recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Iron(III) chloride
**Iron(III) chloride**, also known as **ferric chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeCl3. It has iron and chloride ions in it. The iron is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
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Iron(III) chloride is a yellow solid. It dissolves in water to make a colloid of iron(III) oxide, making the water look muddy. When it is dissolved in an acidic solution, it is bright yellow. When it is very concentrated in a solution, it is dark brown. It is corrosive to skin and metals. It reacts with iron to produce iron(II) chloride. It fumes hydrochloric acid in moist air. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper(I) chloride to make copper(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make chlorine and iron(II) chloride.

Preparation
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It can be made by mixing hydrochloric acid and iron(III) oxide. It can be made by mixing iron and chlorine. It can also be made by reacting iron(II) chloride with chlorine at a low temperature.

Uses
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It is used in sewage processing. It reacts with slightly basic water to make a "floc" that can remove things from the water. It used to react with copper in circuit boards; iron(III) nitrate is sometimes used too. It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is used in certain tests as a reagent.

Related pages
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* Iron(III) sulfate
* Iron(II) sulfate
**Geoffrey IV** (c. 1073 – 11 May 1106), called **Martel** (the Hammer), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1096 until his death.

Early career
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Geoffey, born c. 1073 was the oldest son of Fulk IV Réchin and his second wife Ermengarde of Bourbon. She was the daughter of Archambaud IV, Sire de Bourbon. In his youth his bravery in battle won him the nickname "Martel the second". He was so named after his great-uncle Geoffrey II of Anjou. Elias I, Count of Maine intended to go on crusade with Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, who had already left. Elias asked Robert's brother William Rufus for protection for a crusader's lands while he was away. William flatly refused and made it known he wanted Maine (province) for himself. Elias was then captured, brought to William Rufus in chains and imprisoned. Geoffrey IV had been contracted to marry Elias's daughter, Eremburge. Geoffrey hurried to Maine to defend against any attacks by William Rufus. At the same time his father created a diversion on the border of Normandy. Elias however, did not trust Fulk Réchin and agreed to give William Rufus control of Maine for his release. William Rufus took Maine back and held it until his death in 1100.

Count of Anjou
--------------

In 1096 Geoffrey IV's father released his brother Geoffrey III the legitimate but deposed count of Anjou. This was through the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. The pope directed that Geoffrey IV Martel was to take over the countship of Anjou. Fulk IV consented to stepping down and making his son count of Anjou. According to Orderic Vitalis Geoffrey restored peace in Anjou and was a very effective count for several years. In 1103 Fulk le Réchin disinherited his son Geoffrey. He favored his younger son by Bertrade de Montfort, Fulk "Le June". By now Fulk le Réchin was old but he still tried to regain control of the countship. There was some brief fighting. Fulk le Réchin was supported by his son-in-law William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. Geoffrey Martel was supported by Elias I, Count of Maine. In the end Fulk le Réchin lost and Geoffrey remained the count of Anjou. Three years later Geoffrey was laying siege to Candé. When the rebels wanted to negotiate for peace and surrender. While Geoffrey was discussing the situation suddenly a crossbowman shot a bolt (short arrow) from the castle and hit Geoffrey in the arm. Geoffrey died the next day, 11 May 1106. Geoffrey died unmarried.
**Jan Chryzostom Zachariasiewicz** (11 September 1823 – 7 May 1906) was a Polish writer and journalist. Most of his life he lived in Lviv. He worked there as a writer in Radymno. He was born in Radymno. He died in Krzywcza.

Youth
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Zachariasiewicz came from a wealthy family and he was the only child of Antonina Gwiazdowska and Aleksander Zachariasiewicz. He started his education in a Lower-Secondary School in Przemyśl. In 1842 he was arrested and sent to prison for a plot in which he did not take part. In 1844 he returned to Radymno and later went to study at the University of Lwów. He studied literature, history and Maths classes.

Career
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In his free time, Zachariasiewicz wrote in *Gazeta Lwowska* and *Dziennik Mód Paryskich.* During his life he met many famous people witch whom he cooperated, e. g. Karol Szajnoch, Wincenty Pol, Kornel Ujejski, Jan Dobrzański. In 1848 he became the main editor of *Tygodnik Polski.* In the 5th edition he wrote a love poem which led to closing down the newspaper and sending Zachariasiewicz to Theresienstadt fortress. After 4 years he was released and he returned to Radymno. In 1854 he came back to Lviv where he worked in *Nowiny newspaper*.

Works
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Zachariasiewicz wrote many novels:

* 1856 – Sąsiedzi. Powieść współczesna
* 1857 – Boże dziecię. Powieść z naszych czasów
* 1860 – Fałszywy król
* 1860 – Na kresach
* 1861 – Konfederat
* 1862 – Święty Jur. Powieść w trzech częściach
* 1863 – W przededniu
* 1863 – Jarema. Studium wewnętrznych dziejów Galicji
* 1867 – Marek Poraj. Powieść z czasów pierwszego rozbioru Rzeczypospolitej
* 1869 – Czerwona czapka. Z notatek cesarsko–królewskiego radcy
* 1869 – Tajny fundusz
* 1870 – Porwanie Sabina
* 1870 – Chleb bez soli
* 1871 – Noc królewska
* 1871 – Człowiek Bez Jutra
* 1877 – Wybór posła. Powieść współczesna
* 1878 – Królewskie krzesło. Powieść współczesna
* 1897 – Zakopane skarby. Powieść współczesna

Life in Radymno
---------------

Jan Zachariasiewicz is one of the honorable citiziens of Radymno.
**James Seanor** (born 1833, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was also a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Biography
---------

Seanor was born in 1833 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a master-at-arms on the USS *Vincennes*. Although their enlistments had expired, Seanor and crewmate Andrew Jones voluntarily transferred to the USS *Chickasaw* to fight in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864. During the battle they "carried out [their] duties gallantly" according to the Medal of Honor citation. For this action, both Seanor and Jones were awarded the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Seanor's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> Served as master-at-arms on board the U.S. Ironclad *Chickasaw*, Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Although his enlistment was up, Seanor volunteered for the battle of Mobile Bay, going on board the *Chickasaw* from the *Vincennes* where he carried out his duties gallantly throughout the engagement which resulted in the capture of the rebel ram *Tennessee*.
> 
>
**Guan Yin** (also spelled *Kwan Yin*) is the Chinese name of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva and incarnation of compassion and mercy.

```
Her full name is **Guanshiyin** which means "Observing the sounds (or cries) of the world." She represents mercy and compassion and is popular in the East and the West.
```

She takes various forms all over the world, in different eras and various forms. She can appear in the world as either male or female.

Names in Asian langauges
------------------------

* In Macau, Hong Kong, and southern China she is called **Kwun Yum** or **Kun Yum**.
* In Meitei she is called **Lailempi Kwaan Yeen** (ꯂꯥꯢꯂꯦꯝꯄꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟ ꯌꯤꯟ).
* In Japanese she is called **Kannon**(観音) , **Kan'on**, or **Kanzeon**(観世音) .
* In Korean she is called **Gwan-eum** (관음) or **Gwanse-eum** (관세음).
* In Thai she is called **Kuan Im** (กวนอิม), **Phra Mae Kuan Im** (พระแม่กวนอิม), or **Chao Mae Kuan Im** (เจ้าแม่กวนอิม).
* In Indonesian she is called **Kwan Im** or **Dewi Kwan Im**. The word *Dewi* in the name is referring as *Devi* or *Goddess*. Sometimes she is called **Mak Kwam** which means Mother Kwan Yin.
* In Vietnamese she is called **Quan Âm, Quán Thế Âm** or **Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát**.
* In Khmer, he is called **"Preah Mae Kun Ci Iem".**
* In Tibet (Vajrayana Buddhism), she is called Chenrezig and the Dalai Lama is often regarded as a present reincarnation.

Iconography
-----------

Depiction of Guan Yin in Vietnam.
The Threefold Lotus Sutra describes Guan Yin as a Bodhisattva who can take any form. She can transform into a male, female, adult, child, elder, human, or non-human, in order to teach the Dharma. The *Threefold Lotus Sutra* states that Guan Yin has 33 different manifestations. Seven of these are female.

Representations of Guan Yin in the Song Dynasty were masculine in appearance. Images and statues of Guan Yin during this time later became both genders because of the Lotus Sutra. Because Guan Yin is considered to be the personification of compassion and kindness, and a mother-goddess as well as a patroness of mothers and sailor, the representation of the Bodhisattva became mostly female around the 12th century. In the modern period, Guan Yin is often depicted as a beautiful, young white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier *Pandaravasini* form.

In China, she is often depicted as young and beautiful, wearing white robes and a necklace of Indian/Chinese royalty. In the left hand she holds a vase that contains the elixir of immortality and in the right hand, she holds a willow branch. Guan Yin wears a crown with an image of Amitabha Buddha.

Guan Yin is a prominent figure in Journey to the West. One of the four classics of Chinese literature, it tells the tale of Tang Dynasty monk Chen Hui's epic pilgrimage with three other traveling companions. Guan Yin enlists Monkey King (Sun Wukong), previously imprisoned by the Buddha, to aid Chen Hui in his pilgrimage to India for Sutra and Reliquary. She later recruits Zhu Bajie (Pigsy) after his defeat at the staff of Monkey King, and Sha Wujing (Sandy) as a body guard for Chen Hui.

Related pages
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* Bodhisattva
**Jane Smiley** (born September 26, 1949) is an American novelist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. That was in 1992 for her book *A Thousand Acres* (1991).

Career
------

Smiley published her first novel, *Barn Blind*, in 1980. She won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story "Lily". "Lily" was published in the *Atlantic Monthly*.

Smiley was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2001. She participated in the annual *Los Angeles Times* Festival of Books, the National Book Festival and several others. She won PEN USA's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006.

Smiley's most recent books are a trilogy of novels about an Iowa family over the course of generations. The first book of the trilogy, *Some Luck* was published in 2014 by Random House. The second volume was in the spring of 2015. The third volume was in the fall of 2015.

Smiley was born near Los Angeles, California. She was raised next to St. Louis, Missouri.

Awards
------

Smiley received the Fitzgerald Award for American Achievement in 2006.
**Greater Hesse** (German: *Großhessen*) was a part of the American Occupation Zone of Germany after World War II

The German Empire broke up after World War I. The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (German: *Grossherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt*) became the People's State of Hesse (German: *Vollksstaates Hessen*) on 2 March 1919.

After World War II, on 19 September 1945, the American Military Government joined Hesse-Darmstadt (except for Rheinhessen) with parts of the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form Greater-Hesse.

On 18 December 1946 the state was renamed Hesse, and in 1949 became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

| * v
* t
* e
Germany Subdivisions of Allied Occupation Zones in Germany (1945-1949/1990) |
| --- |
| American zone United States | Bavaria **·**  Bremen **·**  Hesse (Greater Hesse) **·**  Württemberg-Baden |  |
| British zone United Kingdom | Lower Saxony **·**  Hamburg **·**  North Rhine-Westphalia **·**  Schleswig-Holstein |
| French zone France | Baden **·**  Rhineland-Palatinate **·**  (Saar) **·**  Württemberg-Hohenzollern |
| Soviet zone Soviet Union | Brandenburg **·**  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern **·**  Saxony **·**  Saxony-Anhalt **·**  Thuringia |
| Berlin (1949–90) | BerlinWest Berlin (UK, FR, USA) **·**  BerlinEast Berlin (USSR) |
**Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh** (10 March 1911 – 18 November 1994) was an Indian financial entrepreneur, writer, and philanthropist. He played a role in the development of Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India, now ICICI Bank, founded the Housing Development Finance Corporation, and in 1992 was awarded the Padma Bhushan for his contribution to the finance industry in India. The London School of Economics also conferred on him an honorary fellowship.

Biography
---------

Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh was born in Surat, Gujarat. He worked as a lecturer at St. Xavier's College, Bombay (now known as Mumbai), for three years, and later began his financial career with the stockbroking firm Harkisandass Lukhmidass. He joined ICICI as Deputy general manager in 1956, became chairman and managing director in 1972. He retired in 1976 and was Chairman of ICICI's Board until 1978.

At 66, when he had already received many honors and was stepping down from ICICI, he started a new financial institution, the Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC).
The **Himalayan monal** (*Lophophorus impejanus*), also known as the **Impeyan monal** or **pheasant**, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. Its discoverer, Latham, wrote in his *General History of Birds* (1821): "[the monal] inhabits India, but is not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died".

It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the **danphe** (or Danfe), and is mentioned frequently in Nepali songs. It is also the state bird of Uttarakhand, India. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.

Description
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Himalayan monal, female
The Himalayan monal is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The males of this species look quite different from the females of the species. The male Himalayan monals have bright and colorful feathers of blue, green, purple, and red. They have a white patch of feathers underneath the base of their tail, but the rest of their underside is black. The males also have a crest (several feathers) on top of their heads. Both the male and female of the species have blue circles of skin around their eyes. The females and the young birds (chicks) have an overall brown appearance. Their feathers also have white and black strips on certain parts. The females have a white throat.

The male chicks look like the females chicks until a little after a year when they begin to become more colorful. Before then you could tell the young male and females apart because of their larger size and black feathers, instead of white feathers, on the throat.

Gallery
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* Female (head)Female (head)
* Male (head)Male (head)
* Museum specimenMuseum specimen

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lophophorus impejanus***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Lophophorus impejanus***.

* ARKive Archived 2019-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Animal Diversity Web
* BirdLife Species Factsheet Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Catalogue of Life Archived 2015-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
* CITES[*permanent dead link*]
* Galliforms and Pheasants Archived 2007-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
* ITIS
* Tree of Life - Lophophorus
* National Center for Biotechnology Information
* UICN[*permanent dead link*]
The "**heat index**" (**HI**, also "**humiture**") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is 90 °F (32 °C) with very high humidity, the heat index can be about 105 °F (41 °C).

The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air.

The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.

In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.

At high temperatures, the level of *relative* humidity needed to make the heat index higher than the actual temperature is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (80 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about 43°C (110°F), any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the Heat Index higher than 43°C (110 °F).

The heat index is calculated only if the actual temperature is above 27 °C (80 °F), dew point temperatures greater than 12 °C (54 °F), and relative humidities higher than 40%. The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun.

Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single terms "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".

Related pages
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* Humidex
* Wind chill

Other websites
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* "Frequently Asked Questions" Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, MSC, 2004.
The main geographical   
divisions of Scotland
The **Highland Boundary Fault** is a geological fault that crosses Scotland diagonally from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven in the east. It separates two distinctly different regions: the Highlands from the Lowlands.

The geological history of Scotland can be understood as the result of two great tectonic events. The first was the formation of the global super-continent Pangaea, the second was the break-up of Pangaea to form the continents we know today.

The fault is the middle of three great faults which run from the south-west to the north-east across Scotland. In the north there is the Great Glen Fault, and in the south the Southern Uplands Fault. Further south, just over the border with England, is the Iapetus Suture, where the palaeo-Iapetus Ocean closed. These four major geological signs mark the ancient history of Scotland.

Geological map of central Scotland. The fault divides the Old Red Sandstone and Devonian deposits (brownish, no. 23, at centre) from the Metamorphic and Archaean deposits (pinkish, no. 27, above the brownish).
Topological map of central Scotland. Lower elevations (greenish) are separated from higher elevations (brownish) by the fault line.

Reekie Linn ('smoking pool'): clouds of spray rise above the plunge pool when the River Isla is in spate. It is a waterfall formed on the Highland Boundary Fault where hard metamorphic rocks to the north give way to the softer sedimentary rocks of Strathmore. This view is taken looking upriver towards the Bridge of Craigisla.
The Highland Boundary Fault was active during the Caledonian orogeny. This was a plate tectonic collision which took place from Mid Ordovician to Mid Devonian periods (520 to 400 million years ago), during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.

The fault allowed the Midland Valley to descend as a major rift by up to 4000 metres and there was subsequently vertical movement. This movement was later replaced by a horizontal shear. A complementary fault, the Southern Uplands Fault, forms the southern boundary for the Central Lowlands.

Close up of Earthquake House, Comrie. Lying on the Highland Boundary Fault, Comrie has experienced many tremors in the past, hence its nickname, "Shaky Town". The World's first seismometer was set up here in 1840 and housed in this building in 1869.
**Marie Jean Pierre Flourens** (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867) proved that the effects of "the mind" were caused by the brain, not the heart.

He was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia. He use brain surgery on animals, and studied their effects. His kind of surgery is called "ablative surgery": in most cases ablative brain surgery does not mean removing brain tissue, but rather destroying tissue and leaving it in place.

In 1825, Flourens pioneered the experimental method of ablating parts of the brain in living rabbits and pigeons. He carefully observed their effects. His intention was to find out whether different parts of the brain had different functions.

Flourens was able to show for the first time that the main parts of the brain were responsible for largely different functions. By removing the cerebral hemispheres, for instance, all perceptions, voluntary action, and judgment were abolished. The removal of the cerebellum affected the animal's equilibrium and motor coordination, while the destruction of the brainstem (medulla oblongata) caused death. These experiments led Flourens to conclude that:

* the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher cognitive functions,
* the cerebellum regulates and integrates movements,
* that the medulla controls vital functions, such as circulation, respiration and general bodily stability.
**Hot Jupiters** are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are physically similar to Jupiter but have very short orbital periods (*P* < 10 days). They are close to their stars, with high surface-atmosphere temperatures. Hot Jupiters are usually tidally locked.

Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect by the radial-velocity method. The oscillations of their parent stars' motion are large and rapid compared to those of other types of planets. These oscillations are caused by the planet orbiting its star in the line of sight of the Earth.

Since it seems that they are common, that raises the question of why the Solar System has its largest planet so far from its star. This led astronomers to think the Earth's Jupiter was first much closer to the Sun, and moved out later to its present orbit.

One of the best-known hot Jupiters is 51 Pegasi b. Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star. 51 Pegasi b has an orbital period of about 4 days.
**Key 103** is an independent local radio station that broadcasts to the city of Manchester and the north west of England. It mostly plays current pop and dance music. It used to be owned by Trans World Communications and EMAP. Now it is owned by Bauer Radio. It is part of the company's Big City Network of stations. The station is based in Castlefield, Manchester. It was first named Piccadilly Radio, from its set up in 1974. It was renamed in August 1988 when it was decided to re-brand Piccadilly Radio's FM frequency to the new name, with a younger target audience in mind. The original Piccadilly Radio continued to broadcast on the AM frequency of 1152 kHz. 

The station broadcasts on the analogue frequency 103 FM, from a 4 kW transmitter on Saddleworth Moor. It broadcasts on DAB Digital Radio from City Tower (formerly Sunley Tower) on the CE Manchester multiplex. Key 103's live broadcast can also be listened to from their website, but only from inside the UK.

The station won three awards at the 2008 Sony radio awards. These consisted of Bronze in the entertainment category for the breakfast show 'Toolan in the Morning', Gold in the competition award for 'Sell Me The Answer' and Gold in the Station of the Year category. As of 2008/9, Key 103 and its sister station Piccadilly Magic 1152 are the official commercial radio partners of Manchester United and Manchester City, broadcasting all of both clubs' games live.

Other websites
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* Key 103 Manchester
* Jason King's website Archived 2019-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
* In:Demand website
Fossils of the gymnosperm *Glossopteris* (dark green) found in all of the southern continents provide strong evidence that the continents were once amalgamated into a supercontinent Gondwana
*Glossopteris browniana* fossil in the Artis zoo, Amsterdam.
***Glossopteris***  is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct seed ferns. They were typical plants of the coal forests or coal swamps which lasted from the Pennsylvanian (later Carboniferous) to the end of the Permian.

The coal swamps were world-wide because, for that long time, the continents were close together in Gondwana. Therefore they had similar wet, tropical climates.

History
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The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian (~300 million years ago). Their distribution across several continents led Eduard Suess to suggest the southern continents were once together in a single supercontinent – Gondwana.

These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian (~250mya). 

The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India. Even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur. 

Some textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic. These are mistakes based on misidentification of similar leaves, such as those of *Gontriglossa*, *Sagenopteris*, or *Mexiglossa*. 

Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass-extinction event.
**Guarneri** is the name of a family of famous violin makers from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. Together with the families Amati and Stradivari they made some of the best violins the world has known. 

**Andrea Guarneri** (c. 1626 - 7 December 1698) was a pupil in the workshop of Nicolo Amati from 1641 to 1646 and returned to make violins for Amati from 1650 to 1654. He married a rich lady and they were able to buy a large house which became known as the "Casa Guarneri". They had seven children. Two of his sons: Pietro Giovanni and Giuseppe Giovanni, became violin makers. Andrea Guarneri produced some fine violas, one of which was played by William Primrose in the early 20th century.

**Pietro Giovanni Guarneri** (18 February 1655 - 26 March 1720), known as **Peter of Mantua** (*Pietro da Mantova*) to distinguish him from his nephew Pietro Guarneri. He worked in his father's workshop from around 1670 until his marriage in 1677. He had settled in Mantua by 1683, where he worked both as a musician and a violin maker. His instruments are generally better than his father's. However, he did not make so many instruments because he spent a lot of his time playing them. None of his children became violin makers. Joseph Szigeti played one of his instruments.

Andrea's younger son, **Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri** (25 November 1666 - 1739 or 1740), known as *filius Andreae*, joined his father's business in Cremona. He inherited it in 1698. He is one of the great violin makers.

Giuseppe Giovanni Battista was father to two other instrument makers: Pietro Guerneri who settled in Venice and Bartolomeo.

**Pietro Guarneri** (Peter of Venice or *Pietro da Venezia*) (14 April 1695 - 7 April 1762) made some instruments that are as great as those of his father. One of his cellos was played by Beatrice Harrison. 

Bartolomeo **Giuseppe Guarneri** (*del Gesù*), also known as Joseph (21 August 1698 - 17 October 1744), has been called the finest violin maker of the Amati line (Amati and his pupils). Giuseppe is known as *del Gesù* because his labels always have the characters I.H.S. (*iota-eta-sigma*) and a Roman cross. His instruments are different from the others made by his family. They are thought of as the greatest violins with the exception of those by Stradivari. The famous violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini’s favorite instrument was a Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1743. The "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1742 was owned by Yehudi Menuhin and other Twentieth-century 'del Gesù' players have included, Arthur Grumiaux, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern and Henryk Szeryng.

Other websites
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* Guarneri family web page, violins, violin labels
* Guarneri web site
* The Violin Site - Violin Making Archived 2005-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Casa Guarneri Auctioneers of fine musical instruments Archived 2008-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
Tobin Bell holds a Jigsaw action figure at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, July 2010
**John Kramer**—known as **The Jigsaw Killer** or simply **Jigsaw**—is a fictional character who appears in the *Saw* franchise as the main antagonist. 

Jigsaw made his appearance in the first movie of the series, *Saw*, and he later appeared in *Saw II*, *Saw III*, *Saw IV*, *Saw V*, *Saw VI*, *Saw 3D* and, eventually, *Jigsaw*. He is played by American actor Tobin Bell.

Jigsaw ranks No. 30 in *Empire* magazine's "100 Greatest Movie Characters" list.

Background
----------

In the series' narrative, Kramer is a former civil engineer dying from an inoperable frontal lobe tumor that had developed from colon cancer. After a failed suicide attempt, Kramer found a new appreciation for his life, and went to dedicate the rest of his life to inspiring the same appreciation in others by testing their will to live.

Tests
-----

His methods include forcing his subjects through deadly scenarios, which he referred to as "games" or "tests", in which they were forced to inflict pain upon themselves or others in order to escape. These tests were typically symbolic of what Jigsaw perceived as a flaw in each person's moral character or life. The Jigsaw name was given to him by the media for his practice of cutting a puzzle piece shape of flesh from those who fail.

His videos are recorded with a cheap homemade camera with Billy the Puppet instructing the subjects what to do to live.

Other websites
--------------

* Jigsaw character description in the *Saw* video game Archived 2009-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
Gentoo colony on Carcass Island in the Falklands
 *Pygoscelis papua*
The **gentoo penguin** (*Pygoscelis papua*) is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.

Appearance
----------

The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.

Life
----

Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.

These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.

Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.

Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pygoscelis papua***.

* Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
* www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
* Gentoo Penguin images
* Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality
A hierarchy of important ranks
A **genus** is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It is above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.

As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.

When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is *always in italic*. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "*Felis silvestris*", *Felis* is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "*Felis silvestris catus*", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.

As a common word
----------------

In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus *Pseudomonas* is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).
**Ijiraq** is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by the team of
Brett Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, *et al.* in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000 S 6**.

Orbit
-----

Irregular prograde groups of satellites of Saturn: Inuit (blue) and Gallic (red)
Ijiraq orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11,100,000 km in 451 days on an orbit very similar to Kiviuq's. The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Physical characteristics
------------------------

While Ijiraq is a member of the Inuit group non-spherical moons, recent observations revealed that Ijiraq is redder than Paaliaq, Siarnaq and Kiviuq.

Name
----

Kavelaars, an astronomer at McMaster University, suggested this name to help astronomical nomenclature to get out of its Greco-Romano-Renaissance rut. He spent several months trying to find names that were both multi-cultural and Canadian, consulting Amerindian scholars without finding a name that seemed good. In March 2001, he was reading an Inuit story to his children and had a revelation. The ijiraq plays at hide-and-seek, which is what these small moons of Saturn do: they are hard to find, and cold like the Canadian Arctic (the team of discoverers includes Canadians, Norwegians and Icelandic's—Nordicity is their common trait). Kavelaars contacted the author of the tale, Michael Kusugak, to get his assent, and the latter also suggested the names for Kiviuq and 90377 Sedna.

Other websites
--------------

* David Jewitt pages

  

| * v
* t
* e
Moons of Saturn |
| --- |
| *Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn. Temporary names in italics.* |
| Ring shepherds | 
* *S/2009 S 1*
* Ring moonlets
* Pan
* Daphnis
* Atlas
* Prometheus
* Pandora

 |
| Co-orbitals | 
* Epimetheus
* Janus

 |
| G Ring | 
* Aegaeon

 |
| Mimas and Alkyonides | 
* **Mimas**
* Methone
* Anthe
* Pallene

 |
| Inner large  (with trojans) | 
* **Enceladus**
* **Tethys**
	+ Telesto
	+ Calypso
* **Dione**
	+ Helene
	+ Polydeuces

 |
| Outer large | 
* **Rhea**
* **Titan**
* Hyperion
* **Iapetus**

 |
| Inuit group | 
* Kiviuq
* Ijiraq
* Paaliaq
* Siarnaq
* Tarqeq

 |
| Norse group | 
* Phoebe
* Skathi
* *S/2007 S 2*(?)
* Skoll
* *S/2004 S 13*(?)
* Greip
* Hyrrokkin
* Jarnsaxa
* Mundilfari
* *S/2006 S 1*(?)
* *S/2004 S 17*(?)
* Bergelmir
* Narvi
* Suttungr
* Hati
* *S/2004 S 12*(?)
* Farbauti
* Thrymr
* Aegir
* *S/2007 S 3*(?)
* Bestla
* *S/2004 S 7*(?)
* *S/2006 S 3*
* Fenrir
* Surtur
* Kari
* Ymir
* Loge
* Fornjot

 |
| Gallic group | 
* Albiorix
* Bebhionn
* Erriapus
* Tarvos

 |
| 
* Rings of Saturn
* Cassini–Huygens
* Themis
* Chiron
* *S/2004 S 6*
* *S/2004 S 4*
* *S/2004 S 3*
* In fiction

 |
Jade from China
**Jade** is a kind of stone. We use the name "jade" for two different sorts of mineral. The first sort is **nephrite**. This is a form of actinolite (asbestos is a sort of actinolite, too). The second sort is the mineral **jadeite**, and it is a pyroxene. The first sort (nephrite) is harder than the second sort (jadeite). The first sort (jadeite) has more colors that the second sort (nephrite).

Nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.   

Jadeite is NaAlSi2O6. 

The two sorts of jade look nearly the same. People only found that they were two different sorts in 1863. The nephrite form of jade is very hard. In the past, Chinese people and the Maori used it to make knives and weapons. Later, when people could use metals, they liked jade because it looked nice and they thought it had special powers. Today people also use jade for jewelry.

Jade was found about 7000 years ago. The Chinese later made jewelry out of it. Only the rich could have jade because it was so rare and expensive. It was said that jade had healing powers and it was regarded as very lucky.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jade***.
Hayride on a farm in Northeast Ohio
A **hayride,** which can also be called a hayrack ride, is an American activity where people go on a ride in an open truck, or wagon pulled by a tractor. Inside of the ride there is hay or straw for the people to sit on. Hayrides in the past were a way to celebrate the Autumn harvest. Hayrides today are usually started to give farms or companies a way to make more money during the fall. Sometimes hayrides are run by companies that help farms set up hayrides for people.

Haunted Hayrides
----------------

Hayrides on Halloween are called 'haunted hayrides'. During the fall, a hayride might let people stop near some pumpkins and pick one. These hayrides can put on a show with special effects and actors dressing up as ghosts, monsters, and other spooky creatures. Haunted hayrides attract people who like to get scared, and make money for farms during the Halloween season.

Accidents
---------

Even though hayrides are supposed to be a way for people to have fun, they can also be dangerous. Some hayrides have flipped over or gone off-road, hurting or killing people. Other kinds of accidents happen when hayrides crash into cars or trucks on the road.
Specimens NHM R5829 and R5830 at Natural History Museum, London
***Hypsilophodon*** was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.

It was originally thought to be a young *Iguanodon* which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.

Palaeobiology
-------------

Like most small dinosaurs, *Hypsilophodon* was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.

*Hypsilophodon* fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening. As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly *Hypsilophodon*, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".

Despite living in the Cretaceous, *Hypsilophodon* had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, *Hypsilophodon* still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in *Hypsilophodon*).

The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.

Hypsilophodontidae
------------------

The family named after *Hysilophodon* has these genera:

* *Agilisaurus*
* *Anabisetia*
* *Atlascopcosaurus*
* *Drinker*
* *Fulgurotherium*
* *Gasparinisaura*
* *Gongbusaurus* (= *Eugongbusaurus*)
* *Hexinlusaurus*.
* *Hypsilophodon*
* *Jeholosaurus*
* *Leaellynasaura*
* *Notohypsilophodon*
* *Orodromeus*
* *Othnielosaurus*.
* *Koreanosaurus*.
* *Parksosaurus*
* *Qantassaurus*
* *Thescelosaurus*
* *Yandusaurus*
* *Zephyrosaurus*
John Blow
**John Blow** (born Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, baptised 23 February 1649; died Westminster, London, 1 October 1708) was an English composer and organist. He had a great deal of influence on English music. His best pupil was Henry Purcell who was the greatest English composer of his time.

Blow was born in Newark-on-Trent. As a boy he sang in the choir the Chapel Royal (the king's church choir). He was still very young when he started composing anthems. One of these anthems, known as the "Club Anthem" was written by Blow together with three other choirboys: Pelham Humfrey, Michael Wise and William Turner, all of whom were to become well-known composers when they grew up. The diarist Samuel Pepys heard him sing once, but Blow's voice was breaking by then, and Pepys wrote in his diary that he made an "unpleasant sound". 

In 1668 he became organist of Westminster Abbey. In 1674 he was made a gentleman of the Chapel Royal. When Pelham Humfrey died, Blow took over two of his jobs. He was in charge of a small choir at the king’s court (he was called "composer-in-ordinary"). He also became Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal. He stayed in that job for the rest of his life. Many of the boy choristers he taught later became great composers. They include William Croft, Jeremiah Clark and Daniel Purcell. Henry Purcell’s voice had already broken by this time, and he became an apprentice to Blow.

In September 1673 he married Elizabeth Braddock. Ten years later she died when giving birth to a child.

In 1676 Blow became one of three organists at Westminster Abbey. In 1677 he was given the title of "Doctor of Music". In 1680 he seems to have resigned from his job as organist at Westminster Abbey so that his young pupil Henry Purcell could take his place. By 1685 he was one of the private musicians of James II. He composed a long anthem *God spake sometime in visions* for King James's coronation.

In 1687 he became choirmaster at St Paul's Cathedral. The choir was just being reformed after the rebuilding of the cathedral following the Great Fire of London. Michael Wise had been appointed as choirmaster, but then he died, so Blow was given the job. In 1695 he became organist of St Margaret's, Westminster, and he also took his old job at Westminster Abbey again when Henry Purcell died.

In 1699 he became Composer to the Chapel Royal. This was the first time anyone had been given this title. However, he does not seem to have composed much after 1700.

Blow died on 1 October 1708 and was buried in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey, close to Henry Purcell.

His music
---------

Blow composed a large amount of music. He wrote the same sort of music as Henry Purcell, except that Purcell also wrote trio sonatas as well as a lot of music for the theatre. Blow wrote a large amount of church music. We know fourteen services and more than a hundred anthems by Blow. He also wrote other vocal music such as odes, and music for harpsichord and just one piece of music for the stage: *Venus and Adonis*.
**Hypothermia** is a condition when a person is so cold that the body temperature drops below normal. Hypothermia is any body temperature lower than 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Someone with hypothermia starts shivering and cannot stop. The person then becomes confused and acts strange. Their words don't make sense and they may be clumsy. Sometimes they become very tired. If someone gets hypothermia, wrap the person in blankets and take them to the hospital. If that's impossible, warm up the person slowly and give them a warm drink.

Mild
----

When hypothermia begins, a person feels cold, starts shivering and cannot stop. The person cannot do complicated things with his or her hands. They are also unable to touch their thumb with their little finger, because their hand muscles don't work well.

Mild hypothermia is sometimes used on purpose by doctors for treating some medical problems. It takes blood away from the skin, hands and feet, and puts it to the brain and important internal organs. This helps when the person is bleeding from cuts or other wounds, and also helps when the patient goes into cardiac arrest.

Moderate (Middle)
-----------------

The person begins shivering very strongly. Their large muscles do not work well. They move slowly and with difficulty, growing a little confused and walking unsteadily. The person becomes pale, and lips, ears, fingers, and toes might become blue. This is because the body is trying to keep the most important organs warm. The person might feel sick in their stomach and very tired, wanting to go to sleep, anywhere.

Severe
------

Body temperature drops even more, but the person usually stops shivering. They cannot talk clearly; they think slowly, and they cannot move their hands. Sometimes a person will feel suddenly warm, as if they are getting better, but this just means they are getting worse. They may take off warm clothes or lay down to go to sleep. If this continues, they cannot walk or answer questions. Their pulse becomes weaker, but the heart may beat faster. Finally, the person dies.

Related pages
-------------

* Hyperthermia

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***hypothermia***.

* Princeton Outdoor Guide to Hypothermia
* eMedicine: Hypothermia
* Wilderness Management of Hypothermia