recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Charlotte Kalla in February 2019
**Marina Charlotte Kalla** (born 22 July 1987 in Tärendö, Sweden) is a Swedish cross-country skier. She has competed at the international level since the 2003-2004 season. She won a bronze medal at the women's 4 x 5 kilometre relay event during the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec in the Czech Republic.

On 6 January 2008, she won the second edition of the Tour de Ski event.

On 6 May 2012, she signed for Piteå Elit for the 2012/2013 season.

Charlotte Kalla announced on 22 March 2022 she would quit her competitive carrier following the Swedish Championships in Piteå in March 2022.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Charlotte Kalla at Wikimedia Commons

* 17 March 2005 Charlotte Kalla interview at SVT's open archive (in Swedish)

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Kalla, Charlotte |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Swedish cross-country skier |
| Date of birth | 22 July 1987 |
| Place of birth | Tärendö, Sweden |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
Eric Koston
**Eric Koston** (born April 29, 1975) is an American professional skateboarder. He was born in Bangkok, Thailand. Now he is living in California in the United States. 

Eric grew up in San Bernardino in California. He started to skateboard in 1986 at the age of 11 years old when his brother gave him his old skateboard. He picked up skateboarding quickly and later went to a skate camp where he met Eddie Elguera, who realized his potential as a professional skateboarder. He was in grade 10 when he dropped out of school to become a full time skateboarder. 

In 1992, Koston moved to Los Angeles where Natas Kaupas got him into the 101 team. In 101, he established himself as a leading switch stance skateboarder. He did many switch tricks like the nollie flip nose slide and the switch kick flip backside tail slide. He also took a switch 360 flip down the Embarcadero 7. He was finally sponsored and became a pro-skater in 1993 when he joined the H-Street Team and moved into the team house. Later, in 1993, he created the Fourstar clothing company. He also invented many skateboard tricks. Even though he didn't invent it himself, Koston's main signature trick is the "K Grind" (for Koston) after mastering it and showing it on a video. The "K Grind" is only a crooked grind. His stance is goofy, but he is known for his ability to skate switch. He possesses the technical skill and commitment to create the practice of new tricks, either on the streets, or in competition. He is known for commercializing the competitive, HORSE-derivative game of S.K.A.T.E. Eric Koston appears in the Electronic Arts (EA games) video games Skate 2 and Skate 3. He also is in the Laikai video named Fully Flared where he does a perfect fakie 360 flip down the four stairs. Eric Koston is still skateboarding. He can be seen at the Battle of the Berrics which are games of S.K.A.T.E. in their co-own skate park.
**Catahoula Leopard dog** is a medium sized hunting dog also known as the Catahoula cur, Catahoula hog dog, and Catahoula hound. The breed lives about 10 to 14 years. *Catahoula* dog has Native American roots and its name means "scared lake". Catahoula are from Louisiana and is the state's mascot. These dogs typically are medium-sized with a short coat varying with patterns and eyes that differ in color. Catahoulas were bred through the Blood hound, Spanish mastiff and Greyhound. The Breed is known to the American Kennel Club (AKC). AKC has grouped the breed as a stock service animal.

Temperament
-----------

Catahoula is a high energy-level breed that requires a lot of activities such as fetching, walking, running or hiking. Catahoula's need a lot of attention with other dogs and humans.

Dog show qualifications
-----------------------

The Catahoula is recognized by many kennel clubs, which allows the dog to be in dog shows. The two most popular kennel clubs is AKC and UKC. If one wishes to show their Catahoula leopard dog, she must be permanently registered and have a licensing number through the kennel club chosen. Not only should the breed be licensed, they are required to be well-kept, and not be a mixed breed.

### Head requirements

The head of the Catahoula should look strong, the mouth should look nicely even with the head and not deformed. The Leopard dog's head and mouth should be parallel, which sometimes causes wrinkles on the forehead.

### Teeth

In-order to be show ready, the dog must have full white teeth with nice pink gums. A sharp bite is ideal but teeth that may be worn or broken is okay.

### Eyes

Eyes should look medium sized, sort of rounded with varying eye colors or mix of colors. Eyes that may be deformed such as being un-centered; sagging of the eyelids; wired movability of eyelids or eyelashes can be a disqualification.

### Ears

Ears flop to the side with a short to medium triangular shape. The top of the ear should be even to the head. When alert, the tip of the ear lays close to the cheek. No Catahoula for show can have cropped ears.

### Body requirement

The body should look strong with a broad chest. Catahoula's front legs and back legs should be medium length. When feet are being looked at, the dogs paws should be well groomed and have good webbing between toes.
**Mia Novoa** is a character in the television series *Grachi*, is interpreted by actress, model and singer Venezuelan Maria Gabriela de Faria. It is a new witch who studies in Escolarium, it is very bad and selfish and will do anything to be her boyfriend Daniel and destroy Grachi. His first appearance was in the last episode of the first season Grachi where a flower Grachi damage had created and Escolarium breaking a glass with magic, her eyes showed very strong orange color meant hatred and evil. She also has a birthmark shaped chandelier.

Personality
-----------

Mia is very selfish, brilliant and intelligent, magically solve everything that she thinks all witches should use their powers to have fun and make everything easier. She does not throw his spells as Grachi and Matilda, they throw it with your finger and see a glimmer, she appears purple smoke by closing his hand and leaving two fingers up being the index and the middle but when Athena Grachi launched the spell of forgetfulness she was in another world and knew nothing of magic but when Matilda, will not affect the spell, she said she is a witch spells all made with the finger.

Second season
-------------

In the first episode of the 2nd season was his second appearance in Grachi, the program begins where she is in her room that is purple, she gets up from her bed, using her magic dress and placed his shoes one at a time with magic and then comes his older brother Ignacio "Nacho" who knows nothing of magic, and says that breakfast is ready and to order her room, her room was so messy so I use magic and then comes back Nacho he said he was going to help but she says it is not necessary because it's over. Then decided to stroll Enchanted City (home), and meets Lucia Grachi and makes a spell to hear what they were talking and listening Grachi Lucia told him not to worry of evil witches because she is the Chosen (the most powerful witch, but no more than the tip), then wanted to go to the mall and opposite Grachi to pull conjures up a shelf full of many things but just then Grachi lifts, Mia showed making powers all the perfumes that she wanted to appear in her purse and commercial security came and told him to give the bag to check, but Mia threw a spell that made everything she would give it to him without to pay. In the last episode of the 2nd season she, Leo and Athena were becoming a wedding caeos Ursula and Francisco. In the end they are losing, Leo dies electrocuted, Athena was taken to prison for Ivis and Priscilla, as she and Matilda Grachi memory erased.

Other websites
--------------

* Wiki Grachi in Spanish
* Series website in Mundonick Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Series website (private))
**Daniel Tosh** (born May 29, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian. Tosh is of West German descent.

Early life
----------

Tosh was born in Germany but grew up in Titusville, Florida. His father was a preacher. He had one brother and two sisters. After graduating from Astronaut High School in 1993 and later the University of Central Florida with a degree in marketing, Tosh moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his dog.

Career
------

Tosh's first big career break came in 2001 with his performance on the *Late Show with David Letterman*. His first attempt to appear on the show was cut short, though, due to time limits caused by the star guest, Eric Kraff, overlapping with his segment. He followed with appearances on programs such as *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*, *Jimmy Kimmel Live!* and Comedy Central's *Premium Blend*. In 2003, he performed in his own thirty-minue special on *Comedy Central Presents*. On June 17, 2007, Comedy Central aired a stand-up special featuring Tosh, *Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious*. He also hosted an episode of Comedy Central's *Live at Gotham*. Tosh is also a regular guest on *The Bob & Tom Show*. He had a small part in the feature film *In the Army Now* starring Pauly Shore and Andy Dick. He also had a bit part in *The Love Guru*,

Currently, Tosh hosts *Tosh.0*, a show showcasing internet video clips on Comedy Central. Daniel Tosh also had another stand-up special called "Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts".

Works
-----

Tosh has released two albums, *True Stories I Made Up*, which was released on November 8, 2005 by Comedy Central and *Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious*, which was released on June 17, 2007 by Comedy Central. His Comedy Central TV show *Tosh.0* premiered on June 4, 2009.

Releases
--------

* *True Stories I Made Up* (CD, 2005)
* *Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious* (DVD, 2007)
* *Happy Thoughts* (CD/DVD, 2011)

Other websites
--------------

* danieltosh.com, official site
* Daniel Tosh official MySpace page
* Daniel Tosh on IMDb
Cave painting at Lascaux.
**Lascaux** is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. 

There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne *département*. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.

Montignac is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Périgueux, and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Sarlat-la-Canéda

Dating
------

Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.

Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien.

There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older. The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago. 

Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons: 

* All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age
* No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older
* The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago
* All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.

Discovery and problems
----------------------

The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. 

In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.

As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.
Map of the Line Islands, Filippo Reef is also shown
**Filippo Reef** is a coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. It is located at 05°30′S 151°50′W﻿ / ﻿5.500°S 151.833°W﻿ / -5.500; -151.833, 450 kilometres (280 mi) east of Starbuck Island in the Line Islands. The reef was reported by the master of the Italian barque *Filippo* who saw it on 28 June 1886. From an unidentified report of breakers dated 1926, it was estimated to have a water depth of only 0.6 to 0.9 metres (2 to 3 ft), and appeared to be about 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) long northwest to southeast, and less in width.

The only sighting referenced shows a date of 1926. The topographic data supplied by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), however, shows a sea depth of 3.3 miles (5.3 km). It is therefore likely that this 1926 report is an error, and that Filippo Reef is a phantom island. Maps showing the reef rely on the report of 1926, and are likely in error.

Nevertheless, it is marked in the 2005 edition of the *National Geographic Atlas of the World*.
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Kimura*.*
**Motoo Kimura** (13 November 1924 – 13 November 1994) was a Japanese mathematician and biologist. He was known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. "Calculating the rate of evolution in terms of nucleotide substitutions seems to give a value so high that many of the mutations involved must be neutral ones".

He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists:

> Motoo Kimura's research contributions can be divided into two parts. The first is a series of papers on theoretical population genetics, the quality and quantity of which place him as the successor to the great trinity, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. The second is his neutral theory, the idea that the bulk of molecular evolutionary changes are driven by mutation and random chance, rather than by natural selection.
> 
> 

Kimura was heavily influenced by Sewall Wright; the main distinction being that Wright was mainly interested in populations, whereas the core of Motoo's work was in changes at the molecular level. Modified versions of Kimura's ideas are still in use today.

In 1992, Kimura received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society, and the following year he was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

Honours
-------

* Weldon Memorial Prize (UK), 1965.
* Japan Academy Prize, 1968.
* Order of Culture (Japan), 1976.
* Royal Society (UK), Darwin Medal in 1992; Foreign member, 1993.
**Donauparkhalle** was an indoor ice rink in Vienna-Donaustadt in Austria. It was originally built as an expo venue in 1964, next to an earlier landfill in Donaupark near Kaisermühlen, to be used for the garden-themed exhibition Wiener Internationale Gartenschau. Two years later, it was rebuilt into an indoor ice rink. During the 1966/1967 season, Wiener EV played its first home games inside. Later, it was used as home venue for the Vienna club WAT Stadlau. The venue was popular for its acoustics. The venue was demolished following the 1990/1991 season. In the early 1990's, the area was planned to be used for the 1995 world exhebition that was never hosted.

Major events
------------

In 1967 the Wiener Stadthallenturnier, despite the name, was held there instead of inside the Wiener Stadthalle.  Even the world championships in ice stock sport and nine-pin bowling have been held inside. 
Even the 1967 World Ice Hockey Championships and the 1987 World Ice Hockey Championships were held inside. The World Figure Skating Championships have also been held here.
**Eiji Ezaki** (江崎 英治, *Ezaki Eiji*) (29 November 1968 – 3 March 2016) was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was better known for wrestling under a mask as **Hayabusa**. He mainly worked for the Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) promotion. He also wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) and in North America for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and one match with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).

Career
------

Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger. He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico.

In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.

On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW. He had served as the executive producer of the promotion.

Death
-----

On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47. He was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.
Jan Kochanowski
**Jan Kochanowski** (Polish: [ˈjan kɔxaˈnɔfskʲi]; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet, translator and playwright. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest poets in Polish literature.

Biography
---------

Jan Kochanowski was born into a noble family in the village of Sycyna, Poland. His parents were
Piotr Kochanowski, a lawyer and judge, and Anna Białaczowska. Among their 11 children, two of Jan's brothers were also writers. He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Then he attended the University of Königsberg (Królewiec), in Ducal Prussia, and Padua University in Italy. He returned to Poland in 1559. In 1563 he became a secretary at the royal court of Sigismund II Augustus. He married Dorota Podlodowska around 1575 and settled at the family estate at Czarnolas ("Blackwood"). Kochanowski is sometimes called "Jan z Czarnolasu" ("John of Blackwood"). He died of a heart attack in 1584 in the town of Lublin.

Works
-----

Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and Latin. He wrote *Fraszki*, a cycle of epigrams, *Pieśni* (*Cantos*) and *Treny* (*Laments*). The last work was written by the poet after death of his daughter Ursula. He lost another daughter, named Hanna, too. Kochanowski wrote also *Pieśń świętojańska o Sobótce* (*Midsummer Night's Song*) and *Odprawa połów greckich* (*The Dismissal of the Grecian Envoys*). Many of his poems are free translations from Horace. Kochanowski translated *The Book of Psalms* and *Chess* by Marco Girolamo Vida. Kochanowski established rules of Polish versification and introduced sonnet to Polish poetry. Many poems by Kochanowski were translated into English.

The translator Piotr Kochanowski was Jan Kochanowski's nephew.

Other websites
--------------

* Jan Kochanowski's Biography and Poems at Virtual Library of Polish Literature.
**Fort Abbas** was formerly known as "Pholra". In 1927, Nawab Sir Sadiq Abbasi changed this name and gave it the name of his elder son, Muhammad Abbas.

History
-------

Fort Abbas is a historic city of Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. This city is on the border and the language is Punjabi. Fort Abbas is a largest tehsil by land area. It is one of the five tehsils of Bahawal Nagar district. It is connected with other parts of the country through road and railway track. One side is connected with the Pakistan/India border. Internet, telephone, and mobile are available.

Fort Abbas has forest, desert and agricultural land. Major crops are wheat, cotton and sugar cane.

Historically it's part of Abbasi state Bahawalpur. Once River Ghagra passed through and the city was on the bank of the river. Now nothing is there, even the city fort is demolished.

Agriculture
-----------

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, BWN Campus made a research study on climate and agricultural conditions in Fort Abbas. They found that a lot of the area is not appropriate for crops and vegetation. There are lot of reasons behind it:

* desert
* water supply is not enough
* people do not have agricultural knowledge and formal education
* lake of phosphoros and zinc in land of Fort Abbas
**Quetta** (Urdu: کوئٹہ) is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.

In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.

History
-------

Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".

Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.

The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.

Geography
---------

Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.

It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.

Other websites
--------------

* Quetta, Google Maps
Detailed DoD Technical Reference Model.
**Software engineering** is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices. A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow. 

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.  The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.

Steps in creating software
--------------------------

Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:

* *Requirements* say what the software should do.
* *Software design* is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
* After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded. Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
* Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
* Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bugs are found or new requirements are needed.

Tools used in creating software
-------------------------------

Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software. Some of the most common are:

* Flowcharts
* UML diagram
* Debugging tools
* Compiler
* Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
* Database

Related pages
-------------

* Software development

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Software engineering***.

* The British Computer Society
* The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* Computer Degrees and Careers Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Software engineering -Citizendium
Museum of Science and Industry
The **Museum of Science and Industry** (or **MSI**) is in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. It is in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. The museum was sponsored by Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist. It was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago. It opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition.

MSI is the largest science museum in the Western Hemisphere. It has a full-size replica coal mine, a German submarine (U-505) captured during World War II, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train (Pioneer Zephyr), and the Apollo 8 spacecraft that carried the first humans to the Moon.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)***.

* Museum website
* Commercials and news clips Archived 2017-04-16 at the Wayback Machine at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television
Tosa Inu
Head of a Tosa Inu
The **Tosa Inu** (土佐) also called the **Japanese Mastiff** is a breed of dog of Japan. It was originally bred in Tosa (present day Kōchi) as a fighting dog and still today is a known fighting dog.

Appearance
----------

The Japanese breed generally weighs between 40 and 60 kg, while the non-Japanese breeders have focused on dogs that weigh from 55 to 95 kg and stand 24.5 to 31 inches (62 to 80 cm) at the withers.
The coat is characterized by its short and smooth appearance and is often red, brindle, or fawn. Occasionally it can be a dull black, but this is somewhat rare. Maintenance of the coat is usually minimal. Dogs should be very muscular and athletic. Tosa is a very resistant to pain and physical exhaustion.

History
-------

This breed originated in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. The breed started from the native Shikoku-Inu, an indigenous dog weighing about 25 kilograms (45 pounds) and standing about 55 centimetres high, which closely resembles the European Spitz. These dogs were crossed with European dog breeds, such as the Old English Bulldog in 1872, Mastiff in 1874, St. Bernard, German Pointer in 1876, Great Dane in 1924, and the Bull Terrier. The aim was to breed a larger, more powerful and very fast agile fighting dog. Today it is still used in some countries as a fighting dog, but usually it is kept as a pet where it is ideal companion. In family environment Tosa is patient and very friendly in attitude.

Other websites
--------------

* Shakuhachi Imperial Tosa-inu Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Tosa Inu Information Pages
* Wielie Walie Tosa Inu Archived 2005-11-11 at the Portuguese Web Archive
* Molosserworld's Tosa Inu Page Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
* More Japanese dog breeds Archived 2020-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Greatbreed.com Archived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Ostuni, Steve (2003) *Japanese Tosa*. Allenhurst: Kennel Club Books. ISBN 1-59378-336-1.
* Tosa Inu Information Pages
The **Fußballgemeinschaft Salzburg** was a wartime syndicate of three football clubs in the city of Salzburg, Austria (then Ostmark) during World War II and existed from April 1943 to April 1945.

History
-------

After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, the clubs in the Salzburg 1st Class and the Western Division League were entitled to take part in the promotion rounds to the then Gauliga. However, the political situation as well as the service obligations, conscription into the German Wehrmacht or the Reichsarbeitsdienst brought football to an almost complete standstill. SV Austria Salzburg, with German guest players who were stationed in Salzburg, became the strongest club in Salzburg's 1st class and won the championship in the 1939/40 and 1940/41 seasons. In 1941, after beating SK Amateure Steyr, the champion of the Oberdonauer 1st class, they made it into the promotion round to the Ostmark division class. In the promotion games, however, Salzburg failed because of the overwhelming opponents SK Sturm Graz, Post SV Wien and BSG Traisen.

After this season, it was difficult to maintain the game in the Salzburg class. With the declaration of "total war" and the consequent conscription of almost all capable players, the club had not enough players. In April 1943, the traditional clubs Salzburger AK 1914, SV Austria Salzburg and 1. Salzburger SK 1919 decided to merge to form the Fußballgemeinschaft Salzburg in order to be able to continue playing.

The management of the association was divided between the officials of the individual clubs. When the new club started, there were only three established players from Austria Salzburg in the squad and young players from the other two clubs were added to the squad. The 1942/43 season had to be canceled because the new syndicate had only one competitor, Reichsbahn SG Salzburg.Austria Salzburg was declared champion.All promotion games against the competitors SK Amateure Steyr and 1. FFC Vorwärts 06 Wien were clearly lost. The Salzburg youth team only scored three goals and was hopelessly inferior to their opponents.

In the 1943/44 season, the FG Salzburg was the only Salzburg representative to play in the Oberdonau-Salzburg league, finishing eighth out of eleven teams. FG Steyr, which also emerged from the war-related merger of the Steyr clubs Amateure and Vorwärts, became champions of this league.

In the aborted and unranked game season 1944/45, the matches were played exclusively by youth players. On April 8, 1945, shortly before the surrender of the German Reich, the FG Salzburg was dissolved. As early as autumn 1945, the three traditional clubs SAK, SSK and Austria set up their own teams again and occupied the first three places in the revived Salzburg 1st class.
**Tomie Ōhara** (大原 富枝, September 28, 1912 – January 27, 2000) was a Japanese novelist. She is best known for her novel "A Woman called En".

Early life and education
------------------------

Ōhara was born on 28 September 1912 in Kochi, Japan. Her father was the principal of an elementary school. Her father had an extensive library where she used to read in. Her mother died when she was 10 years old. She studied at Kochi Joshi Shihan Gakko from 1927 to 1930. She quitted school when she contracted tuberculosis. She did not leave the sanatorium until 1938.

Career
------

Ōhara's writing career began when she was recovering from tuberculosis. She finished writing her first story in 1935. She began gaining attention as a writer with her 1938 story *Shuku Shussei* (祝出征). Her story was shortlisted for the Akutagawa Prize. She then move to Tokyo. She became a member of the Bungei Shuto magazine in 1941.

Her tuberculosis recurred in 1955 and lasted until 1957. She published a short story collection in 1957 titled *Sutomai Tsunbo* (ストマイつんぼ). Her short story won the Women's Literature Award. The stories in the collection are about patients living in a sanatorium.

She then wrote "A Woman called En" (婉という女, *En to iu onna*) in 1960. It won the Mainichi Publishing Culture Award and the Noma Literary Prize. Her novel *Oyuki: Tosa Ichijo-ke no Hokai* (於雪－土佐一條家の崩壊) was published in 1970. It won the Women's Literature Award.

In 1976 Ōhara converted to Catholicism. Her new religion had a clear influence on some of her later books.

In 1990 she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class. The Ōhara Tomie Museum of Literature opened in 1991. She was named a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1998. Ōhara died on January 27, 2000.

Other websites
--------------

* Ōhara Tomie Museum of Literature official website
Maurice Duruflé, c.1962
**Maurice Duruflé** (born Louviers, 11 January 1902; died Louveciennes, 16 June 1986) was a French composer and organist. He was very self-critical and destroyed any of his compositions that he thought were not really good. This is why we now only have a small number of his works. He wrote choral music and music for the organ. His most famous work is his *Requiem*.

Life
----

Duruflé was born in Louviers, Haute-Normandie. In 1912, he joined the choir of Rouen Cathedral where he studied piano and organ. When he was 17 he went to Paris and had private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire. He became Tournemire’s assistant at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 Duruflé went to study at the Conservatoire de Paris. His organ teacher was Eugène Gigout. When he graduated he got first prizes in organ, harmony, piano accompaniment, and composition. 

In 1929 Duruflé became organist at St. Étienne-du-Mont in Paris, a job he kept for the rest of his life. 

In 1939, he gave the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto. In 1943 he became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970. In 1947, Duruflé wrote his famous *Requiem* op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra. In the same year Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant organist at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married in 1953 after Duruflé divorced his first wife. The couple often travelled together to give organ recitals together. They always spent many hours practising on the organs on which they had to perform, often practising a lot of the time without the sound so that their fingers were really used to the feel of the organ.

In 1975 Duruflé was badly hurt in a car accident and had to give up performing. His wife, who was not so badly hurt in the accident, was still able to play and continued to play the organ at St-Étienne-du-Mont.

Duruflé died in Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84.

Duruflé only left a few of his works for publication. His two important organ works are the *Suite, op. 5* which has a famous Toccata as last movement, and his *Prelude and Fugue sur le nom d'Alain*. His *Requiem* remains a favourite work for choirs. Duruflé’s music uses Gregorian plainchant, modal harmonies and polyphonic writing. He was a great admirer of the music of Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire and he made transcriptions of some of their improvisations.

Other websites
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* Association de Maurice et Marie-Madeleine Duruflé Archived 2012-07-29 at Archive.today
*
**Rif Dimashq Governorate** (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق **Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq**, literally, the "Governorate of the Countryside of Damascus", Damascus Suburb) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and al-Suwayda (comprising the historic Hauran region) in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city-governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

Districts
---------

The governorate is divided into ten districts (Arabic: مناطق ; manatiq). There were nine district until February 2009, when Qudsaya District was created from parts of Markaz Rif Dimashq and Al-Zabadani districts. The districts are further divided into 37 sub-districts.There is a small village belonging to the Damascus countryside (Ghouta) called Aqraba, which is characterized by its fields and agricultural orchards. (Arabic: نواحي ;nawahi).

The Districts of Rif Dimashq Governorate| Districts | Population(Census 2004) |
| --- | --- |
| Markaz Rif Dimashq | 837,804 |
| Douma | 433,719 |
| Al-Qutayfah | 119,283 |
| Al-Tall | 115,937 |
| Yabroud | 48,370 |
| An-Nabek | 80,001 |
| Al-Zabadani | 63,780 |
| Qatana | 207,245 |
| Darayya | 260,961 |
| Qudsaya | 105,974 |
| *Total Governorate* | 2,273,074 |
Dragonfly compound eyes
An image of a house fly compound eye surface by Scanning Electron microscope
**Compound eyes** consist of many photoreceptor units or **ommatidia**. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'. 

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions. 

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

The general picture
-------------------

Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

Types of compound eye
---------------------

Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.

Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

Good fliers
-----------

Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

Other types
-----------

Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of *Ophiocoma wendtii*, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.
***Max Payne*** is a third-person shooter video game made by Finnish developers Remedy Entertainment and published by Gathering of Developers in July 2001 for Microsoft Windows. Later in 2001, ports for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameBoy Advance were published by Rockstar Games. A Macintosh port was published in July 2002 by MacSoft in North America, and by Feral Interactive in the rest of the world. There were plans for a Dreamcast version of *Max Payne*, but they were cancelled because of the console had stopped being made. The game was again released in April 2009 as a downloadable game for the Xbox Originals program for the Xbox 360.

The game features a neo-noir type style and uses comic strips (with voice-overs) in place of animated cutscenes to narrate the game. This is because it is inspired by hard-boiled detective novels by authors like Mickey Spillane. The game contains many references to Norse mythology, particularly the myth of Ragnarök. Several of the names used in the game are those of Norse gods. The gameplay is very much influenced by the Hong Kong action cinema genre, particularly the work of director John Woo, and it was the first game to feature the bullet time effect made famous in *The Matrix*.

*Max Payne* got very good reviews from critics and was praised for its exciting gun play and use of noir storytelling devices. As of 2012, the *Max Payne* franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The game has also won a BAFTA Award.

Sequels
-------

The game was followed by *Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne*, released in 2003. And *Max Payne 3*, released in 2012.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Max Payne***

* *Max Payne* Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Max Payne archives Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at 3D Realms
* *Max Payne* at MobyGames
* *Max Payne* on IMDb
**SSTV** (Slow-scan television) is a way of sending a picture on radio waves, it is different from normal television because only one picture is sent very slowly, hence why it's called slow scan, instead of 24 or 30 pictures per second on normal television, SSTV is also not used for entertainment, although radio hobbyists may enjoy collecting pictures that they receive, or seeing if they can receive a picture from a very far away transmitter (DXing).

SSTV is also narrow bandwith, that means the signal is "thinner" it uses much less of the radio spectrum then normal television.

The same audio decoded back into a picture of a sunshot

  

SSTV works by turning a picture into sounds, tones that represent the color and brightness of the lines that make up the picture, these sounds can be transmitted over radio and heard and decoded by other people.

Below is an example of SSTV audio

There are different modes of SSTV, which change the quality of the picture or if it's color, for example, a mode called B/W 8 is very low quality, but it doesn't take that long to transmit, whereas PD 240 is much higher quality, but takes a lot longer to transmit.

SSTV was first used by NASA to beam down pictures of the moon or from the space shuttle, but nowadays it's mainly used by amatuar radio operators and radio pirates, an amatuar radio SSTV picture will often have information on it about the station or person it came from.

The International Space Station still occasionally sends down an SSTV picture or series of pictures.

  

SSTV is also sometimes used in things that aren't radio, a video game called Portal had SSTV recordings hidden in certain locations, when people decoded them, they revealed more about the storyline in the game.
***Mighty Magiswords*** is a French-German-Italian animation series produced by Alphanim and Nickelodeon Productions, and distributed by Nelvana, Discovery Kids and Globosat.

The series deals with the two light warriors, Prohyas and Vambre, with their dragon pet Gulp, go on adventures with their magiswords and the powerful imagination of the twins who was carefree and stayed with him. With Gulp, an anthropomorphic dragon that is the pet of Prohyas and Vambre.

In May 2005, the series was first broadcast in Jetix Germany and Nickelodeon Germany on the German worlds, and then was devoted to another in Jetix France, Jetix Italy, Nickelodeon Italy and Nickelodeon France.

In July 2006, the series was broadcast on Nickelodeon Latin America until 2009. In 2007, it was aired on Jetix Latin America through 2008 through the Jetix Original series. The series introduces the producer before inviting Jetix Animation Concepts, a 2006-2009 company that was produced by Yin Yang Yo, Get Ed and Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go.

During episodes, the series has three seasons and episodes with five episodes each season.

'Robin's Tales'  *was the end of an hour of the series issued on May 1, 2009, and its sequel*  Robin's Halloween Debuts  *was the other end of an hour of the series was issued on 4 September 2010. His two last episodes are characterized first, Steven and the Titans with the Army Robin has discovered stealing his evil man, and in the second and final adventure continues with a special Halloween during the October season , Everyone has halloween, and then Steven and Connie love and have to leave the adventures through the final door during the Halloween extremes.*

During the last five years, to his farewell messages

*Powerful Magistrates, 2005-2010*

After five years, Alphanim cancelled new seasons and new five episodes during the total of 5x5 episodes. When Jetix replaced by Disney XD, Disney XD eliminated the series, and Disney XD was emitted the series currently in Europe.

Characters
----------

* **Prohyas** – He is twin brother of Vambre and sent to the adventures with Vambre along with magistrates without Gulp.
* **Vambre** – It is twin sister of a Prohyas and also sent to the adventures with Prohyas and magiswords without Gulp
* **Gulp** – It is an anthropomorphic dragon who is too young to send to the adventures while working with Prohyas and Vambre.

### Voices

| Characters | Voice of Template:ALE | Voice of  France | Voice of  Italy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prohyas | Theodor Danegger | Juliette Drouet | Primo Carnera |
| Vambre | Friedrich Domin | Joséphine Duchesnois | Mario Carotenuto |
| Gulp | Robert Dorsay | Jean Dujardin | Memmo Carotenuto |

Related pages
-------------

* Nickelodeon
* Jetix
* Disney Channel
Herat
**Herat** (Persian: هرات, Herāt) is a city in Afghanistan. As of 2012, about 436,300 people live there. It is the third-largest city in Afghanistan. It is the capital of Herat Province. It is in the west of the country, close to the border of Iran. The spoken language in the city is called Herati Persian or just Herati.

History
-------

Herat dates back to very old times. Avesta, the old book of Zoroastrianism mentions Herat as "Haroyu" and lists it as the sixth land of the sixteen perfect lands created by Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian god. In Achaemenid times (ca. 550-330 BC), the surrounding district was known as "Haraiva" (in Old Persian). Ancient Greeks called it "Aria" and "Artacoana" was the capital of Aria. Alexander the Great took Artacoana in 330 BC and destroyed it. He later built another city near Artacoana and named it "Alexandria in Ariana", today's city of Herat. After him Parthians and Sassanians took over. Sassanians called the city "Harēv".

Arabs took Herat in 660 AD, and it became a center of the Muslim world. Herat has a long history as a centre for Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam. It became part of the area then known as Khurasan, which reached its peak of civilization in the twelfth century. In 1221 AD, it was taken by the Mongols and later destroyed by Genghis Khan and Timur, the Turkic conqueror, took it in about 1393 AD. Herat’s greatest era was during the Timurid rule, when it was a centre of science and culture. As the capital of the Timurid empire, it boasted many fine religious buildings and was famous for its sumptuous court life and musical performance and its tradition of miniature paintings. Later Persians and Afghans fought over the control of the city and Herat changed hands several times before it (under British interference) permanently became part of Afghanistan in 1857 under the Treaty of Paris.

In March 1979, an anti-Communist uprising in Herat, left 25,000 civilian deaths. Between 1978 and 1992, communist forces in Herat city fought resistance forces holding the countryside. In 1995 the area came under the control of Pashtuns of the Taliban movement. After the United States' invasion of Afghanistan, on November 12, 2001, it was liberated from the Taliban by the Northern Alliance.
In 2012, Maryam Durani received the International Women of Courage Award.
**Maryam Durani** (مَریَم دورانی) (born 1987) is an activist and women's advocate.  In 2012 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Mariyam is the daughter of Haji Mohammad Eisa Durani. She is from the Durrani tribe. Maryam graduated from the American University of Afghanistan. She has a degree in business. She also studied law and political science.

Work
----

Mariyam was Kandahar people’s representative in the provincial council. She was director of Khadijatul Kubra women's association for culture. She was the owner of Merman Radio of Kandahar, a special women's radio. She started the Kandahar women's advocacy network. Maryam also started Malalai Maiwandi Internet cafe, a free women's internet cafe. It is a safe space for women to use the internet, and the first of its kind in Afghanistan.

Awards
------

In 2012, Time Magazine chose Maryam as one of "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". According to Time, "As the owner and operator of a radio station (Merman Radio) that focuses on women's issues and as a member of the Kandahar provincial council, Durani stands up for the region's women with remarkable bravery."

In March 8, 2012 she received the U.S. Secretary of State’s International Women of Courage Award.

In May 2014, Maryam received the Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award in Middelburg, the Netherlands. Freedom of Speech and Expression Archived 2015-06-27 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Maryam Durani***.

* 2012 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)