recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Paper Mario: The Origami King** is the sixth installment in the Paper Mario series, released on the Nintendo Switch worldwide on July 17, 2020. The game follows Mario opposing an evil army of origami characters known as Folded Soldiers, ruled by the Origami King, King Olly; which have taken over the Mushroom Kingdom.

The game follows the gameplay style of its two predecessors, Paper Mario: Sticker Star, and Paper Mario: Color Splash. As in these previous entries, role-playing elements are deemphasized in favor of action-adventure mechanics, which focus on exploration and puzzle-solving in individual areas rather than emphasizing character growth over the entire game. Also like the previous games, Paper Mario: The Origami King is focused around an aspect of arts and crafts. Whilst Paper Mario: Sticker Star had a focus on stickers and Paper Mario: Color Splash had a focus on paint, Paper Mario: The Origami King is focused around origami. Similarly, the game's environments graphically resemble crafts, and many of the game's bosses are based around some kind of crafting tool. Unlike the entries directly before, however, Paper Mario: The Origami King has levels that are directly connected rather than being segregated through a level select screen, similar to the first two games in the series. Similar to Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door and Super Paper Mario, Bowser is not the primary antagonist in exchange for an original villain. Paper Mario: The Origami King does not feature a battle system which uses finite items for combat, as it instead uses an original ring-based system which uses puzzle-solving instead of strategy.

The above text is from the Super Mario Wiki and is available under a Creative Commons license. Attribution must be provided through a list of authors or a link back to the original article. Source:
In the Gregorian calendar, a **century leap year** is a year that is exactly divisible by 400. Like all other leap years, these years have February 29. If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400. Century leap years always begin on a Saturday, and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday. Additionally, a century leap year does not begin and end on the same Saturday because it ends on a Sunday. 

The start days of exceptional common years (century years not evenly divisible by 400) also varies; the century year begins on a Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300.

The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end-of-century years) is a leap year. Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons. Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time. Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end-of-century years are only leap years if divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 was the first end-of-century year that was not a leap year.
**ITV Channel Television** previously known as **Channel Television**, is a British television station which has been serving the Channel Islands since the station launched in 1962. The company is based in Jersey and shows regional programmes for the ITV network. Until November 2011, Channel Television was one of four ITV companies that was not owned by ITV plc with the two STV regions in Scotland and UTV in Northern Ireland. Since 2012, ITV plc has owned the station and the broadcasting licence was moved to ITV Broadcasting Limited in March 2017.

History
-------

### Launch

Channel Television was awarded the licence for the Channel Islands in 1960 by the regulator at the time, the Independent Television Authority (ITA). The ITA pointed out the Television Act 1954 that started ITV and the ITA did not include the Channel Islands, and if the ITA was to have an ITV service there, it would require an extension of the act with an Order in Council. The station also faced difficulty with connecting to the rest of the ITV network. The solution was to create a relay station on the island of Alderney that would connect with another ITV station, originally Westward Television. The station also had issues getting permission for the mast but they gained permission in September 1961.
Nihonbashi. Woodblock print by Hiroshige, c. 1833-1834
**Nihonbashi** (日本橋, literally *Japan Bridge*), also romanized as **Nihombashi**, is a business district of Chūō in Tokyo, Japan. The district grew up around the bridge of the same name. The bridge connects two sides of the Nihonbashi River. A series of bridges at the same site have had the same name since the 17th century.

Traditionally, all distances in Japan are measured from the centerpoint of the Nihonbashi Bridge. This custom began in the Edo period.

History
-------

Marker at center of Nihonbashi
In the Edo period, the Nihonbashi Bridge was the start of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. The earliest Nihonbashi Bridge was made of wood. It was completed in 1603. The current bridge is made of stone. It was completed in 1911.

In 2009, Nihonbashi was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

### Timeline

* **1603** (*Keichō 8*): Wooden bridge built.
* **1605** (*Keichō 10*): The first official map of Japan was ordered with distances measured from Nihonbashi.
* **1911** (*Meiji 44*): Bridge was re-built using stone.

Related pages
-------------

* Nihombashi Station
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*
* List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Nihonbashi, Tokyo at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 35°41′02″N 139°46′28″E﻿ / ﻿35.68389°N 139.77444°E﻿ / 35.68389; 139.77444
**Denofa AS** is an industrial company from Norway that was established in 1912 as De Nordiske Fabriker A/S, or De-No-Fa for short. The company produces oil, proteins, and fatty acid (lecithin) for the food processing industry, the fodder industry, and the pharmaceutical industry. They started refining whale oil, but later switched to using soy.

The first production facility was located in Fredrikstad and was planned and constructed by Carl Fredrik Holmboe. The company merged with the soap company Lilleborg in 1960 to form DeNoFa Lilleborg. Later, it was demerged in 1996 to again form a separate company, but remained part of the Orkla Group. Denofa currently owns a production facility in Leknes, acquired after buying 100% of the company Marine Lipids.

Denofa has 60 employees and the current CEO is Bjarne Rask Thomsen. The company is currently owned by Orkla (20%), Unikorn (40%), and the Brazilian company Inlogs (40%). They also own 60% of the Polish company Nagrol. The company imports soybeans from Brazil and uses grain from Norway. The company currently has 60 employees, and the current CEO is Bjarne Rask Thomsen
***Katamari Damacy*** (塊魂, *Katamari Damashii*, lit. "*Clump Spirit*") is a thirdperson puzzle-action video game made by Namco for the PlayStation 2 game console. It has had many sequels, including *We Love Katamari*, *Me & My Katamari*, and *Beautiful Katamari*.

What happ
---------

In the game, you play as a small human-like being, who is a prince. His father is the king of the cosmos. In the beginning, the king destroys all of the stars in the galaxy without meaning to do so. He then asks his son to take a magic ball (the Katamari). The king then sends the prince to Earth. The ball can make things stick to it. The point of the game is to roll enough things onto the ball. Once this limit is reached, the Katamari is sent to the king for evaluation. If it is big enough, the ball will float into the air and turn into a star.

What people thought about the game
----------------------------------

The game got really good ratings. IGN rated the game 85.75%. Gaming Age gave it a B+. GameSpot's review said that it was "far and away one of the strangest, most original games to come along in years".
**Sam Ryder** (born 25 June 1989) is a British singer and media personality best known for being the runner-up of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.

Early life
----------

Sam Ryder Robinson was born on 25 June 1989 in Essex. He has two sisters. From the age of 11, Ryder wanted to pursue a career in music.

Career
------

Ryder become famous through TikTok during the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, he began posting his music covers. By the end of the same year, he was named the most- followed UK artist on the platform. 

In 2022, he represented the United Kingdom with the song "Space Man" in Eurovision. He won the jury vote and finished as runner-up overall, with Ukraine's Kalush Orchestra winning.

Ryder's success at Eurovision has helped the UK's reputation in the Song Contest, as well as helping change public view on it. He has continued to be popular in the UK and performed at Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee and the *Royal Variety Show*.

He has also appeared on *Celebrity Gogglebox*, a TV series where celebrities and their friends react to the latest programmes on television. Ryder has also participated in Comic Relief.

In May 2023, Ryder released a new single titled "Mountain", which he performed as an interval act at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Sam Ryder: TikTok star to sing Space Man for UK at Eurovision 2022". *BBC News*. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
2. ↑  "Eurovision 2022: Ukraine wins, while the UK's Sam Ryder comes second". *BBC News*. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
3. ↑  "Eurovision 2022: How Sam Ryder turned things around for the UK". *BBC News*. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
4. ↑  "Sam Ryder to appear on Celebrity Gogglebox with Radio 1's Scott Mills". *Essex Live*. 2 June 2022.
5. ↑  "Eurovision 2023: Line-up of star-studded Grand Final performances announced". *www.bbc.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-17.[*permanent dead link*]
A **constable** is a person doing a certain job, most commonly in law enforcement. The work and role of a constable can vary a lot in different countries.

Historically, the word *constable* comes from the Latin, *comes stabuli*, count of the stables. It came from the Eastern Roman Empire. Originally, the constable was the person who kept the horses of a lord or monarch. The title was later used in the monarchies of medieval Europe. In many countries, the constable became a high military rank and great officer of State such as, the Constable of France.

In modern times, constables are law enforcement officers. In the United Kingdom, Commonwealth of Nations and some European countries, a constable is the lowest rank of police officer. In the United States a constable is usually an elected peace officer, with less powers than a sheriff. However, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level.

Historically, a constable could also be someone in charge of the defence of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London.

It is a similar position to Marshal, which comes from Old High German *marah* "horse" and *schalh* "servant", and originally meant "stable keeper", which has a similar etymology.
**Majeed Ashimeru** (born 10 October 1997) is a Ghanaian footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Belgian club RSC Anderlecht and the Ghana national team.

Career
------

Ashimeru started his career at West African Football Academy. In 2015 he played for WAFA in the Premier League for the first time. In the 2016 season, however, he was only used five times in the top Ghanaian league.

In August 2017 he moved to the Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg. He was directly loaned to the second division club SC Austria Lustenau.

In January 2018 he was loaned out to Bundesliga side Wolfsberger AC. He played his first Bundesliga game in February 2018 when he started against SCR Altach on Matchday 21 of the 2017/18 season. He scored his first goal for Wolfsberg the following round in a 1-0 win over SK Sturm Graz.

For the 2018/19 season he was loaned to FC St. Gallen in Switzerland. He made his Super League debut in July 2018 when he started against FC Basel on Matchday 1 of that season. In a 3-2 win against FC Zurich in October 2018, he scored his first goal in Switzerland's top division.

After the loan ended, he returned to Salzburg for the 2019/20 season. In the 2019/20 season he made 20 Bundesliga appearances for Salzburg. After another nine until the 2020/21 winter break, Ashimeru was loaned out a fourth time in January 2021 to RSC Anderlecht. He made his first appearance in Division 1A on 21 February 2021 against KV Kortrijk. Ashimeru made 5 out of 14 possible appearances in the main round, in which he scored a goal. In the champions playoffs he played in all six games. In June 2021 he was signed by Anderlecht and given a contract that runs until June 2025.

National team
-------------

Ashimeru made his debut for Ghana in May 2017 in a friendly against Benin and was replaced by Isaac Twum in the 59th minute. He played his second international match on 6 September 2021 against South Africa as part of a World Cup qualifier.

Honours
-------

### Club

**Red Bull Salzburg**

* Austrian Bundesliga: 2019–20
* Austrian Cup: 2019–20


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Majeed Ashimeru***.
*Edmontosaurus* pelvis (showing ornithischian structure – left side, tail to the right) Oxford University Museum of Natural History
**Ornithischia** is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds.

Overview
--------

The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem ornith- (ὀρνιθ-), meaning "of a bird", and ischion (ἴσχιον), plural ischia, meaning "hip joint".

However, birds are only distantly related to this group as birds are theropod dinosaurs.

Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the ceratopsians or "horn-faced" dinosaurs, the pachycephalosaurs or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) such as stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, and the ornithopods.

There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults.

Some were at least partially covered in filamentous pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of Tianyulong, Psittacosaurus, and Kulindadromeus may have been primitive feathers.

### Fossil works

They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their hip structure. However, birds actually descended from the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs, the Saurischia. The name "Ornithischia" means "bird-hipped," and birds also have pelvises in which the pubis points backwards. 

An alternative name for the order is the **Predentata**, because all of them are beaked herbivorous dinosaurs. The beak is in front of the jaw-bone, the dentary, so it is a 'predentary'. The upper half of the beak is the 'premaxilla' on the end of the upper jaw. The beak is a key adaptation for cropping plants for their food.

Their original (basal) form of locomotion was bipedal. However, from early in their evolutionary history, they were capable of both bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion. Several groups became entirely quadrupedal.

A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships might upset this summary.

The ornithischia has two sub-orders:

* Thyreophora: the armoured dinosaurs: Ankylosaurs and Stegosaurs.
* Cerapoda: the duck-billed and horned dinosaurs.

Plants
------

Their vegetarian diet included:

* Seed ferns: Pteridospermatophyta. Upper Triassic, Jurassic.
* Cycads and other woody seed plants, common during Mesozoic period.
* Gymnosperms (conifers): Jurassic, Cretaceous.
* Angiosperms (flowering plants): Cretaceous
* Algae in the form of seaweed: no direct evidence, but likely.

This group of dinosaurs would not be able to reach the taller conifers. The other main group of vegetarian dinosaurs, the sauropodomorphs, were specialists able to reach vegetation on the tall trees.

Related pages
-------------

* Saurischia
* Fabrosauridae
* Heterodontosaur
**Julián Padrón** (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.

Story about Julián Padrón
-------------------------

Julián Padrón was born on September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cumaná. After Padrón went to a secondary school called Andrés Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Julián Padrón got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.

In 1935 Padrón got 2 degrees: 

* A degree of Lawyer
* A degree of Doctor in Political Science (a person who has knowledge about the science of government).

Padrón got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padrón got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries). 

In 1929 Julián Padrón wrote for the magazine *Elite*. In 1935 Julián Padrón, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Plá made the magazine **El Ingenioso Hidalgo** for a short time. In 1936 Padrón made and wrote for the newspaper **Unidad Nacional**. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.

Julián Padrón had these jobs: 

* He was the leader of the **Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos**, an organisation that is the representative of writers from Venezuela. Padrón was the leader of this organisation in 1937 and in 1940.
* He created and was the manager of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos’ Magazines.
* He had the direction of a committee of the Athenaeum (an organisation that does works about writings) of Caracas in 1940.
* He had the direction of the magazine Shell from 1952 to 1954.

Julián Padrón died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.

Writings
--------

Julián Padrón did this group of writings:

Novels (books of long stories)
* La Guaricha (1934)
* Madrugada (1939)
* Clamor Campesino (1945)
* Primavera Nocturna (1950)
* Este Mundo Desolado (1954)

Short Stories
* Candelas de verano (1937)

Dramatical Comedy
* Fogata (1938)

Short Comic Play
* Parásitas Negras (1939)

In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did **Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano**. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology **Cuentistas Modernos**.

Source
------

This book has a short biography (story) about Julián Padrón:

* Padrón, Julián (1984): La Guaricha. Ediciones Amon C.A. Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guácharo; Reediciones y Biografías).
A Baritone Guitar is a musical instrument used for genres like funk, metal, pop, and a huge range of other genres and styles.

The **baritone guitar** was initially a German acoustic guitar innovation over 100 years ago. When adapted for the early electric guitar market of the 1950s and 60s by manufacturers such as Fender and Danelectro, the instrument found its first popular footing in the hands of rockabilly forefather Duane Eddy. From that point, the scene expanded into 60s surf rock, the popular sounds of Glen Campbell and other country music contemporaries, and perhaps even more iconically, the spaghetti western soundtracks of Ennio Morricone.

In the past 20 years, there has been a marked increase in baritone electric guitar use and interest. The baritone guitar is often used by musicians of all stylistic backgrounds looking to replace or augment sounds produced by more conventional instruments or simply to add a new sound that is both familiar and strikingly fresh.

In the early days of the electric baritone guitar, Nashville names like Duane Eddy, and Glen Campbell put the instrument on the map in a big way along with the even lower-tuned Fender Bass VI. Furthering the signature sound of 1960s popular music, the Beach Boys founder and revered songwriter/producer Brian Wilson often used a baritone to arrange and write songs, finding a range of notes and tones that were otherwise unavailable to guitarists.

More recently, baritone guitars have been found in the hands of metal aficionados James Hetfield of Metallica, Brian ‘Head' Welch of Korn, John Petrucci of Dream Theater, Pat O'Brian of Cannibal Corpse, and countless others. On another side of the rock spectrum, Eddie Van Halen, Dave Matthews, and Robert Smith have used the baritone frequently for recording.

Jazz giant Pat Metheny used a baritone guitar to record his 2003 solo album One Quiet Night and his 2011 solo album What's It All About. The recordings of Ani DiFranco are another great example of the baritone guitar's contributions to both jazz and sounds that bend and defy the constraints of genre.

In 2019, Snarky Puppy's Mark Lettieri released a baritone-centric solo album, Deep: The Baritone Sessions. Since then, he has since played both standard guitar and baritone guitar in Vulfpeck side-project The Fearless Flyers, and brought a new wave of popularity to the instrument among funk players.

Countless musicians look to Eastwood when considering baritone electric guitar options. Pat Smear of the Foo Fighters, Ian Mackaye from Minor Threat, and Albert Bouchard of the Blue Oyster Cult are all known to frequently use the Eastwood Sidejack Baritone on stage.

The legacy of the baritone electric extends well beyond the status of a "drop-tuned metal guitar"". The acoustic versions have been around since the 1800s, but the electric baritones – as we know them today – only hit the scene in the 1950s.
**Vargas tragedy** is one of the worst disaster that struck the Venezuelan country's Vargas state on 15 December 1999. It was a result of heavy downpour of rain, flash floods and mudslides that followed on 14-16 December 1999 which killed 10,000\*30,000 peoples.This disaster led to an complete collapse of the infrastructure of the state of Vargas.

Many towns were swept away to the ocean due to the floods.Whole towns like Cerro Grande and Carmen de Uria completely disappeared. As much as 10% of the population of Vargas perished during this event.The coastal area of Vargas has long been subject to mudslides and flooding: geologically similar catastrophes occurred with regularity. The most recent major flood was in 1951, however that event did not cause as much damage.

In a 52-hour span during 14, 15 and 16 December 1999, 91.1 centimeters (35.9 in) of rain (approximately one year's total rainfall for the region) was measured on the north-central coast of Venezuela at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetia, Venezuela. These heavy rains included 7.2 centimeters (2.8 in) of accumulation in just one hour, between 6 and 7 AM on the 16th; precipitation on both the 15th and 16th exceeded the 1,000-year probability rainfall event. Even so, the coast received much less rain than some regions upstream.

The disaster caused estimated damages of USD $1.79 to $3.5 billion. The death toll was considered to be between 10,000 and 30,000—the exact number of casualties is difficult to determine as there was no reliable census data, especially about shanty towns and small communities that were completely wiped out; moreover, only some 1,000 bodies were recovered, with the rest swept to sea by the mud or buried in the landslides. More than 8,000 homes and 700 apartment buildings were destroyed in Vargas displacing up to 75,000 people.
**Ben Dunne** (19 May 1908 – 14 April 1983) was the founder of Dunnes Stores.

Life
----

Ben Dunne was born Bernard Dunne on 19 May 1908, in County Down, Ireland. When he was young, he would often pick berries and help at a butcher’s shop. He went to St. Mary's School until he was 14 years old.

In 1926, when he was 18, after deciding not to emigrate to the United States, Dunne moved to Drogheda and worked in Anderson's Drapery store there, he then moved to Cameron's Drapery Store in Longford before finally moving to Roches Stores in Cork in the mid–1930s, it was there he met his wife Nora Maloney, they married in 1939.

In 1944, Ben Dunne left Roches Stores to open his own store, Dunnes Stores, on Patrick's Street in Cork. Police were forced to deal with crowds on opening day. He made an agreement with Des Darrer until 1952, when Darrer rebranded the Dunnes Stores as Darrers Stores, it closed down in 2007.

Later life and death
--------------------

In 1960, groceries were introduced to Dunnes Stores, and he saw a number of changes in the 1960s and 1970s, he passed away of a heart attack on 14 April 1983, at the age of 74.
A **Wolf spider** is a member of the group of spiders whose scientific name is the *Lycosidae.* *Lycos* means "wolf" in Greek. These spiders get their name from the way they hunt, which the people who named them thought was like the way wolves hunt. However, wolves hunt in packs but spiders are solitary animals. Their way of hunting is more like that of solitary cats such as the cheetahs. They generally wait for their prey to wander close by, and then they rush in to kill it.

The wolf spiders belong to a large group. The smallest are less than 0.04 inches (1 mm) in body length. The largest are around 1.5 inches (38 mm) in body length. Some wolf spiders spend all of their lives above ground (taking the best shelter they can find), others dig burrows but come out of the burrows to wander about and hunt, and some spend almost all of their lives waiting for passing insects in their burrows.

One species of wolf spider gives us the name that is now used in English for an entirely different kind of spider. This is *Hogna tarantula* because it found around Taranto, a city in Italy. People there once believed that if a human were bitten by one of these wolf spiders, they would surely die unless made to do a wild dance. Actually, *Hogna tarantula* does not give bites that need medical help. Any deaths from spiders in the area of Taranto probably came from the local Widow spider.

After a female wolf spider mates, she creates a clear space on the ground, lays down a rough sheet of silk, and on top of that sheet she makes a silken cup in which she lays her eggs. She next closes the cup, making a round ball, and holds onto it using her spinnerets until the babies begin to hatch. She then opens the silk ball and lets the baby spiders come out. They all run up her legs and cover the top part of her body.. There may be more than one hundred baby spiders on her back.

An Australian wolf spider carrying an egg sac attached to her spinnerets.
As you can see from the second photograph, mother wolf spiders carry their baby spiders around on their backs. They protect the babies for a few days, and then the babies leave her and go off on their own. 

*Lycosa tarantula* covered with babies.

Is it a wolf spider?
--------------------

The eyes of a wolf spider -- note that they are not all the same size.
The eyes of a wolf spider seen from the front.
The eyes of a spider that is **not** a wolf spider.
There are several kinds of spiders that look almost like wolf spiders. The best way to be sure is to look at the eyes. There are four small eyes at the bottom, then two very large eyes, then two somewhat smaller eyes.

Various kinds of wolf spider
----------------------------

Wolf spiders come in various sizes, ranging from 2 millimeter to 40 millimeter in size (more than an inch in body size).
***Forces on an aircraft wing*** 
The **lift force**, **lifting force** or simply **lift** is the sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow. 

The most common type of lift is that of a wing of an aircraft. But there are many other common uses such as propellers on both aircraft and boats, rotors on helicopters, fan blades, sails on sailboats, and wind turbines.

While the common meaning of the term "lift" suggests an "upwards" action, lift can be in any direction. For instance, for a sail the lift is horizontal, and for the wing on a race car the lift is down.

There are a number of ways of explaining the production of lift; some are more complicated than others, some have been shown to be false. The simplest explanation is that the wing deflects air downward, and the reaction pushes the wing up.

Other websites
--------------

* How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
* NASA tutorial, with animation, describing lift
* Description on one very common incorrect explanation of lift Archived 2014-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Discussion of the apparent "conflict" between the various explanations of lift
* Explanation of Lift with animation of fluid flow around an airfoil
* A treatment of why and how wings generate lift that focuses on pressure.
**Ray Anthony Lewis, Jr.** (born May 15, 1975) is a former American football player. He played linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire career for the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 to 2013. He played for the University of Miami in college. Lewis was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens with the 26th pick in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft. Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV making 11 tackles, 6 assists, and blocked 4 passes. He was the first linebacker to win the Super Bowl MVP award on the winning team.

Childhood
---------

Lewis grew up in Ohio

College football
----------------

Lewis played for the Miami Hurricanes in college as a middle linebacker. Even though critics often said he was too small, Lewis became known for his intimidating style of play. He wore #52 on his jersey.

Professional career
-------------------

### Baltimore Ravens

Lewis was drafted 26th oveall in the 1st Round of the 1996 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens. Four years later, Lewis was a Super Bowl MVP when Baltimore defeated the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV. In that Super Bowl-winning 2000 NFL season, Lewis was part of a famous linebacker group that also had outside linebackers Jamie Sharper and Peter Boulware. Lewis was elected as the NFL Defensive player of the Year in 2000, and won it again in 2003.

Lewis playing against the Cincinnati Bengals at M&T Bank Stadium.
Throughout his career, Lewis has built a reputation as one of the best players in NFL history. In 2011, Lewis ranked #8 on the NFL's list of top 100 players. In his 16-year career, Lewis registered 1,993 tackles (1,514 solo), 40.5 sacks, intercepted 31 quarterback passes (returned for a total of 503 yards), and three touchdowns (including postseason).

On January 2, 2013, Lewis said that he intends retire from professional football after the 2012–13 NFL playoffs.

Personal
--------

Lewis visits Army soldiers
Lewis is a self-proclaimed Christian. He lives in Maryland, USA. In 2001, Lewis started the Ray Lewis Foundation, which helps struggling young people. Lewis is respected by Baltimore. He has a street named after him, "#52 Avenue."

Other websites
--------------

* Ray Lewis' Official website
* Ray Lewis at baltimoreravens.com Archived 2010-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Ray Lewis ESPN Profile
The **Balto-Slavic language** group is a hypothetical group made up of the Baltic and Slavic languages. They are part of this family group because it is claimed by some Germanic and Slavic linguists that these two language groups share some similarities involving the linguistic traits of the two language families. However, these claims are not universally accepted. Some scholars claim they are two different decendants of the wider Proto-Indo-European (PIE) langauge family. The Balto-Slavic languages are mainly spoken in areas of eastern, northern and southern parts of Europe. The Balto-Slavic languages are daughter languages of the now extinct PIE. There are only two Baltic languages spoken today: Lithuanian and Latvian.

Some of Balto-Slavic languages spoken today: 

* Lithuanian (Baltic)
* Latvian (Baltic)
* Belarusian (Slavic)
* Czech (Slavic)
* Polish (Slavic)
* Ukrainian (Slavic)
* Russian (Slavic)
* Croatian (Slavic)
* Serbian (Slavic)
* Slovak (Slavic)

For a complete list of Balto-Slavic languages go here.
**Ben Gardane** or **Bengardane** (Tunisian Arabic: بنڤردان or بن ڤردان, **Bin Guirdan**; French: *Benguerdene*) is a commune and coastal town in south eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya. It is located at around 33°8′20″N 11°13′0″E﻿ / ﻿33.13889°N 11.21667°E﻿ / 33.13889; 11.21667.

History
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During the Second World War Ben Gardane Airfield was used by the 57th Fighter Group, which flew P-40 Warhawks from the airfield from 9 to 21 March 1943 during the Eighth Army advance into Tunisia from Libya, to which the 57th was attached. It was also used by Spitfires from the 601 Squadron RAF.

Royal Air Force, Second World War
The town belongs to the governorate of Medenine. Located 423 km - 559 km by road - from Tunis, it is the city furthest from the capital.

It is the last major city in the governorate of Medenine with total population estimated at 79,912 inhabitants in 2014. It is located 32 kilometers from the Tunisian-Libyan border.

It is best known both in Tunisia and Libya as a trade road and an open exchange market. Tunisians take advantage of the availability and variety of the goods existing in the shops. The great amount of these goods are basically imported from Libya and deemed less expensive.

It is distinguished for its large population of dromedaries estimated at 15,000 head. An annual festival devoted to them during the month of June.

In March 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya attacked the town in the Battle of Ben Guerdane.

### Islamic militancy

According to *The Washington Post*, "hundreds of young men have left Ben Guerdane over the past three decades to wage jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia, radicalized in part by a repressive regime that persecuted Islamists".

The leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi famously said of Ben Gardane, "if it was located next to Fallujah, we would have liberated Iraq."

### Population and tribal diversity

There is a mixture of Berbers and Arabs, who from the *Twazin* tribal alliance which took place centuries ago as a tribal defense shield against the invasion, especially from the east towards Libya. There is no historical record as to the date of the establishment of this alliance but the inhabitants of Bengardane still have this bond and are said to be proud of the alliance. Beside the *Twazin*, there are other large tribes such as Jelidat, Rabai'a which have participated in shaping the heritage, culture and way of life in Bengardane .

Related pages
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* 2016 Ben Guerdane attack
***Mycoplasma genitalium*** is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts.

It has one of the smallest known genomes, and is one of the smallest bacteria. Other very small bacteria are the endosymbiont *Candidatus* Carsonella ruddii, and the recently discovered bacterium *Nanoarchaeum*. The smallest known free living bacterium is *Pelagibacter ubique* with 1.3 Mb.

Origin and isolation
--------------------

*Mycoplasma genitalium* was originally isolated in 1980 from the urethras of two male humans with non-gonococcal urethritis. Infection by *M. genitalium* is fairly common, and is transmitted between partners during unprotected sexual intercourse. It can be treated with antibiotics. Much remains to be discovered about its role in sexual disease.

Genome
------

*M. genitalium* has 525 genes. There are 482 protein-encoding genes in a circular chromosome of 582,970 base pairs. An initial study of the *M. genitalium* genome with shotgun sequencing was done by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others. It was found to contain only 470 predicted coding regions, including genes required for DNA replication, transcription and translation, DNA repair, cellular transport, and energy metabolism. It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after *Haemophilus influenzae*.
Coordinates: 22°29′41″N 28°34′46″E﻿ / ﻿22.494795°N 28.579559°E﻿ / 22.494795; 28.579559

Sheikh Zayed canal of New Valley project, Libyan desert, Egypt
Construction site (2010) of the syphon that delivers water from the new valley project under the toshka spillway
The **New Valley Project** consists of building a number of canals, to be able to irrigate parts of the desert in Egypt for the purpose of agriculture. The project was started in 1997. Its main canal should cover a distance of 310 kilometres (190 mi). In 2012, it was still 60 kilometres (37 mi) away from the oasis it was supposed to reach. Other problems of the project include the fact that the soil is very salty in the desert, and that there are underground aquifers, which are a problem for the canals. When the land is irrigated, the salt would mix with the aquifers and would reduce access to drinking water. The clay minerals found in the soil are posing technical problems to the big wheeled structures moving around autonomously to irrigate the land. Often their wheels get stuck in a little bowl created by wet clay that dried, and the irrigation machines come to a standstill. The only objective met up to April 2012 is the diversion of water from Lake Nasser into what little of the Sheikh Zayed Canal has been built.

The Toshka Lakes are a by-product of the rising level of Lake Nasser and lie in the same general region as much of the New Valley Project.
***Pororo the Little Penguin*** is a Clockwork Zoo 3D computer animation series planned by Iconix Entertainment. Each season has 52 episodes and three seasons have been aired in South Korea until now. In 2003, Season 1 was aired in 27 November 2003 on the Korean channel, EBS. In the beginning, 22 episodes of season 1 were made by North Korean company, Samcholli. About 110 countries imported Pororo and aired it. Pororo is so loved by children in Korea and he is perceived as an idol of children, so he is called Bbo-tong-ryung (뽀통령 in Korean) which means president Pororo.

Story
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Pororo and little animal friends live together in the town covered all over with snow and ice. Pororo, a little curious penguin, and his friends are all different, so great and small commotions occur in this little town. Then one day, when Pororo and his friends hang out as usual, they find novelty egg under a tree in the woods. Pororo takes that egg to his house. Surprisingly, the egg hatches out and the little dinosaur is born, whose name is Crong. Crong becomes new friends of Pororo. Pororo and his friends learn lessons and form a friendship through adventures © 2007 DHX Media, Pororo All Right Reserved. license by DHX Media

Characters
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**Pororo** - The main character of this animation. He is little blue penguin. He always acts on impulse, because he is very curious. He is obsessed about unusual stuff. He enjoys adventures and challenges.

**Crong** - A little dinosaur who is found in the snow. He is a troublemaker. He wants to know many things and do many things.

**Eddy** - A little fox who wants to be a scientist. He invents many things that cause problems. He shows off himself and his inventions.

**Rody** - A robot who is strong. He has arms and legs stretch. Eddy made Rody, imitating before.

**Poby** - A big polar bear. He is so kind that he is always there to help his friends when they are in trouble.

**Tongtong** - A little dragon who has magical powers. He can fly and transform before. He appears in the animation from season 3.

**Loopy** - A little beaver. She is a crybaby who is very timid. However, she is nice to her friends and takes care of them. 

**Petty** - A little female penguin. She is good at sports although bad at cooking.

**Harry** - A little bird who is pleasant. Even though he is tone-deaf, he enjoys singing. He always brightens up the atmosphere.

**Popo and Pipi** - Funny aliens. Popo is timid and feminine and Pipi is eager and outgoing.
English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***multimedia***

**Multimedia** is communication that uses more than one type of information content (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video) to inform or entertain the audience (user). *Multimedia* also means the use of electronic media to store and experience multimedia content.
Multimedia means that computer info can be represented through audio, graphics, image, video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics).

| Multimedia is a mix of different forms: |
| --- |
| Text | Audio | Images |
| Text | Audio | Still Images |
| Animation | Video |  Interactive |
| Animation | Video | Interactivity |
|

References, Sources, and Notes
------------------------------


Multimedia Making it Work, by Tay Vaughan, Published by Osborne McGraw Hill 1993 ISBN 0078-82552-0

Other websites
--------------

* Machizo Multimedia Communication
* Common Language Project
*Fountain*, exhibited as made, with R.Mutt, 1917 painted on it. The message presumably was: anything an artist calls art, **is** art.
Portrait of Duchamp as 'Rrose Sélavy', by the surrealist Man Ray. Notice that 'Sélavy' sounds like *C'est la vie* (that's life!).
**Marcel Duchamp** (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period.

A playful man, Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it *Fountain*. This approach would 50 years later be called conceptual art, though he himself used the term 'ready-mades' for this idea. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time.

> The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.
> 
>

Duchamp and chess
-----------------

Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist. Instead, he played chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities.

Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film *Entr'acte* (1924) by René Clair. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928–1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian.
Halley's Comet on 8 March 1986
**Halley's Comet** (Comet Halley) is a comet which comes round every 75 or 76 years. When it is near, it can be seen with the naked eye. It will return in 2061.

The comet is named after Edmond Halley (1656–1742), an English astronomer, who predicted the comet's return. Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. (Periodic means that it comes by Earth regularly.)

When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes. The probe *Giotto* from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.

The number of years that the comet finishes its full cycle can vary depending on the effect of another planet's gravitational pull.

In 1986, Halley's Comet was the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft. It gave the first data on the structure of a comet nucleus and how the *coma* (nebulous envelope around the core or nucleus) and the tail formed. These observations supported Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model. This correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices – such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, – and dust. The missions also adjusted these ideas. For example, it is now known that the *surface* of Halley is mostly dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.

Related pages
-------------

* List of comets
Battle of the Pyramids 1798
The **Capitulation of Alexandria** was an important event in the struggle between France and Great Britain for influence in the Middle East around 1800.

The French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was part of Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the East. His plan was to protect French trade, undermine Britain's access to India and establish scientific entreprise in the region. His Mediterranean campaign of 1798, a series of naval engagements that included the capture of Malta, prepared the way for the attack on Egypt. In July, he defeated British and Mamluk forces at the Battle of the Pyramids and took control of Egypt. 

The British responded at the Battle of the Nile, in 1798, when the Royal Navy, under Horatio Nelson, defeated the French fleet, which was almost completely destroyed, off the coast of Egypt. That changed the balance of power between the two nations at war in the Mediterranean. 

On land in Egypt, the French were opposed by a joint force of British and Ottoman troops. The defeated French retreated to Alexandria, the second city of Egypt, where the British-led force surrounded them. On 30 August 1801, French General Jacques-François Menou offered to surrender and proposed terms. The terms were adjusted and then agreed. The event and the treaty is known as the Capitulation of Alexandria.

The articles of the treaty included this:

"the Arabian manuscripts, the statues, and the other collections which have been made for the French Republic, shall be considered as public property, and subject to the disposal of the generals of the combined army".
That made Britain get hold of the Rosetta Stone and other Egyptian antiquities, which had bee collected by the French *Commission des Sciences et des Arts* and the scholars of the *Institut d'Égypte*.
The **Kilusang Bagong Lipunan** (lit. translated to **New Society Movement)** also known as the **New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera.** was formed in 1978 as an umbrella of coalitions of mostly right-wing (although some of the party factions leaned towards the left) party factions in the Philippines. It was known to be the political party of Ferdinand Marcos, as it became the ruling party when Marcos founded it in 1978 in the 1978 Philippine Elections. 

The **New Society Movement** (Filipino: *Kilusang Bagong Lipunan*, KBL), formerly named the **New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera** (Filipino: *Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ng Nagkakaisang Nacionalista, Liberal, at iba pa*, KBLNNL), is a right-wing to far right political party in the Philippines. It was first formed in 1978 as an umbrella coalition of parties supporting then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos for the Interim *Batasang Pambansa* (National Assembly) and was his political vehicle during his regime. It was reorganized as a political party in 1986, as the party furthest to the right of the political spectrum among the active parties after Marcos' ouster.

Its status is unknown, since the EDSA Revolution began in 1986 that forced Marcos to resign from power. Imelda Marcos used to have one seat for the party in the House of Representatives, until 2019.
It has endorsed and has once attempted nominated Bongbong Marcos in the 2022 presidential elections.

Ideology
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During its establishment, Marcos advocated a form of "constitutional authoritarianism" as he seen it in his rhetoric as necessary to reform society and establish a new society under his authority.