recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Many pink salons in Japan
A **pink salon (ピンクサロン, *pinkusaron*)**, or **pinsaro (ピンサロ)** is a place for sex in Japan that specializes in oral sex. The client is served soft drinks and a young girl performs fellatio on him in a small room or booth. These places are very popular for young men because they are very cheap and the service is fast.

History
-------

This kind of place started in the early 1960s and is an improved version of the very popular Kyaba-Kura (cabaret clubs). In these clubs a client pays to talk and drink with a girl, and in night salons men can masturbate in front of a girl, and ejaculate into either her hands or mouth, this is all done without touching the client.

Legal Status
------------

Prostitution in Japan is strictly prohibited. But if there is no penetration in the encounter it is not considered prostitution. All these kinds of places (for sex) are in special zones in each city and are often hidden under a false or cover identities like restaurants, shops or sex shops. They can be easier to spot at night when all other businesses are closed, as these ones are open.

Location
--------

This kind of sex place is usually in specific zones like entertainment areas or Red-light districts. Using a false name they can also be in almost every part of the city and are usually announced at the JR stations.

Inside a pink salon
-------------------

The inside of a pink salon is usually dark, with quiet music. At the entrance customers must disinfect their hands and specially their nails if they are long. Most salons only allow entry to Japanese people and forbid entry to strangers. There are also snacks and beer free of charge. Alcoholic beverages must be paid for.

### Pink salon system

The system of a pink salon is simple. Customers usually pay for 30–45 minutes of service, however the price depends on the time of the service. It usually costs around 2000-4000 Yen in the morning and 4000-12000 Yen at nights. The customer sits in a single sofa and a girl comes and provides the customer with service. The types of service include: genital touching, fellatio, footjob and cunnilingus. Customers do not need to wear a condom and it is common that they ejaculate in the girl's mouth.

It is also common that the fellatio is done by more than one girl, changing every 15 minutes (making a total of three girls in a 45-minute period).
**Zlata Filipović** (born (1980-12-03)3 December 1980) is a Bosnian-born Irish woman who kept a diary documenting life in Sarajevo, when it was besieged, during the Bosnian War. 
Her diary was first published as a book in 1992 under the title Zlata's Diary: A Child's Life in Sarajevo (originally *Dnevnik Zlatin: Dječij život u Sarajevu* in Bosnian). The diary was republished one year later with more content in 1993.

Thanks to the publication of her diary, the United Nations helped Filipović and her mother leave Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and move to Paris, France, in December 1993.

Biography
---------

Zlata Filipović was born into a Bosnian family in the city of Sarajevo, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina). Filipović was the only child of an advocate and a chemist. She began writing in her diary in 1991, writing about her daily life. Shortly after Filipović began writing the diary, the Bosnian War broke out, and Sarajevo (the city she and her family lived in) was besieged. She wrote about the daily horrors of her life in Sarajevo, and even wrote (in her diary) about the tragic deaths of some of her friends. In a entry of her diary, she wrote that a girl was walking on a bridge, and while walking she was suddenly shot with a gun by a enemy soldier. She died shortly afterwards as a result of the gunshot wound.

Publication of the diary
------------------------

The diary was first published as a book in Sarajevo in 1992, by a small press, and consisted of 45 pages. After the first publication of her diary, Filipović continued writing her diary. Thanks to the publication of her diary, Filipović became moderately famous, international journalists visisted the Filipović family's apartment and interviewed Filipović, and also, the United Nations helped Filipović and her mother flee Sarajevo, and go to Paris, France, in December 1993. 

Her diary has been adapted into a choral work by Anthony Powers.

Reception of the diary
----------------------

Critical review of the diary was positive. In *The New York Times Book Review*, Francine Prose praised the "pure innocence and desperation" which is obvious to be seen in the book, describing Flipović as an everygirl. However, Prose was critical of publishers from North America and Europe considering Filipović's diary as similar to that of the diary of Anne Frank, lamenting the offensive action of "judging the private writing of children in war".
Ambroise Paré and the examination of a patient
**Ambroise Paré** (1510-1590) was an important French surgeon of the 16th century. He caused a major change in how medicine was practiced. Unlike surgeons before him, he cared about his patients. He worked to promote healing and minimize a patient's pain. His said "I dressed him, God cured him." Paré was a royal surgeon to several French kings including Henry II. He considered by many to be the father of modern surgery.

Career
------

Paré was born about 1510 in France. His father was a country artisan. As a youth he was an apprentice to a barber. Then he trained as a barber-surgeon in Paris. This was at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris hospital.

There were three levels of those who practiced medicine. Physicians were at the top and were the only ones who could be members of the Faculty of Medicine. Master surgeons were the next group. Paré belonged to the lowest group, the barber-surgeons. At the time wars were being fought all around him. Battlefield medicine was brutal and dirty. Firearms were a new weapon on the battlefield and were causing new and different wounds. Shrapnel, shot and bullets were a new problem for surgeons. They also believed gunpowder was poisonous. To stop the bleeding, they poured boiling oil over the wound. This burned an already suffering soldier.

In 1536, Paré was a young war surgeon just getting started on the battlefield. He ran out of oil to seal soldiers' wounds after amputations. He made up a mix of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine. He applied this to several soldier's wounds. The next morning he was surprised to see those soldiers with the mix he made up were much better than the soldiers who had been scalded. He used ligatures to tie off arteries during amputations to stop bleeding.

Royal surgeon
-------------

In 1552, Paré became the official royal surgeon. He was surgeon to four French kings: Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.

Paré wrote his first book, *Methods of Treating Wounds*, in 1545. He wrote it in French because he did not speak Latin. In 1575 he published his collected works. He was severely criticized by the Faculty of Physicians. This was the top school of physicians in France. Paré was called an ignorant fraud by Etienne Gourmelen, the dean of the Faculty. He stated no books on medicine could be published except through the Faculty of Physicians. Paré had the support of the king so his books sold without the Faculty. He wrote three more books. Paré wrote his own story titled *The Apology and Treatise of Ambroise Paré*.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ambroise Paré***.

* Pages from Pare's 1575 book at the James Lind Library
**Eleina Butuna** is an award winning citizen of Papua New Guinea, and won the Westpac Outstanding Women (WOW) award in 2012.Butuna fought for equal payment and employment opportunities for women, and became president of an organization that previously had a large male population.

**Personal life**
-----------------

Butuna is from a small island in Papua New Guinea called Brumer Island. She was born and raised there with her 3 siblings, and has a son. Her son, Jayhugh Smith or Prote - J, was born in 1987, in LA, then moved to Papua New Guinea, then moved back to Orlando at 12 years old. He started his music career soon after school. Prote - J was also influenced by his mother (Butuna) when it came to music. Butuna was supposedly a fan of Michael Jackson. She listened to Michael Jackson with her son and her son became inspired.

**Education**
-------------

Butuna always had learning as a big priority. Her parents never had a good education, so they always wanted the best for their kids when it came to schooling. She also made sure her son had a good education, and her son has a bachelor's degree in business administration.

**Career**
----------

Butuna has didn't start as an organization president. As Butuna prioritized the education of all, including her, she attended college. She then became a lecturer at the University of Papua New Guinea.After becoming lecturer, she received the WOW award and discussed both her public and private (professional) career life.Then, later on, Butuna became president.
**Jean**-**Alphonse Turrettini** (August 1671 – May 1737) was a theologian from the Republic of Geneva. The son of François Turrettini, he was born at Geneva. ... Here he became pastor of the Italian congregation, and in 1697 professor of church history, and later (1705During the next forty years of his life he enjoyed great influence in Geneva as the advocate of a more liberal theology than had prevailed under the preceding generation, and it was largely through his instrumentality that the rule obliging ministers to subscribe to the Helvetic Consensus was abolished in 1706, and the Consensus itself renounced in 1725. He also wrote and labored for the promotion of union between the Reformed and Lutheran Churches, his most important work in this connection being *Nubes testium pro moderato et pacifico de rebus theologicis judicio, et instituenda inter Protestantes concordia* (Geneva, 1729). Besides this he wrote *Cogitationes et dissertationes theologicae*, on the principles of natural and revealed religion (2 vols. Geneva, 1737; in French, *Traité de la vérité de la religion chrétienne*) and commentaries on *Thessalonians* and *Romans*.[2]) of theology
**Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix** (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given neither to sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."

Delacroix was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.
The **Greater Vancouver Zoo** is a zoo in Aldergrove, British Columbia, Canada. an area of 49 hectares (120 acres).

History
-------

They first started in the late 1960s after businessman Pat Hines bought 120 acres (49 ha) in Aldergrove, British Columbia to start a game farm. They opened to the public on August 20, 1970 and were originally known as Vancouver Game Farm. The first animal to arrive there was a llama named "Dennis", who came from Mount Vernon, Washington. The facility was sold in 1991 and was renamed the *Greater Vancouver Zoological Centre* in 1995. After the sale, they built new animal enclosures, a miniature train ride, a picnic park, more landscaping, a remodeled entrance, more parking spaces, informational and educational programs and activities. Ownership changed in 1999 and the zoo was renamed *Greater Vancouver Zoo*. The new owners focused on conservation and improving their educational programs.

On May 31, 2006, formal charges were laid against the zoo by the Crown Counsel of British Columbia, in accordance with the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act because they failed to provide acceptable facilities for a baby hippo named "Hazina" that they acquired in October 2004. It was they first time that a major Canadian zoo was charged with cruelty to animals. The case was stayed in January 2007 when crown counsel believed that with the opening of a new habitat for hippos, that it was no longer in the public interest. The zoo lost its Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums accreditation for two years before regaining it back in 2012.

Gallery
-------

* Vancouver Island Wolf at the Greater Vancouver Zoo.Vancouver Island Wolf at the Greater Vancouver Zoo.
* Bald Eagle at the Greater Vancouver ZooBald Eagle at the Greater Vancouver Zoo
* Muskox at the Greater Vancouver ZooMuskox at the Greater Vancouver Zoo
Devonian fish
The **evolution of fish** began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. One of the earliest jawless fish include *Haikouichthys*, a craniate. The conodonts were another Agnatha*.* The earliest jawed vertebrates developed during the late Ordovician period.

During the Devonian period, a great increase in fish variety occurred, especially among the ostracoderms and placoderms, and also among the lobe-finned fish and early sharks, which meant that this was the **age of fishes**.

Agnatha
-------

The mouth of a lamprey
The Agnatha (meaning "no jaws") is a superclass of fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata. Agnatha comes from the Greek. The first armoured agnathans were the ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods.

### Conodonts

The conodonts are an extinct group of agnathans that looked like eels. They appeared 520 ma and died 200 ma. One of them is *Promissum*.

Chondrichthyes
--------------

*Main article: Chondrichthyes*

The Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian. 

### Extinct cartilaginous fishes

* *Helicoprion* - a fish famous for its tooth whorls
* *Goodrichthys*
* *Megalodon*

Living fossils
--------------

*Materpiscis*
*Main article: Living fossil*

* Frilled shark
* Gars
* Australian lungfish
* *Protanguilla palau*
* Bowfin
* Coelacanths
* Bichir

Bony fish
---------

### Actinopterygii

*Main article: Actinopterygii*

Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii is the class of ray-finned fish. Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates.

### Sarcopterygii

*Main article: Sarcopterygii*

Lobe-finned fishes, class Sarcopterygii, are mostly extinct bony fishes. They lived a very long time ago. Most of them died already, while few, such as the coelacanths, have survived.

The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch (385 - 359 Ma), with the first appearance of tetrapods.

Devonian fish
-------------

### Placodermi

*Main article: Placoderm*

The placoderms were a class of armoured prehistoric fish.

#### *Dunkleosteus*

*Main article: Dunkleosteus*

*Nerepisacanthus*
*Dunkleosteus* was a giant arthrodire that lived during the Devonian period.

#### *Materpiscis*

*Main article: Materpiscis*

*Materpiscis* was a ptyctodontid fish from the Late Devonian.

Related pages
-------------

* Ichthyolith
* Walking fish

Further reading
---------------

* Introduction to the Vertebrates *Museum of Palaeontology*, University of California.

Other websites
--------------

* Fossil Fish
* Overview of evolution – Carl Sagan
**Mophun** is a computing platform used to run portable code on embedded and mobile devices. Some phones and other devices support Mophun. Sony Ericsson phones, especially the Sony Ericsson T300 and Sony Ericsson T610, are the best known devices for running Mophun. It was designed by Synergenix Interactive. Most Mophun programs are around 50–150 kB in size.

Programs for Mophun are written in assembler in C and C++ using a well-documented and open API. A special version of GCC is used to compile programs.
U
Despite the API being very easy for programmers to use, Mophun has not been very popular. The main reason for this seems to be the strict approval process - the compiled program can only be run under an emulator, and Synergenix must approve the program so it can be used on a mobile device. The approved program can only be run under one IMEI number. Only developers registered and approved by Synergix can use self-certification (and through the Synergenix server), and they are only allowed to have one IMEI number. The developer must sign a sales contract with Synergenix, which then shares and approves it for end-users, so the program can be shared. Such a process disallows free programs to be created for Mophun, and also discourages many developers from developing programs for Mophun.

  

(where is the article discussing button?)

The main source is not entirely correct. I could physically not buy games, so they have to had been free. Remember a lot of fun Mophun games.. My phone a t6x0 could run like Java, but I don't know if this is the same thing as Symbian. Even if the files worked on both.. X10, P900 could run all the same stuff as t6x0 :) t10, t30 I don't remember installing programs on. Beautiful mobiles

Supported platforms
-------------------

* Sony Ericsson: T230, T230, T237, T238, T290 (T290a, T290i, T290c), T300, T302, T306, T310, T312, T316, T610, T616, T618, T628, T630, T637, P800, P802, P900, P908, P910, Z600, Z608
* All phones running Symbian under the Series 60 (V1, V2 and V3) or UIQ 3.x user interfaces
* All Windows Mobile Smartphones running at a resolution of 176x220 or 240x320
* Archos: Gmini 400, Gmini 402, PMA400, AV700
* Medion, PAVO, TTPCom: MD95674
* Voxtel: VS400

Other websites
--------------

* Mophun
* Synergenix Archived 2021-02-10 at the Wayback Machine, the creator of Mophun
* Website for developers
Saint **Cuthbert** (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

Biography
---------

In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple. 

In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.
A map of Skye and the surrounding islandsSkye and the surrounding islands
The Inner and Outer Hebrides to the west of the mainland of Scotland.
A small harbour fronted with a row of cottages painted in white, pink, green and blue with a tree-covered hillock behind them. Portree, Skye's largest settlement
A grey castle with tall square towers stands amongst trees in full leaf.Dunvegan Castle, looking towards MacLeod's Tables
**Skye** is the largest and most northerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. More than 9000 people live there, and half of the people speak Gaelic. The main settlement is **Portree**, known for its picturesque harbour.

The island has been occupied since the mesolithic period and has a colourful history. It was rule by the Norse for 400 years, then dominated by Clan MacLeod and Clan Donald. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century caused a decline in the population from over 20,000 to around 9,200 in the early 21st century. The population has risen 4% from the census of 1991. The main industries are tourism, agriculture, fishing and whisky-distilling.

Skye is part of the Highland Council local government area and is now linked to the mainland by a road bridge. The island is renowned for its spectacular scenery, vibrant culture and heritage, and its abundant wildlife, including the Golden Eagle, Red Deer and Atlantic Salmon.

The Clans
---------

Skye has a rich heritage of ancient monuments from the clans, especially castles. Dunvegan Castle has been the seat of Clan MacLeod since the 13th century. It may have been inhabited by a single family for longer than any other house in Scotland.

The 18th century Armadale Castle, once home of Clan Donald was abandoned as a residence in 1925 but now hosts the Clan Donald Centre. Nearby are the ruins of two more MacDonald strongholds, Knock Castle, and Dunscaith Castle, the legendary home of Queen Scáthach.

Geography
---------

At 1,656 square kilometres (639 sq mi), Skye is the second-largest island in Scotland after Lewis and Harris.

### The Black Cuilin

The Sgùrr Dearg and its Inaccessible Pinnacle
A climber on the west ridge of the Inaccessible Pinnacle, taken from near the lower top of Sgùrr Dearg
The Black Cuillin, low mountains mainly composed of basalt and gabbro, include 12 peaks the Scots call 'Munros'. This is some of the most dramatic and challenging mountain terrain in Scotland. The ascent of Sgùrr a' Ghreadaidh is one of the longest rock climbs in Britain and the Inaccessible Pinnacle is the only peak in Scotland that requires technical climbing skills to reach the summit. A full crossing of the Cuillin ridge may take 15–20 hours to complete.
Statue in Contern church
**Saint Walpurga** or **Walburga** (Old English: *Wealdburg*; c. 710 – February 25, 777 or 779), also spelled **Valderburg** or **Guibor**, was an English missionary to the Frankish Empire. She was canonized (*made a saint*) on 1 May ca. 870 by Pope Adrian II. 

Walpurga's feast day is on 25 February. The day of her canonization, 1 May, was also celebrated during the high medieval period. Especially in the 11th century under Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne. Walpurgis Night is the eve of May Day, celebrated in folklore in Europe with dancing.

Life
----

Sint-Walburgakerk, built 1641, was the Jesuit church of Bruges.
Together with her brothers, Saint Willibald and Saint Winibald, she travelled to Francia (now Württemberg and Franconia) to help her uncle, Saint Boniface, in evangelizing among the Germans. She was educated by the nuns of Winborne Abbey, Dorset, where she spent twenty-six years. Thanks to her rigorous training, she was later able to write St. Winibald's *biography* and an account in Latin of St. Willibald's travels in Palestine. She is often credited with being the first female author of both England and Germany.

She became a nun and lived in the double monastery of Heidenheim am Hahnenkamm near Eichstätt, which was founded by her brother, Willibald. After his death in 751, she became abbess. Walburga died on 25 February 777 or 779 and was buried at Heidenheim. In the 870s, her remains were brought to Eichstätt. 

At Eichstätt, her bones were placed in a rocky hole in the wall. The bones began to produce, it was said, a miraculously therapeutic oil. This made people come to her shrine.

The earliest picture of Walpurga is from the early 11th century. It comes from the Hitda Codex, which was made in Cologne. It shows her holding stylized stalks of grain. The grain can be seen as an example of where a Christian saint (Walpurga) took over from an older pagan concept, in this case of the Grain Mother.

Walpurga is the patroness of Eichstätt, Antwerp, Oudenaarde, Veurne, Groningen, Zutphen and other towns in the Low Countries.
Mickey's diner
**Mickey's Diner** is an art deco-styled, dining car restaurant located in downtown St. Paul, Minnesota. It is located at 36 West 7th Street.

History
-------

The diner was built in 1937 by the Jerry O'Mahony Diner Company of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Then it was shipped to Saint Paul by rail and installed in 1939. The diner is 50 feet long by 10 feet wide. The 24-hour diner has operated non-stop since it first opened. In 1983, the diner was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Pop culture
-----------

The original Mickey's Diner appears in several Hollywood movies. These include *The Mighty Ducks*, *Jingle All the Way*, and *A Prairie Home Companion*. The diner is also featured on the front and back cover of the 1985 self-titled, debut album of R&B singer, Alexander O'Neal. The diner appears in O'Neal's 1985 music video for the song, "Innocent", and in the 1991 Pet Shop Boys music video for the song, "Where The Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes Off Of You)".

A second Mickey's Diner under different management is located at 1950 West 7th Street in Saint Paul's Sibley neighborhood. It is decorated in the manner of a 1950s-style diner.

Other websites
--------------

* Mickey's Diner—official website
* Mickey's Diner Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine—Minnesota Historical Society
**Peedro Álvares Cabral** (c. 1467 or 1468 Belmonte – c. 1520 Santarém) was a Portuguese nobleman, navigator and explorer who was the first European to see Brazil (on 22 April 1500).

King Manuel I of Portugal sent Cabral on an expedition to India. 
Cabral sailed on 9 March 1500, with 13 ships, following the route of Vasco da Gama. 
On 22 April 1500, he sighted land (Brazil), claiming it for the Portuguese Crown and naming it the "Island of the True Cross." 
King Manuel I renamed this land "Holy Cross"; it was later renamed once again, to "Brazil", after a kind of wood found there, called pau-brasil. 

Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India, in a dangerous trip with storms, and he suffered the destruction of some ships at the Cape of Good Hope, and fighting against Muslim traders in Calicut, India (50 men of Cabral were killed in this attack). 

Cabral successfully traded for spices in Cochin, now called Kozhikode, India (in early January, 1501). 

Cabral returned to Portugal on 23 June 1501, with only 5 of the original 13 ships, carrying a big load of spices.

After this journey, King Manuel I appointed Vasco da Gama to head the next expedition (1502) because Cabral refused to command another expedition to India.

Cabral retired to his properties in Santarém. He died in c. 1520 and was buried in a monastery in Santarém, Portugal.
This article is about the history of pizza. For the food itself, see Pizza.
The **history of pizza** begins when different ancient cultures produced flatbread with toppings. Toppings are food added to pizza, like pepperoni, cheese or sausage. Foods similar to pizza have been made since the Neolithic Age. The food that came before pizza was probably focaccia (a flatbread to which toppings were added). The word *pizza* was first documented in AD 997 in Gaeta, Italy. The word came later in parts of Central and Southern Italy.

The innovation that led to flatbread pizza was the use of tomato as a topping. For some time after the tomato was brought to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, it was believed by many Europeans to be poisonous.

Modern pizza was developed in Naples, Italy, when tomato was added to focaccia in the late 18th century. Pizza, though, was mainly eaten *in* the country of Italy.

By the late 18th century, it was common for the poor in and around Naples to add the tomato to their yeast-based flatbread. That's when pizza began.

Pizzas need to be baked at temperatures of 200–250 °C. Not many household ovens could reach such temperatures before the late 1800s. Because of this, pizza was made at home, and then given to the town bakery to bake.

In June 1889, Raffaele Esposito, a chef from Naples, created the "Margherita" in honour of Queen Margherita. It was the first pizza to include cheese. Most pizzas include cheese as a topping.

Pizza first made its appearance to the United States in the 19th century when Italian immigrants came to the country. It was very popular with Italian people in New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia and St. Louis.

Allied troops in Italy came to enjoy pizza and other Italian foods during World War II.

The first printed reference to the word *pizza* in the U.S. was in 1904 in *The Boston Journal*.
**Wolfgang Knaller** (born 9 October 1961), is an retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He played mostly for Admira Wacker and FK Austria Wien. He also played for the Austrian national football team. He was in the team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
-----------

Knaller started his Austrian Football Bundesliga career with SV Spittal an der Drau in 1984 and has played professionally for over 20 years. Mostly he played for FC Admira Wacker Mödling and Austria Wien. In 2006, he joined lower league FC Waidhofen/Ybbs and in 2007 he moved to ASK Baumgarten. He ended his career with SK Breitenfurt.

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Austria in an October 1991 UEFA Euro 1992 qualification match against Northern Ireland and was a participant at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He played 4 matches. His last international was a May 1996 friendly match against the Czech Republic.

Manager career
--------------

He worked as goalkeeper coach for First Vienna FC , 1. Simmeringer SC , 1. SV Wiener Neudorf, SKN St. Pölten and SKU Amstetten. At present he is goalkeeper coach of the Austrian U15 national team.

Personal life
-------------

Knaller was born in Waiern, Feldkirchen in Kärnten. His brother Walter, a striker, scored 126 Austrian Bundesliga goals from 1980 through 1992. His son Marco is also a goalkeeper.

Other websites
--------------

* Profile - Austria Archive
* Wolfgang Knaller at National-Football-Teams.com

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup |
| --- |
| 
* 1 Konsel
* 2 Schopp
* 3 Schöttel
* 4 Pfeffer
* 5 Feiersinger
* 6 Kogler
* 7 Haas
* 8 Pfeifenberger
* 9 Vastić
* 10 Herzog
* 11 Amerhauser
* 12 Hiden
* 13 Cerny
* 14 Reinmayr
* 15 Wetl
* 16 Wohlfahrt
* 17 Mählich
* 18 Stöger
* 19 Polster (c)
* 20 Heraf
* 21 Knaller
* 22 Kühbauer
* Coach: Prohaska

 | Austria |
**Antônio Augusto de Moraes Liberato** (April 10, 1959 — November 21, 2019), better known as **Gugu Liberato** or just **Gugu**, was a Brazilian television presenter, businessman, actor and singer.

Gugu was hired by Silvio Santos after writing letters suggesting television shows to be aired. He started in television at age fourteen as a production assistant on the program *Domingo no Parque,* presented by Silvio Santos on SBT.

He was thought one of the most famous and successful Brazilian television hosts of all time. Shortly before his death, Gugu owned a fortune of about $1 billion built over a career started as an office boy. Gugu set up an empire that includes a television and video production company, sixteen stores that bear his name, a water park and a gas station.

On November 20, 2019, Gugu suffered an accident in his house in Orlando, Florida, when he fell from the ceiling and hit his head. He died the following day, November 21, but his family only released an official note on November 22.

Other websites
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* Gugu Liberato on IMDb

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Johanna Spyri
**Johanna Spyri** (12 June 1827 – 7 July 1901) wrote stories for children in the German language. Her most famous book was *Heidi*.

Biography
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She was born **Johanna Heusser** in Hirzel, Switzerland. Her father was a doctor and her mother was a poet. 

She lived with her extended family: her grandmother, two aunties, and two cousins as well as her mother, father, two brothers and three sisters. This large household inspired her when she wrote *Gritli's Children*. 

She spent several summers around Chur in Graubünden when she was young. This setting was later used in her novels.

Her only education was her village school in Hirzel. She wrote poetry as a child.

She married Bernhard Spyri, an employee , when she was 25. They met when they were children. They lived in Zurich, Switzerland and had only one child, a son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri, in 1855. In Zurich, they were friends with the musician Richard Wagner and poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. Both her husband and son died of tuberculosis in 1884.

Writing
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The inside cover of a 1929 edition of *Heidi*
In 1870, she started writing to help orphans and refugees of the Franco-Prussian War by describing their situation and giving money from her books to help them.

Her first stories were very popular, so she wrote another story about another orphan, Heidi. She published the first part of *Heidi* anonymously in 1881. It became popular, so she wrote the second part in 1882 using her own name. She became very famous, but preferred a quiet, private life.

She wrote more than forty stories for children in German. Most of these stories have been translated into English. *Heidi* is still her most popular book, with new editions still published today.

She died in Berlin on July 7, 1901, but is buried with her family Zurich.

Other websites
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Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Johanna Spyri***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Johanna Spyri***.

* Works by Johanna Spyri at Project Gutenberg
**Tegui Carlos Calderón Rosario** (Santurce, Puerto Rico, February 1, 1972), better known by his stage name **Tego Calderón**, is a singer of *reguetón* and *hip hop* puerto rican He has received prizes for his work, included a Source Award of *The Source Magazine* by "International Artist of the Year". Also he has received nominations in several ceremonies, between them the Grammy Latin, Billboard Awards, Prizes The Ours and Prizes The People.

First years
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Calderón was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico. He moved to an early age of his native Puerto Rico to Miami, Florida, were assisted to Beach Senior High School. Here he was in contact with several different cultures and was a drummer in a band of rock. The band did versions of songs produced by artists like Ozzy Osbourne and Led Zeppelin. He has observed that his two parents were fans of Ismael Rivera and that his father also was interested in jazz. He was influenced by both genders and incorporated them into his music. Over time he developed a musical style that combines elements of the sauce, dancehall, and hip hop, centering in the appearances of the urban life in his letters.

Musical career
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Calderón did some apparitions in albums of other musicians of reggaeton, over time signed with the stamp White Lion. In 2002, he published his first album of study titled "El Abayarde" the reggaeton considered at this time a gender "underground", the album sold 50.000 copies in his launching, establishing a record of sales for an album of Latin music. *Three months after publishing* The Abayarde, Calderón organised his first concert, which took place in the *Coliseo Roberto Clemente* in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and exhausted the place. *The next day he turned into the first artist of reggaeton in making a performance in the annual meeting Puerto Rican "Dia Nacional de La Salsa".*

In August of 2003, Calderón acted in Madison Square Garden in New York. His second apparition in the place was in October of 2004, where headed an event titled "Megatones de 2004". The concert was exhausted, with 20.000 assistants of a mixed public of Latins and American fans.

2005 - present
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Tego Calderón in 2005.
Calderón participated in the 2004 and 2005 editions of the Parade of New York, "Rican Day". During this period of time turned into the first Latin American artist in being included in the Power-105 of New York.

In the summer of 2005, Calderón signed an agreement between Atlantic Records and his own independent stamp, Jiggiri Records, turning into the first artist of reggaeton in having a deal with an important label.

Discography
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### Studio Albums

* 2003: *El abayarde*
* 2006: The Underdog/El subestimado
* 2007: *El abayarde contraataca*
* 2015: El Que Sabe, Sabe

### Compilations

* 2004: *The Enemy of the Guasíbiri*
* 2013: *Tego Calderón - Greatest Hits*

### *Mixtapes*

* 2004: Guasa Guasa: The Mixtape (DJ Whoo Kid and Tego Calderón)
* 2008: *The Gongoli Mixtape*
* 2012: *El Original Gallo del Pais - Or.G. The Mixtape*
Anastasio Somoza Garcia c. 1952
**Anastasio Somoza García** (1896-1956) was the President and dictator of Nicaragua from 1936 until his death in 1956. He ran one of the most corrupt governments in history. But because his administration was anti-communist he was supported by the United States. García was the son of a wealthy coffee planter. He was educated in Philadelphia where he met and married Salvadora Debayle Sacasa. She was also from a wealthy Nicaraguan family. He became very wealthy through investments in land, transport, real estate and manufacturing. After winning the 1936 Presidential Election, he took control of the National Guard. He placed family members in key positions of the government. He and his family controlled the Nationalist Liberal Party which controlled the legislature and Judiciary. This gave him absolute control of the country. On September 21, 1956 he was shot in León, Nicaragua by a poet. He died eight days later. His family continued to rule in Nicaragua for two more decades.
**Sally Beamish** (born London, 26 August 1956) is an English composer. She has written music for orchestra, chamber music, vocal and choral music.

Sally studied the viola at the Royal Northern College of Music. Later she also studied in Germany and Italy.

Sally started her career playing the viola in a chamber group called the Raphael Ensemble. The experience of playing in small groups was important for her development as a composer. Her music often combines and contrasts solo instruments, exploring the sounds they can make.

She has written works for the Swedish and Scottish Chamber Orchestras and has had works performed at the BBC Proms. Her trumpet concerto, written for Håkan Hardenberger and the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland was performed at the Proms in 2003 with Martyn Brabbins conducting. She has also written concertos for the flute, viola, saxophone, percussion and accordion and is planning to write concertos for viola (her third), saxophone quartet and cello.

She has written a stage musical about the Scottish Highlands. She lives in Scotland with her husband and young daughter.

Other websites
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* Sally Beamish Archived 2006-05-01 at the Wayback Machine – official website

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Maria Sharapova practicing in 2006
**Maria Sharapova** (born 19 April 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player. She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia, RSFSR.

Early life
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Her parents had moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet. She would practice tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall every day, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport.
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training. The Sharapova moved again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.

There was a problem, though. Sharapova's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States. Meanwhile, Maria and her father tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English. Maria had already learned a lesson in her life that tennis excellence would only come at a price.

"I used to be so lonely," Maria Sharapova recalls. "I missed my mother terribly. My father was working as mush as he could to keep my tennis-training going. So, he couldn't see me either "Because I was so young, I used to go to bed at 8 p.m. The other tennis pupils would come in 11 p.m. and wake me up and order me to tidy up the room and clean it.

"Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough. I learnt how to take care of myself. I never thought of quitting because I knew what I wanted. When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determine.... I would have put up with much more humiliation and insults that to steadfastly purse my dream." That toughness runs through Maria even today.

Career
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She began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her. Her games improved, and Maria gained more fans.

She has won 35 singles titles in her career, including five Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, the US Open in 2006, the Australian Open in 2008 and the French Open in 2012 and 2014. She won an Olympic silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is the world number 3 women's tennis player as of September 2015. In 2005, she was ranked world number 1 for the first time, and in 2012 for the last time. 

In March 2016, Sharapova revealed she had failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, admitting to testing positive for meldonium, a substance banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the start of 2016. On June 8, 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).

Foot
----

1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapov**a**.
The **Playa de Mónsul** (English: Mónsul Beach), also known as the **Ensenada de Mónsul** (English: Mónsul Cove), is a beach located 4 km southwest of the municipality of San José on the coast of the Province of Almería in southeast Andalusia, Spain. It is one of the most famous and recognizable beaches in Spain, and is a popular recreation area.

Description
-----------

The Playa de Mónsul is 300 m long and 45 m wide with a large rock in the middle of the beach. It is located in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, which is the last almost untouched area on the Andalusian Mediterranean coast.

The beach is surrounded by the Sierra del Cabo de Gata (Cabo de Gata Mountains), which is mostly located in the natural park. The 493 m high Pico de los Frailes, which is the highest peak of the Sierra del Cabo de Gata, is visible from the beach.

The beach is mainly made up of dark volcanic rock and sand, like the rest of the mountain range which is of volcanic origin, that covers most of the natural park. Due to the desert climate, the area only has little vegetation.

Due to its remoteness and difficult topography, the area was spared from tourist development. An environmental movement was active at an early stage, which in 1984 successfully prevented a development project on the Playa de Mónsul. With the creation of the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park on December 5, 1989, the entire area became a protected area and all development forbidden.

Movie location
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A scene from *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade* (1989) was filmed on this beach, in which Henry Jones Sr. (played by Sean Connery) caused a Luftwaffe fighter plane to crash by scaring a flock of seagulls with an umbrella.

Other movies that were shot on the beach are *Antony and Cleopatra* (1972), *The NeverEnding Story* (1984), *The Adventures of Baron Munchausen* (1988) and *Talk to Her* (2002).

Other websites
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 Media related to Playa de Mónsul at Wikimedia Commons
**Friuli-Venezia Giulia** (pronounced [friˈuːli veˈnɛttsja ˈdʒuːlja]) is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is 1,191,588. FVG has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.

People in this region speak the Italian, Friulian, Slovene and German languages.

Provinces
---------

* Trieste (capital)
* Udine
* Gorizia
* Pordenone

Geography
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Friuli - Venezia Giulia has an area of 7,858 km² and is Italy's most north-eastern region. It is the 5th smallest region in Italy. The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.

Cuisine
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Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region. Some examples include:

* Jota (Istrian stew)
* Radicchio
* Goulash
* Gnocchi alla spinache

Other websites
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* Official Site (IT)

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