recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Fellowship of the Royal Society** (**FRS**, **ForMemRS** and **HonFRS**) is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a 'substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science.

Isaac Newton was one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society, elected in 1672

Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honor. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Charles Darwin (1839), Michael Faraday (1824), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Albert Einstein (1921), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951) and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018, there are approximately 1689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of which over 60 are Nobel Laureates.

Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by *The Guardian* newspaper as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar" with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year.
A felsic volcanic rock fragment, as seen in a petrographic microscope. Scale box is in millimeters
Close-up of granite from Yosemite National Park
A specimen of Rhyolite
The word "**felsic**" is a term used in geology to refer to silicate minerals, magma, and igneous rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. 

They are usually light in colour and have specific gravities less than 3. The most common felsic rock is granite, but others include quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, and the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspars. In terms of chemistry, felsic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the mafic rocks.

Classification of felsic rocks
------------------------------

In order for a rock to be classified as felsic, it generally needs to contain more than 75% felsic minerals; namely quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase. Rocks with greater than 90% felsic minerals can also be called *leucocratic*, meaning 'light-coloured'.

The rock texture thus determines the basic name of a felsic rock. 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Rock Texture** | **Name of Felsic Rock** |
| Pegmatitic | Granite pegmatite |
| Coarse-grained (phaneritic) | Granite |
| Coarse-grained and porphyritic | Porphyritic granite |
| Fine-grained (aphanitic) | Rhyolite |
| Fine-grained and porphyritic | Porphyritic rhyolite |
| Pyroclastic | Rhyolitic tuff or breccia |
| Vesicular | Pumice |
| Amygdaloidal | None |
| Vitreous | Obsidian or porcellanite |
**George Liquor** is a character created by John Kricfalusi for *The Ren & Stimpy Show*. He was voiced by Michael Pataki.

Background
----------

The executives at Nick didn't like George Liquor at all because his last name sounds like "lick her". His second appearance in Man's Best Friend was banned by Nick due to the harsh violence done by both him and Ren. As a result, they gave Kricfalusi the copyright to use his character that isn't Ren & Stimpy.

Cans Without Labels
-------------------

George Liquor is the main character of a prolonged and delayed Kickstarter cartoon called Cans Without Labels. It was supposed to be out by 2013 but got delayed 6 years. It is Mike Pataki's last voice role. George gives his nephews Ernie and Slab cans that are bought cheap. He opens the first can, which has a human face in it. The nephews are spooked by the face. George gets angry at the two and decides to have a bathroom break. Ernie and Slab give the can to Donald Bastard (a parody of Donald Duck), and the face was eaten. George offered to open another can but the nephews left the house.
**Gabriel Pereira de Castro** (1571-1632) was a Portuguese priest, lawyer and poet.

José Malhoa, *Gabriel Pereira de Castro* (Paços do Concelho - Lisbon)

Biography
---------

Gabriel Pereira de Castro was born in Braga on 7 February 1571. He became a priest there. Then he studied law at the University of Coimbra. He died on 18 October 1632 in Lisbon.

Works
-----

Gabriel Pereira de Castro wrote some books about law. He is however known chiefly for his epic poem *Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada* (*Ulisseia or Lisbon Built*). It was published in 1636. It consists of ten books. It is written in ottava rima. Its form is typical for Renaissance epic poems. The poem imitates *The Lusiads* by Luís Vaz de Camões. It is about the founding of the town of Lisbon by Ulysses (Odysseus).

Bibliography
------------

* Malcolm Jack, *Lisbon: City of the Sea: A History*, I. B. Tauris, London 2007, ISBN 978-1-84511-403-9.

Other websites
--------------

* Fragments of *Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada* at Projecto Vercial.
* Gabriel Pereira de Castro (1827). *Ulyssea ou Lisboa edificada: Poema heroico*. Na Impressão Regia.
A **hearing dog** is a special type of working dog that has been trained to help deaf people and people who have hearing problems. The dogs are trained to tell their owner when they hear important sounds.

Training
--------

Hearing dogs need to be calm and friendly around people. They need to be trained to hear and understand certain sounds. They also have to be trained to work with their owner and to tell their owner when certain sounds occur.

The sounds can come from doorbells, smoke detectors, telephones, or alarm clocks. The hearing dogs may work outside their owner's home and be trained to hear sounds like sirens, forklifts and a person calling the owner's name. They may also be taught to respond to and/or lead away from a sound: For example, in the case of a fire alarm, the dog will usually drop to the floor, instead of leading the owner towards the alarm, which would be dangerous. 

The training period for hearing dogs may take up to year. Most hearing dogs are professionally trained, but people may choose to train a hearing dog themselves.

Accessibility
-------------

In most countries, hearing dogs are allowed, by law, to go to any place that the public would normally be allowed to go.

Hearing dogs may wear a brightly coloured collar and leash. They can also wear a cape or jacket to make it easier to identify them.

In the United Kingdom, hearing dogs wear distinctive jackets, which are burgundy (the colour of red wine) and have the logo of the charity which trains and pays for the dogs.

In Australia, hearing dogs are trained through the Lions Club International of Australia. They wear a bright orange leash, collar and harness to identify them, and carry with them an official ID.

Other websites
--------------

* Assistance Dogs International; List of Service and Hearing dog providers Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Information about Service Animals in the United States
* Hearing Dogs for Deaf People (in the United Kingdom)
**Gabriela Montero** (born 10 May 1970) is a Venezuelan classical pianist.

Life
----

Gabriela Montero was born in Caracas, Venezuela. She first played the piano in public when she was five. When she was eight she played with the Venezuelan Youth Orchestra conducted by José Antonio Abreu. She was given a scholarship from the Venezuelan government to study in the USA. When she was twelve she won the Baldwin National Competition and AMSA Young Artist International Piano Competition, performing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No.1 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.

She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Gabriela has won international prizes including the Bronze Medal at the 13th International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1995.

Gabriela has played in recitals all over the world. She is also a very good improviser.

Gabriela played at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration on 20 January 2009 together with the cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and clarinetist Anthony McGill. Together they performed "Air and Simple Gifts," a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn *Simple Gifts*.

Other websites
--------------

* Gabriela Montero official website
**Gwendolyn (Gwen) M. Patton** (October 14, 1943 - May 11, 2017) was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement who fought for voting rights. She grew up in Alabama and graduated from G.W. Carver High School and Tuskegee Institute, where she was the first female president of the student government association in 1965. Her many accomplishments that made her an important figure in the civil rights movements began when Patton was a student. Patton was a youth founder of the Alabama Democratic Conference in 1960 and she continued to push students to fight for social, political, and economic change. She graduated with a master's degree from Antioch University. In 1968, Patton founded the National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union, which fought against Black men being drafted in the Vietnam War. She became the director of the Southern Student Human Relations Project in the late 1960s. She also founded the National Association of Black Students in 1969. Throughout her life, Patton continued to fight for civil rights and was deeply involved in politics, specifically during Jesse Jackson’s presidential campaign in 1983-1984, when she served as a delegate. Patton then helped found the Alabama New South Coalition in 1986. She worked at Trenholm State University as the archivist for the Special Collections on Montgomery Pioneer Voting Rights Activists and retired in 2014.
The frying vat after the fire. Damage to the steel beams supporting the roof can be seen.
The **Hamlet chicken processing plant fire** was an industrial accident. It occurred on September 3, 1991 at the Imperial Foods Chicken Processing Plant in Hamlet, North Carolina, United States. In the center of the plant, a hydraulic line failed and ignited the cooking oil in a 25 feet (7.6 m) long frying vat. An automatic fire extinguisher, which was state of the art at the time, had been installed over the cooking vat, but it failed to put the fire out. The fire spread quickly and many workers were unable to escape due to locked fire exits. 25 workers died and 54 were injured in the fire. The plant never reopened and was demolished in 2001. The owner of the facility pled guilty to 25 counts of manslaughter, and was sentenced to almost 20 years in prison. He was paroled after four years. The fire was the worst industrial accident in North Carolina's history and led to new safety requirements for industrial facilities in the United States.
**Hammer and sickle** are symbols that have generally been associated with communism. The hammer is a symbol for work done in industry, the sickle stands for work done in agriculture. Several countries have made the use of these symbols illegal, when they outlawed the communist party. These countries include Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. However, some countries (especially communist ones) still commonly use the symbol, such as Angola in its flag, the flags of some cities in Russia (an former Soviet state), and China, Vietnam and Laos in the logos of their respective dominant political parties, for example.

Gallery
-------

* The logo of the Communist party of Germany was made in 1918. It shows both the hammer and the sickle. The party itself was active from 1918 to 1956, when it was banned. The filled red star is another symbol for communism.
* A tableau vivant showing the hammer and sickle, in Kerala, India. The communists have been part of the government of Kerala, since 2006.
* Logo of the Fourth International, 1938. The Fourth international is made of organisations with Trotzkyist background. It was founded because there were many organisations with Stalinist backgrounds at Comintern.
Hanoks in Bukchon Hanok Village, Seoul
Interior of a traditional house
Kitchen
A ***hanok*** is a type of house. It is built in a traditional Korean style of architecture.

Features
--------

The main feature of a hanok is that it has combination of ondol, the Korean under-floor heating system, and wooden floor for heating and cooling. This style is mainly used in Korea because of problems caused by the area having both a continental climate and an oceanic climate.

Shape
-----

### Regional differences

Hanoks have different shapes in different parts of Korea. In the northern part of the Korean peninsula, hanoks have the structure of a house with several wings. The wings are often built in either a square or the letter L. This helps keep the wind out of the house in the colder northern places and helps keep the house warm. These kind of house also has low roofs. In the warmer southern Korean peninsula, hanoks have a single wing and a wooden floor. This helps let the air in and out.

### Class differences

The hanoks is also different based on the class of the people who live it. Hanok of upper class people usually have tiled roofs (called *giwa*) while lower class houses have roofs made of rice-straw (called *choga*). Hanok for the upper-class people are built not only to be homes, but also to be very ornamental.
In this Feynman diagram, an electron and positron destroy each other, producing a
virtual photon which becomes a quark-antiquark pair. Then one radiates a gluon
A **Feynman diagram** is a diagram that shows what happens when elementary particles collide.

Feynman diagrams are used in quantum mechanics. A Feynman diagram has *lines* in different shapes—straight, dotted, and squiggly—which meet up at *points*. The points in Feynman diagrams represent a meeting between three particles at the same point in space at the same time. The lines in a Feynman diagram represent the probability amplitude for a particle to go from one place to another.

In Feynman diagrams, the particles are allowed to go both forward and backward in time. When a particle is going backward in time, it is called an antiparticle. The meeting points for the lines can also be interpreted forward or backwards in time, so that if a particle disappears into a meeting point, that means that the particle was either created or destroyed, depending on the direction in time that the particle came in from.

All the lines and points have an amplitude. When you multiply the probability amplitude for the lines, the amplitude for the particles to go from wherever they start to wherever they meet, and to the next meeting point, and so on, and also multiply by the amplitude for each meeting point, you get a number that tells you the total amplitude for the particles to do what the diagram says they do. If you add up all these probability amplitudes over all the possible meeting points, and over all the starting and ending points with an appropriate weight, you get the total probability amplitude for a collision in a particle accelerator, which tells you the total probability of these particles to bounce off one another in any particular direction.

Feynman diagrams are named after Richard Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics. His diagrams are very simple in the case of quantum electrodynamics (QED), where there are only two kinds of particles: electrons (little particles inside atoms) and photons (particles of light). In QED, the only thing that can happen is that an electron (or its antiparticle) can emit (or absorb) a photon, so there is only one building block for any collision. The probability amplitude for the emission is very simple—it has no real part, and the imaginary part is the *charge* of the electron.
A **fever** is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity. It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement. For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.

When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.

About 38 °C (100.4 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5 °C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever.

Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.

Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency. At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

Other websites
--------------

* Shands HealthCare article on fever Archived 2006-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
* American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers Archived 2009-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
Crystals of gallium joined together
**Gallium** (chemical symbol: **Ga**) is chemical element 31 on the periodic table.

Gallium is a metal, but it has some unusual properties. Its melting point is 85.58 Fahrenheit. If it is held in a person's hand, it will melt. It makes a stain on your hand when put on your hand. Gallium is safe in your hands but is not edible. Some Gallium Compounds can be very dangerous. Gallium is a semiconductor, meaning that it conducts electricity reasonably well but not as well as a metal. That means gallium can be used in computers to make them work. It is very shiny, so it is used to create mirrors when its in its liquid form. In its purest extracted form, gallium is a vibrant silver color. As a solid, it is blue-gray. Gallium has been used in nuclear bombs to stabilize the crystal structure. It's related to aluminium, indium, and thallium. 

| * v
* t
* e
Periodic table |
| --- |
| H |   | He |
| Li | Be |   | B | C | N | O | F | Ne |
| Na | Mg |   | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca |   | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr |   | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alkali metals | Alkaline earth metals | Lanthanides | Actinides | Transition metals | Poor metals | Metalloids | Other nonmetals | Halogens | Noble gases |

 |


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| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Japan
* Czech Republic

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Layers of sandstone in Goblin Valley, 2007
Mushroom shaped pinnacles
The **Goblin Valley State Park** is a State park in the southern Utah.

Goblins
-------

The valley, which is only about 1 mi (1.6 km) across and 2 mi (3.2 km) long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.

The park
--------

There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.

Wilderness
----------

The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Goblin Valley State Park***.

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| --- | --- |
| Authority control: International Edit this at Wikidata | 
* VIAF

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**Ellen Louise Axson Wilson** (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.

Early life
----------

Ellen spent her childhood in Rome, Georgia. Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson. Her father was a Presbyterian minister. Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby. In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again. She was looking after her father’s household. He wanted to marry her. The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone. 

In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College. They lived near the campus. She kept her younger brother with them. The Wilson couple had three children. Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887. A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University. 

Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University. This brought much social responsibility to Ellen. She spent most of her time painting. She had a studio in the White House where she painted.

First Lady
----------

The Wilson couple began their administration without any party. As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple. But her charms and warmness made the people happy. Her parties became successes. 

As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived. This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.

Death
-----

She had Bright's disease. She died on 6 August 1914 after an operation on her appendix. At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband." She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death. Wilson was very sad at her death. He took her to Rome, Georgia for burial. He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.
**Evelyn Genevieve "Sharpie" Sharp** (October 1, 1919 – April 3, 1944) was an American airplane flier.

Early life
----------

She was born Lois Genevieve Crouse on October 1, 1919 in Melstone, Montana. She was adopted by John and Mary Sharp two months later, on December 22, 1919 and her name was changed to Evelyn Genevieve Sharp. 

The Sharps moved to Ord, Nebraska in 1924. They opened a grocery store.

Introduction to flying
----------------------

In 1935, Jack Jefford opened a flying school in Ord and rented a room from the Sharps. At one stage, he could not pay his rent. He taught Evelyn how to fly.

Sharp received her commercial pilot's license when she was eighteen years old. She started teaching other people to fly when she was 20 years old. She helped over 350 men learn to fly.

She was one of the first American women to fly airmail. She delivered letters and other mail by flying it from place to place. The first American female airmail pilot was Katherine Stinson.

Death
-----

Sharp died on April 3, 1944 in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Her plane lost an engine on takeoff and crashed. She was 24 years old.

She is buried in Ord, Nebraska, where a public airfield, the Evelyn Sharp Field Airport, has been named for her. Every June, Ord celebrates Evelyn Sharp Days in her honor.

In 1992, Sharp was inducted into the Nebraska Aviation Hall of Fame.

Related pages
-------------

* Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
* United States Army Air Forces

Other websites
--------------

* Evelyn Sharp at Find a Grave

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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* FAST
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* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany
* United States

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The **Fathers of the Constitution** (Spanish: *Padres de la Constitución*) were the seven political leaders who wrote the Spanish Constitution of 1978. 

Gabriel Cisneros, Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón and José Pedro Pérez Llorca represented the centre-right Union of the Democratic Centre; Manuel Fraga Iribarne, the right-wing People's Alliance; Gregorio Peces-Barba, the left-wing Spanish Socialist Worker's Party; Jordi Solé Tura, the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia and Miguel Roca Junyent, of the Democratic Pact for Catalonia, represented the Catalan nationalists.

* Gabriel Cisneros (1940–2007)Gabriel Cisneros (1940–2007)
* Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón (born 1940)Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón (born 1940)
* Manuel Fraga Iribarne (1922–2012)Manuel Fraga Iribarne (1922–2012)
* José Pedro Pérez-Llorca (1940–2019)José Pedro Pérez-Llorca (1940–2019)
* Gregorio Peces-Barba (1938–2012)Gregorio Peces-Barba (1938–2012)
* Jordi Solé Tura (1930–2009)Jordi Solé Tura (1930–2009)
* Miquel Roca Junyent (born 1940)Miquel Roca Junyent (born 1940)
The United States Navy occupational rating of **gunner's mate** (**GM**) is given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) to enlisted sailors. They must either complete school training or by showing they are familiar with the field of ordnance.

The Gunner's Mate school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois. The school was originally very hands-on. It is now primarily conducted through self-study computer-based training (CBT). The training focuses on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Naval guns, missile launchers, and torpedoes. It has a strong emphasis on basic explosives, guidance and tracking systems, small arms, Naval ammunition classification, and safety. Upon completion of this school enlisted members often continue on to a specialized school. At the specialized school they learn a particular weapons system.

A Gunner's Mate fires a shot line with an M14 rifle from the USS *Carter Hall* to USNS Lewis and Clark (T-AKE-1).
A GM will specialize in weapons such as the M500 shotgun, M60 machine gun, M14 rifle, M2 Browning machine gun, M9 pistol, M11 pistol, M16 rifle, M240 machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M79 grenade launcher, M1911 pistol, M1 Garand, Mk 19 grenade launcher, Mk 18 Mod 0 Carbine Rifle, 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, M242 Bushmaster chain gun, Vertical launching system, Missiles, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, hand grenades, non-lethal weapons, force protection & anti-terrorism, as well as operating shooting ranges, armories, and the storage and issue of ammunition.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gunner's Mate***.

* GM from Navy Personnel Command (NPC): Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) Archived 2010-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Enlisted Ratings and Jobs in the US Navy (Historical)
* *Navy Ratings, Past and present* Archived 2013-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
* *Navy Speciality ratings & Emergency ratings* Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
An **external combustion engine** (**EC engine**) is an engine which converts heated fluid into kinetic energy. The heated fluid, called working fluid, can be air, hot water, or pressurized water which is heated in a boiler. The fluid used to power the engine is cooled and reused in a closed cycle and the fluid is dumped in an open cycle.

Idea
----

Any combustion engine follows the basic idea of converting fossil fuels into motion. Internal combustion engines do this by converting the energy created by an explosion of the fossil fuels, into motion. External combustion engines, on the other hand, use the energy from burning fossil fuels to expand a gas or liquid and use the expansion to create motion. The addition of this intermediate step is what differentiates an internal vs. external combustion engine. External combustion engines came first, and tend to be more inefficient. Famous examples of external combustion engines are steam engines

Types
-----

There are two types of external combustion: single phase and dual phase. In a single phase engine, the fossil fuels are burned to heat up a gas, which then expands and creates motion. In this case, there is no phase change.

With dual phase, you need one additional mechanism known as a phase transition. This process transforms the phase of liquid to gas. This converts temperature to usable work. Some common examples that use dual-phase engines are steam engines and engines that use Organic Rankine Cycle.
A painted plate, around 565 BCE
A medallion with a gorgo's head  
(Roman fresco from Pompeii, 1st century AD.
In Greek mythology, the **Gorgons** were female monsters that had fangs and serpents for hair with bronze claws. They were the daughters of Phorkys and Keto. The serpents in their hair were special: Everyone who looked at them was turned to stone. There were three Gorgons, named Stheno, Euryale and Medusa. Only Medusa was mortal. She was beheaded by Perseus. Medusa's head was brought to Athena. There are many motives showing Athena with an aegis, and a Gorgon's head on her chest. 

Homer only talks about one Gorgon. Hesiod names all three, Stheno, the powerful one, Euryale,who could jump far, and trouble-ridden Medusa, the queen. According to Hesiod, they lived at the edge of the known world, in the Atlas Mountains. At a later time, Libya is also named as their home.

With Hellenism came the myth that the Gorgo was a sister of Alexander the Great. In this myth, she is a neck, a water spirit. The sailors of each passing boat are asked whether he is still alive. If they answer no, she takes the boat and the sailors into the water. The answer that saves the lives of the seamen is "Yes, and he reigns as a king" (Greek: Ζεί και βασιλέβει). 

The heads of the Gorgons are often found on shields, capes and amulets. These were believed to be magic. The magic that is used against bad spirits and bad luck is known as apotropaic magic.
A coffee filter acts like a sieve
A **filter** is a device used to remove unwanted parts from something. For example, removing solid particles from a liquid. Filter can also mean the act of filtering: it can be used as a verb. The different branches of science and technology often mean a particular kind of device when *filter* is mentioned.

In chemistry
------------

The contents of a domestic water filter. The black objects are activated carbon. The white objects are ion-exchange resin.
The simplest filter is the kind called filter paper. Liquids can pass through the paper. Solid particles are stopped.

More advanced filters are possible. Two that are often used to make water more pure are activated carbon and zeolites.

Filters are used to remove unwanted items and/or impurities in the substance you are filtering.

In electrical science
---------------------

See the main article: Filter (electronics)
The most usual thing meant by filter in electrical science is a wave filter. One common kind lets through some frequencies and stops all others. This is a band pass filter. For instance, in a radio it can select the radio station the listener wants to hear. The frequency of that station is passed, but all others are rejected.

There are many other uses, including use in telephones and audio, see: audio crossover.

There are digital filters which can be used to filter things besides frequencies. A common use is to improve the quality of pictures. For instance, there are filters which can make the edges of objects look more clear.

In optics and photography
-------------------------

Optical filters act on light. They change it certain ways. This can be used for photographic filters.

In mechanics
------------

Filters can be made from mechanical components. They will do very similar things to electric filters. Most especially, mechanical filters can be wave filters. That is, they can block some frequencies and pass others. Because of this, electric filters are sometimes made by first making a mechanical filter. The electric wave is turned into a mechanical movement, then passed through the filter, then turned back in to an electric wave. This kind of filter is often made from quartz crystals.

A device which changes electrical signals into mechanical signals is called a transducer. A device which changes mechanical signals into electrical signals is also a transducer, but one of a different kind.

In information technology
-------------------------

See the main article: filter (internet)
An internet filter removes certain kinds of information. For example, certain words can be blocked.
A hand-written page of Giovanni Boccaccio's Filostrato
**Filostrato** is a poem by 14th-century Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio. It tells about Troilo's love for Criseyda. The historical importance comes from two reasons. One reason is that it is one of the first long poems written in ottava rima. The second is that it was a source for Geoffrey Chaucer's *Troilus and Criseyde*. Ottava rima is a strophe built of eight lines and rhymed abababcc.

Alcun di Giove sogliono il favore
ne’ lor principii pietosi invocare,
altri d’Apollo chiamano il valore;
io di Parnaso le Muse pregare
solea ne’ miei bisogni, ma Amore
novellamente m’ha fatto mutare
il mio costume antico e usitato,
po’ fui di te, madonna, innamorato.
Boccaccio's poem was based on *Roman de Troie* by Benôit de Sainte Maure, *Historia troiana* by Guido delle Colonne, a similar story by Binduccio dello Scelto and *Historia Troiae* by Filippo Ceppi.

Bibliography
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* Giovanni Boccaccio, Il Filostrato, Parigi 1798.

Other websites
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* Filostrato di Giovanni Boccaccio at Italian Wikisource.
* Ginsberg, Warren (2002). *Chaucer's Italian Tradition*. University of Michigan Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-472-11234-1.
Emilia Lanier
**Emilia Lanier** (1569-1645) was an English poet, the author of only one book of poems named (in Latin) *Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum*.

Biography
---------

Emilia Lanier was the first woman in England who published a sepatate book of poems. Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Aemilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer. She was born in the beginning of 1569. She was baptised on 27 January 1569. She was partly of Italian origin. Her father was Baptist Bassano. He was a musician. He came from Venice. Her mother was Margaret Johnson. For some years she was in informal relation with Henry Carey. He was a cousin and chamberlain of the queen Elizabeth the Great. She got pregnant. She married her cousin Alphonso Lanyer, who was a musician like her father. In 1593 she gave birth to her son Henry who was named after his father, Henry Carey. In 1598 she gave birth to a daughter, Odillya, who lived for only ten months. The poet lived with her son's family. In 1623 he married Joyce Mansfield. Emilia Lanier had two grandchildren, Mary (born 1627) and Henry (born 1630).

Works
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Emilia Lanier published her collection of poems in 1611. It contains pieces of religious poetry. They differ from each other in the field of poetic form. Emilia Lanier used many stanzas, build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).

Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady
--------------------------

Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets. John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.

Other websites
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* Æmilia Lanyer, *Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum* at luminarium.org

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Farthing of Edward I
The **farthing** was a coin of the Kingdom of England. It was worth one quarter of a penny, or ​1⁄960 of a pound sterling. The word 'farthing' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon *feorthing*. It means a *fourthling* or *fourth part*. The Anglo-Saxon word was probably derived from the Old Norse, *fjorthungr* meaning a "quarter". 

Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century. They were used until 1707, when the Kingdom of England was taken over by Scottish King, King James that united The British mainland United Kingdom of Great Britain. Early farthings were silver. The farthing was small (only 10 millimeters in diameter) and very light (slightly more than 0.4 gram). Surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I. In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin. 

In 1953, the British farthing's low value forced its last minting. A Londoner complained of abusive vendors when he tried to offer the coin for purchases. The coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961.
**Ernst Heinrich Weber** (24 June 1795 – 26 January 1878) was a German physician. He was one of the founders of experimental psychology. Weber was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, and his emphasis on good experimental techniques were notable. They gave new direction and areas of study to future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists.

Weber was born into an academic background, with his father serving as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Weber became a doctor, specializing in anatomy and physiology. Two of his younger brothers, Wilhelm and Eduard, were also influential in academia, both as scientists. One did physics and the other anatomy. Ernst became a lecturer and a professor at the University of Leipzig and stayed there until his retirement.

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College students leave a dormitory at James Madison University, during a fire drill.
A **fire drill** is a sudden practice event, where people leave a building. They are practicing what they would do if there was a fire in the building. The event is started when the fire alarm goes off. The fire alarm sound can either be a continuous metal bell, a horn or a two-tone siren. Some old alarms in the UK like the Chloride Gent Warbler will curve between the two tones. The entire building is evacuated and everybody leaves the building using the nearest fire exit. At a school, college or university, the teacher or the lecturer counts the people outside to find out if anyone is missing. Sometimes people are evacuated when a drill is not scheduled by the school. This is called a false alarm. There are rules and regulations in place where fire alarm devices should be tested on a weekly basis. If the fire alarm sounds and the building is not evacuated, this may be due to the a scheduled fire alarm test that people already know about. 

In the United Kingdom, the law recommends that all schools must do a fire drill every term. But with the current UK government laws, any organization in the UK should conduct a fire drill once a year. In addition to sounding the fire alarms for regular fire drills during term time, regular health and safety checks such as testing fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers must be done weekly. During half term holidays and breaks, these tests are often done during the day so that staff who work during term time know what the fire alarm sounds like. The fire alarm in the United Kingdom sounds either a continuous two tone buzzer or a beep similar to an electronic game beeping in test mode. Sometimes depending on the sounder used, the buzzer can curve between the two tones. In the United States, different states have laws that say how often schools must have fire drills. For example, in many states, schools must have one fire drill per month and fire alarms can either be continuous, or set to different codes such as code 3. 

Fire drills commonly take place in schools, colleges and public companies. In public transport such as cruise ships, it is called a muster drill. Fire drills aren't done on airplanes, but a safety demonstration that shows the emergency procedures of the aircraft is done instead. If an aircraft is about to perform an emergency landing, the passangers on the aircraft are told to take the safety brace position on hearing the "brace" command.

Different ways of having fire drills
------------------------------------

During fire drills, some schools block exits with a piece of cardboard or something else that is supposed to stand for a fire. This makes people practice finding another way out of the building.

Other websites
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* An example of state fire drill laws in the United States: Minnesota school fire drill laws
***Fear Factor*** is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

About the show
--------------

The original Dutch version of the program was called *Now or Neverland*. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to *Fear Factor*. *Fear Factor* has many different versions which are shown in different countries.

The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. *Fear Factor* is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game *Half-Life*.

*Fear Factor* was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, *Survivor*. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, *Fear Factor* was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series *American Idol* on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom *Joey*. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled *Fear Factor* in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, *Fear Factor* became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, *Fear Factor* earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that *Fear Factor* would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

Other websites
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* Official Fear Factor website
* UK Gameshows Page: *Fear Factor* (about the UK version)
* Fear Factor - France on TF1 Archived 2006-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Fear Factor India
* Fear Factor Turkey Archived 2007-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
The word **fiddle** refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". **Fiddle playing**, or **fiddling**, is a style of folk music.

The word *fiddle* is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.

Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).

Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.

Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.

Related pages
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* Violin
* Rebec
* Hardanger fiddle