recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Crowd at stadium waving a giant flag with yellow and green lines fanning out from a central green circleTimbers Army
**Timbers Army** is a group of hardcore supporters of the Portland Timbers, a Major League Soccer franchise in Portland, Oregon. 

Artists, writers, doctors, vintners, tattoo artists, soccer moms, and more all support the Portland Timbers on match days. Traveling support is significant and it is estimated that 1,500 members of the Timbers Army would make the trip north for the Timbers v. Sounders Cascadia Cup match in October 2012.

In addition to game-day operations, Timbers Army contributes significantly to charitable causes both in Portland and well as around the world. In 2011 alone, members of Timbers Army donated more than $40,000 to its charitable endeavors as well as spending countless hours volunteering with Friends of Trees, Habitat for Humanity and the Oregon Food Bank. Recently, the Timbers Army committed to raising another $40,000 to put toward the completion of Harper's Playground. 

The organizational arm of the Timbers Army, the 107 Independent Supporters Trust, has a paid membership of 2,300. However, as it has always been said: if you want to be Timbers Army, you already are. 

The main identifier of a member of the Timbers Army is the green and white bar scarf which says "Timbers Army" on one side and "No Pity" on the other. The most recent version of the scarf also includes a rose (in tribute to Portland's identity as the City of Roses) superimposed over crossed axes as well as the number 107, the section of Jeld-Wen Field where the Army began.

Other websites
--------------

* Timbers Army website
* HarpersPlayground.org
**Minik Wallace** (also called **Mene** ; about 1890 – 29 October 1918) was an Inuit from Greenland. He was brought to New York City as a child in 1897, by the explorer Robert Peary. His father and four others were also brought. The six of them were studied by staff at the American Museum of Natural History, which was given custody of them. Most of them died soon after arriving. 

Minik was a member of the Inughuit, the northernmost group of Inuit in Greenland. His father was named Qisuk. They met Peary when the explorer employed men from the Inughuit during several expeditions into the Arctic. Peary asked some of them to come with him to New York. Six of them agreed, including Qisuk and Minik. Peary did not tell them about the real purpose of the trip. Some agreed to travel to see new places; others did not want to be separated from relatives. Peary promised them that they would be able to return to Greenland. Soon after their arrival, the group became the objects of study. The museum staff had not made plans for their care, nor for their return.

Soon after arriving in New York, most of the Inuit contracted the disease tuberculosis. Three adults and one child died, including Minik's father. A fourth adult survived and was returned to Greenland. Minik was the only one left. William Wallace, the curator of the museum, adopted Minik. Minik pleaded for a proper Inuit burial for his father. The museum staff wanted to preserve Qisuk's body for study. They made a fake body and put it in a coffin. They staged a fake burial so that Minik would think he was burying his father.

The museum put the skeleton on display. In about 1906, a story was published in local newspapers that stated Qisuk's skeleton was displayed in the museum. Minik was told about it by his classmates at school. He then asked that his father's bones be given to him for traditional burial. Wallace supported Minik in this, but the museum denied that they had the body. Minik was never able to reclaim his father's bones.

Minik returned to Greenland in 1910, with the help of Peary. He came back to the United States in 1916. He lived and worked there until dying of influenza in the pandemic of 1918.

Kenn Harper wrote a book about Minik in 1986. The book was called *Give Me My Father's Body*. Harper spent several years trying to persuade the Museum of Natural History to return the remains of the four Inuit to Greenland. He succeeded in 1993. The bodies were buried in a funeral in Qaanaaq. Minik is buried in a cemetery in Pittsburg, New Hampshire.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Minik Wallace at Wikimedia Commons
* Minik Wallace Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine at the Memory Palace podcast
Wenning delivering the invocation at the funeral of Ronald Reagan, June 2005
**Michael Harold Wenning** (July 5, 1935 – June 28, 2011) was an South African-born American Presbyterian minister. From 1969 to 1977, he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Durban, South Africa. He was known for performing President Reagan's state funeral.

Early life
----------

Wenning was born in Cape Town, South Africa. He studied at Texas Christian University and at New York University.

Career
------

From 1969 to 1977, he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Durban, South Africa. In 1977 he returned to the United States where he worked for the next three decades as a pastor in various Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) congregations, including one in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Death
-----

Wenning died at his home in Mission Viejo, California from kidney failure caused by leukemia, aged 75.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Michael Wenning at Wikimedia Commons

* Michael Wenning at Find a Grave
**Patrisse Cullors** supports African Americans and their rights. She co-founded Black Lives Matter. She was born in 1984 and grew up in Los Angeles. She also supports LGBTQ rights.

Early life
----------

Cullors lived during a time when prison populations were rising. Her father and brother were in and out of prison most of her life. Her mom worked long hours and spent limited time with her. When she was 16, she identified as queer and had her first girlfriend. Her family did not agree, but her friends supported her. She decided to get involved in other groups that would support her and help others like her.

Cullors went to UCLA, where she studied philosophy and religion. She kept trying to get equal rights during this time.

Achievements
------------

Cullors co-founded the Black Lives Matter movement. She created a hashtag, #BlackLivesMatter. It spread quickly on social media sites. She helped African-Americans that needed help with lawsuits against them. She supported the LGBTQ community. She wanted everyone to have equal rights.

Publications
------------

Cullors wrote the book called *STAINED: An Intimate Portrayal of State Violence.* It talks about violence in prison.
**Walala Tjapaltjarri** (born **Walala Tjapangati**) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He is one of the most well-known artists of the Western Desert style.

Early life
----------

See also: Pintupi Nine
Walala was born in the late 1960s or early 1970s. He was born at Marua, near Lake Mackay. He grew up living a nomadic, traditional way of life in the desert. His family had never come into contact with modern, Euro-Australian society. He had never seen a white person, and his family always thought the aeroplanes they saw flying overhead were ghosts or spirits. Before Walala was born, his father Lanti had lived for a short time at the mission in Balgo. But he had run away after getting into trouble for stealing food. It was his decision to stay in the desert, and kept his family far away from the towns. Walala's mother was named Watjunka, and he was Watjunka's only child. He also had two other mothers, Papunya and Nanu, who were his father's secondary wives (and his mother's sisters). His father and Watjunka both died when he was young. The family finally came into contact with outsiders in October 1984, and were settled at Kiwirrkurra. He and his family became known as the last Aborigines living a traditional nomadic way of life in Australia.

He is now married with two children, and lives between Kiwirrkura, Alice Springs, and Yuendumu, where his wife is from. He paints at Hoppy's Camp, outside Alice Springs.

Painting
--------

Walala began painting in December 1987, a few years after settling at Kiwirrkurra. He was introduced to painting by his cousin Warlimpirrnga. He taught Walala about using paints and canvas. Walala joined the Papunya Tula artists, and he, Thomas and Warlimpirrnga eventually gained fame internationally as the Tjapaltjarri Brothers. Although he normally paints using *Tjapaltjarri* as a surname, Walala's skin name is *Tjapangati*.

His paintings depict scenes from the Tingari cycle (sacred and secret songs about the ancestors of the Pintupi). He uses only four colours at most, sticking to earthy, ochre colours to reflect the desert landscape. The places he depicts in his paintings are part of his traditional country, including Marruwa, Mintarnpi, Wanapatangu, Mina Mina, Naami, Yarrawangu and Wilkinkarra (Lake Mackay). These were places where the ancestors stopped for ceremonies when travelling across the country.

Walala uses acrylic paintings on canvas. His early work was in the flowing "dot" style of painting typical of the Papunya Tula artists. His style became different during the late 1990s, and began to paint rigid rectangles, replacing dotted lines with thick, solid lines.

His first exhibition was in 1997, for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award in Darwin. Most of his work is shown in exhibitions alongside the works of other Aboriginal artists. He has paintings in permanent collections in Australia, Europe and the United States. Walala paints the most out of the three Tjapaltjarri brothers. When painting regularly, he earns up to AU$2000 a day. His paintings often sell for many thousands of dollars.
**Patrizia Giancotti** (born 26 June 1958 in Turin) is an Italian anthropologist, photographer, journalist, author, and radio presenter.

She teaches anthropology at Sigmund Freud University Milano , and at the Academy of Fine Arts in Reggio Calabria. She is the author and presenter of the Wikiradio, Passioni, Tre Soldi programs on Rai Radio 3. 

She carried out her research in visual anthropology in Italy and abroad, particularly in Brazil, where she lived for over ten years, collaborating with the writer Jorge Amado. She studied the priestesses of the Bahia, to worship of the Siren, and Amazonian shamanism; and in Benin, where she carried out research on African religious traditions. For her work in cultural broadcasting, she received the "Abèbè of Oxum" Award from the Mayor of Salvador da Bahia, Lidice da Mata, and the High Honor of the Cruzeiro do Sul, from the government of Brazil.

She carried out surveys of visual anthropology in Southern Italy. For the Brazilian Embassy, ​​with the help of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brasil Telecom, and Banco do Brasil, she has conceived and edited ''Musica Brasileira na Sala Palestrina'', two volumes containing audio and video recordings of music concerts held in the historic hall of Palazzo Pamphilj. She has worked with Ennio Morricone, and José Carreras. She worked with Luigi Ontani at the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto.

She holds courses and seminars in various Italian universities. Since 2003, she worked for national radio, as a host in the programs "Wikiradio" and "Passioni", on Rai Radio 3.
A 1915 Bausch and Lomb Light microscope
Electron microscope
A **microscope** is a scientific instrument. It makes small objects look larger. This lets people see the small things. People who use microscopes frequently in their jobs include doctors and scientists. Students in science classes such as biology also use microscopes to study small things.
The earliest microscopes had only one lens and are called *simple microscopes*. *Compound microscopes* have at least two lenses. In a compound microscope, the lens closer to the eye is called the *eyepiece*. The lens at the other end is called the *objective*. The lenses multiply up, so a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective together give 400x magnification.

Microscopes make things seem larger than they are, to about 1000 times larger. This is much stronger than a magnifying glass which works as a simple microscope.

Types of microscopes
--------------------

There are many types of microscopes. The most common kind of microscope is the compound light microscope. In a compound light microscope, the object is illuminated: light is thrown on it. The user looks at the image formed by the object. Light passes through two lenses and makes the image bigger.

The second most common kind are a few kinds of electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) fire cathode rays into the object being looked at. This carries information about how the object looks into a magnetic "lens". The image is then magnified onto a television screen. Scanning electron microscopes also fire electrons at the object, but in a single beam. These lose their power when they strike the object, and the loss of power results in something else being generated—usually an X-ray. This is sensed and magnified onto a screen. Scanning tunneling microscopes were invented in 1984.

A fluorescence microscope is a special kind of light microscope. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner, and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy". The citation says it brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".

Other websites
--------------

* Microscopy Information Information relating to optics, techniques and specimen preparation for teachers, students, amateur scientists.
* Scanning electron microscope Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine


| Laboratory equipment |
| --- |
| Equipment | 
Agar plate  •  Aspirator • Bunsen burner • Calorimeter • Colorimeter • Centrifuge • Condenser •  Fume hood • Microscope • Microtiter plate • Plate reader • Rotary evaporator •  Spectrophotometer • Thermometer • Vortex mixer • Static mixer |
| Flasks | 
Erlenmeyer flask • Florence flask • Volumetric flask • Büchner flask |
| OtherGlassware | 
Beaker • Boiling tube • Büchner funnel • Burette • Conical measure • Crucible • Cuvette • Gas syringe • Graduated cylinder • Pipette • Petri dish • Separating funnel • Soxhlet extractor • Test tube • Thistle tube • Watch glass |
In classical software architecture, the architecture is often layered. There is one layer for the user interface, another for the application logic, and yet another for accessing persistent data (such as a database). In classical software architecture, an application server is used, which will run the different services (such as different entry points of a web site, or different parts of the business application). The problem with this approach is that such application servers often do not scale very well, they need a lot of resources, and services are often tightly coupled.

**Microservices** are patterns of Software architecture: The approach is similar to the pattern described above, but the services are very small: very often they only provide one or two very specific functions. To get the same situation as above, these services must interact with each other. Very often they do this using RESTful service calls. Each microservice still has the parts of the user interface layer, the application layer, and the layer to access persistent data. Very often, microservices run in an application container. When the load requires it, special software in the application container can be used to run several instances (or copies) of the specific service.

Microservices is a specialization of an implementation approach for service-oriented architectures (SOA) used to build flexible, independently deployable software systems. The microservices approach is a first realisation of SOA that followed the introduction of DevOps and is becoming more popular for building continuously deployed systems.
Sukhinder Singh Cassidy
**Sukhinder Singh Cassidy** (born **Sukhinder Singh** in 1970) is an entrepreneur. She founded many technology companies. In the beginning of her career, she worked for Amazon, BskyB, and Merrill Lynch. She founded a business called Yodlee.

Education
---------

Cassidy was born in Tanzania. She lived in Canada as a child. She went to college at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She studied Business Administration.

Career
------

By the age of 25, her goal was to start her very own business. Cassidy is known for leading many online businesses such as theBoardlist, Joyus, and StubHub. Cassidy also worked as CEO of Polyvore for some time. It is an online marketplace. Additionally, she worked for more than 5 years as president of one of Google's international businesses. She has led to the growth of many tech businesses. She still works as chairman of many companies including theBoardlist and Joyus. She continues to be a board member of Urban outfitters. Her goal is to assign women in to more leading positions on boards and lead successfully.
The **Palace of Whitehall** was the main home of the English kings and queens in London, from 1530 until 1698, when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire, it was the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms (at one time it was the largest building in the world).

The palace gives its name—Whitehall—to the road on which many of the buildings of the UK government now stand. The word "Whitehall" can also refer to the central government itself.

History
-------

It became an official royal palace in 1530 when Henry VII was the king of England. He also included a recreation centre with a bowling green, tennis courts, a pit for cock fighting (now the site of 70 Whitehall) and a tiltyard for jousting. It is estimated that over £30,000 (approaching £11 million in 2007 values) were spent during the 1540s, 50% more than the construction of the entire Bridewell Palace. Henry VIII married two of his wives at the palace—Anne Boleyn in 1533 and Jane Seymour in 1536. It was also at the palace that Henry died. It was a lesser used palace during the reign of the next few monarchs. 

The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. The view is from the west. The Horse Guards barracks is on the extreme left, with the taller Banqueting House behind it. The four-towered building is the palace gatehouse.

Fire
----

The palace of Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698. Many of the palace's wooden structures were destroyed in the fire. Michelangelo's *Cupid* is to believed to have been destroyed in the blaze. After this the remaining structures were torn down. Now Whitehall has government buildings on it.

| * v
* t
* e
Royal palaces and residences in the United Kingdom |
| --- |
| Occupied | 
 Bagshot Park •  Balmoral Castle •  Birkhall •  Buckingham Palace •  Clarence House •  Gatcombe Park •  Highgrove •  Hillsborough Castle •  Holyrood Palace •  St. James's Palace •  Kensington Palace •  Royal Lodge •  Sandringham House •  Sunninghill Park •  Thatched House Lodge •  Windsor Castle •  York Cottage  | Royal Standard of the United KingdomRoyal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland |
| Historical | 
 Palace of Beaulieu •  Beaumont Palace •  Bridewell Palace •  Brantridge Park •  Coppins •  Coombe Abbey •  Cumberland Lodge •  Dunfermline Palace •  Eltham Palace •  Falkland Palace •  Fort Belvedere •  Hampton Court Palace •  Kew Palace •  Kings Langley •  Linlithgow Palace •  Marlborough House •  Castle of Mey •  Nonsuch Palace •  Oatlands Palace •  Osborne House •  Palace of Placentia •  Queen's House •  Ribsden Holt •  Richmond Palace •  Royal Pavilion •  Savoy Palace •  Tower of London •  Palace of Westminster •  Palace of Whitehall •  White Lodge •  Woodstock Palace  |
**Nepotism** is when a person in authority gives jobs to their relatives. It comes from the practice of mediaeval Popes, appointing their nephews to important positions. *Nepote* is Italian for 'nephew'.

For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III. Paul III was a notorious nepotist. When elected Pope in 1534 he appointed two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. 

The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull *Romanum decet Pontificem*, in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.

In the modern world, nepotism is thought to be wrong, and conflicts with the principle of merit, where the best person gets the job (meritocracy). The argument against the widespread nepotism in countries like Italy is that it damages the economy of the country, though that is difficult to prove.
The **Palaeodictyoptera** were large flying insects which are now extinct. They were common in the Upper Carboniferous, and became extinct at the end-Permian extinction. Their size varied from large to huge. For example, *Mazothairos* had a wingspan of about 55 centimetres (22 in).

Herbivores
----------

They were the first major group of herbivorous insects. They had long, beak-like, piercing mouthparts, and probably a sucking organ. The mouthparts match the signs of damage in fossil plant leaves and stems.

Flight
------

In addition to the normal four wings, they had two "pronota" in front. These pronota were smaller than the regular wings, but had wing veins just like the real things. They did not move up and down, so maybe they helped gliding. The Palaeodictyoptera are sometimes whimsically called **"six-winged insects"**. The actual wings are often boldly marked: the patterns of colour can be seen in fossils.

These insects had paired *cerci* (singular: cercus) on their rear segment. The function of these is not clear. Cerci often serve as sensory organs, but they may also be used as weapons or copulation aids, or they may simply be vestigial structures. The cerci on some species was longer than the rest of the insect.

Other websites
--------------

* Paleodictyoptera Archived 2020-06-07 at the Wayback Machine at the Tree of Life project (list of taxa)
* Google images for Palaeodictyoptera
**World Community Grid** (**WCG**) is a large public computing grid to work on scientific research projects that help people. People donate time on their personal computers to the project. The software can be set up to run only when the computer is not being used for other work.

WCG began operation on November 16, 2004. It is coordinated by IBM to use their Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software. Software for the grid of personal computers is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and Android operating systems.

World Community Grid's research projects have performed analysis of aspects of the human genome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, rice crop yields and renewable energy. 

Open projects running as of May 2015 are looking for drug treatments for the Ebola virus and HIV, seeking new materials for the next generation of solar cells, comparing genomes of many organisms, and investigating cancer genes. As of May 2015, the organization has partnered with 467 other companies and organizations to help its work, and has over 65,000 active registered users.

Other websites
--------------

* World Community Grid website
* The New York Times > Technology > Unused PC Power to Run Grid for Unraveling Disease
* Computerworld announcement article (2004)
**Planthoppers** are insects in the infraorder **Fulgoromorpha**. They are true bugs (Hemiptera), with over 12,500 described species. 

They are cryptic mimics: their body shape and colours look like leaves and other plant parts in their environment. They either walk very slowly or hop like grasshoppers. 

Members of this group are plant-feeders, and live world-wide. Few are pests, but some are vectors for plant diseases. Phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.

Their nymphs have a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump.

In popular culture
------------------

The planthopper is mentioned in a key scene from Alfred Hitchcock's film *Marnie*:

"In Kenya, there is quite a beautiful flower – rather like a hyacinth. If you should reach out to touch it, you would discover that the flower is not a flower at all, but a design made up of hundreds of tiny insects called flatid bugs. They escape the eyes of hungry birds by living and dying in the shape of a flower".
**Michael Ansara** (April 15, 1922 – July 31, 2013) was a Syrian-American stage, movie and voice actor.

He was best known for playing of Cochise in the American television series *Broken Arrow*, Kane in the 1979-81 series *Buck Rogers in the 25th Century*, Commander Kang on three different *Star Trek* TV series, Deputy U.S. Marshal Sam Buckhart on the NBC series, *Law of the Plainsman*, and the voice for villain character Mr. Freeze in the Emmy Award winning series *Batman: The Animated Series*, *The New Batman Adventures*, *Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero*, and *Batman Beyond*.

Early life
----------

Ansara was born in a small village in Syria and moved to Lowell, Massachusetts. He was educated at the Los Angeles City College.

Career
------

Ansara starred in his own ABC-TV series, *Law of the Plainsman* (1959–60), with Gina Gillespie and Robert Harland. He performed as an Apache Indian named Sam Buckhart who had been appointed as a U.S. Marshal. The series began as an episode of *The Rifleman*. In 1961, he appeared as Carl in the episode "Night Visitors" of the NBC anthology series *The Barbara Stanwyck Show*.

Ansara also played in the Biblical epics *The Robe* (1953) as Judas Iscariot, *The Ten Commandments* (1956) as a taskmaster (uncredited), and *The Greatest Story Ever Told* (1965) as Herod's commander. He also appeared as Belshazzar in Columbia's 1953 movie *Slaves of Babylon*. Guest starred with Kurt Russell in an episode of the 1960's series "Lost in Space".

### Later career

Ansara did voice-acting as Mr. Freeze in *Batman: The Animated Series* as well as the animated movie *Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero*, an episode of both *New Batman Adventures* and *Batman Beyond*. He also voiced Mr. Freeze in the video game *Batman Vengeance*.

Ansara retired in 2001.

Awards
------

Ansara was nominated for an Academy of Science Fiction Award. He won a Western Heritage Award for *Rawhide*. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for both movies and television.

Marriages
---------

Ansara was married to Jean Byron from 1955 until they divorced in 1956. He was married to Barbara Eden from 1958 until 1974. They had a son, Matthew Ansara, who died in 2001. He married Beverly Kushida in 1977.

Death
-----

Ansara died on July 31, 2013 of Alzheimer's disease in his home in Calabasas, California, aged 91.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Michael Ansara at Wikimedia Commons

* Michael Ansara on IMDb
* Michael Ansara at the Internet Broadway Database
* Michael Ansara at AllMovie
**Sergei Sokurov**  (Russian: Сергей Анатольевич Сокуров, born 9 April 1940) is a Russian writer and journalist.

Sergey Anatolyevich Sokurov was born in Siberia on 9 April 1940, his parents were teachers. He graduated from the Lvov State University, 30 years worked as a geologist in the Carpathian region. At the same time he wrote works of fiction, poetry and journalism, which were included in 29 of his books published in Lviv and Moscow in 1975 – 2019.[*source?*] The main of them are "Stone Sea", "Sign of the pure sun", "Black hussar", "Istoriada".

His works also were published in the newspapers "Izvestia", "Literary newspaper", "Soviet culture", "The New Medical Gazette" and in magazines "Young Naturalist", "Chemistry and life", "Bratina".

Sokurov is a member of the Union of Russian writers. He was the founder of the Russian society named after A. Pushkin in the Carpathians, the Russian cultural center in Lviv.
  
Now Sokurov lives near Moscow.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of Sergei Sokurov (in Russian)
**Toph Bei Fong** is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Toph is voiced by Jessie Flower. Toph is blind, but she can "see" with her feet by sensing movement. In Book Two: Chapter Nineteen (The Guru), Toph learns how to metal bend, by bending the earth inside the metal. In Avatar: The Last Airbender, Toph can usually tell if you’re lying by sensing your heartbeat. She can also tell your position if you’re lying down, sitting down or standing up, by sensing your blood flow. Her family is her father Lao and her mother Poppy.

  


| * v
* t
* e
*Avatar: The Last Airbender* |
| --- |
| Created by: Michael Dante DiMartino **·** Bryan Konietzko |
| Series | List of episodes • Seasons: 1, 2, 3  • "Sozin's Comet" • The Legend of Korra • Avatar: The Last Airbender (live action television remake) |
| Characters | Aang **·**  Katara **·**  Sokka **·**  Toph **·**  Zuko **·**  Iroh **·**  Azula • Appa **·**  Momo **·**  Ozai **·**  Characters of *Avatar* |
| Media | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Book One: Water | *Avatar: The Last Airbender* (game) *The Last Airbender* (movie, video game) |
| Book Two: Earth | *The Burning Earth* (game) |
| Book Three: Fire | *Into the Inferno* (game) |

 |
| Other | *Nicktoons Nitro* (game) **·**  The Nations **·**  Avatar Airbender **·**  Lego Avatar: The Last Airbender |
The **Neptune Fountain** or the **Fountain of Neptune** (Fr: *Bassin de Neptune*) is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles. It was built under the direction of landscape designer André Le Nôtre between 1679 and 1681. At that time, it was called the Pool Below the Dragon or the Fir Tree Pool. The Fountain is at the end of the long path that features the Water Walk and the Dragon Fountain. Jacques-Ange Gabriel reworked the pool area very slightly, and, in 1740, the lead sculptures were put in place. The new fountain was officially opened by King Louis XV of France. 

The fountain has 99 jets of water. People admired the force and variety of the jets of water playing over the sculptural groups. The fountain is decorated with stone vases, sea cupids, and three central sculpted groups depicting *Neptune and Amphitrite* by L. A. Adam, *Proteus* by Bouchardin, and *Ocean* by Jean-Baptise Lemoyne. The Neptune Fountain is the largest of all the fountain pools in the gardens of Versailles. Fireworks during the summer months create spectacular displays that are reflected in the fountain's large pool.

Gallery
-------

* Neptune FountainNeptune Fountain
* Neptune FountainNeptune Fountain
* Neptune FountainNeptune Fountain
* Neptune FountainNeptune Fountain
* PanoramaPanorama
A **semaphore line** is an installation used to send optical signals. It is also known as **optical telegraph**. Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags. The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags. The signal can be read when it is in a stable position. In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags. 

Signal towers came before the electric telegraph. They were faster than sending out post riders with the information. 

* Optical telegraph of Claude Chappe on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany.
* Diagram of person holding 2 semaphore flags as letter "P"
* A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France
* A Chappe semaphore telegraph at Louvre, France

Characters
----------

The following semaphore characters are presented as one would face the flagman:

* Rest / Space
* Numerals
* Error
* Cancel
* A / 1
* B / 2
* C / 3  
Acknowledge
* D / 4
* E / 5
* F / 6
* G / 7
* H / 8
* I / 9
* J  
Letters
* K / 0
* L
* M
* N  
Negative
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

Related articles
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* Railway semaphore signal
**Saba Azad** is an Indian actress, singer and musician. She is one of the two members of the Mumbai-based electronic fan group Madboy / Mink. Saba is best known for playing the lead role in the 2011 romantic comedy *Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge*. The movie was very well liked by college students across the country. She played the role of Dingo in Y-Films' web series, *Ladies Room*, in 2016. She made her Bollywood debut in 2006 with the lead role of Raga in the movie *Dil Kabaddi*. She has acted as a model in advertisements for companies such as Cadbury, Ponds,Tata Sky, Google, KitKat, Vodafone and Nescafe.

Early life
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Azad is the niece of Safdar Hashmi, a great actor of stage drama. She has performed with Hashmi's Natyadal *Jan Natya Mancha* from a very young age. She has worked with actors like Habib Tanvir, MK Raina, GP Deshpande and NK Sharma. She has trained in Orissa, ballet, jazz, Latin as well as contemporary dance. Along with her Orissa dance teacher Kiran Segal, she has danced in India and abroad in England.

Afternoon finishing school, she entered the movie world starring in a short movie, *Guroor*. It was directed by Ishan Nair. The movie was screened at festivals in New York and Florence. Since then she has acted in several short movies.

Career
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Azad made her Bollywood debut in 2006 starring Anil Sr. in the independent Hindi movie *Dil Kabaddi*. In that movie, she acted opposite Rahul Basu. She then played the lead role in Y-Films  *Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge*, where she played the role of Preeti Sen opposite newcomers Nishant Dahiya and Shakib Selim .

Personal life
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On March 1, 2013, Imam Shah announced that he and Azad had entered into a "live-in" relationship.

Other Websites
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* Saba Azad on IMDb
Yatsuhashi
**Yatsuhashi** (八ツ橋 or 八橋) is a Japanese food. It is sometimes sold as a souvenir sweet. It is made from rice, sugar and cinnamon. Two types of Yatsuhashi can be bought, either raw or hard Yatsuhashi.

History
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Yatsuhashi comes from Yatsuhashi Kengyo, the pioneer of making Yatsuhashi. In the Edo era, he saved everything so he could make something from leftover rice. Then Yatsuhashi was created. After he died, Yatsuhashi was loved by people in Kyoto, and now it is a very famous food in Kyoto.

Ingredients
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Yatsuhashi is made from rice flour, soybean flour, sesame, sugar cane and a lot of cinnamon. A special cinnamon called "Nikkei" is part of its unique taste.

Shop
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### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi was established by Sahei Tsuda in 1805. At one of the Izutsu yatsuhashi shops, Kyogoku Ichibangai, people can make their own yatsuhashi.

### Otabe

In 1946, a confectionery retail store was started at the Kawaramachirokkaku. In1949, the store started to sell yatsuhashi. In 1969, the name of company has changed to "Otabe". In 2010, Otabe’s Choco-Yatsuhashi won a special gold prize in Monde Selection.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi

The history of Honke Nishino Yatsuhashi began in 1687 in the Edo period, so three hundred years have passed. It has a long story. At the time, "Shiramochi" which is like old raw yatsuhashi was sold there.

Besides these yatsuhashi stores, there are famous shops in Kyoto. They are 'Goden Yatsuhashi, 'Seikodo', 'Hakushindo', and 'HonkeNishio'.

Sorts
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### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honnpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from a famous shop shaped like a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings. It has been sold for more than 200 years. 

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender taste.

Yuko: This is a lyric confection containing bean jam. This is a Yatsuhashi which is associated with Yuko who is a heroine of "the gobantyo-yugirirou".
Other tastes: strawberry, powdered green tea, chocolate and apple.

### Otabe

Otabe: This Nama-Yatsuhashi uses rice grown in Fukui prefecture which is called "Koshihikari", Hokkaido adzuki bean, and water in Fukui prefecture.
Other taste: chocolate, powdered green tea, salt, and sesami.

Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from Kyoto which has been loved by people since more than 300 years ago.

Choco-Yatsuhashi: This is the original confection of Otabe. Yatsuhashi is baked thin, and then it is coated in chocolate.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender dough which is baked.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhasi

Yatsuhashi: This is crisp.
Tastes: powdered green tea, sesami, and banana.

Pocket-Yatsuhashi: This is a Yatsuhashi which you can carry in your pocket.
Tastes: cacao, strawberry, and powdered green tea.
Full scale working replica of 1712 Thomas Newcomen engine for pumping water from mines on the estates of Lord Dudley. Black Country Living Museum
Earliest surviving locomotive: Puffing Billy at the Science Museum
This huge building housed the four largest beam engines in Britain. They were used for moving sewage at Crossness, Bexley
Old Bess: Watt's beam engine, 1777, built by Boulton and Watt. The engine was used to raise water. Constant water was needed because a water wheel was used to drive the machinery in Boulton's Soho Manufactory in Birmingham
A **steam engine** is an engine that uses steam from boiling water to make it move. The steam pushes on the engine parts to make them move. Steam engines can power many kinds of machines including vehicles and electric generators. 

Steam engines were used in mine pumps starting in the early 1700s century and were much improved by James Watt in the 1770s. They were very important during the industrial revolution where they replaced horses, windmills and watermills to work machines.

The first steam engines were piston engines. The steam pressure pushed on a piston which made it move along a cylinder and so they had a *reciprocal* (back-and-forth) motion. This could move a pump directly or work a crank to turn a wheel and work a machine. They operated at low pressure and had to be very big to make a lot of power.

Steam engines were used in factories to work machines and in mines to move pumps. Later smaller engines were built that could move railway locomotives and steam boats.

The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler that heats water to make steam. In most places fire heats the boiler. Fuel for the fire may be wood, coal, or petroleum. Nuclear energy or solar energy may be used instead of fire. The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston. A valve sends the steam to one end of the piston, then the other, to make it move backwards and forwards. The moving piston pushes and pulls the piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod, to turn wheels or drive other machinery. The heavy spinning flywheel smooths out the power from the piston. The governor controls the speed of the engine.

Today many steam engines are still at work. During the 20th century the pistons were replaced by turbines which spin like a windmill pushed by jets of steam. These turn faster with more energy efficiency than the original kinds of piston steam engines. They are used in power plants to operate generators which make electricity. Some ships are also powered by steam turbines. The boilers of steam turbines can be heated by many different types of fuel, even a nuclear reactor in some power stations and warships.

Related pages
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* Aeolipile
* Steam turbine

The governor: Boulton and Watt's important invention

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Steam engines***.
**Performing music from memory** means knowing a piece of music well enough to be able to play or sing it without the written music. 

Although some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand. When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music. This is called "playing from memory" or "playing by heart". When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called **memorizing** the music.

Most Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist. It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation). In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory. A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory. It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces. Some conductors conduct from memory. If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory. There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.

Some people find it easier to memorize music than others. There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by "thinking" through the piece away from the instrument.

Some people have a "photographic memory" and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper. Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one’s imagination). There is also muscular memory (the fingers "knowing" what to do). Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.

When people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes). It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians. The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist Eugen d’Albert were once performing Beethoven’s *Kreutzer Sonata*. Both were playing from memory. One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece. However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone. 

People who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces. Many famous musicians have a large repertoire (a collection) of pieces that they can play from memory.

Sources
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"Pianoforte Diplomas" by Geoffrey Tankard (Sevenoaks 1973)
The Belubula River, which is a perennial stream in Australia
A **perennial stream** or **perennial river** is a stream or river (channel) which always flows in some parts all year round during years of normal rainfall. Perennial streams are different to intermittent streams; which normally stop flowing for weeks or months each year. They are also different to ephemeral streams that flow only for hours or days after rainfall. During unusually dry years a perennial stream may stop flowing. In a drought, they may not flow for months. The differences between perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams are not exact and can change if different measures are used by different groups.

In dry weather it may not be possible to see the water flowing, or see any water at all. In streams with gravel, sandy or rock bottoms, the water may be flowing beneath or between the rocks. In biology, a stream is flowing if there is enough water to support aquatic life, including fish and gill-breathing amphibians, benthic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. These can live in a shallow flow beneath rocks or logs. The flow may be so small that it can not be measured by stream flow measurement instruments.
The Strand, looking towards Trafalgar Square

The **Strand** is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It runs parallel with the Thames on the northern side. It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square. The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district. Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian-only plaza with many commercial outlets.

The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar. The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long. It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels. The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels.

The Savoy Hotel has its own taxi rank.
The road's name comes from the Old English *strond*, meaning the edge of a river. The street was much identified with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House and Cecil House. The aristocracy moved to the West End during the 17th century, and the Strand became known for its coffee shops, restaurants and taverns. 

The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century, and several venues remain on the Strand. At the east end of the street are two historic churches: St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. This easternmost stretch of the Strand is also home to King's College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. In addition to the current Somerset House, other important structures include the Royal Courts of Justice and Australia House.
When a man removes a condom during sexual intercourse in order to get her pregnant, or when a woman removes a man's condom in order to frame him as a rapist. but his partner has not agreed, this is called **stealthing**, or **non-consensual condom removal.** His partner has only agreed to sex with a condom. The risks are the same as having sex without a condom, there may be unwanted pregnancies, as well as the problem of sexually transmitted infections. In many countries, this behaviour is viewed as sexual assault or rape, and punished accordingly. As of 2020, stealthing is punishable as a form of sexual violence in some countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom.

Damaging a condom on purpose, before or during its use is sometiemes also called stealthing; this is independent on who damaged the condom.

Impact and risks
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Removing or damaging a condom during sex increases the risks of unintended pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Victims may feel betrayal and many victims see it as a "grave violation of dignity and autonomy". Many may also experience emotional and psychological distress, especially those who have experienced sexual violence in the past.
This fossil of *Toxochelys*, an extinct marine turtle, from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.
Skull of a female *Pteranodon*, found in the Smoky Hills Chalk in 1876.
The **Smoky Hill Chalk** is an Upper Cretaceous conservation Lagerstätte, or fossil-rich geological formation. It is known for its exceptionally well-preserved marine reptiles from the Western Inland Sea.

The Smoky Hill Chalk outcrops in parts of northwest Kansas, its most famous localities for fossils, and in southeastern Nebraska. Large well-known fossils excavated from the Smoky Hill Chalk include marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, large bony fish such as *Xiphactinus*, mosasaurs, pterosaurs (namely *Pteranodon*), flightless marine birds such as *Hesperornis*, and turtles. Many of the most well-known specimens of the marine reptiles were collected by dinosaur hunter Charles H. Sternberg and his son George. The son collected a unique fossil of the giant bony fish *Xiphactinus audax* with the skeleton of another bony fish, *Gillicus arcuatus* inside the larger one. Another excellent skeleton of *Xiphactinus audax* was collected by Edward Drinker Cope during the late nineteenth century heyday of American paleontology.