recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Andrew Jones** (born 1835, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor which is the U.S. military's highest decoration. He received it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Biography
---------

Jones was born in 1835 in Limerick, Ireland. He immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the U.S. Navy. He served during the Civil War as a chief boatswain's mate on the USS *Vincennes*. Although their enlistments had expired, Jones and crewmate James Seanor voluntarily transferred to the USS *Chickasaw* to fight in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864. During the battle they "carried out [their] duties gallantly" according to the Medal of Honor citation. For this actions, both Jones and Seanor were presented the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Jones's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> Served as chief boatswain's mate on board the U.S. Ironclad *Chickasaw*, Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Although his enlistment was up, Jones volunteered for the battle of Mobile Bay, going on board the *Chickasaw* from the *Vincennes* where he then carried out his duties gallantly throughout the engagement with the enemy which resulted in the capture of the rebel ram *Tennessee*.
> 
>
The **bonobo** (*Pan paniscus*) is a great ape and the smaller of the two species making up the genus *Pan* (the other is *Pan troglodytes*, the common chimpanzee). The bonobo is sometimes called the **dwarf** or **pygmy chimpanzee**. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood to mean the common chimpanzee, while *Pan paniscus* is usually referred to as the bonobo.

The bonobo lives in rain forest, in a 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi) area south of the Congo River. This is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.

The bonobo has high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction. It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. This may explain the lower levels of aggression in the bonobo as compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes. Bonobos are matriarchal and a male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.

The two chimpanzee species are separated by the huge Congo River. Its formation 1.5–2 million years ago may have led to the speciation of the bonobo. Their population is between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and commercial poaching. The bonobo lives for about 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.
**Progressive metal** (often called **prog metal**) is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that mixes the powerful, guitar-driven sound of metal with the complexity of progressive rock, which includes odd time signatures and complicated instrumental playing. Some progressive metal bands are also influenced by jazz fusion and classical music. Like progressive rock songs, progressive metal songs are usually much longer than other metal songs, and they are often themed in concept albums. As a result, progressive metal is rarely heard on mainstream radio and video programs.

History
-------

Progressive metal started with progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s such as Yes, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Genesis, Kansas and Rush. It did not evolve into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s. Bands such as Queensrÿche, Fates Warning and Dream Theater took certain aspects of progressive rock music and mixed them with heavy metal styles.

Related pages
-------------

* Progressive rock
* Heavy metal
**Monica Evans** (born 7 June 1940) is an English actress known for her portrayal of Cecily Pigeon in Neil Simon's *The Odd Couple*.

Career
------

She was in the original Broadway cast for its entire run, then appeared in the film version in 1968, and finally appeared in some episodes of the first season of the television series based on the play, all in the same role, alongside Carole Shelley as her sister Gwendolyn Pigeon. She also provided voices for the Disney animated films *The Aristocats*, as Abigail Gabble (the Goose) (alongside Shelley as Amelia Gabble) and *Robin Hood* (1973) as Maid Marian (again alongside Shelley as her handmaiden, Lady Kluck).

Life
----

She lived in the United States for several years. After her return to the UK she married BBC Radio 1 DJ Dave Cash. Her brother-in-law is Charles Hayward, the drummer of This Heat. [*source?*]

In 2018, she was at the 2018 TCM Classic Film Festival, reuniting with her old friend, Carole Shelley.

Other websites
--------------

* Monica Evans on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
**4Kids Entertainment** (commonly known as **4Kids**) was an evil American movie and television production company. They specialized in the creation and distribution of children's entertainment around the world. The company is most well known for the large number of Anime and animated television series it has provided to television stations. These series included *Yu-Gi-Oh!* and *Sonic the Hedgehog*. 4Kids Entertainment dubbed *Pokémon* until 2006. The company was first created in 1970 as *Leisure Concepts, Inc*.

4Kids Entertainment has provided a number of series for the Fox television network. These series have been shown on the network using the name **4Kids TV**.

4Kids Entertainment filed for bankruptcy twice. They first filed for bankruptcy in 2011, and again in 2016.

History
-------

In 1970, the company was originally called *Leisure Concepts, Inc*. It was created by Mike Germakian and Stan Weston. It was later called **4Licensing Corporation**

During the mid-1980s, Ted Wolf came up with the idea of catlike humanoid superheroes. He told his friend Stan Weston, who pitched it to Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment. Both Arthur Rankin Jr and Jules Bass were impressed with the idea. They approved of it and "ThunderCats" started.

During the early development stage, Mike Germakian designed much of the ThunderCats' characters, vehicles and locations. He was also responsible for creating the now iconic ThunderCats logo, featuring a stylized black panther head on a red circle.

Criticism
---------

4Kids Entertainment gets most of its Anime series from Japan. Before showing the series in the United States and United Kingdom, the series are edited. This editing includes changing the words from Japanese to English. It may also include changing other things which could be thought to be bad. For example, cigarette smoking is often removed before being shown in the United States. Changing the names of items from Japanese items to American items is also often done. This is done so the person watching can understand the show more easily. 

Many times the story of an episode is changed completely to make it better for children. Some people believe all the changes to the Anime is a bad thing. They say that the series should be shown exactly the same as it was originally created. They feel 4Kids made "Americanized kiddy version" of the original series and that it is not right to do this.

Other websites
--------------

* 4Kids Corporate Archived 2012-07-20 at Archive.today
* 4Kids Home Video Archived 2008-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Defunct website
**Cassandra Eleanor "Cassie" Lang** is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe, and later becomes a superheroine under the aliases **Stature** and **Stinger**. She is the daughter of Scott Lang and Peggy Rae, with the former being the successor superhero of Hank Pym's mantle, **Ant-Man**, and later becomes his partner.

Cassandra Lang was created by David Michelinie and John Byrne, and first appeared in *Marvel Premiere #47* in April of 1979. When introduced as Stature, she was created by Allan Heinberg and Jim Cheung, and first appeared in *Young Avengers #6* in May of 2006, as Nick Spencer and Annapaola Martello created Stinger in May of 2016 in *The Astonishing Ant-Man #6*.

Since her original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), the character was portrayed as a child by Abby Ryder Fortson in *Ant-Man* (2015) and *Ant-Man and the Wasp* (2018), and as a teenager by Emma Fuhrmann in *Avengers: Endgame* (2019) and Kathryn Newton in *Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania* (2023).
|  |
| --- |
| **Hindu texts** |
|  |
| **Śruti*** Vedas
	+ Rig Veda
	+ Sama Veda
	+ Yajurveda
	+ Atharva Veda
* Brahmanas
* Aranyakas
* Upanishads

**Smriti*** Itihasas
	+ Mahābhārata
		- Bhagavad Gītā
	+ Ramayana
* Puranas (List)
* Tantras
* Sutras (List)
* Stotras
* Ashtavakra Gita
* Gherand Samhita
* Gita Govinda
* Hatha Yoga Pradipika

This box: * view
* talk
* edit
 |

The **Vedas** are the four holiest books of the Hindu religion. 

Each book has four major kinds of text – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). The Vedas are written in *Vedic Sanskrit*.

Later types of Hinduism that are very different from the types of Hinduism that follow the Vedas.

The four Vedas are:

* the Rigveda
* the Yajurveda
* the Samaveda
* the Atharvaveda

Rigveda
-------

Rigveda is the first of the four Vedas. Rigveda means a *Veda of praise*. This Veda has several verses (hymns). This Veda is also the oldest Hindu holy book?

Yajurveda
---------

Yajurveda is the second of the four Vedas. Yajurveda means the Veda of the Yajus. Yajus were mantras sung during religious activities. Yajurveda is divided into two parts. The name of the first part is Black Yajurveda, called Taittiriya.The Taittirīya Upanishad is a Vedic era Sanskrit text, embedded as three chapters of the Yajurveda. It is a mukhya Upanishad, and likely composed about 6th century BC. The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Tittiri. The name of the second part is White Yajurveda,is called Vajasaneyi.

Samaveda
--------

Samaveda is the third Veda of the four Vedas. Samaveda means the Veda of sacred songs. This Veda also has many hymns. They were sung by the Hindu priests and other Hindus during religious activities.

Atharvaveda
-----------

Atharvaveda is the fourth of the four Vedas. Atharvaveda means the *Veda of knowledge*.
The Atharvaveda holds key for the massive vedic knowledge on the sciences like medicine, sorcery and has many facts that the present generation is still trying to crack.

Bibliography
------------

* Chauhan, Priyanka (2012), *Vedic Vangmaya Main Vigyan Aur Prodhyogiki* (1st ed.), Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, ISBN 978-8179774434.

Other websites
--------------

* A translation of Rig Veda
* The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
* Vedas: Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
In organic chemistry, **torquoselectivity** describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk.

When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination *between* these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction.

Conrotatory and disrotatory modes of rotation each showing two possible directions of rotation that result in pairs of enantiomers for a generic hexatriene system. **Note:** in the case shown, there is no reason for the reaction to be torquoselective and both products would be expected for any particular set of conditions.
Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce distinct structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups.

Thermal electrocyclic ring opening of a cyclobutene giving selectivity via steric strain
Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone.

Torquoselectivity via axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer in the Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketones
Von Graben coat of arms
**Herren von Graben**, also known as *vom Graben*, *Grabner*, *ab dem Graben*, *von dem Graben*, *von Graben von (zum) Stein*, *Graben zu Kornberg*, *Grabner zu Rosenburg*, were an ancient family of the Austrian aristocracy.

History
-------

Conrad vom Graben
Originally from Carniola, it was a cadet branch of the Gorizian dynasty, the Meinhardinians. The Von Graben originated in Carniola. the knight Conrad von Graben is mentioned in 1070 as the first reported member. He owned the old castle of Graben near Rudolfswerth (Novo mesto). The first member to emerge in history was Conrad of Graben († 1307), councilor of Styria. The Orsini-Rosenberg family is a junior branch of the Graben family, which began with Conrad II of Graben († before 1356), son of Conrad I, lord of Graben, Alt-Grabenhofen and Rosenberg.

Other important lines were the Lords of Graben at Kornberg (1328-1564) in Styria and at Sommeregg (1442-1534) in Carinthia. In 1487 the Grabner family bought the Rosenburg in Lower Austria. This line exists until the middle of the 17th century. There are numerous members of the family who have reached important positions such as politicians, soldiers and diplomats over the centuries. Old sources state that Wolfgang von Graben († 1521) was an ancestor of the De Graeff family. The Dutch family De Graeff has the same coat of arms. However in 1776 Felix Jakob von Graben died and with him the noble family Von Graben.

### Family lines

This historical sketch shows Ulrich I von Graben, his coat of arms with a blue diagonal left bar on silver, and three of his sons Otto I, Ulrich II and Frederik I von Graben, founders of the Kornberg line, and their new coat of arms with the silver shovel on red. (Drawing by Matthias Laurenz Gräff)
A detailed list of the lines and branches:

1. (Princly) Counts of Gorizia, Meinhardin
	1. Line Am Graben (Carniola), before 1170-13th century
		1. Line Am Graben, Grabenhofen (Graz, Styria), before 1259-1468
			1. Branch at Thal, early 14th century-after 1341
			2. Rosenberger branch (later House of Orsini-RosenbergI), after 1322
			3. Line Grabner zu Rosenburg (Second line in Lower Austria), before 1314-mid 17th century
			4. Kornberg line (Styria), before 1325-1564
				1. First line in Lower Austria, 1324-1421
				2. First Tyrolean line, 2nd half 15th century-after 1519
					1. Swiss line, unknown
				3. Graeff / De Graeff family (The Netherlands), around 1484
				4. Sommeregg line (Carinthia), before 1436-early 17th century
					1. Line am Stein (Carinthia), 1500-1664 in male line
					2. Second Tyrolean line, early 16th century-1776/80

Family Association
------------------

In 2013 the worldwide Family Association Gräff-Graeff (Familienverband Gräff-Graeff e.V.) was founded for the claimed Graeff lineage of Wolfgang von Graben. The chairmanship and administration of the Family Association must not be confused with the function of a head of the whole family and their different branches.
**Brian Guebert** (born December 19, 1981) is a Canadian Football League defensive end who last played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

High school years
-----------------

Guebert went to Lutheran Collegiate Bible Institute in Outlook, Saskatchewan. His team won the six-man Saskatchewan High School Provincial Football Championship in 1998. He was selected as the Defensive MVP in the 1999 Can-Am Bowl, and was chosen as the Outstanding Defensive Lineman in the 1999 Saskatchewan Senior Bowl.

Junior football
---------------

Guebert played with the Saskatoon Hilltops, and he won the Canadian Junior Football League championship in 2001, 2002, and 2003. In both 2002 and 2003, Guebert was picked as the Prairie Football Conference Outstanding Defensive Lineman. He was also chosen as the Hilltops' Outstanding Lineman in 2002 and their Outstanding Graduate in 2003.

University
----------

After his time with the Hilltops, Guebert moved on to play university football with the University of Saskatchewan Huskies. He was picked as a Canada West All-Star in 2004, and both a Canada West All-Star and First Team All-Canadian in 2006. His team played in the Vanier Cup in 2004, 2005, and 2006.

Guebert is a member of the 2004–05 Huskie Athletics All Academic 1st Team and 2004–05 CIS Academic All-Canadian Team.

CFL
---

Guebert went to training camp with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 2003, playing in one exhibition game against Winnipeg.

Guebert was signed as a free agent with Winnipeg on May 30, 2007 and was a good special teams player. He was let go following the 2008 season.

Other websites
--------------

* Blue Bombers profile

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Guebert, Brian |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Canadian Football League player |
| Date of birth | December 19, 1981 |
| Place of birth | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
*"Shield volcanoes" redirects here.*

Mount Edziza, a shield volcano, in British Columbia seen from the Stewart-Cassiar Highway
A **shield volcano** is a large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. The name derives from a translation of "Skjaldbreiður", an Icelandic shield volcano whose name means "broad shield," from its resemblance to a warrior's shield. 

Shield volcanoes are usually formed by lava that flows easily. Consequently, a volcanic mountain having a broad profile is built up over time by flow after flow of relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. 

The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii. Shield volcanoes can be so large they are sometimes considered a mountain range, such as the Ilgachuz Range and the Rainbow Range, both of which are in Canada. These shield volcanoes formed when the North American Plate moved over a hotspot similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands, called the Anahim hotspot. There are also shield volcanoes, for example, in Washington, Oregon, and the Galapagos Islands. The Piton de la Fournaise, on Réunion Island, is one of the more active shield volcanoes on earth, with one eruption per year on average.

Shield volcanoes are known to form on other planets. The largest known mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars, is a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes on Mars are higher and much more massive than those on Earth. 

On Earth, because of plate tectonics, hotspot volcanoes eventually move away from the source of their magma and the volcanoes are individually less massive than might otherwise be the case. Shield volcanoes usually occur along constructive boundaries or above hotspots. However, the many large shield volcanoes of the Cascade Range of northern California and Oregon are over a more complex environment.

On other planets
----------------

Olympus Mons
Shield volcanoes are not only found on Earth, they can also be found on Mars, Venus, and Io, which is a moon of Jupiter. The volcanoes on Mars are bigger than those on Earth.

Related pages
-------------

* Volcano
* Magma

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Shield volcanoes at Wikimedia Commons
* "Shield volcano" at Oxford English Dictionary
Data warehouse overview
A **data warehouse** is a centralized place where data from many different sources can be stored.

An ETL model separates data in the warehouse based on whether they have already been extracted, transformed or loaded.

ELT-based data warehouse architecture
An ELT model first loads the data into the warehouse and transforms the data after it's been loaded.

Why it's useful
---------------

A data warehouse needs effort to be created alongside the source storage. 

* Allows to view data from multiple sources in one place
* It doesn't slow down the source storage while running queries
* Allows to check data history

As opposed to a datamart, a data warehouse stores data for the whole company, not just for a given topic in the company.

Difference between data warehouse and data mart| Attribute | Data warehouse | Data mart |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Scope of the data | enterprise-wide | department-wide |
| Number of subject areas | multiple | single |
| How difficult to build | difficult | easy |
| How much time takes to build | more | less |
| Amount of memory | larger | limited |

Information storage
-------------------

### Facts

A fact is a value.

### Dimensional versus normalized approach for storage of data

There are three or more leading approaches to storing data in a data warehouse – the most important approaches are the dimensional approach and the normalized approach.

#### Dimensional approach

A fact is concrete piece of data. Dimensions are the metadata about the fact.

Separation between data (facts) and contextual metadata (dimensions) makes the data warehouse simpler. 

Some disadvantages of the dimensional approach are the following:

1. When loading data from different systems some dimensions may be missing.
2. If organization changes its business, both facts and dimensions may change. Changing to new structure requires either supporting reading from both old and new structure or converting old structure to the new structure.

#### Normalized approach

In the normalized approach, the data in the data warehouse are stored partially according to database normalization rules. Normalization removes data duplication by splitting each piece of data into entities. Each entity (e.g. customer, product, sale) relates to other entities. Reading a piece of data requires joining these entities together making reads slower.
A **slide projector** is used to view photographic slides by using optical and mechanical methods. It contains an electric light bulb, focusing lenses. reflector and condensing lenses and a holder that holds the slide.  

A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the slide. This glass absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a screen. So the audience can view its reflection.

The image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen. That is used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids that people who look at the show interrupt the light stream or bump into the projector.

Slide projectors were common in the 1950s and 1960s as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slideshows.

In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and digital projectors.

As of October 2004, *Kodak* no longer manufactures slide projectors. It is also increasingly difficult in some countries to locate photo processors who will process slide film.

Other websites
--------------

* Kodak: Slide projectors family Archived 2006-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Violante Beatrice of Bavaria** (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. 

She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.

Titles and styles
-----------------

Arms of Violante Beatrice as Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: *Her Serene Highness* Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
* 9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: *Her Highness* The Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: *Her Royal Highness* The Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: *Her Royal Highness* The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: *Her Royal Highness* The Governor of Siena
The Jerusalem cross in a 15th-century style decorative escutcheon
The **king** or **queen of Jerusalem** was the supreme ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a Crusader state founded in Jerusalem by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade,

**Godfrey**

1099–1100

**Baldwin I**

1100–1118

**Baldwin II**

1118–1131

**Melisende**

1131–1153

**Fulk**

1131–1143

**Baldwin III**

1143–1163

**Amalric I**

1163–1174

**Baldwin IV**

1174–1185

**Baldwin V**

1183–1186

**Sibylla**

1186–1190

**Guy of Lusignan**

1186–1190/1192

**Isabella I**

1190/1192-1205

**Conrad I of Montferrat**

1190/1192–1192

**Henry I of Champagne**

1192–1197

**Aimery/Amalric II of Lusignan**

1198–1205

**Maria**

1205–1212

**John I**

1210–1212

**Isabella II**

1212–1228

**Frederick**

1225–1228

**Conrad II**

1228–1254

**Conrad III**

1254–1268

**Hugh**

1268–1284

**John II**

1284–1285

**Henry II**

1285–1324

Over the years, many European rulers claimed to be the rightful heirs to the kingdom.
**Ronin** is an alias used by multiple characters in the Marvel Comics universe. The Ronin identity was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Joe Quesada, though the characters who have adopted the identity were pre-existing characters created by other writers. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as Maya Lopez, Clint Barton, Alexei Shostakov, Eric Brooks, and Bullseye.

Incarnations
------------

### Maya Lopez

Maya Lopez AKA Echo was the first person to don the Ronin identity. A deaf woman with photographic reflexes, Maya became Ronin to investigate the Silver Samurai in Wakanda. She first appeared as Ronin in New Avengers #11 (November 2005), though the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues.

### Clint Barton

Clint Barton is the second person to have the Ronin identity, becoming Ronin when he rejoined the New Avengers in the aftermath of Civil War. He attempted to hand the costume back to Lopez after the latter was rescued from the Hand, but Lopez declined and allowed him to keep it. Barton later resumed his Hawkeye identity during the Heroic Age.

### Alexei Shostakov

The third individual who dons the Ronin identity is Alexei Shostakov AKA The Red Guardian, he was introduced as Ronin in the "Widow Maker" crossover between the Hawkeye & Mockingbird and Black Widow titles. This iteration initially starts assassinating spies and eventually targets Mockingbird and Black Widow.

### Eric Brooks

Eric Brooks AKA Blade is the fourth and most recent character to take up the mantle of Ronin. His identity is kept from the reader when introduced in the Mighty Avengers and dons a Halloween-type costume, "Spider Hero", during the Infinity storyline. During the Inhumanity storyline, this character is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff".

Adaptations
-----------

The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Avengers: Endgame* (2019) and the Disney+ series *Hawkeye* (2021), portrayed by Jeremy Renner.
The **Jaú National Park** ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil. 

It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

More information
----------------

The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.

Other websites
--------------

* NASA Earth Explorer page Archived 2007-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Satellite photo (Google)
CinemaSins is a YouTube channel about movie criticism and comedy. It was created by Jeremy Scott and Chris Atkinson. It has over nine million subscribers.

History
-------

CinemaSins began in 2012 when Scott and Atkinson made a video called "Everything wrong with The Amazing Spider-Man in 2 minutes or less" criticizing the movie The Amazing Spider-Man starring Andrew Garfield. CinemaSins has also worked with other YouTube shows like Screen Junkies for their videos on "Everything wrong with Iron Man 3" and "Everything Wrong With The Amazing Spider-Man 2". CinemaSins also worked with The Nostalgia Critic for Everything Wrong With How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson also narrated some CinemaSins videos about science fiction movies.

Criticism of CinemaSins
-----------------------

In 2013, Rian Johnson criticized CinemaSins’ video about the movie Looper saying it was "oddly nasty". In 2015, Damon Lindelof criticized CinemaSins for making fun of movies for having problems instead of making better movies themselves. In 2017, Jordan Vogt-Roberts criticized CinemaSins saying "things like CinemaSins simply suck the life-blood out of other people and are often just wrong about intent or how cinema works. It’s terrible" and compared it to Mystery Science Theater 3000 saying that unlike CinemaSins it "had merit to itself". C. Robert Cargill said he agreed with Vogt-Roberts. In 2019, David F. Sandberg made a YouTube video criticizing CinemaSins for its video on the movie Shazam! (movie).

Pastiche Channels
-----------------

There a lot of YouTube channels that like to do things similar to what CinemaSins does and are influenced by CinemaSins. For example, in 2015 a man named Lee Boucher created a channel called CinemaWins where he goes out of his way to find good parts of different movies (especially ones that got bad reviews) and praise them for having those.
**Landmark Worldwide** (formerly Landmark Education), or simply Landmark, is a company offering self-improvement programs. It was founded in January 1991. As of 2013 the company had reported that more than 2.4 million people had participated in its programs since 1991. It is linked to EST (which stands for Erhard Seminars Training), and has been accused of being a cult.

EST was known for the instructor abusing the participants all the time. Especially the phrases "assholes! everyone", "Perfect!" and "standing is booking (continue standing)" were often parodied and ridiculed. The ultimate ideals of Landmark (also EST) are in the extraordinary human transformation and in "Being a Master of Life".

Landmark have many kinds of course programs like Scientology within English-speaking countries; in the 20th century, Landmark's course programs were limited. Landmark urge existing participants to invite others. Landmark calls it "enrollment", but critics often compare its system to zombies.

Related pages
-------------

* Mind control
* Endorphins

Other websites
--------------

* Lamdmark forum
* Landmark (est) parody
A North American Super NES game controller from the early 1990s.
A **game controller** is a device used to play video games.

Types of game controllers
-------------------------

### Gamepad

A gamepad, also known as a joypad, is a common type of game controller. They are held in both hands with thumbs and fingers used to press buttons on the gamepad. Gamepads can have a number of action buttons with one or more control sticks. Gamepads is part of playing a video game console. A player must use a gamepad in order to play any video game. Gamepads were first used on early computers.

On a Nintendo gamepad, the action buttons are colored with letters (A, B, X, Y). There is a start and a select option on the gamepad. On the left of the gamepad, there are arrows which the player uses to move in the video game.

### Paddle

A paddle is a game controller with a round wheel and one or more *fire buttons*. The wheel is used to control movement in a video game. The paddle was not liked by many gamers. This type of controller was used on the *Atari 2600* and *Indy 500*. 

### Joystick

Joystick elements: 1. Stick 2. Base 3. Trigger 4. Extra buttons 5. Autofire switch 6. Throttle 7. Hat Switch (POV Hat) 8. Suction Cup
See the main article: Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.

The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where centre stick or side-stick location may be employed. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.

Other websites
--------------

* An article about pioneering games and controllers designed for disabled gamers
* Simulation game controller comparison. Archived 2009-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
***Poor Liz*** (original Russian: *Бедная Liz)* is a Russian made-for-television movie. It was made in 2013 and first shown on television on January 2, 2014. It is a romantic comedy.

Story
-----

Joe Sokoloff is a sergeant in the Canadian police. He takes a vacation to his ancestral homeland, Russia. On his way, he his robbed while sleeping on a train. He discovers this just as the train makes a short stop in a small town. He sees a young woman chasing after a who had not paid for pastries he had bought from her. Joe dashes off the train to help. He then is taken to the police station with the man and the woman. The local police officer wants a report. Now Joe has missed his train. The woman takes him in while he waits for the Canadian embassy to fix things for him. Despite many comedic cultural mistakes, the woman, Liza, grows to like him. He falls in love with her. Liza has a daughter who is mute because of having been kidnapped earlier. Joe is kind to the daughter, Olya. She gradually opens up to him. She eventually regains her speech. The first step is when she sees a horse and tries to say the word. After several times when she got mad at Joe, Liza finally understands that she loves him. But Joe disappeared for three days after her last outburst. Olya tells Liza that Joe will return. Then he does return. He explains to Liza that he had to get things straightened out with the embassy. He says he also had bought a horse and buggy. Olya is very happy. The three ride through town in the buggy.

Cast
----

### Crew

Writers:Leonora Pashenko and Elena Zueva   

Director: Alexsey Lisovets  

Producers: Vladislav Ryashin  

Executive producer: Vadim Zhuk and Larisa Zhuravskaya  

Music: Vladimir Kripak and Maksim Velichko  

Cinematography: Vasiliy Borodin   

### Actors

* Mariya Mashkova (as Liza)
* Anton Pampushnyy (as Joe)
* Niyole Seryozhnikova (as Olya)

Other websites
--------------

* The movie online with English subtitles:
The siege of Cēsis Castle in 1577 was a part of Ivan the Terrible's campaign to conquer Old Livonia.

Explosion
---------

Cēsis Castle was guarded by the Polish troops being one of region's most important fortresses. 

Based on Laurentius Müller, the castle had only a few hundred people. Most of them were women and children while the Muscovites had thousands of men, with the heaviest of weapons. Having knowledge of the Muscovite ruler's brutality to his prisoner, townsmen of Cēsis sought shelter and refuge inside the castle.

After the five-days-long shelling cracks and holes caused by the heavy artillery of the Muscovites, the castle was extremely damaged and the  cesis castle was in serious danger along with the people in it. The townsmen of Cēsis however decide not to give themself up but rather decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder.

Literature
----------

 Salomon Henning's *Chronicle of Livonia and Courland* gives the most touching description of the mass suicide:

> One should have seen this sorrow beyond all sorrow as the good people knelt in the room beneath which the gunpowder had been placed. Man and wife held each others' hands, children gathered around their parents, some still nursing at their mothers' breasts, all awaiting blessed St. Simeon's hour. Nor, as the Muscovite soon hereafter began to storm and invade the castle, was it long delayed. The gunpowder was ignited and all were blown up, aside from those who had hidden elsewhere in the castle...
> 
>
Not to be confused with Corail (train).

**Korail** is the name of the national railroad operator in South Korea.

Lines
-----

Currently, Korail runs the railway and part of subway. 
The list of railway consists of Gyeonbu line경부선, Honam line호남선, Jeolla line전라선, Janghang line장항선, Gyeongchun line경춘선, Jungang line중앙선, Chungbuk line경북선, Yeongdong line영동선, Taebaek line태백선,Gyeongbuk line경북선, Daegu line대구선, donghae Nambu line동해 남부선, Gyeongjeon line경전선, Gyeongui line경의선, Gyeonwon line경원선, based on their district.
Gyeonbu and Honam line is the main lines that across the South Korean Peninsula. Not only this, Korail also offers Tongguen line통근선 service in some districts. In addition to these lines, some of subway lines of Seoul also are run by Korail.

Train Classes
-------------

Korail train contain many kinds of train such as KTX, saemaul-ho, mugunghwa-ho and nuriro.

KTX is the highest level of trains. It is served on Gyeongbu and Honam line. 
Saemaul-ho train is next fastest and comfortable train after KTX. It is offered on wider range of lines than KTX. 
Mugunghwa-ho train is more generally used as a low-priced but slow train. It is offered on almost all lines. 
Nuriro train has similar level of price and speed with Mugunghwa-ho, but it serves less and shorter sections than the Mugunghwa-ho, from Seoul to Singchang.

Rail Passes
-----------

Korail has many kinds of passes.

First, there are some passes available in specific area. 
For example, with O-train pass, people can take O-train off the V-train on Jungang, Chungbuk, Yeongdong, Taebaek, and Gyeongbuk line. 
Also, with S-train pass, you can take part of Gyeonbu, Honam, Jeolla, donghae Nambu, and Gyeongjeon line.

There is also a pass for youth, which is Rail-ro. People who are under 25 can use it in the summer and winter season.(June 1st - August 31th, December 31th - February 28th).

Korail offers a rail pass called Korea Rail Pass, or KR Pass for short, to foreign travellers. The pass lets foreign travellers take most of the trains that Korail runs, including KTX. But subways and tourist trains by Korail are not covered.

Foreigners living in South Korea for more than six months are not allowed to use the KR Pass. Korail has another pass for these people, the Happy Rail Pass, which is the same as the KR Pass but more expensive.

Korail also sells a Korea-Japan Joint Ticket together with JR Group, including both railways in South Korea and Japan, as well as a high-speed ferry trip between Korea and Japan (or a round trip, depending on the pass). However, the pass cannot be used for KTX, and the holders need to buy an extra ticket (with a 30% discount).

Other websites
--------------

* Korail Homepage
***Superstar K*** (Korean: 슈퍼스타 K) is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the *Pop Idol* franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, *Superstar K* has become more and more popular. 

As the slogan of this program is "Sing the miracle", plenty of people who volunteered "Season 2" to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA. 

This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called "Super Week", is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey. 

The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.
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**Bell's palsy** is a paralysis of the face on one side. It is caused by inflammation of a facial nerve. The sufferer cannot move the muscles on the affected side of the face. 

Several conditions can cause facial paralysis, such as brain tumors, strokes, and Lyme disease. Bell's palsy is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell. Bell first described the disease. It is the most common acute disease involving only one nerve, and it is the most common cause of sudden facial nerve paralysis.

Bell's palsy involves a rapid start of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. Scientists believe that inflammation leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to stop the nerve from working. At times of lowered immunity, a dormant (sleeping) virus, usually the chicken pox or cold sore virus, can wake up and attack the nerve causing it to swell. The main symptoms of Bell's palsy are one-sided facial paralysis, jaw pain, dizziness, strengthened hearing in one ear, and weakened taste sense.

Bell's palsy usually cures itself, sometimes in a few weeks. Corticosteroids (cortisone steroids) have been found to improve the condition while anti-viral drugs have not. Early treatment is necessary for steroids or drugs to be effective, but it is controversial wether or not they work. Most people recover spontaneously and achieve near-normal to normal functions. Some people however will never regain full facial movement, or it may take a longer time. Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment.

Often those suffering from Bell's palsy cannot open the eye in the affected side. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged. The affected eye may need to be taped shut when sleeping.