recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Groton** is a town in Connecticut. Groton is next to Mystic, Norwich and New London. The town is in New London County in the southeast and coast areas of Connecticut. Groton is next to the Rhode Island state line. It is across the line from Westerly and Watch Hill.

Population
----------

38,222 people lived there in the 2020 United States Census. Eight years before that, Groton about 40,000 people lived there.

History
-------

*Groton Monument and Fort Griswold*, a sketch by John Warner Barber for his *Historical Collections of Connecticut* (1836)
Groton was founded in 1705. That year, it separated from New London, Connecticut. The town was named after Groton, Suffolk in England. A hundred years before it was established, the Niantic people settled in the area between the Thames River and Pawcatuck River. They eventually settled, however, in Westerly, Rhode Island. The new people to the land were the Pequots. The latter were a branch of the Mohawk people. The Pequots people moved eastward into the Connecticut River Valley.

The summer of 1614 was the first time that the Pequots met white settlers. They started trading furs for the settlers' goods. Those included steel knives, needles and boots. In 1633, the Dutch bought land from them (the Pequots). The earlier then opened a fur trading post. Meanwhile (at the same time), the English bought land for settlement from the local tribes. The Dutch had unintentionally killed the Pequots' chief. This led to revenge by the Pequot tribe, and this escalated into the Pequot War (1636–38). On the night of May 26, 1637, the Colonial forces arrived outside the Pequot village near the Mystic River. The palisade surrounding the village had only two exits. Their leader, Colonel John Mason, gave the order to set the village on fire and block off the exits. Those who tried climbing over the palisade were shot. Those who succeeded in getting over were killed by the Narragansett forces.

Geography
---------

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.3 square miles (117.3 km2), of which 31.0 square miles (80.4 km2) is land and 14.2 square miles (36.9 km2), or 31.47%, is water.

### Principal communities

The Griswold at Eastern Point, 1906
* Burnett's Corner — historic district is along Packer Road south of Route 184
* Center Groton
* City of Groton — located along the Thames River
	+ Groton Heights or Groton Bank — historic district in the northern part of the city area
* Groton Long Point
* Long Hill
* Mystic (06355) — mainly in the nearby town of Stonington. A small portion (West Mystic), though, is in Groton
* Noank
* Old Mystic
* Poquonock Bridge
	+ Fort Hill
* Submarine Base area (Census designation: "Conning Towers-Nautilus Park")

Other minor communities and geographical areas are Bluff Point, Eastern Point, Esker Point, Jupiter Point, Mumford Cove and West Pleasant Valley.

### Climate

Groton has a humid continental climate (*Dfb*).Template:Weather box New London
**Hadrian** (Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138.

He is well known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon, Castel Sant'Angelo (originally Hadrian's Tomb) and the Temple of Venus and Roma.

In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes. Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.

During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

During his travels, Hadrian met a common-born young man named Antinous, who became his favourite and probable lover. In 130, when travelling through Egypt and sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned. Hadrian grieved his loss deeply, and did much to preserve his memory, including founding the city of Antinoöpolis and asking the Greeks to diefy Antinous. 

Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.
Subspecies *R. r. himalayensis* at Vinayak village in Uttarakhand, India
Bathing goldcrest at Utrecht in the Netherlands
The **goldcrest** (*Regulus regulus*) is a tiny passerine bird in the kinglet family. Its colourful golden crest feathers gives rise to its popular name. The scientific name, *R. regulus*, means king or knight.

There are several subspecies. The bird has a very large distribution range: much of the Palearctic and the islands of Macaronesia and Iceland. Birds from the north and east of its breeding range migrate to winter further south.

The goldcrest breeds in coniferous woodland and in gardens, It builds its compact, three-layered nest on a tree branch. Ten to twelve eggs are incubated by the female alone. The chicks are fed by both parents, and second broods are common. 

This little bird is always on the move as it searches for insects to eat. In winter it is often found with flocks of tits. It may be killed by birds of prey or carry parasites, but its large range and population means it is doing quite well. It is not a conservation concern.
**Glandular fever** is a viral infection caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. Glandular fever is often spread through oral acts such as kissing which is why it is sometimes called "the kissing disease". However, glandular fever can also be spread by airborne saliva droplets.

Symptoms
--------

Symptoms of glandular fever include:

* Fever
* Sore throat
* Fatigue
* Headache
* Muscle pain
* Sores in the mouth

Treatment
---------

There is no specific treatment for the Epstein-Barr virus. Paracetamol and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can be used to ease the flu like symptoms. Other than that, very little can be done to treat Glandular Fever. The symptoms usually pass over the space of about two to four weeks without any complications.

Diagnosis
---------

In diagnosing glandular fever, your GP will ask you about your symptoms before carrying out a physical examination. They will look for the characteristic signs of glandular fever, such as swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver and spleen.
Occasionally if the physical examination does not clearly show evidence of glandular fever, blood tests can sometimes be done in order to get a diagnosis.
Two types of blood tests can usually help to diagnose glandular fever. These are:

1. an antibody test – the Epstein-Barr virus causes your immune system to release certain antibodies that can be detected through testing
2. white blood cell test – a high number of white blood cells usually indicate the presence of an infection
**Glafcos Ioannou Clerides** (Greek: Γλαύκος Ιωάννου Κληρίδης; 24 April 1919 – 15 November 2013) was a Greek-Cypriot politician. He was the fourth President of Cyprus. He was the oldest living former President of the Republic of Cyprus.

Early life
----------

Clerides was born on 24 April 1919 in Nicosia, Cyprus. He studied at the King's College London in London, England.

During World War II, he served in the British Royal Air Force. In 1942 his airplane was shot down over Germany and he was captured. He remained a prisoner of war until the end of the war. His name was mentioned in dispatches for distinguished services. Clerides was also one of the last European leaders who saw active service in World War II.

Career
------

He was the acting President of Cyprus 7 December 1974, the day of the return of Archbishop Makarios, President of the Republic, who was forced to flee on 16 July 1974.

From 1961 to 1963 he held the position of President of the Cyprus Red Cross. In recognition of his outstanding services he was awarded a Certificate of Honour and Life Membership in recognition of distinguished services to the Red Cross.

In 1976 he founded the right wing Democratic Rally (Demokratikos Synagermos). He was a candidate for the presidency of Cyprus six times and elected to two five-year terms, in 1993 and in 1998. In 1998 his main opponent was Georgios Iakovou. He was defeated in the 2003 presidential election by Tassos Papadopoulos.

During his presidency, Clerides helped his country of Cyprus to become part of the European Union.

Personal life
-------------

Clerides was the eldest son of lawyer and statesman Ioannis Clerides. Clerides was married to Lila-Irene. They have a daughter, Katherine, who is a member of the House of the Representatives for the Democratic Rally Party.

Death
-----

Clerides died on 15 November 2013 from unexplained causes in hospital in Nicosia, Cyprus. Before his death, Clerides suffered many health issues. He was 94 years old.

Other websites
--------------

* Official web site of Democratic Rally
* Biography (Greek)
* Cyprus Elections & Politics

| * v
* t
* e
Presidents of Cyprus |
| --- |
| 
* Makarios III
* Glafcos Clerides (acting)
* Makarios III
* Spyros Kyprianou
* George Vasiliou
* Glafcos Clerides
* Tassos Papadopoulos
* Demetris Christofias
* Nicos Anastasiades
* Nikos Christodoulides

 | Flag of Cyprus |
**International health** means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.

Groups
------

There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.

Governments of rich, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.

The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one country will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.
The **Internet Assigned Numbers Authority** (**IANA**) is a department of ICANN. IANA is a nonprofit corporation that handles many Internet-related symbols and numbers.

Responsibilities
----------------

IANA is in charge of allocating numbers like IP addresses used in Internet protocols. These protocols are published in Request for Comments (RFC) documents. IANA works with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the RFC editorial team.

Assigning IP addresses and domain names needs more administration. IANA delegates these to smaller administrations because of the many layers involved.

### IP addresses

IANA gives IP addresses in blocks to regional internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR assigns addresses for a different part of the world. All the RIRs formed the Number Resource Organization to coordinate with each other.

RIRs split their address pools into smaller chunks and give them to Internet service providers in their region. IANA assigns addresses with a /8 prefix for IPv4. It also assigns IPv6 addresses with /23 and /12 prefixes. These IPv6 addresses come from the 2000::/3 IPv6 address block. Because IPv4 addresses have run out, IANA does not assign them any more.

### Domain names

IANA also manages the top layer of the Domain name system (DNS). It works with many different server operators and policy makers from ICANN.

IANA also manages .int domains for international organizations, and .arpa for reverse DNS.

### Protocol parameters

IANA is also involved in Internet Engineering Task Force protocols, like uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes. It also recommends character encodings to use on the Internet. IANA has to listen to the Internet Architecture Board when doing this.

### Time zone database

IANA also has a database containing time zone differences and rules. Computers everywhere use the information in this database to keep time correctly.

IANA has been responsible for the database since October 16, 2011. The original FTP server holding the database was shutdown because of the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. court decision.
Model at New York Fashion Week showing a Louis Vuitton handbag.
Ronald Reagan, Mrs Thatcher plus handbag
A **handbag** is a medium-to-large bag typically used by women to hold personal items. It is often fashionably designed. Versions of the term are 'purse', 'pocketbook', 'pouch', or 'clutch', terms which suggest rather smaller versions.

Content of handbags might include such items as wallet/coins, keys, mobile phone, cosmetics and jewellery, books/e-books, pen and paper, food and beverage such as a water bottle, pepper spray and other items for self-defence, tampons and other feminine hygiene products, contraceptives, tissues and infant care products, or a hairbrush.

Men's purses
------------

Men once carried coin purses. The oldest known purse dates back more than 5000 years, and was worn by a man, Ötzi the Iceman. In early modern Europe, men's trousers replaced men's breeches during the 18th and 19th centuries. Pockets were added in the loose, heavy material. This let men carry coins, and then paper currency, in small leather wallets.
A close-up photograph of the hinge teeth of a nut clam
**Hinge teeth** are part of the inner surface of the shell of a bivalve mollusc. Bivalves by definition have two valves (parts of the shell). They are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament on the hinge line at the dorsal (top) edge of the shell.

In life, the shell needs to be able to open slightly to allow the foot and siphons to protrude, and then close again, *without the valves moving out of alignment with one another*. To make this possible, the two valves usually have hinge teeth (the "dentition"). Like the ligament, the hinge teeth are along the hinge line of the shell.

In most families, the two valves of the shell are almost perfectly symmetrical with one another along the hinge line, though the placement and shape of the teeth may differ slightly in the left valve and right valve so the two valves fit together properly.

Each group of bivalves tends to have distinctive hinge teeth. Because of this, examining the arrangement of the hinge teeth in a bivalve shell is often essential for identification and classification.

Brachiopods
-----------

The other great shelled phylum, the brachiopods, also has a group with hinge teeth. In the traditional classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves. In the Inarticulata the two parts of the shell are held together only by muscles.87–93
**Sir Henry Cooper** OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966. 

After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood. He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith.

Other websites
--------------

* Remembering Clay v Cooper Archived 2003-12-17 at the Wayback Machine East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006
* "Henry Cooper". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
Man's longest-lasting tool, the handaxe. This example is from Boxgrove quarry
Letter on a clay tablet sent by the high-priest Lu’enna to the king of Lagash It tells the king of his son's death in combat. The script is cuneiform, the date ~2400 BC
The **history of technology** is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity. 

People make new things and, conversely, many scientific endeavors are possible through technologies. Technology lets us travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.

Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

What are the great technologies?

* The hand axe: used for about 1.5 million years, from *Homo erectus* to neolithic man. Basically a tool for butchering large animals which were probably killed by wooden spears. Not for nothing did a curator at the British Museum use the phrase *Man the Toolmaker*.
* Fire, which would have occurred naturally in the drier environments of the savannah. The date of the first deliberate use of fire for warmth, protection and cooking is not known.
* The city: we can date this to about 8,000 years ago in the fertile crescent.
* Writing: the means of trade, education and cultural transmission from one generation to another. About 3300 BC.
Flag of the Governor
Flag of the Governor before Statehood in 1959
Sanford B. Dole, President of Hawaii and first Governor of Hawaii Territory
Oren E. Long, tenth Governor of Hawaii Territory, and one of the first two U.S. Senators from Hawaii
The **Governor of the State of Hawaii** is the head of the executive branch of Hawaii's government and commander-in-chief of the state's military. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws. He also has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Hawaii Legislature, and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

There have been seven governors of the state. Two have been elected to three terms. Three have been elected to two terms. The only one-term governor was the first, William F. Quinn. He also served a term as territorial governor. No state governor has resigned or died in office. No territorial governor ever died in office. George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U.S. state. The current governor is Josh Green. He took office on December 5, 2022.

List of governors
-----------------

See the main article: List of governors of Hawaii

Living former governors
-----------------------

As of December 2022[update], six former governors were alive. The most recent death of a former governor was that of William F. Quinn (1957–1962), who died on August 28, 2006. 

| Name | Term of office | Date of birth |
| --- | --- | --- |
| George Ariyoshi | 1974–1986 |  (1926-03-12) March 12, 1926 (age 97) |
| John D. Waihee III | 1986–1994 |  (1946-05-19) May 19, 1946 (age 77) |
| Ben Cayetano | 1994–2002 |  (1939-11-14) November 14, 1939 (age 83) |
| Linda Lingle | 2002–2010 |  (1953-06-04) June 4, 1953 (age 70) |
| Neil Abercrombie | 2010–2014 |  (1938-06-26) June 26, 1938 (age 84) |
| David Ige | 2014–2022 |  (1957-01-15) January 15, 1957 (age 66) |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Governors of Hawaii***.

* Office of the Governor of Hawaii
The **Gabilan Range** is a mountain range in the U.S. state of California. It is near the central coast of California in Monterey and San Benito counties. The Gabilan Range is part of the larger California Coast Ranges. The word *Gabilán* is Spanish for sparrowhawk. Pinnacles National Park is in the southern section of the range.

Geography
---------

Gabilan Mountains in Pinnacles National Park
Geologic map of the pre-Cenozoic basement rocks of the Gabilan Range in Monterey and San Benito Counties, California
The Gabilan Range goes from northwest to southeast along the border of Monterey County and San Benito County. It is bordered on the east by the Diablo Range, the San Andreas Fault, and State Route 25; and on the west by the Salinas Valley, Santa Lucia Range, and U.S. Route 101. The northern limit of the Gabilan Range is just south of Pinecate Peak and San Juan Bautista, California.

Fremont Peak, which is 3,455 feet (1,053 m) high, is the range's highest point. There are several other peaks also over 3,000 feet (910 m) in the range.

History
-------

In Spanish, *gavilán* (gabilan is an older spelling) means "sparrow hawk". Hawks, especially the red-tailed hawk, are common in the range.

The Gabilan Mountains and other nearby places are mentioned in several novels by John Steinbeck, such as *Of Mice and Men* and *East of Eden*. In *The Red Pony*, the main character (Jody Tiflin) names his pony "Gabilan" after the mountain range.

Fremont Peak was named for John C. Frémont, an American explorer and a Captain in the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. He traveled to the peak in 1846 to decide if it was useful for the U.S. military against Mexico. It is now a California State Park.

Ecology
-------

Wild animals can travel through a relatively undeveloped area between the southern Santa Cruz Mountains and the northern Gabilan Range. This area extends from Mount Pajaro in southern Santa Cruz County and Rancho Juristac in southern Santa Clara County, to lands between Pinecate Peak and San Juan Bautista in San Benito County. California State Route 129 and U.S. Highway 101 cross this area. In 2020, The Land Trust of Santa Cruz County bought the first block of land intended to protect the Santa Cruz Mountains-Gabilan Range Wildlife Corridor: the 2,640 acres (4.13 sq mi) Rocks Ranch in Aromas at the border of San Benito and Monterey counties.

View west from the Gabilan Mountains, Pinnacles National Park

Other websites
--------------

* National Park Service: Pinnacles National Park website


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gabilan Range***.
Guido Cantelli
**Guido Cantelli** (27 April 1920 – 24 November 1956) was an Italian conductor. Most people thought he was one of the greatest conductors when he was alive. Arturo Toscanini liked him very much, and thought that he was his successor. When he was still young, he had already conducted some of the greatest orchestras of the world, and in 1956 he became the director of La Scala in Milan. But a tragedy happened, and the young Cantelli died in an airplane crash just a week later.

Biography
---------

Cantelli was born in Novara in Italy. When he was a student, he studied with important Italian masters of music. In 1940 he started his conducting career, and in in 1943 he graduated from the Milan Conservatory. Toscanini saw him conducting at La Scala in Milan, and was very impressed by his performance. In 1945, Cantelli was performing in the most famous concert halls of the world, conducting the greatest orchestras.

The fame of Cantelli grew, and he was considered among the greatest conductors. At the same time he continued his studies, because he wanted to perfect his technique. In 1956 he became the director of La Scala, and was being considered the next music director of the New York Philharmonic.

But a tragedy happened, and only a week after he was named director of La Scala, he died in an airplane crash in Paris, France.

Cantelli left a wife and a 5-month-old child. Toscanini, who was in poor health (and died just some months later) was not informed of the death of his pupil.

Referencess
-----------

1. 1 2 3  "CANTELLI, Guido". Enciclopedia italiana Dizionario Biografico. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
2. ↑  Accident description for I-LEAD at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2017-26-5.
3. ↑  Sachs, Harvey, *Toscanini*, New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1978. ISBN 0-397-01320-5
**Harris Scarfe** is an Australian department store. It sells items including clothing, pots and pans, cutlery. The store went bankrupt in 2001, but has since bounced back. 

  

In 2004, Harris Scarfe bought the Allens group of seven department and five homewares stores. They continued to trade under the Allens name in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, until 2008 when they got merged with Harris Scarfe.

Stores
------

Harris Scarfe in Wagga Wagga.
Harris Scarfe has stores located in most Australian states. In New South Wales and the ACT they used to trade as **Allens**. They were acquired by Harris Scarfe in 2004, but continued to trade under the Allens name. In late 2008, the name of these stores was being changed from Allens to Harris Scarfe.

The main store for the company is located in Rundle Mall, Adelaide. The store is five stories tall. The main store for Tasmania is in Hobart and it is three stories tall.

| State | Number of stores | Main store |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ACT | 3 | Tuggeranong |
| NSW | 12 | Goulburn |
| QLD | 2 |  |
| SA | 7 | Rundle Mall, Adelaide |
| TAS | 6 | Hobart |
| Victoria | 13 | Cranbourne Park |

Items stocked
-------------

Harris Scarfe sells items in two main groups, *In Style* (which includes all clothing) and *At Home* (all other goods, such as homewares & linen). The Adelaide store sells more goods than the other stores. Many of the Allens stores sell less goods than other stores.
**Harold Arnold "Herk" Harvey** (June 3, 1924 – April 3, 1996) was an American movie director, screenwriter, actor and movie producer.

Early life
----------

Harvey was born in Windsor, Colorado. He grew up in Waverly, Illinois and in Fort Collins. Harvey came to Lawrence, Kansas in 1945 to study at the University of Kansas. He majored in theater. He acted in many college stage productions.

Centron Films
-------------

While teaching and directing at the University of Kansas, Harvey got into the film business as an actor. He acted in some of the movies being made by Centron Corporation of Lawrence. Centron was an independent industrial and educational movie production company. Harvey joined it in 1952. He was a film director, writer, and producer for over 30 years. They made many kinds of short industrial, educational, documentary, and government films. 

Harvey wrote an article in the March 1956 issue of *American Cinematographer*. It was about special effects and techniques that Centron had created.

He retired in 1985.

*Carnival of Souls*
-------------------

Herk Harvey as "The Man" in *Carnival of Souls*
Harvey is best known for his only feature movie, *Carnival of Souls*. It was a low budget 1962 horror film that had Candace Hilligoss. It was created and directed by Harvey for about $33,000. *Carnival of Souls* never got much public attention when was first released. However, it has since become a cult classic.

The Academy Film Archive preserved *Carnival of Souls* in 2012.

Other websites
--------------

* Herk Harvey on IMDb

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When talking about file systems, a **folder** (also called **directory**, or **catalog**) is a way to organize computer files. A folder is a storage space, or container, where many files can be placed into groups and organize the computer. A folder can also contain other folders. For many computer software applications, there is a **current working directory**. This is the folder that the application runs in. In Unix and Linux, a directory is a special type of file.

Folders can be put together to make a *filesystem* and are laid out like a tree. The folders inside folders are like branches and sub-branches off the tree trunk. This idea is used by the software to allow the user to navigate the folders. A computer file, such as a spreadsheet or music file can only be in one folder directly. This folder, however, can be inside other folders. On some operating systems, shortcuts or links can be made from one folder to another to make it appear that one file or folder is contained in two different parent folders. On Unix systems, this is called a *symbolic link*, and is similar in function to a hyperlink.

Folders are inspired by a real-life item called a file folder.
**Guardian Media Group plc** (GMG) is a company in the United Kingdom that owns various mass media businesses including *The Guardian* and *The Observer*. GMG is owned by the Scott Trust. It began as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the *Manchester Guardian* from his cousin Edward Taylor. It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought the *Manchester Evening News* in 1924, later becoming the *Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd* after the change in the morning paper's name. It became the Scott Trust in 1993. 

GMG has many parts to it business: Guardian News & Media (the *Guardian*, the *Observer*); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.

Guardian Media Group exists to support the main business of its owner, the Scott Trust: to keep the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian forever.

In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion. In December 2007 GMG and Apax made a successful bid to buy Emap for around £1 billion.

In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million. The sale ended the historic connection between *The Guardian* and the *Manchester Evening News*. The Manchester TV channel, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.
This article is about the popular song. For the Singaporean TV series, see The Greatest Love of All (TV series). For the Brazilian movie, see The Greatest Love of All (movie).

"**The Greatest Love of All**" is a song written by Michael Masser and Linda Creed and originally recorded by George Benson for the 1977 Muhammad Ali biopic *The Greatest*. (A live version by Benson appears on 1978's Weekend in L.A.). The song was also recorded in 1979 by Shirley Bassey, for her album "The Magic Is You".

The song was further popularized by Whitney Houston under the title "Greatest Love of All". The song was recorded by the American recording artist for her debut album, self-titled *Whitney Houston*, which was released in February 1985, by Arista Records.

Creed wrote the lyrics in the midst of her struggle with breast cancer. The words describe her feelings about coping with great challenges that one must face in life, being strong during those challenges whether you succeed or fail, and passing that strength on to children to carry with them into their adult lives. Creed eventually succumbed to the disease in April 1986 at the age of 37; at the time her song was an international hit by Houston.

The song became a major hit, topping the charts in Australia, Canada and the US, while reaching the top 20 in most countries, including Italy, Sweden and UK. It remains her third biggest US hit, after "I Will Always Love You" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". All three songs, in order of their former popularity, re-entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, after Houston's death, debuting the same week at numbers 7, 35 and 41, respectively, giving Houston three posthumous chart hits.[*source?*]

Whitney Houston version
-----------------------

Clive Davis, founder of Houston's label Arista Records, was initially against Houston recording the song for her debut studio album, *Whitney Houston*, but he eventually gave in after persuasion from Houston and Masser. It was released as the B-side to the single "You Give Good Love", a previous Top 5 hit by Houston. The song was eventually released as a single in its own right. The song, released on March 18, 1986, was the seventh release from Houston's debut album, and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in May of that year.

Houston's album version features a piano intro, while the single version begins with a keyboard intro. After the single became a success, it replaced the original album version on subsequent pressings of the album. However, the original version was restored for the 2010 Deluxe Anniversary Edition reissue of the album.
**Graham Poll** (born 29 July 1963) is an English former football referee in the Premier League.

Career
------

With 26 years of experience, he was one of the most famous referees in English football. He was often taking charge of the highest-profile games. His final domestic game in a career spanning 1,544 matches was the Championship play-off final on 28 May 2007 between Derby County and West Bromwich Albion.

He was the English representative at two World Cups and UEFA Euro 2000, and refereed the 2005 UEFA Cup Final.

In his third game of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, Croatia vs Australia, he cautioned Croatian defender Josip Šimunić three time before sending him off. Poll retired from refereeing international tournament finals matches shortly afterwards, citing his error in the match. He continued to referee in the Premier League, Champions League and on international games, but said he would disallow himself to be nominated to represent the FA at any tournament finals as he felt he had his chance.
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
**Iron(II) sulfate**, also known as **ferrous sulfate** or **copperas**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeSO4. It is made of iron and sulfate ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a blue-green crystalline solid when hydrated and white when anhydrous. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a brown coating of iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) oxide. This coating is very corrosive. It dissolves in water to make a blue-green solution. When it is heated strongly, it breaks down into sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and iron(III) oxide. It reacts with nitric acid to make nitric oxide. It also reacts with chlorine to make iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) chloride.

Occurrence
----------

Iron(II) sulfate is found as a mineral. The greenish heptahydrate is the most common. It is made when sulfide minerals like pyrite are oxidized to sulfate.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting iron with sulfuric acid. This reaction makes hydrogen gas and leaves behind iron(II) sulfate. It can also be made by oxidation of pyrite, an iron sulfide material. according to Pankaj law

Uses
----

It is used to get the necessary iron in foods. It can reduce chromate in cement to harmless chromium compounds like chromium(III) oxide. It was also used to make ink. It can be used to color concrete.

Related pages
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* Iron(II) chloride
* Cobalt(II) sulfate
* Copper(II) sulfate
**Hyeokgeose** (Hangul: 혁거세; Hanja: 赫居世) was the first king of Silla (신라), a the kingdom of ancient south-west Korea, from B.C. 57 to B.C. 935.

Mythology
---------

### Birth of Hyeokgeose

In B.C. 69, six village chiefs gathered with their children and announced that "We have been living disorderly. It because we do not have a Great Chief on our villages. So, let’s set someone on the throne who is a virtuous person and found a nation." At that time, they found the strange light looked like thunderbolt on Yang-san (양산) .

When they climbed the mountain to observe the light, The light went up to the sky at Najung (난정), the foot of Yang-san. And They found a white horse that was bowing. The horse flew up to the sky after it howled a long time. As soon as it left, they looked through the place and they found a big purple egg. The people broke the egg, and they reached out one boy who looked nice and beautiful. When people washed him at Dongchun (동천), his body shines and birds and beasts came to dance and sing. Also the sky and the earth shook and the sun and the moon became clear. After then, people named him King Hyeokgeose, meaning bright ruler.

### Birth of Queen

When the son of the sky came down to the earth, he suggested that Hyeokgeose has to find good wife for him. At that time, Gyeryong (계룡), which is a dragon looked like rooster, came down from the sky to Alyeong-jung (알영정) in Sarang-ri (사량리) and bore a beautiful girl who had chicken beak under the dragon’s left rib. When people moved and washed her at Bookchun (북천) in Walsung (월성), the beak chipped off. So the people called the place Balchun (발천) and named her Alyeong.

### Marriage

The people built up the palace at the foot of South mountain and brought up two babies, who are Hyeokgeose and his wife to be a prince and princess.

### Death

After 61 years from he start to rule the country, he flew up to heaven. After seven days, the ashes of his body fell to the earth and scattered, and the soul of his queen ascended to join him in paradise. All the people cried the ashes of their great king and queen. So they tried to bury them in the same tomb, but a big snake showed up and protected the ashes. So the royal remains of each were divided into five parts and interred in pairs in the Northern Mausoleum, within the precincts of a temple called Tamom-sa (담엄사). The people called these the Five Mausoleums, or Sa-ning (Tomb of the Snake;사능). The Crown Prince succeeded to the throne and was given the title Namhae-wang.

Reign
-----

The prince was crowned king with Princess Alyeong. The country at that time was called Sorabol (서라벌) in native language. The name Silla was not used until a later time. during the reign of Kaerim-guk (계림국). The Great Chief of the Park family founded the kingdom of Silla and ruled over it for sixty-two years

Origin of Family Name, Park
---------------------------

Since the prince had been born from an egg in the shape of the gourd called "park" in the native tongue, they gave him the family name Park (박). The princess was named Alyeong (알영) after the well where she was born.
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
**Guildhall School of Music and Drama** is a school for music and drama in London, England. It was founded in 1880. Students can study Music, Opera, Drama, Stage Management and Technical Theatre.

History
-------

The first Guildhall School was in an old warehouse, but it was soon too small. A new building was especially built and opened in 1886. Before 1935 it was known as the **Guildhall School of Music**. Since 1977 it has been next to the Barbican Arts Centre in the Barbican Complex.

The Guildhall School does not just teach students at the school. They also organize music examinations in the whole of Britain for anyone learning musical instruments. In 2004 these examinations joined with those of Trinity College London to form **Trinity Guildhall** Examinations. Today, Trinity Guildhall offers qualifications in performing and teaching in music, speech and drama, and dance to external students (students who are not studying at the school).

Today the school has a 308-seat drama and opera theatre, concert hall, lecture / recital hall and a small studio theatre. The students of the school regularly perform all over London. In 2008 work began on a large extension to the School. It will cost about £90 million.

Famous musicians who studied there include the trumpeter Alison Balsom, the composer Thomas Adès, the flautist Sir James Galway, the pianist Paul Lewis, the violinist Tasmin Little and the singers Kate Royal and Bryn Terfel.

Other websites
--------------

* Guildhall School of Music and Drama website
* City selects preferred Milton Court developer Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine (June 2006)
* Guildhall School seeks new extension Archived 2006-05-06 at the Wayback Machine (February 2006)
* Trinity Guildhall at the Trinity College, London Archived 2007-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Hydrolysis** is a chemical reaction or process where a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.

Hydrolysis of metal salts
-------------------------

Hydrolysis of metal salts is more commonly known as hydration. Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form *basic salts*. Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. The positive charge on metal ions creates an attraction to water, a Lewis base with a non-binding electron pair on the oxygen atom, and alters the water molecule's electron density. This in turn increases the polarity of the O-H bond, which now acts as a proton donor under Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory to release the hydrogen as a H+ ion, increasing the acidity of the solution. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water with the solution being very acidic.

{\displaystyle {\ce {[Al(H2O)6]^3+ + H2O <=> [Al(OH)(H2O)5]^2+ + H3O+}}}
This implies that hydrogen chloride is lost in the evaporation of AlCl3 solutions and the residue is a basic salt (in this case an *oxychloride*) in place of AlCl3. This type of reaction is also seen with other metal chlorides such as ZnCl2, SnCl2, FeCl3 and lanthanide halides such as DyCl3. With some compounds such as TiCl4, the hydrolysis may go to completion and form the pure hydroxide or oxide, in this case TiO2.
Hadizatou Mani with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2009.
**Hadizatou Mani** (born 1984) is a human rights activist from Niger. In 2009, Mani received an International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

In 1996, Mani was sold as a slave for $500. She was 12 years old. 

In 2003, slavery became illegal in Niger. Mani’s master did not tell her. Later, he said Mani was his wife, not his slave. 

Mani received her "certificate of liberation" in 2005, and she got married. Her old master took her to court for bigamy. She got a prison sentence of six months. 

Mani took the case to court. She worked with Timidria, a local NGO, and Anti-Slavery International, a British NGO. he brought the case to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In 2008, ECOWAS said that Niger did not protect her rights.  They said Niger had to pay her a fine of 10 million CFA francs.

Awards
------

* In 2009 Mani was named one of the Time 100 people.
* In 2009 Mani received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.
The **European storm petrel**, **British storm petrel**, or just **storm petrel** (*Hydrobates pelagicus*) is a small seabid. It lives in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, around the coasts of Europe. Note that storm petrel can also refer to another group of birds, which mainly occur in the New World.

Storm petrels spend almost their whole life at sea. For breeding the come to shore, where they breed in large colonies. The bird has a well-developed sense of smell. It uses this to find its nest, or to find food, at night. In Europe, they can occasionally be seen at the Belgian coast, the Netherlands and the coast of Schleswig-Holstein. 

It is one of the smallest seabirds. Its length is 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and wingspan about 37 centimetres (15 in). It weights about 27 grams (0.95 oz).It is usually black, with a white patch. The biggest known colony is probably that on Nólsoy, on the Faroe Islands. The birds can mainly be found in the ocean between Iceland, the Lofoten and the Faroe Islands.
The **Indian textile industry** dates back to over 4000 years ago and can be classified broadly into 3 stages -pre-colonial period, colonial period and post independence period. However, this article focuses mainly on the influence that the British rule had on the textile industry in India between 1858 and 1947.

Pre-colonial period
-------------------

Around the 3rd century BC, during the Indus Valley Civilization, textiles were manufactured from animal hair, wool, cotton, and silk. Numerous small kingdoms and dynasties contributed to the development of the textile industry in India. At that time, the Indian products were highly appreciated by the Romans, Chinese and other Asian traders but since several religions such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism encouraged people to give up luxurious items as a path to enlightenment, the textile industry declined. Still, a significant expansion of the textile trade took place in India during the medieval period (12th-15th century). Large quantities of North Indian silk were traded to Western countries via the Silk Road in China. The Indian silks were often traded with the western countries for their spices in the **exchanged barter system**.

Colonial period
---------------

The British rule in India, the so-called "Raj", lasted from 1858 until 1947. During that period the British **modernized** **the country**, but completely **decimated its economy**. Just to give an example: In 1700, India was the world’s richest country, accounting for some 27% of global GDP. But in 1947, when India achieved its independence, India had been reduced to one of the world’s poorest countries, with just over 3% of global GDP. The British took over thriving industries - such as textiles, shipbuilding and steel - and destroyed them through force, taxes, import duties and the imposition of their exports and products on the backs of Indian consumers. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, Indian cotton was widely exported to Western countries to meet the needs of European industries during the industrial revolution. Hence there was no industrial revolution in India.

Due to the abolition of slavery in America, England started looking for another source of cheap cotton and saw India as the right place for it. They convinced many farmers to switch from subsistence farming to the production and export of large quantities of cotton after a long period of protectionism against the English textile industry.

Post independence period
------------------------

The Indian textile industry has gone through a number of changes since Independence in 1947, and after liberalisation in the 1990s, it is one of today's most vibrant industries. It has traditionally been the only industry after agriculture that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour. The textile industry remains the second largest employment sector in India. It provides direct employment to over 35 million people in the country.