**Mandalay** (/ˌmændəˈleɪ/ or /ˈmændəleɪ/; Burmese: ᝫᝨᝧᝮᝡ; MLCTS: *manta.le:* [màɴdəlé]) is a city in Myanmar. There is only one city in Myanmar that has more people than Mandalay. It is 716 km (445 mi) north of Yangon. Mandalay is on the east side of the Irrawaddy River. In 2014, there were 1,225,553 people living there.

Name
----

The name "Mandalay" comes from the nearby hill called Mandalay Hill. "Mandalay" may come from the Pali language. Some people think that the name "Mandalay" comes from the Pali word *mandala*. Other people think that the name comes from *Mount Mandara*. Mandar is a mountain in Hindu mythology.

The original name of the city was **Yadanabon** (ရတနာပုံ, [jədənàbòʊɴ]). This name came from the Pali word *Ratanapūra* (ရတနပူရ). "Ratanapūra" means "City of Gems." The city also had another name: **Lay Kyun Aung Myei** (လေးကျွန်းအောင်မြေ, [lé dʑʊ́ɴ àʊɴ mjè]). This means "Victorious Land over the Four Islands."

History
-------

### Early history

The Mandalay Palace grounds.
Mandalay was started by King Mindon. He started the city on 13 February 1857. He built Mandalay as the new capital city of the Kingdom of Burma.

Mindon's city was 66 km2 (25.5 sq mi) in size. There were rivers on each side. It had 144 square blocks in a grid. In the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size.

A tower in the Mandalay Palace walls.
The palace had four walls that were each 203 m (666 ft) long. Around the walls was a moat that was 64 m (210 ft) wide and 4.6 m (15 ft) deep. Each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen. These turrets were placed every 169 m (555 ft). Each turret had a spire made of gold. Each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat.

The king also built some other buildings in the city. These buildings were the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the *Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein* upasampada hall, the *Thudamma* "Good Dharma" zayats (IPA: [zəjaʔ]), and a library for the Pāli Canon. A *zayat* is a building where Buddhism is taught.

In June 1857, the king moved the royal palace to Mandalay. The palace had been in Amarapura. The building was taken apart. Each piece was moved by elephants to Mandalay. The palace was put back together and finished on 23 May 1859. The palace is now at the bottom of Mandalay Hill.

Mandalay was the capital for 26 years. It was the last royal capital of the Konbaung Dynasty. (The Konbaung Dynasty were the last rulers of the Kingdom of Burma before it was taken over by the British Empire.) On 28 November 1885, the British conquered Burma. This ended the Third Anglo-Burmese War. King Thibaw Min and Queen Supayalat were sent into exile.

### Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)

Map of Mandalay, 1911
Mandalay was still an important city in British Burma. The city of Rangoon became the capital of Burma.

The British wanted to make Mandalay an important commercial city. They did not want it to be important for politics, education, or other reasons. Mandalay was connected to Yangon by railroad in 1889. The first college in Mandalay wasn't built until 1925.

The royal palace was looted by the British. All of the treasures were stolen. Some treasures can be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The British changed the name of the palace to Fort Dufferin. British soldiers used the palace as a barracks (a place to camp.)

A street scene in Mandalay during British colonial times. This street is in Mandalay's Chinatown neighborhood.
Mandalay was the most important city for Burmese culture during the time the British were in charge. It was also the most important place for Buddhist learning. The Burmese people saw Mandalay as a symbol. Between World War I and World War II, there were many protests in Mandalay against the British.

During the time the British were in charge, many people moved to Mandalay from India. (India was also a British colony.) From 1904 to 1905, a plague happened. About one third of the people of Mandalay left to get away from the disease.

During World War II, Mandalay was bombed by the Japanese. The British moved all of their airplanes to India. Mandalay had no defenses against the Japanese air raids. On 3 April 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed the city. Three-fifths (3/5) of the houses were destroyed. More than 2,000 civilians (people who are not military) were killed.

The Japanese soon invaded Burma. The Imperial Japanese Army took over the city of Mandalay. They were in charge from May 1942 until March 1945. The palace citadel was made into a supply depot. (A supply depot is a building that stores supplies like food and machines.)

The Allied forces bombed the city after the Japanese took it over. Much of the palace was destroyed. Only the royal mint and watch tower were not destroyed. The palace was rebuild in the 1990s.

### Mandalay today (1948 - now)

In 1948, the British left Burma. Mandalay was still the most important city for culture, education, and commerce in Upper Burma.

Until the 1990s, most students went to university in Mandalay. Until 1991, there were only three universities in Upper Burma: Mandalay University, The University of Medicine, Mandalay, and the Defense Services Academy. All of these universities are in Mandalay. Only some other cities had schools called "Degree Colleges." These were small schools that were part of Mandalay University. These colleges had classes in a small number of subjects.

From 1962 to 1988, Ne Win was in charge of the government. He was very isolationist. This means that he did not want Myanmar to be part of global trade or tourism. In the 1980s, Mandalay was the second biggest city in Myanmar. It looked like a town with low buildings, dusty streets, and more bicycles than cars.

During the 1980s, there were two big fires. In May 1981, a fire destroyed more than 6,000 buildings. 36,000 people were left homeless. On 24 March 1984, there was another fire. This fire destroyed 2,700 buildings. 23,000 more people were made homeless.

Mandalay metropolitan area seen from satellite
Fires are still a big problem. In February 2008, there was another big fire in Mandalay. It destroyed the Yadanabon Market. This was the second-biggest market in the city. In February 2009, a fire destroyed 320 houses. More than 1,600 people were made homeless.

The fires during the 1980s destroyed a lot of buildings. This made a lot of land empty. Many Chinese people in Burma bought this land. A lot of these people had come from Yunnan in China. Many Chinese people came to Upper Burma and Mandalay from Yunnan and Sichuan in the 1990s. 250,000 to 350,000 people from Yunnan came to Mandalay in the 1990s. Today, about 30% to 40% of the people of Mandalay are Chinese. The native Burmese people complain that Mandalay is now like a part of China.

The Chinese have rebuilt the parts of the city that burned down. They built apartment buildings, hotels, and shopping centers. They helped make Mandalay again an important city for trade and commerce. It now connects trade for Upper Burma, Lower Burma, China, and India.

Mandalay has grown much bigger over time. It now includes what used to be Amarapura. (Amarapura was where King Mindon's capital city used to be before he moved it to Mandalay.) Mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 May 2009 at 4:31:36 am.

Important places
----------------

There are many important places and buildings in Mandalay.

### Mandalay Palace

The Mandalay Palace.
The royal palace in Mandalay is a very important building. A lot of it was burned down during World War II. The royal mint and watch tower did not burn down. The rest of the buildings were rebuilt.

The Mandalay Palace's name in Burmese is *Mya Nan San Kyaw* (မြနန်းစံကျော် [mja̰ nán sàn tɕɔ̀]; "The Famed Royal Emerald Palace"). It is also called ရွှေနန်းတော်ကြီး ([ʃwè nán dɔ̀ dʑí]), or the "Great Golden Royal Palace".

Today the palace is an important symbol of Mandalay. Many tourists and visitors come to see it.

### Atumashi Monastery

The Atumashi Monastery was built again after it burned down.
The Atumashi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery. A monastery is a building where monks (holy men) live, work, and pray. This place is a *kyaung*, a special kind of monastery. The name means "inimitable *vihara*."

The monastery burned down in 1890. Only the plinth (bottom platform) did not burn. The government decided to rebuild the monastery. They started building on 2 May 1995. It was finished being built in June of 1996.

### Mandalay Hill

There are many important religious places on Mandalay Hill.
Mandalay Hill is a big hill in Mandalay. It is a holy hill. There is a legend about the hill. The Buddha visited the hill and made a prophecy. He said that some day a great city would be built at the bottom of the hill.

The hill is 230 metres (750 ft) tall. There is a road to the top. There are many temples, monasteries, and pagodas built on the hill.

### Kuthowdaw Pagoda

Kuthodaw Pagoda. This place holds the world's largest book.
The Kuthodaw Pagoda is a very large pagoda. It was built by King Mindon in 1857. It was designed to look like the Shwezigon Pagoda in Nyaung U.

There are 729 rocks around the pagoda. Each rock is smooth and has writing on it. The writing are the words of the *Tipiṭaka*. (The *Tipiṭaka* are the Buhhdist holy books.) These stone rocks are the "world's largest book."

### Mahamuni Buddha Temple

Mahamuni Temple
The Mahamuni Buddha Temple is one of the most important Buddhist temples. It has an important Buddha statue. The statue was made during the life of the Gautama Buddha. The Gauthama Buddha hugged the statue seven times. This caused the statue to come to life.

Buddhists believe that the statue is alive because of this. They call it the Mahamuni Sacred Living Image. This makes the Mahamuni Temple the most holy pagoda in Mandalay.

The temple was built by King Bodawpaya in 1784. The Buddha is sitting. It is 384 centimetres (12 ft 7 in) tall.

### Other places

The Shwenandaw Monastery.
Near the bottom of Mandalay Hill is the **Kyauktawgyi Pagoda**. It was built by King Mindon from 1853 to 1878. It was carved out of one big block of marble. Around it are 80 arahants.

The **Yadanabon Zoological Garden** is a small zoo in Mandalay. It is in between the palace and Mandalay Hill. It is the only zoo in the world that has Burmese roofed turtles.

The **Shwenandaw Monastery** (Burmese: ရွှေနန်းတော်ကျောင်း; MLCTS: *hrwe. nan: taw kyaung:*, IPA: [ʃwènándɔ̀ tʃáun]; lit. "Golden Palace Monastery") is an important Buddhist monastery. It was built by King Thibaw Min in 1880. It is made from teak, a kind of wood. Inside of it are many carvings on the walls and roofs. The carvings show Buddhist myths.

People
------

In 2007, the United Nations (UN) guessed that there were about 1 million people living in Mandalay. In 2014, the Myanmar government counted all of the people in the country for a census. They found that there were 1,225,133 people living in Mandalay then. The UN thinks that there will be 1.5 million people in Mandalay in 2025.

Mandalay has always been an important city for the Bamar people. Most of the people who have lived in Mandalay are Burman people. Lots of Chinese people have been moving to Mandalay. The Chinese have been coming for the past 20 years. Now there are more Chinese people than Burman people in Mandalay.

Today, 40-50% of the people in Mandalay are Chinese. About 30% of Mandalay's people are Yunnanese. The rest of the people in Mandalay are probably Burman. There are also a lot of Burmese Indians in Mandalay. (These are Indian people who live in Myanmar.)

People in Mandalay speak the Burmese language. A lot of people also speak the Standard Chinese language. The Chinese language is used a lot in markets like Zegyo Market. People who have a lot of money and education also speak the English language.

Place
-----

Mandalay is in the country of Myanmar. It is by the side of the Irrawaddy river. Its coordinates are 21.98° North, 96.08° East.

The city is 79 metres (260 ft) above sea level. It is in the same time zone as the rest of Mandalay: Myanmar Standard Time (MST), UTC+6:30.

Mandalay is on a tectonic fault. This means that there are two tectonic plates that come together underneath the city. (A *tectonic plate* is a big piece of earth.) The tectonic fault underneath Mandalay is called the Sagaing Fault. It is where the India Plate and the Sunda Plate meet.

A lot of earthquakes happen on tectonic faults. The biggest earthquake in Mandalay happened in 1956. That one was a magnitude 7 earthquake. That earthquake did a lot more damage to the city of Sagaing, which is nearby. It is now called the "Great Sagaing Quake."

Weather
-------

Mandalay has a tropical savanna climate. This means that the city has a wet season and a dry season. There is a lot of rain during the wet season. There is very little rain during the dry season. The wet season is from May to October. The dry season is from November to April.

The coldest month is January. The average temperature is 21 °C (70 °F). The hottest month is April. Then, the average temperature is 31 °C (88 °F).

It is very hot in April and May. Most days it is hotter than 35 °C (95 °F). Some days it is hotter than 40 °C (104 °F).

The hottest temperature ever in Mandalay was 45.6 °C (114.1 °F). The coldest temperature ever was 5.6 °C (42.1 °F).


| Climate data for Mandalay (1961–1990) |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.6(83.5) | 32.1(89.8) | 35.8(96.4) | 38.4(101.1) | 36.8(98.2) | 34.2(93.6) | 34.3(93.7) | 32.3(90.1) | 33.1(91.6) | 32.2(90.0) | 30.2(86.4) | 28.2(82.8) | 33.0(91.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.0(69.8) | 23.5(74.3) | 27.8(82.0) | 31.4(88.5) | 31.3(88.3) | 30.0(86.0) | 30.1(86.2) | 28.8(83.8) | 29.0(84.2) | 27.9(82.2) | 24.8(76.6) | 21.5(70.7) | 27.3(81.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.3(55.9) | 14.9(58.8) | 19.7(67.5) | 24.4(75.9) | 25.8(78.4) | 25.8(78.4) | 25.8(78.4) | 25.2(77.4) | 24.9(76.8) | 23.5(74.3) | 19.4(66.9) | 14.8(58.6) | 21.5(70.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 4(0.2) | 2(0.1) | 1(0.0) | 40(1.6) | 138(5.4) | 116(4.6) | 83(3.3) | 136(5.4) | 150(5.9) | 125(4.9) | 38(1.5) | 6(0.2) | 839(33.0) |
| Average rainy days | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 53.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 58 | 49 | 50 | 66 | 73 | 71 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 74 | 72 | 68 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 309 | 280 | 301 | 291 | 267 | 208 | 182 | 168 | 215 | 223 | 269 | 278 | 2,991 |
| Source 1: World Meteoroglogical Organization, Weatherbase (record highs and lows). |
| Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity) |

Mandalay in writing
-------------------

There are some important books and poems that talk about Mandalay. Some of these are famous.

Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called "Mandalay." He wrote it in 1890. This poem has a famous saying in it: "on the road to Mandalay."

In 1907, Oley Speaks wrote a song using the words of the poem. He called the song "On the Road to Mandalay." The song is very famous. Frank Sinatra sang the song and called it *Come Fly with Me*.

George Orwell wrote a novel called *Burmese Days*. He wrote it in 1934. Orwell was part of the Indian Imperial Police. He was stationed in Mandalay. The novel is about his experiences (what he did and saw.) He also wrote some non-fiction essays and short stories. Some of these are "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936).

Twin towns
----------

Mandalay has three twin towns:

* Indonesia Cirebon, Indonesia
* China Kunming, China
* Cambodia Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Thein Sein (28 February 2012). "Mandalay Mayor appointed Republic of the Union of Myanmar". *New Light of Myanmar*. Government of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
2. ↑  "Water Purification Plant No. 8 in Aungmyethazan Township 60% Coomplete". *Bi-Weekly Eleven* (in Burmese). Eleven Media Group. 28 April 2011.
3. 1 2 3  "United Nations World Urbanization Prospects, 2007 revision". The United Nations Population Division. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
4. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Zon Pann Pwint, Minh Zaw and Khin Su Wai (18–24 May 2009). "Mandalay marks 150th birthday". *The Myanmar Times*. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
5. ↑  "Myanmar Area Codes". Archived from the original on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
6. ↑  Issac Taylor (1898). *Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature* (2nd ed.). Rivingtons. p. 186.
7. ↑  ဦးဟုတ်စိန်. "Entry for ratana". *ပါဠိမြန်မာ အဘိဓာန် (Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary)* (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
8. ↑  ဦးဟုတ်စိန်. "Entry for pūra". *ပါဠိမြန်မာ အဘိဓာန် (Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary)* (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
9. 1 2  "Mandalay Palace" (PDF). Directorate of Archaeological Survey, Burma. 1963. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
10. 1 2  Kyaw Thein (1996). *The Management of Secondary Cities in south-east Asia. Case Study: Mandalay*. UN-Habitat. ISBN 9789211313130. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
11. ↑  Vincent Clarence Scott O'Connor (1907). *Mandalay: And Other Cities of the Past in Burma*. Hutchinson & Co. pp. 6–9. ISBN 9789748495170.
12. ↑  Herbert Thirkell White (1913). *A Civil Servant in Burma*. London: E. Arnold.
13. ↑  Ko Yin Aung (23 December 1999). "Prospects of Education in Myanmar". The New Light of Myanmar.
14. ↑  Bird, George W (1897). *Wanderings in Burma*. London: F J Bright & Son. p. 254.
15. ↑  "The Axis Conquers the Philippines: January 1942-July 1942". *HowStuffWorks*. 11 September 2007.
16. ↑  "World War 2 Timelines 1939-1945 - Asian Mainland 1942 - Worldwar-2.net". *www.worldwar-2.net*.
17. ↑  Jackson, Ashley (May 10, 2006). *The British Empire and the Second World War*. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 41. ISBN 9780826440495.
18. ↑  "23,000 Homeless in Burma Fire". New York Times via Reuters. 26 March 1984. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
19. ↑  "Myanmar Fire Mar 1984 UNDRO Information Reports 1 – 2". ReliefWeb. 27 March 1984. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
20. ↑  "Huge fire rages major market in Myanmar second largest city". China View via Xinhua. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
21. ↑  Ne Nwe Moe Aung and Sithu Naing (2 March 2009). "Dry weather brings upsurge in outbreaks of fire in Myanmar". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2016. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
22. ↑  Min Lwin (April 2009). "The Chinese Road to Mandalay". The Irrawaddy. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
23. 1 2  Stephen Mansfield (13 May 1999). "Myanmar's Chinese connection". Japan Times.
24. 1 2  Poon Kim Shee (2002). "The Political Economy of China–Myanmar Relations: Strategic and Economic Dimensions" (PDF). *Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies*. Ritsumeikan University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
25. ↑  Larkin 2006, p. 12.
26. ↑  List of Ancient Monuments in Burma 1910, p. 4.
27. ↑  Fiala 2002.
28. ↑  China's Ambitions in Myanmar (July 2000). "China's Ambitions in Myanmar". IISS Strategic Comments.
29. ↑  Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). *Traders of the Golden Triangle*. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5
30. ↑  Rieffel, Lex (2010). *Myanmar/Burma: inside challenges, outside interests*. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-8157-0505-5.
31. ↑  "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 11 January 2013.
32. ↑  "World Weather Information Service – Mandalay". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
33. ↑  "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Mandalay, Myanmar". Weatherbase. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
34. ↑  Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Myanmar – Mandalay" (PDF). *Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960)* (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 188. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
35. ↑  "Rudyard Kipling's Poem Mandalay". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2016-03-05.

### Books

* *List of Ancient Monuments in Burma (I. Mandalay Division)*. Vol. 1. Rangoon: Office of the Superintendent, Govt. Printing, Burma. 1910.
* Fiala, Robert D. (2002). "Shwenandaw Kyaung Temple, Mandalay, Myanmar". *Asian Historical Architecture*. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
* Larkin, Emma (6 March 2006). *Finding George Orwell in Burma*. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-11812-2.


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