recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
This article is about the historical region and province of Iran. For the country, see Republic of Azerbaijan.
Three provinces of Iranian Azerbaijan region
Coordinates: 37°36′N 47°00′E﻿ / ﻿37.6°N 47.0°E﻿ / 37.6; 47.0**Azerbaijan**, also known as **Iranian Azerbaijan**, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Provinces
---------

Iranian Azerbaijan includes three provinces: West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardabil. some sources also include the province of Zanjan and parts of hamadan , markazi , alborz , qazvin and gilan. The region is inhabited by ethnic azeris, with minority populations of Kurds, Armenians, Tats, Talysh, Assyrians and some persians (most of the persians have moved in recently for jobs and work)

History
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Iranian Azerbaijan is the land originally and historically called Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated the name of the region in Iran during the 20th century. Historic Azerbaijan was called *Atropatene* and Adurbadagan in the pre-Islamic Middle Ages.

After being defeated by Russian Empire, Qajar Persia gave all of its territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Russia via the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. The territories south of the Aras River, which comprised the region historically known as Azerbaijan, became the new north-west frontier of the Persian Empire and later Iran. The territories north of the Aras River, which were not known by the name Azerbaijan at the time of their capture by Russia, were absorbed into the Russian Empire. It was later incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, and finally became the independent Republic of Azerbaijan when the Soviet Union dissolved.
A **bonfire** or **balefire** is a large controlled outdoor fire made from bales of straw or wood. The word is believed to come from "bone fire". In the time of the Celts, there were midsummer festivals where animal bones were burnt to ward off evil spirits.

What it means in Great Britain
------------------------------

In Great Britain, bonfires are particularly associated with *Guy Fawkes Night*. This night is also known as *fireworks night* or *bonfire night*. On this night, people celebrate that the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. This discovery took place on 5 November 1605. They do this celebration each year. (It is called an *annual celebration*.)

In Northern Ireland, *bonfires* are associated with celebrations on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne.

What it means in Japan
----------------------

In Japan, large fires called bon-bi are set to welcome the return of the spirits of the ancestors. Though the two terms are not etymologically or historically related, they serve similar purposes and indicate the universal importance of large fires.

Use of bonfires for rituals
---------------------------

Bonfires were also used for rituals. The idea was that the fire would purify. It was used to consecrate things, or people, that is to make them sacred, in some way. In ancient times, cattle were important symbols of wealth and status. Such cattle were led through the smoke of a bonfire. Couples who were to be wed on May Day would leap through the flames of the bonfire to seal their vows. Coals from a bonfire would be taken home to light the fires in family hearths. This practice was thought to bring good fortune. People also believed that the residents of the Faery realm were incapable of producing fire themselves; embers of bonfires would be carried to the underworld and tended there.

Neopagan and Wiccan beliefs
---------------------------

Along with the Maypole, the bonfire is an important component of the Wiccan and Neopagan celebration of Beltaine, also known as May Day.

Nine woods are placed into a traditional Wiccan balefire. These woods are rowan, dogwood, elder, poplar, oak, juniper, holly, cedar, and apple. Occasionally, pine is also used instead of holly or elder, as are a handful of other woods. In some regions, superstition, religious belief, or tradition prohibits the cutting of certain trees.

Pictures
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| Wiccan bonfires or balefires |

Related pages
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* Walpurgis Night
* Pyre

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bonfire***.

* Dancing May Day Through History Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station** (Welsh: *Gorsaf reilffordd Blaenau Ffestiniog*) is a train station in Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales. It opened in 1868.

The station is a mainline station connected to a heritage station. Platform 1 is managed by Transport for Wales and platforms 2 and 3 are managed by the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.

Platform 1 is on the Conwy Valley line that runs north to Llandudno.

Services
--------

From platform 1, the mainline platform, Transport for Wales run six trains a day that head north to Llandudno. These trains run every three hours.

From platforms 2 and 3, the Ffestiniog Railway platforms, passengers can catch trains through Snowdonia to Porthmadog on the coast. These trains are very popular with tourists but are currently not running because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gallery
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* A Ffestiniog Railway train at the stationA Ffestiniog Railway train at the station
* A mainline train at platform 1A mainline train at platform 1
* A sign at the entrance to the stationA sign at the entrance to the station
**Blaenau Ffestiniog**, sometimes known locally as just **Blaenau**, is a town in Gwynedd in North Wales and in the historic county of Merionethshire. In 2011, around 4,875 people lived there.

It is in the middle of Snowdonia and is 18.63 miles (29.98 km) south east of the city of Bangor. 

It is an old town that is known for its slate mining. Today, it relies on its tourism. When it was a large mining town, it was Wales' second-biggest town, behind Wrexham.

Language
--------

Most people who come from or live in Blaenau Ffestiniog speak Welsh. In the 2011 census, 78.6% of people who live there said they can speak it. This makes it one of the most-Welsh speaking towns in Wales.

Transport
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Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station is the northern end of the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway that starts at Porthmadog. The railway goes through very mountainous and forested areas and is very popular with tourists.

The town also has a mainline train station that is connected to the heritage station. It is the southern end of the Conwy Valley line from Llandudno, another line known for its views.

Twin towns
----------

Blaenau Ffestiniog is twinned with:

* Argentina Rawson, Argentina

Gallery
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* St David's ChurchSt David's Church
* Llechwedd Slate CavernsLlechwedd Slate Caverns
* A view over Blaenau FfestiniogA view over Blaenau Ffestiniog
* Blaenau Ffestiniog railway stationBlaenau Ffestiniog railway station

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

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**Bladderworts** plant are ***Utricularia***, a genus of carnivorous plants. 
There are about 230 species. They occur in fresh water and wet soil as terrestrial or aquatic species. They live in every continent except Antarctica. Bladderworts are cultivated for their flowers, which are rather like those of snapdragons and orchids.

All *Utricularia* are carnivorous and capture small organisms by means of bladder-like traps. Terrestrial species tend to have tiny traps that feed on minute prey such as protozoa and rotifers swimming in water-saturated soil.

The traps range in size from 0.2 mm to 1.2 cm. Aquatic species, such as *U. vulgaris* (common bladderwort), have bladders that are usually larger and can feed on water fleas *(Daphnia)*, nematodes, even tiny fish, mosquito larvae and young tadpoles.

Despite their small size, the traps are extremely sophisticated. In aquatic species, prey brush against trigger hairs connected to the trapdoor. The bladder, when "set", is under negative pressure: when the trapdoor is triggered, the prey, with the water around it, is sucked into the bladder. Once the bladder is full of water, the door closes again. The whole process takes only ten to fifteen thousandths of a second.

Bladderworts are unusual and highly specialized plants. The bladder traps are recognized as one of the most sophisticated structures in the plant kingdom.
View of the park.
The **Bouddi National Park** is a national park in New South Wales, 44 kilometres northeast of Sydney on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. It is near Broken Bay, the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. Part of this national park also includes the adjacent coastal waters, so that a contiguous habitat on land, on the coast and in the sea is protected. The park also includes *Fletchers Glen*, one of the last remaining temperate rainforests on the central stretch of the New South Wales coast.

Originally the park was called *Bouddi Natural Park*. It got its name at the second Park Association meeting in 1936. Other names that were under discussion were *Maitland Bay Park*, *Cape Three Points Reserve,* and *Gerrinbombi Park*. The reason for the choice of the name was the fact that Bouddi was documented as an Aboriginal name for this area, since it appeared in maps from 1828. The park association was formed the year before to administer the park and had members from the *NSW Federation of Bushwalking Clubs* and the *Erina Shire Council*.

In 1967 the then 530 hectare park was rededicated as a national park and renamed Bouddi State Park, according to the legislation that had just come into force. Management passed to the NSW National Park and Wildlife Service and shortly thereafter the parks association was transformed into an advisory committee. On the 1st January 1974 the National Park and Wildlife Act dropped the State Park category and the park was renamed Bouddi National Park.

Other websites
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* *Bouddi National Park*. NSW Environment & Heritage Office
The **Bou Regreg** (Arabic: أبو رقراق) is a river in western Morocco. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean between the cities of Rabat and Salé. The mouth of this river is called **Wadi Sala**.

The river is 240 kilometres long, with a tidal estuary going approximately 24 kilometres upriver. Its average discharge is 23 m3/s and can reach 1500 m3/s during floods. The source of the river is the Middle Atlas mountains at an altitude of 1627 meters on the level of Jbel Mtourzgane (Province of Khemisset) and of Grou (Province of Khénifra).

Water quality
-------------

Water quality issues of the Bou Regreg include tidal saltwater intrusion, excessive runoff of nitrates from agricultural land uses and mercury contamination from use of some pesticides in the drainage basin.

History
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The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, who founded several colonies in Morocco, inhabited the banks of the Bou Regreg approximately two kilometers from its mouth at the ancient site of Chellah. This archaeological site contains the ruins of a Roman town known as Sala Colonia and referred to as Sala by Ptolemy. Chellah was a significant ancient port city with remains including the Decumanus Maximus, or principal roadway, as well as a forum, a monumental fountain, a triumphal arch, and other Roman ruins.
The **Battle of Inkerman** was fought on 5 November 1854 during the Crimean War. British and French troops defeated the Imperial Russian Army. The British Army suffered 597 killed and 1,860 were wounded. The French lost 143 killed and 750 were wounded. The Russians lost 10,729 killed and wounded. The battle broke the spirit of the Russian Army which never again fielded an army against the British and French allies. It was followed by the Siege of Sevastopol.

Lead up to the battle
---------------------

The allied armies of Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire had landed on the west coast of Crimea on September 14, 1854. They meant to capture the Russian naval base at Sevastopol. They defeated the Russian army in the Battle of Alma. The allies could have attacked Sevastopol, but the British general and the French commander could not agree on a plan of attack.

Instead, they decided to march around the city and put Sevastopol under siege. Towards the end the allies marched to the southern coast of the Crimean and set up a supply port in the city of Balaklava. Before the siege the Russian commander retreated out of Sevastopol. On 25 October 1854, a Russian force attacked the British base at Balaklava. The attack failed before they could reach it, but the Russian had a stronghold on the British line.
The **Battle of Jutland** was the most important naval battle during World War I.

The German fleet was under blockade by the larger Royal Navy of Britain and, for the most part, was kept in its base at Wilhelmshaven. The Battle of Jutland happened when the German Navy, led by Admiral Reinhard Scheer, tried to break out into the open sea. The German fleet consisted of 22 battleships, five battlecruisers, 11 cruisers and 61 torpedo boats. Scheer also had submarines with torpedos, which he arranged outside the main British bases.

The main British bases were in Scotland: the Orkney and Shetland Islands had a huge base at Scapa Flow, and bases on the main island were at Cromarty, on the Moray Firth, and at Rosyth, on the north bank of the Firth of Forth.

The British fleet steamed south-east from their bases and met the German Navy, which was steaming due north. The battle was fought over a wide area at Jutland Bank, west of the Skagerrak, between Norway and Denmark.

Codebooks
---------

Scapa Flow is a long way from the Skagerrak, but the British fleet still knew about of the German ship movements. The British had cracked the German cipher, and when Scheer gave the order to sail, the Admiralty in London gave the Grand Fleet orders to sail from Orkney.p124

That was because the British had gotten hold of three codebooks from wrecked ships. One code, for smaller vessels, was from a German freighter. Another, for diplomatic messages, was taken from a wreck on the bottom of the North Sea. The code for the German High Seas Fleet was from a cruiser that was wrecked in the Baltic. The British did not make the best use of thse sources, but they had in their hands a priceless advantage.

Battle
------

### First skirmish

The first group of British ships to make contact were those from the Firth of Forth, commanded by Vice-Admiral David Beatty. He had six battlecruisers and four fast battleships, which got through the submarine cordon outside the Firth of Forth with no casualties. 

Beatty's battlecruiser group met the German battlecruiser force, led by Rear-Admiral Franz Hipper. The German advantage in range-finding, with better optics, was important, but the British cruisers were saved by the arrival of the four battleships. Since the battleships were better in both armor and firepower, Hipper was forced to turn away from the east and the main German force of battleships.

### Main forces

Finally, late in the day. the Grand Fleet from Scapa Flow, led by Admiral John Jellicoe, met the main German force of battleships, led by Scheer: "To Scheer's range-takers... the entire arc stretching from the north to the east was a sea of fire".p128 After ten minutes, Scheer signaled a simultaneous turnaway.

Also, 21 torpedos caused Jellico to turn away, and Scheer put 10 miles between the British battleships and himself. As darkness grew, there were a few more encounters until the German fleet managed to make it home. The Germans had sunk more ships, but the balance of power had not changed since since the British still controlled the seas..
Bouillabaisse
– and a quite different type
The soup being served
**Bouillabaisse** is a French fisherman's soup. This traditional Provençal fish stew originated in the port of Marseille. The word is a compound of *bolhir* (to boil) and *abaissar* (to reduce heat, i.e. simmer).

It was a stew made by Marseille fishermen using the bony rockfish they were unable to sell. As well as fish, the soup has mussels (fr: *moules*) and may have other marine invertebrates. Vegetables such as leeks, onions, tomatoes, celery, and potatoes are simmered together with the broth and served with the fish.

The broth is traditionally served with a rouille, a mayonnaise made of olive oil, garlic, saffron, and cayenne pepper on grilled slices of bread.

In Marseille, the broth is served first in a soup plate with slices of bread and *rouille*, then the fish is served separately on a large platter (see image). A simpler version has the fish and broth brought to the table separately and served together in large soup plates.
Location of the Barents Sea
The **Barents Sea** is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the ***Murman Sea*** in the Middle Ages. The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is 760 feet (230 m) and maximum depth is 1,480 feet (450 m). It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.

Geography
---------

The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free. Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea. This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.

Ecology
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Phytoplankton bloom in the Barents Sea. The milky-blue colour in the bloom suggests that it has large numbers of coccolithophores.
Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude. The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot. The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.

Other websites
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 Media related to Barents Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 75°N 040°E﻿ / ﻿75°N 40°E﻿ / 75; 40
***Browder v. Gayle***, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.

The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.

Background
----------

About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.

### Ruling

On February 1, 1956, the case of *Browder v. Gayle* was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.

On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.

The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
German blackletter typefaces
Page of a rare blackletter bible, 1497, printed in Strassburg. The coloured chapter initials were added by hand after printing
**Blackletter** or **Gothic script** is an old way to write. Blackletter in writing or print was used in Western Europe from about 1150 to the 17th century. It was used for printing in Germany until the 20th century.

Letter shapes in printing were copied from letter shapes in a style of handwriting. So, the Gothic script of northern Europe and the Latin script used in Italy were both copied into print typography.

The name *Gothic* script
------------------------

Some people call blackletter Old English. This is not right, because Old English is a language, not a script, and many centuries older. Also *Gothic* script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in runes. Blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called *Gothic*.

The term *Gothic* was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance. Scholars thought it was a barbaric script: *Gothic* was a synonym for *barbaric*. 

Not only were blackletter forms called *Gothic script*, but any other seemingly barbarian script was also labeled "Gothic". In contrast, the humanists preferred the Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script. They called it *littera antiqua*, "the ancient letter", believing that it was the script used by the Romans. But actually it was invented in the reign of Charlemagne.

Origins
-------

Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter came from Carolingian when Europe in the twelfth century needed new books in many different subjects when more and more people learned to read. New universities were founded, each writing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other topics, not only religious books, where earlier scripts were used.

These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.

Sources
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* Bernhard Bischoff, *Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages*, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
This article is about Nepalese military officer and Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa's father. For Mukhtiyar of Nepal and son of Sanukaji Amar Singh Thapa, see Bhimsen Thapa.

**Bhim Singh Thapa** known popularly as **Bagh Buda** (Translation: Tiger oldie) was a Nepalese military officer. He commanded the battle of Palanchowk in 1959 AD. He died in the battle. After his death, his 11-year-old son Amar Singh Thapa was installed in the army under Marwat policy. He was known for his fighting prowess. He was awarded the personal title of *Bagh*, which literally means tiger.

Family
------

He was born to Ranajay (Ranjai) Thapa, a resident of Sirhanchowk, Gorkha. He was born in the warrior clan of Bagale Thapa. His son was the famous Nepalese military commander Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa.

Books
-----

* Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), *Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839*, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
* Hamal, Lakshman B. (1995), *Military history of Nepal*, Sharda Pustak Mandir
The **Boston accent** is a local accent of Eastern New England English. It is spoken specifically in the city of Boston, its suburbs, and much of eastern Massachusetts. Eastern New England English also traditionally includes New Hampshire and Maine. The accent originated with the Puritans who came to the area from East Anglia in the 17th century. It was also influenced by 19th and 20th century immigrants from Ireland. This resulted in the distinct r-dropping (locally called "wicked natural") dialect found in modern costal Massachusetts.

Non-rhoticity
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The traditional Boston accent is non-rhotic, particularly in the early 1900s. Recent studies have shown that younger speakers tend to use more of a rhotic accent than older speakers from the Boston region. The Boston accent is pronounced with a "broad A". The letter "r" is dropped only in certain words like 'car' and 'hard'. For example, a person might "pahk the cah in Hahvahd yahd."

Lexicon
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Some words used in the Boston area are:

blinkersturn signals on a car (also U.K. Australia and New Zealand). The Massachusetts Department of Transportation has displayed signs reminding motorists to "Use Yah Blinkah", a phonetic representation of the phrase as spoken with a Boston accent.
bubbler (or water bubbler)drinking fountain, pronounced "bubblah". This term is also used in Wisconsin and Australia.
frappea beverage mixed with milk and ice cream, a.k.a. milkshake (in most other places), or if in Rhode Island (and especially if coffee flavored), called a "cabinet"
HoodsieA small cup of ice cream, the kind that comes with a flat wooden spoon (from HP Hood, the dairy that sells them.) Also (very offensive slang), a teenage girl. Elsewhere occasionally known as a *dixie cup.*
jimmiesChocolate ice cream sprinkles Also common in the Philadelphia area.
packieliquor store (from "package store")
pissahmeans something akin to "great" either realistically or sarcastically. Also spelled 'pissa'. This is from the word "pisser" with a Boston accent, but used as an adjective. Occasionally combined with "wicked" to yield "wicked pissah".
rotarytraffic circle. These full-speed circular intersections are common in Greater Boston.
wickedGenerally means "very" or "super" and is used as an *adverb*. *"That hockey game was wicked awesome!"* It can also be used to infer tones and moods, for example, *"Ugh, that guy is wicked slow."*
spaA convenience store that has tonic on tap and (usually) sells sandwiches.
tonicsoft drink; known elsewhere as soda
whifflea crew cut or male haircut done with electric clippers.

Other websites
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* Perfect Boston Accent; YouTube
Blackpool tower, seen from the beach
**Blackpool Tower** is a tall structure in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.

It was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower. Building started in 1891 and finished in 1894. It cost £45000 (around US$70000), is 518 ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from steel and cast iron.

It is one of the main tourist attractions in Blackpool. These include the tower itself, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the Irish Sea and beach, and Pleasure Beach Blackpool (a theme park).

The oldest part of the building is the old aquarium which was part of Dr Cockers' Menagarie and Aquarium since the 1870s. It was kept open to earn money while the tower building was built around it.

The tower was bought by Blackpool Council in 2010 and is now run by Merlin Entertainments for Blackpool Council.

Since Merlin Entertainments started running the tower, the building has been repaired and new attractions have been added. The aquarium was removed to make way for a new attraction.

Attractions at the tower include the Blackpool Dungeon, the Blackpool Tower Eye, the Blackpool Tower Circus, the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and Jungle Jim's.
The name **Brenda** [ bren-d*uh* ] is a female given name in the English language. Its origin is uncertain, but it may be derived from a Scandinavian type of language, rather than Celtic like the masculine name **Brendan**. The moniker Brenda has its roots in Old Norse and signifies "sword". It was initially utilized during the 19th century and gained popularity in the 20th century. The appellation was popularized by the eponymous 1950s tune "Brenda Lee" by vocalist Brenda Lee. Throughout history, the name has taken on various forms, such as Brenna, Brenn, and Brendon. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). The name has been around for many centuries. Many famous people are named Brenda, including Brenda Blethyn, Brenda Song and Brenda Lee. There was also a woman in the golf series at Prince Edward Island who's name was Brenda from Northern Ireland.

People
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* Brenda Archer, Guyanese high jumper
* Brenda Benet, actress
* Brenda Blethyn, English actress
* Brenda Bruce, English actress
* Brenda Castillo, Dominican Republic volleyball player
* Brenda Eisler, Canadian long jumper
* Brenda Gibbs, Australian actress
* Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, first female Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
* Brenda Joyce, actress
* Brenda Matthews, New Zealand sprinter
* Brenda Robertson, Canadian politician
* Brenda Strong, American actress
* Brenda Lee, American singer and recording artist

Places
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* Brenda, Manitoba
*The title of this article contains the character ß. Where it is unavailable or not wanted, the name may be written as **Bergstrasse**.*

For other uses, see the mountain tourist route, other uses, and Bergstraße.
The Bergstraße route
**Bergstraße** ("Mountain Road") is the name of a mountain route, and the area around it, which stretches across the western edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse and northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. 

The name "Bergstraße" also refers to the district Kreis Bergstraße, the independent wine-growing region of Hessische Bergstraße and the Badische Bergstraße in the Baden wine-growing area.

Route
-----

The route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald. The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.

The route mostly follows the modern B3 road. It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the "Old Bergstraße" and the "New Bergstraße", which goes somewhat farther to the west. The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.

Zwingenberg
In Weinheim-Lützelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstraße again. The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more. The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstraße, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstraße is no longer as clear.

Other websites
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* 
* 
* 
* 
* 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bergstraße***.
Planned Development c.1905
**Broughton** (2001 pop.: 24) was a former town in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality about 12 miles from the former city of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Expected to be a boomtown when first settled, it was mostly abandoned when mining operations failed. 
During the First World War, Broughton was used by the 185th Cape Breton Highlanders as training ground. During this time the famous Broughton Arms Hotel burned to the ground in April 1916. The Hotel is believed to have had North America's first revolving door.

Broughton, Nova Scotia is located in Nova ScotiaBroughton, Nova Scotiaclass=notpageimage| Broughton in Nova Scotia

History
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Mine Yard c.1905
Soldiers at Crown Hotel c.1918
Broughton was first settled at the turn of the 20th century as a mining town for the Cape Breton Coal, Iron & Railway Company, started by British mining engineer Thomas Lancaster and British businessman Col. Horace Mayhew which intended to develop the coal seam at Cochrane's Lake (aka: Loon Lake). The pair raised millions of dollars, mostly from English investors, and construction on the town was started, with streets laid out and a number of large official buildings constructed, including the Office Building, the Assistant Manager's House, the Broughton Arms Hotel and Crown Hotel. Remains of these substantial buildings can still be seen today, the scale of which giving an impression of the town's lofty ambitions. A railway was built connecting to the Sydney & Louisburg Railway at False Bay Head, continuing through Broughton Junction to Broughton, a distance of 4 ½ miles, construction beginning in 1905 and completed in 1906. Seemingly too much money and effort was spent on the details and modern conveniences of the "most up-to-date modern city", one of the first attempts at a planned community in Canada, and not enough attention to the actual mine operation. The company went bankrupt in 1907 after it failed to secure rail transportation to get its coal to port. It is said this was due to the opposition of the Dominion Coal Company, which would not allow its Sydney and Louisburg Railway to carry the coal produced by the mine.
The British pair left Cape Breton, abandoning the company and the town.

The community remained active until its peak in 1916. The army had taken over the hotels to house officers and men during the First World War. After the end of the war the community declined rapidly. Some residents still live in the area.

A long article, detailing this company's history, appeared in the *Montreal Daily Star*, 25 May 1907.
**Azemiopinae**, commonly known as the "*Fea's vipers*", is a monotypic subfamily made for a monotypic genus, *Azemiops*, which contains the venomous viper, ***Azemiops Feae***. It is found on the mountains of Southeast Asia.

Description
-----------

The Feas's vipers can grow up to the length of 77 cm. They are blueish-gray or black in color with orange crossbands, the head is orange while the chin and throat is yellow, it also has yellow eyes.

Where they live
---------------

The Fea's viper is found in northern Vietnam, southern China, south-east Myanmar, and south-east Tibet. In China the Fea's viper is found in Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

### Habitat

The Fea's viper is found on mountains which have an altitude of 1000 meters. It prefers to live in cool climates which have an average temperature of 18-25 °C. In Vietnam it is found in bamboo forests.

Behavior
--------

The Fea's viper is said to be nocturnal, but some people say that it crepuscular, and it hibernates in the winter. When disturbed, the Fea's viper flattens its body to make it look wider, and opens its mouth widely to show its fangs, giving its head a triangular shape. It sometimes also vibrates it tail. Fea's vipers are said to eat small mammals.
**Atreyu** are an American heavy metal band. They are signed to Roadrunner Records. They took their name from a character called *Atreyu* in a book called *The Neverending Story*.Sound Tracks

* "You Give Love a Bad Name" (Bon Jovi cover) featured on Mr. & Mrs. Smith: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2005, Lakeshore Records)

Compilations

* "Bleeding Mascara" featured on Vans Warped Tour '05: 2005 Tour Compilation (2005, Side One Dummy Records)
* "A Song for the Optimists" featured on Victory Style: Volume 5 (2005, Victory Records)
* "Ain’t Love Grand" featured on AMP Magazine Presents: Hardcore, Volume 1 (2004, Suburban Home Records)
* "Taking Back Every Word That I Said" featured on Picking Up the Pieces: Volume 1 (2003, Fall Apart Records)

Magazine cover compilations

* "Bleeding Mascara" featured on August 2005 Rock Sound Magazine cover CD
* "Isn’t Love Grand" featured on March 2004 Metal Hammer cover CD

'Atreyu' is an American metal core band with melodic death metal and hardcore influences from Orange County, California. Contrary to popular belief, the band did not intentionally name itself after Atreyu, a character from Michael Ende's novel, The Never-ending Story. Rather, the name was suggested to them by a friend of the band.

Members
-------

Current

* Dan Jacobs: guitar
* Marc McKnight: bass
* Travis Miguel: guitar
* Brandon Saller (born June 24, 1983): drums, vocals
* Alex Varkatzas (born January 17, 1982): vocals, lyrics

Atreyu was formed as a band sometime during 1998 and 1999. Shortly thereafter, they released their first EP, entitled Visions. The record garnered the band some success in the Southern California metal core scene and they constantly performed to support the seven-track release.
Atreyu released its second record, a five-track EP, entitled Fractures in the Facade of Your Porcelain Beauty, in 2001. The record featured early versions of the songs "Living Each Day Like You're Already Dead", "Someone's Standing on My Chest", and "Tulips Are Better", which were re-worked for the band's third release. The record also caught the attention of record executives at Victory Records, who quickly signed the band and added it to its roster.
Atreyu recorded and released its first full-length album in 2002. Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses would become an instant fan favorite and was noticed by a wide variety of music fans. The record broke down the walls separating the genres of heavy metal and hardcore, allowing the band to push itself into the forefront of the metal core scene. Critics from publications such as the L.A. Times, Guitar World, and Metal Maniacs commented that the "Southern California five-piece brings new definition to overnight success." Since then, the album has sold over 100,000 copies and has produced two popular singles, "Ain’t Love Grand" and "Lip Gloss and Black." Their newest album, "Congregation of the Damned", was released October 2009 and delighted many of their original fans. Their songs changed by their music slowly getting heavier and darker.
The 8-day **Blackpool Dance Festival** is the world's first and most famous annual ballroom dance competition of international significance. It has been held in the Winter Gardens, Blackpool, England since 1920 (except for war-time). It is also the largest regular ballroom competition: in 2003, 1539 couples from 54 countries took part in the festival.

As of the early 21st century the festival is held in May. It covers Ballroom dance, including Latin dances. The Festival includes the British Open Championships in categories of adult amateur and professional couples and formation teams. In 2005 two new categories were introduced: the British Rising Star Amateur Ballroom and Latin Competitions. Two invitation events, the Professional Team Match and the Exhibition Competition, create much interest.

The Junior Dance Festival, Blackpool Sequence Dance Festival, and British National Dance Festival are also held annually in Blackpool.

The annual World Professional Championship in either Ballroom or Latin dance is often held in Blackpool (4 times between 1989 and 2005), but is not connected with the Dance Festival.

Other websites
--------------

* Blackpool Dance Festival official website
* Blackpool Dance home page at danceplaza
* The History of the Blackpool Dance Festival Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
**Brown algae** are a large group of multicellular algae. All the brown algae are multicellular. Most brown algae have fucoxanthin, a chemical that gives them a brown color. They include many seaweeds in colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat.

There are 2000 species of brown algae. Most species live in the ocean. They are important as food and as homes for many animals and marine life. Some brown algae are gathered by humans for food. The giant kelp *Macrocystis* is a brown alga that forms underwater forests, and it may grow to 60 meters. The Sargasso Sea gets its name from the *Sargassum* seaweed that floats on the surface. Many brown algae grow on rocks at the seashore.

Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues. But they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that look like the cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae).

Classification
--------------

This is a list of the orders in the class Phaeophyceae:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Ascoseirales Petrov
* Asterocladales T.Silberfeld, M.-F.Racault, R.L.Fletcher, A.F.Peters, F.Rousseau & B.de Reviers
* Cutleriales Oltmanns
* Desmarestiales Setchell & Gardner
* Dictyotales Kjellman
* Discosporangiales
* Ectocarpales Setchell & Gardner
* Fucales Kylin
* Ishigeales  G. Y. Cho & Boo
* Laminariales Migula
 |  | * Nemodermatales M. Parente, R. L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau & N. Phillips
* Onslowiales Draisma & Prud'homme van Reine *ex* Phillips *et al.*
* Ralfsiales Nakamura
* Scytosiphonales Feldmann
* Scytothamnales A. F. Peters & M. N. Clayton
* Sphacelariales Migula
* Sporochnales Sauvageau
* Syringodermatales E. C. Henry
* Tilopteridales Bessey
 |
Southeast view of Bodrum Castle
**Bodrum Castle** (Turkish: *Bodrum Kalesi*), formerly the **Castle of St. Peter**, is located in southwest Turkey in the port city of Bodrum (37°1′54″N 27°25′46″E﻿ / ﻿37.03167°N 27.42944°E﻿ / 37.03167; 27.42944Coordinates: 37°1′54″N 27°25′46″E﻿ / ﻿37.03167°N 27.42944°E﻿ / 37.03167; 27.42944), was built from 1402 onwards, by the Knights Hospitaller as the *Castle of St. Peter* or *Petronium*. The castle was completed in 1522. It was used as a jail in 19th century. There are 5 towers of Bodrum Castle.

History
-------

Bodrum Castle, 2020
The headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller were on the island of Rhodes. In 1402 their fortifications at İzmir fell to the Mongols under Tamerlane. Threatened by an invasion of the Seljuks they built the castle at Bodrum. Its location was the site of a fortification during the Doric Greek period. There was also a small Seljuk castle in the 11th century. The same promontory is also the probable site of the palace of Mausolos. He was the king of Caria. The construction of the castle began in 1404. It was fully fortified by 1460. Bodrum came under its final siege in 1522. At the time it was still strong enough to send men to Rhodes. After Rhodes fell, the castle surrendered.

Museum of Underwater Archaeology
--------------------------------

The Museum of Underwater Archaeology is housed inside the castle. One of its displays is one of the world's oldest ships believed to come from the 6th century. Another is called the glass shipwreck due to the large number of bottles it was carrying.

Bibliography
------------

*Bodream*, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed. 2010.ISBN 978 2 35035 279 4

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bodrum Kalesi***.

* Bodrum Castle
Portrait of brevet Maj. Gen. George A. Custer, 1865
A **brevet** in most militaries is a promotion to a higher rank without the increase in pay or full privileges. It is often given as an honor. It was a term borrowed from the British during the American Revolutionary War and used in the Continental Army. Since that time the United States Congress has had several reasons for granting brevet ranks. In some of these instances the officer received the higher pay of the breveted rank. The term brevet comes from the Latin words *breve* and *brevia* meaning a legal brief.

Early French armies
-------------------

In the early history, the King of France would call on his feudal lords for troops. These feudal lords raised armies and appointed officers, but they did not have the authority to give a rank in the king's army. The king would give a commissioned rank to leaders that would be recognized throughout his army by the use of Letters patent or brevet. Soon all French officers from a cornet (sub-lieutenant) to the Marshal of France received their commission in this way. They came to be styled *Officers a'Brevet*. The official document granting the brevet was called a *brevet d'invention*.

British army
------------

The British army that served in the American colonies during the American Revolution were made up of mostly infantry regiments. During the war the strength (numbers) of infantry regiments varied. The actual strength was usually not the established strength. But in general, a regiment at the time averaged about 500 soldiers. Regiments were then divided into ten companies usually of equal size. Each company had three officers and was commanded by a captain. Three of these company captains also held a higher rank in the regiment. These included the colonel, the lieutenant colonel and the major. Collectively these three were called "field officers". So in actuality, each regiment had three field officers and seven captains for a total of ten. On muster rolls it was not unusual to see an officer listed as "Major and Captain". But usually, only the higher of the officer's two ranks were used. But, whereas companies were commanded by captains, it is sometime curious to see mention of something like "Lt. Col. Campbell's company" (instead of Captain Campbell's company).

American Civil war
------------------

In 1861, during the American Civil War, graduates of West Point were given commissions in the Union Army as brevet 2nd lieutenants. This was because there were not enough vacancies to commission them as 2nd lieutenants. Many officers have held brevet commissions for gallant actions, meritorious service or to serve in a staff position when their permanent rank did not allow it. After the war there were thousands of brevet officers. Of the 1,978 Civil War generals, 1,700 were brevet Brigadier generals or Major generals, most with a date of rank of 13 March 1865. Many, Like George Armstrong Custer held the brevet rank of major general, but wanting to remain in the army after the war was returned to his permanent rank of captain.
Montañez in 2009
**Beatriz Montañez López** (born 3 June 1977 in Almadén, Castile-La Mancha) is a Spanish journalist and radio speaker.

Biography
---------

### Early years

She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén). Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism. At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S. Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.

Back in Spain, she studied audiovisual communication and production at Instituto de RTVE and made a master via online at Harvard University.

### LaSexta

In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's *El Intermedio* as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.

In 2011 she left the programme being replaced by Sandra Sabatés.

### Tele 5

In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: *El gran debate*. In March, 2014 hosted *Hable con ellas*, an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.

### Book

On March 15, 2021, she publishes the book "Niadela", where she talks about how she decided to live a simple life alone in the mountains.

Other websites
--------------

* Beatriz Montañez on IMDb