recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Nigel Mansell at the 1991 United States Grand Prix
**Nigel Ernest James Mansell** OBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as *Our Nige*.

His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is eighth overall on the Formula One race winners list. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.

Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.
**Civil Disobedience** (*Resistance to Civil Government*) is a text by Henry David Thoreau. It was first printed in 1849. It says that people should not allow a government to order them to do wrong things.

About "Civil Disobedience"
--------------------------

In 1848, Thoreau lectured at the Concord Lyceum (a place for people to meet and learn in the town of Concord, Massachusetts). The words of the lecture were later printed with the name *Resistance to Civil Government* in 1849. Now many people call it "*Civil Disobedience"* which means: "not doing what the government orders you to do."

In the early 1840s Thoreau stopped paying his "poll tax" (a tax that is the same amount for everybody). He was angry that the government used tax money to make people slaves and to war with Mexico. Thoreau did not want to help them do these things. In 1846 the tax agent put Thoreau in prison for one night. Thoreau wrote *Civil Disobedience* to say why he would not pay.

Summary
-------

Thoreau says governments are more bad than good, and society without government would be more good. Letting people vote does not make government good, because people may vote for bad things. One person with their conscience (their feeling of right and wrong) may make decisions that are more good than decisions made by governments or by most of the people who vote.

Thoreau says the United States government, because it makes people slaves, cannot be his government. People should end such a government. To end a government is difficult, but because the government is so bad, we must end it anyway.

Most of the people Thoreau was talking to also did not like slavery or the war with Mexico. But Thoreau said they must do more than to dislike these things, or to vote against these things, or to hope these things will end. They must also stop supporting these things by paying taxes. If the government puts you in prison because you do not pay taxes, then it is good to be in prison because, if the government is bad, prison is the right place for good people. If the government attempted to put all good people in prison, the government would end first, and this would be a revolution of peace.

It is easier to be brave if you have less that the government can take from you. So Thoreau suggests that people own less, and that they value what is good and not value property only.

Famous people who liked "Civil Disobedience"
--------------------------------------------

### Mohandas Gandhi

Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi (or Mahatma Gandhi) liked what Thoreau wrote. In 1907, when Gandhi was starting his first *satyagraha* fight in South Africa, he printed a short outline of *Civil Disobedience* that he wrote in an Indian language. He said that *Civil Disobedience* was the largest cause for the end of slavery in America, and that Indians in South Africa should learn from that example.

### Martin Luther King, Jr.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. also liked what Thoreau wrote. In his autobiography, he wrote that Thoreau taught him that it is as important *not* to help bad people as it is to help good people. He said that Thoreau's lessons "came alive" in the civil rights movement.
*This is a Chinese name; the family name is* Hwang*.*

**Emma Y. Hwang** is a scientist from Taiwan and the United States. She was an aquanaut on the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 5 (NEEMO 5) crew in June 2003.

Early life
----------

Hwang was born in Taiwan on 21 July 1970. She moved with her family to the United States at the age of two. Most of her early education was in Texas.

Education
---------

Hwang received her bachelor’s degree in biomedical engineering at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. Hwang moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan to attend graduate school at the University of Michigan where she earned two master's degrees. One was in biomedical engineering and the other in electrical engineering. While in graduate school, she also became a teacher in the martial arts of Aikido and Iaido.

Career
------

Hwang joined Wyle Laboratories in September 2001. At first she worked as a scientist in the sensors group. This work included research for monitoring the health of cell cultures on the space shuttle or station. In 2002 she moved to the neurosciences group. This group studies the effects of space flight on astronauts, with a focus on helping them adapt to space and their return to Earth. In 2011, Hwang moved to the Integrated Science & Engineering (ISE) group.

NEEMO 5
-------

NEEMO 5 crew members are pictured in the bunkroom aboard the Aquarius.
In June 2003, Hwang became an aquanaut in the NASA andNOAA, NEEMO 5 (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) project. This was held in Aquarius, the world's only undersea research laboratory. NEEMO 5 was the longest NEEMO mission to that date. The crew lived underwater for fourteen days.

Other websites
--------------

* NASA bio
The third generation Ford Galaxy is a minivan made by Ford from 2015 to 2023. It was revealed at the 2014 Paris Motor Show, the all-new Galaxy went on sale in mid-2015.

Pre-facelift (2015−2020)Facelift (2020–2023)
The Galaxy is available with the same range of engines as the S-Max, namely one diesel (in four states of tune) and two petrol variants. The petrol 1.5 SCTi Ecoboost has 160 hp, and the larger 2.0 SCTi has 240 hp, but only have an automatic transmission. At launch, Ford expected only two percent of United Kingdom sales to be petrol models.The 2.0 TDCi 150 HP and 180 HP versions come with either a six-speed manual transmission or the automatic transmission – the 180 hp version can also feature all-wheel drive]. The most expensive twin-Turbo 2.0 210 hp comes with the automatic transmission only, and can accelerate from 0 to 60 in under nine seconds.

The trim levels are similar to the ones in the S-Max, Mondeo and Edge, including Zetec, Titanium and Titanium X.

Ford updated the Galaxy for 2020. It received a new front grille and bumpers with a similar design as the Mondeo, Focus, Fiesta, Puma and Kuga.

### End of production

In January 2022, Ford announced plans to discontinue the Galaxy after 27 years of production, stopping accepting orders for the minivan in favour of realisation of existing ones. Afterwards the cars will be axed from the European lineup without direct successor.

1. ↑  "2015 Ford Galaxy - prices and specifications revealed".
2. ↑  "Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi 180 (2015) review".
3. ↑  Wallis, Robert (9 October 2019). "Ford Europe: Ford's S-MAX and Galaxy get a facelift". *Ford Europe*. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
4. ↑  Karr, Anthony. "Ford Europe still believes in MPVs, updates S-Max and Galaxy". *Motor1.com*. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
5. ↑  Romero, Fran (6 January 2022). "El Ford Galaxy dirá adiós en 2022, un monovolumen de 7 plazas superviviente de los SUV" [The Ford Galaxy says goodbye in 2022, a 7-seater minivan replaced by SUVs]. *Motor.es* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-12-05.
The **fusilier damselfish** (***Lepidozygus tapeinosoma***) is a species of damselfish in the family Pomacentridae. It found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They are popular in aquaria. Adults can grow up to a length of up to 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in). 

It is the only species in the genus, *Lepidozygus*, in its own subfamily, the **Lepidozyginae**.

Distribution and habitat
------------------------

They are found in the Indo-Pacific. It is found at depths of 1 to 30 metres (3.3 to 98.4 ft). This fish is found in coral reefs and lagoons. They live in tropical waters.

Description
-----------

Adults can grow up to 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) at maximum length. Color of this fish can change a lot. It depends on its behavior. When it feeds, it turns silvery green. It darkens when resting. In the Maldives, adults guarding their eggs have a banded pattern.

In the aquarium
---------------

This fish is sometimes found in the aquarium trade. They can be kept in groups, and they are very peaceful. The Fussiler damselfish will flash red and green colors when feeding. Unlike many other shoaling fish, the fusilier damsels will not single out and focus aggression on the weakest fish. The fussiler damselfish is a social animal and does best when kept with others of the same species. A fast swimming fish that will readily eat most any foods offered.

Other websites
--------------

* Photos of Fusilier damselfish on Sealife Collection

| Taxon identifiers |
| --- |
| *Lepidozygus tapeinosoma* | 
* Wikidata: Q1302652
* Wikispecies: Lepidozygus tapeinosoma
* AFD: Lepidozygus\_tapeinosoma
* BOLD: 11485
* FishBase: 5683
* GBIF: 2398762
* iNaturalist: 181024
* IRMNG: 11238011
* ITIS: 615525
* IUCN: 188627
* NCBI: 646045
* WoRMS: 212793

 |
| *Pomacentrus tapeinosoma* | 
* Wikidata: Q106410842
* GBIF: 2398765
* IRMNG: 10132779
* ITIS: 615526
* WoRMS: 310386

 |
***Lost in Space*** is an American science fiction TV series which was created by Irwin Allen and produced at the 20th Century Fox studios. It ran on CBS from 1965 until 1968, making three seasons with a total of 83 episodes. Its first season was made in black-and-white while its second and third seasons were made in color. The show stars Guy Williams, June Lockhart, Mark Goddard, Marta Kristen, Billy Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Jonathan Harris. The show's music was composed by Johnny Williams.

Plot
----

*Lost in Space* is set to the year 1997, when the United States sends the Robinson family on a mission in outer space to the planet Alpha Centauri, which is thought to support life. However, while trying to sabotage this mission, Dr. Smith is accidentally trapped inside the ship, *Jupiter 2*. To try to return to Earth, Dr. Smith ends up changing the ship's course, causing him and the Robinsons to become hopelessly lost in space. Because the series was unexpectedly canceled, the story was never finished. In the last episode, Dr. Smith and the Robinsons are still lost in space, stuck in a junkyard.

Cast
----

* Guy Williams as Dr. John Robinson, father of the Robinsons
* June Lockhart as Maureen Robinson, mother of the Robinsons
* Mark Goddard as Major Don West, captain of the ship *Jupiter 2*
* Marta Kristen as Judy Robinson, older daughter of the Robinsons
* Billy Mumy as Will Robinson, only son and youngest child of the Robinsons
* Angela Cartwright as Penny Robinson, younger daughter of the Robinsons
* Jonathan Harris as Dr. Zachary Smith

Other websites
--------------

* *Lost in Space* article[*permanent dead link*] on the IMDb
**David Keith McCallum** (September 19, 1933 – September 25, 2023) was a Scottish actor. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. McCallum was best known for playing Illya Kuryakin in *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.* and Dr Donald "Ducky" Mallard on *NCIS*.

Career
------

McCallum's first movie work was in *Ill Met by Moonlight* (1957), followed *The Secret Place* (1957). Later, he worked in *The Long and the Short and the Tall* (1961), *Billy Budd* (1962), and *Freud* (1962). McCallum played a role in the movie *The Great Escape* (1962), with Steve McQueen and directed by John Sturges. In 1965, he worked in the in biblical movie *The Greatest Story Ever Told* (1965). In this movie he played Judas. In 1966, he co-starred in *Around the World Under the Sea* (1966), with Lloyd Bridges.

He had a strong performance in first lead role in a movie in *Mosquito Squadron* (1969), directed by Boris Sagal. In 1970s, McCallum acted in movies as *Dogs* (1976), *The Kingfisher Caper* (1976),

Television
----------

Most of his career has been in television. He has worked for over fifty years in television both in the United States and the United Kingdom. His first appearances were in British television in *Our Mutual Friend* (1958), *The Eustace Diamonds* (1959), *BBC Sunday-Night Theatre* (1959) and *BBC Sunday-Night Play* (1960). In 1964, he played the role of Illya Kuryakin in the American TV series *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.*. McCallum played the character for 114 episodes. For this series McCallum was nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Golden Globes. David McCallum also had success in British series *Colditz* (1972-1974), and *Sapphire & Steel* (1979-1982). 

He also played role the invisible man in NBC TV series, *The Invisible Man*. In the 1990s, he was in the sci-fi series VR.5 as Doctor Joseph Bloom. He worked on the American series *The Replacements* (2006-2009) and CBS TV series *NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service* (2003-2011), as Dr. Donald Mallard.

Death
-----

McCallum died of natural causes on 25 September 2023 at a hospital in New York City, less than a week after his 90 birthday.

Other websites
--------------

* David McCallum Fans Online
* Fans From U.N.C.L.E.
* David McCallum on IMDb
**Maria Edgeworth** was a novelist in the early nineteenth century.

Life
----

Edgeworth was born in Oxfordshire in 1767 or 1768. She was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth. When her father married again to his second wife, she went with him to Ireland. There, she helped her father and managed her father's land. Because of this, she became friends with lots of fashionable people and with Irish peasants. This was very useful to her later in writing her novels. At first she used to write for children, but in 1800 she published her first adults' novel, *Castle Rackrent*. Lots of people liked *Castle Rackrent,* which was an immediate success.

In 1798 her father married his fourth wife. For fifty-one years Maria had a very good friend in her stepmother.

In 1802 their family traveled to other countries. First they went to Brussels, then to a part of France. There Maria met a man named Count Edelcrantz. Maria's stepmother wrote in the book *Life and Letters,* that Maria loved him very much. They came back home to Ireland in 1803 when the war began again, and Maria started writing again. Her father helped her with her writing, and corrected her books a lot. Maria published *Castle Rackrent* secretly.

Edgeworth helped Irish peasantry very much. She was short, and is said to be cheerful and lively. After she was ill for a few years she died at Edgeworthstone, in the arms of her stepmother, in 1849.

Other books written by Maria Edgeworth
--------------------------------------

* *Belinda*
* *Castle Rackrent*
* *Leonora*
* *Helen*

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Maria Edgeworth***

**Sources**

* Works by Maria Edgeworth at Project Gutenberg
* Works by Maria Edgeworth at Internet Archive

**Other**

* Biography on Revolutionary Players website Archived 2007-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Edgeworthstown From "Irish Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil" (1888)
**Truls Mørk** (born Bergen, Norway, 25 April 1961) is a Norwegian cellist.

Mørk’s parents were both professional musicians. His mother began teaching him the piano when he was seven. He also played the violin, but soon changed to the cello, which his father taught him.

When he was 17 Mørk studied with Frans Helmerson, then Heinrich Schiff and the Russian cellist Natalia Schakowskaya.

Mørk won many prizes for his cello playing. In 1982 he became the first Scandinavian musician to reach the finals of the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and won 6th Prize. In 1989 he started giving concerts in many countries in Europe, then in 1994 the United States with the Oslo Philharmonic, including debuts at Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center.

He has won prizes for his recordings, especially of Bach's Suites for Solo Cello. He loves chamber music and he started the International Chamber Music Festival of Stavanger. 

Mørk is a Professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music, Oslo.

Mørk played a cello made by Domenico Montagnana in Venice in 1723 for more than 30 years. The cello’s scroll (the bit at the top) was made by Stradivarius. A Norwegian bank loaned it to him. The instrument was recently bought by the Dkfm. Angelika Prokopp Privatstiftung, which loans it to cellist Harriet Krigjh

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
A **visual novel** is a type of video game. They use mostly static (non-moving) graphics, and usually have anime/manga-styled art. Sometimes they contain video footage. Almost all visual novels are produced in Japan, very few of these are ever sold in the Western market. Examples of popular visual novels are Kanon, Clannad, and Air.

Gameplay
--------

Visual novels are different from other types of video games in that there is not much gameplay, most of the time the player clicks the screen to move through the game, and occasionally choices will come up for the player to make, which will determine what happens in the game. Most visual novels have more than one storyline and ending, the gameplay has been compared to *Choose Your Own Adventure* books.

Content and genre
-----------------

Many visual novels are centered around drama, particularly themes involving romance or family, but visual novels centered around science fiction, fantasy fiction, and horror fiction are not uncommon.

### Adult content

Many visual novels have sexual or pornographic scenes in the game, even if they are not the whole purpose of the story.
James Hoffmann (left) and Gwilym Davies (right) preparing drinks at the World Barista Championships in 2006 and 2009 respectively.James Hoffmann (left) and Gwilym Davies (right) preparing drinks at the World Barista Championships in 2006 and 2009 respectively.
The **World Barista Championship** is an annual competition to select the World Barista Champion. These competitions are held annually and baristas compete for the title of world champion. This event is held in a different city every year. The next competition will be in May 2020 in Melbourne, Australia.

The World Barista Championship is held every year. The champions of more than 50 different countries compete for the most prestigious award in the world of coffee. The competition is that the baristas have to prepare 4 espressos, 4 cappuccinos and 4 special drinks within 15 minutes. WBC certified judges judge the baristas' performances and rate them. The contestants with the highest scores advance to the semi-finals and then to the finals.

Other websites
--------------

* World Barista Championship official site
**Lazare Ponticelli** (7 December 1897 - 12 March 2008) was a French World War I veteran.

World War I
-----------

In August 1914, after the start of World War I, Ponticelli joined the 1st Régiment de Marche of the French Foreign Legion at 16 years old. He had to lie about his age as he was still to young to join the army. His older brother, Céleste Ponticelli, had also joined the regiment.Ponticelli said that France had done much for him, and being in the army was his way of showing his thanks. He fought at Soissons in Picardy, northeast France and at Douaumont, near Verdun. Ponticelli worked digging burial pits and trenches. 

Ponticelli was not a French citizen and in May 1915, when Italy entered the war, he was forced into the Italian Army by conscription. Even though he tried to stay with his French regiment, he had to become part of the 3rd Alpini Regiment. Ponticelli fought against the Austro-Hungarian Army at Mount Piccolo on the Austria–Italy border. At his new job as a machine gunner, Ponticelli was wounded by a shell during an assault on an Austrian mountain. He was sent back to his job after rest in Naples.

Once, his regiment stopped fighting the Austrians for three weeks. The armies, who mostly spoke the same language, traded loaves of bread for tobacco and took pictures of each other. His commanders found out about this, and moved the regiment to another area.[*source?*]
George Orwell
***Notes on Nationalism*** is a well-known essay written by George Orwell. Orwell wrote the essay in May 1945, in a journal called *Polemic*, after the Second World War had ended. In the essay, Orwell describes his idea of nationalism as:

> ... first of all the habit of assuming that human beings can be classified like insects and that whole blocks of millions or tens of millions of people can be confidently labelled 'good' or 'bad.' ... [and] the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and evil and recognising no other duty than that of advancing its interests.
> 
> 

Here, he links nationalism to political power, influence and factionalism. He says *nationalism* is not the same as *patriotism*, as patriotism "*is of its nature defensive.... Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable (hard to separate) from the desire for power.*"

He says that it can be *positive,* i.e. *for* something, such as one's country. Orwell says Celtic nationalism and Zionism are examples of this sort of nationalism. On the other hand, it can be *negative*, i.e. *against* something, such as another group. Orwell says Anti-Soviet Trotskyism ans Antisemitism are examples of this sort.

*Transferred nationalism* is a third kind. This is identification and promotion of a different race, social class, or country to your own.

Scotland
--------

Orwell's claim that only Scottish nationalists think that using the Lowland Scottish language is important has been criticised by speakers of the language.

Orwell's *Notes on Nationalism* have been used by people on the right-wing of Scottish politics (such as former Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson) to argue against 'identity politics'.
Foldable smartphones using Android operating system
Smartphones and smartwatches
A **mobile device** is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them. Typical examples are a mobile phone, PDA and handheld game consoles. Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work. Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires. A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly. 

Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music. Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many of the functions of a desktop PC.

Examples of mobile devices
--------------------------

Using a tablet computer
* Palmtop
* PDA - Personal digital assistant
* Cell phone
* Pocket PC
* Smartphone
* Tablet computer
* Smartwatch
* Bluetooth headset

Categories
----------

Mobile devices can be classified by size and capabilities:

* With small, text-screen. May be used to write short messages. 20th century mobile phones were like this.
* With medium screen and runs mobile operating system. Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
* With big screen and runs desktop operating system. Examples: laptops, some tablets.

Related pages
-------------

* Mobile operating system
* Symbian OS
* Windows Mobile
* Android Mobile
* iOS Mobile
The classic dedicated cabinet.
***Dance Dance Revolution*** or ***Dancing Stage*** in Europe is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen. The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.

There is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes. 

Players can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.

Players are graded by their performance in letters (from lowest to highest, E, D, C, B, A, AA and AAA) based on how well they played the song. The better a player does on a song, the higher their grade is.

From *DDR SuperNOVA* to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.

Music
-----

There is a wide variety of music in *Dance Dance Revolution*. Most of the songs are created by people at Konami, with some other well-known popular songs included as well. From the first *Dance Dance Revolution* game up until *DDR Extreme*, the games had a partnership with Toshiba EMI, a record company which is now part of Virgin Records. This partnership meant that a lot of popular songs from Toshiba EMI's *Dancemania* series of dance music albums could appear in the games.

Extras
------

If the player gets an "AA" on the last stage in "Expert", "Heavy", or "Challenge", they can play an extra stage. Usually, on the extra stage, the game ends if four mistakes are made. If the player performs well enough on the extra stage, an Encore extra stage is played. In the Encore extra stage, one missed step will cause the game to end.

Other places
------------

Some educators even believe DDR should be in schools as exercise.

List of games
-------------

### Main series

2006
1. *Dance Dance Revolution* *(1998)*
2. *Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix* (1999)
3. ***Dance Dance Revolution Best of School Dancers*** (1999)
4. ***Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix with Beatmania IIDX Cluib Version*** (1999)
5. *Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version*
6. *Dancing Stage featuring True Kiss Destination*
7. ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix***
8. *Dancing Stage Dreams Come True*
9. ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix 2nd***
10. *Dance Dance Revolution 4th Mix*
11. *Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix*
12. *DDRMAX: Dance Dance Revolution*
13. *Dance Dance Revolution* (2001)
14. ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix***
15. ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix 2nd***
16. *DDRMAX 2: Dance Dance Revolution*
Brook silverside (*Labidesthes sicculus*)
The **brook silverside** (*Labidesthes sicculus*) is a North American species of Neotropical silverside. The brook silverside lives in slow moving rivers and lakes from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The brook silverside survives best in clear water with aquatic vegetation. The brook silverside occupies freshwater lakes, ponds, quiet pools and small rivers.

Life history
------------

The brook silverside breeds in the summer from late May to mid-August. Their life span is only one year. During the first year, they have rapid growth, growing up to one millimeter per day. Brook silversides quickly reach a maximum size of approximately eight centimeters. 

They reach sexual maturity by the first summer in order to reproduce. Some studies report that brook silversides reproduce by internal fertilization, although this has not been entirely confirmed. When the eggs are produced, they have an attached filament, which allows for the eggs to be deposited on wood, plants and rocks. 

Temperature does not affect the sex of fish. After the eggs hatch, they immediately swim away from the shore into deeper water, but still stay just under the surface. They congregate in large schools. The brook silverside migrates throughout its life cycle. No human-induced changes are reported as affecting the life history. Human-induced changes are reported as more strongly affecting populations rather than behaviors.

Current management
------------------

Illustration
Human intervention through species introduction, habitat alteration, pollution, and construction are causing the decline of the brook silverside and other freshwater fishes. Freshwater fishes account for the majority of extinctions in ray-finned fishes. To stabilize and increase populations, no more dams or waterways should be built. Additionally, pollution must be stopped. Agricultural runoff creates turbid waters, which the brook silverside cannot thrive in. Stream sampling occurs through organizations such as USFWS and TVA (locally). This allows for populations to be monitored and stream chemistry to be controlled. Over-fishing and hybridization aren't causing brook silverside populations to decline. Invasive species and habitat destruction have the greatest impact on population decline. Areas are being reserved for the preservation of endemic fish, but more must still be done.

Related pages
-------------

* Swordfish
* Sea monster
* Ovalentaria
* Percomorpha
* Labriformes
* Tubemouth
* Leedsichthys

Other websites
--------------

* Brook silverside on English Wikipedia
The green and red splotch in this image is the most active star-making galaxy in the very distant universe. The galaxy is churning out up to 4,000 stars per year. The red blob to the left is another foreground galaxy that is not producing many stars.   
This composite contains data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer and Japan's Subaru Telescope in Hawaii
The **Baby boom galaxy** is a starburst galaxy 12.2 billion light years away.

It was discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. The galaxy is the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, its brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate.

The Baby boom galaxy has been called "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year. Our Milky Way galaxy turns out an average of just 10 stars per year.

At its rate, the galaxy needs only 50 million years to grow into an equivalent of the most massive galaxy ever observed.

The discovery challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation. This has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old. Evidently, the galaxy was doing this when the universe was still in its infancy.

"This galaxy is undergoing a major baby boom, producing most of its stars all at once", said Peter Capak of NASA's Spitzer Science Center. To that, the principal investigator of the Cosmic Evolution Surveyor, Nick Scoville of Caltech responded:
"We may be witnessing, for the first time, the formation of one of the most massive elliptical galaxies in the universe".

Multi-wavelength
----------------

The different colors in the figure of the Baby boom galaxy refers to different wavelengths. The red color refers to new born stars in the galaxy. Interfered lights are giving off as the warm dust is heated by the stars. 

| The Color | Information the color indicates |
| --- | --- |
| Green | Indicates gas in the baby boom galaxy |
| Blue | not producing many stars |
| Yellow/orange  | stars light from the outer portion of the galaxy |
| Red | New born star |
**Dame Jacqueline Wilson** (née **Aitken**; born 17 December 1945) is an English novelist known for writing children's books.

Jacqueline Aitken was born in Bath, Somerset, on 17 December 1945. is a famous author who wrote books. All of Jacqueline's books were illustrated by Nick Sharrot. Jacqueline Wilson's books are now all over the world. She is most famous for these books: Double act, Lottie project, Secrets, Hetty Feather, the story of tracy beaker, best friends, my sister Jodie, bad girls and cookie.

Early life
----------

Jacqueline  was born in Bath and was brought up in Kingston - on - Thames December 1945. At the age 16, she started to keep a diary. Her mother was a  house wife and her father was a civil servant.

Personal life
-------------

Jacqueline Wilson has a cat called Jacob and a dog called Jackson. She now lives in a cottage in the woods in Kingston upon Thames to move back  to her child hood memories. Jacqueline married in 1965 to William Millar Wilson and he died in 2004. Jacqueline had only one child called Emma Wilson. When Emma was younger her mother told her more than many stories. She has been awarded with a national book awards childrens book of the year, for 3 years.
Federico Fellini
**Federico Fellini** (born 20 January 1920 in Rimini, died 31 October 1993 in Rome) was an Italian movie-maker and director. Fellini's movies combine memory, dream, and fantasy.

The first movie Fellini directed was *Lo Sceicco Bianco* (1951), with Alberto Sordi, written by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ennio Flaiano. In making this movie Fellini met Nino Rota, the musician that would follow him for the successful rest of his career.

Fellini was married to actress Giulietta Masina (1921-1994) from 1943 until his death. In 1945, he had a son who survived for only 2 weeks; it was the only child of Fellini and Giulietta Masina. Masina acted in many of his movies. Other actors Fellini often worked with include Marcello Mastroianni, Alberto Sordi, and Anita Ekberg.

Apart from making movies he also wrote scripts for radio shows, for movies (mainly for Roberto Rossellini) and wrote comic gags for well known actors like Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini also produced several drawings (mostly pencil on paper), often humoristic portraits. His first success was in drawing advertising pictures for movies.

During Fascism an *Avanguardista*, his first writings were for Alleanza Cinematografica Italiana (ACI), a production company of Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito, who introduced him to Rossellini.

In 1944, when Fascism was over, he opened a shop in Rome in which he sold these drawings. The shop was named (in English) "The Funny Face Shop", and contained works from Fellini and De Seta, Verdini, Camerini, Scarpelli, Majorana, Guasta, Giobbe, Attalo, Migneco (all writers, directors or otherwise intellectuals working for Italian cinema). In the same year started his contribution to Rossellini's Roma Città Aperta, with Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini took also part in writing another of Rossellini's movies: *Paisà*. He wrote also for other directors as Alberto Lattuada, Pietro Germi and Luigi Comencini.

In 1987 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In 1993, he received an Academy Award (Oscar) for his lifetime achievement.

Movies
------

* *Luci del varietà* (1950)
* *Lo Sceicco Bianco* (1951)
* *I Vitelloni* (1953)
* *La Strada* (1954) Oscar *(best foreign movie)*
* *Le Notti di Cabiria* (1957) Oscar (best foreign movie)
* *La Dolce Vita* (1960) Oscar (best costumes)
* *8 1/2* (1963) 2 Oscars (best foreign movie, best costumes)
* *Giulietta degli Spiriti* (1965)
* *Satyricon* (1969)
* *I Clowns* (1970)
* *Roma* (1972)
* *Amarcord* (1973) Oscar (best foreign movie)
* *Casanova* (1976)
* *Prova d'Orchestra* (1979)
* *La Citta' delle Donne* (1980)
* *E la nave va* (1983)
* *Ginger and Fred* (1986)
* *Intervista* (1987)

Other websites
--------------

* Federico Fellini on IMDb
The **Université de Montréal** (**UdeM**; French pronunciation: [ynivɛʁsite də mɔ̃ʁeal]; translates to **University of Montreal**) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on Mount Royal near the Outremont Summit (also called Mount Murray), in the borough of Outremont. There are thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the Polytechnique Montréal (School of Engineering; formerly the École polytechnique de Montréal) and HEC Montréal (School of Business). It offers more than 650 undergraduate programmes and graduate programmes, including 71 doctoral programmes.

The university was founded as part of the Université Laval in 1878. It became an independent institution after it was issued a papal charter in 1919 and a provincial charter in 1920. Université de Montréal moved from Montreal's Quartier Latin to its present location at Mount Royal in 1942. It was made a secular institution with the passing of another provincial charter in 1967.

It is co-educational, and has 34,335 undergraduate and 11,925 post-graduate students (excluding affiliated schools).
A newspaper-style crossword puzzle
A **crossword**, or **crossword puzzle**, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a collection of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.

The first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times. A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every issue, and the answer (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.

How to play
-----------

A traditional crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in horizontal rows or vertical columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.

The goal of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of clues. The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, "1 Across" or "15 Down". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.

There are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.

Example
-------

Here is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |   | 2 |   |   |
|   |   |   |   |   |
| 3 |   |   |   | 4 |
|   |   |   |   |   |
|   |   | 5 |   |   |

### Across

1. Sheep sound (3)  

3. Neither liquid nor gas (5)  

5. Humour (3)

### Down

1. Road passenger transport (3)  

2. Permit (5)  

4. Short for "Dorothy" (3)

The solution (answer) to this crossword is:

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1B | 9A | 2A |. |. |
| 9U |. | 9L |. |. |
| 3S | 9O | 9L | 9I | 4D |
|. |. | 9O |. | 9O |
|. |. | 5W | 9I | 9T |

Related pages
-------------

* Word games
* Puzzles
* Sudoku

Other websites
--------------


Wikinews has related news:
* Crosswords
* daily crosswords

* The Crossword Centre
* Daily crossword puzzles, Online crossword help and Crossword solutions
* FindTheWord.info Archived 2010-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Online crossword help
**PUSHIM** is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on November 16, 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

Career
------

She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on June 19, 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September of 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.

### Extended plays

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Date of Release** | **Title** | **Label** | **Chart positions** | **JP sales** | **Certification** |
| June 19 1999 | *Brand New Day* | Sony Music Japan | 4 | 16,000 |  |
| April 10 2002 | *Pak's Groove* | Sony Music Japan | 29 | 15,000 |  |

### Studio Albums

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Date of Release** | **Title** | **Label** | **Chart positions** | **JP sales** | **Certification** |
| March 8 2000 | *Say Greetings!* | Sony Music Japan | 4 | 36,000 |  |
| July 4 2001 | *COLORS* | Sony Music Japan | 13 | 73,000 |  |
| May 3 2003 | *Pieces* | Sony Music Japan | 10 | 127,000 |  |
| August 4 2004 | *QUEENDOM* | Sony Music Japan | 6 | 88,000 |  |
| July 26 2006 | *Sing A Song... Lighter!* | Sony Music Japan | 9 | 57,000 |  |

OTher websites
--------------

* PUSHIM's official homepage
* Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website
A **didactic method** is a teaching method that follows a consistent educational style to present information to students. 
The discipline of didactics is interested in both theoretical knowledge and practical activities related to teaching, learning and their conditions. It is concerned with the content of teaching (the "what"), the method of teaching (the "how") and the reasons of curricular choices (the "why"). It focuses on the individual learner and their cognitive functioning when they learn. It uses cognitive psychology and the theory of teaching, and sometimes social psychology. 
In continental Europe, as opposed to English-speaking research cultures, pedagogy and didactics are distinct areas of study. Didactics is a knowledge-based discipline concerned with the descriptive and rational study of all teaching-related activities before, during and after the teaching of content in the classroom, which includes the "planning, control and regulation of the teaching context" and its objective is to analyze how teaching leads to learning. On the other hand, pedagogy is a practice-oriented discipline concerned with the normative study of the applied aspects of teaching in real teaching contexts inside the classroom.
**Enid Blyton** (11 of August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was an English writer. She was born in Dulwich, South London, England. She was one of the world's most famous children's writers. She wrote a great number of books. Her most famous stories are the Famous Five stories, about a group of four children (Dick, Julian, Anne, and Georgina, who wanted to be called George) and their dog (Timmy) who have many adventures, and her Noddy books for small children.

Her parents wanted her to become a pianist, but Enid wanted to be a teacher. Her parents agreed to let her train as a teacher. She began teaching in 1919 in Kent, not far from where she grew up in Beckenham.

As a child and teenager her main interest had been writing poems, stories and other items. She had sent many of them to magazines but had never had any published. As she worked as a teacher she began to publish her articles in a magazine called *Teachers' World*. Her first book, called *Child Whispers* came out in 1922. It was a book of her poems with illustrations (drawings).

She was married soon after. She left teaching and began to have more success with her books. She wrote in and was the editor of magazine for children called *Sunny Stories*. The magazine came out every two weeks. Some of Enid's most famous books were first printed in this magazine in parts.

Enid Blyton is in *The Guinness Book of Records* as one of the world's biggest selling writers. She is also included because she wrote more books than almost any other writer (about 700). Her books were published in many different languages. She said that she found writing them easy. Her books still sell in large numbers, and used to be owned by her family. A few years ago her family sold them, and now her works belong to a private company.

Enid Blyton did a lot of work for charity and had a club for children which helped them to give money to charity. She was married twice and had two daughters. She died of Alzheimer's disease in Hampstead, London.

* Blyton, Enid 1952. *The Story of my Life*. Grafton. ISBN 978-0-246-12795-2
* Stoney, Barbara 2006. *Enid Blyton: the biography*. (Kindle ed.) History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6957-7

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Enid Blyton***.

* The Enid Blyton Society
* EnidBlyton.net
* Heather's Blyton Pages Archived 2017-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Enid Blyton Collectors' and Enthusiasts' Guide to First Editions
**Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers** is also called **JASRAC** in short. Its official name in Japan is 一般社団法人日本音楽著作権協会.

JASRAC was made in 1939. It is the only organization in Japan to manage and protect copyrights in Japan.

JASRAC can only manage copyrights inside Japan. As for outside Japan (for overseas), foreign organizations such as ASCAP, Muserk manage copyrights of origins of Japan instead, according to a separete agreement with these organizations. 129 foreign organizations have relation with JASRAC.

When people in Japan uses music, videos and books for business useage, originally produced in outside Japan must pay proper money for their copyrights. For this purpose or business, JASRAC manage copyrights in turn by legal agreements with organizations overseas such as PRS for Music, ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, HARRY FOX AGENCY and Muserk.

Numerical information
---------------------

Numerical information on music business is made public every year. In 2019, JASRAC collected national money of 117,691,182,223 yen in total from April 1 to March 31. On the other hand, JASRAC gave 117,056,695,494 yen to members such as songwriters in total during the same period.

Related pages
-------------

* American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP)
* Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)
* Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)

Other websites
--------------

* - The official website of JASRAC
A **recording studio** is a place prepared for the recording of music, or other sound media. Some studios are independent, but many are part of a larger business, like a record label. Independent studios may only record one band or set of performers, but may also lease time to outsiders. Some studios charge an hourly rate, while others charge by the project.

Recording studios are usually divided into three areas: a "live area" (with natural 
reverberation
) for recording groups, a "dead area" (with 
soundproofing
 to prevent reverb and echoes) for vocals and soloists, and a control booth, to house the recording equipment. Studios are usually soundproofed, to keep outside noises from getting into recordings. 
Baffles
 and other objects are used inside studios, to isolate sound sources. 
Asymmetrical
 room shapes are also used, to prevent "standing waves" and sound interference.

Early recording studios were not much different from radio studios, and the techniques used were 
interchangeable
, but this changed over the years. Recordings could present sounds in ways radio could not carry, and radio did not play only recordings, so the shift was natural. When 
multitrack
 recording was developed in the 1950s, radio stations did not need multitrack equipment, for example. (Today some radio stations have such equipment, but use it to pre-record material.)

After effects 
processors
 were developed, the natural sound of a recording space was ignored by many new studios. The people who operated them depended on effects to create the sound they wanted. Today the trend is back toward good natural sounds, with less processing.