recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Metallic bonds are found in metals like zinc.
A **metallic bond** is the sharing of many detached electrons between many positive ions, where the electrons act as a "glue" giving the substance a definite structure. It is unlike covalent or ionic bonding. 
Metals have low ionization energy. Therefore, the valence electrons can be delocalized throughout the metals. Delocalized electrons are not associated with a particular nucleus of metal, instead, they are free to move throughout the whole crystalline structure forming a "sea" of electrons.

The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore, metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.

Metallic bonds causes many of the traits of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.

Because the electrons move freely, the metal has some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons, generating an electric current. Metals conduct heat for the same reason: the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances with electrons that are fixed into position. There also are few non-metals that conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, it has free electrons), and ionic compounds that are molten or dissolved in water, which have free moving ions.


Metal atoms have at least one valence electron which they do not share with neighboring atoms, and they do not lose electrons to form ions. Instead, the outer energy levels (atomic orbitals) of the metal atoms overlap. They are similar to covalent bonds. Not all metals exhibit metallic bonding. For example, mercury ions (Hg2+  
2) form covalent metal-metal bonds.

An alloy is a solution of metals. Most alloys are shiny like pure metals are.

Related pages
-------------

* Chemical bond
* Covalent bond
* Ionic bond
* Coordination complex
* Alloy
The **vicuña** (*Vicugna vicugna*) is one of two wild South American camelids. The vicuña is the smallest of the camelids. It has had an interesting relationship with humans over time.

General characteristics
-----------------------

The main colour of the soft, wooly coat (hair) is ochre, light cinnamon, or reddish brown. The lower part of the body, the inside of the legs, and the underside of the head are white. On the chest, at the base of the neck, there is a 'mane' of white hairs. They can be 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) in length. The vicuña is very slender (slim). It has long neck and skinny limbs. The head is small and wedge shaped. The ears are small and triangular. The incisors (front teeth) of the vicuña are always growing. It is the only even toed-ungulate with teeth that always grow. The enamel is on only one side. This is because of the tough grasses which they eat.

Distribution
------------

The vicuña lives in grasslands at elevations of 3,500-5,800 meters (11,700-19,300 feet) in the Andes mountains of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.
Freshwater bryozoan with lophophore extended
A brachidium, a lophophore support, visible between the valves of the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) brachiopod *Spiriferina rostrata* (35 x 30 mm)
The **lophophore** is the characteristic feeding organ of four major groups of animals: the Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Entoprocta, and Phoronida. All lophophores are found in aquatic organisms.

Characteristics
---------------

It can most easily be described as a ring of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth. It is often horseshoe-shaped or coiled. Phoronids have their lophophores in plain view, but the valves of brachiopods must be opened wide to get a good view of their lophophore.

The lophophore surrounds the mouth and is an upstream collecting system for suspension feeding. The gut is U-shaped with the anterior mouth at the center of the lophophore. The anus, where present, is also anterior, and is above the mouth. In the Bryozoa it is outside the ring of the lophophore; in the Entoprocta the anus is within the ring of the lophophore. Some brachiopods do not have an anus.
***Sinodelphys***  is an extinct mammal from the Lower Cretaceous. It is a member of the infraclass Metatheria, the group which contains modern marsupials.

To date, it is the oldest metatherian fossil known, estimated to be 125 million years old. This makes it almost contemporary to the earliest placental fossils, which have been found in the same area.

It was discovered and described in 2003 in rocks of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, China, by a team of scientists.

*Sinodelphys szalayi* grew only 15 cm (5.9 in) long and possibly weighed about 30 g (1.05 oz). 

Its fossilized skeleton is surrounded by impressions of fur and soft tissue. Rapid burial followed volcanic events, and the fine sediment preserved details. 

From its foot structure it is thought that *Sinodelphys* was a tree-dweller, like its non-marsupial contemporary *Eomaia* and modern opossums such as *Didelphis*. *Sinodelphys* probably hunted worms and insects. 

Most Mesozoic metatherians have been found in North America and Asia. Most lived during the Upper Cretaceous between 90-65 million years ago.

Related pages
-------------

* *Juramaia*
* *Eomaia*
Mandrill skull, male. 
The **mandrill** (*Mandrillus sphinx*) are the world's largest monkeys. They are also the most colourful primates. The skin colours brighten as the animal gets more excited. Males live mostly on the forest floor, while females and young climb up into trees and bushes. This monkey looks rather like a baboon, but they are in a different genus. They live in large groups, mostly in rain forests.

Description
-----------

Males have an orange/yellow beard and an unmistakable bright red and blue snout and rump. Females and juveniles have a duller blue snout and a buff beard. Mandrills can live up to 40 years in captivity. They feed on fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, nuts, greens and invertebrates.

Habitat
-------

Mandrills live in Cameroon, Gabon and the Congo. They live in dense rainforest and coastal forests, although they sometimes go onto the savannah. Mandrills live on the ground and in trees.

Behaviour
---------

Mandrills seem to live in large, stable groups called "hordes". Hordes often number in the hundreds, possibly averaging around 600+ individuals and reaching as many as 845. It is difficult to accurately estimate group size in the forest, but filming a group crossing a gap between two forest patches or crossing a road is a reliable way of estimating group size. The largest group verifiably observed in this way contained over 1,300 individuals, in Lopé National Park, Gabon—the largest aggregation of nonhuman primates ever recorded. These groups are made of adult females and their dependent offspring.

Males live a solitary lifestyle, and only enter hordes when females are ready for mating, which lasts three months each year. All-male bachelor groups are not known to exist.
the rainbow jerseyThe **Rainbow jersey** is a special jersey worn by world champion cyclists during races.

It is mainly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue, the same colours that appear in the rings on the olympic flag. There are different jerseys for each discipline (road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, and the types of mountain biking).

A cyclist must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality that he is world champion for. For example, the world road race champion would wear the jersey while competing in stage races and one-day races, but would not during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.

A champion who does not wear the rainbow jersey can be fined 2500 to 5000 Swiss francs.

The team's sponsor pays a lot of money to have their name on each rider's jersey. They can still put their names on the world champion's jersey, but probably smaller because there is less space. Sponsors do not mind because the world champion gets a lot more publicity than ordinary riders.

A world champion who is leading a stage race wears the race-leader's jersey, not the world champion's, but only while he is the leader.
Examples of letter ß
The letter **ß** (also known as **sharp S**, German: *Eszett* or *scharfes S*) is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced [s] (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.

Origin
------

Evolution of 'ß' from 'ſ' and 's' in Roman type (top) and from 'ſ' and 'z' in Blackletter (bottom).
Today's *ß* was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).

The letter came from the long s (*ſ*) and the normal *z*. Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.

Spelling
--------

The *ß* is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase *ß* (*ẞ*) exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase *ß*, one can also write *ss*. As no words start with double *s* or *ß*, no uppercase *ß* is necessary.

However, not every *ss* can be written as *ß*. German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has *ss*, it cannot be written as *ß*. For example, *Voßstraße* is two words joined together (*Voß* and *straße*). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as *Vosßtraße* because *sstraße* (or *ßtraße*) is not a word, and the *ß* is in the word *Voss* (*Voß*).

The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with *ß* are now written with *ss*. For example, *Fluß* (river) is spelled *Fluss*. When the preceding vowel is short, as in *Fluss*, *ss* is used. However, the *ß* is used when the preceding vowel is long as in *Straße*.
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Admiral of the Fleet James Gambier is shaking hands with the John Quincy Adams. Also, the British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies, Henry Goulburn, is carrying a red folder.Plaquette at the building in the Veldstraat, Ghent. This where the American plenipotentiaries stayed and one of the locations where the treaty was negotiated. It was located at the retail "Esprit" store on Veldstraat 47.
The **Treaty of Ghent** was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It was signed on 24 December 1814 in the Flemish city of Ghent. The treaty restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the beginning of the war.

The treaty was ratified by Parliament on 30 December 1814. It was signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV). An American army under Andrew Jackson scored a major victory at the Battle of New Orleans in early January 1815. The Treaty was not in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate (unanimously) in February 1815.
Yara Abou Monsef (Arabic: يارا أبو منصف; born 31 May 1996) is a Lebanese model, actress, and social media personality. She is known as a content creator and women empowerment influencer. She started actively posting content on the social video sharing app, TikTok, in early 2019, where she quickly amassed a large following, Her TikTok account as of August 2020 has half million followers and counting ,

Career
------

Yara was born and raised in Ain Zebde.

She speaks three languages fluently: English, French, and Arabic.

She was elected as the second runner-up in Miss Lebanon 2018 as her quick wit and educated answers earned her the respect of the Lebanese as a woman of intellect.

Yara is a World Vision Organization volunteer, youth leader, and tourist guide in Ain Zebde with the Nature Conservation Center-American University of Beirut.

She is an excellent orator and she shares a passion for acting and singing. She started actively posting content on the social video sharing app, TikTok, in early 2020.

Personal life
-------------

She has completed a bachelor’s degree in biology and a Master’s degree in animal biology at the Lebanese University (2014-2018) and has graduated as a double diplomate in Bio-Health engineering and Molecular diagnostics at the Grenoble Alpes University and the Lebanese University (2018-2019).

Yara was born in Lebanon to a Lebanese father, Ahmad Abou Monsef, and a Lebanese mother, Micheline Kiwan. She has three siblings, two sisters and one brother. She moved to Beirut when she was 18 years old. Most of her family members are living abroad, She likes old music, the Rahbani brothers and fairouz mainly.

### Hobbies

Reading- horseback riding-singing- Playing Guitar

Management
----------

Echo, a sister company of Watary Digital.

Other websites
--------------

* TikTok
* Instagram
* Facebook
**Marisa Seepersaud** is a Guyanese paediatric surgeon. She was the only pediatric surgeon in the country of Guyana until 2021. She provides surgical care for children and newborn babies. She became one of the two surgeons in high demand later on. Seepersaud is the head of paediatric surgeons at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC). She set up training programs that were not available in Guyana She helped train people who want to become surgeons. Seepersaud also introduced daycare surgeries that admitted patients within 24 hours of surgery.

Early Life
----------

Seepersaud grew up in Guyana. As a child, she wanted to become an astronaut. Due to the conditions and resources they had to keep in mind, she wasn’t able to continue her desire.

After graduating from the University of Guyana School of Medicine, she went to study at the University of West Indies Jamaica, to learn more in-depth about the paediatric surgical program.

Right after attending both universities, Seepsaud joined *Baby Heart*. Baby Heart is a non-profit team that focuses on performing surgeries around the world for children.

Awards
------

In 2019, Seepersaud won the *Canadian Association Paediatric Surgeon Global Scholar* Award.
Shadows-on-the-Teche in 2007
**Shadows-on-the-Teche** is an old plantation house at 317 E. Main St. New Iberia, Louisiana. It was built in 1833-34. Original owners David and Mary Weeks were rich growers of sugarcane. They owned four plantations. The house is Greek Revival in style. A portico of eight columns supports a second floor verandah. The house is made of bricks. The interior was originally furnished with Federal-style and Empire-style furniture imported from the East Coast. The house was built on the edge of one of Weeks's sugarcane plantations. It was designed for social life and entertaining. The house was said to be the third brick house built on Bayou Teche.

A series of tragedies struck the Weeks family following the completion of the house. David Weeks died in August 1834. His wife married John Moore. The household was dependent on slavery. Mary and John supported secession. During the American Civil War, Federal troops occupied the property. Union officers lived in the house. Mary Weeks died in December 1863. The house was still being used by Union troops. He son restored some of the family fortune during the Reconstruction years. Succeeding generations however were forced to sell much of the property to meet living expenses.

David and Mary Weeks's great-grandson, William Weeks Hall, lived in the house from 1922 until his death in 1958. He tried to preserve what remained of the property. He made a large garden of live oak, bamboo, camellias, azaleas, and other plants. He donated the house and garden to the National Trust for Historic Preservation at his death. The Trust has owned and operated Shadows until the present. Shadows-on-the-Teche was named a National Historic Landmark on 30 May 1974.

Gallery
-------

* Shadows-on-the-Teche in 1938Shadows-on-the-Teche in 1938

Other websites
--------------

* Shadows-on-the-Teche official site
**Menoitios** (or **Menoetius**) was the Titan god (perhaps) of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt and sent him to Erebos (the Underworld) as punishment for his hybristic behaviour.

He was a son of Iapetus and Clymene or Asia, and a brother of Atlas, Prometheus and Epimetheus. He was struck by Zeus with a flash of lightning, in the fight of the Titans, and thrown into Tartarus but he was not killed. (Hes. Theog. 507, &c. 514; Apollod. i. 2. § 3; Schol. ad Aeschyl. Prom. 347.)

The name Menoitios was derives from the Greek words *menos* meaning variously might, force, spirit, passion, batterage, and *oitos* meaning ill-fated or doomed. Hesiod also describes him as *hybristes*, a violent, overbearing and insolent man. Menoitios and his brothers, the sons of Iapetos, were all depicted with extreme human foibles: Prometheus was overly crafty, Epimetheus a fool, and Atlas exceedingly daring.

Menoitios was perhaps identical to Menoites the herdsman of Hades, whom Herakles wrestled with in the underworld. This connection with cattle, suggests that he was also the same as Bouphagos (the Cattle Eater) son of Iapetos, a hybristic man who attacked the goddess Artemis in Arkadia.
**Nicholas Yonge** (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way). He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called *Musica transalpina* in (1588).

Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. *Musica transalpina* was a collection of Italian madrigals. The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English. *Musica transalpina* had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio. Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.

The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England. It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.

In 1597 Yonge published a second book of *Musica transalpina* which was also very influential.

The title *Musica transalpina* means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.
The Party Wall Surveyor is a professional who specializes in the resolution of disputes arising under the Party Wall etc Act 1996. As of 1 July 1997, this legislation was only applicable to England and Wales. It replaced Part VI of the London Building Acts (Amendment) Act 1939, which only applied to Inner London Boroughs.

Appointment and duties
----------------------

Surveyors appointed under the provisions of the Act have a duty to the Act and not to the party or parties that appointed them. As the surveyor has an 'appointing owner', there is no client-surveyor relationship in the normal sense. The person appointed as a 'surveyor' under section 10 of the 1996 Act is not required to possess surveyor qualifications (or any other profession) and may accept the appointment if he or she is not a 'party to the matter'.

It is possible for owners to appoint someone who has a good working knowledge of the Act. A party wall surveyor is responsible for resolving disputes between neighbours when proposed building works affect party structures, or are within a specified distance from a neighbour's property. The surveyor (Agreed Surveyor, where both parties agree on one individual) or surveyors (where both parties appoint their own surveyor) will resolve the dispute by making an Award, which is legally binding on both parties.

Other websites
--------------

* The Party Wall etc Act 1996: explanatory booklet
* Party Wall Surveyor
* Party Wall Surveyor London
A subcompact 2009 Chevrolet Aveo
A **subcompact car** is the American term for an automobile with a class size smaller than a compact car. Usually they are not longer than 165 inches (4,191 mm). They are larger than a microcar. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between 85 cubic feet (2,407 L) and 99 cu ft (2,803 L) of interior volume.

The subcompact group is roughly the same as A-segment and B-segment cars in Europe. They also are similar in size to a city car and supermini in British terminology. In 2012, the New York Times described the differences, saying "today’s small cars actually span three main segments in the global vehicle market". The tiny A-segment cars include the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo. They’re extremely short and very light. Slightly larger are B-segment cars like the Ford Fiesta and Chevrolet Sonic. The most popular subcompact cars include the Chevrolet Sonic/Aveo and the Ford Fiesta.
The homeland of the Neutral people *(left)* was between the southeastern shores of Lake Huron, the western shores of Lake Ontario, and the northern shores of Lake Erie in upper Canada.
The **Neutral Confederacy** (also **Neutral Nation**, **Neutral people**, or ***Attawandaron*** by neighbouring tribes) were a Native American people. They spoke the Neutral Huron Language. This language is part of the Iroquois language family. They lived in present-day southwestern and south-central Ontario in Canada, North America. The Neutral people were related to other Iroquois Natives. Neighbors were the Huron people, the Petun, the Wenro to the east, Erie people, the Susquehannock and the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy was east of the Neutral people. The Iroquois eventually destroyed the Neutral Confederacy.

Name
----

The Neutrals called themselves Chonnonton, or 'people of the deer'. The French called these people neutral, because they were not in many wars. For instance, the Neutral people did not fight in the wars between the Iroquois and the Huron in the 17th century.

History
-------

Jesuits had contact with the Neutrals and made records of the people. The Neutral allied with the Wenrohronon to defend against the Iroquois Confederacy. However, the Iroquois attacked the Neutral people around 1650. The Iroquois had also destroyed the Huron, Petun and Erie Nations. The Neutral Confederacy fell apart after the 1650s. They fled or joined other Iroquois nations. Many Natives also died from diseases.

Culture and Society
-------------------

The Neutral people lived in longhouses. They did hunting, fishing and farming. Main crops were the Three Sisters (corn, squash and beans). Meats included deer, raccoon, wolves, wild cats, squirrels, beavers and turkeys. Apples and chestnuts were also part of the diet. Feast of the Dead was an important ceremony. In this feast, they placed the bones of the dead in a common grave.

Tsouharissen or Souharissen ("Child of the Sun") was chief of several villages of the Neutral people.

The Neutrals used stones to make spearheads and arrowheads. They traded maize, tobacco, and black squirrel and furs for steel axes, glass beads, cloaks, conch shells, gourd containers, and firearms.

Archaeology
-----------

There has been much archaeological research since the 19th century. Several sites of the Neutral people have been explored. These include various sites in Ontario. An example is the Southwold Earthworks.

Related pages
-------------

* Iroquois
* Iroquoian languages
* Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
* First Nations
**Uniformitarianism** is the idea that the same physical laws of today have always operated. It was the centerpiece of James Hutton's 1795 geology book *Theory of the Earth, with proofs and illustrations*.

In this work Hutton proposed that the causes acting on the world today also acted in the past. This means that the rocks of the Earth were formed by processes which we can see operating today. These processes, though very slow (gradualism), made the world what it is today. The idea is part of a wider philosophy called the philosophy of naturalism.

The term 'uniformitarianism' was invented by William Whewell in 1837 to describe Hutton's basic idea. This idea is the foundation of modern geology. 

Hutton's ideas were popularised by John Playfair in 1802 in *Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth*, and by Charles Lyell in his *Principles of geology* (1830 to 1833). The phrase "the present is the key to the past" is Lyell's most famous quotation.

Uniformitarianism in geology is opposed by catastrophism, the idea that major changes in the Earth take place through sudden and violent events.
**Nathan Karl Kress** also **Nate Kress** (born November 18, 1992) is an American teen actor and voice actor.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Nathan Kress was born in Glendale, California and resides in Southern California. He acts on the hit Nickelodeon show *iCarly as Freddie Benson.*

### Career

When Kress was young, he would quote lines and monologues from television and perform for his family and friends. He began modeling, acting and voiceover work at 3 years old. At age 6, he took a break from acting, and at about age 10, asked his mom to begin homeschooling him so that he could pursue acting again. He voiced the role of Eizan Kaburagi from Nickelodeon's animated series, Shuriken School. He has also guest starred in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody as Jamie. Kress has enjoyed playing dramatic roles in *House*, *Standoff*, and *Without a Trace*.

In early 2007, Nathan performed in a short film, *Bag*, for which he won a Jury Honorable Mention Award at the 168 Hour Film Festival for the role of Albert. *Bag* also won the Festival award for Best Comedy.

### iCarly

On *iCarly*, Nathan's role is that of Freddie Benson, the technical producer for Carly's webshow, iCarly. Freddie is a computer whiz kid who has a crush on Carly (Miranda Cosgrove) and an ongoing feud with Sam (Jennette McCurdy). "It's weird," says Kress, "I have to pretend to love Carly and kiss Sam when actually we are just all really good friends." He co-stars with Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, and Jerry Trainor on iCarly.

Television and film roles
-------------------------

| Year | Film/Television | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Chicken Little* | Additional Voices |
| *House M.D* | Scott |
| *Shuriken School* | Eizan Kaburagi (voice) |
| 2005 - 2006 | *Jimmy Kimmel Live* | Sketch characters |
| 2006 | *Standoff* | Young Matt |
| *Notes from the Underbelly* | Young Andrew |
| 2007 | *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody* In the episode "Back in the Game" | Jamie |
| *Magnus, Inc.* | Jacob |
| *Without a Trace* | Young Barry |
| 2007-2012 | *iCarly* | Freddie Benson |
| 2008 | *Gym Teacher: The Movie* | Roland Waffle |

Other websites
--------------

* Nathan Kress on IMDb
* Nathan Kress Profile Archived 2010-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Fansite
**Social capital** is the willingness of people to help each other. 

It often replaces money which people would use to buy the same help.

Society works best when there is plenty of social capital. The less social capital there is, the more social problems there usually are. If there is no social capital, war and revolution often results.

People who have no money and cannot get help from society may have to agree to do things they do not want to do, or force others to do things they do not want to. Organized crime grows in this way, and so do forced labour and slavery.

Most ways of measuring social capital have to do with trust - people who trust that favours and help will be available when they need it will favour and help others more. Those who are seen as trying to get a free ride will get much less help. A social climber tries to earn social capital by making friends with those who have it but without actually helping. Some call this kind of person a social parasite. They are very hard to detect, unlike people who cheat or commit fraud. When there are too many of these kinds of people, especially when they are politicians, people begin to mistrust their government. Rather than work with a political party to change law, they may start to look for direct revenge for things. 

Social capital is a lot like real capital. The more money a person or a society has, the easier it is to do things and the better off people are. The less money, the more difficult things become and the worse people feel.

Related pages
-------------

* Human capital
* Social status

Other websites
--------------

The Social Capital Foundation Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
**Quianu Robinson** (1852-1919) was a New Mexican politician. He was a Republican member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. He represented the second district of New Mexico from 1916 to 1918.

Early career
------------

Before he was elected, Robinson was a friend and political ally of Conrad N. Hilton Sr. who had served in the New Mexico Legislature from 1912 to 1916. After Conrad's time in office, he showed his support for Robinson's own political career. Robinson served only one term before he retired due to bad health, dying one year later. Robinson was a member of the Knights of Columbus. Other notable achievements include being the first to summit Robinson Peak in New Mexico, accompanied by Conrad Hilton.

Hagerman-Robinson Expedition
----------------------------

Quianu Robinson and six other people, including Conrad Hilton, were chosen to be members of the Hagerman-Robinson Expedition. They were the first to summit what is now known as Robinson Peak, New Mexico. The Hagerman-Robinson Expedition team was created by Herbert James Hagerman, who chose Quianu Robinson, a captain in the New Mexico National Guard as the leader of the team. This expedition was part of a plan to explore and map northern New Mexico, which had been previously unexplored. After the almost 2 month long journey, Robinson and the other members of the expedition team made their way back home. Robinson Peak was named in Quianu's honor.
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1943)
**Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky** (Ukrainian: Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Russian: Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a noted geneticist and an evolutionary biologist. 

Dobzhansky was born in Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia) and emigrated to the United States in 1927. He was a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work on the fruit-fly *Drosophila*. He did research on these flies in California, mostly on populations of *Drosophila pseudoobscura*. 

Dobzhansky was important in the modern evolutionary synthesis, which was the synthesis of evolutionary biology with genetics.

Ukraine and Russia
------------------

At school Dobzhansky collected butterflies and beetles, and studied biology at Kiev University. After graduation he moved to St Petersburg (then called Leningrad), and studied under Yuri Filipchenko, who had a *Drosophila* lab. Dobzhansky collected Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) in the wild, and explored their genetics.

America
-------

Dobzhansky emigrated to the United States in 1927. He worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University, who had pioneered the use of fruit flies (*Drosophila melanogaster*) in genetics experiments. He followed Morgan to the California Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1940. Dobzhansky took fruit fly research out of the laboratory and into the field. He discovered that regional varieties of flies were more similar to each other genetically than to flies from other regions.

In 1937 Dobzhansky published one of the major works of the modern evolutionary synthesis, entitled *Genetics and the Origin of Species*. He defined evolution as "a change in the allele frequency within a gene pool". It is through changes in the proportion of alleles in a population that evolution takes place. Also in 1937, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. During this time he had a falling out with one of his *Drosophila* collaborators, Alfred Sturtevant, based perhaps on professional competition. 

Dobzhansky returned to Columbia University from 1940 to 1962. He was one of the signatories of the 1950 UNESCO statement *The Race Question*. He then moved to the Rockefeller University) until his retirement in 1971.

Other key publications
----------------------

* *Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution* Archived 2008-05-26 at the Wayback Machine *The American Biology Teacher* 35: (March): 125-129.
* *Genetics of the evolutionary process*. Columbia University Press, New York 1970.
* *Dobzhansky's Genetics of Natural Populations I-XLIII*. R.C. Lewontin, J.A. Moore, W.B. Provine & B. Wallace, eds. Columbia University Press, New York 1981. (reprints the 43 papers in this series, all but two of which were authored or co-authored by Dobzhansky)
**Phillips Academy** (also called **Andover,** **Phillips Andover,** or **PA**) is a high school for boys and girls in Andover, Massachusetts, near Boston, USA. The school is a boarding school. 75% of the students live there.

Phillips Academy is one of the oldest private boarding schools in the United States. Two American Presidents, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, went to school there.

Phillips Academy was founded during the American Revolution as an all-boys school in 1778. The great seal of the school was designed by Paul Revere. George Washington's nephews went to the school, and he once spoke at an assembly while visiting. John Hancock, the famous signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, signed the articles of incorporation.

Phillips Exeter Academy was made three years later in Exeter, New Hampshire by Samuel Phillips' uncle John. The football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rilvalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.

Paul Revere put bees, a beehive, and the sun into the school's great seal. The school's main motto, *Finis Origine Pendet*, means "the end depends upon the beginning." It is written at the bottom of the seal. The school's second motto, *Non Sibi* means "not for self." 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Phillips Academy Andover***.
The Pyramid of Neferirkare
The **Pyramid of Neferirkare** was built for the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai in the 25th century BC. 

It was the tallest structure on the highest site at the necropolis of Abusir, between Giza and Saqqara. It still towers over the necropolis. The pyramid is also significant because its evacuation led to the discovery of the Abusir Papyri.

The Fifth Dynasty marked the end of the great pyramid constructions during the Old Kingdom.

Pyramids of the era were smaller and became more standardized. There was still intricate relief decoration. Neferirkare's pyramid deviated from convention as it was originally built as a step pyramid. That design that had gone out of date after the Third Dynasty (26th or 27th century BC). 

The pharaoh's death left the work to be completed by his successors. The remaining works were completed in haste, using cheaper building material. Because of the haste, Neferirkare's monument lacked several basic elements of a pyramid complex: a valley temple, a causeway, and a cult pyramid.

The monuments to Neferirkare's consort, Khentkaus II; and his sons, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini, are in the surrounds.
Political party flag of the PPP, although the arrow is the symbol of party
The **Pakistan Peoples Party** (**PPP**, Urdu: پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی) is a centre-left Islamic Socialist political party in Pakistan affiliated to the Socialist International. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family. The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose of complying with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties.

The party was founded on November 30 1967 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was also its first chairman. The party creed is: "Islam is our faith; democracy is our politics; socialism is our economy; all power to the people."

Although its center lies in the southern province of Sindh, it also has considerable support in the more densely populated province of Punjab and even Azad Jammu and Kashmir as Azad Kashmir People's Party (Pakistan People's Party Jammu and Kashmir). It is currently in power and has been running the government since 2008; this is the 4th time the party has been in power since the Partition of Pakistan.

Further reading
---------------

* "Pakistan's contrary years (1971-1977): A cultural history of the Bhutto era". *Nadeem Paracha*. Dawn News.
An early view of *Woody Bay station*

The platform viewed in 1996, the signal box is being restored
Detail of the station building, 1996. The trackbed was, at the time, not owned by the railway.
**Woody Bay** was a station on the old Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, a narrow gauge railway line that ran through Exmoor from Barnstaple to Lynton and Lynmouth in North Devon. The station was inland, about 2 km from **Woody Bay** itself. It opened with the line (as *Wooda Bay* until the name was changed in 1901) on 7 March 1898, and closed when the line was closed on 29 September 1935. From 1923 until closure, the line was part of the Southern Railway.

Woody Bay station was built in part to serve the expected development of a resort at Woody Bay, a mile or so to the north. A pier was built in the bay, although not much more building took place, and the pier was destroyed by storms before it properly opened.
The development was stopped when the promotor went bankrupt in 1900, and although a route was surveyed for a branch line to the bay, it was never built.

After being bought by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995, restoration of the station began, and it opened as a Visitors' Centre in 2003. An "out and back" service over a few hundred yards of track began in 2004, and with the opening of a temporary station at Killington Lane, about one mile towards Parracombe Halt, a regular "point to point" service started in 2006.

A carriage shed has been built into a cutting beyond the station. It is a temporary structure erected in 2003, and can be moved when the line expands.

Woody Bay station is at: grid reference SS68254641

Coordinates: 51°12′06″N 3°53′14″W﻿ / ﻿51.20167°N 3.88718°W﻿ / 51.20167; -3.88718
**Theni** is a town in western region of Tamil Nadu, a state in Southern India, near the border to Kerala. It is the headquarters of Theni District.Theni district is the 2nd ranked in ASIA on the Banana trading. It is known for the large-scale trading of garlic, cotton, cardamom, grapes and chilli. It hosts the second largest weekly market in Tamil Nadu and the fourth largest in South India. It is well-connected by rail and road to Madurai and by road to all the important cities in Tamil Nadu. The nearest airport is at Madurai.

Notable people
--------------

### Politicians

* O.Panner Selvam (Ex-CM)
* Thanga Tamil Selvam (M.L.A)
* S.R.Tamilan (Founder of TIFB)

### Entertainment and media people

* Vairamuthu (lyricist, writer)
* Ilayaraja (music director)
* Bharathiraja (director)
* Bala (director)
* Gangai Amaran (director, music director)
* Kasthuri Raja (director)
* Dhanush (actor, producer, singer, writer, lyricist)
* Venkat Prabu (director)
* Selva Ragavan (director)
* Yuvan Sankar Raja (music director)
Diana Ross in 2007
**The Supremes** were an American female singing group. It was originally founded as **The Primettes** in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959. Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, and Florence Ballard sang in the group. They recorded music for Motown records. The Supremes' were known for their doo-wop, pop, soul, and disco.

The Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown's acts. They are, to date, America's most successful vocal group, with 12 number one singles on the *Billboard* Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. At their peak in the mid-1960s, the Supremes rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity. Their success made it possible for future African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success.

Founding members Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, all came from a public housing project in Detroit. They formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio.

During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with Ross as lead singer. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group **Diana Ross & the Supremes**, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, at which point the group's name reverted to **the Supremes**. After 1972, the lineup changed more frequently; Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne, and Susaye Greene all became members of the group during the mid-1970s. The Supremes disbanded in 1977 after an 18-year run.

Other websites
--------------

* Hear The Supremes (music and interviews) on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
**Lynx Software Technologies**, Inc. is a California-based software company that specializes in secure virtualization and real-time operating systems (RTOS) for safety- and security-critical software systems.

History
-------

The company was founded in 1988 as Lynx Real-Time Systems and later merged with Integrated Software & Devices Corporation (ISDCorp) to become LynuxWorks in 2000. The company changed its name to Lynx Software Technologies in May 2014. Lynx's flagship RTOS is LynxOS, which is UNIX-compatible and POSIX-compliant. LynxOS-178 is a specialized version of LynxOS for avionics applications that require certification to industry standards such as DO-178B/C. Lynx's technology is used in medical, industrial, and communication systems around the world by companies such as Airbus, Bosch, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Rohde and Schwartz, and Toyota. In early 2020, Lynx announced that its LYNX MOSA.ic software development framework was adopted by the TR3 modernization program for the Joint Strike Fighter.

Operating system
----------------

The F-35 Lightning II Program is the US Department of Defense's program for defining affordable next-generation strike aircraft weapon systems, intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, and their allies.
**Louis d'Orléans** (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a *prince du sang*. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (*Premier Prince du Sang*). Known as *Louis le Pieux* and also as *Louis le Génovéfain*, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.

Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.

He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.

Marriage
--------

He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried. 

He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.

Children
--------

1. Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
2. Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.

Titles and styles
-----------------

  

* **4 August 1703 – 2 December 1723** *His Serene Highness* the Duke of Chartres
* **2 December 1723 – 4 February 1752** *His Serene Highness* the Duke of Orléans
* **Monsieur le Prince**
**Silent trade**, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.

To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana. The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.

Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.
**Stanley Peak** is a 3,155 m high mountain (10,335 ft) located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia / Canada).

The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the namimg in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada.

The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 93. Stanley Glacier on the northeast face of the peak can be seen up close by following a hiking trail into a hanging valley between the peak and a southern outlier of Storm Mountain.

Stanley Peak can be ascended from a scrambling route by late summer but involves much route-finding among the many ledges and gullies on the north face. Climbing routes (UIAA III) travel the north and northeast faces.

Other BC peaks
--------------

There are another two peaks in British Columbia called **Stanley Peak**. One is 2,935 m high, located at the Squamish-Lillooet regional district (50°49′48″N 123°43′18″W﻿ / ﻿50.83000°N 123.72167°W﻿ / 50.83000; -123.72167), 24 km north-west from Keyhole Falls and 62 km west from Gold Bridge,.

The other is 2,030 m high, in the Stikine region (59°56′52″N 136°35′35″W﻿ / ﻿59.94778°N 136.59306°W﻿ / 59.94778; -136.59306) (90 km north-west from Skagway, Alaska).