recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A Greek Revival Parlor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
**Parlour** (or **parlor**), comes from the French word *parloir*, from *parler*, which means "to speak". The parlour is a room in a house where people could meet. In Turkey it is called a kiosk. The Bible (Judges 3:20), talks about the "summer parlour", a small room built on the roof of the house, with open windows to catch the breeze. It has a door to the outside by which visitors can enter.

In parts of Great Britain and the United States, parlour is a common name for certain types of restaurants such as "ice cream parlour" and "pizza parlour". There are also "Beer parlors", wine parlors, or, in at least one case, a "spaghetti parlor." The word *parlour* has even been used to describe a coffee shop as the "coffee parlor." It can also mean a special service business, such as a tattoo parlour.

The "inner parlours" in 1 Chronicles 28:11 in the Bible were the small rooms or chambers which Solomon built all round two sides and one end of the Temple (1 Kings 6:5). Some people think the inner parlours may have been the porch and the holy place.

In medieval Christian usage, the parlour was one of two rooms in a monastery. The 'outer parlour' was the room where the monks or nuns could meet a visitor and do business with people from outside the monastery. It was generally in the west range of the buildings of the cloister, close to the main entrance. The 'inner parlour' was found off the cloister, next to the chapter house in the east range of the monastery. Most religious orders wanted silence in the cloister, which was the place where the monks studied. The inner parlour was a place where the monks could talk without disturbing the others in the cloister.

In modern use, the **parlour** is a formal *sitting room* in a large house or mansion. In the late 19th century, it was often a formal room used only on Sundays or special occasions, and closed during the week. The family kept their best furniture, works of art and other things on display in the parlour. The body of someone who died would be put on show in the parlour while funeral was being organized. During the 20th century, architects and decorators have changed the use of the room. In most homes the parlour has been replaced by the living room.

Other websites
--------------

* Victorian Parlour, Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Oxford, Ohio
* Interior of Mt. Auburn, Cincinnati parlour in 1886 Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
Rubble-work on Wyggeston's Chantry House in Leicester, built c. 1511
**Rubble** is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture. Unfinished stone from a quarry is called rubble. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as '**brash'**. Where present, it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked.

Building
--------

"Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". In Pakistan, walls made of rubble and concrete, cast in a formwork, are called 'situ', which probably derives from Sanskrit (similar to the Latin 'in situ' meaning 'made on the spot').

Walls that use large stones put together without any attempt at courses is called rubble walling. They are laid at random and are held together with mortar. Where similar work is laid in courses, it is known as coursed rubble. Dry-stone walling is somewhat similar work done without the use of mortar. It is bound together by the fit of the stones and the regular placement of stones which extend through the thickness of the wall. A rubble wall built with mortar will be stronger if assembled in this way. Building foundations made of rubble almost always leak water and are damp.

### Rubble walls in Malta

Rubble wall near Dingli, Malta
Rubble walls (Maltese: *ħitan tas-sejjieħ*) are found all over the island of Malta. Similar walls are also frequently found in Sicily and the Arab countries. The various shapes and sizes of the stones used to build these walls look like stones that were found in the area lying on the ground or in the soil. It is most probable that the practice of building these walls around the field was inspired by the Arabs during their rule in Malta, as in Sicily who were also ruled by the Arabs around the same period. The Maltese farmer found that the technique of these walls was very useful especially during an era where resources were limited. Rubble walls are used to serve as borders between the property of one farm from the other. A great advantage that rubble walls offered is that when heavy rain falls, their structure would allow excessive water to pass through and therefore, excess water will not ruin the products. Soil erosion is minimised as the wall structure allows the water to pass through but it traps the soil and prevents it from being carried away from the field. One can see many rubble walls on the side of the hills and in valleys where the land slopes down and consequently the soil is in greater danger of being carried away.

Other websites
--------------

* Example of a coursed rubble wall in Malta
* Reusing construction rubble - Low cost alternative building materials; YouTube
* Few Things to Think About Before Building a Rock Wall; YouTube
A hairbrush
A **brush** is a tool with bristles or wires or other filaments sticking out. There are many kinds. Most brushes have a long part at one end to hold (the handle), on the other end from the head that carries the bristles or filaments. We use brushes for cleaning, making hair look good, painting, and other purposes.

Brushes for cleaning
--------------------

Many kinds of brushes are made for cleaning, for example toothbrushes or brushes for cleaning floors.

Paint brushes
-------------

We use paint brushes for putting ink or paint on paper. If a brush is dipped 1/3 to 1/4 of its length into a can of paint, a good brush will ideally pick up the perfect amount of paint and spread it on a surface in a film that is smooth and uniform and absent of any drips, dips, or brush marks. Paint brushes typically come in two forms, synthetic, and natural. Synthetic brushes are usually made from products such as nylon, while natural refers to bristles from an animal source. Computer graphics uses digital paintbrushes for making pictures.

Paint brushes can have three shapes:

* Round: The long, close-together bristles of these brushes mean they can hold more paint. This is why many artists like them for painting large things and for color washes.
* Flat: These are good for spreading paint.
* Fan-shaped: These mix paint well.

### Brush care

* Clean paint from brushes after you use them. This is very important for oil and acrylic paint because when the paint is dry, taking it off can break the brush.
* Never leave brushes in water (etc.) with the bristle end down. This is because the bristles can change shape.

### Sizes and materials

We can buy brushes in different sizes and materials. Here are some sorts.

#### Decorators' brushes

The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating (changing the colour or look of a room) are usually in millimeters or inches. This shows how wide the head is.

Here are some sizes:

* 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", 3/4", 7/8", 1", 1​1⁄4", 1½", 2", 2​1⁄2", 3", 3​1⁄2", 4".
* 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm.

We can buy brushes with natural or synthetic (man-made) bristles. Handles (the part of the brush we hold) may be wood or plastic.

#### Artists' brushes

Artists' brushes usually have sizes with numbers, but there is no standard.

From smallest to largest, the sizes are:

* 7/0 *(also*  0000000*)*, 6/0, 5/0, 4/0, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30.

We use sizes *000* to *20* most often.

Bristles may be natural—either soft hair or hog (pig) bristle—or synthetic (man-made).

Artists' brush handles (the part of the brush we hold) are often wooden, but the cheapest brushes may have plastic handles. Many cheap handles are made of unfinished wood; better quality handles are of finished wood.
A **dam** is a large wall or barrier that blocks or stops the flow of water, forming a reservoir or a lake. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water. The tallest dam in the world is the 300 meter high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan.

History
-------

Some of the first dams were built in Mesopotamia up to 7,000 years ago. Modern dams are built with arched walls of steel rod-reinforced concrete. The arched wall is a very strong shape which helps the wall to withstand the huge weight of the water.

Reasons for building dams
-------------------------

There are a number of reasons that people build dams. Some countries build dams to control the flow of water in the downstream river systems, and prevent flooding. Other countries build dams to generate electricity using hydroelectric turbine generators. Other countries use dams to store water for use in irrigation (for farming) or drinking by people.

* Arch dam in Turkey.Arch dam in Turkey.
* Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China
* Aswan High Dam in Egypt.Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
* Srisailam Dam in India.Srisailam Dam in India.
**Cleopatra III** was a queen of Egypt. She ruled at first with her mother Cleopatra II and husband Ptolemy VIII from 142 to 131 BC and again from 127 to 116 BC. She then ruled with her sons Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X from 116 to 101 BC.

Life
----

Cleopatra III's uncle Ptolemy VIII ruled with her parents from around 170 BC to 164 BC. Then, he kicked out Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI. But Ptolemy VIII later had to leave the throne in 163 BC. 

Clelopatra II and Ptolemy VI took back the throne and ruled for almost 20 years until 145 BC. Cleopatra III was born during this time, between 160 and 155 BC. She had four siblings: Ptolemy Eupator, Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, and maybe Berenice. Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC because he got hurt when he fell off his horse during a battle against Alexander Balas. After that, Cleopatra III's uncle Ptolemy VIII became the king of Egypt again.

### Joint rule with her mother and husband

In the year 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII married Cleopatra II's mom. Later, around 139 BC, he married Cleopatra III. Cleopatra II didn't like Ptolemy VIII, so she rebelled against him around 132 BC. Cleopatra III had to leave Alexandria and go to Cyprus with her husband in 130 BC. But in 127 BC, she was able to go back to Alexandria. Around 124 BC, Cleopatra III and her husband were living with Cleopatra II again as joint rulers. 

### Joint rule with her sons

In the year 116 BC, Ptolemy VIII died. After that, Cleopatra III ruled with her mother Cleopatra II and her son Ptolemy IX. Cleopatra II died that year or early the next year (115 BC).

Cleopatra III made Ptolemy IX leave Alexandria in the year 107 BC and replaced him with her second son, Ptolemy X. They ruled together for six years. After that, Ptolemy X killed his mother Cleopatra III in the year 101 BC. Cleopatra III was then succeeded by Ptolemy X, possibly ruling together with his wife Berenice III, who was the granddaughter of Cleopatra III.
Rwanda has a universal health care system. It has been set up since 1996. It is considered to be one of the highest-quality health systems in Africa.

President Kagame has made healthcare a priority. In 2008, the government spent 9.7% of the budget on healthcare, compared with 3.2% in 1996. There is a system of health insurance providers called *mutuelles de santé*. They run at the level of Rwanda's thirty districts. The cost is according to wealth. The poorest citizens get free health insurance and the wealthiest paying premiums of US$8 per adult a year. The government set up training institutes including the Kigali Health Institute. That was started in 1997 and is now part of the University of Rwanda. There are 499 health centers, 42 district hospitals and 58,286 Community Health Workers who provide primary care in the 14,837 villages. There are four national specialist hospitals, which are Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Butare University Teaching Hospital, King Faisal Hospital Kigali and the Rwanda Military Hospital.
The **Rosicrucians** are a mystical and esoteric secret society that originated in the early 17th century in Europe. The term "Rosicrucian" is often used to refer to a movement or a set of philosophical and spiritual beliefs rather than a specific organization. The origins of the Rosicrucian movement are shrouded in mystery, and it's debated whether the movement had actual historical roots or if it was more of a symbolic and allegorical creation.

The Rosicrucian manifestos, which include works like the "Fama Fraternitatis" (The Fame of the Brotherhood) and the "Confessio Fraternitatis" (The Confession of the Brotherhood), were published in the early 17th century. These manifestos presented the ideas and principles of the Rosicrucian movement. The manifestos discussed the pursuit of esoteric knowledge, spiritual enlightenment, and the application of alchemical and mystical principles for personal and societal transformation.

The Rosicrucian movement influenced various aspects of Western esotericism, alchemy, and mysticism. Over the centuries, several organizations have claimed to be connected to the Rosicrucian tradition, each with its own interpretation of its teachings and rituals. These organizations often operate as initiatory societies, with members progressing through different degrees of knowledge and understanding.

It's important to note that interpretations of Rosicrucianism can vary, and the movement has taken on different forms throughout history. Some modern organizations that identify as Rosicrucian continue to explore spiritual, mystical, and philosophical principles, often incorporating elements of symbolism, alchemy, and mysticism into their teachings.
Jayalalithaa
**Jayaram Jayalalithaa** (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian actor who became a politician. She served five terms as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, for over fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 1989 she was the general secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a Dravidian party. She was praised and called by the party members as "Amma"(meaning: mother), "Thanga Tharagai" (meaning: Golden Maiden) and "Puratchi Thalaivi" (the woman revolutionary leader).

Life
----

Jayalalithaa first became famous as a leading movie actor in the mid-1960s. She appeared in 140 films between 1961 and 1980 in the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. She also earned the name of "Queen of Tamil Cinema."

In 1991 Jayalalithaa became Tamil Nadu's youngest chief minister. Despite a monthly salary of Rs.1, she made a grand marriage for her foster son Sudhakaran, lavishly spending. In the 1996 election, the AIADMK was nearly wiped out. Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new DMK government filed several corruption cases against her, and she spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the 1998 general election, as the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam became a key component of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee government that her withdrawal of support thrown the BJP government without majority and further triggered to another general election just in a year in 1999.The AIADMK returned to power in 2001, although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to minister O. Panneerselvam. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the 2011 assembly election. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised *"Amma"*-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a disproportionate-assets case, rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the 2016 assembly election, she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children. On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece Deepa Jayakumar were declared as her legal heirs by Madras High Court.

Death
-----

She died in 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest according to the reports of the Apollo Hospitals. However, there remain questions about her death.
Bread Rolls at a bakery
Some bread rolls

A **bread roll** is a piece of bread, usually small and round and is usually a side dish. Bread rolls are most times used in the same way as sandwiches are - cut in half, with items like butter placed between the two halves.

There are many names for bread rolls, especially in local versions of British English. These were named depending on how the dough was made and how the roll was cooked.

Bread rolls are common in Europe, mostly in Germany and Austria. They are also common in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and very common in Canada. In Germany and Austria, there is a large variety of bread rolls, ranging from white rolls made with wheat flour, to dark rolls containing mostly rye flour. Many variants include spices, such as coriander and cumin, nuts, or seeds, such as sesame seeds, poppy seed or sunflower seeds.  

An Italian form of bread roll is a small loaf of ciabatta which can be used to make a *panino* (or *panini*). In Denmark and Norway, rolls are called *rundstykker* (literally "round pieces") and are comfort food eaten with butter for special weekend breakfasts.

* Baking of bread roll
* 1/91/9
* 2/92/9
* 3/93/9
* 4/94/9
* 5/95/9
* 6/96/9
* 7/97/9
* 8/98/9
* 9/99/9

Related pages
-------------

* Breakfast roll
* Crescent roll
* Scuffler

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bread rolls***.

* Bread roll at the Open Directory Project
* Recipe for and photos of making baps, Scottish breakfast rolls Archived 2008-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Recipe for and photos of making bialys, Jewish breakfast rolls Archived 2023-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Recipe for and photos of making soft rolls from a 1928 baking book[*permanent dead link*]
* Recipe for and photos of making pistolets, French dinner rolls Archived 2008-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Mabel Cáceres** or **Mabel Cáceres Calderón** is a Peruvian journalist, and the founder and editor-in-chief of El Búho (The Owl). She received the 2016 Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation.

In 1999, Cáceres was the director of a local TV channel owned by a university, when the government of Peru’s president Fujimori suspended the channel for a year. Cáceres, along with a group of intellectuals, journalists, and friends, started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

Life
----

Mabel Cáceres studied journalism, communication, and related programs at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa, Peru from 1984 to 1990. In 1997, she received a master's degree in Communication and Media Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, Peru.

Career
------

  

In 1989 Cáceres went to work for *Correo* newspaper. In 1991 she worked with the newspaper *Arequipa al Día*. From 1992 to 1999 she was the general director of the Proyecto TV UNSA at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín. From 2006 to 2011 she was the director of the political-cultural television program "Contrastes" on Channel 53, TV MUNDO, in Arequipa. In 2000 she became the director of *El Búho* in Arequipa, in partnership with the poet Alonso Ruiz Rosas and writer Ody Gonzales. Together they started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

Cáceres has been sued for defamation 16 times, and has won all the lawsuits. Some of the editors received sentences, but they were overturned by the Supreme Court. The Press and Society Institute (IPYS) provides for El Búho's legal defense because it considers that the complaints against the weekly are an attack on freedom of the press and democracy.

Money was always a problem. Because the magazine is often critical of the local mining company, Cerro Verde, as well as the regional government, they do not put ads in the magazine. In 2001 El Búho stopped publication for a month because they could not pay the bills. A grant from an international agency kept them going until 2011, when they had to cut back from weekly to a magazine format. El Búho TV was broadcast on the Viva TV channel in Arequipa, until pressures from politicians and advertisers took it off the air. Today the program continues on a YouTube channel.

Awards
------

* 100 Information Heroes by Reporters Sans Frontières (2016)
* Courage in Jouranlism Award (2016)

Other websites
--------------

* Mabel Cáceres @mabel\_elbuho on Twitter
* El Búho
**Shandong Luneng Taishan Football Club** (Chinese: 山东鲁能泰山;Traditional Chinese: 山東魯能泰山; Pinyin: *Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān*) is a Chinese professional association football club based in Jinan, Shandong, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Shandong Luneng Taishan also plays in the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium (which has a seating capacity of 56,808 people).

The club was formed professionally on 2 December 1993 and was previously called the Shandong Provincial team. The club has since won many domestic titles.

Honours
-------

* **Chinese Super League**(2004- ):
	+ **Winners (3)**: 2006, 2008, 2010
	+ *Runners Up*: 2004,2013
	+ *Third Place*: 2005,2007,2015
* **Chinese Jia-A League** (1994-2003)
	+ **Winners:** 1999

### Cup

* **Chinese FA Cup Winners:**
	+ **Winners (5):** 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2014
* **Chinese Super League Cup**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2004
* **Chinese FA Super Cup**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2015

Other websites
--------------

* Official Site Archived 2016-07-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
**Alaska Airlines** (NYSE: ALK) is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Seattle, Washington, where they have one of their five hubs. Alaska Airlines also has hubs in Anchorage, Alaska, Los Angeles, California and Portland, Oregon. The company was named the top "Traditional Carrier" in customer satisfaction for the third year in a row by J. D. Power and Associates. As of 2023, it goes to 117 cities and has 305 airplanes.

History
-------

Alaska Airlines began in 1932 with the name "McGee Airways". McGee Airways was combined with several other airlines in 1934 and this created "Star Air Lines".  The name was finally changed to "Alaska Airlines" on May 2, 1944.  Starting in 1947, Alaska Airlines bought many new planes. In the 1950s, Alaska Airlines started flying many worldwide charter (irregular) flights. The government later said that Alaska Airlines could only fly in the state of Alaska. In 1961, Alaska Airlines started flying to the Continental United States. In the 1970s, Alaska Airlines started flying charters to the Soviet Union.  In 1972, Alaska Airlines introduced its famous "Eskimo" logo which is still used today.  In 1985, Alaska started flying to many new cities in the West Coast of the United States. In 1988, Alaska Airlines started its first flights to Mexico. In the 1990s, Alaska Airlines became the first to sell tickets on the internet, to have self-service check-in and to have GPS on its planes.  On January 31, 2000, an Alaska Airlines plane crashed in the Pacific Ocean. That crash led to many changes at the airline over the following years.  Alaska Airlines introduced a brand new logo on January 25, 2016.  Alaska Airlines and Virgin America announced plans to merge on April 4, 2016. The merged airline kept the Alaska Airlines name, with Virgin America flying for the last time on April 24, 2018.

Gallery
-------

* Alaska Airlines headquarters buildingAlaska Airlines headquarters building
* An Alaska Airlines Boeing 727 in November 1979.An Alaska Airlines Boeing 727 in November 1979.
* An Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-400An Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-400
* An Alaska Airlines 737-800An Alaska Airlines 737-800
* An Alaska Airlines Embraer E175An Alaska Airlines Embraer E175

Other websites
--------------

* Alaska Air's Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Jan Koster** (29 June 1943 — 3 April 2013) was a Dutch footballer, professional volleyball player, volleyball coach and pub owner. During his playing career he played as a libero for 16 years in the Dutch Volleyball League, being a key person for the teams he played with. 

Koster didn’t accept the offer to play for the national team. Although not playing for the national team, Koster was named as one of the best volleyball players of Drenthe in the 1970s and possibly one of the best ever Dutch libero players.

During his best years he was nicknamed due to his good technique Dutch: *Jan met de gouden handjes* (translated: Jan with the golden hands) or Dutch: *Jan met de fluwelen handjes* (translated: Jan with the velvet hands).

Biography
---------

Af young age Koster played both volleyball and football. As a footballer he played with Asser Christelijke Voetbalvereniging and made his debut in the first league at the age of 16. Two years later he didn’t want to combine football and volleyball and chose, also because of his friend, for volleyball.

He played a total of 16 seasons in the Dutch volleyball league. He started playing with SUES and he played afterwards with SFC in Assen. Koster was a key person for the team.  After Hans Zaaijer and Jelke Smit left the club, Koster also left SFC in 1973 and became player and trainer with Oranje Nassau in Groningen. He also started studying economics in Groningen. The team was very dissatisfied that he left, also because negotiations had already been done with him. However, he returned as coach at SFC for the women’s team. He trained the women’s team for three seasons until 1977. He was successful with the team. He stopped because he couldn’t combine it anymore with his job as pub owner. He was from 1981 coach of Lycurgus, replacing Hilbrand Hartlief [nl].

During his career Koster played for the national student team and the national militairy team. He was invited, but didn’t accept the offer to play for the main national team.

Koster worked as a gymnastic teacher. Koster took over pub "Havenzicht" in 1975 together with volleyball player Piet Swieter, but short after it became his own cafe. The cafe was a well known meeting place for (known) volleyball players, basketball players and other sportspeople. Koster had a room above Havenzicht but lived somewhere else.

Koster died in 3 April 2013. Koster was described after his death by coach of the 1996 Olympic winning team Joop Alberda as "legendary". After his death, Havenzicht was closed after almost 150 years in July 2020.
**Tense** is the form of a verb that shows the time something happened, or is going to happen. There are three main tenses:

1. Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written.
	* Example: *She **goes** to school*. In this sennjjjtence, goes shows that it is a present tense. It suggests that she regularly goes to school.
	* Example: *She **is going** to school*. This says she is now going to school.
2. Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or written.
	* Example: *She **went** to school*. In this sentence, went shows that it is a past tense.
3. Future tense: things that will be true after the words are spoken or written.
	* Example: *She **will go** to school*. In this sentence, *will* shows that it is a future tense.

Tense can be shown by changing the spelling of a verb. For example, *be* can become *am*, *is*, and *are* in present tense, and *was* and *were* in past tense. In English, future tense is shown by adding *will* before the verb. For example, *be* becomes *will be* in future tense.

Some verb tenses are much more common than others in English.

*Note: These tenses can be subdivided further (see below)*.

Aspect
------

There are also different kinds of tense within each main tense. 
In addition to tense, verbs can also indicate the completion, progress, or duration of an action. This is done by adding "helping words" or "auxiliary words", such as *be* and *have*, before the verb. For example, "I give", "I have given", "I am giving", and "I have been giving" are all in present tense, but have different meanings*.* This is called **aspect**.

Other languages have different ways of showing tense. For example, Latin usually shows tense by changing the verb, like English. However, Chinese and Indonesian show tense by adding new words, instead of changing the verb.
Acamprosate, marketed under the brand name Campral, is a medication used to help individuals with alcohol dependence maintain abstinence. Approved by regulatory authorities for this purpose, acamprosate is thought to act by stabilizing the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate.

Developed in the late 1980s, acamprosate gained approval in several countries as an adjunct to psychosocial support in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Unlike some other medications for alcohol use disorder, acamprosate does not cause a disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol consumption.

The precise mechanism of acamprosate's action is not entirely understood, but it is believed to modulate the glutamatergic system, potentially reducing the hyperactivity associated with alcohol withdrawal. Clinical trials have demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy, with acamprosate showing effectiveness in supporting abstinence and preventing relapse.

Acamprosate may have side effects, including diarrhea, nausea, and itching. Its use is generally contraindicated in individuals with severe renal impairment.

Research continues to explore the optimal use and potential benefits of acamprosate in the broader context of alcohol use disorder treatment. Despite its limitations, acamprosate remains a valuable option for healthcare professionals working to address alcohol dependence in their patients.
The Arabian Peninsula

The **Arabian Peninsula** is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. It lies east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia; south of Palestine, and Jordan; and southwest of Iran. The waters around it are: on the southwest the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba; on the southeast the Arabian Sea; and on the northeast the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers. 

It includes the countries of:

* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia which covers most of the peninsula
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

The majority of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Northern Arabia has oil wells. Climate change and the scarcity of water is said to have affected this area.

A prominent feature of the peninsula is desert. In Hejaz and the southwest there are mountain ranges which may get more rain than the rest of the peninsula.

Related pages
-------------

* History of Arabia

Other websites
--------------

* Arabia British Foreign Office, 1920

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Sweden
* Czech Republic
	+ 2

 |
| Geographic | 
* Pleiades
	+ 2

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

 |
A **coagulation**, also known as **clot** is a semi-solid substance that blood forms, especially when it is in air. When a person bleeds, the blood turns into a clot at the injury.

A blood clot is also called a *thrombus*. The process is called *coagulation*.

If a person gets a cut on their body, that person may bleed. To stop the bleeding, the human body does several things. First, the brain orders the liver to produce chemicals that will help the clot to form. When the chemicals released by the liver arrive at the injury, the coagulation begins. In the mean time, the brain also lessens the blood flow near the injury (by tightening the veins and arteries in that area), so that not as much blood is lost. 

There is a limit to how quickly a clot can form. If the cut is very deep and the person bleeds too much, a clot may not be able to form and a lot of blood may be lost.

The details
-----------

Blood coagulation pathways *in vivo* showing the central role played by thrombin
Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the vessel. When blood is exposed to proteins such as tissue factor it starts changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein fibrinogen, which is a clotting factor. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury. Proteins in the blood plasma, called *coagulation factors* or *clotting factors*, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands. These strengthen the platelet plug.

Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology; that means its genetics is almost the same in all mammal species. In all mammals, coagulation involves both a cellular (platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor) component. The system in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

Fibrin
------

Fibrin is a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots. it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets.

Vitamin K
---------

Vitamin K is an essential factor in blood clotting. Then, vitamin K is oxidized. Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, (VKORC) reduces vitamin K back to its active form. This reactivation is important as a target of anticoagulant drug warfarin. Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.
*For the Spanish painter, see Diego Velázquez.*
Diego Velázquez
**Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar** (1465 - 1524) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator (a *Conquistador*).He conquered and governed Cuba for Spain. He is often called *Diego de Velázquez* by Dominican historians (that is the name used in the Appleton's Cyclopedia).

He was born in Cuéllar, near Segovia, Spain. He came to America in the second voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1493. He spent 17 years in the Hispaniola, living most of the time in the southwestern region of the island.

He worked together with the Spanish governor Nicolás de Ovando in the fight against the Taíno Indians of the region. He founded and governed several towns: Azua de Compostela (1504), San Juan de la Maguana (1503), Bánica (1504), Salvatierra de la Sabana (1504, now Les Cayes, Haiti), Santa María de la Verapaz (near the present Port-au-Prince, Haiti), Villanueva de Yáquimo (now Jacmel, Haiti).

In 1511, he left from Salvatierra de la Sabana with 300 men and three or four ships to the island of Cuba to conquer that island. He was the first governor of the island and he founded several cities, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa (the first European city in Cuba and its first capital) in 1511, San Salvador del Bayamo (1513), Santiago de Cuba in 1514 and Havana in 1515.

In 1517 he sent Juan de Grijalva to explore the coast of Mexico and in 1518 he sent Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the coast of Yucatán. Then in 1519 he sent his secretary, Hernán Cortés, to conquer Mexico with about 450 soldiers but when Cortés got to México (in Veracruz), he broke all relations with Velázquez.

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar died in Santiago de Cuba in 1524.

Other websites
--------------

* (in Spanish) Enciclopedia Libre Universal Archived 2005-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Spanish) Biography Archived 2006-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, with a bibliography
* Short biography
* (in Spanish) Encarta Archived 2007-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
*Flying Scotsman* has 'come home'. Photo taken at the Doncaster Works 150th Anniversary July 2003
Doncaster works plate.
**Doncaster railway works** is a plant in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. When it was set up by the Great Northern Railway in 1853, it replaced the previous works in Boston and Peterborough. 

Until 1867 it did only repairs and maintenance. In 1866, Patrick Stirling was appointed as Locomotive Superintendent, and the first of the 875 class was built in 1886. At this time the works also began building new coaches. In 1873 they built the first sleeping cars; in 1879 the first dining cars in the United Kingdom; and in 1882 the first corridor coaches. In 1891, 99 locomotives, 181 carriages and 1493 wagons were built.

In 1957, the last of over two thousand steam locomotives was built. Carriage building finished in 1962. The works was modernised with the addition of a diesel locomotive repair shop. Under BREL, new diesel shunters and 25 kV electric locomotives were built, also Class 56 and Class 58 diesel locomotives. In July 2003 the works celebrated its 150th anniversary with an open weekend. 

Owners Wabtec closed the train engine plant in 2007. In early 2008 the main locomotive repair shop was demolished to make way for housing. Wabtec still does passenger fleet refurbishment at the Doncaster site.
Etna seen from a plane.
**Mount Etna** is a volcano on the east coast of Sicily, part of southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe. Mount Etna erupts every few years.

Etna's most destructive eruption in historic times started on 11 March 1669. It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. Many buildings were destroyed and few people were killed.

Etna's 2002 eruption, photographed from the ISS
Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.

In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged. The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.

Related pages
-------------

* List of volcanoes

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Etna***.

* Mount Etna Live Webcam Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology, with detailed information of Italy's volcanoes, including Etna Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Stromboli Online, with info on Etna, photo galleries and video clips of Etna's past eruptions including those of the 1990s and the 2000s
* Mount Vesuvius -Citizendium

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
	+ 2
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* Global Volcanism Program
* Pleiades

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
In physics, **thermal expansion** is the likelihood of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its basic particles move around more quickly and by doing so generally maintain a greater average separation. Materials that contract with an increase in temperature are very uncommon; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. 

Thermometers are an example of using thermal expansion. They contain a liquid which can only move in one direction (along the tube) when volume changes along with temperature.

Thermal expansion can become a problem for trains because it can cause the rails to buckle. On the rails they will have monitors so that if it does get abnormally high in temperature they can be warned and trains could be told to slow down to reduce the heat of friction. Sometimes on the inner parts of the rails they will be painted white to reflect the sun's hot rays so that it won't cause buckling.
Most tidal turbines resemble a wind turbine, most commonly the HAWT-type (centre).
**Tidal stream power** is electricity made from the tidal movement of water. A tidal stream generator is a machine that extracts energy from moving water in tides. Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.

Tidal stream power is the cheapest and the least ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal power generation.

Tidal stream power is a relatively new technology. It was first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.

The potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Water is about 800 times the density of air. So, water pushing against a turbine can provide much more power than air pushing against a similar turbine at the same speed. Also, the lowest water speeds needed for an economic power project is lower than the wind speed needed for a wind turbine project. In practice, the tide must move at speeds of at least 2 knots (1 m/s) even close to neap tides to be a source of power. 

As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses.

Environmental impact
--------------------

The main concern has been whether the turbines kill fish. Very little direct environmental research or observation of tidal stream systems exists. Most direct observations consist of releasing tagged fish upstream of the device(s) and direct observation of mortality or impact on the fish.

One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), had 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.

Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.
The New Jersey Plan, also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan, emerged during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 as a counterproposal to the Virginia Plan. William Paterson of New Jersey, along with other delegates from less populous states, voiced concerns about the Virginia Plan's bicameral legislature and proportional representation, fearing it would empower larger states at their expense. The New Jersey Plan advocated for a unicameral legislature, maintaining equal representation for each state, echoing the one-vote-per-state approach of the Articles of Confederation.

The plan proposed amending the Articles of Confederation, granting Congress additional powers such as the ability to raise funds through tariffs, regulate interstate and international commerce, and collect taxes based on free inhabitants and three-fifths of slaves. It also outlined the election of a federal executive and the establishment of a federal judiciary, emphasising the supremacy of the Articles of Confederation and treaties. Despite its rejection on June 19, 1787, the New Jersey Plan influenced the compromise that followed. The Connecticut Compromise, blending elements of both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans, resulted in the current structure of Congress, featuring a Senate with equal state representation and a House of Representatives based on population.
On 27 July 1989, a Korean Air DC-10 crashed while attempting to land in Tripoli, Libya. 75 of the 199 passengers and crew on board plus 4 persons on the ground were killed in the crash.

Accident
--------

Flight 803 was a scheduled International passenger service from Seoul, South Korea to Tripoli, Libya with intermediate stops in Bangkok, Thailand and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. On the final approach to Tripoli, the aircraft crashed into an orchard about 1.5 miles short of the runway 27. The weather at the time of the crash consisted of heavy fog and visibility was between 100 and 800 feet.

Korean Air Flight 803 was the second aviation disaster involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks. United Airlines Flight 232 had crashed on 19 July 1989 while attempting an emergency landing in Sioux City, Iowa with 111 of the 296 people on board losing their lives.

Daewoo and Donga had multiple employees, working at construction sites of those companies' facilities, on board; they were South Korean citizens.

There were 190 South Koreans, including seven Libyans, and three Japanese nationals.

Aftermath
---------

After the crash Flight 803's pilot Kim Ho-jung was quoted as saying - "The airport was shrouded in dense fog and visibility was poor when I approached. I lost contact with the control tower for 15 minutes before the crash." Libya's official news agency JANA reported that a Soviet airliner one hour before Flight 803 had rerouted to Malta rather than land in the fog. Also the instrument landing system at Tripoli International Airport wasn't working at the time of the crash.

A Libyan court found the pilot and co-pilot guilty of neglect in December 1990. They were given prison sentences of two years and eighteen months respectively. In the case of the co-pilot the sentence was suspended.

Cause
-----

The cause of the crash was determined to be crew error in attempting a descent below decision height without the runway environment in sight.