recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Adelong** is a small town in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Tumut Shire. About 1400 people live in the Adelong district, and 829 people live in the town. The town is about 160 kilometres west of Canberra on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town's name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".

History
-------

Hamilton Hume and William Hovell were the first Europeans in to visit the area on their way back to Sydney in 1825. They described it as "rough and difficult country."

### Gold rush

Adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850. Gold was discovered at Adelong by a William Williams in 1857. The gold was on the top of Victoria Hill and was part of the Old Hill Reef. Alluvial gold was found in both Adelong Creek and Golden Gully in the same year. Adelong quickly became an important goldfield. Adelong Post Office opened on 1 January 1859.

By 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the Old Reef and the Great Victoria Mine. Between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined. During the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people. Over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914. The National Trust of Australia has listed the main street of Adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.

The Morts Dock built locomotive used on the tramway
A number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area. Adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in New South Wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.

During the gold rush many Chinese people worked in the mines. Many died and were buried in a special part of the Adelong cemetery. The Chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s. One or two old Chinese and Indian people still lived in Adelong in the 1950s. A small town, Cornishtown, was about a mile west of Adelong till the 1940s.

### Farming

After the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area. This was mainly Merino sheep and beef cattle. Over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history. The famous Adelong Falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.

Adelong - Old gold ore crusher in the main street
In Marxism, **alienation** is a feeling that people have when they don't feel connected to the society around them and their work.

According to Marx, there are four types of alienation in a capitalist society:

1. Alienation from the product of a person's work
2. Alienation from the process of work
3. Alienation from others
4. Alienation from self

Because of alienation, people have no control over their lives or over the things they make. Instead, the products of their labor are exchanged for wages in order to survive.

Types of Alienation
-------------------

### Alienation from the product of a person's work

In this type of alienation, a worker cannot relate to the work he or she is doing. For example, someone can screw parts into a toy without seeing the rest of the toy when it is done. This type of alienation increased after people started doing work in assembly lines. Before then, people would make things from start to finish.

### Alienation from the process of work

A worker does not control the means of production. He or she just does the things that is taught to them. For example, a worker might need to make shirts in the same style and cannot experiment with patterns or designs.

### Alienation from others

In a capitalist society, a worker will be in competition with other workers for a small number of jobs. Because of this, they cannot cooperate with each other and fight for their shared interests as workers.

### Alienation from self

Finally, people are alienated from their identity that they get from doing their work. Marx called this identity *Gattungswesen* (German for "species-essence" or "human nature"). For example, someone who just screws parts into a toy will not feel like a toymaker because he or she is not really "making" toys.
**Alienation** is the feeling of being left out, not belonging or not understanding yourself in relation to your environment. Alienation can be talked about in many ways. In psychology, researchers talk about alienation in terms of how well or unwell people fit in to their social groups. This may include how well people relate to their peers in a school or workplace, and how connected they feel to those around them.

In sociology, alienation is a more complex and difficult idea. Alienation is how people understand themselves in relation to their entire society. A good example of this is how people think of themselves when they are working and doing a job. Karl Marx wrote about this. This kind of alienation happens when people do work that they are not interested in or find boring. However, in almost all societies some people may have to do jobs that they don't like because they need to earn money. This can be seen as a type of alienation because a person's true feelings and their actions are separated and unrelated. On the other hand, a person might feel empowered and connected if they do a job that they do like. Empowerment and the feeling of being connected is the opposite of alienation.

Alienation is also a key element in the existentialism of Sartre and Camus. The connection between these ideas is the theme of Colin Wilson's *The Outsider* (1956). Anomie is another related idea.

Other page
----------

* Social isolation
Aeneas carrying Anchises, about 500 BC, Louvre
**Aeneas** was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Virgil mention him in their stories. Virgil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is *Aeneid*. 

The books relate to the story of "pious Aeneas". and about how the city of Rome came to be. 

The tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the *Iliad* written by Homer.

William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.

Related pages
-------------

* Pope Pius II
Ostracoderms from the group Osteostraci
Reconstruction of the mid-Devonian agnathan *Neeyambaspis enigmatica*
The **Agnatha** is a superclass of fish. It is paraphyletic. This means it is a convenient catch-all term, which does not follow the rules of cladistics. 

For example, most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group (ancestral group) of gnathostomes. But according to the rules, one sister group should not contain ancestors of another sister group. 

The living Agnatha (lampreys and hagfish) are known as cyclostomes. Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

The lifestyle of the lamprey (an ectoparasite on other fish) and hagfish (a scavenger) means that they are not typical of the fossil groups, which were free-swimming and often armoured.

Classification
--------------

* Agnatha: the jawless fish. Cambrian to present day.
	+ †Pteraspids: the head-shields
	+ Anaspids: gills opened as holes. Silurian to end-Devonian.
		- †Cephalaspids: early jawless fish
		- Cyclostomes: Lampreys and Hagfish
	+ †Osteostraci: bony-armoured jawless fish.

Characteristics
---------------

### Anatomy

Agnathans do not have jaws, and have a cartilaginous skeleton. There is a notochord in both larvae and adults. They do not have paired fins. They have seven or more paired gill pouches.

Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded. The heart is simple, with two chambers.

### Physiology

There is a light-sensitive pineal eye. Fertilization and development of young are both outside the body, and there is no parental care.

Fossil agnathans
----------------

The oldest fossil agnathans are found in Cambrian deposits.

Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathans were armoured with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans were the Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned"). By the upper Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. They declined in the Devonian and never recovered.
***Akinator*** is a video game made by a French company called Elokence. The player thinks of a character, object, or animal and a genie asks questions to find it out, like *Twenty Questions*. The genie learns future answers using artificial intelligence.

Gameplay
--------

The player chooses an character, object, or animal. Akinator asks questions with "Yes", "No", "Probably", "Probably not" and "Don't know" answers to try to find the answer. A guess is made if a likely answer is found before 25 questions are asked. If a few wrong guesses are made, the player is asked the answer.

Development
-----------

The game uses a program called Limule and an algorithm, both made by Elokence.

Reception
---------

*L'Express* gave Akinator a 5 out of 5 on their list of iPhone Apps of the Week for September 9, 2009. *Excite France* liked the game's interactivity and that it was "revolutionary, attractive, and entertaining".

The game's most popular year in Europe was 2009.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
An **adventure** is something exciting that happens to someone. An adventure can be a made-up story, or it can be something that happens in real life.

People often like stories about a person or a group of people who go off and have an adventure. There is often some danger in the story. Enid Blyton and Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote stories about people who have exciting adventures. *Harry Potter* has lots of adventures: he meets strange people and gets into lots of dangerous situations.

People in real life like to have adventures. They may be explorers who like to go to far-away places where no one has ever been before.

**Adventure sports** are sports that are exciting and can be rather dangerous. Skydiving, gliding and rock climbing are adventure sports.

An **adventure playground** is a playground for children where they can climb, swing and jump on things. They have been made by adults for children to use and are normally quite safe.

An **adventurer** is someone who goes on adventures or does things that are risky.

Space travel is an example of a modern adventure.

An **adventure game** is a video game about adventures.

The word **venture** is a short form of "adventure". A "business venture" is a business project in which there is a lot of risk. "Venture" can also be a verb: "They ventured out into the storm".

Related pages
-------------

* Action movie
*Spheniscus demersus*
The **African penguin** (*Spheniscus demersus*), also known as **Black-footed penguin** or **Jackass penguin**, is found on the south-western coast of Africa. It lives in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The largest colony on Dyer Island, near Kleinbaai. Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town at Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies probably only became possible in recent times due to fewer predators, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by leopards. The only other mainland colony is in Namibia, but it is not known when this was established. 

The African penguin may live up to 20 years. It grows up to 65 cm tall and weighs up to 3 kg. They eat fish, crabs and squids. The breeding time is 38 days.

Boulders Beach is a tourist attraction, for the beach, swimming and the penguins. The penguins will allow people to approach them as close as a meter (3 ft). 

The closest relatives of the African Penguins are the Humboldt and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America and the Galápagos Penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator.


Wikispecies has information on: ***Spheniscus demersus***.

Other articles
--------------

* *Penguin Town*
A roll of aluminium
**Aluminium foil** (also called **aluminum foil** in American English) is foil (a thin sheet of metal) made of aluminium. It is less than 0.2 mm (7.9 mils) thick. It can easily be bent or wrapped around objects. Aluminium foil replaced tin foil in the mid 20th century.

Approximately 75% of aluminium foil is used for packaging of foods, cosmetics, and chemical products. 25% is used for industrial uses. It can easily be recycled.

History
-------

Aluminium foil replaced tinfoil in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling factory, "Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie." was opened in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. The factory was owned by J.G. Neher & Sons. The factory started in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. The way that aluminium foil was made started to change to include the use of print, colour, lacquer, lamination and the embossing of the aluminium.

Properties
----------

Aluminium foils thicker than 25 μm (1 mil) do not allow oxygen and water to pass through.

Aluminium foil has a shiny side and a dull side. The foil may have a non-stick coating on only one side. The reflectivity of bright aluminium foil is 88% while dull embossed foil is about 80%.

Uses
----

Aluminium is used for packaging. Aluminium foil containers and trays are used to bake pies. It is also used pack takeaway meals. Aluminium foil is widely used in radiation shields and heat exchangers. Aluminium foil is used for art, decoration, and crafts.
The **African wildcats** (*Felis silvestris lybica*) are small, fierce cats that live in forests, grasslands, and brush lands in Africa and the Middle East. They are the closest living relatives of the domestic cat.

It is a wildcat subspecies which occurs across northern Africa and extends around the edges of the Arabian Peninsula to the Caspian Sea. It is the most common and widely distributed wild cat, and is listed as *Least Concern* by IUCN since 2002.

The African wildcat appears to have diverged from the other subspecies about 131,000 years ago. Some individual African wildcats were first domesticated about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, and are the ancestors of the domestic cat. Remains of domesticated cats were found in human burials in Cyprus, done by Neolithic farmers about 9,500 years ago. Hybrids between domestic cats and African wildcats are still common today.

Description
-----------

African wildcats are generally crepuscular, hunting at dawn and dusk. They are diurnal (most active during the day) during very cold weather. They are very good climbers. African Wildcats live for 12 to 15 years. They are about 50 percent larger than domesticated (tame) cats.

Diet
----

African wildcats are carnivores, like all cats. These fast, solitary hunters eat small to medium-sized mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, invertebrates, and eggs.
On 1 February 2021, there was a coup d'état in Myanmar. Important leaders including State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were detained as the military (Tatmadaw) took control of the government.

History
-------

Myanmar (also known as Burma) has been under military rule before. General Ne Win led a coup in 1962. In 1988, many people protested against the military government because they were not happy with it. They wanted elections with many parties running so that normal people could change the government. The military killed many protestors.(3000-10000 as estimated).

Aung San Suu Kyi is the daughter of General Aung San, who helped free Burma from British rule. After 1988, she became a pro-democracy activist. In 1990, her party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), won the elections in a landslide. However, the government refused to say that her party won.

In 2011, Suu Kyi's party won the elections. However, she is not allowed to be president of the country because her family (her late husband Michael Aris and two sons) are British citizens. So she became State Counsellor, which is like a prime minister.

In 2020, there was an election in Myanmar. The NLD won the election but Tatmadaw accused that there was an election fraud and made a coup at the early morning of February 1st of 2021. However, the proof that there was a fraud is not found, so far and people believes that Tatmadaw made the coup because the generals wants to restart the military dictatorship which ended about 10 years ago. After coup, people protests began in the whole country with many people because they wanted their elected government back but Tatmadaw disagree and killed many protesting people (around 1000 estimated), which led the People Defensive War, the national wide armed resistance against the military regime,

Events
------

Early in the morning of 1 February, Suu Kyi and other leaders in her party were taken away in a raid. Then the Internet and phone lines were cut off so that people could not talk to others inside or outside the countries.

Reactions
---------

A lot of leaders in other countries around the world said that they were really worried about what was going on in Burma.
The **2022 Nigeria floods** affected many parts of the country. From the Federal Government Data, the floods rendered over 1.4 million people homeless, killed over 603 people, and injured more than 2,400 persons. About 82,035 houses had been damaged, and 332,327 hectares of land had also been affected.

While Nigeria frequently experiences seasonal flooding, this flood was the worst in the country since the 2012 Nigeria flood.

As of October, over 200,000 homes were completely or partially destroyed by the floods. On 7 October, a boat carrying people fleeing the floods from Ogbaru capsized on the Niger River, causing 76 deaths.

The flooding was caused by heavy rainfall, climate change, as well as the release of water from the Lagdo Dam in neighbouring Cameroon, which began on 13 September. Flooding, which affected Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and the surrounding region, began in the early summer of 2022 and ended in October.

Causes
------

The Nigerian government has blamed the floods of 2022 on unusually heavy rains and climate change. United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator for Nigeria Matthias Schmale said that the flooding could be largely explained by climate change. Climate change in Nigeria has been responsible for flooding, droughts, decreased air quality and the loss of habitat.

A climate modeling study by the World Weather Attribution project estimated that the floods were rendered far more likely and much more intense by climate change. They modeled the June to September rainfall in the Lake Chad and lower Niger river catchment areas, looking at total rainfall and intense rain weeks.

Flooding increased on 13 September with the perennial release of water from the Lagdo Dam in neighbouring Cameroon. Excess water released from the dam cascades down River Benue and its tributaries, flooding communities in the states of Kogi, Benue, and other states in the northeast. When Lagdo Dam was constructed in 1982, there was an agreement by Nigerian authorities to build a second, twin dam in Adamawa State to contain the overflows. Known as the Dasin Hausa Dam project, it was to be situated in Dasin Village of the Fufore local government area, but was never built by the Nigerian government.

Nigerian Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management & Social Development Sadiya Umar Farouq said that "there was enough warning and information about the 2022 flood" she blamed local governments, states, and communities for not acting promptly despite the warnings.

The indiscriminate construction on natural flood plains and storm water paths together with poor drainage systems in many residential areas clog channels with waste. Lax enforcement of environmental laws has only exacerbated problems even further.
The **Albany adder** is a viper that is less than a foot long and is also a highly venomous snake, native to South Africa. It is the most rare and endangered snake in South Africa. The Albany Adder has a rare brown and red pattern on its scales. It also seems to have horns over its eyebrows. The Adder reaches sexual maturity between 3 and 4 years of age. They can live around 15 years old in the wild.

History
-------

This breed was found in the 1990s. There have only been a dozen found, one was found dead. The last was found and recorded in 2007. A group of reptile experts went looking for this hard to find snake and were only able to find two during their first day. In 2014, the Albany Adder was put on the Critically endangered species list as the most endangered reptile.This snake was a month from being extinct due to the rule of a species not being found and recorded in a ten year span. If not recorded in this time frame, it is labeled as extinct.

Habitat & Habits
----------------

Due to the loss of the snake's home there have been few sightings of this snake. Scientists are keeping the location of the snake a secret in order to save it. There are now rules for their lands. The snakes reside in small plants and tiny trees. Reptile experts know nearly nothing about the what the Albany Adder eats, how they have babies, and the way they act. 

Scientists know what other Adders eat, how they have babies, and how they behave. They have reason to believe that these habits are similar to the Albany Adder.

Adders eat small Mammals. small Reptiles, nesting Birds, and Amphibians. Scientists think Albany Adders mate nearly the same way as other Adders. Females can produce around 10-12 babies who go off on their own shortly after being born.
***Aida*** is a musical by Sir Elton John and Tim Rice, first opened in 1998. It was based on the Verdi opera of the same name It was nominated for Tony Awards.

Plot
----

Act I

The musical opens in a modern-day museum. In the Egyptian wing, a man and woman meet each other as a statue of a female Pharaoh, Amneris, awakens ("Every Story Is A Love Story") and transports them to Ancient Egypt. Ramades, who is leader of the Egyptian army, return from an expedition through the lands of the Nubians, the longtime enemies of Egypt ("Fortune Favors The Brave"). When the soldiers capture a group of women, he is instantly drawn to one of them, Aida, who tries freeing herself by fighting one of his soldiers. After Ramades forces Aida to wash his back, she refuses, telling him that although the Egyptians took everything from the Nubians, their spirit will never be taken ("The Past Is Another Land"). Ramades saves Aida's companions from working in the copper mines (and certain death) by sending them to work in the palace grounds instead. He also sends Aida as a handmaiden to Amneris, to whom he is betrothed.
Title page of *Akinchi*
***Akinchi***, also written as ***Ekinchi*** (Azerbaijani: *Əkinçi* / اکينچي) was an Azerbaijan newspaper. It was made in Baku It was the first newspaper fully printed in the Azerbaijani language. It was also the first newspaper in Russia printed in a Turkic language. The name means "The Ploughman".

History
-------

Hasan bey Zardabi started the newspaper. He was a journalist, teacher and scientist. *Akinchi* was thought to be almost revolutionary because of the language it was made in and that so many people could read it. Zardabi used a simpler form of the Azeri language so more people could read the paper.

The Russian governor of the Caucasus Dmitry Staroselsky liked Zardabi's plans. Staroselsky supported him in starting *Akinchi*. He was also the one to name the newspaper. He thought the name would make the authorities think that *Akinchi* was non-political and about agriculture. In addition to agriculture articles Zardabi wrote about medicine and biology. There were also stories about the social and cultural state of Muslims in the Caucasus. The first issue of *Akinchi* was printed on 22 July 1875.

Partly because Staroselsky left, the paper ended on 29 September 1877. There was also little money and few readers. There were only 300 constant readers. The paper helped there be more journalism in Azerbaijan.

Other websites
--------------

* Several articles from *Akinchi* Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)
A severe and very intense drought developed across North America during mid-spring 1983. It had several strong heat waves across large sections of the United States and southern Canada. The intense heat spells and conditions of drought lasted until Autumn 1985. Several places (the Quad Cities, St. Louis, Kansas City and Cedar Rapids being some of them) recorded their all time highest temperature in these areas.

Summary
-------

The North American Drought of 1983–85 might have begun in April 1983. Dry conditions severely affected a number of states across the Midwest and the Great Plains. Many states also experienced a heat wave in the summer months of the first drought year. Temperatures were 100 °F (38 °C) or higher in multiple areas.[*source?*] Later in 1983 and the two following years, dry conditions began affecting south-central Canada as well, particularly Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The drought may have been caused under a weak-to-moderate La Niña. That spell may have developed during the mid-spring of 1983.

Midwestern States
-----------------

Almost all the counties in the State of Indiana and large sections in Illinois were given a drought disaster declaration because of dangerous heat spells. Very dry conditions were also present alongside the heat. In Kentucky, the Drought of 1983 was second to worst in the 20th century. A large number of trees and shrubs became dormant during the drought and heat.

Northeastern States
-------------------

From 1983 to 1985 dry conditions also affected parts of the Middle Atlantic. The drought during those two plus years affected Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, parts of New England and eastern New York State.

Canada
------

In parts of south-central Canada between spring 1983 to early Autumn 1985, drought led to poor crops. That was mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and several regions of Saskatchewan. June 1983 was somewhat wet for these areas. In July it was almost the opposite. August, Autumn and the following two years were also mainly hot and dry in the same areas.

Related heat wave
-----------------

Very intense heat waves affected large areas of the United States from Spring 1983 to mid-Autumn 1985. Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky were hit by severe heat. The heat and dryness also stretched across the Southeastern and Mid Atlantic areas. They included Newark, New Jersey, Philadelphia and New York City. Other affected states were Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Kansas. There were 500 to 700 deaths due to the heat.
Alexander Arutunian
**Alexander Arutiunian** (born September 23, 1920, Yerevan; died March 28, 2012) was an Armenian composer and pianist, widely-known particularly for his Trumpet concerto. He was awarded by the State Prizes of USSR (1949) and Armenia (1970), People's Artist of the USSR (1970) and Armenian SSR (1964) honorary titles, "St Mesrop Mashtots" and "Khorenatsi" Armenian medals, "Alexandrov" Gold medal (1976), "St Sahak and St Mesrop" Order by Holy Etchmiadzin (2004).

He graduated from the Music Conservatory of Yerevan, then he studied composition with Genrikh Litinsky. After graduation he returned to Yerevan to teach at the local Conservatory and later he became artistic director of the Armenian Philarmonic Orchestra.

In 1948 he was awarded the USSR State Prize for the *Motherland* cantata, a graduation piece he wrote as a student at the Moscow Conservatory. He has continued to win acclaim at home and abroad for his works, many of which are quickened by the folk traditions of Armenian music.

Some of Arutiunian's works for wind instruments, notably the 1950 concerto for trumpet, the concerto for tuba, and the brass quintet *Armenian Scenes*, have secured their place in the international repertory, having been performed by conductors such as Valeri Gergiev, who has recorded his Symphony for large orchestra, composed in 1957 with the Symphony orchestra of the Russian All-Union Radio. In 1988, he composed his Violin Concerto "Armenia-88".

Filmography
-----------

### Music for Films

* *Nahapet* (1977) (as *Life Triumphs* in USA)
* *Za chas do rassveta* (An Hour Before the Dawn, 1973, TV)
* *Sirtn e yergum* (The Heart Sings, 1957)
* *Urvakannere heranum en lernerits* (Ghosts Leave the Peaks, 1955)
* *Aleph, lectures contades* (2000) Italian TV episode (soundtrack: "Concerto for trombone and orchestra")

### As Actor

* *Lalvari vorskane* (Lalvar Hunter, 1967) as Zako

Other websites
--------------

* www.alexanderarutiunian.com Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
* List of works Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Arutiunian's 85th Birthday Concert in Yerevan Archived 2008-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Arutunian at IMDB
A fire almost started here due to oxidized aluminum wire
**Aluminum wiring** is electrical wiring made of aluminum, instead of the usual copper. It is widely and successfully used for electricity transmission and distribution. It is lighter and stronger than copper wire, which helps prevent the cables from sagging. It is also less expensive than copper wire. It has also been successfully used in aircraft wiring. In the 1960s, with the rising price of copper, electricians started to use it to wire homes and other buildings. Aluminum wiring was not successful in this application and it is a major safety problem. Because of the safety problems with aluminum wiring, it was discontinued for building wiring in the mid-1970s. Over time, aluminum wiring can separate from the screws on electrical outlets, switches, or lights, creating a poor connection, which causes the wire to heat up. The heat can cause the aluminum to oxidize, creating an even worse connection and more heat, which can eventually start a fire. Incorrect repairs to aluminum wiring, such as connecting aluminum wire to copper wire with twist-on wire connectors, can make the problem even worse. Even twist-on connectors designed to connect aluminum to copper can be dangerous. The only proper way to repair aluminum wiring is to connect it to copper "tails" (short pieces of copper wire) with crimped or screw-on connectors specifically designed for this purpose.
Alain Chastagnol, born February 15, 1945 in Paris, died January 15, 2010 in the same city, is a media manager and a French politician, deputy mayor of Souillac.

he was in charge of mission in Seychelles for the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs then chief of staff at the Ministry of Foreign Trade.

In 1977, at the age of 32, he took the previously communist town hall of Souillac, and remained so until 2008. As such, he supported the development of the Souillac jazz festival, he participated in access to the A20 motorway ( France) with Jacques Chirac, and the creation of the Souillac exit, the Brive-Souillac Airport project. He sometimes stays in Paris, sometimes in his house in Calès.

Elected deputy of Lot (RPR) from March 1986 to May 1988, he was also general councilor of the Lot from 1985 to 2004 and regional councilor of Midi-Pyrénées from 1992 to 1998.

Among his friendly relations he counted Philippine de Rothschild. He organized the twinning of the town of Souillac with the village of Souillac in Mauritius.

In 2005, Alain Chastagnol, mayor of the city, receives from the hands of Jean-Louis Debré, the Marianne d'Or 2005. The national competition of "Marianne d'Or" rewards each year action, creativity, rigor, dedication and passion for local democracy in villages and towns in France.

In 2007, he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor.

It will take 6 years to see a UMP mayor win the municipal elections of Souillac in the person of Jean-Michel Sanfourche. An absolute majority obtained in the first round against three other candidates that only Alain Chastagnol had managed to obtain with a similar score in 1977, during his first election

In 2015, the municipality of Jean-Michel Sanfourche, honors the one who was mayor of the city Alain-Chastagnol, with an esplanade.
**Abram Games** OBE, RDI (29 July 1914 – 27 August 1996) was a British graphic designer. He was born **Abraham Gamse**. He was the son of immigrants: a Latvian photographer and a Russo-Polish (part Russian, part Polish) seamstress. He anglicized (make something sound more English) his name to Games at age 12 and was basically an autodidactic designer, and went to London's St. Martins School of Art (today named the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) for only two terms. However, while working as a "studio boy" (a general assistant) in commercial design company Askew-Young in London 1932-36, he took night classes in life drawing. In 1934, his entry was second in the Health Council Competition and in 1935 he won a poster competition for the London City Council. From 1936 to 1940 he was on his own as a freelance poster artist.

Exhibition
----------

* *Abram Games, Graphic Designer (1914–1996): Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means*, Design Museum, London, 2003

Other websites
--------------

* Official Abram Games website
Location Achterhoek
Municipalities of the Achterhoek (Montferland excluded)
**Achterhoek** (Dutch Low Saxon: *Achterhook*) (literally in English: back-corner) is a region in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It consists of the eastern part of Gelderland, behind the IJssel river, except for the southwestern part, which consists of the region of (De) Liemers. The Achterhoek region borders the Salland and Twente regions (both province of Overijssel) in the north and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the (south)east.

The Achterhoek lies in the Dutch Low Saxon language area and has a dialect of his own called Achterhooks.

Another name for the Achterhoek is the County of Zutphen, which was historically connected to Guelders

Significant towns include Aalten, Borculo, Bredevoort, Doetinchem, Eibergen, Geesteren, Groenlo, Hengelo, Lichtenvoorde, Neede, Silvolde, Varsseveld, Vragender, Winterswijk, Zelhem, and Zutphen.

Doetinchem, Winterswijk and Zutphen are the largest towns in the Achterhoek.

Municipalities
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These 10 municipalities belong to the Achterhoek region:

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Aalten
* Berkelland
* Bronckhorst (small part in Liemers)
* Doesburg (partially in Liemers)
* Doetinchem (partially in Liemers)

  | * Lochem
* Oost Gelre
* Oude IJsselstreek (partially in Liemers)
* Winterswijk
* Zutphen
 |

Related pages
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* Liemers
* Salland
* Twente
**Allegro** is a tempo marking for classical music. It says that the music is to be played moderately fast. At first, it was also used to describe the character of a piece, but since the 18th century, it is mainly used for the speed. It is faster than Andante, but slower than Presto. Sometimes, the term is translated: Composers such as Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel used the word *vite*, Gustav Mahler wrote Rasch, and Benjamin Britten wrote *Quickly*. Most people say that piece that is played allegro should generally be played at speeds of between 120 and 168 beats per minute.

Sometimes Allegro is used in the title of musical pieces, for example the Allegro barbaro by Bela Bartok.

Examples
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* Eine kleine Nachtmusik, 1st Movement: Allegro, W.A.Mozart - audio speaker iconlisten (help·info)
* Symphony No 40 g minor, 1st movement: Molto allegro, W.A.Mozart audio speaker iconlisten (help·info)
* 5th Symphony, 3rd movement: Allegro, Ludwig van Beethoven -audio speaker iconlisten (help·info)
* Étude Op. 25, No. 6, Frédéric Chopin – audio speaker iconlisten (help·info)


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Allegro (music)***.
Coordinates: 31°14′14.01″N 34°47′35.08″E﻿ / ﻿31.2372250°N 34.7930778°E﻿ / 31.2372250; 34.7930778

The **Abraham's Well International Visitors Center** is an archaeological museum and convention center in Beer Sheva, Israel. It was opened in 2013 on the site of Abraham's Well. The center is near the Old city of Beer Sheva and Nahal Beer Sheva on the road to Eilat. The well was discovered in the 19th century by Edward Robinson and Henry Baker Tristram. In 1897, a Beduin sheikh built an Arabian structure above the well to take over the place. In the Ottoman Period, a Bustan was grown next to the well. According to the Jewish Bible, in the place of the well Abraham signed a peace agreement with Abimelech, the king of the Philistines.

Gallery
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Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Abraham well***.

 (May appear in Hebrew only)

* Abrahams Well International Visitors Center Archived 2017-12-12 at the Wayback Machine (Dead link as of 06 May, 2019)
The term **above mean sea level** (**AMSL**) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach. It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.

Definition
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A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.
**Irvine Wallace "Ace" Bailey** (July 3, 1903 – April 7, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto St. Patricks/Toronto Maple Leafs organization. In the beginning of his 8th season with the team, he had his career ended.

Career
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Before playing in the NHL, Bailey played 2 seasons of senior hockey with Peterborough. He was signed by the Toronto St. Patricks in November 1926. During his first season with the team, they changed their named to the Toronto Maple Leafs.

In the 1928–29 NHL season, Bailey became the league leading goal scorer, scoring 22 goals and 32 points in 44 games. He once again became the Maple Leafs' leading scorer in the 1929–30 season and he was one point short of repeating as leading scorer in the 1930–31 season. His offensive production declined in the 1931–32 season but he was still able to help Toronto win the Stanley Cup in 1932.

On December 13, 1933, during a game between the Maple Leafs and the Boston Bruins, Bailey was hit from behind by Eddie Shore of Bruins and hit his head on the ice, fracturing his skull. Bailey had severely injured head and it was feared that he would not survive. Bailey would eventually recover from his injury but he was never able to play hockey again. There was an all-star benefit game that was held at Maple Leaf Gardens on February 14, 1934, which raised $20,909.40 for both Bailey and his family. Bailey and Shore shook hands and embraced at centre ice before the start of the game. The NHL introduced the annual all-star game thirteen years later.

Other websites
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* Ace Bailey player profile at NHL.com
* Ace Bailey career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
AIDS orphans in Malawi
An **AIDS orphan** is a child who became an orphan because at least one of their parents died of AIDS. (An orphan is a child with no parents.)

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), use the term "AIDS orphan" to talk about children whose mothers died of AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, whether the child's father is still alive or not. Because of this, some people say that 80% of all "AIDS orphans" still have one parent who is still alive.

There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year. People in the past have guessed that by the year 2010, over 20 million children would be AIDS orphans.

Because most people who get AIDS are people who have sex, most people who die of AIDS are people who make most of their family's money (because most people who have sex are old enough to work). This means that many AIDS orphans need help from their country's government to live, and need money. This happens a lot in Africa especially.

In 2007, South Africa had more AIDS orphans than any other country, (although South Africa uses the term "AIDS orphan" differently than UNICEF and WHO. South Africa uses the term to talk about children under age 18 who lost either their father or their mother to AIDS). In 2005, the country with the highest percentage of AIDS orphans among the country's orphans was Zimbabwe.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aids orphans***.

* AIDS Orphan Resources Around the Globe Archived 2019-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
* !Nam Child Wiki Archived 2010-07-08 at the Wayback Machine (Namibian Wiki on Children)
The **accusative case** is the grammatical case which marks the direct object of a transitive verb. This is best explained with examples:

Forms
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In the sentence "*He* sees the woman", "he" is the subject of the sentence. In the sentence "The woman sees *him*", "him" is the object. 

### English

So, in English we use different forms of the pronoun: he/him. "Him" would be the accusative case. If we use a noun, there is no difference in English. We use the same word "man": ***The man** sees the woman* and *The woman sees **the man***. 

In many languages different forms of the word are used, depending on what function it has in the sentence - subject or object. 

### Latin

For example, in Latin. "The man sees the woman" = "Vir feminam videt", while "The woman sees the man" = "Femina virum videt". For "man", Latin uses "vir" for the subject, and "virum" for the object. Also, in the same sentences, we have "femina" for a subject and "feminam" for object. The form used for the direct object ("him", "virum", "feminam") is known as the "accusative case", while the form used for the subject ("he", "vir", "femina") is known as the nominative case.

### German

In some languages, like German, the accusative case is applied to the definite article and not to the noun. In German, "the car" as the subject of a sentence may be "**der** Wagen". This is the form in the nominative case. When "the car" is used as the object in a sentence, it becomes "**den** Wagen", the accusative.
The **Acanthocephala** (Greek *akanthos*, thorn + *kephale*, head) are a group of parasitic worms. They are modified rotifers.

They may be known as *acanthocephales*, *thorny-headed worms*, or *spiny-headed worms*. They have an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of the host. Acanthocephalans have no gut and absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut. 

Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, with various hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The juveniles are parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described.

The Acanthocephala were thought to be a separate phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are closely related to rotifers. Since all parasites are derived from free-living forms, the Acanthocephalans are modified rotifers. This is an example of molecular phylogenetics. In due course, spiny-headed worms will probably be placed in a taxonomic rank below phylum, such as sub-phylum or class.
**Albert Pierrepoint** (30 March 1905 - 10 July 1992) was a British executioner, responsible for the executions of over 400 people. He was known as a famous hangman, in addition, he owned a bar. One of his executions involved an acquaintance who visited his bar often; James Corbitt (20 October 1913 - 28 November 1950) nicknamed Tish by Pierrepoint.

Pierrepoint said this about Corbitt's final moments. At twenty seconds to nine the next morning, he went into the death cell. He seemed under a great strain, but he did not see stark fear in his eyes, only a more childlike worry. He was anxious to be remembered and to be accepted. "Hello, Tish," he said, not confidently. "How are you?" he was not effusive, just gave the casual warmth of his nightly greeting from behind the bar.

Birth
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Albert was born in 1905 in Clayton, which was a civil parish of Bradford, his father Henry Pierrepoint was removed from the list of Executioners in 1910 after an argument with his assistant John Ellis, Thomas was reported to have said about John Ellis that "it was impossible to work with him".

Executions
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* William Joyce (Lord Haw Haw)
* Ruth Ellis
* James Corbitt
* John Amery

Family
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* Henry Pierrepoint (30 November 1877 - 14 December 1922) - Father
* Thomas Pierrepoint (1870 - 11 February 1954) - Uncle
Albert Coady WedemeyerAlbert Coady Wedemeyer
General **Albert Coady Wedemeyer** (1897–1989) was an American army officer during World War II.

Wedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.

In 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.

Between 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma–India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944–1945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.

In 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.

Wedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954. He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative.

Other websites
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* Arlington Cemetery biography Archived August 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
* Photo Archived May 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
* Berlin Airlift Archived May 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
* Britannica biography Archived January 2, 2013, at Archive.today
* Fact Finding Mission to China: Report by Wedemeyer Archived October 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (September 19, 1947)