recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Martin Cash** (baptised 10 October 1808 – 26 August 1877) was a famous Australian bushranger. He was one of the few people who escaped from the prison at Port Arthur, Tasmania. In 1870 he wrote a book (autobiography) about his life.

Early life
----------

Cash was born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland. As a boy he worked on a farm at Wexford. In March 1827, he was convicted of stealing from houses. In his book, Cash says he shot a man in the bottom (buttocks). The man had been kissing and hugging Cash's mistress. He was sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia.

Convict
-------

Cash was sent as a convict to Sydney, sailing in the ship *Marquis of Huntley*. He was sent to work for George Bowman in the Hunter River area. After being set free, he continued to work for Bowman. He was suspected of stealing cattle so he left New South Wales and went to Van Diemen's Land with Bessie Clifford and arrived in February 1837. In 1839 he was again convicted of stealing and sent to prison for seven years. During the next three years he escaped three times. He nearly escaped from Port Arthur by swimming. He was given an extra four years in prison at Port Arthur.

Bushranger
----------

On Boxing Day 1842 Martin Cash, with George Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh escaped from a work party. They hid in the thick bush and walked to Eaglehawk Neck. They swam across with their clothes tied up above their heads. They all lost their clothes and had to steal some. For nearly two years, they robbed mail coaches, houses and hotels. They almost never used violence and became known as 'gentlemen bushrangers'. They were called *Cash and Company*. On July 14, 1843, the government offered a reward of 100 sovereigns or 100 acres of land for help in capturing Cash.

Cash thought that Bessie Clifford was with another man. He went to Hobart in August 1843, but was captured. During his capture he shot and killed a policeman. Cash was sentenced to death by hanging. At the last minute, the lieutenant-governor changed the punishment to prison for life. Cash was sent to Norfolk Island for ten years. He became a well-behaved prisoner and given some important jobs, such as looking after the young boys.

Farmer and Author
-----------------

In March 1854, he was able to marry Mary Bennett (1824–1914), a convict from County Clare. He was let out of prison and went back to Tasmania. He worked in the gardens in the government Domain, Hobart. In May 1856, he went to New Zealand, but came back to Tasmania four years later. He bought a hop farm at Glenorchy. Cash told the story of his life to James Lester Burke, an Irish ex-convict. Burke wrote down the story which was published in Hobart in 1870. It has been reprinted many times. Martin Cash died on August 27, 1877.
Dennis J. Murray (born 1940) was the third President of Marist College. He served from 1979 to 2016. He became President emeritus in July 1, 2016, Murray was President Emeritus.

Murray had been Marist's president during the academic years 1979 through 2016. Marist's enrollment more than doubled. Sixteen new academic programs started. Several new academic centers and student residences opened. The university's area expanded to 180 acres (0.73 km2).

Murray earned a bachelor's degree in political science from California State University, Long Beach. He got a master's degree and Ph.D. in public administration from the University of Southern California.

Before working at Marist, Dr. Murray taught at the USC School of International and Public Affairs. He was Director of University Relations and Executive Assistant to the President at California State University, Long Beach. He was Vice President for Development at Whittier College.

Honors and awards
-----------------

* Franciscan Award from the Sisters of St. Francis
* Americanism Award from the Anti-Defamation League
* Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medal, 1996
The first edition of *Pan Tadeusz*, 1834
Handwritten text of the poem by Adam Mickiewicz
Thaddeus and Sophia. An illustration by Michał Elwiro Andriolli
**Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse** (in Polish *Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem*) is a long poem by Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz. It is regarded as a national epic. It was first published in Paris in 1834. The poet was then in exile in France. *Sir Thaddeus* is a story of a conflict between two noble families, the Soplicas and the Horeszkos. The time is 1811 and 1812, shortly before Napoleon invaded Russia. When attacked by Russian soldiers, both families fought against the enemy. The conflict between the families was ended with the marriage of Thaddeus Soplica and Sophia Horeszko.

Adam Mickiewicz was born in the East of the former Polish-Lithuanian state. Because of that he called Lithuania his mother-country.

*Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jesteś jak zdrowie.*  

*Ile cię trzeba cenić, ten tylko się dowie,*  

*Kto cię stracił. Dziś piękność twą w całej ozdobie*  

*Widzę i opisuję, bo tęsknię po tobie.*

Lithuania, my country, thou art like health; how much thou shouldst be prized only he can learn who has
lost thee. To-day thy beauty in all its splendour I see and describe, for I yearn for thee. (Translation in prose by George Rapall Noyes).

The poem is written in 13-syllable metre, very common in Polish literature.

Bibliography
------------

* Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz; or The last foray in Lithuania; a story of life among Polish gentlefolk in the years 1811 and 1812, Translated from the Polish by George Rapall Noyes, London 1917.

Other websites
--------------

* Full text of the poem in Polish
*The School of Athens* by Raphael. Aristotle (pictured in blue in the centre arch) wrote that the truth can be found through observation and induction. This was his scientific method.
The **history of science** is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge. The English word *scientist* is relatively recent – first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves "natural philosophers".

**Science** is a body of knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who observe, explain, and predict real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods. 

Facts about the natural world have been described since classical antiquity. Ancient Greece is perhaps most famous for its contributions to astronomy and mathematics. Aristarchus of Samos came up with the idea of the Sun at the centre of what we now call the Solar system many centuries before Galileo.
Others, like Thales and Aristotle were interested in the natural world.

Scientific methods have been used since the Middle Ages (Roger Bacon), but the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Important figures in the development of modern science include Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Robert Boyle, Charles Darwin, Wilhelm Roux and Albert Einstein.

Scientific methods are so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be *pre-scientific*. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

The natural sciences are these:

* Astronomy
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Geology
* Biology
	+ Botany and Zoology
	+ Cell biology
	+ Genetics and evolution

There are various applied sciences which depend on one of more of the natural sciences. Medicine is an example.

Related pages
-------------

* Innovation
* Scientific method
* History of astronomy
* History of mathematics
* Medical Renaissance
* Four Great Inventions
Precepts on the secret of success in life drafted by Tokugawa Ieyasu from the collection of Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
**Testament of Ieyasu** (東照宮御遺訓, *Tōshō-gū goikun*), also known as **Ieyasu precepts** or **Legacy of Ieyasu**, was a formal statement made by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

History
-------

Ieyasu was the head of the Tokugawa shogunate. His words were spoken and written down at the time of his abdication as shogun.

The original historical document is in the archives of the Tōshō-gū shrine at Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture.

This political statement provided guidance to his successors.

### Translation

A translation of Ieyasu's words is: 

"Life is like walking along a long road shouldering a heavy load; there is no need to hurry.
One who treats difficulties as the normal state of affairs will never be discontented.
Patience is the source of eternal peace; treat anger as an enemy.
Harm will befall one who knows only success and has never experienced failure.
Blame yourself rather than others.
It is better not to reach than to go too far." --Tokugawa Ieayasu, 1604.
An alternate translation is:

Life is like carrying a heavy burden:
It is best not to rush ahead too hastily.
He who accepts it as natural for life not to go exactly how he wants it to will not feel dissatisfied.
Rather than doing too much, it is best to leave things undone.
When managing others, give full reign to their good points and overlook their weak points. --Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1604.
**Leshy** (Polish: *Leszy*, in English sometimes spelled Leshii or Leszi) is a mythical creature that appears in Slavic mythology. It is also the subject in "The Witcher" Saga written by Andrzej Sapkowski.

A Leshy is male and human in shape and can assume any form. A Leshy can change in size and height. In some accounts, the leshy is described as having a wife (*leshachikha/leszachka/lesovikha*) and children (*leshonki/leszonky*). Because he is known to lead travelers astray and abduct children, which he shares with Chort, or "The Black One," the Leshy is believed by some to be evil. Others view him as more of a temperamental being like a fairy.

In mythology
------------

In beliefs of Slavic people, Leshy appears in forests. He’s kind of a protector of the forest and everything that lives in it. His natural form looks like a human but he can easily shapeshift into any plant or animal. A Leshy has long hair and beard made of grass. It can appear in human shape or can change in size from a tall tree to a single blade of grass.

A Leshy in Russia

*The Witcher* books and games
-----------------------------

In Sapkowski's *The Witcher* (Polish: Wiedźmin), a leshy is a monster that lives in the forest. It has been described as something that "lives only to kill". When they kill something or a human, they do not leave much for the carrion eaters.

In the *Witcher* video game, a Leshy is a highly intelligent monster that lives in forest. Common people thinks that he is like a friendly sentinel of the forest. That is not true. This is a very dangerous creature that hunts down whatever lives and moves. It can polymorph. In its primary form the creature looks like a bear and wildcat combined. It has long fangs and sharp claws. When it hunts it lurks among the tree branches and then jumps on its victims. Usually it eats its victim whole.

Other websites
--------------

* Russia: The Leshy
* Leshy Tricksters
The **Dark lord** is a stock character in fiction and mostly fantasy who is normally an evil villain who is very powerful.

Origin of the phrase
--------------------

In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when people talked about The Devil, they called him The Prince of Darkness, the Lord of Darkness or Satan. So when John Milton wrote his book Paradise Lost which had Satan as the protagonist he called him Satan, Lord of Darkness and called him the Dark Lord (though he usually just called him Satan.)

C.S. Lewis
----------

In his Christian science-fiction novel Out of the Silent Planet, C.S. Lewis had each planet be ruled by an alien space angel called an Oyarsa who was sent there by Maleldil son of the Old One. But the Oyarsa of Earth tried to start a rebellion against Maleldil so he was banished to Earth and while there tried to make everyone evil to destroy Maleldil’s laws so Maleldil came to Earth and became human to stop the Fallen Oyarsa to the point where Maleldil died to save the world from him. In the sequel Perleandra, the narrator calls the Fallen Oyarsa the "Dark Lord of the Silent World" and the Fallen Oyarsa turns out to be The Devil.

J.R.R Tolkien
-------------

In the epic fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien there is an evil wizard named Sauron of Mordor who creates a magic ring that makes everyone who wears it evil as part of a plan to take over Middle-earth. Sauron was the first character in a fantasy novel ever to be called The Dark Lord.

Star Wars
---------

In George Lucas’s Star Wars movies Emperor Palpatine is known as the Dark Lord of the Sith.

Discworld
---------

In The Last Hero, Terry Pratchett parodied the trope of The Dark Lord with the character of Evil Harry.

Voldemort
---------

In J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books Death Eaters call Lord Voldemort "the Dark Lord.

Evil Overlord List
------------------

In the 1990s, someone named Jack Butler, on his blog made a list of mistakes that Dark Lord characters usually make which he wouldn’t make if he were a Dark Lord called the Evil Overlord List. Since then many different people have added different things to the Evil Overlord List.
Life expectancy at birth in Canada was 79.3 years for men and 84 years for women in 2022. For people aged 65 it was 19.5 years for men and 22.3 years for women. This is a little better than average of OECD countries.

25% of Canadians have a body-mass index of 30 or higher—a measure of obesity. This is less than the 40% in the U.S.A, but twice the rate in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Canada ranked 4th in the eleven countries for the number of suicides per 100,000 compared, with a rate of 11.8 per 100,000 compared to the U.S. rate of 13.9 which was the highest of the eleven wealthy countries. From 2000 to 2015, the number of preventable deaths caused by treatable health conditions—diabetes, high blood pressure or some cancers—dropped from 109 to 72 deaths per 100,000. 

Canada is suffering from the opioid crisis as fentanyl has replaced heroin. 13,000 people have died in British Columbia since 2016 when the local health authorities declared a state of emergency. This is the main cause of death in the province for people aged between 10 and 59.
**Gastrulation of a diploblast:** The formation of germ layers from a (1) sphere of cells (the blastula) to a (2) gastrula. Some of the ectoderm cells (orange) move inward forming the endoderm (red).
**Gastrulation** is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos. In it, the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.

Gastrulation varies in different phyla. It is followed by *organogenesis*, when individual organs develop within the newly formed *germ layers*.

The **gastrula** is the double-walled stage of the embryo. During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the *endoderm*. In some animals another cell layer forms, the *mesoderm*, between the endoderm and the *ectoderm*.

Germ layers
-----------

Among animals, sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the *endoderm* and *ectoderm*. All higher animals (from flatworms to humans) possess a *mesoderm* as well as ectoderm and endoderm.

### Development of germ layers

The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the **endoderm**, **ectoderm** and **mesoderm**. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.

* The ectoderm develops into the skin, nails, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal; the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system.
* The endoderm develops into the inner linings of the digestive tract, as well as the linings of the respiratory passages. It also forms many glands, such as the liver and pancreas.
* The mesoderm forms the somites, the notochord, and the mesenchyme, which give rise to the muscles, circulatory and excretory systems of the body. This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

Related pages
-------------

* Cellular differentiation
Sponsor Nancy Reagan breaks the traditional bottle of champagne across the bow of the USS TICONDEROGA (CG-47) at the ship's christening
To **sponsor** something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization. The support can be with money or giving something else useful, such as advertising, or time. A sponsor is the individual or group that gives the support, similar to a benefactor. A sponsor may also be a personal sponsor, a political sponsor or a state sponsor. There are many different kinds of sponsors.

Commercial sponsor
------------------

A sponsor is one (usually a company) who gives cash, goods or services in return for promoting the sponsor's company. There is a distinct difference between sponsorship and philanthropy. A sponsor expects a return on investment (ROI), usually in the form of advertising. A philanthropist donates something as a charitable contribution. In sports, sponsors compete to advertise in the most popular sports. In India, sponsors all want to be associated with Cricket. It is much harder to find sponsors for other sports.

Gov. Rick Snyder signs a bill. Standing (right) is the bill's sponsor, Rep. Bruce Renden

Legislative sponsor
-------------------

A sponsor or patron, usually a legislator, is someone who presents a bill or resolution for consideration. Others who join the sponsor are known as cosponsors or copatrons. In the United States Congress a sponsor is the first person listed among the lawmakers who introduce a bill to either the Senate or the House of Representatives. The process is very similar to sponsoring a bill in Parliament.

Personal sponsor
----------------

This is someone who agrees to help another person or persons, and be responsible for them. For example, an employer may sponsor a foreign national to become a permanent resident of the United States by guaranteeing that person a job. Sponsorship can also mean an individual who helps an organization. Many charitable organizations offer personal sponsorship of a boy or girl to help them. Many public radio and television stations ask for sponsors to provide funds for them to operate. At a Ceremonial ship launching the person breaking the champagne bottle over the ship's bow is called the sponsor of that ship. In many religions, godparents are the baptized child's sponsors.

State sponsorship
-----------------

Sponsorship is not always for the purposes of doing good. A state (or government) may sponsor terrorism for their own purposes. While not engaging in activities against another country (or countries) themselves, they may sponsor other groups to do it for them. The United States currently lists four countries who sponsor terrorism. They are: Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. State sponsors may also be called affiliates and/or supporters.

Other websites
--------------

* Ways to Sponsor a Child
* Become a Sponsor, Make-A-Wish
* Sponsoring an Animal Archived 2015-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Find sponsors for your next event


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***sponsor***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sponsor***.
The Calvin cycle
In photosynthesis, a **light-independent reaction** takes place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide. 

The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes. Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without joe momma and the light-dependent reaction. 

Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen).

The Calvin cycle
----------------

1. A sugar (Ribulose biphosphate or RuBP) made of 5 carbon atoms combines with carbon dioxide to form a 6-carbon sugar (phosphoglycerate). An enzyme called RuBisCO speeds this reaction up.
2. Phosphoglycerate is reduced with hydrogen atoms from the light-dependent reaction to form two molecules of triose phosphate (each has 3 carbon atoms). ATP is needed for this to occur.
3. Some triose phosphate is converted (using ATP) back into Ribulose Biphosphate (which is why this is called a *cycle*).
4. The rest left over is used to produce glucose.

The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:

3 CO  
2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H  
2O + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi   (Pi = inorganic phosphate)

Other websites
--------------

* The biochemistry of the Calvin cycle. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Archived 2005-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
* The Calvin cycle and the Pentose phosphate pathway from Berg J.M; Tymoczko J.L. & Stryer L. 2002. *Biochemistry*. 5th ed, W.H. Freeman.
**Arsène Lupin** is a French fictional character who appears in a book series of crime fiction novels written by French writer Maurice Leblanc, as well as a number of sequels and movie, television, stage play and comic book adaptations.

He made his debut in July 1905 in his first series, *L'Arrestation d'Arsène Lupin* (English: Arsène Lupin arrested). The adventure of this bold thief earns a controversial reputation — the rage or fury of police officers who keep missing him on the scene of robbery, and even in the jail, and the admiration from citizens who love to check up on the newspapers to see if there's any article about his great robberies. Lupin is portrayed as patriotic, romantic, audacious, self-respecting, and respectful to women.

Backstory
---------

Lupin was born in 1874. His father was a gymnastics teacher and taught him boxing and fencing which later became Lupin's attacking specialties. He was raised by a nanny Victoire, and their relationship lasted until the end of the series. His parents got divorced, and his mother started working for a relative who is fairly arrogant. In the house of the relative, Lupin robs a necklace as revenge. Until eighteen, he had been learning law, medicine, acting, and martial arts. His journey as a thief starts at age eighteen.

In addition to his real name, he likes using several fake names, such as Sernine and Perenna. They have different jobs, which vary from famous traveller to retired general. He sometimes disguises himself as a detective, and solves lots of mysterious incidents, and becomes famous. He usually buys a kind of identification card from an unknown and recently dead man, and uses his name.

The ending of his life is not clear, because the author, Maurice Leblanc, was dead in 1941 before completing *Le Dernier Amour d'Arsène Lupin* (English: The Last Love of Arsene Lupin), the 21st volume of the series. Leblanc was presented the French Legion of Honour award for inspiring the patriotism and pride of French people by his Lupin series. He bought a house in Etretat and named it *Le Clos Lupin* (the vacation of lupin), which is still famous as a tourist attraction.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Arsène Lupin***.

* *The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar* Public Domain Audio Book
* Arsène Lupin at *Cool French Comics*
* Free Arsène Lupin eBooks by Project Gutenberg
* Arsène Lupin timeline by A.-F. Ruaud (English version)
The **Jack Russell Terrier** is a small dog with a white coat that can be smooth or rough-coated. Some have a broken coat that is also called "wire-haired".

This terrier is good at fox hunting.

History
-------

The Jack Russell terrier were originally bred in England by the Reverend John Russell from about 1819. The Jack Russell is sturdier than the standard terrier. It is a fast runner, has a great nose and can hunt the fox even when it goes underground. It can also be used as a work dog.

"Difficulty in telling the terrier from the creature it was bolting out of its den brought about the desire for a more white-bodied dog. In all probability the English Black and Tan Terrier was crossed with the Old English White Terrier (both now extinct) to achieve the type of coat and colouring we have today in our Jack Russell Terriers".

Variants
--------

As with other domesticated animals, there are numerous variations. Differences in naming were caused by the different regulations of different kennel clubs. Some dog clubs make a difference between what they call "Parson Jack Russell Terriers", which are over 12" (inches) at the shoulders, and "Jack Russell Terriers" which are under 12" in height. Other clubs do not. They are broadly the same type of dog. It is easy to change the height of dogs by selective breeding, and the reason working dogs come in different sizes is to make them better at a particular job. Taller terriers were used for hunting foxes, and smaller terriers were used for hunting rabbits and rodents.

"So historically the Jack Russell and the Parson are the same breed with their breed standards written by different groups of enthusiasts in different countries. Today, the only actual difference is leg length".

Other websites
--------------

Jack Russell Terrier Clubs
* Jack Russell Terrier Club of America
* Jack Russell Terrier Club of Canada

Other websites
* A Pictorial History of Working Terriers
* Terrier Work Basics
* Jack Russell Rescue Australia, the only Jack Russell Terrier Rescue group in Australia
* Jack Russell Terrier Pictures & Info
* Jack Russell Training and Raising Information Archived 2009-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
The **Woolworth Building** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 241 meters (792 feet) tall and has 57 floors. It was built in 1913 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

A businessman named Frank Winfield Woolworth wanted the building to be built for his business, F. W. Woolworth Company. It was created by an architect named Cass Gilbert. The building was called *the Cathedral of Commerce,* which means it was like a church of business.

The Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. The Bank of the Manhattan Company Building (now named The Trump Building) became the tallest twenty-seven years later.

Photo Gallery
-------------

* The original drawing of the building before it was builtThe original drawing of the building before it was built
* 
* 
* 
*

Related pages
-------------

* List of tallest buildings in the world
* List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Woolworth Building***.

* Emporis.com - Woolworth Building
* SkycraperPage.com – Woolworth Building
* Australianearme.com – Сatalogue Woolworths Archived 2023-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
Terry Silver is a fictional character from the movie The Karate Kid Part III and is the main villain. He’s also the antagonist of Season 5 of Cobra Kai. Terry Silver is played by Thomas Ian Griffith.

Role in Karate Kid 3
--------------------

After Johnny Lawrence loses a fight to Daniel LaRusso, Johnny’s Sensei John Kreese tells his friend Terry Silver that he’s going to close his dojo and quit karate but Silver tells him to try to get revenge instead. Silver hires someone named Mike Barnes and some other people to harass Daniel LaRusso into agreeing to fight in the karate tournament. Silver also lies to Daniel and tells him that John Kreese is dead so that Daniel will let Silver teach him karate at Kreese’s dojo called Cobra Kai. Silver teaches Daniel to use violence to solve problems and to hate mercy. When Daniel tells Silver that he’s changed his mind and now won’t fight Silver tells him that John Kreese is alive and sends both Kreese and Mike Barnes to attack him but they’re stopped by Mister Miyagi. Silver gets Mike Barnes to try to win against Daniel by cheating in the tournament.

Role in Cobra Kai Season 4
--------------------------

Terry Silver was John Kreese’s best friend when they were soldiers in Vietnam and Kreese saved Silver’s life so Silver paid for Kreese’s dojo called Cobra Kai. But after The Karate Kid Part III, their dojo was banned from the tournament so Silver decided to leave karate. Silver then fell in love with a woman who got him to become a vegan. Kreese then came back and asked Silver to join him and Silver said yes. Silver got their dojo to win the tournament by bribing the referee. And he also framed Kreese for attempted murder to get him sent to prison so that Silver could be the new sensei.

Role in Cobra Kai Season 5
--------------------------

Terry Silver wants Cobra Kai to be part of a global martial arts competition but Daniel LaRusso thinks Cobra Kai is evil so he goes to Mike Barnes from The Karate Kid Part III and asks for his help. Silver finds out so he sets Barnes’s store on fire. When Daniel tries to wikt:surrender, Silver beats him up and tells him that the reason he doesn’t kill him isn’t mercy but because he wants him to suffer. Johnny Lawrence, Mike Barnes and Chozen from The Karate Kid Part II break into Silver’s house and attack him but Silver stops them by stabbing Chozen and letting his security fight the other two. Silver then goes back to his dojo, fights Daniel LaRusso and loses. Then the police arrest Silver for bribery.
The **Karl Schwarzschild Observatory** is a German astronomical observatory in Tautenburg near Jena, Thuringia.

It was founded in 1960 as an connection institute of the former German Academy of Sciences at Berlin and named in honour of the astronomer and physicist Karl Schwarzschild. In 1992, the institute was re-established as **Thuringian State Observatory**.

Telescope
---------

Alfred Jensch Telescope, the largest telescope located in Germany.
The observatory has the largest telescope located in Germany, which is also the largest Schmidt camera in the world. Made by VEB Zeiss Jena, this instrument is known as (**2m**) **Alfred Jensch Telescope**: though its mirror is 2 metres in diameter, the telescope's aperture is 1.34 m.

Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs observed
--------------------------------------------

The observatory has observed many extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs around the stars HD 8673, 30 Arietis, 4 Ursae Majoris, and around HD 13189 on 5 April 2005. The observatory also hosts an International station for the interferometric radio telescope LOFAR.
A burger from ''Five Guys '', a burger chain from the U.S. Also shows a common side to hamburgers, french fries. 
A **hamburger** or **burger** is an American fast food. It is a type of sandwich with a patty of cooked ground meat between the two halves of a bun. Tomatoes, onions, cheese, salad and dips may also be added. The hamburger may be eaten without a knife and fork, so it is a fast food which can be eaten anywhere. 

Hamburgers are named for a city in Germany called Hamburg. They were probably invented in Germany, though what we now know as a hamburger was created in the United States in the 19th century. Hamburgers appeared on menus in England and the United States in the 19th century, and became a popular food after the 1904 World's Fair. What is called a hamburger throughout the world today was different than the first German hamburgers; German dishes often involved a steak or sausage between pieces of bread instead of ground meat.

Many American fast food restaurants, such as Burger King, Wendy's and McDonald's, serve hamburgers.

Burger Patty's being grilled on a BBQ while using a Spatula
A cheeseburger is a hamburger that also has cheese. Hamburgers can be served with other things besides cheese, such as chili, or even guacamole.

McDonald’s Big Mac
Even though the name has the word ham in it, it does not usually have ham. 

Burglars that steal burgers are usually referred to as "hamburglars".
**Ox Mountain** (Chinese: 牛山 Niú Shān) is a story by the Chinese philosopher Mencius. In his time this mountain was in very bad shape, and everybody knew how it looked. Here is the story:

> Mencius said, "The woods on Ox Mountain were once beautiful! On account of its being on the edge of a large country, it had been attacked with axes and hatchets, and then how could it remain beautiful? The refreshing breezes of day and night, and the moisture provided by rain and fog, did not fail to give rise to sprouts of vegetation. But cows and sheep have been repeatedly pastured there, and for that reason it has remained desolate. People observe its denuded state and assume that it never had any good resources. But how could this state be the true nature of this mountain?" — *Mencius*, 6A:8
> 
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Mencius argued that "bad" human natures were produced just as the bad condition of Ox Mountain had been produced, so the answer to "bad" humans was to protect and nurture them from birth. He also thought that punishment does not do much good. It does not cure the root of the problem.
**Jürgen Werner** (born 3 December 1961 in Wels) is a former Austrian football player. After his active career he worked as a football manager and players' agent. He is sports director of FK Austria Wien.

Career
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Jürgen Werner came to SK VOEST Linz via SK Eintracht Wels. After the relegation Jürgen Werner went to SK Sturm Graz in Styria. In 1989 he went back to Linz. As a player Jürgen Werner I then returned to SK Eintracht Wels in 1992. Then he played in lower classes till the end of his career. As manager he led FC Linz until the merger in 1997 and then announced that he would not take part in the newly merged club.

In 1998 Werner founded the *Stars & Friends player agency*. He himself worked there as a player consultant. After selling his shares in 2019 he acts as Vice President of the Austrian Bundesliga club LASK. He was accused of incompatible parallel activities. So he was banned from working for 12 months. In February 2023 Werner was presented as the new sports director of FK Austria Wien AG.

International
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He debuted on 10 September.1986 for the Austrian national football team in a 4-0 away loss versus Romania.His last match was on 17 May 1988 in a 4-0 home win versus Hungary. He played in 11 matches for Austria.
**Ingrid van den Benden** (born 1951) is a former Dutch Paralympic swimmer. She won three gold medals and one silver medal at the 1968 Summer Paralympics. She won four gold medals at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg.

Biography
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When Van den Bende was two, she moved with her parents from Indonesia to the Netherlands. Shortly before she arrived in the Netherlands, she had polio. For her rehabilitation she started swimming when she was four. At the time, she walked with suspenders and high shoes. During the swimming competitions of the 60th anniversary of the "Amsterdamse Specialisten Vereniging" in 1966 she swam very fast. Her performance was noticed and so she was able to compete the same year and the following year at the Stoke Mandeville Games, the annual competitions for athletes with disabilities in Great Britain. In both years she won three times. 

At first he trained every Thursday night at the ZAR. She was a member of the ISA swimming club in Amsterdam. She was selected to compete in the 1968 Summer Paralympics in Tel Aviv, in Israel. She has won two individual gold medals, a silver medal and a gold medal in the 3x 50m relay. After the Paralympics she was awarded in her school. It was a festive event, including a speech from the mayor. She received several gifts, including a swimming diploma: 

At the 1969 Dutch National Championships she swam four world records. At the 1972 Dutch National Championships she swam two world records.

In the years preceding the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg she intensified her training to a professional level, having three training sessions per day, five days a week, plus Saturday as match-day. As result she swam several long-lasting World Records and won three individual gold medals plus another gold medal as part of the 4x 100m relay.

Other websites
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* De Nederlandse deelnemers aan de Olympische Spelen voor gehandicapten zijn vanavond op Schiphol teruggekeerd. Op de foto drie succesvolle deelnemers, v.I n.r. INGRID VAN DER BENDEN, PIET MAKKES en ARJA NOORDE
An overcrowded train carrying refugees during the partition of India in 1947. This is considered to have been the largest migration in human history. It forced millions of people to be displaced.
**Forced migration** (also called **displacements**) is when people are made to leave their home or homeland. It is usually caused by violence, persecution, danger, or because an authority (such as a government) has told people to move. People are removed either by force or because of a threat or command. A person who has become forced to migrate is called a "forced migrant" or "displaced person". They may be called a refugee, but that term has a specific legal definition.

Migration of people is constantly happening, but in a stable society it usually happens because a person chooses to do it. Forced migration occurs when people's lives, well-being or freedom is endangered. They may have little or no choice but to move. In some cases, such as human trafficking and slavery, people are physically removed from their homes.

Occasionally a government forces people and communities out of their homes or homelands for the purposes of economic development or military. It has been most often been associated with the building of dams and military bases.

Migration can also be forced by natural disasters, when people are forced to evacuate an area. This is usually temporary, and people can return to their land once it is safe.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees says Afghanistan produces the most number of refugees each year. It has held that position for 32 years. Almost half of refugees are children under the age of 18. Many of these are separated from their parents.

Related pages
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* Asylum seeker
* Deportation

Other websites
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* What is Forced Migration? Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.
1995 German Stamp celebrating the 200th birthday of Leopold von Ranke
**Leopold von Ranke** (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian. Modern history writing is greatly influenced by him. He made focusing on primary sources and international relations in history writing, popular.

Life
----

Ranke was born 21 December 1795 in Wiehe in Electoral Saxony. He was educated at local schools in Donndorf and Pforta. In 1814 he went to the University of Leipzig. He studied Classics and Lutheran theology. From 1817-1825 he was a Classics teacher. While teaching he became interested in history. In 1824 he released his first book: *Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514* (*History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514*). Ranke was a firm believer in historicism. For that reason he insisted on using primary sources.

University professor
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Ranke was a professor at the University of Berlin. He was a professor there for almost 50 years. While there he criticized the historical theories of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He also advised his students to go to archives in search of sources. Because of this many think of him as the founder of a historical social science. Ranke retired as a professor in 1871, but still wrote history. In 1880 he started writing a book on world history, beginning in Ancient Egypt with the story of the Israelites. When he died in 1886 he had not finished his book, and had only written up to the 12th century.

Honors
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In 1831 the Prussian Government asked Ranke to start and edit the *Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift* journal. Ranke, who was conservative, sometimes used the journal to attack liberalism. In 1841 Ranke was made Royal Historiographer of the Prussian Court. In 1865 Ranke was made a noble, and in 1882 he was made a member of the Prussian Privy Council. In 1885 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
A panorama of Jerusalem with Western Wall, the only existing part of the Temple of Solomon
**Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land** is an epic poem by American writer and poet Herman Melville. The work was published in New York by G. P. Putnam & Company in 1876. It was author's last big book. The poem is really huge. It is composed of four parts. It consists of 150 cantos and comprises almost 18, 000 lines. It is written in rhymed verse. All the poem is written in iambic tetrameter, only final section is written in iambic pentameter. In some places the poet uses alliteration. The poem tells about a young man, named Clarel, who went on a trip to the Holy Land. The journey became for him a pilgrimage. The main theme of the poem is the seeking for faith. The main hero had lost his faith during his studies and wanted it back. One of his companions, named Vine, is believed to be a portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne was Melville's friend and a writer, too. The poem ends with some words of hope for the hero.

*Then keep thy heart, though yet but ill-resigned --*  

*Clarel, thy heart, the issues there but mind;*  

*That like the crocus budding through the snow --*  

*That like a swimmer rising from the deep --*  

*That like a burning secret which doth go*  

*Even from the bosom that would hoard and keep;*  

*Emerge thou mayst from the last whelming sea,*  

*And prove that death but routs life into victory.*

Melville's poem was not much appreciated in 19th century. In 20th century, however, it was called by Robert Penn Warren a precursor of *The Waste Land*. In fact, T.S. Eliot's poem is about seeking for faith, too.

Bibliography
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* Herman Melville, Clarel, a poem and pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Edited by Walter E. Bezanson.
Dick Turpin and his horse (drawn by George Cruikshank [en], 1849)
**Dick Turpin** (1705 – 7 April 1739) was an English highwayman. He made a lot of money through many criminal activities, such as poaching, burglary, horse theft and murder. He is most famous for 'highway robbery', on his horse, Black Bess. He was eventually captured and hanged at York Castle in 1739. 

Turpin was born in Hempstead, Essex. He was firstly believed to be involved with a gang of poachers, who stole and sold deer that belonged to the King. The rest of his gang were captured and hunged in 1735.

After this, Turpin started robbing rich people on the highways between cities. He did not stay in one place, so police could not catch up with him. He robbed people across the South of England. For a while, he tried to hide by calling himself John Palmer.

However, people were suspicious that he had a lot of money, and he was arrested for horse theft. He was charged with this offence and hanged in Knavesmire, York on 7 April 1739.
**Motivation** is an important part of psychology. It is the driving force by which people (or animals) get what they want. A **motive** is the reason for an action taken.

Motivation arouses a person to act towards a desired goal. It is a driving force which promotes action. For example, hunger is a motivation which causes a desire to eat. "Motivation is an energizer of behavior". It is the purpose or psychological cause of an action.

With animals, motivation is caused by basic needs: needs for food, water, warmth, safety, mating, protecting the young, defending territory, needs to escape pain and threats... The drive to do these things is instinctive, inborn, and triggered by circumstance.

With humans, whose mental life is much more complex, motivation is more complicated. Obviously, humans feel the need for food and water, avoid pain and so on. But they are also capable of having long-term plans which are more difficult to understand.

Drives
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A drive or desire is *a deficiency or need that activates behaviour aimed at a goal or an incentive*.

Drives may arise inside or outside an organism. External drives for humans are rewards and punishments, and can be quite subtle: a frown or a smile may be sufficient for a young person.

Drives often occur *within* the individual and may not need external stimuli to encourage the behaviour. An example is the sexual drive which is driven by our hormone system. The desire for sex is wired deep into the brain of all human beings as glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood to the brain and stimulates the onset of sexual desire. The process is started by the brain's hypothalamus, which releases pulses of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone). This starts a whole chain of reactions which we call "puberty". Longer term, the hormone supporting male sex drive is testosterone, and for women testosterone and oestrogen.

By contrast, outside rewards and stimuli are used in training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process. Children are motivated to learn by approval of friendly adults, and by their own pleasure at success.

Emotions and unconscious motivation
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Motivation and emotion are intertwined: "Emotional states tend to have motivational properties".

Not all motivated behaviour is the result of conscious decisions. Freudian psychology suggests that much behaviour is motivated by "unconscious factors, working through a network of defence mechanisms, symbolic disguises and psychological cloaks".
**Premier** is a title that some countries might use for their head of government, sometimes used instead of Prime Minister. In some other countries, such as Canada, the Premier could be title of a regional government of a province or other local division.

British Colonies
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When a colony is first allowed to elect its own government the head of the government is called the *Chief Minister*. As the colony gets more able to rule itself it is given more powers and the title of the Chief Minister is changed to *Premier*. When the colony becomes independent the Premier becomes a Prime Minister, and British government ministers lose any authority to rule the new country.

Australia and Canada
--------------------

Main articles: Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories and Premier (Canada)
The leader of the federal governments in Australia and Canada is called the Prime Minister, but the leader of the governments in Australian states and Canadian Provinces is called the Premier. This is because the states and provinces are not independent.