recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Chocolate Hills in Bohol
The **Chocolate Hills**  are a geological formation in Bohol Province, Philippines. There are at least 1,260 hills (and maybe more) spread over an area of more than 50 square kilometres (20 sq mi). They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.

The Chocolate Hills a famous tourist attraction of the state Bohol. They are on the provincial flag and seal as natural attractions of the province. They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines. They have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills similar to those seen in the limestone regions of Slovenia, Croatia, northern Puerto Rico, and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. They probably started as corals growing in a warm, shallow sea about two million years ago. The hills consist of sandy to rubbly marine limestones. These limestones contain abundant fossils of foraminifera, coral, molluscs, and algae. These conical hills were created by limestone dissolving in rainfall and groundwater. There was erosion by rivers and streams after they were lifted above sea level. The hills are separated by flat plains and have numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are a remarkable example of conical karst topography.
A painting of Cervantes
**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was *Don Quijote de la Mancha*. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

Military history and captivity
------------------------------

The *Battle of Lepanto* by Paolo Veronese (c. 1572 Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice)
Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.

In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.

By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the *Marquesa*, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In *Journey to Parnassus* he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of *Don Quixote*). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
The **Jeju United FC**, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1. It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium. Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes. Its original name was **Yukong Elephants FC**, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990. In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as **Bucheon SK**. However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name '**Jeju United FC**.'

Overview
--------

Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques. For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League. This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams. Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin. Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people.

Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League. It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague. Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989. In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place. 

### Emblem

The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue. This will enable people to feel the power of the football team. To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island. This expresses the defense power of the team. At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the 'J' in Jeju Island involves the team's spirit that it will adopt the attacking-strategy as its main one. In addition to this, it uses the motif of SK group's Happy Wings so that the Jeju residents would become united through the soccer.

### Stadium

Jeju World Cup Stadium was built in harmony with Jeju's culture, nature, and life. First, the entrance was made after the traditional entrance, Olle. Also, Jeongnang, a traditional door, stands next to the entrance. The overall shape of the stadium resembles the so-called 'Oreum'. Oreum is a parasitic volcano, and its top has a concave shape. To attain this concave shape, the stadium made the field 14m under the ground, which minimized the effect of the wind. Besides, the roof of the stadium symbolizes Teu, the traditional boat for fishing. As a home stadium of Jeju United FC, it can accommodate more than 35.000 people.
Emanuel Leutze painted *Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth* in 1857.
The **Battle of Monmouth** or **Battle of Monmouth Courthouse** was a battle of the American Revolutionary War. It was fought on June 28, 1778 in Monmouth, New Jersey. The British army retreated, but neither side won. Monmouth was the longest battle between the main Continental Army and the main British Army.

Battle
------

Four days earlier, the leaders of the Continental Army (the Americans) met. Some wanted to fight the British army head-on and some did not. Most of the leaders decided to fight small battles and win slowly.

General George Washington and General Charles Lee led the Continental Army to Englishtown. There, Washington ordered the army to attack British General Sir Henry Clinton's army. During the battle, Lee ordered his own Continental troops to retreat. Washington became angry and ordered Lee and "Mad" Anthony Wayne to slow the British down while he, Washington, took command. The Continental Army defended its position while the British attacked all day. That night, the British left in the dark.

There were about 10,000 Continental troops and about 11,000 British troops. About 100 British troops were killed or injured and about 150 Continentals. About 100 people fell or died from heatstroke. George Washington's horse also died of heatstroke.

June 28 was a very hot day. Mary Ludwig Hayes brought water to her husband and other gunners during the battle many times. One time, she brought water and found her husband had been shot and injured. She took over his job as gunner. People gave her the nickname "Molly Pitcher." There may have been more than one real-life woman who was given the name "Molly Pitcher."

Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette also fought in this battle.

Weapons
-------

Both armies had muskets. The Highland Scots in the British army also had broadswords. The British and the German soldiers had bayonets, long blades attached to the ends of the muskets. The Continental army had been trying to get bayonets. Some of the Virginia troops had rifled firearms.

This was the first time the Continental army used the tactics and training they had learned at Valley Forge from then-Acting Inspector General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.

Outcome
-------

General Lee asked to be court-martialed for his actions in this battle. He was sentenced to one year suspension.

After the Battle of Monmouth, the war moved to the South.

Today
-----

Reenactors reenact the battle at Monmouth Battlefield State Park in Freehold, New Jersey.
**Landstraßer AC** ( LAC for short) is an Austrian football club from the 3rd district of Vienna, Landstraße. The former second division team currently plays in the 2nd regional league of the Vienna Football Association. This is the 5th level in Austrian football.

History
-------

The Landstraßer AC was founded under the name "Athletik Club Training" by Anton Sandner in 1911. In 1918 the club renamed itself to *Landstraßer Amateure*. The club experienced its most successful time in the 1930s with later stars like Camillo Jerusalem in the team. In 1933 the club played in the professional second division for the first time and therefore decided to change the name Landstraßer Amateure to Landstraßer AC in 1936. 
After four seasons in the second division they were relegated to the third division. They were immediately promoted again in the following season. During the Second World War there was also a forced merger with the Demon and later a merger with the Delka (2nd league 1937-38) and FC Pfeil. At this time, the Landstraßer AC also had sections for gymnastics, athletics, bowling and boxing. The footballers were able to stay in the second league.

In the first post-war season, Landstraßer AC immediately achieved its best result in the club's history. They finished third in the second division behind SC Hochstädt and Hakoah Wien. In 1948 the football club came third again, again only two points behind SCR Hochstädt and one point behind 1. Schwechater SC. 1949 there was a surprising relegation from the second division, to which Landstraßer AC could no longer return. 

Today, after a merger with IC Favoriten in 2010, the club finds itself in the fourth-tier Vienna City League under the name Landstrasser AC-IC. After the 2012/13 season they merged with SG Inter AGO and the club has since played as LAC-Inter in the Vienna Oberliga B. In the 2014/2015 season, the 2nd regional league was inserted between the Vienna City League and the Oberliga. LAC qualified thanks to its good placement .
The British camp from which Grey's men attacked Wayne's.
The **Paoli Massacre** or **Battle of Paoli** was a battle of the American Revolutionary War. It happened at night on September 20, 1777 in Pennsylvania. British fighters led by Major General Charles Grey surprised Continental fighters led by General Anthony Wayne at night near what is Malvern, Pennsylvania today.

In September 1777, the British army was in Philadelphia. They had made the Continental Army run away from the city. George Washington decided to keep the Continental Army nearby so he could watch the British Army. They also needed the supplies stored at Reading, Pennsylvania, so he put the Continental Army between Philadelphia and Reading.

General Anthony Wayne had troops near Chester, Pennsylvania. He thought the British did not know he was there, but they did. Wayne and his men camped near Paoli Tavern on the night of September 20. During the night, General Charles Grey's men came out of the woods and Anthony Wayne's men mostly ran away. The British either killed or captured 272 Continentals.

Battle
------

One Hessian soldier said, "We killed three hundred of the rebels with the bayonet. I stuck them myself like so many pigs, one after the other, until the blood ran out of the touch hole of my musket."

Most of the Continentals lived, but many had bad injuries from being hit with bayonets or swords.

The battle of Paoli was fought with bayonets, which are long blades that soldiers put on the ends of their rifles. There was almost no shooting. General Grey told his men not to fire their weapons as guns. He told them that this would tell the Continentals where they were. He also told them that this way, they would know anyone firing a gun was an enemy. This would make them less likely to kill men on their own side in the dark. Major John Andre said what Grey said:

> It was represented to the men that firing discovered us to the Enemy, hid them from us, killed our friends and produced a confusion favorable to the escape of the Rebels and perhaps productive of disgrace to ourselves. On the other hand, by not firing we knew the foe to be wherever fire appeared and a charge (of bayonets) ensured his destruction; that amongst the Enemy those in the rear would direct their fire against whoever fired in front, and they would destroy each other.
> 
>

Outcome
-------

Major General Charles Grey told his men to take the flint out of their guns. This way, the guns would not make sparks that the Continentals could see and would not fire by accident, making gunshots that the Continentals could hear. They took the Continentals by surprise. For this, Charles Grey got a nickname: "'No Flint' Grey."

General Anthony Wayne was court-martialed, but the court decided he had only made a mistake and not acted dishonorably.

American writers called the battle a "massacre," or brutal killing. This was propaganda to get readers to believe the British were bad. General Anthony Wayne would tell his fighters to "remember Paoli" in later battles. Some British fighters also thought Grey had not done the right thing. British Colonel Charles Stuart called the Battle of Paoli a murder.
A **thesis** (plural: 'theses') is a document written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or disputation. In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an academic degree or professional qualification. It presents the author's research and findings. In the academic context it means the same as **dissertation**. The term dissertation can be used to describe an argument without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for the central claim of an essay or other work.

Thesis types
------------

There are different types of thesis for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you may be asked to write a short story, a media student can be asked to submit a short film.

A graduate thesis is also known as graduate dissertation. A student may work with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field.

A thesis may be much longer. In the French system, a thesis (PhD), also called "Doctorat" is generally far longer and is up to 500 pages long.

History
-------

Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings. When, at ancient universities, the professor had completed his lecture, there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the *thesis*, while the *dissertation* was the line of reasoning with which one supported it.

Etymology
---------

The word "thesis" comes from the Greek θέσις, meaning "position", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin *dissertātiō*, meaning "discourse".

Other websites
--------------

* en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD\_Guide Guide to electronic theses and dissertations on Wikibooks
* Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)
* How to write a PhD thesis Thesis Writing
* Free thesis indexing service Archived 2011-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
* EThOS Database Database of Theses available through the British Library
**Alsfeld** is a town in Hesse, Germany. It is between Bad Hersfeld, Fulda, Gießen and Marburg an der Lahn. The town is along the Schwalm and in the Vogelsberg, which is a volcanic mountain range. It is south of the Knüll Mountains. The town has 16 boroughs. The population was about 16,000 in 2020. The population was about 16,000 in 2020. The main political party is the CDU.

History
-------

Asfeld's recorded history starts in the 11th century. The town was probably founded in the Carolingian Dynasty. The town was part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, there was a church, monastery, towers, town hall, and water supply. There were also guilds. These were groups of merchants and craftsmen. Many half-timbered buildings (Fachwerkhäuser) were built in the 16th century. There were many Jews in the 19th century until Nazis came to power. The location of the town was good for trade, but caused plunder and pleagues. Th town infasctructure with trains and roads was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Tourist attractions
-------------------

The Altstadt (old town) has many historic buildings and is the main tourist attraction. It is known for half-timbered buildings. The streets are narrow in the Medieval center of town. There is a town hall, wine hall and wedding house. The Minnigerode Haus is another historic building. There is also a Alsfeld Fairy Tale House. Other structures are the late Gothic *Beinhaus, Dreifaltigkeitskirche* (Trinity Church), *Leonhardsturm* (Leonard's Tower), the Augustine monastery, and the *Walpurgiskirche.* The town has several tours and themes related to Fairy Tales.
Hildegard of Bingen

**Hildegard of Bingen** (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of "mother superior". She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of "abbess". After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.

Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality.
Britain in ~600AD
The **Battle of Hatfield Chase** was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.

King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.

Background
----------

Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain. In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea. Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.

Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme. This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom. Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.

Outcome
-------

The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence. He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west. In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father. Edwin was killed and his army scattered. Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda. Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.

Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan. Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria. As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.
A **lemma** is a word that stands at the head of a definition in a dictionary. All the **head words** in a dictionary are lemmas. Technically, it is "a base word and its inflections".

A lemma is the word you find in the dictionary. A lexeme is a unit of meaning, and can be more than one word. A lexeme is the set of all forms that have the same meaning, while *lemma* refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme.

In English, for example, *run*, *runs* and *running* are forms of the same lexeme, but *run* is the lemma.

Morphology
----------

In English, the lemma of a noun is the singular: e.g. *mouse* rather than *mice*. In languages with gender, the head word of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language also has cases, the lemma is often the masculine singular nominative.

In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French *aller*, German *gehen*, Spanish *ir*. In English it usually is the full infinitive (*to go*) although alphabetized without 'to' (*go*).

Difference between stem and lemma
---------------------------------

In computational linguistics, a stem is the part of the word that never changes even when different forms of the word are used. A lemma is the base form of the verb. For example, from "produced", the lemma is "produce", but the stem is "produc-". This is because there are words such as **produc**tion. When sound (phonology) is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not so useful. Notice the sound of the words in the example: "produced" /prəˈdjuːst/ versus "production" /prəˈdʌkʃən/.

Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance "to go" (the lemma) has the stems "go" and "went". Here, the past tense is based on a different verb, "to wend". The "-t" suffix is equivalent to "-ed".
Sunset on the Mara
Location within Kenya: shaded area is Great Rift Vally; SW part is the Mara.
View of the Mara River
Safari
**Masai Mara National Reserve**  is a National Park in Kenya, East Africa. It was established in 1948 as a wildlife sanctuary, and has been made larger since then.

Masai Mara is a game reserve type of park, meant to protect the animals on the savannah of the Serengeti. It is named after the Maasi people, who are the traditional people of the area. Big as it is, the Masai Mara National Reserve is only a fraction of the Greater Mara Ecosystem.

The Mara is effectively the northern continuation of the Serengeti National Park game reserve in Tanzania.

The Great Migration
-------------------

This natural event is famous for involving a great population of large mammals. Huge numbers of herbivores migrate each year, followed by the big cats. The zebra, Thomson's gazelle, wildebeest, African buffalo, giraffe, elephants and others arrive to eat fresh grass after the rain, and later move on. Lions, leopards, cheetahs follow, and also vultures and hyaenas. hippos and Nile crocodiles are in the rivers. It is called *The Great Migration*.

The Great Migration is one of the most impressive natural events worldwide. Taking part each year are some 1,300,000 wildebeest, 500,000 Thomson's gazelles, 97,000 Topi, 18,000 eland, and 200,000 zebra. These plant-eating migrants are followed along their annual, circular route by hungry predators, most notably lions and hyena.

More than 470 species of birds have been identified in the park, many of which are migrants. Almost 60 species are raptors (birds of prey). Birds that call this area home for at least part of the year include: vultures, marabou storks, secretary birds, hornbills, crowned cranes, ostriches, long-crested Eagles, African pygmy-falcons and the lilac-breasted roller, which is the national bird of Kenya
The Kaaba in Mecca is the direction of prayer and destination of pilgrimage for Muslims all over the world.
The **Hajj** ("pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city of the Muslims, and a Fard or mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, and Sawm. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world. The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called *istita'ah*, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a *mustati*. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah). The word Hajj means "to intend a journey", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions.

The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th) of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions.

The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham. During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha.

Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the "lesser pilgrimage", or Umrah. However, even if they choose to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so, because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj.

As an industry
--------------

Saudi Arabia's economy greatly benefits from Hajj tourism and has invested in hotel businesses as well as infrastructure to accommodate and profit from Hajj and Ummrah tourism.
**Dream Theater** (often called **DT** for short) is a progressive metal and progressive rock band formed in the mid-1980s in the United States.

Band members
------------

### Current members

* James LaBrie (vocals)
* John Myung (electric basses)
* John Petrucci (guitar)
* Jordan Rudess (keyboards)
* Mike Portnoy (drums)

### Previous members

* Chris Collins (vocals)
* Charlie Dominici (vocals)
* Kevin Moore (keyboards)
* Derek Sherinian (keyboards)
* Mike Mangini (drums)

Biography
---------

The band was founded by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy. Myung and Petrucci are the only original members that are still in the band today. They changed their singer twice in the late 1980s when Chris Collins was replaced by Charlie Dominici in 1987. Dominici left the band only three years later, in 1990, and James LaBrie joined and stayed until today. Dream Theater's keyboardist also changed three times. Kevin Moore played with the band from 1985 until 1995 when he left and Derek Sherinian took his position until 1999. Jordan Rudess is Dream Theater's Keyboardist now. He is known for his excellent technique and compositional skills. In September 2010, drummer Mike Portnoy left Dream Theater, and was replaced by Mike Mangini.

Influences
----------

The members of Dream Theater are known for having excellent playing technique of their instruments, and for their songwriting. Their music is very complex and the songs are often long, their longest being *Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence* at 42 minutes in length.

Their songs contain a lot of instrumental sections, in which no vocals are heard and only the instruments play (these parts are called "instrumental passages") and also many solos. Another feature of their music is that during each song, the speed often changes, and occasionally style changes too.

They once said that other bands have trouble making long songs. They said they have trouble making "short" songs. Most of Dream Theater's music is very difficult to play because of the high speed it has to be played with and the complex rhythm.

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *When Dream and Day Unite* (1989)
* *Images and Words* (1992)
* *Awake* (1994)
* *Falling into Infinity* (1997)
* *Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory* (1999)
* *Six Degrees Of Inner Turbulence* (2002)
* *Train of Thought* (2003)
* *Octavarium* (2005)
* *Systematic Chaos* (2007)
* *Black Clouds & Silver Linings* (2009)
* *A Dramatic Turn of Events* (2011)
* *Dream Theater* (2013)
* *The Astonishing* (2016)
* *Distance Over Time* (2019)
* *A View from the Top of the World* (2021)

Other websites
--------------

* Dream Theater's official website
Robert Johnson, who as a teenager traveled to Antarctica on a thick-hulled wooden ship with Adm. Richard Byrd, died Sunday in Jacksonville. He was 102. He was the last survivor of any of Byrd's pre-World War II polar journeys, which caught the public imagination and made the explorer a much-decorated national hero. His death was confirmed by Stan Jordan, a family friend and former state representative and Duval County School Board chairman. "What a great American," said Jordan, who had hosted Mr. Johnson's 102nd birthday celebration at his restaurant, Beach Diner, in Atlantic Beach. "He was a piece of Naval history."

At 19, Mr. Johnson was the youngest member of Byrd's 1939 expedition to Antarctica aboard the USS Bear, a 19th century dual steam-powered and sailing ship.

He went back with Byrd in 1946 for Operation Highjump, during which he parachuted onto the polar ice, which he later said seemed to him the quietest place on Earth. In a steel-hulled icebreaker, he also joined another U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica, Operation Windmill, in 1948.

"Everything we did in that ice down there was exciting because it was never the same thing twice, trying to explore and going in and out of these inlets," Mr. Johnson said in a 2011 Times-Union interview. "I can remember five times (in his first expedition) when I didn't know if I was going to get out of the ice."

The son of a chief warrant officer in San Diego, Mr. Johnson was a Sea Scout who trained on sailing ships as a teen. The summer he turned 16, he was one of the Sea Scouts aboard the Pacific Queen, a 300-foot square-rigger, for a 15-day cruise. After the ship was becalmed, that expedition turned into one of 67 days, with its crew living on severe rations as rescuers frantically searched for the ship.

Two years later he joined the Navy, serving on a battleship before he volunteered for Byrd's 1939 expedition. His experience sailing helped him land one of the coveted positions.

Mr. Johnson was in the Navy from 1937 to 1956, retiring from Naval Station Mayport as a chief bosun's mate. He then worked for the Postal Service until 1990. After 66 years of marriage, wife Ruth Johnson died of cancer in 2003. He met his wife, Mildred, who survives him, at a cancer survivors' group after her husband's death.

At his home in East Arlington, there was a place of honor reserved for Polar Penguin Pete, a penguin Johnson took with him after one expedition and then had stuffed. It was a reminder of his journeys to the bottom of the Earth.

"That's quite a place," he said at his 100th birthday party. "It's different from anything else, that's for sure. It is a wonderful place down there."
This photograph was taken after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. This is Ferdinand Foch's own railway carriage and the location is in the forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right.
The **armistice treaty** between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.

Front page of the *New York Times* on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on 11 November, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time. 

Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on 7 November. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany. 

This stopped the fighting, but it took much longer to get a complete settlement. The actual terms, largely written by Foch, included:

* ending hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine,
* Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel,
* the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians,
* eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany.

Although the armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front, it had to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles. This took effect on 10 January 1920.

These terms were severe. The later abdication of the Kaiser, and the economic troubles of Germany in the 1920s, led towards the later rise of Adolf Hitler.

Main people
-----------

For the Allies, the personnel involved were entirely military:

* Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the Allied supreme commander
* First Sea Lord Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative
* General Maxime Weygand, Foch's Chief of staff

For Germany:

* Matthias Erzberger, a civilian politician;
* Count Alfred von Oberndorff, from the Foreign Ministry;
* Major General Detlev von Winterfeldt, the army;
* Captain Ernst Vanselow, the navy.

General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.

The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

Related pages
-------------

* Remembrance Day
* Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Coordinates: 49°25′38″N 2°54′23″E﻿ / ﻿49.427361°N 2.906420°E﻿ / 49.427361; 2.906420

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Armistice between the Allied Governments and Germany**

* La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918 Archived 2021-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
* The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed July 27, 2006


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***World War I Armistice***.
Ian Nish
**Ian Hill Nish** CBE (born 3 June 1926) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

Early life
----------

Nish was born in Edinburgh in 1926.

World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India.

He earned a master's degree (M.A.) at the University of Edinburgh. He was awarded a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London.

Career
------

Nish taught in the history department of the University of Sydney from 1957 to 1962.

From 1962 through 1991, Nish taught at the London School of Economics in London. He retired in 1991.

Selected works
--------------

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Ian Nish, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 300+ publications in 4 languages and 7,000+ library holdings.

* *Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits* (1994), with James Hoare
* *The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations: The Political-diplomatic Dimension* (2000)
* *The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5*] (2003)

Honours
-------

Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars".

* Japan Academy (Honorary member), 2007.
* Commander of the British Empire.
* Order of the Rising Sun, 1991.
* Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Award, 1991.

Other websites
--------------

* Nish, Ian Hill at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
The **Luby's massacre** was a mass murder on October 16, 1991, which took place at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas, United States.

George Hennard, a thirty-five year old man, drove his blue 1987 Ford Ranger pickup truck through the front window of a Luby's restaurant. He yelled "This is what Bell County did to me!" and started shooting customers and staff members with a Glock 17 and a Ruger P89. He shot and killed 23 people, ten of them with a single shot to the head. He also wounded 20 other people. Hennard had a dislike of women and survivors of the shooting said that he went by men to shoot the women. He also announced that "All women of Killeen and Belton are vipers!" He exchanged gunfire with police officers, hid in a bathroom and committed suicide.

One of the survivors of the massacre was former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives Suzanna Hupp. Both her parents were killed in the shooting.

Until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, it was the deadliest shooting rampage in American history. It is now the sixth deadliest in the United States.

After the massacre, the Texas Legislature passed a shall-issue gun law in 1995, which required all qualifying applicants be issued a Concealed Handgun License (which is Texas' required permit to carry concealed weapons). To qualify for a license, the person must be free-and-clear of crimes, attend a minimum 10-hour class which is taught by a state-certified instructor, pass a 50-question test, show a high amount of skill in a 50-round shooting test, and must pass two background tests, one shallow and one deep. The license costs $140 for a four year license and applicants have to pay $10 for fingerprinting as well as instructor costs which vary. The law was campaigned by shooting survivor Suzanna Hupp and was signed by then-Governor George W. Bush.

The restaurant closed down on September 9, 2000. A Chinese-American buffet called Yank Sing is now located where the Luby's used to be.
The **Battle of Garfagnana** (Italian: *Battaglia della Garfagnana*) was known to the Germans as **Operation Winter Storm** (*Unternehmen Wintergewitter*) and nicknamed the "Christmas Offensive" (Italian: *Offensiva di Natale*).

It was an attack of Axis forces on the western sector of the Gothic Line during World War II. It happened in December 1944 in the north Tuscan Apennines, near Massa and Lucca.

In late December 1944 the German 14th Army under General Kurt von Tippelskirch attacked the left side of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley. He wanted to make the U.S. forces stay there.

The Allies had ordered two brigades from Indian 8th Infantry Division to be moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time they had arrived the Germans and Italians had captured Barga. U.S. soldiers had intended to retreat to Lucca. The German / Italian force stopped the attack and withdrew.

Barga was recaptured one week later by the New Year. The western Gothic Line remained in place until late March 1945.

Historical background
---------------------

Benito Mussolini and his Defense Minister, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, wanted to create an Italian Army. They did not want this army to be under German control. They wanted some of the newly created Italian Divisions to attack the Allies in the Italian peninsula.

They planned an attack in Garfagnana for two of their new Divisions. There would be 40,000 men and airplanes. Their goal was recapturing Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in Tuscany from the Allies. But the Italians lacked arms, tanks and airplanes.

The Germans created their own attack,
With 9,000 soldiers (mostly Italians), they attacked in Garfagnana a small area of the Gothic Line. They wanted to move the Allies back 25 kilometres (16 mi).

Groups from the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division moved near Garfagnana sector in November 1944. They did not
capture Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.

The battle
----------

Following the Ardennes Offensive in mid-December, the Allies thought the Axis might try an attack in Northern Italy.
The 19th and 21st Brigades of the Indian 8th Infantry Division were moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division in front of Lucca.

On 26 December, several RSI military did the "Operation Winter Storm" (Wintergewitter) attacks with three German battalions. This was a German and Italian attack against the American 92nd Infantry Division. A total of 9,100 Axis troops (of which 66% were Italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks attacked. There were 18,000 Allied troops with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks.

Their goal was to capture the small towns of Barga, Sommocolonia, Vergemoli, Treppignana, Coreglia, Fornaci di Barga, Promiana, Castelvecchio and Calomini. These were all north-west of Lucca. By 27 December the attack was over. In the morning, the German troops entered Pian di Coreglia.

The next morning, the Axis troops occupied Piano di Coreglia. The Axis troops got more than 25 kilometres inside the Allies lines.
***Queen Elizabeth School*** (QES) is a famous co-educational secondary school in Hong Kong. It is in Sai Yee Street, Mongkok, Hong Kong. It is 55 years old. There are over 1200 students and 50 teachers. Every year, thousands of primary school students apply for a place to study there. On average, about 1000 interviewees fight for one place.
Queen Elizabeth School is also an EMI school, which means that all subjects are taught in English except Chinese language and Chinese history. There are many student organizations, such as Form association (FA), Prefect, Big Brother and Sister Scheme (BBSS) and Camp Warden Association. Clubs are available for all students.

Prefect
-------

It is a team of students to maintain the order of school. Each year, some outstanding students are selected by teachers and after

Clubs
-----

QES has a board kinds of clubs. They are mainly divided into three columns, the subject-based, interest & personal development and services. Apart from this, QES also has some special societies, such as the English/Chinese society and the Camp Warden society. Senior-form students can take up the posts of chairman by voting through the club members. The chairmen can invite other members to form a committee.
**Kalidas Nag** (16 January 1892 – 9 November 1966) was an Indian historian, writer, author and parliamentarian. He served as the Member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament from 1952 to 1954.

Biography
---------

Kalidas Nag was born to Babu Matilal Nag and married Santa Devi, who was the daughter of Ramananda Chatterjee, a famous journalist and editor. They had three daughters.
Kalidas Nag graduated in history from the Scottish Church College and completed a postgraduate degree from the University of Calcutta. He also received a doctorate from the University of Paris. He used to teach history at the Scottish Church College and the University of Calcutta. He was honored as an Officer d’Academic by the Government of France. In the 1920s, he supported the French contributions to Tagore's university project in Santiniketan, and he later edited several books on Indian culture.
He translated many pieces of writing, including works by Rabindranath Tagore, into the French language. Nag also authored numerous historical works. He had a close friendship with the French writer Romain Rolland.
**Julien Goekint** (8 October 1929 – 20 January 2023) was a Belgian politician and a member of the Christian Social Party. Goekint was mayor of Ostend between 1980 and 1997.

Biography
---------

Goekint was born in Bredene in 1929. He worked in his father's printing house since his early years. In the 1960s, the company move to the new industrial park, where Goekint continued to build the company. Jan Piers convinced him to become of party member of the Christian Social Party. With some doubt Goekint accepted the offer. A few years later he succeeded Piers as mayor of Ostend on 7 November 1980. He served as the mayor of the city for almost 17 years. Meanwhile two of his sons build the company. Ostend continued to grow under his mayorship. Goekint served as the basis of a large number of projects. In 1992 he organized a competition for renewal of Casino-Kursaal Oostende; but in 1994 the plans for a new building were were not continued. The Port of Ostend and Ostend–Bruges International Airport also continued to grow during the time of Goekint as mayor.

On 7 May 1997 Goekint resigned as mayor and was succeeded by Jean Vandecasteele. After founding the Autonoom gemeentebedrijf [nl] of Port of Ostend, he became he first managing director.

Goekint was married with Georgette Sleuyter. They were married for seventy years in August 2020. He died in Ostend on 20 January 2023, at the age of 93.