recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Functioning of a clay pot cooler
A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables
Vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler in the market at Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso
The **pot-in-pot refrigerator**, also known as a **Zeer الزير** in Arabic, is a food cooling device. It works by using the evaporation of water. It needs no electricity.

It is made by putting a clay pot inside a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top. As the water evaporates it cools the inside, letting food stored in the inner pot to be kept fresh for some time. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated place for the water to evaporate to the outside.

Evaporative coolers perform poorly or not at all in climates with high humidity.

Mohammed Bah Abba of Nigeria patented the device in 1995 and was awarded a Rolex prize in 2000 for developing the "pot-in-pot preservation/cooling system". However, the device was known at least as early as the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, as seen by the hieroglyphic **kbb**, "to cool".

Wine coolers
------------

Earthenware wine coolers work on the same principle. They are soaked in cold water for a while, then emptied and put on the table. The pores of the earthenware are now full of water. Evaporation from the earthenware keeps white wine cool enough for several hours.

Other websites
--------------

* Rolex awards page on Mohammed Bah Abba
* The Zeer Pot Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine - a Nigerian invention keeps food fresh without electricity
* Passive Cooling and Zeer Pots
* The Shell Award for Sustainable Development Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Zeer Pot - introduction and downloadable manual on manufacturing zeer pot refrigerators
This article is about the Paris opera house. For the London opera house associated with the premieres of several Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, see Opera Comique. For the opera style, see Opéra-comique.
Inside of the present-day Opéra-Comique
The  **Opéra-Comique** is an opera house and opera company in Paris. Its full name is **théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique** (*National Opéra Comic Theatre*).

The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas. At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian. Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition. The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers. This is why the opera house and company were given that name.

The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique. During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it. For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution.

The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's *Carmen* on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, *Pelléas et Mélisande*, on 30 April 1902. Berlioz's *The Damnation of Faust* was also first performed there on 6 December 1846. That first performance was a disaster.

Lithograph of the second *salle Favart* which housed the Opéra-Comique between 1840 and 1887
The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,". It is not the same building as in 1714. Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887. The present building was built in 1898.

Other websites
--------------

* Opéra-Comique website
Potassium dichromate
**Potassium dichromate** is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and dichromate ions. It has a chemical formula of K2Cr2O7 (K2Cr). The chromium is in its +6 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a bright red crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic conditions. It is poisonous because it contains dichromate, which is carcinogenic. It can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. It can be reduced to green chromium(III) compounds such as chromium(III) oxide.

Preparation
-----------

Potassium dichromate can be made by oxidation of potassium hydroxide and chromium(III) oxide. It can also be made by adding an acid to potassium chromate.

Occurrence
----------

It is very rarely found in the earth. It is only found in very dry areas. If it rains, it dissolves in the water and is washed away.

Uses
----

It is used as a reagent for many chemicals, such as alcohol. Some breath alcohol testers use this, and the red turns to green when there is alcohol in the breath. It can be used to make chromic acid, which is used to clean glass. It can be used in cement. It is used to tan leather. It can be used in photography and to test for certain metals. It can be used to treat wood.

Safety
------

Potassium dichromate is very irritating. It can cause cancer when the dust is inhaled. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can start fires. It can be reacted with iron(II) sulfate to detoxify (remove the toxicity of) it.

Related pages
-------------

* Potassium chromate
* Ammonium dichromate
* Chromate
**The medal "People's Gratitude"** (Kazakh: Khalyk algysy) is a state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was established by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev dated June 8, 2020.

Rules
-----

The medal is given to Kazakh civilians for their works in education, health care, social protection and for their works to COVID-19 pandemic response.

The Medal is given by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as on behalf of and by order of the President, the State Secretary, Akims of provinces and cities of Nur-Sultan, Almaty and Shymkent and other officials.

The medal is awarded publicly in a ceremony. Before the awards ceremony, a decree of the President on awarding is announced. Every medal has a certificate issued during the ceremony.

Design
------

The medal has a coin-like medallion and a suspension brooch. The round shape medallion is 32 mm in diameter. It is made of goldish brass.

There is the "Birgemiz" logo on the obverse of the medal in the foreground. The upper part of the medal is decorated with a Kazakh ornamental pattern. There is an inscription Kazakh: "ХАЛЫҚ АЛҒЫСЫ" (People’s Gratitude) at the bottom. The reverse of the medal is decorated with a Kazakh ornamental pattern around the circumference. There is an inscription Kazakh: "ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫ 2020" (the Republic of Kazakhstan 2020) in the centre. The medallion is connected to a rectangular 32 mm wide suspension brooch made of goldish brass with an eye and a suspension ring. The central part is decorated with a Kazakh ornamental pattern. The background of the suspension brooch is covered with blue enamel. All the images and inscriptions on the medal are convex. The medallion edge is rimmed. The reverse of the suspension brooch includes a pin with lock.

Recipients
----------

A total of 60 doctors and 39 policemen, 30 servicemen, 41 volunteers and 34 philanthropists were awarded the medal. In addition, the medal was given to 38 artists and educators, as well as 25 media representatives.
Girl with pasties and tattoo
Exotic fan-dancer
**Pasties** (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape. This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance.

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.

Pasties in law
--------------

The United States Supreme Court held in *Erie v. Pap's A.M.* that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.
For other uses, see Match (disambiguation).
Matches made from wood
An igniting match
Match heads macrophotography
A **match** is a tool for making fire under controlled circumstances. Most often, it is a small piece of wood, or hardened paper. At one end, the match is coated with a material that will ignite from friction. The lighting end of a match is known as the match "head". It either contains **an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder** as the active ingredient and gelatin as a binder. Matches are sold in multiples, packaged together either in a box, or in matchbooks. There are two main types of matches: **safety matches**, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface; and **strike-anywhere matches**, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.

There are also electric matches, which use electricity and not friction to produce a fire.

Early matches
-------------

Matches that used sulfur were mentioned by Martial in ancient Rome. He called them *sulphurata*.

Around the year 1530, Matches appeared in Europe. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris, though. The head of the match was made of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's matches never gained much popularity.

Special-purpose matches
-----------------------

**Storm matches,** also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, have an easy to strike tip like a normal match, but much of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof. They are a component of many survival kits. This particular match was used in the first mass-produced Molotov cocktails.

**"Bengal matches"** are actually small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form, but they include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.

Related pages
-------------

* *The Little Match Girl*

Other websites
--------------

* "History of Chemical Matches". *Chemistry.about.com*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
* "The History of Matches". *Inventors.about.com*. Retrieved November 11, 2005.[*permanent dead link*]
* "History of matchbooks". *Matchcovers.com/first100.htm*. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
* "The Rathkamp Matchcover Society". *Matchcover.org*. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
* A site Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine demonstrating jet propulsion using matches and foil
**Montserrat Caballé** (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018) was a Spanish (Catalan) operatic soprano. She was one of the greatest opera singers of the 20th century. She sang a wide variety of roles. She was particularly associated with the bel canto repertoire in which she was considered one of the finest modern examples. She had a voice of great range.

Life and career
---------------

Caballé was born in Barcelona, Spain. She studied at the Music Conservatory there and graduated in 1954 with a gold medal. She began her professional career in Basel in 1956 as Mimi in *La bohème*. She then joined the Bremen Opera. She sang from 1959 to 1962 in a wide variety of roles.

International recognition came in 1965, when she appeared in a concert performance of Donizetti's *Lucrezia Borgia* at Carnegie Hall in New York City as a replacement for an indisposed Marilyn Horne. The performance won her great acclaim from the public and critics alike, and it made her an overnight sensation. Her success led to her first performance at the Metropolitan Opera that same year as Marguerite in Gounod's *Faust*. 

She was later invited to sing at most of the major opera houses and festivals of the world. She was especially admired in works by composers such as Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and Verdi. She revived a number of long-neglected works by these composers.

In 1987, she duetted with Queen frontman Freddie Mercury for the hit single *Barcelona*. That single became a hit again in 1992 during the Olympics that were being held there. 

From 1964 until her death, she was married to tenor Bernabé Martí. They had two children.

Caballé died on 6 October 2018 at the age of 85 from a gallbladder infection in Barcelona.

Sources
-------

* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
* *Le Guide de l'Opéra*, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.
"The Mealman" redirects here. For the basketball player nicknamed "The Mailman", see Karl Malone. For the American football player, see Marvin Harrison.
**Melvin Harrison Turpin** (December 28, 1960 – July 8, 2010), who commonly went by **Mel Turpin**, was an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Kentucky, and professionally in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Utah Jazz and Washington Bullets. He also played briefly in Liga ACB in Spain.

After a brilliant college career, which saw Turpin set several SEC records, Turpin was considered a draft disappointment in the 1984 NBA draft class, which is considered by many to be the greatest NBA draft class in history (Hall of Famers from the class include Hakeem Olajuwon, Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, John Stockton and Oscar Schmidt - in the NBA, Jordan performed a rather famous dunk on Turpin). Turpin's relatively lackluster play in the professional ranks earned him many condescending nicknames, including **Dinner Bell Mel** and **The Mealman**. Other nicknames he obtained over his career include **Big Dipper**, and in Spain, **El Mel** and **El Mucho Grande**.

On July 8, 2010, Turpin committed suicide in his home in Lexington, Kentucky from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound.
**Matanuska-Susitna Valley** shown shaded in red north of Anchorage, Alaska
**Matanuska-Susitna Valley** (known locally as **the Mat-Su** or **The Valley**) is an area in Southcentral Alaska. It is south of the Alaska Range about 25 miles (40 km) from Anchorage, Alaska. It includes the valleys of the Matanuska River, the Knik River, and the Susitna River. The Matanuska Valley has become a suburban community for many people who work in Anchorage. It is now one of the most crowded areas in Alaska and includes the towns of Palmer, Wasilla, Big Lake, Houston, Willow and Talkeetna.

There are three mountain ranges in the area. They are the Alaska Range, the Talkeetna Mountains and the Chugach Mountains. There are both working and old gold mines in the mountains. Like many parts of Alaska, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley was carved by glaciers which left many lakes. Both the Matanuska and Susitna Rivers have lots of salmon.

The local government is called the *Matanuska-Susitna Borough.* Most of the United States is divided into counties, while Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas. A few hundred Alaska Natives were joined by small numbers of Alaska sourdoughs between 1900 and 1930 when hundreds of American settlers were moved there by the United States Federal Government in the early 1930s. 

Matanuska Glacier
The three rivers in the area have large amounts of glacial silt that is good for farming. The valley is one of the few areas in Alaska which supports large scale agriculture.

Other websites
--------------

* Alaska Census data Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Matanuska-Susitna Borough website

| * v
* t
* e
State of Alaska |
| --- |
| **Juneau** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* History
* People
* Government
* Delegations

 |  |
| Regions | 
* Alaska Peninsula
* Aleutian Islands
* Arctic
* The Bush

* Interior
* Kenai Peninsula
* Mat‑Su Valley
* North Slope
* Seward Peninsula
* Southcentral
* Southeast
* Southwest

 |
| Largest cities  pop. over 25,000 | 
* Anchorage
* Fairbanks
* Juneau

 |
| Smaller cities  pop. over 2,000 | 
* Bethel
* Cordova
* Dillingham
* Homer
* Kenai
* Ketchikan
* Kodiak
* Kotzebue
* Nome
* North Pole
* Palmer
* Petersburg
* Seward
* Sitka
* Soldotna
* Unalaska
* Valdez
* Wasilla
* Wrangell
* Utqiaġvik

 |
| Boroughs | 
* Aleutians East
* Anchorage
* Bristol Bay
* Denali
* Fairbanks North Star
* Haines
* Juneau
* Kenai Peninsula
* Ketchikan Gateway
* Kodiak Island
* Lake and Peninsula
* Matanuska‑Susitna
* North Slope
* Northwest Arctic
* Petersburg
* Sitka
* Skagway
* Wrangell
* Yakutat
* Unorganized

 |
| Census Areas | 
* Aleutians West
* Bethel
* Dillingham
* Hoonah–Angoon
* Kusilvak
* Nome
* Prince of Wales–Hyder
* Southeast Fairbanks
* Yukon–Koyukuk

 |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* NARA
	+ 2

 |

Coordinates: 61°23′N 150°15′W﻿ / ﻿61.383°N 150.250°W﻿ / 61.383; -150.250
**Machynlleth**, sometimes known locally as just *Mach*, is a historic market town, community and electoral ward in the county of Powys in Wales. It is inside the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire.

Machynlleth was the seat of Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh Parliament in 1404, and because of this, says it is the "ancient capital of Wales". However, it has never held any official recognition as a capital. It applied for city status in 2000 and 2002, but was unsuccessful. 

Welsh is spoken by many as well as English. The 2011 Census found that 67% of the town's people had some knowledge of the Welsh language, with 39% able to read, write and speak the language.

Twin town
---------

Machynlleth is twinned with:

* United States Belleville, Michigan, U.S.

Gallery
-------

* The building said to be Owain Glyndŵr's 1404 Parliament HouseThe building said to be Owain Glyndŵr's 1404 Parliament House
* Dyfi BridgeDyfi Bridge
* Machynlleth Clock Tower, circa 1885Machynlleth Clock Tower, circa 1885

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
**Machaira** was a rare mythic sword used in the Basileus cult. Basileus cult is the cult of the king, because in ancient Rome the word basileus was translated as "king". To get a Basileus title a person should kill a lion with a special weapon. So this weapon was called - Machaira.

Machaira had a very curved blade, which reminded a sickle. The shape of a machaira is often compared to a lion claw. The cutting edge was on the inside part of the blade. The legends say that it has a length from about 19.70 to 23.62 inches (50.0 to 60.0 cm). The blade was secured in a wooden cage (sheath). This sword was kept by ancient priests called sacerdotes. They used to decorate the sheath with golden ornaments. The sword was kept in special places and used in important rituals. 

The meaning of machaira sword was ideological. A king who was at the same time a sacerdotus and owned a machaira, made rituals before the battle. Its power showed to the army the right path and saved from enemies' traps. It was supposed that the sword kept the troubles away. It was very important that the machaira to be used only by a sacerdotus, otherwise it was only a beautiful but powerless weapon. 

The well known king Macedonian Alexander Hephaistion was a sacerdotus. He belonged to the lion cult and used machaira for rituals. Later in 324 B.C. happened the official burial of the machaira sword and Alexander the Great left his sacerdotal powers. The cult of machaira sword and the cult of Basileus were restarted in 301 B.C.

Other websites
--------------

* More on the mythical machaira Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
The first page of Beowulf
The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation. Bede says this was by Cædmon (flourished 658–680). He was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is probably the earliest written Anglo-Saxon poetry we have.

Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically. Estimates for the date of the great epic *Beowulf* range from AD 608 through to AD 1000, and there has never been agreement.

It is possible to identify some key moments. *The Dream of the Rood* was written before about AD 700, when parts were carved in runes on the Ruthwell Cross. Some poems on historical events, such as *The Battle of Brunanburh* (937) and *The Battle of Maldon* (991), seem to have been written shortly after the events, so they can be dated reasonably precisely.

Anglo-Saxon poetry is known by the manuscripts in which it survives. The most important manuscripts are from the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They are known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript.

*Beowulf* is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase. 

With one notable exception (the so-called *Rhyming Poem*), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliteration for its structure. Any rhyme included is just ornamental.
The **Passamaquoddy** are Native Americans and First Nation from New Brunswick and Maine. They are closely related to the Penobscot. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their language is part of the Algonquian languages family. Their name means "pollock-spearer" or "those of the place where pollock are plentiful". They are part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The US Government recognizes Passamaquoddy Tribe as a tribe.

History
-------

Passamaquoddy had oral history. This means they spoke about their past history and family stories. They also made pictures and drawings. They lived more inland during winter and hunted in the winter. In the summer, they stayed near the coast. Here they went fishing. Passamaquoddy were involved in the fur trade. They were independent. They also had peaceful relations with French and English for many decades. Many Passamaquoddy died from European diseases. Settlers forced Natives off the land. The Passamaquoddy supported the Americans in the American Revolution. After the war, the Natives were only allowed to stay in the Indian Township Reservation in Washington County, Maine (Treaty of 1794). 

A Passamaquoddy story scraped onto birch bark

Maps
----

Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south):

* MiꞌkmaqMiꞌkmaq
* Maliseet, PassamaquoddyMaliseet, Passamaquoddy
* Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
* Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, PennacookWestern Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook
**Patricia Espinosa Cantellano** (born October 21, 1958) is a Mexican politician and ambassador. She is currently serving as the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Previously, she served as the Mexican Ambassador to Austria, Germany, Slovenia and Slovakia. Besides, she served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of President Felipe Calderón.

She completed her graduation in International Relations from El Colegio de México. She got a diploma in International Law at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Switzerland. She is married and has two children.

Career
------

Patricia during the Munich Security Conference 2018.
Espinosa joined the Foreign Service on September 16, 1981. She served at the Mexican delegation to the United Nations in Geneva. From 1992 to 1997, she worked at the Mexican delegation to the United Nations at New York City. She also served as general director of the Ibero-American Summit and the Summit of the Americas.

She was promoted to Ambassador within the Foreign Service in 2000. She served at the Mexican Embassy in Germany from January 2001 to June 2002. She left the post to serve as Ambassador to Austria. It was concurrent with a number of international organisations in Vienna, from June 2002 to November 2006.

Espinosa (right) with Condoleezza Rice and Peter Mackay
On November 28, 2006, President-elect Felipe Calderón announced that she would serve as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs starting on December 1, 2006. Her importance included the diversification of the United States-Mexico agenda (heavily concentrated on immigration and security issues). It also includes the rebuilding of diplomatic relations with Cuba and Venezuela. These were strained during the previous administration.

In May 2016, she was selected by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to be the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Other works
-----------

* International Gender Champions (IGC), Member

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Patricia Espinosa Cantellano***.

* Secretariat of Foreign Affairs

| Political offices
 |
| --- |
| Preceded byLuis Ernesto Derbez |  **Secretary of Foreign Affairs**1 December 2006–December 2012 | Succeeded byJosé Antonio Meade Kuribreña |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States
* Poland

 |
**Pinscreen animation** is a technique used for making animated movies with a device called a pinscreen. This device is a screen lit by the two vertical sides and filled with a vast number of movable pins. The pins can be pushed back and forth, casting their shadows on the screen to create images. It makes unique visual effects, but because of the carefulness the technique requires and its time-consuming side, it has been and always remains very rarely used.

Origins
-------

The pinscreen is a device invented in the early thirties by Alexandre Alexeïeff, a French engraver, illustrator, and filmmaker of Russian origin. Alexeïeff conceived this device to make animation movies showing the same kind of textural effects that its engravings.

Pinscreen device description
----------------------------

The device is a white screen with a multitude of little holes on all its surface. Each hole is filled with a pin that can slide back and forth and the screen is lit by the two vertical sides, allowing the pins to cast their shadow on the screen. If all the pins are pushed in the screen, they can't cast any shadow and the screen appears entirely white. Conversely, if all the pins are pushed out of the screen, it's total darkness. Depending on how far the pins point out of the front of the screen, their shadows are shorter or longer, allowing the artist to create images in different tones of gray.

Animation technique
-------------------

Each of the frames created on the pinscreen is photographed before creating the next frame. When strung together, the frames create the illusion of movement.

Pinscreen movies and legacy
---------------------------

Alexeïeff and his partner Claire Parker completed, in 1933, the animated movie "Night on Bald Mountain", before making another movie in 1943, "En passant", for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). Many years later, The NFB acquired a full-sized pinscreen and in 1972, Alexeïeff and Parker were invited back to the NFB and gave several workshops on pinscreen animation to a group of filmmakers. One of the most interested Quebecer filmmaker in pinscreen animation is probably Jacques Drouin. He made several animated movies using that technique : "Trois exercices sur l'écran d'épingles d'Alexeïef" in 1974, "Mindscape" in 1976, "Nightangel" in 1986 that was co-directed with Bretislav Pojar, "Ex-child" in 1994, "A Hunting Lesson" in 2001 and "Imprints" in 2004. It's with his movie "Mindscape" that Drouin expressed his own style with the pinscreen technique for the first time, a style different from Alexeïeff's. On the technical plane, Drouin also innovated with "Nightangel", in which he colours the pinscreen images by filtering the light sources. Recently, animator and illustrator Michèle Lemieux has made "Le grand ailleurs et le petit ici" with the NFB's pinscreen.
**Pinta Pinta Tjapanangka** (late 1920s – 1999) was an Australian Aboriginal artist. He was one of the very first members of the Papunya Tula art movement. He is a well-known painter of Western Desert art. He belonged to the Pintupi community, and painted stories from the Pintupi Dreaming (*Tingari*). He painted mythological events that happened around his homeland, including around Winparrku, Lake MacDonald and Lake Mackay.

Pinta Pinta was from Western Australia. He was born at Yumari, a place in the Great Sandy Desert. He was probably born sometime in the late 1920s (around 1927 or 1928). Before contact with White society, he lived a nomadic way of life in the desert. In the 1950s, he walked with his family to stay at Haasts Bluff, a government rations outpost. This was his first contact with modern Australian civilisation. His was one of the last groups in the country to come out of the desert.

Pinta Pinta began painting in the mid-1970s, at Papunya. He moved to Kintore after it was founded in 1981. In 1984, Pinta Pinta and his family set up an outstation at Winparrku (Mount Webb), between Kintore and Kiwirrkurra. The family moved here shortly after. In 1988, he had a small part in the move *Evil Angels*.

His paintings mostly stick to black, white and ochre in colour. The most obvious motif seen in them is the circles and lines, which depict dreaming tracks. Some of his works are in the Australian Museum, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.

He had two sons, Matthew (born early 1960s) and Nyilyari (born about 1965). Nyilyari also became a famous artist.
The former Imperial Palace in better days. It housed the National Museum
Fire in progress
Lost in the fire: a fresco from the Temple of Isis at Pompeii, representing a sea dragon and a dolphin, 1st century AD 
The **National Museum of Brazil** (Portuguese: *Museu Nacional*) is the oldest museum and scientific institution of Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro. It was established on 6 June 1818. Until 2018, it had one of the largest collections of natural history and anthropology in the Americas. Despite this, the 200 year old museum was already in bad condition when it burned on 2 September 2018.

Finance
-------

From 2014 the museum had budget cuts that dropped its maintenance to less than R$520,000 annually. The budget was so low, there was $0.01 to spend on each of the artifacts.

The building fell into disrepair, with peeling wall material, exposed electrical wiring, and a termite problem. Some of the artifacts lost in the fire included Egyptian mummies, remains from the oldest human skeleton found in the Americas, frescoes from Pompeii, and dinosaur skeletons.

By June 2018, the museum's 200th anniversary, it had reached a state of near-complete abandonment.

There was an offer from The World Bank to buy the museum for $80m. It was turned down because the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro would have to give up ownership.

The great fire
--------------

On 2 September 2018, at around 19:30 local time, a large fire broke out at the Paço de São Cristóvão. The museum was almost completely destroyed. The museum's holdings included over 20 million items. About 90% were destroyed.

Brazil's President Michel Temer called the loss of the historical and cultural heritage "incalculable". The cause of the fire is not known, but many connected it to the museum's lack of funding.

No injuries were reported.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro)***.
Not to be confused with Ş (S-cedilla).
Appearance of comma (upper row) and cedilla (lower row) in the Times New Roman font. Note that the cedilla is placed higher than the comma.
**S-comma** (majuscule: **Ș**, minuscule: **ș**) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the sound /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like *sh* in *shoe*).

History
-------

S "half moon" proposed as a letter in the Buda Lexicon.
S-cedilla, T-cedilla and a cedilla illustrated with a comma in *Ortografia limbei române* published by the Romanian Academy in 1895.
The letter was proposed in the *Buda Lexicon*, a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior, *Orthographia romana sive latino-valachica una cum clavi* and *Dialogu pentru inceputul linbei române*, introducing ș for /ʃ/ and ț for /ts/.

Unicode support
---------------

S-comma was not initially supported in early Unicode versions, nor in the predecessors like ISO/IEC 8859-2 and Windows-1250. Instead, Ş (S-cedilla), a character available since Unicode 1.1.0 (1993), was used for digital texts written in Romanian. In some contexts, like with low-resolution screens and printouts, the visual distinction between *ș* and *ş* is minimal. In 1999, at the request of the Romanian Standardization AssociationTemplate:Citation-needed, S-comma was introduced in Unicode 3.0. Nevertheless, encoding for the S-comma was not supported in retail versions of Microsoft Windows XP, but a later European Union Expansion Font Update provided the feature. While digital accessibility to S-comma has since improved, both characters continue to be used interchangeably in various contexts like publishing.

The letter is part of Unicode's Latin Extended-B range, under "Additions for Romanian", titled as "Latin capital letter S with comma below" (U+0218) and "Latin small letter s with comma below" (U+0219). In HTML, these can be encoded by `&#x0218;` and `&#x0219;`, respectively.

Use of the comma with the letter *S*
------------------------------------

* Romanian
	+ The Romanian letter *Ș/ș* (S with comma) represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (as in "show"). On outdated systems which do not support the glyph, the symbol *Ş/ş* (S with cedilla) is used. Example word: *Timișoara*.

Character encoding
------------------

Template:Charmap
Rotating animation of the brain. The area of the brain that is damaged is highlighted in red.
**Prosopagnosia,** also called **face blindness,** is a condition where a person cannot recognize faces, *even their own*. At first it was thought to be a condition caused by severe brain damage (acquired prosopagnosia). It may be caused by a head injury to the temporal lobe of the brain.

However, a congenital (inherited birth defect) or developmental form of the disorder does exist, with a prevalence rate of 2.5%. That is quite a high rate. What this defect shows is that our picture of the world is built up by various brain systems, and we do not notice how this is done. It seems seamless and automatic. Actually, there are many brain mechanisms which normally work together, tying the visual scene to memory so that we recall vital information. It is difficult to think of anything more vital than remembering who we know, and what their relationship is to us. 
*People with prosopagnosia never develop the ability to recognize faces*. They may be able to rely on other physical features, such as the way someone walks and talks, their hair color, their height and build, etc. Prosopagnosia is not curable or treatable.

The opposite of prosopagnosia is the skill of superior face recognition ability. People with this ability are called "super recognizers".

Cause
-----

Prosopagnosia can be caused by lesions (damage or changes to body tissue) in the lower part of the brain. It can also be caused by damaging the nerves in the lower part of the brain, called 'acquired prosopagnosia'. It can be caused by birth defects, carbon monoxide poisoning, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease.

Doctors can check patients for prosopagnosia by using PET and fMRI scans to see if their brain reacts when they see faces.

An analysis of family inheritance (pedigree trees) suggest that a dominant gene mutation may be the root cause of the condition when it is present from birth. This mode of inheritance explains why HPA is so common among certain families.

An account of a woman who cannot recognise her own face is an example of prosopagnosia. Its special interest is that she can recognise all inanimate objects, and all animals except humans – and chimpanzees!

Related pages
-------------

* Alexithymia
* Amnesia
* Prosopamnesia
* Super recognisers
Pirc Defence: 1.e4 d6

White's next move 9.h3 denies the square g4 to the black B & N, and prepares the developing move 10.Be3

**Prophylaxis** is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book *My system* in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to anticipate and thwart the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called *prophylactic moves*.

Example #1
----------

One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov. Then he could develop his QB to the best place on e3. 

 Black to play

Example #2
----------

Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back:

1.... e5
2.fxe5 fxe5
3.g4+ hxg4
4.hxg4+ Ke6
5.Rd6+ and the black king is kept out of play.
Nimzovich found another way to go:

1.... Rf8! and now after
2.Be1 g5! is best because
3.fxg5 fxg5
4.g4+ hxg4
5.hxg4+ Ke5+ wins the white rook.
To avoid this, White himself needs to play a prophylactic move, namely:

2.Kg1. This would prevent the discovered check on the f-file. Nimzovich's opponent did not find this, and Black went on to win the game. The game was won and lost on the players' relative awareness of prophylactic moves.
A procedural language is a programming language that follows instructions in a sequential manner. Consider the example below:

```
Go to the market
Buy vegetables
Pay water and electricity bills
Go home

```
In a procedural language the above instructions will have to be done from the top to the bottom. If one instruction is not carried out the other instructions below it will not be executed.

Examples of Procedural Programming Languages
--------------------------------------------

1. BASIC
2. C
3. Java
4. FORTRAN
5. PASCAL

The above languages listed above are considered procedural because of the manner in which they execute when they are run. Consider one example in C programming:

```
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
 int num1 = 5;
 int num2 = 10;
 
 int sum = num1 + num2;
 
 printf("%d + %d = %d", num1, num2, sum);
 
 return (0);
}

/\* Output \*/
// 5 + 10 = 15

```
As we can see the execution goes from top to bottom. In the event that one instruction is wrong the execution is halted and an error occurs in procedural languages if the error isn't handled.

Advantages
----------

1. It makes learning of programming languages very easy.
2. Writing simple programs, testing them and debugging them is very easy when written in procedural manner.
3. They are well structured which makes readers easily understand what a program is doing.

Disadvantages
-------------

1. Code reuse is not possible. Which bring us to point number 2
2. Raises development costs due to the inability to reuse code
3. Testing is difficult especially when the project gets bigger and bigger.

Considering the above **pros and cons**  is important as you develop projects.
**Procter & Gamble** (P&G) is an American corporation. The company is in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It mostly has a wide range of cleaning products and hygienic products.

Before selling Pringles to Kellogg's, P&G's products also included food and drink.

Products produced by P&G include Crest, Ivory soaps, Tide laundry detergent and Prell shampoo. In the 1880s, they created Ivory soap, a product that floats in water.

In April 1985, the moon & stars symbol was removed from its packaging, because its stars resembled "666", the Satan symbol.

In January 2005, P&G announced they were buying Gillette, a company known for making razors and razor blades for shaving. P&G used to make Duracell batteries. The company makes Braun products and Oral-B toothbrushes.

P&G got out of the food business in 2012 when they sold Pringles to the Kellogg's food company. P&G had also sold Jif peanut butter, Crisco shortening and Folgers' coffee.

Procter and Gamble produced and sponsored the first serial dramas during the 1930s. Because of P&G being known for detergents, these serial dramas started being called soap operas. With television in the 1950s and 1960s, soap operas, such as *Guiding Light*, went from the radio to CBS television. The last P&G produced show, *As the World Turns*, left television in 2010. The only soap opera partially produced by P&G remaining on air is *The Young and the Restless* on CBS. From May 1964 to June 1999, P&G produced and sponsored *Another World* on the NBC network.
**Myitkyina** (Burmese: မိုက်ကီနီးယား) is a city in northern Myanmar. It is the capital of the Kachin State of Myanmar. Myitkyina for Burmese is **near the big river**.

History
-------

In ancient times, Myitkyina was an important trading city between China and Myanmar. George J. Geis, an American Baptist missionary includinh his wife arrived in Myitkyina in late 1890. In 1900, they requesyed permission to build a mansion in Myitkyina. It is named Geis Memorial Church. Japanese soldiers and military army invaded Myitkyina during World War II in 1942. In August 1944, the city was recaptured by the World War II Allies under Joseph Stilwell, after a heavy fughtine between Nationalist Chinese divisions, the Chindits, and Merrill's Marauders of the Northern Combat Area Command, and the elements of the 33rd Imperial Japanese Army under General Masaki Honda.

Geography
---------

Myitkyina lies in the northern Kachin State of Myanmar. The town is in the west bank of the Ayeyarwady River. It is 1,480 kilometers north of Yangon, 785 kilometers from Mandalay, and 818 kilometers from Naypyidaw.

Population
----------

As of 2020, Myitkyina has over 92,543 people, making it the largest city in the northern Kachin State of the country.

Religion
--------

Theravada Buddhism is the dominant religion in Myitkyina and all the rest of Myanmar, making it the 2nd largest country where the dominant religion is Buddhism, after Mongolia 
(because Chinese folk religion is the dominant religion in China, Shintoism in Japan, Hinduism in India and Nepal, and there is no religion in South Korea and North Korea).
A **process** is a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal. 

Processes may be *planned* or *unplanned*.

A process planned by humans has a purpose. It is a course of action, or a procedure, to achieve a result, or an end-product. The sequence from start to finish is the plan. A plan may be written, or programmed, or just held in the mind. Examples include building a house, fighting a battle. sowing crops; organising a wedding.

Natural processes are not planned by humans. They are investigated and described. Examples: volcanic eruption, the evolution of the solar system; biological evolution; the melting of ice and other phase changes; the process of development from egg to adult.

Processes often repeat whenever certain conditions hold. Example: car low on petrol/gas, visit garage and refill. Most computer programs are of this type. Processes may be circular: planets revolve around sun; eggs produce chickens, and chickens produce eggs. Rain water flows into rivers, evaporates, and returns as rain.

Processes, especially those which are cyclical, may be subject to feedback. A simple case is a central heating system.
Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt
**Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt** (July 20, 1671 in Darmstadt – August 11, 1736 in Vienna) was a Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, Imperial Field Marshal and Governor of Mantua.

Life
----

Philip was a younger son of Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678) and his second wife Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg (1640–1709), daughter of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

Philip fought for the Habsburgs in the Spanish War of Succession. In 1708 he became Field Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Imperial troops in newly conquered Naples. After the war in 1714, under influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, he became governor of the former Duchy of Mantua until his death.

Philip was a great lover of music. When he was with his soldiers in Naples, he was patron of Nicola Porpora. When he was governor of Mantua, he made Antonio Vivaldi *Maestro di Cappella* of his court. Vivaldi wrote the opera Tito Manlio to celebrate Philip's wedding to Princess Eleanora of Guastalla, however the wedding never took place.

Marriage and children
---------------------

On March 24, 1693, Philip married Marie Therese of Croÿ (1673–1714), daughter of Ferdinand François Joseph, Duke of Croy-Havré. He had to beome a Catholic for the wedding, which made his mother very upset.

Philip and Marie had five children : 

* Joseph (1699−1768), Bishop of Augsburg
* Wilhelm Ludwig (1704, died young)
* Theodora (February 6, 1706 – January 23, 1784), married in 1727 Duke Antonio Ferrante Gonzaga (1687–1729), no children.
* Leopold (1708–1764), Imperial Field marshal, married in 1740 Enrichetta d'Este from Modena (1702–1777)
* Charles (1710-1710)

Literature
----------

* Andreas Räss: *Die Convertiten seit der Reformation* S. 467 ff.
* Alfred Arneth: *Prinz Eugen von Savoyen*, Wien, 1864

Other websites
--------------

* www.geneall.net

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Austrian field marshal |
| Date of birth | July 20, 1671 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 11 August 1736 |
| Place of death |  |