recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Location of Vega in the constellation Lyra
**Vega** (α Lyr, α Lyrae, Alpha Lyrae) is the brightest star in the constellation Lyra. It is the fifth brightest star in the night sky and the second brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus. At only 25 light-years from Earth, it is a relatively close star and one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood.

Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers: this led it to be called "arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun".

Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BC and will be so again around the year 13,727. Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded. It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements. Vega has served as the baseline for calibrating the astronomical brightness scale.

Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun. Both stars are at present near the midpoint of their life expectancies. 

Vega has not much of the elements heavier than helium. Vega is a suspected variable star that may vary slightly in magnitude in a periodic manner. It is spinning rapidly with a velocity of 274 km/s at the equator. This is causing the equator to bulge outward because of centrifugal effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is being observed from the direction of one of these poles.

Based on an observed excess emission of infrared radiation, Vega appears to have a circumstellar disk of dust. This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting disk of debris, similar to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System. Stars that display an infrared excess because of dust emission are termed Vega-like stars. Irregularities in Vega's disk also suggest the presence of at least one planet, likely to be about the size of Jupiter.
Campaign performance
**Battle of Route Coloniale 4** was a campaign in the First Indochina War carried out by the Việt Minh Army from 16 September to 17 October 1950 to break the isolation of the Việt Bắc base, clear the Vietnam-China border Bridge to receive aid. Another objective was to expand the base and destroy some of the French garrison force, experimenting with tactics for the People's Army of Vietnam at that time with little experience in combat.

Background
----------

In 1949 the French Army was still unable to advance into the Việt Bắc area. The control of the Northern Delta was slow but unstable. Việt Minh gradually reorganized its apparatus and forces, and began organizing large-scale battles against French forces.During the five years of the war against the French in isolation, the Việt Minh actively expanded relations to seek international support. On October 1 1949 the People's Republic of China was established and quickly recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Then on January 18, 1950 the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The prestige and military capabilities of the Việt Minh Front are growing in the people.

During the same five years, the Việt Minh also adopted overseas Vietnamese organizations in France and left-leaning organizations to fight politics strongly influencing the French people's rising resistance to Indochina War. France fell into an unprecedented political crisis. The Vietnamese State lacked credibility among the people as a puppet government, and its army was too weak to cooperate with French troops in Indochina to win the war. The French government was forced to take into account the US government's plan to accept economic and military aid to pursue the war.

However, after five years of war French troops in Indochina became more and more bogged down in defense. In addition, although the development of the native force, but the quality and the fighting spirit is low it is almost impossible to undertake military tasks instead of the French.
*Night of the Living Dead*
***Night of the Living Dead*** is a 1968 American horror movie. It was directed by George A. Romero. The movie stars Duane Jones, Judith O'Dea and Karl Hardman. It premiered on October 1, 1968. It was completed on a US$114,000 budget. The movie was a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million worldwide.

*Night of the Living Dead* was heavily criticized because of it explicit content. It eventually got critical acclaim. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as a movie deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. The movie is in the public domain due to an error by the distributor.

The story follows characters Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and five others trapped in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania which is attacked by "living dead" monsters. These monsters became known in popular culture as zombies. *Night of the Living Dead* was the basis of five *Living Dead* movies (1978–2010). They were also directed by Romero. Many remakes have also been made.

Other websites
--------------

* *Night of the Living Dead* on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Night of the Living Dead***.
**Sandro Ingolitsch** (born 18 April 1997) is an Austrian football player. He plays for Sturm Graz.

Club career
-----------

Sandro Ingloitsch started his career with SK Bischofshofen and USK Anif. In 2011 he went to the FC Red Bull Salzburg football academy, where he played in all teams. In 2015 he was captain of the U18 team winning the Austrian Championship. 2015/16 and 2016/17 he played in the UEFA Youth League squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg. In the 2017 final match he was captain of the team. He made his Austrian Football First League debut for FC Liefering on 29 May 2015 in a game against SV Mattersburg. 2017 he went on to SKN St. Pölten. On 5 August 2020 he signed with Sturm Graz. On 21 March 2021 he suffered a serious injury in the knee and could not play a long time.

International
-------------

Ingolitsch played for Austrias U17, U18, U19 and U21 national team. With the U19 team he qualified for the U19 European Championship 2016 in Germany.

Personal life
-------------

His older brother Fabio is a football manager who currently manages the U18 team of the Red Bull Academy in Salzburg. Before that he was assistance coach with FC Liefering.

Honours
-------

* Champion Austrian Youth League U18: 2015
* UEFA Youth League: 2017


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sandro Ingolitsch***.
Illustration of a European perch
The **European perch** (*Perca fluviatilis*), also known as the **common perch**, **redfin perch**, **big-scaled redfin**, **English perch**, **Eurasian perch**, **Eurasian river perch**, **Hatch** or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the **perch**, is a kind of predatory freshwater fish. It belongs in the genus *Perca* and lives in Europe and Siberia. It is typically less than 25 cm long. It has greenish basic colour with 5-9 black bands, and red fins.

European perch lives in water which contains no salt or very little salt. It can be found in lakes, rivers, ponds and areas where sea water mixes with river water such as the Baltic Sea.

European perch eats small animals in the water, such as insects, worms and small fish. It is most hungry early in the morning and late in the evening. European perch tastes good and fishermen like to catch it.

Description
-----------

European perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides. When the perch grows larger, a hump grows between its head and dorsal fin.

Distribution and habitat
------------------------

The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.

### Outside Europe

European perch has been widely introduced, with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction. In Australia, the species is implicated in the decline of the now-endangered native fish, the Macquarie perch.

Related pages
-------------

* List of fish common names
In 2022, Iran had a dress-code which specified wat kinds of clothes were acceptable in public, and which ones were not. In 2022, people protested against this ruling.. These protests became known as **Enghelab** protests (Persian: دختران انقلاب). They are seen as part of a wider movement to make Iran a more democatic country since the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, in which the US and the UK overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mosaddegh, due to his policy to nationalize Iran's oil industry. The protests were inspired by **Vida Movahed** (Persian: ویدا موحد), an Iranian woman known as the **Girl of Enghelab Street** (Persian: دختر خیابان انقلاب). She was given that name, because she stood in the crowd on a utility box on Enghelab Street (Revolution Street) in Tehran on 27 December 2017 during the 2017-2018 Iranian protests; a white cloth, to a stick, and waved it to the crowd as a flag. She was arrested on that day and was released temporary on bail a month later, on 28 January 2018. Some people interpreted Movahed's action as being based on Masih Alinejad's call for White Wednesdays, a protest movement that the presenter at VOA Persian Television started in early 2017. Other women later re-enacted her protest and posted photos of their actions on social media. These women are described as the "Girls of Enghelab Street" and "The Girls Of Revolution Street" in English sources. Some of the protesters however claim that they were not following Masih Alinejad's call. The protests intensified in 2022 due to the death of Mahsa Amini.

Laws
----

In the Islamic law of Iran imposed shortly after the 1979 Revolution, article 638 of 5th book of Islamic Penal Code (called Sanctions and deterrent penalties) women who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from ten days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from Rls.50,000 to Rls.500,000. Fines are recalculated in the courts to index for inflation. This has been translated and published by the Legal Information Institute of Cornell Law School.

Article 639 says, two types of people shall be sentenced one year to ten years' imprisonment; first a person who establishes or directs a place of immorality or prostitution, second, a person who makes it easier for people to commit immorality or prostitution. or encourages them to do this.
**Cyberstalking** is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group or organization. It may include false accusations, defamation, slander and libel. It may also include monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, doxing or blackmail.

Stalking
--------

Stalking is following someone around in a way that makes them feel hunted or not safe in some other way. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

Cyberstalking
-------------

Cyberstalking is when the stalker uses the Internet to contact or follow that person. The stalker may make direct contact with that person, they may send nasty messages to that person or spread lies about them to others. Sometimes stalkers use the Internet to learn more about the other person. They might find their address, phone number, workplace or photograph. Then they might use this information to do more stalking or find other ways to hurt that person on the Internet or hurt their body.

The person who is stalked on the Internet may feel they have more power if they can simply delete emails or turn their computer connection off. Or they may feel they have less power if they do not know who the stalker is.
A tax form 
Marker for an area where coal was taxed
**Tax** is money that people have to pay to the government.

The government uses the money it gets from taxes to pay for things. For example, taxes are used to pay for people who work for the government, such as the military and police, provide services such as education and health care, and to maintain or build things like roads, bridges and sewers. The earliest known taxes were those of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.

Types of taxes
--------------

There are many different kinds of taxes. They may be direct tax or indirect tax.

* Taxes that are based on how much money a company earns are called **corporate taxes**
* Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called **income taxes**.

* Taxes that are based on how much a person buys are called **sales taxes**.
* Taxes that are based on how much a person owns are called **property taxes**. Things like houses have a property tax on them.
* Taxes that are paid when official documents are approved are called **stamp duties** (because in the past the document would have a stamp put on it). Changing who owns a house will often need a document approving.
* Taxes that are paid when somebody dies are called **inheritance** or **estate taxes.**

Taxes can also be split into 3 groups:

* **Flat taxes**: Everybody pays the same percentage. Russia has a flat income tax and everybody in Russia has to pay 13% of the income.
* **Progressive taxes**: The more money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Most countries have progressive income taxes.
* **Regressive taxes**: The less money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Sales taxes are usually called regressive as poor people spend a higher percentage of their money than rich people.

Paying lots of different taxes
------------------------------

Often because different parts of governments use taxes for different things, people end up paying lots of taxes.

In the United States, for example, the national government has an income tax; most states have an income tax or a sales tax, or both; and cities and towns may have a sales tax or a property tax. In some states such as Ohio, the sales tax is different in each county.

Before Taxes
------------

In ancient times, people from one city or area would attack another place, and make the people there pay *tribute*. Tribute meant that the attacked people would pay money (or other things), and the attacker would stop attacking them. A famous tribute was the Danegeld, when people from Denmark conquered part of England and made the English pay thousands of silver coins.

Groups who are against taxes
----------------------------

Anarchists and Libertarians are against all taxes or against high taxes. As people are paying them unwillingly and under the threat of sanctions, they say that taxation is the same as robbery. (Taxation as theft)

Related pages
-------------

* Income tax in the United States
* Tithe
**Profiling** is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

Three main types of criminal profiling
--------------------------------------

A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information. 

A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

Concerns about Profiling
------------------------

Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.

Profiling in Business
---------------------

Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.
The Japanese cruiser Iwate 2, an old World War 1 era cruiser.
The USS Port Royal, a modern cruiser.
Cruizir be Cruizin

A cruiser is a warship larger than a destroyer originally made to be capital ships during the World War I and II era, but nowadays they are used for a number of roles. They are most commonly used as command ships, but it is hard to give them a specific role, since most ships nowadays, apart from aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, have very similar roles and sizes. Some of the cruiser's roles include launching many kinds of missiles, standoff, communications and command, bombardment, escorting other ships, and special operations. However, many modern ships also do this, with the main difference being size, firepower, and their intended use. This is because naval technology today that is capable of competing with other ships and winning, is very limited. The same was true in World War II, when most ships were built around big guns and speed. In both times, ships with different technology are considered obsolete or impractical and are not used much. 

Older cruisers were called battlecruisers. They used large cannons like most other ships when they were first used but have evolved to use the same weapons and technology as modern destroyers. Cruisers were first built around 1915 but became popular among navies in the early 1930s and are still used today. Cruisers have changed over time and have evolved from the old, large, coal-driven ships to the modern smaller, stealthier, and more efficient vessels. Cruisers are still used today but are very different from the older ones. After battleships stopped being used during the Cold War years, due to being designed around large guns, which by then were beginning to be considered obsolete, cruisers were left as the most powerful surface combatant ship. (Not counting aircraft carriers.) Like with most ships, they are most likely to become stealthier, more efficient, and have more advanced weapons in the foreseeable future.
The **Generali Arena** (till 2010 Franz-Horr-Stadion) is a football stadium in Viennas Favoriten area. It is since 1973 the homeground of FK Austria Wien. It was built in 1925 as České srdce for the SK Slovan Wien, a team of the Czech minority in Vienna. The stadium has a capacity of 13 400 and was till 2010 named after the former president of the Vienna Football Association Franz Horr.

History
-------

The stadium was built in 1925 for Slovan Wien, a football team of the Czech minority of Vienna. It was called České srdce which means "czech heart". It was then the new homeground after the promotion to the first league. It was opened with a tournament with Sparta Prag, 1.Vienna FC, Amateure and Slovan itself. The first official match was slovans first in the highest league versus Hertha .Slovan won 1:0. There was a plan to build an icerink, grounds for the training and a gymnastics space for the Czechs of Favoriten but this was impossible for financial reasons. In 1935 Sk Slovan Wien was dissolved and the stadium was onlz used for amateur football bz AC Slovan Wien.

During the Second World War the stadium was damaged. So the ground did not fit for AC Slovan Wien,which plazed in the A/legue,then the highest in Austrian football. 1949 the city renovated the stadium and it was used by clubs of the Vienna Football Association.Franz Horr, the chairman, made a contract with FK Austria Wien.They played from 1973 in the stadium. After the death of Franz Horr the stadium was named after him. 

Not earlier than 1981 the stadium was renovated. Till then FK Austria played in other football stadiums in Vienna. 1982 a north stand was built,1987 the west stand,1999 the south stand and 2008 the east stand, which offers standing room only but is the home of the different fan clubs. 2000 the main office of the club came to the Horr stadium and a contract was signed with the owner who grants a 40 year long right to the club to use the stadium. Since 2010 the stadium is called Generali arena, after a sponsor from the insurance business.
Turkish ice cream with a Kanafeh on a plate
**Mastic ice creams** (resin based ice cream) is popularly termed for stretchy and sticky textured ice cream, named after the spice - "Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus resin)". These ice creams are based on of Salep or cornflower, rose water, and the "Mastic resin" that contributes to the texture (as opposed to the texture of other ice creams that have a more airy texture) and are commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Today, due to the very high price of the gum spice and the difficulty of obtaining it, there are ice cream sellers who usually replace it with glucose or other ice cream conducive to appear as a sticky dish.

history
-------

Mastic ice cream was first invented in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire and was called: "**Dondurma**" and it has been around for 300 years when its recipe was kept secret for many years. there are places in Turkey where it is customary to put the ice cream in a large container equipped with huge spoons for constant stirring, so that you do not over-firm, and serve it in a plate with a knife and fork. The ice cream is very popular in Turkey and there are even street stalls especially for Turkish Mastic ice cream where they pour boiling chocolate syrup over an ice cream cup. There are ice cream vendors who practice juggling and street shows for tourists with ice cream because of its great flexibility and resistance to melting. The ice cream's massive publicity in Turkey has made Istanbul's neighborhood known as "Dondorma".

### Syrian ice cream

In the middle of the 19th century a Syrian merchant brought the secret recipe of ice cream from Turkey to Damascus, where he developed a softer local version of ice cream called "**Booza**", which is lighter And airy from the Turkish version, and from there it was distributed to Arab countries. in the Middle East only sells the Arabic version of the ice cream, while in the Far East only the Turkish version of the ice cream sells.

Related pages
-------------

* Kulfi
* Bastani sonnati
A **fable** is a type of story which shows something in life or has a meaning to a word. A fable teaches a lesson or suggests a moral from it. A fable starts in the middle of the story, that means, jumps into the main event without detailed introduction of characters. The characters of a fable may be animals, plants and legendary creatures. When animals are used in fables, they think and talk like people, even though they act like animals. For example, in a fable a clay pot might say that it is frightened of being broken.

The stories told by fables are usually very simple. To understand a fable, the reader or listener does not need to know all about the characters, only one important thing. For this reason animals are often used in fables in a way that is easily understood because it is always the same. They keep the same *characteristics* from story to story.

* A lion is noble
* A rooster is boastful
* A peacock is proud
* A fox is cunning
* A wolf is fierce
* A horse is brave
* A donkey is hard-working

The most famous fables are those attributed to Aesop (6th century B.C.). Many fables are so well known that their morals have become English sayings.

For example:

* If a person says "sour grapes!" then they are referring to "The Fox and the Grapes". This fable is about a fox who saw a beautiful bunch of grapes hanging on a vine. He wanted to eat them but they were high up. He tried and tried to jump high enough to pull them down. When he was too tired to jump anymore, he went away saying "I'll bet those grapes were sour!"

So, if a person sees a beautiful thing that they want, but cannot have, sometimes they say "I don't want it, anyway! I'll bet it is really no good!" This way of thinking is called *"sour grapes".*
"Crying wolf" is another well-known English saying. This comes from "The Boy Who Cried Wolf". This fable is about a boy who was sent to mind the sheep. The boy got lonely while minding the sheep, so he shouted "Wolf! Wolf!" The people came running. The next day, he did it again and they were very angry. On the third day the boy saw a wolf. He cried "Wolf! Wolf!" but no one came and the wolf ate him.

So if a person always makes a great fuss to get attention, or if a person says something bad has happened when it has not, then it is called "crying wolf" and people will stop bothering to pay attention, even when things go really wrong.

Related pages
-------------

* Children's literature
* Jean de La Fontaine
* Myth
* Fairy tale

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fables***.

* Animal Symbolism List of frequently described animals and their characteristics
* The Dragon-Tyrant
* Fables - Collection and guide to fables for children Archived 2010-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Imaginexus Archived 2008-12-02 at the Wayback Machine A collection of interconnected stories that anyone can edit
* Beast Fable Society Archived 2007-08-07 at the Wayback Machine An academic society focused on fables and related genres
The **OpenAPI Specification** (OAS) is an open standard for describing and defining RESTful APIs. It was previously called the **Swagger Specification** and is currently maintained by the OpenAPI Initiative, which is a group of industry experts and companies.

The OAS is a machine-readable format that enables developers to outline the details of an API in a structured and standardized way. This includes information about the endpoints, operations, parameters, responses, and other relevant data. This uniformity makes it easier for developers to understand, use, and test APIs, as well as for tools to generate documentation, client libraries, and server stubs automatically from the specification.

The OAS supports both JSON and YAML formats and has become a popular tool in the API development community.

History
-------

The Swagger Specification was created in 2010 by Tony Tam, technical co-founder of the dictionary site Wordnik. During the development of Wordnik's products, the need for automation of API documentation and client SDK generation became a major source of frustration. Tam designed a simple JSON representation of the API, building upon the flexibility of part of the REST style of architecture, and Swagger quickly gained popularity among API developers due to its ability to generate interactive documentation, client libraries, and server stubs automatically from API specifications. 

In 2015, the Swagger Specification was donated to the newly formed OpenAPI Initiative, which is a consortium of industry experts and companies who are dedicated to the development of the standard.

Features
--------

The OAS provides a variety of features that make it easier to design, build, document, and test RESTful APIs. These include:

* **Interactive documentation**: Swagger UI allows developers to view and interact with the API in a web browser, making it easy to understand and test the API's functionality.
* **Code generation**: Swagger Codegen can generate client libraries, server stubs, and API documentation in various programming languages based on an API's specification.
* **API testing**: Swagger Inspector is a cloud-based tool for testing and validating APIs, with support for various authentication methods and response validations.
* **API design**: Swagger Editor is a web-based tool for designing and editing API specifications in YAML or JSON format.
* **API management**: SwaggerHub is a platform for hosting, sharing, and collaborating on API designs, with features for versioning, team collaboration, and API documentation publishing.

Related pages
-------------

* RESTful
* API
* API Gateway

Other websites
--------------

* OpenAPI Specification website
* OpenAPI Specification on GitHub
The **Senedd** (English: Senate), previously called the **National Assembly building**, contains the *debating chamber* and 3 committee rooms for the Welsh Parliament in Cardiff. The building is 5,308 square meters (57,100 sq ft) large.

History
-------

After 2 selection processes were held, it was decided a new debating chamber for Wales was to built on a new site, *Site 1E,* at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay. 

### Design

Richard Rogers, an architect who had won the Pritzker Prize, won the international competition to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable, with renewable technologies, and to be energy efficient. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the *Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method*, the highest ever certification to be awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. The Senedd is now a symbol of Cardiff, and Wales.

### Building the Senedd

The Senedd was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second starting in August 2003, until it was handed over to the National Assembly in February 2006.

Between the phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the management structure of the project, but kept Rogers as architect.

Once finished, the building cost almost 6 times more than expected, and was finished 4 years and 10 months late (compared to estimates in 1997).

The cost grew because of the extra security that had to be added after the September 11 attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent estimate of the project's cost until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. The costs of the second phase grew by less than 6% over budget, and was 6 months late, because of ICT problems.

It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006 and it cost £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd is part of the land owned by the National Assembly that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.
The **Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company** are a Welsh railway preservation society originally called the **Butetown Historic Railway Society**.

In 1979, the **Butetown Historic Railway Society** was formed at Bute Road Station in the docklands are of Cardiff. The aim was to restore the then derelict Taff Vale Railway station, and establish a steam hauled passenger service to Cardiff Queen Street station. By 1994, a short section of track existed, and the steam locomotive *Sir Gomer* hauled short passenger trains.

By 1997, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was in charge of the redevelopment of Butetown, and dismissed the idea of a rejuvenated steam railway as part of their plans.

Even prior to 1997 the railway started negotiations with the Vale of Glamorgan Council and moved in during 1998 to its new base at Barry Island Railway. It renamed it self the **Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company** and were based there till early 2009 operating heritage services both steam and diesel over an expanding network of lines.

Following the December 2007 decision by landlords, the Vale of Glamorgan Council to terminate the £65,000 funding of the Barry Island Railway, the society maintain a service. However less than six months after withdrawing financial support, the council with out warning decided to put the railway site out to tender under a long term lease. There were three bids submitted with the sucsefull bidder being the commercial company Cambrian Transport who have been the councils railway adviser and contractor since the Barry Railway Project started.

The other bidder NEWCO was submitted by Graham Lee owner of the LH Plant, Hunselt Engine Company, Statfold Barn Railway and Mike Thomson owner of Arrowvale who make black boxes for the rail industry. NEWCO had spoken to the VGR in advance and agree a method of working together. Had this bid been successfully the VGR would have continued operating at Barry.

The Railway has recently sold assets following the break down of talks with Cambrian Transport which an has been forced to leave Barry. It is now the intention for the railway to relocate to the Bridgend Valleys Railway, with some stock also going to the Dean Forest Railway and further a field.

The Railway is now working with the Bridgend Valleys Railway to develop the 4.5 miles of line in place north of Bridgend.
**Pharmacy in the United Kingdom** has been an important part of the National Health Service since it started in 1948. Unlike the rest of the NHS, pharmacies are mostly privately owned. Those in hospitals are now often privately run.

Trade in drugs in the United Kingdom was first regulated by the Guild of Peppers from 1180. The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries was started in 1617. The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was founded in 1841. The Pharmacy Act 1868 limited the sale of poisons and dangerous drugs to qualified pharmacists.

Medicine prescribed by a doctor was free at the start of the NHS, but later there were prescription charges, though many people do not have to pay them.

Boots UK Limited, now part of Walgreens Boots Alliance, has 2,232 shops across the United Kingdom with more in Ireland, Thailand and Norway.

Superdrug Stores plc is the second largest pharmacy chain behind Boots.

Lloyds Pharmacy ran about 1300, about 10%, UK pharmacies, and employed 17,000 people. In 2023 it sold or closed many of its branches and only had 138 pharmacies in October 2023. In November 2023 it announced that it was selling all its community pharmacy branches.

In 2023 there were 11,026 community pharmacies in England. 160 closed between 2021 and 2013. Costs had risen because of inflation. The Association of Independent Multiple Pharmacies says that there has been a 30% cut in government funding over the last seven years, after taking account of inflation. In Scotland pharmacies are paid for every consultation and they can do more prescribing than in England.
**Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl** (born 27 February 1920 in Forchtenberg as Elisabeth Scholl; died 28 February 2020 in Stuttgart) was the sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl.

Life
----

Elisabeth Hartnagel (then Scholl) grew up together with her siblings Inge (1917–1998), Hans (1918–1943), Sophie (1921–1943) and Werner (1922–1944). Her siblings initially enthusiastically followed National Socialism and were members of the League of German Girls or Hitler Youth, but later became dissatisfied with the Nazi Regime.

Scholl arrest and Sippenhaft
----------------------------

Her siblings Hans and Sophie were arrested on February 18, 1943. Elisabeth found this out from the newspaper. Four days later, on the 22nd February, Hans and Sophie Scholl and their fellow student Christoph Probst were sentenced to death in Munich by the People's Court chaired by Judge Roland Freisler, who came from Berlin for the sole purpose of the trial. Around 5 p.m. the convicts were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. At the funeral of Hans and Sophie Scholl on the 24th February, the parents and siblings Inge, Elisabeth and Werner were present. Three days later, on Elisabeth's 23rd birthday, the Scholl family was taken into custody in Ulm, Elisabeth Scholl fell seriously ill in "protective detention" and was released after two months. She was the first of the Scholls to be released from prison.

After the War
-------------

In October 1945, she married Fritz Hartnagel (1917–2001). Fritz had been Sophie’s fiance, and after the execution Fritz and Elisabeth had been brought together from their shared grief at their loss. Together the couple had four children. After the death of her sister Inge Aicher-Scholl in 1998, Elisabeth began to speak about her siblings at schools and other educational institutions. She was commited to keeping the memory of her brother and sister alive. She died on February 28, 2020, one day after her hundredth birthday.
**Fernando de Noronha** (Portuguese pronunciation: [feʁˈnɐ̃du d(ʒ)i noˈɾoɲɐ]) is an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, 354 km (191 nmi; 220 mi) off the Brazilian coast. It consists of 21 islands and islets, extending over an area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Only the main island is inhabited. It has an area of 18.4 km2 (7.1 sq mi) and a population estimated at 3,101 in 2020. Most of the archipelago is low-lying, but there are some parts that reach 100 m (328 ft) in elevation.

The archipelago is part of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

  

The islands are administratively unique in Brazil. They form a "state district" (Portuguese: *distrito estadual*) that is administered directly by the government of the state of Pernambuco (even though they are closer to the state of Rio Grande do Norte). The state district's jurisdiction also includes the very remote Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, located 625 km (337 nmi; 388 mi) northeast of Fernando de Noronha. Seventy percent of the islands' area was established in 1988 as a national marine park.

In 2001, UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site because of its importance as a feeding ground for tuna, sharks, turtles, and marine mammals. Its time zone is UTC−02:00 all year round.

Gallery
-------

* Map of the ArchipelagoMap of the Archipelago
* Fernando de Noronha Conceição beachFernando de Noronha Conceição beach
* Landscape in Fernando de NoronhaLandscape in Fernando de Noronha
* Historic fortificationsHistoric fortifications
* Aerial viewAerial view
* Fernando de Noronha beachFernando de Noronha beach
* Crystalline waterCrystalline water
* UnderwaterUnderwater
* Sancho BaySancho Bay
* Spinner dolphins in Dolphin BaySpinner dolphins in Dolphin Bay
* Two Brothers Rock (Morro Dois Irmãos)Two Brothers Rock (*Morro Dois Irmãos*)
* Cacimba do Padre*Cacimba do Padre*
* Cacimba do Padre Beach*Cacimba do Padre* Beach
* Ponta da Sapata*Ponta da Sapata*
* Two Brothers RockTwo Brothers Rock
* SunsetSunset
* Fernando de Noronha snorkelingFernando de Noronha snorkeling
* Fernando de Noronha beach Sancho BayFernando de Noronha beach Sancho Bay
```
| image_caption       = *Indian chameleon* in Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
| taxon               = Chamaeleonidae
| authority           = Rafinesque, 1815
| subdivision_ranks   = Genera
| subdivision         = 
```

* Brookesiinae

}}

They can change colour
**Chameleons** are a family of lizards. Most can change the colour of their skins for camouflage, or to signal mood to other chameleons. 

They are a distinct clade of lizards. They have parrot-like zygodactylous feet, Their eyes are separately mobile and stereoscopic. Their very long tongues can flick out, and their movement sways like leaves in the wind. Their prehensile (grabbing) tail can hang onto branches and many can change colour. They eat insects.

There are about 160 species, living in Africa, Madagascar, Spain and Portugal, across south Asia, Sri Lanka. They have been introduced to Hawaii, California and Florida, and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions. Chameleons are often kept as household pets.

Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can fire out in a fraction of a second. They stretch up to twice their body size. Their eyes can move independently. The largest species is about 1.5 feet when fully grown. They are mainly insectivores, but larger species may take occasional smaller lizards and young birds.

Tiny chameleons
---------------

The world's tiniest reptile has been found on Madagascar. It is a chameleon 13.5mm long. It hunts for mites on the rainforest floor and hides from predators at night in blades of grass. Other species of tiny chameleons have been found.

Vision
------

Independent eye movement
Chameleons have 360-degree eye-turning, the ability to zoom in and out, and binocular vision.

Chameleon eye
Chameleon's tongue striking at food
Each of the chameleon's eyes can move separately, allowing them to see all around them at all times. 

Chameleons have two eyes whose vision overlaps. This gives them 3D vision. They can switch to monocular vision, which is seeing with each eye independently. This gives them more flexible sight.

In popular fiction
------------------

* In Disney's Tangled (2010 movie), the main character, Rapunzel, has a green chameleon named Pascal
* In Rango (2011 movie), the main character, voiced by Johnny Depp, is a chameleon

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chamaeleonidae***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Chamaeleonidae***.

* Chameleons! Online E-zine
* Chameleon Care and Information Center website
* The Chameleon Forums
A fly
A **fly** (plural: *flies*) is an insect of the order Diptera. The Diptera is a large order of advanced flying insects.

Their most obvious difference from other insects is in their flight. A normal fly has two flight wings on its thorax and a pair of halteres. The halteres, which evolved from the hind wings, act as flight sensors: they are balance organs. Also flies have large eyes with excellent wide-angle vision.

With the help of their eyes and halteres, flies are exceptional fliers. They can avoid most predators, and are among the hardest insects to capture by hand. Their jinks, dives and turns to avoid their predators is their main adaptation. "These flies do a precise and fast calculation to avoid a specific threat and they are doing it using a brain that is as small as a grain of salt".... "And they can fly like an ace at birth. It's like putting a newborn baby in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft and it knowing what to do".

The only other order of insects bearing two true, working wings plus any form of halteres are the Strepsiptera, a small order of insects. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera evolved their halteres from their front wings and their flight wings are their rear wings.

The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies or scorpionflies.

Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, including some that live in social insect colonies.

Life cycle
----------

Flies are also holometabolous, with complete metamorphosis. This means their eggs turn into grubs, which eat voratious. Then they turn into pupae. Their bodies change while they are in the pupa.

Kinds of flies
--------------

There are an estimated 1,000,000 species, although only about 150,000 species have been described.

There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 125,000 kinds (species).

* Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are.
* Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals.
* Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe.
* Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.

Some flies do not have the word *fly* in their name, so people may not know they are flies. 

* Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria.
* Midges are small flies, a bit like like mosquitoes, but not all midges bite.
* Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called *swarm*s.

Some insects have the word *fly* in their names, but they are not flies at all.

* Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
* Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not flies.
The **Liebenauer Stadium** (formerly known as Arnold Schwarzenegger stadium, or UPC-Arena) is a football stadium in Graz, Austria. It is the homeground of SK Sturm Graz.

Construction
------------

The first stadium was built before the Second World War. In the 1950s it was renovated and expanded with a skating rink (now home of the ice hockey team Graz 99ers) and an indoor pool. In the 1970s it became home ground of the big football clubs of Graz, SK Sturm and Grazer AK.

Name history
------------

The stadium was originally named after the bodybuilder, actor and Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger who was born near Graz. It was built from 1994 to 1997 and was opened with the derby Grazer AK versus SK Sturm Graz. 

When Governor Schwarzenegger did not pardon a prisoner from death penalty a discussion started about the name. Governor Schwarzenegger took back the right to use his name. Now the name was Stadium Graz-Liebenau after the part of the town where it is. In 2006 the stadium was named UPC Arena after a sponsor of SK Sturm Graz. UPC is a big Austrian internet provider. Since April 2016 it is named Merkur-Arena. Merkur is a big insurance company in Austria.

Structure
---------

The stadium has a capacity of 15 400 in 27 sectors. For Champions League matches the capacity is expanded to 16 000. The field has a lawn heating. Two video walls and floodlight are also in the arena.

Games
-----

The stadium was host for the national team of Austria versus Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended 3–1 for the home team. Altogether 14 matches of the national team were held here (The first one was in 1970 versus Yugoslavia). 

Also the match England versus Japan on 30 May 2010 was held in the arena. The English team had a training Camp in Styria for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The match ended 2–1 to England. In 2011 it was one of the venues for the American Football world championship.
Memorial to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
The **Hungarian Revolution of 1956** or **Hungarian Uprising of 1956** (Hungarian: ***1956-os forradalom*** or ****felkelés****) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt. It was against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. It lasted from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and took over Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential. It played a role in the fall of the Soviet Union decades later.

Prelude
-------

At the end of World War II Hungary was liberated from the Nazis. It was occupied by the Soviet Union’s Red Army. Hungary's communists were led by General Secretary Mátyás Rákosi and backed by Joseph Stalin. The communists destroyed all political opposition. In 1949 Hungary officially became the People’s Republic of Hungary. Rákosi was an oppressive ruler. He exiled, imprisoned or killed over 300,000 Hungarians. After Stalin died, the soviet communists replaced Rákosi with Imre Nagy. They thought his softer approach would win them popularity. But the Kremlin decided he had become too popular. Rákosi was returned to power in April 1955. His secret police, the AVO, carried out Rákosi's oppressive orders again. Eventually, the Hungarian people got tired of their bad living standards and protested.

When the revolt broke out in October 1956, the Hungarian revolt was very sudden. Nobody had any idea it would sweep the country and break out everywhere all at once. However, there were warning signs that trouble was coming. The Communist Party in Hungary had lost much of its authority and respect. In July of 1956 Rákosi was removed again as leader of the party. He was sent back to the Soviet Union.

Results
-------

2,500 Hungarians died and thousands were imprisoned. Hundreds of Soviet troops died. 200,000 fled Hungary. Communists in the Western Bloc argued about the Soviet Union intervening to stop the uprising.