recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Mary Downing Sheldon Barnes** (September 15, 1850 – August 27, 1898) was a historian and teacher from the United States. She taught her students how to use primary sources and problem-solving to do their research in college. Anna Strunsky was inspired by Sheldon's work.

Early life
----------

Mary Downing Sheldon was born in Oswego, New York. She had four siblings. She was the oldest of them all. Her mother was named Frances Stiles. Her father was Edward Austin Sheldon. Her father founded Oswego State Normal and Training School. Sheldon would go to school there. She graduated in 1869. She worked there as a teacher for two years. She then went to school at the University of Michigan. She graduated in 1876 with a degree in classics. She went back to Oswego State Normal and Training School where she taught for two years. She taught history, Latin, botany, and Greek. She stopped work at Oswego and started working at Wellesley College in 1876. She worked there for two and a half years. She used case methods in her teaching. She quit working there in 1879 because she was sick and also had problems with the people who worked there. After she quit, she relaxed so she would feel better, and then traveled for fun. In 1882, she went back to work at Oswego. She wrote a book while she was there, called *Studies in General History*. It was published in 1885.

Teaching and writing career
---------------------------

On August 6, 1885, Sheldon got married. She married a man named Earl Barnes. She met him when he was a student of hers, and he was 11 years younger than her. He became the head of the education department at Stanford University in 1981. Sheldon moved with him and also worked at Stanford. She researched and taught classes about the History of Europe and the Pacific Slope areas. Sheldon and Barnes wrote a book together in 1891. It was called *Studies in American History.* They also wrote another book in 1896, together. She wrote another book of her own, too. It was called *Studies of Historical Method,* and taught readers about historical method. In 1897, Sheldon and Barnes quit working at Stanford. They traveled to Europe and wrote while they were there.

Death and afterwards
--------------------

On August 27, 1898, Sheldon died of heart disease in London. The teaching and writing that she did about research and historical method is considered ahead of its time. The work that she did helped improve history textbooks that are used today. In 1985 and 1986, papers, writings and other materials owned by Sheldon and Barnes were donated to the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College by Betty Barnes, the daughter-in-law of Earl Barnes, and his second wife, Anna Koehler Barnes.

Other websites
--------------

* "Our Miss Sheldon" - University of Michigan Heritage Project

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Mary Rowlandson from *A Narrative of the Captivity, Sufferings and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson*, Boston: Nathaniel Coverly, 1770
**Mary (White) Rowlandson**, later **Mary Talcott** (c. 1637 – January 5, 1711) was a colonial American woman. She was captured by Indians during King Philip's War. She was held in captivity for three months before being ransomed. Six years after her ordeal, she wrote *The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson*. It was published in 1682. This text is considered an American leader in the literary genre of captivity narratives. It went through four printings in 1682. It was widely read in colonial New England and in England. It is considered the first American "bestseller."

Early years
-----------

Mary White was born about 1637 in Somersetshire, England. The family left England sometime before 1650. They settled at Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1653, they moved to Lancaster, Massachusetts. Lancaster was on the Massachusetts frontier. She married Reverend Joseph Rowlandson there in 1656. They had four children between 1658 and 1669. Their first daughter died young.

Indian attack
-------------

Site of Rowlandson's capture in Lancaster, Massachusetts
At sunrise in February 1676 during King Philip's War, Lancaster was attacked by Narragansett, Wampanoag and Nipmuc Indians. They killed 13 people. At least 24 were taken captive. Many of the captives were injured. Rowlandson and her three children, Joseph, Mary, and Sarah, were among those taken in the raid. Rowlandson's 6-year-old daughter, Sarah, died from her wounds after a week of captivity. For nearly three months, Rowlandson and her children were forced to stay with the Indians. The Indians travelled through the wilderness to carry out other raids. They also wanted to hide from the English militia. Rowlandson suffered very much. She described her sufferings in great detail in her book.

Ransom and later life
---------------------

On May 2, 1676, Rowlandson was ransomed for £20. The money was raised by the women of Boston. In 1677, Reverend Rowlandson moved his family to Wethersfield, Connecticut. He became pastor in April of that year. He died in Wethersfield in November 1678. Church officials gave his widow a pension of £30 per year. Rowlandson and her children moved to Boston. On August 6, 1679, Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott and took his last name. She died on January 5, 1711. Rowlandson is thought to have written the story of her captivity in Boston. The original manuscript has not survived. It was published both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in London in 1682.

Other websites
--------------

* Mary Rowlandson - Captive in 1675/76 Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
* *"Soveraignty and Goodness of God"*
The **Mexican free-tailed bat** (*Tadarida brasiliensis*) is a type of bat. It is also called the **Brazilian free-tailed bat**. It is native to North and South America.

Description
-----------

Mexican free-tailed bats are usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. They weigh around 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz). Females tend to be a little bit heavier than males. Their ears are wide, rounded, and large compared to their heads. They use their large ears to help them find prey using echolocation. The wings are long and narrow with pointed tips. The color of their fur ranges from dark brown to gray.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

The Mexican free-tailed bat is found from the southern half of the United States through most of Mexico, and through most of Central America into South America. They are also found in the Caribbean. They are native to all of the Greater Antilles and 11 of the Lesser Antilles. The largest known colony is found at Bracken Cave, north of San Antonio, Texas, with nearly 20 million bats.

Mexican free-tailed bats mainly live in caves. They also live in buildings as long as they have access to openings and dark recesses in ceilings or walls.

Mexican free-tailed bats in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and southeastern California come together to migrate southwest to southern California and Baja California. Bats in southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, western New Mexico, and eastern Arizona travel through the western edge of the Sierra Madre Oriental into Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Sonora. In the summer, some bats in Kansas, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, and Texas migrate southward to South Texas and Mexico.

Feeding
-------

Mexican free-tailed bats are mainly insectivores. They hunt their prey using echolocation. The bats eat moths, beetles, dragonflies, flies, true bugs, wasps, and ants. They usually catch flying prey while flying.

Predators
---------

Mexican free-tailed bats has many predators. They include red-tailed hawk, American kestrels, great horned owls, barn owls Mississippi kites, Virginia opossums, striped skunks, and raccoons. Snakes such as eastern coachwhips and eastern coral snakes may also prey on them.

Behavior
--------

Mexican free-tailed bats are nocturnal animals. They begin feeding after dusk. They travel 50 km to feed. They fly at altitudes of around 3300 m. They most active in late morning and afternoon between June and September.
The **Konthoujam Lairembi Stone Inscription** (Old Manipuri: Konthoucham Lailempi Lailik Eepa Nungpaak; Meitei: Konthoujam Lairembi Lairik Eeba Nungpaak) or **Konthoujam Lairemma Stone Inscription** (Old Manipuri: Konthoucham Lailemma Khut-ee Nungpak; Meitei: Konthoujam Lairemma Khut-ee Nungpak) is a stone inscription found in the Konthoujam village of Manipur.

The stone inscription is in the sacred temple complex of Goddess Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi (Old Manipuri: Konthoucham Tampha Lailempi) in the Konthoujam village. It is on the south of the National Highway No. 53 in the west of Imphal city. The stone engaged in this inscription is the sandstone. The inscription consists of 14 lines of writings in Meitei language (Manipuri language) in archaic Meetei script.
Notably, the writings from the fifth to the seventh lines were highly damaged and distorted. So, proper study on these particular lines has been very hard and unsuccessful.

It does not mention any particular date. But paleographic study confirmed that it was written in two different times. The first 7 lines of writings have been assigned to the time of King Khagemba (1592 AD-1652 AD). The remaining 7 lines of writings are assigned to the time of King Charairongba (1697 AD-1709 AD).

The inscription shows that King Khagemba assigned compulsory state duty for the Konthoujam clan to worship goddess Huimu Leima. Notably, the Loyumba Shinyen Constitution also assigned the Konthoujam clan to look after the worship of Goddess Huimu Leima, and not Konthousu (Tampha Lairembi). And according to the Konthoujam Nongarol (Old Manipuri: Konthoucham Nongkalol), Goddess Huimu Leima is the mother of goddess Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi (Chingphulon Konthousu), the one who got married to Salailen (Soraren), the king of heaven.

Other websites
--------------

* Three\_millennia\_mythology\_still\_resonates\_at\_Konthoujam\_Lairembi
The **Masoretic Text** is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.

Standardisation
---------------

Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.

Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.

The Masoretes' Work
-------------------

The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.

The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.

There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.

Further reading
---------------

* *The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible*, by Paul D. Wegner (1999), BridgePoint Books. ISBN 0-8010-2169-3
**Manic Street Preachers** (often referred to as the **Manics**) are an alternative rock band from Blackwood, Wales, formed in 1986. They are James Dean Bradfield (vocals, guitars), Nicky Wire (bass, occasional vocals) and Sean Moore (drums, backing vocals, occasional trumpet). The band is part of the Cardiff music scene. Their biggest success was during the 1990s.

The band were originally a four piece band: lyricist and rhythm guitarist Richey Edwards mysteriously vanished on 1 February 1995. In November 2008, 13 years after his disappearance, he was officially declared presumed dead.

The Manics released their debut album *Generation Terrorists* in 1992. Their combination of androgynous glam punk imagery, outspoken
invective and songs about "culture, alienation, boredom and despair" soon gained them a loyal following and cult status. The band's later albums kept a politicized and smart lyrical style. They also adopted a broader alternative rock sound. Enigmatic lyricist Richey Edwards gained early notoriety by carving the words "4 REAL" into his arm with a razor blade (narrowly missing an artery and requiring seventeen stitches) in response to the suggestion that the band were less than authentic. The dark nature of 1994's *The Holy Bible* showed the result of Edwards' instability.

Following Edwards' disappearance, Bradfield, Moore, and Wire kept with the Manic Street Preachers and went on to gain critical and commercial success. They became one of Britain's top rock bands. They have had eight top ten albums and fifteen top ten singles. They have reached number one three times, with their 1998 album *This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours* and the singles "If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next" (1998) and "The Masses Against The Classes" (2000). They have also won the Best British Album and Best British Group accolades at the BRIT Awards in 1997 and 1999, and were lauded by the NME for their lifetime achievements in 2008. Their ninth studio album, *Journal For Plague Lovers*, was released on 18 May 2009 and features lyrics Edwards had left behind to the band weeks before his disappearance.
In 2010 their tenth album *Postcards from a Young Man* was released. Their eleventh album *Rewind the Film* was released on 16 September 2013. Their next album *Futurology* is going to be released in 2014.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Manic Street Preachers***.

* Official website
* Manic Street Preachers at MySpace
* Manic Street Preachers biography from BBC Wales
* MspPedia, a comprehensive Manic Street Preachers wiki and archive Archived 2012-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
Korniakt Tower behind the bathhouse of the Dominican Church (left)
 In the centre - Korniakt Tower
 View of the Korniakt Tower from the town hall
 Bell tower of the Church of the Madonna del'Orto, Venice
The **Korniakt Tower** or **Kornyak Tower** is an architectural monument in Lviv, Ukraine. It is an important monument to the nation. The tower is located on 9 Pidvalna Street in Lviv. It is a part of the Assumption Church.

History
-------

The tower was built during the Renaissance as a bell tower of the Church of the Assumption. It was designed by architect Peter Barbon from 1572 ro 1578. Paul the Roman help with the design. The cost was paid for by Constantine Kornyakt. He was a merchant of Lviv of Greek origin.

According to Vaclav Urban in the Polish Biographical Dictionary, the tower was built instead of writing off 1,000 zlotys of debt .

Before the construction was finished, a large bell was hung on the tower. At the time, it was, the largest *bell* in Galicia. The bell had a diameter of 2 m (6 ft 7 in). It was named *"Cyril".* There were problems between the Assumption Brotherhood and the Dominicans, who had their own monastery nearby, over this bell. The Dominicans complained to the magistrate and the king that the bell was larger than all the bells in the Polish state. The monks said that the bell was too loud. This caused them problems with listening to the sermon in the church. Cyril soon began to act as the city's main bell. It was used to announce military danger, fires, natural disasters and the deaths of the most well known people living in Lviv. 

In 1616, a fire destroyed a large part of the city. It caused a large amount of damage to the street. The tower was also badly damaged: its tin-lead roof melted.

Architecture
------------

The bell tower is square. It was built of broken stone and surrounded by hewn stone. Polychrome is used in the decoration. The tower is connected with the northern facade of the Church of the Assumption. The facades are decorated with pilasters of the Tuscan order. They have long red arched niches with small window openings. Each tier of the tower is smaller than the one below it. The total height of the tower without the cross is 65.8 m (216 ft) .

It is thought that the design for the tower was based on the Tower of S. Spirito in Rome. The tower is also similar tothe towers of the churches of Madonna del Orto and St Stephen in Venice. 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Church of the Dormition, Lviv***.
**Ludeca** († 827) was a Mercian nobleman and ealdorman. At the death of Beornwulf in 826 he became the King of Mercia. He ruled what was left of Mercia after Beornwulf's defeat by Egbert of Wessex at the Battle of Ellandun. He ruled Mercia until his own death, barely a year later.

King of Mercia
--------------

In 824 two charters of King Beornwulf are witnessed by Ludeca, then a member of his court. His title on those charters is Latin: *dux*. Nothing else is known of Ludeca. At Beornwulf's death he became king. But the kingdom Ludeca now ruled was just Mercia, Lindsey, Middle Anglia and the Mercian provinces of the Hwicce and Magonsæte. All of southern England was in disorder. Egbert of Wessex now had control of Essex and Kent. He had instigated the revolt by the East Anglians that resulted in Beornwulf's death. The East Anglians saw this as a chance for their independence from Mercia. A few months later Ludeca led his army against them but he was killed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 825 (actual year 827) recorded: "In this year Ludecan, king of the Mercians, was slain, and his five aldormen [ealdormen] with him, and Wiglaf succeeded to the kingdom."

Other websites
--------------

* The Kings of Mercia Archived 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
Neanderthal 1: The dark colored bone was found in 1856, the lighter colored one in the 2000s
**Neanderthal 1** is the name of the first fossil found that was clearly identified as a Neanderthal (*Homo neanderthalensis*). Sometimes this fossil is also called **Feldhofer 1**, but that name is less common.

It is not the first fossil found of a Neanderthal, but before this find, the importance of the fossils was unclear. The fossil is part of a skull, with a fragment of the left temporal bone, part of the right scapula (shoulder blade), the right clavicle, both humeri (bones in the upper arm), one radius (a bone in the forearm), both ulnae (another bone in the forearm), five ribs, an almost complete half pelvis, and both femurs.

Studies done in 1999 included a radiocarbon dating of the bones: The bones were fouund to be about 39.900 ± 620 years old. This means this Neanderthal was from one of the last Neanderthal populations in Europe. In the 1990s and 2000s, bones from two other Neanderhals were found nearby, they are called Neanderthal 2 and Neanderthal 3 respectively. Neanderthal 2 has the same age, but a lighter build. Neanderthal 3 was probably a teenager.

Neanderthal 1 was male. At the time of death, he was between 40 and 42 years old.
Miri Ben-Ari playing in a concert in Montreal, 2005.
**Miri Ben-Ari** is a hip-hop violinist. She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist. She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern. 

At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States. She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her. She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean. Later that year her TV performances on *Showtime at the Apollo* added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled *Song of The Promised Land* features the dance single *Peace in the Middle East* as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis. She has now sold millions of records, and is known as "the hip-hop violinist". This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single "Sunshine to the Rain" featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton. In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West. She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music. She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing "Jesus Walks" which received a trophy for the "Best Rap Song" in 2005.
First edition
The ***New International Encyclopedia*** is an encyclopedia first published in 1902. The last edition was in 1935.

History
-------

The *New International Encyclopedia* was an update of The *International Cyclopaedia*, which was last published in 1884. In turn, the *International Cyclopaedia* was largely a copy of Alden's *Library of Universal Knowledge*. That in its turn was a reprint of *Chambers's Encyclopaedia*. The original 1902 edition was edited by Harry Thurston Peck, Daniel Colt Gilman, and Frank Moore Colby.

The encyclopedia was printed in 1904, 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1911. Then a second edition was made from 1914 to 1917. By that time Peck and Gilman had died, so Talcott Williams helped edit. A 3rd edition was made in 1923, and more subjects were added to it in 1927 and 1930. A final edition was made in 1935.

Some of the last edition became part of *Funk & Wagnalls* *Standard Encyclopaedia*.

Other websites
--------------

* Works related to *The New International Encyclopedia* at Wikisource
Kinahmi is where pillar of sky (yellow) meets disc of earth (green)
In Finnish mythology, **Kinahmi** is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.

There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.

The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.

At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.

Sources
-------

* Martti Haavio: Väinämöinen (1950)
* E.N Setälä: Sammon arvoitus (1932)
**Martha Flores** (December 27, 1928 Cardenas – July 18, 2020 Miami) was a Cuban radio announcer, journalist and singer. She continued her career in the United States, where she was known as the "Queen of the Night".​​

Life
----

She was born in Cárdenas, in the province of Matanzas (Cuba) on December 27, 1928. At an early age his family moved to Havana.​In 1959, she graduated as a broadcaster from the University of Havana.​

When Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, Flores decided to leave her native country. According to Flores, "I left my homeland because I knew Fidel Castro's career from the University of Havana, and I knew that the future was not going to be good for Cuba." Based in Miami, she linked up with Hispanic radio in that city, debuting with the first radio program hosted by a woman.​

Linked to the Univision radio network and the radio station Radio Mambí 710 AM, Flores presented *La noche y usted,*a program where she addressed issues of interest to Cuban exiles in the United States. She also served as an activist for the rights of Latino immigrants, created the La Rosa Blanca foundation.
**ORIX Corporation** is a financial services company based in Tokyo, Japan. The company provides a variety of services including leasing, lending, rentals, life insurance, real estate financing and development, venture capital, investment and retail banking, commodities funds and securities brokering. ORIX is also the majority owner of the ORIX Buffaloes baseball team in Nippon Professional Baseball.

ORIX was originally called Orient Leasing Co. Ltd. when it was established on April 17, 1964. The company's name was changed to ORIX Corporation in 1989. It was originally a subsidiary of Nichimen (now Sojitz), a trading house.

As of 2007, ORIX was Japan's largest leasing and diversified financial services conglomerate, with assets exceeding US$69 billion and subsidiaries in 24 countries worldwide.

In 2013, ORIX acquired approximately 90.01% of the equity in Dutch asset manager Robeco from Rabobank. The total sale price was €1,937 million (JPY 250.7 billion).

In 2015, ORIX and Vinci SA won a 45-year contract to operate Itami Airport and Kansai International Airport in Osaka Prefecture for around US$18 billion.

ORIX has expanded its offerings and now provides financial services in North America, Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. Its divisions include Japan-based ORIX Auto Leasing Corporation, which operates in other countries through subsidiaries such as ORIX Auto Leasing (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
**Leinier Domínguez Pérez** (born September 23, 1983 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban chess Grandmaster.

He won the Cuban Chess Championship in 2002, 2003, 2006, and 2012.

During the 2004 FIDE World Chess Championship he reached the quarter finals, losing to Teimour Radjabov in the tie-break.

His best tournament result was Barcelona 2006, where he scored 8/9 and finished first, ahead of Vassily Ivanchuk, with a performance rating of 2932.

In 2008, he won the CPA chess tournament and the 43rd Capablanca in Memoriam tournament. In the same year he tied for first with Evgeny Alekseev (but lost to him in tie-break) at Biel (6.5/10), ahead of Magnus Carlsen.

On November 8, 2008 he won the World Blitz Championship 2008, held at Almaty in Kazakhstan, with 11.5 points out of 15, ahead of Vassily Ivanchuk, Peter Svidler, Alexander Grischuk and many other top grandmasters.

In June 2013 he won the FIDE Grand Prix in Thessaloniki as a clear first in a field of twelve elite players, among them Fabiano Caruana, Veselin Topalov and Alexander Grischuk.
**Leila Abashidze** (Georgian: ლეილა აბაშიძე; August 1, 1929 – April 8, 2018) was a Georgian actress, director and screenwriter. She was known as Meritorious Artist of Georgia, People's Artist of Georgia.

Abashidze was awarded thr Order of the Red Banner of Labour, as well as of awards of European and Asian movie festivals, also has her own honorary star in front of Rustaveli cinema on Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi, Georgia.

During her career she was widely considered as "Mary Pickford of USSR". She was one of the most popular Georgian and Soviet actresses.

Career
------

The 1954 movie *Dragonfly* (1954) made her a popular comedic actress. She has had one of her biggest commercial successes with the drama *Meeting Past* (1966), for which, in 1968, she was awarded on Leningrad (now: Saint Petersburg) Film Festival as a Best Actress.

She was the writer of *Anticipation* (1970), *Silence of Towers* (1978). She is director, writer and the leading actress of *Tbilisi-Paris-Tbilisi* (1980).

Death
-----

Abashidze died of a stroke in Tbilisi on 8 April 2018 at the age of 88.

Awards
------

* Meritorious Artist of Georgia (1958)
* People's Artist of Georgia (1965)
* People's Artist of Chechnya-Ingushetia (1964)
* Honors: Order of the Red Banner (1961) (In Georgian: წითელი დროშის ორდენი, in Russian: Орден Трудового Красного Знамени)
* Best actress at the St. Petersburg Film festival, 1968.
* Prize of 2 world festivals, Tokyo, 1997.

Other websites
--------------

* Leila Abashidze on IMDb
**MPEG-4** is a video and audio standard (type). Movies in MPEG-4 need less space on a computer. At the same time, they still have DVD quality. MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group. Many researchers and engineers all over the world worked to develop MPEG-4. The work on this standard ended in 1998. MPEG-4 became a standard all over the world.

Movies that use MPEG-4 standard are high quality and take up less computer memory. Older standards were MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. Compared to these older versions, MPEG-4 has more features. For example, it has a way to fix problems, lots of quality and size choices, and a better picture quality.

MPEG-4 is designed for the special needs of computers, television areas and telecommunications. It is able to be individual objects in a certain area, besides rectangular pieces of computer information. For example, this could be a car driving in front of a background. The background does not change. The car can be treated as separate thing, because it is not a fixed background. This is because MPEG-4 can be many rectangular images at the same time.

Related pages
-------------

* VHS
* DVD
* MP3

Other websites
--------------

* MPEG-4 Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine - Additional information on the format for more advanced users
***Metroid Prime Hunters*** is a first-person action-adventure video game for the Nintendo DS console. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on March 20, 2006, in Europe on May 5, 2006, and in Japan on June 1, 2006. When the Nintendo DS launched in 2004, it included an early demo of *Metroid Prime Hunters*, which at that point was titled *Metroid Prime Hunters: First Hunt*.

Like the other titles in the *Metroid Prime* series, *Metroid Prime Hunters* is a first-person adventure game where the focus is on exploration and discovery. However, it differs from other titles in that there is no assisted aiming, a bigger focus on gameplay, and online multiplayer. Samus Aran, the main character that the player plays as, can access her gunship from anywhere. The game uses both screens of the Nintendo DS: the top screen is used to show Samus' health and the amount of a weapon remaining, while the bottom screen shows the radar. The player moves Samus with the D-pad, and aiming is done with the use of the touch screen on the Nintendo DS' bottom screen.

Online multiplayer can be played with up to four players. Players can play as Samus or one of six bounty hunters. Each bounty hunter has different forms and weapons. The game's host is able to set options for points and time limits, as well as determine whether or not players can use the radar. If less than four players join a game, computer-controlled characters are placed into the game. In multiplayer, the bottom screen shows the number of kills a player has made and the time remaining in the round.

| * v
* t
* e
*Metroid* series |
| --- |
| Main series | *Metroid* (*Zero Mission*) **·**  *Metroid II: Return of Samus* **·**  *Super Metroid* **·**  *Metroid Fusion*  **·**  *Metroid: Other M* |
| Prime sub-series | *Metroid Prime* (*Pinball*) **·**  *Metroid Prime Hunters* **·**  *Metroid Prime 2: Echoes* **·**  *Metroid Prime 3: Corruption*  **·**  *Metroid Prime: Trilogy* |
| Universe | Samus Aran **·**  Ridley |
**Meitei marriage** (*Manipuri marriage*) (Meitei: Luhongba) or **Meitei wedding** (*Manipuri wedding*) (Meitei: Yum-Paanba) are the traditions and practices that relate to wedding ceremonies and marriage rituals prevailing within the Meitei culture. The ceremonies and customs have changed greatly in the past 350 years. Original traditional Meitei weddings are supposed to be very similar to modern matrimonial practices of the Sanamahists and rural weddings (in Loi villages of Manipur). Notably, modern day Sanamahist matrimonial practices are in fact, the original true traditional Meitei wedding without the influence of foreign culture.
No matter what religion one follows, the Meiteis are not allowed to marry between the persons of the same salai (clan). Else, severe punishment or banishment from the society (colony) is the usual result in Meitei culture.
Generally, in urban areas, monogamy is common while in rural areas, polygamy is not rare.

The marriage process usually starts with the meeting between the couple's families and the consultation on the two's horoscopes. If everything is fine, the marriage day will be fixed and finally, the partners will be wedded.

Regarding the cultural diversity of the Meitei ethnicity, there are the adherents of Sanamahism and Hinduism.
During early times, there were strong religious barriers between the castes inside the Meitei ethnicity. For instance, a general Meitei (either Hindu or Sanamahist) cannot marry a person who belongs to Meitei Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) or other communities.

Traditional Meitei practices
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In the traditional Meitei marriage ceremony, brides do not wear potloi. Instead, they wear phanek (traditional Meitei sarong) and Kajenglei (traditional Meitei headdress). Besides, the sacred chantings will all be done in Classical Meitei language.

Hindu Meitei practices
----------------------

In the Meitei Hindu marriage, brides wear potloi instead of phanek. Besides, many of the sacred chantings are performed in Sanskrit in addition to Classical Manipuri language.
Since Hinduism among the Meitei ethnicity is actually brought from the Vaishnavism of Bengal, the Meitei Hindus somehow imitate and follow the traditional matrimonial styles of the Bengalis.

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*Prionodon linsang*, the banded linsang
The **linsangs** are four feliform species, two in Asia and two in Africa. The whole group was put in the Viverridae in a subfamily. The two pairs are:

The species of African linsangs are:

* *Poiana leightoni* – Leighton's linsang
* *Poiana richardsonii* – African linsang

The species of Asiatic linsangs are:

* *Prionodon linsang* – Banded linsang
* *Prionodon pardicolor* – Spotted linsang

DNA analysis shows:

1. the African linsangs (*Poiana*) are true viverrids closely related to the genet.
2. the Asiatic linsangs (*Prionodon*) are not, and may be the closest living relatives of the Felidae family. Discovering this, the Asiatic linsangs are now put into a family of their own. They are not viverrids.

Therefore, the similarities between the two genera of linsangs must be convergent. All of them are cat-like in appearance. They are nocturnal, generally solitary tree dwellers. They are carnivorous, eating squirrels and other rodents, small birds, lizards and insects. Typical size is a little over 30 cm (1 foot), with a tail that more than doubles that length. Bodies are long, with short legs, giving a low appearance. All species have yellowish bodies with black markings (stripes, blotches and spots), though the distribution and nature of the markings varies between species.
**Lino Grech** (1930 – 1 December 2013) was a Maltese actor, writer, activist and director. He was known for his roles in *Final Justice* (1985), *Black Eagle* (1988) and *A Fine Romance* (1989).

Personal life
-------------

Grech was born in Sliema. Lino Grech died on the night of 1 December 2013, aged 83, at the Mater Dei Hospital in Msida from prostate cancer. He is survived by his wife and his two children. His funeral took place on 4 December. His remains were cremated.

Career
------

His career began in 1975 with stage work. He translated works done by Arthur Miller and by Lope de Vega.

Grech was noted for his role on the television drama *F'Bahar Wiehed* (1970s). It was the first Maltese-language television series, which broadcast on TVM. Greech also directed and wrote stage works. Grech wanted to strengthen the theatrical and television works in Malta. 

In the 1990s, he wrote episodes for television shows such as *Hypocrites*, *Simpatiċi*, *The Family Grech*, and *Now We See*.

Besides acting, Grech was a labor union activist. He led one of the longest strikes on workers' rights in Maltese history.

Other websites
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* Lino Grech on IMDb
The **Normans** were Vikings who settled in northern France. There they made a kingdom called Normandy.

In 1066 the Normans attacked England and took over. The battle was called The Battle Of Hastings. They ruled England for about 300 years. There they built the Tower of London, Windsor Castle and many other stone castles.

Norman life
-----------

### Clothes

Normans wore woollen tunics and sometimes they wore a waistband to keep the tunic in place. The men also wore long cloaks.

### Food

Normans ate dairy, oatmeal porridge, green vegetables and sometimes meat. They often used honey as a sweetener and for mead (an alcoholic drink).

#### Castles

Normans built many stone castles that often had moats around them to protect them from intruders.

#### Houses

Norman houses had a wooden frame with sticks and twigs woven in between, which is called wattle, and then it was all covered in a layer of daub which was made from mud, wet clay, dung and straw. The roofs were usually thatched.

Normans in Ireland
------------------

Diarmuid MacMurrough, King of Leinster kidnapped the King of Breifne’s wife. Then Rory O’Connor, the High King of Ireland fired him from being the King of Leinster. Diarmuid still wanted to be king so he hired some Normans, lead by Strongbow to help him get the throne back. Diarmuid had to pay Strongbow so he said that he could marry his daughter and become king when Diarmuid died. Strongbow agreed to this. They first came to Ireland at Bannow Bay, Wexford in 1169 and soon they got the throne back for Diarmuid. King Henry II, King of England and part of France, thought that Strongbow was getting too powerful since Strongbow wasn’t actually the king, so Henry decided to take over the whole of Ireland. He sent over some other Normans who arrived at Ireland in Baginbun, Wexford in 1170. Then King Henry II became King of Ireland as well.

While the Normans were in Ireland they built the original Dublin castle and many other stone castles.

Normans probably introduced rabbits and fallow deer to Ireland for meat and skins.
Hospitaller knights: seated is their Grand Maistre (Grand master) Pierre d’Aubusson
Knights of Malta had their own coins: this one depicts the head of John the Baptist on a serving platter (1792)
The **Knights Hospitaller** were a group of military knights fighting in Jerusalem. They are the group that became the **Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem** and, eventually, St. John Ambulance.

The Hospitallers are a Catholic military order founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century. They later became the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Today their headquarters are in Rome. The order continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names.

Knights of Malta
----------------

Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530 to 1798. The islands of Malta and Gozo, as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya, were given to the Order by Spanish Emperor Charles V in 1530. following the loss of Rhodes. The Ottoman Empire managed to capture Tripoli from the Order in 1551, but an attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.

In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers. He wanted to get the island as a base. From there he might launch another assault on Europe. A long struggle ended with the Knights undefeated. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta. Resisting the Ottoman Empire was their great achievement.

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***Partisan Review*** was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937. It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv. It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to *New Masses*, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin. Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture. Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94. The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, *Partisan Review* awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, *Nineteen Eighty-Four*.

Classic stories and articles first published in ***Partisan Review***:

* Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
* two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
* Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
* Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
* George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
* Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
* Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
* Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

Bibliography
------------

* Bloom, Alexander, *Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World*, Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-19-505177-3

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2008-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* *Partisan Review* online Archive 1996–2003 Archived 2013-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
**Lee Sang-su** (Korean 이상수; other spellings: *Lee Sangsu*; born 13 August 1990 in Seoul) is a table tennis player from South Korea. He plays for Samsung Life Insurance. At World Championships he won one time bronze in the singles, twice bronze in the doubles and one time silver in the mixed doubles.

Lee at World Championships 2013 in Paris

Career
------

Lee reached at Youth- events a lot of international successen. At the Youth- asian championships he became champion with the team and 2008 he won the singles category. Also Lee took at Youth- world championships three silver namely 2007 and 2008 in the team competition and 2008 in the doubles with Seo Hyun-deok. His first medals at the World Tour-Gold in the singles and bronze in the doubles- he won at the Slovenia Open 2010, in that Lee came to the top 100 in the world rankings. In the doubles he became the bronze medal at the World Tour Grand Finals, with Seo Hyun-deok again. After the Korea Open 2011, where Lee won silver, he became with place 22 a new record. This position he improved first after four years.

2013 he has been nominated for the World Championships in adult area for the first time. In the singles he doesn't won a medal, but became vice-champion with Park Young-sook in the mixed doubles. 2015 where he played a WTTC again, he reached the third place in the doubles. Since August 2015 Lee is under the top 20 players in the world. At his first team WTTTC he reached together with the team place 3 (Bronze).

He qulificated himself for the Olympics 2016, but lost in the first match. With the team Lee has been the 4th place. In October he took part in the world cup, where Lee reached the Quarterfinals. Together with Yung Young-sik he won gold at the world tour grand finals and bronze at the WTTC 2017 in Düsseldorf. In the singles he reached the semifinals, where Lee lost to Fan Zhendong- so Lee won bronze. Of course that he became best South-Korean player. At the German Open he beat in the Quarterfinals Xu Xin and became the third place in the singles. At the Asian Cup 2018 Lee won bronze.

Results from Lee Sang-su
------------------------

### World Championships

* 2013 Mixed silver
* 2015 Doubles bronze
* 2017 Singles bronze

### Olympic Games

* 2016 Team 4th place

### World Cup

* 2017 Singles quarterfinals

Equipment and Rubber
--------------------

Lee Sang-su is an attacker. He uses on the forhand the Tenergy 05 and on the backhannd, too.
Korean paper
***Hanji*** (Korean paper) is the Korean traditional paper. *Hanji* literally means "paper of Korea". *"Han"* stands for "Korea," and *"ji"* means "paper."

History
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*Hanji*’s history goes back to 4th century. Koreans started making it after papermaking technique came to Korea from China with Buddhism. After since, Korean paper came to be known as the highest quality paper available in East Asia. During Goryeo period, *hanji* flourished with the development of printing technique in Korea. Its best days continued throughout Joseon Dynasty. However, it didn’t last forever. Western’s mass production of paper and Japanese’s oppression on Korean traditional cultures ended golden ages of *hanji*. Nowadays, Korean paper is considered as a tradition worth preserving and spreading. More people are interested in arts and crafts of *hanji*, and there it has become the part of the tourism for foreigners, too.

Characteristic
--------------

*Hanji* is made out of inner bark of mulberry, a tree native to Korea. The inner bark of the mulberry is so strong and durable that it does not decay in water up to a year. Korean paper’s durability comes from this tree. The life span of Korean paper is 1,000 years. For example, *Mugujeonggwang Daedaranigyeong,* the world's oldest woodblock print was created in 751. Also, thanks to its durability, Koreans even used it as body armor in war. 1 year old trees are used to make the high-quality *hanji*, and older trees are used for cheaper modern papers.

Usage
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There are several kinds of mulberry trees in Korea. They grow in different climate conditions. Each kind of mulberry tree produces different kinds of hanji, and they are all used in a different way. There are various kinds of Korean paper, and they are named after their usage. *Changhoji*, for instance, is a kind of Korean paper. *Changhoji* means window paper. Koreans used to glue *changhoji* on a door because it allows both air and light through it, thanks to its wide fiber. There are other kinds of *hanji* as well. When Korean paper is used as a copy paper, it is called *bogsaji*. It is used as paper for family registry book or Buddhist scriptures. When the Four Gracious Plants (plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo) or birds are drawn on *hanji*, it's called *hwasunji*, the drawing paper. Nowadays, Korean paper is used for arts and crafts.
***Norm of the North*** is a 2016 3D American-Indian computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Crest Animation Studios. It was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment. The movie was written by the Altiere brothers. It was directed by Anthony Bell (co-director of *Alpha and Omega*). It stars Rob Schneider, Ken Jeong and Zachary Gordon.

Plot
----

Steven and Daniel Altiere's script (based on a story by director Anthony Bell) centers on Norm, a man who finds shelter in an abandoned research station when his Arctic home begins cracking and collapsing beneath him. He is accompanied by three Arctic Lemmings, sidekicks who instinctively copy Norm's every move. As the polar ice caps continue mysteriously breaking apart, their temporary home is abruptly dislodged, setting Norm and the lemmings on a journey that ends in NYC. Here Norm is discovered by the head of a multinational company and becomes their mascot. 
Suddenly Norm is living his performing dream as a dancing star. Unfortunately, he also soon learns the polar ice caps are continuing to break apart, and the people that made his dream come true are responsible. Norm knows he must stop them before they destroy his home, a realization that forces him to choose between life in the spotlight and his entire Polar Bear community.

Cast
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* Rob Schneider as Norm
* Ken Jeong
* Zachary Gordon as Norm Cub

Production
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On February 1, 2010 it was announced that Lionsgate, Crest Animation Productions and Crest Animation Studios were developing "Norm of the North", an animated family feature in stereoscopic 3D, Lionsgate will also distribute the movie. On July 28, 2010, Rob Schneider joined the cast to voice the title character. Ken Jeong and Loretta Devine also star.

Other websites
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* *Norm of the North* on IMDb