recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Reconstructed head and neck
***Anzu***  is a genus of oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs from the latest Cretaceous, 66 million years ago (mya). Its remains were found in North and South Dakota. The type species is *Anzu wyliei*.

*Anzu wyliei* had a toothless beak, a prominent crest, long arms ending in slender relatively straight claws, long powerful legs with slender toes, and a very long tail. In life, the animal was about 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 3.5 metres (11 ft) long and 200 kilograms (440 lb) to 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. It was one of the largest known oviraptorosaurs and the largest known from North America (though the giant Mongolian oviraptorosaur *Gigantoraptor* was far larger).

The type species is the first well-preserved example of a North American oviraptorosaur. According to a paleontologist at the Smithsonian "for almost a hundred years, the presence of oviraptorosaurs in North America was only known from a few bits of skeleton, and the details of their appearance and biology remained a mystery. With the discovery of *A. wyliei*, we finally have the fossil evidence to show what this species looked like and how it is related to other dinosaurs". The creature's formidable appearance – "big crests on their skulls, a beak, no teeth, and a very bird-like skeleton" – led to it being jokingly called the "chicken from hell" in press releases.

The fossils of *Anzu wyliei* were found in mudstone rock that had once been part of ancient floodplains. Its Asian counterparts lived in arid or semi-arid conditions.

Its lifestyle was that of "a fast-running, ecological generalist that didn't quite fit the usual moulds of meat-eating or plant-eating dinosaur". It was not on the direct line of descent of modern birds, but it did have bird-like features: 

"it would have had a lot of birdy behaviors. When people think of a dinosaur, they think of something like a *T. rex* or a brontosaurus, and when they think of a bird, they think of something like a sparrow or a chicken. This animal, *Anzu*, has a mosaic of features of both of those groups".
The function of *Anzu's* large crest is debated. The crest "is very large and made of paper-thin bone, so it was not able to take much stress. All oviraptosaurs have this crest but it is certainly the largest in *A. wyliei*". The most likely function is for display, signalling to members of its own species. Also, it might be used to attract a mate. 

The fossils showed evidence of injuries, including a healed broken rib and an arthritic toe that was probably the result of a tendon being ripped away from the bone. It is not known whether this indicates that the animals fought each other, or were injured by predators.
**Anthroposophy** is a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner. The philosophy teaches that through inner development a person can better know the spiritual world.

*Anthropos* is a Greek word that means "human being". *Sophos* means "wise". Steiner believed every human being had the wisdom to understand the mysteries of existence. He left the German Theosophical Society in 1912 trading divine wisdom for human wisdom.

Central ideas
-------------

Anthroposophy does not have a rigid set of beliefs. It is said to be a philosophy of freedom. Each person connects to the world through an individual path.

The path to wisdom is based on research. The research leads to knowledge. This is similar to teachings of Thomas Aquinas. Anthroposophy is different in that it pursues knowledge of science, the arts and spirituality all together.

The philosophy also teaches respect of other humans. It encourages support of others in their interest and learning of the spiritual world. To support this, Steiner created The Anthroposophical Society in 1923. It is now called the General Anthroposophical Society. The society has groups and national societies in over 75 countries.

Other websites
--------------

* Rudolf Steiner Archive
* General Anthroposophical Society
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Microscopic Section through one year old ash tree (*Fraxinus*) wood, drawing made by Van Leeuwenhoek
**Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek** (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.

Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as *animalcules*, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society*.

In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.

His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.

* Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. *Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines*. New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Related pages
-------------

* List of biologists

Other websites
--------------

* Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Two of Akhenaten's daughters, Nofernoferuaton and Nofernoferure, c. 1375-1358 BC
The **Amarna period** was an era of Ancient Egypt in the last half of the Eighteenth dynasty.

The royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna. It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC). This was to underline the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where the sun disc Aten was worshipped over all other gods. Aten was not solely worshipped (the religion was not monotheistic), but other gods were worshipped to a significantly lesser degree. The Egyptian pantheon of the equality of all gods and goddesses was restored under Akhenaten's successor.

During Akhenaten's reign, royal portraiture changed. Sculptures of Akhenaten are different from those of earlier pharaohs. Akhenaten is shown in an androgynous (less manly) and stylized manner, with large thighs, a slim torso, drooping belly, full lips, and a long neck and nose. Some believe that the break with convention was due to "the presence at Amarna of new people or groups of artists whose background and training were different from those of the Karnak sculptors".

The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear and the identity and policies of his co-regent and immediate successor Smenkhkare are unclear.

Tutankhamun and the Amarna succession
-------------------------------------

Tutankhamun died before he was twenty years old, and the dynasty's final years clearly were shaky. The royal line of the dynasty died out with Tutankhamun. Two fetuses found buried in his tomb may have been his twin daughters who would have continued the royal lineage, according to a 2008 investigation.

The last two members of the eighteenth dynasty – Ay and Horemheb – became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court. Ay may have married the widow of Tutankhamun in order to get power and she did not live long afterward. Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general in the Egyptian army, who had been a diplomat in the administration of Tutankhamun. He may have been named as a successor by the childless Tutankhamun. Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup. He also died childless and appointed his successor, Paramessu who, under the name Ramesses I, ascended the throne in 1292 BC. He was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty.
**Amrish Lal Puri** (22 June 1932 – 12 January 2005) was an Indian actor, who was an important figure in Indian theatre and cinema. He is remembered for playing iconic villainous roles in Hindi cinema as well as other Indian and international film industries. To Indian audiences he is the most remembered for his role as Mogambo in Shekhar Kapur's Hindi film *Mr. India* (1987), and to foreign audiences, he is best known as Mola Ram in Steven Spielberg's Hollywood film *Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* (1984). He is also notable for films such as Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Mohabbatein, Pardes, Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi.

He predominantly appears on Hindi language films, but he had also appeared in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi language films. Puri won three Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actor.

He died on January 12, 2005, at the age of 72, due to myelodysplastic syndrome, after suffering from it for two weeks.

Awards
------

### Wins

* 1968: Maharashtra State Drama

  

### Nominations

* 1990: Filmfare Award for Best Villain – *Tridev*
**Artabanus IV of Parthia** ruled the Parthian Empire (c. 216 – 224). He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209. Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI, and soon gained the upper hand, although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228. 

The Roman emperor Caracalla, wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216. He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns, but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army, he retired to Carrhae. There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8, 217. Caracalla's successor, the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus, was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians. 

At about this time, the Persian Great King Ardashir had already begun his conquests in Persia. When Artabanus tried to subdue him his troops were defeated. The war lasted several years; at last Artabanus himself was killed in 226. Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded byVologases V |  **Great King (Shah) of Parthia**208 – 228 | Succeeded byArdashir I of Persia |
An amateur radio station
**Amateur radio** is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called *Ham Radio*. Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called *amateur radio operators*, *hams* or *amateurs*.

During a disaster or emergency, amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones do not work, it may be the only way to communicate. Some radio hobbyists volunteer to listen to emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).

License
-------

People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.

There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.

Talking
-------

Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. Most use shortwave radio signals that bounce off the sky. Some bounce off the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Fun
---

QSL Card from a ship
There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called *QSL cards* to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.

Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called *radio direction finding* or *fox hunting*. Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.

In India
--------

Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.
Artesian well at the Messel pit.
Geological strata giving rise to an artesian well.
Drawing of an artesian well
An **artesian aquifer** is an underground layer which holds groundwater under pressure. This causes the water level in the well to rise to a point where the pressure is equal to the weight of water putting it under pressure. This type of well is called an **artesian well**. Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a **flowing artesian well**.

An aquifer is a geologic layer which can hold water such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is trapped between rocks or clay which causes the pressure. Water returns to the aquifers when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks. This is similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.

Origin
------

**Artesian wells** were named after the old province of Artois in France. Many artesian wells were drilled there by Carthusian monks from 1126.

Location
--------

There are artesian aquifers in many countries including Australia, the USA, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Fiji and Canada. The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, occupying 23% of the Australian continent.
Statue of Averroes in Córdoba, Spain
**Averroës** (also known as **Ibn Rušd** or **Ibn Rushd**; 14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) was a Muslim polymath from Al-Andalus. He was a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy. He also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.

Averroes was born in Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He lived during a unique period in academic history. Interest in philosophy and theology was failing in the Muslim world but just beginning to become influential in Christian Europe. Averroes himself was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. His philosophy was often criticised by fellow Muslims. He had a larger influence on Western European society. He has been described as the founder of secular thought in Western Europe.

Averroes is most famous for his commentaries of Aristotle's works. Aristotle had been mostly forgotten in the West since the 6th century. Averroes' interpretations of Aristotle's ideas revived Western scholarly interest in Aristotle and ancient Greek philosophy in general. They also led to the development of scholasticism in medieval Europe.

Averroes's life
---------------

Averroes, close-up of the fresco *The School of Athens* by Raphael.
Averroes was born as **ʾSan sebastián De La Cruz ʾAḥmad bin Rušd**. He was born in 1126 in Andalusia, which at the time was a Muslim country called Al-Andalus. At a young age Averroes had many teachers who helped him begin his study of Islam. He excelled in this and was also interested in law. He began studying medicine in Seville under a man named Abu Jafar al-Turjali.

Averroes began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail, a physician at the caliph's court in Marrakesh. He was able to go to Marrakesh and become a physician because of his knowledge of physics. Averroes was granted many honors and became a *Qadi* (judge) in Seville in 1169.

Two years later he became the Qadi of Córdoba. In his free time he studied and wrote. In 1195, Averroes wrote a paper about how he thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. He was disgraced and many of his papers were burned. The Caliph imprisoned Averroes and exiled him from the country. He lived in Lucena for a short time, then he was brought back by the Caliph to be a judge. He died in 1198.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Ibn Rushd***

 Media related to Averroes at Wikimedia Commons
There are several **allotropes of carbon**. Diamond and graphite are the most famous. Graphite is a conductor, a semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal, such as black phosphorus and grey selenium). It can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite is the most stable form of solid carbon ever discovered.

Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element. All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms. Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together. Many elements show allotropy because there are a number of ways in which the atoms can be linked together. Also there are different ways in how the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures.

Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon. Its hardness and high dispersion of light make it good for use in jewellery. It also has industrial uses. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive. A diamond also holds its luster well. Both diamond and graphite have extremely high melting point, which is unusual for nonmetallic element.

size=0.56
Coordinates: 11°30′N 41°00′E﻿ / ﻿11.5°N 41.0°E﻿ / 11.5; 41.0

Location map of the Afar Triangle (the shaded area in the center of the map) and the East African Rift zones; red triangles show historically active volcanoes
Topographic map showing the Afar Triangle, which correlates to the shaded area in the location map shown above
This map of the Awash River drainage basin shows the geography well
The **Afar Triangle**  (or **Afar Depression**) is a low area bordering on the Red Sea. It is part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. 
The area overlaps the borders of Eritrea, Djibouti and the entire Afar region of Ethiopia.

Human fossils
-------------

Important fossil specimens of the earliest hominins have been found in this area. These are the earliest of the human clade. The area is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. 

Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of flora and fauna.

Geography
---------

The Triangle includes the lowest point in Africa, Lake Asal, Djibouti, at 155 m (or 509 ft) below sea level.

The Awash River is the main waterflow into the region. It runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of saline lakes. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the **Danakil Depression**. The lowlands are affected by heat, drought, and poor air circulation. Some of the lowlands are the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.

The Afar Triangle is bordered by high areas, as shown on the topographic map.

### Plate tectonics

The Depression is a plate tectonic triple junction. This geologic feature is one of earth's great active volcanic areas, so the floor of the depression is composed of lava, mostly basalt.

The continuous process of volcanism makes mineral deposits, like sulfur, salt, bentonite, and gypsum. There are also geothermal energy sources and hot springs in different areas of the region.

In 2005, a giant rift was formed in just a few days. The rift opened when the Dabbahu Volcano erupted. The rift is part of the process of the Arabian and African plates moving apart. This new crack, 500 metres (1,640 ft) long, and 60 metres (197 ft) deep, opened when the lava from the erupting volcano flowed underground and cooled. It left a 60 kilometres (37 mi) long, 8 metres (26 ft) wide dike within days.
**Aetosaurs** were heavily armoured reptiles in the extinct order **Aetosauria**. They were medium- to large-sized pseudosuchians. They were omnivorous or herbivorous

The aetosaurs were archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to dinosaurs. All known aetosaurs lived in the Upper Triassic. In some strata they are quite common. 

They had small heads, upturned snouts, erect limbs, and a body ornamented with four rows of plate-like osteoderms (bony scutes). Aetosaur fossil remains are found in Europe, North and South America, parts of Africa, and India. 

Since their armoured plates are often preserved and are common in certain places, aetosaurs serve as important Upper Triassic tetrapod index fossils. Many aetosaurs had wide geographic ranges, but they did not survive long. Their stratigraphic ranges were short. Therefore, the presence of particular aetosaurs accurately dates the site where they are found.

Over 20 genera of aetosaurs have been described. Two distinct subdivisions of aetosaurs are currently recognized, Desmatosuchia and Aetosaurinae, based primarily on broad differences in skull morphology. Osteoderms structure is generally one of the most useful traits for classification. Among other archosaurs, aetosaurs are most closely related to *Revueltosaurus*, a small reptile whose teeth were once mistaken for those of a herbivorous dinosaur.
The **Ariyalur District** is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The district headquarters is at Ariyalur. The district area is 1,949.31 km² and population was 752,481 at the 2011 census.

Ariyalur is noted for its cement industries and has huge reserves of lignite. Gangaikonda Cholapuram built by the King Rajendra Cholan of Chola Empire, an UNESCO World Heritage site is in the district. This district is also known for its rich prehistoric fossils. Many fossils of gigantic Molluscs, Jawed fishes were discovered here. Notably, The Rajasaurus, an Indian dinosaur genus was identified here.

According to the 2011 census Ariyalur district has a population of 752,481, roughly equal to the nation of Guyana or the U.S. state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 491st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 387 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,000/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8.19%.As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Tamil Nadu (out of 32), after Perambalur and Nilgiris.

The district became famous in 2008, when theft of 8 idols were discovered from a 9th-century Chola Brahadeeswarar Temple at gangai konda cholapuram was discovered by Archaeological Survey of India(ASI) Government of India officials. One of these idols, the Sripuranthan Natarajan Idol found its way to the National Gallery of Australia. Two of the stolen statues were later returned and are now displayed in the Government Museum at Kumbakonam.
Alfred Pampalon
**Alfred Pampalon** (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.

His character and early life
----------------------------

He was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates. 

### Religion in his life

Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.

Later years and death
---------------------

At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice 

> "O death... O holy death... come... do come! O divine Savior... my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary,"
> 
> 

 After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography at *the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*
* Biography at *Christian Answers to your Questions* Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography at *Catholic* Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
* *Novena to the Servant of God Father Alfred Pampalon*
**Annals** (Latin *Annales*, from *annus*, a year) are a short form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year.

History
-------

### Ancient Rome

Cicero ( in *De Oratore*, ii. 12. 52) tells that from the earliest period down to the pontificate of *Publius Mucius Scaevola* (c. 131 BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record on a white tablet (*album*), which was exhibited in an open place at his house, so that the people might read it. On this tablet were written down (according to Cicero) the name of the consuls and other magistrates, and then the important events of the year. 

In Cicero's time these records were called *Annales Maximi*. The practice of writing annals was carried on by several unofficial writers. Cicero speaks of Cato, Pictor and Piso. 

### Medieval

In the Middle Ages in the Western Church there were written tables to show that date of Easter for a certain number of years or even centuries. These *Paschal tables* were thin books in which each annual date was separated from the next by a more or less considerable blank space. In these spaces some monks wrote down the important events of the year. The writing of these Annals was begun at the end of the 7th century and among the Irish – see the **Annals of the Four Masters**, the **Annals of Ulster**, the **Annals of Innisfallen** and the **Annales Cambriae** or Annals of Wales, one of the earliest sources for King Arthur. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is also in annalistic, year-by-year form. 

In the 9th century, during the *Carolingian Renaissance*, these Annals became the usual form of contemporary history. There were the *Annales Einhardi*, the *Annales Laureshamenses* (or "of Lorsch"), and the *Annales S. Bertini*. They were written officially in order to preserve the memory of the more interesting acts of Charlemagne, his ancestors and his successors. At this stage, the Annals now began to lose their primitive character, and became more and more **Chronicles**. But the term was still used for many documents, such as the Annals of Waverley.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *This article includes text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please add to the article as needed.* |
**Alois Brunner** (8 April 1912 – c. 2010) was an Austrian Schutzstaffel (SS) officer. Brunner was wanted for war crimes, and was Adolf Eichmann's assistant. Eichmann referred to Brunner as his "best man". Brunner was wanted for sending at least 140,000 European Jews to the gas chambers. 

He was commander of the Drancy internment camp outside Paris from June 1943 to August 1944, from which nearly 24,000 people were deported. He was sentenced to death *in absentia* in France in 1954 for crimes against humanity. In 1961 and in 1980, Brunner lost an eye and the fingers of his left hand, as a result of letter bombs sent to him by the Israeli intelligence service, called Mossad.

In 2003, the Guardian described him as "the world's highest-ranking Nazi fugitive believed still alive". Brunner was last reported to be living in Syria, whose government had long refused international efforts to locate or apprehend him. There were rumours that he would be extradited, however, after the Syrian Civil War broke out it became hard to negotiate any kind of settlement with the Assad regime, which controlled Syria during Brunner's stay. Other sources suggest he died already in December 2001. He was sentenced again, now to life imprisonment, in France the same year. It has been determined that Brunner helped the Syrian government develop chemical weapons which were later allegedly used on rebels.
A **baby hatch** (also called **foundling wheel**) is a system where parents can leave infants for adoption anonymously. Such systems were in use since the Middle Ages. Baby hatches are usually installed at hospitals or social centers or churches. There, mothers or fathers can put their newborn baby into the hatch. The hatches consist of a door or flap in an outside wall which opens onto a soft bed, heated or at least insulated. Sensors in the bed alert carers when a baby has been put in the hatch so that they can come and take care of the child. It will be cared for by hospital staff. If it is not claimed within a given time period, it will be given up for adoption. Such hatches are popular in Germany and Pakistan.

One reason baby hatches are used is because some mothers can't take care of their babies.

History
-------

Baby hatches started in medieval times. They started in 1198 in Italy. They became more popular after the 17th century. They became less popular during the 19th century.

Today only some countries have baby hatches. In others they are illegal.

Images
------

* A baby hatch, in Lübeck, GermanyA baby hatch, in Lübeck, Germany
* A baby hatch in the Czech RepublicA baby hatch in the Czech Republic
* A historical baby hatch in Florence, ItalyA historical baby hatch in Florence, Italy

Related pages
-------------

* Anonymous birth
**Abdülkadir Topkaç** (Turkish pronunciation: [abdy'lkadiɾ topkatʃ]) (1954; Sur, Diyarbakır – February 21, 2021; Dicle, Diyarbakır) was a Turkish astronomer who demonstrated the curved movement of the Moon around Earth's orbit.

Story
-----

Topkaç was born in Diyarbakır in 1954. Topkaç was a primary school graduate, he was a bakery master on simit. In fact, Topkaç has been interested in astronomy since his youth, and published his studies in 1991 when he started to observe the movements of the Moon with his binoculars. Topkaç bought his first telescope for $2.5K in Istanbul in 1992, an old servant telescope he bought from the Soviet Union. His telescope was vandalized by PKK. Upon this, as a result of an aid campaign organized on social media, a telescope worth ₺16K was bought for Topkaç.

Studies
-------

By achieving the moon's viewing angle for a month in 1992, Topkaç observed that the movement of the Moon at Earth's orbit is in form of the arc. Topkaç received the address of the NASA from tourists paid visit to Diyarbakır, then sent his study to NASA and TUBITAK National Observatory.

Personal life
-------------

He had 8 children with his wife. However, his spouse and children dumped Topkaç in 2001, believing that he was insane.

Death
-----

Topkaç was treated for cancer at Dicle University Oncology Hospital and died on February 21, 2021. His funeral was held down in district of Dicle, Diyarbakır.
An **allergy** is something which triggers an **allergic reaction**. This is the immune system defending the body against attack by bacteria and viruses. 

Sometimes the system goes wrong, and is triggered by some quite normal food, or flares up when the family pet comes into the room. This is what the ordinary person calls an 'allergy'.

Allergic reactions
------------------

When people come in contact with something they are allergic to, there can be many different reactions. These reactions include itchy eyes, drippy or stuffy noses, swollen faces, hives, sneezing, and coughing. If it is a food allergy, the person may get an upset stomach. 

Sometimes a person's oesophagus, or throat, may swell up so much that the person can no longer breathe. This is called anaphylaxis. When this happens, a doctor must give the person a medicine called epinephrine to make the swelling go down. Some people with allergies to very common things, like bee stings or fish, carry this medicine with them so it can be used quickly in an emergency. The device they use to inject the medicine is called an epinephrine autoinjector.

Common allergies
----------------

Some common food allergies are:

* Nuts, especially peanuts
* Fish or shellfish
* Dairy products
* Eggs
* Soy products
* Wheat
* Fruits (kiwis and bananas)

Some common environmental allergies are:

* Latex
* Pollen
* Ragweed
* Mold
* Furry pets
* Bee or wasp stings
* Dust mites
* Tobacco smoke
* Pollution
Coordinates: 51°49′41″N 3°02′06″W﻿ / ﻿51.828021°N 3.035048°W﻿ / 51.828021; -3.035048
The **Abergavenny fireworks display** is an annual organized fireworks display. It is held each year on Guy Fawkes Night (November 5) in Abergavenny, Wales.

The event takes place in Belgrave Park. It has been running each year since about 1968.

The event is run and organized by the local social networking group Abergavenny and District Round Table, which is one of the hundreds of branches in the UK of the Round Table (club). It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charity’s and good courses, primarily in and around the Abergavenny area. Some of the those to have benefited from monies raised from the Abergavenny fireworks display include: Abergavenny Scouts, Crickhowell Scouts, Jigsaw community project, Llanbedr Village Thai Boxing, Mardy Juniors Football, RTB Ebbw Vale Junior AFC Club, a fuller list is on the Abergavenny and District web site.

History
-------

The Abergavenny fireworks display was originally started to provide a display for the children’s home in c1965 it moved to its current location of Belgrave park in c1968 as the fireworks could be seen from the nearby Nevill hall hospital, the fireworks display has been put on every year since, up to the present.

Poster competition
------------------

A competition is held with the help of the local schools to design a poster for the Abergavenny fireworks display. The posters are used as part of the advertising of the event. The 2011 winners were unveiled on the front page on the Abergavenny Chronicle. With the winners and their class mates receiving child entrance tickets to the fireworks display, and the school receiving a donation.

Other websites
--------------

* Abergavenny fireworks website Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Abergavenny and District Round Table website
Abhay K
Abhay Kumar(Abhay K)(born 1980) is an Indian poet-ambassador. Now he is the Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros. He has been diplomate in Russia, Nepal and Brazil also. His published books are The Seduction of Delhi, The Eight-Eyed Lord of Kathmandu, The Prophecy of Brasilia, The Alphabets of Latin America. He has edited books like CAPITALS,100 Great Indian Poems,100 More Great Indian Poems, New Brazilian Poems, The Bloomsbury Anthology of Great Indian Poems,The Bloomsbury Book of Great Indian Love Poems. He has translated "Meghaduta" and "Ritusamhara" of Kalidasa into English from Sanskrit.

Various Anthems
---------------

His Earth Anthem has been translated into over 100 languages.It was played at the United Nations to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Earth Day. He also wrote an anthem for SAARC. He wrote a 'Moon Anthem' to celebrate the success of India's Moon Mission Chandrayaan-2. He also wrote a 'Mars Anthem' and anthems on all the planets in the Solar System.He recorded his poems at the Library of Congress. He received the SAARC Literary Award.He was nominated for the Pushcart Prize in 2013.

Early Life
----------

He was born in Rajgir in Nalanda district of Bihar. He studied at Jawaharlal Nehru University and Delhi University. He studied Russian language and literature at the Moscow State University, U.S. foreign policy at George Washington University.He can speak Hindi, English, Russian, Nepali, Portuguese,French and Sanskrit.

Career
------

Kumar has served at the Ministry of External Affairs of India. He also served at the Indian missions in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kathmandu and Brasilia. He was appointed Director of the Nehru Centre, London in March 2015.He was appointed as India's Deputy High Commissioner to Australia in 2015.He currently serves as India's Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros. He also proposed International Day of Diplomats on the United Nations Day.

As a Poet
---------

Abhay Kumar's first book was "River Valley to Silicon Valley(2007). He has published eight collections of poetry. Abhay Kumar's poems have appeared in several magazines and literary journals. His poems have also been included in a number of anthologies including A Poem A Day edited by Gulzar (Harper Collins|2020), The Younger Indian Poets edited by Sudeep Sen(Sahitya Akademi|2019), 100 Great Indian Poems (Bloomsbury|2018), and The Himalayan Arc edited by Namita Gokhale (Harper Collins|2018).

Awards
------

Pushcart Prize Nomination-2012

SAARC Literary Award

Asia- Pacific Exellence Award

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States

 |
The **Arthrodires** (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.

Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. 

Early arthrodires, such as the genus *Arctolepis*, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, *Dunkleosteus*, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed *Rolfosteus* measured just 15 cm.

*Heterosteus ingens* from the middle Devonian of Estonia
A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.
**Amravati** (also known as *Amrawati* or *Amraoti*) is a city in the state of Maharashtra in India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Amravati district.It is believed to be the city of Lord Indra, the king of all gods. The city boasts of historical temples of Goddess Amba, Lord Shri Krishna and Shri Venkateshwara.

History
-------

Amravati District with the rest of the Berar was assigned to the East India Company by the Nizam of Hyderabad following the treaty of 1853. After this province was assigned to the company, it was divided into two districts, South Berar with its headquarters at Hingoli with neighboring region restored to the Nizam and North Berar was reconstituted into East Berar with headquarters at Akola. In 1864, the district of Yeotmal was separated from Amravati. In 1903, the Treaties of Assignment were superseded by an agreement under which the Nizam leased Berar to the Government of India in perpetuity. Berar was joined to the central provinces in 1903 to form the enlarged province of central provinces and Berar. With the recognition of States in1956, Amravati district, along with other districts of Vidarbha region was included in the then Bilingual Bombay State. Since the bifurcation of Bombay state into Maharashtra and Gujrat in 1960, Amravati, along with other districts of Vidharbha formed one of the districts of Maharashtra.

Climate
-------

Amravati has a tropical wet and dry climate with hot, dry summers from March to June, the monsoon season from July to October and warm winters from November to March. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded was 49.7oC on 25 May, 1954 and 5.0oC on 9 February, 1887 respectively.
A device for measuring alcohol content is used to determine the alcohol content of Cognac.
**Alcohol by volume** (often shortened to **ABV**) tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. The quantity is measured at a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F).
Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits) contain more than twenty percent ethanol.

A directive of the European Union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the ABV measurement described above.

Other ways of measuring alcohol content
---------------------------------------

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT. The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above. There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.

Related pages
-------------

* Alcoholic proof
**Arthur Boni** (21 October 1934 – 24 December 2022) was a Belgian-Dutch actor. He was best known for his contributions to various television series including *Medisch Centrum West*, *Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden* and 'Flikken Maastricht*.*

Biography
---------

Boni was born in 1934 in Antwerp. From 1957 he played as an actor in the Netherlands, and got the Dutch nationality.

In the 1960s Boni played the Marquis of Karakoelikas in the at the time popular children's televirion series *De avonturen van Okkie Trooy*. In the 1970s, Boni played in among others *Waaldrecht* and *Klaverweide*. Later he had played in television series *Medisch Centrum West*, *Spangen*, *Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden*, *Rozengeur & Wodka Lime*, *Gooische Vrouwen*, *Flikken Maastricht* and *Juliana, prinses van Oranje*.

Boni was also voice actor, like in the television series of Alfred Jodocus Kwak. He also acted in films. In the 1977 movie *Soldier of Orange* he played the modest role of Otto. He also played as a stage actor in theaters.

He was active as an actor until 2013, playing in the successfull movie *De Kleinzoon*. Later his health declined. Boni died in Amsterdam on 24 December 2022, at the age of 88.
**Anuradhapura** (Sinhala: අනුරාධපුර, (Tamil: அனுராதபுரம்) is a city in Sri Lanka. It is the capital or administrative center of North Central Province in Sri Lanka. As of 2012, Anuradhapura has 50,595 people living in the city.

History
-------

Anuradhapura was founded in the 5th century BCE and was the capital of Sri Lanka from the 4th century BCE until the 11th century CE, when invasions from South India forced Arunadhapura. Arunadhapura was broken and by the Sri Lankan jungle. In the 19th century, Arunadhapura was returned by the British people and became a Buddhist city. The return of Arunadhapura began in 1870. Most of Arunadhapura was moved during the mid-20th century to get the site of the former Sri Lankan capital, is a major road of northern Sri Lanka and lies along a railway line.

Climate
-------

Because Arunadhapura is in the Sri Lankan island, the climate is tropical meaning it is hot in Arunadhapura all year. In October to December, it rains many times in Arunadhapura. The hottest month in Arunadhapura is July.

Economy
-------

Arunadhapura is the headquarters of Sri Lanka’s general view, and tourism is great in Arunadhapura's economy.
***Anurognathus*** was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects. It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as *Archaeopteryx*. They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.

Although it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short. This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting. According to Döderlein the reduced tail of *Anurognathus* was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds.

With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: forty grammes for a specimen with a 35 centimetre wingspan.

Later a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections. This second fossil is more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long.
The **Avenida de las Matemáticas** is a public avenue located in Seville, Spain.

Background
----------

In December 2019, a group of young people from the *Montaigne College* in Seville promoted, together with their mathematics teacher, José Carlos Gámez, a campaign on Change.org to collect signatures and create a mathematics avenue in Seville. They created a website (callematematicassevilla.wordpress.com). In 2020, they had the support of the Seville Institute of Mathematics and the University of Seville.

On March 14, 2022, International Mathematics Day, the mayor of Seville, Antonio Muñoz, received the promoters of the campaign and approved the proposal. That same year it was presented at the *XX Jornadas para el Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de las Matemáticas*.

Inauguration
------------

On January 10, 2023, the Avenue was presented with the mayor of Seville, the education minister of the Junta de Andalucía, and various members of the Seville mathematical community.

### Criticism

Just after the Mathematics Avenue was inaugurated, Carlos Navarro Antolín, opinion journalist from the Diario de Sevilla, suggested that now a Latin and Greek street will be released, criticizing that the mayor is more concerned with mathematics.

Some people also complained that the opening ceremony of the Avenue was too exclusive, or that the street chosen was not the most suitable.