recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Dream Market** is an online darknet market started in late 2013. Dream Market works on a hidden service of the Tor network. This allows online users to browse anonymously and securely while dodging possible monitoring of traffic. The marketplace sells many things, including drugs, stolen data, and fake goods, using the Bitcoin, BitcoinCash and Monero cryptocurrencies. Dream provides an escrow service, with disputes handled by staff. The market also has forums, hosted on a different URL.

After the takeovers and shutdowns of the AlphaBay and Hansa markets in July 2017, there was much speculation that Dream Market would become the main darknet marketplace. Many sellers and buyers from AlphaBay and Hansa communities registered on Dream Market.

At the time, Dream Market was reported to have "57,000 listings for drugs and 4,000 listings for opioids".

Dream Administrator and vendor Gal Vallerius was arrested in August 2017, after a border search of his laptop confirmed his identity as online drug seller OxyMonster. $500,000 USD in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin was discovered on his laptop. Vallerius is the subject of an continuing investigation about large online narcotics purchases which began in February 2016.

Security problems
-----------------

After the recent seizures of other markets, the accounts of a number of Dream Market vendors came under the control of Dutch law enforcement. As the market remains in operation, and no official statement has been released by Dutch authorities regarding this matter, it is not known how these accounts were compromised, though some researchers suggest that shared credentials are to blame.

On September 13th, Dream users reported the loss of funds from their accounts in posts to forums such as reddit. In a post to the markets' news page, Staff later confirmed that a hard drive failure caused the issue and promised to refund the lost funds. The issue has not yet been resolved, and it is not known how many (if any) users have had their prior balance compensated.
**Wilhelm Morokutti** also **Wilhelm Morocutti**  (9 May 1900 in Wien, Austria-Hungary; 2 February 1962 in Oberneukirchen, Austria) was an Austrian footballer.

Career
------

Morocutti grew up in Ober-St. Veit and came in 1914 at the age of 14 to the local Amateur SV. He was always called "Cutti" by the supporters of the club. As a result of the First World War, many of the regulars were not available. So he made his debut in the first team at the age of 16 in the position of left winger. In 1920 the amateurs reached the final of the ÖFB Cup for the first time. In 1921 a title was won for the first time with the cup victory against the Wiener Sport-Club, but Morocutti was not used in the final game. Finally he played as right winger where he became an important assistant giver for Kálmán Konrád and later for Gustav Wieser, Viktor Hierländer and Matthias Sindelar. After differences with the club's management he went to WAC in 1930.

International career
--------------------

In January 1922 he debuted for the national team in a 3–3 draw against Italy. He scored his first goal for the national team in April 1925. In total he played 17 international matches and scored five goals.

Personal life
-------------

He owned a company as a dental technician since 1924. After his football career ended he worked there. After the annexation of Austria in 1938, he worked again in the managment of FK Austria Wien. Morocutti applied for admission to the NSDAP on 28 May 1938 and was admitted (membership number 6,125,710).
Translation
-----------

1. In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.
2. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds,
3. The compassionate, the merciful.
4. Master of the day of judgment,
5. You do we worship, you do we ask for help.
6. Guide us to the straight path,
7. The path of those whom you have favored, not of those who have earned your anger, or of those who have gone astray.

Name
----

The word Fatiha is derived from the Arabic word "Fathun" which means "opening up". It has been named in accordance with the content of this Surah. The one with the help of which a subject, book or thing is inaugurated is called 'Fatiha'. In other words, the word conveys the meaning of introduction and beginning of speech.

There are four other names of this surah in the hadith, one of which is Ummul. However, there are at least 23 titles of this surah in Islamic writing. It is called Saba Masani or the widely read seven verses.

There are several other names for this surah. Such as- Fatihatul Kitab, Ummul Kitab, Suratul-Hamd, Suratus-Salat, As-Sabi'ul Masani.

Time of revelation
------------------

As this sura is the foundation of Islamic prayer, most Islamic scholars hold that it was revealed in Mecca early in Muhammad's career. One tradition has Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's son-in-law, one of his earliest followers and his rightful successor in the eyes of Shi'ite Muslims, saying: "The Opening of the Book was revealed in Mecca from a treasure beneath the divine throne." The eleventh-century Islamic scholar al-Wahidi relates a tradition in which the Fatiha constituted the first revelation of the Qur’an, rather than the famous demand from the angel that Muhammad "recite," which sura 96 currently enshrines as the first revelation of the Qur'an. Al-Awahidi adds, "This is also the opinion of Ali ibn Abi Talib." This belief persisted to the extent that the twelfth-century Persian Islamic Scholar and jurist Zamakhshari states that most Qur'an commentators at the time he was writing believed that the Fatiha was the first sura revealed. The idea is that the Fatiha was the beginning of the Qur'anic revelation. However, it is a minority view, with mainstream Islamic scholars today holding that sura 96, or at least the start of it, was the first revelation to come to Muhammad.

Variants
--------

Instead of "Praise be to Allah," the seventeenth-century Shi'ite scholar Muhammad Baqir Majlisi has, "We greatly praise Allah."

Instead of "the compassionate, the merciful" *(ar-rahman ar-rahim),* a variant seen in Cairo by the Qur'anic scholar Arthur Jeffery (1892-1959) has "the sustainer, the merciful" (ar-razzaqi ar-rahimi).

Instead of "master of the day of judgment," the Warsh Qur'an has "king of the day of judgment."

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Al-Fatihah (ten qiraat)***

* Text of *Surah* al-Fatiha with multiple available translations

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

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| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

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| Other | 
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

 |
A Class 158 in TfW livery
**Transport for Wales Rail Services (TfW Rail Services)** was a British train company. It runs trains throughout Wales and parts of England. It is owned by Keolis/Amey Wales Cymru Limited. The company is also known as: **Transport for Wales** and **TfW Rail** (Welsh: **Trafnidiaeth Cymru** and **TrC Trenau**) for their day-to-day operations. It was replaced by Transport for Wales Rail Limited (owned by the Welsh Government) in February 2021.

They were awarded the contract for the *Wales and Borders* franchise by the (commercially separate) government body Transport for Wales in 2018. TfW Rail Services started rail operations on 14 October 2018, taking over from Arriva Trains Wales.

The company runs trains throughout Wales and into parts of England, mainly Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. 

They run local stopping services between Cardiff and towns throughout South Wales, including Swansea, Carmarthen, Bridgend and Merthyr Tydfil, as well as longer distance services between Wales and Manchester, Shrewsbury and Birmingham. Some local services also extend to Gloucester and Cheltenham.

| * v
* t
* e
Current train operating companies in the United Kingdom |
| --- |
|  **◄ Defunct**
 |
| National: | 
Abellio Greater Anglia **·** 
Avanti West Coast **·** 
c2c **·** 
Chiltern Railways **·** 
CrossCountry **·** 
East Midlands Trains **·** 
First Hull Trains **·** 
Grand Central **·** 
Great Western Railway **·** 
Heathrow Connect **·** 
Heathrow Express **·** 
London Midland **·** 
London Overground **·** 
Merseyrail **·** 
NI Railways1 **·** 
Northern **·** 
ScotRail **·** 
Southeastern **·** 
Southern **·** 
South West Trains **·** 
Thameslink and Great Northern **·** 
Transport for Wales **·** 
TransPennine Express **·** 
 |
| International: | 
Enterprise1 **·** 
Eurostar
 |
| Sub-brands: | 
Caledonian Sleeper **·** 
Gatwick Express **·** 
Island Line Trains **·** 
Night Riviera **·** 
Stansted Express
 |
| **1** Operates on the Irish railway network. |
**suckless.org** is a group of programmers that work on minimalist (small) free software. The software is made to be as simple as possible. The group makes programs that closely follow the UNIX philosophy of "doing one thing and doing it well".

History
-------

Anselm R. Garbe started the suckless community.

In 2007, Garbe said there's a need for a "Plan 9 lover's and C hacker Ubuntu" which comes with the tools needed to create code in C. He suggested calling it 9ubuntu. Later, suckless made stali (Static Linux). Stali is an operating system with statically linked programs that can be run. It adheres to the suckless rules.

The program making team follows the rule that "worse is better". They follow the KISS principle ("Keep it simple, stupid").

Notable projects
----------------

* dwm - window manager
* dmenu - keyboard-controlled menu tool
* ii - IRC program
* sbase - UNIX core utilities (essential tools)
* surf - web browser
* wmii - window manager
* st - terminal emulator
* stali - Linux distrubution

Meet-ups
--------

In 2013, the suckless.org community started planning yearly meet-ups.

### suckless.org e.V.

In 2015, the legal entity suckless.org e.V. was created. It was created during a suckless meet-up. Its goal is helping suckless.org and other open source projects.

Related pages
-------------

* Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Subreddit
The **Virginia Blue Ridge Railway** (VBR) is a historic intrastate short line railroad. It operated in central Virginia in the 20th century.

History
-------

The company was incorporated in 1914. Construction was started in 1915. The VBR went between Tye River Depot in Nelson County to Massies Mill. It met up with the Southern Railway in Massies Mill. The railroad followed the course of the Tye and Piney Rivers for several miles. It eventually enters the mountains. It was initially built to haul chestnut for lumber out of the heavily-timbered Piney River area to local mills until World War I. The chestnut blight wiped out much of the timbered areas. The railroad later served several quarries in the area where titanium dioxide and aplite were mined. It passed through the communities of Roses Mill, Piney River, Canopy, Lowesville, and Buffalo Mine.

The line was abandoned in 1980. In the early 21st century, part of the roadbed was being developed as a rails-to-trails project, the Blue Ridge Railway Trail.
**Alice Louise Reynolds** (April 1, 1873 – December 5, 1938)  was the first woman professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). BYU magazine put her in a list of the 10 best BYU professors of the 20th century. She was the second woman in Utah to be a full professor.

Childhood and education
-----------------------

Alice was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States. Her father was George Reynolds and her mother was Mary Ann Tuddenham. Her father was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and worked as secretary to the First Presidency of the church for many years. When Alice was six years old, her father went to jail because he had more than one wife (plural marriage).

Her father's sister, her aunt Julia Reynolds, helped raise Alice. Alice liked reading and being around grownups. When she was 12, her mother died while giving birth to one of her siblings. Alice's father sent her and her younger sister Florence to the Brigham Young Academy (BYA) for their high school education. Alice was inspired by one of her teachers, Academy Principal Karl G. Maeser. She graduated from BYA in 1890.

Alice had taught for two years when the president of BYA, Benjamin Cluff, asked her to start a literature department at BYA. Reynolds went to the University of Michigan to study literature from 1892 to 1894. When she came back she became a full-time teacher at BYA.

Later in her life Reynolds received more education in Chicago, Cornell, Berkeley and Columbia. She also traveled to Europe four different times.

Career
------

### Teaching

Alice Reynolds in 1914
Reynolds was a Professor of English for 44 years. She became the first female to be a full professor at BYU. She taught approximately 5,000 students in 20 different English courses. Reynolds's absent-mindedness was famous at BYU. According to her students, she once walked through a herd of cows while reading a book and brought a teakettle to work instead of her purse.

Reynolds was an editor for the *Relief Society Magazine* from 1923 to 1930 and a writer for other LDS magazines. She also served in the General Board of the Relief Society of LDS Church for seven years.

### Contributions to library

While working at BYA, Reynolds became the chairperson of the committee to establish the library. She was the chairperson of the committee for 19 years. She held a large fundraiser to obtain 1,200 books to add to the school's library. Over the course of her life, she organized several other campaigns to help the library grow to 100,000 volumes. Through the efforts of the club, over 10,000 volumes were donated to the BYU library.
The **railway from Paris to Marseille** is an 862-kilometre long railway line, that connects Paris to the southern port city of Marseille, France, via Dijon and Lyon. The railway was opened in several stages between 1847 and 1856, when the final section through Lyon was opened. The opening of the LGV Sud-Est high speed line from Paris to Lyon in 1981, the LGV Rhône-Alpes in 1992 and the LGV Méditerranée in 2001 has reduced its importance for passenger traffic.

Route
-----

The Paris–Marseille railway leaves the Gare de Lyon in Paris in southeastern direction. It crosses the river Marne at Charenton-le-Pont, and follows the right Seine bank upstream until Crosne, where it follows a course east of the Forest of Sénart. It crosses the Seine near Melun and follows the left Seine bank upstream, along the Forest of Fontainebleau. Beyond Montereau-Fault-Yonne, the railway follows the left Yonne bank upstream. At Migennes the Yonne is crossed, and the small rivers Armançon, Brenne and Oze are followed upstream. Beyond Blaisy-Bas the railway enters the watershed of the Mediterranean Sea, descending the Ouche river valley to central Dijon.

At Dijon the railway turns south, running along the east side of the Côte d'Or escarpment with its famous vineyards. At Chalon-sur-Saône the railway reaches the river Saône, and follows its right bank downstream until the city centre of Lyon. Before and after the Lyon-Perrache station it crosses the Saône and the Rhône respectively, and continues downstream along the left Rhône bank. Between Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (north of Lyon) and La Guillotière (a southern quarter of Lyon) there is a parallel line to its east, on which the other main station of Lyon, Part-Dieu, is situated. There is also a long parallel line on the right bank of the Rhône between Lyon and Nîmes, which is mainly used for freight transport.

The railway passes through Valence, Avignon and Arles, where it leaves the Rhône and turns east. It passes along the northern shore of the Étang de Berre. The terminus is Marseille-Saint-Charles station.

### Main stations

The main stations on the Paris–Marseille railway are:

* Gare de Lyon (Paris)
* Dijon-Ville station
* Lyon-Perrache station
* Avignon-Centre station
* Marseille-Saint-Charles station
Jagiellonian University is located in PolandJagiellonian UniversityJagiellonian Universityclass=notpageimage| Location of Jagiellonian University in Kraków within PolandThe **Jagiellonian University** is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most famous academic institution. The university is important for Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.

The campus is in the middle of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, and three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 subjects. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German. The university library is among the largest of its kind and has a number of medieval manuscripts, including the landmark *De Revolutionibus* by alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus.

In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II, and Andrzej Duda; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski, Stanisław Lem, and Krzysztof Penderecki; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj, Bronisław Malinowski, Carl Menger, Leo Sternbach, and Norman Davies. Four Nobel laureates have been at the university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska, who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk, who taught there. Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and other honorary societies.
**Marseille-Saint-Charles** (French: *Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles*) is the main railway station and intercity bus station of Marseille, France. It is the southern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway and western terminus of the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway.

It opened on 8 January 1848, having been built for the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée on the land of the former Saint Charles Cemetery. The station is on top of a small hill and is linked to the city centre by a set of stairs. Since 2001, the TGV has dramatically reduced the travel time between Marseille and Northern France; traffic has increased from 7.1 million annual passengers in 2000 to 16.5 million in 2017. This makes the station the eleventh busiest in France.

New underground parking lots and a tunnel have allowed the station to be renewed. A new hall, the *Halle Honnorat*, was created housing shops and services. A a new pedestrian square was created, between the station and the Aix-Marseille University site of Saint-Charles. New pedestrian spaces with cafe terraces have also been created on top of the grand stairs. In December 2007, a €230 million modernisation was completed.
A surviv.io player circa 2020 to 2023 dabbing on the competition
**Rotation** is the movement of an object in a circular motion.

A two-dimensional object rotates around a *center* (or *point*) *of rotation*. A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an *axis*. If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or *spin*– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion about an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an *orbit* or more properly *orbital revolution.*

Types of rotation
-----------------

The Clockwise direction
Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.

### Aviation

In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as *pitch*, *roll* and *yaw*. The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water.

### Amusement rides

Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.

### Sports

Rotation, usually called *spin*, plays a role in many sports. *Topspin* and *backspin* in tennis. *English*, *follow* and *draw* in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket. Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

Related pages
-------------

* Precession
* Torque

Other websites
--------------

* Product of Rotations at *cut-the-knot*
* When a Triangle is Equilateral at *cut-the-knot*
* Rotation (Interactive Animation) at Math is Fun
* Rotate Points Using Polar Coordinates Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
A garden gnome
**Garden gnomes** are small lawn ornaments, usually placed in gardens or in front of houses. They are small statues, usually between one and two feet tall (30 to 60 centimeters). They depict gnomes, which are short creatures similar to humans.

Garden gnomes have become a popular accessory in many gardens, but they are not loved by all. They can be the target of pranks. People have been known to "return them to the wild", most notably France's "Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardins" and Italy's "MALAG" (Garden Gnome Liberation Front). Some kidnapped garden gnomes have been sent on trips around the world, being passed from person to person and photographed at different famous landmarks, with the photos being returned to the owner. This practice is featured in the 2001 French film, *Amélie* and in an advertising campaign for Travelocity.com. Non-conventional gnome statues have also been made, such as a flashing gnome in a raincoat, or a gnome couple in love.

A sub-culture exists among those who collect garden gnomes. This phenomenon is frequently made fun of in popular culture.

History
-------

The first garden gnome was created in Switzerland. It was later introduced to the United Kingdom in 1847 by Sir Charles Isham, when he brought 21 terracotta figures back from a trip to Germany and placed them around the gardens of his home at Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire. Only one of the original batch of gnomes survives. His name is Lampy. He is on display at Lamport Hall, and is insured for one million pounds.

Other websites
--------------

* Garden Gnome - Encyc
**Davey Alba** is a Filipino American technology reporter for *The New York Times*. She covers the topic of disinformation. She has won several awards, such as the Livingston and Mirror awards. She has worked for several well known companies, such as BuzzFeed News. She is a Filipino immigrant.

Early life
----------

Alba moved to the US in 2010 from the Philippines. She comes from a family of high achievers. Her dad is in academia. Her mom is an economic consultant. Her sister is a vice president in an international investment bank. Her dad would read advanced, classic novels to her and her sister when she was eight years old. One of her favorites was *The Hobbit*, by J. R. R. Tolkien. She and her sister kept stopping their dad to ask what certain words meant. That’s when Alba’s fondness for literature began.

Education
---------

Alba is a graduate of De La Salle University of Manila. She got a degree in communication. She also has a Master’s degree in science journalism from Columbia University. Alba believes the education she received in Manila contributed to her success. She is a self-confessed nerd. She had a 3.7 GPA. She was also on the Dean’s List throughout college. Alba says there were two professors who helped refine her writing. Their names were Glenn Omanio and Ronald Baytan. Omanio taught reporting. Bayton taught Philippine Poetry in English class. They were both professors at De La Salle University. Alba says they were both willing to share their time, knowledge, and encouragement.

Awards and achievements
-----------------------

Alba’s standout piece was on how President Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) used Facebook to fuel his war on drugs. This piece won her the Livingston Award for excellence in international reporting. Livingston is known as the Pulitzer for journalists under 35. She also won the 2019 Mirror Awards for best story on journalism in dangerous situations. Alba was most recently hired by the New York Times to cover the subject of disinformation.
**Subwoolfer** is a British-Norwegian pop duo which formed in 2021. 

They are known for wearing yellow wolf-head masks and black suits with white shirts. The two members go by the pseudonyms "Keith" and "Jim". 

A fictional origin story about the duo states that they are the "most successful band in our galaxy," and began their career "4.5 billion years ago on the Moon."

Subwoolfer won the Norwegian song competition *Melodi Grand Prix* in 2022, meaning that they selected to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with their song "Give That Wolf a Banana". They finished in 10th place out of the 25 finalists.

The following year, they revealed their identities as Ben Adams and Gaute Ormåsen.

Discography
-----------

### Singles

* *Give That Wolf a Banana* (2022)
* *Give That Wolf a Romantic Banana* (2022)
* *Melocoton (The Donka Donk Song)* (2022)
* *Howling* (with Luna Ferrari) (2022)
* *Having Grandma Here for Christmas* (2022)
* *Worst Kept Secret* (2023)
* *We Wrote a Book* (2023)
* *Coco Pops* (with Subkids) (2023)
* *I Think I Killed Rudolph* (with a1) (2023)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
Eggman cosplay at the 2014 New York Comic Com.
**Dr. Ivo "Pingas" Robotnik** is the main antagonist of Sonic the Hedgehog. He first appeared in 1991 in the game *Sonic the Hedgehog* for Sega Mega Drive. He last appeared in 2022 in the game *Sonic Frontiers*.

Creation
--------

In April 1990, Sega wanted a character to replace Alex Kidd as the company's mascot. One of the designs was a caricature of Theodore Roosevelt. This became the basis for the design of Dr. Eggman. They wanted a character that was the opposite of Sonic, a character that would represent technology and development. The character was also designed to be easily drawable by children.

Features
--------

Eggman is a distinguished scientist and mechanical genius with an IQ of 300. He is an expert in the field of robotics. Despite all this, Eggman uses intelligence on purposes. He attempts to conquer the world and create his own utopia. Despite many setbacks, he never gives up and he does not care what others think of his actions. He considers anyone who opposes his plans is a serious threat. Despite his intellect, Eggman is often insane. Sometimes he can’t even except the fact that he is in trouble. He also doesn't like snooping.
**Dalitstan.org** was a Dalit advocacy website active until mid-2006. It was one of 18 websites that were blocked by the Indian government following the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings.

The website claimed to be run by **Dalitstan**, a "Human Rights Organization working for the Upliftment of Dalits, the Untouchables of India". -stan is a suffix for "place of" or "country", and forms part of the name of many places throughout Central and South Asia. Dalitstan would mean "place or country of the Dalits".

Claims and counter-claims
-------------------------

The website stated that the Dalits were the original people of India who created the Harappan civilization, and described the Brahmins as the descendants of the Aryan invaders who enslaved them.

Dibyesh Anand of the University of Westminster described Dalitstan.org as a Dalit nationalist group that also acted as a forum for anti-India Christian and Muslim advocacy.

Blocked by the Indian government
--------------------------------

Dalitistan.org was one of 18 websites that were blocked in India by the Ministry of Telecommunications of the Government in July 2006. The purpose of the block was to try to stop terror and hate messages on the Internet following the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings.

History of domain
-----------------

The website was started in 1999. The domain was registered by Helen Heklund, with an address in Granbury, Texas. The website was taken down sometime after May 2006. The domain registration lapsed (expired). The rights to the name were then purchased by someone else.
A nicotine patch
The nicotine in cigarettes and other tobacco products makes people dependent. When they quit, they will get withdrawal symptoms. **Nicotine replacement therapy** (**NRT**) is there to reduce the dependency symptoms. This is usually done by delivering nicotine (or a substance very similar to it) in other ways. Common methods include *nicotine patches* and chewing gums with nicotine in them.

Cigarettes are responsible for the deaths of about 5 million people each year. These people are not killed by the nicotine in the cigarette, but by other substances in tobacco smoke such as carbon monoxide and tars.

NRT delivers nicotine to the smoker's brain in a much slower way than cigarettes do. It helps to damp down the urges to smoke that most smokers have in the early days and weeks after quitting, rather than remove them totally. It gives the smoker the chance to break smoking cues in their daily lives, and might provide a more comfortable exit from the smoking habit. NRT however is best used with some form of support, ideally from someone who knows something about smoking cessation.

In 2005 the Committee on the Safety of Medicines recommended that NRT be given to pregnant smokers and to adolescent smokers.[*source?*]

Findings from a recent Cochrane review of controlled trials testing NRT products (Stead et al. 2008) showed that smokers using NRT were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to have stopped smoking at followup than those in the placebo or control treatment condition.

Criticism
---------

Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products so there is a chance when using NRT products to become addicted to those products. NRT products are safer then smoking tobacco. NRT products are generally expensive, sometimes even more so then cigarettes, so a minority of people may become addicted to the NRT product and turn back to tobacco products to save money.

Types
-----

* Nicotine patch
* Nicotine gum
* Nicotine inhaler
* Nicotine lozenge
* Nicotine spray
* Nicotine sublingual tablet
* Nicotine pouches

### Electronic cigarette

An electronic cigarette is an electronic item used instead of cigarettes. It gives a little nicotine, propylene glycol, and sometimes flavours, when you breathe through it. It was invented in China.

Other websites
--------------

* University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Review of NRT from Cochrane Archived 2008-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
* The Best Electronic Cigarettes Archived 2018-06-30 at the Wayback Machine A complete guide on which electronic cigarette to buy
* Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes Archived 2022-06-23 at the Wayback Machine Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes? How it Reduces Cravings
* What Are Nicotine Pouches? 2023-11-6 A complete guide on 'What Are Nicotine Pouches?'
Boring
An **article** is a word that is used with a noun. There are two kinds of articles: **definite articles** and **indefinite articles**.

In English there is just one definite article: *the*. There are two indefinite articles: *a* and *an*. The word *an* is used before a word starting with a vowel sound (which does not have to be a vowel letter): we say *a horse*, *a child*, *a European* (*European* has a "Y" sound, /j/, which is a consonant sound), *a university*, but *an orange*, *an elephant*. 

Some languages have more than one word for *the*. In some languages, this is because each noun is either masculine or feminine or, in some languages it can be masculine, feminine or neuter. For example: in French *le* is used for masculine nouns (*le jardin* - *the garden*) and *la* for feminine nouns (*la table* - *the table*). *The* becomes *les* in front of plural nouns. The indefinite articles in French are *un* (masculine) and *une* (feminine). German, Dutch and Ancient Greek have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, but in the case of Dutch the word for *the* is the same for masculine and feminine (*de*) so you do not need to know which it is. The Māori language uses one word for *the* for when the subject or object to which the *the* refers is one in number, and uses another word for *the* when the subject or object to which the *the* refers numbers more than one.

There are also many languages that do not have articles. Some examples include Russian, Hindi, Japanese, and Chinese. When speakers of these languages are learning English, it is often difficult to explain to them what an article is because English speakers use them naturally. Even though these languages do not have articles, they still have grammatical features that allow them to show definiteness.

In general: *the* in English is used for something you already know about or have already been talking about. The word *a* is used when introducing a new idea:

"The tired woman was looking for her cat. Suddenly she saw *the* cat up *a* tree". (We are already talking about the cat. The tree is a new idea).

"The tired woman was walking along when she suddenly saw *a* cat up *a* tree". (She had not been thinking about cats until then).

Sometimes we do not need an article, for example when talking about something in general:

"The dogs do not bite" (meaning: dogs that you are thinking about).
"Barking dogs do not bite" (barking dogs in general).
**Neopets** is a website that lets its users create virtual pets, and take care of them. The site was created on November 15 1999, and has hundreds of millions of users.  The website is owned by Jumpstart. Most of the pets that the user can create are not real animals, but are based upon real animals. Neopets has story plots, chat boards, and different things that users can do with their Neopets. Many people of many different ages join Neopets. The site has many games that the user can play. Neopets has a help section to find answers to many of the questions that users may have. The games length varies from a minute or less to saveable games like Neoquest that take more than 10 hours total to complete.

Pets
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A person can make a pet and care for it using items. Items are given when a person does activities on the website. Items can also be purchased using Neopoints, the website's form of money. They can get special items called paint brushes which change the color of the pet to a different special color.

People younger than thirteen years old have less access to website features. They are not allowed to use the forum or send messages to other people.

### Default avatars

Default avatars are the easiest type of avatar to get. Once a person creates an account on Neopets, they get to use the default avatars without having to do anything. Default avatars are mainly the different pets that can be used on the site and certain faeries.

### Clickable avatars

Clickable avatars are the second easiest avatar to get. To earn a Clickable, the user must go to a certain place on the site. Once the user has gone to that page, they get a message that says they can use that avatar.

### Avatars that are earned

Many avatars have to be earned. These are the avatars that people want most. These avatars are the hardest to get. These avatars may be gotten in many different ways. For example, getting a certain score in a game, buying a specific item, looking up a pet, refreshing, or getting a set amount of Neopoints.

Fan sites
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There are many websites created by Neopets users to help other players. These sites help with information about how to play games and how to get avatars. There are also many sites for users to find ways to change the look of the pages that tell about themselves and their pets.

Other websites
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* Neopets home page
**MediaFire** is a free and unlimited file and image hosting website in Harris County, Texas, USA. Every feature of the service is available to users whether they choose to create a cost-free account or not.

The website is very popular and has attracted at least 8.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a study made by Compete.com.

Use
---

As it has been said that MediaFire has progressed in its growth, and has become the fastest growing site on the web 100% yearly growth. 
MediaFire offers:

Unlimited downloads
Unlimited uploads
Download resuming
Zero wait time
And these services are free.

Growth
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A group of web designers & desktop developers are working to achieve their goal to proceed to advance and progress the MediaFire file sharing involvement, to make it better to their users.

Usage
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The service is available for free and allows users to upload files of up to 200 MB. The user is then supplied with a unique URL, which locates the file and enables anyone with whom the uploader shares it to download the file. Currently there is no time limit on how long uploaded files will be stored. Furthermore, images can be uploaded and displayed in galleries.

History
-------

MediaFire was originally founded on August 2006, the company was established in the San Frasisco Bay Area by a group of website enthusiasts and entrepreneurs who had a difficult time with sending rather large emails and files and FTP.

Together they decided to create a site that would resolve those issues, for a more simple method of transferring these files and other media.On October 2006 MediaFire was actually launched, and did rather well with producing a site where user of all ages could share files with ease and feel secure about their files. And this site only continued to grow, and more features were invented such as:

Unlimited cloud Storage, Branding tools and the ability to share files with friends and family and other users.

Other websites
--------------

* Mediafire start page
*
**Citizendium** (short for the citizens' compendium) is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger in 2007. On this wiki, people have to use their given names and must request an account to prove they are real. Articles created by Citizendium editors are under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. As of September 2020, Citizendium has 17,000 articles and 149 approved articles.

When Citizendium started, experts were given a special status: they were allowed to "approve" articles and were able to decide who is right when there are conflicts over the content in the encyclopedia. As of 2020, the former "experts" policy is in limbo, as the membership of the wiki is too small to implement it and because it was deemed not effective. All writers are treated as equal.

The server which runs the website costs money to run. The only way the wiki can stay active is if members donate money, or if Citizendium can find a group or organization that can provide funds.

Citizendium is now a small community. In early 2022, it had around ten contributors making at least one edit a month. The managing editors in 2022 are Pat Palmer and John Stephenson.

Other websites
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* Citizendium home page
* Citizendium page (has information about the financial status)
Bet365 Logo**Bet365** is a British gambling company founded in 2000. It offer sports betting, online casino, online poker, and online bingo. The business operations is run from its office in Stoke-on-Trent. There is a satellite office in Malta. It was founded by Denise Coates, who is the majority shareholder and joint-chief executive, alongside her brother John Coates. She pays tax in the UK on her salary and dividends. John owns about a quarter of its shares. Her two sisters — Moira and Siobhan — each own 5% of the business. Her husband, Richard, also works for the company. More than 7000 people work for the company. They must live within 30 miles of Stoke. It is the largest private employer in Stoke. It has expanded into North America. It has been very profitable since 2008. It is investing a lot of money into the expansion into America. Ray Winstone was in their advertising. A lot of their business is in grey markets, like China, where gambling is not allowed.

Denise Coates is an economics graduate from the University of Sheffield. She has been paid about about £2.5 billion since 2008. She was paid a salary of £220.70 million in the year to 26 March 2023. This was more than a quarter of the company’s wage and benefit costs for staff.  She also gets at least 50% of the £100 million dividend. She was the highest paid executive in the UK in 2017 with a salary of £217 million. She set up The Denise Coates Foundation, a registered charity. It has made multimillion-pound donations to the local hospital, Douglas Macmillan Hospice, Keele university and theatre projects. 

The Coates family is ranked as the 16th richest in the UK with an estimated £8.8 billion fortune, according to the Sunday Times rich list. It ran the Provincial Racing chain of nearly 50 betting shops. Peter Coates, Denise's father, has set up a separate foundation. He was also the chairman of Stoke City F.C. The company has sponsored the club. They play in what is now called the Bet365 Stadium.
*Balti jaam* (literally *the Baltic Station*) is the main passenger railway station of Estonia's capital Tallinn.
Stadler FLIRT in Ülemiste.
The **rail transport system in Estonia** has about 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) of railway lines, of which 900 kilometres (560 mi) are currently in public use. The infrastructure of the railway network is mostly owned by the state and is regulated and surveyed by the Estonian Technical Surveillance Authority.

All public railways in Estonia are 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) (Russian gauge). The 1,520 mm gauge used in Estonia is also compatible with Finland's 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge. Sometimes it is defined to be 1,524 mm when buying track maintenance or vehicles from Finland.

Railways in Estonia today are used mostly for freight transport, but also for passenger traffic. 8.3 million passengers were reported in 2019. Passenger transport is most frequent near Tallinn, centred on the main Tallinn Baltic Station.

The Tallinn to Tartu railway is due to be electrified by 2024, with electrification of the remaining network expected to be completed by 2028. 16 new electric trains manufactured by Škoda Transportation are due to come into service starting 2024.
Trains at Helsinki Central Station, 2019
Bike storage space on a night train, June 2022
A commuter train bound for the airport
The Finnish railway network has a total track length of 9,216 km (5,727 mi). The railways are built with a broad 1524 mm track gauge. 3,249 km (2,019 mi) is electrified. 

Passenger trains are run by the state-owned enterprise VR. These services cover all major cities and many rural areas. The coverage is less than the coverage provided by the bus services. Most passenger train services originate or terminate at Helsinki Central railway station. VR also operates freight services. Maintenance and construction of the railway network itself is the responsibility of the Finnish Rail Administration, which is a part of the Finnish Transport Agency. Cargo yards and large stations may have their own signalling systems.

Finnish trains have a reputation for being spacious, comfortable and clean. The scenery round the railway lines is beautiful, especially in Eastern Finland with its many lakes. Commuter services are rare outside the Helsinki area, but there are express train connections between most of the cities. Night trains only run on the lines between Helsinki or Turku via Oulu to Lapland (minimum distance of 676 km (420 mi). Most tracks are free for nightly freight traffic (about 40 million tonnes per year).
Not to be confused with Asian giant hornet.

The **Asian hornet** (***Vespa velutina***) also known as the **yellow-legged hornet** or **Asian wasp** is a species of hornet originally found in Southeast Asia. It is a problem in many countries because it is a very invasive species.

The hornet is smaller than its European relative, known as the European hornet. Queens are usually 30 mm (1.2 in) long, and males are usually about 24 mm (0.95 in) long. However, the workers are smaller than both the males and queen, at about 20 mm (0.8 in) long. The tarsi (legs) of the hornet are a bright yellow, and the body has a brownish color. The head is a yellow and black pattern, and the abdomen has a yellow border with a black fill; although, the end of the abdomen is orange. The hornet has many different colorations, making it hard for scientists to classify subspecies.

Side view of *V. velutina*, normal coloration.
Like all other hornets in the genus *Vespa*, these hornets build nests to house their workers, young, and the queen. The population of one nest may range in the thousands. Workers are usually armed with powerful stingers, while drones (males) are not armed with stingers. The nest is usually shaped like an egg, and is half a meter long. During their nesting season, they build their nest in a low shrub, then build up high (usually in a tree), possibly as a way to avoid parasites. New queens usually are birthed around fall. The hornets hunt a range of insects, such as dragonflies, flies, and orthopterans. They hunt down their prey by chasing them. They also hunt honeybees, which is a problem in places where the hornets are invasive.

Many governments have tried to remove the invasive hornet, usually by nest destruction.

Other websites
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* "Yellow-Legged Hornet". 2023.
* "Yellow Legged Hornet". 2023.
* www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/us/yellow-legged-hornet-us.html
* www.cnn.com/2023/08/18/world/yellow-legged-hornet-invasive-scn/index.html
* vespawatch.be/en/faq/
**Trial and error** is a primitive method of solving problems. It is characterised by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying. It is an unsystematic method, which does not employ insight, theory or organised methodology.

According to W.H. Thorpe, the term was devised by C. Lloyd Morgan after trying out similar phrases "trial and failure" and "trial and practice". Under Morgan's canon, animal behaviour should be explained in the simplest possible way. Where behaviour seems to imply higher mental processes, it might be explained by trial and error learning. An example is the skilful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily misunderstood as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behaviour. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

Edward Thorndike showed how to manage a trial and error experiment in the laboratory. In his famous experiment, a cat was placed in a series of puzzle boxes in order to study the law of effect in learning. He plotted learning curves which recorded the timing for each trial. Thorndike's key observation was that learning was promoted by positive results, which was later refined and extended by B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning.