-----------

HE 1523-0901 is approximately 0.8 solar masses.[*source?*] It can be viewed particularly well from the southern hemisphere with the use of a small telescope. It can also be observed from central European latitudes.

Other websites
--------------

* "Astronomers discover HE 1523-0901 star: Almost as old as universe". iTWire. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
* "Ancient star nearly as old as the universe". NBC News. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
The **geometric mean** is a number, which is used to represent a set of numbers. It is calculated by taking the n-th root of the product of these numbers. In symbols, if we have {\displaystyle N} numbers {\displaystyle X\_{1},X\_{2},X,3\dots X\_{N}}, the geometric mean is




X

1

⋅

X

2

⋅

X

3

⋅
…

X

N

N


{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{N}]{X\_{1}\cdot X\_{2}\cdot X\_{3}\cdot \dots X\_{N}}}}

{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{N}]{X_{1}\cdot X_{2}\cdot X_{3}\cdot \dots X_{N}}}}
What most people refer to when they talk about mean or average is the arithmetic mean. The geometric mean is almost always smaller than the arithmetic mean. In some cases, it is equal. The geometric mean is often used in finance and in statistics.

Because there's a product, it does not make sense to calculate the geometric mean if one of the numbers is zero. It generally also does not make much sense to calculate it when one of them is a negative number. It isn't used for complex numbers, because calculating the root of a complex number has more than one result.
In boxing, the term **flyweight** is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

Professional boxing
-------------------

The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.

Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.
Georg Büchner
The **Georg Büchner Prize** (German: Georg-Büchner-Preis) is the most important literary prize of Germany. It was created in 1923 in memory of German writer Georg Büchner and was only given to artists who came from or were closely tied to Büchner's home of Hesse. 

In 1951, the prize changed to a general literary prize, given yearly by the *Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung*. It goes to German language authors, and the annual speech by the recipient takes place in Darmstadt. Since 2002, the prize has been endowed with 40,000 Euros.

Famous recipients of the literary prize, since 1951
---------------------------------------------------

Günter Grass
* 2004 Wilhelm Genazino (1943-2018)

* 1998 Elfriede Jelinek (1946–)

* 1986 Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990)

* 1973 Peter Handke (1942–)

* 1972 Elias Canetti (1905–1994)

* 1967 Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)

* 1965 Günter Grass (1927-2015)

Famous recipients 1923-1950
---------------------------

Anna Seghers
* 1947 Anna Seghers (1900-1983)

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2014-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
* *The spell of a tender eel*, on 2006 prizewinner Oskar Pastior
Grammar school areas and groups as identified by the Education (Grammar School Ballots) Regulations 1998. LEAs considered grammar areas are shown filled, while circles indicate isolated grammar schools or clusters of neighbouring schools.
A **grammar school** is one of several different types of school in the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries. 

The term has been used for several centuries. Originally, they were schools teaching Latin. More recently, they are academically-oriented secondary schools. 

In the late Victorian era grammar schools were reorganised for secondary education throughout England and Wales. Scotland had developed a different system. Grammar schools were also established in British territories overseas, where they have evolved in different ways.

They were described as "the selective tier of state-funded secondary education in England and Wales". 
Grammar schools became "selective" in the mid-20th century, after World War II. This means they selected applicants whom they thought would get the most out of that kind of education. The selection was done by means of an 11+ test which included an IQ test. This was designed so that it was more based on native ability, rather than taught learning. 

Labour governments in the 1960s and 70s made efforts to replace grammar schools with comprehensive schools. Comprehensive schools were open to children of all abilities, similar to high schools in the United States.

As a result, in the 1960s and 1970s some grammar schools became fully independent and charged fees. Many others were abolished or became comprehensive. In both cases, many of these schools kept "grammar school" in their names. There are still 164 state-run grammar schools in existence.
Self-portrait, 1890
*The Dream*, 1910
**Henri Julien Félix Rousseau** (French: [ɑ̃ʁi ʒyljɛ̃ feliks ʁuso]; 21 May 1844 – 2 September 1910) was a post-Impressionist painter. He was born at Laval, Mayenne. He worked a variety of jobs (saxophonist, toll collector) before beginning to paint at age 40. He was known as *Le Douanier* ("the customs officer").

From 1886 onwards, he exhibited at the *Salon des Indépendents*. In 1905, he began exhibiting at the *Salon d'Automne*.

François Mathey wrote: "Rousseau is considered to be the greatest master of naïve painting, for his art combines a spontaneous vision of reality with an imaginary universe of great plastic and poetical power, in which he allied audacity with innocence, monumental composition with minute detail".

Some critics ridiculed him for his style, but he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius. Rousseau's work had a great influence on many avant-garde artists.

He had an unhappy love affair in his last months. He died in Paris in 1910.

He painted a few pictures of the Rainforests, and his pictures were very busy.some of His paintings are very famous around the world.

Gallery
-------

* Sleeping Gypsy, 1897*Sleeping Gypsy*, 1897
* Three Apes In The Orange Grove, 1907c*Three Apes In The Orange Grove*, 1907c
* The Football Players, 1908*The Football Players*, 1908
A depiction of Ida from John Speed's *Saxon Heptarchy* (1610)
**Ida** († c. 559–60) is the first known king of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia. He was called Ida the 'Flame-bearer' by Welsh poets. Ida ruled from around 547 until his death. He is considered the founder of a line of Anglian kings who later ruled the powerful kingdom of Northumbria.

Reign
-----

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under the year 547 states: "In this year Ida assumed the kingdom, from whom arose the royal race of the Northumbrians, and reigned twelve years, and he built *Bebanburh* (Bamborough), which was at first inclosed by a hedge, and afterwards by a wall." Ida captured the fortress of *Din Guairi* from the Britons. It would later be renamed Bamburgh. He defeated their leader who was named Outigern. Ida was a powerful warrior and king according to early sources. He is seen to have brought the north (north of the River Humber) under his protection. Ida would have been an overking. But at Ida's death his overkingship did not pass to his successor. At the time Ida ruled, Bernicia would have had British kingdoms to their north and west. Most these kingdoms were conquered at some point by the Bernicians. No records of the individual kingdoms or the battles they fought mention Ida. To the south was the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira. 

Nennius in his *Historia Brittonum* wrote that Ida united Bernicia with Deira. He also claimed that Ida was the first king of a united Northumbria 50 years before it actually happened. But Ida does not appear on any of the king's list for Deira. The king of Deira at this time was Yffi. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ida had died by 560. Ida was succeeded by Glappa who reigned for one year.

Other websites
--------------

* Kings of Bernicia[*permanent dead link*]
A brolga at Healesville Sanctuary
**Healesville Sanctuary**, or the **Sir Colin MacKenzie Fauna Park**, is a zoo at Healesville in Victoria. It only keeps animals that come from Australia. It has a history of breeding Australian animals. In 1943 it became the first zoo to breed a platypus. The only other zoo to have bred a platypus is Sydney's Taronga Zoo. It also helps by breeding the endangered Helmeted honeyeater. It is one of three zoos in Victoria run by Zoos Victoria; the others are the Melbourne Zoo and the Werribee Open Range Zoo.

The zoo is in a natural bush setting. Paths wind through different habitat areas with wallabies, wombats, dingoes, kangaroos, and over 200 Australian birds. There are tours, bird shows and information areas for visitors.

History
-------

Dr Colin MacKenzie (knighted in 1929) set up the *Institute of Anatomical Research* in 1921. It was on 73 acres (30 ha) of land which had been part of the Coranderrk Aboriginal Reserve. The Reserve was given to the Healesville Council in 1927. It became the *Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary* in 1934. By 1947 the sanctuary had grown into a major tourist attraction and the management was taken over by the Victorian government. Since then the zoo has grown with new special features and facilites including the $6 million Australian Wildlife Health Centre in 2005.

Conservation
------------

The Healesville Sanctuary is currently working on breeding programs for endangered species including the: 

* Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata)
* Helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix)
* Mountain Pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus)
* Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster)
* Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri)
* Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
**Geographical renaming** is when a place's name gets changed. 

There can be several reasons for geographical renaming.

One such reason is countries joining together to form a new country. For example, after the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland joined together in 1701, they formed the United Kingdom. When Ireland joined in 1801, the unified country became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

A second reason is a country splitting apart to form new ones. For example, after Czechoslovakia split in 1992, it became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, after Ireland gained independence from Britain, the region of Northern Ireland stayed in the UK. Therefore, the country's name changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to what it is today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

A third reason could be a new government replacing or overthrowing the old one. After the Communist Party took overthrew the Russian Empire's emperor, the Tsar, and changed the country's name to the Soviet Union, the city of Saint Petersburg also changed to Leningrad. This was because the Communist Party wanted to honor its leader, Vladimir Lenin, and symbolize the Soviet Union's turning away from Russia's system of absolute monarchy, the Tsardom, that ruled before they did, since Saint Petersburg was named after Peter the Great, who was the Tsar that founded the city. When the city of New Amsterdam, founded by Dutch colonists in North America, was lost to the British Empire, it was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.

A fourth reason could be changing a place's name to replace a name given by former colonizers with the name given by native people, and many more. For example, after India gained independence from Britain, they changed the name of the city Bombay to Mumbai.

A fifth reason could be the change of standard spelling rules in the local language. When Pinyin was made the official romanization, or writing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, in mainland China after the Chinese Communist Party took over, the spellings of many Chinese place names changed, including Peking becoming Beijing and Nanking becoming Nanjing. Even though the pronunciations of Chinese place names in Mandarin Chinese were not any different before the changing of spelling, the older spellings did not accurately show their pronunciation. Therefore, the pronunciation of Chinese place names in other languages, or their exonyms, were based on their spelling rather than the Mandarin pronunciation, which is why they sound so different from each other. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, the CCP made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in mainland China. Even though Taiwan also speaks Mandarin, the spellings of Taiwanese place names, including Taipei and Kaohsiung, is according to the older spelling rules for Chinese place names. This is because many Taiwanese do not want to use Hanyu Pinyin, even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide, because it was created by the Communist Party of China.
Flattened sphere (exaggerated)
The **geoid** is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid. 

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.
It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.
Sir **Hamilton Harty** (born Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland, 4 December 1879; died Brighton, 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor and accompanist. He is particularly remembered for his work in Manchester with the orchestra called The Hallé.

Life and work
-------------

Harty was born in Northern Ireland, the fourth of ten children. His father was a church organist. He learned to play the viola, piano, and organ. When he was twelve he was organist at Magheracoll Church, County Antrim. He also had organist jobs at Belfast and Dublin. In 1900 he went to London where he was soon known as a composer and an excellent piano accompanist. In 1904 he married the singer Agnes Nicholls. For her he wrote a piece for soprano and orchestra called *Ode to a Nightingale*.

He soon became known as a conductor, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra and, from 1920, The Hallé, which he made into one of the best orchestras in England.
He conducted works by many composers, some of whom were little known at the time: they included Bax, Sibelius, Berlioz, Moeran, Walton and Richard Strauss. He gave the first performance in England of Mahler’s Ninth Symphony.

Harty was knighted in 1925. He resigned from The Hallé in 1933 after there had been a lot of arguments. After that he mainly conducted in London, as well as in United States and Australia.

Harty composed many pieces during his early years, including *An Irish Symphony*, a tone poem *With the Wild Geese*, a *Violin Concerto*, and *Ode to a Nightingale*.

Harty was ill for the last five years of his life. He had a brain tumour. He was looked after by his secretary Olive Baguley, because he had separated from his wife. He died in Hove near Brighton.
**Indoor cricket** is a form of cricket that is played in an indoors area much smaller than a regular cricket field. There are multiple versions of indoor cricket, and games can be played with different time lengths.

Playing area
------------

The measurements of an indoor cricket pitch.
The indoor cricket court is a 30 by 12 metres (98 ft × 39 ft) area, with the pitch being 20 metres (66 ft) long and 1.83 metres (6 ft 0 in) meters wide except in the area where the bowler delivers the ball. There is a running crease 11 meters away from the batting crease. The batting crease is 17.56 metres (57.6 ft) from the other popping crease.

Rules
-----

The batsmen run between their grounds, which are separated by the batting crease and the running crease and the area between these creases, to score runs, with the bowler delivering the ball with part of their front foot behind the bowling crease (which is the popping crease at the bowler's end of the pitch; it is not to be confused with the "wicket line", the indoor cricket term for what regular cricket calls the bowling crease). The bowler is allowed to deliver the ball underarm, but if they do so, the ball must bounce beyond the underarm line. Teams may have less than 11 players.
A 12-stringed gayageum
The ***gayageum*** or ***kayagum*** is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument. It has 12 strings, though some more recent variants have 21 or other numbers of strings. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument. Its body is made of Paulownia wood.

History
-------

According to Samguksagi ( the three kingdoms history book), the first gayageum was made for King Gasil in the 6th century. This was after he observed a Chinese musical instrument. He ordered a musician named Wu Ruk to compose music for this new instrument. The original name was *gayago*. It was further improved by Wu Ruk.

Construction
------------

Sanjo gayageum player
There are two types. The *beobgeum gayageum* is 160cm long by 30cm wide by 10cm deep. Its body is made of a single piece of paulownia wood. The resonator chamber is hollowed out of the wood body. It is used in court music.

The *sanjo gayageum* is about 142cm long by 23cm wide by 10cm deep. The soundboard is made of paulownia, but the sides and back are of a harder wood such as chestnut or walnut. It is used in folk music.

Technique
---------

The player usually sits cross-legged. The gayageum is played put on the player’s knee (usually the right knee). One hand plucks the strings to make a sound. The other hand decorates the sound by pressing, shaking, and vibrating the strings.

Other websites
--------------

* Gayageum, Doosan Encyclopedia
**George "Harmonica" Smith** (born April 22, 1924 in West Helena, Arkansas; died October 2, 1983 in Los Angeles, California ) (born **Allen George Smith**) was an American blues harmonica player.

Life and career
---------------

Born in West Helena, Arkansas he was brought up in Cairo, Illinois.He began playing professionally in 1951. He joined Muddy Waters' band in 1954. He was again member of the band in 1966.He left Chicago and spent much of his adult life on the West Coast.

Smith played with the blues combo, Bacon Fat, and mentored its harmonica player Rod Piazza. After this he played harmonica for Big Mama Thornton in the 1970s. He appeared on her album *Jail* (1975).Another student of him was William Clarke.

On the few solo albums he recorded one can hear the influence of Little Walter on his harmonica playing.George "Harmonica" Smith died in 1983, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59.

Selected Discography
--------------------

* *Harmonica Ace* - Ace Records
* *Harmonica Blues King* - Dobre Records 1061

Other websites
--------------

* Biography at bluesharp.ca
**James Wilson** (September 14, 1742 – August 21, 1798) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Wilson was elected two times to the Continental Congress, and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. He was a leading legal thinker, and he was one of the first six justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States. Wilson was born in Scotland, but lived most of his life in Pennsylvania.

Early years
-----------

James Wilson was born in Carskerdo, near St. Andrews, Scotland. His parents were William Wilson and Alison Landall. Wilson attended a number of universities in Scotland without attaining a degree. Imbued with the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in British America in 1766, carrying valuable letters of introduction. These helped Wilson to begin tutoring and then teaching at The Academy and College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania). He petitioned there for a degree and was awarded an honorary Master of Arts several months later.

Wilson started reading the law at the office of John Dickinson a short time later. After two years of studying, he got the bar in Philadelphia, and, in the following year (1767), set up his own practice in Reading, Pennsylvania. His office was very successful and he earned a small fortune in a few years. By then he had a small farm near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was handling cases in eight local counties, and was lecturing at The Academy and College of Philadelphia.

On 5 November 1771, he married Rachel Bird, daughter of William Bird and Bridgette Hulings, they had six children together.

Political career
----------------

In 1774, Wilson wrote a pamphlet saying that the British Parliament had no power in America. He was for the Declaration of Independence when he was in the Continental Congress. During the American Revolution, he served in the Pennsylvania State Militia. He was also attacked at his house by a mob. This was called the Fort Wilson riot. Wilson also continued to practice law, and was France's lawyer in the U.S.

Wilson was one of the main political economists at the Constitutional Convention. He gave more speeches than anyone but Gouverneur Morris. He also proposed the three-fifths compromise, and sat on the Committee of Detail.

Wilson served on the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1798. He was the first associate justice nominated by George Washington.
In baseball, any player from the team that is trying to score who is on one of the bases (a *runner*) can not be safe on that base anymore if there is another player from their team who has become unsafe at the previous base in the same way; the runner is then said to be *forced* to run. The batter can be considered as no longer being safe at home base (which can be thought of as the base that comes "before" first base) when he has hit the ball into the fair part of the field. A forceout occurs when a player on the fielding team touches a base while holding the ball and a runner at the previous base was made unsafe in this way; that runner is then out.

In other words, a runner is forced to run to the next base, with the risk of being out if an opponent holding the ball touches the next base before them, in only the following two situations:

* The batter must always run to first base when they are allowed to run.
* Regardless of any runners on other bases, if there are runner(s) on first base, or the first two bases (first base and second base), or the first three bases (first base, second base, and third base), then each of these runner(s) is forced to run to the next base if the batter is allowed to run.

If, during the play, a runner is gotten out, and there are other runners who are not out and currently forced to run, then any of those runners that reached a base that came after the base(s) touched by the runner that got out is no longer forced to run. This is called "removing the force".
Ford Doolittle in 2016.
**W. Ford Doolittle** FRSC (born February 21, 1941 in Urbana, Illinois) is Professor Emeritus at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.  

Doolittle is an evolutionary and molecular biologist. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and other awards.

Doolittle studied cyanobacteria. He found evidence for the endosymbiont origins of chloroplasts. He has a theory for the initial evolution of eukaryotes. He has shown why horizontal gene transfer is important to prokaryotic evolution.

In 1981, Doolittle received notice for his article in *The CoEvolution Quarterly* entitled "Is Nature Really Motherly?". This was a criticism of J. E. Lovelock's formulation of the Gaia Theory. Doolittle's article is often cited by Lovelock's critics.

Doolittle thinks the idea of an all-encompassing Tree of Life is wrong. However, he is not a supporter of intelligent design. A *single* common ancestor and tree of all of life on Earth is not the only way evolution could have happened.
**Fort-Liberté** (Kréyòl: *Fòlibète*; English: "Fort Liberty") is a city in northeast Haiti, on the Atlantic coast. It is the capital city of the Nord-Est *Département*.

The city is on the *Baie de Fort-Liberté* ("Fort-Liberté Bay") about 56 km east of Cap-Haïtien and to the west of the Dominican Republic. It is also the chief town of an *arrondissement* (a part of a department) with the same name. The *arrondissement* has three *communes* (a *commune* is like a municipality): Fort-Liberté, Ferrier (Kreyòl: *Ferye*) and Perches (Kreyòl: *Opèch*).

History
-------

Between 1503 and 1505, Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish governor of the Hispaniola, founded the town of *Puerto Real* (English, "Royal Port") where is the present town of "Caracol", to the west of Fort-Liberté. But soon this town was abandoned and the people moved to the east, founding in 1578 a new town with the Taíno name of the region: **Bayajá**.

In 1606, those persons living in the old Spanish towns of Bayajá and Yaguana had, by orders of the Spanish king, to move to the eastern part of the island, to a new town called Bayaguana, combining the two old names.

Later, when French people founded a new town in this place, they called it **Fort-Dauphin** in 1731, named after the "Dauphin" (the "Dolphin", son of the French king Louis XV). When the French Republic was founded, the name was changed to *Fort-Liberté* in 1792. After Henri Christophe became King Henri I of Haiti in 1811, he renamed the city **Fort-Royal**. In 1820, after the death of Christophe, the name was changed back to Fort Liberté.

### Forts around Fort-Liberté

There are several forts built around the bay. An important one is *Fort Dauphin*, sometimes called *Fort Saint Joseph* (Patron Saint of the city) or *Fort Liberté*. Other forts in the area are *Fort de la Bouque*, *Batterie de l'Anse*, *Fort Saint Charles* and *Fort Saint Frédérique*.

Economy
-------

Fort-Liberté has a small port that also receives international products and serves as a fishing port. Local agricultural products include sugarcane and citrus fruits.

Media
-----

### Radio

* Radio Gamma FM, 99.7 MHz, 26, Ave Sténio Vincent, Fort-Liberté, www.gammafmhaiti.net
* La Voix Evangélique du Nord-Est, 100.9 MHz, www.venhaiti.net
* Radio Dauphin FM
* Radyo Kominotè Nòdès
* Radio Parole de Vie

Other websites
--------------

* Haïti Référence: Profil de la Ville du Fort Liberté Archived 2007-08-06 at the Wayback Machine - Information on Fort Liberté (French text).

  


| Department capitals of Haiti | Flag of Haiti |
| --- | --- |
| Cap-Haïtien • Fort-Liberté • Gonaïves • Hinche • Jacmel • Jérémie • Les Cayes • Miragoâne • Port-au-Prince • Port-de-Paix |
**Gulls**, also called **seagulls**, is a common name that refers to any type of bird. They form the family **Laridae**, in the order Charadriiformes.

There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on beaches but will also sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.

Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds. They have a complicated system of noises and body movements which they use to communicate with other seagulls.

Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.

Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

Related pages
-------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Laridae***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Laridae***.

* Herring gull
* Lesser black-backed gull
* General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981
Coordinates: 48°0′N 61°30′W﻿ / ﻿48.000°N 61.500°W﻿ / 48.000; -61.500

The Gulf of Saint Lawrence
The **Gulf of Saint Lawrence** (French: *golfe du Saint-Laurent*) is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary. It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about 236,000 km2 (91,000 sq mi) and having 35,000 km3 (7.7×1015 imp gal) of water.

Geography
---------

The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

### Outlets

The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

* The Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland (17 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

* The Cabot Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island (104 km wide and 480 m at its deepest).

* The Strait of Canso between Cape Breton Island and peninsular Nova Scotia (1 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

### Protected areas

St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the *"Graveyard of the Gulf"* for its many shipwrecks. Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries. They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon. It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast. And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Gulf of Saint Lawrence at Wikimedia Commons
**Glycolysis** is a metabolic process in most organisms. It is the first stage in cellular respiration. It allows both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy. The word "glycolysis" comes from the Greek words γλυκύς (meaning "sweet") and λύσις (meaning "rupture").

Glycolysis is thought to be the archetype of a universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with variations, in almost all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis shows that it is one of the oldest known metabolic pathways.

Glycolysis has ten intermediate compounds, catalysed by ten different enzymes. Only the broad outline is described here.

Process
-------

### Preparatory phase

The first half of glycolysis is the preparatory phase. It starts off by adding a phosphate group to glucose (Glucose 6-phosphate). Next, the Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate. Another phosphate group is added turning it into fructose -1,6- biphosphate. The fructose -1,6-biphosphate is then split in two, one part turning into G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into G3P, leaving us with the two G3P triose sugar molecules used in the Pay-off phase.

### Pay-off phase

The second half of glycolysis is known as the 'pay-off phase', by the net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose (G3P) sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule.

**Summary**: 2ATP → 4ATP + 2(NADH + H+) + 2 pyruvate (net production of 2ATP)

### Aerobic respiration

Cells performing aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen) synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis. These further reactions use the pyruvate from glycolysis. 

Eukaryote aerobic respiration produces about 30 additional molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many cells.

Related pages
-------------

* Cellular respiration (overview)
* Link reaction
* Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
* Electron transport chain (ETC)

Other websites
--------------

* The Glycolytic enzymes in Glycolysis Archived 2005-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Archived 2005-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Notes on glycolysis Archived 2008-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
Chemical structure of cortisol (hydrocortisone)
**Glucocorticoids** (**GCs**) are steroid hormones made in our adrenal glands. They bind to cell receptors. Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism. 

GCs are part of the feedback system for the immune system. They do things like reducing inflammation. They stimulate the creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbons, such as proteins. 

They are important in foetal development, promoting the maturing of the lungs, and are essential for brain development.

More details
------------

Glucocorticoids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor on cells. The newly formed complex moves into the cell nucleus, where it binds to a region on the target genes. This regulates gene expression. This process is referred to as transcriptional activation, or transactivation.

The proteins encoded by these up-regulated genes have a wide range of effects, including, for example:

* immunological: anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation or swelling)
* metabolic: makes more glucose

A variety of synthetic glucocortisoids have been developed for medical use. In addition to the above two purposes, glucocorticoids play important roles in foetal development, and body fluid homeostasis.
**Financial capital** is a form of capital. It is things that have value, but do not do anything by themselves. They are only valuable because people value (want) them. For example, money is a form of financial capital. You cannot do anything with money but it still has value.

Financial capital is used to pay for things, this is because there is always more of it and people always want it. This means that financial capital has a stable value and can be traded in most places and with most people.

Some forms of financial capital, such as stocks, gold or bonds are not wanted by everybody. However they can be traded with people for money or another type of financial capital. Because of this, these forms of financial capital do not have a stable price. This means that some people try to make a profit by buying and selling these types of financial capital in a market.

Some things are treated as financial capital, even though they do have a use. For example, some people buy and sell land but are not interested in doing anything with it. Some people think this sort of trade is bad because the land should be used and not just treated like money. Other types of capital, such as social capital and human capital are rarely treated like financial capital. This may be because they involve people. Treating useful capital like financial capital is called comodification.

In politics, a common question is how often the government should use financial capital. In particular, should the government use financial capital to make a profit? Traditionally, liberal politicians do not mind this kind of trading for profit, but socialist or conservative politicians are against it.
**George Taylor** (November 15, 1830 – October 7, 1893) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was also a recipient of the Medal of Honor, which is the U.S. military's highest decoration. He got it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Biography
---------

Taylor was born on November 15, 1830, in Watertown, New York. He was still living in that state when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as an armorer on the USS *Lackawanna*. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864 his ship engaged the CSS *Tennessee*. It was struck by a broadside at close range. The Confederate artillery shells hit *Lackawanna's* berth deck near the magazine. This caused mass casualties and ignited loose gunpowder. It spilled onto the floor while *Lackawanna's* sailors were assembling their own shells. The flames moved along a passageway towards the powder room where 17 tons of gunpowder were stored. Although he had received a wound to his forehead Taylor ran towards the fire and extinguished it with his bare hands. This saved his ship. He then returned to his duties for the remainder of the battle. While putting out the fire his hands were burned down to the bone. For this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Taylor's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> On board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee* in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. When an enemy shell exploded in the shellroom, Taylor although wounded went into the room and, with his hand, extinguished the fire from the explosion. He then carried out his duties during the remainder of the prolonged action which resulted in the capture of the prize rebel ram *Tennessee* and in the damaging and destruction of Fort Morgan.
> 
> 

Taylor died on October 7, 1893. He was 62 and was buried in Paragould, Arkansas.

Other websites
--------------

* George Taylor at Find a Grave
The **greater bird-of-paradise** (*Paradisaea apoda*) is a bird-of-paradise in the genus *Paradisaea*.

Carolus Linnaeus named the species *Paradisaea apoda*, or "legless bird-of-paradise". Apparently, early trade-skins to reach Europe were prepared without wings or feet by natives. This led to the stary that these birds were beautiful visitors from paradise kept aloft by their plumes and never touched the earth until death. The relevant point is that they were killed and traded for their feathers.

Description
-----------

The greater bird-of-paradise is the largest member in its genus. Males measuring up to 43 cm (17 in) (excluding the long twin tail wires). The female is smaller, at only 35 cm (14 in).

The plumage of this species is also sexually dimorphic. The male has an iridescent green face and a yellow with silver crown, head and nape. The rest of the body plumage is maroon-brown. The flank plumes, used in displays, are yellow at the base, turning white and streaked with maroon.

The female has unbarred maroon brown plumage. In both sexes the iris is yellow and the bills blue.