recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Showing his diagram of the Gemini constellation with data on facing page
Showing his double diagram of the constellation of Cancer, the crab
'**Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi** (Persian: عبدالرحمن صوفی‎; 7 December 903 – 25 May 986), known as **al-Sufi**, was a Persian astronomer. The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him. Al-Sufi wrote his *Book of Fixed Stars* in 964, in text and pictures.

Biography
---------

Al-Sufi was one of the nine noted Muslim astronomers. His name implies that he was a Sufi Muslim. He lived at the court of Emir Adud ad-Daula in Isfahan, Persia. He translated and expanded Greek astronomical works, especially the *Almagest* of Ptolemy. He made several corrections to Ptolemy's star-list and did his own brightness and magnitude estimates which often differed from those in Ptolemy's work.

He was a major translator into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy done mainly in Alexandria. This was the first attempt to connect the Greek with the traditional Arabic star names and constellations, which had been unrelated and overlapped in complicated ways.

Astronomy
---------

The constellation Sagittarius from *The Depiction of Celestial Constellations*
He identified the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is visible from Yemen, though not from Isfahan. It was not seen by Europeans until Magellan's voyage in the 16th century. He also made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 AD; describing it as a "small cloud". These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth.

He observed that the ecliptic plane is inclined with respect to the celestial equator and more accurately calculated the length of the tropical year. He observed and described the stars, their positions, their magnitudes and their colour, setting out his results constellation by constellation. For each constellation, he provided two drawings, one from the outside of a celestial globe, and the other from the inside (as seen from the earth).

Al-Sufi also wrote about the astrolabe, finding numerous additional uses for it: he described over 1000 different uses, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, horoscopes, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, Qibla, Salah prayer, etc.
Adolphe Sax
**Antoine-Joseph** (known as **Adolphe**) **Sax** (November 6, 1814 – February 4, 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet. He is best known for inventing the saxophone.

Biography
---------

Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age. He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen. He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.

Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design. He patented this at the age of twenty-four. In 1841, Sax moved to Paris. Around this time he invented the saxophone.

He got a job teaching at the Paris Conservatoire starting in 1867.

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. He died in 1894 in Paris.

Books about Adolphe Sax
-----------------------

* *Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre*, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
* *Sax, Mule & Co*, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004 ISBN 2 914 266 03 0
The **2005 Azores subtropical storm** was a type of tropical cyclone in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm was not named by the National Hurricane Center, because it was not found until after the season ended. The storm formed in the Atlantic Ocean, and it became a "subtropical cyclone" on October 4. The storm did not last a long time. It passed over the Azores, and it stopped being a subtropical cyclone on October 5. What was left of the storm went on to become Hurricane Vince. After the hurricane season ended, the National Hurricane Center checked to make sure they did not miss any storms during the year. Some forecasters found this storm, which was not noticed while it was active.

Meteorological history
----------------------

Storm path
The system formed from a weather system to the west of the Canary Islands on September 28. The weather system gained strength over the next few days. On October 3, it became a type of low pressure system. Thunderstorms around the storm began to become more active, and it then became a type of cyclone that is called a "subtropical depression".
At about the same time, the depression turned towards the northeast and gained strength. It became a subtropical *storm*, which is stronger than a subtropical *depression*. The storm gained a bit more strength later that day. It then moved across the Azores, and began to weaken. The storm weakened slightly as it moved to the north-northeast. The storm died out on October 5. What was left of the storm later became Subtropical Storm Vince.

Effects and records
-------------------

High winds were reported in parts of the Azores because of the storm. The strongest winds were on Santa Maria Island, where there was a gust of 59 mph (94 km/h). Ponta Delgada also saw 52 mph (85 km/h) wind gusts. There was no damage and there were no deaths. The storm was not said to be a subtropical storm until the National Hurricane Center found it on April 10, 2006. Every year, the National Hurricane Center checks to make sure they did not miss any storms during the past tropical storm season. If the storm was found when it was active, it would have been named "Tammy".

Related pages
-------------

* Atlantic hurricane
* 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
--------------

* NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on the storm


|  |
| --- |
| **Tropical cyclones of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season** |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | 10 | J |
| K | L | M | N | O | P | R | 19 | S | Un | T |
| 22 | V | W | Αα | Ββ | Γγ | Δδ | Εε | Ζζ |

 |  | 

|  |
| --- |
| Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

 |
| 

---

 |


|  |
| --- |
| * **Category**
* **Commons**
 |
The **Acrolite** is a series of Canadian amateur-build aircraft. preduced by Acrolite aircraft. Its first flight was in October of 1986.

Variants
--------

Acrolite 1A
Single-seat biplane for the Canadian basic ultralight category, first flown in October 1986. Plans no longer available. The prototype was originally powered by a 38 hp (28 kW) Kawasaki 440 and later by a 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447 two-strokes powerplant.
Acrolite 1B
Single-seat biplane for sportsman aerobatics. In addition to the standard wooden wing, optional 2024-T3 aluminium sheet wings can be built. The recommended engine is the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, although the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582or the 120 hp (89 kW) Rotax 618 two-strokes can be used as well.
Acrolite 1C
Single-seat biplane for sportsman aerobatics, with performance improvements over the 1B. Engines include 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 74 hp (55 kW), Hirth F30 120 hp (89 kW) Rotax 618 two-strokes and the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, the 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS four-stroke powerplant.
Acrolite 1M
Single-seat high-wing, strut-braced monoplane. Engines include 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 and the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 two-strokes or other similar powerplants. Acrolight Aircraft reports that no prototype has been completed or flown by September 2012.
Acrolite 1T
Single-seat triplane for sportsman aerobatics, with wings covered with epoxy fiberglass sheet or optionally plywood. Ailerons are only fitted to the middle wing. Engines include 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 and the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 two-stroke powerplants.
Acrolite 2M
Two seats in tandem, high-wing strut-braced monoplane intended for the Canadian advanced ultralight category and American light-sport aircraft category, first flown in June 1994. Engines include 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 74 hp (55 kW) Rotax 618 two-strokes and the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL and 85 hp (63 kW) Jabiru 2200 four-stroke powerplants. As of August 2012, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft or on Transport Canada's list of advanced ultralights.
*A Lady in Her Bath*
***A Lady in Her Bath*** is a painting by François Clouet. It was painted in 1571. It measures 92.3 x 81.2 cm (36 5/16 x 31 15/16 in.) The picture is in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. It is one of only three paintings signed by Clouet. The teenaged bather is unknown. It is possible that she is Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henry II of France when she was a teenager. Scholar Roger Trinquet suggested in 1966 that the teenaged lady is Mary Queen of Scots. The lady's face resembles other portraits of Mary, especially a drawing by Clouet depicting Mary in mourning. Trinquet believes the painting was intended as a satire for a Huguenot patron. The painting set a fashion for portraits of bathers.

The National Gallery writes: "The masklike symmetry of the bather's face makes exact identification difficult; scholars have suggested that her aristocratic features indicate that she is one of several royal mistresses, most notable among them Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II. It is possible that the nude, a Venus type, represents ideal beauty rather than a specific individual. The contrast of the smoothly rendered nude figure to the intricate surface details of the fruit, draperies, and jewelry, presents a union of Flemish and Italian motifs that characterized French courtly art of the sixteenth century."
***Agilodocodon*** was a shrew-sized docodont from the Middle Jurassic. It is the earliest known tree-climbing mammal-like therapsid.

*Agilodocodon scansorius* was about 13 centimeters from head to tail, and weighed about 27 grams. Its appearance was similar to a squirrel, with a long snout, curved, horny claws and flexible ankle and wrist joints typical of modern arboreal mammals. The front teeth were spade-like, indicating that *Agilodocodon scansorius* could gnaw tree bark and eat gum or sap.

This interpretation is questioned by another palaeontologist. He thinks *Agilodocodon'*s teeth "are quite different" from the modern sap-eating monkeys, and the long, thin lower jaw seems too weak for gnawing tree bark.

Discovery
---------

The fossils of *Agilodocodon scansorius*, with the mole-like *Docofossor brachydactylus*, were found by farmers in the Chinese Tiaojishan Formation. They were got and examined by the Beijing Museum of Natural History. The species *Agilodocodon scansorius* was reported in the journal *Science* in 2015.
Agonists activating hypothetical receptors
Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands
An **agonist** is a type of chemical known as a ligand. It binds to a receptor. It activates (switches on) the receptor to produce a response.

An agonist causes an action. There are also antagonists which block the action of the agonists, and there are inverse agonists which cause an action opposite to that of the agonist.

This is typical of the systems which regulate the body. Being able to control activity is the basis of homeostasis.

Types of agonists
-----------------

Receptors can be activated by either endogenous or exogenous agonists. Both types result in a biological response. Endogenous agonists include hormones and neurotransmitters. Exogenous agonists include drugs.

A substance which causes the same bodily responses, but does *not* bind to the same receptor is called a physiological agonist.

Examples
--------

* The endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine.
* Morphine is an exogenous agonist. It mimics the actions of endorphins at certain receptors in the central nervous system.
**Albert Henri Roux** OBE (8 October 1935 – 4 January 2021) was a French restaurateur and chef.

He and his brother Michel ran *Le Gavroche*, the first restaurant in the UK to gain three Michelin stars.

Overview
--------

Albert Henri Roux was born on 8 October 1935 in Semur-en-Brionnais, Saône-et-Loire, France.

In 1949, his parents sent him to study to be a pastry cook. He studied there until 1954 and later he started working as a pastry chef and then as a cook for Lady Esther. 

In 1967, he opened the restaurant "*Le Gavroche*" with his brother in London. In 1973, Albert and his brother opened a confectionery shop in Wendsworth, then they began to supply its products to the public. At the same time, the butcher shop "*La Busherie Lamartine*" was opened. 

Roux continued to run a series of restaurants around the world, through his company, founded by his wife Cheryl, Chez Roux Limited, including one at the Greywalls Hotel in Muirfield. There is Roux at the Landau in the Langham Hotel, and Roux at Parliament Square and several Chez Roux restaurants. He collaborated with his son, Michel Roux Jr. to open co-branded restaurants at Inverlochy Castle and Crossbasket Castle in Blantyre in Scotland.

He no longer chased Michelin stars for his restaurants, but instead sought to "...recreate the kind of restaurant I remember from my home town, offering good and honest country cooking. The kind of place you can go to eat without ringing the bank for permission." In 2006, Albert and Michel Roux were jointly given the Lifetime Achievement Award by S. Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants.

In the early 90's, Albert Roux resigned from the restaurant business, handing it over to his son Michel. In 2002, he was awarded Order of the British Empire.

Roux died on 4 January 2021, aged 85.
Bertrand Russell, a famous agnostic in 1907
**Agnosticism** is the philosophical view that it is unknown (or even, unknowable) whether any deities (god or gods) exist or not. 

Some people who call themselves "agnostic" say that it is not possible for anyone ever to know if there are any deities or not. Other agnostics, though, say only that they themselves currently do not know if there are any deities.

Thomas Henry Huxley, the English biologist, coined the word "agnostic" in 1869. In 1889 he wrote "Agnosticism... is not a creed, but a method... the fundamental axiom of modern science... In matters of the intellect, do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable".

There are several different kinds of agnosticism:

* *Absolute agnosticism* (also called *hard agnosticism*, *closed agnosticism*, *strict agnosticism*, *strong agnosticism*) is the belief that it is not possible to know whether a god/gods exists or not.
* *Empirical agnosticism* (also called *soft agnosticism*, *open agnosticism*, *weak agnosticism*, *temporal agnosticism*) is the belief that at present there is not enough information to know whether any god/gods exists or not, but that we might find out someday.
* *Apathetic agnosticism* is the belief that it does not matter whether any god/gods exists or not.

People often have difficulty telling agnosticism and atheism apart. Atheists do not believe in the existence of deities, and some say that they are sure that no deity exists. Some (perhaps most) atheists, though, say that it is up to theists (people who believe in a deity) to give the evidence for a god or to show why someone should believe in a god. They say that there is not enough evidence or a strong enough argument to believe any gods exist. So they reject belief that any exist. While agnostics think we cannot *know for sure* whether any deities exist, some agnostics do *believe* at least one deity exists These people are both agnostic and theistic—they believe at least one deity exists, but do not claim to *know* that to be true. Some people are both atheist and agnostic—they reject belief in any deities without claiming to know that deities do not exist. Some agnostics cannot decide whether to believe any deities exist or not.

Beliefs related to agnosticism
------------------------------

* *Ignosticism* is the belief that the idea of god/gods does not have a good enough definition, so saying "god exists" or "god does not exist" does not mean anything.
* *Agnostic theism* believes in the existence of one or more gods. They accept this is unknown or inherently unknowable.
* *Agnostic atheism* is the view that a god/gods may or may not exist, but there is no good reason to believe they do.
* *Post-theism* is the view that religion used to be important, but is not anymore.

All these beliefs point to the lack of evidence.

Related pages
-------------

* Atheism
* Religion
* Humanism
* Irreligion
* Skepticism
**A major** (or the **key of A**) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative minor is F-sharp minor. The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on {\displaystyle {\hat {2}}} needs both a flat and a natural accidental.

There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often.

In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."

 Ascending and descending **A major** scale.
When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.

Scales and keys
---------------

| * v
* t
* e
Diatonic Scales and Keys |
| --- |
| Circle of fifthsCircle of fifths | 

|  | Flats | Sharps |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Major | minor | Major | minor |
| 0 | **C**, **a** |
| 1 | **F** | **d** | **G** | **e** |
| 2 | **B♭** | **g** | **D** | **b** |
| 3 | **E♭** | **c** | **A** | **f♯** |
| 4 | **A♭** | **f** | **E** | **c♯** |
| 5 | **D♭** | **b♭** | **B** | **g♯** |
| 6 | **G♭** | **e♭** | **F♯** | **d♯** |
| 7 | **C♭** | **a♭** | **C♯** | **a♯** |
| 8 | **F♭** | **d♭** | **G♯** | **e♯** |

 |
| The table shows the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. |
**"A Woman's Worth"** is a single from R&B/soul musician Alicia Keys's debut album, *Songs in A Minor*. Released in late 2001, the track peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching number 18 in the UK and number 16 in Australia.

Release
-------

"A Woman's Worth" was released in 2002 and reached number seven on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

At the 2002 Grammy Awards ceremony, Keys performed both "Fallin'" and a tango-influenced version of "A Woman's Worth". Keys took five Grammy Awards that night.

Music video
-----------

The music video for the single, directed by Chris Robinson, was a BET and MTV2 staple in 2002. Unlike many other contemporary R&B videos, the video for "A Woman's Worth"'s video was a low-key clip with no dance. It was nominated for Best R&B Video and Best Cinematography at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards.

### Plot

The plot of the video continues from Keys' previous video, "Fallin'."

When Keys' boyfriend is released from jail, he is frustrated by his failed attempt to find a job. Meanwhile, Keys realizes that she's not paying much attention to him, so she worries that her boyfriend is putting her job frustration before her girlfriend, to which Keys explains, "You'll lose if you decide to refuse to do it." put her first."

The video begins with Keys walking down the street and singing "Fallin'" as she listens to it on her headphones. A street kid sees her and joins her in saying, "Hey yo shorty, what's up? You looking good today. So you gon' give me some time or what?" Keys replies, "What you talking about, shorty? What you know about a woman's worth?" The song starts right after that, showing Keys in her apartment, playing the piano and singing.

In the next shot, her boyfriend is frustrated that he couldn't find a job and runs into her friends on the street, who make fun of her formal wear. He comes home angry, he doesn't see Keys by the door and walks past her.

The scene then cuts to an old woman walking down the street, struggling with her grocery bags. A young man approaches her from behind her and helps her.

Back at Keys' apartment, both Keys and her boyfriend are sitting on the couch while she fixes it. In this particular scene, Keys sings the line "I'll hold you when the going gets tough" (the original line, as heard on her album, is "I'll hold you when the going gets tough").

The next scene shows the street kid from the beginning of the video having dinner with his parents. She sees that her parents are in conflict and begin to argue in front of the boy. The father then smashes his plate of food on the floor and walks out of the house, leaving his wife in tears and the boy in shock. Later, he goes into her mother's bedroom to comfort her. Intercut shots show Keys outside an apartment building in a courtyard alone with her piano as she sings.

The boy is then walking down the street in the pouring rain at night when he sees Keys talking on a pay phone. He shares her umbrella with her and the two start walking together.

The video ends with Keys singing the final chorus of the song.
The **Acid Survivors Foundation** is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International.

Statistics
----------

### Acid attacks from 1999 to 2005

| Period | Number of incidents | Number of persons attacked |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women | Total |
| May-December: 1999 | 115 | 58 | 139 |
| 2000 | 172 | 98 | 235 |
| 2001 | 250 | 140 | 344 |
| 2002 | 366 | 219 | 487 |
| 2003 | 335 | 185 | 412 |
| 2004 | 266 | 180 | 325 |
| 2005 | 212 | 144 | 268 |

### Comparative statistics of 2005 and 2006

| Months | Number of incidents | Number of persons attacked |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 2005 | Women | Men | Children (Under 18) | Total |
| 2006 | 2005 |
| January | 10 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 12 |
| February | 12 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 19 |
| March | 12 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 18 | 18 |
| April | 13 | 18 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 17 | 22 |
| **Total** | 47 | 58 | 36 | 14 | 12 | 62 | 71 |

* Source
	+ Acid Survivors Foundation  
	Statistics of Acid Attack 1999 to 2005

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Acid Survivors Foundation***.

* Official website
**Aileen Clark Hernandez** (May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017) was an African-American who fought for the rights of women and people with less rights. During her life, she was the president of the National Organization for Women and also worked in government for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Early life
----------

Hernandez's parents were Charles and Ethel Clark. They moved from Jamaica to the United States. Hernandez grew up in Brooklyn, New York City with her two brothers. Ethel Clark was a worker in a clothing factory. Charles Clark was a worker for an art supply store. All of the children in the Clark family learned to do work around the house such as sewing and cooking.

Education
---------

Hernandez went to Bay Ridge High School. She was a successful student and almost at the top of her class. Later, she went to Howard University, in Washington, D.C. She was educated at other universities, such as University of Oslo, New York University, and the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1959, she received a master's degree from University of California at Los Angeles.

Career
------

Her first job was with the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. She also worked with Alan Cranston and at the Fair Employment Practice Commission. Later, she was the first female on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hernandez started working with businesses to help them hire more women and people with less rights in 1966. She was vice president of the National Organization for Women in 1967 and became president in 1971.

Death
-----

Hernandez died from complications related to dementia at the age of 90.

Honors and awards
-----------------

* Woman of the Year, Community Relations Conference of Southern California; 1961
* Howard University Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement in Labor and Public Service; 1968
* Ten Most Distinguished Women in the San Francisco Bay Area (The San Francisco Examiner); 1969
* Honoree of the National Urban Coalition for Distinguished Service to Urban Communities; 1985
* Regents Scholar in Residence, University of California, Santa Barbara
* Silver Spur Award (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association); 1995
* Eleanor Roosevelt Award (Democratic Women’s Forum in California); 1996
A woman with an afro.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Afro***.

The **afro** is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.

It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa. The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States. They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly. So they grew their hair into afros on purpose. The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s. Then it came back with the natural hair movement. In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice. Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.

An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros. Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."

The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in *Glamour*, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.
Aga Khan IV
**His Highness Karīm al-Ḥussayni Shah, Aga Khan IV** KBE (born 13 December 1936) is the 49th and current Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.

He has held this position under the title of Aga Khan since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan. He is responsible for the interpretation of the faith for his followers and helps to improve the quality of their lives and communities.

Unlike his grandfather, the present Aga Khan's higher education was in the United States at Harvard University. His children have also been educated in the U.S.

Since he became imam, the Aga Khan has followed the political and economic changes which have affected his followers. These events included the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Aga Khan is interested in the elimination of global poverty; the advancement of women; the promotion of Islamic culture, art, and architecture; and promoting pluralistic values in society. He is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world. This works for the environment, health, education, architecture, culture, microfinance, rural development, and disaster reduction. Goals include promotion of private-sector enterprise and the revitalisation of historic cities.

During his visit to India in 1983, the Aga Khan said,

> There are those who enter the world in such poverty that they are deprived of both the means and the motivation to improve their circumstances. Unless these unfortunates can be touched with the spark which ignites the spirit of individual enterprise and determination, they will only sink back into renewed apathy, degradation and despair. It is for us, who are more fortunate, to provide that spark.
> 
> 

The Aga Khan has been married twice, and has four children. His main residence is a vast walled compound and chateau, the Aiglemont estate near Chantilly, France. His Highness has many awards. Especially notable are the Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan's highest civil award (1983), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. The Aga Khan is the first Muslim to receive this honour (1977).
An **accompaniment** in music is music that **accompanies** (goes with) something else.

A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath. The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment. The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument.

Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is. The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune. To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other. The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment. The accompaniment must not ‘drown’ the tune.

An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniments help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint). Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment. Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied.

If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an *accompanist*. The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music. A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir. They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling.

When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist. An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation. A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument.

Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment. In Elizabethan times the lute was popular. People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp. In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line).

The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist. When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important. Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme. A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play. This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important. Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is. A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment.
VeraCrypt is a program that gives the option to use AES for encryption
In cryptography, the **Advanced Encryption Standard** (**AES**), is a symmetric-key, block cipher algorithm that was selected by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It was selected for encrypting data. It is commonly used around the world. The Advanced Encryption Standard has replaced the Data Encryption Standard (DES).

As of 2008, AES is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography. It is available to programmers and the general public with various software packages.

History
-------

AES is a type of Rijndael (pronounced [rɛindaːl]) block cipher developed by Belgian programmers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology held a competition for a publicly available symmetric-key encryption algorithm and started accepting entries in 1997.

In 1998, fifteen algorithms were selected for the first round in the First AES Conference. After asking for comments, the NIST held the Second AES Conference where the top five algorithms were MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, and Twofish.

By 2000 and the end of the Third AES Conference, the NIST selected Rijndael for the AES proposal. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard on November 26, 2001.

Details
-------

AES has a fixed block sizes of 128 bits and three values of key size 128, 192, or 256 bits.

> "The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e. 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use."
> 
> 

AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory.

Standard
--------

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in:

* FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
* ISO/IEC 18033-3: Block ciphers

Related pages
-------------

* DES-X
* Data Encryption Standard (DES)
* Triple DES (TDES)
Different types of aglets
An **aglet**, or **aiglet**, is the small tip on the end of a shoelace or rope. It can be plastic or metal. It keeps the fibres from fraying or unwinding. This makes it easier to hold, and easier to feed through a hole, such as a grommmet, eyelet, or lacing guides.

The word *aglet* (or *aiglet*) comes from the Old French word, *aguillette* (or *aiguillette*), which means *needle*. This in turn comes from *acus*, Latin for *needle*. An aglet is like a small needle at the end of a cord.

Types
-----

There are two main types of aglets. Some are purely functional, that is to simply stop fraying, while others can also be decorative. Decorative aglets are on the end of decorative cords, such as bolo ties, or on the aiguillettes of military dress uniforms.

Aglets today are most often made of plastic; they also have been made of metal, glass, and stone. Many were highly ornamental and made of metals such as silver. Before the invention of buttons, they were used on the ends of ribbons to hold clothing together. Sometimes they were formed into small figures. Shakespeare called these an "aglet baby" in *The Taming of the Shrew*.

Homemade aglets can be made out of adhesive tape, wax, resin, glue, thread, heat shrink or metal tubing, and by simply knotting or melting the end of a lace or cord. During the Great Depression, aglets were made out of paper and glue.[*source?*]

Other websites
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* Aglets on Ian's Shoelace Site


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***aglet***.
**Agilbert** (flourished 650–c. 685) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

Career
------

### Wessex

Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a missionary. Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the bishopric of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop. Agribert took offense at not being consulted and left his see.

### Northumbria

Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria. 
A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. The king Oswiu of Northumbria and his son Eahlfrith each backed a different church position. Why Agilbert came to Northumbria at this time or who sent him is not recorded. But kings Osiwu and Cenwalh were friends. They both supported the Roman position that Easter should be celebrated the same throughout the Christian world. A synod was called at Whitby to settle the issue. Bishop Agilbert was the senior ecclesiastic there who supported the Roman position. As he did not speak the language well, he asked Wilfrid to speak for him. Their argument was why did only the remote parts of Britain celebrate Easter differently than the remainder of the Christian world? Osiwu made a decision to celebrate Easter with the rest of the Christian churches.

### France

Agilbert wandered in Gaul (later France) for a time before accepting the position of Bishop of Paris. He held that position from c. 667 for about 12 years. He consecrated Wilfrid as a bishop at Compiègne along with several others. Later Bishop Wine was expelled from Wessex by Cenwalh. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. Agilbert turned Cenwalh down saying his current duties as bishop of Paris prevented his return. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.
In late December 2016, 58 people died from mass methanol poisoning in Irkutsk, Russia. It was caused by people drinking cheap counterfeit alcohol that was actually supposed to be used as a bath lotion. The counterfeit was called *Boyaryshnik* (Боярышник; Russian for "Hawthorn").

Cause
-----

*Boyaryshnik* was much cheaper than vodka, so people bought it instead amid the tough economic conditions. Similar incidents have been on the rise as Russia's economy has suffered from low oil prices and international sanctions from the Russian intervention in Ukraine. Russia's deputy prime minister said before the incident that this type of alcohol made up 20% of all the alcohol drank in the country.

The lotion was mixed with methanol; which is an alcohol that is poisonous. The label on the bottle said that the lotion instead had ethanol. A total of 58 people died from drinking the lotion. The victims were poor and were all between the ages of 35 and 50.

Aftermath
---------

Many people who were involved with making the potion were arrested. About 500 litres (130 US gal) of lotion was confiscated from the facility where it was made.

Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev called for a ban on counterfeit alcohol, stating that "it's an outrage, and we need to put an end to this."
Albert Newsam made this self-portrait of himself. He made it near the date 1850, but the exact date is not known.
**Albert Newsam** (May 20, 1809 – November 20, 1864) was an American artist. He was a painter and made lithographs of people and places.

Early life
----------

Albert Newsam was born in the city of Steubenville in the state of Ohio in the United States. He was born deaf and mute. He was also an orphan. Newsam was making art when he was a little boy. When he was still a little boy, he met a man named William P. Davis. Davis acted like he was also deaf and mute, but he wasn't. He took Newsam to the city of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania and forced Newsam to make art and Davis would sell it and make money off of it. In 1820, Newsam was saved from being with Davis and went to school at the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf.

Job as an artist
----------------

In the year 1827, Newsam started to make art as an apprentice to a printmaker named Cephas G. Childs. Newsam had a lot of artists who taught him when he worked for Childs. One of the artists was George Catlin. Newsam started making art all the time as an artist in 1829. His pictures were published and sold for money. Childs retired and another man named Peter S. Duvall became owner of the company. Newsam worked for him and became the main artist at the company.

Newsam painted and drew pictures of politicians, preachers, and rich people. He also made pictures of landscapes, medical illustrations, and sheet music.

Later life and death
--------------------

Newsam started to lose his eyesight in the year 1857. In 1859, he had a stroke, which made him stop making art. He had to move to a place called the Living Home for the Sick and Well in the state of Delaware. Since he could not sell art anymore, his friends paid for him to move to the home. He died there in the year 1864.

Legacy
------

His artwork is owned by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and The Library Company of Philadelphia.

Books about Albert Newsam
-------------------------

* Lang, Harry G.; Meath-Lang, Bonnie (1995). *Deaf Persons in the Arts and Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary*. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 274–276. ISBN 978-0-313-29170-8.
* Pyatt, Joseph O. *Memoir of Albert Newsam*. Philadelphia: Self-published (1868).
* Stauffer, DMN. *Lithographic Portraits of Albert Newsam*. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1901).
Adrian Willaert.
**Adrian Willaert** (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December 1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period. He was one of the most important composers of his time. He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there. He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the "Venetian School".

Life
----

He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure. One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music. In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him. Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.

Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome. There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope’s choir singing something he had composed. The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then. When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.

In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara. Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519. When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara. In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.

Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice. The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again. He stayed in that job until his death. He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.

Musical style and influence
---------------------------

Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.

He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music, madrigals and instrumental pieces called ricercar.
Rust mite *Aceria anthocoptes*
Adult deer tick
The **Acarina**, or **Acari**, are the **mites** and **ticks**. They are an order of Arachnids.

Their fossil history goes back to the Devonian era. Most acarines are tiny: less than a millimetre. It is estimated that over 50,000 species have been described, but a million or more species may be currently living. The study of mites and ticks is called acarology.

Acarines live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic (freshwater and sea water) and terrestrial species. They outnumber other arthropods in the soil and detritus. Many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free living forms are generally predators and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. Others help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter such as skin cells. Others still are herbivorous and may damage crops. Damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives, earth mites, thread-footed mites and the gall and rust mites.

Some parasitic forms affect humans and other mammals, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsia. A well-known effect of mites on humans is as an allergen which stimulates asthma. Predatory mites may be used in pest control and herbivorous mites used to attack weeds. A positive contribution of the Acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem.

Mites
-----

Mites parasitising a harvestman
A hugely successful group with a large number of species. Mites are among the most diverse and successful of all the invertebrate groups, but because of their small size (most are microscopic) go largely unnoticed. They have exploited many habitats. Many live freely in the soil or water, but there are also a large number of species that live as parasites on plants, animals, and some that feed on mould (fungi).

Ticks
-----

Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites, mostly of mammals and birds. They wait on grass or bushes, and jump onto passing animals. A number of birds specialise in picking them off larger animals: the Cattle Egret and the Oxpecker for example. They are quite serious pests, and can be hard to get rid of. They are vectors, carrying diseases such as Lyme disease.

Related pages
-------------

* Chigger
* Lyme disease