recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Messier 87
This is the jet stream of plasma from the active centre, viewed by various instruments.
**Messier 87** (also known as **M87**, **Virgo A** or **NGC 4486**) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who catalogued it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.

Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes. It has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape. Luminosity diminishes with distance from the centre. At the core of this unusually large galaxy is an unusually large supermassive black hole. This is a strong source of radiation at many wavelengths, particularly radio waves. This black hole is the first and, to date, the only one for which astronomers have been able to make a direct image. A radio image taken by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 was published on 10 April 2019. The image shows the shadow of the black hole, surrounded by an emission ring with a diameter of 3.36×10−3 parsecs (0.0110 light-years).

A jet of energetic plasma known as a blazar is thrown out by the black hole at near the speed of light. It goes outward at least 1,500 parsecs (5,000 light-years). In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of Messier 87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. This motion is probably an optical illusion caused by the relativistic velocity of the jet.

Stars
-----

The stars in this galaxy form about one sixth of Messier 87's mass. They are spread out symmetrically, but the density of stars decreases with distance from the core. The galactic envelope extends out to a radius of about 150 kpc (490 kly), where it stops—possibly cut off by an encounter with another galaxy. Between the stars is a diffuse interstellar medium of gas that has been chemically enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars.

Orbiting the galaxy is a huge number of about 12,000 globular clusters, compared to 150–200 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way.

Messier 87 is one of the most massive giant elliptical galaxies near Earth, and one of the brightest radio sources in the sky,
It is a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomy study.
**Tracy Dale (David) Terrell** (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote *The Natural Approach* along with Stephen Krashen. The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology. In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language. The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important. He published textbooks for college level languages. Dos Mundos Spanish, Deux Monde French, and Kontakte German based on Natural Approach theory.

Career
------

Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics. He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist. He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985. Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego. He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991. Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the "Natural Approach" to second language learning. This was a popular way of teaching second languages. He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics. Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch.

Some books
----------

* *The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom*, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
* *Dos Mundos*, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
* *Deux Mondes*, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
* *Kontakte, German language textbook, McGraw-Hill*
* *Bravo, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)*

Journal articles
----------------

* *Terrell, T. D. (1980). A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish. Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.*
* *Krashen, S. D. Terrell, T. D. Ehrman, M. E. & Herzog, M. (1984). A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills. Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.*
* *Terrell, T. D. (1977). A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning1. The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.*

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Terrell, Tracy D. |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American linguist |
| Date of birth |  |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 1991 |
| Place of death |  |
A Newfoundland dog.
The **Newfoundland** is a large breed of dog that originated in Newfoundland. They were first used by fishermen and sailors to carry goods and would jump overboard to save people from drowning. Newfoundlands are great swimmers because of their waterproof fur, their webbed feet and their strong muscles.

The Newfoundland is a very large dog breed, standing 26–28 inches (66–71 cm) and weighing 100–150 pounds (45–68 kg). The largest Newfoundland found was 72 inches (180 cm) long and weighed 160 pounds (73 kg). Their coat of fur is usually long and a black, brown or gray color. Their facial hair is very short. The head is very large and the face is smooth with few wrinkles. The ears are long and wide, and reach below the jaw. The neck is strong and muscular. The Newfoundland's chest is large and wide with a large lung capacity. Because Newfoundlands are excellent swimmers, their thighs are very strong and muscular and their feet are tight. Their tail is very strong and is important for them to swim well.

Newfoundlands can suffer from a lot of health problems. They are the fifth most likely breed to have hip dysplasia. Newfoundlands can have problems with cystinuria in a similar way to humans. Newfoundlands can inherit subvalvular aortic stenosis, a trait which hurts the heart.

Newfoundlands are known to be very gentle and loyal dogs. Because of their protective nature for children, Newfoundlands have been used as watchdogs. They have very thick fur so owners need to brush it once a week.
In music a **Tierce de Picardie** (meaning *Picardy third*) is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a minor key.

In the 16th to 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key. This is because music in the minor sounds melancholy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone). In the harmonic series this minor third is the 7th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale). This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor. In a piece in A minor, for example, where the third note of the scale is C natural, in a Tierce de Picardie the final chord will include a C sharp, changing the chord from A minor to A major.

The term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his "Dictionnaire de musique" (Dictionary of Music). "Tierce" means "third", but no one knows why he called it "Picardie" (Picardy is an area in the north of France).

Johann Sebastian Bach used it fairly often in his music. The first movement of the "Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra" is a good example. In his "Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well. It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this. Another good example of the Tierce de Picardie is the end of Cantata No. 82 "Ich Habe Genug", which is extremely effective. Another famous piece that ends in a Tierce de Picardie is Greensleeves.
A **Bayesian network** is a kind of graph which is used to model events that cannot be observed. This can then be used for inference. The graph that is used is directed, and does not contain any cycles. The nodes of the graph represent random variables. If two nodes are connected by an edge, it has an associated probability that it will transmit from one node to the other.

Bayesian networks are mainly used in the field of (unassisted) machine learning. They have been used where information needs to be classified. Examples are image, document, or speech recognition, and information retrieval.

It is based on Reverend Thomas Bayes' discovery in the 1740s called Bayes' theorem.

History
-------

The term "Bayesian networks" was made by Judea Pearl in 1985 to emphasize three aspects:

1. The often subjective nature of the input information.
2. The reliance on Bayes's conditioning as the basis for updating information.
3. The distinction between causal and evidential modes of reasoning, which underscores Thomas Bayes' posthumously published paper of 1763.

In the late 1980s *Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems* and *Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems* summarized the properties of Bayesian networks and helped to establish Bayesian networks as a field of study.

Informal variants of such networks were first used by legal scholar John Henry Wigmore, in the form of Wigmore charts, to analyse trial evidence in 1913. Another variant, called path diagrams, was developed by the geneticist Sewall Wright and used in social and behavioral sciences (mostly with linear parametric models).
The **Piave** (Latin: *Plavis*) is a river in northern Italy. It begins in the Alps and flows southeast for more of 220 kilometres (140 mi) into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Venice. It is the longest river of the Veneto region.

Geography
---------

The Piave river has a length of 220 km (137 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 4,100 km2 (1,583 sq mi). It is the fifth river of Italy for length among those which flow directly into the sea.

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 137.0 m3/s (4,840 cu ft/s) at Nervesa della Battaglia in the Treviso province.

### Course

Source of the Piave river
The Piave river starts on the Eastern Alps (the Carnic Alps), on the southern slopes of the Monte Peralba, in the comune of Sappada, province of Belluno, at an elevation of about 2,037 m (6,683 ft), near the border with the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.

The river flows only through the Belluno, Treviso and Venice provinces in the Veneto region and flows into the Adriatic Sea to the northwest of Venice, next to the port of *Cortellazzo*, between the *comuni* of Eraclea and Jesolo. To the left of the mouth, there is a lagoon called *Laguna del Mort* formed by an old branch of the river.

After flowing, from northeast to southwest, through the Belluno province, the Piave flows through the following *comuni*:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Province of Treviso**:* Segusino
* Valdobbiadene
* Vidor
* Nervesa della Battaglia
* Susegana
* Mareno di Piave
* Cimadolmo
* Spresiano
* Maserada sul Piave
* Ponte di Piave

  |   | **Metropolitan City of Venice**:* Noventa di Piave
* Fossalta di Piave
* San Donà di Piave
* Musile di Piave
* Eraclea
* Jesolo
 |

Main tributaries
----------------

Piave river between Mel and Santa Giustina
The main tributaries of the Piave river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Vajont - 34.6 km
* Soligo - 24.0 km

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Ansiei - 37.4 km
* Boite - 45.0 km
* Maè - 33.4 km
* Cordevole - 78.9 km
* Caorame - 20.8 km
 |

History
-------

There was an important battle in 1809 along the river during the Napoleonic Wars where the Franco-Italian army fought against Austrian troops. 

In 1918, during World War I, it was the place of the "Battle of the Piave River", the last major Austro-Hungarian attack during the Italian Campaign, which failed. The Battle of the Piave was the decisive battle of World War I on the Italian Front.

Related pages
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* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Piave river***.

* Fiumi Italiani: *Fiume Piave* (in Italian)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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**Sea otters** (*Enhydra lutris*) are marine mammals. They live along the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait. It also included Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan. 

Sea otters have about 26,000 to 165,000 hairs per square centimeters of skin. They have a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins).

The otters usually carry a favorite rock in their paws or in a pouch under their forearm. They use it to smash shells open. This makes them one of the few animals that use tools. They grow to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) in length and weigh 30 kg (66 lb). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from small populations in California and Alaska. Sea otters are one of the smallest mammals in the ocean.

Sea otters and kelp
-------------------

Without the sea otters to eat them, there were too many sea urchins. The sea urchins then began to eat large amounts of kelp. They ate and killed so many kelp plants that they turn kelp forests into desert-like places called urchin barrens. The fish, krill and other animals that lived in the kelp either died or left. In some places where sea otters have returned, like Juan de Fuca Strait, they ate enough sea urchins that the kelp forests grew back.

Sea otters and people
---------------------

Humans hunted sea otters for their skins.
Sea otters catch the same shellfish, sea urchins, crabs, clams, and abalone, that indigenous peoples in Alaska and Canada need to eat. In May 2020, scientists from Simon Fraser University said in a report that more sea otters in northwestern North America would live if indigenous communities had more freedom to make decisions about them and to make plans based on traditional knowledge of sea otters, mixing in modern Western scientific methods as needed.
**Mona Wessman**, born 24 March 1948 in Långsele in Sweden, is a Swedish singer.

Her breakthrough came together with Nina Lizell and Claes-Göran Hederström in the *Minishow* TV show, which aired on Pentecost Saturday 1967. Her definitive breaktrhough as a recording artist was *Gå och göm dej, Åke Tråk*, participating at Melodifestivalen 1968, ending up third, and becoming a Svensktoppen hit peaking at third position. The same year, she toured the folkparks of Sweden together with Nina and Claes-Göran. Sven Lindahl wrote another of her more successful songs, *Hambostinta i kortkort*.

During the autumn of 1968, she toured with Lenne Broberg, Claes-Göran Hederström and Hipp Happy Band, consisting of Mats Westman, Lasse Sandborg, Stefan Möller och Bertil Bodahl.

Scoring several Svensktoppen hits by the late 1960s, she also appeared in the 1968 film *Åsa-Nisse och den stora kalabaliken*. She also participated at Melodifestivalen 1973 where the song she performed, *Helledudane en sån karl*, ended up last.

Other websites
--------------

* *Mona Wessman* on IMDb

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: Artists Edit this at Wikidata | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
Bluebell tunicates
Colonies of tunicate *Botrylloides violaceus*. Note new zooid buds within colonies and along margins of colonies.
Colony of *Botryllus*.
**Tunicates** (**sea squirts** or **Urochordata**) are a subphylum of the Chordates. 

They are sea filter-feeders: they live mainly on plankton. They are called tunicates because the adult form is covered by a leathery tunic. This tunic supports and protects the animal. The adults are sessile, stuck to rocks. 

Many tunicates are colonial or semi-colonial in their adult stage. They are quite a large group, containing about 3,000 species. The adults live mostly on the sea floor, in the littoral zone.

Feeding
-------

The sea squirt has two openings in its small body. One opening, called the *oral siphon*, sucks water into the animal; the other opening, called the *atrial siphon*, squirts water out of the animal. Inside is a little basket-like sieve which traps food: so these sea squirts are filter feeders. The Sea squirt can close the holes in its siphons, like a drawstring can close the opening in a bag.

Life cycle
----------

When in its larval state, it looks like a tadpole and is sometimes called a *tadpole larva*. Like many sea creatures, a sea squirt larva looks very different from an adult sea squirt. The larva swims for a short time and then attaches itself to something on the sea floor, like a rock, transforming into its adult form. It usually stays in one place for the rest of its life.

Relationships
-------------

Tunicates are more closely related to craniates (hagfish, lampreys, jawed vertebrates) than to lancelets, echinoderms, hemichordates, or other invertebrates.

Discoveries
-----------

Chemical substances which might help fight diseases like cancer or various viruses have been found in some species. 

Scientists have also found out that some species can heal some damage done to them, over several generations. A similar process might be possible for humans.

Related pages
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* Salp: these are noticed in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. Their huge swarms may outnumber the krill.
**Habemus Papam** refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon when a new Pope has been chosen.

The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd.

The format for the announcement is:

*Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:*
*Habemus Papam!*
*Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum,*
*Dominum [First Name],*
*Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [ Last* name *],*
*Qui sibi nomen imposuit [* Papal name *].*
This, in English, means:

*I announce to you a great joy:*
*We have a Pope!*
*The most eminent and most reverend Lord,*
*the Lord [First Name],*
*Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [* Last name *],*
*Who takes to himself the name of [* Papal name *].*
In the Habemus Papam given by Jorge Cardinal Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was made after a greeting (*Dear Brothers and Sisters*) in several languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English).

Other websites
--------------

* Audio: Pericle Cardinal Felici announcing Karol Cardinal Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II Archived 2006-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
***Young Hercules*** is a spin-off from *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*. It was aired on FOX Kids Network from September 12, 1998 to May 12, 1999. It lasted only one season with 50 episodes, and starred Ryan Gosling, replacing Ian Bohen from the pilot movie as the title character. Ian Bohen was offered the part, but opted not to spend an entire year in New Zealand where the series would shoot principal photography.

Plot Summary
------------

The series producers, Sam Raimi
The show features the efforts of Ares, the god of war, played by Kevin Smith, who attempts often to destroy his younger half-brother to win over Zeus' good graces. Among his group is his nephew Strife (Joel Tobeck), who is the rather weaker member of the team. Strife's partner is Discord, goddess of retribution (Meighan Desmond), who acts more level-headed and power hungry than her counterpart on more than one occasion.

The storyline follows Hercules (Ryan Gosling) as he attends Cheiron's Academy to train in the arts of the warrior under the wise headmaster Chiron the Centaur (Nathaniel Lees). He makes friends with the future king of Corinth, the prince Jason (Chris Conrad) and a thieving former member of a bandit group Iolaus (Dean O'Gorman) who was sentenced to the training academy as an alternative to prison for his crimes. Hercules also meets the academy's first female cadet, Lilith (Jodie Rimmer). Other characters of interest include Kora, the Inn Keeper, who unknown to Hercules and his friends, is a devotee of Artemis, Goddess of the Hunt. As the series develops, Kora is revealed to have special powers which allow her to do Artemis' bidding. There are hints of romance between Hercules and Kora, although their friendship keeps it all innocent.

The overall plot of the show is to fill in any of the gaps that may exist between the version of *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys* and the episodes that transpire from his young adult life, although very loosely due to its continuity errors by neglecting the *Young Hercules* movie and the flashback episodes of the fourth season of *Hercules*.

Characters
----------

* Hercules (Ryan Gosling)
* **Iolaus** (Dean O'Gorman)
* Jason (Chris Conrad)
* **Lilith** (Jodie Rimmer)
* **Cheiron** (Nathaniel Lees)
* **Kora** (Angela Dotchin)
* Ares (Kevin Smith)
* **Strife** (Joel Tobeck)
* **Discord** (Meighan Desmond)
* Alcmene (Sharon Tyrell)
* **Cyane** (Katrina Browne)
* **Simula** (Alison Bruce)
* **Fidicus** (Ross Duncan)

Related pages
-------------

* Xena: Warrior Princess

Other websites
--------------

* *Young Hercules* on IMDb
Vanadium
**Vanadium** is chemical element 23 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **V**. It is a metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. It is gray-blue colored. It is mostly used in steel where it helps strengthen the steel metal. It is named after Vanadis, another name of Freyja.

Vanadium is often found in aquatic forms of life. The human body may need a little bit of vanadium, but scientists are not sure.

Vanadium can react with many other elements, and the chemical compounds it forms often have beautiful colors.

History
-------

Vanadium was found for the first time in 1801 in Mexico by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in an ore called "brown lead". He named it *panchromium* because of the beautiful colors in its chemical compounds. He was told by other people that it was chromium and so he stopped researching it.

In 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström found the element in iron ores. The German chemist Friedrich Wöhler said it was the same element that del Río found in 1801. The element was then named *vanadium*.

Occurrence
----------

The amount of vanadium in the Universe is 0.0001%, making the element almost as common as copper or zinc. Vanadium is detected by spectroscopy in light from the Sun, and sometimes in light from other stars.

Vanadium is the 22nd most common element in the Earth's crust. Metallic vanadium is rare in nature. Vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals. Most of the world's vanadium production comes from vanadium-bearing magnetite found in ultramafic gabbro rocks. Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and Eastern Russia. In 2013 these three countries mined more than 97% of the 79,000 tonnes of produced vanadium.

Vanadium is also in bauxite and in deposits of crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands.

Properties
----------

Vanadium is soft compared to other metals. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It can be pulled out into wires (ductile). Pure vanadium will form a layer of vanadium oxide corrosion very fast.

Uses
----

A lot of vanadium (85%) is used to make different types of steel. Steel made with vanadium is stronger. It is also mixed with titanium to make metal alloys that are used in jet engines and tooth implants.

Vanadium is also used to make batteries.

### In nature

Vanadium is used by several marine organisms. Some algae and bacteria (like *Azotobacter*) use it for nitrogen fixation.
**Venture capital** is a type of private equity capital.

Typically it is provided by outside investors to new businesses that promise to grow fast. Venture capital investments are usually high risk, but offer the potential for above-average returns. 

A **venture capitalist** (VC) is a person who makes such investments. A **venture capital fund** is a pooled investment vehicle (often a limited partnership) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans. 

Venture capital can also include managerial and technical expertise. Most venture capital comes from a group of rich investors, investment banks and other financial institutions that pool such investments or partnerships. This form of raising capital is popular among new companies, or ventures.

Venture Capital firms can go public after they have reached a certain stage of growth. Given that Venture Capital firms are financial investors in portfolo companies, they are expected to add value by consistent value addition.

Other websites
--------------

* Raghupathy, M. B.; Thillairajan, A. (2015-05-31). "Financial Value Creation: A Comparative Study of VC-Backed IPOs and Non-VC-Backed IPOs in India". *The Journal of Private Equity (Retired)*. **18** (3): 55–71. doi:10.3905/jpe.2015.18.3.055. ISSN 1096-5572.
* National Venture Capital Association
* Venture Capital Glossary Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Ricafe2 Archived 2007-10-05 at the Wayback Machine - A Research programme sponsored by the European Commission analysing venture capital.
* Venture Capital News & Blog:
A modern Cyclotron for radiation therapy
A **cyclotron** is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930. It accelerates charged particles by whirling them in a circle. The first cyclotrons were the size of a hand. Some modern circular accelerators use a circle as wide as a city.

Cyclotrons use perpendicular magnetic field to bend electrons and particles through into a semicircular path by an applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "D" electrodes(also called "dees") of the magnetic field region.

The accelerating electric field reverses just at the time the electrons finish their half circle, so that it accelerates them across the gap. With a higher speed, they move in a larger semicircle. After repeating this process several times, they come out the exit port at a high speed.

Cyclotron Frequency
-------------------

A moving charge in a cyclotron will move in a circular path under the influence of a constant magnetic field. If the time to complete one orbit is calculated:

{\displaystyle T={\frac {2\pi r}{v}}={\frac {2\pi mv}{qBv}}={\frac {2\pi m}{qB}}}.

It is found that the period is independent of the radius. Therefore if a square wave is applied at angular frequency qB/m, the charge will spiral outward, increasing in speed.

When a square wave of angular frequency ω=qB/m is applied between the two sides of the magnetic poles, the charge will be boosted again at just the right time to accelerate it across the gap. Thus the constant cyclotron frequency can continue to accelerate the charge (so long as it is not relativistic).
**John Burdon Sanderson Haldane** FRS (3 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), known as **Jack** (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British geneticist and evolutionary biologist who emigrated to India towards the end of his life. He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.

Jack Haldane was a communist, atheist and a writer of popular science books, and articles for the *Daily Worker*. His major professional work was his contribution of mathematical papers on the theory of evolution, which assisted the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Career
------

Between 1919 and 1922 he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford University, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932. During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics. Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled *Possible Worlds*.

He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career. Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.

Haldane's move to India, initially to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was influenced by a number of factors. Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez Crisis. He wrote: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." 

His interest in India was also because of his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good and that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams. At the ISI, he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him.
Retail business
A **business** is an organization where people work together. In a business, people work to make and sell products or services. Other people buy the products and services. The business owner is the person who hires people for work. A business can earn a profit for the products and services it offers. The word *business* comes from the word *busy*, and means doing things. It works on regular basis.

Originally, individual trades people were qualified, and they hired assistants. The invention of the joint-stock company meant a new era in business. By this means, some people put up the money as capital, and others used it to run the business. There is a law which says this kind of company is a "legal entity": it has a legal life separate from its owners or shareholders. In this way, a company can outlive the people who started it. This idea was invented in medieval times, but really flowered in the 19th century. It has spread around the world since then.

Most businesses are created for commerce. There are big and small businesses. For example, one person can open a small barber-shop. A big business, like Microsoft, employs thousands of people all over the world.

Some businesses need fixed locations. Examples are an office, store, or farm. For some businesses the worker goes to different locations. Examples are carpenters or electricians. They usually bring everything they need for work in their truck.

*Business* can also mean the work or current state of a business. A business owner might say: "I am doing a lot of business" or "My business is good" or "Business is bad".

The term can also be used in a more general way. As a noun, it can be used, for example, to speak about a broad area of activity.
**Rödermark** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography
---------

Rödermark is in the *Rhine Main area* 35 kilometres (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 29.99 square kilometres (11.58 square miles) large and it is 142 metres (466 feet) above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the age of tertiary, the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of the 2 former independent villages *Ober-Roden* and *Urberach*. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the *municipality of Rödermark*. On 23 August 1980 the town privileges were given to the municipality.

The city has 5 urban districts. These are *Ober-Roden*, *Urberach*, *Waldacker*, *Messenhausen* and *Buhlau*.

The ending *-roden* is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb *roden* means *cutting down trees to cultivate land*.

The neighbours of Rödermark are: 

* Dietzenbach (North)
* Rodgau (East)
* Eppertshausen and Messel (South)
* Dreieich (West)

Rödermark has 27,858 inhabitants (2008). 10.7% of the people living here are from foreign countries.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: *Hessisch*). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and mostly it is no longer the dialect they speak but a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History
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The first settlements were build in the 8th century. At that time their names were written down in documents.

Formerly the people in the Rödermark area were farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities
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* Italy Tramin, Italy
* Austria Saalfelden, Austria
* Hungary Bodajk, Hungary
See the main article: Engineering
Electrical systems.
**Electrical engineering** is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.

Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.

History
-------

Early universities taught philosophy and later science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new items. 

When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it. These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Electrical engineering***.

Other websites
--------------

* IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* IEEE Virtual Museum
* EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources  Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine

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* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

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The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was established in 1917 by T. M. Nair and P. Theagaraya Chetty as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs.

Elections Conducted and aftermath
---------------------------------

In 1920, it won the first direct elections in the presidency and formed the government. For the next seventeen years, it formed four out of the five ministries and was in power for thirteen years. It was the main political alternative to the nationalist Indian National Congress in Madras. After it lost to the Congress in the 1937 election, it never recovered. It came under the leadership of Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy and his Self-Respect Movement. In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into the social organisation Dravidar Kazhagam and withdrew it from electoral politics. A rebel faction that called itself the original Justice Party, survived to contest one final election, in 1952.

Ideology
--------

The Justice Party was isolated in contemporary Indian politics by its many controversial activities. It opposed Brahmins in civil service and politics, and this anti-Brahmin attitude shaped many of its ideas and policies. It opposed Annie Besant and her Home rule movement, because it believed home rule would benefit the Brahmins. The party also campaigned against the non-cooperation movement in the presidency. It was at odds with M. K. Gandhi, primarily due to his praise for Brahminism. Its mistrust of the Brahmin–dominated Congress led it to adopt a hostile stance toward the Indian independence movement. Although it professed to represent all non-Brahmins, the Justice Party eventually lost the support of Muslims and Untouchables, who accused it of serving the interests of only a few castes like Vellalars (Mudaliars, Pillais), Balija Naidus, Beri Chettis, Kapus and Kammas.

The Justice Party's power period is remembered for the introduction of caste-based reservations, and educational and religious reform. In opposition it is remembered for participating in the anti-Hindi agitations of 1937–40. The party was responsible for creating Andhra and Annamalai universities and for developing the area around present-day Theagaroya Nagar in Madras city.
**Joseph Carey Merrick** (5 August 1862 – 11 April 1890) was an Englishman. His face and body were deformed because of an illness. To earn food, he was shown at freak shows. He was called the **Elephant Man**. He then became famous after he went to live at the London Hospital. Some people who wrote about him wrongly thought he was called **John Merrick**.

Early life
----------

Merrick was born in Leicester, England in 5 August 1862. He started to become deformed when he was 3. He was also disabled after he hurt his hip. When he was 10, his mother died and his father and stepmother did not want him at home so he left home. When he was 17, he went to live in a workhouse.

Career
------

In 1884 Merrick wrote to a showman called Sam Torr. Merrick asked Torr to show him as a "freak" exhibition. Torr showed Merrick around the East Midlands, and then Merrick went to London. He stayed in a shop on Whitechapel Road. People would pay to look at him. A surgeon doctor, Frederick Treves, came to see Merrick and took photographs of him. Soon afterwards, Torr's freak shop was closed by the police and Merrick went to Belgium.

In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his manager and left Brussels alone. He found his way back to London. Frederick Treves took him to the London Hospital where Treves worked. Merrick was allowed to live there for the rest of his life. Rich and famous people of Victorian London came to visit him there.

Death
-----

Merrick died on 11 April 1890, aged 27. He died of either asphyxia (not being able to breathe properly) or a broken neck. He had tried to lie down to go to sleep, but his head was too heavy for him to do that. Today, nobody knows for sure what was wrong with Merrick. Scientists think that he either had an illness called neurofibromatosis type I, one called Proteus syndrome, or both of these illnesses. In 1980, movie director David Lynch made a movie about Merrick. It is called *The Elephant Man*.
A **web robot** (or **Internet bot**) is a piece of software that automatically does tasks on the Internet, usually to copy the behaviors of a human on the internet. Web robots are used to do simple tasks faster then a human could do. Web robots are mostly used for web crawling, where a robot downloads the content from a website and looks through the content. 

There have been attempts to restrict web robots from websites. Some websites have a robots.txt file to control what the web robots can or can not do. Any web robot that does not follow the rules can be prevented from accessing the website with the robots.txt file. However if there is no program to enforce the rules in the robots.txt file, then following the rules is a choice for the web robot. There are also web robots deemed as "good" such as search engine spiders, who crawl websites for use in search engines such as Google or Bing but there are also web robots deemed as "bad" such as web robots who attack political campaigns with the intent of causing harm to that political campaign.
Where the permutations are in superpermutation with three different symbols.
In combinatorial math, a **superpermutation** is a list of numbers that contains each different arrangement of symbols it is made up of inside of it. While superpermutations can simply be made up of every arrangement listed side by side, it can also be shorter. Sometimes, the arrangements may overlap. For example, when there are 2 different symbols, the superpermutation 1221 contains all possible arrangements, 12 and 21. The list 121 also contains both permutations, 12 at the beginning and 21 at the end.

As the number of symbols increases, the length of the superpermutation increases, too. The superpermutation with only 1 symbol is only 1 long (1), while the 2nd superpermutation is 3 long (121). The 3rd superpermutation is 9 long (123121321), and the 4th one is 33 long (123412314231243121342132413214321). The length of the superpermutation with 5 symbols is 153, and it looks like this:

123451234152341253412354123145231425314235142315423124531243512431
52431254312134521342513421534213542132451324153241352413254132145
3214352143251432154321

Six or more symbol superpermutations
------------------------------------

Right now, mathematicians do not know what the smallest superpermutation is when there are six or more symbols. However, over time the choices of what they could be have narrowed considerably from both above and below.

In September 2011, an unknown person on the internet forum 4chan showed people that there was definitely a smallest superpermutation for any superpermutation with more than 1 symbol. On the website, it was called "The Haruhi Problem", from a Japanese anime called *The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya.* It was phrased like this: what would be the shortest amount of episodes that you would need to watch in order to guarantee that you watched every episode of a show? In October 2018, mathematician Robin Houston tweeted about it.

On October 25, 2018, Robin Houston, Jay Pantone, and Vince Vatter made the unknown person's proof better and posted it to the mathematics community.

On October 20 2018, Greg Egan found smaller superpermutations for ones with six or more symbols than there had ever been. This shows that smallest superpermutation must be at most that size. 

As time goes on, people think that the smallest and largest possible lengths for these superpermutations will be narrowed down further. There is only one definite smallest superpermutation for each number of symbols.

Related pages
-------------

* Combination (mathematics)
* Graph theory
* Permutation
* Travelling salesman problem

Other websites
--------------

* The Minimal Superpermutation Problem - Nathaniel Johnston's blog
* Grime, James. "Superpermutations - Numberphile" (video). *YouTube*. Brady Haran. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
**Got7** (Korean: 갓세븐; romanized as *Gatsebeun*; stylized as **GOT7**) is a multi-national K-pop boy group formed in 2014. Got7 has seven members. The leader JB, Mark, Jackson, Jinyoung, Youngjae, BamBam and Yugyeom. They are a multinational group with members from South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, and the United States. Got7 released their debut EP, *Got It?*, on January 20, 2014. On October 22, 2014, they debuted in Japan with the release of their first Japanese single, "Around the World".

Debut
-----

Two members of GOT7 made their debut as "JJ Project" in 2012. On January 16, 2014, the two members joined the other five members and re-debuted as "GOT7". Their debut EP "Got It?" was released on January 20, 2014. Their Japanese single "AROUND THE WORLD" was released January 22, 2014. Their activities in Japan ended in 2020.

Members
-------

Mark is the oldest member of GOT7, but JB is the leader of this group. JB, Jinyoung, Youngjae, Yugyeom are all Korean. Mark is from the United States. Jackson is from Hong Kong and BamBam is Thai.

Additional information
----------------------

This idol group was formed by GOT7 Entertainment. GOT7 is a member of G7 Nation. All members were trainees of JYP Entertainment. Jinyoung is active as an actor. JB is in two units of GOT7 members. One unit is "JJ Project" with Jinyoung and the other is "Jus2" with Yugyeom. The music videos of "Just right", "Lullaby", and "Never Ever" have over 100 million views.

Award history
-------------

Since their debut in 2014, they received 56 awards and 148 nominations. In 2014, Got7 won Best New Artist Group at the Seoul Music Awards and received three nominations at the 29th Golden Disk Awards, winning the Newcomer Award and China Goodwill Star Award. In 2020, they got awards "WORLDWIDE FANS’ CHOICE" in MAMA (Mnet Asian Music Awards) and "year’s artists awards" in TMA (THE FACT MUSIC AWARDS).
**Ell & Nikki** (also known as **Eldar & Nigar**) were an Azerbaijani pop duo consisting of singers Eldar Gasimov and Nigar Jamal. 

On 14 May 2011 they won the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 for Azerbaijan with their entry "Running Scared". It was the country's first (and currently only) win at the contest.

Although Nigar Jamal represented Azerbaijan, she lives in Enfield, North London.

Band history
------------

### Eurovision win

Both Eldar and Nigar had separately entered the selection contest for Azerbaijan's Eurovision Song Contest entry. They both won and were made into a duo under the name Ell & Nikki. As the contest was taking place in a Western European country, the name change was made to prevent confusion of Jamal's first name being interpreted as a racial slur. 

Their entry, named "Running Scared", was written by Stefan Örn and Sandra Bjurman from Sweden and Iain Farquharson from the UK. The performance included four backing vocalists and singers, including Jessica Marberger and Vera Prada who had earlier in the year attempted to represent Sweden as part of Shirley's Angels.

### After Eurovision

Following their win, Eldar was one of the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. Both of them handed the trophy to 2012's winner Loreen. Eldar was also a judge on the Azerbaijani version of *The Voice*.

In 2014, Nigar was a judge on the Azerbaijani version of *The X Factor*. She lives in the United Kingdom.