recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
*The Congress of Vienna* by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819.
The **Congress of Vienna** was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe. 
It was held in Vienna from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. The chairman was the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. 

Its purpose was to decide about the political situation in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. 
To be precise there was never *one* "Congress of Vienna". Instead, there were discussions in informal sessions among the Great Powers. 

The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814.

The four victorious powers (the Concert of Europe) hoped to exclude the French from participation in the negotiations, but Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord managed to get into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations.

 Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord.

Other websites
--------------

* French text of the act of the Congress of Vienna Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Animated map of Europe at the time of the Congress of Vienna
**Ynyshir** is a village in Rhondda, Wales which neighbours Porth. Its name means "Long Meadow" or "Long Island".

History
-------

Before the 18th century only a few farms were found in Ynyshir. In 1845 the first deep coal mine was made in the village, it was the first coal mine to be opened in the Rhondda Fach valley. Ynyshir was part of the British coal empire.

Ynyshir village began along the west side of the Rhondda Fach river on the land owned by Ynyshir farm, later followed by the building of houses east of the river on land owned by Maendy and Penrhiw farms. By 1900 much of the village which you can see today was in place.

In 1841 the Taff Vale Railway reached the next village, Dinas and with the train this meant the owners of the coal mines could send their coal across South Wales.

Important Buildings
-------------------

Ynyshir was home to several chapels/churches, namely Ainon Chapel (Welsh Baptist), Bethany Chapel (English Baptist), Moriah Chapel (Calvinistic Methodist), St Anne's (Church in Wales), Saron Chapel (Welsh Independent), Ynyshir Welsh Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Bethel Chapel (Welsh Baptist), Penuel Chapel (English Independent), Tabernacle Chapel (Congregational Methodist) and Ynyshir English Wesleyan Methodist Chapel.

Education
---------

In 1882, the first boys school was made. Then, a girls and infants school was made in 1903. In 2009 the new modern £5.5 million Ynyshir Community Primary School located on Llanwonno Road was opened; this was to replace the previous Ynyshir Junior School and later in 2010 also replaced the old Ynyshir Infants School off Gynor Place. The first head teacher of the school was Miss Morgan and the present head teacher is Miss Phillips.

Transport
---------

Ynyshir has bus links. The nearest city is Cardiff. Ynyshir has no train stations. The closest train station is Porth. Ynyshir's main A road is the A4223 that was built in 2005.
**Jean-Yves Stephane Marcel Raimbaud** (February 27, 1958 – June 28, 1998) was a French animator and screenwriter. He is known for creating the animated series, "*Oggy and the Cockroaches",* which officially debuted on September 6, 1998, on the television channel France 3. Raimbaud died in June 1998.

Early life
----------

Raimbaud was born on the 27th February in 1958, in Évreux, France. At the age of 14, he abandoned his studies in favor of training as a painter. He made his debut in drawing, although initially, he mainly drew billboards.

Career
------

In 1975, he joined a small animation studio called DIC Entertainment, founded by Jean Chalopin. This was where he learned how to make cartoons. In the studio, he met the directors Bruno Bianchi (*Inspector Gadget*) and Bernard Deyriès (*The Mysterious Cities of Gold*).

In 1986, Raimbaud created his own studio, Jingle, with Christian Masson ( an advertiser and producer). 

It was not until 1988 that Jingle itself made a series: *Manu*, created by cartoonist Frank Margerin. 104 episodes were shown on La Cinq, starting in March 1990. In 1992, the bankruptcy of La Cinq caused the closure of many companies, and in 1993, Jingle became bankrupt.

### Gaumont Multimedia

By then, Raimbaud was well known, and Gaumont Film Company hired him to revive the films of Asterix and Lucky Luke that were last produced in the 1970s. Raimbaud was promoted to artistic director of the new studio, Gaumont Multimedia. Raimbaud began working on *Highlander: The Series* for M6. During this time, he also created the series "*The Little Witches*." The series was produced by Millésime Productions for TF1, and it was sold cheaply in Europe. Raimbaud created the series "*Home to Rent*" in the style of 1950s cartoons. The title of the series became "*Space Goofs*" during its broadcast in France in September 1997. The series became one of the most popular programs introduced. It was also exported beyond France.

Illness and death
-----------------

Raimbaud had been diagnosed with lung cancer in the early 1990s according to a doctor, and he died of it on June 28, 1998, in Paris, France.

Creations' success
------------------

*Space Goofs* was popular with children and adults. It received a second season in the 2000s, a single of "Monster Men" (the theme song, by Iggy Pop), a few DVD releases, a video game adaptation co-produced by Ubisoft Entertainment, and an unfinished film adaptation that only had one preview available online. 

However, *Oggy and the Cockroaches* became his longest-running franchise, due to it being under Xilam's ownership – receiving 7 seasons, 2 spinoffs (*Oggy Oggy* and *Oggy and the Cockroaches Next Generation*), and a film adaptation. The series was also notably popular in certain countries including India. Both of these television series were officially available within their official YouTube channels.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***liquidation***.

* Jean-Yves Raimbaud on IMDb
**Joshua** son of Nun is a person in the Bible. Joshua is used as a general against Amalek after Amalek attacks the Israelites. When Moses goes up to Biblical Mount Sinai to get the Torah from God, Joshua stays at the bottom of the mountain waiting for Moses to come back. He doesn't realise that the people are worshiping a Golden Calf as an idol until after Moses tells him. 

When two people named Eldad and Medad become prophets, Joshua is annoyed because he thinks only Moses should be a prophet though Moses tells Joshua that if it were up to him every Israelite would be a prophet. 

Joshua, it turns out was once named Hosea but then Moses sends him as one of Twelve spies to Canaan after first renaming him Joshua. Ten of the spies try to convince the Israelites that it would be better to go back to being slaves in Egypt than enter the Promised Land because if they tried to conquer Canaan they'd get killed. Joshua and Caleb said that if they came to the Promised Land, God would make sure they would survive against their enemies just like He had saved them from Egypt. 

When Moses dies, he, at the command of God, appoints Joshua leader of the Israelites. Joshua mourns Moses for many months after his death but then God commands Joshua to conquer Canaan. Joshua enters the Promised Land as a general kills 39 kings and manages to take over most of the country. He then divides the land among the Twelve Tribes of Israel and then dies. There is a book in the Bible named after him called the Book of Joshua.
"Dollywood" redirects here. For the Bangladeshi movie industry, see Dhallywood.
**Dolly Rebecca Parton** (born January 19, 1946) is an American, Grammy Award-winning country music singer/songwriter, composer, author, creator of The Mercy and DJ show and actress. She has become one of the most successful female country artists in history, with 25 number-one singles (a record for a female country artist) and 41 top-10 country albums (a record for any country artist). She is known for her top-three single "Here You Come Again" and the number-one hits "9 to 5" and "Islands in the Stream" (a duet with singer Kenny Rogers).

Her 1967 song "Dumb Blonde" was heard by country singer Porter Wagoner, and he asked Parton to be a part of his television show. Her single "Jolene" reached number one in 1974, becoming a solo artist, though still performed and recorded with Wagoner.

In the fifty-four years since her debut, Parton has become one of the most famous country artists in the world.

In December 2022, Parton announced that she will create the Nickelodeon show The Mercy and DJ show, which the show premiered on March 19, 2023.

Parton is the godmother of singer and actress Miley Cyrus.

Discography
-----------

### Singles

* "I Will Always Love You" (1974)
* "Tennessee Homesick Blues" (1984)
* "Yellow Roses" (1989)
* "Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That" (1998)

As featured artist
* "Baby, It's Cold Outside" (Rod Stewart duet with Dolly Parton) (2004)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dolly Parton***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Dolly Parton***

* Dolly Parton Music (official music site) Archived 2015-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Dolly Parton on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata

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An **ecological niche** is the part of the environment into which a species fits, and to which it is adapted. A shorthand definition of **niche** in biology is how an organism makes a living in a place.

However, the term has been used in different ways. It is not only a place but a way of life. For example, grazers, insectivores, scavengers and predators can all live their different lifestyles in the same forest. A niche can be occupied by different species in different places even though they 'earn their living' in roughly the same way. Thus the 'bird of prey eating small mammals' niche would in grasslands include the kestrel, but in an oak wood it would be filled by the tawny owl.

The idea of a niche in natural history is ancient: many writers noticed that animals and plants live in places where they are well adapted to live. The word *niche* was first used in biology by naturalist Roswell Johnson, but in 1917 Joseph Grinnell was the first to use it in a research program. Later, he described the niches of a variety of species. Grinnell was the first to offer the "exclusion principle" in which only one species could occupy a particular niche at any one time.

Introduced species, such as the common brushtail possum, are often free from many of their usual parasites
Scientists who study the interactions between living things, such as animals and their environment are called ecologists, and their branch of science is called ecology. A niche is a term which describes a position or opportunity into which some organism fits well. Thus, an ecological niche is a place in nature that is filled by an animal or plant because it is well suited to do so.

Invasions
---------

When a niche is left open, for example by extinction, other organisms may fill that position.

Also, invasive species of plants and animals in a new land often take over all or part of the niches of native organisms. Sometimes the loss results in the extinction of the natives.

Niche differentiation
---------------------

In ecology, **niche differentiation** (also known as **niche segregation**, **niche separation** and **niche partitioning**) is how competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist.

Related pages
-------------

* Habitat
The **Battle of Nalapani** was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816. The forces of the British East India Company fought against Nepal, then ruled by the House of Gorkha. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near Dehradun. The British besieged the fort between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain Balbhadra Kunwar. Major-General Rollo Gillespie, who had previously fought in the Battle of Java, was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month.

First two costly attempts to seize the fort by direct attack were unsuccessful. The British then tried to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's water supply. After three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra refused to surrender. He led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. Considering the time, effort, and resources spent to capture the small fort, it was a pyrrhic victory for the British. A number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way; but more than any other battle of the war, the fighting around Nalapani established the Gurkhas' reputation as warriors. As a result, they were later recruited by the British to serve in their army.
Dutch filmmaker **Theo van Gogh** was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in Amsterdam East, Netherlands in broad daylight. The director's last words, according to eyewitnesses, were "Mercy mercy! We can talk about this!"

Attack
------

The murderer Mohammed Bouyeri an Islamic extremist killed van Gogh. The reason for murdering Gogh was to oppose the controversial film which criticised Islam Submission. Bouyeri shot and stabbed van Gogh, then cut his throat. Finally the killer attached a 5 page letter to van Gogh's chest with a knife. Bouyeri was chased by Dutch police after shooting a bullet into Bouyeri's leg. Bouyeri was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Bouyeri stated, he doesn't have any regret for killing van Gogh. He termed the assassination as Jihad.

Funeral
-------

Van Gogh was buried in Amsterdam on 9 November, 2004. Van Gogh's son claimed that many assassination attempts were made but van Gogh refused to take police protection.

Hirsi's hiding
--------------

Sooner after van Gogh's assassination, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Geert Wilders went into hiding. This is because Bouyeri made death threats against Hirsi as the writer of the film.

Memorial (The Scream)
---------------------

**The Scream** a monument in memory of Gogh
On 18 March 2007, a sculpture honoring van Gogh, entitled *De Schreeuw* ("The Scream"), was unveiled in Amsterdam. It is located in the Oosterpark, a short distance from where van Gogh was murdered.

Other websites
--------------

* Theo van Gogh memorial defaced with black marker Archived 2008-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Full text of speech by Hans Teeuwen
Chris Hipkins is the incumbent prime minister since 25 January 2023
The **prime minister of New Zealand** is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 2023, the prime minister has been Chris Hipkins of the Labour Party. The prime minister-designate is Christopher Luxon after his party won the 2023 New Zealand general election

Responsibilities and powers
---------------------------

The power of the presidency has grown substantially since the office's establishment in 1789. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly strong role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, with a notable expansion during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In contemporary times, the president is also looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power.

The prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.

The prime minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament

List of New Zealand prime ministers
-----------------------------------

See the main article: List of prime ministers of New Zealand

Living former prime ministers
-----------------------------

As of October 2023, there are seven living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.

* Living former prime ministers of New Zealand
* Sir Geoffrey Palmerserved 1989–90born 1942 (age 81)Sir Geoffrey Palmer  
served 1989–90  
born 1942 (age 81)
* Jim Bolgerserved 1990–97born 1935 (age 88)Jim Bolger  
served 1990–97  
born 1935 (age 88)
* Dame Jenny Shipleyserved 1997–99born 1952 (age 71)Dame Jenny Shipley  
served 1997–99  
born 1952 (age 71)
* Helen Clarkserved 1999–2008born 1950 (age 73)Helen Clark  
served 1999–2008  
born 1950 (age 73)
* Sir John Keyserved 2008–2016born 1961 (age 62)Sir John Key  
served 2008–2016  
born 1961 (age 62)
* Bill Englishserved 2016–2017born 1961 (age 61)Bill English  
served 2016–2017  
born 1961 (age 61)
* Jacinda Ardernserved 2017–2023born 1980 (age 43)Jacinda Ardern  
served 2017–2023  
born 1980 (age 43)

The most recent prime minister to die was Mike Moore (served 1990), on 2 February 2020, aged 71.

Other websites
--------------

* New Zealand Prime Minister's official website Archived 2002-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* List of New Zealand Prime Ministers Archived 2007-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
**Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain** (*María Teresa Antonia Rafaela*; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an *Infanta of Spain* by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She died during childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants. She used the names "*Marie Thérèse*" (*see right*)

Life
----

She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as *María Teresa*. She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745. The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister. 

On 19 July 1746, *Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle* (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles. The child died in 1748. Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris.

Children
--------

1. Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died in infancy and was known simply as "*Madame Royale*".

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **11 June 1726 – 23 February 1745** *Her Royal Highness* The Infanta *Doña María Teresa* Antonia Rafaela of Spain.
* **23 February 1745 – 22 July 1746** *Her Royal Highness* the Dauphine of France (*Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine"*.)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain at Wikimedia Commons
**Square foot gardening** is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into *beds*, separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' × 4' (120 cm × 120 cm), therefore covering an area of 16 sq ft (1.4 m²). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot (30 cm per side, 0.09 m²). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted.

Benefits of square foot gardening
---------------------------------

* Less work. In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil. In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose. Weeding takes much less time.
* Water savings. The loose ground holds the water better. This type of garden needs water less often than other methods. Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots. Less water is wasted.
* Very little weeding. The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
* Pesticides or herbicides are not needed. Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space. Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.

Other websites
--------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Square foot gardening***

* Website of the *Square Foot Gardening Foundation*, founded to promote the method.
* Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.
* Square Foot Garden Planting Chart, planting guide for beginners
**Waldemar Graciano** (4 February 1938 in São Paulo – 6 December 2010 in Innsbruck), called Jacaré (Portuguese crocodile), was a Brazilian-Austrian football player and coach. He played as a striker. After playing for several teams in Brazil, he moved to Austria Wien in April 1962. He became the first Brazilian and the first dark-skinned player in Austrian professional football.

He played for EC XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) and Ituano FC in Brazil. A sports journalist, Alice Kaufmann, brought the 24-year-old to Austria for a transfer fee of 250,000 Schillings. Josef Argauer, then section head of Wiener Austria, was not satisfied with the rather slender player. The newcomer had not been able to be observed in advance and a giant was expected.

His first appearance in a friendly against Újpest Budapest was seen by 52,000 people in the the Prater Stadium. During his time in Vienna he was champion and runner-up once and won the cup twice with Austria.

Graciano became an Austrian citizen after his active career. He married a woman from Tyrol and moved to Innsbruck, where he ran a record business. In 1999 he suffered a stroke.

He died in December 2010 at the age of 72.
**John Nash** (18 January 1752 – 13 May 1835) was an English architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London. He was the most important architect of the period 1800 to 1835

Life
----

Nash was born in Lambeth. He studied architecture as an apprentice to Sir Robert Taylor for nine years.

From 1810, Nash would take very few private commissions. He was a dedicated Whig and was a friend of Charles James Fox, who was Foreign Secretary in 1806. Perhaps through Fox, Nash came to the attention of the Prince Regent (later King George IV). For the rest of his career he would largely work for the Prince. His first major commissions in 1811 from the Prince was Regent Street and the development of an area then known as Marylebone Park.

With the Regent's backing Nash created a master plan for the area, put into action from 1818 onwards, which stretched from St James’s northwards and included Regent Street, Regent's Park and its neighbouring streets, terraces and crescents of elegant town houses and villas. Nash did not complete all the detailed designs himself; in some instances, completion was left in the hands of other architects. Nash was employed by the Prince to develop his Ocean Pavilion Palace in Brighton, originally designed by Henry Holland. By 1822 Nash had finished his work on the Ocean Pavilion, which was now transformed into the Royal Pavilion.

His works
---------

Examples of his work include:

### London

* Buckingham Palace: the state rooms and western front
* Regent Street
* Regent's Park
* Park Square
* Park Crescent
* Regent's Canal
* Carlton House Terrace, London
* St James Park
* Marble Arch
* Haymarket Theatre
* Clarence House
* Cumberland Terrace
* Trafalgar Square (first version)
* The Royal Mews

### England & Wales

* Cardigan Gaol
* The Brighton Royal Pavilion
* Luscombe Castle
* Sandridge Park
* Guildhall, Newport, Isle of Wight
* Castle House, later extended to form Old College Aberystwyth University
* Hereford Gaol
* Whitson Court, near Newport
* Sandridge Park
* Caerhays Castle, Cornwall
* Ravensworth Castle

John Pattisons house. Newport iow

### Ireland

* Ballindoon House
* Killymoon Castle, near Cookstown, County Tyrone
* Shanbally Castle, near Clogheen, South Tipperary
* Rockingham House, Boyle, County Roscommon
* Lough Cutra Castle, County Galway
**Stone Temple Pilots** (often called **STP**) is an American rock band that played in the 1990s and early 2000s. They broke up in 2003 but reformed in 2008. The band has Scott Weiland (vocals), brothers Robert (bass guitar, vocals) and Dean DeLeo (guitar), and Eric Kretz (drums, percussion).  The band's five albums have sold more than 17.5 million in the United States alone and more than 30 million albums worldwide. The band had fifteen top ten singles, or songs sold on their own, on the Billboard rock charts, including six #1's, and one #1 album on the pop charts (1994's *Purple*). In 1994, the band won a Grammy for "Best Hard Rock Performance" for their song "Plush". Stone Temple Pilots were also ranked at #40 by VH1 on the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list. 

The band released the greatest-hits album  *Thank You* in 2003. The band then fell apart. Since the band's end, Weiland moved on to become the frontman of Velvet Revolver with former members of Guns N' Roses. The DeLeo brothers started the band Army of Anyone with Richard Patrick from the band Filter. Army of Anyone released its first album in 2006, which was also called *Army of Anyone*. Kretz started Bomb Shelter Studios in Los Angeles. 

In 2008, Stone Temple Pilots reformed. They went on a concert tour that began on May 1 and ended on October 30. In a short time, they will return to the studio to record a seventh album.

History
-------

Scott Weiland and Robert DeLeo met during a concert. They formed a band with two of Scott's friends from Edison High School, Corey Hicock (guitar) and David Allen (drums). They then named their band *Mighty Joe Young* and recorded a demo tape that was completed around 1990. During the recording, they got a call from their lawyer who told them that there was a blues man who had already claimed the name Mighty Joe Young. They changed the band's name to Shirley Temple's Pussy and performed under this name for a short time, but then changed the name again due to record label pressure. They decided to use the initials STP and soon used the name Stone Temple Pilots in 1992.

Albums
------

* *Core* (1992)
* *Purple* (1994)
* *Tiny Music... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop* (1996)
* *No. 4* (1999)
* *Shangri-La Dee Da* (2001)
* *Stone Temple Pilots* (2010)

Awards
------


| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | "Plush" | MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist | Won |
| 1994 | — | American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist | Won |
| 1994 | "Plush" | Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance | Won |
| 1997 | "Trippin' on a Hole in a Paper Heart" | Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance | Nominated |
| 2001 | "Down" | Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance | Nominated |
| 2010 | "Between the Lines" | Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance | Nominated |
See the main article: Public holidays in Turkmenistan
**Melon Day** is a holiday in Turkmenistan that has happened since 1994, on the second Sunday every August. It celebrates the Turkmenbashi melon (named after the country's first president's preferred name), a crossbreed muskmelon. Its smell, taste and big size are praised. In the capital of Ashgabat, there are a big display of all versions of the fruit and dance and music events.

In 2004, Saparmurat Niyazov told farmers "Almighty God has turned Turkmen soil into a fertile source of an abundance of the tastiest fruits. Among them are Turkmen melons, which are the result of farmers' hard work and which have a unique taste reminiscent of the fruit of paradise." Newspapers say he has said "The Turkmen melon is the source of our pride. Its taste has no equals in the world, the smell makes your head spin."

Melon Day is one of the 24 public holidays in Turkmenistan. Normal titles for these include Drop of Water is a Grain of Gold Festival, Festival of the Poetry of Magtymguli, Good Neighborliness Day, Racing Horse Day, and Carpet Day.

Related pages
-------------

* Public holidays in Turkmenistan

Other websites
--------------

* Niyazov's address on the occasion of the Turkmen Melon Day[*permanent dead link*]
* Turkmen leader inspires devotion to melon BBC, August 11, 2003.
* Turkmenistan celebrates 'Melon Day' UPI, August 11, 2002.
* Turkmenistan celebrates Melon Day Al Jazeera, August 23, 2005.
Diaghilev
Diaghilev's collaborators, and his influence on western dance.
**Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev** (also known as **Serge**), (Russia, 31 March 1872 – 19 August 1929) was a Russian art critic, patron and ballet impresario. He formed a ballet company called *Les Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev*. It has been called the greatest ballet company of all time.

"Its success was so extraordinary, its ballets so revolutionary, and its artists so electrifying that its appearance in Paris before the First World War sparked an international ballet boom".p47
For twenty years, between 1909 and 1929, they were the most famous ballet company in the world. Many of their ideas influenced art and music as well as dance. Diaghilev got some of the world's greatest painters to design sets for his productions, and some great composers, including Igor Stravinsky, to compose music for the ballets.

His dancers included the legendary Nijinsky and the Imperial prima ballerina Karsavina; also Pavlova, Danilova and Spessivtseva. His choreographers included Fokine, Nijinska, Massine and Balanchine; his composers included Stravinsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Prokofiev, Ravel and Debussy; his set designers included Picasso, Cezanne, Matisse, Utrillo, Bakst and Braque; Cocteau worked as an artist and wrote scenarios. The ballets created and the performances changed the course of ballet history.

Diaghilev's gift lay in spotting talent, and bringing great artists to work together. He also persuaded patrons to support the *Ballets Russes*. The production costs were enormous, and were not always covered by the ticket prices. The repertoire (list) of new ballets and new music grew, and the productions were not always successful. Diaghilev's company folded soon after his death, though many of the group worked together in new companies.

Diaghilev was homosexual. He died of diabetes.
**Saint David's Day** is the feast (celebration) day of Saint David. He is the patron saint of Wales. His feast day falls on the 1st of March each year. The day is celebrated by the people of Wales and people of Welsh background throughout the world. The first day of March was chosen in memory of the death of Saint David. It is believed that he died on that day in 589. The date was declared a national day of celebration within Wales in the 18th century.

Everyone in the National Assembly for Wales voted to make St. David's Day a public holiday in 2000. A poll conducted for Saint David's Day in 2006 found that 87% of people in Wales wanted it to be a bank holiday, with 65% prepared to sacrifice a different bank holiday to ensure this. A petition in 2007 to make St. David's Day a bank holiday was rejected by the office of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.

Parades are held in Wales on St. David's Day. The largest parade is held in Cardiff. It is formally attended by either the British Monarch or the Prince of Wales. Parades are a mixture of folklore and military parade. On 1 March 2010, the seventh National St. David's Day Parade took place in Cardiff city centre. Celebrations included concerts, a parade and a food festival featuring all Welsh produce.
**Great Royal Wife** is the title that was used by the main wife of the pharaoh in Ancient Egypt.

A painting of Nefertari, Great royal wife of Ramses II

Description
-----------

In Egypt, most men were married only to one wife, but the pharaohs had more wives and women who lived with their main wife. This happened so pharaohs could marry the daughters of their friends of neighboring countries, which was common for ancient kings.

The Vulture crown which was usually worn by Great royal wives.  The mother of the future king was not always the main wife, but after a pharaoh became king, his mother could be given the title of Great Royal Wife and other titles too. Some examples of this are Iset, who was the mother of Thutmose III, Tiaa, who was the mother of Thutmose IV, and Mutemwia, who was the mother of Amenhotep III.

Meretseger, who was married to Senusret III, might have been the first queen to have this title. However, she is only known from the New Kingdom, so it's possible that this title is not from that time. Maybe Nubkhaes from the Second Intermediate Period was the first person to have this title.
Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god Marduk or Shamash. Below them is written Hammurabi's code of laws.
**Hammurabi** (Akkadian from Amorite *ˤAmmurāpi*, meaning "the kinsman is a healer," from *ˤAmmu*, meaning "paternal kinsman", and *Rāpi*, meaning "healer"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained.

Hammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history in his code it states if a big black man touches a little whit girl that 69 big men are to jump him.

History
-------

Map showing the land owned by Babylon when Hammurabi became king c. 1792 BC (red), and when he died c. 1750 BC (orange)
Hammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.

Hammurabi did not fight any important wars in the early part of his reign. He instead improved the buildings of Babylon. He built taller city walls to make the city more difficult to attack, and expanded the temples. In around 1771 BC, the kingdom of Elam attacked Mesopotamia from the east. Elam invaded Eshnunna, a city-state to the north-east of Babylon, and destroyed its cities. It also tried to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, a city in southern Mesopotamia. However, Hammurabi instead made an alliance with Larsa against Elam. Hammurabi defeated Elam, but felt that Larsa had not given him enough help. He therefore attacked Larsa. Babylon had entirely conquered southern Mesopotamia by c. 1763 BC.

Hammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area. Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son Samsu-iluna became king.

Other websites
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 Media related to Hammurabi at Wikimedia Commons

  


|
|  |
| Preceded bySin-muballit |  **Kings of Babylon** | Succeeded bySamsu-Iluna |
A picture from the movie. The main characters, Emo (left) and Proog, (right) are shown here.
***Elephants Dream*** is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name *Orange*, then later changed to *Machina* then finally to *Elephants Dream* since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.

Overview
--------

The movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, *Elephants Dream* does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine." Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.
Bassam Kurdali, Director of Elephants Dream, explained the plot of the movie by saying:

> 
> "The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others. Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to "show" to Emo. When Emo does not accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him. It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story does not say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others. There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we are not very "tight" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie. In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the "open movie" idea." 
> 
> 
> 

Ton Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits. The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006.

Other websites
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* The Elephants Dream website
Red dwarf VB10 compared to Jupiter
A **red dwarf** is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars.

Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. (We cannot see them if they are in other distant galaxies.) However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word *proxima* means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.

Life and death
--------------

Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage, because the universe is only 14 billion years old..

Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.

Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.
A **pound** (usually abbreviated as **lb**, plural **lbs**) is a unit used to measure the mass of something. It is used in the imperial system and the United States customary system. It is related to the Pound (force). There are a number of different definitions. The most commonly used definition today is the international avoirdupois pound. This is equal to 0.45359237 kilograms, and is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces.

The abbreviation **lb** is for the Latin word *libra*, meaning *weight.*

Avoirdupois pound
-----------------

The avoirdupois pound (abbreviation **lb.**, plural **lbs.**) is the most common unit. This type is used for all purposes except the uses of the troy pound. Most people from the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Liberia and Burma use this as their standard measure of their personal mass.

| Units | Grains | Drachms | Ounces | Pounds | Stones | Quarters | Short Hundredweights (Centals) | Long Hundredweights | Short Tons | Long Tons | Metric Value |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Avoirdupois pound | 7,000 | 256 | 16 | 1 | ​1⁄14 | ​1⁄28 | ​1⁄100 | ​1⁄112 | ​1⁄2,000 | ​1⁄2,240 | 453.59237 Grammes |

Troy pound
----------

The troy pound (abbreviation **t lb.**, plural **t lbs.**) is generally not used anymore. It was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers. A troy pound contains 12 troy ounces. The troy ounce is still used to measure the mass of precious metals and gems.

| Units | Grains | Pennyweights | Ounces | Pounds | Metric Values |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Troy Pound | 5,760 | 240 | 12 | 1 | 373.2417216 Grammes |

Metric pound
------------

In some European countries, a metric pound is an informal term for half a kilogram (500 grams). In the Netherlands, however, the metric pound (Dutch: *pond*) is equal to 480 grams. A Dutch 'ons' is equal to 100 grams, and it is often said that 5 ons is 1 pond.

Comparison
----------

| Units | Avoirdupois pounds | Troy pounds | Metric value |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Avoirdupois pound | 1 | 1​155⁄875 | 453.59237 Grammes |
| Troy pound | ​720⁄875 | 1 | 373.2417216 Grammes |
**Michael René Grabner** (born October 5, 1987 in Villach, Austria) is an Austrian former professional ice hockey player who is with the New York Islanders, a team in the National Hockey League (NHL). Grabner plays right wing for the Islanders, a team he first joined in 2010 after being with the Vancouver Canucks, who selected him in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. Before that, Grabner played for EC VSV, a team from Austria who play in the Austrian Hockey League, and the Manitoba Moose, who play in the American Hockey League. As well as those teams, Grabner played for the Spokane Chiefs, a junior team with the Western Hockey League. He is a fast skater who has a quick shot. His first game with the Canucks was on October 14, 2009, and scored his first goal with them on October 21. He was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with Steve Bernier and a first round draft pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, on June 25, 2010 for Keith Ballard and Victor Oreskovich. When the Panthers tried to send Grabner to their AHL team, the Islanders claimed his rights.

Other websites
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* Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Michael Grabner***.

| Awards and achievements |
| --- |
|
| Preceded byLuc Bourdon |  **Vancouver Canucks first round draft pick**2006 | Succeeded byPatrick White |
Next to this place usually is the big wheel during the Braderie. Between the two buildings in the background usually are the stalls.
In front of the red house in the left always is the stage.
The **Braderie** (German: *Bieler Braderie*, French: *Braderie biennoise*) is a festival celebrated every year in Biel, Switzerland at the end of June. In 2013, the festival will start on 28 June and end on 30 June.

Location
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The main part of the festival takes place between the train station Biel and the Nidaugasse. There are over 100 stalls every year, which sell different things. The shops in Biel usually do their sales in this week, because many people are in the streets during the festival. A stage is set up in the front of the Apollo Cinema. Bands and singers present their music on this stage. The Braderie is known for a lot of famous Swiss stars, for example, Stress, DJ Antoine and Pegasus.

History
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The Braderie began in 1936. Since 1930 and the big economic crisis, the people of Biel were searching for a way to improve the economy of Biel. The festival was started by Miggi Tièche and Carlo Schneeberger. The first Braderie was a big success. Originally known simply as a solution for the crisis, the Braderie began to be a part of Biel's calendar. There were three Braderies between 1937 and 1939. During World War II, they had to stop the Braderie. The break ended only in 1947, and then the Braderie started again, and it was known as "Bieler Sommerfest" (Biel Summer Celebration). Because of the long history from the Braderie, it is common today for most of the stores in Biel to make their sales during the Braderie.

Other websites
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* Official website Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
* General information (in French)
**Stewie Griffin** is a character in the television comedy *Family Guy*.

Overview
--------

A person dressed in Stewie's red overalls and wearing a large Stewie head.
He is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings, Meg and Chris. They are an American family, although Stewie is the only one in his family with a British accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin. Seth said in an interview that Stewie's voice was inspired by that of Rex Harrison's voice.

Stewie is known for his evil scheme-plotting. During the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Stewie often planned on killing Lois, however, this has since stopped. Stewie built his own time machine that is stored in his room. In the time machine, he has gone to places such as Leonardo da Vinci's house, Poland during the beginnig of World War 2, and even traveled back to the 1st of January 1999 (the first ever episode of Family Guy).

Stewie is often with his stuffed teddy bear called Rupert. 

With Stewie being a baby, only a few main characters can actually understand him. The characters that can understand him include: Brian Griffin and Chris Griffin. There is much debate over which characters in *Family Guy* can understand Stewie. In an interview, the shows creator Seth MacFarlane said that everyone can understand him, but they ignore him or just think to themselves "oh how cute" when he talks. 

However, at the 2011 Comic-Con panel, he would say that Brian always hears Stewie, and more recently so does Chris, but the writers usually try to have Peter, Lois, and Meg not hear him. 

Once Stewie leaves the house, the question of who can hear him depends on the story. MacFarlane also states that these rules can be broken for the sake of comedy, so this usually changes from one episode to another.