recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Schwarzschild metric** was calculated by Karl Schwarzschild as a solution to Einstein's field equations in 1916. Also known as **Schwarzschild solution**, it is an equation from general relativity in the field of astrophysics. A *metric* refers to an equation which describes spacetime; in particular, a Schwarzschild metric describes the gravitational field around a Schwarzschild black hole - a non-rotating, spherical black hole with no magnetic field, and where the cosmological constant is zero.

It is essentially an equation that describes how a particle moves through the space near a black hole.

{\displaystyle (ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})(dt)^{2}+{\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})}}(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )(d\phi )^{2}}

Derivation
----------

Although a more complicated way of calculating the Schwarzschild metric can be found using Christoffel Symbols, it can also be derived using the equations for escape velocity ({\displaystyle v\_{e}}), time dilation (dt'), length contraction (dr'):

{\displaystyle v\_{e}=v={\sqrt {\frac {2GM}{r}}}} (1)

v is the velocity of the particle   

G is the gravitational constant   

M is the mass of the black hole   

r is how close the particle is to the heavy object

{\displaystyle dt'=dt{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}} (2)   

{\displaystyle dr'={\frac {dr}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}} (3)

dt' is the particle's true change in time   

dt is the particle's change in time   
 
dr' is the true distance traveled   

dr is the particle's change in distance   

v is the velocity of the particle   

c is the speed of light

Note: the true time interval and true distance traveled by the particle are different than the time and distance calculated in classical physics calculations, since it is traveling in such a heavy gravitational field!

Using the equation for flat spacetime in spherical coordinates:

{\displaystyle (ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(dt)^{2}+(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )(d\phi )^{2}} (4)

ds is the path of the particle

{\displaystyle \theta } is the angle   

d{\displaystyle \theta } and d{\displaystyle \phi } are the change in angles

Inputting the equations for escape velocity, time dilation, and length contraction (equations 1, 2, and 3) into the equation for flat spacetime (equation 4), to get the 
Schwarzschild metric:

{\displaystyle (ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})(dt)^{2}+{\frac {(dr)^{2}}{(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})}}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )(d\phi )^{2}} (5)

From this equation we can take out the Schwarzschild radius ({\displaystyle r\_{s}}), the radius of this black hole. Although this is most commonly used to describe a Schwarzschild black hole, the Schwarzschild radius can be calculated for any heavy object.

{\displaystyle (ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-{\frac {r\_{s}}{r}})(dt)^{2}+{\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {r\_{s}}{r}})}}(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )(d\phi )^{2}} (6)

{\displaystyle r\_{s}} is the set radius limit of the object
***The Day of the Jackal*** is a book. Frederick Forsyth wrote it in 1971. It became a bestseller. It is about a plot to kill French head of state Charles De Galle in the summer of 1963.

Story
-----

As a result of the French Goverment decision to grant Independence to Algeria, a group of former French officers decide to take over the government. They decide to kill Charles De Galle.

They hire an international assassin called "the Jackal" to kill de Galle. By accident, the French Secret Service learns of the plot. The French Secret Service searches for the criminal with help from British MI6. They try to stop the killer and the killer tries not to be caught.

The Jackal almost kills Charles de Galle.

Characters
----------

The Jackal is in his early 30s and has blond hair and cold gray eyes. He speaks the French language very well. He hides his identity using fake passports. He learned to kill people as a mercenary in the Congo. He only takes very expensive "jobs."

Adaptation
----------

In 1977 a British-French movie was made. It was close to the book.
A Welsh independence march in Caernarfon, July 2019
**Welsh independence** (Welsh: *Annibyniaeth i Gymru*) is a political movement that wants Wales to leave the United Kingdom and be an independent country.

Wales was conquered by Edward I of England in the 13th century and became part of the Kingdom of England in 1535.

The idea of an independent Welsh state began in the middle of the 1800s and has gotten more recognition in the 21st century. There are political parties like Plaid Cymru and Propel that support the idea. There has also been a few paramilitary groups, such as the Free Wales Army and Meibion Glyndŵr that wanted independence.

In 2019, three independence marches took place. The first one happened in Cardiff, Wales' capital city, and around 3,000 people took part. The second march happened in Caernarfon in Gwynedd and around 8,000 people took part. A third march happened in Merthyr Tydfil with 5,200 people taking part.

In a 2021 poll by ITV News, 39% of Welsh people said they wanted independence.

The growth of independence movements in Wales and Scotland has resulted in English independence movements also becoming bigger.

Related pages
-------------

* Devolution
* Scottish independence
A **Wadati–Benioff zone** is an area within the Earth's crust where earthquakes frequently occur. The frequency of earthquakes in these areas is due to the convergence and subduction of tectonic plates.

Wadati-Benioff zoneDepiction of an ocean-continent convergence and the Wadati-Benioff zone.
According to the theory of plate tectonics lithospheric plates move towards each other along convergent plate boundaries. When two plates collide, one is often submerged below the other. They are referred as *downgoing* and *overriding* plates respectively.

When a downgoing plate (usually composed of oceanic lithosphere) submerges beneath an overriding plate shallow earthquakes occur at the plate boundary and deeper earthquakes occur in the downgoing plate as it sinks into the Earth. The deep earthquakes caused by the downgoing plate form the Wadati–Benioff zone. The deepest recorded earthquakes come from Wadati–Benioff zones and can extend to depths as much as 650 km (400 mi) deep.

Discovery
---------

In 1935 Kiyoo Wadati published research on earthquakes with deep foci and how they are apt to take place near the edges of continents. Further analysis of earthquake foci and location was conducted by Hugo Benioff in 1945 where he developed a way to identify the boundary at which an earthquake was generated. The dipping zone of seismic activity that they helped discover was named in their honor.
Fugu, a poisonous delicacy
The **Shanghai Fugu Agreement** was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.

In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.

During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.

The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia. Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally. 

The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.
***Vices & Virtues*** is the third full-length studio album from Panic! at the Disco. It was released on March 18, 2011 under Fueled By Ramen and Decaydance Records. The album was produced and mixed by music engineers Butch Walker and John Feldmann. The album peaked at number seven on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart and number five on the Billboard Digital Albums chart. The lead single off the album, "The Ballad of Mona Lisa", was released on February 1, 2011. The single peaked at number 84 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. The second single off the album, titled "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)", was released on June 6, 2011. It peaked at number 14 on the *Billboard* Alternative Songs chart.

The album has a different sound than their previous two studio album releases *A Fever You Can't Sweat Out* (2005) and *Pretty. Odd.* (2008). That is because two group members had left, and because of the amount of time between the releases of *Vices* and *Pretty. Odd.* The album has elements from the band's debut album. It has heavy use of synthesizers and guitars. The track "Mona Lisa" returns to the idea of the band's first single "I Write Sins, Not Tragedies", which had heavier guitar and rock influences.

The song "Let's Kill Tonight" was released in the United Kingdom for the band's 2012 *Spring Vices & Virtues Tour*. A music video was uploaded on February 10, 2012 on the Fueled By Ramen official YouTube channel with a minute and ten seconds of the band performing the song live in London.

Release
-------

*Vices & Virtues* was released March 22, 2011 in the United States, Brazil, and Canada. It was released on other dates in other countries. The record debuted at number seven on the US *Billboard* 200 albums chart, with first-week sales of 56,000 copies in the United States. This is very different from the group's previous effort, *Pretty. Odd.*, which debuted without much commercial attention in 2008, with first-week sales of 139,000. The album also came in at #2 on Neilson SoundScan Alternative Albums chart and #5 on the Digital Albums ranking.

Track listing
-------------

1. "The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
2. "Let's Kill Tonight"
3. "Hurricane"
4. "Memories"
5. "Trade Mistakes"
6. "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)"
7. "Always"
8. "The Calendar"
9. "Sarah Smiles"
10. "Nearly Witches (Ever Since We Met...)"
11. "New Perspective" (bonus track from the soundtrack of the 2009 horror film *Jennifer's Body*)

### Bonus tracks

1. "Oh Glory" (demo version)
2. "Stall Me"
3. "I Wanna Be Free"
4. "Bittersweet"
5. "Turn Off The Lights"
6. "Kaleidoscope Eyes"
7. "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" (radio edit)
The Welsh Marches
The **Welsh Marches** is the area round the boundary between England and Wales. It is not very well defined. The border between the two countries has constantly altered, and many of the small towns have been, at various times, on one side or the other.

On the English side. the area was the Kingdom of Mercia. The fortifications known as Wat's Dyke and Offa's Dyke were built by Mercian kings. The market towns on the English side (such as Shrewsbury and Hereford) were garrisoned.

The term "March of Wales" was used in the Domesday Book of 1086. Over the next four centuries the Norman rulers established Earldoms for the "Marcher Lords", whose job it was to patrol the Marches. Dozens of small castles were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries. From the castles the Norman lords could patrol and defend the area against against Welsh raiders and rebels.

Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 under Henry VIII, rule by the marcher lords was abolished in 1536. This had the effect of creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, "England and Wales". The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas were organised into the new Welsh counties of Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Carmarthenshire.

In present-day Britain, the boundary between England and Wales is more or less ignored. In fact, one can cross the border without knowing it, except that painted on the roads on the Welsh side are strange words such as "Arif". Throughout Wales, all official messages are printed in both English and Welsh.
Meerut district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Meerut is the district headquarters. Meerut district is also a part of the Meerut division. The administrative head of district of Meerut is a District Magisrtate while the administrative head of Meerut Division is Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Meerut district has a population of 3,443,689, roughly equal to the nation of Panama or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 94th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,346 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,490/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.89%. Meerut has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000 males, lower than the state average of 908; while the child sex ratio is 852, lower than the state average of 899. The district has a literacy rate of 72.84%, higher than the state average of 69.72%.

According to the 2001 census, the district ranked 6th in terms of population density in Uttar Pradesh. The district had an average literacy rate of 65.96%, higher than the national average of 64.8% and the state average of 57.36%. 16.66% of the population was under 6 years of age. The percentage of Muslim population over 36% (one of the largest among the cities of India).
**Vibration** means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time. If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.

In structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail.

The time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude.

Types of vibration
------------------

**Free vibration** occurs when vibration is set off with a push and allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at a 'Natural frequency' and gradually wind down.

**Forced vibration** is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include 

* a shaking washing machine due to an imbalance.
* transportation vibration (caused by a combination of truck engine, springs, road).
* vibration of a building during an earthquake.

In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied. The size of the effect depends on the actual mechanical system.

Related pages
-------------

* Acoustics
* Oscillation
* Wave (physics)
* Vibration isolation
* Vibration control
* Vibrato
**Cruz Manuel Hernández Santiago** (born December 1, 1972), known by his stage name of **Manny Manuel**, is a Puerto Rican singer. He sings merengue, boleros, and tropical music. He first became well known as a member of the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He started a solo career in 1994. Manuel was born on the mountain town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He studied elementary and high school in the José Rojas Cortés School at his hometown. Since a young age, he started performing in talent shows and other musical activities. He later joined the group Tempo Merenguero. He later became a singer and choreographer for the merengue duo of Mayra y Celinés.

After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, *Sin Fronteras*. Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled *Haciendo Historia*. It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled *Rey de Corazones*. The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.

In 1996, he followed with his second album titled *Auténtico*. On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography at Fundación para la Cultura Popular Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography by Patricia Maldonado Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography at E-mail Urbano
* Biography at LaHiguera.net
**Vibrato** is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note. It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble. The word "vibrato" is related to the word "vibrate".

Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive. Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera. In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called "tremolo".

Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard. Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed. Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound. Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.

Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times. People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato. Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.
**Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple** is a ancient historic Hindu temple on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi, and Sundareswarar (Shiva).

History
-------

The temple is in the center of 2,500-year-old city of Madurai and is a significant symbol for the Tamil people. Though most of the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE. It is said that the temple was originally built in the 6th century BC by survivors of the Kumari Kandam. In the 14th century, the Sultanate Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the temple and looted it of its valuables. It was rebuilt by the Nayak ruler Vishwanatha Nayakar around the 16th century. It houses 14 *gopurams* (gateway towers), ranging from 45–50m in height. The tallest is the southern tower, 51.9 metres (170 ft) high, and two golden sculptured *vimanas*, the shrines over the *garbhagrihas* (sanctums) of the main deities.

Meenakshi temple as a tourist place
-----------------------------------

The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day, around 25,000 on Fridays, and receives an annual revenue of ₹ 60 million. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple. It was on the list of top 30 nominees for the "New Seven Wonders of the World". The temple is the most prominent landmark and most visited tourist attraction in the city. The annual of 10-days Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, is celebrated during April and May, attracts 1 million visitors.
**The Climate Book** is a non-fiction book on the subject of climate change and climate protection written by Greta Thunberg in collaboration with many scientists and science journalists. The English original and translations in languages such as German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian were published almost simultaneously in October 2022.

Content and intention
---------------------

The book is an interdisciplinary collaborative effort, divided into five parts by an overarching structure. In total, more than 100 experts from numerous disciplines such as geophysics, meteorology, engineering, mathematics, history, as well as indigenous leaders contributed to the book. The individual contributions are grouped into larger sections by introductions by Thunberg. These are:

* 1: How the climate works;
* 2: How our planet is changing;
* 3: How it affects us;
* 4: What we have done about it;
* 5: What we must do now.

The book attempts to lay the foundations for a complex understanding of the global climate crisis and to outline responses to address it. Climate education is to be promoted in schools and the media, which is seen as a prerequisite for meaningful action. Thunberg makes an attempt to address what she sees as a false balance in reporting, exposing the manipulation of environmental statistics by "negotiating out" emissions and misleading labels such as "green" hydrogen, and making the voices of those currently most affected by the impacts of climate change from the Global South heard.

A unique feature of the book, which could be seen as a criticism in a book of this ambition, is that it lacks a bibliography and large annotation apparatus. Authoritative expertsThey are not quoted, their positions are not referenced, but they themselves have their say.
A piece of cobalt blue sea glass from a bottle top
**Sea glass** and **beach glass** are pieces of glass worn smooth by waves. Technically, "Sea glass" is glass found on beaches along bodies of salt water. As the glass reaches the shoreline pounding waves and rocks break it into smaller pieces. The sharp edges are worn smooth. Salt water erodes the glass and gives it a frosted appearance. "Beach glass" comes from fresh water. It is found mainly along coastlines and the shores of large lakes. However many feel sea glass and beach glass are the same thing.

Colors
------

White, emerald green and brown are the most common colors. They came from jars, plain bottles and beer bottles thrown into the water. Olive green, cobalt blue, aqua and amber are harder to find. They came from medicine bottles, soda bottles and cosmetic jars. The rarest colors are red, orange and yellow. They were originally items such as fine china, streetlamps and even ship lanterns. Many colors are unique to certain periods of history. Small bubbles in the glass help to identify the original glass item.

Locating
--------

Collectors walk beaches to find sea glass. After plastic became popular for containers it became harder to find sea glass. Sea glass can take from 7 to 10 years to get a frosted appearance. In many places winter seems to be the best time to find sea glass. Experienced sea glass hunters look for periods of low tide to start looking. Beaches that are cleaned of debris regularly won't produce much sea glass. Hunters look for "dirty beaches" that are left alone and have litter.
**Vipsania Agrippina** (36 BC – 20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Caecilia Attica. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius before her first birthday. In about 19 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Her father Agrippa died in March 12 BC. He was then married to his third wife, Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia. Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia. Vipsania was pregnant with a second child in 12/11 when the couple divorced. The second child did not survive.

Tiberius divorced Vipsania against his will in 11 BC, according to Suetonius. He always regretted this. On one occasion Tiberius caught sight of Vipsania and followed her with "an intent and tearful gaze". Precautions were taken to avoid further embarrassing meetings with her.

Vipsania then married the Senator Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus. They had a number of children, mostly sons. Their eldest son Gaius was put to death by Messalina, the infamous third wife of the Emperor Claudius.
The **United States presidential doctrines** are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

Examples of Presidential Doctrines
----------------------------------

The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.

President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=
**Sea spiders** are marine arthropods of the class **Pycnogonida**. 

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), those living at great depths, up to 24 inches (60 cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. 

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.

Description
-----------

The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

Distribution
------------

On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.
**Megan "Meg" Turney** (born March 12, 1987) is an American internet personality, cosplayer, and model. Turney is known for her online media presence. She is most noted for her work with the online series *SourceFed* and later Rooster Teeth. Turney is also known for her cosplaying at various conventions such as Comic-Con.

Online media career
-------------------

During her early years Turney hosted event coverage for deviantART. She appeared as a featured host on CraveOnline's *TechKnow* show. In July 2012, Turney would make her debut as a host of the YouTube channel *SourceFed*, where she and her co-host spoke about *Star Wars*. Along with being a host for the channel, Turney would also write stories for the *SourceFed* website. Turney would stay as a host of the channel, as well as its sister channel, *SourceFed Nerd*, until April 2014. During this time period, Turney also hosted for the American Music Awards' *On Demand* series, as well as *Nerdist News*.

After leaving *SourceFed*, Turney became a host for Rooster Teeth's channel, *The Know*. She made her first appearance on the channel on June 1, 2014. On joining Rooster Teeth, Turney said, "They have been pioneers in the industry for many years, and their level of originality and just plain fun in their content is unmatched in the space." In August 2014, Turney began co-hosting *The Know It All: Leaderboard*, a joint series of Rooster Teeth and *The Daily Dot*.

Cosplaying and modeling
-----------------------

In addition to her work online, Turney is also known for her cosplaying career. Turney was introduced to cosplaying by her friend, when she invited Turney to Ushicon 1 in 2002. *Gamer Headlines* wrote that Turney is, "known for her high quality cosplay and saucy lingerie photos." She appeared on the Syfy series *Heroes of Cosplay* in June 2014.

Aside from cosplaying, Turney also has experience with modeling. In April 2015, *FHM* placed Turney at #20 on their yearly "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list.

Other websites
--------------

* Con, Cosplay & Star Wars! Comic Con, Cosplay & Star Wars!
**Translocation** in vascular plants means the movement of organic molecules and some mineral ions. Movement of water from the soil to the leaves occurs in xylem vessels as the result of Transpiration. Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, causes a pull on the water column due to the forces of cohesion between water molecules formed due to hydrogen bonds which causes the water to move upwards. Organic materials, mainly produced in the leaves, are moved around the plant in the living cells of the phloem by a process called translocation.

Unlike xylem (which is composed of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. Sap is a water-based solution, rich in sugars made by the photosynthesis. These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant, such as the roots, or into storage structures, such as tubers or bulbs.

The 'pressure flow' hypothesis was proposed by Ernst Münch in 1930 to explain the mechanism of phloem translocation. Leaves photosynthesize, making sugars. Water moves into the sugar-laden sieve-tube cells with sugar by osmosis. This creating pressure that pushes the sap down the sieve tube. When the sugar reaches cells that need it, the cells actively transport sugars out of the sieve-tube elements.

During the plant's growth period, usually during the spring, storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources, and the plant's many growing areas are sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is multi-directional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is one-directional (upwards). Other molecules like amino acids, hormones, and even messenger RNAs are also transported in the phloem through sieve tube elements.
The **National Archives of Australia** is an agency established by the Government of Australia. It is an archive, which collects and preserves government records. The national office is in Canberra. It has smaller offices in each state capital and Darwin.

The National Archives were established in 1961. Before this, the Federal Parliamentary Library (now the National Library of Australia) had been responsible for collecting government records since World War I. The *Archives Act 1983* was a law passed to protect Commonwealth archives. Under this law, the National Archives are responsible for preserving government records.

The National Archives' collection is made up of records written about Federation, Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Cabinet and Ministries and most of the activities with which the government has been involved. The collection is not open to the public for browsing. Items can be requested for viewing in the reading rooms, and copies of records can be made. Most records over 30 years old are available to the public. Some are released with certain pieces of information deleted. This kind of information includes documents relating to defence and security, private information, and raw census data. Access to information that is culturally sensitivite to indigenous Australians may also be restricted.

Several collections have been made available online. These include all Australian military service records (records of those who served in the military) from the Second Boer War to the Vietnam War. Immigration and naturalisation documents more than 30 years old were made available in 2005.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***National Archives of Australia***.

* National Archives of Australia
* History of the NAA Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Archives Act 1983, at ComLaw
* Documenting a Democracy

Coordinates: 35°18′18″S 149°07′50″E﻿ / ﻿35.304877°S 149.130574°E﻿ / -35.304877; 149.130574
This article is about the **placement alignment**, or **layout**, of the internal combustion engine *within* the chassis or body of a vehicle.

  

A **transverse engine** is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is at a right angle (90°) to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle.

History
-------

The first car known to use such an arrangement was a 1911 front-wheel drive car. It had a clutch at each end of the engine, driving the front wheels directly. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW "Front" series of cars. These first appeared in 1931. After the World War II, SAAB used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947.

Placement of transverse engines
-------------------------------

Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:

* Front engine mounted – for front-wheel drive vehicles
* Rear or mid-engine mounted – for rear-wheel drive vehicles
***Meet Me in St. Louis*** is a 1944 MGM musical movie. It tells the story of a family living in St. Louis, Missouri at the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair in 1904. It stars Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien. Garland sang "The Trolley Song" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". Both songs became big hits.

The movie was based on a series of short stories by Sally Benson. These stories were first published in *The New Yorker* magazine. Later, they were published in the novel *5135 Kensington*.

The movie was directed by Vincente Minnelli. He met Garland on the set. Later, they married. The critics liked the movie. In 2005, Richard Schickel wrote, "It had wonderful songs [and] a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland ... Despite its nostalgic charm, Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy, occasionally surreal, darkness and it remains, for some of us, the greatest of American movie musicals."

Reputation
----------

The movie was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Cinematography, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, Best Music, Song ("The Trolley Song") and Best Writing, Screenplay. In 1994, the movie was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

The American Film Institute ranked the movie 10th on AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals. Two songs from the movie made AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ("The Trolley Song" at #26 and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" at #76).

Other websites
--------------

* Quotations related to Meet Me in St. Louis at Wikiquote
* Media related to Meet Me in St. Louis at Wikimedia Commons
Otjiwarongo constituency (red) in the Otjozondjupa Region (yellow)
**Otjiwarongo Constituency** is an electoral constituency in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It had 22,614 people living there in 2004 and 22,931 registered voters in 2020[update].

Politics
--------

In the 2010 regional election, former Otjiwarongo mayor Otto Ipinge of the SWAPO Party was elected to the Otjozondjupa Regional Council. The 2015 regional election was also won by the SWAPO candidate. Julius Neumbo gained 4,565 votes, followed by Esmerelda Esme ǃAebes of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance with 1,254 votes and Chris Katjivive of the National Unity Democratic Organisation with 597 votes.

After councillor Neumbo died in 2019, a by-election was run in March 2020. Again the SWAPO candidate won. Marlyn Mbakera obtained 2,910 votes, ahead of independent candidate Erastus Mbumba (1,020 votes) and Sebeteus Guiteb of the Landless People's Movement (752 votes). Councillor Mbakera was re-elected in the 2020 regional election. She received 4,173 votes, well ahead of Erastus Mbumba, now of the Independent Patriots for Change, who obtained 1,592 votes. Asariel Iilonga of the Popular Democratic Movement came third with 721 votes, followed by Lazarus Januarie (LPM, 524 votes) and Johannes Nauiseb (NUDO, 450 votes).
This article is about the animal. For the GNU project (computer science), see GNU.

A **wildebeest** (or **gnu**) is an animal. It is a large hoofed mammal in the Bovidae family. There are two species of wildebeest. Both live in Africa.

Taxonomy
--------

* Genus *Connochaetes*
	+ Blue wildebeest or brindled gnu (*Connochaetes taurinus*)
	+ Black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu (*Connochaetes gnou*)

Size
----

Wildebeest grow to 1.15 to 1.40 metres (at the shoulder) and they weigh between 150 and 250 kilograms when they are fully grown. They live in the plains and open woodlands in southern Africa. The biggest herds can be found in the Serengeti. Wildebeest can live for more than 20 years.

What they eat
-------------

Like other members of the same family (antelopes, deer and goats, amongst others), they mainly eat grass. But since in the African grasslands, there is not always grass, wildebeest are forced to migrate to find food all year round. In May, about 1.5 million animals move from the grasslands to the woods. In November they move back; there is grass in the plains in summer.

Breeding and mating season
--------------------------

Blue wildebeest (*Connochaetes taurinus*)
The cows (female Gnus) will calve (give birth to the young) in summer in the plains. After the females have given birth, the breeding season begins. The dominant males mark off (and defend) some territory. They do this with feces, and with scent.

Wildebeest are an important part of the ecosystem. With their feces, they fertilize the ground, and their trampling is good for new growth. They also provide food for predators, like lions and hyenas.

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Connochaetes***.

* *The Great Migration* Archived 2006-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, on migration patterns of the wildebeest
* Wildebeest images
**Tribunes of the plebs** were important officials in Ancient Rome. The **plebeians** (plebs) were the free Roman people who were not patricians.

The tribunes provided a balance between the power of the Senate and the needs of the people. There were ten tribunes at any time, and they could act separately or together.

These tribunes had the power to use the People's Assembly (the Concilium Plebis) to support the common people. They could summon the Senate, propose legislation and intervene on the behalf of plebeians in legal matters. Most important of all was the power to veto the actions of the Consuls and other magistrates, to protect the interests of the plebeians. An assault on any plebian tribune was against the law.

Tribunes of the plebs were elected by the People's Assembly alone. They could be commoners, unlike all the other officials of the Roman Republic. Their role lasted for about 800 years, but under the Roman Empire they did not have real powers. They were in origin and style, a working part of the Roman Republic. 

Although a tribune could veto any action of the magistrates, Senate, or other assemblies, he had to be physically present in order to do so. Once the tribune was no longer present, the action could be completed as if the veto had not occurred. This meant that the tribunes' powers were limited to Rome itself, not the Republic in general.
Cutting-edge microscopy:  
Nuclei are stained blue with DAPI, microtubles are marked green by an antibody and actin filaments are labelled red with phalloidin
A typical microscope set-up.   
A stained specimen on a glass microscope slide is mounted on the stage of a microscope
**Staining** is used in microscopy to make cells and tissues easier to see and understand.

This is a way to improve contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are often used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues, often with the aid of different microscopes.

Staining can be done on living tissues (*in vivo*) or on dead tissues (*in* *vitro*).

Preparation
-----------

Dead tissue needs to be "fixed" so it does not decay. The fixative keeps the structure as it is. After fixation a tissue may be cut into thin slices, and put on a series of glass microscope slides. Occasionally, it is necessary to dissolve cell membranes so large dye molecules can get into the cells. Standards are published in the *Biotechnic & Histochemistry* journal.

Staining
--------

The simplest way is to dip the slide plus specimen into a solution of dye, then rinse it and examine. The stains used are certified stains, tested by the Biological Stain Commission.

### Staining bacteria

Gram staining is used to classify bacteria. It is based on the composition of their cell wall. Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a counterstain which marks all bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria stain dark blue or violet. Their cell wall lacks the secondary membrane and lipopolysaccharide layer found in Gram-negative bacteria.

On most Gram-stained preparations, Gram-negative organisms are red or pink from the counterstain.

### Staining tissues

Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin
Haematoxylin and eosin staining is often used in histology for thin sections of tissue. Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red.

Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red. In a skilfully made H & E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) go different shades of pink. Hematoxylin stains the cell nucleus and other acidic structures (such as RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm and the matrix of hyaline cartilage) blue. In contrast, eosin stains the cytoplasm and collagen pink.

A quick and simple stain used on blood smears, and human cheek cells is methylene blue, which stains the nuclei. There are many other specialist stains, some fluorescent under special light.
**Seabirds** are birds that have adapted so they are better able to live at sea or near it. Many seabirds live *at sea*, that is, far away from land. They may only come on land to breed. Other seabirds live in colonies on islands. Very often, seabirds use the sea for food, most often fish or shellfish. The first seabirds evolved in the Cretaceous period, and modern seabird families first appeared in the Palaeogene. The similarities between them are examples of convergent evolution. The same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations. 

Seabirds share a number of adaptations to sea life. They live longer, breed later and have fewer young than other birds. They do spend a great deal of time with their young. Most species nest in colonies. These vary from a few dozen birds to millions. Many species take long annual migrations every year, crossing the equator or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases. They feed both at the ocean's surface and below it, and even feed on each other. Seabirds vary in how much of the year they spend at sea.

Gallery
-------

* The sooty tern spends months flying at sea, returning to land only for breeding.The sooty tern spends months flying at sea, returning to land only for breeding.
* Cormorants have feathers that can get wet. This lets them to dive more easily.Cormorants have feathers that can get wet. This lets them to dive more easily.
* The chinstrap penguin is a streamlined pursuit diver.The chinstrap penguin is a streamlined pursuit diver.
* Northern gannet (white) in a colony with Common guillemot, in Helgoland, Germany.Northern gannet (white) in a colony with Common guillemot, in Helgoland, Germany.
* Pelicans winter in Cuba every year from North America.Pelicans winter in Cuba every year from North America.
* Arctic terns breed in the Arctic and subarctic and winter in Antarctica.Arctic terns breed in the Arctic and subarctic and winter in Antarctica.
* Northern gannets breeding in large colony in CanadaNorthern gannets breeding in large colony in Canada
**The Five**, often known as **The Mighty Handful**, are a group of five Russian composers who met regularly in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the mid-19th century. The Russian name for the group: *Moguchaya kuchka* (*The Mighty Handful*) was given to them by Vladimir Stasov, the famous music critic. The five composers were: Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. The group all wanted to write music in a Russian style, rather than imitating European composers. They were part of the movement known in music as Nationalism. They were five of the most important composers of the time. Note that Tchaikovsky was not one of the group. His music is more European-based, but he, too, often wrote very Russian music based on folk tunes.

History
-------

Before The Five were established as a group, Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Dargomyzhsky were trying to create a Russian kind of music. All the composers of The Five were amateur composers. This does not mean that they were bad, it means that they earned their living in other ways and composed when they had time. Rimsky-Korsakov was a naval officer, Borodin was a professor of chemistry, Cui was an expert in military armaments and Mussorgsky had been in the Guards and then in the civil service before he took up music full time. Balakirev, the leader of the group, worked for a time for the Warsaw Railways. He was the spiritual leader of the group: a kind of teacher and guide.

The composers of The Five tried to put the sounds of village songs, Cossack and Caucasian dances, and church chants in their music. Russian peasants used to sing folk songs in which words or syllables were spun out with several notes into a long, lyrical line. This influence can be heard in many of the Five’s works, especially in Mussorgsky’s operas. They also frequently used music which sounded like that from Eastern Asia ("Orientalism").

The group began to meet in 1856. This was before Anton Rubinstein founded the St Petersburg Conservatoire. Music at the Conservatoire was taught in a European way. This is what The Five, together with the music critic Vladimir Stasov, were against. However, in later years Rimsky-Korsakov taught at the Conservatoire, and Rubinstein who had left in to concentrate on his career as a pianist, often used ideas from Russian folk music. The difference between the two parties had become blurred. By the 1880s The Five were drifting apart because they each had developed their own personal styles. Apart from Cui, whose music is not often heard today, the members of the group influenced or taught many of the next generation of Russian composers, such as Alexander Glazunov, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Dmitri Shostakovich.

Related pages
-------------

* Les Six, French composers

Other websites
--------------

* Encyclopædia Britannica article about "The Five"