recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Den Haag Centraal** (Dutch pronunciation: [dɛn ˌɦaːx sɛnˈtraːl]; English: "The Hague Central") is the largest railway station in the city of The Hague in South Holland, Netherlands, and with twelve tracks, the largest terminal station in the Netherlands. The railway station opened in 1973, next to the old station, Den Haag Staatsspoor, which was demolished. It is the western terminus of the Gouda–Den Haag railway.

History
-------

Staatsspoor in the early 20th century
Staatsspoor in 1972, with the new Centraal Station under construction in the background
The oldest station in The Hague is Den Haag Hollands Spoor, opened in 1843 by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij when the railway between Amsterdam and Leiden was extended to The Hague and Rotterdam. This station was some distance from the city centre, just across what was then the municipal boundary of Rijswijk. In 1870, the Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NRS) opened a second station in The Hague closer to the city centre. This station, Den Haag Rijnspoor, would service eastbound trains to Gouda and Utrecht. When the NRS was nationalised in 1890, this Gouda–Den Haag railway became the property of the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, and the station was renamed Den Haag Staatsspoor.
File:Human Man Stool.jpgA brown Miniature poodle in a smelly toilet.
A **poodle** is a breed of dog. Poodles are one of the smartest dogs. Miniature and toy poodles are two sizes. The original poodle is the Standard poodle. Miniature and toy poodles are not related to Standard poodles. They do not share DNA. If the owner does praise it, it will start liking the owner even more, and doing things for the owner. Many people that own them show them at dog shows. Poodles were once used as hunting and sporting dogs, but now they are mostly pets. Poodles do not shed their fur as some dogs do, so they are good pets for people who are allergic to dogs. Their coats are most often white or black; but can be apricot, dark gray, called "blue"; and other colors. There are also some rare colors, such as chocolate brown, and brindle. In Japan, apricot color is the most liked.

Sizes
-----

Poodles are bred in many different sizes. The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.

* **Standard -** This is the original size. This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 15 to 19 kg.
* **Miniature -** This size was downsized from standard size for circus dogs. This height is from 28 to 35 cm,weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
* **Medium -** This size is not accepted in some countries. This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
* **Toy -** This size was downsized from miniature size for breeding as pets. This height is from 26 to 28 cm, weight is also 3 kg.

Military working dogs
---------------------

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries. During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war. So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks. In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.

Cuts
----

It is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water. Now, poodles hair styles have more variations. In Japan, the "teddy bear cut" is most popular. This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear.
Oswald, as he appears in an ad for *The Film Daily*
**Oswald the Lucky Rabbit** is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions. In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for *Alice Comedies*. Universal Studios owned the character by law.

According to Disney, Universal Studios named him "Oswald" by picking the name out of a hat.

Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky. In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.

Oswald is drawn with big eyes, big ears and shorts like the ones Mickey Mouse wears Unlike Mickey, Oswald does not have buttons on his pants.

When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse. Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.

Disney bought Oswald back in 2006. Disney put him in the video game *Epic Mickey* in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii
Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13–15th centuries
Magnus Ducatus Lithuania, Tobias Lotter, 1780
The **Grand Duchy of Lithuania** was a European state from the 12th
–13th century until 1569. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. It was started by the Lithuanians. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. It covered the land of present-day Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania  and parts of Estonia, Moldova, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. At its biggest in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. There was great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage.

Bringing together of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century. Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. When Gediminas began to rule, he allowed people to have different religions. This grew under his son Algirdas. In 1386 Jogaila changed the religion to Catholicism. He also made a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

Lithuanian ancient hill fort mounds in Kernavė, now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Vytautas the Great grew the land of the Grand Duchy. He also led the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland was not good. The Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a separate government, laws, army, and treasury.  They were invaded by Russia in 1792. The land was divided out among the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria in 1795.
*Dinodontosaurus*, one of few genera of dicynodonts that survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event. It was 8 ft (2.4 m) long, one of the largest herbivores of its time.
The **Dicynodontia** are a sub-group of the extinct animals called therapsids. They were small to large herbivorous (plant-eating) animals with two tusks; 'dicynodont' means 'two dog tooth'. They are also the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids, with over 70 genera (types) known.

All of them had the same basic body plan. They were built like small tanks, with sturdy legs at each corner. They were not fast movers, but were obviously strong and lived in groups rather as many plant-eaters do today. Their body shape was similar to certain types of modern mammals such as pigs and rhinoceros. 

Fossils discovered in Poland indicate that dicynodonts survived at least until about 200 million years ago (the Upper Triassic period. Six fragments of fossil skull bone discovered in Australia (Queensland) may indicate that dicynodonts survived much longer, until about 150 million years ago (the Cretaceous period) in the region called the southern Gondwana.

The dicynodonts were a group of therapsids, but were not ancestors to the mammals. The group which evolved into mammals was the cynodonts.
For siliceous mineraloid, see opal.
This article is about the German automobile manufacturer. For other uses, see Opel (disambiguation).

**Opel**, full name **Adam Opel AG**, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. From 1929 to 2017, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT and GM Korea until the Opel brand was bought by PSA. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of the Saturn marque, Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were bought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroën. 1862

Car models
----------

**Passenger cars:**
Rocks-e | Astra | Corsa | Mokka | Crossland | Grandland | Zafira

**Commercial cars:**
Combo | Vivaro | Movano

**Concept cars:**
Antara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | GT Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | Manta GSe Electromod | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx

**Historic cars:**
Adam | Antara | Ampera | Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Cascada | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra | Zafira Tourer

Other websites
--------------

* Opel's Corporate Website
**Hassium** is a very radioactive and unstable chemical element. It has the symbol **Hs** and it has the atomic number 108. It is a superheavy transuranium element.

Hassium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab.

History
-------

Hassium was first made in 1984. and **eka-osmium**. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The element was named from the Latin name for the German state of Hessen. Hessen is the state that the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung is in. Before it was named Hassium, scientists could not decide what the name should be and there was an element naming controversy. The temporary IUPAC systematic element name was *unniloctium* meaning "one-zero-eight-ium" referring to its atomic number. The symbol with the name was *Uno*. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named *hahnium*. The name hassium was adopted internationally in 1997.

Chemistry
---------

Isotope 270 of Hassium was found in December 2006. An international team of scientists led by the Technical University of Munich discovered it. It is a doubly magic isotope and it has a long half-life of 22 seconds. Scientists had thought that heavy and stable isotopes should exist. Some theories said Hassium-270 may be part of an island of stability. Hassium can oxidise like osmium, the element above it in the periodic table, into hassium tetroxide. Chemists found that is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hassium***.

* WebElements.com - Hassium
* Apsidium - Hs Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Periodic table |
| --- |
| H |   | He |
| Li | Be |   | B | C | N | O | F | Ne |
| Na | Mg |   | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca |   | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr |   | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alkali metals | Alkaline earth metals | Lanthanides | Actinides | Transition metals | Poor metals | Metalloids | Other nonmetals | Halogens | Noble gases |

 |
An abacus is a simple calculator.
Mechanical calculator, early 20th century
A **calculator** is a machine which allows people to do math operations more easily. For example, most calculators will add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Some also do square roots, and more complex calculators can help with calculus and draw function graphs. Calculators are found everywhere. A smartphone or other computer can also act as a calculator. 

Some calculators, like the abacus, will work without electricity. Others, like the electronic calculator, use batteries. Some calculators are simple, and can only add, subtract, multiply and divide, and sometimes take square roots. Scientific calculators can do many other things, such as use exponents (or powers or indices) and trigonometry functions.

A printing calculator can print its results.

Pocket calculator
-----------------

An electronic pocket calculator with a liquid crystal display.
A pocket calculator is a small calculator that helps people do arithmetic. It is so small that it can be put in a pocket. Its most common use is for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Many pocket calculators are powered by solar cells. They are commonly seen in schools and businesses and can be used quickly and efficiently for simple mathematical problems. Other names are 'miniature calculator' or 'mini calculator'.

Scientific calculator
---------------------

A scientific calculator can do more things. It can often use exponents (or powers or indices), pi, trigonometric ratios, and the order of operations. Scientific calculators can also use bigger numbers. They tend to cost more than pocket calculators. Many are also programmable. The user can make a program directly with the calculator, or transfer one from a computer. 

### GST Calculator

A GST calculator is a tool used to compute the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on goods or services in a given transaction. It helps individuals and businesses accurately determine the amount of GST applicable, aiding in financial planning, budgeting, and compliance with tax regulations.

Related pages
-------------

* Graphing calculator
* Abacus
The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. The Grinch is the protagonist of the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas.

History
-------

The book Scrambled Egg Super! by Dr. Seuss had as a character a bird called the "Beagle Baked Bald Headed Grinch" in 1953. Then Dr. Seuss wrote a poem called "The Hoobub and the Grinch". In 1957, Dr. Seuss wrote the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas where the Grinch was the protagonist.

Fictional character biography
-----------------------------

After 53 years of hearing everyone celebrate Christmas even though he hates it, The Grinch decides to dress up as Santa Claus and dress his dog Max as a reindeer and steals every Christmas present from every house on Christmas Eve. He meets a little girl named "Cindy Lou Who, who was no more than two" and lies to her that he’s only taking her family’s Christmas tree to fix it. The next morning The Grinch hears everyone singing about how much they love Christmas even though they don’t have any presents. Then The Grinch realizes Christmas isn’t about presents so he returns all the presents that he stole and the people forgive him and he ends up liking Christmas.

Television
----------

In 1966, Chuck Jones made the How the Grinch Stole Christmas (TV Special) as a television cartoon based on the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas and The Grinch was played by Boris Karloff. 

It was successful enough that in 1977, Gerard Baldwin and Dr. Seuss made a television cartoon called "Halloween is Grinch Night" which was a prequel to the first one and set on Halloween. In it, Hans Conried played the Grinch because Boris Karloff was dead. 

It was successful enough that in 1982, Friz Freleng made a television cartoon called "The Grinch grinches the Cat in the Hat" as a crossover episode with The Cat in the Hat and it won an Emmy. Bob Holt played the Grinch.

Movies
------

In How the Grinch Stole Christmas (movie) The Grinch gets an origin story. In it the Grinch was born green and liked to eat glass so the other children thought he was ugly and weird and started bullying him. Then he tried to make a Christmas present for a girl he liked and he decided to shave since people made fun of him for being eight years old and having facial hair but he accidentally cut himself shaving so everyone made fun of him for it, even the teacher and the Grinch got angry destroyed the Christmas tree said he hate Christmas and ran away to a garbage dump and stayed there for 53 years. Then Cindy Lou Who invited him over for Christmas and he came but the Mayor who used to be his school bully decided to give the Grinch a razor as a present and ask the woman the Grinch loved to marry him and get a new car for Christmas. Then the Grinch got angry and jealous and destroyed all the Christmas decorations and decided to dress up as Santa Claus and steal Christmas. The Grinch is played by Jim Carrey.

In Horton Hears a Who (movie), everyone in the city council is drawn to look like The Grinch.

In 2018, Universal Pictures and Illumination (company) made a movie called The Grinch (film) where the Grinch is played by Benedict Cumberbatch.
The **Hofmann Personal Stadion** is a football stadium in the harbor district of Linz in the state of Upper Austria. It is located at the northeastern end of the Donaupark. The stadium replaced the former Donauparkstadion. This stadium was located in the same location.

History
-------

The symbolic groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation was held on 16 September 2021. The playing field was rotated in a north-south direction compared to the old Donauparkstadion. The construction company Granit GmbH from Graz received the contract as total contractor to carry out the construction work in July 2021. The stadium was opened by the city of Linz with a celebration on 5 July 2023  The opening game between FC Blau-Weiß Linz and PSV Eindhoven (1:2) took place ten days later 

In addition to the games of the Blue-White first men's team, games of the U20 and U21 as well as the club's women's team are also played in the new football arena.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Hofmann Personal Stadion at Wikimedia Commons
*Diplomystus* fossil
**Ellimmichthyiformes** is an extinct order of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Lower Cretaceous to the Oligocene. It is related to the order Clupeiformes. They are also known as **double-armored herrings**.

This lineage was ultimately demolished by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The last genus, *Guiclupea*, was a freshwater fish. It was also the youngest of them all.

Description
-----------

The ellimmichthyiforms were small and most genera did not exceed 10 cm. One of the most famous and well-known genera was *Diplomystus*. Some of the representatives had strange shapes. For example, *Rhombichthys* had a deep body.

Families and genera
-------------------

* Suborder †**Armigatoidei**
	+ Family †Armigatidae
		- Genus †*Armigatus*
		- Genus †*Diplomystus*
		- Genus †*Guiclupea*
		- Genus †*Horseshoeichthys*
* Suborder †**Ellimmichthyoidei**
	+ Family †Paraclupeidae
		- Genus †*Caboellimma*
		- Genus †*Codoichthys*
		- Genus †*Ellimma*
		- Genus †*Ellimmichthys*
		- Genus †*Eoellimmichthys*
		- Genus †*Foreyclupea*
		- Genus †*Ezkutuberezi*
		- Genus †*Kwangoclupea*
		- Genus †*Paraclupea*
		- Genus †*Ranulfoichthys*
		- Genus †*Rhombichthys*
		- Genus †*Scutatoclupea*
		- Genus †*Scutatuspinosus*
		- Genus †*Thorectichthys*
		- Genus †*Tunisiaclupea*
		- Genus †*Tycheroichthys*
* Suborder †**Sorbinichthyoidei**
	+ Family †Sorbinichthyidae
		- Genus †*Sorbinichthys*
	+ Family †Gasteroclupeidae
		- Genus †*Gasteroclupea*

Notable genera
--------------

### *Diplomystus*

*Rhombichthys intoccabilis*
*Diplomystus* is possibly the most famous genus of the Ellimmichthyiformes. It was a freshwater fish. It had seven species.

### *Rhombichthys*

*Rhombichthys* was a bizarre-looking fish. It had a very deep body because of its high dorsal fin.

### *Armigatus*

*Armigatus* lived during the Cretaceous. It means "bearer of armor". It did not exceed 10 cm in length.

### *Gasteroclupea*

*Gasteroclupea* resembled a fish of the genus *Pristigaster*. This was mainly due to convergent evolution, so it is not related to *Pristigaster*.

Image gallery
-------------

Fossil and restoration of *Guiclupea*
*Sorbinichthys*
*Ellimmichthys*
*Armigatus*

Related pages
-------------

* Australosomus
* Scombriformes
* Acanthopleurus
* Helicoprion
* Cretalamna
* Onchopristis
* Sclerorhynchoidei
* Pachycormiformes
**Philip Eze**, professionally known as **Dj Phil**, is a Nigerian disc jockey, music producer, and entrepreneur. He is the first official DJ in Nigeria to have a Dj mix project sit in the top 10 albums on Apple music’s chart.

His Dj mix peaked at number 2 on the chart and he has since released various mixes with official support from Apple Music that have done immensely well. Dj Phil is popular in the ever buzzing nightlife industry in Lagos, having several residencies at nightclubs in Lagos and around Nigeria..

Early Life
----------

Born & raised in Lagos, Nigeria, Philip Eze "'DJ Phil" began his music career at a young age. Philip, like he is fondly called by family and close friends, is a prolific and super talented Disk jockey and entertainer.

DJ Phil picked up an interest in the beautiful rhythms and melodies he was exposed to from his schooling at a young age. His big break came shortly after he zeroed in on his decision to pursue music professionally in 2016 supported by an emerging youth alternative culture that was gradually making its way from the obscure underground circles to the mainstream market.

Career
------

DJ Phil gained popularity by performing at various clubs and parties in the city. His breakthrough came in 2022 when he released a mixtape called Amapiano Essentials exclusively on Apple Music. It became a hit, reaching number 7 on the Apple Music Nigeria Top Albums chart and staying in the top 10 for weeks. This success followed his earlier mixtape release in 2016 called Strange Tales.

In 2021 and 2022, there was a rise in the popularity of DJ mixes on Apple Music in Africa, and DJ Phil was among those who benefited from this trend. His mixtape, Amapiano Essentials, became one of the notable releases in the country, further boosting his career.

Works
-----

* Amapiano Essentials (DJ Mix)
* Party In The Jungle: DJ Phil, Jan 2023 (DJ Mix)
* Amapiano Cruise (DJ Mix)
* Summer 22 (DJ Mix)
**Deutsche Telekom** is the Europe's largest telecommunications company headquarters in Bonn. In the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world's largest listed companies, Deutsche Telekom ranks 44th (as of May 2021). In February 2022, the company had a market value of around EUR 82.7 billion. 

Telekom mainly operates fixed (VDSL, DSL and FTTH ) and mobile networks (5G, 4G, 3G (switched off in July 2021), 2G). It sells the services running on it (including internet access, telephony, the in-house television service MagentaTV, Smart Home and other data services), related services and other IT services to private and business customers as well as resellers.

The company is divided into 6 segments: Germany (Telekom Deutschland), Europe (10 countries), USA (T-Mobile US), T-Systems, Group Development (T-Mobile NL and cell towers) and GHS (Group Headquarters and Shared Services).

Timotheus Höttges has been Chairman of the Board of Management of Deutsche Telekom AG since January 1, 2014, and Frank Appel has been Chairman of the Supervisory Board since April 2022 .

After the privatization of the Deutsche Bundespost, the company emerged from its area for telecommunications and telecommunications ("grey post").
**Repsol** is the largest oil and gas company in Spain and one of the largest in Latin America. In 2020, Forbes ranked Repsol as the 645th largest companies in the world.

History
-------

Until the 1920s, Spain did not have its own oil industry; all oil products were supplied to the country by large multinational companies such as Royal Dutch Shell. In 1927, the Compañia Arrendataria del Monopolio de Pétroleos Sociedad Anónima (CAMPSA, literally "Oil Monopoly Company") was created by the Primo de Rivera directory, which received the exclusive right to buy and distribute petroleum products at prices set by the state. In 1941, the first attempt was made to start oil production in Spain, but it was unsuccessful; by this time, three oil refineries were already working in the country.

In 1957, natural gas was also included in the scope of CAMPSA. In 1964, attempts to find oil in Spain were finally crowned with success, although the oil was scarce and of poor quality. The next year, offshore exploration began, and ten years later significant oil reserves were discovered off the Mediterranean coast. In 1965, the state-owned company Hispanica de Petróleos (Hispanoil) was founded to search for oil in Spain and other countries. In 1974, the three refineries were united into Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENPETROL), in which the state owned 72% of the shares. On December 18, 1981, most of the participants in the energy market were united into the National Institute of Hydrocarbons (Spanish Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos; INH).

In 1987, on the basis of INH, the Repsol company was formed, in which the state owned 100% of the shares. In 1989, an initial public offering (26%) was carried out, that is, the privatization process began, which was completed in 1997 with the sale of the last 10% owned by the Spanish government.

In December 2014 Repsol announced that it would buy Canadian oil company Talisman Energy for about $15.1 billion Cdn ($13 billion US).

Activity
--------

The Repsol company makes all types of activities related to oil and gas. It produces oil and gas in 30 countries; it owns 6 refineries (including 5 in Spain).
in May 19, 1822, Iturbide placed the crown upon his own head and became Agustín I, emperor of Mexico. An arbitrary and extravagant ruler, he proved unable to bring order and stability to his country, and after that In 1863 The younger brother of Emperor Francis Joseph, Maximilian archduke of Austria he accepted the offer of the Mexican throne, falsely believing that the Mexican people had voted him their king; in fact, the offer was the result of a scheme between conservative Mexicans, who wished to overturn the liberal government of President Benito Juárez, and the French emperor Napoleon lll who wanted to collect a debt from Mexico On June 19, 1867, Maximilian was executed on a hill outside Querétaro.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)
--------------------------------

See the main article: First Mexican Empire

| Portrait | Coat of arms | Name | Emperor from | Emperor until | House |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Agustín I | 19 May 1822 | 19 March 1823 | Iturbide |

Antonio López de Santa Anna, called for Iturbide’s overthrow and exile. On March 19, 1823, Iturbide abdicated and went first to Italy and then to England. In 1824, however, he returned to Mexico, unaware that the congress had decreed his death. Captured on July 15, he was executed four days later.

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)
---------------------------------

See the main article: Second Mexican Empire

| Portrait | Coat of arms | Name | Emperor from | Emperor until | House |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Maximilian I | 10 April 1864 | 19 June 1867 | Habsburg-Lorraine |

On June 19, 1867, Maximilian was executed on a hill outside Querétaro With Maximilian's execution in 1867 by a firing squad of the restored republic, schemes and dreams of a royal head of state came to an end in Mexico.
The situation for **human rights in Syria** is considered very poor among international observers. A state of emergency was in effect from 1963 until April 2011. This gave security forces sweeping powers of arrest and detentions.

LGBT rights
-----------

Article 520 of the penal code of 1949, prohibits having homosexual relations, i.e. "carnal relations against the order of nature", and provides for up to three-years imprisonment.

In 2010 the Syrian police began a crackdown that led to the arrest of over 25 men. The men were charged with many crimes ranging from homosexual acts and illegal drug use, to encouraging homosexual behavior and organizing obscene parties.

Women's rights
--------------

In the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), there are Mala Jins (Women's houses) in more than 60 localities where women can seek refuge and demand justice. There the women get support in matters like divorce, rape, beatings and other forms of domestic violence. The women of the Mala Jin, have the authority to speak out banishments. In more serious cases they encourage to file a criminal case. Underage marriage is banned within the territory of the AANES. In 2019 it passed a set of laws further strengthening women's rights.
**Turriff** is a town and parish in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is approximately 166 feet above sea level. It is known locally as **Turra** in the Doric dialect of Scots. The name appears to be Scottish Gaelic in origin, from "*torr*" meaning a mound or round hill, or "*tur*" meaning a tower.

History
-------

Turriff mercat cross
The Knights Templar appear to have had a base in the area, and a nearby site is still known as "Temple Brae".

Early in 1639, the Marquis of Huntly assembled his forces here, and thereafter went to Kintore in lower Aberdeenshire, eventually marching from there to Aberdeen itself. The Marquis — being informed shortly after his arrival in Aberdeen that a meeting of Covenanters was to be held in Turriff on the fourteenth of February — resolved to disperse them, by occupying the town with 2000 men. The incident was known as the "First raid of Turray".

Other websites
--------------

* The Turriff and District Tourism Action Group Archived 2008-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Selfish DNA** is a term for sequences of DNA that have two properties: 

* the DNA sequence spreads by forming more copies of itself in the genome; and
* it does not help the reproductive success of its host organism. It may or may not have negative effects.

In his 1976 book, *The Selfish Gene*, Richard Dawkins suggested the idea of selfish DNA when the noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes was discovered. In 1980, two articles in the journal *Nature* expanded and discussed the concept. According to one of these articles:

> The theory of natural selection, in its more general formulation, deals with the competition between replicating entities. It shows that, in such a competition, the more efficient replicators increase in number at the expense of their less efficient competitors. After a sufficient time, only the most efficient replicators survive.
> 
> — L.E. Orgel & F.H.C. Crick, Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite.

Normal genetically functional DNA might be seen as "replicating entities" that effect their replication by manipulating the cell that they control. In contrast, units of selfish DNA may exploit existing mechanisms in the cell, and multiply without affecting the fitness of the organism in other respects.

There is no sharp boundary between the concepts of selfish DNA and genetically functional DNA. Often it also is difficult to see if a unit of noncoding DNA is functionally important or not; or if important, in what way. What is more, it is not always easy to distinguish between some instances of selfish DNA and some types of viruses.

History of the idea
-------------------

The idea that some genetic elements might not be useful to the organism is not a new one. In 1928, a Russian geneticist reported an X chromosome in *Drosophila obscura*. He claimed that the resulting female-biased sex ratio might drive a population extinct.

In 1941 it was first suggested that there might be a conflict between normal inherited nuclear genes from both parents and mitochondrial genes from one parent (the female). It could lead to cytoplasmic male sterility in plants.

Around the same time, several other examples of selfish genetic elements were reported. For example, a maize geneticist described how chromosomal knobs led to female meiotic drive in maize. Meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time.

The Swedish botanist and cytogeneticist Gunnar Östergren in 1945 noted how chromosomes may spread in a population because of their own "parasitic" nature. Discussing B chromosomes in plants he wrote: "In many cases these chromosomes have no useful function at all to the species carrying them, but that they often lead an exclusively parasitic existence … [B chromosomes] need not be useful for the plants. They need only be useful to themselves." - Gunnar Östergren.

Then, in the early 1950s, Barbara McClintock published a series of papers describing the existence of "transposable elements". These are among the most successful selfish genetic elements. The discovery of transposable elements led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1983.
A taxidermied pig-footed bandicoot at Melbourne Museum
The **pig footed bandicoot** {*Chaeropus ecaudatus*) is a small marsupial. The distribution range of species was later reduced to an inland desert region, where it was last recorded in the 1950s. It is now believed to be extinct.

Description
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The pig footed bandicoot has a body which around 23-26 centimetres and a tail 10-15 centimetres. The bandicoot has a pointed ears and large, slender limbs. It had a broad head and a slender snout. Its fur was coarse and straight. Its colour varied from a grizzled grey through fawn orange-brown.

Habitat
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The pig footed bandicoot is known to live in the western Victoria and New South Wales. It inhabited a fairly wide range of types: from grassy woodland and grassland plains to the spinifex country and parched flats of central Australia.

Diet/ food sources
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The pig footed bandicoot only eats plants.

Other websites
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 Media related to Chaeropus ecaudatus at Wikimedia Commons
A bottle of rugby, which is used as a kind of glue. Chilldren are sniffing it because they are addicted to some of the solvents it contains. 
**Rugby boys** (sometimes called **solvent boys**) is the name for gangs of street children in the Philippines. There are a well-known sign of poverty there. They can be found in many slums. They often use and are addicted to an adhesive *called Rugby*, which gives them their name. They use this against hunger. Rugby is cheap, and easy to get. For this reason, many street children are addicted to it. Often, rugby boys will commit crimes such as robbery to get the money needed to get the adhesive. The formula for the adhesive has also been changed, ot make sniffing it less attractive. The problem is that sniffing solvents causes permanent damage to organs organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and heart.

The phenomenon is not limited to boys, it also affects girls. Children usually begin sniffing because of peer pressure, they see other people doing it.
An **oratorio** is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament. An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert. It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church. The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century. The words were normally in the composer’s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.

The word "oratorio" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe. In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century. In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion. These are not usually called "oratorios" but they are similar.

The first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel. Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English. Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios. He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir. The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas. This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe. Handel’s most famous oratorio is *Messiah*. Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament. It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus. In Britain Handel’s *Messiah* is traditionally performed around Christmas. Other oratorios by Handel include: *Deborah*, *Saul*, *Samson*, *Judas Maccabaeus* and *Solomon*. Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.

In the 19th century the oratorio was very popular. At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios: *Die Schöpfung* (*The Creation*) (1798) and *Die Jahreszeiten* (*The Seasons*) (1801). Mendelssohn wrote *St Paul*, *Elijah* and the *Hymn of Praise*. Dvořák, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar’s *Dream of Gerontius* (1900), Walton’s *Belshazzar’s Feast* (1931) and Tippett’s *Child of our Time* (1941).
Ice core data. Note length of glacial cycles averages ~100,000 years. Blue curve is temperature, green curve is CO2, and red curve is windblown glacial dust (loess).
An average of several samples of δ18O, a proxy for temperature, for the last 600,000 years
**Orbital forcing** is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles). 

These orbital changes alter the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes. That has a huge effect. The term "forcing" is a physical process which definitely affects the Earth's climate.

This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.

Note in the graphic the strong 100,000 year periodicity of the cycles, and the striking asymmetry of the curves. Ice ages deepen by progressive steps, but the recovery to interglacial conditions occurs in one big step.
**Ruben Bierer** (Dr. *Rubin Bierer*, often: *Reuben Bierer*; born about 1845 in Lviv; died 1931, Lviv) was a doctor in Sofia and one of the first pioneers of the Jewish nationalism and one of the first active Zionists in Galicia and Bulgaria, adherent of Hovevei Zion in Galicia, Austria and Bulgaria.

In 1867 he was in Lviv a co-founder of the first Jewish-political association of Austria-Hungary, *Shomer Israel*. As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews he established for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat a Jewish-ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879 he separated from the *Shomer Israel* and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association *Ahavath Zion* (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land).

In 1882 he was a cofounder of the Viennese *Kadima* Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, *Miqra Kodesh*.

In 1885 he went to Serbia, in 1900 he returned to Lviv where he successless tried to reactivate the *Shomer Israel*. 

Nathan Birnbaum coined the word Zionism about the year 1890. But he is not the creator of this word, it was already in use, e.g. you can find in a letter of Ruben Bierer from the 9th December 1888 the expression *Zionist brother's greeting*. The word *Zionist* is found already in the year 1877 in an Roumanian written pamphlet (annual report of the order "Zion" in Bucharest).
**Northeast Greenland National Park** is a national park in Greenland, Denmark. It is the largest national park in the world, with an area of 972,000 km2 (375,000 sq mi). This makes the park larger than most countries. It would place 31st if it were a country, just behind Egypt. It is the only national park in Greenland, and the most northerly national park in the world. Its most northerly point reaches slightly further than the most northerly point in Quttinirpaaq National Park in Canada.

History
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Franz Josef Fjord
The park was first created on 22 May 1974. It came from the northern, practically uninhabited part of the former Ittoqqortoormiit Municipality in Tunu (East Greenland). In 1988 the park was expanded by another 272,000 km2 (105,019.8 sq mi) to its present size. This was by adding the northeastern part of the former county of Avannaa (North Greenland). In January 1977 it was made an international biosphere reserve.

Fauna
-----

Rypefjord
An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 musk oxen, as well as many polar bears and walrus, can be found near the coastal regions of the park. This is claimed to be 40% of the world population of musk ox. Other mammals include arctic fox, stoat, collared lemming and arctic hare. Other marine mammals include ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal as well as narwhal and Beluga whale.

Species of birds which breed in the park include great northern diver, barnacle goose, pink-footed goose, common eider, king eider, gyrfalcon, snowy owl, sanderling, ptarmigan and raven.
The Saint George's Cross
The **Saint George's Cross**, also called the **Cross of Saint George**, is a red cross on a white background. In the middle ages, it became associated with Saint George.

It was first used during the crusades.

Nowadays, it is famous for being used as the flag of England but has been used in Northern Italy for many centuries and is the symbol of the cities of Bologna, Padua, Reggio Emilia, Mantua, Vercelli, Alessandria and Milan.

It is also a symbol of Catalonia, a region of Spain.

Use in other flags
------------------

* Flag of England
* Flag of the United Kingdom
* Flag of Georgia
* Flag of Northern Ireland
* Flag of Bologna, Italy
* Flag of Genoa, Italy
* Flag of Milan, Italy
* Flag of Padua, Italy
* Flag of Barcelona, Spain
* Flag of Lincoln, England
* Flag of London, England
* Flag of York, England
* Flag of Guernsey
* Flag of Herm
* Flag of Sark
* Jack of Dunkirk, France
* Flag of Alberta, Canada
* Flag of Montreal, Canada
* Flag of Ontario, Canada
* Flag of New South Wales, Australia
* Flag of New England, United States
Rubidium in a glass tube
**Rubidium** is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Rb**. Its atomic mass is 85.47. It has 37 protons and 37 electrons. It is a soft silver colored metal. It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.

Properties
----------

### Physical properties

Rubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand. Rubidium is an alkali metal. It can make an amalgam with mercury.

### Chemical properties

Rubidium is very reactive. It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base. The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.

### Chemical compounds

Rubidium chloride
Rubidium forms chemical compounds in only one oxidation state: +1. Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such get sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar.

* Rubidium chloride, similar to sodium chloride
* Rubidium hydride, strong reducing agent
* Rubidium hydroxide, powerful base
* Rubidium nitrate, strong oxidizing agent
* Rubidiumoxide, yellow, strong base when dissolved in water

Occurrence and preparation
--------------------------

Rubidium is about as common as zinc. It is the 23rd most common element in the Earth's crust. Most minerals only have a small amount of rubidium in them. It normally comes in small quantities in other minerals. It is made by reduction of rubidium ores with calcium. It is expensive because calcium is difficult to make and the rubidium needs to be kept in argon and away from water or air.

Uses
----

There are not many common uses for rubidium. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in purple fireworks. It and its compounds are used mainly in science research though. It is also used to make superoxide ions. It is used in some special types of glass.

Safety
------

Rubidium compounds are not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metal ions such as sodium ions in sodium chloride. Rats can live with up to half of their potassium replaced with rubidium, though it is not likely for that to happen.

Rubidium metal is very dangerous. It reacts with air and water and makes the corrosive substance rubidium hydroxide.
Motorway number signs in the UK
A **road number** is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.

United Kingdom
--------------

In the United Kingdom, the route number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits/numbers long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads. 

This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).
Map of the Northern United States shown in blue. Regional definitions vary from source to source.
This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS on a pass over the Northern United States at night.
The **Northern United States**, commonly referred to as the **American North** or simply **the North**, can be a geographic or historical term and definition.

Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States of America that are located across the northernmost part of the country. It includes, but is not limited to, states along the Canada–United States border.

Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau divides some of the northernmost United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region. The Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwestern United States, that are, within the West Region.

Historical term
---------------

Before 19th century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" was considered the present day New England region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeastern United States

### American Civil War

During the American Civil War, the Northern United States meant the ones that remained in the United States of America, called the Union states. In this context, "The North" is the Union and "The South" is the states that seceded from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. However, some slave-holding states that remained in the Union may be counted on either side.

Related pages
-------------

* Southern United States
* Southeastern United States
* Yankee