recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Lucknow Pact** was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. Through the pact the two parties allowed people from every religion choose laws .

Demands presented to the British
--------------------------------

Both parties presented some common demands to the British. They demanded:

* The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased.
* Laws/Motions which were passed by large majorities in the councils should be accepted as bindings by the British Government.
* Minorities in the provinces should be protected.
* All provinces should be granted autonomy.
* Separating the executive from the judiciary
* At least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected, the Legislative council having a majority of elected members

Importance
----------

The Lucknow Pact was seen as a beacon of hope to Hindu–Muslim unity. It was the first time that the Hindus and Muslims had made a joint demand for political reform to the British. It led to a growing belief in British India that Home Rule (self-government) was a real possibility. The pact also marked the high-water mark of Hindu-Muslim unity. It established cordial relations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Before the pact, both parties were viewed as rivals who opposed each other and worked in their own interests. However, the pact brought a change in that view.

The Lucknow Pact also helped in establishing cordial relations between the two prominent groups within the Indian National Congress – the 'extremist' faction led by the Lal Bal Pal trio (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal), and the 'moderate' faction led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale until his death in 1915 and later represented by Gandhi. Though Jinnah advocated a separate nation for the Muslims 20 years later, in 1916 he was a member of both Congress and Muslim League, was an associate of Tilak, and hailed as 'ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’

  

Written BY Saisha Chhabra
A **hyperpower** is a country that is more powerful than every other country in every aspect on Earth. It is more powerful than a superpower.

The United Kingdom was the only Hyperpower due to dominating the world via the Royal Navy and it's economy. Plus had vast influence in its 'informal empire'.

The United States as a nation is widely considered to be a hyperpower by some after the Cold War because without competition it was the only superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union. People also believe the United States has had a big influence in politics, science, culture and military. It also influenced the balance of power and made a new world order.

Some say that the United States is still a hyperpower because it is the only uncontested superpower (some say that China is/will be a superpower and some say it isn't/will not).

According to the Asia Power Index 2020, the United States still has the lead on the *military capacity*, *cultural influence, resilience* and *defense networks,* but falls behind China in *economic and future resources*, *economic relationships* and *diplomatic influence*. This index ranks power and influence only in Asia Pacific.

The United States is still (as of 2024) the top country on military capability, though not on size of its military.

Related pages
-------------

* Great power
* Superpower
This article is about the organisation. For their published licences, see Creative Commons licenses.

The **Creative Commons** is a 
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

Aim
---

Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

History
-------

Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

Localisation
------------

The *iCommons* (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

Other websites
--------------

* Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
* The creativecommons.org website
* A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
* International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Korea

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Young cones of a Colorado blue spruce
Mature female *Pinus* cone, showing how the scales open when dry
The **crossbills** are a genus, *Loxia*, of birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). There are three to five (or possibly many more) species. 

These birds have mandibles with crossed tips, which gives the group its English name. Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation.

Crossbills are specialist feeders on conifer cones. The unusual bill shape is an adaptation to get seeds from cones. These birds are typically found in higher northern hemisphere latitudes, where their food sources grow. They move ("erupt") out of the breeding range if the cone crop fails. Crossbills breed very early in the year, often in winter months. This is the time to get the most cones.

They put their beak slightly open between the scales of conifer cones. Then they close their beaks and the tips push the scales apart. This lets them get at the seed (usually two seeds per scale). The point is that, as cones mature, they tend to open when dry and close when wet.
Eventually they fall, and lie on the ground. As they dry the scales naturally open, and any animal can get at the seeds. With their beaks, crossbills can get at the seeds much earlier than any other animal.

Food preferences
----------------

Each species' bill shape is optimised for opening seeds from different species of conifer. Their preferred food sources are:

* Parrot crossbill, *Loxia pytyopsittacus*
	+ Scots pine *Pinus sylvestris*
* Scottish crossbill, *Loxia scotica* (formerly treated as a race of parrot crossbill)
	+ Scots pine *Pinus sylvestris* and Larch *Larix* species (particularly plantations of *L. decidua*)
* Red crossbill or common crossbill, *Loxia curvirostra*
	+ Spruce *Picea* species; some populations (distinct species?) on various pine *Pinus* species and (in western North America) Douglas-fir
* Two-barred crossbill or white-winged crossbill, *Loxia leucoptera*
	+ Larch *Larix* species, particularly *L. sibirica, L. gmelinii, L. laricina* and (in North America) also hemlock *Tsuga*
* Hispaniolan crossbill, *Loxia megaplaga* (previously treated as a race of two-barred crossbill)
	+ Hispaniolan pine *Pinus occidentalis*

The relationships between crossbill species has been much studied.
The **nasal cavity** (or **nasal fossa**) is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.

Function
--------

The nose cavity is divided into a right and left passageway. The tissue that covers the wall of the nasal cavity contains many blood vessels. Heat from the blood in the vessels helps warm the air breathed in. Moisture (small amount of water) is added to the air by special cells in the walls of the nasal cavity. The air is warmed and moistened before it reaches the lungs. Cilia (small hairs) and mucus along the inside wall of the nasal cavity trap and remove dust and germs from the air as it flows through the nasal cavity. The cilia move the mucus down the nasal cavity to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

Location
--------

The nasal cavity is covered by the nasal bone. The top of the inside of the mouth separates the nasal cavity from the mouth. The nasal cavity is divided in two by a vertical fin called the nasal septum. On the sides of the nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called turbinates. These turbinates guide the air through the nasal cavity. The vomeronasal organ is found at the back of the septum and has a role in finding pheromones.

Diseases
--------

Diseases of the nasal cavity include viral infections and nasal cavity cancer. Picking your nose can lead to bloody noses as well.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***nasal cavity***.

* Gross anatomy dissection of the nasal cavity, video  Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine and  Archived 2010-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Club de Foot Montréal**, commonly known as **CF Montréal**, is a Canadian soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. It has played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since 2012. The club was created in 2010 as an expansion team named the **Montreal Impact**. It was the third Canadian team to join the MLS. The old Montreal Impact of the North American Soccer League (NASL) was replaced by this team. The team's motto is "Tous Pour Gagner"''. That is French for "'''All for victory'''.

The club plays its home games at the Saputo Stadium and is coached by Mauro Biello.

History
-------

On March 10, 2012, the Impact played their first MLS game, which ended in a 2-0 loss against Vancouver Whitecaps. The Impact won the Canadian Championship in both 2013 and 2014.

Rivalries
---------

Montreal Impact's biggest rival is Toronto F.C. because of Canada's two largest cities (Toronto and Montreal) having shared multiple rivalries. Montreal and Toronto professional soccer teams have competed against each other for over 40 years. 

From the original North American Soccer League, as well as the Canadian Soccer League and the A-League, the rivalry has continued through many different leagues they have played up until the past few years where both cities would still occasionally meet for the Canadian Championships. Since both teams have joined MLS, the rivalry is even more intense and the matches have become a Canadian soccer classic called the 401 Derby.
Sandra Cisneros**Sandra Cisneros** (December 20, 1954-2018 ) is an author from Chicago, Illinois. She is famous for her book "The House on Mango Street." It has sold six million copies and been translated into over 20 languages. Middle and high schoolers read her books in school for education uses. The House on Mango Street is a series of vignettes. A vignette is a series of stories or a brief description of something. The girl in the novel goes through childhood to adulthood changes. Sandra studied at Loyola University of Chicago and the University of Iowa. Her books are about issues between other races, classes, and genders.

Family
------

Sandra is the second child of Alfredo Cisneros de Moral and Elvira Cordero Anguiano. They had seven children together, one girl and the rest were boys. There was one daughter but she died as a baby after giving birth. Sandra's father wants his family of boys. During her childhood, there was sexism so her father which is pushing her over the limits. Since her father Alfredo Cisneros de Moral moved the family between Mexico City and Chicago, Sandra was shy during her childhood. She doesn't make close friends for pretty long. Her mother, Elvira Cordero Anguiano, was a strong female who wanted Sandra to achieve her goal.

Awards
------

* American Book Award - 1985
* Lannan Literary Award for Fiction - 1991
* Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Fiction - 1993
* MacArthur Fellowship Award - 1995
* Texas Medal of Arts - 2003
* National Medal of Arts - 2016 (Presented by Barack Obama)

Related pages
-------------

* List of poets from North America
Fluvial terrace
**Fluvial terrace** is an abandoned floodplain with a long, narrow stairs that were formed when the river flowed at a higher level than at present. Fluvial terraces consist of two parts; a tread, which is the flat surface at the upper side of fluvial terrace, and a scarp, which is the steep slope connecting the tread to the downside.

Classification
--------------

Fluvial terraces are divided into Rock terraces or gravel terraces according to structure materials. They are classified as Tectonic terraces or Climate terraces depending on how they were formed.

Cross section of Fluvial terrace
Erosional terraces are terraces where the tread has been formed primarily by lateral erosion. During a low water level stage, fine sediment is deposited and coarse sediment is deposited at the end of a high water event. When the river reaches its highest level, it moves all the channel sediment and scours the underlying bedrock before coarse detritus is deposited again on the channel floor.

Depositional terraces are terraces where the tread represents the surface of a valley fill. Valley filling occurs when the amount of sediment produced in a basin is more than the river system can carry away. It is usually triggered by glacial outwash, climate change, or change in base level, slope, or load caused by rising water level. Depositional terraces are climatically controlled. Erosional terraces are tectonically controlled..
A **general practitioner** (GP) also called a family doctor or a primary care physician is a medical doctor who works outside of a hospital. They deal with all sorts of health problems. They often get to know families over a long time. This continuity is very important. In many countries they send people to see specialists. Away from towns they may have to deal with emergencies and deliver babies. They spend most of their time looking after illness in young children and old people.

In many countries general practitioners run their own small business. They are very important in rural medicine.

### United Kingdom

The number of general practitioners increased from 15,000 in 1913 to 19000 in 1938. 17.6 million people were registered with a GP in 1938 - about half of the population.

In December 2022 there were 36,622 permanent qualified GPs working in England - Full-time equivalent was 27,375. 69% worked between 15 and 37.5 hours a week. The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom changed the way they worked. Telephone and video was used much more. Some people were very unhappy about this and there were a lot more complaints. In Northumberland, Gosport, Wolverhampton and West Cheshire some of the GPs now work for the local hospital trust.

Numbers of GPs have been dropping for several years. Demographic change has led to "demand outstripping supply" with an increasing – and increasingly elderly – population putting immense pressure on GP services which have not expanded in the last ten years.

### Spain

In November 2022 more than 4,000 GPs in Madrid went on an ‘indefinite strike’. People had to wait a week to see a GP. They were each seeing ‘more than 50 or 60 patients’ in their working day.
**Secret sharing** is used as a term to refer to ways of sharing a secret among many people. Each person knows part of the secret that is shared, but a number of people need to cooperate to rebuild the secret. The knowledge of one person alone is not enough to reconstruct the secret. Adi Shamir and George Blakley developed the method independently of each other, in 1979.

One example where secret sharing is used is the RSA cryptosystem. It uses a *secret key*. If this key is distributed among many people, no single person can make a signature. Even if the part of one person is revealed or lost, a number of them can still make a signature. This is often used is areas where security is very important, such as banks, or the military.

The dealer hands each player their part of the secret. In an easier setup, the parts of the players can be combined to form the secret, but with each part there is extra information. Say that a secret needs five parts, and three parts are known. In this setup, guessing the two parts that are missing will be easier than guessing the secret awhen no parts are known. The other setup is said to be secure from the point of view of information theory, because knowing part of the required number of player parts will not change how difficult it is to guess the secret. 

There are different methods of secure secret sharing techniques.

Shamir's method
---------------

In this method, any t out of the n shares may be used to recover the secret. The idea is that a polynomial of degree t-1 is defined by t points on the polynomial: It takes two points to define a straight line, three to define a quadratic curve, four for a cubic, and so on. It takes t points to define a polynomial of degree t-1. That way it is possible to build a polynomial, the first coefficient is the secret; there are n randomly picked coefficients. Each player receives one of the n coefficients. If there are at least t players, they can rebuild the original curve, and get the secret.
1st cross road, Defence Colony 
Apartments and houses in Defence Colony 
**Defence Colony** is a residential locality within the larger neighbourhood of Indiranagar in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is bordered by three of Indiranagar's main roads 100 feet road, 80 feet Road and Chinmaya Mission Hospital (CMH) road. The locality is a mixture of apartments and independent houses. Originally a settlement for defence veterans, today it is one of the most expensive localities in Bangalore.

History
-------

Defence Colony was originally a settlement of defence veterans started in the 1970s. The government allotted land to high ranking retired defence officers here. It was a sparse collection of Large Bungalows. At the time Indiranagar was a suburb, far outside Bangalore city. The Information Technology boom in the 1990s led to the rapid development of the neighbourhood, transforming Indiranagar into an upscale area. With increasing commercialisation of the surrounding areas, demand to live in this neighbourhood grew. As a result, property prices in Defence Colony rose over the years. Many of the owners sold their property to builders who put up apartments or developed it into apartments themselves. Today Defence Colony is largely made up of apartments.

Transport
---------

Defence Colony is located only a few minutes away from the Indiranagar Metro Station. Auto Rickshaws are easily available on the main roads bordering the colony. There are also three bus stops nearby. One of 100 ft road at 6th main, and two on CMH road at Indiranagar police station and Chinmaya Mission Hospital.

Community
---------

### Residents Welfare Association

Defence Colony has a very active Residents Welfare Association. **The Defence Colony Residents Association** or **DECORA** is a voluntary association that looks after the interests of the residents of the colony. The association acts as a method for collective action by the residents. While the original function was to guard against illegal encroachment, the association also looks after civic amenities, residents welfare, security and communicates with local authorities to solve issues faced by residents. They have enforced zoning norms by shutting down 15 commercial establishments in the locality and protected two neighbourhood parks from encroachment.

### Crime

the incidents of street crime has been increasing over the years especially during the night. Defence Colony and surrounding areas suffers from a high rate of street crime with incidences of chain snatching, harassment and robbery reported regularly. 

### Recreation

100 feet road (that borders Defence Colony) is full of restaurants, pubs and high end retail shops. Within the Colony there are three parks, a children's park, a walking park and a senior citizens park, as well as a large open field. The children's park has playground equipment and lots of space for children to play. Opposite it is the walking park, which has a paved walking path surrounded by lots of trees, grass and other plants. The senior citizens park is a smaller version of the walking park exclusively for senior citizens.
Culzean Castle, constructed as an L-plan castle between 1777 and 1792 by the 10th Earl of Cassilis, was designed by architect Robert Adam. It replaced a previous structure and served as the fine country house for the earldom. The castle features a large drum tower with a circular saloon overlooking the sea, a grand oval staircase, and well-appointed apartments.

In 1817, the castle hosted the wedding of Margaret Radclyffe Livingstone Eyre, daughter of the 1st Marquess of Ailsa, to Thomas, Viscount Kynnaird. The castle and its grounds were gifted to the National Trust for Scotland by the Kennedy family in 1945, with the stipulation that General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II, be given an apartment at the top of the castle. Eisenhower visited the castle several times, including during his presidency.

Culzean Castle has historical connections, as the Ayrshire Yeomanry was formed there in 1794. In 1961, the regiment returned for a ceremony to receive its first guidon. The castle underwent refurbishment in 2011, funded by a bequest from American millionaire William Lindsay, who was intrigued by Eisenhower's visits. In 2019, Culzean Castle welcomed 333,965 visitors.
*The Cyclist*, 1913, with cubist and futurist influences
Goncharova's design for St John. Part of a commission by Diaghilev for the ballet *The Liturgy*
**Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova**  (16 June 1881 – 17 October 1962) was a Russian painter, designer and writer. She was an avant-garde artist: her art styles were influenced by fauvism, cubism and futurism. As a designer she was notable for her set and costume creations for ballet and theatre.

Goncharova holds the world record for the price paid for a work of art by a woman. The painting was Goncharova's 1912 still-life *The Flowers*, and it sold for $U.S. 10.8 million.

Life and work
-------------

Natalia Goncharova studied sculpture in Moscow, but worked as a painter and designer. She was inspired both by an interest in Russian folk art, and by modernism in art. With her lifelong partner Mikhail Larionov she first developed a style called Rayonism. They part of the pre-Revolution Russian avant-garde. They helped to organise the so-called 'Donkey's Tail' exhibition of 1912, and showed their work at the Der Blaue Reiter exhibition in Munich the same year.

Goncharova became famous in Russia for her Futurist work such as *The Cyclist* and her later Rayonist works. They organised lecture evenings and Goncharova wrote and illustrating a book in Futurist style.

In 1913, she began to design ballet costumes and sets for Diaghilev's *Ballets Russes* and elsewhere. She did the stage and costume design for these ballets: *Le Coq d'Or'* (1914), *The Liturgy* (1915), *Ygrushka* (1921) *Reynard* (with her husband; 1922), *Les Noces* (1923), *Une nuit sur le mont chauve* (1924), *The Firebird* (1926 revival), *Sur le Borsythène* (with her husband; 1932), *Cendrillon* (1938), *Bogatyri* (1938) and the 1954 Sadler's Wells production of *Firebird*.

Goncharova moved to Paris in 1921, where she regularly exhibited her art. She became a French citizen in 1939. She married Larionov at last in 1955, and died in Paris, in 1962.

The largest collections of her work are in the Pompidou Centre in Paris; the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg; and the State Tretyakov Gallery, in Moscow.

Related pages
-------------

* Magic realism
* Galia Shabanova
* List of Italian painters
In this Chinese name, the family name is  *Hou*.

**Yifan Hou**  (born 27 February 1994, in Xinghua, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China) is a female Chinese chess prodigy. She was the Women's World Chess Champion 2010–2012. She was the youngest women ever to win the title, and the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of Grandmaster.

At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to take part in the Women's World Championship and the Chess Olympiad (Turin 2006). In June 2007, she became China's youngest National Women's Champion ever. In 2010, she became the youngest World Chess Champion in chess history (men's or women's) by winning the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, at the age of 16. She then defended her title by defeating Indian Koneru Humpy in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011.

In the most recent (January 2012) FIDE rating list, Hou is ranked as the #1 girl player in the world, the #2 female player, the #10 junior player, and the #3 player aged 17 or under. She is only the third female chess player to achieve a FIDE chess rating of over 2600. In January 2011, Hou was recognised as the best Sportsperson of the Year in China involved in a non-Olympic event.

In January 2012 Yifan broke through to the highest level in chess. She came joint first in the very strong Gibraltar chess tournament, an event with many grandmasters. She tied with Nigel Short on 8/10 points ahead of top players like Michael Adams and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov. To divide the prize money, a two game rapidplay match was won by Short 1½–½.

Significantly, she beat Judit Polgar and finished well above her. This was the *first time Polgar has lost to a woman since 1992*. Then, aged 16, she lost to her eldest sister, Susan Polgar, who was at that time a stronger player. Yifan also beat Alexei Shirov, Zoltan Almasi and Le Quang Liem, and drew with Adams and Mamedyarov for a tournament performance rating of 2872. This means she is the second highest rated female in the history of the game, and is closing in on Polgar's record grading. There has been talk of a match between Polgar and Hou. Polgar has never competed in events limited to women, but the prospects of such a match is "interesting". Polgar, born 23 July 1976, is still an extremely a strong player.
**Hunter Zolomon**, also known as **Reverse-Flash** or **Zoom**, is a major antagonist in the DC Comics universe. He was the main antagonist of the *Blitz* and *Flash War* story arcs as well as one of the two main antagonists (alongside Professor Zoom) of both *Rogue War* and *Rebirth (2009)*. He's one of the four arch-nemeses (alongside Vandal Savage, Captain Cold and Abra Kadabra) of Wally West, and also serves as an enemy of Barry Allen. He was a former F.B.I. Profiler that became paralyzed by an attack caused by Gorilla Grodd, due to this he asked Wally West if he can use the Cosmic Treadmill to gain motor functions but he was denied. He became delusional and attempted to use it, which caused it to explode.

He was able to regain the ability the walk and obtain powers similar to the speedsters but due to his distorted mind, he believed that Wally West couldn't help him because he never experienced. He thought the only way to get Wally to be a better hero was to be his greatest enemy, becoming the second **Reverse-Flash** and tormented him. He then lost his ability to walk again before gaining the Speed Force again, later reforming and sacrifice himself to save Wally West from the Black Flash and repair the Speed Force barrier that was caused by Thawne.

Portrayals
----------

Zoom appeared in the live-action Arrowverse television series *The Flash*, portrayed by Teddy Sears and voiced by Tony Todd.

In 2009, Zoom was ranked as IGN's 37th-greatest comic book villain of all time.
**Leopold III** (born as *Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel*; 3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) was King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951. He left the throne and his son Baudouin became King.

Leopold III went to the throne of Belgium on 23 February 1934 following the death of his father, King Albert I.

Early life and family
---------------------

Royal Monogram
Crown Prince Leopold fought as a private during World War I while still a teenager. He was sent by his father to Eton College in the United Kingdom, in 1915. After the war, in 1919, he went to St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California. He married Princess Astrid of Sweden in Stockholm on 4 November 1926.

On 29 August 1935, the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at Küssnacht am Rigi, Schwyz, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Lucerne. Leopold lost control of the car which plunged into the lake, killing Queen Astrid and her unborn fourth child.

Leopold married Lilian Baels on 11 September 1941 in a secret, religious ceremony. It was not valid under Belgian law.

In 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed the next day under an SS armed guard. The Nazis held the family in a fort at Hirschstein in Saxony from June 1944 to March 1945, and then at Strobl, Austria.

Leopold was freed by the United States in early May 1945. Because of the controversy about his conduct during the war, Leopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium. They spent the next six years in exile at Pregny-Chambésy near Geneva, Switzerland. A regency under his brother Prince Charles had been made by the Legislature in 1944.

On his return to Belgium in 1950, Leopold was met with one of the most violent strikes in the history of Belgium. The country stood on the edge of civil war. Belgian banners were replaced by Walloon flags in Liège and other municipalities of Wallonia. To avoid tearing the country apart, and to keep the monarchy, Leopold decided on 1 August 1950 to withdraw in favour of his 20-year-old son Baudouin.

In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and entomologist and travelled the world. He went, for instance, to Senegal and he explored the Orinoco and the Amazon with Heinrich Harrer.

Leopold died in 1983 at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert.
**Frederick II** (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250), was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous. However, his enemies, especially the popes, prevailed, and his dynasty collapsed soon after his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case of Professor Donald Detwiler, who wrote: 

> A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler *stupor mundi* (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily and southern Italy something very much like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.
> 
> 

Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman Emperors of Antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade.

He was frequently at war with the Papacy, hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the *Regno*) to the south, and thus he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and since. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist.

Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, French, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, from around 1220 to his death, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language. The school and its poetry were saluted by Dante and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.

He was also the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered *irrational*.

After his death, his line quickly died out and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.
Ring-tailed lemur, a strepsirrhine primate
**Primates** are an order of mammals. It includes all lemurs, monkeys and apes, including humans. Most primates (but not humans) are mainly or entirely forest dwellers.

There are about 400 species of primates. All primates are similar to humans in many ways, but language is an important advantage which only humans have. Other primates have a pattern of calls and gestures, but not language as we know it. 

Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws or hooves). All primates are covered with fur (hair), but in humans the body hair is only noticeable in two places: on the head and around the genitals.

Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Haplorrhini includes larger monkeys such as, tarsiers and apes including humans. Strepsirrhini includes smaller monkeys such as lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the aye-aye.

Primates are one of the few mammal groups which re-evolved full color vision. Even so, color vision in birds is better. Color vision was lost in mammals during the long period when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, and mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals.

Close contact between humans and non-human primates creates opportunities for zoonotic diseases to get to humans. Virus diseases transmitted to humans include herpes, measles, ebola, rabies, and hepatitis.

Classification
--------------

* Order Primates
	+ Suborder Strepsirrhini
		- Lemurs
		- Lorises
	+ Suborder Haplorhini
		- Tarsiers
		- Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
		- Catarrhini:
			* Old World monkeys
			* Apes and humans

Clade
-----

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Euarchontoglires  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Glires  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Rodentia |
|  |
|  |  Lagomorpha |
|  |

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|  Euarchonta  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Scandentia |
|  |
| Primatomorpha | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Dermoptera |
|  |
|  **Primates**  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  Strepsirrhini  |  (lemuriformes and lorisiformes) |
|  |
|  Haplorhini  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Tarsiiformes |
|  |
|  |  Simiiformes (platyrrhini and catarrhini) |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

Related pages
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 Data related to Primates at Wikispecies
A fast-food restaurant in the port of Malinska, Croatia
A Hesburger fast-food restaurant in Tapiola, Espoo, Finland
A McDonald's restaurant in New York City
A Café de Coral restaurant in Hong Kong
A fish and chip shop in Broadstairs, Kent, England
A **fast-food restaurant** is a restaurant that serves fast-food. Usually, these restataurants mostly serve food to take away. Many of them do not have a large seating capacity, and often, seating is not very comfortable. The type of restaurant is also known as **quick-service restaurant** (**QSR**). The food choice is limited, and usually prepared in bulk in advance. It is either kept hot, or heated up, before it is served. The kind of food is often of a "meat-sweet diet". Very often, fast-food restaurants are part of a restaurant chain or a franchise. The chain or franchise will provide partly-prepared standardized products or ingredients. 

  

The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951.

Variations on the fast-food restaurant concept include fast-casual restaurants and catering trucks. Fast-casual restaurants have higher sit-in ratios, offering a mix between counter-service typical at fast-food restaurants and a traditional table service restaurant. Catering trucks (also called food trucks) often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers.
**Click** for an example of torsion.
In solid mechanics, **torsion** is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.

The shear stress at a point on a shaft is:

{\displaystyle \tau \_{\theta \_{z}}={Tr \over J}}
*T* is the applied torque, *r* is the distance from the center of rotation, and *J* is the polar moment of inertia.

The angle of twist can be found by using:

{\displaystyle \theta \_{}={TL \over JG}}
Where:

* *θ* is the angle of twist in radians.
* *T* is the torque (N·m or ft·lbf).
* *L* is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
* *G* is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or psi.
* *J* is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.

Related pages
-------------

English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***torsion***


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***Solid Mechanics***

* torque
Cosplayer as the character.
**Quicksilver** (real name: **Pietro Django Maximoff**) is a fictional character, a former supervillain turned superhero from Marvel Comics and the Marvel Universe, appearing as a major character in the *X-Men* and *The Avengers* comics.

He is a human being who was genetically altered by the High Evolutionary, giving him the ability to move, speak and think at superhuman speed, and the younger twin brother to Wanda Maximoff. The siblings would become members of the Brotherhood of Mutants and fought against the X-Men, but would change their allegiances and joined the Avengers in *Avengers #16*. In the *Ultimate Marvel* comics, he is the son of Magneto whom despises the Avengers, and is an on and off enemy of the X-Men. He has been a member of the Avengers, the X-Factor, West Coast Avengers, Avengers Unity Division, the Underground, the Brotherhood of Mutants, and ally of the X-Men.

He was created by the late Stan Lee, and the late Jack Kirby, and first appeared in *The X-Men #4* in March of 1964.

Adaptations
-----------

Since his debut in the comics, Quicksilver has appeared in other media from movies, television, and video games. In *X-Men: The Animated Series*, he was voiced by the late Paul Haddad and Adrian Egan. In the *X-Men* movie series, he was portrayed by Evan Peters. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, he was portrayed by Aaron Taylor-Johnson, as Gabriel Gurevich played the character young.
**Haugesund** is a town within the Municipality of Haugesund, and is the capital of the municipality. It is within the Rogaland county in the country of Norway. It had a population of roughly 32,000 (42,000 including all of the suburbs) as of January 2020. The "birthplace of Norway", as it is called, Avaldsnes, is approximately 8.5km away from the town. The town is named after the nearby Haugesundet strait which is close to the town.

The residents of the town are nicknamed "*Måke*" (Seagulls), especially those who live in the east side of the town and support the local soccer team.

Tourist attractions
-------------------

Here is a list of tourist attractions which can be found within the town:

• (Natural attraction) The Haraldsvang hiking area. It is quite close to the Skelsvannet lake. 

• (Natural attraction) The Skelsvannet lake is good for fishing, and you could be able to find some fish that are from the region. It would also be good for birdwatching, mostly seagulls which are commonly found in Haugesund.

• There is a North Sea cycling route which runs through, which would be good for cyclists

• Haugesund also has an airport (HAU) for people who like planespotting.

• Haugesund also hosts the Norwegian International Film Festival, and the "*Slidajazz"* festival in August every year.

Sports in Haugesund
-------------------

Haugesund is home to the soccer club Haugesund FK (FKH), who currently play in the Eliteserien, the highest tier in Norwegian soccer (20/21 season).

Municipal council
-----------------

The municipal council (*Kommunestyre*) of Haugesund is made up of 49 representatives that are elected every four years. The government is located at the Haugesund City Hall.

International relations
-----------------------

Haugesund is a sister city with the following places:

* Denmark Søllerød, Hovedstaden, Denmark
* Sweden Ystad, Skåne, Sweden
* Finland Ekenäs, Uusimaa, Finland
* Germany Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany

Each of the sister cities (except Emden) has been given its name to a street in Haugesund. The streets are located in the same area near the border to the neighbouring municipality.

Gallery of images
-----------------

* The city hall, designed by Gudolf Blakstad and Herman Munthe-KaasThe city hall, designed by Gudolf Blakstad and Herman Munthe-Kaas
* Common street in HaugesundCommon street in Haugesund
* Haugesund from the Risøy bridgeHaugesund from the Risøy bridge
* Risøybrua seen from Risøy. Photo: Knut Arne GjertsenRisøybrua seen from Risøy. Photo: Knut Arne Gjertsen
* Haugesund docks, with bridge to RisøyHaugesund docks, with bridge to Risøy

Related pages
-------------

* List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027
**Song Rhythm Tracks** are musician's backing tracks that are composed entirely of percussion and/or drums and arranged for a song. They do not include any harmony or melody parts. They are neither (i) traditional song backing tracks, which include harmonic accompaniment, nor (ii) traditional rhythm tracks, which are not arranged for a song.

Uses
----

Musicians, including singers, use these tracks to support both their practice and performance of popular song. Typical musical genres represented are pop, blues, jazz, folk and Latin, but any genre may be included that uses a constant pulse. The tracks provide higher-quality rhythmic backing due to being arranged for the song the musician plays. This has advantages over traditional (none song-arranged) rhythm tracks because the musical form of the song is followed by the rhythm.

Not only would one person play along with a track, but a few people could join in. If they are lucky, they may just come up with a killer song.

Comparisons in use
------------------

Full song backing tracks provide a fuller arrangement of a song than song rhythm tracks do but they may be limited in the facilities to re-arrange / re-mix the backing track. For instance, there might be instruments included that the musicians wish to remove from the mix. Song Rhythm Tracks can be used as the basis for an arrangement generally without requirements of re-arranging the song rhythm tracks. Full song backing tracks are often used by singers as their sole accompaniment. Song rhythm tracks are used by single, or groups of, musicians that do not have a drummer.

As rhythmic backing does not include harmony, song rhythm tracks are simpler arrangements than full song backing and are arranged to the musical sectional and chorus structure of the song. These arrangements may be comparable to a drummer's accompaniment and can be used as the rhythm tracks in productions without additional arranging.

Other websites
--------------

* Alive Drumming, vendor of Song Rhythm Tracks
**Nelly Kim Furtado** ComIH (born December 2, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter.

Music
-----

She can also play many musical instruments. She learned to play the trombone and the ukulele at the age of four. In later years, she learned to play the guitar and keyboard. She has released five albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called *Whoa! Nelly*. She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was *Folklore* released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was *Loose* which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)". She then released a Spanish language album in 2009 titled *Mi Plan* and in 2010 released a greatest hits album. Her next English language album *The Spirit Indestructible* was released in 2012. Furtado's parents are Portuguese immigrants. She sings in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

Family
------

On September 20, 2003, she gave birth to a daughter, Nevis.

Biography
---------

Her parents named her Nelly Kim in reference to Kazakh gymnastics champion Nellie Kim who won 5 gold medals (3 in 1976 and 2 in 1980) and 1 silver (in 1976) at the Olympic Games.

She learned to play trombone, guitar and ukulele at the age of 9 and the synthesizer at age 11. Passionate about music from an early age, she knows from the age of 4 that she wants to become a singer. Nelly sang with her mother in a choir, especially during Portugal's National Day.

As a teenager, she began to write songs and was part of a Portuguese fanfare. During this time, she listened to R & B, hip-hop, alternative rock, alternative hip-hop, trip hop, fado, bossa nova, Indian music and variety. The artists that Nelly loved (and influenced her) include: Jeff Buckley, Caetano Veloso, Jennifer Lopez, Amalia Rodrigues, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Cornershop, Maryh Blige, Mariah Carey, TLC, Digable Planets, De The Soul, Aaliyah, Radiohead, Oasis, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Verve, U2, Kylie Minogue, Beck.

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A Plaxton Pointer bodied Dennis Dart MPD sits at a bus stop on a 94 service
Countryliner was a bus company in Uckfield in England. It was big, running more than fifty bus services mostly in Sussex. The company closed on the 18th of January 2013 under a new bus operating licence called SwiftBus Limited that was before that known as the RJB (UK) Limited licence. The main Countryliner company closed on the 8th of October 2012.

Closure
-------

The Countryliner company got involved in a Surrey County Council public inquiry which asked people what they thought about Countryliner. Countryliner was in quite a lot of debt, so they paid it as much of it off to try and stop the company from closing. Sadly, the company got closed because their buses had high M.O.T. failures.

Sunray Travel
-------------

Countryliner's buses went to Sunray Travel when Sunray Travel started to drive service 479 Guildford-Epsom commercially.

Fleet
-----

Countryliner used a mixture of Plaxton Pointer Dennis Darts, MAN 12.220 MCV Evolutions, Optare Excels, Plaxton Premieres and more for their bus and school services.