recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Parable of the Sower** (or **Parable of the Soils**) is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and the apocryphal book known as the Gospel of Thomas.

Jesus starts this parable with a farmer who sows seed on a path, rocks, thorns, and good soil. In the path, the seeds are taken by the birds as food, and stepped over by people. In the rocks, the seed does not grow into a plant. In the thorns, the plant is destroyed by the thorns surrounding it. But on the good soil, the seed grows into a plant and provides.

According to Jesus, the farmer represents him, the seeds are the Gospels, and the way the seed grows represent how the people react to the Gospels.

Text
----

"'Listen! A farmer went out to sow seed. While he was scattering the seed, some of it fell by the road. The birds came and ate all that seed. Other seed fell on rocky ground, where there was not enough dirt. It grew quickly there because the soil was not deep. But then the sun rose and the plants were burned. They died because they did not have deep roots. Some other seed fell among thorny weeds. The weeds grew and stopped the good plants from growing. So they did not make grain. But some of the seed fell on good ground. There it began to grow, and it made grain. Some plants made 30 times more grain, some 60 times more, and some 100 times more.'"

—Mark 4:3-8 (ERV)

This is the meaning of the parable from Jesus:

"Later, Jesus was away from the people. The twelve apostles and his other followers asked him about the stories.

Jesus said, "Only you can know the secret truth about God’s kingdom. But to those other people I tell everything by using stories. I do this so that

‘They will look and look but never really see;

   they will listen and listen but never understand.

If they saw and understood,

   they might change and be forgiven.’"

Then Jesus said to the followers, "Do you understand this story? If you don’t, how will you understand any story? The farmer is like someone who plants God’s teaching in people. Sometimes the teaching falls on the path. That is like some people who hear the teaching of God. As soon as they hear it, Satan comes and takes away the teaching that was planted in them.

"Other people are like the seed planted on rocky ground. They hear the teaching, and they quickly and gladly accept it. But they don’t allow it to go deep into their lives. They keep it only a short time. As soon as trouble or persecution comes because of the teaching they accepted, they give up.

"Others are like the seed planted among the thorny weeds. They hear the teaching, but their lives become full of other things: the worries of this life, the love of money, and everything else they want. This keeps the teaching from growing, and it does not produce a crop in their lives.

"And others are like the seed planted on the good ground. They hear the teaching and accept it. Then they grow and produce a good crop—sometimes 30 times more, sometimes 60 times more, and sometimes 100 times more."

—Mark 4:10-20 (ERV)
**Daniel Jackson Evans** (born October 16, 1925) is an American Republican politician. He was the Governor of the state of Washington for three terms from 1965 to 1977. He represented Washington in the United States Senate from 1983 to 1989.

Early life
----------

Evans was born in Seattle, Washington. He was in the United States Navy during the later years of World War II. Evans studied at the University of Washington. He originally studied to be a structural engineer.

Political career
----------------

### Governor of Washington (1965-1977)

Evans was the 16th governor from 1965 until 1977. He is the only governor to serve three four-year terms in a row. A 1981 University of Michigan study named him one of the ten outstanding American governors of the 20th century. He chose not to run for a fourth term.

Serial killer Ted Bundy served as a campaign aide for Evans and maintained a close relationship with the Governor. During the 1972 campaign, Bundy followed Evans' Democratic opponent around the state, tape recording his speeches and reported back to Evans personally.

### United States senator (1983-1989)

In 1983, Governor John Spellman appointed Evans to the United States Senate to fill a seat left vacant by the death of longtime senator Henry M. Jackson. Evans won a special election later that year against Mike Lowry and filled the remainder of Jackson's unexpired term, retiring from politics after the 1988 elections. He was not happy as a U.S. Senator; he wrote an April 1988 piece in *The New York Times Magazine*, "Why I'm Quitting the Senate", in which he complained of fighting and lack of action.

Failed vice presidential bids
-----------------------------

Evans was seriously considered for the Republican vice presidential nomination on the ticket with Gerald Ford in 1976 (but lost out to Bob Dole). Richard Nixon in 1968 had also hinted at a possible Evans nomination for the vice presidency.

At the 1968 Republican National Convention (where he gave the keynote address) Evans refused to endorse Nixon for the presidential nomination, remaining a supporter of the unsuccessful candidacy of Nelson Rockefeller.

Personal life
-------------

Evans married Nancy Bell in 1959. Together, they had three sons, Daniel Jr. Mark and Bruce. 

Nancy Evans, died on January 26, 2024 from breast cancer at age 90.

Other websites
--------------

* Congressional Biography
* The Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs
***Oswald*** is an American kids' television show produced by Decode Entertainment and HIT Entertainment. It originally aired on Nick Jr. and Noggin in the United States for the first season in 2001. 26 episodes were produced. In the United Kingdom, the series got a British dub using an American voice actors by Skylark Sound Studios using a British with a British accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. on Channel 5 and Milkshake! in 2003. Only the first 2 seasons were dubbed.

The series was added to Paramount+ (at the time CBS All Access) in January 2021.

Plot
----

The series is set in Big City, a colorful world populated by anthropomorphic animals, mythological creatures and humanoid beings. Each episode follows the daily experiences of an anthropomorphic blue octopus named Oswald (voiced by Fred Savage), accompanied by his beloved pet hot dog Weenie, and their life in the cheerful and whimsically-designed community of Big City. Commonly, the program concentrates on Oswald's experiences with friends, acquaintances and neighbors, including Henry, a penguin, and Daisy, a flower, among others – and his patient methods of coping with or tolerating different situations and dilemmas, along with his thoroughly optimistic outlook on life.

Partial U.K. English redub
--------------------------

* There is a U.K. English style redub which used in the U.S. English voice cast by Skylark Sound Studios using in the U.K. English with the U.K. English accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. when voicing the characters.

Reception
---------

The series received four out of five stars on Common Sense Media.
Formula One redirects here.

Fernando Alonso qualifying in a Renault Formula One car at the 2005 United States Grand Prix
The safety car at the 2014 British Grand Prix.
Formula 1 logo
**Formula One** (commonly known as Formula 1 or F1) is a type of motorsport. Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Some of the most popular races are held in Monaco, Singapore, Italy and Britain. The Formula One cars are very fast, they reach speeds of up to 351.7 km/ hour (218.5 mph). The championship has been won by many different teams, including McLaren, Ferrari and Williams. Teams can have as many as 600 people. The teams all come together every race weekend. They use the expertise of each member try to win the race. The winning driver and team each get twenty-five points towards the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship. Teams consist of drivers, test drivers, a team principal, mechanics, engineers, and designers. Winning a race is affected by a good starting position, strategy, skill in pitstops and a fast car. The person with the most pole positions (fastest time set in qualifying) during a season gets a trophy. This was added in 2014.

The body that runs Formula One, the FIA. It is based in France. Although Formula One is a 'billion dollar business', a drop in viewership and attendance figures at races has caused the FIA to make rule changes in recent years. These changes are meant to make the races more interesting, so more people watch F1 on television.

Michael Schumacher in the 2004 Grand Prix in a Ferrari formula one car.Michael Schumacher in the 2004 Grand Prix in a Ferrari formula one car.

Safety
------

Drivers are paid large salaries to risk their lives every time they drive an F1 car. Like all types of motor racing, the dangers with Formula One are great. Because of this, there are many safety measures. Drivers wear 4 layers of flameproof overalls. They are made of a fire resistant material called Nomex. A drivers helmet must be able to resist an 800 °C flame for at least 45 seconds. They must also resist large G forces. The helmets are very strong. They can be driven over by trucks with no damage being done to them.

Cars
----

Carbon fibre is the ideal material for the body of Formula One cars. It is light and strong. Because of this, the cars are very expensive to build and repair. The design of cars differs from team to team. Each team has two entries into the championship. This means that each team must built and maintain two cars. F1 currently uses Pirelli tires (5 compounds of slick tyres and 2 compounds of non-slick tyres for wet weather) Differing weather conditions need different tires. Wet weather driving is considered a skill in Formula One.

In 2021, The specifications of an F1 car is 786kg minimum weight, 18 inch wheels and tires. Engines must be 1.6L V6 turbo hybrid intercooled and must reach higher than 3000rpm. The engine must be 4 stroke (Intake, Compression, Combustion and exhaust) and have a 90 degree angle between the V shape.

Related pages
-------------

* Formula One racing
* List of Formula One broadcasters
Nutella's logo (1970-present)Nutella on toast, served with a pitcher of milk.
**Nutella** is the brand name of an Italian sweetened hazelnut chocolate spread. Manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero, it was introduced to the market in 1964. Nutella has 200 calories per jar.

History
-------

*Pietro Ferrero*, Nutella's creator, owned a bakery in Alba, an Italian town known for the production of hazelnuts. In 1946, he sold the first 300 kg (660 lb) batch of *Pasta Gianduja*, taken from Gianduja. Originally sold as a solid block, Ferrero started to sell a creamy version in 1951 as "*supercrema gianduja*".

Health concerns
---------------

Even though Nutella is one of the best-selling spreads in the world, with a jar of Nutella being sold about every 2.5 seconds, it's been shown to be very bad for human health when eaten regularly. In just two tablespoons of Nutella, there are 21 grams of refined sugar, as well as 11 grams of fat (3.5 grams are saturated fat.) Nutella also has soy lecithin and vanillin, which are chemicals that are bad for human health.
Cordless phone
Older telephone
A **telephone**, also known as a **phone**, is a communication tool that will radiate your ballsack and can give you krakatoa. People use it to talk with people far away. Originally, it was an electric tool sending analogue speech through wires. Many telephones in the 21st century are electronic tools sending digital signals on wires or radio transmission. Using a telephone, two people who are in different places can talk to each other. Early telephones needed to be connected with wires which are called fixed or landline telephones. Modern mobile phones use radio waves.

History
-------

Alexander Graham Bell was the first person to patent the telephone, in 1876. Early telephones were wired directly to each other and could only talk to the phone that they were connected to. Later, telephone exchanges allowed connecting to other telephones. During the 20th century the machines that made the connections were automated.

Types of telephones
-------------------

There are many different types of telephones. A telephone that can be carried around is called a mobile phone or cell phone. These became popular in the 1980s. It has become common for people to carry mobile phones and in many places it is unusual to not have one. The majority are smartphones, which can be used as computers. Some mobile phones can make telephone calls using communications satellites instead of masts on the ground, which means people can make calls from anywhere in the world.

In most countries there were public payphones. To use one, people paid with coins, a credit card or a prepaid card.

Computers can use a machine called a modem or a Digital subscriber line router to talk to other computers over a telephone line. This allows a computer to connect to other computer networks including the Internet. 

Most countries have a telephone network. The telephones in one place are connected to a telephone exchange. The exchanges are connected together in a world-wide network. In developing countries cell phones are used as a cheaper and faster way to connect the countryside to the network.

Telephone number
----------------

Most telephones have their own number. Today, telephone numbers are about seven to ten digits long. In many countries, part of the telephone number is called the *area code*. Area codes are used to make sure the numbers are not the same in two different places. Areas have their own area code, and countries have their own country code.

Usage
-----

By the end of 2009, there were nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.
***Phineas and Ferb*** is a Disney Channel cartoon television series created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh. It aired from 2007 to 2015 and inspired two spin-offs called The OWCA Files and Milo Murphy’s Law. It was also adapted into two movies: *Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Across The Second Dimension* and the Disney Plus original movie *Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Candace Against the Universe*.

Premise
-------

Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher are two children who spend their summer vacation inventing new machines and/or building large contraptions so that they and their friends can have fun. Phineas’s sister Candace Flynn thinks that their mother would be angry with Phineas and Ferb if she saw the things they build so 
Candace spends each day trying to show her what Phineas and Ferb created to get her to punish them (or as Candace puts it to "bust" them.) But Phineas and Ferb’s pet platypus Perry is actually a spy secretly working for a group called OWCA (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) known as Perry the Platypus or Agent P who spends every day fighting the evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. And every day Perry’s battle with Doofenshmirtz leads to him accidentally destroying whatever Phineas and Ferb built just before Candace shows it to her mother Linda so Linda sees nothing and doesn’t believe Candace who ends up looking crazy.
Edward V of England
**Edward V** (2 November 1470 – 1483) was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until he was removed two months later, on 25 June 1483.

He was believed to have been murdered in 1483, possibly in August or September.

Early life
----------

Edward was born at Westminster while his father, King Edward IV of England, was in exile in Burgundy. The King, Henry VI, said his mother and his sisters would be safe if they stayed at the abbey. When Edward IV came back and took over the throne again, Edward became his heir and was given the title "Prince of Wales". Edward IV thought it would be right for the Prince of Wales to rule Wales, so he sent little Prince Edward to live in Ludlow Castle, where the Council of Wales met. The prince was helped by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, and began to learn how to be a ruler. His mother, Queen Elizabeth, was often with him, and his father, the king, also visited.

The prince spent most of his time at Ludlow until he was twelve, when his father the king suddenly died. The prince had to go straight to London to take the throne, and his uncle, Earl Rivers, went with him. On the way, they were met by another of his uncles, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The Duke was a younger brother of King Edward IV, and the king had given him the title of "Lord Protector" in the hope that he would look after Prince Edward until he was old enough to be the real king.

Prisoner
--------

Instead of arranging a coronation for the new king, Duke Richard decided to take the throne for himself, and became King Richard III. He sent Prince Edward to live in the Tower of London and wait for his coronation. He also got Edward's younger brother, Prince Richard, Duke of York, to come and live at the Tower. Earl Rivers was executed by Richard. Gloucester was able to convince people that the two young princes were not the legal heirs to the throne. On 25 June 1483, the Parliament said that Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was the legal king. 
This was because Edward and his other brothers and sisters was declared illegitimate. After Edward IV had died, it was revealed that he had been engaged to a woman named Eleanor Butler, so Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was seen as bigamy.

Missing
-------

After a few months, the two boys disappeared, and what happened to them is still a mystery today. Most people think that the two boys were murdered. They became known as the Princes in the Tower. It is most likely they were killed by their uncle, Richard III. It is also possible that they were killed by Henry VII, who became king two years later.

In 1674, during building work at the Tower, a wooden chest was found under a staircase in the White Tower. It contained the bones of two young boys. It has never been proved that these are the missing princes, but King Charles II stated that they were, and had the bones buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1933 the bones were looked at again by scientists who believed that they were the two princes.
```
                                                        LE CODE CIVIL
```

Le Code civil ou Code Napoléon, regroupe les lois relatives au droit civil. C'est l'ensemble des règles qui déterminent le statut des personnes de nationalité française, celui des biens et celui des relations entre les personnes privées. Pour la première fois, dans l'histoire de la France, il uniformise les règles de vie commune des Français. Il a été promulgué le 21 mars 1804 (30 ventôse an XII), par Napoléon Bonaparte sous le nom de Code civil des Français, il prend le nom de Code Napoléon en 1807.

Depuis le Code Napoléon a été modifié de nombreuses fois pour tenir compte des évolutions de la société. Il est aujourd'hui le fondement du droit civil des Français. Il a été imité dans de très nombreux pays du monde. Sa dernière version date d'octobre 2018.

Les lois peuvent difficilement être appliquées si elles sont inconnues, c'est pourquoi elles ont été rassemblées dans un code et publiées.
Apple_iPhone_15_ProThe iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max
The **iPhone 15 Pro** and **iPhone 15 Pro Max** are mobile phones made by Apple. They are the ones after the iPhone 14 Pro and iPhone 14 Pro Max. These phones were introduced at an Apple event nicknamed "Wonderlust" in September 2023. Customers could order it on September 9. They could buy it on September 22.

Features
--------

The biggest change in the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max is the USB-C port. These pro models support USB Type-C 3.0 which is industry standard now. iPhone 15 Pro has Nano-SIM and e-SIM support, LTPO Super Retina XDR AMOLED with 120Hz refresh rate, 48 MP rear camera, 12 MP selfie camera which can record up to 4K@60fps and Face ID for security. iPhone 15 Pro comes in four colors: Black Titanium, White Titanium, Blue Titanium, and Natural Titanium.

Cost
----

The base model of the iPhone 15 Pro has 256GB storage memory and 8GB of RAM. It will cost $999. It will be available starting on 22 September, 2023.
William Hemsley (1893)
**Porridge** is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats. The oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish. Some people add things to their porridge such as sugar or syrup. In Scotland salt is often added.

Porridge is a traditional food in many countries in Northern Europe. It is usually eaten for breakfast. In some countries barley or other grains may be used. Porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave. Traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. Porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons. This is why in English there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". Porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.

Semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. Semolina is usually served as a pudding. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. Oliver Twist, in the famous book by Charles Dickens, was given gruel to eat.

Historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. Before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. At any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. Porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.

Related pages
-------------

* Quaker Oats Company
Aries the ram
**Aries** is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Aries. In the tropical zodiac, Aries is from March 21 to April 20 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra. The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is *Arax Nisânu*, which is made for Anu.

The symbol
----------

The Zodiac Sign of Aries
This sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries (constellation). The head of Aries is called *Aluathay* or *Salhay* and it is made up of four stars.

Mythology
---------

In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.

Astrology
---------

In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.

The Indian equivalent of Aries is **Mesha**, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.

Traditional relationships with Aries
------------------------------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aries (astrology)***.

* Birthstone= Diamond, Aquamarine
* Starstone= Amethyst
* Colours= Red, White, Pink
* Metal= Gold, Bronze
**Model-based design (MBD)** is a way to create systems by using 'behavioral' and 'implementation' computer models, to simulate how they should work before being built in the real world. It is used in many industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors. These models can be used for fast testing of ideas, and can verify the success and performance of a system faster and more efficiently than creating any physical products first.

Behavioral Models
-----------------

In model-based design, engineers start by creating a computer model that represents a product, often referred to as a "digital twin". This is a behavioral representation of the product, which helps engineers understand how the product should behave in different scenarios, in order to verify that it meets its requirements. This allows designers to simulate and test systems before they are actually built, allowing for a more efficient and effective design process.

Implementation Models
---------------------

Once the engineers are happy with the behavior of the digital twin, they create a more specific implementation model. Implementation models provide a more detailed representation of a system's structure and functionality, often using specific languages or tools to describe the system's components and their interactions. Implementation models can even be used to automatically generate code, which helps save time and reduces the possibility of errors.

Product Examples
----------------

Model-based design is often used in embedded systems, such as equipment and medical devices. For example, engineers might create a digital twin of a pacemaker, and use this to simulate how it will behave in different scenarios. This can help ensure that the pacemaker will function correctly before being placed into a patient. Automotive companies also use model-based design when creating vehicles. For example, a digital twin of an engine may be created to simulate how it will perform in different driving conditions. This can help engineers optimize the design of the engine before building it in the real world.

Advantages
----------

* System models can be tested in different scenarios early on, so designers can identify issues before physical products are built in the real world.
* Existing models can be used as a starting point for new ones, allowing for new products to be developed quicker than would otherwise be possible.
* Implementation models can be used to automatically generate code, reducing development costs and improving the overall quality of the product.

Disadvantages
-------------

* Model-based design requires knowledge in computer modeling and simulation, which may be a possible barrier for some designers or companies.
* The accuracy of simulations depends on the quality of the models used. If models are not built accurately, they may not provide useful information.
* As a system becomes more complex, the amount of functionality increases, making it more difficult and time-consuming to create accurate models.
**Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon** (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was the Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI. She was the last Empress of India until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947. After her husband died, she was known as **Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother**, to avoid confusion with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II.

Her family belonged to the Scottish nobility. Her father was the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1923, she became known to everyone when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary. She was loved by the British people as she became a figure of family life. They had two daughters, the then-Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret. She was the first British royal to smile in pictures known as the "Smiling Duchess".

In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when her brother-in-law, Edward VIII, abdicated because he wanted to marryAmerican, Wallis Simpson, who had been divorced. The king was known as King George VI. As his wife, she had the title of Queen Consort. She went with her husband on official tours to France and North America. During World War II, she supported the British public with great courage. After the war, the king became ill and died in 1952. She was then 51, and she lived for another 50 years. As the mother of the queen, grandmother to the queen's four children , later, great-grandmother, she continued to be a popular member of the British Royal Family. 

The Queen Mother had an appendectomy in 1964, colon cancer removed in 1966 and breast cancer removed in 1984.

The death of her younger daughter Princess Margaret on 9th February 2002 was a sad event for her. She died seven weeks later at the age of 101.She was the first member of the British royal family to live past the age of 100. The second member of the british royal family to live past 100 was her last surviving sister in law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester who had died in 2004 aged 82 from a stroke.

Title and Styles

4 August 1900-16 February 1904: The Honorable Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 

16 February 1904-26 April 1923: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 

26 April 1923-11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York 

11 December 1936-6 February 1952: Her Majesty The Queen 

11 December 1936-14 August 1947: Her Imperial Majesty The Queen-Empress 

6 February 1952-30 March 2002: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
The Portuguese Empire and overseas interests
The **Portuguese Empire** (Portuguese: *Império Português*) was the first global empire in history. It spread from South America to Africa, India and South East Asia. It began with the Portuguese exploration of the world during the 15th century and it lasted longer than all the other modern European empires. It lasted almost five centuries. This is longer than the Spanish, British, and French Empires.

The Portuguese Empire had trade with the following areas

* Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia
* China and Japan
* Spice Islands (Moluccas) and the Treaty of Zaragoza
* South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
* Sub-Saharan Africa

The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government, delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal. The ultimatum forced the retreat of Portuguese military forces from areas in Africa which had been claimed by Portugal, but which the United Kingdom occupied.

Fall
----

The Portuguese Empire, like the British, French and German empires, was fatally damaged by the two world wars fought in the 20th century. These European powers were pressured by the Soviet Union and the United States and by independence movements inside the colonial territories. By the end of the 20th century these colonial empires were history.

The rise of Soviet influence in the working class, and the cost of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), led to the collapse of the Portuguese Second Republic (Estado Novo) in 1974. The National Salvation Junta (Junta de Salvação Nacional) - was to end the wars and take Portugal out of its African colonies. These events made thousands of Portuguese refugees from Portugal's African territories. 

Civil wars soon broke out elsewhere. After years of fighting, Portugal gave Macau to China in 1999.

Legacy
------

The seven former colonies of Portugal have Portuguese as their official language. They are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries with Portugal. Today Portuguese is one of the world's major languages. It is the language of Brazil, which is the largest country in South America.
Quokka, Rottnest Island, Western Australia
The **quokka** (*Setonix brachyurus*) is a small marsupial about the size of a large cat. Like other animals in the macropod family, such as kangaroos and wallabies, the quokka eats grass and small plants, and is mainly nocturnal. It lives on some small islands off the coast of Western Australia, mainly on Rottnest Island near Perth, and Bald Island near Albany. A small number live on the main land in the protected area of Two Peoples Bay, which they share with Gilbert's Potoroo. The quokka is the only member of the genus *Setonix*.

Description
-----------

The quokka weighs between 2.5 kg (6 lb) and 5 kg (11 lb). It is around 50 cm (20 in) long with a 30 cm (12 in) tail. This is short for a macropod. It has a solid build, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. It looks like a very small, fat kangaroo, but it can climb small trees and shrubs. It has rough fur which is a brown colour, fading to pale brown underneath. The quokka eats a small amount of its waste products.
It is about the size of a domestic cat.

Behaviour
---------

The quokka is a social animal and lives in large groups. They eat grass, sedges, succulents and leaves. They can become very sick if fed with things like bread, given to them by visitors to Rottnest Island. Visitors are now told not to feed them. Quokkas breed at any time on the mainland, but in late summer on Rottnest. The female quokka has two babies (called *joeys*) in a year.

The quokka moves in the same way as a kangaroo, using both small and large hops.

Quokkas and people
------------------

Quokkas are not scared of people, so you are able to get quite close to them, particularly on Rottnest Island. It is against the law on Rottnest Island to handle or touch the animals in any way. A A$100 fine can be given by the Rottnest Island Authority for picking up a quokka. People can even be taken to court and get a fine of up to $1000. These fines have been used in some unusual cases where quokka have been hurt or killed by visitors to Rottnest.

Status
------

There are a lot of quokkas living on the small offshore islands, because this is only a small area they are listed as vulnerable. On the mainland, they are attacked by dingoes, as well as introduced animals like foxes, dogs and cats. They also need thick ground cover for shelter. Farming has cleared much of the land which is another reason the species is threatened.

European discovery
------------------

The quokka was one of the first Australian mammals seen by Europeans. The Dutch sailor, Samuel Volckertzoon wrote about seeing a "a wild cat" on Rottnest Island in 1658. In 1696, Willem de Vlamingh thought they were rats and named the island "Rottenest", Dutch for "rat nest".

Name
----

The word *quokka* comes from a Nyungar word, which was probably *gwaga*.

Other websites
--------------

* Quokka  from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Quokka***.
"Inca" redirects here. For the rulers of the empire, see Sapa Inca.Location of the Inca EmpireA view of Machu Picchu, "the Lost City of the Incas," now an archaeological site
The **Inca** were a pre-Columbian country and empire in the Andes of South America. The word Inca can also mean the emperor or king of the Inca people. It was the largest empire in the Americas, and was large even by world standards. It existed shortly before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas. 

The Inca ruled along the western coast of South America for a little over 100 years, until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. The empire was centered around the city of Cuzco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern Peru. This was the administrative, political and military center of the empire. In later years, it was also centered around Quito. The Inca were ruled by an Emperor known as the *Sapa Inca*. Throughout their empire, they built many roads and bridges to make travel between their communities easy.

The Inca Empire was called ***Tawantinsuyo*** in Quechua, which means "four regions". The empire only lasted for about 100 years as the arrival of the conquering Spaniards in 1532 AD marked the end of their reign. Their main language was Quechua, but as the Empire was made up of many different groups there were probably many different languages as well.

The Inca Empire began around Lake Titicaca in about 1197. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used conquest and non-violent assimilation to gain a large portion of western South America. Their empire centered on the Andean mountain ranges. It included large parts of what is now Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.

In 1533, Atahualpa, the last sovereign emperor, was executed by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. That meant the beginning of Spanish rule in South America. The Inca Empire was supported by an economy based on the collective ownership of the land.

Bibliography
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* Popenoe, Hugh *et al* 1989. *Lost crops of the Incas*. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
* De la Vega, Garcilaso 1961. *The Incas: the royal commentaries of the Inca*. New York: The Orion Press.
* McNeill, William H. 2006. How the potato changed the world's history. *Social Research* **66** 1.

Other websites
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* Conquest of Peru, Prescott, 1847 Full text, free to read and search, a definitive history of the Incas. One of the most readable and engaging history books of all time. Humankind lost a civilization of impressive societal value.
* Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922)
* Inca Artifacts, Peru, and Machu Picchu Archived 2007-01-29 at the Wayback Machine 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.
* Inca civilization and other ancient civilizations by Genry Joil.
* Inca stone cutting techniques: theory on how the Inca walls fit so perfectly.
* Ancient Civilizations - Inca Archived 2007-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Great research site for kids.
* Incan Ice Mummies NOVA site based on their series about the 1996 expedition that discovered Incan ice mummies.
* Incan Religion Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
An **independent video game** or **indie game** is a game made without money from a publisher. They often rely on digital distribution, some indie games have become very successful like Minecraft.

Overview
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Indie game has no true definition, but has certain features, they are often made by one person or a small team, often smaller than mainstream titles, often not getting money from a publisher. But being without a publisher means that they have no-one telling them what they can and can't do, giving them much more freedom to make a game they want to make. But making a Indie game does not mean they have no publisher. Indie game developers often go to crowd-funding sites to help fund the game, but often make very little profit.

History
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Indie games started on PCs where it currently remains. Indie games become popular as shareware. But as better technologies came out people began to expect more from these small teams, indie games have seen a huge rise in the later half of the 2000s.

Other websites
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* The Creativity of Indie Video Games
On 14 May 1607, just over one hundred men settled in what is now Jamestown, Virginia to become the first permanent English colony in the New World. In 1619 the first women and slaves
arrived, and the colonists elected some of their number to the House of Burgesses, the first representative legislature in the Americas. The colony was chartered on 10 April 1606, one year back. 

To mark the 350th anniversary of the founding of **Jamestown Settlement**, in 1957 a large festival park opened with much ballyhoo: Queen Elizabeth II of England made an official appearance and loaned a copy of Magna Carta for the exhibition. There is now a working reconstruction of the settlement -- and of the three ships that brought the colonists: the *Godspeed*, the *Discovery*, and the *Susan Constant* (or *Sarah Constant*) -- that is very popular with tourists, especially school groups. Recent archeological work at the site is still expanding our knowledge of what happened at Jamestown in its earliest days.
**Marine Bachelot Nguyen** (born 1978) is a French-Vietnamese writer and director. She won the 2019 Sony Labou Tansi Prize, and the 2019 Primeurs Prize.

In 2004, she co-founded the authors' collective and theatre company *Lumière d'août* in Rennes. Her work explores the alliance of fiction and document, interrogating politics and feminist and postcolonial issues.

Life[edit]
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Marine Bachelot Nguyen studied literature and performing arts in Rennes and Genoa. In 2001, she began teaching in Bressuire and at the Rennes 2 University. She wrote a thesis on the changes in militant theatre in Europe.

From 2002 to 2007, she worked for the Théâtre de Folle pensée as a playwright. She participated in several residencies as part of the Authors' Laboratory convened by Roland Fichet, Pièces d'identités in 2003-2004, Mousson d'été in 2005, Mousson d'hiver in 2006 and the biennial Nouvelles pièces d'Europe in Wiesbaden in June 2004.

In 2004, she founded the company Lumière d'août in Rennes with Alexis Fichet, Alexandre Koutchevsky, Juliette Pourquery de Boisserin, Laurent Quinton and Nicolas Richard. She created her first play *Artemisia Vulgaris* in Saint-Brieuc, directed by Alexis Fichet. She directed it in 2007 at the Théâtre de la Paillette in Rennes.

She started the project *Short Political Pieces*, composed of seven texts commissioned from the authors of Lumière d'août and Gianina Carbunariu and staged with Alexis Fichet. In 2009, she embarked on the project Feminists?, a cycle of research, writing and creation dedicated to feminism. Several works were created from this: *Histoires de femmes et de lessives* in 2009, *La Femme, ce continent noir.* in 2010, *À la racine* in 2011 at the Mise en scène festival and *Rebel girlz masquerade* in 2012,.

In 2017, she wrote *The Son*, which questions the radicalization on the evolution of morals. It was directed by David Gauchard at the Théâtre de l'Union, in Limoges in February, it was presented at the Avignon Festival and received the Sony-Labou-Tansi prize as part of the Festival des Francophonies en Limousin.

In 2018, she was a resident at Villa Saigon in Ho Chi Minh City. Her *Circulations Capitals* project was created in September 2019 at the Canal à Redon and at the MC2 in Grenoble,

She read at the Princeton French Theater Festival 2023.

Works
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* Bachelot, Marine (2017). *Le fils*. Théâtre à vif. Carnières-Morlanwelz: Lansman. ISBN 978-2-8071-0157-9.
* Nguyen, Marine Bachelot (2018-09). *La place du chien* (in French). ISBN 978-2-8071-0205-7. `{{cite book}}`: Check date values in: `|date=` (help)
* Bachelot, Marine (2017). *Les ombres et les lèvres*. Théâtre à Vif. Carnières-Morlanwelz: Lansman. ISBN 978-2-8071-0173-9.
* Bachelot, Marine. *Akila, le tissu d'Antigone*. Théâtre à vif. Carnières (Belgique): Lansman éditeur. ISBN 978-2-8071-0301-6.
* Bachelot, Marine. *Circulations capitales*. Théâtre à vif. Carnières (Belgique): Lansman éditeur. ISBN 978-2-8071-0322-1.
A teacher with students, in a computer lab
Digital natives in a smart car. 
**Digital literacy** is the name for a set of skills that enable a person to exist in what is called information society. This means that people can use digital media platforms to their advantage. They can use information technology to create, evaluate, and share information. Literacy is the ability to read and write, in a given language. People who can read and write use these skills to communicate. Digital literacy is similar: The idea is to use modern electronic devices such as computers and mobile phones to get up ot date information, to share this information with others, and to comment on this information on digital platforms. The distinction between the people who have difital literacy and who can use it to theirt advantage, and those who don't have it, or can't use it is called digital divide. While using digital media platforms is often free, special devices (such as computers or mobile phones) are needed to access the platforms.

Digital literacies are "the practices of communicating, relating, thinking, and ‘being’ associated with digital media".
Hubble Ultra Deep Field image of a region of the observable universe (equivalent sky area size shown in bottom left corner). Each spot is a galaxy, consisting of billions of stars. The light from the smallest, most red-shifted galaxies originated nearly 14 billion years ago
Visualization of the 93 billion light year – or 28 billion parsec – three-dimensional observable universe. The scale is such that the fine grains represent collections of large numbers of superclusters. The Virgo Supercluster – home of Milky Way – is marked at the center, but is too small to be seen in the image
In Big Bang cosmology, the **observable universe** is what, in theory, can be seen from Earth. That is light, or other signals, which has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. The observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every place in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

The word *observable* does not depend on whether modern technology actually allows detection of radiation from an object in this region. It simply means that it is possible *in principle* for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, there is much that we cannot see. We can see light only from as far back as when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons. 

Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the *visible* universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the *observable* universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (that is, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years), about 2% larger.

The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years), putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.

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