recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Map showing the "Provincia di Misurata" in 1939, between Tripoli and Benghazi in Italian Libya
**Misurata Province** (Italian: ***Provincia di Misurata***), or even "**Misurata, Libya**", was one of the provinces of Libya under Italian rule. It was established in 1937 with the official name: "Commissariato Generale Provinciale di Misurata". Much of the area of "Provincia di Misurata" became *Misrata District* with the independence of Libya after World War II.

Characteristics
---------------

Misurata Province (called even "Misrata Province") was located in northern Italian Libya, between the "Tripoli Province" and the "Bengazi Province". Its administrative center was the small city of Misurata on the Mediterranean coast.

It was divided in three sections ("Circondari" in Italian):

* Misurata
* Zliten
* Khoms

The population in the 1939 Census was of nearly 225,000 inhabitants, most of which were Arabs and Berbers. The Italians were nearly 10,000 and were concentrated in Misurata, Homs and some newly created villages  for Italian colonists (Gioda, Crispi, Littoriano, Corradini, etc.)

Most of the population was Muslim, but there was a growing community of Catholics due to the Italian colonists immigration. Additionally there were nearly one thousand Jews in Misurata.

The province from 1939 was considered officially part of the Kingdom of Italy, with the same laws. It was one of the 4 new Italian provinces of the so-called *Quarta Sponda* (Fourth Shore) of Mussolini's Greater Italia. Indeed on January 9, 1939, the colony of Italian Libya was incorporated into "metropolitan Italy" and thereafter considered an integral part of the Italian state (the French, in 1848, had incorporated "French Algeria" in the same manner).

Related pages
-------------

* Libya

Bibliography
------------

* Ronald Bruce St John (2011). *Libya: From Colony to Revolution* (Second ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781851689194.
For other uses, see Penance (disambiguation).
English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***penance***

**Penance** is repentance of sins, as well as the name of the Catholic Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession. The word *penance* comes from the Latin *poenitentia*, the same root as penitence, which in English means repentance, the desire to be forgiven, or contrition: in many languages there is only one single word for it. Penance and repentance were similar in their original sense. After the controversy about the merits of "faith" and "good works" they are seen as conflicting views.

The sacrament of reconciliation, also called penance or confession, is a sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church. It is a way for people to be forgiven of their sins, or things they do wrong. They are reconciled, or brought closer to God. This sacrament heals their soul because all of their sins are taken away. It brings many graces, or blessings and good things, to the person who receives it.

The person who comes to this sacrament must confess, or tell, their sins to a Catholic priest or bishop. It is private, so no one else hears what the person tells the priest. After that, the person says a prayer that shows they are sorry for their sins. Then, the priest says a prayer to forgive them.

Catholic people can come to this sacrament as much as they want. Every Catholic must come to this sacrament at least once a year.

Priests who hear confessions are not allowed to tell anyone what they hear, no matter what. In case of mass penance, anyone who heard what the person told the priest also must not tell anyone what he or she had heard.

Other websites
--------------

* The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine(From the Catechism of the Catholic Church)
* IMDB
* John Calvin, Of JustificationFaith Archived 2009-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
***Primula*** is a genus of 400–500 species of low-growing herbs in the family Primulaceae. They include primrose, cowslip and oxlip. 

Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America.

Perennial primulas bloom mostly during the spring; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, or white. Generally, they prefer filtered sunlight. Many species are adapted to alpine climates.

The word *primula* is the Latin feminine diminutive of *primus*, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring. 

Primroses are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some Lepidoptera species.

Some flowering forms of (cultivated) *Primula* are commonly known as polyanthus (*P. elatior* hybrids) as opposite to primrose (*P. vulgaris* hybrids).

Heterostyly
-----------

The common primrose, *Primula vulgaris*, shows heterostyly. This is a type of morphism with flower forms which differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens.

The morph phenotype is genetically closely linked to genes responsible for a system of self-incompatibility. That means the pollen from a flower on one morph cannot fertilize another flower of the same morph. 

In one morph (termed '**pin'**) the stamens are short and the pistils are long; in the second morph (termed '**thrum'**) the stamens are long and the pistils are short. The length of the pistil in one morph equals the length of the stamens in the second morph, and vice versa. The system prevents self-fertilisation.

All sections of the genus *Primula* have heterostyle species, altogether 354 species out of 419. Since heterostyly is characteristic of nearly all races or species, the system is at least as old as the genus.
An **organ trio** is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player. 

Organ trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.

History
-------

Important organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called *Lifetime* which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader.

Other meanings
--------------

The word "organ trio" is also used to refer to the type (or "genre") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say "I want to listen to some organ trio music." This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders.
**Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois** (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title **Count of Valentinois**. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as **Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco**.

Life
----

Born at the "*Hôtel Matignon*" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count. 

His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

Marriage
--------

Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together.

Military career
---------------

At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.
**Organic matter** (or **organic material**) is matter that has come from a recently living organism. It is capable of decay, or is the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds. There is not one definition of organic matter only. It varies upon the context, the subject it is being used for.

Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is one kind organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.

Vitalism
--------

The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the *a*biotic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

Related pages
-------------

* Biomass
* Biological tissue
Stanislas Konarski
**Stanisław Konarski**, Sch.P. (actual name: **Hieronim Konarski**; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish teacher and writer. He wrote political books, poems, and plays. He was a monk - member of the order of Piarists; he brought the Enlightenment in Poland.

Medal of 1765 with the likeness of Stanislas Konarski. There is written in Latin: *Sapere auso*. 

Between 1725 and 1727 Konarski learned at the Collegium Nazarenum in Rome, where he became a teacher of rhetoric - the art of good speaking. After that, in order to make better his own learning, he traveled through France, Germany and Austria. In 1730 he went back to Poland and began to work on a new text of Polish law ("Volumina legum"). 

From 1736 Konarski taught at the Collegium Resoviense in Rzeszów and in 1740 he started the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, a school for sons of the people of high social class ("szlachta"). Thereafter, he improved teaching of Piarists in Poland, in a way that agrees with his program of teaching (*Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae...*, 1755). His improvements became an important point in the fight of 18th century to make the system of Polish teaching more modern.

In the beginning, Konarski was joined politically with King Stanislas Leszczynski; later, he came near to Czartoryski's "Familia" and to King Stanislas August Poniatowski. He took part in the well-known "Thursday dinners". Stanislas August Poniatowski caused that a medal was made in the honor of Konarski, with his likeness. There was written in Latin: *Sapere auso* ("who was brave to be wise").
This is a lists of tropical cyclones that affected the Philippines in 2022.

Tropical Cyclone Names
----------------------

This season, PAGASA will use its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that either develop within or move into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names last used during 2018 and are scheduled to be used again during 2026. All of the names are the same except Obet and Rosita, replacing the names Ompong and Rosita after these were retired.

### Used Tropical Cyclone Names

* Agaton
* Basyang

### Unused Tropical Cyclone Names

The unused tropical cyclone names is the names of the following **Caloy**, **Domeng**, **Ester**, **Florita**, **Gardo**, **Henry**, **Inday**, **Josie**, **Karding**, **Luis**, **Maymay**, **Neneng**, **Obet**, **Paeng**, **Queenie**, **Rosal**, **Samuel** and **Tomas**

Season effects
--------------

This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the Philippines, to the west of the International Date Line during 2022. The tables also provide a brief summary of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.

| Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustainedwind speeds | Pressure | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Agaton (Megi) | May 8 – 12 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region | P4.72 billion | 214 |  |
| Basyang (Malakas) | May 12 | Super typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Philippine Coast Guard (during on that time) | P62 thousand | 0 |  |
There are some sciences that are used to study nature. According to these sciences, the things that can be observed in nature follow certain rules. These rules are often unknown, and natural sciences are about finding them. They often use what is called the scientific method to do this.

* Physics looks at how nature is made, and how different fields of nature relate to each other.
* Chemistry is about the elements, their combinations, and their reactions.
* Biology looks at living organisms, their development, and how they interact with each other.
* Geology looks at how the earth developed and what it looks like.

Some sciences, like Mathematics, can help in all of the above. They make it easier to talk about rules and models.

Other sciences that mainly look at how humans think and behave, and about their society are called social sciences.

Overview
--------

The natural sciences are used to make new things (applied science). The natural sciences are guides to test new ideas. They are used to solve engineering problems and technology problems. Math helps the natural sciences to solve problems and make new things. Computers do this too. Computers and math are tools for the natural sciences.

The following sciences are natural sciences: 

* Astronomy
* Biology
* Chemistry
* Earth science
* Physics
* Atmospheric science
* Oceanography
* Materials sciences
**Tropical Storm Nari** was a Storm that devastated Japan.

Storm history
-------------

On the afternoon of July 23, a tropical disturbance was formed in the southern waters of Japan, and the US Naval Research Laboratory gave a disturbance number of 91W. Soon after, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center rated the system "low" and upgraded to "Medium" at 10 am.
At 5 am on July 24, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical depression. At 8 o'clock in the morning, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a gale warning, and the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan upgraded it to a tropical depression, giving the number 11. At 11 am, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical depression. In the afternoon, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "High" and issued a tropical cyclone warning.
At 10 am on July 25, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded it to a tropical depression, giving the tropical cyclone number 07W. At 9 pm, the combined typhoon warning center upgraded the system to a tropical storm.

At 8 am on July 26, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical storm. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving the international number 1906 and named it "Nari." The Hong Kong Observatory downgraded Nari to a tropical depression at 2 am on July 27 and downgraded it to a low pressure zone at 2 pm. At 6 o'clock in the morning, Nari landed in the south of Mie Prefecture, Japan. At 3 pm, the Japan Meteorological Agency downgraded to a tropical depression. On the morning of July 28, Nari completely dissipated.

Damage and impact
-----------------

The city of Wakayama recorded rainfall of 47.5 millimeters in an hour through to 9:05 a.m. A maximum instantaneous wind speed of 25 meters per second was registered at the cape of Shionomisaki in Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture, at around 5:20 a.m.

The storm, which was downgraded to a tropical depression at around 3 p.m. was projected to travel across the Tokai central region before reaching the seas east of the Kanto region by Sunday morning.

The agency warned residents in the Tokai and Kanto-Koshinetsu regions to be on high alert for heavy rain. 

Heavy rain and gusty winds spread across central Honshu through Saturday. Localized downpours will also spread over eastern Shikoku.
***Nintendo Land*** is a 2012 party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video game console. It was announced during E3 2012.

The game has twelve mini-games that are playable in it, based off of famous Nintendo franchises like *The Legend of Zelda*, *Mario* and *Metroid*. Each minigames are styled like theme park attractions. They are supposed to show off how the Wii U GamePad works, and they all use some of its abilities, such as motion controls and the touch screen. The game supports the Wii Remote controller. The game had 'asymmetric gameplay', which means to have a different experience depending on what controller you use.

The game was mostly liked by reviewers and sold five million copies.

Gameplay
--------

*Nintendo Land* takes place in a theme park, which also serves as the game's hub for its twelve minigames. A robot named Monita acts as a guide throughout the game, and teaches the player the basics of the game. Finishing minigames will earn the player coins, which can be used to play a pachinko game. If the player wins the pachinko game, they get a prize of a building from one of the minigames that they can decorate the theme park with.

### Team attractions

Number of players: 1–5

*The Legend of Zelda: Battle Quest*
This minigame is based on *The Legend of Zelda* series. Players using the Wii Remote wield a sword to fight enemies with. The player using the Wii U GamePad has a bow, and they must shoot the bow at enemies. The GamePad player can also spy on enemies by lifting the GamePad, or reload their arrows by facing the GamePad down.

***Metroid Blast***

This minigame is based on the *Metroid* series. Players using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk battle on the ground and players using the Wii U GamePad battle in Samus Aran's gunship. There are three game modes in this minigame. There is "Assault Mission", where the player must pass each level, "Surface-Air Combat", where those on foot must kill the player in the air and "Ground Battle", where all players are on foot and have to collect tokens. *Metroid Blast* is based off of a Nintendo tech demo from E3 2011.
The terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
A **terrestrial planet** is mostly made of rock (silicate). Earth is the "original" terrestrial planet. When astronomers started understanding the kinds of planet they extended the term to include our nearest rocky neighbours: Mercury, Venus and Mars. 

It is often said that they are similar to Earth. This is true of most of the structure and composition, but not the surface or the atmosphere. A terrestrial planet may be much hotter or colder than Earth, and may have much more or much less atmosphere. 

With the discovery of planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), the term terrestrial planet has been extended again to any rocky (silicate) planet orbiting any star.

Structure
---------

All terrestrial planets have a core, a mantle, and a crust. They are a bit like a boiled egg: the central yolk is the core; the white albumin is the mantle; and the shell is the crust. The crust of a terrestrial planet is thin, with the core and the mantle taking up the vast bulk, sometimes with a very large core, sometimes much smaller. Terrestrial planets have metallic cores of mostly iron, with rocky mantles and crusts. 

All terrestrial planets have the same type of structure: a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle. 

The Moon is similar, but has a much smaller iron core. Io and Europa are also satellites that have internal structures similar to that of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets can have canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes, and other surface structures, depending on the presence of water and tectonic activity. Terrestrial planets have *secondary atmospheres*, got from volcanism, meteorites, and photosynthesis. In the giant planets, their atmospheres are *primary*, captured directly from the original solar nebula.
**Treason** is when a person acts against his/ her country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against or loot his country by keeping secrets or failing to protect his country. In history, treason has often included the assassination of leaders. Treason against the king was called high treason and treason against a lesser role was called petty treason. A treasonous person is called a **traitor**. 

Outside the field of law, the word "traitor" can be used to describe a person who betrays a group to which he or she belongs. These accusations can often be unclear when the accused do not consider themselves to be in the group.

Some famous traitors are Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus, Benedict Arnold, Philippe Pétain, La Malinche and Vidkun Quisling.

Persons accused of treason can be many. During the Reign of Terror many thousands were executed as traitors. After World War II many thousands of Soviet soldiers who had been prisoners of war were immediately sent to Gulag as traitors.

In different countries
----------------------

### Australia

Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason. A person is not guilty of treason if his help is purely humanitarian.

The only appropriate punishment for treason is life in prison.

### Canada

Section 46 of the Criminal Code defines two types of treason. They are "treason" and "high treason". It is also illegal for any Canadian citizen to do anything defined in the code outside Canada.

High treason is punished by life in prison. Treason is punished by life in prison at most, or up to 14 years in prison.

### New Zealand

New Zealand has treason laws that are stated under Section 73 of the Crimes Act 1961. The punishment is life in prison, except for conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy is 14 years at most. Treason was the last crime to be punished by death in New Zealand.

Very few people have been prosecuted for treason in New Zealand.

### United States

Treason is defined in the United States Constitution in Article III, Section 3. However, Congress has made laws that punish other actions that hurt national security. Some examples are the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or the 1917 Espionage Act.

The punishment for treason in the United States is death or at least five years in prison, and at least a $10,000 fine. In addition, traitors cannot hold any office in the United States.

### Japan

Japan *per se* does not have a law of treason. Instead it has an separated offence against be involved in foreign aggression (this can be since from invasion to espionage) against the State of Japan (Japanese: 外患罪, romanized: *gaikanzai*; literally "crime of foreign mischief"). 

Both Japanese and non-Japanese nationals can be equally convicted of said offence.

The Empire of Japan used to have a crime similar to the one of "high treason" in English-language countries (Japanese: 大逆罪, romanized: *taigyakuzai*). This law was abolished with the American occupation of the country after World War II.
**William Bateson** (Yorkshire, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was a British zoologist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge University. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel, after their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

Career
------

Crayon drawing by D.G. Lillie, 1909.
Bateson became famous as a mutationist who believed evolution took place by jumps. Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution: see the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson was the first to suggest the word "genetics" to describe the study of inheritance, in a letter to Adam Sedgwick, dated April 18, 1905. Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889 and etymologically the word genetics finds its origin in Darwin's concept of pangenesis.

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett, and he and Punnett founded the *Journal of Genetics* in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent traits. So important from 1900 to 1910, he was almost a bystander for the next ten years because he refused to accept the role chromosomes played in genetics. At last, in 1921, a visit to T.H. Morgan's fly lab convinced him, but by then he could no longer recover his influence.
Promotional artwork for 1912 Ziegfeld Follies
Sheet music for a song from the 1919 Ziegfeld Follies
The dancer Bessie Clayton was, like many of the girls, quite small by modern standards (5' 1*)*
The **Ziegfeld Follies** were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. The Ziegfeld Follies were inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. They were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show producers were Klaw & Erlanger, the top turn-of-the-twentieth-century showmen.

History
-------

The Follies were lavish variety shows, something like music hall or high class Vaudeville. Many of the top entertainers of the era appeared in the shows. The list includes W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Ann Pennington, Bert Williams, Eva Tanguay, Bob Hope, Will Rogers, Ruth Etting, Ray Bolger, Helen Morgan, Louise Brooks, Marilyn Miller, Ed Wynn, Gilda Gray, Nora Bayes, Sophie Tucker. The Ziegfeld Follies also were famous for many, beautiful chorus girls commonly known as Ziegfeld girls, usually wearing elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon or Ben Ali Haggin. The first *Follies* was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre *Jardin de Paris*.

The Ziegfeld girls "paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships." The "Tableau vivants" were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the scenic designer for the *Follies* shows starting in 1915.

After Ziegfeld's death, his widow Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the *Follies*. When later it toured, the 1934 edition was recorded in its entirety, from the Overture to Play-out music. First issued as a series of 78 rpm discs, the recording was later released as a compact disc (1997).

Media
-----

They became a radio program in 1932 and 1936 as *The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air*. The 1936 Academy Award Best Picture winner was M-G-M's *The Great Ziegfeld*, starring William Powell as the master showman and co-starring Myrna Loy (as Ziegfeld's second wife Billie Burke),
The Ziegler expedition
The **Ziegler polar expedition** of 1903–1905 was a failed attempt to reach the North Pole. The party was stranded north of the Arctic Circle for two years before being rescued. All but one of its members survived. The expedition was paid for by William Ziegler and led by Anthony Fiala. They left from Tromsø, Norway, on June 14, 1903, aboard *America*.

Planning
--------

Ziegler chose Anthony Fiala, who was a photographer on an earlier mission, to lead his second polar trip. Fiala calculated that the food for an eight dog team and driver would be at least 1100 pounds. This was an issue, as the most a sled could hold was 600 pounds. He planned to use ponies to carry the extra supplies. Then to feed the dogs on horse meat when the supplies were low.

Isolation and rescue
--------------------

The course of the *America*, 1903.
In November 1903 severe weather started. The ship broke up, destroying the provisions and coal. 

The following spring, more tries were made to reach the pole by traveling both east and west. The conditions were too severe, and open water caused difficulties. Supplies ran low, and the expedition headed south. They reached depots at Cape Flora, Cape Dillion, and Camp Ziegler.

William Peters, who was second in command, took this time to lead the crew in survey work. This helped to make maps and charts better.

With the knowledge that rescue ships would be sent to them, the expedition stayed hopeful. A rescue party, led by William S. Champ aboard the *Terra Nova*, sailed direct to the ice fields. On July 24, they encountered thick ice. This made the crew doubt they could reach their destination. However the ship reached Palmi Island on July 28 and Cape Dillion the following day. 6 expedition members were found there. More members were found at Cape Flora, and the Terra Nova returned to Cape Dillion. A sled party was organized, which brought back the crew.

The Ziegler Polar Expedition at 82 degrees north latitude, March 1905.
**Phosphorus(III) iodide**, also known as **phosphorus triiodide**, is a chemical compound. It is made of phosphorus and iodide ions. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is PI3.

Properties
----------

It is a red solid. It is very unstable and a powerful reducing agent. It reacts violently with water. The reaction with water makes phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide. It is used in making chemicals. Some think that it is too unstable to be stored, but it can be stored and can be bought.

Preparation
-----------

Phosphorus(III) iodide is made by reacting iodine with white phosphorus dissolved in carbon disulfide. It is dissolved in carbon disulfide because it does not dissolve in water. It can also be made by reacting phosphorus(III) chloride with hydrogen iodide or some other iodide.

Uses
----

It reacts with alcohols such as methanol to make "alkyl iodides" such as methyl iodide. Many times phosphorus(III) iodide is made in the reaction. The alkyl iodides are used in many chemical reactions.

Related pages
-------------

* Phosphorus(III) oxide
* Phosphorus compounds
* Potassium iodide
**Phonetics** (from the Greek word φωνή, *phone* which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Someone who is an expert in phonetics is called a phonetician.

Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.

Phonetics has three main branches:

* articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
* acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
* auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)

There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan
, with Pāṇini, when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way Pāṇini did.

Accessible sources
------------------

* Introduction to phonetics for beginners Archived 2007-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
**Tropical Storm Washi** was a tropical storm of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season.

Overview
--------

On December 11, a disturbance formed and stayed near Chuuk. On December 13, the low pressure area quickly got stronger. On the same day, the JTWC upgraded the low pressure to a tropical depression. They named it *27W*. The JMA also upgraded it to a tropical depression. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm on December 14. They then downgraded it to a tropical depression early on December 15. The PAGASA called it *Sendong* as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. After passing Palau on December 15, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm. They named it *Washi*. On December 16, Washi made landfall over Surigao del Sur, a province of the Philippines. Several hours later, Washi arrived at the Sulu Sea and regained its strength quickly. Late on December 17, Washi crossed Palawan, and arrived at the South China Sea. On December 19, Washi weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated.

In the Philippines, Washi caused at least 1,268 deaths. 1,079 people are officially listed as missing. Washi affected 102,899 families or 674,472 people in 766 villages in 52 towns and eight cities in 13 provinces. Most of the deaths were in the cities of Iligan and Cagayan de Oro. Five people were killed in a landslide, but all others died in flash flooding. More than 2,000 have been rescued, according to the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Officials were also investigating reports that an entire village was swept away. The flash flooding happened overnight, following 10 hours of rain. This was made worse by overflowing rivers and tributaries. In some areas, up to 20 centimeters of rain fell in 24 hours. At least 20,000 people were staying in 10 evacuation centers in Cagayan de Oro. Officials said that despite government warning, some people did not evacuate. At least 9,433 houses were destroyed while 18,616 were damaged.
The **Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge** is a 4-lane steel bridge in Nanjing that crosses the Yangtze River. It has two levels. The top level is a road for cars, buses, and trucks. There is also a sidewalk for people on foot. That part is 4588 meters or 15,052 feet long. The bottom level is a railroad for trains. That part is 6772 meters or 22,218 feet long.

It is owned, paid for, and fixed by Nanjing's government and by the Shanghai Railway Bureau.

Name
----

The Mandarin Chinese name of the bridge is *Nánjīng Chángjiāng Dàqiáo*, which means "the Big Bridge across the Long River in the Southern Capital". (*Chángjiāng* or "Long River" is the Chinese name for the Yangtze River, and "Nanjing" means "Southern Capital".) It is written 南京長江大橋 in the traditional characters used by Chinese people on Taiwan and in Hong Kong and 南京长江大桥 in the simplified characters used by mainland China.

History
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The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, when it was being built
The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in 2008, after China's Opening Up
The Yangtze River is very big and very wide. During wars, people sometimes made pontoon bridges out of many boats. Most of the time, to go from one side to the other, people needed to use a ferry. This made things pretty slow and slowed the growth of China's economy.

The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was started in 1960. Both parts were finished and opened for use in late 1968. It was the 3rd bridge across the Yangtze River, after Wuhan's bridge and the Baishatuo Bridge near Chongqing. It is still important and a landmark in Nanjing because it was the first big bridge designed and built completely by Chinese people. It also has poems and sayings by Mao Zedong and art from the Cultural Revolution.

It is also infamous as the place with the most known suicides in the world. More than 2000 people have jumped off of the bridge since it was opened.

Transport
---------

The road across the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is National Highway 104. The same road is also part of highways 205 and 312.

The railroad across the bridge is the Beijing–Shanghai Railway. (This is the railroad for slow trains. The high-speed trains between Beijing and Shanghai use a different bridge.) The same railroad is also part of the Nanjing–Xi'an and Nanjing–Qidong Railways. It is also used for the Shanghai–Chengdu High-Speed Railway, but those trains can't go very fast across the bridge.

Art
---

The bridge was constructed under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong. It is covered with his sayings and calligraphy (artistic handwriting). It also has statues and pictures of strong and passionate soldiers, workers, and farmers that go along with what the words say. There are also pictures of China's growing industry.

* One of Mao Zedong's sayings, with his signature One of Mao Zedong's sayings, with his signature
* PLA soldiers carrying Mao Zedong's "Little Red Book" PLA soldiers carrying Mao Zedong's "Little Red Book"
* Women carrying guns and Communist signs Women carrying guns and Communist signs
* A picture of China's growing industry A picture of China's growing industry
Situation in 2020: Goverment held territories are red, Pro-government militias are yellow, Azawad-liberaton forces are green, al-Qaeda black and smaller Islamist forces white.
The **Mali War** has been ongoing since 2012. The war has three sides. One side is Mali, who are supported by many other countries. Another, many of whom are Tuareg people, are separatists who want northern Mali - which they call Azawad - to become a separate country. Northern Mali is hot desert and is in the southern part of the Sahara. The third side is Islamist groups - including Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and al-Qaeda - who want Mali to be part of an Islamist caliphate.

The United Nations has reported many human rights violations, both by the forces close to the government, and by the different rebel groups. Allegedly, there have been amputations, floggings, and extrajudicial executions. A couple was stoned in 2012, for allegedly having an extramarital affair. Based on these reports, the International Criminal Court started investigations into war crimes and human rights abuses. According to the BBC, about 250,000 people have left because of the fighting. They are now refugees and internally displaced people. Another problem is that World Heritage Sites are threatened by the war. There are mosques built of mud, in Timbuktu, which are threatened. In September 2021, a contract was signed between the Malian state and a private Russian military company linked to the Russian military group Wagner. The document provides for the deployment of mercenaries in the country, in liaison with the Malian army, and the protection of senior figures.

Related pages
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* List of ongoing armed conflicts
**PFC CSKA Moscow** (Russian: Профессиональный футбольный клуб - ЦСКА, or English: Professional Football Club — Central Sports Club of Army [Moscow]) is a Russian football club from the capital city of Moscow. The team was more successful during the Soviet Union. Their biggest rival is Spartak Moscow. But PFC CSKA Moscow has the most fans. PFC CSKA Moscow was also the first Russian team to win the UEFA Cup (UEFA Europa League).

Past Names of the Club
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1911-1922 - *Общество Любителей Лыжного Спорта (English: Amateur Society of Skiing Sports)*
  

1923 - *Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Всеобуча) (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Education Association)*
  

1924-1927 - *Опытно-Показательная Площадка Военведа (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Administration)*
  

1928-1950 - *Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Красной Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Red Army)*
  

1951-1956 - *Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Советской Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Soviet Army)*
  

1957-1959 - *Центральный Спортивный Клуб Министерства Обороны (English: Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense)*
  

1960–Present — *Центральный Спортивный Клуб Армии (English: Central Sports Club of Army)*

Titles
------

| European | Russia | Soviet Union |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UEFA Cup : 2004 | Russian Premier League : 2001, 2004, 2005, 2011-2012 | Soviet Top League : 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1969, 1990 |
| UEFA Super Cup : None | Russian Cup : 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013 | Soviet Cup : 1944, 1947, 1950, 1954, 1990 |

Related pages
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2011–12 PFC CSKA Moscow season
The Count of Monte Cristo is a classic novel about revenge
**Revenge** is doing something to hurt another person because they believe that person hurt them. It is also called **vengeance**, **vendetta**, **payback**, **retribution** or **retaliation**. It can also be doing something to get even for an insult, real or perceived. Vengeance is as old as people are. it is a natural urge that has been examined by psychologists, philosophers, legal scholars, poets, playwrights and others. Anthropologists have discovered chimpanzees will try to get revenge on thieves who steal their food.

The psychology of revenge
-------------------------

In a 2004 issue of Science, Swiss researchers scanned the brains of several subjects who had been intentionally "wronged" in an experiment. They were then given a chance to get even with the person they thought wronged them. As they thought about how they could get revenge, their brain activity showed a rush of rush of activity in the caudate nucleus. This is the part of the brain that processes rewards. This gives some psychological confirmation to the saying *Revenge is sweet*.

Pitfalls of revenge
-------------------

The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius said: ""Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves." "Payback's a bitch!" is the more modern version. The person seeking revenge is often hurt as badly as his victim. Often, the one seeking revenge has to take on the very qualities he or she hated in the first place.

It becomes a case of "you hurt me, I'll hurt you back". Taking revenge on someone may cause them to retaliate and take revenge on you. This process keeps going back and forth until it becomes a blood feud involving families, tribes, even nations. On a world level, feuds have been going on for centuries. A desire for revenge comes from a shared human desire for justice. But revenge twists justice into what is needed at the moment.

Growing evidence shows abused children often inflict revenge on themselves and those around them. By not experiencing a healthy development they do not have a healthy sense of justice. By not having developed a healthy understanding of interpersonal relationships, it can lead to criminal behavior. Studies of Juvenile delinquents and inmates shows a strong connection between criminal behavior and a history of being abused as a child. As teens, many engage in revenge fantasies.

Related terms
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Sometimes revenge or acts of revenge are actually other feelings disguised as revenge.

* Envy comes from a comparison where someone feels they have been slighted. Someone who feels envy wants to hurt or take over the person or thing they hate. They seek revenge because of envy.
* Self-defense is often for protecting someone or something against another. A claim of self-defense may sometimes be used to hide something that was actually done for revenge.
* A scapegoat is someone who is blamed for something someone else actually did. It can also be a person someone wants to make suffer as revenge for something.

Other page
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* Nemesis
The **waveform** is the shape of a wave as it travels. There are many different waveforms. They are usually a shape which is repeated over and over (a "periodic waveform"). A common waveform is the sine wave. It is normally not possible to see a waveform without some device.

Root mean square
----------------

The amplitude of a waveform may change a lot. Even though it changes, the waveform has a **root mean square** (rms) value. For example: in the UK, the AC mains supply is a sine wave and has a voltage of 240 V. This is an rms voltage. The actual voltage varies:

{\displaystyle V\_{\text{peak}}={\sqrt {2}}\times V\_{\text{rms}}={\sqrt {2}}\times 240=\pm 339.411255\dots V}
The amplitude of the sine wave keeps changing from -339.4 V to +339.4 V.

Root mean square is important. It lets us work out many useful things, like power and heating in a wire.

This table has information about working out the rms for some waveforms.

| Wave type | rms amplitude |
| --- | --- |
| Sine wave | {\displaystyle A\_{\text{rms}}={\frac {A\_{\text{peak}}}{\sqrt {2}}}} |
| Square wave | {\displaystyle A\_{\text{rms}}=A\_{\text{peak}}} |
| Triangular wave | {\displaystyle A\_{\text{rms}}={\frac {A\_{\text{peak}}}{\sqrt {3}}}} |
**The Zangbeto**
**Gungbe Wikipedia Video**
The traditional voodoo night guards among the Ogu (or Egun) people of Benin, Togo, and Nigeria are called **Zangbeto**. The Zangbeto cult, a traditional police and security group, is in charge of keeping law and order and ensuring safety and security in Ogu communities. 

They are much respected and serve as an unofficial police force, patrolling the streets, particularly at night, keeping an eye on residents and their possessions, looking out for offenders, and bringing them before the community for punishment. Zangbeto, who was originally meant to scare away the adversary, will patrol the streets looking for thieves and witches while defending law and order.

The description
---------------

**Zangbeto** is a term in the Gun language that means "Men of the night" or "Night-watchmen," relating to its basic cultural role in neighborhood vigilantism and neighborhood policing in Ogu cultures. The Zangbeto appears in a multilayered pattern of teeny-tiny ropes of hay, raffia, or other threadlike materials, which are occasionally dyed in vibrant colors. 

They have the capacity to enter trances during which, according to belief, spirits with specialized understanding of human behavior can inhabit their bodies. However, Ogu legend tells that there are no humans under the costume, only spirits of the night.
**Werner Scholl** (1922-1944) was the brother of Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl. Like his siblings, Werner joined the Hitler Youth when Hitler came to power. In 1936, Werner, Sophie, and their sister Inge were arrested by the Gestapo. After being held for a few weeks, Werner was released, but the imprisonment left a mark on him.

Life
----

In the Summer of 1939, Werner became the first member of the Scholl family to make an open resistance to the Nazi regime. He resigned from the Hitler Youth, a decision that barred him from being able to take the Arbitur (The test to be able to enter a University). Werner also climbed on top of the statue of Justice at the Courtroom in Ulm to blindfold the Lady of Justice with a swastika flag.

In 1942, Werner was sent out to the Russian front, where, by chance, he was stationed near Hans. The two were able to see each other fairly often.

White Rose
----------

In February 1943, Werner was given a leave to go home to Ulm. When he came home, he found out that Sophie and Hans had been captured by the Gestapo. Along with his parents, Werner travelled to Munich for the trial, storming into the courtroom just as Roland Freisler was about to give the verdict. After a brief stand-off, the Scholl parents were removed from the room. Because Werner had an army uniform on, he was able to melt into the crowd and be there when the judge announced the verdict: guilty. As those in the courtroom got up to leave, Werner was able to push his way up to see Hans and Sophie one last time. Werner grabbed their hands. Tears welled in his eyes as Hans said to him, "Stay strong. Make no concessions!" 
After his leave was up, Werner was stationed back at Russia. In the middle of 1944, Werner was classified as Missing in Action. He was 22.