recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Saeeda Etebari** is an Afghani jewelry artist.  Etebari had meningitis when she was one, causing her to be deaf. She joined the Turquoise Mountain Institute for Afghan Arts and Architecture and trained in jewelry-making. She was chosen to have an exhibition at the Smithsonian in Washington D.C.

Early life
----------

Etebari was born in a Pakistani refugee camp. She was the third of nine children. When she was only one years old, she developed meningitis. Meningitis is a disease that, for Etebari, resulted in hearing loss and not being able to speak.  Etebari couldn’t go to school, so her dad founded a deaf school for her to learn.  Etebari speaks sign language. Etebari signs about the struggle of accepting that she was deaf and mute, but now she thinks of it somewhat as a blessing.

Schooling
---------

After graduating, Etebari’s brother suggested she apply to Turquoise Mountain Institute. At Turquoise Mountain, she studied handmade jewelry design. Etebari’s talents were noticed there, as she excelled in her work. Etebari considers being deaf a blessing for her, for when she goes to work on jewelry, the loud noises of tools don’t affect her concentration.

Smithsonian Exhibition
----------------------

Etebari was chosen with Abdul Matin Malekzadah and Sughra Hussainy, to have an exhibition at the Smithsonian Museum.  Etebari’s work ​​is inspired by the culture of where she grew up in Afghanistan. One of Etebari’s more famous pieces is an emerald and gold necklace that she designed with British jeweler Pippa Small. This piece was displayed at the Smithsonian.
The **sperm whale** (*Physeter catodon*), also known as the **cachalot**, is the largest toothed whale. It has the biggest head of any animal. The head can be about 20 feet (6.1 m) long, and is about one-third of the whale's body. It also has biggest brain in the entire animal kingdom. Its lower jaw is small and contains its huge, conical teeth. These teeth fit into sockets in the upper jaw.

Diet
----

Sperm whales are carnivores (meat-eaters). They mostly hunt medium-sized squid. They also eat many kinds of fish such as skate. Sometimes they hunt giant squid that live on the ocean bottom at great depths. They can dive up to 2250 m and stay underwater for two hours.

Size
----

Sperm whales can reach up to 20.7m long, and weigh up to 80,000kg. There is disagreement on the claims of adult males approaching, reaching or exceeding 24m in length.

Echolocation
------------

Like other toothed whales, the sperm whale uses echolocation, a way of sensing in which they emit high-pitched clicks and sense them as they bounce back off objects (like prey). This is crucial in hunting in the dark ocean depths.
**Standard time** is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

**Standard time** can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

History
-------

### Great Britain

Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

### North America

Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

Criticism
---------

Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

More reading
------------

* Ian R. Bartky (Jan 1989). "The adoption of standard time". *Technology and Culture*. **30** (1): 25–56. doi:10.2307/3105430. JSTOR 3105430.
* Eviatar Zerubavel (July 1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective". *The American Journal of Sociology*. **88** (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/227631. S2CID 144994119.
Ocean thermal energy conversion uses cold water (from deep in the ocean) and warm water so that a heat engine can produce electricity or other useful work. (The heat engine in the drawing, has "OTEC" written on it.)
**Ocean thermal energy conversion** (OTEC) is a way of getting useful energy from the world's oceans. The sun shines on the oceans of the world and in the hot parts near the water at the sea's surface can be quite warm, sometimes as high as 30°C.

Many oceans are very deep and the water at depths of 1,000 meters can be around 5 °C.

If a pipe is put down into the ocean we can bring the cold water to the surface where we also have warm water available.

The difference in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water may only be around 15 °C. But we can build a machine called a heat engine, which can use this  difference to generate power that can be used by people that live in that place. A machine which can do this is called an OTEC machine which stands for *ocean thermal energy conversion*.

Because the difference in temperature is small we will need to get large quantities of warm and cold water to go through the machine to get a useful amount of work, but large quantities are available in the ocean.

It has been estimated that OTEC could give amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than the other ocean energy source, wave power.

The first OTEC machine was built in Cuba in 1930 and made 22 kW of electricity. The largest machine built so far generated 250 kW in 1999 and was made by the US. Plans to build even bigger machines of around 10 MW have been made.

OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product. This can be used for refrigeration and can help crops and fish grow. OTEC can also produce large amounts of salt-free water, which can be useful on mid-ocean islands as drinking water.

| * v
* t
* e
Ocean energy |
| --- |
| Wave power | 
* Australia
* New Zealand
* United States

 | Tidal power conceptual barrage |
| Tidal power | 
* New Zealand
* Annapolis Royal Generating Station

 |
| Other | 
* Marine current power
* Offshore construction
* Ocean thermal energy conversion
* Osmotic power
* Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
* SDE Sea Wave
* Wind power (offshore)
* Wave farm

 |
A **building model** is either a physical (real) or virtual (computer) model of a building. Very often, the physical model is smaller than the original (scale model). 

Architectural model of a building, Osaka University, Japan.
There are three basic types of building models: architectural, structural and mathematical (virtual).

Architectural building model
----------------------------

An **architectural model** is a type of a physical model of a structure to study an architectural design or to share design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public. Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising, getting permits, and sale purposes. Such models are a good tool for three-dimensional understanding of a design, used by architects, interior designers and exhibit designers.

Structural building model
-------------------------

Kinematically equivalent building models on a shake-table, UCSDEngineers who need scale models to test the likely performance of a design at an early stage of development without paying for a full-sized prototype.

Virtual building model
----------------------

Computer animation of two concurrent building models with the help of EPET,.**Virtual model** is a digital model of the object (typically greatly simplified) that can be used in a computer simulation or virtual reality.

The most common examples of virtual models are those created in 3D for the purpose of *visualisation* - seeing how the structure looks before it is built. The field of architecture has greatly popularized the use of virtual models to animate fly-throughs of yet-to-be-built buildings.

Related pages
-------------

* Earthquake engineering
* Structural Engineering

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Architectural models***.

* "Buildings in Miniature". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
Huang Xianfan
**Huang Xianfan** (13 November 1899, China – 18 January 1982, People's Republic of China) was a Chinese historian, famous scholar and leader of the **Bagui** School and the **Wunu** School. He is considered by many to be the "Great Master of Zhuang Ethnic Research" for his writings about the ancient history of **Zhuang Ethnic** and **Baiyue** Ethnic.

Biography
---------

During three periods of ethnic identification work after 1949, professors Fei Xiaotong, Huang Xianfan, Xia Kangnong and a lot of academic masters and scholars from anthropology and ethnic study circles made their great contributions. It was upon this research work of national ethnic identification that the State Council could be able to announce there are 56 ethnics in China. This was also a pioneering contribution to Chinese ethnic studies. In the mean time,the world ethnic study circles had noticed this and gave a great high comment. This was the reason that ethnic study circles called professor Huang a founder of modern Chinese ethnic studies.

Books and treatise
------------------

* «Chieftain System in Western Guangxi», Published by seminar thesis on Zhuan and Yao ethnic history, the first collections, 1962
* «critical biography of WeiBaQun», Published by Guangxi Normal University Press, 2008.
* «On the construction of Chinese Life science», Published by Guangxi Social Sciences, 3th Issues, 2007.

Related pages
-------------

* List of historians by continent

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***黄现璠***.

* Prefaced by **塚田诚之** Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
* Prefaced by **马克·本德尔**(Mark Bender) Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Netherlands

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
**Barwon Heads Airport** (ICAO: **YBRS**) is a small airfield used only for light aircraft on the Bellarine Peninsula near the township of Barwon Heads, Victoria, Australia. It is mainly used for scenic tourist flights, private aircraft and flight training.

The airport is small and undeveloped. In 2008 five new hangars and new carparking was built.

The airport has a flight training school with two classrooms, fuel facilities and a seafood shop. There are showers and toilets in the terminal building. other facilities include a kitchen, snack and drink machines, and a lounge area.

The airport has two runways, the main one is a gravel north/south runway. There is a smaller east/west grass runway, mainly used by ultralight aircraft, and light aircraft in stronger wind conditions.

History
-------

The owners of Barwon Heads Airport have tried to stop skydiving near the airport. They think the airport runway is too close to the proposed drop zones. In 2005, a ban was placed on skydiving near the airport. In 2008, airport owners said the company Skydive City was using an illegal runway 200 metres from the airport. Skydive City had been forced out of an airport hangar for not paying rent. Airport owners said the illegal runway was dangerous for airport users.

Other websites
--------------

* Runway layout and parking map
**Tau Ceti** (τ Cet, τ Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus. It can be seen with the unaided eye as a third-magnitude star.

It has a spectrum similar to the Sun, but is only 78% of the Sun's mass. It is just under 12 light-years from the Solar System, a relatively nearby star. It is the closest solitary G-class star. The star appears stable, and is "metal-deficient" because (like the Sun) it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

There is more than ten times as much dust surrounding Tau Ceti as in the Solar System. There are probably five planets orbiting Tau Ceti, two in the habitable zone. Because of its debris disk, any planet orbiting Tau Ceti would get far more impact events than Earth. Despite this, its Sun-like characteristics have led to widespread interest in the star. Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

Searching
---------

Project Ozma searched for intelligent life (SETI) by examining selected stars for artificial radio signals. It was run by the astronomer Frank Drake, who selected Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani as the first targets. Both are near the Solar System and are similar to the Sun. No artificial signals were found after 200 hours of observations. Subsequent radio searches of this star system have also turned up negative.

### Planets?

On December 19, 2012, evidence was presented for a system of five planets orbiting Tau Ceti. The planets' estimated minimum masses are between two and six times the Earth's mass. Their orbital periods range from 14 to 640 days. One of them, Tau Ceti e, appears to orbit about half as far from Tau Ceti as Earth does from the Sun. With Tau Ceti's luminosity of 52% that of the Sun and a distance from the star of 0.552 AU, the planet would receive 1.71 times as much stellar radiation as Earth does. This is slightly less than Venus, which gets 1.91 times Earth's. Some research places it within the star's habitable zone.

The habitable zone for a star is where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet. For Tau Ceti, this is at a radius of 0.55–1.16 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.

References in Science Fiction
-----------------------------

The Expanse (TV): Destination of the Nauvoo, on a 100 year voyage. The ship is 500m cylinder, 2000m long. It would require a continuous acceleration of 0.05 m/s for 50 years, and an equal deceleration at the halfway point.

The Foundation book series by Isaac Asimov: The home star of the planet Aurora, first planet to be colonized by humans.
**The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet** is an ongoing internet search. It involves many internet users from around the world trying to find out the artist and the title of a new wave song that played on a German radio station in 1984.

Background
----------

A Rolling Stone article in September 2019 says that a man named "Darius S." recorded the song from a radio program called *Musik für junge Leute* ("Music for Young People") he listened to on the German public radio station NDR, probably in 1984.

Darius says he recorded the song on a tape labeled "cassette 4", along with songs from XTC and The Cure that were released in around 1984. Further evidence shows that the Technics tape deck that he used to record the song on was also made in 1984.

In 2007, Darius' sister, posting under the fake name "Anton," posted the song on the internet to try to find out the artist and the title of the song. The woman, who identified herself as "Lydia H.", posted part of the song to a German fan website devoted to eighties synth-pop and to spiritofradio.ca, a Canadian website that helps to identify songs uploaded by fans.

Viral internet phenomenon
-------------------------

The mystery of the unidentified song became very popular in 2019 when a Brazilian teenager named Gabriel da Silva Vieira started to look for evidence of its origin. He uploaded a clip of the song to YouTube, and to several Reddit groups.

On July 9, 2019, YouTuber Justin Whang released an episode of his video series *Tales from the Internet*. The episode talks about the progress of the search up to then. When the video was released, more internet users have tried to help to identify the song. 

After the video came out, some progress was made. The whole song was found and posted by a Reddit user in July 2019. Furthermore, people who might have known the song were contacted. This includes people such as Paul Baskerville, who was the DJ of the show from which the song was likely recorded. He has said he does not remember the song. The Discord community of the search has also found other undocumented and/or obscure media of various genres.

Related pages
-------------

* Internet meme

Sources
-------

* Browne, David (24 September 2019). "The Unsolved Case of the Most Mysterious Song on the Internet". *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
* Kim, Sam (26 September 2019). "What is 'The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet'?". *Public Radio International*. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Other websites
--------------

* Full version of the song posted to YouTube by Gabriel Vieira
**Dinara Rafikovna Sadretdinova** (Russian: Садретдинова, Динара Рафиковна, born June 4, 1976) is a Russian actress and television presenter. She was born in Moscow, Russia.

Education
---------

Sadretdinova studied at The Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, the Moscow Institute of Open Education and the Training Institute of Television and Radio.

Career
------

Sadretdinova was presenter of the television program  *Islam* on the satellite channel "AST "from 1999 to 2001. In 2002, she became the TV presenter of the television program "Muslims" on the Information and entertainment channels. In March 2008, Sadretdinova was the guest of honor at the Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival in Qatar. She has been the guest of honor and presenter of the "Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema" two times. Sadretdinova has also be a part of the International Media Forum "Interaction in the common interest" in the Republic of Adygea.
In October 2010, she was a part of the All Russian female Islamic Conference "Women will save the world" in the Chechen Republic.
That year, she was listed among the "best 10 female journalists in the Islamic world" and was invited to the International Conference of Women Journalists, held in Iran, where she was awarded the international prize "The Word Zainab".

Other websites
--------------

* The Quran in the girls hearts. Dubai International Holy Quran Award
* TV-presenter of the weekly TV-program "Muslims" tells how she appeared in television and whether Russian TV viewer should wait for a new programme about Islam
* Official site of Dinara Archived 2020-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Women conference on "Role of women in modern society" to be held in Saratov
* A documentary film about TV presenter Dinara Sadretdinova, produced and broadcasted by Iranian channel PressTV Documentaries at YouTube
* International Festival of Muslim Cinema "Golden Minbar" at YouTube
* CNN Student News
* The headscarf makes me feel more feminine Archived 2014-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
The **Festival of British Popular Songs** was a song competition organised by the BBC. It began in 1956 following the success of the Eurovision Song Contest. Due to being so long ago, the names of performers and songs who took part are no longer known.

1956 Festival
-------------

The first Festival of British Popular Songs was held from May to October 1956. 36 songs took part across six semi-finals. Each semi-final had six songs and the winning song of each semi-final went through to the final. The winning song was decided by music experts, who used a scoreboard to rank the songs by points.

| Entry | Place |
| --- | --- |
| Performer 1 | Performer 2 | Song |
| Lester Ferguson | Jean Campbell | "Cloudy Moon" | 3rd |
| Dennis Lotis | The Keynotes | "Everybody Falls in Love with Someone" | 1st |
| Ronnie Carroll | Laurie Payne | "For You and Me" | 3rd |
| Shirley Abacair | Bill McGuffie | "Little Ship" | 2nd |
| Carole Carr | Max Jaffa | "No Love Could Be" | 3rd |
| Petula Clark | The Bill McGuffie Quartet | "Wibbly Wobbly Moon" | 3rd |

1957 Festival
-------------

In 1957, the United Kingdom joined the Eurovision Song Contest. The Festival of British Popular Songs was used to decide the UK's entry. The Festival was made shorter, with three semi-finals instead of six. The two winners of each semi-final went through to the final. The songs were scored by ten twelve-member juries representing major cities around the UK.

| R/O | Performer 1 | Performer 2 | Song | Points | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Keynotes | Bill Maynard | "Don't Cry Little Doll" | 14 | **4** |
| 2 | Pauline Shepherd | Carole Carr | "Once" | 23 | **2** |
| 3 | Denis Lotis | The Keynotes | "Seven" | 13 | **5/6** |
| 4 | Malcom Lockyer Quartet | Patricia Bredin | "All" | 39 | **1st** |
| 5 | Ronnie Hilton | Alan Bristow | "For Your Love" | 13 | **5/6** |
| 6 | Lita Roza | Stan Roderick | "The Way It Goes" | 18 | **3** |

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "1956 |". *www.songs4europe.com*. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
2. ↑  "United Kingdom: Festival Of British Popular Songs". *Eurovisionworld*. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
Baldwin IV *the Bearded* Count of Flanders.
**Baldwin IV of Flanders** (980–1035) known as *Baldwin the Bearded*, was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 987 until his death. His reign saw Flanders grow into a powerful principality.

Career
------

Baldwin IV, born c.980, was the son of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders and Rozala of Ivrea. When his father died in 987 Baldwin succeeded him as Count of Flanders. His mother, Rozala, was the regent of Flanders until he reached the age of majority. After his father's death, his mother's second marriage was arranged by Hugh Capet. She married Hugh's son Robert II, King of France as his first wife. When Robert repudiated her in 991 Baldwin rebelled. When they came to terms Artois and Ostrevant, once taken from Flanders, were returned to Baldwin.

Unlike his predecessors Baldwin was more interested in what lay east of Flanders. He left the southern part of his territory in the hands of his vassals the counts of Guînes, Hesdin, and St. Pol. Baldwin was the first count of Flanders to extend Flemish control eastward. He was given Zeeland as a fief by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. He also received Valenciennes from the emperor. Then Baldwin obtained parts of the Cambresis as well as Saint-Omer and the northern Ternois (1120).

In the French territories the principality of Flanders remained powerful throughout the Capetian period. The Flemish economy saw strong growth during Baldwin's reign. Baldwin IV died on 30 May, 1035.

Family
------

Baldwin married first, Ogive of Luxembourg. She was a daughter of Frederick of Luxembourg, by whom he had a son and heir: 

* Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1012–1067). He succeeded his father as count.

He secondly married Eleanor of Normandy, daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, by whom he had a daughter: 

* Judith (1033–1094) who married Tostig Godwinson. She secondly Welf I, Duke of Bavaria.
**Leopold Nitsch** (14 August 1897 – 18 January 1977) was an Austrian international footballer. He played for SK Rapid Wien as midfielder. With Rapid he won the Austrian championship six times and the Austrian Cup three times. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

He joined the Rapid youth team in 1911. Four years later he moved up to the first team. He won his first Austrian championship title in the 1915–16 season. The team soon dominated the championship. Nitsch won five more titles in 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1923. He also won the first two official ÖFB cup competitions in 1919 and 1920. In 1924 he became coach. He coached Bulgaria at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. He soon returned to the active ranks and played as a defender for Rapid towards the end of his career. From 1925 to 1928 he was captain of the team.

International
-------------

Nitsch played 35 matches for the Austrian national football team. He debuted on 3 October 1915 in a 4-2 win versus Hungary. His last match was on 14 March 1926 in a 2-0 win versus Czechoslovakia.

Coaching career
---------------

In 1924 he was coach of the Bulgarian national football team. He then worked as coach of the youth team at Rapid from 1928 to 1936. 1936 he replaced Eduard Bauer as coach of the first team. Leopold Nitsch accompanied the team through the Second World War, when Austrian football was integrated into German football. He won the Tschammerpokal with Rapid in 1938 with a 3-1 win in the final against FSV Frankfurt and the German championship in 1941 with a 4-3 win against FC Schalke 04. Rapid was able to become Austrian champions three more times, then called "Ostmarkmeister".

Nitsch and the NSDAP
--------------------

On 21 May 1938, he applied for membership in the NSDAP and was admitted to May 1 of the same year (membership number 6,303,894). Whether this is due to political conviction or simply adaptation to the new circumstances can no longer be determined with certainty.

Honours
-------

* 6 × Austrian champion: 1915–16, 1916–17, 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1922–23
* 3 × Austrian Cup: 1918/19, 1919–20, 1926–27
* 35 matches for Austria 1915 - 1926
In the United Kingdom, **death by misadventure** is the recorded manner of death for an accidental death caused by a risk taken voluntarily.

Misadventure in English law, as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents, is a death that is primarily attributed to an accident that occurred due to a risk that was taken voluntarily. In contrast, when the manner of death is given as an accident, the coroner has determined that the decedent had taken no unreasonable willful risk.

> "Misadventure may be the right conclusion when a death arises from some deliberate human act which unexpectedly and unintentionally goes wrong."
> 
> 

Legally defined *manner of death*: a way by which an actual *cause of death* (trauma, exposure, etc.) was allowed to occur. For example, a death caused by an illicit drug overdose may be ruled a death by misadventure, as the user took the risk of drug usage voluntarily. Misadventure is a form of unnatural death, a category that also includes accidental death, suicide, and homicide.

In the case of *R v Wolverhampton Coroner*, it was held that the coroner must establish death by misadventure on the balance of probabilities or commonly known as "more likely than not". This is opposed to beyond reasonable doubt, which is used elsewhere.
Glencoe, also known as Gleanna Comhann or A' Chàrnaich in Scottish Gaelic, is a town situated in the west of Scotland at the mouth of the River Coe into Loch Leven, near Invercoe. It is located in the northwest of the valley named Glencoe. In terms of local politics, Glencoe belongs to the county of Argyll in the Highland administrative region.

Historically part of Lochaber, the village is now referred to as Glencoe Village to distinguish it from the Glen Coe valley. It is close to the site of the Glencoe massacre in the 1690s, where members of the MacDonalds and Henderson clans were ordered to be killed by King William III under the leadership of Robert Campbell of Glenlyon.

While Glencoe is not situated within the valley itself, it is on an area called Carnoch. Linguistically, the locals refer to the village as A'Chàrnaich, meaning "Square of the Cairns" in Scottish Gaelic. Originally founded on the north bank of the Coe in 1850, the village has shifted to the south bank near the river bridge. Glencoe features Saint Mary's Church and a small museum, with the village being dominated by the prominent summit of the Pap of Glencoe.

Known for its skiing and hiking opportunities, Glencoe attracts tourists who are also drawn to the nearby valley with its historical significance and the high ridges of the Aonach Eagach. The village includes a memorial commemorating the Glencoe massacre.
A San woman in Botswana
A San tribesman with traditional necklace
The **Khoisan** is the name for two peoples of Southern Africa: the **San** and the **Khoikhoi**. The San are foraging bushmen, and the Khoi are a pastoral people previously known as the **Hottentots**. The relationship between the two groups is not very clear. The San are generally smaller than other humans in the area. They also look very different than other groups of people there. As of 2018, between 90.000 and 100.000 San are left. Most of them live in Botswana and Namibia. There are San minorities in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The San were some of the original (indigenous) inhabitants of Southern Africa. Then the southward Bantu migrations from North and East Africa reached the region 700 years ago. The Bantu populations displaced the Khoi and San to become the predominant inhabitants of Southern Africa.

The Khoisan "was the largest population on Earth at some point", according to one evolutionary geneticist. The evidence of the Khoisan's original presence in South Africa is the distribution of their languages today. Khoisan language groups often have extreme differences in structure and vocabulary despite close proximity, which demonstrates a long period of settlement and co-evolution of languages in the same region.

Khoikhoi woman and man *(drawing of 1900)*. The woman is exhibiting steatopygia.
Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan and sexual selection in *The Descent of Man* in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner".

In the 1990s, genomic studies of the world's peoples found that the Y chromosome of San men share patterns of polymorphisms that are different from those of all other populations. Because the Y chromosome changes little, this type of DNA test is used to determine when different human subgroups separated from one another. This shows their last common ancestry. The authors of these studies suggest that the San may have been one of the first populations to differentiate from the most recent common ancestor of all living humans, estimated to have lived 60,000 to 90,000 years ago.
The history of psychiatry began in India with the Charaka Samhita which was a book in Sanskrit about medicine. It talks about treating Madness. In Ancient Greece, people normally thought Madness was caused by being cursed by one of the gods, usually Dionysus, or was happening because someone was making a prophecy. But then Democritus and Hippocrates said Madness was caused by physical disease. Democritus experimented on animals to figure out how that worked.

There were still people in Ancient Rome and in the Dark Ages who believed Madness was caused by Demonic possession and could be cured by excorcism.

In Iraq, in the 9th Century, people started to build hospitals called bimaristans which had rooms for people who were violent and insane.

In the 13th Century, people in Christian Europe started to build hospitals for mad people called lunatic asylums but they were used mainly to keep them inside instead of trying to cure them.

The Anatomy of Melancholy
-------------------------

In 1621, a man named Robert Burton wrote a book about Madness called The Anatomy of Melancholy. Burton said that knowing how the human mind works was the most important thing there was.

Humanitarian Reform
-------------------

In 1758, William Battie wrote a book called Treatise on Madness. He said Madness was caused by physical problems with the Brain and the rest of the Body. He criticized a British hospital called Bedlam for treating mad people badly. In 1789, George III went mad and people in Great Britain started to say that Madness was a disease to be cured. A Quaker named William Tuke said that Insane Asylums were doing a bad job and that they should use therapy instead. Philippe Pinel made the same arguments as Tuke did in France.

Modern Psychiatry
-----------------

In 1808, a German doctor named Johann Christian Reil started to use the word Psychiatry to mean using Medicine and Therapy to treat Madness. Then Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum and Emil Kraepelin started to say that there were different kinds of Madness called Mental Disorders and tried to explain and name different Mental Illnesses.

Psychoanalysis
--------------

Some Psychiatrists started to think that Sigmund Freud was right about Psychoanalysis and started to use it. Freud’s ideas got a lot less popular with psychiatrists by the 1970s.

Criticism
---------

Michel Foucault in his book Madness and Civilization criticizes Psychiatry and says that it’s using science as an excuse to punish people for being different. Thomas Szasz in his book The Myth of Mental Illness, criticizes Psychiatry and says that the concept of Mental illness is only a metaphor and not something that scientifically exists.
**Sherrill Elizabeth Tekatsitsiakawa "Katsi" (pronounced "Gudji") Cook  (January 4, 1952 - )** Katsi Cook is a Native American who is a part of the Native Mohawk tribe.

Life
----

She is a midwife--someone who helps women give birth--and an environmental and indigenous activist. She worked at the First Environment Collaborative. There, she helped found the Akwesasne Mothers’ Milk Project in 1985. This was to help educate others (such as leaders or people of authority) on how toxic chemicals have affected the Mohawk tribe, especially mothers’ milk. Cook is also an executive director of the Spirited Aligned Organization--an organization that helps strengthen the Native community--in the early 2000s. At the Spirited Aligned Organization, she focuses on making sure that indigenous people and the organization are recognized and have a voice. She also serves as an ambassador for indigenous women's and girls’ land. In 2018, Cook partnered with the Elders Council of the Indigenous Justice Division of Ontario. This was in response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, an organization bringing awareness to Canada’s residential schools. The Canadian government had stripped kids of their parents and their culture. As these schools tried to Christianize indigenous people, they also physically and sexually abused them. At least thousands of children never came back home after being sent to these residential schools. TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada) brings survivors and families to talk about their experiences to bring attention to the abuse against indigenous people.
Page from a copy of the Gutenberg Bible. The text is printed by movable metal type. The type, influenced by a manuscript style, is not easy to read. The decoration surrounding the text is done by hand.
The **Gutenberg Bible** (also known as the **42-line Bible** or the **Mazarin Bible**) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the 15th century. Although it is not the first book to be printed by Gutenberg's new movable type system, it is his major work, and of central importance for the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the "Age of the Printed Book". It is a very rare and expensive book. Fewer than 200 were made, and 49 complete or nearly complete ones are known. It has 1286 pages.

Gutenberg Bible of the New York Public Library. Bought by James Lenox in 1847, it was the first copy to be acquired by a United States citizen.
The earliest known book with movable type was published 78 years before in Korea and is known as the Jikji.

The Gutenberg Bible had a profound effect on the history of the printed book. It also had an influence on future editions of the Bible, likethe 36 Line Bible, Mentelin's Latin Bible, and the first and third Eggestein Bibles. The third Eggestein Bible was set from the copy of the Gutenberg Bible now in Cambridge University Library. The Gutenberg Bible also had an influence on the Clementine edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy in the late sixteenth century.

Related pages
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* Printing.

Other websites
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* Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible Archived 2013-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Complete digitized texts of the two Gutenberg bibles in the British Library
* The University of Texas Ransom Center's Gutenberg Bible website including detailed images Archived 2002-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Online digital edition
* Gutenberg site made by the city of Mainz Archived 2006-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
* A complete list of digitized copies at German Wikipedia (in German)


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gutenberg Bible***.

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*Myctophum punctatum*
**Lanternfish** are small mesopelagic fish of the family **Myctophidae**. They are one of two families in the order Myctophiformes. They have 246 species in 33 genera, and are found in oceans worldwide.

Description
-----------

These fish have slender bodies and big elliptical to round lateral eyes (dorsolateral in *Protomyctophum* species). They also have a large mouth with jaws closely set with rows of small teeth.

Why they're called lanternfish
------------------------------

Lanternfish are called "lanternfish" because of their photophores and their ability to produce bioluminescence.

Genera
------

The 33 genera are:

* *Benthosema*
* *Bolinichthys*
* *Centrobranchus*
* *Ceratoscopelus*
* *Diaphus*
* *Diogenichthys*
* *Electrona*
* *Gonichthys*
* *Gymnoscopelus*
* *Hintonia*
* *Hygophum*
* *Idiolychnus*
* *Krefftichthys*
* *Lampadena*
* *Lampanyctodes*
* *Lampanyctus*
* *Lampichthys*
* *Lepidophanes*
* *Lobianchia*
* *Loweina*
* *Metelectrona*
* *Myctophum*
* *Nannobrachium*
* *Notolychnus*
* *Notoscopelus*
* *Parvilux*
* *Protomyctophum*
* *Scopelopsis*
* *Stenobrachius*
* *Symbolophorus*
* *Taaningichthys*
* *Tarletonbeania*
* *Triphoturus*
Are the various rebellions against Ottomans and Turkey in the Dersim region

Various rebellions took place in the region in the 1877, 1885, 1892, 1907, 1911, 1914 and 1916. The last one was published in 1938.

Background
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At the time of the establishment of the Safavid Empire, Shi'ism, the official sect of the Safavid Empire, had been able to spread to Dersim in a favourable manner. The Kurds of Dersim showed favour towards Shāh Ismā'īl I and agreed to cede the fortress of Kemah to Ismā'īl as a military base to facilitate the military movements of the Safavids, on condition that their sovereignty and independence would be respected by Ismā'īl. Although the Ottoman presence began to be felt in the region after Mehmed II the Conqueror defeated the Aq Qoyunlu in 1473, its incorporation into the Ottoman lands took place after the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 during the reign of Selim the Grim. However, the harsh and rugged geographical structure of this place caused it to be in the hands of local administrators from time to time, away from state control. They displayed a rebellious situation during the weak periods of the central administrations. Even in 1895 between 1897, many Armenian *fedayis* took refuge in Dersim and benefited from the *baht* (of asylum) of the Dersimites and were able to protect themselves against the bathtubs of the Turkish sultanate administration.

Sources
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* Dersimi, Nuri (1952). *Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim* (in Turkish). Aleppo: Ani Matbaası. ISBN 975-6876-44-1.
* Tuncel, Metin (2012). "Tunceli". *TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi* (in Turkish). Vol. 41. pp. 380–381.
* Küçük, Hülya (2002). *The Role of the Bektās̲h̲īs in Turkey's National Struggle*. BRILL. ISBN 9789004124431.
* Bloxham, Donald (2005). *The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0.
* White, Paul Joseph; Jongerden, Joost (2003). *Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview*. BRILL. ISBN 9789004125384.
Bill Apiata
**Bill Henry "Willie" Apiata** VC (born 28 June 1972-  ) is a New Zealand soldier. He is best known for receiving the Victoria Cross because of his actions in the war in Afghanistan.

Early life
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Apiata was born in Mangakino, New Zealand. He is Maori

Soldier
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Apiata was a soldier in the New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS). For his actions in July 2004, Apiata became the first New Zealand soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross since World War II. He is the 22nd New Zealander to receive the honour since 1856. He is the first to be conferred with the Victoria Cross for New Zealand which was established in 1999.

He became one of the very few living holders of the Victoria Cross.

Victoria Cross citation
-----------------------

Apiata's Victoria Cross recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Afghanistan.

In a 2004 firefight, a grenade explosion blew Apiata off the bonnet of his vehicle. At the same time, two other soldiers were wounded by shrapnel. Apiata carried the more seriously wounded solder to safety. Then he rejoined the fighting.

The words of Apiata's citation explain:

> In total disregard of his own safety, Lance Corporal Apiata stood up and lifted his comrade bodily. He then carried him across the seventy metres of broken, rocky and fire swept ground, fully exposed in the glare of battle to heavy enemy fire and into the face of returning fire from the main Troop position. That neither he nor his colleague were hit is scarcely possible. Having delivered his wounded companion to relative shelter with the remainder of the patrol, Lance Corporal Apiata re-armed himself and rejoined the fight in counter-attack.
> 
>

Other websites
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* "Who is Willie Apiata?" at NZArmy
**Andrew Maurice Gold** (August 2, 1951 – June 3, 2011) was an American multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and record producer who influenced much of the sound of Los Angeles-dominated pop rock in the 1970s. Gold played on many records by other artists, including Linda Ronstadt. He had his own success with the U.S. Top 40 hits "Lonely Boy" (1977) and "Thank You for Being a Friend" (1978), as well as the UK Top Five hit "Never Let Her Slip Away" (1978). In the 1980s, he had further international chart success as half of Wax, a collaboration with 10cc's Graham Gouldman.

During the 1990s, Gold produced, composed, performed on and wrote tracks for films, commercials, and television soundtracks, such as "Final Frontier", the theme of the sitcom *Mad About You*. Some of his older works later experienced popularity: "Thank You for Being a Friend" was used as the opening theme for *The Golden Girls*, and the children's novelty song "Spooky Scary Skeletons" (1996) became an Internet meme in the 2010s. In 1997, Gold released a tribute to 1960s psychedelic music, *Greetings from Planet Love*, issued under the pseudonym "the Fraternal Order of the All".

Other websites
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* Official website
* July 2011 Dublin City FM Radio Special
* Andrew Gold and Graham Gouldman songs at Harvey Lisberg

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**Busker Busker** (Korean: 버스커 버스커) is a Korean indie band which got their popularity in *Superstar K*, one of the most famous audition programs in South Korea. The band is composed of three members now: Jang Bum-jun (guitarist and vocalist), Kim Hyung-tae (bassist), and Bradely Ray Moore (drummer). They won the second prize in *Superstar K* season 3, and then they officially released their own debut album on 29 March 2012.

History
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The three members were in the same university; Jang and Kim were students of Animation Art and Brad was an English professor in Sang-myung University located in Cheonan. They named the band as Busker Busker because they performed on the street to the public in Cheonan. They went to Seoul in order to share their music talents with more people, especially in Hong-dae which is a favorite place for many indie musicians in Korea. As they got popular among people, they participated in *Superstar K* of M-net on April, 2011. Actually there were more members in the band but composition was somewhat unsettled. As the three of them could adjust their schedules and started to be aired on TV, Busker Busker has been fixed as trio band.

They could pass the preliminary stage as performing their own song "Ideal Type". In Super-week, they performed K-pop song "Coming-of-age ceremony" but they failed to pass the rival mission with 2-Month (투개월) singing "Juliet". However, one of the Top 10 band, Yeri-Band left the lodging without permission during training period. As there happened to be a vacancy in Top 10, Busker Busker was newly selected as one of the top 11, with Haze. As they sang several songs on the live stages including "Tokyo girl", "People in Seoul" and "Makgerlina", they got extremely popular and most of their songs were ranked highest in music charts. Although Ulala Session got the title of the competition, they kept their popularity after the Audition.

Busker Busker has released their first regular album, *Busker Busker 1st album*, on March 29th, 2012. The songs in the album, which were all written by their own, hit all kinds of K-pop chart including "Cherry Blossom Ending", "First Love", and "Yeosu Night Sea". The album sold over a million, and the next album *Busker Busker 1st Finale* has also been loved since it was released on June 21st. They ended their first promotional activities for the albums after finishing their first concert, *Youth Bus*, on June 22nd and 23rd.
The **Planck epoch** is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, before the time passed was equal to the Planck time (tₚ) ; that is from zero to approximately 10⁻⁴³ seconds. The Planck scale is the physical scale beyond which current physical theories may not apply and cannot be used to calculate what happened. At this time scale, all physical quantities like temperatures, energies etc were in the range of Planck units values. During the Planck epoch, the temperature and average energies within the universe were so high that even subatomic particles could not form and even the four fundamental forces that shape our universe were combined and formed one unified fundamental force.

Traditional Big Bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on the theory of general relativity, which is thought to break down for this epoch due to quantum effects. Due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, the quantum effects of gravity were the strongest and it is believed that cosmology and physics are assumed to have been dominated by the quantum effects of gravity. At this scale, the unified force is assumed to be unified with gravitation. Immeasurably hot and dense state of the Planck epoch is succeeded by the grand unification epoch, where gravitation force is separated from the unified fundamental force.

Related pages
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* Big Bang
* ME