recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Hartley mammoth butcher site** (also called the Hartley mammoth locality) is an archaeological and paleontological site on the Colorado Plateau in New Mexico. Starting in 2013, bones of two mammoths were excavated by Timothy Rowe, a paleontologist from the University of Texas. The bones were of a young female adult and a calf. Rowe and his fellow researchers used various techniques to study the bones and the site. They found "diagnostic evidence of diverse human activities including systematic, highly patterned bone breakage and secondary bone flake production, pyrogenic residues indicative of a controlled (domestic) fire, and utilization of regional vertebrate microfauna."  The same scientists used radiocarbon dating to determine how long ago the animals had lived. They reported that they were from about 37,000 years ago (38,900–36,250 cal BP).

This site is important because, if the identification as a site with human activity and the dating are correct, it overturns the idea held by many archaeologists that the first people in the Americas belonged to the Clovis culture, which is dated to about 13,000 years ago.

Further reading
---------------

* "THE DYNAMIC GEOMORPHIC SETTING OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE HARTLEY MAMMOTH" by Jennifer K. Muus (unm.edu)

Related pages
-------------

* Settlement of the Americas
Vilfredo Pareto developed the Pareto principle
**Welfare economics** is a field of economics that looks at the problem of allocating resources. It uses techniques from microeconomics to assess general well-being. From this assessment, it tries to find an allocation of productive factors as to desirability and economic efficiency within an economy, often relative to competitive general equilibrium. It analyzes *social welfare* in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Individuals and their economic activities are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare. The aggregation may focus on a group of people, a community, or a society. There is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.

Welfare economics typically takes individual preferences as given and tries to improve welfare in terms of Pareto efficiency. As an example, social state B is "better" than social state A, if at least one person prefers *B* and no one else opposes it. Another aspect of welfare treats income/goods distribution, including equality, as a further dimension of welfare.

**Social welfare** refers to the overall welfare of society. With sufficiently strong assumptions, it can be defined as the sum of the welfare of all the individuals in the society. Welfare may be measured either cardinally in terms of "utils" or dollars, or measured ordinarily in terms of Pareto efficiency. The cardinal method in "utils" is rarely used in pure theory today. Its main problem is that different kinds of "utility" cannot easily be summed up without losing the meaning of the measurement. In applied welfare economics money-value estimates are often used. One example of applied welfare economics is cost-benefit analysis. Money-value estimates are a useful form of measurement where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to change the analysis.

The capabilities approach to welfare argues that freedom - what people are free to do or be - should be included in welfare assessments, and the approach has been particularly influential in development policy circles where the emphasis on multi-dimensionality and freedom has shaped the evolution of the Human Development Index.

Other classifying terms in welfare economics include externalities, equity, justice, inequality, and altruism.
The **Wellcome Sanger Institute**, previously called **The Sanger Centre** and **Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute**, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute. It is funded mostly by the Wellcome Trust.

The Institute is on the Wellcome Genome Campus near the village of Hinxton, outside Cambridge. The campus also has the European Bioinformatics Institute. It was established in 1992 and named after double Nobel Laureate, Frederick Sanger. It was conceived as a large scale DNA sequencing centre. It took part in the Human Genome Project, and then made the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the human genome. From its start the Institute had a policy of data sharing, and does much of its research in collaboration.

Since 2000, the Institute expanded its mission to understand "the role of genetics in health and disease". The Institute now employs around 900 people and does four main areas of research: human genetics, pathogen genetics, mouse and zebrafish genetics and bioinformatics.
The **Treaty of Greenville** or **Treaty with the Wyandots, etc.** (1795) was a treaty between the Natives people of the Northwest Territory and United States. The treaty was after the Northwest Indian Wars. Tribes that signed the treaty included Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw, Kickapoo, and Kaskaskia. The treaty created new boundaries for American Indian territories. The treaty was signed after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Native territory was limited to northwestern Ohio. The Natives in the treaty were called the Western Confederacy.

People
------

General Anthony Wayne was in charge of the treaty. Other Americans included William Wells, William Henry Harrison, William Clark, Caleb Swan, and Meriwether Lewis.

Native leaders and signers included Wyandot (chiefs Tarhe, Roundhead, and Leatherlips), Delaware (several bands). Shawnee (chiefs Blue Jacket and Black Hoof), Ottawa (several bands, including Egushawa), Chippewa, Potawatomi (23 signatories, including Gomo, Siggenauk, Black Partridge, Topinabee, and Five Medals), Miami (including Jean Baptiste Richardville, White Loon, and Little Turtle), Wea, Kickapoo, and Kaskaskia.

President George Washington signed the treaty and the United States Senate confirmed it.

Terms
-----

The Greenville Treaty line in Ohio and Indiana
The treaty created the **Greenville Treaty Line**. Natives had to give up all the land south and east of the line. Natives had to give up their land and the US government gave money and supplies to Natives each year. This supply had a value of $20,000. The treaty line followed rivers in Ohio and Indiana.

Natives had to leave forts that were along the Great Lakes. Native gave over important places like Fort Wayne, Indiana; Lafayette, Indiana; Chicago; Peoria, Illinois; and Toledo, Ohio.
The **Seyrani Monument** is a sculpture of Turkish folk poet Seyrani (1800–1866) in Develi, a town in Kayseri Province of Turkey. Seyrani is from Develi. The mayor of Develi asked the sculptor Gürdal Duyar to make it. The sculpture was finished in 1976. Then the monument became a symbol of Develi.

In Turkish the monument is called: *Aşık Seyrani anıtı*. A translation of this is Ashik Seyrani monument. The monument is a sculpture of Âşık Seyrani (1800–1866), a Turkish folk poet. In the sculpture he is holding a Bağlama, which is a stringed instrument. The sculpture is 2.40 metres (7.9 ft) high. The sculpture weighs 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb).

History
-------

When Haşim Nezihi was the principal of the middle school he received a letter from students asking for a sculpture of Seyrani to be made and put in the town. In the letter it also said that a sum of money was collected to make the sculpture. The organisation: *Develi Seyranî Public Library and Monument Building Development Association* was created in the 1970s. The organisation had a goal make a monument of Seyrani in the middle of Develi. The organisation was symbolic, they did not even start to make the monument. No one did anything to make the monument until 1976. On February 14 of 1976, the leaders of Develi talked with the sculptor Gürdal Duyar and they made some plans together. The Mayor of develi at that time, whos name is, Mehmet Özdemir, officially asked Duyar to make the sculpture. The sculpture was finished on 4 April 1976 and it was placed in public on 30 April 1976 in a park in front of the Develi *Çarşı Mosque.* The name of the park was the *Cumhuriyet Square* of Develi. The money it cost to make the sculpture was 55,000 Lira.

In 1983 a base was added to the sculpture. On the base there is text. This written text includes the name of Seyrani, the birth and death date of Seyrani, and some words from the poems of Seyrani.
Years later the mosque was renovated and the sculpture was moved to the old market square of Develi. It would go on to become a symbol of the Develi district. Today the sculpture is on a square which is called the *Aşık Seyrani Square*.

A couple years ago the sculpture was renovated again. The sculpture was put onto a new marble base. Poems of Seyrani are written on this base. The renovations were finished by June 2018.
**Mariloup Wolfe** (born 3 January 1978) is a Canadian actress from Montreal, Quebec. She became famous through her role as "Marianne" in the popular TV series *Ramdam*.

Biography
---------

Mariloup Wolfe studied arts and communications at College Andre-Grasset. She got a college degree in this subject. After that, she went to the McGill University for one year and did a minor degree in cultural studies. She finished her bachelor's degree at Concordia University in cinematographic productions and made a specialization in this matter at the same university. All those studies were made in Montréal.

Wolfe performed in the television series *Ramdam* for many years. She played "Marianne", a charming teenager in an ordinary family. Her role in this youth series won her many awards. In particular, she won a Metrostar in the category for young comedy series, two Artis awards in 2007 and 2008 and a Gemeaux prize for the best interpretation of a major role in a youth series. She also acted in an animated television series *Fais ça court*, which was about the creator of a short film.

Personal life
-------------

Wolfe is the mother of two young boys: Manoe (born in May 2010) and Miro (born December 2011). Her ex-husband and father of their children is Guillaume Lemay Thivierge. Just like her, he is a comedian and met her in the *Ramdam* series in which they both acted. Wolfe represented the *Yoopa* magazine, a reference for parents, for one year. She signed an editorial in each publication. She is the owner of an Energy Cardio center at Blainville and she participated at "Rallie des gazelles" with Jessica Barker. Recently, she was an invited stylist for "Thyme Maternity".

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Part of a fresco at Moldovita Monastery in Romania
Fresco of the Last Judgment at Voroneț Monastery, Romania
Detail from the Last Judgment (Judecatii de Apoi) above the door of Moldovita Monastery
***The Last Judgment*** is a fresco by Toma din Suceava at the Moldovita Monastery in Romania. The name of the work in Romanian is "Judecata de Apoi".

*The Last Judgment* covers the west wall of the monastery. It shows the day of judgment with a river of fire and the dead coming out of the sea. Prince Mohammed is one of the heretics. There are 105 paintings of angels near the roof.

The Moldovita Monastery also has famous frescos of the *Siege of Constantinople* and the *Tree of Jesse*, showing Christ's genealogy.

Prince Rares and the artists
----------------------------

The Moldovita Monastery is a UNESCO site. It was started in 1532 by Prince Petru Rares, the illegitimate son of Stephen the Great. It was built on the location of an old stone church built by Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432). The old church fell in the early 16th century because of rain and landslides.

Petru Rares ruled Moldavia between 1527-1538 and 1541-1546. He had new ideas for the churches in Bukovina. Rares hired artists to cover the walls of the churches with complicated designs of saints, prophets, and scenes from the life of Jesus.

The best preserved monasteries are in Sucevita, Moldovita, Voronet, Humor, Suceava, Pătrăuţi, and Probota. Seven monasteries were put on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993. The Moldovita Monastery was consecrated to the Annunciation (Romanian: "Bunei Vestiri") on March 25. It is one of five monasteries in northern Moldavia with frescoes painted on the outside walls.

The monastery is in the style of Moldavian Gothic architecture. It combines Gothic and Byzantine elements. It is a Romanian Orthodox monastery.

The Moldoviţa frescoes were completed by Toma of Suceava in 1537. Toma of Suceava's painting is in the Italian Renaissance style, with humanized characters.

The Last Judgment in art
------------------------

The theme of death is a common subject for religious art, but the frescos in the monasteries in northern Moldavia are special. These frescos are more complex than art in other areas of the former Byzantine Empire. The Moldovan work was a model for Mount Athos.

The oldest image of the Last Judgment is from the seventh century CE. It is in the *Christian Topography* of Cosmas Indicopleustes. The manuscript is in the Vatican library. The first known frightening picture of the Judgment in fresco are from 1075. They are in the church "San Angelo in Formis" near Naples. The oldest mosaic with this theme is in Venice, in the church of Torcello. It is probably from the twelfth century.

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Moldovița murals***.

* Churches of Moldavia photo gallery (UNESCO--public domain)
* The Christian Topography by Cosmas Indicopleustes fol 89r plate iii, scan of Codex Vat.gr.699 on Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana website
**Durrington Walls** is the site of a large Neolithic settlement and later henge enclosure in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. It is 2 miles north-east of Stonehenge in the parish of Durrington, just north of Amesbury.

Excavations in 2013 by a team has revealed a huge settlement; 1,000 homes have been found, supporting a population of 4,000 people at one time. The village was carbon dated to about 2600 B.C.

The monument was on "an extraordinary scale" and unique, researchers said.
The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes team has been creating an underground map of the area in a five-year project.
Remote sensing and geophysical imaging technology has been used to reveal evidence of nearly 100 stones without the need for excavation.
The monument is just under two miles (3km) from Stonehenge, Wiltshire, and is thought to have been a Neolithic ritual site.

It is the "largest Neolithic settlement in the whole of northern Europe". At 500m in diameter, the henge is the largest in Britain and recent evidence suggests that it was a complementary monument to Stonehenge.

What visibly remains of Durrington Walls today is the 'walls' of the henge monument. This is now a ridge surrounding a central basin. Originally the ditch was some 5.5m deep, 7m wide at its bottom and 18m wide at the top. The bank was in some areas 30m wide. There were two entrances through the bank and ditch – at the north western and south eastern ends. The henge enclosed several timber circles and smaller enclosures – not all of which have been excavated. Several Neolithic house floors have been found next to and under the eastern bank of the henge. Their density suggests that there was a very large village on the sloping river bank on this side.

About three feet underneath Durrington Walls, there are remains of about 90 standing stones, maybe from an earlier time. The stones are in a "slightly curved row." They were found in 2015, using special archaeological research tools and methods including ground-penetrating radar. Scientists do not know if this feature is the same age as early Stonehenge or not.
France Kralj in 1910
France Kralj in 1929
***Family Portrait*** or ***Družinski portret*** is a painting by artist France Kralj (1895—1960). Kralj painted the picture in 1926. The size of the painting is 45 in. by 51 in. (115.5 cm by 130.3 cm). The material is oil on canvas. The painting is in the Museum of Modern Art in Ljubljana.

The title of the painting in Slovenian language is "Družinski portret". The painting shows Kralj, his wife, and his child. They are leaving his studio after work. The painting is an example of the New Objectivity style of art in Slovenia.

There are two special things about the painting. First, the painting shows the artist's personal life. Kralj did not usually use his personal life as a subject for paintings. In this painting, there is no emotional or sentimental part element. This is usual in paintings of the New Objectivity style. They showed concrete people and objects without their qualities or symbolism.

Second, the painting shows a sculpture in the part of the picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer. The sculpture is a finished work. It is a sculpture of his wife and child.

Slovenian expressionism
-----------------------

Kralj went to Vienna in 1913 to study sculpture. In 1915 he stopped his studies because of the war. In 1919 he returned from the war and went to study in Prague for two years. From 1920-1923, Kralj was in the center of the Slovenian expressionism movement. Expressionism explores philosophical themes. Kralj left the expressionism movement and was soon in the center of the Slovenian "new reality" movement. The "new reality" style uses designs of everyday life.

Other websites
--------------

* Three works by France Kralj Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
* Moderna Galerija, Projekt DCA
*
James Sowerby, the founding father of the dynasty. Heaphy, 1816
The **Sowerby family** was a British family of four generations of naturalists, illustrators, botanists, and zoologists. 

* James Sowerby (1757–1822)
	+ James De Carle Sowerby (1787–1871)
	+ George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788–1854)
		- George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812–1884)
			* George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843–1921)
	+ Charles Edward Sowerby (1795–1842)
		- John Edward Sowerby (1825–1870)

Most of their work was on molluscs and their systematics. Together, they introduced many taxonomic names (sometimes the number 5000 is mentioned). 

All three of the G.B Sowerbys published extensively on the subject of conchology, which is the collection and study of shells. Even for professional taxonomists it is difficult to know which of the three "G.B. Sowerbys" is meant in a particular citation. The numbering system G.B. Sowerby I, II, or III helps. "Sowerby, 1870" can refer to either G.B. Sowerby II or G.B. Sowerby III.
Alpha particles from a Radium source in a cloud chamber
Radon220 decay in a cloud chamber
track of subatomic particle moving upward through cloud chamber and bending left (an electron would have turned right)Cloud chamber photograph of the first positron ever observed
A **cloud chamber** is a sealed box with a supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol. When a charged particle (e.g. an alpha or beta particle) goes through it, the vapour is ionized. The resulting ions act as nuclei, around which a mist forms from the vapour.

The high energies of alpha and beta particles mean that a trail is left by ions produced along the path of the charged particle. These tracks have distinctive shapes (for example, an alpha particle's track is broad and shows more evidence of deflection by collisions, while an electron's is thinner and straight). When any uniform magnetic field is applied across the cloud chamber, positively and negatively charged particles will curve in opposite directions, according to the Lorentz force law.

The cloud chamber was invented by Charles Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for this work. The first cloud chamber was made in 1911. The invention was used in the early days of atomic physics. It is often called the 'Wilson chamber'. Since then a number of other types of particle detectors have been invented.

Other websites
--------------

* Many pictures of nuclear interaction and experiences[*permanent dead link*]
* Video demonstration of a cloud chamber Archived 2014-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, Peter Wothers, Royal Institution, December 2012
* Wilson's Original Apparatus Archived 2008-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Radiation tracks in Cloud Chambers Archived 2013-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
The Phillips Exeter Academy building
**Phillips Exeter Academy** (also called **Exeter,** **Phillips Exeter,** or **PEA**) is a high school for boys and girls in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is a boarding school, and 80% of the students live there. The school has 1.3 billion dollars, which is the most any school in New England has, and as much as many colleges do.

Phillips Exeter Academy is one of the oldest private boarding school in the United States, and was founded in 1781, during the American Revolution, by John Phillips, as a school for only boys. The school opened to girls also in 1970. The school is known for its special teaching method, the Harkness method, where students discuss concepts instead of being lectured. The school has many important buildings, like the Class of 45 Library and the Exeter Inn. It has an art museum, called the Lamont Gallery.

Its rival school, Phillips Academy, was founded three years before in Andover, Massachusetts by John Phillips' nephew, Samuel Phillips Jr. with the help of the older Phillips. Their football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rivalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.

Many politicians, writers, and other leaders have graduated from this school. An American president, Franklin Pierce, went there, as did the children of three other American presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Grover Cleveland. The inventor of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, also did. The school has three mottos: *Non Sibi*, which means "Not For Oneself", *Finis Origine Pendet*, which means "The End Depends On The Beginning", and *Χάριτι Θεοῦ*, which means "By the Grace of God".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Phillips Exeter Academy***.
***The Death of the Bull*** (Spanish: *La Muerte del Toro*) is a 20th-century late impressionist oil painting by Umberto Pettinicchio. It was made and exhibited in 1981, in Milan]. It is part of the permanent collection of the Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria.

Description
-----------

The painting is a work on the protection of animals, bringing to life the harsh reality of suffering. The death of the matador exactly reflects the state of mind of the toto raised in the air his neck twisted by pain, the blood gushing from his belly, the same suffering bull. Everything in this composition is dramatic, enhanced by the red that impresses the viewer, making him experience the suffering of the animal.

The work has the very violent colors of red and black. It is even more poignant because the violence is suggested by the size of an immense bull, covered in blood. The violence and brutality of the bull's wiggling for life contrast with the pity and love that wants to generate the suffering of the bull towards the viewer.

Related pages
-------------

* Umberto Pettinicchio
* Pablo Picasso

Bibliography
------------

* [s.n.] (1983).  *Los Cuadernos del norte* , volume 4, is. 17-22. Oviedo, España: Caja de Ahorros de Asturias.
* Giorgio Di Genova (2007).  *Storia dell'arte italiana del '900* , volume VI, part 1 (en Italiano). Bologna: Edizioni Bora. ISBN 9788888600390.

Other websites
--------------

* Umberto Pettinicchio Umberto Pettinicchio, "La Muerte del Toro", 1981, N° Registro: 0616
In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an **Unperson** in Newspeak is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. 

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.

The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in *Expanded Universe*, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

Other websites
--------------

* A look at Orwell’s Newspeak Archived 2016-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
**Unknown Worlds Entertainment** is an independent game development company. It is based in San Francisco, California. The company wants to "unite the world through play". They are best known for *Natural Selection*.

History
-------

Unknown Worlds was created in 2001. They started development of a free mod Natural Selection.

They decided to create the second game *Natural Selection 2*. They soon after officially created Unknown Worlds Entertainment. To help raise money for *Natural Selection 2*, they created *Zen of Sudoku* in November 2006. Soon after, a small group of investors backed the project after a meeting at GDC in San Francisco.

In October 2006, Max McGuire became the first employee. He became the Technical Director. A year later, they released *Decoda*, a commercial debugger. The studio later switched from the Source Engine to their own engine, which was named "Evolution". It was later changed to "Spark" because "Evolution" was already being used.

In June 2008, Cory Strader was hired as an art director. In May 2009, Unknown Worlds started to accept pre-orders for the game. *Natural Selection 2* was released on October 31, 2012.

On December 17, 2013, they announced *Subnautica*. Charlie Cleveland was the game director and lead gameplay. Hugh Jeremy was the producer. They decided to switch to the Unity game engine. It was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014. It is planned for Xbox One. It was released in August 2016.

In October 2021, South Korean video game developer Krafton announced that it would acquire Unknown Worlds and continue to operate as an independent game studio.

Games
-----

* Natural Selection (2002)
* Zen of Sudoku (2006)
* Natural Selection 2 (2012)
* Subnautica (2016)
* Subnautica Below Zero (2021)
* Future Perfect (TBA)

Awards
------

*Natural Selection*

* 2002 : *Best Newcomer* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2002 : *Mod of the Year* - 'Game of the Year' Awards, Gamespy
* 2003 : *Most Improved Mods* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2003 : *Mods You Should Never Leave Home Without* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2003 : *Best Overall Mods* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2004 : *Best Level Design* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2005 : *Players' Choice #10* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2006 : *Honourable Mention* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database

*Natural Selection 2*

* 2012 : *Best Indie Game* - PC Gamer’s Best of E3 Awards
* 2012 : *Best Indie Game* - Gamespy's Best of E3 Awards
* 2012 : *Best PC Multiplayer Game (People's Choice)* - IGN Best of 2012 Awards
For other uses see *Mill (disambiguation)*
Rembrandt van Rijn
A **grinding mill** is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. 

Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.

Types of grinding mills
-----------------------

### Mortar and pestle

hand mill for grinding coffee
People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.

### Grain mills

For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity.

Mechanical process
------------------

After grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.

For process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it).

* A windmill has large sails that use the force of the wind to turn heavy stone grinding surfaces, to grind grains into flourA windmill has large sails that use the force of the wind to turn heavy stone grinding surfaces, to grind grains into flour
* A watermill uses the force of running stream or river water to turn heavy stone grinding surfacesA watermill uses the force of running stream or river water to turn heavy stone grinding surfaces
* A treadmill uses the force of a working animal to turn the stone grinding surfacesA treadmill uses the force of a working animal to turn the stone grinding surfaces

Types of grinding mills
-----------------------

* Mortar and pestle
* Windmill

Other websites
--------------

* Animation of Horizontal Grinder Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
**Wilberforce** was a cat who lived and worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there between October 1973 and 13 November 1987. His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".

He served under four British Prime Ministers: Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher. His chief job was to catch mice. While he was alive, he was said to be "the best mouser in Britain" as fit his role.

He retired on 3 April 1987, and was succeeded by Humphrey who was born in 1988, the year Wilberforce died.

History and career
------------------

Wilberforce was just a kitten when he was adopted from a London branch of the RSPCA in 1973. This was while Edward Heath was Prime Minister. He was appointed the Office Manager's cat, with a living allowance for his care. The black-and-white cat turned out to be a terrific mouser. The policeman on security duty at the front door of Number 10 had to ring the bell for Wilberforce whenever he wanted to come in.

According to Bernard Ingham, the former press secretary to Margaret Thatcher, Wilberforce was a normal cat for whom Thatcher once bought "a tin of sardines in a Moscow supermarket". Ingham was allergic to cats and did his best to avoid Wilberforce. "Bloody Wilberforce used to sit under my desk and I would have a fit of sneezing. I hate cats", he said.

On the BBC coverage of the 1983 UK general election, presenter Esther Rantzen was allowed to hold Wilberforce and introduce him to viewers.

Wilberforce retired in 1986, after 13 years of loyal service. He went to live with a retired caretaker from No. 10 in the country. He died in his sleep on 19 May 1988.

Further reading
---------------

* Roberts, Patrick. "Downing Street Cats Sybil, Humphrey and Wilberforce". *Purr 'n' Fur*.

Other websites
--------------

* In pictures: animals at Downing Street: Wilberforce @ The Daily Telegraph

  


|
|  |
| Preceded byPeta |  **Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office**1973–1987 | Succeeded byHumphrey |
***The Beguiled*** is a 2017 American drama movie. It was written and directed by Sofia Coppola. It was based on the novel *The Beguiled*, written by Thomas P. Cullinan.

Plot
----

The movie is about an injured Union soldier, Cpl. John McBurney. He is a deserter during the American Civil War. He goes to an all-female Southern boarding school. The teachers and students are more than willing to help. Sexual tension leads to dangerous rivalries when the women tend to the soldier's wounded leg and offer him comfort and companionship.

Cast
----

* Colin Farrell as John McBurney
* Nicole Kidman as Martha Farnsworth
* Kirsten Dunst as Edwina Dabney
* Elle Fanning as Alicia
* Angourie Rice as Jane
* Oona Laurence as Amy
* Emma Howard as Emily
* Addison Riecke as Marie

Release
-------

*The Beguiled* was first shown on May 24, 2017. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Sofia Coppola won the Best Director award. She was the second woman to wint it.

Critical response
-----------------

Rotten Tomatoes has the movie at 73%, which means good reviews. On Metacritic, the movie has a rating score of 77 out of 100.
**Uthman ibn Ali** (Arabic: عثمان بن علي) was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Huzam. Uthman was martyred in the Battle of Karbala is highly honored by Muslims. According to some hadiths, Uthman was 21 and had no children when he was martyred. His grave is in the mausoleum of the collective grave of the martyrs of Karbala in the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali.

Biography
---------

He was son of Ali and Fatima bint Hizam. Apparently, 'Uthman did not get married and had no children. According to both Shia and Sunni sources, Ali named his son after Uthman ibn Affan. Shia scholar Al-Murshid Billah quotes a narration from Abu Saeed:

> Ali, I asked: "May Allah make you safe, who is this young one besides you?" He replied: "This is `Uthman bin `Ali, I named him after `Uthman bin `Affan
> 
> — al-Amali al-Ithneeniyyah 1/488 by Al-Murshid Billah

Sunni scholar Ibn Asakir quotes a narration from Abu Saeed: 

> My uncle told me, from his father, from Amro bin Qays, from `Atiyyah, from Abu Sa`eed: I passed by a young boy with bangs sitting next to `Ali Ibn Abi Talib, so I said: "Who is the boy next to you?" He answered: "This is `Uthman bin `Ali, I called him after `Uthman bin `Affan.
> 
> — Tareekh Madinat Dimashq by Ibn Asakir 45/304

Later weak sources indicate that Ali named his son Uthman after Uthman ibn Maz'un.

Martyrdom
---------

According to the report which has mentioned the age of 'Uthman b. 'Ali, 21 years old at the time of martyrdom. After the martyrdom of non-Hashemite companions of Imam al-Husayn, Banu Hashim went to the battlefield. The first person from among the children of Ali who went to the battlefield was Abu Bakr ibn Ali. After him, according to a report, it was 'Abd Allah and Ja'far, brothers of 'Uthman from the same mother. After them, Uthman went to the battlefield. Khawli ibn Yazid al-Asbahi shot an arrow at 'Uthman’s forehead and throw him down the horse. Then, a man from Banu Darim tribe beheaded him.

Legacy
------

The name of 'Uthman has been mentioned and praised in the Ziyarah al-Nahiyya al-Muqaddasa attributed to the Mahdi:

"Peace be with you, O 'Uthman ibn Ali (a) and the mercy of Allah and His blessings [be upon you], for how great your position is, and how pure your remembrance is, and how clear your influence is, and how famous your blessing is, and how high your praise is, and how great is your glory."
**The Sword** was an American heavy metal band from Austin, Texas. It was made in 2003 by singer and guitarist John Cronise, guitarist Kyle Shutt, and drummer Trivett Wingo. The band released their first album, *Age of Winters*, in 2006. Cronise had written most of the album's music before making the band. Two years later, the band made *Gods of the Earth*, which reached number 102 on the *Billboard* 200 music chart.

In 2010, the band released *Warp Riders*. This was a concept album based on a science fiction story that Cronise made. Drummer Trivett Wingo left the band, and was replaced by Santiago Vega. After signing with a new record label, Razor & Tie, the band made three more albums: *Apocryphon* in 2012, *High Country* in 2015, and *Used Future* in 2018. The band ended in October 2022.

When they were first making music, people called The Sword a doom metal band. Members of the band said they were inspired by other bands, such as Sleep and Black Sabbath. Later, people said the band's music sounded more like hard rock and stoner rock. The Sword has toured with many other metal bands, such as Lamb of God, Metallica, and Clutch.

Studio albums
-------------

* *Age of Winters* (2006)
* *Gods of the Earth* (2008)
* *Warp Riders* (2010)
* *Apocryphon* (2012)
* *High Country* (2015)
* *Used Future* (2018)
***Garfield Minus Garfield***, also known as ***Jon Arbuckle***, is a comic published on the internet and created by Dan Walsh, a technology manager from Dublin, Ireland, that received notably large attention during 2008. Each comic strip consists of a previous *Garfield* comic strip with every character except Garfield's owner Jon Arbuckle removed. Dan Walsh says he was not the first to come up with this idea, but was the first to popularize it.

Paws, Inc. publishes a similarly named and themed comic strip every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and later every Tuesday.

Content
-------

Because Garfield is not present, the comic strips mostly show his owner, Jon Arbuckle, interacting with himself instead of Garfield. The comic strip's website calls this "a journey deep into the mind of an isolated young everyman as he fights a losing battle against loneliness and depression in a quiet American suburb."

Reception
---------

*Garfield* creator and artist Jim Davis has said he occasionally reads the comic strip, it fascinates him, and he finds it to be an "inspired thing to do". Some variations of the idea have also been created, such as a Garfield Minus Jon Tumblr blog.

Publication
-----------

On October 28 2008, Ballantine Books released a *Garfield Minus Garfield* book in full color, with the original comics alongside the edited ones. It is credited to Jim Davis, who officially allowed it to be published, with an introduction written by Dan Walsh. However, most of the content inside the book consists of a section with "Garfield Minus Garfield Strips by Dan", ending with "A word from Jim Davis" and a small section of Jim Davis' own attempts at making *Garfield Minus Garfield* comic strips.

Paws, Inc. published its own *Garfield Minus Garfield* from November 3, 2008 to July 21, 2010, and resumed publishing on April 25, 2012. Unlike Dan Walsh's version, Paws, Inc.'s version also includes the original *Garfield* comic strip underneath.

Other websites
--------------

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**More spoken articles**

* Official website
* Dan Walsh's personal blog, Travors.com Archived 2019-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
***The Swan Princess*** is a 1994 American-Russian animated musical movie. The movie has the voice talents of Jack Palance, John Cleese, Steven Wright and Sandy Duncan.

In the United States, *The Swan Princess* was distributed under New Line Cinema. Outside the United States, the distributor was DreamWorks Pictures.

*The Swan Princess* was released on November 18, 1994. The critics' reviews for the movie were mixed. It only took in $9.8 million over a $21 million budget. That meant the movie had a substandard box office intake. However, the movie later became popular with video releases. It has since received nine sequels, which were released in 1997, 1998, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

The theme song "Far Longer than Forever" was sung by Regina Belle and Jeffrey Osborne. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1995 for the Best Original Song.

Voice cast
----------

* Michelle Nicastro as Princess Odette
	+ Liz Callaway as Princess Odette (singing voice)
	+ Adrian Zahiri as Young Princess Odette (voice)
* Howard McGillin as Prince Derek
	+ Adam Wylie as Young Prince Derek
* John Cleese as Jean-Bob
	+ David Zippel as Jean-Bob (singing voice)
* Steven Wright as Lorenzo Trudgealong (aka Speed)
	+ Jonathan Hadary as Speed (singing voice)
* Steve Vinovich as Lieutenant/General Puffin
* Jack Palance as Sir Rothbart
	+ Lex de Azevedo as Sir Rothbart (singing voice)
* Sandy Duncan as Queen Uberta
* James Arrington as Sir Chamberlain
	+ Davis Gaines as Sir Chamberlain (singing voice)
* Dakin Matthews as King William
* Mark Harelik as Lord Rogers
* Joel McKinnon Miller as Bromley
* Bess Hopper as Bridget
* Brian Nissen as the Narrator

Reception
---------

Roger Ebert from the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave *The Swan Princess* three out of four stars. Gene Siskel, Ebert's fellow movie critic, gave the movie a substandard review. He labeled the songs in the movie weak. Under Rotten Tomatoes, *The Swan Princess* has a 50% approval rating.
Pool with lateral skimmer
A **skimmer** or **surface separator** (separates a substance from the surface of a liquid), is an essential accessory for the maintenance and cleaning of the water in a swimming pool. It is used to remove all the surface dirt floating on the water surface, such as leaves, tanning oil and human secretions. These impurities remain suspended on the surface, affect the appearance of the water and are not always removed by the conventional vacuuming process. The skimmer is installed directly in the surface water suction system and also has the function of controlling the water level to prevent accidental overflows.  In the United States and Portugal, the use of skimmers in the construction of swimming pools is mandatory, regulated and standardized by competent bodies.

Drainage opening
----------------

Skimmers distribution
Typically, a skimmer draws water from the pool through a rectangular opening in the wall, at the top of the pool, connected through a device installed in one (or more) walls of the pool. The internal parts of the skimmer are accessed from the pool deck through a circular or rectangular cover, approximately one foot in diameter. If the pool's water pump is operational, it draws water from the pool through a hinged floating chute (which operates from a vertical position at a 90-degree angle to the pool, to prevent leaves and debris from being washed back into the pool by wave action), and down into a removable "skimmer basket", whose purpose is to catch leaves, dead insects and other larger floating debris.

Types
-----

There are different types of skimmers that can be used for different purposes. The most common types of skimmers include:

* Manual Skimmers: These are basic skimmers that consist of a strong net strung on the end of a long pole. They are used to remove waste and pollutants from the surface of the water.
* Automatic Skimmers: These are the most common variety of skimmers and the one you will most likely see running in any given pool. They are installed at surface level and are designed to remove debris and contaminants from the surface of the water.
* Standalone Skimmers: These skimmers are designed to be used in conjunction with a pump and filter system. They are installed at surface level and are designed to remove debris and contaminants from the surface of the water

Oil and grease on the surface
-----------------------------

The density of fresh water is 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter, while the density of seawater varies between 1,020 and 1,030 kilograms per cubic meter. Oil is less dense than fresh water and seawater, so it floats in both types of water, but due to the difference in density the oil and fat particles, dispersed in the water, will reach the surface more quickly in a saltwater or seawater pool, being in both cases, "the only possible means" to remove them, to recirculate the water surface through skimmers .

Other websites
--------------

* "▷▷Top mejor Skimmer Flotante Para Piscina 【2023 】". *infoparques* (in Spanish). 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
* "Proactive Pool Chemistry". *Orenda Technologies*. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
***Neurospora*** is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. The best known species in this genus is ***Neurospora crassa***, a common model organism in genetics and molecular biology.

The first published account of this fungus was from an infestation of French bakeries in 1843.

*N. crassa* is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring. Analysis of genetic recombination is facilitated by the ordered arrangement of the products of meiosis in *Neurospora* ascospores. Its entire genome of seven chromosomes has been sequenced.

*Neurospora* was used by Edward Tatum and George Wells Beadle in their experiments for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958. Beadle and Tatum exposed *N. crassa* to x-rays, causing mutations. They then observed failures in metabolic pathways caused by errors in specific enzymes. This led them to propose the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis that specific genes code for specific proteins. Their hypothesis was later elaborated to enzyme pathways by Norman Horowitz, also working on *Neurospora*.

In the 24 April 2003 issue of *Nature*, the genome of *N. crassa* was reported as completely sequenced. The genome is about 43 megabases long and includes approximately 10,000 genes. There is a project underway to produce strains containing knockout mutants of every *N. crassa* gene.

In its natural environment, *N. crassa* lives mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. Neurospora is actively used in research around the world. It is important in the elucidation of molecular events involved in circadian rhythms, epigenetics and gene silencing, cell polarity, cell fusion, development, as well as many aspects of cell biology and biochemistry.

Strains and other materials for working with Neurospora are available from the
Fungal Genetics Stock Center Archived 2006-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
**Database normalisation** is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as *relational databases*, allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a *table*. To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a "relationship" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.

A traditional alternative is the "flat file database", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed. 

Database normalization is a method of designing good relational databases, e.g. by eliminating redundancies. There are several "normal forms", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.

If a relation (or "database table") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult.

* First normal form
* Second normal form
* Third normal form
* Fourth normal form
* Fifth normal form