recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Enver Galim** (March 15, 1915, Kazan, Russian Empire – March 2, 1988, New York, US), Tatar writer and journalist, was one of the translators of the Bible into the Tatar language.

After graduating from the Institute of the Tatar Language and Literature in 1938, Enver Galim worked as a school teacher and a journalist. He was drafted into the Soviet Army in 1941 and sent to the front to fight against Nazi Germany. A year later he was severely wounded and captured by German soldiers. After spending a few months in the POW camp Enver Galim was released. Fearing repression in Stalinist Russia, he decided to stay in Germany. To avoid deportation, he applied for Turkish citizenship and after receiving it, changed his name to Enver Galimoglu.

After the war, he continued his career as a journalist, writing articles for the magazine *Azad Vatan* and other publications. Between 1953 and 1988 Enver Galim worked for the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty. After 1968 he was Radio Liberty's correspondent based in New York. He contributed numerous articles and analyses to *Problems of the Peoples of the USSR*, the Turkish-language magazine *Dergi* and the Russian-language newspaper *Vestnik.* One of his major works was the translation of the Bible into the Tatar language.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Individual Record[*permanent dead link*]
A **snail** is a common name for a kind of mollusc. The term is used for a gastropod with a coiled shell. Their fossil records extends back into the Carboniferous period.

Land snails and slugs breathe with a kind of lung. They used to be put together in a group, the Pulmonata. This was a well-known order in traditional taxonomy. However, the Pulmonata is polyphyletic. This means the same life-style evolved in a number of different lines. This is called convergent evolution. Therefore, the Pulmonata is no longer an official term in biological classification.

The term "snail" is also sometimes used for aquatic snail-like gastropods, which usually have gills. Actually, most snail species are marine snails. There are more species of them, and they are far greater in numbers. Many kinds of snails can also be found in fresh water habitats.

Most land snails and slugs are herbivorous. Aquatic snails and slugs are usually omnivores or predatory carnivores.

In many countries around the world, people eat snails as a delicacy. In France, snails are called *escargots*, which is also the name of the dish. In French cuisine, the snails are cooked in salt water and then served with a garlic sauce.

The biggest snail is the giant African snail. Their foot is up to 35 cm long.
The fastest snail is the *Helix aspersa*. It can reach speeds up to 0.047 kmh.
There are known more than 43000 species of snails all over the world.

Body parts
----------

### Shell

Snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones. The shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation. Shells have many different shapes, sizes, and colors. Snails do not breathe through their mouths, instead they have a breathing hole under their shells.

### Foot

A snails "foot" is a muscle which allows it to move slowly across the ground. The foot puts out ('exudes') slime, which eases the snail's movement, leaving a trail. Snails can absorb mineral nutrients through their foot by simply sitting on a rock.

### Head

The head is attached to the foot. On the head there are 15 mm stalks. At the end of the stalks are snail’s eyes.

Habitat
-------

Snails are found all over the world. Generally speaking, land snails live in damp habitats. They live in caves and dark places. Snails can be found in dark places such as in a garden under plant's foliage leaves. Some species live in cold places like the Arctic and a few are found in warm places like beaches and deserts.

Food
----

Land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples. Aquatic snails are often carnivorous. Snails use their radula to cut food. The radula is a hard, rough plate in the mouth. Radula teeth are like little pieces of sandpaper. They are good for cutting up plants and if the snail eats meat they are good for tearing the meat apart. 

Many animals eat snails. Fireflies, snakes, beetles, fish, insects, turtles and people eat snails too. To defend themselves, snails pull back into their shells.

Related pages
-------------

* Ampullariidae
* Gastropoda
* Helix (genus)
* Slug
* Sea slug
The Bataan Death March was a forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of between 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war (POW) from the municipalities of Baguc and Mariveles on the Bataan Peninsula to Camp O'Donnel via San Fernando.

The transfer began on 9 April 1942 after the three month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. The total distance of Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to various camps was 65 miles (105 km) long. Sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell: from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the
march.

The march was characterized by
severe physical abuse and wanton killings. If an American POW was caught on the ground or fell, he would be instantly shot. After the war, the Japanese commander, General Masaharu Homma and two of his officers, Major General Yoshitaka Kawane and Colonel Kurataro Hirano, were tried by the United States military commissions for war crimes and sentenced to death on charges of failing to prevent their subordinates from committing atrocities. Homma was executed in 1946, while Kawane and Hirano were executed in 1949.
**Frédérique Lantieri**, born on March 18, 1960, in the Kingdom of Libya, is a French journalist and television presenter.

Biography
---------

Frédérique Lantieri was born in Libya in 1960, into a family of French settlers originally from Algeria.

Career
------

She spent fifteen years working as a legal affairs journalist at Le Quotidien de Paris and L'Événement du jeudi. Her career included roles as the chief editor of La Marche du siècle, editor at the CAPA agency, and a journalist for the TV program "Envoyé spécial." In October 2011, she took over as the host of "Faites entrer l'accusé" on France 23, succeeding Christophe Hondelatte.

In early 2020, when *Faites entrer l'accusé* moved to RMC Story, Frédérique Lantieri was replaced as the host. Like Christophe Hondelatte, she expressed profound disappointment about the show's departure from public broadcasting and concerns regarding its future. Nevertheless, she opted not to exercise her veto power to prevent the show from leaving the public service.

Filmography
-----------

* 2022 : Dangereux à perpétuité ?
**Slug** is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell. 

Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is not a taxonomic category.

The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called *semislugs*.

Body parts and behaviour
------------------------

Drawing of slug with labels for the foot (bottom side), the foot fringe that surrounds it, the mantle behind the head, the pneumostome for breathing, and the optical and sensory tentaclesBody parts of a slug
Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or *tentacles* on their head. The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. The tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost. 

On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the *mantle,* and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.

The bottom of a snail is called a "foot". Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. 

Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***slug***.
A hand-colored photo of 1886, showing a lupus-caused rash (the red parts in the photo)
**Lupus**, or **Lupus erythematosus**, is a disease of the immune system. It is chronic, which means it does not go away. It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.

The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.

Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.

Famous people with lupus
------------------------

* Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
* The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
* Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
* British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.
The financial model for a start-up is an exercise in creativity and forward-thinking. It’s an opportunity for entrepreneurs to let their imagination run wild, finally voicing their visions on paper. As startups are generally risky investments, the financial model is a tool that helps investors evaluate the venture before committing funds. The main purpose of the startup financial model is to show investors that your company can reach profitability within a reasonable time frame and make them enough money to justify their investment.

Importance
----------

Financial modeling is an integral part of the startup world. You can use models to predict future growth, understand the impact of certain decisions, and help raise funding. It's also a great tool to see how sensitive your business is to certain assumptions. You can change certain inputs to see how they affect your bottom line or different stages in your model. Models are also good tools for learning about new industries and understanding valuations (if you're looking at acquiring another business).

Types
-----

Financial models are mathematical representations of a financial situation. They can range from simple to complex, depending on the purpose and users of the model. Different model types are appropriate for different purposes, such as long-term strategic planning or annual budgeting.

A company may use several different types of models at the same time. For example, a company may have a long-term strategic plan that it uses to inform its capital investment decisions, but it will also create an annual budget model to plan out how much cash it expects to spend and earn over the course of the year.

Examples
--------

* 3 Statement Model
* DCF Model
* Industry-Specific Model

Financial modeling for startups
-------------------------------

Financial modelling for startups is the creation of a financial representation of a startup business. It's used to forecast future cash flows and profitability.

Financial modelling is often used to assess a company's current financial health, its valuation and its potential for future growth. Financial modeling for startups is often used to prepare a document known as a pitch deck. This document is presented to investors and contains information such as: the company's business model, its target market, how it will make money, founders' backgrounds and its revenue projections.

A financial model is not complete without a full set of business assumptions that make up the model. These assumptions are typically broken down by revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, depreciation and amortization (D&A) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The process of building a startup financial model is usually referred to as financial modeling.
**The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild** is a 2023 American computer animated comedy adventure film directed by John C. Donkin and produced by 20th Century Animation. It's a spin-off to the Ice Age franchise. It stars Simon Pegg reprising his role of Buck with Seann William Scott and Josh Peck being replaced with Vincent Tong and Aaron Harris as Crash and Eddie with Justina Machado and Utkarsh Ambudkar joining them voicing new characters. It focuses on Buck, Crash, Eddie and Buck's old love interest Zee trying to protect the Dinosaur World from a dwarf talking Triceratop named Orson that wants to rule the place with his Raptors.

It premiered on Disney+ on 28 January 2023.

Synopsis
--------

One month after the events of *Ice Age: Collision Course* (2017), Buck is back in the Lost World and continues protecting the place from rogue dinosaurs until his old nemesis Orson, a talking dwarf Triceratop with a big brain, comes back for revenge and wants to rule the Lost World, getting ride of all mammals in it and avoiding every mammal to enter in there. Crash and Eddie, that wanted to prove theimselves and living with Buck to live an adventerous life, and his love interest and former teammate Zee found theimselves forced to help him as they must stop Orson from killing all mammals.

Cast
----

* Simon Pegg as Buck
* Seann William Scott as Crash
* Josh Peck as Eddie
* Utkarsh Ambdukar as Orson
* Justina Machado as Zee
* Ray Romano as Manny
* John Leguizamo as Sid
* Denis Leary as Diego
* Queen Latifah as Ellie
The **League of Super-Pets** is a fictional team of superhero pets in the DC Universe. It consists of super-powered animals "owned" by various characters of the DC universe, set in the current period. 

It is NOT TO BE CONFUSED with the **Legion of Super-Pets**, which originally consisted of Krypto the Superdog, Streaky the Supercat, Beppo the Super-Monkey, and Comet the Super-Horse, with the shape-shifting alien Proty II later joining. This team first appeared in *Adventure Comics* #293 (February 1962), although all of the members except for Comet had appeared individually in earlier issues. It often worked together with the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 31st century.

The crossover series DC One Million in 1998 indicated that in the 853rd century a version of the team operates called the **Justice Legion of Super-Zoomorphs**. A follow-up story revealed that the universe of the 853rd century is protected by many teams representing the **Legion of Super-Familiars**, all of which are overseen by the **Legion of Executive Familiars**. It is unclear if the Justice Legion of Super Zoomorphs is one of these teams and simply adopted a unique name or is its own organization, similar to how the Legion of Super-Heroes and Legion of Substitute Heroes are similar teams, one inspired by the other, but operate separately unless a team-up is required.

A animated movie based on the team was released in 2022.
***Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani*** (transl. Love Story of Rocky and Rani) is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Karan Johar from a screenplay by Shashank Khaitan and Sumit Roy. Its dialogues were written by Ishita Mohra. It stars Dharmendra, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi, Ranveer Singh, and Alia Bhatt. It is produced by Dharma Productions and Viacom18 Studios. The music of the film is composed by Pritam Chakraborty. The film marks the onscreen reunion of Dharmendra and Jaya Bachchan after 48 years, having previously worked together in *Sholay* (1975). 

Principal photography commenced in August 2021. The movie was released on 28 July 2023.

सुहागरात: अमन और राहुल की रोमांटिक कहानी **प्यार और आनंद का एक अनुभव, नई शुरुआत का दिन, अमन और राहुल, दोनों दिल के बहुत करीबी दोस्त, अपने प्यार की अगली मंज़िल पर चले गए हैं, जो उन्हें नई एकता, प्यार और समझौते की दुनिया में ले जाती है, और इनकी बोरिंग दुनिया को एक Romantic Story में बदल देती हैं।**

Plot
----

An adult love story about a North Indian guy & a Bengali girl.

Cast
----

* Dharmendra
* Jaya Bachchan
* Shabana Azmi
* Ranveer Singh as Rocky
* Alia Bhatt as Rani
* Tota Roy Chowdhury
* Saswata Chatterjee
* Karmveer Choudhary
* Arjun Bijlani
* Shraddha Arya
* Sriti Jha
* Arjit Taneja
* Churni Ganguly
**BonziBuddy** (styled as BonziBUDDY) was a freeware program from BONZI Software. The software was available from 1999 to 2004. It is based on the Microsoft Agent technology. The program is no longer available because it contained a lot of adware, malware, and spyware. Most antivirus software picked up the software as Adware. The user would right click on the character and a menu would come up with different things that the character could do. It could tell jokes, facts, sing songs, download files and keep people on schedule with a calendar. Most things required the purchase of add-ons which would add extra jokes, facts and songs. There were also game add-ons and a speech recognition add-on which was called the 'Talking Add-on Module'. The program itself was advertised as an Internet Companion. The official website stayed open until 2008 and then it was no longer working. BonziBUDDY can still be downloaded by uploads from fans.

Characters
----------

For the first version, they used a green bird called Peedy that was created by Microsoft. In 2001, the company made their own character. They called it Bonzi. The character was a purple gorilla. When the program launched, the gorilla would surf onto their screen on a yellow surf board. In later versions, they changed Bonzi's entrance from a surf board to a jungle vine.

Virus issues
------------

BonziBUDDY had a lot of spyware. It would bring out random advertisements, set the homepage to www.bonzi.com and slow down the computer. It was also rated 6th at PCWorld's annoying spyware products. It would also collect personal information about what people do on their computer and that was a legal issue about this software.
Belbin at a press conference
**Tanith Jessica Louise Belbin** (born July 11, 1984 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-American ice dancer. She is a citizen of both Canada and the United States. Her skating partner is Benjamin Agosto.

Belbin was born in Canada and lived in various places like Montreal until she was thirteen years old. At the age of thirteen, she moved to the United States to skate with Agosto. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. He is the one who paired them together.

Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.

In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.

In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.

Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tanith Belbin***.

* Official web site
* Tanith Belbin at the United States Figure Skating Association
* Tanith Belbin at the International Skating Union
* Care to Ice Dance? - Belbin & Agosto Archived 2006-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Irreligion** (meaning **not religious**) is a term that describes people who reject religion, or who do not have a particular religion.

The term covers all those who answer "none" to questionnaires which ask people about their religion. In the social survey world, they are called "the nones". The term *irreligious* is an umbrella term, for atheists, agnostics, deists and ignostics.

Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism, agnosticism, deism, irreligious theism and secular humanism. 

Irreligion may be a purely naturalist worldview which denies a belief in anything supernatural. The broadest and loosest definition, is the lack of religious identification (attendance at church, temple etc.). The narrowest and strictest is subscribing to "positive atheism". That might be described as a willingness to state rejection of a deity absolutely. Public statements of belief can be, and are, tailored to the various social climates.

'No religion' groups
--------------------

There are, at least five different groups of "not religious" people:

* Agnostics
* Atheists
* Deists
* irreligious theists
* Ignosticists
**Oscar Devereaux Micheaux** (2 January 1884 – 25 March 1951) was an American writer, movie director and independent producer of more than 44 movies. He is regarded as the first major African-American moviemaker, and the most successful African-American moviemaker of the first half of the twentieth century. Micheaux was the most prominent producer of race movies. He produced both silent movies and "talkies".

Biography
---------

### Early years

Micheaux was born to former slaves on January 2, 1884, in Metropolis, Illinois. He passed most of his early years in Great Bend, Kansas. He moved to Chicago when he was 17. He worked as a Pullman porter (railroad baggage handler). In 1906, he bought land in South Dakota. He homesteaded among white neighbors for eight years.

He began to write stories. In 1913, he self-published his first novel, *The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer*. In 1915, he had money troubles and lost his land. He moved to Sioux City, Iowa where he ran his own publishing company. In 1917, he rewrote *The Conquest* and published it as *The Homesteader*. He sold the book door-to-door in small towns.

### Moviemaking

An African American movie company wanted to make a movie of *The Homesteader*. The company however did not want Micheaux to direct it. They would not agree to a budget that met his expectations. The deal was dropped.

Micheaux then turned his publishing company into the Micheaux Film and Book Company. He sold stock in the company to raise money for his own movie of *The Homesteader*, and shooting began. It was the first feature-length movie made by an African American. It was released in Chicago in 1919, and was a great success.

Micheaux's second movie was *Within Our Gates*. This was his response to D. W. Griffith's *Birth of a Nation*. Griffith's movie was about the Ku Klux Klan. It was one of the most popular movies of the day. The movie challenged Griffith's message by showing that whites were more likely to harm blacks than the other way around.

Micheaux would make more than 40 movies over the next 30 years. In 1931, his movie *The Exile* became the first full-length sound feature by an African American. His last movie *The Betrayal* (1948) was the first movie produced by an African American­ to open in white theaters.

### Death

Micheaux died on 25 March 1951 in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is buried in the Great Bend Cemetery in Great Bend, Kansas. His gravestone reads, "A Man Ahead of His Time."

In 1986, the Directors Guild of America posthumously granted Micheaux the Golden Jubilee Special Directorial Award. In 1987, he received a star on Hollywood Boulevard's Walk of Fame.

List of selected movies
-----------------------

* *The Homesteader* (1919, first movie)
* *Within Our Gates* (1919)
* *A Daughter of the Congo* (1930, last silent movie)
* *The Exile* (first sound movie, 1931)
* *The Betrayal* (1948, last movie)
The **gray** (symbol **Gy**) is an SI Unit used to show how much ionizing radiation someone has been exposed to. It measures how much energy has been deposited, or left behind, in someone. It is used frequently in medicine, such as in radiotherapy, and they are also used to diagnose people. Grays are important in figuring out if someone has acute radiation syndrome, for example. Grays are used frequently in radiation protection. They are an important unit in figuring out what health effects someone may have from exposure. Grays are used internationally in order to calculate how much radiation someone has in their body. They are used in many different fields and have many uses.

| * v
* t
* e
SI units |
| --- |
| Authority: International System of Units (BIPM) |
| Base units | 
* ampere
* candela
* kelvin
* kilogram
* metre
* mole
* second

 | SI base unit |
| Units basedon other units | 
* becquerel
* coulomb
* degree Celsius
* farad
* gray
* henry
* hertz
* joule
* katal
* lumen
* lux
* newton
* ohm
* pascal
* radian
* siemens
* sievert
* steradian
* tesla
* volt
* watt
* weber

 |
| Other SI units | 
* astronomical unit
* bar
* dalton
* day
* decibel
* degree of arc
* electronvolt
* hectare
* hour
* litre
* minute
* minute of arc
* neper
* second of arc
* tonne
* atomic units
* natural units

 |
| See also | 
* Conversion of units
* Metric prefixes
* Systems of measurement

 |
| 
* **Category**

 |
**JTBC** is a South Korean nationwide general cable television network and broadcasting company. It was established on March 21, 2011 and launched on December 1, 2011. JTBC is supported by *JoongAng Ilbo*, which is one of the three biggest newspapers published in Seoul. JTBC's largest shareholder is JoongAng Media Network with 25% of shares. JTBC is in alliance with other overseas broadcasting companies, including CNN, FOX, HBO, BBC, SMG, TV Asahi, K-channel, Al Masry, Al Youm and Standard Group.

History
-------

JTBC insists Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation (TBC) is the return of *JoongAng Ilbo* to television in JTBC. TBC, which was a part of the Samsung Group, was launched in 1966 and ran the network for 16 years. In 1980, however, TBC was taken over by the state-run Korean Broadcasting System under the Chun Doo-hwan military regime.

Programs
--------

JTBC has news, sports, entertainment, drama and children's programs.

On weekdays, JTBC shows *JTBC Morning Show 7* at 6:55–8:35 am, *JTBC News Concert* at 5:35–6:50 pm, *JTBC Newsroom* at 8:00–9:30 pm(weekdays), and at 7:40–8:30 pm(weekends) and *JTBC Sports News* at 12:15–12:25 pm. The most popular entertainment programs are *Hidden Singers*, shown on Saturdays at 11 pm, and *Shinhwa-Bangsong*, shown on Sundays at 11 pm. The most popular dramas are *Your Neighbor's Wife*, shown on Mondays and Tuesdays, and *Madi*, shown on Saturdays and Sundays.

Other websites
--------------

* [*permanent dead link*]
* 
* JTBC website
**Child Benefit** ( used to be called *family allowance)* is a Social Security benefit for people in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1946 by Clement Attlee's government. 

There was a tax allowance for children from 1909 to 1979. 

Family Allowances Labour Party poster
The Family Allowances Act 1945 set a rate of five shillings a week for each child, after the first. It was paid up to the age of 15. The amount increased over time. It was £1.50 for each child after the first in 1975. The age limit was then 18.

In 1975 family allowances stopped. Child Benefit was paid for all children. £1 a week for the first child and £1.50 for the other children. An extra 50p was payable to single parents. In 1998, Tony Blair's government increased the first child rate by more than 20%. It stopped the single parent rate. 

The rate is £21.80 a week for the first child and £14.45 for the others. It is paid until the child is 16. If they are in approved education or training it goes on until their 20th birthday. 

From January 2013, people earning more than £50,000 per year have part of their benefit stopped. People earning over £60,000 do not get any.

People who get means-tested benefits - Tax Credits or Universal Credit get extra money for children. Since 2017 there is a limit of two children per family for children born after 2017. The limit does not apply to adopted children, multiple births, or children born after rape. 

A person bringing up someone else’s child because the parents are dead or missing can get an extra payment called Guardian's Allowance. This is £18.55 a week a child on top of Child Benefit.
**Hurricane Florence** was a major tropical cyclone, powerful and Cape Verde hurricane in the Atlantic that caused severe and extensive damage in the Carolinas in September 2018. The storm threatened the East Coast of the United States with major and catastrophic flooding, especially in the Carolinas. The sixth named storm, the third hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. Florence first came off from Africa as a tropical wave on August 30, 2018.

On August 31, the tropical wave became a tropical depression. It became Tropical Storm Florence on September 1, 2018.

The storm strengthened to a major hurricane on September 5, and then strengthened to a Category 4 hurricane with estimated maximum sustained winds of 130 mph later that day.

The state Governors of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia declared a state of emergency for each state. It was becoming evident that the hurricane might strike South or North Carolina as a major hurricane.

Florence later weakened to a strong tropical storm. However, the storm later strengthened back to a hurricane. This time, it strengthened to 140 miles per hour, stronger than it was before.

On September 10, 2018, mandatory evacuations were issued in certain parts of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.

On September 11, 2018, tropical cyclone watches were posted for the North and South Carolina coastlines.

The storm made a slow landfall (7 km/h) on September 14 as a Category 1 hurricane. It had heavy rain. It took energy and water from the warm Gulf Stream near the coast for one day. When the storm was inland, it weakened to a tropical depression.

Florence had a wind speed of 140 mph and a central pressure of 939 millibars, but from post-analysis it had a wind speed of 150 mph.

Damage from Florence was estimated at $24 billion (2018 USD). There were 53 deaths from Florence.

Retirement
----------

On March 20, 2019, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name *Florence* due to severe and very expensive damage it caused along its track, particularly in the Carolinas, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with *Francine* for the 2024 season.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hurricane Florence (2018)***.

* *NOAA archives for Florence*
Storm Poly was a severe windstorm that affected northwest Europe in early July 2023. 

The Netherlands was most affected by the storm.
Storm Poly was the most severe summer storm in the Netherlands since at least 1911.

In the Dutch provinces of North Holland, Flevoland and Friesland a red weather warning was given for strong wind gusts.

At Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam, about 400 flights were canceled, and many flights were unable to land.

There were two fatalities as a result of the storm: a 51-year-old woman in the Netherlands, and a woman in Germany.

Highest wind gust per country
-----------------------------

| Country | Gust | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  Netherlands | 146 km/h | IJmuiden |
|  United Kingdom | 144 km/h | Lowestoft |
|  France | 122 km/h | Calais |
|  Germany | 119 km/h | Leuchtturm Alte Weser |
|  Ireland | 115 km/h | Hook Lighthouse |
|  Belgium | 114 km/h | De Panne |
|  Sweden | 96 km/h | Varberg |
|  Norway | 94 km/h | Sandefjord |
|  Denmark | 90 km/h | Rømø |
|  Luxembourg | 84 km/h | Wincrange |
***P5*** (also known as ***Class Act***) was a short-lived comic strip in the UK comic The Dandy, Which had run between 1998 and 2002. It was drawn by Dennis the Menace artist Jimmy Hansen. It first appeared in issue #2965 (dated September 19, 1998).

Overview
--------

The series focussed on a class of prepubescent children in a school – Class P5, similar to The Bash Street Kids of The Beano. Each strip would sometimes focus on an individual in the group, and how they deal with situations that came up in school.

As the series went on, the character of Kim was joined to Class P5 from issue #3034 dated January 15, 2000, and the character of Dotty was moved from preschool class into P5. The strips also moved away from individual stories and focussed more on the group as a whole.

In Issue #3000, the kids had grown up to become adults with a school reunion theme, with Miss Truncheon now working in a job centre, until the last frame of the story when she immediately resigned, saying she wanted to stay away from "that lot", who had all since taken jobs at the same job centre. They appeared in a one-off in July 2002.

P5 returned as a reprint on 4 November 2006 under the new title of **Class Act**. The reprints are mainly from 1998 and 1999 for DC Thomson's policy of comic strips being at least 7 years old before they are reprinted. These reprints ended when The Dandy relaunched in August 2007.

Characters
----------

* **Den** – The class leader, who sometimes appreciates lessons so that he can get away from his sister, Dotty.
* **Dotty** – Den's annoying little sister, who later attends P5 after passing a set test with flying colours, much to Den's annoyance.
* **Jackie** – A vain, self-centred blonde often seen with ponytails and high-heel shoes.
* **Kim** – A Chinese student, who introduced to Class P5 from issue #3034, dated January 15, 2000.
* **Liam & Noel** - Two rough, violent twin brothers who are almost always fighting with each other. Named after Noel and Liam Gallagher, who founded the band Oasis.
* **PC** – a nerdy inventor who uses a robotic backpack to help him with his lessons.
* **Miss Truncheon** – Their long-suffering teacher who seems to have little power over P5, allowing them to stage their own plans and ideas without much opposition.
**Josef Blatter**, mostly known as **Sepp Blatter**, (born 10 March 1936) is a Swiss association football administrator. He is best known as the 8th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He served as president from 1998 until his resignation in 2016. He replaced the popular João Havelange. His presidency ended when he was banned from FIFA on 21 December 2015. He officially left office after Gianni Infantino replaced him on 26 February 2016.

Early life
----------

Blatter was born in Visp, Switzerland. He studied at the University of Lausanne.

President of FIFA (1998-2016)
-----------------------------

Blatter was elected President of FIFA on 8 June 1998 succeeding João Havelange. He was re-elected in 2002, 2007, 2011 and 2015. But on 2 June, just days after being re-elected, he announced that he would resigned after a new president would be elected due to corruption accusations. On 8 October 2015, Blatter and other top FIFA officials were suspended amid the investigation.

On 21 December 2015 it was announced that Blatter would be banned for a period of eight years amid the corruption case. He left office on 26 February 2016 after Gianni Infantino replaced him.

Personal life
-------------

Blatter was married to Liliane Biner, but the marriage didn't last. Then he married Barbara Käser in 1981. The couple divorced in 1991. Then he married Graziella Bianca in 2002. The couple divorced in 2004. He was in a relationship with Ilona Boguska from 1995 through 2002. He is now in a relationship with Linda Barras as of 2014. Blatter has one daughter, Corinne.

Blatter lives in Zürich, Switzerland with Boguska and his daughter.

Honors
------

* Order of the Companions of OR Tambo, South Africa
* Order of the Rising Sun, Japan

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Joseph Blatter at Wikimedia Commons

* FIFA President's page on official website of FIFA Archived 2017-11-14 at the Wayback Machine

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Blatter, Sepp |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | FIFA president |
| Date of birth | 10 March 1936 |
| Place of birth | Visp, Valais, Switzerland |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
The **Battle of Ortona** was a small, very violent battle fought between German and Canadian troops. It was fought on December 20–28, 1943. It was part of World War II.

The battalion of German paratroops were from the German 1st Parachute Division under *Generalleutnant* Richard Heidrich. The Canadian forces were from the 1st Canadian Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes.

It was part of the fighting on the Adriatic area in Italy. The battle has been called "Little Stalingrad" because of the violent, close fighting. The battle took place in the Adriatic Sea town of Ortona, with a population of 10,000.

Background
----------

The Eighth Army's attack on the Winter Line defences started on 23 November. By the end of the month, Allied troops broke through the Gustav Line defences. The Allied troops were fighting towards the Moro river, near Ortona.

Ortona was one of Italy's few deep water ports on the east coast. The Allies wanted to capture the port. The Germans had constructed a series of defensive positions in the town.

The battle
----------

Canadian sniper at the Battle of Ortona
The Canadians had to battle the German 1st Parachute Division. These soldiers were experienced after many years of war. Adolf Hitler ordered them to defend Ortona.

The Canadian attack on the town was on December 20. The Germans had hidden machine guns and anti-tank guns in the town. This made it hard for Canadian tanks and infantry to move. The fighting was very violent. The soldiers fought for every house.

After six days fighting, 2nd Brigade's third battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, joined the battle. Tanks from 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade also joined the battle.

On 28 December, after eight days of fighting, the Germans withdrew from the town. The Canadians had 1,375 dead.

Bibliography
------------

* Bercuson, David (2001) [1996]. *Maple Leaf Against the Axis*. Red Deer Press. ISBN 0-88995-305-8. OCLC 55973783.
* Zuehlke, Mark (1999). *Ortona: Canada's epic World War II battle*. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55054-557-4.
The Zuiderzee in the Netherlands was partly changed into land by building polders and draining them. Old land is mostly green, new one is darker in color.
**Drainage** is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

Early history
-------------

The earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of drainage comes from the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3100 BC in what is now Pakistan and North India. The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets.

Reasons for artificial drainage
-------------------------------

Historic map of the Haarlemmermeer prior to reclamation.
Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture. In the northern USA and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes which gradually filled with humus to make marshes. Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches.

The largest project of this type in the world has been in process for centuries in the Netherlands. The area between Amsterdam, Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting (Peat mining), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer, or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted drainage of some of the marginal land, but the final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large, steam powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The elimination of the lake occurred between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km2 of new land.

Other websites
--------------

  

* WebCom Systems Archived 2018-12-23 at the Wayback Machine, software created for designing soakaways and filter trenches.
* NDS Archived 2007-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, drainage calculator.
* Ancient drains, a series of images of the earliest drainage systems in the ancient Indus city of Mohenjo daro
* Stormwater DesignInformation on stormwater design Archived 2010-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
* *Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health* by George E. Waring, 1867, from Project Gutenberg
* Drainage photos Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
Martha Argerich at the age of 21 in 1962
**Martha Argerich** (born 5 June 1941 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine classical pianist of Jewish descent.

Argerich was born in Buenos Aires and started playing the piano at age three. At the age of five, she moved to teacher Vincenzo Scaramuzza. Argerich gave her first concert in 1949 at the age of eight.
The family moved to Europe in 1955 where Argerich studied with Friedrich Gulda in Austria. She later learned with Stefan Askenase and Maria Curcio. Argerich also had brief periods of learning with Madeleine Lipatti (widow of Dinu Lipatti), Abbey Simon, and Nikita Magaloff. In 1957, at sixteen, she won both the Geneva International Music Competition and the Ferruccio Busoni International Competition, within three weeks of each other.

Argerich started to become famous around the world when she won the Seventh International Chopin Piano Competition in 1965 at the age of 24. She also made a recording in the same year, including pieces by Chopin, Brahms, Ravel, Liszt, and Prokofiev.
**Chronophilia** is a form of paraphilia where someone is sexually attracted to a particular age group or at least has a sexual preference for them. It is normally restricted to specific age groups.

Chronophilia Types
------------------

### Attraction to children

***Nepiophilia*** (sometimes called ***Infantophilia***) is a sub-type of pedophilia describing the sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children which is restricted to infancy (referring to babies/toddlers ranging from ages 1-4.

**Pedophilia**: is the sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children which are children who have not begun puberty (Or) (Usually under 15 years old).

### Attraction to adolescents

***Hebephilia***: is the sexual attraction to early adolescent (pubescent) youth (ranging from ages 11 to 14). Due to the varying onset of puberty, there is overlap between pedophilia and hebephilia.

***Ephebophilia***: is the sexual attraction to post-pubescent mid-to-late teens (ranging from ages 15 to 19).

### Attraction to adults

***Teleiophilia***: is the sexual attraction to young adults. (Ranging from the early 20s to late 30s)

***Mesophilia***: is the sexual attraction to middle-aged adults. (Ranging from early 40s to 60s)

***Gerontophilia***: is the sexual attraction to old people. (From ages 65 and older)

#### Both ranges

***Pedohebephilia***: is the proposed sexual attraction to both pre-pubescent children and early adolescent youth.

***Hebe-ephebophilia***: is the attraction to both early adolescent youth and mid to late adolescent youth.
***Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star Generation: 2*** (SEGA AGES 2500シリーズ Vol.17 ファンタシースター generation:2) is the seventeenth entry in the Sega Ages 2500 series for the PlayStation 2.

This game is much like *Phantasy Star Generation: 1*, except that it stands as a remake of *Phantasy Star II*. Like the first "generation" a number of tweaks were made to bring it in line with more modern RPGs, and the graphics and sound have been updated.

Also included is an emulated version of the Mega Drive *Phantasy Star II* (the Japanese version).

Description
-----------

*Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star Generation: 2* is the seventeenth entry in the Sega Ages 2500 series for the PS2. Similarly to the Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 01: Phantasy Star: Generation:1, this game is a modern remake of Phantasy Star II including new graphics, sounds, and gameplay. Also included an emulated version of the Mega Drive Phantasy Star II.

Phantasy Star II is the second installment in Sega's acclaimed Phantasy Star series and serves as a sequel to the original Phantasy Star for the Master System. Phantasy Star II takes place 1,000 years after the events of its predecessor and follows the journey of a government agent named Rolf and his friends, who are on a mission to discover why the protector of the planet Mota, Mother Brain, has started malfunctioning.

Other websites
--------------

* Sega of Japan catalogue pages (Japanese): PlayStation 2
* Official website (Japanese) (offline)
* *Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star Generation: 2* on PlayStation.com: PlayStation 2: JP; PlayStation 3: JP
* *Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star Generation: 2* on PlayStation Store