recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **beluga whale** (*Delphinapterus leucas*) is a small, toothed whale that is white as an adult. They are found in coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean, and travel south when the sea ice forms.

Description
-----------

The beluga's body is stout and has a small, blunt head with a small beak, tiny eyes and thick layers of blubber. On their head they have a round shape called the melon. This melon holds oil, and the whale is able to change its shape. Scientists believe that it has something to do with the whale's echolocation system. They have one blowhole. Beluga means *white one* in Russian. Its genus **Delphinapterus**, means "whale without fins", and the species, *leucas*, means "white". The beluga is also called the white whale, the white porpoise, the sea canary (because of its songs), and the squid hound (due to its diet). Unlike most other cetaceans, the beluga's seven neck vertebrae are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck.

A baby beluga whale, called a calf, is a grey or even brown color when it is born. It will gradually become white over the next five years as it becomes an adult. They grow up to 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and weigh up to 1,361 kg (3,000 lb). They live for between 35 and 50 years of age. A female beluga whale will have one calf every 3 or 4 years. These are born near the coast, often near the entrance to large rivers. The calfs are fed on milk which is 30% fat.

The beluga whales live in groups, called pods of anywhere from only three whales to large groups of more than 200. they can dive down to depths of 800 m (2,625 ft) and stay underwater for as long as 25 minutes. Polar bears and killer whales are known to hunt beluga whales.

Diet and teeth
--------------

Belugas are toothed whales with 3400 teeth. The teeth are not designed for chewing, but for grabbing and tearing prey. They swallow their prey whole. They are opportunistic feeders, eating a varied diet of fish, squid, crustaceans, octopi, and worms. They are both benthic (bottom) and pelagic (oceanic) feeders (in shallow water). Belugas sometimes hunt schools of fish cooperatively in small groups.
A sculpture of Peter Obi in the faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
**Peter Gregory Onwubuasi Obi**, commonly known as **Peter Obi**, is a Nigerian politician and activist who was the former governor of Anambra State and the presidential candidate of the Labour Party in the 2023 general election in Nigeria.

Early life
----------

Peter was born in 19 July 1961 and grew up in Onitsha where he currently lives. Obi was the former governor of Anambra State and in 2022, he became the 2023 Nigeria presidential election nominee of Labour Party.

He had his tertiary education in University of Nigeria in 1984 after his secondary education at Christ the King College, Onitsha. He has worked as a civil personality including Fidelity Bank Chairman.

Political Career
----------------

In 2003, Obi went into politics as a member of All Progressive Grand Alliance after his entrepreneurship stage for governor. He won the election in 2006.

Awards and Recognitions
-----------------------

In 2007, he was named *Man of the Year* by Sun Newspaper. Two years later, he was awarded the Most Prudent Governor in Nigeria and Governor of the Decade in 2020 by This Day. Obi has won many awards including Champion Newspaper's Nigeria's Most Trustworthy Governor in 2009. Followed by West Africa ICT Development Award for Governor of the Year in 2010. He was one of the Africans for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Best Performing Governor on Immunization in South-East Nigeria in 2012. Obi also won Silverbird Man of the Year in 2013.

Personal life
-------------

Obi is married to Margaret Brownson Obi.

Other websites
--------------

* Peter Obi Profile on African Confidential
* Peter Obi and a Dream Deferred Council on Foreign Relations

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***Submission*** was a movie made in 2004. It was directed by Theo van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi Ali wrote the script. She made the story. The movie is 10 minutes long. The movie title is a direct translation of the word Islam into English.

The movie tells the story of four fictional characters. All four characters are played by a single actress wearing a veil. The woman wears a see-through chador but is otherwise naked. Different verses of the Qur'an are painted onto her body.

The characters shown in the movie are Muslim women who have been abused in different ways. For example, one woman has been raped by someone close to her. These women have a monologue - they speak to themselves.

The movie dramatically highlights three verses of the Quran (4:34 2:222 and 24:2). These verses seem make it allowed to treat women badly. The authors of the movie show the verses painted on the women's bodies.

Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated Theo van Gogh, after the movie had been shown on Dutch TV. Bouyeri is a Moroccan-Dutch Muslim who was mad about the movie. The assassination happened on 2 November 2004. A letter linked the murder to Van Gogh's movie and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and called for *jihad* against *kafir*. Kafir is an Arabic word for unbeliever, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth. The letter was also against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. After the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools. Christian churches were also attacked. Eleven other Muslim men were also arrested, other than Bouyeri. They were charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali.

After the murder of Theo van Gogh, *Submission* gained international fame. It was withdrawn from the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The movie had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during a discussion on freedom of speech in movie at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of *Submission*, Gijs van de Westelaken, said, "We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the movie." The movie was shown on television in a number of European countries.

Hirsi Ali has said she would like to make a sequel to the movie because "By not making 'Submission Part II,' I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they're rewarded with what they want." When she was asked if she would submit to threats against her life, she said "Not me."

Other websites
--------------

* *Submission* on IMDb
* Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
The **2012 Atlantic hurricane season** was an above average season in terms of ACE and damage but most storms were week and short lived. It was theevent that occurs when tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The season began when Tropical Storm Alberto formed on May 19, 2012. Four days later, Tropical Storm Beryl developed. It became a subtropical storm and on May 27, was upgraded to a tropical storm. This is the first time since the 1908 Atlantic hurricane season that two storms formed before the official start date. The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 and ended on November 30, 2012. There were no storms formed in the month of July.

Storms
------

### Tropical Storm Alberto

Tropical Storm Alberto formed on May 19, 2012. It became an "early season storm" because it formed before the official start of the season. Tropical Storm Alberto dissipated on May 22 without making landfall. Its maximun sustatined winds were at 60 miles per hour.

### Tropical Storm Beryl

Tropical Storm Beryl developed. It became a subtropical storm and on May 27, was upgraded to a tropical storm. It hit Jacksonville, Florida.

### Hurricane Chris

Hurricane Chris was the third tropical system. It formed on June 19. It was also the first hurricane of the season, unexpectedly becoming one. It was in an unfavorable environment, with cool sea waters and moderate vertical wind shear. Chris, after weakening from a hurricane, became a non-tropical cyclone southeast of Newfoundland on June 22.

### Tropical Storm Debby

This system became the record earliest 4th storm, which was broken in 2012. The storm made landfall in Florida, and caused bad flooding. Ten people died.

Timeline of events
------------------

Storm names
-----------

The following names were used for named storms in the North Atlantic in 2012. The names not retired from this list was used again in the 2018 season. This is the same list used in the 2006 season. The names Kirk, Oscar, Patty, Rafael, Sandy, and Tony were used for Atlantic storms for the first time in 2012. Kirk replaced Keith after 2000, but was not used in 2006.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Alberto
* Beryl
* Chris
* Debby
* Ernesto
* Florence
* Gordon
 | * Helene
* Issac
* Joyce
* Kirk
* Leslie
* Michael
* Nadine
 | * Oscar
* Patty
* Rafael
* Sandy
* Tony
* Valerie *(unused)*
* William *(unused)*
 |

### Retirement

On April 11, 2013 the name "Sandy" was retired due to the damage and deaths it caused. Sandy was replaced with "Sara" for the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season, Sara wasn't used in 2018.

Other websites
--------------

* Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's rainfall page for tropical cyclones in 2012 Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
* National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook


| * v
* t
* e
2010–19 Atlantic hurricane seasons |
| --- |
| Previous: 2009 **·**  2010 **·**  2011 **·**  2012 **·**  2013 **·**  2014 **·**  2015 **·**  2016 **·**  2017 **·**  2018 **·**  2019 Next: 2020 |
**Twenty** is the number that is after **nineteen** and before **twenty-one**.

The prime factors of twenty are 2 and 5. (2 \* 2 \* 5 = 20)

Its factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20. As the sum of its factors is more than itself (i.e. 22), it can be referred to as an abundant number.

20 can been used as a number base. Remnants of this system remain in some European languages, for example in the English "score" (20) and the French "quatre-vingts" (80, just means four groups of twenty). The old (pre-decimal) English monetary system had twenty shillings in a pound. The ancient Mayan numerical system – counting on fingers and toes – was a base 20 or "vigesimal" system.

A polyhedron of 20 faces is an icosahedron, one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron. 

In Japanese tradition, adulthood is established at the age of 20. See seijin not hi (the celebration of adulthood in Japan).

It is the number of milk teeth in an infant’s mouth.

In Roman numerals, 20 is written as **XX**.
**Urban fantasy** is a subgenre of fantasy that uses supernatural elements in an a urban setting. The combination lets the writer create classic fantasy tropes, plot-elements, and unusual characters without having to create of an entire imaginary world.

Urban fantasy became more popular in fiction during the 19th century.  Much of its audience was created in the 1930s-50s. The genre's current publishing popularity began in the 1980s in North America, as writers and publishers began to write more Urban Fantasy because of the success of Stephen King and Anne Rice.

Characteristics
---------------

Urban fantasy combines imaginary/unrealistic elements of plot, character, theme, or setting with a mostly normal world.Urban fantasy combines normal things and the strange. These strange elements may exist secretly in the world or may happen openly. Fantastic parts of the story may be magic, paranormal beings, mythic or folk-tale plots, or thematic tropes (such as a quest, or a battle of good and evil). Authors may use current urban myths, use fictional technologies, or established supernatural characters and events from folklore, literature, film, or comics. 

The urban part of the story is usually found in the setting—usually a large or small city—or even a suburban community in a metropolitan area. Use of technology (such as vehicles or communications) and everyday community and social buildings (such as libraries, schools/universities, or markets) create the context of the story. The time where the action happens may be in the recent past or the near future. The city-setting can be used to create a tone, move the plot, or may even be a character itself. 

Urban fantasy is most often a sub-genre of low fantasy (where magical events mix with a normal world) and/or hard fantasy (which is when magic is something understandable and explainable), and stories may be found in the sub-genres of horror, occult detective fiction, or the different "punk" genres. Common themes include friendships or conflict between humans and other beings, and the changes such characters and events bring to local life.
**Transpiration** is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of **Transpiration** helps in regulating temperature in the plant. 

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman. He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.

How transpiration works
-----------------------

Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata. This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.

Transpiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.

Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss. Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

Related pages
-------------

* Translocation (botany)

Other websites
--------------

* A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.
**Nkenge Touré** (born **Anita Stroud** on March 5, 1951) is a civil rights and political activist who is also a leader in the Anti-Racism, Reproductive Justice, and Black Women’s Health movements. She is also a former member of the Black Panther Party. Touré was the second black woman to work at the DC Rape Crisis Center, and she served as Director and General Administrator of the center. After working at the DC Rape Crisis Center for 13 years, Touré had an important role in anti-rape organizing and addressing all forms of violence toward women. Touré founded SisterSong, a national activist organization focusing on reproductive justice for women of color. She founded/co-founded other organizations, such as the National Black United Front and the International Council of African Women. Touré’s activism shaped black-feminist movements across America, allowing black feminists to gather together at political organizing, social gatherings, and consciousness-raising sessions to assert themselves. They produced leaders who supported feminism, civil rights, gay rights, and AID activism throughout the 1970s – 1990s. Touré continued to work with women with HIV, children born with HIV, and substance abusers. She has received numerous awards for her activism, spoken at rallies and conferences, and has published writing.
This article is about constitutions in general. For the US Constitution, see United States Constitution.
Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.
The **constitution** of a country (or a state) is a special type of law document that tells how its government is supposed to work. It tells how the country's leaders are to be chosen and how long they get to stay in office, how new laws are made and old laws are to be changed or removed based on law, what kind of people are allowed to vote and what other rights they are guaranteed, and how the constitution can be changed.

Limits are put on the Government in how much power they have within the Constitution *(see Rule of Law )*. On the other hand, countries with repressive or corrupt governments frequently do not stick to their constitutions, or have bad constitutions without giving freedom to citizens and others. This can be known as dictatorship or simply "bending the rules". A Constitution is often a way of uniting within a Federation.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single document like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a *de facto* or "unwritten" constitution.

The United States in 1787 began a trend in the writing of constitutions. The United States Constitution is also the shortest that people are still using, and it has been changed (amended) many times over the years. It was made after the colonists won their independence from Britain. At first they had the Articles of Confederation but the Articles were replaced with today's Constitution.

The Indian constitution of 1950 is the longest ever written constitution in the world. It originally consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. As of 2021, it has 470 Articles, 12 schedules, and 25 Parts with 5 appendices and 98 amendments.

Related pages
-------------

* Constitutional law
* Constitutionalism
* Constitutional economics
* Democracy
* International law
* Jurisprudence
* Rule of law
* Social contract
* US Constitution
For Wikipedia's policy on the use of secondary sources, see WP:PSTS.
A **secondary source** is a document or recording that writes or speaks about information that is one step removed from the original source.

The secondary source depends on the *primary source* or *original source* of the information. Secondary sources interpret, evaluate or discuss information found in primary sources. In historiography, a secondary source is a study written by a scholar about a topic. Secondary sources frequently cite primary sources and other secondary sources. They rarely cite tertiary sources.

Example
-------

A secondary source would be a book on 13th century politics, while Magna Carta itself would be a primary source.
Many secondary sources use extensive citations in the form of footnotes or endnotes.

Legal use
---------

The main use of secondary sources in law is to explain the law. They also explain legal concepts. They are used to analyze and describe laws as well as comment on them. Judicial decisions and opinions by qualified experts are secondary sources.

Related pages
-------------

* Source text
* Primary source
* Tertiary source

Further reading
---------------

* Primary and secondary sources Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
Fossil of *Euthynotus incognitus*
***Euthynotus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Toarcian. It is the most basal pachycormiform. The second most basal is *Pachycormus*. Fossil remains have been found in Europe.

Description
-----------

*Euthynotus* had a slender body. The skull was quite long and narrow, with a slightly pointed snout. The dorsal fin was small and placed far away.

Systematics
-----------

### Species

*Euthynotus* has two species:

* †*Euthynotus incognitus* Blainville, 1818
* †*Euthynotus intermedius* Agassiz, 1839

### Synonyms

* *Parathrissops* Sauvage, 1891

Species info
------------

### *Euthynotus incognitus*

*Euthynotus incognitus* is a species of *Euthynotus*. It is very much well-known.

### *Euthynotus intermedius*

*Euthynotus intermedius* is another species of *Euthynotus*. Unlike the other species, it's not well-known.

Paleoecology
------------

Restoration of *Euthynotus incognitus*
Like many pachycormiforms, *Euthynotus* was a predatory fish. The particularly long body of this fish made it very fast. It was a carnivore.

Related pages
-------------

* Orthocormus
* Pachycormus (fish)
* Nelumbo nucifera
* Heterolepidotus
* Semionotiformes
* Pike topminnow
* Blackstripe topminnow

Another fossil of *Euthynotus incognitus*
**Exaggeration** is a term for a figure of speech. It means the describing of something and making it more than it really is. The verb is **to exaggerate**.

An example of exaggeration would be: "I was walking along when suddenly this enormous dog walked along. It was as big as an elephant". The dog may have been big, but it was certainly not as big as that. Another example of exaggeration would be: "I caught a fish as big as my house."

**Overstatement** is another word that means almost the same thing. The opposite of overstatement is **understatement**. 

A  **hyperbole** (IPA:[haı'pɝ.bə.li]) is a type of exaggeration that is used in literature. It is a figure of speech. The opposite of hyperbole are **litotes**. Litotes are conscious understatements in literature.

People exaggerate things because they have strong feelings about something. People may exaggerate to make people listen to what they say. They may do it to emphasize something. They may also exaggerate just to sound funny:

* "I’ve heard that a million times"
* "You’ve got a head the size of a pin".
* "I just ran a million miles"

People may understate because they are being modest:

* "Thank you, yes, I suppose I may have helped a little" (in a situation where the person actually helped a lot).

In modern slang, the word "hype" is sometimes used about something that is getting more publicity than it really deserves. The word hype comes from the word "hyperbole".

Related pages
-------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***hyperbole** and **hypobole***.

* Irony
* Metaphor
* Simile
* Grammar
* Trope
**Mary Boleyn** (about 1499 – 19 July 1543) was the older sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. They had a brother named George Boleyn. There have been many stories and books about Mary Boleyn, so historians are not sure what is true about her.

Early Life
----------

Mary was born some time between 1500 and 1507 at Blickling Hall in Norfolk. Her parents were Sir Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard. While her parents had her sister Anne educated at the court of Margaret of Austria, Mary was probably educated at home. She had a well-rounded education for a woman in the 1500s. Among Mary's other skills, she could speak French.

In 1514, Mary's father got her a job as maid of honor to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII. Mary Tudor was going to be married to King Louis XII of France. Mary and the other maids traveled with Mary Tudor to France, where Mary Tudor was married. Only a few months after the wedding, however, King Louis died and Francis I became king. Mary Tudor went back to England but Mary Boleyn stayed in France.

There were rumours that Mary Boleyn became King Francis's mistress, but some historians think the rumours may not be true. They think the rumours may have been about trying to make the Boleyn family look bad so Henry VIII could divorce Anne Boleyn.

Marriage and mistress
---------------------

In 1519, Mary went back to England to marry William Carey. Soon, she became King Henry VIII's mistress. Some historians think that King Henry was the father of Mary's two children, Catherine Carey and Henry Carey, but it is also possible that her husband William Carey was their father. Mary was Henry VIII's mistress for years, possibly until as late as 1526.

Widowhood
---------

After Mary's husband died, she had money problems. Her sister Anne took Mary's son Henry as her ward and paid for his education.

In 1526, Mary married again. She married a soldier named William Stafford without her family's permission. Anne and the rest of Mary's family were angry with her. Mary and Stafford had one child, but historians do not know what happened to him or her.

After Anne and George Boleyn were executed, Mary's parents began to speak to her again. After her father and grandmother died, they left Mary half the Boleyn property. But Mary Boleyn had to fight for it in law court. Mary died in Rochford Hall in 1543.
**Rabi crops** are a type of crop grown in the winter and harvested in the spring in the South Asia.  The word means spring in the Arabic language.

Overview
--------

It is also called rabi harvest and spring harvest (also known as winter crop). The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April/May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crop but is good for kharif crops.

Normally wheat barley, mustard, sesame and peas are grown in India. Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early: Indian markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February.

Some of the example are: 

### Cereals

* wheat
* oat
* barley
* maizewheat (rabi crop)

### Seed plants

alfalfa 
* alfalfa
* linseed
* sesame
* cumin
* coriander
* mustard
* fennel
* Fenugreek
* isabgol

### Vegetables

* pea
* chickpea
* onion
* tomato
* potato
Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 – 13 June 1977) was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the classic Disney film *Mary Poppins* (1964).

Life and Career
---------------

Matthew Garber was born on March 25, 1956, in Stepney, London, England. He attended the independent Highgate School in North London. Garber was discovered by theatrical agent Iris Burton while he was performing in the play *The Snow Queen* at the age of seven. Following this encounter, he began his acting career with several television appearances.

Garber's breakthrough came when he was cast as Michael Banks in Disney's *Mary Poppins* alongside Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke. The film, directed by Robert Stevenson and based on the book series by P.L. Travers, became an instant classic and won five Academy Awards. Garber's portrayal of the mischievous yet endearing Michael Banks endeared him to audiences worldwide.

Later Life and Career
---------------------

After the success of *Mary Poppins*, Garber reprised his role in the Disney film *The Three Lives of Thomasina* (1963), where he played the character Geordie McNab. However, he eventually decided to step away from acting to focus on his education.

Garber attended St. John's College, Cambridge, where he studied history. Despite his departure from the entertainment industry, he remained fondly remembered for his role in *Mary Poppins*, which continued to captivate audiences for generations.

Personal Life and Tragic Death
------------------------------

In his later years, Garber maintained a low profile and largely stayed out of the public eye. Tragically, at the age of 21, Garber contracted hepatitis while traveling in India. He was unaware of his condition until it had progressed to a critical stage. Despite receiving medical treatment, Garber's condition worsened, and he passed away on June 13, 1977.

Matthew Garber's untimely death was met with shock and sadness by his family, friends, and fans. His contribution to the world of cinema, particularly his memorable performance in *Mary Poppins*, continues to be celebrated by audiences around the world.

Legacy
------

Matthew Garber's portrayal of Michael Banks in *Mary Poppins* remains iconic and has left an indelible mark on popular culture. The film's enduring popularity ensures that Garber's legacy lives on, as new generations continue to discover and enjoy his work.

In recognition of his contribution to cinema, Matthew Garber was posthumously honored with retrospectives and tributes. His portrayal of Michael Banks remains beloved by audiences, making him an integral part of the magic of *Mary Poppins* and a cherished figure in the history of film.
Billiards balls.
**Cue sports** are games played with balls on a table. The table has rubber around the sides (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table. It has cloth on it. Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. There are lots of different cue sports. These include billiards, pool and snooker.

*Pool* is also sometimes called *pocket billiards*. The aim is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into "pockets" (called "potting"). These pockets are holes cut into the rubber cushions. When balls go into the pockets they drop down into nets. There are many different pool games. In "eight-ball", players must pot their eight balls before their opponent. In "nine-ball" the balls are numbered. They must be potted in numbered order. In "straight pool" players must pot a certain amount of balls. 

*Billiards* is usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets. The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball. This is called a "carom". There are different billiards games. *English Billiards* is similar to the carom game, but the table has pockets.

*Snooker*, which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging. Snooker also uses more balls than pool.
**Yacouba Sawadogo** (April 4, 1946 — December 4, 2023) was a farmer from Burkina Faso, a country in West Africa. He used a traditional farming technique called Zaï to help soil damaged by drought. He is notable for spreading an improved soil and water conservation practice in Burkina Faso.

Early life
----------

He went to a religious school where the students often didn't have enough to eat. Since he was the smallest and youngest, he was the one who ate the least food.

Background
----------

The northern parts of Burkina Faso are very dry and often have droughts. The most recent big drought in happened in the 1970s, resulting in a famine which killed a lot of people.

The drought caused a lot of desertification. There were also other problems like overgrazing, bad land management, and overpopulation. These problems meant that a lot of land could not be used to grow food.

Together with Mathieu Ouédraogo, another local farmer, Yacouba Sawadogo tried different ways of fixing bad soil in about 1980. He uses simple traditional things: cordons pierreux (lines of stones) and zaï holes. Both Sawadogo and Ouédraogo have tried to get other people to do the same things.

### Cordons pierreux (stone lines)

Cordons pierreux are thin lines of fist-sized stones laid across fields. They catch water. When rain falls, it pushes silt (special dirt) across top of the field. The rocks slow down the water so it soaks into the ground more. The silt also makes a good place for seeds of local plants to grow. The plants slow the water even more, and their roots break up the soil, so it's easier for more water to soak in.

### Zaï holes

See the main article: Zaï
Zaï holes are holes dug in the soil. They also catch water, but in a different way. They used to only be used a little bit to make land better for growing plants. Yacouba Sawadogo had the idea to fill the holes with manure and other things to make food for the plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help break up the soil even more. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes have been used to help cultivate trees, and crops like sorghum and millet.

### Education

Yacouba Sawadogo holds "Market Days" to get other people to do these things, especially zaï holes. People come to share seeds and learn from each another.

Problems with Burkina Faso Government
-------------------------------------

Yacouba Sawadogo's work with zaï holes helped him make a forest of about fifty acres (20 hectares). The nearby city of Ouahigouya took the land to make money.  Sawadogo and his family members each get one tenth of 1-acre (4,000 m2) out of the plot, and don't get any other payment.
***The White Guard*** (Russian: Белая гвардия) is a novel by the 20th century Ukrainian writer Mikhail Bulgakov. His later work *The Master and Margarita* brought him posthumous fame.

History
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*The White Guard* first appeared in serial form in the Soviet-era literary journal *Rossiya* in 1925, but the magazine was closed down before the serial was completed. It was not reprinted in Russia until 1966.

### *The Day of the Turbins*

After the first two parts of *The White Guard* were published in *Rossiya*, Bulgakov was invited to write a version for the stage. He called the play *The Days of the Turbins.* This was produced at the Moscow Art Theatre, to great acclaim:

"The Day of the Turbins... became a theater legend... The production ran from 1926 to 1941, it had 987 performances... Stalin... saw it no fewer than 20 times".
In fact, the play completely overshadowed the book, which was in any event virtually unobtainable in any form.

Since Bulgakov was refused permission to publish his most important works, he pleaded with Stalin to be allowed to leave the country. Stalin personally arranged for a job for him at the Moscow Arts Theatre. Bulgakov was still writing and re-writing his uncompleted novel, *The Master And Margarita*, when he died in 1940.

His widow had *The White Guard* published in large part in the literary journal *Moskva* in 1966, at the end of the Krushchev era. This was the basis for the English translation by Michael Glenny published in 1971 (New York: McGraw-Hill; London: Collins; reissued 2005 by Academy Chicago Publishers. This lacks the dream flashback sections. In 2008 Yale University Press published a translation by Marian Schwartz of the complete novel, an edition which won an award.

The novel
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Set in Ukraine, beginning in late 1918, the novel concerns the fate of the Turbin family as the various armies of the Russian Civil War – the Whites, the Reds, the Imperial German Army, and Ukrainian nationalists – fight over the city of Kyiv. Historical figures such as Petlyura and Pavlo Skoropadsky appear as the Turbin family is caught up in the effects of the October Revolution.

### English translations

* translated by Michael Glenny, London, HarperCollins/Havill, 1971; New York: McGraw-Hill 1971; London, Fontana 1973;
* translated by Marian Schwartz, Introduction by Dobrenko, Evgeny: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-15145-9

### Autobiographical elements

The novel contains many autobiographical elements. Bulgakov gave the younger Turbin brother some of the characteristics of his own younger brother. The description of the house of the Turbins is that of the house of the Bulgakov family in Kiev. (Today it is preserved and operated as the Mikhail Bulgakov Museum).
**🕷️Spider monkeys** are New World monkeys, genus ***Ateles***. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.

Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.

Diet
----

Spider monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, and small eggs.
Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.

Physical description
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Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.

They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to 89 cm (35 in) long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.
**Gradualism** is a process of change by gradual, slow stages. In politics, it is the opposite of revolutions and rapid change. "Gradualism is... sometimes associated with social democracy."

In geology, it is in tune with uniformitarianism and against catastrophism. In biology it is in tune with Darwinian ideas of slowly changing species as opposed to large rapid changes

Politics and society
--------------------

Gradualism is one of the defining features of political liberalism and reformism. It is against abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Instead, change ought to be brought about in small discrete steps.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating racial segregation. The government wanted to try to integrate African-Americans and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation:

> This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.  
> — Martin Luther King Jr.'s *I Have a Dream* speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC
> 
> 

Charles Lindblom was an influential professor and author who believed in muddling through ("incrementalism") as the right way to go. He pointed out the connexions between the political system, the market-place and democratic freedom.

Geology and biology
-------------------

In the natural sciences, gradualism is a theory that profound change is the product of slow but continuous processes. It is often contrasted with catastrophism. Gradualism was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton to explain geology, and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell's *Principles of Geology*. William Whewell called the idea 'uniformitarianism'. It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's *Principles of Geology*. Everything we see from the past is explained by processes we can see going on today. The present is key to the past. So Darwin thought evolutionary must occur gradually, not in jumps ('saltations'), since we do not see big changes going on today. Extreme and rapid changes in an organism would be most likely to be fatal. It is almost universally agreed that complex organs such as the eye must have evolved by many small steps rather than by one or two mutations.

"Phyletic gradualism" is a term coined by Arthur Morgan and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability or stasis, punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. Their idea is less accepted today.
Women's basketball**Women's basketball** is a sport for women. The rules are the same as men's basketball, but the ball is smaller. It is popular in colleges, universities, and professionally.

### Different rules

Modern rules for women's basketball are much the same as those for men's basketball, with a few changes.

### Basketball size

The correct size for the ball in WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) rules is 28.5 inches (72.4 cm) in circumference. This is 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) smaller than the NBA ball. From 2004, this size is used for all professional women's competitions around the world.

### Court dimensions

The three-point line (a line from which a ball thrown into the basket is worth three points) is 22 feet and 1.75 inches (6.75 m) from the middle of the basket in WNBA competition. Also, there is no block/charge arc under the basket.

### Shot clock

The WNBA and Women's NCAA college basketball use a 30-second shot clock. NBA basketball uses a 24-second shot clock.

### Game clock

Basketball is normally played in four 12 minute quarters. WNBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters.

Levels of competition
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### College

Women's basketball is very popular in colleges in North America. It is sponsored by athletics associations (groups that help organize sports). The most important competition is organized by a group called the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), and the winner is called the 'national champion'.

The 2022-23 national champion was the University of South Carolina Gamecocks.

### American Professional Leagues

#### Women's Pro Basketball League

The Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981. The league is the first American professional women's basketball league.

#### Women's Basketball Association

The Women's Basketball Association (WBA) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the summer of 1993 to the summer of 1995. The league is said to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be played in Summer.

#### American Basketball League

The American Basketball League was started in 1996 because the Olympics made people more interested in basketball. The league played two full seasons (1996-97 and 1997-98) and started a third (1998-99) before it ended in 1998.

#### Women's National Basketball Association

The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a group that organizes professional basketball games for women. It is like the NBA (National Basketball Association), but for women. It was started in 1996.

Related pages
-------------

* Sports
* Basketball
**Gavrilo Princip,** 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918, was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs.

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.

When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918. 

Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more. Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia. Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.
**Mark James Williams** MBE (born 21 March 1975) is a Welsh professional snooker player who is a three-time World Champion, winning in 2000, 2003 and 2018. Often noted for his long potting ability, Williams has earned the nickname "The Welsh Potting Machine".

Williams turned professional in 1992 and has been ranked the world number one player three times (1999–00, 2000–01 and 2002–03). His most successful season to date was 2002–03, when he won the Triple Crown: the UK Championship, the Masters and the World Championship. In doing so, he became only the third player, after Steve Davis and Stephen Hendry, to win all three Triple Crown events in one season. He is the first player (and to date, the only player) to win all three versions of the professional World Championship: the World Snooker Championship, the Six-red World Championship and the World Seniors Championship.

The first left-handed player to win the World Championship, Williams has won 26 ranking tournaments, including two UK Championships (1999 and 2002), making him sixth on the all-time list. He has also won the Masters on two occasions (1998 and 2003). His form began to decline after his second World Championship title in 2003; he then dropped out of the top 16 following the 2007–08 season, but he regained his place for 2009–10. Williams has compiled over 600 century breaks in professional competition, including three maximum breaks. Winning the 2024 Tour Championship aged 49 years and 17 days made him the second-oldest player—after Ray Reardon—to win a professional ranking tournament.

He is one of the group of three players known as the "Class of '92" who all turned professional during the 1992–93 snooker season. They are Williams, Ronnie O'Sullivan and John Higgins.

1. ↑  "Mark Williams". World Snooker Tour. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
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