recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
*The Tower of Babel* by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)
The **Tower of Babel** (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל, *Migdal Bavel*) story in Genesis 11:1–9 is a story that explains why the world's peoples speak different languages.

According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating westward, comes to the land of Shinar (שִׁנְעָר). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, felt insulted and confused the humans so that they could no longer understand each other. He then scatters them around the world.

Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk in Babylon. A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in *Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta*.

Citations
---------

1. ↑  Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). *The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible*. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
2. ↑  Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). *The Jewish Study Bible*. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195297515.
3. ↑  Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). *Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis*. Random House. p. 315. ISBN 9780795337154.
4. ↑  Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). *Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism*. Oxford University Press. p. 704. ISBN 9780195358704.
5. ↑  Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version". *Journal of the American Oriental Society*. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 108–111.
***Temple Run*** is a video game made by Imangi Studios. Right now it is for iOS systems, which the iPhone and the iPad use, and the Android system for mobile phones. In the iTunes store, it has been in the top 50 most-downloaded apps in December 2011, and also became the number 1 free iOS app. It has went to the position of the top moneymaking iOS app. The game itself used to be 99 cents, but now it relies on players purchasing in-game coins, while the game itself is free.

Gameplay
--------

The game is based around Guy Dangerous and other explorers that take a little statue from an ancient temple. The players control the characters and to begin the game the player must take the little statue. These players are Guy Dangerous, Scarlett Fox, Barry Bones, Karma Lee, Montana Smith, Francisco Montoya, and Zack Wonder. However, the player's efforts to steal the treasure seem useless when a group of evil monkeys pursue the player out of the temple, starting a "run." There is no finish line; the object of the game is to run as far as possible by going around obstacles that require the player to either jump (slide finger forward duck (slide finger backwards), or turn (slide finger to the right or left) in a precise manner. While all of this is happening, the player will be chased by the "evil monkeys". While playing, the player needs to tilt their device either to the left or the right to get coins. These coins are usually in the shape of a yellow diamond but according to their point value, they can also be a red diamond, a 2-point coin, or a blue diamond, a 3-point coin. Coins can be earned in game play to unlock objectives, and can also be spent at the store.

Making
------

Husband-and-wife team Keith Shepherd and Natalia Luckyanova, along with artist Kiril Tchangov, created the hits Harbor Master and Temple Run. At first, the game was released for 99 cents, but soon enough they released Temple Run free, but with purchasable in-game coins. This made revenue multiply five times with in game coin purchasing.  Both Shepherd and Luckyanova made the game, while Tchangov made the pictures.
The **Battle of Mandan** was fought between the Shekhawat chiefs and the Mughal Empire. This started because they did not pay tribute to the emperor. The Mughals were helped by Ahirs of Rewari under Mitra Sen Ahir and the Baloch chieftains Peero Khan and Kale Khan.

Battle
------

When Shekhawati chiefs refused to pay tribute to the Mughals, Shah Alam II orderd two Baloch chiefs; Peero Khan and Kale Khan to invade Shakhawati under command of Rao Mitrasen Ahir. On 6 June, 1775 the Battle took place at a village called Mandan. A pitched battle was fought in which both sides suffered heavy losses. The Shekhawat general Raja Baghsingh Shekhawat and Baloch chief Peero Khan were killed, resulting in a combined victory of Mitra Sen Ahir and Kale Khan. Later Rewari annexed Mandan, Jhunjhunu & Alwar.

Stories
-------

It is popular among the people around Mandan that before the war, there were villages of Chauhans there, but when Mitrasen hoisted the flag of his victory in the battle of Mandan, he settled many villages of Ahirs of his gotra there.
Not to be confused with Supernova.
Artist's conception of a white dwarf pulling hydrogen from a larger companion
A **nova** (plural *novae* or *novas*) is a huge nuclear explosion on a white dwarf star. It causes a sudden brightening of the star.

Novae are not to be confused with other brightening phenomena such as supernovae. Novae occur on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system. If the two stars of the system are close enough, material is pulled from the companion star's surface onto the white dwarf. This collection of hydrogen onto the surface of the star starts a runaway fusion reaction.

In spite of their violence, the amount of material ejected in novae is usually only about 1⁄10,000 of a solar mass, quite small relative to the mass of the white dwarf. Only five percent of the accreted mass is fused during the power outburst. This is enough energy to make nova ejecta to go outward as fast as several thousand kilometers per second—higher for some novae than others. The star also brightens, from a few times solar to 50,000–100,000 times solar. In 2010 scientists using NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope were surprised to discover, for the first time, that a nova can also emit gamma-rays (>100 MeV).

A white dwarf can potentially generate multiple novae over time as additional hydrogen continues to accrete onto its surface from its companion star. An example is RS Ophiuchi, which is known to have flared six times (in 1898, 1933, 1958, 1967, 1985, and 2006). Eventually, the white dwarf could explode as a type Ia supernova if it approaches the Chandrasekhar limit.

Occasionally a nova is bright enough and close enough to be seen by the unaided eye. The brightest recent example was Nova Cygni 1975. This nova appeared on 29 August 1975, in the constellation Cygnus about five degrees north of Deneb and reached magnitude 2.0 (nearly as bright as Deneb). The most recent were V1280 Scorpii, which reached magnitude 3.7 on 17 February 2007, and Nova Delphini 2013. Nova Centauri 2013 was discovered 2 December 2013 and is so far the brightest nova of this millennium reaching magnitude 3.3.

Astronomers estimate that the Milky Way experiences roughly 30 to 60 novae per year, with a likely rate of about 40. The number of novae discovered in the Milky Way each year is much lower, about 10. Roughly 25 novae brighter than about magnitude 20 are discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy each year and smaller numbers are seen in other nearby galaxies.
**Crayfish** are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.

Most live in freshwater habitats such as rivers.

Anatomy
-------

The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.

Habitat
-------

Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets

Diet
----

Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.

Name
----

Crayfish might be sometimes be called crawfish in parts of the U.S.A.

Further reading
---------------

* Thomas Henry Huxley (1880). *The Crayfish: an introduction to the study of zoology*. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
For the fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, see Shire (Middle-earth).
A **shire** is an administrative area of Great Britain (also **county**) and Australia. It is a kind of local government.

History
-------

The first shires were created by the Anglo-Saxons in central and southern England. Shires were controlled by a royal official known as a "shire reeve" or sheriff. In modern English usage shires are sub-divided into districts.

Individually, or as a suffix in Scotland, the word is pronounced ʃaɪə(ɹ) (to rhyme with "fire"). As a suffix in an English or Welsh place name it is pronounced -ʃə(ɹ) (rhymes with "fir").

Shires in Great Britain
-----------------------

In England and Wales, the term "shire county" is used to refer to counties which are not metropolitan counties.

It can also be used in a narrower sense, referring only to traditional counties ending in "shire". These counties are typically (though not always) named after their county town.

### Shires in England

Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Yorkshire.

Of these, all but Huntingdonshire and Yorkshire are also administrative counties (but with different boundaries). Huntingdonshire is now administered as a district of Cambridgeshire, and Yorkshire is split between East, North, South and West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Cumbria and County Durham.

### Shires in Wales

Brecknockshire, Caernafonshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire

In Wales, the counties of Merioneth and Glamorgan are occasionally referred to with the "shire" suffix. The only traditional Welsh county that never takes "shire" is Anglesey.

Shires in Scotland
------------------

Aberdeenshire, Ayrshire, Banffshire, Berwickshire, Clackmannanshire, Cromartyshire, Dumfriesshire, Dunbartonshire, Fifeshire, Inverness-shire, Kincardineshire, Kinross-shire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Lanarkshire, Morayshire, Nairnshire, Peeblesshire, Perthshire, Renfrewshire, Ross-shire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Stirlingshire, Wigtownshire

Shires in Australia
-------------------

Shire is the most common word in Australia for the smallest local government areas by population. The states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia use shire for this unit. South Australia and Tasmania use district. A shire has the same powers as the next largest units, the town and city. In NSW, the expression 'The Shire' commonly refers to the Sutherland shire.

Related pages
-------------

* Counties of England
**Battlefield 2** is a first-person shooter developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by EA Games.

By playing online the players can gather points for the global ranking. If a player has enough points, he is promoted to the next higher rank and can unlock new weapons and awards.

The storyline takes place in Middle- and Eastern-Asia in the near future. In this fictional war, the US Marine Corps fights against China and the fictional "Middle Eastern Coalition". So the players can use the most modern weapons like the F-35 Lightning II fighter or the T90 tank. It´s also possible to choose between different classes like medic, assault, sniper and others.

Because Battlefield 2 is a tactic shooter, teamplay is very important. One player by team can be the commander who issues instructions on his team. The other players can group themselves into squads.

In every round two teams are playing. At the beginning of the round, both teams have a certain number of tickets. By eliminating an enemy the teams can reduce the number of tickets of the other team. The team that has more tickets at the end of the round wins.

Battlefield 2 is the sequel of Battlefield 1942 and Battlefield Vietnam. The most recent game of the Battlefield series is Battlefield: Bad Company 2.

There is also an addon named *Special Forces* in which several special forces (e. g. SAS) can be played. Also two so called "booster packs" are available: *Euro Forces* which brings the army of the European Union into the game and *Armored Fury* which relocates the storyline to North America.

Battlefield 2 is one of the most popular games in it´s genre. Although being released in 2005 it´s still played by many persons around the world and has a big community.

Other websites
--------------

* *Battlefield 2* website
* Battlefield 2: Special Forces Website Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine

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* t
* e
*Battlefield* video games |
| --- |
| Main series | 
* *Battlefield 1942*
* *Battlefield Vietnam*
* *Battlefield 2*
* *Battlefield 3*

 |
| *Bad Company* series | 
* *Battlefield: Bad Company*
* *Battlefield: Bad Company 2*

 |
| Spin-offs | 
* *Battlefield 2: Modern Combat*
* *Battlefield 2142*
* *Battlefield 1943*

 |
| Free-to-play | 
* *Battlefield Heroes*
* *Battlefield Online*
* *Battlefield Play4Free*

 |
The circular design of Captain America's shield: a white five-pointed star on a blue circle surrounded by three concentric rings of red, white, and red.
**Captain America's shield** is a fictional item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is the primary defensive and offensive piece of equipment used by Captain America, and is intended to be an emblem of American culture.

The most well-known of his shields is a disc-shaped object with a five-pointed star design in its center, within blue, red, and white concentric circles. This shield is composed of a unique combination of Vibranium, steel alloy, and a third catalyst that has never been duplicated called Proto-Adamantium. It is virtually indestructible. It is as much an offensive weapon as a defensive one for Captain America. Cap uses it against his enemies, mainly, by throwing it at them and can perform mind-bogglingly impossible tricks with it.

Over the years, Captain America has used several shields of varying composition and design. His original heater shield first appeared in *Captain America Comics* #1 (March 1941), published by Marvel's 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics. The circular shield best associated with the character debuted in the next issue, *Captain America Comics* #2.
**Philip Carteret** (22 January 1733 – 21 July 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He was one of the lieutenants on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764. After this long voyage, he found a liking to this, and he went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.

Early life
----------

Carteret joined the Royal Navy in 1747, at the age of 14. He first served on the *Salisbury,* And he worked with / sailed with the British admiral, John Byron. Carteret worked with John from 1751, to 1755. after finishing work on the *Salisbury,* he set off on a world wide trip with John Bryon, and this trip lasted for 2 years. From 1764, to 1766.

Discoveries
-----------

As soon as he had returned from his first trip, Carteret was put in charge of *HMS Swallow* to go on a second circumnavigation with Samuel Wallis who sailed in the *HMS Dolphin*. The two ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone. He discovered Pitcairn Island on 2 July 1767. He did not land on the island. He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands. He got back to England in 1769. The *Swallow* was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.

Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration. He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. The book's editor John Hawkesworth, made changes to the story, so Carteret wrote his own book which was not printed until 1965. In 1779 he took the ship *HMS Endymion* to the West Indies. This was his last trip. He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794. His personal papers are kept in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.
**Victoria Gray Adams** (November 5, 1926 – August 12, 2006) was an American civil rights activist. She was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi on November 5, 1926. She went to Wilberforce University, but could not afford it so she had to leave. Even though she did not finish college, Adams found work as a teacher.

Career
------

Adams was an African American who became interested in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s when she started teaching classes for people who wanted to vote. In 1962, Adams became a secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Not long after becoming more involved in civil rights, Adams led a boycott against businesses in Hattiesburg. She also helped to organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). Adams, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Annie Devine (fellow activists) were chosen to be the represent the MFDP. They traveled to Atlantic City to go to the Democratic Convention. They were not seated this time, but in 1968 they were all seated as guests on the floor of the US House of Representatives. Adams became the first woman from Mississippi to run for the US Senate.

Adams made a big change when in 1968, she and her husband moved to Thailand. Her goal for this move was to fight against discrimination towards African-American soldiers and their families.

Adams had a very successful career, receiving many awards and honors for her efforts towards ending discrimination. She was also in the documentary Eyes on the Prize and taught at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Death
-----

Victoria Adams died on August 12, 2006 in Baltimore, Maryland when she was 79 from cancer.

Other websites
--------------

* Victoria Gray Adams legacy
* Victoria Jackson Gray Adams 1926-2006
* Biography of Victoria Gray Adams Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Victoria Gray Adams
United States Marines on parade.
A **parade** is a large or small group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in costumes, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.

Reasons
-------

They are often held on holidays or to honor someone. Parades are held for many reasons, but are usually for celebrations of some kind. Days like St Patrick's Day are often celebrated with a parade.

Military parades
----------------

A military parade is one of the most common parades. It is when soldiers march in public. Usually they are followed by tanks and other military vehicles. Military parades are often held after a battle or war has been won. In China, National Day is now celebrated with large military parades in Beijing every 5th year after 1949. In the United Kingdom, the Queen's Official Birthday (now always on a Saturday) is marked by a military parade every year. In the United States, such military parades are less common but usually held on Veterans Day and Independence Day.

Famous parades
--------------

One of the most famous parades in the United States is the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City. Over 44 million people watch this parade on television each year

MR BEAST PARADE
===============

He big good boy
**Walter Daniel John Tull** (28 April 1888 – 25 March 1918) was an English professional footballer. He played as an inside forward for Tottenham Hotspur and Northampton Town. He was the second person of mixed race to play in the top division of the Football League. He was the first mixed-race British outfielder in the top division of English football. His professional football career began after he was spotted while playing for his local amateur club, Clapton F.C.. He began playing for Clapton in 1908. Within a few months he had won winners' medals in the FA Amateur Cup, London County Amateur Cup and London Senior Cup. In March 1909 the *Football Star* called him "the catch of the season".

Tull was brought up in a National Children's Home orphanage in Bethnal Green, London, along with his brother. They were placed there following the death of their parents. He joined Tottenham in 1909 and transferred to Northampton Town in 1911, where he made 111 first-team appearances.

During the First World War, Tull served in the Footballers' Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment. He fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Tull was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on 30 May 1917. This was in spite of the fact there was a ban on black people being given that status.

Tull fought in Italy in 1917–18. He was noted for his "gallantry and coolness" while leading his company of 26 men on a raiding party into enemy territory. He returned to France in 1918. Tull was killed in action on 25 March during the Spring Offensive. His body was never recovered.

Campaigners have called for a statue to be erected in his honour. Northampton South MP Brian Binley has campaigned for Tull to be posthumously awarded the Military Cross. He was honoured with a commemorative plaque in London placed close to where he lived. A Walter Tull commemorative coin is part of a set of £5 coins released by the Royal Mint.
Crazy Frog with its creators Daniel Malmedahl (left) and Erik Wernquist (right) at the Australian tour in 2005
The **Crazy Frog** is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.

History
-------

Before becoming a ringtone to download onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called "The Annoying Thing" in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic "thing" is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.Crazyleah was here

Music remixes
-------------

Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s "Axel F" in early-2005, the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Malmedahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, "What’s going on?" (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the "Thing" says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.

The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.

First, it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.

Sales and revenue
-----------------

The company that sells **Crazy Frog** ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.
Not to be confused with Asian giant hornet.

The **Asian Hornet** (***Vespa velutina***) also known by as the **yellow-legged hornet** or **Asian Wasp** is a species of hornet originally found in Southeast Asia. It is a problem in many countries because of being a very invasive species.

The hornet is smaller than it's european relative, known as the European Hornet. Queens are usually 30 mm (1.2 in) long, Males are usually about 24 mm (0.95 in) long. However, the workers are smaller than both the males and queen, at about 20 mm (0.8 in) long. The tarsi (Legs) of the hornet is a bright yellow, and the body has a brownish color. The head is a yellow and black pattern, and the abdomen has a yellow border with a black fill; although, the end of the abdomen is orange. The hornet has many colorations, making classifying subspecies hard for scientists.

Side view of The Asian hornet, Normal Coloration.
Like all other hornets in the Vespa genus, these hornets build nests to house their workers, young, and the queen, the population may range in the thousands. Workers are usually armed with powerful stingers, drones (males) are not armed with stingers. The nest is usually shaped like an egg, and is half a meter long. During their nesting season, they build their nest in a low shrub, then build up high (usually in a tree) possibly as an anti-parasitic measure. New queens usually are birthed around fall. The hornets hunt a range of insects, like dragonflies, flies, and orthopterans. They hunt down their prey by chasing them. They also hunt down honeybees, which is a problem to places where its invasive.

1. ↑  Tan, K.; Radloff, S. E.; Li, J. J.; Hepburn, H. R.; Yang, M. X.; Zhang, L. J.; Neumann, P. (Jun 2007). "Bee-hawking by the wasp, *Vespa velutina*, on the honeybees *Apis cerana* and *A. mellifera*". *Naturwissenschaften*. **94** (6): 469–72. doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0210-2. PMID 17235596. S2CID 7218693.
2. ↑  Lee, John X. Q. "*Vespa velutina*". *vespa-bicolor.net*. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018.
**Paul Martin Jr.** PC CC KC (born August 28, 1938) is a Canadian politician. He was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada. He was also the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada. He became prime minister December 12, 2003, when Jean Chrétien stepped down. He won an election on June 28, 2004, because the Liberals won more seats than the other political parties; but they did not win a majority of the seats, so he led a minority government. There was another election on January 23, 2006; his party lost this election, so Stephen Harper became the next prime minister.

Martin was greatly respected, as a Finance Minister, around the world for his fiscal management, because of the growth in the economy and for taking the government out of deficit.
His tenure as Prime Minister is generally seen as a disaster by most Canadians.

Martin was born in Windsor, Ontario. His father was a member of the Canadian House of Commons for thirty-three years and was a part of the cabinet. Martin graduated from the University of Toronto in 1961 with a B.A. in history and philosophy and from the University of Toronto Law School in 1965. He married Sheila Martin in 1965.

He was elected to parliament from the riding of LaSalle-Émard in Montreal, Quebec in 1988. He was finance minister from 1993 until 2002. He became known for balancing the budget (ending government borrowing of money). In 2003, he was elected leader of the Liberal party, and was appointed prime minister one month later.

Mr. Martin's government made same-sex marriage legal. It also had problems with the Sponsorship scandal in 2004. In 2006, Parliament passed a vote of no confidence, which forced a national election to be held on January 23. The Liberals lost the election and Martin lost his position as prime minister. Soon afterwards, he resigned his position as leader of the Liberal Party.

After fourteen months in office, Paul Martin got the nickname "Mr. Dithers". He was called so by the magazine *The Economist*. They say this is because he changed his opinion too often.

Other websites
--------------

* 

* Paul Martin – Parliament of Canada biography

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 Prime Ministers of Canada |
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| 
* Macdonald
* Mackenzie
* Macdonald
* Abbott
* Thompson
* Bowell
* Tupper
* Laurier
* Borden
* Meighen
* King
* Meighen
* King
* Bennett
* King
* St. Laurent
* Diefenbaker
* Pearson
* P. E. Trudeau
* Clark
* P. E. Trudeau
* Turner
* Mulroney
* Campbell
* Chrétien
* Martin
* Harper
* J. Trudeau

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| 
* **Category**

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For the anniversary of the beginning of the American Revolution, see Patriots' Day. For the Quebec holiday, see National Patriotes Day.
President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama and White House staff observe a moment of silence on September 11, 2009.President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney on September 11, 2004 lead a moment of silence on the South Lawn with White House staff and families of victims of 9/11.
**Patriot Day** is a day of remembrance in the United States. It happens on September 11 of each year. It remembers the 2,977 killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks. Most Americans call this day "Nine-Eleven (9/11)," "September Eleventh," or something similar.

The day was officially created on October 25, 2001. The U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 71 was approved by a vote of 407–0. The Resolution asked that the President would designate September 11 of each year as "Patriot Day." President George W. Bush signed the resolution into law on December 18, 2001 (as Public Law 107-89). On September 4, 2002, President Bush proclaimed September 11, 2002 as Patriot Day. 

On this day, the American flag is to be flown at half-staff at individual American homes, at the White House, and on all U.S. government buildings, home and abroad. The President also asks Americans to observe a moment of silence beginning at 8:46 A.M. (Eastern Daylight Time). This is the time the first plane struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Other websites
--------------

* Text of the statute
	+ Public Law 107-89
* Archived version of 2001 proclamation
* 2002 proclamation, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Archived 2014-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, 2010
* The September 11 Digital Archive
* Detailed information on the bill from THOMAS Archived 2016-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

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Public holidays in the United States |
| --- |
| Days | 
 Ash Wednesday •  César Chávez Day •  Christmas Eve •  Christmas Day •  Cinco de Mayo •  Columbus Day • Earth Day •  Easter Monday •  Easter Sunday •  } Father's day  •  Good Friday •  Groundhog Day •  Halloween •  Independence Day •  Jefferson's Birthday •  Juneteenth •  Labor Day •  Leif Erikson Day •  Martin Luther King, Jr. Day •  May Day ( Memorial Day • New Year's Day •  New Year's Eve •  Palm Sunday •  Patriot Day •  Patriots' Day •  Ronald Reagan Day •  Robert E. Lee Day •  Rosh Hashanah •  Saint Joseph's Day •  Saint Patrick's Day •  Thanksgiving •  Valentine's Day •  Veterans Day •  Walpurgis Night •  Washington's Birthday (Presidents Day) •  Women's Equality Day •  Yom Kippur  |
| Weeks(or multiple weeks) | 
 Chinese New Year •  Hanukkah •  Kwanzaa •  National Flag Week  •  National Forest Products Week  •  National Friendship Week  •  National Safe Boating Week  •  National School Lunch Week  •  National Transportation Week  •  Passover •  Police Week  •  Save Your Vision Week  |
Roberto Alagna in 2004
**Roberto Alagna**  (born near Paris, 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

Alagna's family came from Sicily. He was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris, France in 1963. When he was a teenager he started singing pop music in Paris cabarets. Later he started to sing in operas. He won the Luciano Pavarotti Voice Competition. He started to sing professionally in 1988 singing the part of Alfredo Germont in Giuseppe Verdi's *La Traviata* with the Glyndebourne touring opera
Soon he was being asked to sing all over the world in opera houses such as La Scala, Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera. His performances of Romeo in *Romeo and Juliet* by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 made him a great international star. When he sang that role on 15 December 2007 at the Metropolitan Opera with Anna Netrebko as Juliet the performance was broadcast by the Met into 447 theaters worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.

Personal life
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Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumor in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992. In 1996 he married the Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu. They often performed together in operas. However, they separated in 2009.

Other websites
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* Roberto Alagna on IMDb
In mathematics, **1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ···** is an infinite series.Using sigma summation notation the sum of the first *m* terms of the series can be expressed as



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{\displaystyle \sum \_{n=1}^{m}n(-1)^{n-1}.}

{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{m}n(-1)^{n-1}.}

Divergence
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The series' terms (1, −2, 3, −4, ...) do not approach 0; therefore 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... diverges by the term test. Divergence can also be shown directly from the definition: an infinite series converges if and only if the sequence of partial sums converges to limit, in which case that limit is the value of the infinite series. The partial sums of 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... are:

**1**,  

1 − 2 = **1 - 2**,  

1 − 2 + 3 = **(1 + 3) - 2**,  

1 − 2 + 3 − 4 = **(1 + 3) - (2 + 4)**,  

1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 = **(1 + 3 + 5) - (2 + 4)**,  

1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 = **(1 + 3 + 5) - (2 + 4 + 6)**,  

...
The sequence of partial sums shows that the series does not converge to a particular number: for any proposed limit *x*, there exists a point beyond which the subsequent partial sums are all outside the interval [*x*−1, *x*+1]), so 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... diverges.

### Stability and linearity

Since the terms 1, −2, 3, −4, 5, −6, ... follow a simple pattern, the series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... can be manipulated by shifting and term-by-term addition to yield a numerical value. If it can make sense to write *s* = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... for some ordinary number *s*, the following manipulations argue for *s* = ​1⁄4:



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{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rclllll}4s&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(1-2)+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}-1+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&1+&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&1+[&(1-2-2+3)&{}+(-2+3+3-4)&{}+(3-4-4+5)&{}+(-4+5+5-6)+\cdots ]\\&=&1+[&0+0+0+0+\cdots ]\\4s&=&1\end{array}}}

{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rclllll}4s&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\cdots )\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(1-2)+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}-1+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&1+&(1-2+3-4+\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\cdots )&{}+(3-4+5-6\cdots )\\&=&1+[&(1-2-2+3)&{}+(-2+3+3-4)&{}+(3-4-4+5)&{}+(-4+5+5-6)+\cdots ]\\&=&1+[&0+0+0+0+\cdots ]\\4s&=&1\end{array}}}So {\displaystyle s={\frac {1}{4}}}.
***Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie*** is a 2013 comedy-mystery-science-fiction adventure animated film produced & distributed by Warner Bros. domestically and MGM-UA Family Entertainment internationally. the film was based on the animated series of the same name.

Release
-------

The film was released in the US on November 11, 2019 theatrically. But it was also re-released four times: 2000 (with Total DramaRama characters), 2003, 2007 and 2011. In Canada, it was released on November 13, 1997, and later it aired on CBC and Teletoon in early 2000.

***Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie*** was released on DVD and December 7, 2013 by Warner Home Video in the USA and in non-US markets throughout summer 1998 and early 1999 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.

### Marketing

Three teaser trailer for the film was released on Warner Bros.' website on November 21, 1996, and in theaters alongside Space Jam the following day. The first full trailer debuted on March 15, 1997, and was released with Cats Don't Dance two days later. The final trailer was released on October 11, 1997.

### Home media

***Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie*** was released on DVD on December 7, 2013 by Warner Home Video in the USA and in non-US markets throughout summer 1998 and early 1999 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.

* *Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie* on IMDb
See also the play by William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

***William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet*** is an Academy Award nominated 1996 American movie adaptation of William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy *Romeo and Juliet*. It was directed by Australian Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the title roles.

The movie is a version of Shakespeare's play designed to appeal to a younger modern audience. It is set in present-day fictional Verona Beach, Florida, but uses the style of language from the original novel. The fighting families (the Montagues and the Capulets) are represented as competing business empires, swords are replaced by guns etc. Despite the adaptation, the movie retains Shakespeare's original dialogue, though edited for modern cinema audiences.

Cast
----

* Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague
* Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet
* John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet
* Harold Perrineau as Mercutio
* Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague
* Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague
* Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague
* Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet
* Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet
* Miriam Margolyes as Nurse Angelica
* Paul Rudd as Dave Paris
* Pete Postlethwaite as Friar Lawrence
* Vondie Curtis-Hall as Captain Escalus Prince
* Jesse Bradford as Balthasar
* M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary
* Zak Orth as Gregory
* Jamie Kennedy as Sampson

Response
--------

Critics gave the movie good reviews. On the review given by Rotten Tomatoes, 74% of critics gave the movie positive reviews, based on 38 reviews. Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* disliked the movie, giving it 2 stars and said "This production was a very bad idea. I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of Romeo & Juliet makes of Shakespeare's tragedy." Ebert wrote that Pete Postlethwaite and Miriam Margolyes were "the only actors in the movie who seem completely at home" and said "In one grand but doomed gesture, writer-director Baz Luhrmann has made a movie that (a) will dismay any lover of Shakespeare, and (b) bore anyone lured into the theater by promise of gang wars, MTV-style."

The movie won several awards. At the Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, Leonardo DiCaprio won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actor and director Baz Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Award. Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
* *Romeo + Juliet* on IMDb
**Economic, social and cultural rights** are a part of human rights. In an important United Nations treaty called The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the countries in the United Nations agreed that every person in the world should have these rights. Some examples of these rights include:

* The right to education (school)
* The right to work, with good pay, in a good, safe place to work
* The right to strike (when workers strike, they decide together that they will not work any more until their bosses make things at work better - like giving them enough pay to live on, or making the work safer)
* The right to housing
* The right to Social Security
* The right to be healthy
* The right to an adequate standard of living (meaning a person has everything they need to survive, including water, food, clothing, enough money to pay for what they need, and somewhere safe to live).

These rights were already listed in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, they were included again in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights to make sure that giving people these rights would be the law all across the world. 

A separate Covenant specifically on economic, social, and cultural rights was done for a reason. These rights were not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These two Covenants were kept separate because civil rights are thought to be protected more strongly than economic, social and cultural rights. A separate Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights was done to make it clear how important these rights are.

As the Vienna Declaration says, all human rights must be protected equally because "all human rights are universal and cannot be divided."

Related pages
-------------

* Human rights
* Civil rights
* Digital rights
* International human rights law
Male satin bowerbird
The **satin bowerbird** (*Ptilonorhynchus violaceus*) is a small Australian bird known for its ability to build a special area for attracting females. This bower is filled with blue objects to help attract a female. There are six bird species in the bowerbird genus, of which five build a some kind of courting area. The golden bowerbird sits on a bridge he has made between sticks decorated like maypoles.

The satin bowerbird lives in rainforests and on the edge of drier forests along the east coast of Australia. They can be found from Cooktown in the north to Melbourne in the south.

Description
-----------

Female satin bowerbird
They are a small bird, about 30 cm (12 in) long and weighing about 150 g (5 oz). The young males and females look the same, with grey to green, brown and dark brown feathers. The belly is coloured a pale brown to cream color, with dark olive to grey crescent shapes. When the male becomes sexually mature at about seven years old he grows black feathers, with a shiny blue-purple shine. The male also has bright blue eyes, and a blue beak which is yellow on the end.

Bowers
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The satin bowerbird builds a special area, called a bower, to attract a female. They return to the same area every year, where they clear a space about 1 m (3 ft) in diameter and then build the bower. In the centre is two lines of thin sticks or grass, carefully lined up to north and south. He can paint the walls with a mixture of his saliva and crushed berries which he brushes on with a stick. He then places a collection of coloured objects in the entrance to the bower. These are usually blue or yellow, and can include feathers, and even plastic or glass. The male stands outside the bower and sings and may pick up the objects to show them to the female. If she is pleased with the performance and the bower, she will enter the bower, followed by the male and they mate quickly. She will then fly off to begin building a nest. The male has nothing more to do with her.
**Jorge Macri** (Born, March 5, 1965) is an Argentine politician and entrepreneur, currently serving as the Mayor of the City of Buenos Aires since December 7, 2023.

Political career
----------------

In 2001, alongside his cousin and former President Mauricio Macri, he founded the Creer y Crecer Foundation. In 2004, together with other leaders, he founded the PRO party at the provincial level. In 2005, he was elected as the party's first deputy in the Province of Buenos Aires until 2007. In December of that same year, he became the president of the PRO bloc in the provincial Chamber of Deputies. He served as the mayor of Vicente López, achieving the party's first victory in the Buenos Aires territory in October 2011. 

After three terms in office, in 2021, he took a leave of absence from the mayoralty to assume his current position in the government of the City of Buenos Aires, leaving Soledad Martínez, the first councilor on the list, as interim mayor. In June 2023, he officially resigned, and Martínez assumed the role of Mayor. In 2023, he was inaugurated as the Head of Government of Buenos Aires City.
2122 N. Clark Street, the site of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Now a parking lot.
The **Saint Valentine's Day massacre** was a mass murder that took place in Chicago, Illinois, United States, on the morning of 14 February 1929. It was the most infamous event in the history of crime in the United States.

Background
----------

Al Capone was the most powerful bootlegger in Chicago. By 1929 he had eliminated several of his rival crime bosses. The last one on his "list" was Bugs Moran. Capone was trying to appear as if he was retired to Florida. So Capone didn't want to be seen as starting another gang war. Instead, Capone gave the order to one of his associates, Jack McGurn, to eliminate Bugs Moran.

Massacre
--------

On the morning of 14 February, McGurn lured Moran and his men to a warehouse on Clark street. The bait was a stolen truckload of whisky they could buy cheap. Seven of Moran's men were there to inspect the load. A police car pulled up outside the building and several of Capone's men dressed in Chicago police uniforms went in and pretended to arrest Moran's men. When they were lined up against a wall when the killers pulled out Thompson submachine guns and opened fire. Six of the seven men were killed. Moran himself was just arriving when he saw the police car and escaped without notice.

At this time murder was not a federal offense. Most of the killers McGurn hired were from out of town. Police departments from different cities rarely could work together to solve crimes at that time. So the killers knew if they simply left Chicago after the massacre nobody could touch them.

Results
-------

Newspapers ran stories of the gangster shootings and prohibition lawlessness in Chicago. These were complete with detailed photographs of the murders. At first many thought the Chicago police had committed the massacre. But most people in Chicago thought Al Capone was behind the murders. Capone had an alibi. He was at his winter home in Palm Beach, Florida when the murders took place. The suspicions finally resulted in the arrests of Vincenzio Damora and John Scalise. These were two of Capone's known henchmen. Scalise was charged with the murders after Damora came up with an alibi. But Capone murdered Scalise personally before he could stand trial. Public opinion also put pressure on the FBI to arrest Capone with any charge they could. In 1931 they finally charged him with tax evasion and sent him to prison. Capone was sent to Alcatraz for eleven years. When he was finally released he was too sick to continue his crime career. He died in 1947. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 which all but eliminated bootlegging.