recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Owsley Stanley** (born **Augustus Owsley Stanley III**, January 19, 1935 – March 13, 2011) also known as **Bear,** was an important person in the rise of the San Francisco Bay counter-culture. During the Beat-era years of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters scenes, he was also important in the explosion of 1960's psychedelia culture.

A brilliant and eclectic crafts-person he was best known under the name of "Owsley" - a magician like figure who "cooked" LSD. Under the professional name of *Bear* he is known around the world as the music producer, engineer and artist to psychedelic rock band the Grateful Dead.

Bear was the road manager for The Grateful Dead. He met the band when Kesey had them come to an Owsley Acid test party to try a new batch of LSD. Bear's technical interests helped the band's interest in electronic, acoustic and mystical properties of sound. He became their sound engineer. He was one of the first to mix sound live, and in stereo, and achieved a high sound quality. He often recorded live tapes behind his mixing board. They developed their own high-fidelity audio components and sound-systems for their performances. The bands tours evolved around a gigantic "Wall of Sound", with stacks of Stanley-designed equipment. His expert changes meant fans of the Grateful Dead could enjoy the full sonic range of the concert even in the outdoors.

His abilities helped The Dead to experiment further afield, playing in dramatic and remote places. Their need for support to tour with big shows, and their need for special equipment, meant that companies formed to supply them. These needs were the starting point for both Marin County's high-end music-instrument makers Alembic Inc and concert-sound manufacturer Meyer Sound.[*source?*] And his drug making helped to get the band started.

Stanley was one of the first people to manufacture mass quantities of LSD. His LSD is still known for its quality and purity. Between 1965 and 1967, Stanley produced more than 1.25 million doses of LSD. This amount of quality LSD was responsible for the wide popularity of the drug, and the development of an anti-authoritarian, anti-war counter-culture. From the 'Sunset Strip Riots' in Los Angeles, to the Summer of Love in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury was described as "the biggest LSD party in history.". The name "Owsley" was linked to cheap LSD of good quality.

Stanley died in an car accident in Queensland, Australia on March 13, 2011.
In the fictional world of the *Star Trek* television series, books, and video games, **Starfleet** is the group that manages space exploration. From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan. Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species. Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

Mission
-------

In the television series *Star Trek: Enterprise*, set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before". Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.

In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group. There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops. Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco. Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

Starships
---------

Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships. The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century. One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek). Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D. 

Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members. They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation. They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.
A panoramic view of Oxford Circus, looking down Regent Street, as it was in March 2006
**Oxford Circus** is the busy intersection of Oxford Street and Regent Street in the West End of London. It is served by Oxford Circus tube station, which is directly beneath the junction itself.

History
-------

The Circus was constructed in the beginning of the 19th century, and was designed by John Nash.

Diagonal crossing
-----------------

In 2009, Westminster City Council started a £4m scheme for the area, allowing shoppers to cross the intersection diagonally as well as the usual 'straight ahead', turning it into a "pedestrian scramble", much like Tokyo's Shibuya crossing.

The crossing opened on November 2nd of the same year, by which time the cost had risen to £5 million. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, said it was "a triumph for British engineering, Japanese innovation and good old common sense". Others noted that a similar crossing in Balham, South London had opened in 2005 at a cost of only £98,000.
Spike Lee at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival
**Spike Lee** (born March 20, 1957) is an American movie director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He also teaches movie at New York University and Columbia University. Lee has acted in many of his own movies.

Early life
----------

Lee was born Shelton Jackson Lee in 1957 in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a teacher, and his father was a jazz musician. When Lee was very young, the family moved to live in Brooklyn, New York City. His mother gave him the nickname "Spike".

Career
------

The first movie Lee directed was *She's Gotta Have It*. Lee directed the two music videos for Michael Jackson's single "They Don't Care About Us". In 2002 Lee won the Special Award at the BAFTAs.

Lee's movies *Do the Right Thing*, *Malcolm X*, *4 Little Girls*, and *She's Gotta Have It* were picked by the Library of Congress to be remembered forever in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Films
-----

### Acting roles

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *She's Gotta Have It* | Mars Blackmon |
| 1988 | *School Daze* | Half-Pint |
| 1989 | *Do the Right Thing* | Mookie |
| 1990 | *Mo' Better Blues* | Giant |
| *Lonely in America* | Himself |
| 1991 | *Jungle Fever* | Cyrus |
| 1992 | *Malcolm X* | Shorty |
| 1994 | *Crooklyn* | Snuffy |
| *Drop Squad* | Himself |
| 1995 | *Clockers* | Chucky |
| 1996 | *Girl 6* | Jimmy |
| 1999 | *Summer of Sam* | John Jeffries |
| 2000 | *Lisa Picard Is Famous* | Himself |
| 2001 | *3 A.M.* | Filmmaker |
| 2012 | *Red Hook Summer* | Mookie |
|

Other websites
--------------

* Spike Lee on IMDb
**Spinal muscular atrophy** (SMA) is a serious genetic disease that causes nerves and muscles to stop working. Babies affected by SMA often get weak and might die after their lungs fail. Adults who develop the disease gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages. 

Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.

Explanation of is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
Spinal muscular atrophy is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. Only one medicine helps in SMA, it is called Spinraza.

Types
-----

### Type 0

It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects. 

### Type I

Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood. 

### Type II

It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.

### Type III

Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span. 

### Type IV

It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems.

Other websites
--------------
**Yeshe Tsogyel** (IPA: [jɛ·ˈʃɛɪ·ˌʦo·cɛl], rhymes with "may say so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the **Great Bliss Queen**. She is both a woman and a female deity called a *dakini*.

She lived from 757 to 817, and was the wife of Emperor Trisong Detsen (740 - c. 798) who invited Padmasambhava to Tibet:

From the mouth of a lotus was born
The swift goddess, heroic liberator
Who went forth in human form
Amid the snowy mountains of Tibet.
Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,

She displays whatever emanation form will tame
Any given [person], just as, for example, the full moon in the sky
Emerges as [various] reflections in different water vessels.
According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother. Her name ("Primordial (*ye*) Wisdom (*shes*) Queen (*rgyal mo*) of the Lake (*tso*)") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called *termas*.

As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet. She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.
**Stephen Fowler Chadwick** (December 25, 1825 - January 15, 1895), was an American Democrat politician who served as Governor of Oregon from 1877 to 1878. Governor Chadwick was the first person to obtain the governorship by way of the state's Line of Succession.

Occupational background
-----------------------

Chadwick was a lawyer, admitted to the New York State Bar on May 30, 1850. He soon made his way to Oregon, setting up a law firm in the Douglas County settlement of Scottsburg in April 1851. Chadwick served as the town's first postmaster.

Early Political Career
----------------------

After moving from Scottsburg to Roseburg, Chadwick ran for the newly created position of Judge of Douglas County. Later he would go on to represent Douglas County at the Oregon 1857 State Constitiutional Convention. In the 1864 and 1868 Presidential elections, Chadwick served as an Democratic elector.

Chadwick won the 1870 election to the position of Secretary of State, and was subsequently reelected in 1874.

Governorship
------------

In 1877, La Fayette Grover resigned the governorship after his election to the United States Senate by the State Legislature. Chadwick, as Secretary of State and second in the gubernatorial line of succession, was inaugurated to fill out the remaining year of Governor Grover's term.

Although unconstitutional under Article V, Section 1 of the State Constitution, Chadwick also kept his position of Secretary of State. When signing official documents requiring the signatures of both the Secretary of State and Governor, he would sign first on the left side, then on the right.

The most notable policy of his administration was Chadwick's stand on the Nez Perce Wars raging in the northeastern part of the state. Chadwick was unhappy with the stalemated situation, going so far as to inspect the front lines first-hand. He aided white settlers during the conflict, and argued for much harsher punishments for rebellious and uncooperative tribal leaders than the Army's policies.

At the time of the 1878 elections, Governor Chadwick declined a second term and went back to practicing law. He died on February 15, 1895 in Salem, Oregon.

Sources
-------

* Oregon State Library Archived 2006-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Klooster, Karl. Round the Roses II: More Past Portland Perspectives, pg. 107, 1992 ISBN 0-9619847-1-6

Other websites
--------------

* Oregon State Archives: Chadwick Administration Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine-Photo, and link to Chadwick's 1878 Biennial message

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Governors of Oregon | Oregon State Flag |
| Whiteaker | Gibbs | Woods | Grover | Chadwick | Thayer | Moody | Pennoyer | Lord | Geer | Chamberlain | Benson | Bowerman | West | Withycombe | Olcott | Pierce | I. Patterson | Norblad | Meier | Martin | Sprague | Snell | Hall | McKay | P. Patterson | Smith | Holmes | Hatfield | McCall | Straub | Atiyeh | Goldschmidt | Roberts | Kitzhaber | Kulongoski |
Four of the Riemann summation methods for approximating the area under curves. **Right**  and **left** methods make the approximation using the right and left endpoints of each subinterval, respectively. **Maximum** and **minimum** methods make the approximation using the largest and smallest endpoint values of each subinterval, respectively. The values of the sums converge as the subintervals halve from top-left to bottom-right.
In mathematics, the **Riemann sum** is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph. The Riemann sum is calculated by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.

Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

Definition
----------

{\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}f(y\_{i})(x\_{i}-x\_{i-1})}
You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces. That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma). The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n". The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment. Since the area of a rectangle is *length* × *width*, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph. The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

Other websites
--------------

* A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums
**William Gillock** (July 1, 1917 - September 7, 1993) was an American composer. He was born in La Russell, Missouri. He taught music and composed piano music.

Early life and education
------------------------

Gillock studied music at Central Methodist College (called Central College at that time), in Fayette, Missouri.  His instructor was N. Louise Wright.

Later life
----------

He moved to New Orleans as a young man. He taught music there for many years.  Later, he stopped teaching and moved to Texas. In Texas, "
he was the first and only judge for the first twenty-one years of the Junior Pianists’ Guild, which involved over fourteen hundred students."

Music
-----

Gillock wrote piano music for children. Some of his compositions were solo pieces, and some were ensemble pieces. He taught music at many workshops.  Because his music was very melodic, he was called "the Schubert of children’s composers." 

His music is often played at piano festivals.

Honors
------

Gillock was given the Award of Merit for Service to American Music by the National Federation of Music Clubs five times.

Later life and death
--------------------

He died in Dallas on September 7, 1993.

Legacy
------

In March 2018, the AADGT held a piano competition in honor of Gillock. 

The ABRSM exam syllabus includes his works.

Further reading
---------------

* *Dictionary of International Biography-Men of Achievement*.
* *International Who's Who of Musicians*.
* Bona, N.J. 1995. *An Analytical Guide to Teaching and Performing Selected 'Lyric Preludes' of William Gillock* (Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami).
* Duarte, K.S. 2004. *The Piano Music of William Gillock (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma).*

1. ↑  "The History of Central". *www.centralmethodist.edu*. Archived from the original on 2019-07-06. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
2. 1 2 3 4 5  "William Gillock (Composer, Arranger) - Short Biography". *www.bach-cantatas.com*.
3. ↑  Doskey, Henry. 1994. "William Glock; Teacher and Friend," *The American Music Teacher*, 43(5): 22ff.
4. 1 2
5. ↑   Rejino, Richard. 2017. "The Magic of William Gillock, Part 1," *The American Music Teacher*, 66(4): 12-16,
Movie premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Hollywood, California, USA
A **movie release** (or **premiere**) is when a completed movie is released for the public to see. It may be in theaters or for home viewing. A movie's release date can affect how much money the movie makes.

Marketing
---------

A movie's release date and how it is released is a part of the marketing of the movie. Often a movie will be tested on selected audiences to see how they like it. This is called a limited release. A movie might also be shown first at a film festival to see how it does. If an audience does not like something, the moviemakers can make changes before it is released to the public.

Movie studios limit the number of major movies they release in a year. They also try not to release a major movie at the same time another studio does. The timing of when a movie is released can affect how much money it makes. When *A Little Princess* was released in 1995, the movie *Pocahontas* was released at the same time. Even worse (for revenues), both were aimed at the same target audience.

Movie calendar
--------------

There were traditional times of the year for releases of certain types of movies. Summer was the traditional time to release blockbuster movies. These are large budget movies with a great deal of publicity. Spring was the usual time for art films. Another major time of the year to release major movies is Christmas. Lately, however, the movie calendar has become very crowded with more new releases. This means that blockbuster movies now come out all during the year.

Prints and advertising
----------------------

A print is a copy of the physical film itself. Each movie theater needs a print for showing. This becomes expensive and along with advertising they are called 'P&A'. Advertising can include parties for the stars of the movie. It can also mean arranging interviews on talk shows and placing movie clips on video sharing websites like YouTube. This is to get people talking about the movie. The period of time for advertising a movie only a few weeks before it is released. After that time it is hoped word of mouth will advertise the movie.

The movie *Four Weddings and a Funeral* was released in the United States in 1994. The distributor, Polygram, had a limited P&A budget. They released the movie on a limited basis, in New York and Los Angeles. They spent heavily on advertising in these cities hoping the limited release would be a success. In this case it was and they used the profits to gradually release the movie all over the country. This is called a 'platform release'. It allows smaller movie studios to compete with the large P&A budgets of the big studios.

Other websites
--------------

* Seven Release Strategies That Can Make or Break Your Movie
* How Movie Marketing Works
20101212 200110 LactobacillusAcidophilus
**Vaginal flora** or **microbiota** are tiny microorganisms that are part of the healthy reproductive organs in a woman. Humans have many very small organisms that are a normal part of the human body. These microorgansims can only be seen with a microscope. These organisms are bacteria and fungi. Almost all of them do not cause sickness, but it is still normal to have them inside or outside the body. 

These small microorganisms are called microbiota by researchers. There are microbiota in the stomach, the skin, the mouth, the eyes, and microbiota in the vagina. The microbiota in humans help to stop infections caused by other bacteria. Vaginal microbiota help keep the vagina healthy. They help prevent infection caused other bacteria. Bacteria that cause sickness or infection are called pathogens. The normal vaginal microbiota stop pathogens from growing.

When a woman sees a doctor because she has fluid coming out of her vagina, the doctor might test the woman for bacteria pathogens. Pathogens can grow too fast. They can grow faster than the normal and healthy vaginal microbiota. An infection can make fluid come out of the vagina. This is called vaginal discharge. A good and healthy bacteria that keeps the vagina free from sickness is called Lactobacillus. There other good bacteria that keep the vagina healthy. Some of their names are: Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, and Actinomyces.

If a woman catches a sexually transmitted disease, it will change the vaginal microbiota. The healthy vaginal microbiota can not stop or cure a sexually transmitted infection.

Related pages
-------------

* Vagina
Stone houses in Hawes, a typical example of Dales architecture
Limestone hills and dry-stone walls in the west of the Yorkshire Dales. This part of the national park is popular with walkers due to the presence of the Yorkshire three peaks.
The **Yorkshire Dales** (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them. The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.

List of Dales
-------------

Janet's Foss, near Malham
Inglebourough Mountain
* Arkengarthdale
* Birkdale
* Bishopdale
* Coverdale
* Dentdale
* Garsdale
* Langstrothdale
* Littondale
* Malhamdale
* Nidderdale
* Ribblesdale
* Swaledale
* Wensleydale
* Wharfedale

Related pages
-------------

* Bolton Castle
* Skipton
* Settle-Carlisle Railway
* List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Yorkshire Dales***.

* Yorkshire Dales Society Archived 2006-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
* Photos of The Yorkshire Dales on Flickr
For other meanings of the word suite, see suite.
In music, a **suite** (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word "suite" means "a sequence" of things, i.e. one thing following another.

In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even overture. Some of Bach’s suites were called *Partitas*. The French composer François Couperin called his suites *Ordres*.

Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: *Water Music* and *Music for the Royal Fireworks*. These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.

Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word "suite" was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites as the symphony and concerto had become popularized. 

In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written operas or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.
For other uses, see Sächsische Schweiz.
Bastei bridge
**Sächsische Schweiz** means *Saxon Switzerland* in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

History
-------

Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

Rock Climbing
-------------

Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Saxon Switzerland***.

* Saxony Switzerland (en)
* Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
* Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland Archived 2012-11-20 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
* Saxon Switzerland Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
Sayaka Osakabe receives the International Women of Courage Award in 2015.
**Sayaka Osakabe** (Japanese: 小酒部 さやか; born 1978) is a Japanese magazine editor and women's rights activist. She went to court because of Japan's Equal Opportunities law. The government decided that discrimination against women because of pregnancy is illegal. In 2015, the U.S State Department gave Osakabe the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Sayaka Osakabe was born in Japan in 1978. She had a job as a magazine editor. She became pregnant, so she asked her boss for shorter work hours. Osakabe's boss wanted her to quit her job. Osakabe was pregnant twice and she lost the baby twice. Then Osakabe asked for a leave of absence so she could leave her job to become pregnant, then return to the job. Her boss refused. Osakabe quit her job, but she took her case to a labor tribunal. In June, 2014, Osakabe won her case.

Work
----

Osakabe started a support group called *Matahara Net*. The word comes from the English words "**mat**ernity **a**nd **hara**ssment".  The word "matahara" is now a legal term.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Restaurant in Paris
The Palm Court at the Ritz Hotel, London
Typical hotel restaurant
A **restaurant** (sometimes known as a **diner**) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal. 

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.

Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the *Michelin Guide*, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

Ancient history
---------------

A Roman thermopolium in Pompeii
In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called *thermopolia* (singular *thermopolium*). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 *thermopolia* with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

Related pages
-------------

* Menu
* Fast food
* Fast casual restaurant
* Buffet
**Robert Selden Duvall** (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director. Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in *Tender Mercies* (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

Early life
----------

Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.

Career
------

Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie *To Kill A Mockingbird*. He then appeared on *Captain Newman, M.D.* (1963).

He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy *MASH* (1970) and the lead role in *THX 1138* (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's *Tomorrow* (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.

Personal life
-------------

Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.

Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.

Duvall has no children. He lives in The Plains, Virginia.

Movies
------

He has appeared in many other films including:

* *To Kill A Mockingbird* (1962)
* *M\*A\*S\*H* (1970)
* *The Godfather* (1972)
* *Tomorrow* (1972)
* *Network* (1976)
* *Apocalypse Now* (1979)
* *True Confessions* (1981)
* *Colors* (1988)
* *The Apostle* (1997)
* *The Judge* (2014)
* *Widows* (2018)

Legacy
------

In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie *The Judge.*

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Robert Duvall at Wikimedia Commons

* Robert Duvall on IMDb
* Robert Duvall at the Internet Broadway Database

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***S1m0ne*** is a 2002 American comedy-drama science fiction movie. It was directed by Andrew Niccol and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It stars Al Pacino.

Plot
----

Viktor Taransky (Al Pacino) is working on a movie project. He is running out of money and his star decided not to do it anymore, so his movie is in trouble. A computer programmer named Hank approaches Viktor and tells him that he is able to create a computer-generated character. Hank soon dies of cancer and gives the program to Viktor. Viktor uses the program to insert an actress in place of his original star and the movie is a huge hit. The program, titled "Simulation One," is simplified to "Simone."

Viktor is at first very happy that this is a success, and has her star in more movies. For her voice, he simply speaks into a microphone and the computer makes it a female voice. He conducts interviews. Simone goes on to win an Academy Award and is wildly famous. However, Viktor soon becomes unhappy with Simone and tries to make her unpopular by having her star in a bad movie. However, the people still love Simone and the movie is still a success. Finally, Viktor uses a virus and erases her program from the computer. He then throws a trunk full of CDs into the ocean.

The police come and arrest Viktor and charge her for the murder of Simone. They have a video showing him dragging the trunk into the ocean; they believe that there was a body inside. He tells them that Simone was never real, but they don't believe him. His ex-wife Elaine (Catherine Keener) and his daughter Lainey (Evan Rachel Wood) enter his studio. Lainey ejects the floppy disk, restoring the Simone program, and they create a short movie that shows that Simone is alive and well. The police let him go. Elaine and Lainey convince Viktor that Simone is a symbol now and that they should continue to keep her alive. The last scene shows Viktor and Simone together, with Viktor announcing that Simone and he just had a child.
***Superman*** (also incorrectly known as **Superman 64**) is a 1999 video game for the Nintendo 64, where the player controls Superman, a fictional superhero. Superman must save his friends from Lex Luthor, his archenemy. Most of the game is spent flying through rings. The game has received very negative reviews from critics and has been stated as "one of the worst games of all time" for "lame" weapons in the non-ring levels, overcomplicated controls, and bad graphics.

Gameplay
--------

The player assumes the role of Superman who is challenged to complete many tasks and puzzles throughout the 14 levels in the game. Most of the levels in the game are restricted to two types of gameplay; in some levels, referred to as *Ride Levels* in the game's instruction manual, Superman is instructed to fly through a series of hoops by Lex Luthor; in between, he is also tasked to perform certain feats such as battling Luthor's minions, the Dark Shadows, and rescuing civilians from natural or artificial disasters, firstly stopping two cars from trapping civilians.

In other levels, referred to as *Maze Levels* in the game's instruction manual, Superman has found one of his friends from within one of Luthor's outposts, and must escape with them and defeat a boss. These levels are generally more rooted in action-adventure, and make great use of puzzle-solving. The game's "virtual Metropolis" in which these stages take place is filled with what the developers called "Kryptonite fog" in an apparent effort by Lex Luthor to diminish Superman's abilities (which is actually distance fog and is used as a technique to mask the game's poor draw distance).

The game also includes two multi-player modes (a racing mode and a battle mode) that can be played with up to four people. In the battle mode, players must defeat their opponents by throwing various weapons and items at them. In the racing mode, players control a spaceship and rings shoot from the backside of one opponent.

Development
-----------

*Superman* was originally shown at the E3 in 1997. In interview before the game was released, Eric Caen, co-founder of Titus Software, stated they were attempting to create the first "super hero" based video game where players really behave as a super hero. After the N64 version's negative response, Titus decided to completely redesign *Superman* for the PlayStation. Unfortunately, Titus lost the rights from the Warner Bros. for the Superman License, resulting in its cancellation in 1999. Given an exclusive look at the game, playstationmuseum.com stated that they had expected the worst, but they were pleasantly surprised by the "high quality graphics and animation" and awarded the game a rating of 90%.

Reception
---------

Superman has received very negative reviews from critics. On GameSpot, the game is rated a 1.3/10. On GameRankings Agreggation, it is "one of the worst games of all time" for "lame" weapons in the non-ring levels, overcomplicated controls, and bad graphics.
The central park in Sarchi.
**Sarchi** is a city in Costa Rica. It is famous for its art and hand-crafted furniture. Sarchi is also known for its colorful hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries. 

Sarchi has several small communities. One of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old, travelers will be able to see one of the best views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy. 

Sarchi is a community made up of artists and craftsmen. It is well known for its ox carts. Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in Sarchi and are sold throughout the country and to tourists. They are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past, these ox carts were used to carry coffee to the markets.

There are many shops in the town that sell hand-made wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are sold are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelry, sculptures, and paintings.
What the owner found
The **Parable of the Barren Fig Tree** (Luke 13:6–9) written in the New Testament is a parable of Jesus. It is a parable about a fig tree which does not produce fruit, unlike the parable of the budding fig tree.

What Jesus said
---------------

Then he told this parable:

> A man had a fig-tree, planted in his vineyard, and he went to look for fruit on it, but did not find any.  
> 
> 
> 
> So he said to the man who took care of the vineyard, "For three years now I've been coming to look for fruit on this fig-tree and haven't found any. Cut it down! Why should it use up the soil?"   
> 
> 
> 
> "Sir," the man replied, "leave it alone for one more year, and I'll dig round it and fertilise it. If it bears fruit next year, fine! If not, then cut it down."
> 
> — Luke 13:6–9

What it means
-------------

The owner of the vineyard represents God. The fig tree is a symbol for Jerusalem (and also for Jesus's church). The vineyard where the tree was planted is the earth. The tree was meant to bear the good fruit of the Holy Spirit and the gardener (vinedresser) is Jesus. Fig trees are often planted in vineyards.

The parable indicates Jesus is giving his hearers one last chance to repent their sins. "These three years" refers to the period of his ministry on earth. The parable is connected to the miracle of cursing the fig tree. Richard Whately commented that this parable "is one which our Lord may be said to have put before his hearers twice; once in words, once in action."

What the owner wants

Related pages
-------------

* Figs in the Bible
A fig tree
The **Parable of the Budding Fig Tree** is a parable of Jesus. It is written in the New Testament in Matthew 24:32-35, Mark 13:28-31 and Luke 21:29-33. The parable compares the Kingdom of God with a budding fig tree, the opposite of the barren fig tree.

What Jesus said
---------------

He told them this parable:

> Look at the fig-tree and all the trees. When they sprout leaves, you can see for yourselves and know that summer is near. Even so, when you see these things happening, you know that the kingdom of God is near. I tell you the truth, this generation will certainly not pass away until all these things have happened. Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away.
> 
> — Luke 21:29-33

What it means
-------------

This eschatological parable follows the Olivet discourse in Luke 21:5-28 (and Matthew 24 and Mark 13). New buds appear on the branches of trees when Winter ends. The buds open into blossoms and green leaves in Spring. Fruit starts to appear as Summer arrives. When the signs of the end of the age start to happen, it means Jesus will return soon.
**Ö3 Austria Top 40** is the name of the official Austrian singles chart, as well as the radio show which presents it. The show airs Fridays on Hitradio Ö3. The show presents the Austrian singles, ringtones and downloads chart. It premiered on 26 November 1968 as *Disc Parade* and was presented by Ernst Grissemann. The show has had other names and other presenters, as detailed below.

The weekly number-ones are released by Musikmarkt and go TV.

Chart statistics
----------------

The first number-one single was "Das ist die Frage aller Fragen" by Cliff Richard. The most successful single is "Candle in the Wind 1997" by Elton John. The most successful Austrian single is "Anton aus Tirol" by DJ Ötzi. The artists with the most number-one hits since 1980 are Rainhard Fendrich and Christina Stürmer.

Presenters
----------

Between 1968 and 2007, the names of the show were *Disc Parade*, *Die Großen 10 von Ö3*, *Pop Shop*, *Hit wähl mit*, *Die Großen 10*, *Ö3 Top-30* and *Ö3 Austria Top 40*.

### *Disc Parade*

* Ernst Grissemann
* Rudi Klausnitzer

### *Die Großen 10 von Ö3*

* Rudi Klausnitzer
* Hans Leitinger

### *Pop Shop*

* Hans Leitinger

### *Hit wähl mit*

* Hans Leitinger
* Udo Huber

### *Die Großen 10*

* Udo Huber

### *Ö3 Top-30*

* Udo Huber

### *Ö3 Austria Top 40*

* Udo Huber
* Martina Kaiser
* Matthias Euler-Rolle
* Gustav Götz

Other websites
--------------

* Official Austrian singles chart
* Ö3 Austria Top 75Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Austrian chart archive
Ogdo Yegorovna Aksenov
**Ogdo Yegorovna Aksenov** (Russian: Огдо Егоровна Аксёнова) (February 8, 1936 in Boganida, Taymyr Autonomous Okrug, USSR - February 14, 1995 in Dudinka, Russia) was a Dolgan poet, founder of Dolgan written literature.

Biography
---------

Aksyonova was born in the family of a reindeer herder began writing poems in high school. For her story, "Paul Chuprin", in 1956 she was given the "Soviet Taimyr" award. She became a cultural worker, and in 1967 was awarded a "Badge of Honor." She published works in *Valery Kravets* ( "The Polar Truth") and in the popular magazine "Worker."

Later she printed poems and tales in the Dolgan language. Yakut printers promised to find the right fonts, which would take into account the specifics of Dolgan language. The book was published in 1973. It was called "Baraksan." In the second book, Aksenova wanted to build the whole song on the material. She called it "Songs Dolgan."

Ogdo Aksyonov died on the night of January 14, 1995.
A **medical assistant** (sometimes called an MA) is a medical professional who works in medical settings along with doctors and nurses. They do things to help doctors and nurses with their jobs, and may perform many different tasks.

Some medical assistants are similar in some ways to a nurse. They take care of patients in hospitals and other medical facilities, and they perform other tasks to help run the office. They are different from a nurse mainly in that medical assistants cannot plan out what a patient's care will be like. They can only do what a nurse or a doctor instruct them to do.

Other types of medical assistants work in the reception area of a doctor's office, similar to a secretary. These medical assistants may file paperwork, update medical records, and greet patients.

Education
---------

Medical assistants usually go to school for between one and two years. They may hold an associate's degree, or in some cases a certificate if they already have an associate's degree in something else.

Pay range
---------

Medical assistants tend to earn between $20,000 and $40,000 a year in salary. Factors that influence a Medical Assistant's salary can be their location, the amount of training they have, the amount of time they've been working as a medical assistant, and the skills they've learned while working.