recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Peter Hugh McGregor Ellis** (30 March 1958 – 4 September 2019) was a New Zealand childcare worker who was wrongly accused of child sexual abuse. He was a child care worker who worked in Christchurch. He was convicted in June 1993 and released from prison in February 2000. In October 2022 the Supreme Court of New Zealand said he had been wrongly accused and cleared him of all charges.

Conviction and overturn
-----------------------

In June 1993, Ellis was found guilty in the High Court on 16 counts of sexual offences involving children in his care at the Christchurch Civic Creche and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment. Many people have said he was wrongly accused, because of the way the children were interviewed and the way their interviews were shown to the jury. 

Many people believe in Ellis' innocence and many New Zealanders have supported his calls to overturn the conviction.

In 1994, the Court of Appeal removed convictions on three of the charges, but kept the sentence. His conviction and sentence were removed for a second time in the Court of Appeal in October 1999. Ellis refused to attend parole board hearings while in prison because he would have to confess to the crimes in order to argue for early release. He was released in February 2000 after serving seven years in prison.

Ellis has continued to campaign to clear his name. In 2019, he appealed to the Supreme Court to have his conviction removed from his background.

The Ellis case was one of many high profile child abuse cases around the world in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has been mentioned as a reason for the decrease in the number of male teachers in New Zealand schools.

In October 2022 the Supreme Court of New Zealand said he had been wrongly accused and cleared him of all charges, even though he had died in 2019.

Personal life
-------------

Ellis was born in Christchurch. He was openly bisexual.

On 26 July 2019, Ellis announced that he was diagnosed with terminal bladder cancer. He died on 4 September 2019 while appealing his conviction in Christchurch from the disease, aged 61.

Other websites
--------------

* Ellis case 'a witch-hunt against victims' - An August 2019 interview with a complainant's aunt
* Peter Ellis page on Crime.co.nz
* PeterEllis.org.nz Archived 2019-05-04 at the Wayback Machine – advocacy site
Photo of Emil Zátopek
**Emil Zátopek** (19 September 1922 - 22 November 2000) was a Czechoslovak runner from town Kopřivnice. He is mostly known for winning 3 gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympic games in Helsinki. He won in 5,000 metres, 10,000 metres runs and in marathon. He never ran a marathon before. But he decided at the last minute to start with others. He set former record with time 2:23:03,2.

Personal life
-------------

Zátopek was born in Kopřivnice. He finished Industrial high school in Zlin. He studied at the Military Academy in Prague. His wife was Dana, also an olympic athlete. They were married in 1948. In Helsinki she competed in jevelin. She won a gold medal at the same day as Zátopek. His olympic rivals (friends) called him "Czech Locomotive". In 1997 he was called the best Czech athlete of 20th century. Then in 1999, he was declared the best Olympian in Czech history. Altogether he won six Olympic medals, five European Championship and he broke the records for 18 times. His life credo was: "*Are you running out of breath? Go faster!*"

Career
------

His Career began at an elementary school in Zlin. There he ran at school events with good results. He accepted an invitation to train with Zlin´s athletes. He mostly trained by himself with his own running system. He ran 400 metres (1,300 ft) sections with multiple repetitions. In 1943 he tried his first 5,000 metres run and the year after that he set his first record at 2,000 metres track. His most successful event were Summer Olympic games in 1952 where he won 3 gold medals. After that he went through an operation for a hernia. Zátopek´s athlete career ended in 1958 then he worked as a minister (Christianity).
**Freerunning sleep** can be sleep which is not adjusted, *entrained*, to the 24-hour cycle in nature. Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.

Scientific experiments
----------------------

Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in *constant conditions*, that is in constant light or constant dark, will *freerun*. They live by their built-in circadian rhythms. Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours. It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long. The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be farther and farther off.

Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them. They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to. Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.

Light is the most effective signal. Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals. Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.

Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time. Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.

People freerunning
------------------

### Illness

Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals. Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see. They have a long circadian cycle and they do not entrain. Scientists do not yet know why.

### Intentional freerunning

Some people believe they will be more healthy if they do not sleep on a regular schedule. They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks. They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.
**Aliyu Mai-Bornu** (1919 – 23 February 1970) was the first indigenous Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria.

Early life and education
------------------------

Mai-Bornu was born in Gongola now Yola. Mai-Bornu attended Yola Elementary School, Yola Middle School, and was went to Kaduna College where he graduated in as an English language teacher. He started his teaching career at Yola Middle School before going to work at Kaduna College and soon joined the Northern Teachers Association. He returned to Yola as deputy headmaster of the Yola Middle School and later left Yola to be a House Tutor at the Veterinary School in Vom for five months. He earned a government scholarship to travel abroad and studied Economics at Bristol University in the United Kingdom.

Career
------

Mai-Bornu began his civil service career at post as Administrative Officer with the Northern Nigeria Public Service, serving in the Public Service Commission and Ministry of Finance and Trade. When the Central Bank started operations in 1959, he was appointed second to the Central Bank of Nigeria as an Assistant Secretary. Subsequently he rapidly rose through the ranks from assistant secretary to deputy secretary, then secretary. He became the first indigenous Nigerian to be appointed Deputy Governor. On July 25, 1963, Mai-Bornu was appointed Governor of the Central Bank (1963–1967). After leaving the bank, he was appointed Director and General Manager of the Nigerian Tobacco Company (1967–1969). He served on the Board of Directors of the company until his death on the 23rd of February, 1970.

Legacy
------

His portrait features on the 1,000 Naira note brought into circulation on October 12, 2005.
**Étienne Lenoir** (12 January 1822 – 4 August 1900) is French inventor (80 patents) and entrepreneur. Lenoir was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor and received French citizenship.

Biography
---------

Étienne Lenoir was born in Mussy-la-Ville (part of the Belgian Province of Luxembourg). In 1838, he moved to France and in 1870 Lenoir became a resident in Paris.

He was interested in electroplating and made several electrical inventions, including an improved electric telegraph.

On 16 July 1900, Lenoir received an award from the **ACF** (Automobile Club de France). It was a vermeil plate with the inscription, *"In recognition of his great merits as an inventor of the gas engine and builder of the first car in the world."*

Étienne Lenoir died in La Varenne-Sainte-Hilaire on 4 August, 1900.

Lenoir engine
-------------

In 1859, Lenoir invented the first internal combustion engine now known as the *Lenoir engine*.

Next year he received a patent for "an air motor expanded by gas combustion" from *Conservatoire national des arts et métiers*, no. N.43624.

In 1863, he created a car on that engine, in 1866 he designed a motorboat.

In 2 years, 143 engines were sold in Paris, and production of *Lenoir Gas Engines* had begun.
Two story white church with three story clock tower on the leftHistoric San Carlos Convent.
**San Lorenzo** is a city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is 23 km north of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River. It is the head town of the San Lorenzo Department. As of 2001 there were about 43,500 people.

San Lorenzo has no certain foundation date. In 1984 the Municipal Council decided to choose 6 May 1796 as the day of formations. This is the date when Franciscan friars came and started the evangelization of the area.

The city was the stage of the Battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813. Troops loyal to the Spanish Crown were defeated by local revolutionaries under General José de San Martín. The 18th century San Carlos Monastery has a museum about this battle. The battle was the first in the Argentine War of Independence.

San Lorenzo is the birthplace of Argentina captain Javier Mascherano.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***San Lorenzo, Santa Fe***.
A map of the middle of the Mediterranean Sea
Roman theatre, in Carthage
**Carthage** was an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia. It began as a Phoenician colony. At the height of its power, Carthage was the most important power in the Mediterranean and controlled parts of Spain, as well as Sicily, North Africa, and Sardinia. 

The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries, Rome started a colony in the same place that became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually, the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.

Punic Wars
----------

Carthage was a rival in the western Mediterranean for the Roman Republic, which wanted to take over the whole region. Carthage was a large obstacle and so in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina and landed an army in Sicily. That started the First Punic War. The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian areas in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them. Even at sea, the Romans copied the Carthaginian bireme ships, with two oars on each side, and won several major victories on the sea. However, the Romans had not been a sea power, which the Carthaginians had been. 

Finally, a general, Hamilcar Barca, took up to defend the Carthaginians and replaced of the older and less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle and so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. That tactic was slightly more effective against the slow heavily-armored roman troops. Eventually, however, the Romans took Lilybaeum, the Carthaginians' main stronghold in Sicily. That ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War.

During the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian Army through Spain, southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy in 218 BC. There, he clashed with and stunningly defeated the Romans in three major battles: the Battle of the River Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasmine, and the Battle of Cannae. He failed, however, to take Rome and eventually had to retreat to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis at the Battle of Zama.

The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC during the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were mostly sold into slavery.
**Tughlaqabad Fort** is a ruined (collapsed or broken) fort in Delhi. It was built by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq in 1321. He was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate of India. Ghiyasuddin built the third historic city of Delhi, the Tughlaqabad. This fort was built in Tughlaqabad. This city was later abandoned (left) in 1327.

History
-------

Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyasuddin’s tomb in the background, 1949
In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khalji ruler Khusrau Khan and became the ruler. He assumed (got) the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq. He started the Tughlaq dynasty.He immediately started the construction of his Tughlaqabad city. 

### The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya

Ghiyasuddin is a liberal (free and soft) ruler. However he eager (passionate) about his city of Tughlaqabad. He wanted all his labourers in Delhi to work on his fort. Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, a Sufi saint got angry with the king's decision. This was because his well was under construction. The fight between the saint and the king became huge. The saint gave a curse for the fort. It was translated as "it won't be inhabited (occupied), if occupied, it will be by the gujjars (cattle shepherding group)". After the fall of the Delhi sultanate, Gujjars of the area captured the Fort. Till at present, Tughlaqabad is in it.

Death of Ghiyasuddin
--------------------

Another of the saint's curses was **Hunuz Dilli dur ast** (Delhi is still far away). Emperor Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in his Bengal attack. On his way to Delhi, he was crushed to death by the collapse of a tent. The tent was prepared by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Gallery
-------

* A view of ruined fort of Tughlaqabad during sunsetA view of ruined fort of Tughlaqabad during sunset
* Tughlaqabad massive fort wallTughlaqabad massive fort wall
* South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fortSouth gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort
* Entrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din TughluqEntrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
* Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his son Muhammad Bin TughlaqTomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his son Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
* A Well inside Tughlaqabad FortA Well inside Tughlaqabad Fort
**Wedgwood** is an English fine china, porcelain and luxury accessories manufacturer. It was founded on 1 May 1759 by the potter Josiah Wedgwood in Stoke on Trent. The firm was very successful in the eighteenth century. They had huge sales all over Europe and America, but his descendants were less successful. The firm was based in Etruria, next to the Trent and Mersey canal in Burslem until 1938 when Josiah Wedgwood V moved it to a new site in Barlaston, a few miles to the south.

The move was successful and the firm was turned into a limited company in 1967. It took over many other pottery firms in Stoke. In 1986 there were 12,000 people working for the company across the world and it had sales of £152 million. In 1987 the company merged with Waterford Crystal. The new company was called Waterford Wedgwood plc. It took over companies in other countries and by 1999 it had $300 million debts. After 2001 it started sacking workers. In 2005 it bought the Royal Doulton company, which had a factory in Tangerang, Indonesia. The pottery was all made there. In 2008 it had debts of £470 million and assets of only £50 million. Most of the remaining workers were sacked. 

The business was bought by **Fiskars Group,** a Finnish company in 2015.
**International marketing (IM)** or **global marketing** is a marketing done on international level. The International Marketing is based on strategy created in home country of company and distributed to its other offices/affiliations. In most cases it is international company level (company have offices in different countries) market identification and targeting. International Marketing is very similar to Global marketing.
The main difference will be the fact that Global Marketing is focusing on intercontinental point of view.
The example of International Marketing would be where an English company would like to enter Chinese market. It will be done by either developing marketing strategy in their home country that will be then introduced in new market or they will hire a company to create such a plan.

Differences between marketing and international marketing
---------------------------------------------------------

International marketing is developed by many multinational companies on a global level. It is then send to local markets which make changes for their country and starts following new strategy. Such a way of creating marketing strategies ensures that the global brand will be following same strategy and targeting same buyers group.
Coordinates: 51°3′38″N 1°18′47″W﻿ / ﻿51.06056°N 1.31306°W﻿ / 51.06056; -1.31306 **Coordinates: Extra unexpected parameters**  

This exterior view at Winchester, taken from near the north west corner of the cathedral, and with a war memorial statue in the foreground, looks acutely along the north side of the building, showing it receding into the distance.Winchester Cathedral is the longest mediaeval church in the world, 169 metres (554 ft).
This interior view at Winchester shows the whole length of the nave, which has huge stone piers which appear to comprise clusters of upward-sweeping stone shafts. The stone vault has ribs which sweep up to a point and have been likened to the branches of trees in a forest. The overall effect is visually spectacular.The nave of Winchester, gives an impression of height as well as length, but at 23.7 metres (78 ft) it is half the height of Beauvais.
**Winchester Cathedral** is a mediaeval Anglican church in Winchester, Hampshire. It is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester.

The cathedral has the longest nave and overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe. By contrast, the interior height of the nave vault at 78 feet is about half that of Beauvais Cathedral in France.

Architecture
------------

Built between 1079 and 1532, Winchester Cathedral has had an unusual architectural history. The exterior, apart from the modified windows, gives the impression of a massive Norman building and indeed, when first completed, the Norman Cathedral was second only in size to Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. However, the west front is now Perpendicular, with its huge window filled with fragments of medieval glass. Sadly this glass window was destroyed by the Roundheads.They also messed up the bones of some of the most important rulers. Inside, only the crypt and the transepts have retained their Norman appearance. The spectacular Perpendicular nave with its tall arcade arches and strong vertical emphasis has been literally carved out of the original Norman interior. The Very Rev. Norman Sykes wrote of it "Well might the visitor who enters … by the west door gasp with amazement". Winchester is also famous for its carved wooden fittings of many different periods.

Events
------

Important events which took place at Winchester Cathedral include: 

* Funeral of King Harthacanute (1042)
* Funeral of King William II of England (1100)
* Coronation of Henry the Young King and his queen, Marguerite (1172)
* Second coronation of Richard I of England (1194)
* Marriage of King Henry IV of England and Joanna of Navarre (1403)
* Marriage of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain (1554)
* Funeral and burial of Jane Austen (1817)

Related pages
-------------

* English Gothic architecture
* Romanesque architecture
* Church of England

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Winchester Cathedral***.

* Official website
* Virtual tour Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Thirty images of Winchester Cathedral with descriptions
**Oskar Gröning** (sometimes transliterated as **Oscar Groening** in English; 10 June 1921 – 9 March 2018) was a German former SS-*Unterscharführe* former member of the Waffen-SS. He was stationed at Auschwitz concentration camp.

Gröning was born on 10 June 1921, in Lower Saxony, the son of a strict conservative and skilled textile worker. His mother died when he was four.

Years at Auschwitz
------------------

His responsibilities included counting and sorting the money taken from prisoners, and he was in charge of the effects prisoners had arrived with. On a few occasions he witnessed the procedures of mass-killing in the camp. Gröning was captured by the British on 10 June 1945.

Upon his return to Germany he led a normal life, reluctant to talk about his time in Auschwitz. However, more than 40 years later, he decided to make his activities at Auschwitz public after learning about Holocaust denial. He has since openly criticised those who deny the events that he witnessed.

Trial
-----

In September 2014, Gröning was charged by German prosecutors as an accessory to murder, in 300,000 cases, for his role at the Auschwitz concentration camp. His trial began in April 2015, after the court had ruled that, at the age of 93, he was still fit to stand trial. The trial was held in Lüneburg, Germany. On 15 July 2015 he was found guilty of facilitating mass murder and sentenced to four years imprisonment.

Death
-----

On 9 March 2018, Gröning died at hospital before he had to begin his sentence, aged 96.

Other websites
--------------

* Rees, Laurence (2005). *Auschwitz: the Nazis & the 'final solution'*. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-52117-1. OCLC 57541764. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
**Francombat** is a French martial art similar to jiu-jitsu. It was created in the year 1988 by Alain Basset and Dominique Dumolin.

Francombat is practiced especially in the south of France. There are schools of francombat in Paris, Bordeaux, Montpellier, and in other localities.

This martial art is based on the strategy and on the knowledge of the human body. During the trainings, the instructors are dressed in red clothes and the students are dressed in green ones. According to the persons that practice this discipline, the efficiency in combat depends on three factors: good physical form, good knowledge of the techniques and of the strategy, good control of stress.

The training of francombat is based on: 

* intensive practice of physical exercises,
* complete learning of techniques of combat in the limits of the strategy that has main goal: the true efficiency,
* mental and physical preparation for stressful situations,
* respect for the law.

Other websites
--------------

* (in French) Site Officiel de l'Union Française de Francombat
* (in French) Francombat et sapeurs-pompiers: www.pompiers.fr
* (in French) Francombat Langonais Archived 2013-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
* (in French) Club de villevaudé (77) Archived 2011-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Melikdom of Kashatag**(also Kyshtag; arm. Քաշաթաղի մելիքություն) - Armenian melikdom(princedom), which existed in the XV-XVII centuries. It was located along the Akera River, on the southeastern section of the modern border of Armenia and Azerbaijan(approximately corresponds to the Kashatag region of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic). The residence of the Meliks was located in the village of Khnats, in the east of the present Syunik region of Armenia.

History
-------

The ruins of the palace of Melik Ahnazar I in the village of Khnats
Melikdom was founded in the last quarter of the 15th century. Melik Haykaz I, the founder of the Melik-Haykazyan dynasty, the youngest branch of the Armenian princely dynasty of Proshyan, became its founder. Prior to the Aikazyan, the Kashatag region was ruled by the clan of Shahurnetsi and before them by the Orbelian family.
Aikaz I was succeeded by a son, Ahnazar I. Ahnazar died in 1551, his grave survived until the 1930s. The palace of Akhnazar in Khnatsakh has survived to this day.
The most prominent representative of the genus was Melik Aikaz II, who owned Melik rights from 1551 to 1623 and was an active supporter of the Iranian orientation during the Turkish-Persian wars for the possession of Transcaucasia. Arakel of Tabriz mentions him as one of the noble Armenians and advisers at the court of Shah of Iran Abbas I.
According to historian M. Asratyan, due to the brutal policies of the Ottoman Empire during the temporary occupation of Transcaucasia, in the 1580s or 90s, Aykaz II left his possessions and lived in exile in Iran for 10-15 years. After the reconquest of the region by Iran and the crowding out of Turkish troops, in 1606-1607, as one of the loyal supporters of the Shah, Aykaz II was not only restored to his rights to Kashatag but also received some possessions beyond its borders.
We have reached the decree(ferman) of Shah Abbas I with a listing of the services provided by Melik for Shah authorities. The decree(ferman) himself has no date, but the date 999 of the hijra (that is, 1590/1591) is indicated on the seal of Abbas I.
The names of Aikaz I, Ahnazar I, Aikaz II and their descendants are found in tombstones preserved on gravestones of the 16th – 18th centuries.
On behalf of Melikdom of Kashatag, which were belonged to the Aykazyan family, a document written in Persian in 1691-92 was preserved. It includes the joint appeal of Melik Akhnazar and his subordinate village headmen(in Armenian *tanuter*, in Persian *kedhuda*), addressed to the Shah’s court. In the document, they appoint as their authorized representatives the son of melik Akhnazar, Ilyas (Elias), and one of the elders, Hikor, who were supposed to present the problems arising in the region to the Shah’s court and defend the interests of the local population.
The names of Melik Ahnazar and his brother Aikaz (who is also mentioned in the document of 1691/92 as one of the witnesses) are marked in the inscription of 1682 on the facade of the entrance to the Church of the Holy Virgin in the village of Mirik of the Kashatag region.
**Wulingyuan** Chinese: 武陵源) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in south-central China's Hunan Province.

The site has over 3,000 quartzite sandstone pillars and peaks, many over 200 metres (660 ft) in height. There are many ravines and gorges with attractive streams, pools, lakes, rivers and waterfalls.

There are 40 caves, many with large calcite deposits. There are two natural bridges, Xianrenqiao ("Bridge of the Immortals") and Tianqiashengkong ("Bridge Across the Sky").

The site is between 29°16′0″N 110°22′0″E﻿ / ﻿29.26667°N 110.36667°E﻿ / 29.26667; 110.36667 and 29°24′0″N 110°41′0″E﻿ / ﻿29.40000°N 110.68333°E﻿ / 29.40000; 110.68333. This is about 270 kilometres (170 mi) to the northwest of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province. The park covers an area of 690 square kilometers (266 square miles).

Wulingyuan is part of the Wuling Mountain Range. The scenic area has four national parks. Overall there are over 560 attraction sights to view.

Panorama of the Five Fingers Peak of Huangshizhai
Zhangjiajie River
**Kidney failure** (also called **renal failure**) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working properly, or fail. Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.

Chronic renal failure
---------------------

Chronic renal failure develops slowly, and there are not many noticeable symptoms at first. 

Chronic renal failure can be a sign of other diseases, like IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention. 

Chronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated. End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Acute renal failure
-------------------

Acute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable. Symptoms include:

* Urinating less than usual
* Changes in the amount of water in the body
* Electrolyte levels that are not normal

The cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly. Dialysis is often needed to prevent permanent damage to the body while the cause is being found.

Acute-on-chronic renal failure
------------------------------

It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called "acute-on-chronic renal failure."
**Waleed Al-Husseini** (born June 25, 1989 in Qalqilya) is a Palestinian essayist, writer and blogger. In October 2010, the Palestinian Authority arrested him for allegedly blaspheming against Islam on Facebook and in blog posts; his arrest garnered international attention. He later escaped to France, where he successfully applied for asylum. In 2013, he founded the Council of Ex-Muslims of France, and in 2015 he wrote his first book, *blasphemer : the price i paid for regecting islam*.

Bibliography
------------

Maryam Namazie interviews Al-Husseini about *Blasphémateur* (2016).
* *Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah*, 2015, Grasset (ISBN 978-2-246-85461-6)
	+ English translation: Al-Husseini, Waleed (2017). *The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam*. New York City: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781628726756.
* *Une trahison française : Les collaborationnistes de l'islam radical devoilés* ("A French Treason: The Collaborators of Radical Islam Unveiled"), 2017, Éditions Ring ISBN 979-1091447577


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Waleed Al-Husseini***.
Not to be confused with Byzantine Empire.
**Byzantium** (Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name **Byzantion**.

The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.

History
-------

### Legend

The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.

### History before Constantine I

Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.

When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.

### Center of the Eastern Roman Empire

When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as *Nova Roma*. After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

Emblem
------

Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC. However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

Related pages
-------------

* Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453
* Istanbul, describes the modern city

Other websites
--------------

* Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies : www.byzantium.ac.uk
* Description of Byzantine monetary system - fifth Century BC : History of money FAQs Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
The **University of Central Florida** is the biggest university in the state of Florida, and the second-biggest in the entire United States. It also has more undergraduate students than any other single campus in the U.S. It is located slightly to the east of Orlando, one of the most popular places to visit in the entire world. Living in such an exciting city makes the University of Central Florida very attractive to students who want to get jobs or internships nearby.

Sometimes the University of Central Florida's name is shortened to **UCF**, especially when talking about the school's sports teams. UCF was founded in 1969 and has continued growing ever since.

UCF's sports teams, known as Knights, now play in the Big 12 Conference after leaving the American Athletic Conference in July 2023. The only exception is the men's soccer team. Because the Big 12 sponsors soccer for women but not men, that team plays in the Sun Belt Conference.

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Baylor • BYU • Cincinnati • Houston • Iowa State • Kansas • Kansas State • Oklahoma (*leaving in 2024*) • Oklahoma State • TCU • Texas (*leaving in 2024*) • Texas Tech • UCF • West Virginia |

| * v
* t
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Sun Belt Conference |
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| Full members | 
Appalachian State • Arkansas State • Coastal Carolina • Georgia Southern • Georgia State • James Madison • Louisiana • Louisiana–Monroe • Marshall • Old Dominion • South Alabama • Southern Miss • Texas State • Troy |
| Beach volleyball-only members | 
Charleston • Mercer • Stephen F. Austin • UNCW |
| Men's soccer-only members | 
Kentucky • South Carolina • UCF • West Virginia |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* ISNI
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**Yassmin Abdel-Magied** is an Australian writer, social advocate, and an engineer. She helps women, youth, and ethnic minorities develop their communities. At 16 years old, Abdel-Magied created *Youth Without Borders*, an organization that provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities.

Biography
---------

Abdel-Magied was born on March 3, 1991 in Sudan and moved to Australia with her parents just before she turned two years old

She received the Dean’s Excellence Scholarship from the University of Queensland. In 2011, she graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering

In[*permanent dead link*] 2012, Abdel-Magied started working on oil and gas rigs as a field engineer (Measurement and Logging While Drilling specialist). In 2014, she moved to Perth, Australia to work as a drilling engineer on offshore rigs.

Achievements-
-------------

Abdel-Magied has served on multiple boards and councils, including the boards of the Queensland Museum, the Australian Multicultural Council, the Queensland Design Council, United Nations Youth Australia and others. She currently sits on the board of ChildFund Australia, the Council of Australian-Arab Relations and OurWatch.

In December 2014, Abdel-Magied presented her first TED Talk about implicit bias. She published her first book, *Yassmin’s Story*, in 2016 with Random House.

Awards
------

In 2007, Abdel-Magied received the Young Australian Muslim of the Year award. In 2010 she received the Young Queenslander of the Year award, in 2011 she was a finalist for the Queensland Young Australian of the Year Award. She was the winner of the Youth Leader category in the 2012 Australian Financial Review and Westpac 100 Women of Influence Awards and the youngest woman on the list. In 2015, Abdel-Magied was one of the finalists in Young Australian of the Year, being named Queensland Young Australian of the Year.

Youth Without Borders
---------------------

Abdel-Magied founded Youth Without Borders Archived 2016-03-19 at the Wayback Machine in 2007 and has been the chair of the organization since its establishment. The organization provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities. One of the projects is a library for children and youth on a motorcycle. This motorcycle travels to villages that do not have access to libraries in Indonesia.
***Journey to the Center of the Earth*** (French: *Voyage au centre de la Terre*), also known as ***A Journey to the Centre of the Earth*** and ***A Journey into the Interior of the Earth***, is a science fiction book by Jules Verne. It was first published in French in 1864, then reissued in 1867 in an expanded version. The book is about Professor Otto Lidenbrock, an eccentric German scientist who believes there are volcanic tubes that reach to the very center of the earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their Icelandic guide Hans rappel into an inactive volcano in Iceland. They then deal with many dangers, including cave-ins, tornadoes, an underground ocean, and living prehistoric creatures from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The three explorers are eventually sent back to the surface by an active volcano located in southern Italy.

Subterranean fiction existed before Verne. However his book was different because of its well-researched Victorian science and its innovation to the science fiction subgenre of time travel. Verne's innovation was the concept of a prehistoric area still existing in the present-day world. The book was made into a movie in 1959. It inspired many other books, including J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Hobbit*.
Philippi Village hub
**Philippi Village** is community development hub which is home to entrepreneurs and small business owners with retail, office and event space as well as sporting, educational and cultural facilities. It is in Cape Town’s Cape Flats area and it focuses in providing collaborative workspaces for small and micro business owners as well as creating employment opportunities and upskilling the local Philippi community. It also provides a vibrant and safe place for social engagement 
Philippi Village was founded by Bushra Razack, an award-winning social entrepreneur ,change agent, humanitarian and community development specialist. She was born in Cape Town and used to grew up in and orphanage with seventy other children. At the age of twelve, she represented South Africa at the first World Youth Congress known as the Millennium Young People's Congress in Honolulu County, Hawaii. She is a co-author of the book :"Rescue Mission", a youth assessment of the UN's Millennium Development Goals which was launched at the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2018 She was chosen as one of the 100 Young Independents  as well as Power Woman Awards - Innovative Woman 2018.
Surface tension with the pendant drop method.Optical tensiometers use the Young-Laplace equation to determine liquid surface tension automatically based on pendant droplet shape.
In physics, the **Young–Laplace equation** (/ləˈplɑːs/) is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air. This difference is due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension. Wall tension can only be used for very thin walls. The Young–Laplace equation relates the pressure difference to the shape of the surface or wall. It is very important in the study of static capillary surfaces.

In physiology it is known as **Laplace's law**. It is used to describe the pressure inside hollow organs.

The equation is named after Thomas Young, who developed the qualitative theory of surface tension in 1805, and Pierre-Simon Laplace who completed the mathematical description in the following year. It is sometimes also called the Young–Laplace–Gauss equation: Carl Friedrich Gauss unified the work of Young and Laplace in 1830. Gauss derived both the differential equation and boundary conditions using Johann Bernoulli's virtual work principles.
The **Tamil Nadu Liberation Army** (TNLA) is a small militant separatist movement in Tamil Nadu. It seeks an independent nation for the Tamil people. It began about 1985 as the military part of the Tamil Nadu Communist Party Marxist-Lenisist. It began a campaign of murders and bombings which it said were aimed at enemies of the people. They always put up posters to explain their reasons for these attacks. The leader of the group, Thamizharasan, was killed when he and a small group tried to rob a bank in Ponparappi.

Their next leader, known as Lenin, increased the number of members in the group. They began to bomb police stations and steal police weapons. Lenin was killed when one of his bombs exploded while being taken to an attack on a police station in 1994. The group took a movie actor, Dr. Rajkumar, prisoner in July 2000.

The TNLA is believed to get support from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The TNLA was listed as a terrorist organization in 2002 by the government of Tamil Nadu. The TNLA has said it wants a Greater Tamil Homeland which would include all of Tamil Nadu, the Laccadive Islands, Minicoy Island, the 'Tamil Eelam' in Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore, and Mauritius.
**Irrunytju** (also called **Wingellina**) is a small Aboriginal community in Western Australia. It is located in the Goldfields-Esperance region, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of the Surveyor Generals Corner (where the borders of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory meet). There are about 150 people living in the community, most of whom are Ngaanyatjarra.

The town is surrounded by the Wingellina Hills, a set of large granite hills with mulga and mallee growth. The name of the community, **irrunytju**, comes from the name of a sacred site located in the hills to the south.

History
-------

The area was part of the Central Australia Aboriginal Reserve when the reserve was created in 1922. In 1955, however, the borders of the reserve were moved to allow for mining and prospecting, mostly of nickel. Mining camps were set up in the area around what is now Irrunytju. In response, Aboriginal families moved to settle around these camps. Some got jobs with the miners and were paid in food rations; others were simply there to protect places of spiritual importance from outsiders. Some companies took steps to make sure their miners respected these sites; other companies did not, and several sacred sites were damaged during this period. The area was made part of the reserve again in 1972.

Once the miners left, the Aboriginal families stayed and built a permanent settlement using what was left from the mining camps (shelters, bores, etc.). The community was also given money from the federal government to help establish a permanent settlement. The community became incorporated in 1976. It became a member of the Ngaanyatjarra Council in 1981.

Irrunytju has remained on Aboriginal land since 1972. Economic activities in the area are governed under the Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Land Use Agreement, formed in 2006. The community maintains many traditional activities, such as hunting and gathering bush tucker. The community has had its own art centre, Irrunytju Arts, since 2001.

Other websites
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* Irrunytju Community Resource Centre Archived 2013-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Profile Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine from the Ngaanyatjarra Council website
**Kumkum Bhagya** (Trans. Vermillion is my fate) is a Hindi language Indian television soap opera. Which is premiered on 15th April 2014. and is broadcast weeknights on Zee TV. The show is loosely based on the Novel *Sense and Sensibility* by Jane Austen. The show stars Sriti Jha as Pragya Raguveer Arora aka Pragya Prem Mehra, Shabir Aluvalia as Abhishek Prem Mehra aka Abhi, Mugdha Chapekar as Prachi Arora aka Prachi Prem Mehra, Pooja Banerjee as Rhea Prem Mehra and Krishan Kaul as Ranbir Kohli.

A spin off story, named Kundali Bhagya (Trans. The Horoscopic Fate), is also produced and telecasted in Zee TV, which focuses on the story of Pragya's long lost sisters Preeta and Shristi and her mother Sarala Arora.
Kumkum bhagya announced that it will end 29 January 2023

Plot
----

The series started as the stories of Pragya And Bulbul, and their mother Sarla's hope to see them married, but as the time went by, the series revolved around Abhi And Pragya.

20 years later
Pragya is settled in Hoshiarpur with her daughter Prachi, Beeji and Beeji’s grand-daughter, Shahana who lives with Pragya and Prachi and affectionately calls Pragya as Maasi. Abhi is settled with his daughter Rhea who is taken care by a governess, Meera and has also shifted his house. The Mehras are now neighbors with the Kohlis, Vikram Kohli, who is Abhi’s business partner and friend, his wife Pallavi, their two children Ranbir, Mishti and Daljeet, Vikram’s mother. Purab has now divorced Disha and married Alia. They have a son together named Aryan. Prachi gets a scholarship to study in the same college where Rhea studies in Delhi. Pragya though initially reluctant, however decides to send Prachi considering her future. In Delhi, Prachi and Abhi meet several times and develop a close bond with each other. While, the twins start their relationship on a bad note and Rhea starts hating Prachi. She constantly plots against Prachi and lands her in trouble several times. One such incidents makes Pragya return to Delhi to save her daughter. Pragya, Prachi and Shahana, start staying in Sarita behen’s house who lovingly calls Pragya as Anuradha (her daughter’s name). This leads to a lot of confusion since everyone from Abhi’s side calls Pragya as Anuradha (making Abhi also think that Prachi’s mother’s name is Anuradha), while Pragya never realizes who Abhi is as everyone calls him Mr. Mehra.

Cast
----

* Aparna Dixit as Sahana 2019-2022 , Aryan's love intrest
* mugdha chapekhar as prachi 2019-present, Ranbir's wife and Akshay's wife
* Krishna Kaul as Ranbir, Prachi's husband and Riya's husband
* Pooja Banerjee/Teena phillips as Riya
* Shikha Singh/Reyhna Malhotra as Aliya
* Leena Jumani/Heena Parmar as Tanushree
* Zeeshan khan as Aryan Khanna, Sahana's love intrest
* Abhishek Malik as Ranbir

Recurring
---------

* Sriti Jha as Pragya Abhishek Mehra(2014-2022)
* Shabbir Ahluwalia as Abhishek Mehra /Rockstar Abhi(2014-2022)
* Mrunal Thakur as Bulbul/Pragya's Sister(2014)
* Arjit Taneja/Vin Rana as Purab Khanna(2016-2021).
Alcuin of York (middle)
**Alcuin of York** (c. 735 – 19 May 804), also known as **Alcuinus of York**, was a scholar, teacher, and theologian. He was born in York, Northumbria around the year 735. He was taught at the cathedral school there. He went on to become a prominent figure at the court of Charlemagne in Aachen, where he served as an advisor and educator.

Alcuin was known for his knowledge of literature, history, and religion. He was also known for his work to help people learn throughout the Frankish Empire. He was important in making the Palace School at Aachen. This was a place of intellectual and cultural activity in the Carolingian period.

Alcuin's work in education was very important. He thought teaching children to read and write was important. He helped make a standardized curriculum for schools in Frankish Empire. He also wrote many books on grammar, rhetoric, and religion. These books were widely used in schools in the Middle Ages.

Alcuin also wrote many letters. Many of them have been kept. He wrote letters to Charlemagne and other leading figures of the time.

Alcuin was a Christian. He wrote many theological treatises and poems. He helped make the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. He was canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church in the eleventh century. Alcuin died in Tours, France, in the year 804.