recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In logic and math, contraposition is the right way to reverse "if-then" statements. For example, the contrapositive of the sentence *"If it is raining, then I wear my coat"* is the sentence *"If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining."* If the original sentence is correct, the contrapositive is always correct. 

It is easier to see how contraposition is the right way to reverse an if-then statement by looking at two other reversals that can sometimes look similar, but are bad logic:

**Inversion**

*"If it is not raining, then I don't wear my coat."* This is wrong as one can wear a coat for other reasons (eg. It is snowing). In this statement, we have made both the "if" and the "then" statements negative. 

**Conversion**

*"If I wear my coat, then it is raining."* This is wrong as wearing a coat doesn't cause it to rain. In this statement we have switched the "if" and "then" statements. 

In technical writing: the contrapositive of {\displaystyle P\rightarrow Q} is {\displaystyle \neg Q\rightarrow \neg P}. The "{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" means "if-then" (If P then Q), and the "{\displaystyle \neg P}" means "not P" (eg. "it is not raining").
Not to be confused with Crikvenica.

**Crkvenica** is a Bosnian river. It is a right bank tributary of the Vrbanja River. 

Crkvenica rises between the northwestern slopes of Očauš and Šipraška brda mountains. It flows southeast at around 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level. The river drains the central part of the northern slopes of the Dinaric mountain massif. Its mouth is in Šiprage (Kotor Varoš). It is 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) long.

The river is known for its water mills; during the 1950s, there were about 18 of them.

The narrow area of the river's headwaters contains a watershed between the confluence of the Vrbas and the Bosna Rivers.

Tufa stećci on the Crkvenica riverbank is a relic of the Bogomil settlement in the twelfth century. The stećci was originally located at the confluence of the Crkvenica and the Vrbanja. The stones were quarried and built into the walls of the surrounding buildings, possibly due to belief in their miraculous properties. One of the most well-preserved tombstones is in its original location, submerged in the River Vrbanja.

Related pages
-------------

* Vrbanja river
* Očauš
* Šiprage

Coordinates: 44°28′N 17°34′E﻿ / ﻿44.467°N 17.567°E﻿ / 44.467; 17.567
The **Buffyverse** is a fictional universe created by writer/director Joss Whedon. It is the setting used for the movie *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* (BtVS), the *BtVS* television series and the *Angel* television series. Comic books and novels based on both the Buffy and Angel television series and the Fray comic book also take place in the Buffyverse. The term Buffyverse was created by the fans of the shows and later used by Whedon as the name for his world. The term has also been used in the titles of published works.

The Buffyverse is a world where Vampires and demons exist. Many different types of fictional creatures and monsters can be found in this world. These creatures include werewolves, ghosts, trolls, and witches. It is a world where magic is used often. Most of the people in the Buffyverse do not know that these creatures live in this world or that magic exists.

Notable features
----------------

### The Slayer

The Slayer or *Chosen One* is a young girl with super-human strength, agility and stamina. It is her destiny to fight evil. When one Slayer is killed, a new girl is *chosen* to become the new Slayer. The new slayer has all of the power of the last Slayer as soon as she is chosen. The new Slayer also begins to have dreams that tell her of her future and Slayers from the past.

The first Slayer was created long before written history by a group of men who looked like Aborigine. She was created by combine her with a demon. As each Slayer is killed, the demon moves to the next slayer. It gives her the powers of the Slayer as well as the dreams of its past with the other slayers.

### Hellmouth

In the Buffyverse there are many different *dimensions* or worlds. Some are full of evil. A place where the borders between the normal world and an evil dimension are weak is called a Hellmouth. Evil in the normal world will naturally move towards a hellmouth. The area closest to a hellmouth will be home to much evil and strange circumstances.

There are two well known hellmouths in the Buffyverse. The first is located in Sunnydale, California. This is the place where the stories in *Buffy* take place. It is the largest and most powerful hellmouth in the Buffyverse. The second hellmouth is in Cleveland, Ohio. Not much is known about this hellmouth.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Buffy the Vampire Slayer***

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Angel***

* Fandom has a wiki on this subject: Buffyverse
* Fan forum
* Buffyverse dialog database Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
***Cold Mountain*** is a 2003 American drama movie set in North Carolina. It was directed by Anthony Minghella. The main actors in the movie are Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, and Renee Zellweger. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won one, for Zellweger as Best Supporting Actress.

Plot
----

The movie is about a Civil War deserter named W. P. Inman. He has deserted the Confederate Army – he does not to fight the war anymore and they would not let him go, so he left and has not come back. In the Civil War, the Confederacy wanted to break away from the United States, but the Union would not let them, so they fought for whether the Confederacy (also called the South) should be allowed to break away or not. Before he left, he fell in love with a woman named Ada and now he wants to be back with her.

Along the way, Inman finds a preacher named John. John is a drunk, but he goes with Inman. However, they are caught by the Home Guard, a group of men who try to find deserters and round them up. They are put in chains with a bunch of other people and are forced to march for a few days. However, the Home Guard gets tired of moving them and decides to shoot them all. Inman manages to not get hit and soon breaks free.

At home, Ada is living with her father. Her father dies soon after Inman leaves and soon the farmhouse and the farm breaks down and looks bad. A woman named Ruby comes and teaches Ada how to work and fix the farmhouse up. They soon become good friends. One day, Ruby's father comes to the farm. He had left his wife and the children before, and Ruby slaps him because of it but she lets him in. He can play an instrument.

Other websites
--------------

* *Cold Mountain* on IMDb
Camilo Pessanha
**Camilo Pessanha** (1867-1926) was a Portuguese poet. He is regarded as the most important representative of symbolism in Portuguese literature.

Biography
---------

Camilo de Almeida Pessanha was born in Coimbra on 7 September 1867. His parents were Francisco António de Almeida Pessanha and Maria do Espírito Santo Duarte Nunes Pereira. He studied law at the university of Coimbra. After finishing his studies he went to Macao, a Portuguese town in China. He worked as a teacher there. Pessanha became interested in Chinese culture. He learned Chinese. He died in Macao on 1 March 1926. His death may have been caused by the poet's opium habit.

Works
-----

Camilo Pessanha is the author of only one poetic book. It is named Clépsidra and was published in 1922. He also wrote some books about Chinese culture. He collected some works of art in China. He translated some classic Chinese poems, too. Pessanha's works influenced Fernando Pessoa's poetry. He wrote chiefly sonnets.

Bibliography
------------

* Ricardo Germano, Ronaldo Souza, *O Simbolismo em Portugal: uma leitura de Camilo Pessanha*. Archived 2016-08-04 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* Camilo Pessanha's poems
* Camilo Pessanha's Clepsidra at Gutenberg Project.
The **Corrèze** (Occitan: *Corresa*) is a river in southwestern France, left tributary of the Vézère river. The Corrèze department is named after this river.

Geography
---------

The Corrèze river has a length of 94.6 km (58.8 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 1,158 km2 (447 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge is 21 m3/s (740 cu ft/s) at Brive-la-Gaillarde in the Corrèze department.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Brive-la-Gaillarde (1918-2011)**

### Course

The source of the Corrèze is in northwestern Massif Central, in the plateau of *Millevaches*, to the south of the *commune* of Pérols-sur-Vézère, in the Corrèze department, at an altitude of 910 m (2,986 ft).

It flows through the *communes* of Corrèze and Tulle. Then it flows into the plain in the southwest of the department and flows through the *communes* of Malemort-sur-Corrèze and Brive-la-Gaillarde.

Finally, west of Brive-la-Gaillarde, it flows into the Vézère river at the limit between Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche and Ussac, at 98 m (322 ft) of altitude.

The Corrèze river flows through 24 *communes*, all in the Corrèze department.

The name of the river, Corrèze, is found in the name of the department and of three *communes*: Les Angles-sur-Corrèze, Corrèze and Malemort-sur-Corrèze.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Corrèze river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Dadalouze - 12.9 km
* Saint-Bonnette - 24.3 km
* Roanne - 21 km
* Loyre - 14.1 km

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Corrèze de Pradines - 18.6 km
* Vimbelle - 22.4 km
* Céronne - 14.5 km
* Couze - 15 km
 |

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Corrèze River***.

* Banque Hydro - Station P3922510 - la Corrèze à Brive-la-Gaillarde (Le Prieur) Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
The **Church of England** is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.

The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:

* **Catholic** because it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as in the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed.
* **Reformed** because it has been shaped by the doctrinal ideas of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, in particular by the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.

There are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.

History
-------

The Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married). He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century. 

Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles.

Related pages
-------------

* Archbishop of Canterbury
* Thomas Cranmer
* Reformation
* House of Lords
* Supreme Governor of the Church of England

Other websites
--------------

* CofE website
The **Burrendong Dam** is a major dam on the Macquarie River in New South Wales, Australia. It is upriver of Wellington in the central west region. It is an embankment style gated dam. The wall is filled with rock and has a clay core. The dam was built and is used for flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply and hydro-electric power generation. The dam creates Lake Burrendong and is filled by the Macquarie and Cudgegong rivers and Meroo Creek.

The lake formed by the dam, named **Lake Burrendong**, is popular for fishing and general tourism.

History and location
--------------------

The dam was built by the New South Wales Water Conservation & Irrigation Commission. Construction began in 1958. It finished in 1967. It was built to reduce flooding, for irrigation, and to supply a relatively constant water supply. The dam is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Wellington in the Wellington Shire local government area. The name *Burrendong* comes from the Wiradjuri word for koala (*burrandhang*).

Features
--------

The dam wall is 76 metres (249 ft) high and is 1,116 metres (3,661 ft) long. Normal water depth is 57 metres (187 ft). When the dam is full the water level is 344 metres (1,129 ft) AHD. At full capacity the dam holds 1,188 gigalitres (4.20×1010 cu ft), with an additional flood mitigation capacity of 480,000 megalitres (17,000×10~~^~~6 cu ft), and has a surface area of 7,200 hectares (18,000 acres). The dam collects water from an area of 13,900 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi). The spillway on the dam is a gated concrete chute, able to release 13,720 cubic metres per second (485,000 cu ft/s).

A major upgrade took place place between 2010 and is expected to be completed in 2015. The project costs AU$32 million. It will ensure the dam reaches modern safety standards. During the upgrade the main dam will be raised 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in), the current spillway will be modified and another spillway added.

### Power generation

The dam includes a hydro-electric power station. This was completed in August 1996. It was opened by the Premier of New South Wales, Bob Carr, on 9 February 1999. The station can generate up to 19 megawatts (25,000 hp) of electricity and each year the power station generates about 50.9 gigawatt-hours (183 TJ). The station was originally operated by Power Facilities Pty Limited. It is now managed by AGL Energy.
This A320 crashed into the Black Sea killing all 105 passengers and 8 crew on board on 10 July 2004. It was a CFIT accident.
A **controlled flight into terrain** (**CFIT**, usually pronounced *cee-fit*) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is not aware of the situation until it is too late to stop it. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.

Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as *uncontrolled flight into terrain*). Accidents resulting from the deliberate action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.

According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life. It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002.
Using a drip torch to start a controlled burn (2005)
A **controlled burn** (sometimes also called a **prescribed fire**) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control. It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions. It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.

This is not the same as a **practice fire**, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed. They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire. Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.

Reasons
-------

There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place. In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants. If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous. So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.

Another reason is to help nature. Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds. Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.

Sometimes it is done to help people. It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around. Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food. This is becoming rare.

Methods
-------

From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat. To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out. To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen. Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat. And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.

Generally, the *back fire* is started first. This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly. This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control. It can be started next to a trail or stream or other *fire break* that keeps the fire from moving downwind.

After the back fire is in place, then the *head fire* is started. It will burn downwind (travels with the wind). This will burn faster and hotter. When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.

Equipment
---------

The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:

* drip torch - this starts the fire by dripping fire onto the grass as the person walks along
* water sprayer - usually worn as a backpack, water can be sprayed onto the fire to keep it in the area it should be in
* flapper - a wide piece of rubber on a handle, this can be *flapped* onto the fire, putting it out
* shovel - this can be used to dig up dirt and create a fire break that will not burn

Related pages
-------------

* Wildfire
A woman plays Candy Crush Saga
**Candy Crush Saga** is a video game that was developed by King in April 2012. As of March 2013, Candy Crush Saga is the most popular game on Facebook. It has 45.6 million average monthly users.

How to play
-----------

The aim of the game is to make matches of three or more candies vertically or horizontally. Depending on the type of level, the player must earn as much points as they can, or they must clear all the jelly, or they must allow ingredients to come to the bottom of the screen. Players can create striped candy by matching four candy in the same direction, wrapped candy if matching five candy in the shape of a T or L, or a color bomb if matching five candy in the same direction. If the player loses a level, they will lose lives. If they lose all their lives, the lives will need to recharge by time.

Review
------

Some players love this game because they can spend a lot of time by playing it.

However, some people who hate this game think that it reduces the productivity of society. They are also worried that *Candy Crush Saga* makes children get addicted very easily.

Metacritic rated *Candy Crush Saga* as 76 out of 100.

In real life
------------

This game appeared in Psy's music video *Gentleman*.

In Hong Kong, a minibus driver played *Candy Crush Saga* while he was in a traffic jam.

In Taiwan, a bakery provides cakes whose theme is *Candy Crush Saga*.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Candy Crush Saga***.

* *Candy Crush Saga* in Facebook
* *Candy Crush Saga* in Google Play Store
**Child custody** and **guardianship** are legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal relationship between a parent and his or her child. It includes such things as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child, and the parent's duty to care for the child.

Child custody decisions have to be made in cases such as divorce, or when a child cannot be looked after by either parent and has to be put into foster care or put up for adoption. 

In general: decisions about who will have custody of a child will be taken in such a way as is best for the child.

A child may be given state custody. This may be because the child is in danger when living at home. There may, for example, be violence in the home.

When there is a divorce case, a decision will be made about whether the mother or the father has custody of the child. There may be "joint custody", which means that both parents have custody over the child.

**Physical custody** means: who looks after the child from day to day. It is about where a child will live. 

**Legal custody** means: having the power to make decisions about the child, e.g. where he or she goes to school etc.

If a child lives with one parent, that parent has "sole physical custody". He or she is the "custodial parent". The other parent is the "non-custodial parent", but they may have the right to visit the child.

The laws about child custody will vary from one country to another.

Related pages
-------------

* Children's rights
* Foster care
* Divorce
A **contradiction** is when there are two or more statements that cannot all be true at the same time. A contradiction in logic can also be used to denote a self-contradictory statement, in which case it sometimes denoted by the symbol {\displaystyle \bot } or {\displaystyle 0}.

A story that shows what a contradiction is comes from China. In this story, there is a merchant who sells both spears and shields. He says that his spears are so sharp that they could break through any shield. At the same time, he says that his shields are so strong that they could block any spear. This is a contradiction, because these two statements cannot both be true. Either spear will break the shield or the shield will block the spear, but not both. For this reason, the word for contradiction in Chinese is *máodùn* (矛盾), which literally means "spear and shield".

In Aristotle's logic, it is said that two contradictory propositions cannot both be true. For example, the propositions "A is B" and "A is not B" are mutually exclusive, meaning that only one, and not both, can be true. For example, the statements "the Pope is Catholic" and "the Pope is not Catholic" cannot both be true. Only one of the statements, and not the other, is true.

Related pages
-------------

* Law of noncontradiction
* Paradox
* Reductio ad absurdum
**Bouldering** is a type of rock climbing. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect from injuries there are usually special bouldering mats underneath the climber. It is usually practiced on large natural boulders and in climbing gyms.

Bouldering basics
-----------------

Boulder routes are called "problems", because this style is like solving climbing-problems. The height of boulder problems is rarely higher than 3–5 metres (9.8–16.4 feet). Otherwise the risk of injuries is too high. Often other climbers, who stand on the ground, spot the climbers to protect them from hitting the ground with the head or the spine.

Equipment
---------

The equipment used by boulderers is not much. They use special climbing shoes, a bouldering mat, some brushes to clean the grips and sports tape.

History
-------

Bouldering was invented in the late 19th century. It has been first documented in France, England and Switzerland. It has been practiced for a long time but in the 1930s and 1940s it was practiced for its own sake in Fontainebleau in France.

Today many rock climbers are specialized boulderers and it is their favourite style of climbing.
In cricket, the **boundary** is the edge of the field. A rope is usually put on the boundary to show where it is. The word "boundary" can also mean the runs scored (either 4 or 6) when the ball touches the boundary or the ground outside the boundary.

Edge of the field
-----------------

In international cricket, the boundaries of the field are about 60 metres (200 ft) or more from the center of the field.

Scoring runs
------------

If the ball is in play and touches the boundary or the ground outside of the field, then it is worth at least **four runs**, and the ball becomes dead (no longer in play). If the ball was hit by the batter, and didn't touch the ground in the field before or when it became dead, then it is worth **six runs**. If a fielder throws the ball at the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary, then four runs are scored as "overthrows" in addition to any runs the batters had already scored by running.

If the ball touches a fielder who is touching the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary, then it is treated as if the ball has touched the boundary. The same goes for when the ball touches a fielder who is in the air who touched the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary immediately before going in the air, if the fielder had not legally touched the ball before.

When a boundary is scored, any runs the batters scored by running do not count, unless the batters had scored more runs by running than the number of runs scored by the boundary; when this happens, the runs scored by the boundary do not count.

The Laws of Cricket allow the teams and umpires to agree to change the number of runs scored by the two types of boundaries before the game.

### Four runs

Four runs are scored when the ball touches the ground in the field and then touches the boundary or the ground beyond the boundary.

### Six runs

Six runs are scored when the ball touches the boundary, or the ground beyond the boundary, without having touched the ground in the field.
Colonization and imperialism at the end of World War II (1945)
A **colony** is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase *dependent territory* is now used instead of *colony*. **Colony** can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony).

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

Related pages
-------------

* Dependent territory

Other websites
--------------

* - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Choi*.
**Choi Kyu-hah** (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled **Choi Kyu-ha**) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979. 

After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.

In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.

In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power. In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country. By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.

Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Korea-related topics

Other websites
--------------

* President Choi Kyu-ha Archived 2006-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Reuters report of death[*permanent dead link*]

|
|  |
| Preceded byPark Chung-hee |  **President of South Korea**1979–1980 | Succeeded byChun Doo-hwan |
|
| Preceded byKim Jong-pil |  **Prime Minister of South Korea**1976–1979 | Succeeded byShin Hyun-hwak |
The **Croatian Liberation Movement** (Croatian: *Hrvatski oslobodilački pokret*, **HOP**) is a minor far-right political party in Croatia. 

HOP was formed by Croatians in exile. Ustaše was movement with nationalistic ideas. It also had fascist tendencies. After the Second World War, there were some fights concerning the leadership of Ustaše. In 1956, Ante Pavelić formed the Croatian Liberation Movement in Buenos Aires. The goal of HOP was to control the original Ustaše organization. Because of its roots, HOP is widely seen as a successor of the Ustaše. In the early 1990s, the state of Yugoslavia disintegrated, and the parts it was made of became independent republics. In 1991, HOP moved to Zagreb; and the organization was registered as a political party. In 1997, HOP came into public limelight for paying a requiem mass for the Ustaše leader Pavelić in the Church of Saint Dominic in Split.

Mission
-------

One of the goals of the Croatian Liberation Movement is to re-establish the state of Croatia with the borders it had during the Second World War. At that time, the state also included Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History
-------

Croatian Liberation Movement was founded by Ante Pavelić in Buenos Aires in 1956. In 1957, after some people tried to kill Pavelić, he and his family moved to Spain. Pavelić died on 28 December 1959, at the German hospital in Madrid. After Pavelić's death, his son-in-law Srečko Pšeničnik took over HOP. In 1960, he moved its operations from Buenos Aires to Toronto, Canada.

Another part of the HOP was established in Australia in 1963. The leaders of this group were Srećko Rover (from 1963 to 1967) and Stjepan Hefer (from 1967 to 1973). Many of this group's members were also members of the Australian Liberal Party. Some of them were said to have gone on military training exercises with the Australian Army Reserve, using the army's base at Wodonga in Victoria. Several members of the opposition Labor Party, including Justin O'Byrne, said that the HOP were using their status in the Liberal Party to hide many of these activities. When the Labour Party became the government in 1972, the Attorney-General gave the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) permission to spy on Srećko Rover and a few of the group's other members. This was because they thought they might be recruiting insurgents for an overseas war.

When Yugoslavia was dissolved in the early 1990s, this organization moved to Zagreb, Croatia, where it was officially registered as a political party in 1991.

Further reading
---------------

* Memorandum from the Croat Liberation Movement to All Governments, Leading Statesmen and Publicist of the World Regarding the Struggle of Croatia for Independence, Croatian Liberation Movement (Buenos Aires), 1971
**Pic Carlit** (French: *Pic Carlit*; Catalan: *Puig Carlit*) is a mountain of the French Pyrenees and has an elevation of 2,921 m (9,583 ft) above sea level.

It is the highest point of the department of Pyrénées-Orientales and of the region Languedoc-Roussillon, France.

Geography
---------

Pic Carlit is in the nortwestern part of the Regional Natural Park of the Catalan Pyrenees (French: *Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées catalanes*; Catalan: *Parc Natural Regional del Pirineu Català*, often shortened as *Parc del Pirineu Català*).

There are many small lakes in the region around the mountain. One of them is the man-made lake of Bouillouses, which is one of the point to begin hiking to get to the top of Pic Carlit.

The source of Têt (the largest river of the department Pyrénées-Orientales) is on the northeastern side of the mountain.

History
-------

The first ascent of this peak was made by Henry Russell in 1864.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pic Carlit***.

* Pic Carlit: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering
* (in French) Pic Carlit - Altituderando
* Pic Carlit - World 66 travel guide Archived 2014-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Pic Carlit - Languedoc-Roussilon, France - peakery[*permanent dead link*]
**Carlo Airoldi** (21 September 1869–18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Early life
----------

Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

The Olympics
------------

Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from *La Bicicleta*, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.

Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot. 

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.

His later years
---------------

Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

Other websites
--------------

* Recensione al testo di Sgarella Archived 2005-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
* History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens Archived 2006-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
Boy Scouts of America on a 1950 stamp
The **Boy Scouts of America** or BSA is an organization for children and teens with over 5 million members across the United States. They try to give young people life values. BSA includes Cub Scouts, which is for children ages 6–11, **Scouts BSA**, which is for youth ages 11–17, and Venturing, Sea Scouts, and Exploring for youth ages 14–20. Scouts BSA was called Boy Scouts until it started allowing girls in 2018.

Organization
------------

Scouts BSA are ages 11–17 and belong to troops, groups of Scouts associated with a church, school or post. Cub Scouts are scouts ages 6–11 and belong to packs. Cub Scouts include Tigers (age 6-7), Wolfs (age 7-8), Bears (age 8-9), and Webelos (age 9-11). Older Scouts can be Venturer Scouts.

History
-------

The Boy Scouts of America were founded by American writer W. D. Boyce, in 1910, but were similar to Scouting groups in Great Britain and other early scout movements. James E. West helped out the BSA in its early years, but also made the BSA more religious than scouts were in Europe. Scouting grew in the 1910s and 20s due to the rise of "boy’s books" devoted to Scouting and the First World War. Scouting had many members during the 1960s, but has declined since the 1970s, despite an attempt to make scouting modern by changing requirements and adding more merit badges.

### Controversies

Over the years, the BSA has taken some stands that many Americans did not like. These included being against unions (organized workers) in the 1920s, requiring Scouts to believe in God, and not allowing gays to join Scouting.

Rank
----

An important part of scouting is earning ranks. There are seven ranks in Scouts BSA: Scout, Tenderfoot, 2nd Class, 1st Class, Star, Life and Eagle. The first four focus on learning basic scout skills, including camping, cooking, swimming, first aid (basic medical care), citizenship, orienteering (use of a map and compass), and pioneering (tying knots). The final three focus on earning merit badges, serving the troop and serving the community. Eagle Scouts must plan and finish a project that benefits something other than Scouting, and earn 21 merit badges. They must also hold a position of leadership in the troop. Only about 2 or 3% of Scouts earn Eagle, but some of the ones that have include Gerald Ford and Neil Armstrong.

Oath and law
------------

Scouts must learn, know and follow the Scout Oath and Scout Law:

### Scout Oath

These are the words of the Scout Oath:

"On my honor I will do my best, to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight".
### Scout Law

A scout is:

1. trustworthy,
2. loyal,
3. helpful,
4. friendly,
5. courteous,
6. kind,
7. obedient,
8. cheerful,
9. thrifty,
10. brave,
11. clean, and
12. reverent.

Related pages
-------------

* Girl Scouts of the USA
* Scouting movement
* Philmont Scout Ranch
An animation showing the relationship between pressure and volume.The amount and temperature of the gas are constant.
**Boyle's law** (also called **Mariotte's law** and the **Boyle-Mariotte law**) is a law about ideal gases.

The law can be stated as follows:

> For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, *P* (pressure) and *V* (volume) are inversely proportional.
> 
> 

In other words, the volume of a constant mass of ideal gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure applied on it.

In symbols, the law is:

{\displaystyle P\propto {\frac {1}{V}}}
or

{\displaystyle PV=k}
where *P* is the pressure of the gas, *V* is the volume of the gas, and *k* is a constant.

For a given mass of gas at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and the volume is constant. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases in proportion, and vice versa. For example, when the pressure halves, the volume doubles.

Suppose you have a tank that contains a certain volume of gas at a certain pressure. When you decrease the volume of the tank, the same number of gas particles is now contained in a smaller space. Therefore, the number of collisions increases. Therefore, the pressure is greater.

Imagine you have a gas at a certain pressure (P1) and volume (V1). If you change the pressure to a new value (P2), the volume changes to a new value (V2). We can use Boyle's law to describe both sets of conditions:

{\displaystyle P\_{1}V\_{1}=k}
{\displaystyle P\_{2}V\_{2}=k}
The constant, k, is the same in both cases, so we can say the following:

{\displaystyle P\_{1}V\_{1}=P\_{2}V\_{2}}
Example: The pressure of a gas is 3 atm and the volume is 5 litres. If the pressure is reduced to 2 atm, what is the volume?

{\displaystyle P\_{1}V\_{1}=P\_{2}V\_{2}}
{\displaystyle V\_{2}={\frac {P\_{1}V\_{1}}{P\_{2}}}}
{\displaystyle V\_{2}={\frac {3\*5}{2}}}
{\displaystyle V\_{2}={\frac {15}{2}}}
{\displaystyle V\_{2}=7.5}
∴ The volume will be 7.5 litres.

The law was found by Robert Boyle in 1662, and afterwards independently by Edme Mariotte in 1679.
"World Financial Center" redirects here. For the World Financial Center located in Shanghai, see Shanghai World Financial Center.
The World Financial Center as seen in April 2011.
The World Financial Center standing by the World Trade Center in August 2000.
The World Financial Center's Winter Garden Atrium as seen in June 2007.
**Brookfield Place**, originally and commonly known as the **World Financial Center** is a complex of office buildings in Battery Park City in Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is near the World Trade Center. It is home to the offices of a number of companies such as Merrill Lynch, American Express, Brookfield Office Properties, and others. It was opened in 1988. It was designed by César Pelli.

The complex was very badly damaged in the September 11 attacks. It had to be closed for several months while repairs were being done.

The complex was renamed to "Brookfield Place" in 2013.

Buildings
---------

* One World Financial Center
	+ Address: 200 Liberty Street
	+ Height: 577 ft (176 m)
	+ Floors: 40
	+ Built: 1986
* Two World Financial Center
	+ Address: 225 Liberty Street
	+ Height: 645 ft (197 m)
	+ Floors: 44
	+ Built: 1987
* Three World Financial Center
	+ Address: 200 Vesey Street
	+ Height: 739 ft (225 m)
	+ Floors: 51
	+ Built: 1985
* Four World Financial Center
	+ Address: 250 Vesey Street
	+ Height: 500 ft (152 m)
	+ Floors: 34
	+ Built: 1986
* Winter Garden Atrium (1988), a 45,000 ft² glass domed building that has a number of plants, trees, and flowers. It also has shopping areas and cafes. It was very badly damaged in the September 11 attacks. It was reopened on September 11, 2002.
* NYMEX building
	+ Address: 1 North End Avenue
	+ Height: 253 ft (77 m)
	+ Floors: 16
	+ Built: 1997

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2013-03-02 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Brookfield Place (New York City)***.

Coordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′56″W﻿ / ﻿40.71306°N 74.01556°W﻿ / 40.71306; -74.01556
**Brian Warboys** (born 30 April 1942), retired in September 2007. He was Professor of Software Engineering at the University of Manchester from 1985 until he retired. He was subsequently appointed as Professor Emeritus and continues to undertake research. Before joining the university he had worked for ICL. At the time the UK's largest computer manufacturer. During the 1970s he had been the chief designer of ICL's VME operating system. He is also the author of several non-fiction books.

ICL VME
-------

See the main article: ICL VME
Warboys worked for ICL from 1963 to 1985. During the 1970s, he was Chief Designer of VME.
VME/B was an advanced operating system and was logical and straightforward to use. Amongst IT professionals it was deemed superior to IBM equivalents.

University of Manchester
------------------------

Warboys was Professor of Software Engineering. He researched the development of techniques which enable dynamic evolution. This is the ability to change s/w whilst it is executing. It applied to the design of very large systems. In 1991, he became the founder and principal of the Informatics Process Group (IPG) in the School of Computer Science. IPG was established to advance the application of Process Modelling. Between 1997 and 2002 he led the EPSRC funded Compliant Systems Architecture (CSA) projects.
Within Europe he has headed the Manchester operating system team on the ESPRIT-funded EDS project. He also led the IPG's involvement in the ESPRIT Basic Research Activity PROMOTER on software process modelling and technology.
In 2001 he led the IPG's involvement in the Framework IV Basic Research Action PIE, process instance evolution. He later led the Archware project. in which he was also joint technical coordinator.

Recognition
-----------

He was appointed the first ICL Fellow in 1984.
**Edward John** "**Chips**" **Hardy** (born 23 January 1950) is an English screenwriter, novelist, playwright, and creative director. He and Elizabeth Ann, his wife, are the parents of actor Tom Hardy, with whom Hardy worked on BBC One's drama series *Taboo*, as the co-creator, a writer and a consulting producer.

Early life
----------

Chips Hardy was born on 23 January 1950 and grew up in Ealing. Named Edward after both his father, Edward Thomas Hardy, who worked for the Port of London Authority, and his grandfather, Edward Egmore Hardy, who was the Fire Chief at Ealing Studios. His mother, Patricia, was a deputy headmistress.

In 1961 Hardy won a state scholarship to Latymer Upper School. In 1969 he won an Exhibition to read English at Downing College, Cambridge.

Career
------

Alongside a career in advertising as an award-winning Global Creative Director, Hardy has written for television, movie, theatre, novels and stand-up material. Productions include a children’s television series with a talking chair called *Helping Henry* and *About Face*, a television drama with Maureen Lipman. Hardy also won a British Comedy Award for his work with Irish comedian Dave Allen.

In 2007, Hardy’s novel *Each Day A Small Victory* was published in the form of frontline despatches from amongst the embattled wildlife in an English country lay-by, illustrated by Oscar Grillo.

*Blue on Blue*, Hardy’s darkly comic play on self-harm, was first showcased at the Latchmere 503 in London in 2007. The play was revived in 2016 at the Tristan Bates in London in partnership with BLESMA, the British Limbless Ex-serviceman’s Association. In 2008, Hardy’s one woman dysfunctional Cabaret, *There’s Something In The Fridge that Wants To Kill Me!*, ran notably at the Edinburgh Festival.

In 2009, inspired by an idea from his son Tom Hardy, Chips Hardy and Tom created the story that was to become the 2017 eight-part series *Taboo*. Hardy is the co-creator, a writer and a consulting producer.

Other websites
--------------

* Chips Hardy on IMDb
**Conjugate variables** are special pairs of variables (like x, y, z) that don't give the same result when you do a certain mathematical operation with them. This means that x\*y is not equal to y\*x. Here, the \* does not mean multiplication. It could mean addition, subtraction, division, or any operation that makes sense, in that case. 

A physicist, Werner Heisenberg, and his co-workers used equations studied in classical physics to describe and predict events from quantum physics. He discovered that the momentum (mass times velocity, represented by **P**) and position (represented by **Q**) are conjugate variables. This means that **P\*Q** is not equal to **Q\*P,** in quantum physics. 

Here are two special equations to calculate the energy of an electron (small green thing) in a hydrogen atom. 

Electron falls from higher to lower orbit and emits a photon

The first equation could be used to find out the product of momentum and position:

Y(n,n-b)=\sum \_{{a}}^{{}}\,p(n,n-a)q(n-a,n-b)
The second equation could be used to calculate the product of position and momentum:

{\displaystyle Z(n,n-b)=\sum \_{a}^{}\,q(n,n-a)p(n-a,n-b)}
Some time later, another physicist, Max Born found out that, because **P\*Q** is not equal to **Q\*P,** the result of **Q\*P** minus **P\*Q** is not zero. (The "minus" is not the same minus of "3 - 2". It's a different thing with the same name).

Born found out that:

{\displaystyle {Q\*P-P\*Q={\frac {ih}{2\pi }}}}
[The symbol **Q** is the matrix for position, **P** is the matrix for momentum, **i** is a complex number, and **h** is Planck's constant, a number that shows up in quantum mechanics a lot.] 

Conjugate variables have applications all over Physics, in Chemistry and in a bunch of other areas of science.

Some related topics
-------------------

* Heisenberg's uncertainty principle