recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Clodomiro Picado Twight** (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican biologist. Picado may have been the first to have learned about penicillin.

Early life and education
------------------------

Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France.

In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his BSc in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city.

Discoveries
-----------

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial attacks of a fungus known as *Penicillium notatum* in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity.

Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this academy did not patent it, even though Picado had studied the fungus years before Fleming.

Picado studied the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research in Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work.

Related pages
-------------

* List of scientists from North America
The famous chess match between Howard Staunton and Pierre Saint-Amant, on 16 December 1843
The **Café de la Régence** was a meeting place for chess players in Paris, France. It was the most famous chess meeting-place for over a century. The building was a coffeehouse in the centre of Paris, founded in 1688 and named in 1718. At first, it was under the patronage of the Duc d'Orleans, and attracted a literary crowd.p417

Chess players moved there en masse around 1740. The clientele included amateurs, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Robespierre, Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon. The leading professionals, Deschapelles, La Bourdonnais, Verdoni and François-André Danican Philidor, were there every day when they were in Paris.p65 Staunton played his match against Saint-Amant there; Paul Morphy played there in 1858, including his match with Anderssen. The café was moved in 1855. The chess room was finally closed in 1916.

Other websites
--------------

* Painting by Faven: described in Winter, Edward: Chess Notes #4420 The painting is of a scene in the Café de la Régence in 1910, showing some of its better-known players.
**Caffe Bene** is a coffee franchise in South Korea. It was founded in May 2008. The founder and CEO of Caffe Bene is Kim Sun-kwon, who has Italian-themed restaurants named Black Smith and drug stores named "December 24" as well. The head office of Caffe Bene is in *Cheongdam-dong*, *Gangnam-gu*, Seoul. In 2009, Caffe Bene started to gain brand recognition by promoting through the soap opera celebrities such as *Han Ye-seul*, and *Choi Daniel*. The brand’s first-ever overseas store opened in New York in February, 2012, introducing drinks based on Korean traditional beverages such as the *misugaru* latte, a drink made of mixed grain powder. In August, 2013, Caffe Bene grew to over one thousand stores. 

Caffe Bene’s goal is to open 10,000 stores by 2020.

Differentiated Policy
---------------------

Caffe Bene is different from other stores. Inside the stores there is hardwood and a blue color. It tries to make a relaxed atmosphere in European style. It also has outlets for laptop computers at built-in chairs.

Caffe Bene in Ulaanbaator
-------------------------

Caffe Bene opened a new store in Ulaanbaator, Mongolia on December 15, 2013. For this, Caffe Bene signed a franchise agreement with a local bakery enterprise named *Monbakery*. It is on the first floor of Max-mall in Ulaanbaator. It covers 264 square metres (2,840 sq ft) and has 42 seats for customers.

In January, 2014, the second store is planned to open in Ulaanbaator.

Expansion plans
---------------

Caffe Bene plans to open more shops in the United States and China. They have 87 stores in China and plan to have 1,000 by 2014. Caffe Bene is also in other Asian countries including Japan, Cambodia and the Philippines, and the Middle East. Caffe Bene recently signed a partnership with Saudi Arabia-based KEDEN Group to start shops in Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. 

Caffe Bene plans to open 100 shops in the region within five years.
This article is about the military formation in general. For the specific formation used by the United States Navy, see carrier strike group. For other uses, see battle group (disambiguation).

The USS *Abraham Lincoln* carrier battle group during the 2000 RIMPAC exercise
A **carrier battle group** (**CVBG**) is a naval fleet that includes an aircraft carrier and a group of other ships that work together to help the carrier complete its mission. The *CV* in *CVBG* is the United States Navy classification code for an aircraft carrier.

The first naval fleets built around carriers were seen at the beginning of World War II. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was the first to put many carriers into one task force. This task force was used in the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the IJN's main carrier battle group until four of its carriers were sunk at the Battle of Midway. The United States Navy deployed its carriers in separate formations. Each carrier was put with its own cruiser and destroyer escorts. These single-carrier fleets would often work together for certain assignments. The most notable examples of this are the Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway. By 1943, there was a large number of fleet and smaller carriers became available. This led to them using larger formations of three or four carriers. These groups became the Fast Carrier Task Force. They are the primary battle unit of the U.S. Third and Fifth Fleets.

With the construction of the large "supercarriers" of the Cold War era, the use of each carrier in a single formation was brought back. During this time, the main role of the CVBG in battle with the Soviet Union would have been to protect Atlantic supply routes between the United States and its NATO allies in Europe. The Soviet Union had no large carriers of its own. Aircraft carriers fighting each other would have been unlikely. A main mission of the Soviet Navy's attack submarines was to track every allied battle group. If war started, their mission was to sink the carriers. Knowing this, the CVBG put much of its resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission.
**Caesarea** (Hebrew: קֵיסָרְיָה, *Kaysariya* or *Qesarya*; Arabic: قيسارية, *Qaysaria*; Greek: Καισάρεια) is a town in north-central Israel. 

It is midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera, It is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation. It has many people, but is not recognized as a local council.

The town was built by Herod the Great about 25–13 BC as the port city Caesarea Maritima. It was the administrative center of Judaea in the Roman Empire. Later it was the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province during the classic period. 

In the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, it was the last city to fall to the Arabs. The city had an Arab majority until the Crusader conquest. It was abandoned after the Mamluk conquest. It was re-populated in 1884 by Bosniak immigrants, who settled in a small fishing village. In 1952, the Jewish town of Caesarea was established near the ruins of the old city. The ruins were made into the national park of Caesarea Maritima.
ABC George H. W. and Barbara Bush Anti-drug message promo
7 Network Bob and Hazel Hawke Anti-drug message promo
***Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue*** is a 1990 United States animated television special starring many characters from American animated television series at the time of its release. Financed by McDonald's, it was originally shown on television in USA on April 21, 1990 on all four major American television networks (ABC, CBS, NBC, and FOX), and many other television stations. McDonald's also released a VHS home video edition of the special distributed by Buena Vista Home Video.

How it was different in each country
------------------------------------

In USA, it was introduced on home video by President George H. W. Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush.

It was shown in Canada on the CBC, CTV, and Global Television Networks soon after it was shown in USA.

In Australia, it was shown in November 1990, where it was shown at the same time on Australia's three major TV stations (Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten), with Prime Minister Bob Hawke introducing it.

It was shown in New Zealand in December 1990 on both TV One and Channel 2 at once, where New Zealand's Prime Minister Jim Bolger introduced it.

Production
----------

It was produced by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation and Southern Star Productions, and was animated outside of USA by Wang Film Productions Co. Ltd..

Story
-----

The story is about Michael, a young teenage boy who is using marijuana and alcohol. His younger sister Corey is worried about him. When Corey's piggy bank goes missing one morning, her cartoon toys come to life to help her find it. After finding it in Michael's room along with drugs, they work together to help him by taking him on a fantasy journey to teach him about how bad drug abuse can be.

Voices
------

The various characters' owners let their characters be used for free because they thought it was a good thing that the special was doing.

This TV show was the first time that Warner Bros. characters Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck were voiced by someone other than Mel Blanc. He had died shortly before the production, and Jeff Bergman voiced them instead.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue***

* *Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue* on IMDb
* *Cartoon All-Stars To The Rescue* at the Big Cartoon DataBase
* *Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue* at AllMovie
* *Cartoon all-stars to the rescue : joint hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the House Committee on the Judiciary, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on an entertaining way of enlightening children about the dangers of substance abuse, April 19, 1990.*
Captain Beefheart
**Don Van Vliet** (born **Don Glen Vliet** January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer. He is better known by his stage name **Captain Beefheart**. He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "*Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People*". His best known album was recorded in 1969. It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".

He and his group *Magic Band* also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.

Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.

He died on December 17, 2010 at the age of 69 from complications from multiple sclerosis, twenty-nine days before his 70th birthday.
*The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians*, Charles Ferdinand Wimar, 1853
**Captivity narratives** are stories of people captured by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

Background
----------

Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.
**Dan Blocker** (December 10, 1928 – May 13, 1972) was an American actor.

Career
------

Born in De Kalb, Bowie County, Texas. He began his career as an actor in short films such as *Hook a Crook* (1955) with Joe Besser, and *Outer Space Jitters* (1957), starring The Three Stooges. 

Blocker also starred in several roles in the series *The Restless Gun* (1957), with John Payne. 
Then play a regular role in *Cimarron City* 1958-1959, as Tiny Carl Budinger. 

He was also a guest-star on the TV western *Sheriff of Cochise*, *Zane Grey Theater*, *Have Gun - Will Travel*, *Cheyenne*, *Gunsmoke*, *Maverick*, *The Rebel*, *Colt 45*, *Wagon Train*, *Jefferson Drum*. 

He worked on such films as *Gunsight Ridge* (1957), with Joel McCrea, *Come Blow Your Horn* (1963), and *Lady in Cement* (1968) featuring Frank Sinatra. and participation in the TV movie with John Wayne, *Swing Out, Sweet Land* (1970) he plays a funny Indian.

In 1970 Dan Blocker starred in *Western Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County*, accompanied by genre figures Noah Beery Jr. Jack Elam, and special star Mickey Rooney.

Bonanza
-------

Dan Blocker is known for playing the role of Eric 'Hoss' Cartwright, in *Bonanza*, with Lorne Greene, Michael Landon and Pernell Roberts. The American series was made by NBC (1959-1973).

Hoss formed a great duo with 'Little Joe', Michael Landon recording very comic and serious scenes, also in alternating chapters of Bonanza, gunmen stories of drama and comedy.

Dan Blocker's "Hoss" character was personified in 415 chapters from 1959 to 1972.

Filmography
-----------

Film| Year | Títle | Role | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1955 | *Hook a Crook* |  | short |
| 1957 | *Black Patch* | Blacksmith | (uncredited) |
| 1957 | *The Girl in Black Stockings* | Mike, the Bartender |  |
| 1957 | *Gunsight Ridge* | Bartender | (uncredited) |
| 1958 | *Outer Space Jitters* | Zombie | (The Three Stooges short) |
|
| 1957/1958 | *The Restless Gun* | several roles | TV series |
| 1958/1959 | *Cimarron City* | Tiny Carl Budinger | TV series |
| 1959 | *The Young Captives* |  |  |
| 1959/1972 | *Bonanza* | 'Hoss' Cartwright |  |
| 1963 | *Come Blow Your Horn* | Mr. Eckman |  |
| 1968 | *Lady in Cement* |  |  |
| 1968 | *Something for a Lonely Man* | John Killibrew |  |
| 1970 | *Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County* | Charley |  |
| 1970 | *Swing Out, Sweet Land* | Indian | TV movie |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dan Blocker***.

* Roadside America, Dan Blocker Memorial
* Dan Blocker on IMDb
* Dan Blocker at AllMovie
* Dan Blocker at TV.com
* Dan Blocker at Find a Grave
* Biography by Bruce Eder, Allmovie Archived 2006-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography from Handbook of Texas online
An isolated cardiac muscle cell, beating
A **cardiac muscle** (**heart muscle**) is one of the three main types of muscle in vertebrates. It is involuntary: a person cannot control it consciously. Also, it is a striped muscle in the walls of the heart. It makes up the tissue called the **myocardium**. 

The other types of muscle are the skeletal and smooth muscle. The cells that make up cardiac muscle have one (74%) or two (24.5%) nuclei. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer epicardium layer and the inner endocardium layer.

Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart force blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems. This mechanism illustrates systole (contraction) of the heart.

Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on the coronary arteries to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products directly. There is no time for them to diffuse.

Problems of the myocardium
--------------------------

The heart muscle can become sick and weak. For example, if a person has very high blood pressure (hypertension), part of the heart muscle can get overworked. The heart muscle becomes bigger and cannot do its job as well. This is called hypertrophy.

If a person has a problem with the system that controls the heart, the heart muscle may not beat the way it needs to. It may beat too slowly to get blood out to the body (this is called bradycardia). Or it may beat so fast that the heart does not have time to fill with blood and then squeeze the blood out to the body. This is called tachycardia (there are many kinds).

The heart gets blood through the coronary arteries. These are special blood vessels that carry blood only to the heart. In order to do its job, the heart muscle needs a constant supply of blood and oxygen from the coronary arteries. If these coronary arteries get blocked, blood flow to the heart muscle can stop. Without blood flow, the heart muscle gets no oxygen. If this lasts long enough, the part of the heart muscle which is not getting enough oxygen dies. This is called a myocardial infarction, or a heart attack.
Not to be confused with Cambourne.
Commercial Square
**Camborne** is a town in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the western edge of a conurbation consisting of Camborne, Pool and Redruth.

The population of Camborne was 20,010 at the 2001 census. The population of the whole conurbation was 39,937, making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall.

It is no longer an industrial town but the Camborne and Redruth district was formerly one of the richest tin mining areas in the world. The Camborne School of Mines was founded here in the 19th century to train engineers to work in the tin mines and is still in the town. Two of the famous mines of Camborne were Dolcoath, the 'Queen of Cornish Mines' (closed 1921), once the deepest mine in the world, and South Crofty, the last working tin mine in Europe, which closed in 1998.

Camborne Public Library and Richard Trevithick's statue
On Christmas Eve 1801, the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered road vehicle built by Camborne engineer Richard Trevithick, moved up Camborne Hill. It was the world's first self-propelled passenger carrying vehicle. The events have been turned into a local song:

*Going up Camborne Hill, coming down,*
*Going up Camborne Hill, coming down,*
*The horses stood still,*
*The wheels turn around,*
*Going up Camborne Hill, coming down.*
A **condemned property** (also called a **condemned building**) is any house, commercial property, business, apartment, townhouse, educational place (school, college) jail/prison, law enforcement or government property that is marked as unfit or not suitable for being occupied, being used or operated. A large number of properties are also condemned for being unsafe, illegal or fire-damaged. Most are dilapidated (badly damaged), deteriorated (run down, decayed), are infested by vermin/rodents or loaded with filthy conditions (excrement, spoiled food/drinks or dirt/mud across several parts of any place that is occupied). Tropical cyclone, flood, lightning or tornado damage often also leads to the condemnation of properties.

Other conditions for which a building may be condemned involve places being boarded, having utilities disconnected or having dangerous materials, methamphetamine making labs or any dangerous locations.
Utilities are hot water, good-to-excellent heating systems working, good-to-excellent plumbing and having a safe reliable electrical outlet. Some places are condemned for vehicles parked in a yard, vehicles that are classified as not operable, having dangerous conditions.

Condemned warnings or notices (also called as placards) are usually posted onto the properties in question. They forbid when people occupy, enter or use these buildings when not authorized for doing so. Anyone other than code officials, the property inspectors or area health department officials entering, occupying or using any condemned premises, defacing or removing condemned notices/warnings are subject to fines, jail time or both. Notices of violation are often posted with the condemned notices and warnings.

New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Chicago, Quad Cities (most likely Rock Island, Moline and Davenport), Baltimore, Detroit and Los Angeles have higher numbers of condemned, abandoned and vacant homes, buildings or schools unlike several other mid-size/small and some large cities or towns in Canada and the United States.

Condemned properties are usually renovated. Many other condemned buildings or homes, however, are demolished due to their conditions.
A Californian condor (not fully grown yet)
**Condor** is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

* The Andean Condor (*Vultur gryphus*), which lives over the Andes.
* The California Condor (*Gymnogyps californianus*), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. 

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and weights around 11–15 kg. The California Condor is smaller.

Fossil record
-------------

Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, *Argentavis magnificens* from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of 7 metres (23 ft).

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Vultur***.

* Andean Condor postage stamps
* Californian Condor stamps

  



Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Vultur gryphus***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gymnogyps californianus***.
Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the world. Shown is the terraced crown of the Chrysler Building lit at dawn.
A **central business district** (**CBD**) is the commercial and business center of a city. It contains offices and shops. In larger cities, it may be called the city's "financial district". It is often located in the city center but not always. 

Examples of CBDs include Midtown Manhattan which is the largest central business district in New York City or the Xinyi Planned Area in Taipei

The city's history influences the way a CBD looks. Some cities have strong laws that forbid tall buildings, to retain the character of the history and culture. This is quite common for European cities such as Paris or Vienna. In cities in the New World a single central area or downtown will often contain most of the metropolitan area's tallest buildings and act both as the CBD and the commercial and cultural city centre. Increasing urbanization in the 21st century has created megacities, particularly in Asia, that will often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area.
**James Samuel "Cornbread" Harris, Jr.** (born April 23, 1927) is an American musician. He is a singer and pianist who performs in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was a performer on Minnesota's first rock 'n' roll record, and is the father of record producer James Samuel "Jimmy Jam" Harris III.

Family and early years
----------------------

When his father, James Samuel Harris Sr. was shot while gambling and his mother died of grieving, Harris was orphaned at age 3. He lived with foster families until he was 11 or 12 when he and his sister went to live with his grandparents in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He has been married four times. One of his daughters died. He is the father of Jimmy Jam (James Harris III) who produced records for Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey and Usher.

Country music was an early influence, and Hank Williams and Gene Autry are among his early favorites.

Later career
------------

At left man in his thirties plays piano, man in the middle is in his seventies also playing piano, man at right in his twenties or thirties playing a snare drum. On the Mississippi waterfrontCornbread Harris (center) sings "Deeper Blues" at Minneapolis downtown's National Night Out 2010 with Cadillac Kolstad and Johann Swenson
Harris helped invent Augie Garcia's "Hi Yo Silver," a 1955 song that was Minnesota's first rock 'n' roll recording. He performed on the record, which he called a one-hit wonder (although Garcia is remembered as the godfather of Minnesota rock 'n' roll).

Harris was in the U.S. military and later worked for about 25 years for American Hoist & Derrick.

His repertoire includes blues and jazz and in his eighties, Harris still plays Minneapolis nightclubs including the Loring Pasta Bar in Dinkytown, Clubhouse Jäger in the North Loop and Palmer's and the Nomad World Pub on the West Bank.

Harris is a mentor to Cadillac Kolstad and *City Pages* calls them the "must-see dueling-piano act in town".

Awards
------

* The "Blues Legend Award" (2012)
* The Sally Awards (2013)
The **Clearing House Association, L.L.C.** is a New York-headquartered trade group and the nation's first and oldest banking association representing some of the world's largest commercial banks. It is a nonpartisan organization that advocates on regulatory, legislative, and legal public policy issues on behalf of its owner banks before policymakers, courts of law, and standards setters around the globe.

The Clearing House seeks a level playing field among similarly situated market participants, in which a legal and regulatory framework promotes systemic stability, economic growth, and a safe and sound banking system. Unique among trades for its sole focus on large-scale commercial banking and payments issues, the Association and its Owner Banks form strong consensus positions on issues vital to the banking industry that are technically detailed and research- and data-driven.

Members include:

* United States Bank of America
* United States Bank of New York Mellon
* United Kingdom Barclays
* United States BB&T
* France BNP Paribas
* United States Capital One
* United States Citigroup
* Germany Deutsche Bank
* United States Fifth Third Bank
* United Kingdom HSBC
* United States JPMorgan Chase
* Japan Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
* United States PNC
* United Kingdom Royal Bank of Scotland
* Spain Santander
* United States State Street
* United States SunTrust
* Canada Toronto–Dominion Bank
* Switzerland UBS
* United States U.S. Bancorp
* United States Wells Fargo

Other websites
--------------

* Clearing House Payments Company Archived 2011-09-05 at the Wayback Machine official website
The **Dall sheep** or **Dall's sheep** is a subspecies of Thinhorn sheep. They usually eat grass and other plants. They live in northwestern North America, in Canada and Alaska.

Appearance
----------

These sheep are about 1.5 m high and can weigh up to 110 kg. The female sheep have small horns but the male sheep have larger horns that twist more as they get older. The horns are tan in color. The wool of Dall's sheep is almost pure white.

The sheep's horns grow fastest in warm weather and slowest in cold weather. This puts rings in the horns called annuli. The number of rings shows how old the sheep is.

The other kind of thinhorn sheep, the stone sheep, can breed with Dall sheep. These thinhorn sheep are sometimes called Fannin's sheep.

Most Dall sheep live to be about 12 years old, but some ewes live to be 16 or even 19.

Home
----

There are about 100,000 Dall sheep in the world. They live in Alaska in the Kenai Peninsula and Brooks Range. They live in Canada's Yukon and Northwest Territories in the Mackenzie Mountains, Kluane and Saint Elia ranges.

Behavior
--------

Like other thinhorn sheep, Dall sheep live in mountains. Because they do not have long legs or large feet, they cannot move easily in snow. Instead, they live in places where the wind blows the snow away before it gets too deep. They climb onto rocks to escape animals that want to eat them. They follow the same paths from summer places to winter places for generations.

Dall sheep live in herds. Most of the time, the rams live together in a bachelor herd, and the ewes and young sheep live together in other herds. Male sheep leave the female herds when they are two or three years old.

The sheep mate in November. Although younger rams can mate, it is mostly the older rams who actually do.

Before an ewe gives birth, she climbs into a rocky place that humans call a "lambing cliff." She gives birth there. She and her lamb stay there for a few days before coming back down. This makes it harder for predators to find and eat the new lamb. The lamb can eat grass by October.

Predators
---------

Golden eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, and wolverines eat thinhorn sheep.

History
-------

Thinhorn sheep and snow sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago. After that, the thinhorn sheep moved east and spread out. The Dall sheep and stone sheep became separate subspecies some time after that.
A **constitutional convention** is a convention where an organization's constitution can be created, revised, or amended. A **general constitutional convention** is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An **unlimited constitutional convention** is called to revise an existing constitution. A **limited constitutional convention** is restricted to revising only a limited area of the current constitution. However, such conventions may decide to go beyond their original authority. For example, the United States Constitutional Convention of 1787 was supposed to be limited to amending the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they wrote an entirely new constitution.

United States
-------------

### Constitutional convention

The United States Constitution is silent regarding rules of how a constitutional convention would operate. There are no standards for states calling for a convention. Even calls for a constitutional convention made 50 to 100 years ago on an entirely different topic might be counted towards the required 34 states needed to call a constitutional convention. Oklahoma, for example, called for a convention in 1976 but then rescinded it in 2009. They were concerned that such a convention might make unforeseen changes in any area of the Constitution. Those in favor of a constitutional convention may want to count Oklahoma's call for a convention anyway.

### Article V

Article Five of the United States Constitution provides *two* ways that constitutional amendments can be proposed:

* By 2/3 of both houses of the Congress.
* By a majority vote in 2/3 of the state legislatures.

Either way that amendments are proposed, they must then be ratified. Article Five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified. Congress chooses which way to use.

* Letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment. If three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.
* The second option is for Congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention." This is a group of people – not members of the state legislature—who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment. If ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

Congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st Amendment. (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States. The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.) At the time, Congress thought that this would be the more democratic option.

Organizing
----------

An organized body (when an organization already has a constitution, officers and by-laws) will usually have appointed a committee on credentials and a committee on program before the convention begins. The committee on credentials (also called registration) checks the identity of delegates and gives each one a name badge or card as evidence they belong there. A program committee should have copies of the program available to all delegates before the convention begins. Other committees may be appointed as necessary.
**Court Appointed Special Advocates** (**CASA**) is an organization in the United States. CASA supports and promotes advocates for abused or neglected children which are appointed by courts of law. The purpose is to provide children with a safe and healthy living environment in permanent homes. The program is similar to, but in most states is not the same as a legal guardian (*Guardians ad litem*). According to National CASA, today there are more than 77,000 advocates. They serve in 933 state and local program offices nationwide. Because of these volunteers, 233,000 children have been assisted through CASA services.

Training
--------

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) are in cities all over the United States. Advocates receive training on the laws of child abuse and neglect. They learn how to interview children and how to work with children with special needs. All advocates are trained to evaluate a family's situation. The typical training is about 30 hours spent in workshops and 10 hours spent in observing court cases and procedures. They also receive 12 hours of in-service training each year. Each CASA location has a volunteer coordinator. Together with a location's overseer (manager) they give help and advice to the advocates.
Eurasian bullfinch, female
**Bullfinches** are a genus of passerine birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). They belong to the genus ***Pyrrhula***. 

The genus has a palearctic distribution. All species occur in Asia with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, *P. pyrrhula*, also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch (*P. murina*) is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago. 

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome *b* sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (*Pinicola enucleator*) is the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches.

The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the middle Miocene, about a dozen million years ago (mya). It is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.

Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except in *P. nipalensis*, which has a yellowish bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.

Probably most populations are partially migratory. Most migrants move short or medium distances. North European birds move within a wider compass than central European birds. Numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations; no link with any particular food source has been established. Autumn migration begins late, and is fairly brief, mostly October–November; spring migration February–April.

The Eurasian bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s; numbers have fallen by 62 per cent in 35 years. Data suggests that productivity has increased over the last decade, and nest failure rates at the chick stage (15 days) have fallen from 37% to 21%.
Portrait of Russian ambassador Pyotr Potemkin, 1681-1682
**Juan Carreño de Miranda** (25 March 1614 – 3 October 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.

Born in Avilés in Asturias, he was the son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madrid with frescoes on mythological fables. He was named "Painter of the King" in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now the Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". He is mainly remembered as a painter of portraits. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.
**Buttercups** are a large genus of flowering plants called ***Ranunculus***. It has yellow, shiny petals, and grows wild in many places. It is poisonous to eat for humans and cattle, but when dry the poison is not active.

Types of buttercup
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There are about 200 to 600 species in this one genus. They mostly have yellow or sometimes white flowers. Buttercups include a wide variety of flower types, grouped by a plant naming system in the genus *Ranunculus*. Among them are the Meadow Buttercup (*Ranunculus acris*), Goldilocks Buttercup (*R. auricomus*), Creeping Buttercup (*R. repens*), Large White Buttercup (*R. platanifolius*), Celery-leaved Buttercup (*R. sceleratus*), Corn Buttercup (*R. arvensis*), Bulbous Buttercup (*R. bulbosus*) and Glacial Buttercup (*R. glacialis*).

Lesser Celandine (*R. ficaria*), Lesser Spearwort (*R. flammula*), and Greater Spearwort (*R. lingua*) also belong to the buttercup family.

Plants of the commonly named buttercup family grow in many different variations but most can be identified by their yellow cupped flowers and free-growing habit. The plants often climb or sprawl, with leaves arranged in spirals. Some may contain leaves without stipules and flowers with many stamens.

Molecular investigation of the genus shows that *Ranunculus* is not monophyletic. Proposals are under way to split up the genus.

Flower of *Ranunculus glaberrimus*

Folklore and Pop Culture
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 Highlights shining on the reflective petals of the buttercup can be seen in the images at left and above.

People sometimes hold a fresh buttercup flower under the chin of a friend or family member. If a yellow reflection from the flower's shiny petals can be seen under the chin, the person is said to "like butter". This custom is still taught to young children and shows how buttercup petals reflect light.

Some other plants and people are named buttercup, based on the name of the yellow wild flower. These include a type of pumpkin, and the girl's name Buttercup.

*"Build Me Up Buttercup"* was the name of a popular song by **The Foundations** during the 1960s. A song called *"Buttercup"* was released by Jack Stauber in 2017. A cartoon character from **The Powerpuff Girls** television series was also named Buttercup. Buttercups and their poisonous effect are used as a theme in the *PC game Undertale.*

Michael Avenatti, the lawyer of adult movie star "Stormy Daniels" (real name: Stephanie Clifford) against US President Donald Trump's ex lawyer and "fixer" Michael Cohen used on 29 July 2018 the phrase "You better buckle up buttercup" in a tweet addressing *Donald Trump's* lawyer *Rudy Giuliani*, which soon became the hashtag **#BuckleUpButtercup.**
**Tolcinasco Castle** (Italian: **Castello di Tolcinasco**) is a medieval defensive castle in the ancient village of Tolcinasco, a locality in the municipality of Opera near the Prada Foundation, inside the Mirasole Oasis.

History
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The Tolcinasco Castle was built by the D'Adda family in the sixteenth century. It is a rare example of an agricultural fortress to protect the surrounding countryside and the food supplies contained within it.

The castle, with the surrounding land, has become the seat of a golf course, started by Arnold Palmer. In 2018, after restoration, the castle was reopened to visitors.

Structure
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The castle is a large block structure, with four towers on the sides that defended the granary inside. The ground floor, less than three meters high, was originally a food store, and was accessible from the wagons directly from the outside for loading and unloading. Access to the main floor of the building was by outdoor stairways. Around the castle today there are the large farmhouses where the farmers who worked for the estate lived, together with the stables for farmed animals.

Related pages
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* Castle of Macconago
* Castle of Cassino Scanasio

Notes and references
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1. ↑  Di Tolcinasco, Castlli e torri d'italia[*permanent dead link*]
Azad in 1928.
**Chandra Shekhar Sitaram Tiwari** (audio speaker iconpronunciation (help·info) (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as **Chandra Shekhar Azad**) was an Indian revolutionary activist and freedom fighter. He re-organised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) [en] under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the execution of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders. 

He hailed from Badarka at Unnao in Uttar Pradesh. His parents were Sitaram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" when signing pamphlets issued as the commander in chief of the HSRA.

He was involved in the Kakori Train Robbery of 1925, the shooting of John P. Saunders at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, and last, in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India's train in 1929.

Azad got to read the Communist Manifesto from his comrade Shiv Verma. Despite being a member of Congress, Motilal Nehru regularly gave money in support of Azad.

He has also worked with famous freedom fighter Bhagat Singh and helped him during violence in assembly.

On 27 February 1931, the CID head of the police at Allahabad, Sir J. R. H. Nott-Bower and Allahabad Police reached at Alfred Park to arrest Azad. The police arrived at the park and surrounded it from all four sides. Some constables along with DSP Thakur Vishweshwar Singh entered the park armed with rifles. Somehow, the shootout began. Azad's companion Sukhdev Raj escaped. But Azad hid behind a tree to save himself and began to fire from behind it. The police fired back. After a long shootout, he shot himself in the head with his gun's last bullet for holding true to his pledge to always remain *Azad* (Free) and never be captured alive.

Further reading
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* Brahmdutt, Chandramani. *Kranti Ki Laptain*. ISBN 81-88167-30-4 (in Hindi)
* Krishnamurthy, Babu. *Ajeya* ("Unconquered"). Biography of Azad (in Kannada)

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chandra Sekhar Azad***.

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**CONMEBOL Libertadores** or **Copa Libertadores** (**Libertadores Cup**) is a football competition between the best club teams in South America. The teams are qualified based on how well they did in the national tournament. The last year winner has assured participation. The tournament is run by Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).

Schedule
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Copa Libertadores is played annually. It usually happens between the months of February and November (South American summer and spring). Its winner is qualified for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.

Libertadores starts in January with the worst classified team of each country playing for to be a part of the "Main Draw". In February, the Main Draw begins. It is made up of 8 groups with 4 clubs in each group. Each team plays 6 games. They play three home games and three away games. The top 2 clubs in every group advance to the next round. A total of 16 clubs play in the playoffs.

The better qualified clubs in the Main Draw take advantage of playing the second game of each round of the playoffs at home. Libertadores goes on with clubs playing home and away, round after round till the Finals.

Differences
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Unlike European club competitions, the Copa Libertadores, in the past, did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie. Starting with the 2005 event, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule, with the extra time used only in the final matches.
Clock Cabinet
The **Clock Cabinet** is a room at Versailles. It is one of the rooms in the king's private cabinets. An astronomical clock stands in the room. Louis XV took great interest in astronomy. The clock shows the time, the day of the week, the month, the year and the moon's quarter. In the crystal globe at the top, the planets can be seen moving around the sun according to Copernicus.

The clock was designed by Claude-Siméon Passemant, the King's engineer. It was made by the clock-maker Louis Dauthiau. The bronze casing was made by Jacques and Philippe II Caffiéri. The clock was used to determine the first official time system throughout the kingdom. The entire fixture measures over two meters tall.

The Academy of Science examined and approved the clock in August 1749. The Duc de Chaulnes presented it to Louis XV on 7 September 1750. It was put in the clock cabinet in 1754. The room actually got its name because of the large astronomical clock dials in the wainscoting. These clocks displayed the sunrises and moonrises every day. The king's scientific interests led him to upgrade that daily experience by having the Passemant clock installed in the room.

In 1692, the room was an Antechamber and part of Louis XIV's Art Cabinet. In 1738, it was remodeled into an oval-shaped drawing room. In 1760, it found its present form. The paneling is by Verberckt and Rousseau. The overdoors are copies of the Diana story originally painted by Boucher. The furniture in the room includes hunting tables ordered by Louis XV from Slodtz, Foliot, and Roumier. A Sèvres bisque equestrian statue depicting Frederic II stands in the room. Another equestrian statue in the room depicts Louis XV. It is a small copy by Vassé after Bouchardon's statue that stands in the Place de la Concorde.

Gallery
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* Astronomical clock by PassemantAstronomical clock by Passemant
* Astronomical clock by PassemantAstronomical clock by Passemant