recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A 14-year-old teenager with epistaxis after being hit in the nose.
**Epistaxis** is when blood comes out of the nose. It is more commonly known as a **nosebleed**. Even though nosebleeds can seem scary, they are usually not serious or life threatening. Most nosebleeds happen in the front of the nose, and these are called *anterior nosebleeds*. Sometimes, people get nosebleeds in the back of their noses, called *posterior nosebleeds*. These are more serious, and somebody who has one may have to go to the hospital.

Nosebleeds are more frequent during the winter months. During this time, more upper respiratory infections occur and changes in temperature and humidity are larger.

What causes them
----------------

The boxing child in the Hungary
A nosebleed
Most nosebleeds are caused by one of the following:

* Blunt trauma (usually a punch to the nose)
* Nose-picking

They can also be caused by a reaction to something in the environment.

Dealing with a nosebleed
------------------------

Many people tilt their heads back during a nosebleed, but this is actually not safe because it can make blood go down their throats and make them choke or get sick. Instead, the best way to deal with a nosebleed is to tilt one's head forward and pinch the bottom of their nose between one's nostrils with a wet piece of tissue paper.
A number of different epiphytes on a tree in Costa Rica
Bromeliad on a Cycad
An example of an epiphyte assemblage of orchids and bromeliads in a garden setting in Hawaii
Golden poison-dart frogs (*Colostethus beebei*) are small, warning-coloured tree frogs that live their lives inside the cloud forest's bromeliads.
An **epiphyte** is a plant which grows on another plant, without being a parasite. The term is also be used for bacteria, fungi, lichens and mosses which grow on plants. However, most epiphytes (89%) are flowering plants; and about a third of all ferns are epiphytes.

An epiphyte gets its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. The ones in the temperate zone are often mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae, and in the tropics ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads.

Sometimes such plants are called **air plants**, because they do not root in soil. This is misleading though, as there are many aquatic epiphytes as well. Epiphytic organisms only take support from the host; they are usually not parasites. Parasitic and semi-parasitic plants, like the mistletoe are not true epiphytes.

Epiphytes usually use photosynthesis to get energy; often they have adapted their leaves to be able to capture rainwater (and moisture from the air) if they are not aquatic.

Epiphytes are important for other species too, certain frogs live in the water reservoir of epiphytes.
The **George Medal** (**GM**) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.

The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI. At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.

Announcing the new award, the King said: 

"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".
The Warrant for the GM was published in the *London Gazette* on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.

The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:

"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".
Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar. Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.

The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the *London Gazette*.

Related pages
-------------

* Victoria Cross
* George Cross
* Elizabeth Cross
**Health care** or **healthcare** is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. Health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. The right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.

Siberian Medical Train "Therapist Matvei Mudrov" in Russia

Primary care
------------

A primary care doctor (**PCD**) or **primary care physician** (**PCP**) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

Hospitals
---------

In most countries most of the money goes on hospital services.

Mental health
-------------

Mental illness is in most places treated separately from physical illness. It was, and in some places still is, given a religious explanation. People were sent to workhouses or asylums if they were thought to be dangerous to themselves or other people. By the 19th century many of them were very large. There was very little involvement by doctors until the 20th century when psychiatry developed. The classification of mental disorders has been, and still is, controversial. Mental health services generally get less attention and money than those for physical illness. Abuse of patients is not uncommon. People are often sent a long way from home. People may have to wait a lot longer for help in the community.

Cost
----

The amount of money spend on health care goes from Madagascar which spend $19.85 per person per year to the United States where the government spends $10,921 per person. About the same is spent privately in the USA, much of it from health insurance.

Related pages
-------------

* Universal health care
* Doctor-patient relationship
Two teams playing goalball. Each team has three people on it.Players from the United States (left) and Sweden (right) playing goalball at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Two goalball players stretch to the left to stop the ball.Goalballer Sarah Kennedy (Qld) makes a save for Australia at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games
A goalballer throws the ball forward.Goalballer Raelene Bock (NSW) competes for Australia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
**Goalball** is a sport for people who are blind, meaning they cannot see. It is played by men and women. Each team has six people on it. Three people play on each team at one time. A team throws the ball at a goal behind the people on the other team. They get a point if the ball goes in the goal. The ball has a bell in it. Players cannot see the ball, but they can hear the bell. They use their body to stop the ball. It is governed by the International Blind Sports Federation, and it is a sport in the Paralympic Games.

Goalball players wear blindfolds. This is because some players can not see at all (they are totally blind), and some other players can still see a little bit. When players wear blindfolds, none of the players can see anything. This makes it fair for all the players.

History
-------

Goalball was invented in 1946 by Hanz Lorenzen and Sepp Reindle. They invented it to help veterans who became blind because of World War II.

Goalball was first played as part of the Paralympic Games during the 1976 Summer Paralympics. At first, only men played goalball in the Paralympics. Women first played goalball in the Paralympics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.

In 1978, the first goalball championships were held in Vöcklamarkt, Austria.

People who cannot see who can play goalball
-------------------------------------------

* B1 goalball player who cannot see well B1 goalball player who cannot see well
* B2 goalball player who cannot see well B2 goalball player who cannot see well
* B3 goalball player who cannot see well B3 goalball player who cannot see well

**Seeing types**| Type | What |
| --- | --- |
| B1 | completely unable to see |
| B2 | used-in-seeing acuity of less than 2/60 |
| B3 | used-in-seeing acuity of 2/60 to 6/60 |
Estates Theatre
The **Estates Theatre** or **Stavovské divadlo** in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.

The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).

History
-------

The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz’s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy *Emilia Galotti* by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.

Although the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.

Productions and artistes
------------------------

Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera *Don Giovanni*. Mozart's opera *La Clemenza di Tito* was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler. 

Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.

Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

Other websites
--------------

* Estates Theatre web site
***Guillermo del Toro's Pinnochio*** (also known as simply just ***Pinnochio***) is an upcoming stop-motion animated musical fantasy film. It is directed by by Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson. It is based on Gris Grimly's design from his 2002 edition of the 1883 Italian novel *The Adventures of Pinocchio* by Carlo Collodi. The film marks the animated feature film directorial debut of del Toro. It stars the voices of Ewan McGregor, David Bradley, Gregory Mann, Finn Wolfhard, Cate Blanchett, John Turturro, Ron Perlman, Tim Blake Nelson, Burn Gorman, Christoph Waltz, Tilda Swinton. It has a screenplay by del Toro, Gris Grimly, Patrick McHale and Matthew Robbins and a story by del Toro and Robbins. Daniel Radcliffe is the movie's executive producer.

Produced by The Jim Henson Company and ShadowMachine in co-production with Necropia Entertainment, *Pinocchio* was announced by Del Toro in 2008 and originally scheduled to be released in 2013 or 2014, but the project went into development hell. In January 2017, McHale was announced to co-write the script, but in November 2017, the production was suspended as no studios were willing to provide financing. The production was revived the following year after being acquired by Netflix. It is set to be released in December 2022.

Plot
----

A dark, twisted retelling of the famous Carlo Collodi fairytale about a wooden puppet who comes to life and dreams of becoming a real boy takes place in 1930s Fascist Italy. When Pinocchio comes to life, he turns out not to be a nice boy, causing mischief and playing mean tricks. But at its core, *Pinocchio* is "a story of love and disobedience as Pinocchio struggles to live up to his father’s expectations."

Voice cast
----------

* Gregory Mann as Pinocchio
* Ewan McGregor as Sebastian J. Cricket
* David Bradley as Master Geppetto
* Finn Wolfhard as Lampwick/Lucignolo
* Cate Blanchett as Sprezzatura the Monkey
* John Turturro as Master Cherry
* Ron Perlman as Mangiafuoco
* Tim Blake Nelson as the Coachman
* Burn Gorman as the Carabiniere
* Christoph Waltz as the Fox
* Tilda Swinton as the Fairy with Turquoise Hair
The **Grand Duchy of Hesse** (German: *Großherzogtum Hessen*) was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy. For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as **Hesse-Darmstadt**.

History
-------

Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss*, was given to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz. 

The Grand Duchy changed its name to the **Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine** (German: *Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein*) in 1816.

Subdivisions of Hesse
---------------------

The three provinces of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Upper Hesse, Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:

* Starkenburg: (Capital: Darmstadt) Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main
* Rhenish Hesse, (Capital: Mainz) Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna
* Upper Hesse (Capital: Giessen) North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt, which was later annexed by Prussia in 1866.

Other websites
--------------

* Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918
* Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910
Many hats
Over-the-top hat...
A **hat** is a type of covering for the head, and there are many types of hats. 

Hats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all. These hats are just used for decoration. People who make hats for men are called **hatters**, and those who make hats for women are called **milliners**. The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous. 

Some types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles. For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs. In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions. Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions. 

All kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is. For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats. So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately. Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view. That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.

Examples
--------

Some examples of hats:

* baseball cap, for baseball players and many others
* beaver hat, made of beaver skin
* beret, for fishermen or peasants in parts of western Europe
* bowler hat, for men practising some traditionally middle class occupations
* coonskin cap, for some hunters or trappers
* cowboy hat, for cowhands
* fedora, a felt hat of a particular shape
* fez, similar to a tarboush, found in many Islamic countries
* helmet, either for those serving in the armed forces or for sportsman (e.g. motorcyclists)
* mitre, for formal use by bishops
* riding helmet, a helmet for horse riders
* sombrero, for the Latin American peasant
* ten-gallon hat, a type of cowboy hat
* top hat, for the smart men of the world

Etiquette and dress codes
-------------------------

Traditionally during the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was considered bad form to wear hats indoors, except in barns and the most public spaces inside public buildings. Women traditionally were exempt during church services and formal dinners. Today, certain establishments such as banks, schools and military facilities ban hats, and many companies ban hats as part of their employee dress codes.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hats***.

* wig
* cap
* hair
* headgear
The **Treaty of Fort Wise** of 1861 was a treaty signed between the United States and six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Southern Arapaho Indian tribes. Many Cheyenne people hated this treaty because only a minority of Cheyenne chiefs had signed. They were also angry because those chiefs signed asking the rest of the tribe what they wanted. Different responses to the treaty were a reason why there was conflict between whites and Indians. This led to the Colorado War of 1864, including the Sand Creek Massacre.

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
-----------------------------

The 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States and various tribes including the Cheyenne and Arapaho says that the Cheyenne and Arapaho were supposed to have a very big amount of territory in the area between the North Platte River and Arkansas River and eastward from the Rocky Mountains to western Kansas. This area included present-day southeastern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, most of eastern Colorado, and the westernmost parts of Kansas. However, in November 1858, people found gold in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (then part of the western Kansas Territory). This created a gold rush. A lot of white people went across Cheyenne and Arapaho lands. Colorado territory officials asked federal authorities to change the size of Indians lands in the treaty. In Fall 1860, A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, came to Bent's New Fort along the Arkansas River to make a new treaty.

Treaty of Fort Wise (1861)
--------------------------

On February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the Treaty of Fort Wise with the United States. This was at Bent's New Fort at Big Timbers. This was near what is now Lamar, Colorado. Lamar had been recently leased by the U.S. Government, and the name changed to Fort Wise. The Native Americans gave most of the lands given to them by the Fort Laramie treaty to the United States.
***Future Diary*** (未来日記, *Mirai Nikki*) is a Japanese manga and anime written by Sakae Esuno. It was first published in the manga magazine *Shōnen Ace* in 2006 by Kadokawa Shoten. An anime began airing on Japanese television in October 10th, 2011. The manga gained two extra stories called *Future Diary: Mosaic*, which focuses on the character Minene Uryu, and *Future Diary: Paradox*, which follows a different timeline from the main story, starring Aru Akise.

Media Information
-----------------

The manga first appeared in *Shōnen Ace* from January 26th, 2006 to December 27th, 2010. The two side stories were published during the main story's release, each new chapter released every few months. The manga was released for sale in volumes by Tokyopop before it ended selling books.

The anime was created by the animation company Asread. The anime has had two opening and ending theme songs: "Kuso Mesorogiwi" and "Filament" by Yousei Teikoku, and "Blood Teller" and "Dead End" by Faylan. An eight-minute television pilot was released with eleventh manga volume, as a preview for the anime to be released in late 2011.

A video game was released in 2010 by Kadokawa, titled *Future Diary Rewrite - The 13th Diary Owner*.

Story
-----

*Future Diary* is about a lonely 14-year old boy named Yukiteru "Yuki" Amano who has no friends and spends his time writing a diary on his mobile phone. One day, Deus Ex Machina, the God of Time and Space, give Yuki's diary the power to predict the future, but warns Yuki that if his diary is broken, Yuki will die. Yuki is at first happy about knowing his own future, but a girl in his school named Yuno Gasai reveals she also has a Future Diary. Yuno is madly in love with Yuki, often stalking him, and her phone predicts everything he will do.

It turns out that Yuki, Yuno and ten other people who all have Future Diaries are part of a survival game, in which the group must kill each other using their diaries until one person is left alive. The winner shall become the next God of Time and Space after Deus dies. Yuno becomes Yuki's guard and would-be girlfriend as he makes friends and enemies of the other diary owners as the game moves on. Yuki does make friends with several children of his age including wannabe detective Aru Akise, Hinata Hino who is the daughter of the diary owner Karyuudo Tsukishima, Mao Nonosaka who loves Hinata, and former bully Ouji Kosaka.

Yuno shows an insane side, often using violence and threats to harm those who threaten Yuki or her relationship with him. Yuki learns that Yuno has a horrible, tragic life and hides three corpses in her house, two of which are revealed to be her parents. This leads Akise to investigate Yuno's past and learn her true goals in the survival game.
Artist's conception of what the surface of Gliese 667 Cc may be like
**Gliese 667 Cc** is an extrasolar planet 22.18 light years away. It orbits around the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C, one of the Gliese 667 triple star system. The system is in the constellation of Scorpius. It is the most Earth-like planet in 50 light years. It's ESI (Earth Similarity Index) is 0.85. It is present in the hot inner edge of the habitable zone than the Earth. It absorbs 90% of light from it's star, as the Earth does but it is tidally locked.

Gliese 667 Cc was first found by the European Southern Observatory on 21 November 2011. They used the wobble method (also known as radial velocity). They watched how the star "wobbled" as Gliese 667 Cc circled around its star. On 2 February 2012 researchers at the University of Göttingen and the Carnegie Institution for Science confirmed the planet's existence.

Physical characteristics
------------------------

Gliese 667 Cc circles its star every 28 days, and is 0.125 AU away from its star. It fits within the habitable zone. Its mass is 3.8 times that of the Earth. Its size is probably about 50% larger than Earth.

Tidal locking
-------------

Because of Gliese 667 Cc's distance from its star, it is predicted to be tidally locked to its star. Just as Earth's Moon always shows the same face to the Earth, the length of Gliese 667 Cc's day would then match the length of its year. This means it would be permanently light on one half and permanently dark on the other half of its surface. Tidal locking also means the planet would have no axial tilt and that means the planet would not experience any seasons.
Emblem used for Global Handwashing Day around the world.
**Global Handwashing Day** is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap. It takes place on October 15 of each year. The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene. 

The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23. Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.

The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site for Global Handwashing Day
* World Bank Sanitation Program
* UNICEF
A flintstone
Chalk cliffs at Dover cliffs. The slanting dark lines in the chalk are flint.
Flint handaxe from Hoxne, England. This is the first published picture of a handaxe in archaeological history. The handaxe was not a weapon; it was a tool used in butchering the carcasses of mammals.
**Flint**, or **flintstone**, is a kind of sedimentary rock, made of silica.

Bands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds of soft limestone. 

When the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach. It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone. In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.

Technical description
---------------------

Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert. It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.

Uses
----

Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.

Flint was used by hominins for over three million years. Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old. This predates the genus *Homo* by half a million years. The oldest known *Homo* fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.

When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper. When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a "flintlock" gun.

Flintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below). This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made.

Gallery
-------

* A flint dagger nearly 5000 years old, from GermanyA flint dagger nearly 5000 years old, from Germany
* A "flint-lock" on a gunA "flint-lock" on a gun
* Flint & brick wallFlint & brick wall
* The flintstone wall of a building in EnglandThe flintstone wall of a building in England
* Holy Trinity Church at Long Melford has a tower of knapped flint.Holy Trinity Church at Long Melford has a tower of knapped flint.

Related pages
-------------

* Chalk
* Palaeolithic
Flight information display LCD board at Munich International Airport
**Flight information display system** at the airport showing delayed flights following an equipment failure at CINDACTA I.
A **Flight Information Display System** (FIDS) is a computer system in airports. It tells passengers about arrivals and departures as they happen. The computer system controls mechanical or electronic displays or TV screens.

In large airports, there is a FIDS for each terminal. Some airports use a separate FIDS for each major airline. FID systems help passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the flight.

Each line on an FIDS shows a different flight number and:

* the airline name/logo and/or its IATA or ICAO name
* the city where the aircraft first came from or is going to. It may also show other cities the aircraft is traveling to (or from)
* when the aircraft should take-off or land. This time can change to show if a plane is late
* the gate number
* the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline in charge of the check-in
* the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", or "Boarding"
* if the flight is an arrival or departure

Because of code sharing, a single flight may be shown with many different flight numbers. For example, a flight may use the flight numbers LH474 and AC9099) even though there is just one aircraft doing both flights. Lines may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.

LED FIDS at Charles De Gaulle Airport

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Flight information displays***.
Grand Coulee, below Dry Falls. The layering effect of periodic basalt lava flows is visible.
The **Grand Coulee** used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

Geological history
------------------

The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old. The volcanic basalt is 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

Modern Uses
-----------

Banks Lake
The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.

The *Columbia Basin Project* dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network. The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made *Banks Lake*. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.
Undated postcard; from the 1940s, the school was known as Florida Industrial School for boys.
The **Florida School for Boys** was a reform school, which was active from 1900 to 2011. Reform schools are schools for young people who have been convicted of a crime, but who still need to go to school, or to finish an education.

This school became known for two reasons:

* some of the pupils who were educated there were severely mistreated.
* There are over 100 deaths that occurred at the school. There was a school fire in 1914, which killed some of the boys. Others died at an epidemic of the Spanish flu, in 1918.

Violent behaviour including knife fights were comomn at the school. Nevertheless, little documentation exists for most of these deaths.There is a cemetery at the school; it contains several graves, almost all of them are unmarked. Remains of dead people have also been found outside the school ground. Investigations were called for as early as 1903, and also in the 1960s, but the first full investigation occurred in the year 2009. It did not find any useful information. The school was closed in 2011, officially for economic reasons.
**Florynce Rae Kennedy** (February 11, 1916 – December 21, 2000) was a Black activist and feminist who founded the Feminist Party, which in 1972, nominated Shirley Chisholm for President.

She was one of the first Black women to graduate from Columbia University and she fought her way to get into Columbia Law and became one of the first Black women to graduate and become a lawyer. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, she led and participated in many protests including protesting at CBS headquarters, rallying against President Richard Nixon, protesting against abortion rights, and protesting at Harvard for a lack of women’s restrooms. In 1997 when she was 81 years old and after fighting many health issues, she continued on to fight a sexual harassment case against the National Urban League which was one of the biggest civil rights groups in the United States. Kennedy was a member of the National Organization of Women, or NOW. While she was a lawyer, she helped to end New York's strict abortion laws that were passed in the late 1960's. Kennedy was very engaged in protests, but she was also very influential in combining anti-racist protests as well as protests fighting sexism. She has helped protesters and activists in future generations to understand the combination of the ideas of anti-racism and women’s rights to fight for peace.
*Eurypterus* model, exhibited in Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Hall of Fossils
The **eurypterids**, related to arachnids, were the largest known arthropods. They are members of the extinct order **Eurypterida**. It is a most diverse Chelicerate order.

The largest, such as *Jaekelopterus*, reached 2½ metres in length, but most species were less than 20 cm (8 inches). They were the largest arthropods of all time. They were predators which thrived in the warm, shallow seas and lakes of the Ordovician to the Permian periods, around 460 to 248 million years ago. Recent research suggsts their eyesight was not very good.

The move from the sea to fresh water probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian period. Eurypterids went extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, and their fossils have a near global distribution.

The typical eurypterid had a large, flat, semicircular carapace, followed by a jointed section, and finally a tapering, flexible tail, most ending with a long spine at the end (*Pterygotus*, though, had a large flat tail, possibly with a smaller spine). Behind the head of the eurypterids were twelve body segments. These segments are formed by a dorsal plate, called a tergite, and a ventral plate, called a sternite. The tail, known as the telson, is spiked in most eurypterids.

* A recent discovery of a new fossil species of eurypterid, *Pentecopterus*, has been made. It is two meters long, and lived 467 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician period.
**Fates Warning** is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.

Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, *Awaken the Guardian*, became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the *Billboard* 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, *No Exit* (1988), *Perfect Symmetry* (1989) and *Parallels* (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the *Billboard* 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's *FWX*. They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.

Discography
-----------

Their full-length studio albums include:

* *Night on Bröcken* (1984)
* *The Spectre Within* (1985)
* *Awaken the Guardian* (1986)
* *No Exit* (1988)
* *Perfect Symmetry* (1989)
* *Parallels* (1991)
* *Inside Out* (1994)
* *A Pleasant Shade of Gray* (1997)
* *Disconnected* (2000)
* *FWX* (2004)
* *Darkness in a Different Light* (2013)
* *Theories of Flight* (2016)
* *Long Day Good Night* (2020)
**Eugène Mercier** (1838-1904) is a French entrepreneur and a founder of a champagne company named after him. He is considered the inventor of film advertising.

Champagne Mercier
-----------------

Mercier Champagne House was founded in 1858.

It is located in Epernay. Mercier was a small business that was part of the *Owners' Union*.

In 1871, he began digging huge cellars and construction of the world's largest barrel.

In 1885, cellars were opened to the public. Mercier installed advanced electrical equipment (firstly for that period), as well as a steam generator to illuminate the cellars.

In 1887, his barrel's tightness was tested with a new annual grape harvest.

Mercier arranged for his barrel to be moved to Paris for the 1889 World's Fair.

In 1891, French President Sadi Carnot visited the cellars and an excursion was organized for him.

Film advertising
----------------

In 1900, Paris hosted the last world exhibition of the XIX century. Eugene Mercier appreciated the potential of the Lumière brothers. He asked them to make a film about the Mercier champagne house, in which the owner himself appears on the screen. The world's first film commercial was shown during the world exhibition.

Enthusiastic about balloons, Eugene Mercier had an idea to consolidate the advertising of his company during the international exhibition. He secured a tethered balloon on the Field of Mars, loaded with bottles of champagne. During the 1900 World's Fair, the balloon was blown away by 20,000 people.
Eugène Boudin, c.1890s
**Eugène Boudin** (12 July 1824 – 8 August 1898) was a French painter of landscapes and seascapes. He was one of the first landscape painters to paint outdoors, rather than in a studio. He was a great influence on the French Impressionists.

Boudin was born in Honfleur, France, and was the son of a sailor. In 1835 his father opened a small shop in Le Havre where Boudin worked with him, selling stationery and making picture frames. Boudin met many artists who put their paintings for sale in the shop. In his early twenties, Boudin went to Paris to study painting. He returned often to paint the seashores around his home. 

In 1856 Boudin met Claude Monet who spent several months working with Boudin in his studio. The two remained lifelong friends. Monet later said that Boudin had been a major influence on him, teaching him to paint outdoors. Camille Corot who was one of the greatest influences on Monet and the other Impressionists, gazed at Boudin's work and said "You are the master of the sky." 

The Eugene Boudin Prize is an award given by the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts of France.

Paintings by Boudin *Trouville*. (1864) *Rivage de Pontrieux, Cotes-du-Nord*. (1874)

Related pages
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* Claude Monet
* Impressionism
**Great Zimbabwe** is a ruined city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe. The site is not far from the country's border with Mozambique, which is in the southeast of the African continent.

Greater Zimbabwe was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe during the country’s later Iron Age. The monument first began to be built in the 11th century, and work continued until the 14th century. It covered an area of 722 hectares (1,780 acres) which might have housed up to 18,000 people. It was a royal city for the Zimbabwean monarch. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa. The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after it.

Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the people. This shows they bought and sold things over great distances. The city had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago, but nobody is sure why this happened. Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people. People who have studied the site have learned much about old Africa.

The earliest known written mention of the ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, who recorded it as *Symbaoe*. The first visits by Europeans were in the late 19th century, with investigations of the site starting in 1871.
The **flag of the state of Delaware** is of a buff-colored diamond on a field of colonial blue. The coat of arms of the state of Delaware are inside the diamond. Below the diamond is the date December 7, 1787. This is the day when Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. The colors of the flag are the colors of the uniform of General George Washington.

The coat of arms in the center of the flag was adopted on January 17, 1777. It shows a shield with green, blue, and white stripes on it. On the stripes are a sheaf of wheat, an ear of corn, and an ox standing on grass. All of these things are shown for Delaware's farming. Above the shield is a sailing ship. Supporting the shield are a farmer on the left and a soldier on the right. The state motto, below the shield, reads "Liberty and Independence". These symbols are also included on the seal of Delaware.

The current flag was adopted on July 24, 1913. 

During the American Civil War, regiments from Delaware flew a flag which was similar to the state coat of arms on a field of blue.

In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Delaware's flag 52nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked.
For the TV series, see Firefly (TV series). For the Owl City song, see Fireflies (song).

Firefly (species unknown) captured in eastern Canada - the top picture is taken with a flash, the bottom only with the self-emitted light.
**Fireflies** are a family of beetles called the **Lampyridae**. These beetles are special in that most of them have bioluminescence, the ability to produce light. They are sometimes called 'lightning bugs' or 'forest stars'. There are about 2000 different species, most of which are nocturnal.

Adults use flashes of light to attract mates. Also, firefly larvae flash their lights to warn predators that they are not a tasty meal. Many predators do not like the taste of firefly larvae.

Body
----

A firefly is an insect, so it has an exoskeleton and three body parts. Much like an annual cicada, they are usually soft-bodied, often with the elytra (front wings) more leathery than in other beetles.

A firefly may be brown or black with yellow and red marks.

Function
--------

All fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae than it does in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators, since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.

Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes, but its main purpose is now thought to be mate selection. Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection. They have evolved a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.

Habitat
-------

Fireflies live in tropical climates in the United States, Latin America, Caribbean Island, and South East Asia. They also live east of Rocky Mountains. Fireflies like to live in damp areas and dry areas. Examples of damp areas are rain forests, streams, marshes, ponds and leaf piles. Examples of dry areas are backyards and meadows.

Most species live in marshes or near water, because there their larvae have more than enough food.
The Old Fire burning in the San Bernardino Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station)
Regrowth of Eucalyptus trees, four months after a bushfire
**Fire ecology** is about the effects of fire on the ecosystems where it occurs. The results of fire are studied, and also what causes the fires. 

In many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. Examples of such habitats are the North American prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the South African savanna. In these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. In theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.

If the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. Bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. When this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.

In the United States, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. This comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature. But we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. The plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.

Still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings. Now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.

Three photos of the same forest region. The first features a central tree with other trees in the distance. A man and two mounted horses are seen at varying distances behind the central tree. The forest floor features low-lying vegetation such as grasses. The second and third photos feature the same central tree but with increasing amounts of trees in the mid- and foregrounds. The central tree is almost completely blocked from view in the third picture.A ponderosa pine stand in the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana in 1909, 1948, and 1989. The increase in vegetation density was attributed to fire prevention efforts since 1895.

Related pages
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* Wildfire
* Bushfire