recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Elgin** (pronounced /ˈɛlɡɪn/; Scottish Gaelic: *Eilginn*) is a old cathedral city and Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland.
The town was first to the south of the River Lossie on the higher ground above the flood plain.
Elgin is first documented in the Cartulary of Moray in 1190.

Elgin cathedral
In August 1040, Macbeth's army beat Duncan I at Bothganowan (Pitgaveny), near Elgin.
David I made Elgin a royal burgh around 1130, after his defeat of Óengus of Moray.
During David's reign, the castle was built at the top of what is now Lady Hill.
Edward I of England travelled twice to Elgin. During his first visit in 1296 he was impressed by what he saw. 
In the 19th century the old medieval town of Elgin was swept away, and many new buildings were added to the town centre.

Other websites
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* Census data Archived 2005-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Elgin Museum - Four Star Local Museum
* Elgin City FC - Official website of Elgin City FC
* Council - Moray Council
* Leisure Centre - Moray Leisure Centre
* - Official website for the Elgin Youth Cafe


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Elgin, Moray***.

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**Christopher Scarver Sr.** (born July 6, 1969) is an American convicted murderer who beat serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer and Jesse Anderson to death at the Columbia Correctional Institution in 1994. Scarver used a metal bar taken from exercise equipment in the prison weight room, to beat Dahmer and Anderson. After the beatings, Dahmer died on November 28 and Anderson died on November 30. Scarver was sentenced to two further life sentences for the two killings..

Before the prison murders in 1994, on June 1, 1990, Scarver went to the Wisconsin Conservation Corps training program office and found Steve Lohman, the supervisor who had replaced Edward Patts. Scarver demanded money from Lohman. Upon receiving only $15 from Lohman, Scarver shot him. At the same time, he demanded money from site manager John Feyen. Scarver began shooting him again before Feyen gave a $3,000 check to Scarver and ran away.

Scarver was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and sent to the Columbia Correctional Institution in Portage, Wisconsin, in 1992.
Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish civil engineer. One of his earliest works can still be seen on the bridge across the River Esk in Langholm in Dumfries and Galloway

From 1787 he designed churches, roads and canals in Shropshire. He built 40 bridges in Shropshire, including major crossings of the Severn at Buildwas, and Bridgnorth. The bridge at Buildwas was Telford's first iron bridge. In 1793 he managed the detailed design and construction of the Ellesmere Canal, to join the ironworks and collieries of Wrexham with Chester, using the existing Chester Canal, and then the River Mersey. This involved the spectacular Pontcysyllte Aqueduct over the River Dee in the Vale of Llangollen, where Telford used a new method of construction consisting of troughs made from cast iron plates and fixed in masonry. Running for over 1,000 feet (300 metres) 126 ft (38 m) above the valley floor, the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct has nineteen arches, each with a 45 ft (14 m) span.

  

Then he designed lots of projects in his native Scotland, including the building of the Caledonian Canal, as well as harbours and tunnels and some 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads and over a thousand new bridges in the Highlands of Scotland. He built the Menai Suspension Bridge, the longest suspension bridge at the time. He was called the Colossus of Roads (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and he was elected as the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, which he held for 14 years until his death.

The town of Telford in Shropshire is named after him.
**Crofting** is a form of land tenure. It also involves small-scale food production, particularly in the Scottish Highlands. Within the 19th century, townships, and individual crofts were established on the better land. Then a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for feeding their livestock.

Practice
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Crofting is a traditional social system in Scotland defined by small-scale food production. It is a group of common working communities, or "townships". Individual crofts are typically established on 2–5 hectares (5–12+1⁄2 acres) of in-bye for better quality forage, arable and vegetable production. Each township manages poorer-quality hill ground as common grazing for cattle and sheep.

Despite its challenges, crofting is important to the Highlands. In 2014-15 there were 19,422 crofts, with 15,388 crofters. S

Requirements
------------

Tenants and owner-occupier crofters are required to comply with a range of duties specified in sections 5AA to 5C and 19C of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993. There is a requirement to be ordinarily resident within 32 km of the croft. If the croft is the sole dwelling and the crofter's family are resident while the croft is away this would probably be accepted as ordinarily resident. Other situations involving other places of residence would need to be assessed individually. In addition to the duty of residence tenants and owner occupier crofters are required to ensure the croft is cultivated, maintained and not neglected or misused.

Other websites
--------------

* The Scottish Crofting Federation

**Notes**

* Crofters, Indigenous People of the Highlands and Islands Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine at Scottish Crofting Foundation
**Affinity chromatography** is one way scientists separate molecules from each other. Using affinity chromatography, they can take just one kind of molecule out of a mixture of many molecules. Affinity chromatography works on molecules that exist inside the bodies of living things and not on other molecules. Affinity chromatography is one kind of liquid chromatography.

This laboratory technician has built an apparatus to perform affinity chromatography on a protein.
Affinity chromatography works because most molecules from inside living things stick to some molecules but not others, the way magnets stick to opposite magnets but not to wood or plastic. An antibody will stick to its antigen but not to a different antibody's antigen. A protein will stick to its own receptor or inhibitor but not to a different protein's receptor or inhibitor. A DNA-splicing protein will stick to its own DNA sequence but not to a different DNA sequence. In affinity chromatography, the thing that the target molecule sticks to is called the *ligand*.

To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand. The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule. Then they prepare a *stationary phase* and treat it with the ligand. The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.

Then the scientists pour the mixture, or *mobile phase* over the stationary phase. Sometimes, the scientists add a *binding buffer* to help the target molecule stick to its ligand. Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture. The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away. Then the scientists add an *elution buffer* to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it. Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.

In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution. That means they make it more acidic or less acidic. Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.

Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly. Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.

Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well. Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.
Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger with his horse Silver

***The Lone Ranger*** is a 30-minute American western television series. It stars Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as The Lone Ranger's Indian pal Tonto. The series was one of the highest-rated series in television's early years and ABC's first true "hit". Its first run lasted from September 15, 1949 to June 8, 1957. Its first five seasons were broadcast in black and white. Its last season aired in color. There was a total of 221 episodes.

George Trendle and Fran Striker were producers. John Hart briefly took the role of The Lone Ranger while Moore was tied-up in a salary dispute with producers. Oil millionaire Jack Wrather bought the show in 1954. Wrather's other television 
properties included the hit series *Lassie* and *Sgt. Preston of the Yukon*. Two feature-length movies were produced after the show was canceled, *The Lone Ranger* (co-starring Wrather's wife Bonita Granville Wrather) and *The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold*.

Some episodes are available on video and DVD. The series is sometimes seen in reruns. The series was known for its use of classical music collected from many sources. Especially famous was the series's opening and closing music, a part of Gioachino Rossini's *William Tell Overture*. Equally well known were the cries heard at the end of each episode of "Who was that masked man?" and The Lone Ranger's "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" Much merchandise was manufactured during the series run such as toys, games, costumes, guns and holsters, and comic books.
The **Great Seal of Japan** (国璽, *kokuji*) is one of the national seals of Japan and is used as the official seal of state.

大日本國璽 (*Dai Nihon Kokuji*)

*National Seal of Greater Japan.*

History
-------

Abei Rekido, the Kyoto-based master-hand of the seal Abei Rekido of Kyoto was ordered to produce the seal, and he manufactured it with the Privy Seal of Japan in one year in 1874. Although there was no character "帝" (imperial) in the seal text. it was not reminted (remade) at the start of the Meiji Constitution. 

However, the code was ended with the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan, with no replacement statute. Currently, the State Seal is only used for certificates of Japanese orders (勲記, *kunki*), given by the State. If the State Seal or the Privy Seal are illegally reproduced, the penalty is at least two years or more of prison according to Article 164 of the 1st clause of the criminal code.

At the 2019 Japanese imperial transition, the State Seal – together with the Privy Seal and two of the Imperial Regalia – featured twice during the ceremonies: During the abdication of Emperor Akihito on 30 April, and during the accession of Emperor Naruhito on 1 May, chamberlains carried the seals into the Hall of Pines, where they were placed on tables near the reigning Emperor.

Related pages
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* Government Seal of Japan
**The Government Seal of Japan** is one of the country's national seals. It looks like a flowering plant called a paulownia. The government of Japan and cabinet use it. It is one of many paulownia mon, collectively known as the Paulownia Seals (桐紋, kirimon) or the Paulownia Flower Seals (桐花紋, tōkamon).

The seal is the official emblem of the Japanese Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

The 5–7 Paulownia (五七桐, go-shichi (no) kiri) is used as the official emblem of the Prime Minister of Japan. It looks like a stylized paulownia plant with 5–7–5 flowers.

Before the Chrysanthemum Seal was used extensively, the Paulownia Seal originally was the private symbol of the Japanese Imperial Family, from as early as the sixteenth century. The Toyotomi clan, led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, later adopted the Paulownia Seal to be their family crest. After the Meiji Restoration, the seal was eventually adopted as the emblem of the Japanese government.

It is now still mainly used by the Japanese government, as a contrast to the Chrysanthemum Seal which represents the Emperor as the symbol of the sovereignty of the State, and members of the Imperial Family.

Related pages
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* State Seal of Japan
**Herzogenbusch** (Dutch: **Kamp Vught**) was a Nazi concentration camp located in Vught near the city of 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. The camp opened in 1943 and held 31,000 prisoners. 749 prisoners died in the camp, and the other prisoners were deported to other camps. This was shortly before Herzogenbusch was liberated by Allied forces in 1944. After World War II, the camp was used as a prison for the Germans and their Dutch collaborators.

Facts
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Herzogenbusch was named *Kamp Vught* in Dutch, and *Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch* in German. 

The camp was located in Vught, Netherlands. 

The camp was built by Nazi Germany. 

The camp was operated by the SS. 

The commandants of the camp were Karl Chmielewski who was commandant from 5 January to October 1943, Adam Grünewald from October 1943 to January 1944, and Hans Hüttig from January to September 1944. 

The camp was first built in 1942.

The camp operated in January 1943 and 26 October 1944. 

Inmates of the camp were Jews, Gypsies polticial prisoners. 

749 inmates were killed in the camp.

The camp was liberated by the 51st Highland Division.

Notable inmates of the camp were Anton Constandse, Helga Deen, and David Koker.
**TeachTown** is an American software company.

Service
-------

TeachTown provides educational software to schools, clinicians and parents for children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental disabilities, intellectual disabilities, or emotional and behavior disorders.

Early history
-------------

TeachTown was founded in Seattle, Washington in 2003. TeachTown had financial backing from Washington Research Foundation following its second-prize win of the University of Washington's business plan competition. This was soon followed up with support from Seattle-based angel investors, and Kevin MacDonald joining to lead technical operations. Some of the investors were parents of children with autism.

Management
----------

In 2006, TeachTown merged with Animated Speech Corporation. Feshbach became TeachTown's largest investor and CEO.

Terry Thoren took on the role of president and CEO in 2009.

In 2012 Dave Cappellucci assumed the CEO position. Dan Feshbach remained as chairman of the board. The company was re-capitalized and TeachTown became a subsidiary of Jigsaw Learning LLC.

Bain Capital acquired TeachTown in 2021 through its Bain Capital Double Impact program.
**Saltwater fish**, also called **marine fish** or **sea fish**, are fish that live in seawater. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large group called a school.

Saltwater fish are very commonly kept in aquariums for entertainment. Many saltwater fish are also caught to be eaten, or grown in aquaculture. However, many fish species have been overfished and are otherwise threatened by marine pollution or ecological changes caused by climate change.

Habitat
-------

Saltwater fish live in the ocean. For example, the butterfly kingfish lives in the ocean. This ray-finned fish has had many common names, including **big-scaled mackerel**, **bigscale mackerel**, **common gasterochisma**, **gasterochisma**, **butterfly mackerel**, **butterfly tuna**, **pachycormid**, **little pachycormid**, **scaled tunny**, **scaly tuna**, and others.

Threats
-------

Saltwater fish face many threats. Common threats include overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, destruction, climate change, and invasive species. These threats come with a multitude of negative direct and indirect affects to marine ecosystems.
**Cecilia Beaux** (May 1, 1855 – September 17, 1942) was an American artist. She is best known for her portraits which were painted in the Impressionist style.

Beaux was born on May 1, 1855 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She did not have education at formal art schools. She was taught to paint by members of her family. She learned more about painting from the artists William Sartain and Adolf van der Whelen.

*Les derniers jours d' enfance*
In 1883 Beaux started painting *French: *Les derniers jours d'enfance** (the last days of infancy). She showed the painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1885. It won a prize there. It was also accepted to be shown at the 1887 Paris Salon. This painting made her important in the United States and France.

In 1895 the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts hired Beaux to teach art. She was the first woman to teach there. She taught there until 1915.

From 1888 to 1889 Beaux traveled to Europe. She learned more about painting at the Académie Julian in Paris. In 1898 she moved to New York. She also bought a summer house in Gloucester, Massachusetts. She was paid to make portraits of many famous Americans.

Beaux died on September 17, 1942 in Gloucester.

Beaux's work is in many museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the National Museum of Women in the Arts, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Gallery
-------

* Dorothea and Francesca*Dorothea and Francesca*
* Portrait of Sarah E. Doyle*Portrait of Sarah E. Doyle*
* Man with the Cat (Henry Sturgis Drinker)*Man with the Cat (Henry Sturgis Drinker)*
* Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt and daughter Ethel*Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt and daughter Ethel*
**CYBRA Corporation** is a software company that provides barcode, RFID, and RTLS systems for businesses. Their flagship product is called MarkMagic and they also offer Edgefinity IoT RFID software.

History
-------

It was founded in 1985 and is based in Yonkers, New York. In 1990, CYBRA released a barcode labeling product called MarkMagic. CYBRA became an IBM Business Partner in June 1988. CYBRA became a public company in December 2006. Along with Key West Technologies LLC, in 2009 CYBRA formed a joint venture with the Waterborne Transportation Institute (WTI) of the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China to create tracking software to improve the handling of maritime shipping containers.

In 2016, CYBRA released Edgefinity IoT RFID software. The software provides applications for asset tracking, lone worker safety monitoring, work in process deployment, and supply chain management. The latest version of MarkMagic is MarkMagic X, which was released in 2020. Their main office is where The Otis Elevator Company developed the first modern safety elevator. CYBRA's company headquarters are in Yonkers, New York.
**V.I.P.** were a Hungarian pop boy band founded in 1997 and dissolved in 2001, consisted of 4 members including 2 brothers.

History
-------

They represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 with the song "Miért kell, hogy elmenj?" ("Why Do You Have To Go?"). They tied for twelfth place with Greece with 39 points. One of them, Viktor Rakonczai composed the song Szívverés for Csézy, who represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008.

Their single in 1998, "Keresem a lányt", sampled NSYNC's "Tearin' Up My Heart".

In total, VIP released four albums. In 2001, the singers each decided to go their own way, and the boy band was disbanded.

Discography
-----------

### Studio Albums

* 1997 - VIP (BMG)
* 1998 - Keresem a Lanyt (BMG)
* 1999 - Szükségem van rad (BMG)
* 2000 - Csak Neked (BMG)
* 2001 - Best of (BMG)

### Singles

* 1997 - "Miért kell, hogy elmenj?"
* 1998 - "Keresem a lányt"

Band members
------------

**Gergő Rácz**

Gergő Rácz is a Hungarian composer, singer, producer, winner of the Phonogram award. He was born on March 4, 1976 in Budapest. 

**Imre Rakonczai**

Imre Rakonczai is a Hungarian musician, composer, lyricist, brother of Viktor Rakonczai. He was born on September 1, 1972 in Budapest. He is also a footballer. He played for Ferencvárosi TC in 1982 until 1994. 

**Viktor Rakonczai**

Viktoe Rakonczai is an EMeRTon award-winning Hungarian musician, composer, pianist, performer, brother of Imre Rakonczai. He was born on October 16, 1976 in Budapest.
The building , Vanemuise Street 35, where the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed
**The Tartu Peace Treaty** is an international agreement signed between Estonia and Soviet Russia in Tartu on February 2, 1920. It marked the end of the War of Independence. It fixed Estonia's eastern border, and Soviet Russia recognized the independence of the Republic of Estonia. This was the first time that Estonia was recognised as an independent country. It was the first treaty the soviets signed.

Before that Estonia had been a province of Imperial Russia since 1721.

Russia gave up "forever all sovereign rights that Russia had regarding the people and land of Estonia". Estonia got rid of all obligations to Russia and got 15 million gold rubles or 11.6 tons of gold from the Russian gold fund. In the 1920s, Soviet Russia sold a large part of the huge reserves of gold and precious metals taken from people and churches to Western countries through the Estonian bank G. Scheel & Co. Many Estonian businessmen and the Estonian state became rich because of this. The Russians did not do everything they agreed to. The things they took from the collections of the University of Tartu were not returned - and still havent been. Some land granted to Estonia by the Treaty is still under Russian control.

After the treaty about 38,000 Estonians moved from Russia to Estonia. More people wanted to move and were stopped by the Russians.
**Swinton O. Scott III** is an animation director and creator. He is best known for his work on The Simpsons.

Works
-----

Scott worked with producers Lou Scheimer and Hal Sutherland of Filmation, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Andy Heyward of DiC Entertainment, Gabor Csupo and Arlene Klasky, and Phil Roman following Dane Boedigheimer. On September 2, 2021, it was announced that Scott would be directing Diary of A Wimpy Kid, a Universal Peacock-exclusive film released on December 23, 2022.

Directing episodes
------------------

He directed four episodes of Futurama, 7 episodes of The Simpsons, three episodes of The Looney Tunes Show, an animation episode of The Angry Beavers, three supervising episodes of God, the Devil and Bob, and one episode of Family Guy. Scott also worked on Camp Lazlo, the creator of The Juice.

### The Simpsons episodes

* "And Maggie Makes Three" (1995)
* "The PTA Disbands" (1995)
* "Bart on the Road" (1996)
* "Realty Bites" (1997)
* "The Trouble with Trillions" (1998)
* "Mayored to the Mob" (1998)
* "Maximum Homerdrive" (1999)

### Futurama episodes

* "Bendless Love" (2001)
* "A Leela of Her Own" (2002)
* "Jurassic Bark" (2002)
* "Three Hundred Big Boys" (2003)

### The Looney Tunes Show episodes

* "Bobcats on Three!" (2012)
* "It's a Handbag!" (2013)

### Family Guy episode

* "If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin'"
*This is a Chinese name; the family name is* Li*.*

**Li Yugang** is a singer and artist from Jilin, China. He was the second Chinese person to sing at the Sydney Opera House.

Life
----

Li Yugang was born into a farming family in Jilin province in 1978. He started in opera when he was a child. Despite this, he could not study at a university as his parents were too poor to support this. Instead, he worked in various jobs in Changchun after finishing high school.

Li Yugang was went to Xi'an in 1998. There he became known for singing both roles a duets by himself. He was first exposed to the Nandan art in Peking Opera and became very interested in it.

Work
----

In August 2006, Li Yugang became famous by participating in the *Xingguang Dadao*.

In February 23 2009, Li Yugang joined in the China Opera and Dance Theater as a "special talent people".

From 2010–2014, Li Yugang created "Flower in the Mirror, Moon in the Water" (镜花水月) and "Portrait of Four Ancient Beauties" (四美图). Together he performed over 100 shows in the country and internationally. Li Yugang also released 3 CDs from his company "The New Drunken Beauty" (新贵妃醉酒), "The Dream Chaser" (逐梦令) and "Lotus Flower" (莲花). In 2014, the Rhymoi Music company released Li Yugang's "Once Upon a Time in Shanghai" (民国旧梦) CD album. In 2015, Li Yugang directed and starred in his own stage masterpiece "Lady Zhaojun" (昭君出塞), a grand Oriental Poetic Stage production which took him three years in preparation.

Other websites
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* CCTV-星播客-男扮女装李玉刚
* 李玉剛國際粉絲團 (Yugang International Fans) (Facebook Account)
* Li Yugang Fan Club（李玉剛粉絲頁）(Facebook Account)
* 李玉刚的个人空间 -哔哩哔哩

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| Authority control: Artists Edit this at Wikidata | 
* MusicBrainz artist

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**John Francis Winslow** (December 19, 1802 – July 7, 1874) was an American soldier and politician.

Early life and career
---------------------

A sketch of John Winslow from 1849
John Winslow was born on December 19, 1802 in Woodstock, Vermont. His mother was Lucy Winslow, and his father was Samuel Winslow. In May, 1807, his parents moved from Woodstock to a log cabin in a forest 2.75 miles away from the city of Watertown, New York. He lived in the cabin for most of his life, but he moved away on January 7, 1870. He did not have a lot of education, but he went to Lowville Academy in Lowville, New York for one term.

On January 19, 1826, Winslow became ensign of the 76th Infantry Regiment. In 1827 he was promoted lieutenant, and on September 26, 1828, he was promoted to captain. On November 6, 1849 he became a member of the 73rd New York State Legislature, in the first district, as a democrat. In 1853 he became president of the Jefferson County Agricultural Society.

Personal life and death
-----------------------

John Winslow's gravestone in Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York
On October 18, 1827, John Winslow married Betsey Collins. John and Betsey had five children, Bradley, Norris, Betsey, Lucy, and Jennie. Betsey died in 1843. John married Sarah Bates on May 23, 1844. John and Sarah had one son. John Winslow died on July 7, 1874, in the city of Watertown from congestion. He was buried in Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York.

Other websites
--------------

{{Find a Grave}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
**Norris M. Winslow** (May 19, 1835 – May 10, 1900) was an American banker and politician. He built almost 100 buildings in Watertown, New York.

Early life and career
---------------------

Norris Winslow was born on May 19, 1835 in Watertown, New York as the son of John Winslow and Betsey Collins Winslow. He attended public schools in Fields Settlement, New York. He also studied at Falley Seminary and Watertown High School. He graduated in 1854, and he became a clerk in a department store owned by Truman Keeler in Watertown, and he was paid $2 a week. After about two years, he bought the stores stock, and became a merchant.

The Winslow Block in 1876
In 1866, he opened the Merchants' Bank of Watertown. In April 1870, the bank was incorporated as a stock company, and he became chief executive officer of the company. In 1869, he bought a cotton factory in Factory Square in Watertown, and he started to heavily improve the square. The Carthage, Watertown and Sackets Harbor Railroad started to be built in 1872, and Winslow was one of the directors. In 1873, he built the Winslow Block, a building in the Public Square in Watertown. He built almost 100 buildings in the southeastern part of Watertown.

Winslow was also the chief executive officer of the Watertown Fire Insurance Company, and he was a shareholder of the Davis Sewing Machine Company. The Watertown Spring Wagon Company was started because of him. He was a member of the New York State Senate (18th D.) from 1870 to 1873, in the 93rd, 94th, 95th and 96th New York State Legislatures as a Republican. He was a special agent in the U.S. Treasury Department from 1882 to 1890, but he quit because he was ill.

Personal life and death
-----------------------

He married Julia Elizabeth Eddy on April 16, 1862. They had two children, Harry Eddy Winslow, who was born on June 17, 1863, and Jenny Louise Winslow, who was born on February 21, 1865.

Winslow died on May 10, 1900, and he was buried at Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York.

Related pages
-------------

* Bradley Winslow, brother of Norris Winslow

Other websites
--------------

* Norris Winslow at Find a Grave

| New York State Senate |
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| Preceded byJohn O'Donnell |  **New York State Senate 18th District**1870–1873 | Succeeded byAndrew C. Middleton |
See the main article: Physical fitness
Flight deck calisthenics exercising aboard USS Bonhomme Richard.Calisthenics is a form of physical training that focuses on using one's body weight as resistance in order to develop muscular strength, flexibility, and endurance. Unlike weightlifting, where external weights are introduced, calisthenics exercises challenge individuals to harness their own body weight to push, pull, jump, bend, and swing. The exercises are often comprised of movements that are rhythmic in nature and can vary in intensity. Common calisthenics exercises include push-ups, pull-ups, squats, and lunges.

The term "calisthenics" is derived from the Greek words *kallos*, which means beauty, and *sthenos*, meaning strength. This alludes to the practice's emphasis on graceful movement and strong, sculpted physiques developed without the bulk often associated with heavy weightlifting.

Beyond just muscle development, calisthenics promotes cardiovascular health, coordination, and balance. It's versatile and can be practiced virtually anywhere, from parks to dedicated workout spaces, and even in one's home. For those looking to enhance their calisthenics journey with the right equipment, certain tools can provide added benefits and challenges [1]. Due to its accessibility and holistic approach to fitness, many health professionals and fitness enthusiasts recommend calisthenics as an effective regimen for overall well-being, building both functional strength and enhancing physical aesthetics.

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Calisthenics***.

* Equilibrioception
* Flexibility training
* Jogging
* Training
* Weight training
* Calisthenics Equipment

| * v
* t
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Healthy lifestyle |
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| Calisthenics • Cleanliness • Hand washing • Healthy diet • Hygiene • Jogging • Longevity • Love • Nutrition • Physical exercise • Physical fitness • Walk • Winter swimming |  |
**Sidney Bechet** (May 14, 1897 – May 14, 1959) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer.

Bechet was born in 1897 in New Orleans. His brother gave him a clarinet. He played it very well by the time he was 6 years old. By age 15 he had played in many bands. He moved to Chicago when he was 17. He played with King Oliver's band and others.

In 1919 he moved to New York and joined a band that went to Europe. They played at London’s Royal Philharmonic Hall for five months. In London he started playing a soprano saxophone much of the time. Bechet worked in London until 1922 when he was arrested for assault, jailed, and sent back to the U. S.

His first recordings came out in 1923. He played solos on "Wild Cat Blues" and "Kansas City Man Blues." This made him "the first important jazz soloist on records in history (beating Louis Armstrong by a few months)."

In 1925, he played in France with La Revue Nègre, the show that made dancer Josephine Baker famous. More trouble around a shooting put Bechet in a Paris jail during 1928 and 1929. He had to leave France.

Back in New York from 1930, Bechet worked sometimes in Noble Sissle’s show band for most of the decade.

In 1940-41, he made famous recordings of "Old Man Blues," "Nobody Knows The Way I Feel This Morning," "Egyptian Fantasy," and "I Know That You Know."

He went back to Paris in 1949 to play at the Salle Pleyel Jazz Festival. He was so popular that he decided to stay in France. In 1958 he played at the Brussels World’s Fair. Soon after that, he got lung cancer. He died on his birthday in 1959.

Some Recordings
---------------

### Singles

* "Kansas City Man Blues", 1923
* "Texas Moaner Blues", with Louis Armstrong, 1924
* "Got the Bench, Got the Park (But I Haven't Got You)", 1931
* "Dear Old Southland", 1937
* "Blues in Thirds", 1940
* "Egyptian Fantasy", 1941
* "Muskrat Ramble", 1940
* "Blue Horizon", 1944
* "Dutch Swing College Blues", 1951
* "Petite Fleur", 1952

### Albums

* "A Jazz Masterwork", 1948
* "Sidney Bechet & Claude Luter", 1950
* "Jazz Classics Vol. 1", 1950
* "Jazz Classics Vol. 2", 1950
* "Sidney Bechet - Bunk Johnson: Days Beyond Recall", 1951
* "Sidney Bechet, Claude Luter: On Parade", 1951
* "Sidney Bechet, Claude Luter, Andre Reweliotty et son Orchestre: Bechet-Souvenirs", 1951
* "Sidney Bechet, Muggsy Spanier: Jam Session", 1952
* "Sidney Bechet", 1952
* "Port of Harlem Six", 1952
* "Soprano Sax Solos", 1952
This article is about skin on its own. For the skin along with its hair, nails, and related things, see Integumentary system.
Close view of the *skin* on a human hand.
**Skin** is the outside covering of mammals and some other animals. It has many purposes. First of all, it is a defense against the entry of pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Second, it regulates (keeps in control) the body's temperature. It allows evaporation from its surface, and adjusts it. It is a physical defense, very strong in some animals, but rather weak in humans. The skin and hair on mammals has several purposes. In addition to temperature regulation and defense, some hair is used for signaling. 

Most animals add other defenses to their skin. Mammals have hair or fur on their skin. Birds have feathers on their skin. Most fish, and reptiles, like snakes and lizards, have scales on their skin.

Humans can have different skin colours like black people and white people depending on their race and has to do with genetics.

The skin is actually the largest organ of the human body. Without skin, humans would easily get infected with diseases. Skin helps regulate body temperature. Skin lowers the potentially harmful effects of UV rays. As part of the immune system, skin can help warn people to certain diseases.

Clean skin is important to health, and all mammals groom their hair and skin. Skin care is much work.

Skins can be made into leather. Leather is sometimes used to make shoes, bags, and balls.

Related pages
-------------

* Human skin colour
Punting in Cambridge
A **punt** is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. **Punting** means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.

Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.

Punt poles
----------

Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.

The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Other websites
--------------

### Clubs

* Thames Valley Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018
* Sunbury Regatta, retrieved November 2018
* Wraysbury Skiff and Punting Club Archived 2018-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 2018
* Dittons Skiff & Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
* The Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018

### Punting stations

* Cherwell Boathouse, Oxford, retrieved November 2018
* Scudamore's Punting, Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
* Rutherford's Punting Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
* Punting on the Thames, retrieved November 2018

### Further information

* A Thames Library, retrieved November 2018
* A detailed non-commercial guide to punting (and other boating) on the Thames, retrieved November 2018
* The Scudamore's guide to punting in Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
* Daily Info guide to punting in Oxford, retrieved November 2018

### Punting around the world

* In Christchurch, New Zealand
* In Tübingen, Germany
* In the Spreewald in Germany
* On the Mutha River, India
* On the Marais Poitevin, France Archived 2018-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
* In Botswana


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Punts***.
Exam in progress (Cambodia)
An **examination** (exam) is a test. Many things may be examined, but the word is most often used for an assessment of a person. It measures a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness or ability or standing in some other topic. It is a set of questions designed to measure those things. Examinations change and evolve. They have been used since ancient times.

In its widest sense, to examine is to look at something very carefully, perhaps to find the cause of a problem. Someone who is ill may need to go to a doctor for a medical examination. A mechanic may examine a machine to find why it is not working properly.

In education an examination is a test to show the knowledge and ability of a student. A student who takes an examination is a candidate. The person who decides how well the student has performed is the **examiner**. An examination may be a written test, an on-screen test or a practical test. Examples of a practical test may be: driving a car, speaking a language, playing a musical instrument and doing a scientific experiment. An on-screen test is a test which uses the computer.

If the candidate is successful he will have passed the examination. If he is unsuccessful he will have failed. In some cases it is possible for a student who has failed to take the exam again another time.

A student who passes an examination may get a certificate or diploma. Some certificates are professional qualifications, allowing the person to do a particular job, e.g. plumber, teacher, doctor, lawyer.
Japanese school children wearing their school's uniform
**Uniforms** are special clothes to show that a group of people belong together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way ("uni" means "one", and form means "shape" one shape).

People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team spirit so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a customer can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer. Uniforms may also be worn because they are practical, e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.

In the military, soldiers wear uniforms. They also wear extra things such as badges on their uniform which show insignia. (what rank they are).

Nurses in hospitals wear uniforms. Sometimes domestic workers wear uniforms when working for their employers. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at luxury hotels.

In some countries such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and the United Kingdom, many school children wear uniforms. These uniform would usually be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them to feel proud of their school and children from rich families and poor families all look the same. In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniforms. In state schools. the children may wear polo-necked T shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a formal uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school color.
**Shawnee Park** is a park in Louisville, Kentucky. It was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, who made 18 of the city's 123 public parks. Along with the rest of the city's Olmsted-designed park system, Shawnee Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
-------

Shawnee Park was first planned in 1890 to be one of the free flagship parks in Louisville's new park system. All three were found on the geographic edges of the city. In Shawnee's case, it was the western edge bordering the Ohio River. The land at the time was still mostly used for truck farms, but it was clear residential development was imminent even without the park. Shawnee was the slowest of the parks to create, as much of the land was already owned by investors who thought they could increase the sale price by holding out.

The city had to force owners to sell the properties to obtain the land for the park, and won the case in 1895. In 1896, the city started to create access to the park, another area in which Shawnee was behind the other two parks. River Park Drive was laid out in 1899, but the Broadway entrance remained unfinished until 1914.

The Olmsted firm advised the city not to build a golf course at Shawnee Park due to the "grave danger to visitors in the park and especially the children" but demand was such that the course was built anyway in 1927.

All three parks had the intended effect of spurring residential development near them. The interest was so great that developers found themselves promoting the parks rather than their own developments, as the highest prices would exist for the park perceived to be best. Dozens of subdivisions were built near Shawnee Park, and the neighborhood itself came to be called Shawnee.

Shawnee Park allowed access only to whites from 1924 to 1954, although park officials and police had a de facto policy of not allowing blacks access to the park for some years prior to that. The only park blacks were allowed access to was nearby Chickasaw Park, which many people entered by traveling through Shawnee.

Features
--------

### Great Lawn

Shawnee's Great Lawn
Although now overshadowed by the Louisville Waterfront Park, Shawnee boasts an expansive Great Lawn which is very useful for formal gatherings. The Great Lawn, the principal feature of the park, is enclosed by plantings and a circular drive that is lined with trees.

### Riverwalk Trail

Louisville's Riverwalk Trail, which passes through Shawnee Park, extends across Louisville's waterfront, which is an extensive, mostly flat pedestrian pathway. The one-way distance between the Belvedere and Shawnee Park is 6.2 miles.

Other websites
--------------

* Metro Parks page Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Satellite image of Shawnee Park
The word **longevity** means *long life*, or *life expectancy*. It often means someone or something lasting longer than expected. 

Longevity usually includes thinking about methods to extend life. Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of science fiction and utopian novels.

Longevity stories
-----------------

Longevity stories are cultural traditions and lore about exceptional human longevity, with or without *eternal youth*. These stories include sincere beliefs of claims of extreme age. Each category of belief is based on a different motivation for claiming exceptional age.

Stories of exaggerated longevity have been around since the earliest civilizations. The first longevity narratives were probably the patriarchal/matriarchal claims, which are often an attempt to link humans to the gods or to God due to fuller life. In some religious traditions there are claims that, if one follows a certain philosophy or practice, one can become immortal or at least live to an extreme age.

Fountain of Youth narratives describe some natural source that provides healing and particularly longevity and youthful health. An extension and adaptation of the fountain of youth concept is the idea that a particular place, rather than a substance, carries what is needed to attain extreme age, and that a person seeking extreme longevity needs to move to a special district.

Predictions
-----------

The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that life expectancy in the United States will be in the mid-80s by 2050 (up from 77.85 in 2006) and will top out eventually in the low 90s, barring major scientific advances that can change the rate of human aging itself, as opposed to merely treating the effects of aging as is done today. The Census Bureau also predicted that the United States would have 5.3 million people aged over 100 in 2100. The United Nations has also made projections far out into the future, up to 2300, at which point it projects that life expectancies in most developed countries will be between 100 and 106 years and still rising, though more and more slowly than before. However, the UN has warned that these projections are uncertain, and caution that any change or advancement in medical technology could invalidate their projections.

Related pages
-------------

* List of centenarians

Other websites
--------------

* List of famous people, how old they died, year and month. For example: 40 years, 1 month, John Lennon[*permanent dead link*]

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