recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Gas-operation** is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms. In gas operation, a portion of high-pressure gas from the cartridge being fired is used to power a mechanism to extract the spent case and insert a new cartridge into the chamber. Energy from the gas is harnessed through either a port in the barrel or a trap at the muzzle. This high-pressure gas impinges on a surface such as a piston head to provide motion for unlocking of the action, extraction of the spent case, ejection, cocking of the hammer or striker, chambering of a fresh cartridge, and locking of the action.

Long stroke
-----------

The AK-47 is the most-produced rifle using long stroke gas operation.

Short stroke
------------

Used in the AR-18.

Direct impingement
------------------

Direct impingement is a form of gas operation that does away with the piston completely. The bolt is designed in such a way so that the gas acts directly upon the bolt (hence the name) to cycle the action. Used in the AR-15.

Fluted chamber direct impingement
---------------------------------

Another form of direct impingement using a fluted chamber instead of a gas port. With this operation, the gas circumvents around the chambered cartridge through the grooves of the fluted chamber surpassing through the locking lugs to the front of the bolt carrier that operates as a gas piston unlocking the bolt to cycle the weapons operation.

Floating chamber
----------------

Early machine guns were expensive to operate. The United States Army wanted to train machine gun crews with less-expensive ammunition. To do this, they needed the .22 LR cartridge to operate firearms designed to use the .30-06 cartridge. David Marshall Williams invented a method that involved a separate floating chamber that acted as a gas piston with combustion gas impinging directly on the front of the floating chamber. The .22 caliber Colt Service Ace conversion kit for the .45 caliber M1911 pistol also used Williams' system, which allows a much heavier slide than other conversions operating on the unaugmented blowback mechanism and makes training with the converted pistol realistic. A floating chamber provides additional force to operate the heavier slide, providing a felt recoil level similar to that of a full power cartridge.

Gas delayed blowback
--------------------

The bolt is not locked but is pushed rearward by the expanding propellant gases as in other blowback-based designs. However, propellant gases are vented from the barrel into a cylinder with a piston that delays the opening of the bolt. It is used by Volkssturmgewehr 1-5 rifle, the Heckler & Koch P7, Steyr GB and Walther CCP pistols.

Other websites
--------------

* Fluted Chamber Direct Impingement
**Microsoft Copilot** is a chatbot made by Microsoft. It was introduced as **Bing Chat** on February 7, 2023. Microsoft Copilot is a replacement of the Cortana virtual assistant. Microsoft used to sometimes call its chatbots Bing Chat, and sometimes call them Microsoft Copilot, but all of the chatbots were renamed to Microsoft Copilot in November 2023.

The user interface of Microsoft Copilot looks like the user interface of ChatGPT, and both of them use the GPT-4 artificial intelligence model. It can cite its sources, create poems, and make songs. It can also use its Image Creator to generate images based on text prompts. Microsoft Copilot can understand many different languages.

History
-------

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft released a new Bing version. This version included a new chatbot feature called Bing Chat. Bing Chat was also added to Microsoft Edge. Microsoft created a similar chatbot for Microsoft 365 called Microsoft 365 Copilot. Microsoft created another chatbot called Windows Copilot. Between September 2023 and October 2023, Microsoft 365 Copilot and Windows Copilot were renamed to Microsoft Copilot. On November 15, 2023, Bing Chat was renamed to Microsoft Copilot.

In December 2023, Copilot was added to many copies of Windows 11 for free, with more copies, and limited support for Windows 10, to be added later. Later that month, a Microsoft Copilot app was released for Android.

Features
--------

In Microsoft Edge, Copilot can give information on the website currently being browsed by a user. Microsoft Copilot in Windows can be accessed with the taskbar, and it supports the use of voice commands. In Microsoft 365, Microsoft Copilot can help by generating and editing parts of documents. This has reminded some people of the Office Assistant, or Clippy, which was an old feature which also tried to help with documents in Microsoft Office (the old name for Microsoft 365).

Related pages
-------------

* Cortana
* ChatGPT
* Siri
**Tropical spastic paraparesis** or **HTLV-I-associated myelopathy** (**HAM**) is a disease that affects the spinal cord and nerves going to the legs. It is caused by infection by the HTLV-1 virus. The disease is sometimes called Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (TSP). Symptoms of the disease may include: leg weakness, back pain and urinary dysfunction. The symptoms are often similar to those of multiple sclerosis. 

The beginning of the disease is often slow, and symptoms are not noticed for some months or years. About 5-10 million people around the world have been infected with HTLV-1. Two percent of them may develop HAM. This means that HAM is a rare disease. 

There is no cure for HAM, although people can live for many years with the symptoms. Sometimes the symptoms get worse. In other cases, people's symptoms stay stable. Treatment of the disease is focused on relieving the symptoms, and it is important to stay as active as possible. 

There are higher numbers of people with HAM in southwest Japan, Central, and South America, Asia, central Australia, and Romania. These are areas where HTLV-1 is more common.
This 1903 illustration by Franz Nopcsa shows the gastric content of the German specimen
Reconstruction of a skeleton, Museum of Ancient Life – Thanksgiving Point, Lehi, Utah   
Model sculpted by Bruce J. Mohn
***Compsognathus*** was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, around 144 million years ago. It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.

*Compsognathus* is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89 cm 35 in long), and another from France (125 cm 49 in long). The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.

The larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France. Although originally described as a separate species called *Compsognathus corallestris*, others have since renamed it as another example of *Compsognathus longipes*.

It is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the *Micropachycephalosaurus*

Historical importance
---------------------

Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, *Archaeopteryx*, with *Compsognathus*. These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago. Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of *Archaeopteryx*. He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of *Sauropsida*. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

### Diet

The remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that *Compsognathus* preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside *Compsognathus* belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard. Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus *Bavarisaurus*, which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions. This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, *Compsognathus*, must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard. The *Bavarisaurus* is in a single piece, indicating that the *Compsognathus* must have swallowed its prey whole. The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.

Size
----

*Your Mom* was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur. However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species. The smallest dinosaur is probably *Anchiornis*; other candidates are: *Micropachycephalosaurus*; *Caenagnathasia*; *Microraptor*; and *Parvicursor*.
**Denzo Ishizaki** (石崎 伝蔵, *Ishizaki Denzō*, October 20, 1886 or 1884 – April 29, 1999) was a Japanese educator, serving as principle of a lower secondary school in his hometown Ibaraki, and supercentenarian verified as the oldest Japanese man ever (although Shigechiyo Izumi was still believed to have been 120 years and 237 days old at the time) until either late September 2001 when Yukichi Chuganji broke his record by less than two years, *or* late October 2011 when his record was broken by Jiroemon Kimura, depending on whether his birth year was 1886 or 1884.

Age records
-----------

Although his birth date is officially verified as October 20, 1886, Ishizaki himself claimed to be born two years earlier, and thereby ten days older than Gengan Tonaki who would have been the second-oldest living Japanese man at the time of his death on January 24, 1997, and asserted that his birth record was "delayed by two years", which would have made Ishizaki the oldest living man in Japan after Gihei Oka's death on September 28, 1991 as well as the oldest living Japanese man overall on February 16, 1992 when Russo-Japanese War veteran Mamoru Eto, who was four days younger than Gihei Oka and had emigrated to the United States, died at age 109 years, 13 days and only the second Japanese man who became a supercentenarian, after Eiju Tsuru who died on January 11, 1990.

After Gengan Tonaki's death on January 24, 1997, Ishizaki might have become the last living man born in 1884 and also the oldest living man in the world after 115-years-old Danish-born American man Christian Mortensen's death on April 25, 1998, although the American man Johnson Parks, who died on July 17 the same year, has been suggested to have been five days older than Ishizaki and another American man, Walter Richardson who died at age 113 later on December 25, is officially verified to have been less than a year older rather than over a year younger than Ishizaki.

Ishizaki was officially verified as the oldest living Japanese person, and the first man who became Japan's oldest person after Masutaro Sato who died on October 6, 1978, after Tase Matsunaga's death on November 18, 1998.

Death
-----

Ishizaki died of multiple organ failure on April 29, 1999 at age 114 years, 191 days *or* 112 years, 191 days and might at the time of his death have been, along with Tase Matsunaga, the third-oldest Japanese persons ever behind Tane Ikai and Hide Ohira and the youngest of only two men who became at least 114 years old, behind Christian Mortensen.

Ishizaki was succeeded as the world's oldest living man by Spaniard Antonio Urrea, as Japan's oldest living man by Sadayoshi Tanabe and as Japan's oldest living person by Kayo Fujii, although Kamato Hongo was still believed to have been older.
**LiveRamp Holdings, Inc.** (commonly **LiveRamp**), is a American Software as a service company based on San Francisco, Califonia. It offers a data connectivity platform whose services include data onboarding, the transfer of offline data online for marketing purposes.

History
-------

it was originally founded in 1969. The company underwent several name changes. They eventually took the LiveRamp name from a company they bought, after spinning off the Acxiom Marketing Services (AMS) division to global advertising network Interpublic Group of Companies.

Locations
---------

LiveRamp's headquarters is in San Francisco, California, United States. The company has other regional U.S. offices in Little Rock, Arkansas; New York, New York; Seattle, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; Phoenix, Arizona; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

International offices are located in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, China, Japan and Singapore.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
**Nikolai Lugansky** (Russian: Никола́й Льво́вич Луга́нский; born 26 April 1972) is a Russian pianist.

Early life and education
------------------------

Nikolai Lugansky was born on 26 April 1972 in Moscow, Russia, to research scientist parents. When he was 5 years old, before he had learned to read music, he played a Beethoven piano sonata that he learned by ear. He studied piano at the Moscow Central Music School and the Moscow Conservatory. His teachers included Tatiana Kestner, Tatiana Nikolayeva and Sergei Dorensky.

Career
------

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Lugansky won prizes at numerous piano competitions, most importantly the Silver Medal at the Tchaikovsky International Piano Competition in 1994 (no first prize was awarded). At the same time he began to make recordings on the Melodiya (USSR) and Vanguard Classics (Netherlands) labels. His performance at the Winners' Gala Concert of the 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition was recorded and released on the Pioneer Classics label, on both CD and video laser disc formats. This was followed by more recordings for Japanese labels. He went on to make recordings for Warner Classics, Erato Records, PENTATONE, Onyx Classics, Deutsche Grammophon, and Naïve Records. In 2018, Lugansky signed an exclusive recording contract with Harmonia Mundi.

Lugansky has performed together with Vadim Repin, Alexander Kniazev, Anna Netrebko, Joshua Bell, Yuri Bashmet, Vadim Rudenko, Mischa Maisky and Leonidas Kavakos, among others.

In addition, Lugansky has played piano concertos with conductors like Riccardo Chailly, Christoph Eschenbach, Vladimir Fedoseyev, Valery Gergiev, Neeme Järvi, Kurt Masur, Mikhail Pletnev, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Yuri Simonov, Leonard Slatkin, Tugan Sokhiev, Vladimir Spivakov, Evgeny Svetlanov, Yuri Temirkanov and Edo de Waart.

In addition to performing and recording, Lugansky teaches at the Moscow Conservatory.

Personal life
-------------

Lugansky lives in Moscow with his wife and three children.

Awards
------

Competition prizes
* First Prize, All-Union Competition in Tbilisi (1988)
* Silver Medal, 8th International Bach Competition in Leipzig (1988)
* Second Prize, Rachmaninov Competition in Moscow (1990)
* Best pianist, International Summer Academy "Mozarteum" in Salzburg, Austria (1992)
* Silver Medal, 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (1994)

Other awards
* Ernest Neizvestny Private Charity Fund Award (1994)
* International Terence Judd Award (1995)
* Diapason d'Or (2000, 2001 and 2002)
* Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik (2003)
* Named "Honoured Citizen of Ivanovka" in Tambov, Russia (2004)
* Named "Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation" (2005)
* Echo Klassik Award (2005)
* Echo Klassik Award (2007)
* BBC Music Magazine Award (2011)
* Echo Klassik Award (2013)
* People’s Artist of Russia (2013)
* Sergei Rachmaninov International Award (2016)

Other websites
--------------

* The Nikolai Lugansky Website
* HarrisonParrott Artist and Project Management
**James Robert Davis** (born July 28, 1945) is an American cartoonist, television writer, television producer, screenwriter, and movie producer. He is best known as the creator of the comic strips *Garfield* and *U.S. Acres*. Davis's other comics work includes *Tumbleweeds*, *Gnorm Gnat*, and *Mr. Potato Head*.

He also produced *Garfield & Friends*, a series which also aired on CBS from 1988 to 1994.

Early life
----------

Davis was born in Marion, Indiana. He spent his time at a Black Angus cow farm in Fairmount, Indiana with his parents. His farm chores inspired the creation of Garfield's owner, Jon Arbuckle. Just like the author, Jon's birthday is on July 28. His education came from the Ball State University studying art and business.

In Fairmount High School, Davis took part of the newspaper known as *The Breeze*. His first comics appeared here.

Today, most of his older comics are safely kept in a room. Davis uses a graphics tablet to draw his comics.

Career
------

Before his job as a cartoonist, Davis worked for an advertising agency. In 1969, he worked with Tom Ryan's comic strip *Tumbleweeds*. His first independent comic strip called *Gnorm Gnat* ran for two years in *The Pendleton Times*. He believed that a cat should be the main character, and that cats were needed more than dogs.

The comic strip *Jon* was created, and was eventually renamed to *Garfield*. The idea spread across 41 newspapers on June 19, 1978.

A lesser known comic Davis produced was *U.S. Acres*. With Brett Koth, they made a strip inspired by the Mr. Potato Head toy.

The Professor Garfield Foundation was founded by Davis. It was to support the growth of children by reading.

In 2019, Davis gave permissions to ViacomCBS for a television show.
**Oleksandr Klassen** (March 29, 1995, Lozova, Kharkiv region) is a Ukrainian politician, director of the Ukrainian Center

Life and career
---------------

From 2018 to 2020, he worked as a manager at Pharmachem LLC. In 2021, he moved to Azerbaijan and headed the Cultural Center of Ukraine "Ukrainian Center" in the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 2022, he became an adviser to the Honorary Consul of Ukraine on social and cultural issues. Since the beginning of military operations on the territory of Ukraine, the Cultural Center of Ukraine has created a Center for the collection of humanitarian aid, in which about 100 tons of humanitarian aid were collected and sent to Ukraine. He actively promotes the interests of Ukraine on the territory of Azerbaijan. He is the initiator of the implementation of the projects of the First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska at the Cultural Center of Ukraine "Ukrainian Center". He financed the Ukrainian-language audio guide project in four museums of Azerbaijan.
An extratropical cyclone near Iceland on September 4, 2003
In meteorology, a **cyclone** refers to any low pressure area with winds spiraling inwards. Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. A cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extra tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

The largest of these systems are extratropical cyclones and cold-core polar cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale with a horizontal length of 1000 km or more. The warm-core cyclones are the tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and the polar lows that lie within the smaller mesoscale. Subtropical cyclones are intermediate in size. Cyclones have also been on other planets outside of Earth, such as the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and the Great Black Spot of Neptune.

Cyclones are also referred to as **hurricanes** and **typhoons**. They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

The process of cyclone formation and intensification is described as cyclogenesis. The formation of Extratropical cyclones comes as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts which are called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the circulation of the cyclone closes and gets more intense. Later in their life cycle, cyclones form what is called an occluded front. The cyclone's track is then guided over the course of an 2 to 6 day life cycle by its steering flow of the polar or subtropical jetstream. Cyclones destroy many things when they come into contact with land such as crops, buildings, trees, etc.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Astronaut images of tropical cyclones at Wikimedia Commons

| **Cyclones and Tropical cyclones of the World** |
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| Cyclone - Tropical - Extratropical - Subtropical - Mesocyclone - Polar cyclone - Polar low |


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Science
-------

* Silicon, chemical symbol Si
* International System of Units, abbreviated SI from its French name, Système International d'unités
* Self-injury
* Sexual intercourse, a medical abbreviation
* Suicidal ideation, a medical term for thoughts about suicide
* Small intestine, part of the digestive system
* .si, the Internet country code top-level domain for Slovenia

Places
------

* Slovenia, a European country (from the ISO 3166-2 two-letter abbreviation)
* Solomon Islands, a Pacific island country
* South India, a region in India
* The South Island, one of the two main islands of New Zealand
* Southern Ireland, an old name for the Republic of Ireland
* Staten Island, a borough of New York City and an island in the Hudson River
* Province of Siena, an Italian province (two letter provincial code)

Other uses
----------

* *Sí* (album), an album by Julieta Venegas
* Smithsonian Institution, a research institute
* Socialist International, an organisation of socialist and labour political parties
* Societas Iesu, the Jesuits, a group within the Roman Catholic Church
* *Sports Illustrated*, a sports magazine


|  |  |
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| Disambiguation icon |  This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title **SI**.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
**Time zones of Europe in relation to UTC:**  

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Blue | Western European Time (UTC±00:00) 
Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00) |
| Light Blue | Western European Time (UTC±00:00) |
| Red | Central European Time (UTC+01:00) 
Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00) |
| Ochre | Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00) 
Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03:00) |
| Yellow | Kaliningrad Time (UTC+02:00) |
| Green | Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+03:00) |

▉▉▉ Pale colours: Standard time observed all year  
▉▉ Dark colours: Summer time observed

**Coordinated Universal Time** (or **UTC**) is the standard time system of the world. It is the standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0° longitude. 

The standard before was Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC and GMT are almost the same. In fact, there is no practical difference which would be noticed by ordinary people.

Some websites, for example Wikipedia, use UTC because it does not make any country look more important than the others. It offers one time for all the Internet (the same time can be used by people all over the world). 

Time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC−5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. If the time is 07:00 UTC, the local time is 02:00 in New York (UTC−5) and 10:00 in Moscow (UTC+3).

07:00 UTC is also written more simply as 0700Z (or 07:00Z).

Note that UTC uses the 24-hour clock. That means there is no 'AM' or 'PM'. For example, 4:00PM would be 16:00 or 1600. UTC also does not use daylight saving time - that way the time stays consistent the entire year.

When this page loaded, it was **Wednesday, 2024 April 3, 11:53 in UTC**.

|  |
| --- |
| Standard Time Zones Map, as of August 21st 1988 |
The Cross of St. Peter is a common image in black metal.
**Black metal** is an extreme style of Heavy metal that started in the early 1980s. Lyrics are often for religions such as Satanism. Various black metal bands have relations to satanism in their lyrics and even in outlook. Lyrics may also have subjects such as Paganism. The majority of black metal vocalists are male, although there are a few notable exceptions – for example Cadaveria, Astarte and Lucifugum.

Black metal is divided into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s by bands such as Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and includes bands such as Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.

Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician.

Subgenres
---------

* **Ambient black metal** (also **atmospheric black metal**) is a type of black metal that uses synthesizers to create a dark atmosphere.
* **Symphonic black metal** is a type of black metal that uses symphonic elements in the music.
* **Viking metal** is a type of black metal that focuses on Norse mythology instead of Satanism and the occult. Bands in this subgenre often use some folk instruments as well. Bathory is usually given credit for creating the subgenre with their album, Blood Fire Death.
* **National Socialist black metal** (also known as **Nazi black metal** or **NSBM**) is a title used to refer to black metal acts with an emphasis on Nazi beliefs in their music. Nazi black metal artists are a small minority.
* Deppresive Suicidal black metal
'''No''' is an [[English language|English]] word which has a [[wikt:negative|negative]] meaning. It is the opposite of the word [[Yes]], which is a [[wikt:positive|positive]] term.

No is used when someone is turning away something. It is used when opposing an idea, as well. It can also be used in different [[figure of speech|figures of speech]].

In both sentences and talking, the words "No" and the word "[[Not]]" can both be used, though the word "No" is mainly used when speaking to other people. In some cases, however, "Not" is not acceptable, and vice versa. These words are not to be confused with the similar sounding words [[know]] and [[knot]].

Examples of '''proper usage''' of "No" and "Not":
\*Is this green? <u>No</u>, it is <u>not</u>.
\*There is <u>no</u> way round the back.
\* This is <u>not</u> the way (but there is another way).
\* I will <u>not</u> come.
\* Oh, <u>no</u>!
\* <u>No</u>, thank you.
\* <u>Not</u> on my watch!

Examples of '''improper usage''' of "No" and "Not":
\* That is <u>no</u> the way you do it.
\* Oh <u>not!</u>
\* I <u>know</u> how to tie a <u>knot.</u> ''(Disambiguation)''
\* I didn't <u>no</u> that!
\* I can <u>no</u> go.

{{Commonscat|No}}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]
Lope de Vega
**Lope de Vega** (also **Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio** or **Lope Félix de Vega Carpio**) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish Baroque playwright and poet. His reputation in the world of Spanish letters is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled: 
he is estimated to have written between 1,500 and 2,500 fully-fledged plays – of which some 425 have survived until the modern day – together with a plethora of shorter dramatic and poetic works.

He was *"The Phoenix of Wits"* and *"Monster of Nature"* by Miguel de Cervantes because he did so much work. Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre when people were becoming interested in it. Along with Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, he improved Spanish theater. He is considered a great dramatist and his plays are often performed. He is also one of the famous Spanish poets and authors.

Life
----

Lope de Vega was born in Madrid to a non-notable family, who came to the capital from Valle de Carriedo in Cantabria recently. Félix de Vega, the bread winner of the family, was an embroiderer.
**Aishah Putok De-AnglitAkorede** (born 17 October 1999) is an Irish model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Ireland 2023. She will represent Ireland at Miss Universe 2023 in San Salvador, El Salvador.

Biography
---------

Akorede was born in Leixlip, County Kildare, Ireland. She is of Irish and Nigerian descent. Akorede has bachelor’s and master’s degrees in law at Griffith College Dublin in Dublin. She attended Queen’s University Belfast in Belfast, Northern Ireland where she earned her master’s degree in international business law.

Pageantry
---------

On August 2, 2018, Akorede competed against 28 other Miss Universe Ireland 2018 candidates at The Round Room Dublin – Conference & Events Venue in Dublin and finished in the Top 10.

On September 22, 2023, Akorede competed against nine other Miss Universe Ireland 2023 candidates at the Liberty Hall Theatre in Dublin. She won the title and wa succeeded by Katharine Walker.

On November 18, 2023, Akorede will represent Ireland at Miss Universe 2023 in San Salvador, El Salvador.

Post Miss Universe
------------------

On September 25, 2022, Akorede is 2 years younger than model plane enthusiast Martin Thompson. They won *Beauty and the Geek UK* Season 2, which premiered on Discovery.

Other websites
--------------

* Aishah Akorede on IMDb
* Aishah Akorede on Instagram
An insight to the colourful places in Nepal 
A painting of Nepalese woman (1905)
Nepal has a unique culture. Its cultural heritage has developed over several thousands of years. It covers Nepal's many ethnic, tribal and social classes.

There are at least 92 living languages spoken in Nepal, though some studies list 123. Nepal's languages come from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and indigenous. The official national language of Nepal is Nepali, written in Devanagari script. It is the first language of about half the country's population, and is used by people of most ethnic groups to communicate with each other.

Both Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal date back more than 2000 years. The 2001 census recorded that 80.6% of the population was Hindu. Buddhism was practiced by about 11% of the population, although many people often practice their own mix of Hindu, Buddhist, and/or animist traditions. About 3.2% practice Islam. Another 3.6% of the population follows the native Kirant religion. Christianity is practiced officially by less than 0.5%.

Nepalese people have several festivals that they celebrate each year. The longest and the most important of these is Dashain. It is celebrated for 15 days, and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga. Most festivals include dancing and music, as well as all kinds of local food.

Some Nepalese dances include:

* Charya: popular among the Buddhist community
* Kartik: started by King Siddhi Nasingh Malla in Kathmandu valley
* Ghatu: popular among the Gurung and Magar communities at Gandaki Zone

Related pages
-------------

* Nepal at the Olympics
* Nepal national football team

Other websites
--------------

* Nepal Encyclopedia culture category Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine

Sughi Plua
Major language groups on the Philippines
The Phiilippines are a group of islands between Malaysia and Taiwan. Many different groups of people live on the Philippines. Between 120 and 187 languages are spoken on the Phiilippines. For over three centuries, the Philippines were a colony of Spain. Amongst others, the Spanish introduced free public schools, which taught in Spanish. For a long time, the United States controlled the Philippines, so English is also commonly understood. In 1935, both English and Spanish were national langues. In the 1970s, when the Phliipppines had become independent, Spanish was dropped as an official language, and standardized version of Tagalog, called Filiipino was added. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the national language and an official language along with English. Fililipino serves as a *lingua franca.* It allows people from different language families to communicate. On October 30, 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law Republic Act 11106, which declares Filipino Sign Language or FSL to be the country's official sign language and as the Philippine government's official language in communicating with the Filipino Deaf.

Filpino is used in everyday life, and when people from different language groups want to communicate. The government operates mostly using English. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines. The other regional languages are given official auxiliary status in their respective places according to the constitution but particular languages are not specified. Some of these regional languages are also used in education. The most spoken regional languages in the country aside from Tagalog are Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicolano, Waray, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, Maguindanaoan, Maranao, and Tausug.

The indigenous scripts of the Philippines (such as the Kulitan, Tagbanwa and others) are used very little; instead, Philippine languages are today written in the Latin script. Before they became independen in 1946, the Philippines had been a Spanish and a United States colony. Baybayin, though generally not understood, is one of the most well-known of the Philippine indigenous scripts and is used mainly in artistic applications such as on the Philippine banknotes, where the word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. Additionally, the Arabic script is used in the Muslim areas in the southern Philippines.
**Proportionality for Solid Coalitions** (PSC) is a voting system. It is important for giving proportional representation for voters in voting systems where more than one person is elected.

Solid coalitions
----------------

A group of voters {\displaystyle V} is a *solid coalition* for a group of candidates {\displaystyle C}, if every voter in {\displaystyle V} ranks every candidate in {\displaystyle C} ahead of every candidate that is not in {\displaystyle C}.

Let {\displaystyle n} be the number of voters, {\displaystyle k} be the number of seats to be filled and {\displaystyle j} be some positive number.

{\displaystyle k}–PSC
---------------------

{\displaystyle k}–PSC is based on the Hare quota {\displaystyle n/k}. That is the number of votes that guarantees a candidate, or a party a seat. If {\displaystyle V} is a solid coalition for {\displaystyle C} and the number of voters in {\displaystyle V} is at least {\displaystyle j} Hare quotas, then at least {\displaystyle j} candidates from {\displaystyle C} must be elected (if {\displaystyle C} has less than {\displaystyle j} candidates at all, then all of them have to be elected). This criterion was created by Michael Dummett.

{\displaystyle k+1}–PSC
-----------------------

{\displaystyle k+1}–PSC is defined like {\displaystyle k}–PSC, but is based on the Droop quota {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} instead of the Hare quota, and the number of voters in {\displaystyle V} must exceed {\displaystyle j} Droop quotas. It is a more general form of the majority criterion because it allows for groups of supported candidates (solid coalitions) instead of just one candidate, and there may be more than one candidate that will be elected. Because some authors call the fraction {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} a Droop quota, {\displaystyle k+1}–PSC is also known as the **Droop proportionality criterion**.

Droop proportionality means that a majority-size solid coalition will always be able to elect at least half of the seats. This is because a majority is always over n/2 voters, and that will contain half of the Droop quotas (There are (k+1) Droop quotas in an election, since (n/(k+1)) \* (k+1) = n, so (k+1)/2, which is half of the quotas \* n/(k+1), which is the quota, = n/2).
**Borino** is a village in the Municipality of Krusheva, in the Republic of North Macedonia.

Geography
---------

Borino village, situated roughly 31 kilometers to the north of Krushevo and 30.5 kilometers to the northwest of Prilep, is renowned for its two small lakes. One of these lakes covers an area of roughly 5 hectares, while the other spans approximately 1.5 hectares. These lakes contribute to Borino's charm as a lowland settlement close to Mount Bush.

Population
----------

Based on the data written by the Bulgarian historian Vasil K'nchov in his work "Macedonia, Ethnography and Statistics" in 1900, there were about 200 inhabitants, all Albanians, living in the village of Borino at that time.  According to the population census held in North Macedonia in 2002, Borino had 441 inhabitants.  The ethnic affiliation of the inhabitants of Borino village was as follows:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Ethnicity** | **in total** |
| Albanian | 340 |
| Turkish | 13 |
| BOSNIAK | 86 |
| Others | 0 |

The following table lists the official data according to population censuses in the years 1948 - 2002.

| year | Macedonian | Albanian | Turk | Roma | Vlach | Serbia | BOSNIAK | Others | in total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | **445** |
| 1953 | 2 | 4 | 502 | — | — | — |. .. | — | **508** |
| 1961 | — | — | 418 |. .. |. .. | — |. .. | — | **418** |
| 1971 | 4 | 4 | 339 | — |. .. | — |. .. | 97 | **444** |
| 1981 | 2 | 41 | 220 | — | — | — |. .. | 211 | **474** |
| 1991 | — | 239 | 138 | — | — | — | — | 118 | **495** |
| 1994 | — | 290 | 37 | — | — | — | — | 111 | **438** |
| 2002 | — | 340 | 13 | — | — | — | 86 | 2 | **441** |

Other websites
--------------

* Borino village from a bird's eye view
* Lakes near Borino village
***Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins*** (known in Asia as **Xīn Qī Lóng Zhū**) is a 1991 Taiwanese live-action action comedy fantasy movie loosely based on manga Dragon Ball, directed by Chun-Liang Chen.

Chronologically speaking, this is the second live-action adaptation of Akira Toriyama's "Dragon Ball" manga (although an unlicensed and therefore unofficial adaptation), it came a year after the release of *Dragon Ball: Son Goku Fights, Son Goku Wins* (1990).

Synopsis
--------

The earth has seven dragon balls, and each dragon ball has one to seven stars, and the seven dragon balls are scattered all over the world. When someone collects all the dragon balls, he can summon Shenlong. At this time, he can make a wish, and Shenlong will help you realize it. A certain village is holding a handover ceremony for the new village head, and the process also includes a town treasure "Dragon Ball". At this time, the alien Bull Demon King suddenly descended from the sky, led his men to break into the village, and successfully captured the Dragon Ball. Because the Bull Demon King knows that as long as he gets seven dragon balls, he hopes to control all mankind, and now he has got two dragon balls. So the Bull Demon King sent Sparta and Maria to search for the five Dragon Balls scattered in other places in order to realize his dream of conquering the world. Bull Demon King's subordinates found the four-star dragon ball from Sun Wufan, killed Sun Wuhan and took the dragon ball away. Goku, who just met the girl, finds Gohan dead, feels very sad and wants to take revenge. On the way, they meet Leping and Oolong, and prepare to challenge the Bull Demon King with Guixianren. In the end, it was found that Sun Wuhan was not dead, and it was revealed that the Dragon Balls were all in the belly of the Bull Demon King. Wukong used the golden cudgel to drive the last dragon ball into the belly of the bull devil, thus summoning the dragon. So the daughter of the village chief at the beginning of the movie made a wish to bring everyone back to life, and everyone was happy.

Cast
----

| Role name | Actor | Based on |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monkey Boy | Chi-Chiang Chen (voice: Liu Xiaoyun ) | Son Goku |
| Sparkle | Tu Chin | Son Gohan Sr. |
| Turtle Man | Chung-Yu Huang (voice: Sun Decheng ) | Muten Roshi |
| Seetou | Jeannie Hsieh (voice: Lin Fangxue ) | Bulma Briefs |
| Westwood | Tung-Chuan Cheng | Yamcha |
| Piggy | San Peng | Oolong |
| King Horn | Ruan-Feng Su | King Gourmeth |
| Zebrata | Long-Sheng Jiang | Bongo |
| Malilia | Eveline Oranje | Raven |
| Jen-Jen's Father | Ying-Hung Chiu | Pansy's Father |
| Jen-Jen | Yi-Juan Li | Pansy |

Production
----------

The movie was mostly shot in the forests of Nantou County, Taiwan, with some scenes also shot in Thailand.

Other websites
--------------

* *Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins* on IMDb



1. ↑  新七龍珠,, *lit. "New Dragon Ball"*
**Sia Kate Isobelle Furler** (born 18 December 1975) (known mononymously as **Sia**) is an Australian singer. She was born and raised in Adelaide. She is known for the songs "Titanium" with French DJ David Guetta, "Chandelier", and "Cheap Thrills". These songs managed to reach the top ten worldwide.

Album release
-------------

Sia's fifth album *We Are Born* was released in 2010. Her album *1000 Forms of Fear* was released in 2014. It entered on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart at number one. It was her first number-one album in the U.S. *1000 Forms of Fear* featured the Grammy-nominated top-ten single "Chandelier", along with "Elastic Heart".

Sia released her album *This Is Acting* in January 2016. The track features the singles "Alive" (which was written with Adele, who turned down releasing the song) and "Cheap Thrills". A remix of "Cheap Thrills" features the Jamaican reggae recording artist Sean Paul. This version of the song reached number one in the US and Canada, number two in the UK, and the top ten in Australia. It was nominated for a 2017 Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. It lost to "Stressed Out" by Twenty One Pilots. *This Is Acting* was re-released as a deluxe edition in late 2016. It includes the Sean Paul remix of "Cheap Thrills" and a version of the song "The Greatest" featuring rapper Kendrick Lamar, which reached the top 20 in the US. In 2017, she released the album *Everyday is Christmas*

Works
-----

Sia co-wrote "Diamonds" for Rihanna's album *Unapologetic* (2012), which topped charts worldwide. She co-wrote "Pretty Hurts", the first song on Beyoncé's fifth album *Beyoncé* (2013) with Knowles and producer Ammo. 

In 2018, Sia voiced Ms. Tiggy-Winkle in the animation movie *Peter Rabbit*.

She released *Music*, a musical film which she co-wrote and directed, in 2021. She wrote ten songs for its soundtrack.

Public image
------------

Sia often used large wigs to hide her face
When she became a celebrity, Sia was uncomfortable with being famous. She is well-known for hiding her face during performances and music videos. Many people disliked Sia's film called *Music*, where the main character had autism. People got angry at Sia because they thought that the autistic character had been portrayed offensively.

Personal life
-------------

Sia is bisexual. She married Erik Anders Lang in August 2014. They announced their splitting in late 2016. In 2020, Sia revealed that she had adopted two boys who had grown out of the foster care system.

She has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Sia is a vegetarian.

Albums
------

* *Healing Is Difficult* (2001)
* *Colour the Small One* (2004)
* *Some People Have Real Problems* (2008)
* *We Are Born* (2010)
* *1000 Forms of Fear* (2014)
* *This Is Acting* (2016)
* *Everyday Is Christmas* (2017)
* *Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture* (2021)
* *Reasonable Woman* (2024)
Vertical forms of the Periodic System of Elements
-------------------------------------------------

  

The German physician, physicist and chemist Julius Lothar Meyer developed a table of elements of a horizontal form in 1862 and an expanded version in 1864 Julius Lothar Meyer. And after the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev published a draft version of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of vertical form in 1869, Julius Lothar Meyer published the vertical form of the Periodic Table of Elements of his edition in 1870. Thus, an important difference between the Periodic Table of Elements according to Meyer and the Periodic Table of Elements according to Mendeleev became apparent. But Mendeleev from 1970-1971 began to display his edition of the Periodic Table of Elements only in horizontal form. It is likely that the unnatural separation of the first elements in the periods from the subsequent elements by meticulous scientists and ordinary people would not be perceived as an unnatural soaring. 

  

Meyer ended the periods on an element of the group of alkaline earth metals. And Mendeleev ended the periods on the element of the halogen group. Therefore, in Meyer's Periodic Table of Elements there are no gaps between the first 1, 2 or 3 elements and subsequent elements in the second and subsequent periods. In the Periodic Table of Elements according to Mendeleev, the first two (after the discovery of noble gases in 1902 - three) elements hang unnaturally above the subsequent elements of the periods, there is no such incident in the Periodic Table of Elements according to Meyer.

  

The Swiss chemist Alfred Werner published his own edition of the horizontal form of the Periodic Table of Elements in 1905, where he finished the periods on the element of the noble gases group. Where the first two elements in the periods were displayed in isolation from the subsequent elements of the periods. Many scientists attributed this edition of the Periodic Table of Elements to Mendeleev.

  

Here are the modern editions of the Periodic Table of Elements according to Meyer, Mendeleev and Werner. ~~~~

~~~~

Periodic table