recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **gambit** is a chess opening involving a sacrifice, usually a pawn. The player, usually White, sacrifices (gives away) a pawn or more to develop faster and get an attack against the king. Gambits are also used to control the center of the chess board for better development of pieces. The player who plays the Gambit hopes for a development advantage against the opponent. There are a few gambits that require more valuable pieces for a better chance of winning. An example:

Evans Gambit
------------

 Evans Gambit

  

1.e4 e5
2.Nf3 Nc6
3.Bc4 Bc5
4.**b4** Bxb4
5.c3 Ba5
6.d4 exd4
7.0-0 dxc3
8.Qb3 and White has a serious attack for the pawns. 4.b4 is the **Evans Gambit**.

Benko Gambit
------------

In modern times gambits are usually not for direct attacks on the king. They aim at 'positional' advantages, such as freer play for the pieces. A well-known example is the **Benko Gambit**: 

  

 Benko Gambit

1.d4 Nf6
2.c4 c5
3.d5 **b5**
4.cxb5 **a6**
5.bxa6 Bxa6
6.Nc3 d6
7.Nf3 g6
8.g3 Bg7
9.Bg2 0-0
In return for his pawn, Black gets open lines for his bishops and his rook on a8.

| * v
* t
* e
Chess |
| --- |
| Pieces | 
* King
* Queen
* Rook
* Bishop
* Knight
* Pawn

 |
| Gameplay | 
* Check and checkmate
* Draw
* Fast chess
* Gambit
* Notation
* Terms
* Zugzwang

 |
| Strategy | 
* Castling
* Double check
* En passant
* Openings
	+ List
	+ English opening
	+ King's Gambit
	+ Ruy Lopez
	+ Pirc defence
	+ Sicilian defence
	+ Queen's Gambit
	+ Queen's Gambit Declined
* Prophylaxis
* Zwischenzug

 |
| Related | 
* Chess club
* Computers
	+ Engines
* FIDE
* Grandmaster
	+ List
* History
* Rating system
* Symbols in Unicode
* Tournaments
	+ Olympiad
	+ World Championship

 |
| Famous players | 
* Alexander Alekhine
* Viswanathan Anand
* Mikhail Botvinnik
* José Raúl Capablanca
* Magnus Carlsen
* Bobby Fischer
* Garry Kasparov
* Anatoly Karpov
* Vladimir Kramnik
* Emanuel Lasker
* Vera Menchik
* Paul Morphy
* Judit Polgar
* Wilhelm Steinitz

 |
Map of Newfoundland. Reserve is on bottom right-hand side of map, on the long peninsula pointing towards the island of St. Pierre.
Delegates from the Ichnia 2012 conference inspect the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary at Fortune Head Ecological Reserve. The boundary is defined on the appearance of the complex, vertical trace fossil *Treptichnus pedum*
**Fortune Head** is a headland about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.

A 140 m (460 ft) thick section of rock along its cliffs is the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). It represents the boundary between the Precambrian era and the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago. Because of its accessibility (easy to get at) and many fossils, Fortune Head was selected in 1992 over similar rock sections in Siberia, Russia, and Meischucum, China.

Ecological Reserve
------------------

Fortune Head was given full ecological reserve status in 1992 after its selection as the global stratotype. The reserve is 2.21 km2 (0.85 sq mi) in size. The Fortune Head lighthouse also acts as a visitors center.

Geology
-------

The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, a late Precambrian episode of mountain-building. The stratigraphy is not uniform throughout the region, however. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former Iapetus Ocean.

The global stratotype at Fortune Head is made up of sandstones, siltstones, and limestones. Some of these rocks have mud cracks and stromatolites, suggesting that deposition occurred in tidal or, at deepest, continental shelf environments.

Fossils
-------

The boundary between the Precambrian and Cambrian is marked by the presence of trace fossils of *Treptichnus pedum*, one of the earliest animals. *Treptichnus* is known only by its distinctive burrow pattern, which can be seen at Fortune Head.

Fortune Head records the beginning of a period of increasing biological diversity known as the "Cambrian explosion". It has a number of other Cambrian and Precambrian fossils, including early shell fossils, vendotaenid algae, soft-bodied megafossils, and microfossils. Below *Treptichnus*, the stratotype at Fortune Head includes traces of the arthropod *Monomorphichnus*. More complex fossils appear later.

Related pages
-------------

* Mistaken Point
* Ediacaran biota
* Lagerstätten
Feta cheese
**Feta cheese** (Greek: φέτα, feminine gender; pronounced ˈfɛta (tiːˈʀiː)), or simply **Feta** is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.

It is an ingredient in a Greek Salad.

Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called *Feta* from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions C-465/02 and C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).

This ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe. Several member state of the WTO still think that the term "feta" is generic. European Member states wanted to ddefend this protected designation of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.

History
-------

What is now called *feta cheese* was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the *Odyssey*. According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.

The name *Feta* has an Italian origin. It is derived from *fetta* (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.

Other websites
--------------

* Feta registered as Protected Designation of Origin
* http://www.feta.gr on feta's history, production and conservation methods, plus dozens of recipes with feta
**Farrah Fawcett** (February 2, 1947 – June 25, 2009) was an American actress. A multiple Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominee, Fawcett rose to international fame when she first appeared as private investigator Jill Munroe in the TV series *Charlie's Angels* in 1976. Fawcett later appeared off-Broadway to the approval of critics and in highly rated television movies in roles often challenging (*The Burning Bed*, *Nazi Hunter: The Beate Klarsfeld Story*, *Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story*, *Margaret Bourke-White*) and sometimes unsympathetic (*Small Sacrifices*). Farrah played Marjorie in the movie named Extremities (where Marjorie got abused by the abusive man).

Fawcett was a pop culture figure whose hairstyle was emulated by millions of young women and whose poster sales broke records, making her an international sex symbol in the 1970s and 1980s. While her impact was particularly strong on the teens of the 1970s, her appeal spreads over multiple generations. 

Fawcett married Lee Majors in 1973. They couple separated in 1979 and divorced in 1982. She had a relationship with Ryan O'Neal from 1979 until 1997. She had a relationship with movie producer James Orr, who deliberately injured her, for which he was convicted of assault. In 2001, she resumed her relationship with O'Neal. Fawcett's son Redmond O'Neal was born in January 1985. She died of anal cancer aged 62 in June 2009.
Fartuun is the executive director of the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre
**Fartuun Abdisalaan Adan** (Somali: *Fartuun Aadan*, Arabic: فارتوون عدن) is a Somali social activist.

Life
----

Fartuun grew up in Somalia. She married Elman Ali Ahmed, a local entrepreneur and peace activist. The couple had four daughters.

In 1996, during the high point of the Somali Civil War, Fartuun's husband was killed near the family's home in southern Mogadishu. After her husband died, Fartuun emigrated to Canada in 1999.

In 2007, Fartuun returned to Somalia. She became an advocate for peace and human rights.

Work
----

Fartuun Adan received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State in 2013The center is a NGO based in Mogadishu. Fartuun established the center in honor of her late husband. Fartuun is the organization's Executive Director. Fartuun's daughter Ilwad works with her.

Through the center, Fartuun also co-founded Sister Somalia, the country's first program to help victims of sexual violence.

Awards
------

In 2013, Adan received the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

In 2014, she also received an award from the government of Germany for her work with the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fartuun Adan***.

* Sister Somalia
* 2013 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Erode district(formerly Periyar district) is a district in the Kongu Nadu region (western part) of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was the largest district by area in the state before the formation of Tiruppur district and the headquarters of the district is Erode. Periyar district was a part of Coimbatore District before its division into two on September 17, 1979 and was renamed as Erode District in 1996. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,251,744 with a sex-ratio of 993 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.

Bhavani River
-------------

Bhavani River rises in the Western Ghats of [Silent Valley National Park in Palakkad district of Kerala. It receives the Siruvani River which has the ***second tastiest water in the world***, a perennial stream of Coimbatore District, and gets reinforced by the Kundah river before entering Erode District in Sathyamangalam.

Economy
-------

Agriculture is the most important income source of the district. Paddy, plantain, silk, cotton, turmeric, coconut and sugarcane are some of the major products from agriculture and allied industries. With 43% share, the district is the top turmeric producer in Tamil Nadu. Erode is also known as *Turmeric city* as it is an important market center for turmeric. Erode district is also the leading producer of plantain, coconuts and white silk in Tamil Nadu.
The country's first automated silk reeling unit is located near Gobichettipalayam.In 2005, Bhavani Jamakkalam (Bhavani Bedsheets) was registered as a Geographical Indication by the Government of India.
"**God Save the South**" was the unofficial anthem of the Confederate States of America. The words of the song were written by George H. Miles and the melody was composed by Charles Wolfgang Amadeus Ellerbrock. The song was first published in 1861.

Some people living in the Confederacy thought this song was their anthem, while others preferred "Dixie".

The same composer of this song, Charles Ellerbrock, arranged the melody of Maryland's state song "Maryland, My Maryland".

History
-------

The song was written because the author wanted to tell soldiers in the civil war that God is with them. The other reason it was written because they were at war with the North, and the author wanted this song to challenge the Union's "Battle Hymn of the Republic", as well as to promote southern nationalism. It was first published in New Orleans, Louisiana, and it was the first song published in the CSA since the Ordinance of Secession.

Lyrics
------

> God save the South, God save the South,  
> 
> Her altars and firesides, God save the South!  
> 
> Now that the war is nigh, now that we arm to die,  
> 
> Chanting our battle cry, "Freedom or death!"  
> 
> Chanting our battle cry, "Freedom or death!"  
> 
>   
> 
> God be our shield, at home or afield,  
> 
> Stretch Thine arm over us, strengthen and save.  
> 
> What tho' they're three to one, forward each sire and son,  
> 
> Strike till the war is won, strike to the grave!  
> 
> Strike till the war is won, strike to the grave!  
> 
>   
> 
> God made the right stronger than might,  
> 
> Millions would trample us down in their pride.  
> 
> Lay Thou their legions low, roll back the ruthless foe,  
> 
> Let the proud spoiler know God's on our side.  
> 
> Let the proud spoiler know God's on our side.  
> 
>   
> 
> Hark honor's call, summoning all.  
> 
> Summoning all of us unto the strife.  
> 
> Sons of the South, awake! Strike till the brand shall break,  
> 
> Strike for dear Honor's sake, Freedom and Life!  
> 
> Strike for dear Honor's sake, Freedom and Life!  
> 
>   
> 
> Rebels before, our fathers of yore.  
> 
> Rebel's the righteous name Washington bore.  
> 
> Why, then, be ours the same, the name that he snatched from shame,  
> 
> Making it first in fame, foremost in war.  
> 
> Making it first in fame, foremost in war.  
> 
>   
> 
> War to the hilt, theirs be the guilt,  
> 
> Who fetter the free man to ransom the slave.  
> 
> Up then, and undismay'd, sheathe not the battle blade,  
> 
> Till the last foe is laid low in the grave!  
> 
> Till the last foe is laid low in the grave!  
> 
>   
> 
> God save the South, God save the South,  
> 
> Dry the dim eyes that now follow our path.  
> 
> Still let the light feet rove safe through the orange grove,  
> 
> Still keep the land we love safe from Thy wrath.  
> 
> Still keep the land we love safe from Thy wrath.  
> 
>   
> 
> God save the South, God save the South,  
> 
> Her altars and firesides, God save the South!  
> 
> For the great war is nigh, and we will win or die,  
> 
> Chanting our battle cry, "Freedom or death!"  
> 
> Chanting our battle cry, "Freedom or death!"
> 
>
**Harland Reesor Williams** (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor and stand-up comedian.

Personal life
-------------

Harland Reesor Williams was born on November 14, 1962, in Toronto, Ontario, to Lorraine Mary (née O'Donnell), a social worker, and John Reesor Williams, a lawyer who served as a member of the Ontario legislature from 1975 to 1985. He is the middle child of five with two older, his brother Steve, and two younger sisters.

Harland holds dual citizenship with Canada and the United States.

He is the author and illustrator of his own series of children's books involving a little brontosaurus named Lickety Split. Williams' love of art drove him to create the series, in which the curious, young dinosaur embarks on a series of amazing adventures and learns important life lessons in the process. The artistically inclined Williams had refined his passion for drawing and painting at Canada's Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario. Finding a creative outlet in poetry and painting while working as a forest ranger for five years after dropping out of Sheridan College, Williams set his goals to leave the forest as a stand-up comic and actor, soon moving to Los Angeles to pursue his newfound calling.

Williams is cousin to Barenaked Ladies keyboardist Kevin Hearn, and together they have a hobby band called The Cousins. Williams also played the security guard in the music video for the band’s 2001 single "Falling for the First Time".

Career
------

Williams is known for his movie roles, which include *Dumb and Dumber*, *Freddy Got Fingered*, *There's Something About Mary*, *Half Baked*, *RocketMan*, *Sorority Boys*, *Down Periscope*, *Superstar* and *Employee of The Month*. Williams starred as the security guard in the music video for the 2001 Barenaked Ladies song "Falling for the First Time". He has performed his stand-up comedy routines on *Late Night with David Letterman*, *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*, *Late Night with Conan O'Brien*, HBO, Comedy Central and at comedy clubs throughout the country.
Firing a handgun
A **gunshot** is the discharge of a firearm. It produces a mechanical sound effect and a chemical gunshot residue. The term can also refer to a gunshot wound caused by the bullet. Multiple discharges of a firearm or firearms are referred to as **gunfire**. The word can mean either the sound of a gun firing, the projectiles that were fired, or both. For example, the statement "gunfire came from the next street" could either mean the sound of discharge, or it could mean the bullets themselves. It is better to be more specific while writing however. "The sound of gunfire" or "we came under gunfire" would be more descriptive and prevent confusion.

Gunfire characteristics
-----------------------

There are three things that characterize gunfire and allow a person to detect and locate gunfire and similar weapon discharges:

1. An optical flash (called muzzle flash) that occurs when an explosive charge is ignited when firing the weapon.
2. A muzzle blast that occurs when a weapon is fired. A typical muzzle blast generates a sound wave with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 140dB or louder.
3. A "snap" or "crack" caused by the sonic boom that occurs as a projectile moves through the air at supersonic speeds.

Gunfire can be confused with other sounds that can sound similar. These include firework explosions and cars backfiring. The sounds may be heard at greater distances in the direction of bullet travel than behind or to either side of the firearm.

Urban areas have noise patterns where background noise is higher during the daytime and lower at night. Firearm muzzle blast may be masked by background noise during daytime. But it may be detected at greater distances during the quieter hours of darkness. A popular urban gunfire locator system typically uses six to ten audio sensors per square mile for trilateration. (two or three per square kilometer)

Suppressors
-----------

A suppressor, sometimes called a "silencer", can be attached to the muzzle of a firearm to reduce the sound of firing the weapon. Suppressors attached to the muzzle will not reduce the sound of high velocity gas released from other locations like the gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver. A muzzle silencer is also ineffective in reducing the snap of a supersonic bullet, or the noise produced by the mechanical action of a self-loading firearm. Use of silencers is rare in United States crimes. A 2007 study estimated unlawful silencers were involved in only 0.05 percent (1 in 2,000) federal criminal prosecutions. Also, these include cases where the silencer was not used, but simply in the possession of the defendant for 92% of prosecutions involving a silencer.

Other websites
--------------

* Gunshot sound effect, YouTube
Acrylic gesso
**Gesso** is a primer or foundation for art painting on wood or canvas. It is a white paint mixture. It has a binder mixed with a pigment. Traditionally, the binder is glue or gelatin, the pigment is chalk, plaster or gypsum.

Gesso is used in art to prepare a surfaces (wood panels, canvas and sculpture) for painting. Paint and/or other materials are applied on top of the gesso. One reason for covering the surface with gesso is that wood or canvas has a rough or uneven surface, and a colour. Gesso "priming" lets the artist's chosen subject show more clearly than it would otherwise. 

Even if a surface has no roughness, many artists still prime it before starting the painting proper, though they might use a paint or "wash" of their own choosing. They do this because the primer, though it cannot be seen directly, may change and help the quality of light reflected from the surface. Gesso, however, is specially useful for a rough or uneven surface.

Acrylic gesso
-------------

Acrylic gesso, a widely used "ground", is a modern version which is cheaper and easier to use than the traditional type of gesso. It is a combination of calcium carbonate with an acrylic polymer medium latex, a pigment and other chemicals to ensure flexibility and increase life. It is technically not *gesso* at all.p321

*The Painter's Handbook* notes a problem with using oil paints over an acrylic gesso ground instead of a traditional oil ground, citing a mismatch in flexibility over time that could cause the oil paint to delaminate (flake off).p60
Monument to miners who have lost their lives, Gunnedah, NSW
**Gunnedah** is a town in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 7,542 people living in the town.

Gunnedah is on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways. It is 475 kms from Sydney. There is also a railway to Sydney. There is a daily train service, the Countrylink Xplorer, between Sydney and Moree.

The major business is agriculture. Gunnedah produces cotton, coal, beef, lamb, pork, and cereal and oilseed grains.
Gunnedah is also the home of AgQuip, Australia's largest annual exhibition of agricultural equipment.

History
-------

The Gunnedah area was the home of the Australian Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) language. The area of the town was settled by Europeans in 1833 or 1834.

Dorothea Mackellar wrote her famous poem *My Country* (popularly known as *I Love a Sunburnt Country*) about her family's farm near Gunnedah. Every year the Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students are held in Gunnedah.

Coal was found on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been dug from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May, 1899. One month later a private railway some 5.7 km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September, 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.

"The Red Chief," by great Australian author Ion L. Idriess, tells the true story of "Red Kangaroo" and his tribe, from this area.

Geography
---------

Gunnedah Shire is 264 metres above sea level on the Liverpool Plains in the Namoi River valley. It is very flat. The tallest hills are only 200 metres above the flat plains. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry. Rainstorms occasionally cause flooding of the Namoi River. Floods can cut transport links to the town and cut it off from the outside world.

The Gunnedah area has a lot of Australian wildlife, including kangaroos, echidnas and koalas. Koalas can often be seen in trees within the town.

Media
-----

There is a newspaper, the Namoi Valley Independent. There are 2 radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. 2MO claims to be the first station started in Australia outside the capital cities.

Railway station
---------------

Gunnedah railway station is on the Mungindi (or North West) railway line, 475 km from Sydney. The station was opened in 1879. There is a large station building with single platform. There is also a passing loop and small goods yard. There is a single daily Xplorer diesel railmotor operating between Sydney and Moree.

Other websites
--------------

* Info Gunnedah Archived 2008-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* AgQuip
* Gunnedah Shire Profile Archived 2010-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Gunnedah Speedway
* Gunnedah High School
* Gunnedah South Public School
Not to be confused with Hermann Wilhelm Vogel.

**Hermann Carl Vogel** (born 3 April 1841, died 13 August 1907) was a German astronomer. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.

Vogel was one of the first astronomers to use a spectroscope in astronomy. He used it to read the chemicals on planets far away and to measure the time it takes the Sun to spin. He could read it by measuring the Doppler effect.

In 1882, Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890. Vogel found that the colour of some stars changed over time, becoming red and then later becoming blue. His idea was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the colour changes were the because of that movement. These stars seemed to be orbiting around a hidden star as if they were double-stars but the second star could never be seen, only known by the colour changing Doppler effect.

Volgel proved that Algol was a double star that could not be seen (spectroscopic binary star) and it was one of the first of these double stars proven to exist.

Medals of Hermann Carl Vogel
----------------------------

**Awarded to Hermann Carl Vogel**

* Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1893)
* Henry Draper Medal (1893)
* Landskroener Medal of Achievement (1898)
* Richard C. White Purple Honors Medal (1899)
* Bruce Medal (1906)

Places in space named after Hermann Carl Vogel
----------------------------------------------

* Vogel crater on the Moon
* Crater on Mars

Books to read
-------------

* Frost, E. B. (1908). "Hermann Carl Vogel". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **27**: 1–11. Bibcode:1908ApJ....27....1F. doi:10.1086/141520. Retrieved 2008-04-19.

Other websites
--------------

* Short biography Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
**Flame Ionization Detectors** (shortened FID) is a common type detector used in gas chromatography. These detectors are best at detecting organic compounds. The first flame ionization detector was developed in simultaneously and independently in 1957 by Harley and Pretorius at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa and by McWilliam and Dewar at Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand (ICIANZ, see Orica history) Central Research Laboratory, Ascot Vale, Melbourne, Australia.

The purpose of a FID is to detect compounds as they exit the gas chromatography column. The compounds that are exiting the column are in a gaseous state. Detection is done by first turning the gas compounds into ions and electrons and then collecting the charged molecules. The FID turns compounds into ions and electrons by putting them into a flame. The fuel used to make the flame in FIDs is usually made of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. As these charged materials are collected, they make a current which is measured. The larger the current the more charged compounds are being collected. Currents for FIDs are usually about 10-12 amps and are measured by a high-impedance picoammeter.

Flame ionization detectors are used most often for organic compounds. This is because organic compounds contain lot of carbon atoms which easily turn into ions. Reduced carbons (carbons with no oxygen bonds) make the most ions. Other carbons such as alcohols (C-O-H) and carbonyls (C=O) do not make as many ions.

Many times organic samples being tested are not pure. The samples often contain impurities such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NO), and noble gases. The FID does not detect these impurities because they do not burn. This makes the FID a very useful detector because the samples being tested do not have to be purified before being tested.

FID can be used to detect very small amounts of material, as small as 10-13 g/s. It is also accurate over a large range of molecule amounts (a range of over 107). One problem with FID is that it destroys the sample being tested. Any sample used in gas chromatography with an FID cannot be used for other measurements afterwards. Also, a lot of fuel is required as well as very exact equipment to get exact results.
Théry, 1904 and 1905 winner
The **Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing** was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the *New York Herald*. The award was first given in 1900 in France. It was a car-racing event between teams from different countries.

History
-------

In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy (*prize*). The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries. The trophy was given out every year until 1905. After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans.

The British Racing Green was first used in the 1903 Gordon Bennet Cup in Ireland.

The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe. There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile. 

The rules were that the races were held in the country of the winner of the year before. The races were between national teams. Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country. Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France. They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland. This became known as British racing green.

Gordon Bennett Cup winners
--------------------------

| Year | Track | Winner | Car | Country |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | Paris to Lyon, France | France Fernand Charron | Panhard |  France |
| 1901 | Paris to Bordeaux, France | France Léonce Girardot | Panhard |  France |
| 1902 | Paris, France to Innsbruck, Austria | United Kingdom Selwyn Edge | Napier |  United Kingdom |
| 1903 | Athy, County Kildare, Ireland | Belgium Camille Jenatzy | Mercedes |  Germany |
| 1904 | Taunus mountains in Germany | France Léon Théry | Richard-Brasier |  France |
| 1905 | Circuit d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France | France Léon Théry | Richard-Brasier |  France |
|
The Field Museum of Natural History
The **Field Museum of Natural History** (or **Field Museum**) is in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. It is on Lake Shore Drive next to Lake Michigan. The museum has more than 21 million exhibits.

History
-------

The museum was founded in 1893 and had used old exhibitions that were shown from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, including exhibits about trains.

The Field Museum has a large collection of dinosaur skeletons in the Evolving Planet exhibit. The human cultural anthropology exhibits have things from ancient Egypt, the Pacific Northwest, the Pacific Islands, and Tibet. The taxidermy collection has many large animals, including two African elephants and the Lions of Tsavo featured in the 1996 movie *The Ghost and the Darkness*. 

The Ancient Americas exhibit has Native American artifacts. The museum also has Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus skeleton in the world.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Field Museum***.

* The Field Museum

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Batman Symbol Spinner
A **fidget spinner** is a toy that some people believe helps children who can become distracted.  Gadget World has published a blog to explain the alleged benefits. However, other people such as teachers  believe that fidget spinners are a distraction. This is because teachers and their students get distracted by the noise or the hand motions that come with the fidget spinner package. 

Fidget spinners are popular among young students who collect them, sell them, trade them and play with them. Fidget spinners come in many colors and styles, and many shapes and sizes. Fidget spinners are sold at toy stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Often, entrepreneurial students will sell them on the playground or at the bus stop.

Facts about fidget spinners
---------------------------

Catherine Hettinger, a chemical engineer, was first credited by some news stories to have been the inventor of the fidget spinner, including by media outlets such as *The Guardian*, *The New York Times* and the *New York Post*. Hettinger filed a patent application for a "spinning toy" in 1993.
François Joseph Gossec
**François-Joseph Gossec** (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February, 1829) was a South Netherlands composer. He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life. People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin. He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.

Life and Work
-------------

Gossec’s family were small farmers. When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows). He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.

In 1751 he went to Paris. The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra. He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own. His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented. He composed many operas as well as instrumental works.

In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly. A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.

Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution. When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.

Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music. His music for instruments was very successful. He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting. He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris. He was made a *chevalier* of the Legion of Honour. A lot of composers went to his funeral.
**Ergative-absolutive languages**, sometimes called **ergative languages**, are languages where the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb behave the same way in a sentence. Both behave differently to the subject of a transitive verb.

In English and other nominative languages, the agent ("doer", *she* in *She walked the dog*) of a transitive verb and the subject ("doer", *she* in *She walked*) of an intransitive verb are both in the nominative case, and the object ("done-to", *dog* in *She walked the dog*) is in the accusative case.

In an ergative language, the agent of a transitive verb is in the ergative case, while the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are in the absolutive case.

Some examples of ergative-absolutive languages include Basque, Georgian, Mayan, Tibetan, Tagalog and the Kurdish language. 

If one sets: A = agent of a transitive verb; S = argument of an intransitive verb; O = object of a transitive verb, then we can contrast normal nominative–accusative English with a hypothetical ergative English:

Accusative English:

He (A) found me (O).
He (S) traveled.
(S form = A form)

Hypothetical ergative English:

He (A) found me (O).
Him (S) traveled.
(S form = O form)
Eurasian Lynx
The **Eurasian lynx** *(Lynx lynx)* is a medium-sized cat native to Europe (Including Finland, Sweden, Norway) and Asia. It is one of the largest predators in Europe and Asia. It is the largest of the lynxes with a length of 80–130 cm.

Appearance
----------

Eurasian lynx are the largest of the four lynx species. They are one of the largest predators in Europe, after brown bears and grey wolves.

They weigh from 18 to 36 kg and body length is 80 to 130 cm. Males are larger and more robust than females.

During summer, lynx have a short, reddish or brown coat, while in the winter the coat becomes a thicker and silkier fur, colored silver-gray to grayish brown.

Behavior
--------

Lynx are solitary creatures. The only long lasting relationship they form is between mother and cubs. They are most active during early morning and evening. Lynx are terrestrial mainly, but they are able and adapted to climb and swim.

Longevity
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Eurasian lynx can survive up to 17 years in the wild and about 24 years when captive. The juvenile rate of mortality is high.

Prey
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Lynx prey mostly on small to fairly large sized mammals and birds. Among prey for the species are hares, rabbits, marmots, squirrels, dormice, other rodents, grouse, red foxes, wild boar, foxes, chamois, moose, roe deer, red deer, reindeer and other ungulates. It is a carnivore, consuming about one to two kg of meat every day.

Although taking on larger prey presents a risk to the animal, the bounty provided by killing them can outweigh the risks. The Eurasian lynx thus prefers fairly large ungulate prey, especially during winter when small prey is less abundant. They are the only *Lynx* species in which ungulates provide more of their diet than lagomorphs or rodents. Where common, roe deer are the preferred prey species for the lynx. Even where roe deer are quite uncommon, as in Sweden, the deer are still the favored prey species, though in summer smaller prey and occasional domestic sheep are eaten. In parts of Finland, introduced White-tailed deer are eaten mostly regularly. In some areas of Poland and Austria, red deer are the preferred prey and, in Switzerland, chamois are taken. They will also feed on carrion when it is available. Adult lynx require 1.1 to 2 kilograms (2.4 to 4.4 lb) of meat per day, and may take several days to fully consume some of their larger prey.

Distribution
------------

### Asia

Found in the Chinese provinces and Northern Pakistan.

### Russia

Most Eurasian lynxes are in Russia.

### Finland

In 2008, there were about 1905–2060 lynxes in Finland.

### Sweden

In Sweden there are about 1,400.

### Norway

In Norway there are between 409 and 439.

Other websites
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* Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
* About the Eurasian Lynx Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine from the Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lynx lynx***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Lynx lynx***.
Frederick Lansing
**Frederick Lansing** (February 16, 1838 – January 31, 1894) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

Life
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Frederick Lansing was born in Manheim, New York. Lansing attended the Little Falls Academy, New York as a boy. Lansing studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practiced in Watertown, New York. He was adjutant of the Eighth New York Cavalry during the American Civil War from June 23, 1863 to October 11, 1863. He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1882 to 1885, and he was part of the 105th, 106th, 107th and 108th New York State Legislatures.

Lansing was elected as a Republican to the 51st United States Congress on March 4, 1889, and left on March 3, 1891.

He died on January 31, 1894 in Watertown, New York, and was buried in Brookside Cemetery.

Sources
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* United States Congress. "Frederick Lansing (id: L000085)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

| New York State Senate |
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| Preceded byBradley Winslow |  **New York State Senate  21st District**1882–1885 | Succeeded byGeorge B. Sloan |
| United States House of Representatives |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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**False titles of nobility** are titles of nobility which are fake. They have been invented or taken by a person or family. They are not recognised by the present or past government of the country. 

There are a number of schemes that pretend to confer or sell such titles. They have flourished by use of the internet.

Self-styled titles
------------------

In monarchies, genuine titles do exist. But they may no longer be recognised by a successor state (such as a republic). Such is the case with French titles, for example. Formerly noble families often still use their old titles, and this is generally acceptable in that society. The title is borne or claimed by a hereditary heir. That is different from an invented or falsely-attributed noble title which is claimed without any historic basis.

Self-assumption of a title is not necessarily illegal. It depends on the law in the particular country. The bearers of some self-assumed titles do not claim that the titles have been recognized by any nation at any time.

Some individuals, associations or companies pretend to give a legal or official right to a title, to an individual or family. Naturally, this requires a remittance or donation, and hence the transaction may be illegal. Also, pretending to be a titled person with intent to deceive also may be an offence.
Statue of Euclid, at Oxford Museum of Natural History
Illustration of the most famous theorem in Euclid, Pythagoras' theorem: the square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides
Euclid's Elements Book III, Proposition 35: "If in a circle two straight lines cut one another, then the rectangle contained by the segments of the one equals the rectangle contained by the segments of the other"
**Euclid of Alexandria**  (Greek: Εὐκλείδης) (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born.

The Elements
------------

Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His *Elements* is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.

The *Elements* also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of *greatest common divisors*. They were in his *Elements*. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.

The geometrical system described in the *Elements* was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.

Other works
-----------

In addition to the *Elements*, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as *Elements*, with definitions and proved propositions.

* *Data* deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the *Elements*.
* *On Divisions of Figures*, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.
* *Catoptrics*, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria.
* *Phaenomena*, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to *On the Moving Sphere* by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.

Tributes to Euclid
------------------

* An asteroid, is named after Euclid.
* A crater on the moon is named after Euclid.

One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's *Elements*, dated to circa AD 100. The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.
***Eudimorphodon*** is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. *Eudimorphodon* was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, *Parapholidophorus*. The top and bottom teeth of *Eudimorphodon* came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that *Eudimorphodon* was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that *Eudimorphodon* also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.

Juvenile *Eudimorphodon* had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of *Rhamphorhynchus*-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.
Diagram showing how much of a kernel is made up of endosperm (83%) and where it is (in the centre)What is in a wheat kenel
**Endosperm** is a food reserve tissue inside the seeds of most flowering plants. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch. It may also have oils and protein.

The endosperm of cereal plants can be a source of energy for humans. Wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread. With whole wheat bread the bran (cover of seed) and the germ is also in the flour. Barley endosperm is the main source for beer production. Other examples of edible endosperms are coconut 'meat' and coconut 'water', and corn, including popcorn. Some plants, like the orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.

Origin of endosperm
-------------------

Primitive (basal) flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and big endosperms. The evolutionary development of flowering plants tends to show a trend towards plants with seeds with little or no endosperm. In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is not developed or consumed before the seed matures. In these plants, the cotyledons contain the food reserve.

### Double fertilization

Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the inside of an ovule or embryo sac. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the two polar nuclei at the center of the embryo sac. This makes the first endosperm cell, which develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm is an organism distinct from the embryo (though placed next to it in the seed).

About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes) but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.
**Gilles Deleuze** (French: [ʒil dəløz], "zheel duh-LOOZ"); 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher. He wrote about philosophy, literature, movie, and art. His most popular books were the two parts of *Capitalism and Schizophrenia*. The first part is called *Anti-Oedipus* (1972), and the second part is called *A Thousand Plateaus* (1980). Both books were written with his academic partner Félix Guattari. He also wrote *Difference and Repetition* (1968). Some people think that he is among the greatest philosophers. His work is considered very important in philosophy and art, including literary theory, semiotics, poststructuralism, and postmodernism.

Life
----

Deleuze was born in Paris and lived there most of his life. He went to school during World War II and later studied philosophy and history at the University of Paris. He started teaching philosophy in 1948, and taught at several universities. He married Denise Paul "Fanny" Grandjouan in 1956.

Deleuze worked at the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis from 1969 to 1987. There he became friends and worked with Michel Foucault and Félix Guattari.

He had a lung removed in 1968 because he had tuberculosis. It was difficult for him to breathe for the rest of his life. He died by committing suicide in 1995.