recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Don Juan Manue** - one of the largest writers of medieval Spain. He is best known as the author of the book "Count Lucanor "(1335).

Titles
------

* 2nd Senior de Villena (1283–1330)
* 1st Duke and Prince de Vilhena (1330–1348)
* 2nd Senior de Escalona (1283–1348)
* 2nd lord de Peñafiel (1283–1348)
* Royal Mayord (1311-1314, 1318-1319)

Literary activity
-----------------

The literary work of Juan Manuel falls on the last 25 years of his life. 

Juan Manuel did not write in Latin, but in Spanish. 

### "Count Lucanor"

  

</br> The main literary achievement of Juan Manuel was the "Book of Examples of Count Lucanor and Patronio" (1335), better known as "Count Lucanor ". 

The book consists of five parts. The first, most voluminous part, is 51 short stories.

Marriages and children
----------------------

Juan Manuel de Villena was married three times. 

An illegitimate daughter from an unknown woman: 

* **Guillaume Manuel de Villena**, husband - Juan Martinez de Leiva, seigneur de Baños .

Translations
------------

* *Juan Manuel*. Count Lucanor. - М. .; Л. 1961.
The **Diamir District** is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani-controlled territory known as the Northern Areas and is the district in which the Karakoram Highway enters that territory from Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The capital of the Diamir District is Chilas. In 2004, the Diamir District was reduced in size as a result of the creation of the new Astore District from Diamir's easternmost tehsil. (See map.)

The Diamir District is bounded by the Astore District in the east, Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the southwest (separated by the Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the south, the Ghizar District in the north and northwest, and the Gilgit District in the north and northeast.

Before the Karakoram Highway was opened in 1978, the only road reaching Gilgit town from the south was a rough track north from Balakot to Babusar Pass (via Kaghan, Naran, Besal, and Gittidas) and farther north through Babusar Gah to Chilas. The road up to Besal is now in better condition, but from Besal to Babusar Pass, the road is still a rough track.

Tehsils
-------

* Chilas Tehsil
* Darel Tehsil
* Tangir Tehsil
* Babu Sar Tehsil
**Edward Kasner** (1878–1955) is an American mathematician (person who studies math). He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.

Kasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. (a degree (measure) of learning) in 1899.

Around 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros). While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said "googol".

In 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called *Mathematics and the Imagination* ISBN 0486417034. It was in this book that the name "googol" was first used.

The website Google was named after Kasner's number googol.

Books
-----

* Kasner, Edward (1980) [1934]. "Differential-geometric aspects of dynamics". In C.Carpelan; A.Parpola; P.Koskikallio (eds.). *The Logarithmic potential and other monographs*. New York: Chelsea. pp. 235–263. ISBN 0-828-40305-8.
* Kasner, Edward; Newman, James Roy (April 2001) [London: Penguin, 1940; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967]. *Mathematics and the Imagination*. Dover Pubns. ISBN 0486417034.

Other websites
--------------

* History from the Google website
**Darío Ripoll Herrera** (San Pedro Garza García; May 16 of 1970) is a actor  Mexican of  cinema, theater and television known as Luis SanRomán in the series  Neighbors and the portrayed as Cardenas in Because love commands.

Career
------

Darío Ripoll studied a Bachelor of Acting at the National School of Theater Art of the INBA. He has taken acting training courses and acting specialization in cinema, with the directors: Nacho Ortíz, Joaquin Bissner and Luis Felipe Tovar.

With more than 20 years of artistic career, he has participated in more than 15 theatrical works, among which stand out:  *Invisible Cities, Just Let's Get Out, The Suspicious Truth, Theatrical Blood, The Man of La Mancha, Chicago the Musical, Los Miserables, One Eva and Two Louts, The Rebel Novice, The Wife's Game and Peter Pan.* 

In cinema, his participation in the following feature films stands out:  *7 Days, The Librarian, Artificial Lights, The Just, Divine Confusion, The Last Death and Tooth for a Tooth.* 

On television he has participated in soap operas such as:  *The most beautiful ugly, I love Juan Querendón, Alma de Hierro, A lucky family*  and in series such as  *The Simulators, Thirteen Fears, Los Héroes del Norte,  Hermanos y Detectives, Addicts ,  XY, Mujeres Asesinas 3, La Familia Peluche (third season),  Neighbors*  where he played Luis San Román (the bipolar) and his most recent participation in the telenovela "Because love commands" as Licenciado Cárdenas.

He also played the character of  Guáson in the Spanish dubbing of the video game "Batman: Arkham Origins".

Trajectory
----------

### Telenovelas

* *Educating Nina*  (2018) - Van Damme
* *The pilot*  (2017) - Eladio "El Bochas"
* *My heart is yours*  (2015) - Judge at Ana and Fernando's Wedding
* *Because love rules*  (2012-2013) - Oliverio Cárdenas
* *A lucky family*  (2011-2012) - Raymundo "Ray Pelonch"
* *Iron soul*  (2008-2009) - Monchi
* *I love Juan Querendón*  (2007-2008) - Oswaldo Ibarra
* *The most beautiful ugly*  (2006-2007) - Eder Roza del Moral

### TV series

* *Forever Joan Sebastian*  (2016) - Chucho Rendón
* *Logout*  (2015) - Harmony
* *The Plush Family*  (2012) - Plush Police
* *Star2*  (2012) - Various characters
* Los Simuladores (2008) - Partner of the construction company
* *Neighbors*  (2005-2008 / 2012/2017-Present) - Luis San Román
* *Furcio*  (2000-2002)

### Dubbing

* *Batman: Arkham Origins*  (2013) -  Joker (voice)
* *Batman: Arkham Knight*  (2015) - Joker (voice)
**Early human migrations** means the way archaic and modern humans moved out of Africa and across continents. 

About two million years ago, *Homo erectus* groups moved out of Africa. This has been known for some time, because a few of their skulls have been found in Asia. One example was found in China before WWII, and lost during the fighting. Other examples have since been found in various parts of Asia.

The first migration was followed by other early human species including *H. heidelbergensis*. This lived about 500,000 years ago. It was the likely ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals, as well as modern humans. Early hominids probably "crossed land bridges that were eventually covered in water". It is worth remembering that the Earth was generally much colder, with more ice bridges than the present world.

Putative migration waves out of Africa and back migrations into the continent, as well as the locations of major ancient human remains and archeological sites.
The migrating modern human populations are known to have interbred (mated) with earlier local populations. Therefore, modern human populations are descended in small part (below 10% contribution) from regional varieties of archaic humans.

Related pages
-------------

* Out of Africa
ESPCI ParisTech
**ESPCI Paris** (officially the **École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris**; *The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution*) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is a constituent school of the University PSL (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur ESPCI Paris* (ESPCI Paris Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* PhD doctorate studies
* Master of Science
* Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ESPCI Paris.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at ESPCI relate to the following topics:

* Physics
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Biotechnology

Notable graduate
----------------

* Marie Curie, first woman to win a Nobel Prize

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***ESPCI Paris - PSL***.

* Official website
The **early modern period** of human history, is a time from 1500–1800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.

In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.

Europe
------

In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World. 
Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.

Asia
----

The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.

Related pages
-------------

* Renaissance
Sewing room at Concha Piquer's Museum in Valencia. On the left, her portrait
**María de la Concepción Piquer López**, also known as **Concha Piquer** (13 December, 1906 in Valencia, Valencian Community – 12 December, 1990 in Madrid) was a Spanish singer and actress.

She was one of the most successful couplist female singers.

Most of her singles were composed by the songwriters Salvador Valverde and Quintero, León and Quiroga. *Ojos verdes* (*Green eyes*) was her most known single because of its controversial lyrics.

Biography
---------

In September 1922, Piquer debuted in New York City on Manuel Penella's opera *The Wild Cat*. She was living in tge United States, acting in Broadway theaters and movies.

Several years later, Piquer back to Spain. She stayed there the rest of her life. One year later the Civil War began and her songs were it [partially] censored by the Francoist politics.

In 1958, during a concert in Isla Cristina, Andalusia, she lost her pitch for a moment while singing. She continued with her performance. Five years later, she retired.

On 12 December 1990 she died in Madrid.

Other sources
-------------

* Stephanie Sieburth, *Survival Songs: Conchita Piquer's 'Coplas' and Franco's Regime of Terror*, Índice Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014, ISBN 9781442644731

Other websites
--------------

* Concha Piquer on IMDb
* Casa-Museo de la artista dependiente del Ayuntamiento de Valencia (in Spanish)
* Concha Piquer in Findagrave
**Douglas Allan Zmolek** (born November 3, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey defenseman. He played a career total of 8 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the San Jose Sharks, Dallas Stars, Los Angeles Kings and the Chicago Blackhawks.

Career
------

Before playing professional hockey, Zmolek played 3 years of college hockey with the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers. While he was there, he was named to the WCHA Second All-Star Team and the NCAA Second All-American Team in his junior and final year in 1992.

He was drafted 7th overall by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. On May 30, 1991, the San Jose Sharks claimed Zmolek from Minnesota in the dispersal draft. Zmolek played 2 seasons with the Sharks before he was traded along with Mike Lalor to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Ulf Dahlén and Dallas' 7th round choice in 1995 NHL Entry Draft. He spent parts of two seasons with the Stars.

The Stars traded Zmolek along with Shane Churla to the Los Angeles Kings for Darryl Sydor and Los Angeles' 5th round choice (Ryan Christie) in 1996 NHL Entry Draft on February 17, 1996. He would play parts of 2 seasons with the Kings before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Chicago's 3rd round choice (František Kaberle) in 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with the Blackhawks.

On December 28, 2000, when he became a free agent, Zmolek signed a contract to play for the Chicago Wolves of the International Hockey League (IHL). After only playing 2 games with the Wolves, his contract was bought out and he retired in 2000.

After he retired, Zmolek became an advisor and member of the board to the Rochester Youth Hockey Association (RYHA). He also runs an off-season hockey camp called "Top Shelf," in his home city of Rochester, Minnesota.

Other websites
--------------

* Doug Zmolek player profile at NHL.com
***Concerto for Orchestra*** is the title of a work for orchestra by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It is one of the most famous orchestral pieces of the mid-20th century.

Several composers have written works to which they gave the title "Concerto for Orchestra". It is an unusual title because a concerto is normally a work for one solo instrument and an orchestra. The soloist is given a lot of opportunity to show off his (or her) talent. In a "Concerto for Orchestra" there is no soloist, but the composer thinks it is different from a symphony because a lot of the instruments in the orchestra are treated like soloists during the piece. This is what happens in Béla Bartók’s concerto.

The work was written in 1943 and it was first performed on 1 December 1944 in the Boston Symphony Hall by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with the conductor Serge Koussevitzky. It was immediately a great success. Koussevitszky asked Bartók to write this piece. Bartók had just arrived in United States from Hungary. He had to flee because of World War II. Bartók had no money and so he was glad to get some work.

The music
---------

Bartók often uses ideas from the Classical music period in this work. He also uses ideas from folk music from central Europe, especially Hungarian music. Quite often the music is not in a major or minor key. He uses folk scales which have different kinds of scales called modes. Sometimes tunes sound like folk music. At other times there are drones in the horns and strings.

The orchestra needs 3 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (one doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tamtam, 2 harps and strings

### The five movements

The first movement, called *Introduzione* by Bartók, is a slow introduction which sounds like music describing the night. This is something Bartók did several times in his works. It is in sonata form.

The second movement is called "Giuoco delle coppie" which means "Game of pairs". Pairs of instruments take it in turns to play a tune, each pair playing music which is separated by a different interval.

The third movement, called *Elegia* by Bartók, is another slow movement, typical of Bartók's night music.

The fourth movement, called *Intermezzo interrotto* by Bartók, has a flowing melody with a time signature which keeps changing. There is also a theme which pokes fun at the march tune in Dmitri Shostakovich's *"Leningrad" Symphony (No. 7)*. There is a very difficult bit for the timpani where the player has to play lots of different pitches in a very short section.

The fifth movement, called *Finale* is a very fast movement with lots of energy and plenty of folk tunes.
*C. sanctus* fossil preserving long wing and tail feathers
***Confuciusornis*** is a genus of primitive crow-sized birds from the Lower Cretaceous. It was found in the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago. The bird was named after the Chinese moral philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC).

Like modern birds, *Confuciusornis* had a toothless beak, but close relatives of modern birds such as *Hesperornis* and *Ichthyornis* were toothed. This shows that the loss of teeth occurred more than once, in *Confuciusornis* and in ancestors of modern birds. This is an example of convergent evolution.

*Confuciusornis* is the oldest known bird to have a beak. It is also the first known bird to have lost the long tail of *Archaeopteryx* and develop fused tail vertebrae (a pygostyle).

*Confuciusornis* is one of the most abundant vertebrates found in the Yixian Formation, and *several hundred* complete, articulated specimens have been found.

The proportions of the toes suggest that they were used for both walking and perching, while the large claws of the thumb and third finger were probably used for climbing. The head probably had a small crest or tuft.

Flight
------

The orientation of the shoulder joint was sideways, instead of angled upward as in modern birds; this means that *Confuciusornis* was unable to lift its wings above its back. Like *Archaeopteryx*, it was thus incapable of the upstroke required for flapping flight. This conclusion is not established at present. Peters sees *Confuciusornis* as capable of flapping flight but specialising in soaring flight. The bird's weight has also been debated. 

An argument from Gregory Paul noted that *Confuciusornis* is commonly found as large groups in lake bottom sediments with little to no evidence of the bodies being moved after death. It would be highly unusual for gliding animals to be found in such large numbers in deep water. Rather, this evidence suggests that *Confuciusornis* traveled in large flocks over the lake surfaces, a habitat consistent with a flying animal.

Colour
------

In early 2010, a group of scientists led by Zhang Fucheng examined fossils with preserved melanosomes (organelles which contain colour pigments). By studying the fossils with an electron microscope, they found melanosomes preserved in a fossil *Confuciusornis* specimen.
The melanosomes where of two types, which indicates that *Confuciusornis* had hues of grey, red/brown and black, possibly something like the modern zebra finch.
Spider
The **Chelicerata** are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.
**Christina Marie Kirkman** (born February 25, 1993, in Melrose, Massachusetts, USA) is an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her roles in the final two seasons of *All That*.

In 2003, she entered *R U All That?: Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America* competition and won the highly-coveted spot as a regular performer on *All That*.

As part of her audition, Kirkman was asked to do a skit in which she met Jay Leno. She had never heard of Leno because she had never stayed up late, so she said, "*Who the heck is Jay Leno?*" and instead pretended to talk to Leno's bodyguard.

When asked if she thought she was going get into the *All That* cast, Kirkman responded, "I thought I had no chance!" with a laugh.

Kirkman joined the cast of *All That* in Season 9 after Bryan Hearne left the show. She replaced Jamie Lynn Spears as the youngest cast member of *All That*. She remained on *All That* until the show was canceled.

After *All That* came to an end, Kirkman returned to Massachusetts where she experienced bullying. This caused her to temporarily stop acting to focus on school. She graduated from Bishop Finwick High School. In 2015, she graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where she studied broadcast journalism and also participated in several different on campus productions.

After completing college, Kirkman moved back to Los Angeles to pursue acting and as of 2016, she completed filming the movie "Night Shadow".

Other websites
--------------

* Christina Kirkman on IMDb
* Emerson students former stars of Nickelodeon and Disney shows Archived 2017-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
A **dental formula** is a summary of a mammal's teeth.

Almost all mammals have four kinds of teeth:

1. incisors
2. canines
3. premolars
4. molars

Teeth numbers and form have adapted to different feeding methods. Over time, different mammal groups have evolved distinct dental features, in the number and type of teeth, and in the shape and size of the chewing surface.

The number of teeth of each type is written as a dental formula for one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. The number of teeth in a mouth is twice that listed as there are two sides.

In each set, incisors (I) are indicated first, canines (C) second, premolars (P) third, and finally molars (M), giving I:C:P:M. So for example, the formula 2.1.2.3 for upper teeth indicates 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on one side of the upper mouth.

The deciduous dental formula is notated in lowercase lettering preceded by the letter d: e.g. di:dc:dm. An animal's dentition for either deciduous or permanent teeth can thus be expressed as a dental formula, written in the form of a fraction: I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M.

Since the teeth are always listed in the same order, the letters can be dropped, thus:

1. Human: deciduous teeth: 212/212; adult = 2123/2123. Both childhood molars are replaced by adult premolars. Adult total is double the formula = 32.
2. Opossum: 5134/4134 (one less incisor on each side of the lower jaw).
3. Felines: 3131/3121. The last upper premolar and first lower molar of the cat are 'carnassials', used to slice meat and skin. The carnassials are always the fourth upper premolar and the first lower molar.
4. Horse 313-43/3133. The horse dentition is highly specialized for eating grass. Continuous growth from the roots counters teeth wear. The teeth fall into two clear groups: incisors seize the grass, molars grind the grass.

Both felines and horses have a large diastema, or gap, between their front teeth and their back teeth. This is a natural feature in many types of mammal.
Stained glass window in Iona Abbey showing Saint Columba
**Saint Columba** (Irish *Colm Cille*, "Columb of the Church"; 7 December, 521–9 June, 597) was an Irish priest and missionary. He left Ireland in 563 AD on his mission to bring Christianity to Dál Riata, now western Scotland. He built the famous monastery on the Island of Iona which became known as a "holy island'.

Early life
----------

Columba was born on December 7, 521 A.D. in Gartan, County Donegal. His father was Fedhlimidh, a great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, 4th century High King of Ireland. His mother was Eithne of the Uí Néill clan. She was a member of the royal family of Leinster. While still young he decided on a monastic life. He was educated in Ireland at schools in Moville, Glasnevin and Clonard Abbey. He founded the Irish monasteries at Derry and at Durrow, County Offaly.

Iona
----

In about 563 AD, Columba and his followers left Donegal by boat and traveled to the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland. His mission to Scotland may have been more a case of penance for a battle he may have caused. He refused to return a copy of the Gospels he had copied without permission. He upset the king of Ireland by his refusal, which led to a battle won by his clan. Columba felt remorse over the deaths this caused. Once there he and his monks began the religious conversion of most of Scotland which at that time was pagan. Their fame and influence spread to most of Europe. It became a place of pilgrimage. It also became known as a holy island where 48 kings of Scotland, 4 kings of Ireland and 8 kings of Norway are buried. In 597 Comumba died on Iona. Books on his life began being written a century later. The best known of these was written by Adomnán sometime between 697 and 700. He was proclaimed a saint before the modern process of canonization.

Other websites
--------------

* Text of "The Life of Columba*, by Adomnán of Iona*
* Text of *The Life of St. Columba*, author unknown
**Chelsea Connor** is a Herpetologist and birder from the Commonwealth of Dominica. While studying in Texas, United States she founded #BlackBirdersWeek. She wants it to be more common to see Black people in the United States out in nature. She wants Black people in America to feel safer when they enjoy nature.

#BlackBirdersWeek
-----------------

When Christian Cooper was harassed in a park while looking at birds, Connor felt upset. She has also experienced people looking at her with suspicion when she is watching animals outdoors. People think that because she is outside and has binoculars she is doing something wrong. Several Black scientists were trying to think of a response to the attack on Cooper. Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman suggested everyone go birding and Connor helped to organize it. Other organizers included Ashley Gary, Sheridan Alford, and Joseph Saunders. The National Audubon Society supported the program.

Each day has a different theme. Some daily themes have been: posting a picture of yourself in nature, posting a picture of a bird, and Question and Answer with Black birders.

Now she celebrates bird watching in Black communities for a week each year. She advocates for black people and their rights. She encourages people to observe and enjoy nature.

Research
--------

Connor does research about native and invasive anoles in Dominica. They are a kind of lizard.

Personal life
-------------

She is a Black, Queer scientist from the Caribbean.
Disposable egg cartons made of molded pulp
A **disposable** (also called **disposable product**) is a product designed to be used only once, and then it would be recycled or is thrown away as solid waste. The word often implies cheapness and short-term convenience instead of something that will last for a long time. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months (e.g. disposable air filters) to distinguish from similar things that last forever (e.g. washable air filters).

Word meaning
------------

"Disposable" is an *adjective* meaning "something not reuseable but is disposed of after use". Many people now use the word as a noun or substantive (i.e. "a disposable") but it is still an adjective. This is because the *noun* (product, nappy, etc.) is implied.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Disposable goods***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***disposable***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***disposable product***.

* How disposable chopsticks are made (video).
An elimination reaction in the molecule cyclohexanol
In organic chemistry, an **elimination reaction** is when some atoms or group of atoms are taken away from a bigger molecule. Usually, a double or a triple bond are made by this reaction.

There are two main ways to do an elimination reaction. The first is called **E1**. It happens in two steps. If there is a good leaving group in the molecule, it can leave on its own. Then, a base or another substance can take away the other group. The second way is called **E2**. This happens only in one step. In this case, the base takes away one group while at the same time the leaving group goes away.

A common elimination reaction happens with alcohols. If there is strong acid around, a molecule of water can be eliminated to form the double bond.

| * v
* t
* e
Basic reaction mechanisms |
| --- |
| Nucleophilic substitution | Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) · Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) · Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) · Nucleophilic internal substitution (SNi) |
| Elimination reaction | Unimolecular elimination (E1) · E1cB elimination reaction · Bimolecular elimination (E2) |
| Addition reactions | Electrophilic addition · Nucleophilic addition · Free radical addition · Cycloaddition |
| Related topics | Elementary reaction · Molecularity · Stereochemistry · Catalysis · Collision theory · Solvent effects · Arrow pushing |
| Chemical kinetics | Rate equation · Rate-determining step |
Dr.Joseph Goebbels views the *Degenerate Art* show in Munich
**Degenerate art** (German: *entartete Kunst*) was the term used by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe nearly all modern art. The Nazis banned the art because they said it was un-German or was Jewish or Bolshevist in nature. Artists who were labeled as degenerate were punished by the laws. They were not allowed to teach, they could not show or sell their art, and some were even forbidden from creating any art at all. 

*Degenerate Art* was also used as the name for an exhibition put on by the Nazis in Munich in 1937. The exhibition was made up of modern artworks, displayed badly, with text labels making fun of the art. This was meant to make people hate modernism. The show traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria.

While modern styles of art were not allowed, the Nazis liked paintings and sculptures that were very traditional and old fashioned. They thought art should glorify Nazi ideas of the "blood and soil" values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience. Music was also expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences; movies and plays were censored. The censorship was done by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
A **collect call**, also called a "reverse charge call", is a type of telephone call. Usually, when a telephone call is made, the person who makes the call pays for the call, rather than the person who receives the call at the other end. In a collect call, though, the person making the call wants the person they are calling to pay for the call instead.

In the past, these kinds of calls could only be done with a operator, who would need to ask the person receiving the call if they want to be charged for it. If the person receiving it does not want to be charged, the call cannot go through. Today, computers have made it possible to make or receive collect calls without talking to a person.

Collect calls used to be made a lot using payphones, but they are becoming less used since mobile phones and VoIP technology has come around and made long-distance calls cheaper to make.

It has been found out that the day of the year in which the most collect calls are made is Father's Day, even though the day when the most phone calls are made altogether is Mother's Day.
**Docodonta** is an order or suborder of extinct mammaliaforms. They lived during the mid- to late-Mesozoic era. 

They had sophisticated molars, from which the suborder gets its name. In the fossil record, isolated teeth and bits of jawbones are found.

Docodonts are not quite as closely related to the placentals and marsupials as the monotremes are, so they are not included among the  crown-group mammals. 

Because of their molars and their lower jaw being a single bone (the dentary), they are generally regarded as mammals. However, those authors who limit the term "Mammalia" to the (living) crown group exclude docodonts. They use the term mammaliaformes instead.

Docodonts were primarily herbivorous or insectivorous. However, *Castorocauda*, adapted to a semi-aquatic life, has teeth which suggest it ate fish.

*Castorocauda* is important because the first find was an almost complete skeleton (a real luxury in paleontology). It breaks the "small nocturnal insectivore" stereotype.
It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils, and gives absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur. Of course, this strongly suggests mammalian-type temperature regulation.

Related pages
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* Agilodocodon
* Castorocauda
Drawing showing dentin
**Dentin** or **dentine** is calcified tissue that makes up the second layer of teeth. In the crown (top) of a tooth, dentin is found between enamel and pulp. In the root of a tooth, it is found between cementum and pulp. Dentin makes up most of a tooth. Dentin is yellow. The yellowness of dentin shows through in a tooth because enamel is semi-translucent.

Composition
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Dentin is made up of

* 70% hydroxylapatite (a mineral found in teeth and bones)
* 20% organic matter (matter that comes from living things)
* 10% water

Development
-----------

The process of creating dentin is called **dentinogenesis**. It is made by odontoblasts, a special type of cell that activates later during formation of teeth. Unlike enamel, a tooth can keep making more dentin throughout life.

Types
-----

Dentin is divided into different types based on when it is made.

### Primary dentin

Primary dentin makes up most of the tooth. It is the thick bulk between enamel and pulp. Primary dentin is the type of dentin a tooth starts out with. It can also be called circumpulpal (surrounding the pulp) dentin. Mantle dentin is a separate, harder but thinner layer that separates primary dentin from the tooth crown.

### Secondary dentin

Secondary dentin is made after a tooth has already appeared in the mouth. This type of dentin is made throughout life. Newly made dentin is found placed very close to the pulp. It is found between pulp and primary dentin.

### Tertiary dentin

Unlike secondary dentin, tertiary (third in order) dentin is not made continuously throughout life. Tertiary dentine is only made when the tooth is damaged.

Related pages
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* Dentition
* Dental caries
**Dead Reckoning** (or **DR**) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a **fix**), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is.

Wind drift affects dead reckoning
It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at. Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important. But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed. It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew. So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning. This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

Method
------

Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix). Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known. In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time). This would give the speed of the ship. Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction. From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle. However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called *drift*) so this needs to be measured as well. Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean. Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called *ground speed*). A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed. If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground. (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move). A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane. 

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning. Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.
**Dennis Carl Wilson** (December 4, 1944 – December 28, 1983) was an American drummer, singer and songwriter. He is best known as being one of three brothers in the rock band, The Beach Boys. Wilson was a member from the beginning until he died in 1983.

The group made twenty-four studio albums. Wilson made one solo album, *Pacific Ocean Blue*. It stayed popular with critics over the years.

Dennis was born in Inglewood, California. He was the only surfer of the group and he lived the beach lifestyle that the Beach Boys wrote about in their songs.

Meeting Charles Manson
----------------------

In 1968, Dennis Wilson met a musician, Charles Manson, who had a group of followers in a religious cult. His cult members were called "The Family". Wilson became very fond of Manson and his friends. They all moved into his home on Sunset Boulevard in west Los Angeles for a few months.

At first, Wilson was writing some songs with Manson, who could play a guitar. Thinking he had talent, he introduced him to a few friends in the music business, including Terry Melcher, (the son of Doris Day). But he soon became afraid of Manson's bad temper and violent behavior. So finally Wilson escaped by just moving out of his house and leaving Manson there.

Manson was actually a dangerous and mentally ill criminal. In 1969, with the help of "The Family", he murdered at least eight famous people in California.

Death
-----

On December 28, 1983, while partying soon after his 39th birthday, Wilson drowned at Marina del Rey in Los Angeles. He had been drinking alcohol all day and diving into the sea in the afternoon. He was buried at sea off the California coast by the U.S. Coast Guard on January 4, 1984. President Ronald Reagan allowed the burial.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *Pacific Ocean Blue* (1977)
***Cocculus carolinus*** otherwise known as *Carolina Coralbead*, *Redberry Moonseed* or the *Carolina snailseed*. It is indigenous to several states along the South to Midwest. It gets its name from the bright red color of the marble like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant.

Description
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The Carolina Coralbead is a deciduous, woody vine that can twines along the trunks of several trees or along the ground. It occurs in timberline areas, rocky woods, glades, fence rows and ponds. Carolina Coralbead can grow 10–12 ft (3–3.6 m) and usually spaced within 3–4 ft (90–120 cm) of one another. If ingested in large amounts, the berry on Cocculus carolinus can be poisonous, but the overall toxicity of its berries do not prove to be fatal. In areas in Little Rock, Arkansas, the Carolina Coralbead is referred to as an invasive weed system which seedlings have been spread by birds. Once a root system has been established, it is hard to remove the plant, so planting in new areas has been a point of concern for this plant. The best ornamental features of the plant are its foliage and its attractive red berries in fall. *Cocculus carolinus* can grow in temperatures between from -3.8 °C (25 °F) to -28.8 °C (-20 °F). Its leaves are covered in short hairs and should not be confused with the species *Smilax bona-nox*,which has tendrils and prickles.

Distribution
------------

The Carolina Coralbead has been reported in the following states of Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Locations of the plant range from opening of forests, to the beginning of streams.

Cultivation
-----------

The flowers are small and plentiful. At a young age, Carolina Coralbead appear greenish. Bloom time for the plant is in late spring and mature by late summer. They grow in tight abundant amounts of bright red berries. By using its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects, landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises, fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs. The berries should not be eaten by people but are eaten by a large number of birds. Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell which is protected by the hard endocarp, also known as the inner section of the ovary wall.
*Emiliana huxleyi*, the most commom coccolith in the seas today
 Types of cocoliths
**Coccoliths** are the microscopic algae which form chalk. They are made by one of the most important eukaryote phytoplankton. These are single celled protists whose full name is **coccolithophorids** or **coccolithophores**. The spherical skeleton of coccoliths is a *coccosphere*.

Chalk makes up much of the marine strata in the Upper Cretaceous period, and is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which coccolithophorids produce.

Coccoliths were first examined by Cristian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1875), who thought they were inorganic products. They were named, and identified as made by living organisms by Thomas Henry Huxley. He realised they were a major part of the rock we call chalk. The story of how the tiny cell produces its coccosphere is told by Westbroek:

"The tiny coccolith-generating alga... is geological dynamite, a formidable force helping to conduct vast fluxes of calcium and carbonate towards the ocean bottom".
Coccolithophores are a major contributor to the carbonate in deep sea sediments. In the Northeast Atlantic during the last glacial-interglacial cycle (ice age), coccoliths make up 70-80% of the total carbonate during the warm periods, and less during glacial times.

Coccoliths are first seen at the end of the Triassic period, 200 million years ago. It is interesting that another group of tiny algae, the diatoms, make their entry into the fossil record at almost the same time. The coccolith all-time peak was in the warm inland and continental shelf seas of the Cretaceous period. They are still of huge ecological and geological importance.

*Emiliania huxleyi*
-------------------

The light blue/greenish colour is caused by the high concentration of *Emiliania huxleyi*
Landsat image of a 1999 *E. huxleyi* bloom in the English Channel.
*Emiliania huxleyi* (*Ehux* for short) is one of the most important planktonic algae on the planet today. It is the most common coccolithophore in the oceans of the world. It dominates in the northeast Atlantic, in the northeast Pacific and in the eastern Mediterranean. Its gigantic algal blooms are easily seen on satellite imagery. This blooming life-style started between ~80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and marks the start of the so-called *Ehux Acme zone* in the fossil record.

Ehux is only seen in relatively young sediments, and must have evolved fairly recently. The first appearance of Ehux in the sediment is used as a biostratigraphic marker. This appearance was dated to ~270,000 years ago. Later, Weaver dated it at ~242–268,000 years ago.

Related pages
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* Sea grass
* Chalk

Other websites
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* *Emiliania huxleyi* home page
1,3-butadiene
In organic chemistry, a **diene** (/ˈdaɪ.iːn/ *DY-een*) or **diolefin** (/daɪˈoʊləfɪn/ *dy-OH-lə-fin*) is a hydrocarbon that contains two carbon pi bonds. 
Conjugated dienes are functional groups, with a general formula of CnH2n-2. Dienes and alkynes are functional isomers. Dienes occur occasionally in nature but are widely used in the polymer industry.

Classes
-------

Dienes can be divided into three classes, depending on the relative location of the double bonds: 

1. **Cumulated dienes** have the double bonds sharing a common atom as in a group of compounds called allenes.
2. **Conjugated dienes** have conjugated double bonds separated by one single bond.
3. **Unconjugated dienes** have the double bonds separated by two or more single bonds. They are usually less stable than isomeric conjugated dienes.

Compounds that contain more than two double bonds are called polyenes. Polyenes and dienes, share many of their properties.

Some dienes: **A**: 1,2-Propadiene, also known as allene, is the simplest cumulated diene. **B**: Isoprene, also known as 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, the precursor to natural rubber. **C**: 1,3-Butadiene, a precursor to synthetic polymers. **D**: 1,5-Cyclooctadiene, an unconjugated diene (notice that each double bond is two carbons away from the other). **E**: Norbornadiene, a strained bicyclic and unconjugated diene. **F**: Dicyclopentadiene. **G**: Linoleic acid, a fatty acid that is required in the human diet.
### Cycloadditions

An important reaction for conjugated dienes is the Diels–Alder reaction. Many specialized dienes have been developed to exploit this reactivity for the synthesis of natural products, e.g. Danishefsky’s diene.

Other websites
--------------

* IUPACs Gold Book definition of dienes *dienes* PDF Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***constituency** and **constituent***.

A **constituent** is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A **constituency** is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the *electorate*.

In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a *Parliamentary seat* or a *Division*. Constituencies for local government elections are called either *Wards* or *electoral divisions*.

As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:

* List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
* MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 lists the constituencies after that election.

Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.

The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies, with the remaining 56 seats being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS). Until the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament were identical to those of the House of Commons.

The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons. Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.

The London Assembly has 14 single-member constituencies. Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.

The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies called "Congressional districts" each electing one member. 

The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.