recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Suicide** is a serious problem in Greenland. According to the government of Greenland, one person in five has attempted suicide. Because of this, the Greenland government has taken a number of steps to reduce the suicide rate. One example is roadside posters.

History
-------

The number of suicides in Greenland began to rise in the 1970s. Before that it had been very low. It kept getting higher until 1986. In 1986, suicide was the leading cause of death in several towns, such as Sarfannguit. Before 1970, the rate of suicide in Greenland had been very low. But by 1994, it had become one of the highest in the world. The rate was 107 per 100,000 persons committing suicide per year. Government data in 2010 suggested that almost one suicide occurred a week.

Rates
-----

An article was published in the journal *BMC Psychiatry* in 2009. It reported that 1351 suicides took place in Greenland during the 35 years (1968–2002). The study noted seasonal changes in the suicide rate. Suicides were higher in June and lower in the winter months. Suicide rates in northern parts of West Greenland are higher than in southern parts. Suicide rates are higher for men than women. Most of the people committing suicide are young men between the ages of 15-24. Unlike in other Western countries, the suicide rate in Greenland goes down with age.

Reasons
-------

Several reasons are blamed for Greenland's high rate of suicide. These including alcoholism, depression, poverty, poor relationships with partners and dysfunctional parental homes. The higher summer suicide rate is blamed on insomnia caused by longer periods of daylight.

The increase in suicide rates started about the time television appeared in Greenland. But it may be more the "modernization package" in general that is causing the problem. Culture clash between the traditional culture and modern Western culture is also assumed to be a factor.

Common methods
--------------

The most common methods were hanging (46%) and shooting (37%). Other methods include jumping from heights, cutting with sharp objects, drowning, overdose of medication, and poisoning.

Suicide prevention
------------------

Greenland's Government and other organizations have made a number of efforts to prevent suicides. There are different associations that provide support for people that feel suicidal. Measures include posters placed along the roads, which read: "The call is free. No one is alone. Don't be alone with your dark thoughts. Call." Suicide consultants are used to show movies discouraging teenage suicide attempts.
***Totally Spies! Totally Party*** is a video game based on the French-Canadian-American anime-influenced animated television series Totally Spies!.

Plot
----

Sam, Alex and Clover decide to room together in their "dream house." Life couldn't get cooler, until they've unwittingly made their home right above an Underground Secret Services Center. To prevent a catastrophic security leak, Jerry, the Center Chief has no choice but to take on them as special agents.

Gameplay
--------

Unlike traditional party video games, the ten stages in this game are boss battle stages, each having a villain (the tenth chapter has 2) the spies previously fought in the series, the objective of which is to deplete that villain's life gauge by winning mini-games and laying traps on mini-game spaces. Each villain has a special skill specific to that stage as explained below.

### Chapter 1: Felicity Fences (from "Planet of the Hunks")

Special Skill: None. This chapter acts as a tutorial.

### Chapter 2: Danny Dave

Special Skill: Danny recovers 1 life point when he passes his starting space.

### Chapter 3: Tim Scam (from "The New Jerry")

Special Skill: There is a chance that gadgets that are picked up are booby-trapped, causing damage to players.

### Chapter 4: Max Exterminus (from "Creepy Crawly Much")

Special Skill: Once Max's life gauge is reduced to 1 life point, he can only be defeated by a level 4 spy trap.

### Chapter 5: Myrna Beesbottom (from "Evil Valentine's Much")

Special Skill: Myrna lays level 2 boss traps.

### Chapter 6: Marco Lumiere (from "A Spy is Born")

Special Skill: Marco lays invisible traps.

### Chapter 7: Mandy Luxe (as she appeared in "Totally Busted")

Special Skill: Mandy can avoid spy traps, if she gets an exact roll. This skill can only be deactivated by the Hologram Projecting Mood Ring, but only on spy traps laid up to the point of that gadget's use.

### Chapter 8: Terence Lewis (from "Evil Promotion Much")

Special Skill: Terence can turn a spy trap (particularly the ones with the highest damage level) into a boss trap when he passes his starting space.

### Chapter 9: Pommy Pommovsky

Special Skill: Pommy can lay zone traps on mini-game spaces adjacent to the mini-game space she lands on.

### Chapter 10: Shirley and Yin Yang (from "Power Yoga Much" and "Feng Shui Is Like So Passe")

Special Skill: Shirley takes damage as normal, but once she is defeated and swaps with Yin Yang, damage done to him after that is reduced by 1 (level 2 traps do the damage of level 1 traps, level 3 does level 2, and so on).
In law, a ***per curiam* decision** (or **opinion**) is a ruling issued by an appellate court in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively and unanimously. In contrast to regular opinions, a *per curiam* does not list the individual judge responsible for authoring the decision, but minority dissenting and concurring decisions are signed.

*Per curiams* are not the only type of decision that can reflect the opinion of the court. Other types of decisions can also reflect the opinion of the entire court, such as unanimous decisions, in which the opinion of the court is expressed with an author listed. The Latin term *per curiam* literally means "by the court".

United States
-------------

### Federal

The decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are usually not *per curiam*. Their decisions more commonly take the form of one or more opinions signed by individual justices which are then joined in by other justices. Unanimous and signed opinions are not considered *per curiam* decisions, as only the court can officially designate opinions as *per curiam*. *Per curiam* decisions tend to be brief in length. The designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion.

The notable exception to the usual characteristics for a *per curiam* decision is the case of *Bush v. Gore*. Although it was per curiam, there were multiple concurrences and dissents.

### State

The Supreme Court of California occasionally releases decisions in the name of "The Court". But these are not necessarily unanimous. Sometimes an opinion in the name of the Court may be accompanied by extensive concurring and dissenting opinions.

Canada
------

The Supreme Court of Canada also attributes some decisions to "The Court" but does not use the phrase *per curiam*. In the U.S. the term is used primarily for uncontroversial cases. In Canada, however, it has been used for important and controversial cases to emphasize that the entire Court is speaking with a single voice.
Typical upland river coming down from a height: the Factory Falls in the Pocono Mountains, PennsylvaniaTypical lowland river: the Big Muddy,   
southern Illinois
**Upland** and **lowland** are terms used in ecology, physical geography and geology. They describe the relative height of land above sea level.

Uplands have rivers and streams which are fast-flowing, clear, and with plenty of oxygen. They drain high or mountainous country, and go down into broad plains (where they become lowland rivers. Lowlands usually have warmer, slow-flowing waters carrying lots of sediment and with poor oxygen content.

Upland rivers run fast and cut through rock (Colorado River). Lowland rivers meander slowly towards the coast (Mississippi River). They carry lots of soil and are a dark colour. Therefore the fish and other animals which live in the river are quite different according to the two stages or types of river.

The terms also apply to large areas of land. Because mountain-building (orogeny) lifts up huge sections of the Earth, there are large areas which are well above sea level: the highlands. But on the trailing edge of a continent, the land is low. So the Americas are (broadly speaking) high on the west (the American Cordillera) and low on the east (Amazon, St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin, Mississippi, and La Plata). This is a consequence of plate tectonics, as the Americas have moved slowly west for over 100 million years. The Appalachians are a far older chain of ground-down mountains carried along by the continent as it moved west.

The same pattern can be seen in other continents, especially with great rivers such as the Congo and the Indus. Australia is the exception: its mountain ranges are very ancient and worn down. Recent plate tectonics there has not been so significant as elsewhere.
Rachel Corrie
**Rachel Aliene Corrie** (10 April 1979 in Olympia, Washington – 16 March 2003 in Rafah) was an American human rights activist, peace activist and a member of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), who was crushed to death by an armored bulldozer belonging to the Israel Defense Forces, while she was protesting against the destruction of Palestinian homes in Gaza. The eyewitnesses said that the Israeli soldier operating the bulldozer on purpose ran over Corrie, and the Israeli government claims it was an accident.

Her life has been the focus of several tributes, including the play *My Name Is Rachel Corrie*, the cantata *The Skies are Weeping* and more than 30 songs. Her collected writings were published in 2008 under the title *Let Me Stand Alone*, opening "a window on the maturation of a young woman seeking to make the world a better place." The Rachel Corrie Foundation for Peace and Justice has been established to continue her work.

She has been compared to Anne Frank.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Rachel Corrie at Wikimedia Commons

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Silver nitrate
**Silver nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion. It also has nitrate.

Properties
----------

Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water. It can get dark if light shines on it. It is an oxidizing agent. Most of the time the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced. It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate. It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated. It is the least expensive silver compound. It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid. This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.

Uses
----

It was used to separate silver and gold. Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid. It is used to make other silver compounds. It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids. It is also used as an oxidizing agent. It can also be used to kill germs.

Safety
------

Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn. It can burn and stain skin. If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.

Related pages
-------------

* Silver bromide
* Silver iodide
* Silver chloride
* Silver(II) fluoride
**Silverstein** is a Canadian post-hardcore band formed in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Their name come from a children-book writer, Shel Silverstein.

First three years
-----------------

After the several changes in the band's line up, Billy Hamilton joined the band. He found out about they needed a bass player while online. In the autumn of 2002, the band signed to their record label - Victory Records. They left Victory Records in 2010 and joined Hopeless Records.

Albums
------

In January 2003, their first (debut) album was released. The title was *When Broken Is Easily Fixed*.

In 2005, Silverstein performed on the "Never Sleep Again" tour along with fellow emo band Hawthorne Heights. The next year, 2006, they toured on the "Vans Warped" tour. This is an event in the United States taking place in the summertime. The band's second album, *Discovering the Waterfront,* has the singles "Discovering the Waterfront" and "Smile in Your Sleep".

Summertime last year, 2007, Silverstein released their third album, *Arrivals and Departures*. It includes a single named "Still Dreaming". On MySpace, a social networking site, they posted a new song called "Broken Stars". Singer Shane Told has been trained by a vocal coach named Melissa Cross.

In Spring 2009, Silverstein released their fourth full length album, *Shipwreck in the Sand*.

In Spring 2011, Silverstein released their fifth album, *Rescue*.
The **Velino** is a river in central Italy that flows through the Lazio and Umbria regions but flows mainly through the Lazio region. It is the main tributary of the Nera river which is a tributary of the Tiber river.

Geography
---------

The Velino river has a length of 90 km (56 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 2,238 km2 (864 sq mi).

### Course

The Velino river starts on the sides of the *Monte Pozzoni* at an elevation of about 1,667 m (5,469 ft), in the *comune* of Cittareale, Province of Rieti, Lazio.

The river flows first to the south through the *comuni* of Cittareale and Posta and goes into a narrow valley with the *Monte Terminillo* to the west and the *Monte Giano* to the east; after about 15 km (9 mi), it leaves the valley and gets in the Antrodoco *comune*. The river then turns to the west and flow through the *comuni* of Borgo Velino and Castel Sant'Angelo. Then the river gets the water of the "Peschiera Springs".

After getting into the *Piana Reatina* ("Plain of Rieti"), an important valley, the river flows through the city of Rieti. At the end of the plain, the Velino river joins the Nera river and forms the *Cascate delle Marmore* falls.

Main tributaries
----------------

Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Velino are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.

Left tributaries:

* Salto - 55 km
* Turano - 70 km

Gallery
-------

* The summit of Monte Pozzoni.The summit of *Monte Pozzoni*.
* The Velino in Rieti.The Velino in Rieti.
* Bridge over the Velino in Rieti.Bridge over the Velino in Rieti.
* Cascate delle Marmore falls where the Velino joins the Nera.*Cascate delle Marmore* falls where the Velino joins the Nera.
* Cascate delle Marmore.*Cascate delle Marmore*.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Velino river***.

* Fiumi Italiani: Fiume Velino (in Italian)
***TMNT*** is a computer-animated fantasy action movie. It was made in the United States and released in 2007. It is part of the *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* (TMNT) series. The movie is the fourth in the original *TMNT* movie series. It was the first *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* movie made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). It was also the first movie in the series in 14 years.

*TMNT* was written and directed by Kevin Munroe. It features the voices of Nolan North, James Arnold Taylor, Mikey Kelley, Mitchell Whitfield, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kevin Smith, Patrick Stewart, Zhang Ziyi and Laurence Fishburne (who is the narrator). The animation was created by Imagi Animation Studios. It was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was the last movie that producer Mako Iwamatsu made before his death. It was also produced by Peter Laird, one of the two men who created the Turtles.

The story begins with the four Turtles (Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo) having grown apart after their final defeat of the Shredder. Strange things begin happening in New York City as ancient creatures threaten the world. The Turtles must reunite to save it.

*TMNT* premiered in cinemas on March 23, 2007. It was successful, making US$95 million around the world. It received both good and bad reviews from movie critics.
A **pedestrian** is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.

History
-------

The main way humans get around is by walking. The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas. We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.

The pedestrian Bauman Street in Kazan
Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the *sidewalk* in American English and the *pavement* in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails. 

Colorful pedestrian *Light Tunnel* at Detroit's DTW airport
Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed.

Related pages
-------------

* Walking


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pedestrians***.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***pedestrian***.

* Early Pedestrians in North America
* US Pedestrian Advocacy Groups Archived 2008-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
* UK Pedestrian Advocacy Group
* Transportation Alternatives: Pedestrian Advocacy
* America Walks
* Street quality promotion by street parties
* Pedestrian InRoads – US Pedestrian advocacy group Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Perils For Pedestrians on YouTube
* Walkable Communities
* Donald Appleyard's Livable Streets study Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Ultramarathons Archived 2003-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
Tajja(타짜 in Korean) means a professional gambler in Korea. Tajja is a comic book drew by the Korean best cartoonist "Heo Young-Man", written by the author "Kim Se-Young". This novel was once serialized in the newspaper 'Donga-ilbo'. Tajja was made in a book on 2006 september 28th. Tajja has made a 'Tajja syndrome' right away the publication among the adult readers. Recently, although this comic book is a adult-comic, every ages and sex is watching this comic book. Tajja has shown the human's desire in the front.

To do so, cartoonist "Heo Young-Man" based on a thorough collection of data by himself. He went everywhere if you could gather a information about his comic.
Tajja won high praises without stint through its production that perfectly penetrated the material and a reality which it makes us an illusion like we are watching a movie.
Because Heo Young-Man is the cartoonist who Korean likes the best, the reader can feel Heo Young-Man's value through Tajja.

The story is about a guy who is born in South Korea, Busan. He was a normal child as others.
But one day he went to a gambling house by coincidence. That was the problem, he lost all of his money, and brought his sisters money which must be used in a marriage of her sister.
Of course he lost all of his money again. So the story starts from now on to be a professional gambler and gather lots of money.
A **symphonic poem** or **tone poem** is a piece of orchestral music which has a story attached to it or describes something such as poem or a painting or any idea which is not music. A symphonic poem is a kind of programme music (music for instruments which has an idea outside music).

Symphonic poems were mostly written in the 19th century at the time known as the Romantic period. They are normally in one movement lasting perhaps between 10 and 20 minutes. Some of the longest ones, such as *Ein Heldenleben* by Richard Strauss are much longer, like a symphony with four movements which run into one another.

The idea can be seen in Beethoven’s overtures which tell the story of the opera or play which is about to be performed. Composers such as Felix Mendelssohn then started to write overtures which told a story but were not attached to any opera. *Fingal's Cave* (1832) describes the sea lapping against the rocks of a cave in the Scottish Hebrides. 

Franz Liszt was the composer who made the symphonic poem an important musical form. He wrote twelve works which he called *Symphonische Dichtung* (*Symphonic poem*) because the music developed in the same way as in a symphony. One example is *Mazeppa* (1851) which describes the poem by Victor Hugo about a wild horse that carries a man tied to him until he is rescued by the Ukrainians and made into their chief.

Other composers who wrote symphonic poems include Sergei Rachmaninoff, Modest Mussorgsky, Camille Saint-Saëns, Claude Debussy, Jean Sibelius, Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Pyotr Tchaikovsky and César Franck.

The opening of Richard Strauss’s tone poem *Also sprach Zarathustra* (1895-1896) has become particularly famous in recent years through its use in the movie *2001: A Space Odyssey*.
|  |
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| Part of a series of articles on**Sports** |
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Sports
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| **Summer Sports** |
| Track and field athletics
Football (soccer)
Basketball
Rugby
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Baseball
American football
Cycling·Auto racing
Cricket·Golf
Field hockey·Handball
Archery·Shooting
Fencing·Weightlifting
Pentathlon·Triathlon
Horseback riding |
| Water sports
Swimming· Diving
Water polo·Sailing
Canoeing·Rowing |
| Martial arts
Boxing·Wrestling
Karate·Taekwondo |
| Net sports
Tennis· Volleyball
Table tennis· Badminton |
| **Winter sports** |
| Ice hockey· Skating
Skiing·Curling
Bobsled·Luge
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Ice sledge hockey |

**Tamburello** or **pallatamburello** is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named *tamburello* or *tambourine* in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.[*source?*]

Forms
-----

roundish tambourin and Ball
### Tamburello open

This form is also named *classic* and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed. A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named *sferisterio* or *sferodromo* in Italian language.

### Tamburello indoor

Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.

### Tambutennis

Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.

### Tambeach

One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

Related pages
-------------

* Palla

Other websites
--------------

* Italian manufacturer of tambourines Archived 2008-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)

### Video

* Open or 5 players a side Archived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Indoor or 3 players a side Archived 2008-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Tambutennis or 2 players a side
* Tambeach
The Silver Star Medal
The Silver Star ribbon
The **Silver Star** (officially the **Silver Star Medal**), is the United States third highest military decoration for valor. It can be awarded to any person serving in the United States Armed Forces. The medal is awarded for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States.

History
-------

The *Silver Star* is the successor award to the earlier "Citation Star". The Citation Star was established by an act of Congress on July 9, 1918. On July 19, 1932, the Secretary of War approved changing the "Citation Star" to the Silver Star Medal. The original "Citation Star" is added to the center of medal. The *Silver Star's* ribbon is red, white and blue. Authorization for the Silver Star Medal was placed into law by an act of Congress for the U.S. Navy on August 7, 1942. An Act of Congress for the U.S. Army was authorized on December 15, 1942. The US Army and Air Force currently awards the medal as the "Silver Star". The US Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continues to award the medal as the "Silver Star Medal".

Award criteria
--------------

The Silver Star is awarded to anyone serving in or with the United States Armed Forces, for "gallantry in action". This is: 

1. Against an enemy of the United States.
2. While engaged in military operations against opposing forces.
3. When serving in a military conflict along with friendly forces where the US is not a belligerent.

Air Force pilots, combat systems officers, Navy and Marine Corps aviators and Naval Flight Officers flying fighter aircraft are often considered eligible to receive the Silver Star upon becoming an ace ( having five or more confirmed aerial kills). In multi-seat fighters, the weapon systems officer or radar intercept officer is also eligible. The Silver Star may also be awarded to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations meeting the criteria.

Order of Precedence
-------------------

The Silver Star is worn on the uniform after the Distinguished Service Medal. It is to be worn before the Defense Superior Service Medal. When a second (or more) award is given for the Silver Star, an oak leaf cluster is added to the ribbon.

Related pages
-------------

* Bronze Star Medal

Other websites
--------------

* The Pyramid Of Honor; Order of Precedence of Military Awards
***The Mighty Kong*** is a 1998 South Korean-Canadian-American fantasy musical adventure giant monster animated directed by Art Scott. remake of the animated version of the story and loosely based on King Kong created by Merian Cooper and Edgar Wallace. produced by Lana Productions and Warner Bros Family Entertainment.

Plot
----

in 1933, Ann Darrow travels outside world when, Kong Island and went for the monster, Kong a 18-meter giant gorilla, taken for New York for exhibit for Broadway any means.

Cast
----

* Jodi Benson - Ann Darrow, Woman 12
* Dudley Moore - C.B. Denham, Kong
* Randy Hamilton - Jack
* Richard Newman - Capt. Engelhorn
* William Sage III - Roscoe, Additional voices
* Jason Gray Stanford - Ricky
* Don Brown - Sailors, Chief of Kong Island

Additional voices - Ian James Cortlett, Michael Dobson, Paul Dobson, Hallie Todd, Alyson Court

Production
----------

this film is animated in 1997 by Anirom Films, Jade Animation, Rainbow Animation itself. all voiced actors recording by Ocean Group.

Release
-------

the film was released by VHS in June 16, 1998 by Warner Home Video/Warner Bros. Family and Legacy Releasing. and done by TriCoast Entertainment as a remaster edition releasing in December 10, 2019 on DVD.
***The Mighty Boosh*** is a British comedy television series that was shown on BBC Three. It was also a radio programme. Since the television series, there have been live tours of it.

The first series is about two zookeepers called Howard and Vince. The second series is also about them but is set in a flat. The third is set in a shop.

History
-------

Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up performance at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan theatre. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters - Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively - in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s *Unnatural Acts*. It was here that they also met Rich Fulcher, who would become Bob Fossil. Fielding’s friend Dave Brown and Fielding's own brother Michael also became regular collaborators.

The Boosh soon produced three stage shows - *The Mighty Boosh* (1998), *Arctic Boosh* (1999) and *Autoboosh* (2000) - all of them were at the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of *Autoboosh*, a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, *The Boosh* was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later moving to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television show of the same name.

The first eight-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of six episodes the following year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting, and instead Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with *The Mighty Boosh Live*, which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".

After two years, the Boosh returned to the television in November 2007. Set in Naboo’s second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew in approximately one million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of *The Mighty Boosh* on March 22, 2008, which included a new documentary and six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all three series.

There will not be a fourth series till at least 2010 because they will be working upon a movie. This movie has been confirmed by the BBC.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Mighty Boosh* on IMDb
***Thaanaa Serndha Koottam*** (transl. A crowd that gathered on its own) is an 2018 Tamil-language action-thriller film written and directed by Vignesh Shivan and produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja.

Plot
----

All the events in this movie happen in the period of 1986–1987. The film begins with Pallavaram Paranjothi Pandian attending an interview for a clerk's post and getting rejected due to lack of money for giving bribes to the officials.

Now the story shifts to Nachinarkiniyan aka Iniyan attending CBI interviews and his friend attending police interviews. Both are rejected due to lack of bribe money for the post. Iniyan's father Porchelvan works as a CBI office clerk. He wants his son to be an officer, hence he pleads for the posting for his son to his higher officials.

However, he earned the wrath of his senior official officer Uthaman, a corrupt official. Once during a raid, he asks for money. Porchelvan did not approve of this and complains about Uthaman in the form of an anonymous letter. Uthaman learns of this and exacts revenge by purposely rejecting and humiliating Iniyan at the interview and later asking him to bribe in order to get the job. Iniyan and his father are dejected, and Iniyan's friend is dejected due to his failure in the interview, and he later commits suicide.

Iniyan is depressed after all these events and decides to loot money from the corrupted and rich people. He loots black money and tries to reform society, making sure the deserved people get posting in the government departments. He forms a gang with him and starts to heist by posing as CBI and income tax officers.

The CBI appoints Kurunjivendhan to investigate and capture the thieves. Meanwhile, Iniyan falls in love with Madhu, and she accepts his marriage proposal. One day, the gang conducts an interview for the CBI (fake). The gang plans to raid a jewelry shop. Uthaman and Kurunjivendhan come to know about this, but learn that they already came and finished the raid. Kurunjivendhan apprehends Iniyan and wants him to be a police inspector, but he rejects the offer as he believes that even more good can be done if he continued to do his deeds. He then reveals the force with Kurunjivendhan is actually the men he gave jobs using the heist money. He escapes the place with ease.

Cast
----

* Suriya as Nachinarkiniyan (Iniyan)/Uthaman (during raids)
* Karthik as Kurunjivendhan CBI Officer
* Ramya Krishnan as Azhagu Meena (Jhansi Rani)
* Kalaiyarasan as Iniyan's friend
* RJ Balaji as 'Pallavaram' Paranjothi Pandian
* Keerthy Suresh as Madhu
* Senthil as KP
* Sathyan as Muthukumar "Muthu"
* Sivasankar as Ondiveeran "Ondi"
* Nandha as Police Inspector Vetrivel/Manga Madayan
* Suresh Chandra Menon as Uthaman
* Thambi Ramaiah as Porchelvan
* Brahmanandam as a Hyderabad Income Tax Officer
* Anandaraj as Kuthalingam (Gandhi Appa)
* Yogi Babu as Narayanan
* Sudhakar as Azhagu Meena's husband
* Nirosha as Kuthalingam's wife
* Vinodhini as Mangaiyakarasi
* Bala Singh as Gunasekaran
* Venkatesh Harinathan as Kapil Gavaskar
* Gadam Kishan as Kapil's brother
* Abhirami as Azhagumathi (Azhagu Meena's daughter)
* Winner Ramachandran
**Thalassaemia** (or **thalassemia**) is a genetic disorder of the blood which originated in the Mediterranean region. 

This disease is caused by the weakening and destruction of red blood cells. This is caused by mutant genes which affect how the body makes haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells which carries oxygen. People with thalassaemia make less haemoglobin and fewer circulating red blood cells than normal, which results in mild or severe anemia.

Thalassaemia can cause significant complications, including pneumonia, iron overload, bone deformities and cardiovascular illness. However, this inherited disease of red blood cells gives a degree of protection against malaria, which is or was common in the regions where the trait is common. This selective survival advantage for carriers (known as heterozygous advantage) is responsible for keeping the mutation in populations way above its mutation rate. Carriers are heterozygous for the thalassaemia allele, meaning only one of their two alleles is mutant (abnormal). There are a number of different versions of thalassaemia. Each one is caused by a mutation in a different position in the genome.

In that respect, thalassaemia resembles another genetic disorder affecting haemoglobin, sickle-cell disease.

It is possible to cure patients with thalassaemia with bone marrow transplants from compatible donors. However, this method requires an HLA-matched compatible donor.
**Synthetic division** is a way to divide polynomials. It takes up less space than polynomial long division. It is mostly used to divide a polynomial by a binomial that looks like this:

{\displaystyle x-a,\ }
but it can be divided by any polynomial with one variable.

Synthetic division can be used to make calculations without writing variables. It also uses a small number of calculations, and takes less room on paper than long division. The subtractions in long division are changed to additions by changing the signs at the very beginning, which keeps sign errors from happening.

Synthetic division for linear denominators is also called division in Ruffini's rule.

Process
-------

The first example is synthetic division with a denominator {\displaystyle x-a} that only has one variable.

{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{3}-12x^{2}-42}{x-3}}}
The coefficients of the polynomial to divide are put at the top (the zero is for the unseen {\displaystyle 0x}).

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{r}\\\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}\ 1&-12&0&-42\\&&&\\\hline \end{array}}\end{array}}}
Make the coefficients of the denominator their opposite.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rr}-1x&+3\end{array}}}
Put every coefficient of the divisor except the first one on the left.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{r}\\3\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}\ 1&-12&0&-42\\&&&\\\hline \end{array}}\end{array}}}
Put the first number after the bar, 1, at the bottom.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{r}\\3\\\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}1&-12&0&-42\\&&&\\\hline 1&&&\\\end{array}}\end{array}}}
Multiply the dropped number by the number before the bar, and put it under the next coefficient, 12.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{r}\\3\\\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}1&-12&0&-42\\&3&&\\\hline 1&&&\\\end{array}}\end{array}}}
Add the numbers in the second column (which equals -9 in this example).

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{c}\\3\\\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}1&-12&0&-42\\&3&&\\\hline 1&-9&&\\\end{array}}\end{array}}}
Do the last two steps again to get this:

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cc}{\begin{array}{c}\\3\\\\\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{|rrrr}1&-12&0&-42\\&3&-27&-81\\\hline 1&-9&-27&-123\end{array}}\end{array}}}
Count the terms to the left of the bar. Since there is only one, the remainder has degree zero, which means it is a constant that is more than zero. Put an up and down line next to the last number, -123.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rrr|r}1&-9&-27&-123\end{array}}}
The terms are written with a rising degree from right to left. It begins with degree zero for both the remainder and the result.

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rrr|r}1x^{2}&-9x&-27&-123\end{array}}}
The last part of the division is:

{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{3}-12x^{2}-42}{x-3}}=x^{2}-9x-27-{\frac {123}{x-3}}}
**Przewalski's horse** (*Equus przewalskii* or *E. ferus przewalskii*), the Mongolian wild horse, is a close relative of the domestic horse. The two are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring. Przewalski's horse is a rare and endangered subspecies of the wild horse, *Equus ferus*. It is native to the steppes of central Asia, especially Mongolia.

At one time extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia from stock in zoos. It is now in several nature reserves and national parks. As of 2002, the world population of these horses was about 1,000.

Relationships between horses
----------------------------

Most "wild" horses today, such as the American mustang or the Australian brumby, are feral horses descended from domesticated animals which escaped and adapted to life in the wild. In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been successfully domesticated, and remains a truly wild animal today.

Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of *Equus ferus*, the others being the domesticated horse, *Equus ferus caballus* and the extinct tarpan, *Equus ferus ferus*. Przewalski's horse is the only remaining truly wild "horse" in the world. There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass) and kiang.

### Relation to domestic horse

Although Przewalski's horse can hybridize with domestic horses to produce fertile offspring, it has an extra pair of chromosomes.

"Mitochondrial DNA research has shown that Przewalski's horse is not the ancestor of modern domestic horses. [There are] a number of consistent differences in their appearance. Przewalski's horses, unlike domestic horses, shed their tail and mane hair once per year. Thus it is clear that Przewalski's and domestic horses are very closely related and have in the past interbred, but the fixed chromosomal number difference between them indicates that they are distinct populations".

In zoos
-------

According to ISIS, about 480 Przewalski's were reported in captivity.
The threatened categories (IUCN Red List)
**Threatened species** are any species (including animals, plants, and fungi) which may become endangered.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) are the experts on threatened species. They put threatened species into three groups, each group in more danger than the next: 

* Vulnerable
* Endangered
* Critically endangered

One way scientists can work out how threatened a species is, is to measure the birth and death rates. If a species becomes small in numbers, it can get to a critical point. This happens when there are not enough individuals left alive to continue the species (critical depensation).

Species that are not a threatened species, but are still a concern, can be put into groups of Near Threatened, Least Concern, and Conservation Dependent. Conservation dependent is no longer used a group. When the species has not been studied, Not Evaluated, or there is not enough information, Data Deficient, the IUCN does not put them on the threatened species list.

Threatened species are also called "red listed" species, because they are in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

United States definition
------------------------

"Threatened" in relation to "endangered" under the ESA.
Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "threatened" means any species which is likely to become endangered in the near future, in all, or a large part of its range. The Bay checkerspot butterfly (*Euphydryas editha bayensis*) is an example of a threatened species protected by the Endangered Species Act.

Related pages
-------------

* IUCN Red List

Other websites
--------------

* IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
The Thousand Days War was a civil war in Colombia which was fought from October 17th 1899 to November 21st 1902. It was fought over whether Colombia should have federalism or centralism.

History
-------

In 1863, Colombia got a Constitution giving the people freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the right to own guns. It also gave Colombia a system of federalism and the separation of church and state. 

In 1884, Rafael Núñez was elected president of Columbia and wanted to get rid of federalism and get rid of the separation of church and state and get rid of secularism and used the slogan "one nation, one goal, one God". When Núñez retired, his Vice President Miguel Antonio Caro took over as president. 

Caro used government censorship to stop criticism by banning newspapers which criticized him and had major politicians who opposed him arrested. Then the Colombian Liberal Party rebelled against him and he crushed three different rebellions. In 1894, the rebels attacked Caro’s government but in 1895 they surrendered.

Breakout
--------

In 1896, Caro quit being president after members of the Liberal Party asked that he lift martial law and in the next election in 1898, Manuel Antonio Saclemente won while 84 years old. Then in 1899, the Liberals attacked Santander to protest Saclemente’s policies and started a civil war.

Battles
-------

Between the 11th and 13th of November, 1899, the Battle of Bucaramanga killed 1000 people and injured 500. Soon the war spread to all of Colombia. In 1901, President Cipriano Castro of Venezuela sent his army to Colombia to help the Liberals. In 1902, General Uribe Uribe decided he couldn’t win and agreed to surrender.

Treaties
--------

The American President Theodore Roosevelt sent his navy to protect the Panama Canal so after the two factions signed a treaty in Panama, they signed a second on an American ship which officially ended the war on the 21st of November, 1902.

In Popular Culture
------------------

Gabriel Garcia Márquez wrote some novels about the war. The Disney movie Encanto is about a family of refugees from the war.
*This article is about concerts in the parks in London in the 18th and 19th centuries. For the Promenade Concerts in the Royal Albert Hall see BBC Proms.*
The word **Promenade Concert** today usually refers to one of the concerts in the series started by Henry Wood in 1895, known today as the BBC Proms. However, before these concerts started there had for many years been promenade concerts in the parks of London. These concerts took place in the leisure gardens (parks) where people could walk about while listening to the music (French se promener = to walk).

People had to pay to go into the leisure gardens. There were lots of entertainments there, e.g. fireworks, dancing, acrobatics and music. The music was played by orchestras. Sometimes these orchestras played in bandstands, sometimes in proper buildings.

Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens were the most famous of these gardens. The composer George Frideric Handel had his music played there in the 18th century. The gardens were very fashionable until the 19th century. Aristocratic people, royalty and ordinary people all mixed there. Handel's *Music for the Royal Fireworks* was performed in Vauxhall Gardens to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The composer Dr Thomas Arne was appointed composer of Vauxhall Gardens in 1745. It was here that many of his songs became popular, including *Rule Britannia*. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn performed in Ranelagh Gardens on their visits to London. 

In the 19th century concerts of classical music became very popular. The conductor Louis Antoine Jullien conducted many concerts. His orchestra were even joined by the bands of the Royal Artillery or drummers from the French National Guard. Concerts were also given in Crystal Palace, the huge glass building which was built for the Great Exhibition in 1851.

Many English composers had their music played in these parks. The music was often long songs (ballads), or drinking songs. Sometimes choirs sang choruses from oratorios by Handel. Later in the 19th century the programmes included more music by famous composers such as Brahms, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana and Wagner.

In 1895 Henry Wood started his series of promenade concerts. He wanted to educate audiences so that they liked good music. This series of concerts continues today in the Royal Albert Hall as the BBC Proms.

Related pages
-------------

* BBC Proms
Sodium hydroxide pellets on a glass dish
**Sodium hydroxide** is an alkali which is also known as caustic soda. Caustic means "burning" and caustic soda takes its name from the way it can burn the skin. It has the chemical formula of NaOH.

It is a base, meaning it has a high pH. It is the most common thing used to raise the pH of solutions; for example, to neutralize an acid.

As a solid, the alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It dissolves easily in water, and makes the water warm when this happens. Sodium hydroxide is used as a solution called lye to make soap. Lye is also used to unclog drains. Its dissolving properties and its ability to easily break surface tension are fundamental for its uses. It works in two ways. First, it combines with grease to make soap. Second, it dissolves hair (which is soluble in any basic solution).

Making sodium hydroxide
-----------------------

Sodium hydroxide can be made (with chlorine and hydrogen) using the chloralkali process. A solution of sodium chloride is electrolyzed and sodium hydroxide is made around the cathode, where water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ion. The hydrogen is released and the hydroxide bonds with the sodium to make sodium hydroxide. Special care is required to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide or NaOH in water because considerable heat is liberated by the exothermic reaction. The solution may splatter or boil.

2Na+ (from salt) + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 at cathode
2 Cl- (from salt) → Cl2 at anode