recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Ardèche** (Occitan: *Ardecha*) is a 125-kilometre (78 mi) long river in south-central France, a right-bank tributary of the River Rhône. The river gives its name to the French department of Ardèche.

Geography
---------

The Ardèche river has a length of 125 km (78 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 2,376 km2 (917 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 64.8 cubic metres per second at Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche in the Gard department.

### Course

The Ardèche river starts in the Massif Central, within the *Parc naturel régional des Monts d'Ardèche* ("Regional nature park Mountains of Ardèche"), in the *commune* of Astet (Ardèche department), at an elevation of about 1,430 m (4,692 ft).

It then flows roughly to the southwest and, after the towns of Aubenas and Ruoms, it gets into its famous gorge (or canyon) below Vallon-Pont-d’Arc.

The valley of the Ardèche is very scenic, in particular a 30-kilometre (19 mi) section known as the Ardèche Gorges (or the Canyon of Ardèche). The walls of the river here are limestone cliffs up to 300 metres (980 ft) high. A kayak and camping trip down the gorge is not technically difficult and is very popular in the summer. The most famous feature is a natural 60-metre (200 ft) stone arch across the river known as the **Pont d'Arc**.

Finally, the river flows into the Rhône river, on the right side, near the *commune* Pont-Saint-Esprit, Gard department.

### Communes

The Ardèche passes through the following regions, departments and communes:

**Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes**

**Ardèche** :

Astet
Mayres
Barnas
Thueyts
Pont-de-Labeaume
Fabras
Lalevade-d'Ardèche
Vals-les-Bains
Labégude
Ucel
Aubenas
Saint-Privat
Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas
Saint-Étienne-de-Fontbellon
Vogüé
Lanas
Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche
Balazuc
Chauzon
Pradons
Ruoms
Labeaume
Saint-Alban-Auriolles
Sampzon
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc
Salavas
Labastide-de-Virac
Saint-Remèze
Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche
Saint-Just

**Occitanie**

**Gard** :
Aiguèze
Saint-Julien-de-Peyrolas
Saint-Paulet-de-Caisson
Pont-Saint-Esprit

Main tributaries
----------------

The *Pont d'Arc* over the Ardèche river
The main tributaries of the Ardeche river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Fontolière - 21 km
* Volane - 21 km
* Sandron - 18 km
* Luol - 19 km
* Auzon - 26 km
* Ibie - 33 km

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Lignon - 21 km
* Ligne - 23 km
* Beaume - 44 km
* Chassezac - 85 km
 |

Gallery
-------

* The Ardèche near AubenasThe Ardèche near Aubenas
* Bridge over the Ardèche in RuomsBridge over the Ardèche in Ruoms
* Cliffs along the ArdècheCliffs along the Ardèche
* The Durance: the cathedralThe Durance: the *cathedral*

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ardèche River***.

* Banque Hydro - Station V5064010 - The Ardèche at Saint-Martin-d’Ardèche (Sauze St. Martin) - (option Synthèse) Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
Canterbury Cathedral
Norman staircase, King's School, Canterbury
Coat of arms of Canterbury
**Canterbury** is a city in Kent, England. It is about 60 miles (97 km) from London. It was made famous by a book called *The Canterbury Tales*. It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.

Transportation
--------------

There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city. It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.

Education
---------

The city has an estimated 31,000 students. This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK. There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges. At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England. The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.

Sports
------

The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club. It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

History
-------

The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times. Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.
**Christopher "Kit" Marlowe** (6 February 1564–30 May 1593) was a major dramatist, poet, and translator of English Renaissance drama. Swinburne has written that: "Marlowe is a **Father of English Tragedy** and the creator of English blank verse and therefore also the teacher and guide of Shakespeare." He was born the same year as Shakespeare, or at least baptised, but lived only to the age of 29, when he was murdered in a brawl.

Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury. His intelligence won him scholarships, to King's School in Canterbury at age 15, and two years later to the University of Cambridge. Marlowe was well-educated; he earned a bachelor's degree in 1584 and a master's degree in 1587. 

Marlowe's plays were both popular and controversial, in his own era and later. His plays deal with disturbing subjects like devil worship (*Doctor Faustus*), homosexuality (*Edward II*), and anti-Semitism (*The Jew of Malta*). Marlowe is generally regarded as master of blank verse.

In addition to seven plays, Marlowe wrote one long poem, *Hero and Leander*, and one famous shorter poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."

Marlowe's death was also highly controversial. He was killed in a tavern brawl, stabbed in the head. Marlowe was, or sometimes claimed to be, an atheist, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death. Some people have wondered if his death were connected with these other issues.

Uncertainty about Marlowe's death has led some people to believe that Marlowe faked his death and continued to write plays using the name "William Shakespeare." This is called the "Marlovian theory." In modern times, the changes were attempted to rename the theory in "Derogation of the king."

Plays
-----

* *Dido Queen of Carthage*
* *Tamburlaine, Parts 1 and 2*
* *The Jew of Malta*
* *Doctor Faustus*
* *Edward II*
* *The Massacre at Paris*

### Other possible works

* *The Contention of York and Lancaster* (or *The First Part of the Contention betwixt the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster*) is an annoymous work that some people think may have been written by Marlowe. It was the basis for Shakespeare's play *Henry VI, Part 2*.
A **political faction** is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose. 
It may also be called a power bloc, or a voting bloc. 

The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal for the organization they are a part of. They stick together to achieve this goal and improve their position within the organization.

A political faction could be described as a "party within a party". But political factions are not limited to political parties; they can form within any group that has some sort of political aim or purpose.

Examples of political factions
------------------------------

### United States

#### Within the Democratic Party

* Democratic Leadership Council

#### Within the Republican Party

* Christian Right (made up of Christian Voice, Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, and Focus on the Family. The Christian Right claims to champion Biblical values)

### China

In the history of the Republic of China from 1911 until 1949, factionalisation within the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang was a large problem for the central government, especially for Chiang Kai-Shek. Warlord factions which had been persuaded to ally with Chiang had to be constantly pacified, as well as regional military governors who ruled regions that were not directly administered by Chiang's central government. Often historians conclude that this lack of unity contributed to the defeat of the Nationalists in holding mainland China during the Chinese Civil War.
3 model huts and a larger building in the form of burial urns at the museum at the Baths of Diocletian in Rome, Italy.
A **hut** is a simple shelter that is built by humans. A hut is small, and most of the time, it is less well-built than a house, but is more complex than a tent. Some indigenous peoples use huts as their permanent place of safety. A hut can be built out of many things, such as wood, grass, or fabric.

The word *hut*
--------------

The word is, many times, used by people who think homes that are uncommon in their country are primitive. Sometimes, the word *house* is used to avoid this. Often, how the hut looks is based off of tradition. The design of the hut in tropical and sub-tropical areas is meant to allow air to come inside, reducing the heat inside of the hut. Also, instead of being called a shed, something can be called a hut. The word has also been used to speak about structures that shelter climbers and backpackers. The word comes from the 1650s, from French *hutte*.

Modern use
----------

Huts are used by shepherds when they are moving animals from one grassland to another. 
They are also used by people who are traveling in rural areas.
Some populations use huts during a diaspora, such as those on farms in the Amazon jungle.
Huts have been built to keep items safe, to build items, and to teach when regular classrooms cannot be used.

Construction
------------

Many huts are planned to be built quick, and with a small amount of work. These huts only need a bit of understanding of architecture to be built, and do not need special tools.

Other uses
----------

Sometimes, the word *hut* is used in the names of stores, to imply that it is a small place, and that it is friendly. Some stores that use the word in their name are Pizza Hut and Sunglass Hut. Buildings that sell things in a park or beach can look like huts.
Qutbism (Arabic: ٱلْقُطْبِيَّةِ, romanized: *al-Quṭbīyah*) is a political philosophy that comes from the Islamic scholar and thinker Sayyid Qutb. Qutb was a leading member of an Islamist political group called the Muslim Brotherhood, which was founded in Egypt in 1928 by a different Islamic scholar, Hasan al-Banna. It is banned in Egypt and in a number of other Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, even though these are also all Sunni-led states. 

A photo shows Sayyid Qutb behind jail bars. He is wearing a Western style suit and striped tie. It is the only known photo of him on trial before his execution.Sayyid Qutb in 1966
Qutbism is a Sunni philosophy. Its main associate, the Muslim Brotherhood, has supported other Sunni Islamist groups from the beginning of its foundation, including the Syrian Opposition groups, ISIS and Hamas (until 2017).

Core beliefs
------------

Qutbism shares many core beliefs with other reformist Islamist philosophies, such as Wahhabism and Salafism. The main one being that for centuries, the Muslim community has not been following true Islam and must be reinvigorated by following the beliefs of the Prophet and his community. 

### Taqfir

The most controversial and well-known aspect of Qutb's philosophy is takfirism - the belief that Muslims who do not adhere to his strict tenets of Islam are not Muslim at all; they are apostates. In sharia law, the penalty for apostasy is the death penalty. Controversially, he claimed that the entire Muslim world had become *taqfir*, as they no longer practised Islam as the prophet did. Therefore, they had fallen into a state of *jahiliyah* - a word which is used to describe the time before the Qur'an was revealed to the prophet, and also translates as ignorance. 

Although, neither the Hadith or the Qur'an mention the word *taqfir*, instead using the word *kufr* (unbelief) or *kafir* (unbeliever). The word *taqfir* is a political invention by the wave of Islamic reformists such as Qutb who sought to reform Islam in his own terms. It has been used to justify violence by such groups against other Muslim communities by groups such as ISIS. 

### *Milestones* (*Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq)*

*Milestones*, or *Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq* in Arabic, is Qutb's main work where he outlines his religious and political ideas.
The **Basque Country** (Basque: **Euskal Herria**) is a region in Southwestern Europe that is within the borders of France and Spain.

Description
-----------

It is the home of the Basque people. It is at the western end of the Pyrenees on the Bay of Biscay. Its boundaries are complicated, as it consists of seven districts: four within Spain and three within France.

History
-------

### Origins

No one knows when the Basques came to Europe. Many say that they have been in Europe since the Neolithic period at the end of the Stone Age, but others say that they were here even earlier. 

The first written information about the Basque Country is from the Roman times, when the Basque people already spoke their own language. During the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Basque Country was isolated from the invading Goths.

### Middle Ages

During the Muslim invasion of Southern Europe, the Basque Country split in two: the Castilian and the Navarrese lands. A war with France later split the Navarrese zone in two. 

After the Reconquista, the Castilian Basque lands and Navarre became part of the new country: Spain. Since then, Basque people from the Spanish area of the Basque Country have had their own government and have fought to gain the northern part of the Basque Country from France.

### Now

Today, three of the Basque districts in Spain (Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa) form the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. The political unit is one of 17 autonomous communities in Spain.

The fourth Basque district in Spain (Navarra) is its own separate autonomous community of Spain.

The three districts in the North (French) Basque Country are Lapurdi (Labourd), Nafarroa Beherea (Basse-Navarre) and Zuberoa/Xiberoa (Soule).

Population
----------

The entire region has a surface area of 20,664 km2 (7978 sq mi). The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country has 7,234 km2 (2793 sq mi), and its population is about 2,000,000 - about 5% of the total population of Spain. Basque and Spanish are spoken, and its largest city is Bilbao although the capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz.

Famous people
-------------

* Miguel de Unamuno
* Maurice Ravel (through his mother)
* Che Guevara (through his mother)
* St. Ignatius Loyola
* Louis Daguerre
* Pío Baroja

Largest cities
--------------

* Bilbao
* Donostia
* Gazteiz
* Iruña
* Biarritz
* Baiona
* Maule
* Donibane Garazi

Other websites
--------------

* The official website of the Basque Autonomous Community
**Eric Theodore Cartman** is a fictional character in the animated television series *South Park*. He is voiced by co-creator Trey Parker.

Appearance
----------

A simplified representation of Eric Cartman.Eric is an overweight child, who wears a red winter jacket, yellow gloves, brown pants, and sports a light blue/cyan woolly hat with yellow rims and a yellow poof ball on top of it.

Overview
--------

Cartman is one of four main characters in the series. He is often the main reason for their adventures because of his over-enthusiasm and selfishness.

Hates
-----

Cartman often reacts violently to things that he hates. He hates any race or group of which he is not a member, particularly the Jews. He also has sociopathic tendencies. This comes from his rivalry with Kyle Broflovski. 

In an older pilot episode for South Park, Cartman is killed, causing Stan and Kyle to utter the iconic phrase: "Oh My God, They Killed Kenny; You Bastards!", although, since it was "Cartman" who was killed, this makes us believe that originally, Cartman was Kenny (vice versa).

Evil Activities
---------------

Eric idolizes Adolf Hitler, Henry Ford, and Mel Gibson. He is also a fan of T.S. Elliot. He often tricks others, at which he is good at, to meet his own ends, no matter the consequences to other people, even if it can result in deaths. Cartman has gone to prison.

In the earlier seasons, Cartman was often seen taking advantage of or tricking Butters Stotch into doing something, at the expense of Cartman's enjoyment. These include, forcing Butters to stay in a bunker so Eric can take his place in going to an event and plastering a fake pair of testicles on his chin so he can go on television.

Family
------

Cartman lives with his mother. He previously had a pet pig and cat, but they both stopped appearing in episodes. In the original pilot episode, Cartman and his mother are seen eating dinner with a man and little girl, presumably his father and younger sister. Whilst episodes have been dedicated about the identity of Eric's father, nothing has ever been said of the mysterious sister. It is eventually revealed that his father is that of Mr. Tenorman, father of Scott Tenorman, Eric's one-time rival. What makes this worse is that, in one episode, he grinds Scotts' parents into chilli after they stole a pony and feeds it to Scott. With this information, that means that in reality, Eric grinded up his own Father.

In an earlier season, Cartman, Linda, Kyle, Kenny, and Stan travel to the state of Nebraska to meet Eric's relative. Many of the younger male relatives have a striking resemblance to him, such as his youngest cousin named Elvin, who was always carrying a melting chocolate ice pop and had chocolate smeered on his mouth. We never and hear of these Nebraskan relatives after the episode.

Cartman was briefly in a relationship with school student, Heidi Turner.
**Abies amabilis,** or **Pacific silver fir** is a large evergreen conifer that grows up to 30–45 meters tall and has a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m. Its bark is light grey, thin, and covered with resin blisters, while older trees darken and develop scales and furrows. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, and have a spiral leaf arrangement. The shoots are orange-red with dense velvety pubescence, and the cones are 9–17 cm long and 4–6 cm broad, dark purple before maturity. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6–7 months after pollination.

The tree can live to over 400 years old and is closely related to Maries' fir A. mariesii from Japan. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, occurring in the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range from the extreme southeast of Alaska, through western British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, to the extreme northwest of California. It grows from sea level to 1,000 m in the north and 610–2,000 m in the south.

Pacific silver fir is found in temperate rainforests with high precipitation and cool, humid summers, growing in dense stands and prospering in shade and snow. Common associate trees include western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and California buckeye. Although its thin bark makes it susceptible to fire, slow-growing saplings succeed less shade-tolerant species.

Indigenous Nations, including the Nuxalk, Haisla, and Kitasoo Nations, used Abies amabilis or Silver Fir for medicinal purposes and entered into nourishing relationships with this plant. Seeds were not brought to England for cultivation until the 19th century, with David Douglas responsible for transporting seed abroad in 1825. The soft and not very strong wood of Pacific silver fir was used for paper making, packing crates, and other cheap construction work.
***Gorgias*** is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of rhetoric, virtue and justice.

Persons
-------

The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;

* Socrates
* Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
* Gorgias, a sophist
* Polus, a student of Gorgias
* Callicles, a sophist

Synopsis
--------

In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

*Socrates*: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

*Gorgias*: By all means.

*Socrates*: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?

*Gorgias*: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

*Socrates*: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

*Polus*: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

*Socrates*: I should say a sort of experience.

*Socrates*: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

*Polus*: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

*Socrates*: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and is closer to flattery. 

Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

  

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

Related pages
-------------


English Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Gorgias**

* Gorgias
* Sophist
Zack de la Rocha in 2007
**Zack de la Rocha** (born January 12, 1970) is the lead singer of American rock band Rage Against the Machine. He was born in Long Beach, California.

Biography
---------

### Early life (1970-1991)

Zack was interested in punk rock - including bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash - from a young age. In seventh grade, Zack played guitar in a punk band called Juvenile Expression, along with his friend Tim Commerford, who played bass. As a teenager, Zack grew to like hardcore punk bands such as Minor Threat and Fugazi, and joined Hardstance as a guitarist. In 1988, Hardstance changed it's name to Inside Out, and Zack became vocalist. Inside Out broke up in 1991. In August of that year, while performing in a club, Zack was approached by Los Angeles local musicians Tom Morello, a guitarist, and Brad Wilk, a drummer and the three agreed to form a band called Rage Against the Machine, which was the name of a song Zack had written when he was vocalist. De la Rocha asked former Juvenile Expression bandmate Tim Commerford to play bass, and he agreed.

As a teenager, de la Rocha became a vegetarian for ethical reasons.

### Rage Against the Machine (1991-2000: 2007-present)

Zack wrote most of Rage Against the Machine's songs, with lyrics that talked about politics and current events. The band signed with Epic Records in 1992 and released three original albums between 1992 and 1999- *Rage Against the Machine* in 1992, *Evil Empire* in 1996, and *The Battle of Los Angeles* in 1999. Zack left the band in October, 2000 for "political and creative differences". A fourth album, *Renegades*, was released in December.

On January 22, 2007, it was announced that they would reunite to play a show in Coachella, California. Since then, the band has been active in political causes and is planning to release a new album in 2011.
The **Socratic Method** (or **Method of Elenchus** or **Socratic Debate**), is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of philosophical questioning.

The central technique of the Socratic method is called an ***elenchus***. It means argument to disprove or refute (prove wrong).

Socrates in Plato's dialogues
-----------------------------

Our knowledge of Socrates comes mainly from Plato, who was one of his students. No writing by Socrates survives. 

Socrates was famous for not answering questions in a direct manner. "I know that I know nothing", he said. Socrates's stated position (as presented in Plato's dialogues) was that other person already knew the answer to a question. He (S.) only drew out what was already in the other's mind. 

In Plato's early dialogues, the *elenchus* is the technique Socrates uses to investigate ethical concepts, such as justice or virtue. According to one scholar, it has the following steps:

1. Socrates' student or partner asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul".
2. Socrates secures his agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
3. Socrates then argues, and the partner agrees, that these further premises imply the opposite of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
4. Socrates then claims that he has shown that his partner's thesis is false and that its opposite is true.

The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate. In particular, whether it is a positive method leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge.

According to W.K.C. Guthrie, the Socratic method was intended to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the Sophists, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, "[Socrates] was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not".
***The Republic*** is a book by Plato. It was finished in 375 BC. 
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'. 
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However, people who do good things end up happy.

He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society. 
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy, because the rule of peoples (democracy) often fall because of unreasonable confusion.
However, in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to have things or feel love.

Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.

Plato's argument (Less Simple)
------------------------------

Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.

Plato thought that people are made of three things:

* A mind that thinks and reasons
* A spirit or a self that looks after the person
* A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).

He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.

Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.

Plato also thought society should be made up of three things (types of people)

* Philosophers who think for the society
* Soldiers who look after the society
* Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.

He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.
The **Malmö tramway** is a former tramway network in the city Malmö of Sweden. It remains a network about 2 km as a historic line.

History
-------

The Malmö tramay existed between 1887 and 1973. It started service as a horse car. The horse cars had been replaced by electric trams since 1906. The last electric tram has been replaced by bus in 1973.

Lines
-----

* line 1 (red) from 1907 till 1967
* line 2 (blue) from 1907 till 1940
* line 3 (white) from 1906 till 1964
* line 4 (yellow) from 1907 till 1973
* line 5 from 1915 till 1928
* line 6 from 1916 till 1919 and from 1924 till 1949
* line 7 from 1918 till 1949
* line 8 from 1928 till 1930

Cars
----

Originally the service had been provided by two-axle motor cars. From 1949, they had been replace by newer ones.

Museum Line
-----------

At a length of 2 km, there still remains a line for historical purpose, it starts at Malmöhus and ends at the museum.

Literature
----------

* Andersson, Per Gunnar; Forsberg, Anders; (2006); Malmö elektriska spårväg 100 år; Stockholm: Trafiknostalgiska Förlaget

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Trams in Malmö***.

* Tram Malmö
**Subway** is a corporation that operates a large chain of fast food restaurants. These restaurants mainly sell submarine sandwiches, but also pizzas and salads. The name "Subway" comes from the New York City Subway, a public transport system in New York City, and many restaurants are decorated with historic photographs and maps of the subway system.

The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984. Today, there are more than 44,000 Subway locations in 112 countries across the world, making it the world's largest fast food restaurant chain by number of stores. It has more stores than McDonald's, but McDonald's earns more revenue than Subway.

Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur Magazines' top 500 franchise list. It also ranked 2nd on the "Fastest Growing Franchise" lists. In March 2011, Subway was named "the most loved fast food chain in the US" by Amplicate.com.[*source?*]

Products
--------

Subway's main product is a type of sandwich called a submarine sandwich or "sub". Each sub is made from a combination of baguette, meat, cheese and vegetables. Subway has different menu items for different countries. However, there are some common products that are sold in most countries. They are:

* Italian BMT (Stands for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest" though it stood for "Brooklyn Manhattan Transit" at first.)
* Steak & Cheese
* Meatball Marinara
* Chicken Teriyaki
* Subway Club
* Chicken & Bacon Ranch
* Tuna
* Roasted Chicken
* Veggie Delite

### Regional variations

Subway formerly had 23 kosher restaurants in Israel. All were closed by 2004. In the United States, there used to be 12 locations with kosher food. As of 2011 only 5 were open.

Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi. Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef and pork products in deference to Hindu and Muslim beliefs respectively. Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab. In 2009, Zagat Survey Says "Top Overall", Behind Wendy's.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Subway (restaurant)***.

* Official website
* Subway restaurant locations map
* tellsubway[*permanent dead link*]

| * v
* t
* e
Fast food restaurants |
| --- |
| Arby's • A&W • Burger King • Dairy Queen • Jack in the Box • Jollibee • KFC • Long John Silver's • McDonald's • Popeyes • Quiznos • Sonic Drive-In • Subway • Taco Bell • Tim Hortons • Wendy's • Whataburger |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
**Daniell Washington** is an American marine biologist, science communicator, television host, and activist for ocean conservation. Washington was the first African American woman to host a television series about science. She founded the nonprofit organization Big Blue and You. Washington is seen on STEM-related shows like *Mission Unstoppable, Science the $#\*! Out of It, and Xploration Nature Knows Best.* She is featured in NOVA's "Ocean Invaders."

Career
------

Washington grew up in Miami, Florida. Her family is from Jamaica. She loved the ocean since she was six years old. She graduated from the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science in 2008. She was the only woman of color in her academic department at college.

When she was twenty-one she co-founded the nonprofit organization Big Blue and You with her mother. Big Blue and You is a group that inspires young people to care about ocean conservation. Washington help children learn about the ocean by helping them make art from recycled materials. Washington started the organization after she won the "Follow Your Heart Tour" award. She won US $10,000. She used the prize money to start the Art Sea Festival. The Art Sea Festival allows children to talk to scientists and artists who care about the ocean.

She also used the prize money to make the first episode of a television show for children about science. In 2016 Washington became the host of her own show on the Fox station "Xploration Station" where she talks about how scientists are taking inspiration from nature. The show lasted two seasons.

Washington co-hosted the series *Science the $#\*! Out of It* with comedian Krystyna Hutchinson on Facebook Watch. In the series, they answered questions from the internet.

Washington wants women, non-binary people, and people of color to get excited about science. She wants them to understand they can be scientists. That is why she is on many television shows. She also started the podcast 21st Century Mermaids. That podcast features women and non-binary ocean conservationists.

### Awards

Washington won the "Follow Your Heart Tour" prize from ROXY. She also won a "TogetherGreen" fellowship from the National Audobon Society and Toyota. Washington used the TogetherGreen Fellowship to teach 15 students filmmaking. They will make public service announcements about conserving water. Washington was also named one of TheGrio's 100 in 2012.
The Mine of San José during the rescue efforts, on August 10, 2010.
The **2010 Copiapó mining accident** was a mining accident that happened on August 5, 2010, when the copper-gold mine of San José, near Copiapó, Chile, collapsed. It left 33 miners trapped around 700 meters under the ground.

The Mine of San José (Mina San José) is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Copiapó, in the Region of Atacama. The miners were trapped at about 700 metres (2,300 ft) deep and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the entrance of the mine. The mine has had accidents in the past, including one death. A report from the Chilean Government from July 2010, said that the owners of the mine did not "reinforce the roof." The lack of reinforcement "led to an earlier collapse of the roof". There has been controversy over why the mine was not closed down earlier.

Some people, including lawyers representing the mining company, think that the owners of the mine will declare bankruptcy after the miners are rescued.

On October 13, 2010, Florencio Ávalos reached the surface. He was the first miner to be rescued.

Related pages
-------------

* 2006 Copiapó mining accident
* 2010 Cauquenes earthquake
* 2010 Pichilemu earthquake
Not to be confused with the hair color brunette.
Brunette in 2023
**Elen Yeremyan** (born 27 May 2001) is an Armenian singer-songwriter who is known by her stage name **Brunette**.

Career
------

She released her first song at the age of 18 in September 2019. In 2023, she was chosen to represent Armenia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with her song "Future Lover". The public voted for her to be one of the 26 finalists. At the end of the contest, Brunette finished in 14th place with 122 points.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Armenian Pop Singer Brunette Releases 'Love the Way You Feel' in Support of Non-Profit Nvak". *onestowatch.com*.
2. ↑  "Big news from Armenia: Brunette was chosen to represent her home country at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool". *eurovoxx.tv*.
3. ↑  "Armenia pick Brunette for Eurovision". *eurovision.tv*. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
4. ↑  "Armenia's Brunette releases "Future Lover" for Eurovision 2023 – POPXD". Retrieved 2023-03-31.
Launch of Apollo 15 to the Moon.
A **rocket** may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V). Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned. ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.)

Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth. Some are used to bring satellites into orbit, for example from a spaceport. Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to outer space.

The rocket was invented by the Chinese, using gunpowder. The first rockets were shaped like arrows and were not very fast. Most rockets still work by fire. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out a nozzle. This makes the rocket go forward.

Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However, handling the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some satellite launch vehicles use both.

Rockets are also used for fireworks and weapons and to control moves in outer space.

Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans.

Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1 or 1,200 km/h or 760 mph). Those that go into Low Earth orbit go 30,000 km/h (19,000 mph).

Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space. He was in the R-7 rocket launched by the Soviet Union.

Pioneers
--------

* Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
* Robert H. Goddard
* Wernher von Braun
* Hellmuth Walter
**Madura District** was one of the districts of the Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the present-day districts of Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and parts of Virudhunagar District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

History
-------

Madura district was the centre of the Pandya kingdom and its capital city of Madurai was flourishing ever since the Sangam period. In the 10th century AD, the region was conquered by the rising Chola power. The Pandyas governed as subordinate from the 10th to the 13th century AD when they asserted their independence and established their supremacy over the declining Cholas. After a short and progressive rule, the Pandyas were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate whose ruled Alauddin Khilji sacked Madura. The region was ruled by the Madurai Sultanate for some time before it was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire. The Vijayanagar kings were succeeded by the Madurai Nayak kingdom whose demise in 1736 left behind a huge void. After a short period of anarchy, Madura was conquered by the British East India Company and the district of Madura was carved out.

Taluks
------

Madura district was sub-divided into 15 taluks, including 5 zamindari taluks of Ramnad estate and 3 zamindari taluks of Sivaganga estate.
The ***MonsterVerse*** is an action-adventure monster movie franchise featuring Godzilla and King Kong, produced by Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Pictures. The franchise started with *Godzilla* (2014) which acted as a reboot to the *Godzilla* franchise. It was followed by *Kong: Skull Island* (2017), *Godzilla: King of the Monsters* {2019) *Godzilla vs. Kong* (2021) and the upcoming *Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire* (2024).

Cast and characters
-------------------


| Character | Films |
| --- | --- |
| *Godzilla* | *Kong:Skull Island* | *Godzilla:King of the Monsters* | *Godzilla vs. Kong* | *Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire* |
| Monsters |
| Godzilla | T.J. StormS | *Pictured with archive audio* | T.J. StormS | Erik AadahlDee Bradley Baker |
| MUTO | Matt CrossSLee RossS | *CGI* | *Archive footage* |
| King Kong | Terry NotarySToby KebbellS | *Archive footage* | Terry NotaryRobin Atkin Downes |  |
| King Ghidorah | *Pictured* | Jason LilesSAlan MaxsonSRichard DortonS | *Archive footage* |
| Rodan | *Pictured* | Jason LilesS | *Archive footage* |
|

other note was the creatures including Skullcrawler vocalizations by Frank Welker, JD Hall as Mechagodzilla mo-cap and vocalizations.

Related pages
-------------

* Pacific Rim (movie)
* Kaiju
**Esmeralda Soria** is an American politician. She is currently serving as a California State Assembly member. She represents California District 27. Soria's district covers Fresno, Madera, and Merced counties. Soria won the election on Tuesday, November 8th, 2021. She was sworn in on Monday, December 5th, 2022. Soria is a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life and family
---------------------

Soria was born and raised in Visalia, Tulare County, a county in Central California. She is a first generation American. Her parents came to the United States from Michoacán, Mexico. She grew up working on a farm with her parents. Soria’s parents valued education and giving back to their community. She became interested in politics and law at a young age. Soria went to University of California, Berkeley for her undergraduate degree. She studied Political Science and Chicano/a Studies. She later attended University of California, Davis for a Juris Doctor. A Juris Doctor is a degree you need to be a lawyer. Soria was one of the sixty people accepted into Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Executive Leadership Program.

Soria is one of five children. One sister is on the Lindsay City Council, in Tulare County, California. Another sister is on the board of directors of the Lindsay Unified School District. Soria's youngest sister is on the board of directors of the local hospital. She also has one brother.

Career
------

After graduating from University of California, Berkeley, Soria began to work at the Sacramento State Capitol. She focused on women’s health, education, and public safety. She went to law school two years later. During her time in law school at University of California, Davis, she interned at the White House.

Soria worked as a legal clerk for California Rural Legal Assistance. She became Policy Advisor for California Assemblyman Henry T. Perea. She was District Director for State Senator Michael Rubio. She then became an adjunct professor at Fresno City College.

### Fresno Council

Soria was elected to the Fresno City Council in 2014. She was on the city council eight years. She was the only woman on the council. Soria represented more than 72,000 people from her community. She helped homeless people and worked for affordable housing. Soria also wanted better parks. Soria was a member of the Fresno City Council until her win as a California State Assembly member in 2022. She was elected president of the Council in 2018. She was the first Latina council president in Fresno city history.

### 2020 Election

Soria ran against US Congressperson Jim Costa for California District 16 in the United States Congress. She lost in the primary election to a Republican Party candidate, Kevin Cookingham.

### 2022 Election

Soria ran for the California State Assembly in 2022. She ran against Mark Pazin. The election was on November 4, 2022. The vote was very close: 51% for Soria, 49% for Pazin. She took office on December 5th 2022. Right now, she is working with a board of other assembly members.
***Red Faction: Guerrilla*** is a third-person shooter video game made by Volition, Inc. and published by THQ, with the PC version being made by Reactor Zero. The game first came out on June 2, 2009 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. In the European countries it was released on June 5 2009 and the Microsoft Windows version will be released on August 25 2009. The game is the third game in the Red Faction series.

Gameplay
--------

Red Faction: Guerrilla has a third person perspective, the first two games had a first-person perspective. This was changed because Volition though that the third-person view would be better because the player would be able to see more of the environment. In Red Faction: Guerrilla, the hero, Alec Mason, can run, jump, steal vehicles, and use weapons to explore the open world of Mars and fight the EDF (Earth Defense Force).

Reception
---------

Red Faction: Guerrilla has gotten good reviews. The Metacritic score is 85/100. The GameSpot reviewer Randolph Ramsey gave the game a, 8.5/10. He said that the physics and the realism of the game were good, but also said that the game is repetitive and that the story was not good. IGN reviewer Charles Onyett gave the game an 8/10. He said that the game is fun, but that the storyline, graphics, and voice acting are weak.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another. This law also applies to nutrition.

Calories in versus calories out
-------------------------------

Many experts disagree with the belief of counting calories as a method to lose bodyfat. 1 pound of bodyfat roughly equals 3500 calories. Therefore, eating 500 calories less everyday for 7 days straight would result in exactly 1 pound of loss in bodyfat. Several studies have proven this to be false solidifying the belief that counting calories does not work. This disparity can be explained.

Reasons
-------

1. Thermic effect of food: 1 calorie of protein is not the same as 1 calorie of carbohydrates or fats. The body requires energy to digest food. Fats require only 0-3% of the total energy from food to get digested. Carbohydrates require 5-10% of energy while proteins require 20-30% of energy. Therefore, the macronutrient profile (protein, carbohydrates and fats ratio) play an important role in weight loss.

2. NEAT: Non exercise activity thermogenesis or NEAT is the amount of energy a person uses during daily activities. Examples of NEAT include jittering, walking, brushing teeth and even writing. People generally feel weaker when they consume less calories so they tend to move less reducing NEAT.

3. Miscounting calories: Studies have shown that over 90% of the population underestimate their daily caloric consumption.

Conclusion
----------

Ultimately, calories consumed versus calories spent will always hold true. In order to lose weight, one must consume less calories and move more.