recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Not to be confused with the Amundsen Gulf.
The Amundsen Sea area of Antarctica
Antarctic iceberg, Amundsen Sea
The **Amundsen Sea** is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It is bounded by Cape Flying Fish, the northwestern tip of Thurston Island to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. East of Cape Flying Fish starts the Bellingshausen Sea. The sea is named for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.

The sea is mostly ice-covered. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness. It is roughly the size of the state of Texas. The area is known as the **Amundsen Sea Embayment** (ASE). It forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Pine Island Bay
---------------

**Pine Island Bay** (74°50′S 102°40′W﻿ / ﻿74.833°S 102.667°W﻿ / -74.833; -102.667) is a bay about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide. The ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast end of the Amundsen Sea flows into it. It was named for USS *Pine Island*.

Russell Bay
-----------

**Russell Bay** (73°27′S 123°54′W﻿ / ﻿73.450°S 123.900°W﻿ / -73.450; -123.900) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea. It goes along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It is named for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Amundsen Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 73°S 112°W﻿ / ﻿73°S 112°W﻿ / -73; -112
**Atropoides** is a genus of venomous Pit vipers found in Mexico and Central America. There are currently three species found. Atropoides are also known as the "*Jumping Pit vipers*" or the "*Jumping Vipers*".

Description
-----------

Jumping Vipers grow up to the length of around 90 centimeters (36 inches), while the longest ever found was 120.2 centimeters (47 in). All of them are thick-bodied, with the Mexican Jumping Pit viper being the thickest, and the Picado's Jumping Pit viper being the slimmest. It has a large head, with small eyes, and a rounded snout, it also has a short tail. They are gray-brown, reddish brown or black in color with brown blotches on them.

Where they live
---------------

The Jumping Vipers are found on the mountains of east Mexico, the lowlands of Central America, and Panama.

Behavior
--------

Even though this snake is known as the "Jumping Viper" they do not really jump, but some say when they attack an enemy or prey they strike at such a force they actually leave the ground. They are slow moving and are not very aggressive snakes. They are active during both night and day, but those which are found on high altitudes are usually active at day time.

Feeding
-------

Adult Jumping Vipers eat mainly small mammals and lizards, while young Jumping Vipers eat orthopterans, and skinks.

Species
-------

* Mexican Jumping Pit Viper, *A. nummifer*
* Tuxtlan Jumping Pit Viper, *A. olmec*
* Picado's Jumping Pit Viper, *A. picadoi*
In Christianity, the **Arrest and Trial of Jesus** is an event that takes place in February/March of 30 AD, before the Death and Ressurrection of Jesus and after the Last Supper.

Description
-----------

The New Testament Gospels all tell the story of how Jesus was arrested. His trial is told with many details. Jesus was with his disciples in a garden where He was praying. After dark, some soldiers came. With them was Judas Iscariot. Judas kissed Jesus to show the soldiers who He was. The soldiers took Jesus prisoner. All of the other followers of Jesus ran away.

Jesus was taken to the high priest where he was questioned. He was accused of many things by false witnesses. Finally, the high priest asked Jesus if he was the Son of God. Jesus said it was true and that in the future he would come in the clouds. The high priest then said that Jesus was guilty of blasphemy.

Since the Romans did not allow the Jewish authorities to kill anyone, Jesus was then brought to Pontius Pilate. Pilate was the Roman governor. He also asked Jesus many questions. Jesus didn't answer some of the questions, but he told Pilate that he was a king. But he said that his kingdom was "not of this world". Pilate wanted to release Jesus, but the crowd demanded instead that Jesus be crucified. To prevent a riot, Pilate agreed to their demand.

Other
-----

Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.
***Annie Hall*** is a 1977 American romantic comedy movie from United Artists. Woody Allen directed and stars in it. At first it was called *Anhedonia*, then *It Had To Be Jew*, but these titles would not sell the movie. *Annie Hall* has been considered a biography of Allen's real life, but the actor has denied this claim.

Plot
----

The movie takes place in New York City and the latter half in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of Alvy Singer, a comedian from Brooklyn, who is obsessed with death. He has an affair with the title character, Annie Hall (played by Diane Keaton) and the two embark on a romance. He encourages Annie to further her career as a nightclub singer.

Alvy recalls how his Brooklyn house was below a roller coaster on Coney Island. His father was the owner of a place that had bumper cars, something that reflected the marriage between Alvy's father and Alvy's mother. 

Throughout the film, many flashbacks are included, often humourously; however, when Alvy recalls his times with Annie, the comedic mood turns nostalgic and Alvy is left wondering what could have happened differently if his insecurities were not in the way.

Alvy asks Annie to marry him after they split. She tells him no, as she wants to stay friends.

Techniques
----------

*Annie Hall* is noted for its use of special elements such as double exposure (two pictures in one) and magic themes in a real setting.

There is an animated scene with a cartoon version of Allen, and the Witch from Disney's *Snow White*.

Awards and success
------------------

### Academy Awards

The movie won four Academy Awards:

* Best Picture
* Best Director (Allen)
* Best Actress (Keaton)
* Best Original Screenplay (Allen and Marshall Brickman)

Allen was nominated for Best Actor.

The movie won one Golden Globe Award, for Best Actress in Musical or Comedy (Diane Keaton). It was nominated for three more: Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), Best Director (Woody Allen), and Best Actor in Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen). The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

### Recognition

It has been called one of the best comedy movies of all time. It has appeared on IMDb's Top 250 List, and was number thirty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. In 1992, it was selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry.

Influence
---------

Many of today's romantic comedy movies have been influenced by *Annie Hall*. The tie that was worn by Keaton's character was popular at the time of the movie's release.

Christopher Walken, who would later become more famous, had a role as the title character's brother.

Other websites
--------------

 Quotations related to Annie Hall at Wikiquote

* *Annie Hall* on IMDb
* Details on the plot and production

|
|  |
| Preceded by*Rocky* |  **Academy Award for Best Picture**1977 | Succeeded by*The Deer Hunter* |
An activated aerosol spray
**Aerosol spray** is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

History
-------

An aerosol can disassembled
Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France.

In 1837, the syphon was invented.

In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held.

In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction.

In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a *bug bomb* (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.

In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market.

In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.

Safety
------

The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on.

It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.

In detail
---------

* Schematic of a valve system**A** - *Donut* (indicating the color of the paint)
* **B** - Valve system
* **C** - Safety ring
* **D** - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
* **E** - The valve itself

Related pages
-------------

* Graffiti
* Pepper spray
Arsenic trioxide
**Arsenic trioxide**, also known as **white arsenic**, **arsenic(III) oxide**, or **arsenious oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O3. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Arsenic trioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution of arsenious acid. It dissolves easily in bases to make arsenites. It reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to make arsenic trichloride. It reacts with very strong oxidizing agents to make arsenic pentoxide. It reacts with reducing agents to make arsenic or arsine. It sublimes much easier than metal oxides, making it easy to separate by heating the mixture.

Occurrence and preparation
--------------------------

Arsenic trioxide is rarely found as a mineral. It is normally made from orpiment or realgar, arsenic sulfide minerals. About 50,000 tons of arsenic trioxide are made each year. Arsenic trioxide is made by burning arsenic in air, reacting arsenic with concentrated sulfuric acid, or the roasting of arsenic sulfide ores.

Uses
----

It is used to make elemental arsenic. It was used as a pigment (in Paris green) and as a wood preservative but was banned in many countries because it is so toxic. Arsenic trioxide is used to fight cancer.

Safety
------

Arsenic trioxide is highly toxic when eaten. It also can be toxic if on the skin for long amounts of time. It affects the digestive system when eaten. Workers exposed to arsenic trioxide fumes in their job can be poisoned as well.

Related pages
-------------

* Arsenic tribromide
* Arsenic pentafluoride
* Bismuth trioxide
* Antimony trioxide
**Arsine**, also known as **arsenic hydride** or **hydrogen arsenide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsH3. It has hydrogen and arsenide ions in it. The hydrogen is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Arsine is a colorless gas. It is a reducing agent. It has a weak garlic odor. It easily burns to make arsenic trioxide in excess air or arsenic in small amounts of air. It breaks down to arsenic and hydrogen when heated. It can dissolve in water. It is heavier than air. Arsine reacts violently with oxidizing agents, such as the halogens.

Preparation
-----------

Arsine is made by reacting any arsenic(III) compound with any hydride. It can also be made by reacting any arsenide with an acid. It was first made by reacting zinc, hydrochloric acid, and arsenic trioxide.

Uses
----

Arsine is used to make semiconductors like gallium arsenide. It was looked at as a chemical weapon. It is almost odorless (it kills before one smells it), heavy (spreads along the ground), and colorless. It was unstable though, easily igniting.

Safety
------

Arsine is extremely toxic. 0.00005% (0.5 ppm) can poison people; 0.025% (250 ppm) quickly kills people.

Related pages
-------------

* Stibine
* Bismuthine
* Phosphine
* Zinc arsenide
**Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis** (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known. In English it means **Bach Works Catalogue**.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950. He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number. Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number. For example, the *Mass in B minor* is BWV 232. Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about. For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting *Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 550* makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written). They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.

Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure. Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as *BWV Anhang* (BWV appendix). Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered. Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this. He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

Other websites
--------------

* BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
A color picture of the Earth and Moon on December 24, 1968. People watching the broadcast saw a black and white picture.The Apollo 8 Genesis reading.
On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 read from the Book of Genesis on a television broadcast of their mission as they orbited the moon. Bill Anders, Jim Lovell, and Frank Borman read verses 1 through 10, using the Authorized King James Version text. This was the most watched television broadcast at the time of its broadcast.

Readings
--------

Bill Anders"We are now approaching lunar sunrise, and for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you.  
 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.  
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.  
And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.  
And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.'"
Jim Lovell"And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.  
And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.  
And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.  
And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day."
Frank Borman"'And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.  
And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.'  
And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas – and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth."
Anna Moffo
**Anna Moffo** (June 27, 1932 - March 9, 2006) was an Italian American operatic soprano particularly associated with lyric-coloratura roles in Italian and French operas, she was admired as much for her vocal gifts as her great beauty and affecting stage presence.

Life and Career
---------------

Born in Wayne, Pennsylvania, to Italian parents, she first studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, with Eufemia Giannini-Gregory, and later at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Italy, with Mercedes Llopart and Luigi Ricci. 

She made her operatic debut in Spoleto, Italy, in 1955, as Norina in Donizetti's *Don Pasquale*. Shortly after, she appeared in a television production of Puccini's *Madama Butterfly*, which made her an overnight sensation throughout Italy. She quickly appeared in other television productions (*Falstaff*, *La sonnambula*, *Lucia di Lammermoor*, *La figlia del reggimento*, *La serva padrona*) and was invited to sing at most of the major opera houses of Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Parma, etc.). As her reputation grew, she was invited to sing outside Italy, notably at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, the Salzburg Festival and the Vienna State Opera. 

She made her American debut at the Chicago Lyric Opera in 1957, as Mimi in *La bohème*, opposite the great Swedish tenor Jussi Bjorling. Her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York took place on November 14, 1959, as Violetta in *La traviata*, a part that quickly became her signature role. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera for seventeen seasons to great acclaim in roles such as Lucia (*Lucia di Lammermoor*), Gilda (*Rigoletto*), Mimi (*La bohème*), Marguerite (*Faust*), Juliet (*Romeo and Juliet*), Manon (*Manon*), the four heroines in *Les contes d'Hoffmann*, etc. She also sang in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, etc. while making several appearances on American television. 

She pursued a successful international career as well, singing in Monte Carlo, London, Berlin, Stockholm, Mexico City, Buenos Aires, etc. She remained very popular in Italy and performed there often and hosted her own television program *The Anna Moffo Show* from 1960 to 1973. She also appeared in movie versions of opera such as *La traviata* (1968) and *Lucia di Lammermoor* (1971), directed by her husband Mario Lanfranchi, as well as a few non-operatic movies. 

Her career was cut short by vocal problems in the mid 1970s but she remained active in the opera world as a board member of the Metropolitan Opera Guild and by hosting galas and giving occasional masterclasses. Moffo died in New York City of a stroke after a decade long battle with breast cancer at the age of 73. She is remembered as one of the most glamourous opera stars of her era.

A versatile and prolific recording artist she left a vast discography including opera, operetta, musical, art songs, pop songs, lieder, etc.
Black-figure pottery (550 BC) depicting Prometheus serving his sentence, tied to a column.
**Arrogance** (also called **hubris**) indicates strong pride or acting extremely self-important. In particular, a loss of contact with reality and overestimating one's own competence or capability.

It is when you try to reason out or state your case over a traffic violation to an enforcer - only in the Philippines.

Arrogance is also associated with lack of humility and love toward oneself. Examples include making oneself far more important than others or superiority. Children raised around arrogance may be arrogant themselves.

Arrogance is usually detrimental and fosters a negative-minded culture. Some sources, however, also indicate arrogance means taking and receiving pride with one's work.

Arrogance is different from confidence. Arrogance may be associated with insecurity. Confidence has an association with improving and examining one's own weaknesses.

**Hubris** is the ancient Greek concept. It is similar to arrogance, but is usually translated as *pride*. Because their societies were more concerned with honour, it works out as somewhat different from arrogance. To understand it fully one needs to work through the Greek passages where it is used, which is beyond our scope. For example, the use of force to shame someone would have been considered hubris.

Related pages
-------------

* Confidence
* Dunning–Kruger effect
* Megalomania
* Narcissism
**Active transport** is when molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This takes energy, often from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport is done so cells get what they need, such as ions, glucose and amino acids.

Active transport proteins
In general, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. To get molecules into the cell *against* the concentration gradient, work must be done. The work is done in special proteins which act as ports in the cell membrane. The imports must come through the ports: they cannot get through the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.

Types of ports
--------------

There are three main types of protein ports in cell membranes: 

* Uniporters: they use energy from ATP to pull molecules in.
* Symporters: they use the movement in of one molecule to pull in another molecule against gradient.
* Antiporters: one substance moves against its gradient, using energy from the second substance (mostly Na+, K+ or H+) moving down its gradient.
a modern airship
An **Airship** is kind of lighter-than-air aircraft. It floats in the sky and need not move to stay up. That is because it is filled with a lifting gas that is more lightweight than air. This is different from aeroplanes that stay up in the sky by moving. An airship floats like a balloon. But an airship is different from a balloon. An airship has an engine for power and a way to control its direction of movement. A balloon does not have an engine or a way to control its direction of movement.

Kinds of airships
-----------------

There are three kinds of airships. The difference is the amount of structure in the airship.

* Rigid airships - Rigid airships have frames within the envelope to maintain their form. The biggest airships were rigid airships, made in the 1920s and 1930s. Big rigid airships were also called *dirigibles*.

* Semi-rigid airships - Semi-rigid airships have small structures in them. There are only a few semi-rigid airships.

* Non-rigid airships - Non-rigid airships have no structures in them. Non-rigid airships are also called blimps. Most airships are non-rigid airships.

Blimps
------

Blimps were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. Blimps are now used mostly for advertising and sometimes for looking down, for example at sport stadiums and tourist attractions.

The *Hindenburg*
----------------

The Hindenburg, on a postcard from 1936
The most famous airship was the *Hindenburg*. The *Hindenburg* was a rigid airship made by the Zeppelin airship company. It burned when it was landing on May 6, 1937. There were 97 people on the airship when the fire started. The fire killed 35 of these people and one person on the ground. 

| * v
* t
* e
Aircraft |
| --- |
| Types of aircraft | airplane · airship · air superiority fighter · attack aircraft · biplane · bomber · delta wing · fighter · glider · hang-glider · helicopter · Hot air balloon · jumbo jet · paraglider · sea plane · training aircraft · Zeppelin · human powered aircraft |
| Famous aircraft | Aurora · Air Force One · Flight 11 |
Spanish Graffiti
An **ASBO**, or an **A**nti**s**ocial **b**ehaviour **o**rder, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:

* Hurting people
* Damaging things/Graffiti
* Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
* Dropping rubbish
* Hanging around
* Being very drunk
* Dealing drugs
* Stealing
* Being noisy
* Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
* Starting fires
* Spitting
* Streaking
* Going places where you're not allowed to go

An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an **ABC**, which stands for an **A**cceptable **B**ehaviour **C**ontract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Sometimes the ASBO can seem quite unusual when it is used to stop certain people from doing things, for example:

* Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
* Sitting on the top deck of a bus
* Saying the words grass and cripple
* Wearing one golf glove
* Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
* Being sarcastic
* Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour
Anuket in the Louvre museum.

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Anuketin hieroglyphs |

**Anuket** was the first ancient Egyptian goddess of the Nile river in areas like Elephantine Island, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby parts of Nubia. Her temple was built at the Island of Seheil. 

Since the god Khnum and goddess Satis were thought to be the gods of the source of the Nile, Anuket was believed to be their daughter. The Egyptians believed that the two tributaries in her area of the Nile were her arms. Because tributaries move quickly, she became associated with fast-moving things, like arrows, and the gazelle. 

In art, she was usually shown as a gazelle, or with a gazelle's head, and sometimes had a headdress of feathers.

When the Nile started its annual flood, the *Festival of Anuket* began. People threw coins, gold, jewelry, and precious gifts into the river, thanking Anuket for the life-giving water. The taboo that was held in several parts of Egypt of not eating fish, which were considered sacred, was lifted during this time.

Other websites
--------------

* touregypt.net
* egyptianmyths.net
* pantheon.org Archived 2007-08-04 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Ancient Egyptian religion |
| --- |
| Mythology | 
* Paganism
* Pantheism
* Polytheism
* Emanationism
* Soul
* Duat
* Numerology

 |  |
| Deities | 
* Amun
* Amunet
* Anubis
* Anuket
* Apep
* Apis
* Aten
* Atum
* Bastet
* Bat
* Bes
* Four sons of Horus
* Geb
* Hapi
* Hathor
* Heka
* Heqet
* Horus
* Isis
* Khepri
* Khnum
* Khonsu
* Kuk
* Maahes
* Ma'at
* Mafdet
* Mehit
* Meretseger
* Meskhenet
* Min
* Mnewer
* Monthu
* Mut
* Nefertem
* Neith
* Nekhbet
* Nephthys
* Nu
* Nut
* Osiris
* Pakhet
* Ptah
* Qebui
* Qetesh
* Ra
* Raet-Tawy
* Resheph
* Satet
* Sekhmet
* Seker
* Serket
* Seshat
* Set
* Shu
* Sobek
* Sopdet
* Sopdu
* Tatenen
* Taweret
* Tefnut
* Thoth
* Wadjet
* Wadj-wer
* Wepwawet
* Wosret

 |
| Writings | 
* *Amduat*
* *Books of Breathing*
* *Book of Caverns*
* *Book of the Dead*
* *Book of the Earth*
* *Book of Gates*
* *Book of the Netherworld*

 |
| Beliefs | 
* Atenism
* Curse of the Pharaohs
* Funerals
* Offering formula
* Philosophy
* Temples

 |
Fauve still life by Alfred Maurer, about 1908/1910
Fauve landscape by Alfred Maurer, ~1908
**Alfred Henry Maurer** (April 21, 1868 – August 4, 1932) was an American modernist painter. He exhibited his work in avant-garde circles during the early 20th century.

Maurer was born in New York City, the son of a German lithographer. At the age of sixteen, Maurer quit school to work at his father's lithographic firm. In 1897 Maurer left for Paris, where he stayed the next four years, joining a circle of American and French artists. At the time, Maurer's style was realist. 

Briefly returning to New York, he was determined to show his skeptical father that he could paint. Maurer painted what arguably is his most famous painting *An Arrangement*, using a woman next door as a model and completing the work (on a borrowed piece of cardboard) in a matter of hours. The painting received first prize at the 1901 Carnegie International Exhibition. Other awards received by Maurer included the Inness Jr. prize of the Salmagundi Club in 1900 and a bronze medal at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York in 1901. In 1905 he won the third medal at the Liège International Exposition and a gold medal at the International Exposition in Munich. 

At the age of thirty-six, in Paris, Maurer changed his methods sharply. From that point on he painted only in the cubist and fauvist manner. By 1909 he was an important American avant-garde painter. He had a two-man exhibition with John Marin in New York City at the 291 Gallery. Four of his paintings were included in the Armory Show of 1913.

Leaving Paris shortly before World War I, he returned to his father's house, but was denied support. For the next 17 years, Maurer painted in a garret in his father's house, and gained no critical acclaim. However, he took part in exhibitions at the Anderson Galleries and others. He exhibited regularly at the New York Society of Independent Artists and was elected their director in 1919. In 1924 the New York dealer Erhard Weyhe bought the contents of Maurer's studio and represented the artist for the remainder of his career.
Australia has no nuclear power stations and the Rudd Labor government was opposed to nuclear power for Australia. However, Australia does have a small research reactor (OPAL) in Sydney, and it does export uranium. 

Uranium mining and export and nuclear issues have often been the subject of public debate, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. It began with the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific, which involved several groups, and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.

Issues
------

 Ranger Uranium Mine in Kakadu National Park
Aerial view of the Ranger 3 site located within Kakadu National Park
The case against nuclear power and uranium mining in Australia has been concerned with the impacts of nuclear energy; with the shortcomings of nuclear power as an energy source; and with presenting a sustainable energy strategy. The most prominent adverse impact of nuclear power is seen to be its potential contribution towards proliferation of nuclear weapons. For example, the 1976 Ranger Inquiry report stated that "The nuclear power industry is unintentionally contributing to an increased risk of nuclear war. This is the most serious hazard associated with the industry". 

The health risks associated with nuclear materials have also been of concern. This has been the case worldwide because of incidents like the Chernobyl disaster, but Australian concerns have also involved specific local factors such as controversy over the health effects of nuclear testing in Australia and the South Pacific, and the emergence of prominent anti-nuclear campaigner Helen Caldicott, who is a medical practitioner. 

The economics of nuclear power has been a factor in anti-nuclear campaigns, with critics arguing that such power is uneconomical in Australia, particularly given the country's abundance of coal resources.

From the perspective of the anti-nuclear movement, most of the problems with nuclear power today are much the same as in the 1970s. Nuclear reactor accidents remain a possibility and no convincing solution to the problem of long-lived radioactive waste has been proposed. Nuclear weapons proliferation continues to occur. The alternatives to nuclear power, energy efficiency and renewable energy (especially wind power), have been further developed and commercialised.

Related pages
-------------

* Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
* Nuclear energy policy
**Anusvara** (Sanskrit: अनुस्वारः **anusvāra**)is the diacritic used to mark a type of nasal sound used in a number of Indic scripts. 
Depending on the location of the anusvara in the word and the language in which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary greatly.

In the context of Sanskrit, anusvara may also refer also to the nasal sound itself.

* Bengali: may written as Onushshar, Onushshor, Anusbar, Onusbar, Onuswar

অনুস্বার onushshar in Bengali is written as a circle above a slanted line (ং), and represents /ŋ/. It is used in the name of the Bengali language বাংলা [baŋla]. It has merged in pronunciation with the letter ঙ ungô in Bengali. Although the onushshar is a consonant in Bengali phonology, it is nevertheless treated in the written system as a diacritic in that it is always directly adjacent to the preceding consonant, even when consonants are spaced, apart in titles or banners: বাং-লা-দে-শ bang-la-de-sh, not বা-ং-লা-দে-শ ba-ng-la-de-sh for বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh It is never pronounced with the inherent vowel "ô", and it cannot take a vowel sign (instead, the consonant ঙ ungô is used pre-vocalically).

Devanagari script, anusvara is represented with a dot (bindu) above the letter (e.g. मं).
Amadeus Quartet (1969)
The **Amadeus Quartet** was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.

Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against). The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together. Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett. Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together. In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet. Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet". He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist. The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).

The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world. The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person. The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

More information
----------------

* Muriel Nissel, *Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet*, [ISBN 1-900357-12-7], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited

'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com
**Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan)** (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the *Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia* title by the President Robert Kocharyan.

Biography
---------

Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department. 
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program). 

In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival. 

He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.

Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".

Discography
-----------

* 1995 "Ovkianosits Ayn Koghm" (Over the ocean)
* 1997 "Nostalgie"
* 1999 "Ani" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA)
* 2001 "Khor Virab" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA).

Other websites
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* Ara Gevorgian's Official site Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Gevorgyan at Persons.AM Archived 2008-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Armenian Music Center Archived 2016-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
Typical aquifer cross-section
An **aquifer** is an underground layer where the material contains water. That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well, as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
Groundwater can be taken out of the ground by digging a well. The study of water in aquifers is called hydrogeology.

Groundwater in rock formations
------------------------------

One kind of groundwater is found in underground rivers in caves where water flows freely underground. This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, but those are only found in small parts of the Earth.

Usually, groundwater is found in the pore spaces, or tiny openings, of rocks under the ground. The pores in the rocks are saturated, or filled up, with water, much like a kitchen sponge. The groundwater can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), if the water can get through it. Porosity is important, but, *alone*, it does not make an aquifer. The Deccan Traps (a flood basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock with high porosity but low permeability, so they are poor aquifers. The (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England has a reasonably high porosity, but low grain-to-grain permeability. Much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.

Examples
--------

* The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is arguably the largest groundwater aquifer in the world. (over 1.7 million km²). It plays a large part in water supplies for Queensland and remote parts of South Australia.
* The Guarani Aquifer with an area of 1.2 million km² is shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
* The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers. It underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation. Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals.
* The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system.

Exploitation
------------

Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speaks of over-harvesting. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.

When water seeps (comes slowly) out of the ground, it is called a **seep** or "spring (water)". It usually means there is an aquifer under the ground.
Aquia Creek Landing in Union control in February 1863
**Aquia Creek** ( /ɑːˈkwaɪə/) is a 27.6-mile-long (44.4 km) tributary of the tidal portion of the Potomac River and is located in Northern Virginia. The creek's headwaters lie in southeastern Fauquier County, and it empties into the Potomac at Brent Point in Stafford County, 45 miles (72 km) south of Washington, D.C.

History
-------

The Public Quarry at Government Island in the creek served as the source for Aquia Creek sandstone. This sandstone was used in numerous public buildings. The most important of these public buildings was the first White House in Washington, DC. It was painted white for symbolic reasons. The National Capitol Columns were also quarried at the Aquia Creek Public Quarry in the early 1800s. They were transported to Washington on a barge.

In an early American Civil War skirmish, the Battle of Aquia Creek, three US gunboats battled a Confederate shore battery. The skirmish took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the Union campaign to blockade the Chesapeake Bay. There were an estimated 10 casualties.
An **angelshark** is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus ***Squatina***. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known. 

The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres.  Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks.

Discription and biology
-----------------------

The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.

Behavior
--------

Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail.

An Australian angelshark
Alexander McQueen in 2009
A dress from his last show, V&A Museum
Camille Belle in a McQueen dress
**Lee Alexander McQueen** (17 March 1969 – 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. His creative and experimental design received a lot of attention in the world of fashion.

Early life and education
------------------------

McQueen was born on 17 March 1969 at University Hospital Lewisham in Lewisham, London. He started drawing at age three. He wanted to be a designer since he was in primary school. McQueen left school at age 16 and started to serve an apprenticeship with Savile Row tailors in 'Anderson & Sheppard'. Afterwards, he also worked for 'Gieves & Hawkes', which made stage costumes for famous shows in London. The skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped him to get a reputation in the fashion world. At the age of 21, McQueen was hired by Romeo Gigli as assistant designer in Italy.

Career
------

In 1994, McQueen returned to London and got a master's degree from Central Saint Martins College. It was the turning point that led him to be a designer. McQueen worked at Givenchy as a head designer from 1996 to 2001. After he separated with Givenchy, he focused on his own label. Then, in 2001, he made a debut with *The Dance of the Twisted Bull* collection in Paris which provoked some scandals.

In 2001 "Gucci" Group got 51% shares of Alexander McQueen brand, which was named after McQueen, and became his new partner. As time passed, McQueen launched "McQ" as second brand, and "My Queen" as perfume brand. McQueen also conducted various brand and design collaboration with Puma, Samsonite and Chivas Regal. By the end of 2006, Alexander McQueen brand has entered 25 cities including London, Paris, New York City, Boston, Milan, Moscow, Tokyo and Seoul.

In 1996, he was nominated as the youngest British Fashion Designer of the Year, and again in 1997, 2001 and 2003. Moreover, in 2003 he was nominated as  by Council of Fashion Designers of America(CFDA) and received 'Commander of the Order of the British Empire' from Queen. From mid 1990s to 2000s, he had success in his career.

Personal life, death and afterwards
-----------------------------------

McQueen was openly gay. He suffered from depression since the suicide of his close friend Isabella Blow. He hanged himself at his London home nine days after from the death of his mother. Depression was presumed to be the cause of his suicide. After his death, Sarah Burton is now the chief designer of the Alexander McQueen business.
*Bal du moulin de la Galette*, 1876
***Bal du moulin de la Galette*** (English: Dance at Le moulin de la Galette) (1876) is a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre. In the late 19th century, working class Parisians would dress up and spend time there dancing, drinking, and eating galettes into the evening. *Bal du moulin de la Galette* is a typical Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light. The French painter Gustave Caillebotte owned the painting for about 20 years. When he died it became the property of the French Republic. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg. From 1929 it hung in the Musée du Louvre. It was sent to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. On May 17, 1990, his widow sold it for US$78 million at Sotheby's in New York City. It was one of the most expensive artworks ever sold.

Other websites
--------------

* Top Ten Most Expensive Paintings Sold At Auction
* Details, Musée d'Orsay (in French)