recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **desert locust** (*Schistocerca gregaria*) is a species of locust. Plagues of desert locusts threaten agricultural production in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. They have done so for centuries. The livelihood of one-tenth of the world’s human population may be affected by this voracious insect. The destructive swarms of locusts do not form every year, but only when conditions are right for them.

The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances. It has two to five generations per year. The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004–05 caused crop loss in West Africa and reduced food supply in the area. The desert locust alone is not responsible for famines, but it is a contributing factor.

Development
-----------

Solitary (top) and gregarious (bottom) desert locust nymphs
The insect does not have complete metamorphosis. Its larvae develop in stages called "instars". As the larvae get closer to adulthood, they are called "nymphs" or "hoppers". There are two kinds of hopper: solitary and gregarious.

In the solitary phase the hoppers do not group together but move about independently. Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of the herbage. 

In the gregarious phase the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms.

The change from a solitary insect to a voracious locust pack usually follows a period of drought, when rain falls at last, and vegetation flushes in desert locust breeding places. The population builds up rapidly and the competition for food increases.

As hoppers get more crowded, the close physical contact causes the insects' hind legs to bump against one another. This stimulus triggers a cascade of metabolic changes which move the insects from the solitary to the gregarious phase. When the hoppers become gregarious, their colouration changes from largely green to yellow and black, and the adults change from brown to pink (immature) or yellow (mature). Their bodies become shorter, and they give off a pheromone that causes them to be attracted to each other. This causes swarm formation.
***Dollhouse*** was an hour-long American television series. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and its darker spin-off  *Angel*. Tim Minear, who also worked with *Buffy* and *Angel* is also involved. The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television. Twelve episodes of *Dollhouse* aired on FOX. Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.

The Story
---------

In *Dollhouse*, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.

Other websites
--------------

* Hollywood Reporter article Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Dollhouse TV Forum! Archived 2008-02-17 at the Wayback Machine - For Fans
* The Dollverse Archived 2007-11-03 at the Wayback Machine - fan site
* Dollverse.net Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine - an English/German fan site
* Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.
Advanced economies
  Emerging and developing economies (not least developed)
  Emerging and developing economies (least developed)Classifications by the IMF and the UN
Newly industrialized countries as of 2007
Different people have tried to classify countries into different groups. This is usually done either by looking at how rich people are, on average, in different countries. Most of the time there are two groups, namely **developing countries** and **developed** ones. Sometimes there are three groups, in which case the third group is between developing and developed countries, and is usually called **emerging countries**.

These definitions are problematic, because a high **standard of living** does not just mean that people make a lot of money. The main problem is that things cost different amounts in different countries. Just because people earn more money in one country does not necessarily mean they are better-off; they might earn more simply because the cost of living is higher. This means they need to spend more money just to buy those things they need every day.

For this reason, there are different definitions of developing countries. The level of economic development also changes a lot from one developing countries to another. There are developing countries that have a high standard of living.

Many of these countries have a lot of natural resources but not the Industrialization that would use them, so the resources are sold to the countries which can use them.

Words used to describe these countries
--------------------------------------

There have been many other names used to describe these countries, including:

* Third World: this name is because the members of NATO and their allies, which mostly had democracy and capitalist systems, counted themselves as the "First World"; communism (led by the USSR) was considered the "Second World"; and the countries which did not take sides in this way were counted as a "Third World" category.
* Developing Countries and Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are now often used because it seems less insulting than the name "Third World".

Related pages
-------------

* Foreign aid
* Least developed country
* Third World
***Echium vulcanorum*** is a plant species that belongs to the Boraginaceae family, the borage family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was discovered and named by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier. He found the plant with flowers on July 1934.

Common names
------------

It is locally known as *lingua de vaca* ("tongue of cow") because their leaves are rough. The same name is used for the other species of *Echium* that are found in Cape Verde: *Echium hypertropicum* and *Echium stenosiphon*.

Description
-----------

It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1.5–2 m tall. The stems are covered with many hairs. The leaves are lanceolates (pointed at both ends) up to 10 cm long and 1.5 wide.

The flowers are in dense inflorescences (groups of flowers), almost conical, up to 18 cm long, with white flowers with blue stripes.

*Echium vulcanorum* in Chã das Caldeiras.

Where it grows
--------------

*Echium vulcanorum* is endemic of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano *Pico do Fogo*. It occurs on volcanic soils of Fogo Island, mainly as two populations at Monte Losna/Pico Novo, where they can be found at about 1700 m, and in the border of the crater of the *Pico do Fogo* (the *Bordeira* region 14°55′01″N 24°21′09″W﻿ / ﻿14.91694°N 24.35250°W﻿ / 14.91694; -24.35250) at altitudes between 2200 and 2400 m. A small population was also reported in *Chã das Caldeiras* (±1600 m). These populations exist generally in places facing to the southwest or the southeast. It prefers soils with a recent volcanic origin.

Conservation
------------

*Echium vulcanorum* is used for the production of firewood (dry wood that will be burned) and destroyed by goats, so this species, as well as the other two *Echium* species of Cape Verde, is seriously threatened, so that measures for its protection should be taken with urgency.

Some conservation actions have been done at the *Bordeira region* (in the Natural Park of Fogo Island) and now there is a population with a relatively high number of individuals.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Echium vulcanorum***.

* *Echium vulcanorum* at NCBI, retrieved on 19 August 2013
* *Echium vulcanorum*[*permanent dead link*] at uBio, retrieved on 19 August 2013
A **floating point unit (FPU)** is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. 

Some systems can also perform more advanced functions as exponential or trigonometric functions calculations, however in most modern processors these functions are done with software library routines, not by hardware.

In most modern general purpose CPUs, one or more FPUs are integrated inside the CPU; however many embedded microcontrollers, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations. 

In the past, some systems as the Intel 8086 have implemented floating point via a coprocessor that is controlled by the CPU rather than as an integrated unit.

Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.

Related pages
-------------

* Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
* Execution unit
Location in Hungary

**Esztergom** is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

Geography
---------

Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

History
-------

The Basilica
The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

Sister cities
-------------

* Espoo (Finland) since 1974
* Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
* Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
* Cambrai (France) since 1992
* Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
* Maintal (Germany) since 1993
* Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
* Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
* Canterbury (England) since 2004
Tensile test of an Aluminum alloy. The local necking and the cup and cone fracture surfaces are typical for ductile metals.
This tensile test of a cast iron shows low ductility.
**Ductility** is when a solid material stretches under tensile strain. If ductile, a material may be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened by hammering or rolling. 

Both of these properties are aspects of plasticity. Plasticity is how far a solid material can be deformed without fracture. These properties are commonplace in metals, and are dependent on temperature and pressure. This was investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his 1946 Nobel Prize–winning work on high pressures.

Ductility and malleability do not always go together. Gold has high ductility and malleability, but lead has low ductility and high malleability. The word *ductility* is sometimes used to embrace both types of plasticity.

Gold, copper, aluminium, and steel have high ductility.

Related pages
-------------

* Stress (mechanics)
**Dolores Hope** (May 27, 1909 – September 19, 2011) was an American singer. She was the widow of Bob Hope.

Early life
----------

Hope was born Dolores DeFina on May 27, 1909. She was of Italian and Irish ancestry. She was born and raised in New York City. She began her career in the 1930s.

Marriage to Bob
---------------

In 1933, she met Bob Hope the first time in a Manhattan nightclub. They married in 1934. The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda and Kelly.

She and her husband entertained U.S. troops from the 1940s until the 1990s. Dolores Hope did this job over the time of a half century until the 1990s. In 1990, she was the only female entertainer who was allowed to go to Saudi Arabia.

Awards
------

She was often awarded for her work, for example with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and seven honorary Doctorates. A street was named after Dolores Hope in the Bronx.

Later life
----------

She was with her husband as he turned 100. Shortly after, and 69 years after their marriage, Bob Hope died in summer of 2003 at age 100. On May 27, 2009, Dolores Hope celebrated her 100th birthday. She died on September 19, 2011.

Other websites
--------------

* Dolores Hope on IMDb
* Dolores Hope biography Archived July 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
* Anthony J. Hope, Bob Hope's Son, dies at 63
**Enterobacter** is a group (genus) of bacteria that are part of the ESKAPE pathogens. There have been 22 species that’ve been discovered so far. They are widely spread around habitats including water, soil and sewage but also have been discovered in human and animal faeces which is one reason why they have managed to inhabit so many environments. In addition, they can survive in oxygen containing (aerobic) as well as oxygen-free (anaerobic) environments.

This genus is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family which is a group that contains many harmful bacteria like Salmonella and Shigella.

Enterobacter cloacae bacteria
These species are known for causing many infections with most of the species being nosocomial (acquired in hospitals). Some example infections include urinary tract infection (UTI), intra-abdominal infections, respiratory tract infection and soft tissue infection. There are antibiotics that treat Enterobacter infections; however, resistance to the currently employed antibiotics is rising, and there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics to fight this bacterium. Two species that are especially resistant to antibiotic treatment are Enterobacter huaxiensis and Enterobacter chuandaensis.
**Dolley Payne Todd Madison** (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.

Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina.

Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.

Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.

Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.

In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.

On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***fail***.

A **failure** (**fail**, or **flop**) is where a goal or mission is not completed. It can mean the opposite of success.

Commercial failure
------------------

A **commercial failure** is a product that does not complete a goal.

Most of the items listed below had high expectations, but failed to be successful.

* For flops in computer and video games, see List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming
* For company failures of the 1997–2001 Dot-com bubble, see Dot-com company
* See also Vaporware
* Box-office bomb

Product failure
---------------

Product failure can be the failure to sell the product, or a problem with the product that may stop it from working after a while, or lead to the person using the product hurting themselves. The Edsel, a brand from Ford that was marketed in the late 50’s is one of the best known product failures and became closely associated with them.

Examinations
------------

People who take tests or examinations will pass the test if they are successful. If they are unsuccessful they "fail" the test.
**Floorball** is an indoor team sport similar to hockey. Floorball is usually played in gyms with little plastic balls and special hockey sticks. In floorball, there are basically five players with sticks and a goalkeeper without any special equipment. The goalkeeper has only special jersey and helmet. Floorball is very popular today.

The origin of floorball is disputed, with Sweden, Canada, and the USA all claiming to have invented the sport. Regardless, floorball has been most popular in Sweden since the 1970s. Its popularity quickly spread to Finland and Switzerland, but with different rules. For example, in Switzerland a goalkeeper was allowed to use a stick. In 1986, the International Floorball Federation (IFF) was founded and rules became the same.

Floorball is played in a gym on an area of 40x20 meters bordered by boards 50 centimetres high. The formations are very similar to ice hockey. Both teams play with 3 attackers, 2 defenders and a goalkeeper. They can relieve whenever they want. Floorball is usually played 3x20 minutes with 15 minutes breaks. This is only for men and women. In juniors matches the time is different. Floorball is a contact sport so players can play with their body, but it has limits. The goalkeeper is not allowed to use a stick, but he can handle the ball with his body. The field players cannot hit the ball with their hands or head and they cannot jump. The goalkeeper can hit the ball with every part of his body and he can hold it for 3 seconds. In floorball, a player can be excluded for 2 minutes when he breaks the rules.

The currently strongest leagues are located in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

IFF organises world championships in floorball. Every year they are in a different country and it's also alternating between the mens and the womens tournament.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Floorball at Wikimedia Commons
***Equus*** is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae. It includes horses, asses, and zebras. *Equus* is the only living (extant) genus of horses, and there are seven living species. They are the one-toed horses, and are adapted for living in various types of grasslands.

The term **equine** refers to any member of this genus. *Equus* has many extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies) and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers with simpler digestive systems than ruminants. They can live on low-quality vegetation.

Feral equine populations are widespread, but wild equines are found only in Africa and Asia. Wild populations may have a harem system. In this case one adult male or *stallion*, several females or *mares* and their young or *foals*. Otherwise they live in a territory where males control territories with resources that attract females. In both systems, females take care of the foals, though males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations and out of the seven living species, only the plains zebra is still widespread and abundant.

The one-toed horses of the grasslands developed from smaller three-toed horses which lived more in forests and wooded savannahs. Before the coming of humans, horses were much more varied and widespread, though the number of species is not known.

Living horses
-------------

There are seven species of living horses in the wild. They are:  

*E. africanus*—African wild ass  

*E. ferus*—wild horse  

*E. grevyi*—Grévy's zebra  

*E. hemionus*—onager  

*E. kiang*—kiang  

*E. quagga*—plains zebra  

*E. zebra*—mountain zebra

This is not counting the many types of horse which mankind has modified by breeding. *Equus ferus* has been the species used by man as the basis of the various breeds of horse.
The **Edward Said National Conservatory of Music** is a Palestinian music conservatory. It has branches in Ramallah, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem. More than 500 students can study music there.

When it was started in Ramallah in 1993 it was called The National Conservatory of Music. In September 2004 it was given its present name in honour of the Palestinian scholar and musician Edward Said. The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music and the Al Kamandjati are the two main music schools for the two million Palestinians living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

The students of the conservatory study in an are where there is a lot of war and conflict with Israel. Nevertheless there are a few projects where Israeli and Palestinian musicians have managed to work together.

The Palestine Youth Orchestra was started through the efforts of the Edward Said National Conservatory. It is one of the best youth orchestras in the Arab world.

Other websites
--------------

* The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music official site
The **Enron scandal** was an accounting scandal of Enron Corporation, which was an American energy company. It caused the company to go bankrupt in 2001 after people found out about the scandal. The company Arthur Andersen also ended because of it, as they did not audit the company correctly. Arthur Andersen was one of the five largest audit companies in the world. Enron was often said to be the worst audit failure in history.

Enron's shareholders filed a lawsuit of $40 billion after the stock price of the company went from US$90.75 to less than $1 in November 2001. This meant the shareholders lost almost all of their money. Dynegy tried to buy Enron for a low price, but this didn't work so Enron went bankrupt on December 2, 2001 under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. This was the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history at $63.4 billion in assets. This was not passed until the WorldCom scandal in 2002.

Many executives at Enron were arrested for many charges and some were later sent to prison. Arthur Andersen was found guilty of illegally destroying documents relevant to the SEC investigation. This voided its license to audit public companies and almost closed the firm. By the time the ruling was overturned at the U.S. Supreme Court, Arthur Andersen lost many of its customers and stopped operating. Enron employees and shareholders received limireturns in lawsuits, despite losing billions in pensions and stock prices.

As a consequence of the scandal, new regulations and legislation were passed to expand the accuracy of financial reporting for public companies. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act increased penalties for destroying, altering, or making up records in federal investigations or for attempting to defraud shareholders. The act also increased the accountability of auditing firms to remain unbiased and independent of their clients.
TEM
An image of an ant from a scanning electron microscope.
An **electron microscope** is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the wavelength of light limits the maximum magnification that is possible. As electrons have a smaller wavelength, they can achieve a higher magnification, and can see very small objects - typically around 1,000 times smaller than those seen in an optical microscope. The outline of objects, as revealed by the flow of electrons, is changed into a picture using visible light for people to see. Electron microscopes were invented in Germany in the 1930s.

Types of electron microscope
----------------------------

### Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A beam of electrons is sent towards the specimen - some electrons are reflected, while some pass through. Those that pass through are detected and used to form an image of the specimen at a magnification of about 500,000 times. This microscope is more powerful than a light microscope.

### Reflection Electron Microscope (REM)

Similar to a Transmission Electron Microscope, but the reflected electrons are detected. By measuring the reflected electrons, some information about the surface of the specimen can be gathered.

### Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

See the main article: Scanning Electron Microscope
A narrow beam of electrons is moved across the specimen and a picture is built up piece by piece by detecting how the electrons are reflected or absorbed as it moves.

### Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM)

It combines the high magnification of TEM with the better surface detail of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analysis on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone.

Related pages
-------------

* Scanning tunneling microscope
**Dan Arne Tillberg** (born 9 April 1953 in Ystad) is a Swedish artist and producer. He is the son of Arne Tillberg and Ettie Tillberg.

Career
------

Dan Tillberg started his career in 1973 as a singer, guitarist and percussionist in the progg-influenced duo Änglabarn, along with Sven Ingmar Olsson. In 1977, he started his own recording studio in Malmö, Bellatrix, and a record label of the same name in 1978.

In 1979, his first LP, Gatstenar, came out, which had Swedish-language cover versions of Rolling Stones songs on it. In 1981, this was followed by the LP *Mors och fars kärlek*, which made him successful. The next year, his next LP, Kärlek minus noll, came out, which featured Swedish-language cover versions of Bob Dylan songs. In 1983, his next LP, "Genom tårar", was released, followed by "Erogena zoner" in 1985, which might have become his biggest success.

In Melodifestivalen 1985, he came in second place with *"Ta min hand"*, and also took part in Melodifestivalen 1986 with  *"ABCD"*. In 1987, his LP "Raka vägen till paradiset" was released, which was his last LP released before a long break. In 1986, Tillberg starred in an episode of the TV series *"Skånska mord"*, with Ernst-Hugo Järegård in the lead role.

After that, he became less popular, and he went on to run an advertising company, which became bankrupt in 2001. Then he began to devote himself to music again and released some CD singles. These were followed in 2005 by Akten tar gestalt, an album that came out on two CDs and has a collection of his old songs on it, released on Mixed Media Records, a record label he started with Rickard Mattsson, also in 2005. The record label, which borrowed its name from the band Mixed Media, which was previously signed to Tillberg's former record label, Bellatrix, is now bankrupt, and the record label business with the associated recording studio has ended. While Tillberg worked as a producer, he was active in the kitchen industry through the companies Köket i första rummet AB and Skånekök & Måleri AB.

Music
-----

* 1973 – *Änglabarn* (LP)
* 1979 – *Gatstenar* (LP, Rolling Stones)
* 1981 – *Mors och fars kärlek* (LP)
* 1982 – *Kärlek minus noll* (LP, Bob Dylan)
* 1983 – *Genom tårar* (LP)
* 1985 – *Erogena zoner* (LP)
* 1987 – *Raka vägen till paradiset* (LP)
* 2005 – *Akten tar gestalt* (double CD)
**Disturbed** is a rock band from Chicago, Illinois. They were formed in 1994 and have sold over 11 million albums in the United States alone and almost 20 million around the world. All of Disturbed's albums have been number one on the *Billboard 200*. Four of their albums have been number one on their first week on the *Billboard 200*.

History
-------

Disturbed's original name was Brawl, and had a different singer. David Draiman joined Brawl, and changed the name to Disturbed. In 2000, Disturbed released their first CD, called *The Sickness*. Since 2000, *The Sickness* has sold over 4 million copies in the United States. In 2002, Disturbed released a DVD called *M.O.L.*. This has music videos and videos of the band while on tour. Later in 2002, Disturbed released another CD, called *Believe*. After Disturbed finished a tour in 2003, they fired bassist, Steve Kmak. He was replaced with John Moyer. In 2005, Disturbed released another album called *Ten Thousand Fists*. One of Disturbed's songs, "This Moment" was put in the movie *Transformers*. In 2008, Disturbed released another album, called *Indestructible*. Some of the songs from *Indestructible* were put on the video game *Rock Band*.

Band members
------------

Current lineup
* Dan Donegan – guitars (1996–2011, 2015–present)
* Mike Wengren – drums (1996–2011, 2015–present)
* David Draiman – vocals (1996–2011, 2015–present)
* John Moyer – bass (2004–2011, 2015–present)

Former
* Steve "Fuzz" Kmak – bass (1996–2003)

### Timeline

Albums
------

Studio albums| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | *The Sickness* |
| 2002 | *Believe* |
| 2005 | *Ten Thousand Fists* |
| 2008 | *Indestructible* |
| 2010 | *Asylum* |
| 2015 | *Immortalized* |
| 2018 | *Evolution* |

Compilation albums| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 | *The Lost Children* |
**Fair use** is the idea that it should be okay for a person to reuse something that another person has created, in certain amounts and for certain purposes, without breaking the law.

Usage
-----

In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, TV shows, and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The person that owns these things has a *copyright* for them, which means that person can decide who can copy their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.

Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of "fair use" was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK to do this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.

Software programs
-----------------

Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the Internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work (known as digital rights management). One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.
**Eduard Bloch** was an Austrian doctor practicing in Linz (Austria) and until 1907 the physician of Adolf Hitler's family.

Bloch was born in Frauenberg (today Hluboká nad Vltavou, Czech Republic), studied medicine in Prague and then served as a medical officer in the Austrian army. In 1899 he was stationed in Linz and opened a private doctor’s practice after his discharge in 1901 in the baroque house at 12 Landstrasse, where he also lived with his family: his wife, Emilie (née Kafka) and their daughter Trude, born in 1903. According to Linz’s future mayor Ernst Koref, Bloch was held in high regard, particularly among the lower and indigent social classes. It was generally known that at any time at night he was willing to call on patients. He used to go on visits in his hansom, wearing a conspicuous broad-brimmed hat. Like most Jews in Linz at the time, the Bloch family were assimilated.

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The **Distrito Nacional** is a subdivision of the Dominican Republic enclosing the capital Santo Domingo, so it is not in any of the provinces. It is a municipality but, in some aspects, it is like a province; for example, it elects one senator to the congress.

Before 16 October 2001, the Distrito Nacional was much larger, including what is now the Santo Domingo Province.

Location
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The Distrito Nacional ("National District") is in the south coast of the country. It has the Santo Domingo province to the north, east and west, and the Caribbean Sea to the south.

History
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The Distrito Nacional was created by the Dominican constitution of 1844 as a province: the *Santo Domingo* province (different from the modern province of the same name). It had the municipalities of Santo Domingo, Baní, San Cristóbal, San José de Los Llanos, Monte Plata, Bayaguana and Boyá.

In 1932, its name was changed to *Provincia Nacional* and all municipalities that were to the north of the Isabela and Ozama rivers became part of the San Cristóbal province.

In 1934, the name was changed to *Distrito Nacional* and, instead of a province, it became like a municipality. The name was changed again to *Distrito de Santo Domingo* but the 1955 constitution changed it back to *Distrito Nacional*.

Population
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In 2014 (last national census), there were 1,402,749 people living in the Distrito Nacional, second only to the Santo Domingo province. The population density was 15,313.9 persons/km², the highest density in the country.

Its population represents 14.85% of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 2nd (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated administrative division.

As of 2016[update], the total estimated propulation of the province is 1,015,150 inhabitants.

Geography
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The Distrito Nacional is a single municipality, with a total area of 91.6 km2 (35.4 sq mi). It has 0.2% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 32nd, the smallest administrative division of the country.

Geography
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The two important rivers in the Distrito Nacional are Ozama and Isabela. The river Ozama is the eastern limit of the Distrito Nacional and separates it from Santo Domingo Este, head municipality of the Santo Domingo province. The river Isabela, a tributary of the Ozama, is the northern limit of the Distrito Nacional and separates it from Santo Domingo Norte.

### Climate

The climate of the province is a tropical climate, warm during the whole year.

Panorama of Distrito NacionalPanorama of Distrito Nacional
**The FACTA agreement** is an agreement between Canada and the United States that allows the United States to exercise financial control over American citizens and other *US persons* who are resident in Canada. According to this agreement the Canadian tax authorities provide very detailed financial information regarding such people to the American tax authorities.

FATCA was intended to catch tax-cheats, but ended up affecting all Americans living outside of the United States. There are about one million Americans living in Canada. FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) was enacted in 2010, under the Obama administration. The agreement with Canada was concluded in February 2014 when Stephen Harper was Prime Minister of Canada. Americans include, for the purpose of this agreement, "accidental Americans", their non-American families and business partners, and former non-American residents of the United States.

Many other countries have signed similar FATCA agreements with the United States. These agreements affect all *US persons* residing in those countries.

FATCA requires *US persons* to report to the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) the balances of all bank accounts they hold outside of the United States every year. This is done through special forms which all *US persons* must file in addition to the other tax forms which such people must file every year even if they do not reside in the United States.The CRA (Canada Revenue Agency) collects this information from all Canadian banks and transfers this information to the United States.

Will Canada help the IRS collect money from Canadians?
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According to an information notice posted on the Department of Finance Canada website 
"the CRA will not collect the U.S. tax liability of a Canadian citizen if the individual was a Canadian citizen at the time the liability arose ", even though the, "Canada-U.S. tax treaty contains a provision that allows a country to collect the taxes imposed by the other country".

Other websites
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* Front page | U.S. Department of the Treasury
Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts. Each district has a council which looks after local services. The 26 districts are made of 582 wards. Each ward elects 1 councillor. There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years. The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote. Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils. Every year, each council elects a chairman. In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor. In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor. In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman.

Districts
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|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. Antrim
2. Ards
3. Armagh
4. Ballymena
5. Ballymoney
6. Banbridge
7. Belfast
8. Carrickfergus
9. Castlereagh
10. Coleraine
11. Cookstown
12. Craigavon
13. Derry
 | 14. Down
15. Dungannon and South Tyrone
16. Fermanagh
17. Larne
18. Limavady
19. Lisburn
20. Magherafelt
21. Moyle
22. Newry and Mourne
23. Newtownabbey
24. North Down
25. Omagh
26. Strabane
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Diogenes of Sinope
**Diogenes of Sinope** (or **Diogenes the Cynic**) was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in the town of Sinope (now called Sinop, Turkey) around the year 412 BC and died in the city of Corinth, Greece on the year 323 BC.

After being exiled for debasing the currency, he moved to Athens. He had a simple life-style and behaviour. This gave him a basis to criticize the social values and institutions of the corrupt, confused society he saw around him.

Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts. He used to carry a lamp during the day, and claimed he was looking for an honest man.

He criticized Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates. He sabotaged Plato's lectures, distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.

Diogenes helped Antisthenes create cynicism, a philosophy that focuses on living a simple life without the need for money, fame, power, or possessions. He also made a notion of "cosmopolitan" on world citizenship first time in history.

Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into slavery. Eventually he settled in Corinth. There he explained cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium. Zeno worked on stoicism, which became one of the main schools of Greek philosophy.

None of Diogenes' writings have survived, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes. The anecdotes come from Diogenes Laërtius' book *Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers* and some other sources.
*Echo* by French painter Alexandre Cabanel 

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***echo***.

**Echo** was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph). She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.

Hera
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According to *Ovid*, Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word *echo*.

Narcissus
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After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus. Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him. However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody. Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him. She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.

Narcissus got lost and called out "*Is anyone here?*". Echo said back "*Here, here, here.*" Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place. Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.

Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death. Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.

Narcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart. She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.

Pan
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This is a different story about Echo's death. Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man. This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry. He had Echo killed and split into pieces. These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia. Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said. In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Echo (mythology)***.
**Dionys Schönecker** (29 April 1888 - 14 September 1938) was an Austrian football player, coach and official at SK Rapid Vienna.

Career
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His football career (1906–1910) was short and moderately successful. At that time there was no regular championship. He took over Rapid in 1910 and held this position until his death. Till 1925 he was also coach. The club was in a poor financial situation. The club had lost its ground and had become homeless as a result. The majority of the fighting team left the club. So Schönecker decided to continue playing with the youth team as a new first team. This youth team was champion in the first regular football season in 1911/12. In 1912 the club also received a new home ground. The Pfarrwiese was planned by Schönecker's brother and former national player Eduard Schönecker.

His management style was often described as authoritarian and when there were disciplinary problems with a player, the offending player was often quickly thrown out. A famous example is Josef Bican. During Schönecker's 28-years as head of the club from 1910 to 1938, Rapid became 12 times champion, 3 times cup winner and 1 time Mitropacup winner.

He died of appendicitis in 1938 at the age of 50. To honour him in 1985 the Schöneckergasse in Vienna-Penzing (14th district) was named after him.
Leaves and cone of *Encephalartos sclavoi*
Pinnate divided leaves of a cycad, with new growth in the centre in the form of a bud
Cycads in South Africa
**Cycads** are seed plants whose fossils are first found in the early Permian period.

They were very common in the Mesozoic era, the age of the dinosaurs, and are still living, but are now much less common. Only nine genera (about 100 species) of cycads are extant nowadays. In the Lower Jurassic they were part of the forests which became the Jurassic coal measures in part of the world. The fronds could be reached and eaten by some of the typical herbivores of the day.

Cycads are thought to have evolved from order Pteridospermae (seed ferns) of angiosperms, now totally extinct.

They are different from most plants because they have large crowns of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, dioecious plants having large pinnately compound leaves.

They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are only distantly related to both, and instead belong to the division **Cycadophyta**.

Cycads are gymnosperms (naked seeded). Their unfertilized seeds are open to the air to be directly fertilized by pollination. This contrasts with angiosperms, which have enclosed seeds and more complex fertilization arrangements. Cycads have very specialized pollinators, usually a specific species of beetle. 

They have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots).

These photosynthetic cyanobacteria produce a neurotoxin called BMAA that is found in the seeds of cycads. This is a typical defence against herbivory. the neurotoxin may enter a food chain if the cycad seeds are eaten, and may cause some neurological diseases.