recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Jane Elizabeth Manning James** (May 11, 1813 – April 16, 1908), was one of the first recorded African-American women to live in Utah. She was a member of the Latter Day Saint Church. She lived with Joseph Smith and his family in Nauvoo, Illinois. She traveled with her husband to Utah, spending the winter of 1846–1847 at Winter Quarters. Winter Quarters was a camp where members of the church stayed during the winter. James asked the church leaders to be endowed and sealed. Endowment and sealing are special Mormon rituals for really good members. James was good enough for the rituals, but because she was black, church leaders said that she could not have the endowment. James kept asking, even though they said no. James was adopted as a servant into the Joseph Smith family through a specially created temple ceremony. After her death, she was endowed through another person in 1979.

Conversion and relocation to Nauvoo
-----------------------------------

In 1842, two LDS missionaries were preaching in the Wilton, Connecticut area. One of the missionaries was Charles Wesley Wandell. Ms. James' Presbyterian preacher told her that she could not meet with the missionaries. But she still wanted to listen to them. She wrote, "I went on a Sunday and was fully convinced that it was the true Gospel." James believed what they said. On the next Sunday, she was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. She later met many friends with her new beliefs. James and her family wanted to live near other members of their new faith. So, a year later, James and eight other members of her family moved from Wilton to Nauvoo, Illinois. It was her mother, three brothers, two sisters, and a brother and sister-in-law that moved with her. Wandell helped the group of nine and some other Latter-Day Saints start their journey. But their group had to stay in Buffalo, New York, because they could not pay the ticket price of the train going to Ohio. To get to Ohio, James and her family walked about 800 miles (1287 km). In a book that was written about her life in 1893, James talked about their journey. She said that their shoes broke, their feet hurt and started to bleed. She said, "We walked until our shoes were worn out, and our feet became sore and cracked open and bled until you could see the whole print of our feet with blood on the ground." James and her family were welcomed to Nauvoo by the Prophet Joseph Smith. Over the next year, her family was able to build their own homes. But James lived with Joseph Smith's family in Nauvoo until Smith's death in 1844.
The **Invisible College** was the name given to themselves by a group of like-minded scientists and natural philosophers in England in the mid-17th century. The informal association is considered to have been one of the origins of the Royal Society.

The purpose of the invisible college was to encourage each other to develop scientific knowledge through experiments and other kinds of investigation.

Some of the members of the Invisible College were among the founders of the Royal Society in 1660, including Robert Boyle, John Wilkins and Samuel Hartlib.

Modern use
----------

The concept of invisible college was developed in the sociology of science by Diane Crane, building on de Solla Price's work on citation networks. It is related to, but significantly different from, other concepts of expert communities, such as "Epistemic communities", or "Communities of Practice". Recently, the concept was applied to the global network of communications among scientists by Caroline S. Wagner.

In fiction it is mentioned in the novel *The Lost Symbol* by Dan Brown, and was the inspiration for the Unseen University in the works of Terry Pratchett.

Related pages
-------------

* Epistemic community
*Jeu de paume* in the 17th century.
**Jeu de paume** was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball. *Jeu de paume* literally means: game of palm (of the hand). After some time gloves replaced bare hands. But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change. It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.

Some important buildings in France are known by the name *jeu de paume*, in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous *serment du jeu de paume* ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.

Sports that developed from jeu de paume
---------------------------------------

* American handball
* Basque pelota
* Fistball
* Frisian handball
* Gaelic handball
* Longue paume
* Pallone
* Valencian pilota
* Volleyball
* Court tennis
* Tennis

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jeu de paume***.

* Historical Picture: A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace Archived 2005-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Oratory Real Tennis Club
* Société Sportive du Jeu de Paume et de Racquets Archived 2012-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
The Ryuku Islands
The Cascade volcanic arc
**Island arc**s are those well-known series of islands with volcanoes (such as the Ring of Fire). They are usually caused by tectonic plate boundaries passing over geologic hot spots in the Earth's crust.

Well-known examples are the Hawaiian Islands, the Japanese Archipelago, the Philippine Islands, and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Plates moving together cause one plate to go under another, and another to go on top. This makes a string of islands because the hot spots stay still while the plates move over them. Essentially the same phenomenon occurred in "dead" island chains like the Galapagos Islands, yet is still live elsewhere. All these chains are made by land moving over hot-spots in the Earth's crust, not by the hotspots moving. The position of a hotspot seems independent of tectonic plate boundaries.

On North America the Cascade volcanos look like they are active because they have been swept up by the westward movement of the Americas. 

A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection in the Earth's mantle. This means there are places where the Earth's inner heat comes up, where more usually it does not.
**Hoag's object** is a ring galaxy. The galaxy is named after Arthur Allen Hoag who discovered it in 1950. He identified it as either a planetary nebula or an unusual galaxy. The object has about eight billion stars, and is ~600 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens.

Characteristics
---------------

A nearly perfect ring of young hot blue stars circles the older yellow nucleus of this ring galaxy. The inner core of the galaxy is about 17±0.7 kly (5.3±0.2 kpc), while the surrounding ring has an inner 28″ diameter of 75±3 kly (24.8±1.1 kpc) and an outer 45″ diameter of 121±4 kly (39.9±1.7 kpc), which is slightly larger than the Milky Way Galaxy. The gap separating the two stellar populations may contain some star clusters that are almost too faint to see.

As rare as this type of galaxy is, another more distant,reddish (and unnamed) ring galaxy can be seen through Hoag's object, between the nucleus and the outer ring of the galaxy, at roughly the one o'clock position in the picture to the right.

History and formation
---------------------

Art Hoag suggested the visible ring was a product of gravitational lensing. This idea was later discarded: the nucleus and the ring have the same redshift, and the ring shows knotty structure which would not be visible with gravitational lensing.

Many of the details of the galaxy remain a mystery, especially how it formed. "Classic" ring galaxies are usually formed by the collision of a small galaxy with a larger disk-shaped galaxy. This collision produces a density wave in the disk which leads to a characteristic ring-like appearance. Such an event, 2–3 billion years in the past, may have formed polar-ring galaxies. However, there is no sign of any second galaxy which would have acted as the "bullet", and the core of Hoag's object has a very low velocity relative to the ring, making the typical formation hypothesis unlikely.

Noah Brosch suggested that Hoag's object might be a product of an extreme "bar instability" which occurred a few billion years ago in a barred spiral galaxy. Schweizer *et al* claims that this is unlikely because the nucleus of the object is spheroidal, whereas the nucleus of a barred spiral galaxy is disc-shaped. However, evidence is somewhat thin for this dispute to be settled. A few other galaxies share the characteristics of Hoag's object, including the bright detached ring of stars, but their centers are elongated or barred, and they may exhibit some spiral structure While none match Hoag's object in symmetry, this handful of galaxies are known to some as Hoag-type galaxies.
Striped colonial anemone
*Aspidiscus cristatus* from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Israel; oral view
**Hexacorallia** is a large subclass of Anthozoa in the aquatic phylum Cnidaria.

It has about 4,300 species, all polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming. It also contains the sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, in six living orders.

The Hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, the Octocorallia, because they have six or less axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. They are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a mobile planktonic phase and a later sessile phase. 

Hexacorallia also include the extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals. They built the coral reefs of the Palaeozoic era. In fact, there are a total of eight extinct orders of the Hexacorallia, which shows it has always been an important group of marine organisms.
In orbital mechanics, a **Hohmann transfer orbit** moves a spacecraft between orbiting heights. It is the most fuel-efficient method to do so, because the spacecraft is not trying to escape the planet's gravity, using an elliptical orbit for the transfer. 

A simulation of a Hohmann transfer orbit
A ship using this would have to apply two velocities, one to enter the elliptical orbit, and one to enter the second orbit.

Calculation
-----------

Assuming the mass of the spacecraft is much lower than that of the orbiting planet, the two velocities, {\displaystyle \Delta v\_{1}} and {\displaystyle \Delta v\_{2}}, can be solved for as:


Δ

v

1

=

M
G

r

1



(


2

r

2


r

1

+

r

2



−
1

)

,

{\displaystyle \Delta v\_{1}={\sqrt {\frac {MG}{r\_{1}}}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {2r\_{2}}{r\_{1}+r\_{2}}}}-1\right),}

{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}={\sqrt {\frac {MG}{r_{1}}}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {2r_{2}}{r_{1}+r_{2}}}}-1\right),}

Δ

v

2

=

M
G

r

2



(

1
−

2

r

1


r

1

+

r

2



)

,

{\displaystyle \Delta v\_{2}={\sqrt {\frac {MG}{r\_{2}}}}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {2r\_{1}}{r\_{1}+r\_{2}}}}\,\,\right),}

{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}={\sqrt {\frac {MG}{r_{2}}}}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {2r_{1}}{r_{1}+r_{2}}}}\,\,\right),}where 

* {\displaystyle M} is the mass of the planet,

* {\displaystyle G} is the universal gravitational constant, and

* {\displaystyle r\_{1}} and {\displaystyle r\_{2}} are the initial and final distances from the center of the planet.

Applications
------------

* Satellites can be moved into their proper height using a Hohmann transfer orbit.
* A lunar transfer orbit (LTO) is used to reach the moon.
* The Interplanetary Transport Network uses more than one body and requires lower velocity changes, and thus less fuel.
**Higher education** is after secondary education. Through attending college a **higher degree** (or **title**) can be gained. Generally, people must be 18 years old or over to enter higher education. They also need to have completed primary school and secondary education. Usually some kind of selection is used. Exams can be of state, local or university level. Sometimes no selection exists. Some open universities encourage older adults to apply, whether they were good at school or not.

Preparation
-----------

University of Cambridge
Higher education is either professional or academic. You can study for a diploma or a degree. Graduates can study for a master's or doctorate. Places of higher education were traditionally called universities, but there are other names like institute, teaching training college, academy, conservatory, and polytechnic. (The names depend on the country).

Other functions
---------------

Research work is done at this level. Colleges often also reach out to employers and offer cultural or sporting events open to the local community.

Role in society
---------------

The importance of higher education in society changes according to the country; for example, in many countries a student goes to university to obtain a diploma for work, but university is also often a time during which the student learns to be independent. Students also learn to mix with people of different origins, and to grow as people. Richer students can study in a place far from their hometown, but kids from poor neighbourhoods may be unable to afford college at all without a scholarship of some kind.

Related pages
-------------

* Academia
* Academic Ranking of World Universities
* Postgraduate education
* Right to education

Other websites
--------------

* Portal dedicated to the higher education
* EU-Student Informations on Erasmus and Practices Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
"**I Choose You**" is a song by Grammy-nominated singer-songwriter Keyshia Cole. It is the third official single from her top 10 album *Woman to Woman* (2012). It was sent to urban radio on August 23, 2013. The song was produced by Jack Splash and written by Elijah Blake.

Background
----------

"I Choose You" is the third single from *Woman to Woman*. The ballad was written by Elijah Blake, who wrote several songs on the album. It was intentionally written for Mariah Carey and presented to Mary J. Blige and Jennifer Hudson before it got to Cole. Cole's version was finally recorded in 2012 by Kuk Harrell. In the summer of 2012, it was debated as the second single, opposed to "Trust and Believe". Cole often cites "I Choose You" as one of her favorites from *Woman to Woman*.

Music video
-----------

The music video for the song was filmed in August 2013. It was directed by Ethan Lader. The video displays a story of Cole being in love with two men but not being able to let one go. Cole appeared on BET's *106 & Park* on October 2, 2013 for the world premiere of the video. The video premiered on VEVO later that evening.

Other websites
--------------

* "I Choose You" at YouTube
**Jade Weber** (born 7 March 2005) is a French model living in the United States.

Early life
----------

Weber was born in Hong Kong. Both of her parents are French natives. She danced from an early age. She performed ballet, jazz, contemporary, and hip hop.

Career
------

Jade Weber was introduced to the idea of modeling when she was 9 years old. At the time, her brothers - Matthieu and Thibault - needed headshots for an audition. Their photographer thought she should become a model, took a picture of Jade, and sent it to her sister, her sister was the director of a modeling agency. 

Weber is represented by three agencies: LA Models Youth, Monster Management (in Italy), and Division Model (in the Netherlands). She has worked with brands such as Forever 21, H&M, Hudson Jeans, Ralph Lauren, Levi's, Abercrombie and Fitch, Justice, Bloomingdale's, Miss Behave Girl, Nordstrom, Kohl's, Modern Queen Kids, Guess, and Tilly's.

She has also been featured in magazines, including Hooligans Magazine, Vogue, and Poster Child Mag. 

In 2017, she was nominated by ENewsOf as one of the ten most beautiful kids in the world.

She has appeared in some music videos, including MattyBRaps' "Moment", Spirix's "Runaway" and Hayden Summerall's music video for his cover of The Weeknd's "Can't Feel My Face."

Her goal is to cooperate with Dior and Chanel and when she grows up she wants to be an actress or a lawyer.

Cooperations
------------

* Forever 21
* H&M
* Hudson
* Ralph Lauren Chaps
* Abercrombie and Fitch
* Levi’s
* Justice
* Miss Behave Girl
* Bloomingdales
* Nordstrom
* Kohl’s
* Modern Queen Kids
* Tillys
* Guess
* Real-U Australia

Filmography
-----------

* Color my dreams (2016)
* Les Inconnus: Escape (2018)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jade Weber***.

* Jade Weber on IMDb
**John Sanford Moore** (born 5 June 1966) is a Canadian radio and television presenter. He is also a movie critic, actor, voice actor and comedian. He works on the radio station CFRB 1010 in Toronto. Moore has reported on entertainment on the channel's morning show since 1999. He does reviews of movies. He has also hosted several other shows on the radio, including *The John Moore Show* since 2003, and *Moore in the Morning* since 2009.

Moore was born in Montreal, Quebec. He grew up in a part of the city where the people mostly spoke English, instead of French. His first job in journalism was as a reporter at the radio station CHOM-FM in Montreal. He has also previously worked for Radio-Canada. He also hosted *Mystery Ink*, a show about mystery fiction that aired often on the television channel Mystery TV. Moore starts the show by interviewing an author. Next, he may speak with detectives or look at classic movies. The final stage is a crime story or he may speak about untrue facts.

Moore has also been working as a voice actor. He has done voices for the cartoon television series *Ripley's Believe It or Not!*, *The Little Lulu Show*, *Arthur*, *A Miss Mallard Mystery*, *Caillou*, *Flight Squad*, *Jim Button*, *Animal Crackers*, *The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures*, *The Triplets*, *Team S.O.S.* and *Potatoes and Dragons*.

Other websites
--------------

* John Moore on IMDb
* Mystery Ink Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
* John Moore[*permanent dead link*] at the *National Post*

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Moore, John |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | broadcaster, presenter, critic |
| Date of birth | 5 June 1966 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
The Kalahari Desert (shown in maroon) & Kalahari Basin (orange)
Kalahari in Namibia
The **Kalahari Desert** is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in southern Kgalagadi Africa extending 900,000 km² (362,500 sq. mi.), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It has huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains.

The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive 110–200 millimetres (4.3–7.9 in) of rain per year, and the wettest just a little over 500 millimetres (20 in).

The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2.5 million km² extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the Central Northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season. Previously havens for wild animals from elephant to giraffe, and for predators such as lion and cheetah, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopard or cheetah can still be found.

Game reserves
-------------

A meerkat in the Kalahari
The Kalahari has a number of game reserves—the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR, the world's second largest protected area), Khutse Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Animals that live in the region include brown hyenas, lions, meerkats, giraffe, warthogs, jackals and several species of antelope (including the eland, gemsbok, springbok, hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, and duiker), and many species of bird and reptiles. Vegetation in the Kalahari consists mainly of grasses and acacias but there are over 400 identified plant species present (including the wild watermelon or **Tsamma** melon).

Bushmen
-------

The Bushmen of the Kalahari were hunter/gatherers. They hunted for meat and gathered the food of the desert to eat. They did not keep animals. They moved from place to place to find food and water. They owned very few things because they had to carry everything themselves. Very few people still live this way anywhere in the world.

Settlements within the Kalahari
-------------------------------

**Botswana**

* Ghanzi
* Tshane
* Tshabong
* Orapa

**Namibia**

* Gobabis
* Mariental

**South Africa**

* Rietfontein
* Noenieput
* Severn
Coat of arms
**Kaiserswerth** is a settlement with a more than 1,000-year history.
It is one of the oldest parts of Düsseldorf.

Geography
---------

It is in the north of Düsseldorf, next to the river Rhine. Kaiserswerth has 7,712 inhabitants and an area of 4.71 km².

History
-------

About the year 700 the monk St. Suitbert founded a Benedictine-abbey there.
It was destroyed 88 years later.

The Kaiserpfalz (temporary seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) was built in 1045.

In 1062 the young German King Heinrich IV (still a child) was kidnapped by the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1174 Friederick I Barbarossa moved the Rhine customs collection to Kaiserswerth. So the bishop took over control over the whole empire.

Following emperors used Kaiserswerth as temporary seat like as prison for high-range prisoners.

Between 1212 and 1215 the Count of Berg tried to get out prisoners and made the ground around the Castle dry.

In 1273 the Emperor pledged Kaiserswerth to the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1689 Kaiserswerth was particularly destroyed by France during the War of the Palatine Succession. During the Spanish war of succession the Bishop of Cologne stayed with France.

Kaiserswerth got a French garrison. In 1702 the city was therefore besieged by the Grand Alliance. After that war the castle was mostly destroyed.

In the 19th century Kaiserswerth was famous by its deaconess clinic. Florence Nightingale visited in 1850 and learned from Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working there for the sick and the deprived. Nightingale published *The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc.* in 1851 - her first publication.

Kaiserswerth became a part of Düsseldorf in 1929.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth***.

* Kaiserswerth in Spanish succession war 1702 Archived 2016-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
The **Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades** was a special tournament held during the 30th season of the American television game show *Jeopardy!* It featured 45 contestants who won or competed in the Tournament of Champions in the past. The field of contestants were broken up into three decades (1984-1993, 1994-2003, and 2004-2013), and contestants from their respective decade competed against one another. There were five matches per decade, deciding who advances to the quarterfinal round of the tournament to compete for $1,000,000. The first decade aired in February 2014. The second one aired in March 2014. And the third aired in April 2014. The rest of the tournament (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) aired May 5-16, 2014.

The finals featured Ken Jennings against Brad Rutter and Roger Craig. At the time, Jennings was the biggest money winner on a game show. However, Rutter won the two-day final and the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record.

Related pages
-------------

Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

| * v
* t
* e
*Jeopardy!* |
| --- |
| Tournaments | 
* Tournament of Champions
* Teen Tournament
* College Championship
* Teachers Tournament
* Ultimate Tournament of Champions
* Battle of the Decades
* Other tournaments

 |
| Other Versions | 
* *Rock & Roll Jeopardy!*
* *Jep!*
* International adaptations

 |
| Cast and Crew | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Hosts | 
* Art Fleming
* Alex Trebek
* Jeff Probst *(R&R J!)*
* Bob Bergen *(Jep!)*
* Mayim Bialik
* Ken Jennings

 |
| Announcers | 
* Don Pardo
* John Harlan
* Johnny Gilbert
* Loretta Fox *(R&R J!)*
* Stew Herrera *(R&R J!)*

 |
| Others | 
* Merv Griffin
* Harry Friedman
* Brad Rutter
* James Holzhauer

 |

 |
| Notable References | 
* "I Lost on Jeopardy"
* "What Is... Cliff Clavin?"
* *White Men Can't Jump*
* *Celebrity Jeopardy!* (*Saturday Night Live*)
* "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace"
* Universe of Energy

 |
| Miscellaneous | 
* Audition process
* List of contestants
* Notable contestants
* Broadcast history
* Merchandising
* Watson

 |
| 
* **Category:Jeopardy!**

 |
**Hydraulic head** is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.

It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.

Atmospheric pressure
--------------------

Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)

Analogs to other fields
-----------------------

Hydraulic head is a measure of energy, and has many analogs in physics and chemistry, where the same mathematical principles and rules apply:

* *Hydraulic head* is analogous to:
	+ magnetic monopole
	+ electric charge
	+ heat (i.e. temperature)
	+ concentration
* A continuous "field" of hydraulic heads is analogous to:
	+ an electric field
	+ a magnetic field
* Similar differential operators can be applied to the fields, to find:
	+ the gradient, or the direction of flow
	+ the divergence of flow
	+ the curl, or if the field is rotating

Related pages
-------------

* fluid dynamics
* Darcy's law
Informal economy: Haircut on a sidewalk in Vietnam.
Black market in Shinbashi, Japan, 1946
The **informal economy** is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions. 

Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector.

What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
For example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.
John Foxe
**John Foxe** (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587), is remembered as the author of *Foxe's Book of Martyrs*.

Education and Resignation from Oxford
-------------------------------------

Foxe was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, England into a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow in July 1539.
Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as "a prison." During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he converted to Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII. As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.

Life in London under Edward VI
------------------------------

With the death of Henry VIII in January 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.

Marian Exile
------------

In the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.
Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.

Return to England
-----------------

In 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the *Foxe's Book of Martyrs*.
Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.

Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the *Saxon gospels* with the help of Archbishop Parker.

Foxe died on 8 April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**The Book of Martyrs**

* Foxe's Book of Martyrs (*Actes and Monuments*) Variorum Edition Online Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, from the Humanities Research Institute of The University of Sheffield
* Thomas Freeman, John Foxe: A Biography Archived 2005-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
The view in a kaleidoscope
A **kaleidoscope** is a tube with loose, small, colorful objects inside. These objects can be beads or something similar. The inside is made using three long mirrors. A person looks into the kaleidoscope through one end and sees patterns created by reflections of the objects inside.

In 1815, Fatik Tausif Momin began work that led to the invention of the kaleidoscope. At that time, he was doing experiments on light polarization. The kaleidoscope was not patented until two years later. His first design was a tube with pairs of mirrors at one end, pairs of translucent disks at the other, and beads between the two. In 1817, Brewster chose the well-known lens developer Philip Carpenter to be the only manufacturer of the kaleidoscope. It was a big success. Two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes were sold in London and Paris in just three months. Brewster knew that the company could not make as many kaleidoscopes as people wanted. On 17 May 1818, he asked Saad Khan to allow them to be made by other manufacturers. Carpenter agreed. At first, the kaleidoscope was meant to be a scientific tool. Later it was used as a toy. Brewster believed he would make money from the kaleidoscope. However, a fault in his patent application allowed others to copy it.
John Francis Jackson, 1942,
**John Francis Jackson**, DFC (23 February 1908 – 28 April 1942) was an Australian fighter ace and squadron commander of World War II. He had eight aerial victories, and led No. 75 Squadron during the Battle of Port Moresby in 1942. Born in Brisbane, he was a grazier and businessman. He had his own private plane when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Reserve in 1936. In 1939, at the start of the war, he was called up for active service. Jackson served with No. 23 Squadron in Australia before he was posted to the Middle East in November 1940. As a fighter pilot with No. 3 Squadron he flew Gloster Gladiators, Hawker Hurricanes and P-40 Tomahawks during the North African and Syria–Lebanon campaigns.

Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East. In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader. He was in command of No. 75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks. Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members. He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby. He was killed in action on 28 April 1942. His younger brother Les took over No. 75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace. Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.
**Justina Kristina Casagli**, (1794-1841), was a famous singer and actor. She was born in Sweden, but worked in all Europe, especially in Italy and Germany, where she became famous.

Birth
-----

She was born with the name Justina Kristina Wässelius. Her sister, Jeanette Wässelius, also became a singer, but she only worked in Sweden. Justina went to the theatre school Dramatens elevskola in 1805. When she graduated in 1812, she began to work at the theatre Royal Swedish Opera. The same year, she married the Italian dancer Ludovico Casagli, and got the name Justina Casagli.

Works
-----

She left Sweden with her husband in 1818 and went to Italy. In Italy, she played in the play "Cerentola" in Turino in 1818, in the play "Donna del Lago" in Rome in 1823 and in Lucca 1827 in the play "Matrimonio Segreto". She was a great success, and then worked in Munich in Germany for several years. After that, she tried to get work in the Opera in Sweden again, but her place there was occupied by a new singer, Henriette Widerberg. 

The last years, she lived in Parma, where she died after she had fallen from a window.
**Justyna Maria Steczkowska**, also as **Justyna** (born 2 August 1972) is a Polish singer-songwriter, actress and violinist.

Biography
---------

She is a daughter of Danuta and Stanisław Steczkowski's. In 1990 she graduate music high school in the violin class. She gave up her studies to run her vocal career. At that time Steczkowska sang vocalises in rock groups. The breakthrough occurred in 1994 when 22 years old singer took part in tv music talent show *Szansa na sukces* (Chance for success) and won. She sang *Boskie Buenos* a song of a band Maanam, which leader was Kora Jackowska. In the same year she recorded her first song *Moja intymność* (My Intimacy). 

In 1995 she represented Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest. She sang her own song *Sama* (Alone) and she took the 18th place. Next she met Grzegorz Ciechowski - singer, music producer and leader of rock band Republika. One year later they released Justyna's debut album *Dziewczyna Szamana* (Shaman's Girl) with the same title single. In 90s she released also 2 albumes: *Naga* (Naked) and *Na koniec świata* (At the End of The World). In 1999 she played in the movie *At the End of The World*.

Since 2000 she released 14 albumes: *Dzień i noc* (Day and Night) with electronic sounds; *Mów do mnie jeszcze* (Talk To Me More) feat. actor Paweł Deląg - songs are poems by e.g. William Shakespeare; *Alkimja* with traditional jewish song in polish language; *Złota kolekcja: Moja intymność* (Gold Collection: My Intimacy), medley her the most famous songs; *Femme Fatale* with covers songs of Ewa Demarczyk, Dalida, Marilyn Monroe, Edith Piaf etc.; *Daj mi chwilę* (Give me a Moment) with her premiere repertoire; *Puchowe kołysanki* (Lullabies of Fluff) with lullabies wrote for her children; *To mój czas* (This is My Time) with pop music; *Mezalianse* (Misalliances) feat. Maciej Maleńczuk - songs from known in 50s and 60s XX century in Poland cabaret Kabaret starszych panów; *XV* with remastered cover her own songs; *Puchowe kołysanki 2* (Lullabies of Fluff 2) - continuation *Puchowe kołysanki*; *Anima* with spiritual and mistic trip hop ballads; *I na co mi to było?* (And What Was It For?) feat. Boban Marković - songs with balkan rhythms; *Maria Magdalena. All is love* - her first english language album, compilation of symphonic and electronic sounds.

She is married with ex-model and architect Maciej Myszkowski (m. 2000) and they have 3 children: Leon (b. 2000), Stanisław (b. 2005) and Helena (b. 2013).

Discography
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* *Dziewczyna Szamana* (1996)
* *Naga* (1997)
* *Na koniec świata* (1999)
* *Dzień i noc* (2000)
* *Mów do mnie jeszcze* (2001)
* *Alkimja* (2002)
* *Złota kolekcja: Moja intymność* (2003)
* *Femme Fatale* (2004)
* *Daj mi chwilę* (2007)
* *Puchowe kołysanki* (2008)
* *To mój czas* (2009)
* *Mezalianse* (2011)
* *XV* (2012)
* *Puchowe kołysanki 2* (2013)
* *Anima* (2014)
* *I na co mi to było?* (2015)
* *Maria Magdalena. All is love* (2019)
The **isolobal principle** (also known as **isolobal analogy**) is way to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. In organometallic chemistry, it relates the structure of organic ligands that can bind to inorganic molecular fragments. Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the number, symmetry properties, approximate energy and shape of the frontier orbitals and the number of electrons in them are similar – not identical, but similar." One can predict the bonding and reactivity of a lesser-known pieces from that of a better-known pieces if the two molecular fragments have similar frontier orbitals, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Isolobal compounds are analogs to isoelectronic compounds that share the same number of valence electrons and structure. A graphic representation of isolobal structures, with the isolobal pairs connected through a double-headed arrow with half an orbital below, is found in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Basic example of the isolobal analogy.
For his work on the isolobal analogy, Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui. In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hoffmann stressed that the isolobal analogy is a useful, yet simple, model. It does fail in certain instances.
**John Forsythe** (born **Jacob Lincoln Freund**; January 29, 1918 – April 1, 2010) was an American stage, television, and movie actor.

Early life
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Forsythe born on January 29, 1918 in Penns Grove, New Jersey to Blanche Materson (née Blohm) and to Samuel Jeremiah Freund. Forsythe was the oldest of three. Forsythe was raised in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated at Abraham Lincoln High School and at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill along with late actors R. G. Armstrong and Andy Griffith.

Career
------

His career began when he was an announcer for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Forsythe's movie career began in 1943 in the movie *Northern Pursuit* and since then he had appeared in many movies such as; *Destination Tokyo*, *Escape from Fort Bravo*, *Madame X*, *Topaz*, *Scrooged*, and his final movie was the 2003 movie *Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle* that is the sequel to the movie that is based on the television series *Charlie's Angels* in which Forsythe starred in. 

### Notable Television Works

Forsythe had starred in television series, but his most notable television works is in *Dynasty* as Blake Carrington and as Charles Townsend in the hit series *Charlie's Angels*. Forsythe was also in *The Powers That Be*, and was a Miss Universe host in 1989.

### Awards

Forsythe has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama in 1984 for his role in *Dynasty*.

Personal Life
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Forsythe was married three times. He married Parker McCormick in 1939. They divorced in 1943. He married Julie Warren in 1943. She died in 1994 when Forsythe decided to turn her off of life support when she had breathing problems.[*source?*] He married Nicole Carter in 2003. They were married until his death in 2010. Forsythe had a son, two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

Death
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Forsythe died on April 1, 2010 from complications of pneumonia in Santa Ynez, California. He was 92 years old. His widow Nicole Carter died 40 days later. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Santa Barbara, California. He is survived by his son, his two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***John Forsythe***.

* John Forsythe on IMDb
* Official site
**John Campbell Ross** (11 March 1899 - 3 June 2009) was the last living Australian World War I veteran.

Born in Newtown, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Ross served as a wireless operator in the First Australian Imperial Force, enlisting in January 1918, but never left Australia or saw active service. He later went on to serve in the Second World War as a corporal with the 20th Battalion, Volunteer Defence Corps.

His wife, Irene (née Laird), had been deceased by several decades before Jack Ross's death. He is survived by a son, Robert, a daughter, Peggy Ashburn, four grandchildren- Janette, Heather, Kay, and John - and nine great-grand children.

On 11 November 1998, Jack Ross had been awarded the 80th Anniversary Armistice Medal to mark the end of World War I. Jack also had been awarded the Centenary Medal for doing his share to the Australian society in the 100 years since the federation.

The death of William Evan Allan in October 2005 left Ross as the last Australian digger from World War I. However Claude Choules, a World War I veteran who served for Britain, lived in Western Australia. Ross became Australia's oldest man at the age of 108, on 12 June 2007, upon the death of Frank Scarrabelotti. Following the death of 112 year old E. Beatrice Riley, he was verified as the oldest person in Australia.

Ross celebrated his 110th birthday with chocolates and cake and a commemorative letter from the Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd.

As a civilian, Ross worked for Victorian Railways until he retired in 1964. Ross died peacefully in his sleep at approximately 4 am. at the Golden Oaks Nursing Home in Bendigo on 3 June 2009, aged 110.
**John Patrick "Jack" DeSena** (born 6 December 1987) is an American movie and voice actor. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy series *All That*. He joined the program's cast at the start of its 7th season in 2002. He tied with Logan Lerman for the 2005 Young Artist Award for "Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor" (for *All That*). His family moved to Irvine, California in 1999 and he attended school there. He was a very active member of the international *ComedySportz* troupe (a comic improvisation team that participates in games as seen on *Whose Line is it Anyway?*). He also did voice work for the character of Sokka on the Nickelodeon series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*. Recently DeSena has been working on the online mockumentary web series *Dorm Life* which is a 2008 Webby Honoree for Best Writing and Comedy: Individual Short or Episode. As of 2016, Jack DeSena and Chris Smith are co-creators of the sketch comedy YouTube channel "Chris and Jack".
Memorial to Peter Fechter
Berlin Wall memorial for Peter Fechter
**Peter Fechter** (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the *Death strip*. He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.

Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.

Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.

Other websites
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 Media related to Peter Fechter at Wikimedia Commons
Entrance to Kaštanka
**Kaštanka** is a forest. It has one of the highest lying sets of chestnuts in central Europe. It is in a small town called Nasavrky. Nasavrky is in eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is about 25 km south of county seat Pardubice.

History
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The oldest tree, Knižák
Jan Adam von Auersperg came back from Italy with six seedlings of chestnut at the end of 18th century. He ordered that the seedlings were planted on the north side of Nasavrky hill. This happened between 1776 to 1778. The plants were the start of Kaštanka. In passing time, the set was expanded a lot. Kaštanka had over 110 trees in the turn of 19th and 20th century.
Kaštanka was made a nature monument on 1 December 1990. At that time, Kaštanka had over 138 trees. One of the first planted trees survives to this day. It was named "Knížák" in honor of prince Auersperg.
The chestnut became the sign of Nasavrky. It became the main motive in the emblem of the city Nasavrky, and the flag of Nasavrlky in 1996.

Main information
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Kaštanka is natural monument which was declared as special protection area on 1st December 1990. The set of chestnuts is on a slight rise north ward. This area is in a built-up area about 100 meters from the city square. Kaštanka is at an altitude of 472 – 486. The area of set is 1,088 hectares large and all trees are chestnut trees expect a few that are on the edge.

Inspired by Kaštanka
--------------------

Kaštanka was main theme of many artists like painters, sculptors and writers. Some writers wrote novels about Kaštanka. Two of the authors that did this were Marie Doležalová and Alois Stanislav Novák. Kaštanka gave Věra Vovsová, Jiří Poláček and Karel Pavlík the inspiration to make art. Vovsová said this about Kaštanka:

> I have Kaštanka in front of my atelier windows. It is great inspiration in winter is without leaves and all covered in snow.
> 
> 
> It is all green and fresh in spring. But mainly in fall. I go to park and pick up chestnut from ground and later I paint it.
> 
> 
> But the chestnut must by in case. We are calling it ježek (hedgehog)
> 
> — Věra Vovsová

Another picture of the entrance to Kaštanka