recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
No photographs or paintings exist from when Horace was alive. This is how Anton von Werner imagined he would look.
**Quintus Horatius Flaccus** (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as **Horace**, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

Life
----

Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

Quotes
------

Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.

* *Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori* - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
* *Carpe diem* - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

Poetry
------

Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Horace***

Latin Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Latin texts of Quintus Horatius Flaccus**

English Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**English translations of texts of Quintus Horatius Flaccus**

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Quintus Horatius Flaccus***.

* Works by Horace at Project Gutenberg
* Espace Horace
* The works of Horace at The Latin Library
* Selected Poems of Horace
* *The Perseus Project* -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
* Biography and chronology Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Litweb Archived 2006-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list
***Hard Core 2*** (also known as ***Hard Core 2K14*** and ***Hard Core***) is the third mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim; it was released independently by Kim on her International Rock Star (I.R.S.) label; which was originally called "Queen Bee Entertainment" before the release of 2011's "Black Friday mixtape." It is the first mixtape that Kim released after giving birth to her daughter Royal Reign on 9 June 2014.

The name of the mixtape pays homage to Kim's debut album "Hard Core" which was released in 1996.

The mixtape also includes two songs that are diss tracks aimed at Nicki Minaj; a reggae type song called "Dead Gal Walking" and a hip hop and R&B sounding song called "Identity Theft".

Track listing
-------------

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro – In A Minor Part 2"   | 1:26 |
| 2. | "Stadium Music" (featuring Yo Gotti) | 2:37 |
| 3. | "Identity Theft"   | 2:20 |
| 4. | "Real Sick" (featuring Jadakiss) | 2:49 |
| 5. | "Trendsetter"   | 3:36 |
| 6. | "MIGO" (featuring TLZ & Young Bonds) | 4:03 |
| 7. | "Whenever You See Me" (featuring Cassidy) | 3:36 |
| 8. | "Work the Pole"   | 1:56 |
| 9. | "Suicide" (featuring French Montana) | 3:11 |
| 10. | "Dead Gal Walking"   | 2:28 |
| 11. | "Kimmy Blanco"   | 3:16 |
| 12. | "Haterz" (featuring B. Ford) | 3:25 |
| **Total length:** | **34:43** |
Burning wood is an example of a chemical change that is not reversible
A **chemical change** (**chemical reaction**) is a change of materials into other materials with different properties.

Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, or, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions.

Burning of wood is a chemical change as new substances which cannot be changed back (e.g. carbon dioxide) are formed. For example, if wood is burned in a fireplace, there is not wood anymore but ash. Other examples include burning of a candle, rusting of iron, baking a cake, etc. Special details that describe how a chemical change takes place are called chemical properties. 

Compare: physical change. The opposite of a chemical change is a physical change. Physical changes are a change in which no new substances are formed, and the substance which is changed is the same. For instance, if a stick of wood is broken, there is still a stick of wood; it is just broken. 

More examples include changes of shape, changes of states, passing electricity through a copper wire, breaking of wood, shattering of glass, pouring of water, etc. Special details which do not change in a substance without new substances being formed are called physical properties.
**Kobe Institute of Computing; Graduate School of Information Technology** (神戸情報大学院大学, *Kōbe jōhō daigakuin daigaku*) is a private university in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.

Fields of study
---------------

KIC Graduate School of Information Technology has one Masters course called "Department of Information Systems" which has two courses: ICT Professional Course and ICT Innovator Course.

### Course term / degree

* Normal course term: two years
* Degree: Master of Information Systems

Recognition
-----------

*KIC ranked #1 among 530 Japanese private universities in terms of the sustainability index, composed of growth of number of students, growth of government research grant, and financial soundness.*

*KIC has been awarded JICA President Award 2019 to commend the individuals and organizations with preeminent achievements of the socio-economic development in developing countries through **Japan International Cooperation Agency** 's (JICA) international cooperation activities.*

Related pages
-------------

* Tomio Fukuoka
* Swift Xi

Other Websites
--------------

* KIC - Graduate School of Information Technology
* KIC - College of Computing
* The Bridge
* Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, highly evaluated KIC alumnus, Mr. Reimond Ndaisaba, from Rwanda on his role of bridging between Japan and Rwanda in the opening speech of TICAD7.

Coordinates: 34°41′56.3″N 135°11′35.6″E﻿ / ﻿34.698972°N 135.193222°E﻿ / 34.698972; 135.193222
Logo of the National Council
The **National Council** is the legislature of Monaco. It is one of the three councils which govern Monaco. There are 24 members.

Role
----

The National Council's headquarters
The Council's role is to discuss bills (proposed laws) put forward by the Council of Government. If a bill is approved by the National Council, then it must be signed by the Sovereign Prince of Monaco.

History
-------

The National Council was created in 1910 because the citizens of Monaco wanted the country to become a democracy and reduce the powers of the Prince.

Election
--------

The members of the National Council are elected by the public. 16 are elected by gaining a majority of the vote. The other 8 are selected from candidates who got more than 5% of votes. Members serve a term of 5 years.

### President

The President of the National Council is the chairperson and speaker of the National Council. They are one of the 24 members and are selected by the Prince.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Monégasque citizens demand end to absolute monarchy (Monégasque Revolution), 1910". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
2. ↑  "Events that made the history of 1910 – what they were, where they happened and the chief actors in them; crash of absolutism and the growth of republican ideas" (PDF). *The New York Times*. 1 January 1911. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
3. ↑  "Monaco goes to the polls: explore the principality's unique political system". *Euronews*. 4 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
**Aviva plc** is a British multinational insurance company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It has about 33 million customers In the United Kingdom, Aviva is the largest general insurer and a leading life and pensions provider.

Aviva also has a focus on the markets in Europe and in Asia and, in particular, on the growth markets of China and South East Asia. Aviva is also the second largest general insurer in Canada. Aviva has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

CGU
---

**CGU plc** was a large insurance group, created by the merger of **Commercial Union** and **General Accident** in 1998. The Company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. It merged with Norwich Union in 2000 to form CGNU plc, later renamed Aviva plc.

Commercial Union
----------------

Commercial Union was established following a conflagration near London Bridge in 1861, known as the Great Tooley Street Fire, which destroyed a number of warehouses and wharves along the River Thames as a result of which the fire insurance companies were hit by a series of massive claims. Consequently, they increased their fire insurance rates so dramatically that a group of local merchants and brokers decided to form their own company. This became known as the *Commercial Union Assurance Company Ltd.*

It purchased the Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society, the world's oldest fire insurance company, in 1905 and The Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation Ltd. in 1910 and it continued to grow by further acquisitions.

General Accident
----------------

General Accident was a financial services firm formed by several mergers and acquisitions over several years. The General Accident and Employers' Liability Assurance Association Ltd. was founded in Perth, Scotland in 1885. It became the General Accident Assurance Corporation Ltd. in 1891.

General Accident acquired Yorkshire Insurance Company Ltd. in 1967. All general insurance business was relocated to Perth, with York becoming the centre for the new firm's life assurance and pensions business.

General Accident acquired Stevenage-based Provident Mutual Life Assurance Association in 1995, merging it with the GA Life and Pensions business as Provident Mutual Life Assurance Ltd. York became the centre of all life assurance business and Stevenage of all pensions business.

Norwich Union
-------------

**Norwich Union** was the name of insurance company Aviva's British arm before June 2009. It was originally established in 1797. In 1997, it was demutualised and listed on the London Stock Exchange, and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

On 29 April 2008, Aviva announced that the Norwich Union brand would be phased out and disappear over a period of two years, on the grounds that a consistent Aviva brand would bring "global impact".

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
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**Kihnu** is an island in the Baltic Sea. With an area of 16.4 km2 (6.3 sq mi), it is the largest island in the Gulf of Riga and the seventh largest island of Estonia. It is 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 3.3 km (2.1 mi) wide. The island's highest point is 8.9 metres (29.2 ft) above sea level.

604 people lived on Kihnu in 2007. 69 of them were primary school pupils. There are four villages: Lemsi, Linaküla, Rootsiküla, and Sääre. It is a fifteen-minute plane trip from Pärnu. The ferry from Pärnu or Manilaid takes 3 hours. When the sea is frozen in winter, it is possible to drive to the island over the ice.

Kihnu is known for its handicrafts and distinctive traditional clothing, which is still commonly worn today. It includes striped skirts, patterned knit men's sweaters, and knitted mittens. Young women have traditionally organised evening get-togethers to do handicrafts.

UNESCO proclaimed Kihnu's traditions a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003.
**José Santos Arraño Acevedo** (14 October 1921 – 24 November 2009) was a famous writer and historian from Pichilemu, mostly known for his books on the history of the city.

Biography
---------

### Life

The house of José Arraño, in Pichilemu.
Arraño was one of the 12 sons of José Luis Arraño Ortiz and María Soledad Acevedo Caro.

During his childhood he lived in Pichilemu, and he later went to study in *Los Hermanos Maristas* School in San Fernando and the Pontifical Seminary of Santiago.

He was a collaborator of the Santiago's press through articles devoted to Pichilemu and Colchagua, publishing in newspapers such as *Las Últimas Noticias* or *La Época* and in dozens of other regional newspapers, taking Arraño Acevedo as the most important historian of Pichilemu and the most dedicated to promote Pichilemu's tourism. All his articles were included in two books: *Pichilemu y Sus Alrededores Turísticos* and *Hombres y Cosas de Pichilemu*. He habitually read his articles in his radial program, that was broadcasted for almost a decade, *La Hora de José Arraño Acevedo*.

During this time, one of his quotes became famous:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| ¡Que Lindo es Pichilemu! (English: How beautiful Pichilemu is!) | "|

### Death

On November 21, 2009 he was taken to Pichilemu Hospital, and died three days later of pneumonia at the age of 88.

His funeral was held in Pichilemu's Inmaculada Concepción Parish, from November 24 until November 25, 2009, and he was buried November 25, 2009 in the Pichilemu cemetery.

Books
-----

* *Pichilemu y Sus Alrededores Turísticos*, 1999.
* *Hombres y Cosas de Pichilemu*, 2003.

Related pages
-------------

* List of historians by continent
Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra (Bolivia) received the International Women of Courage Award in 2015.
**Julieta Montaño** (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer. In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972. She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain.

Work
----

Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department. In 1981, during the Bolivian Cocaine Coup, Montaño was the head of the *Union de Mujeres de Bolivia* (Union of Bolivian Women). She was arrested, and stayed in her house, under house arrest. Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship.

On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the *Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer* (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women. The organization has helped more than 30,000 women. It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Seneca
**Lucius Annaeus Seneca** was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.

Writings
--------

Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his *Letters to Lucilius* and his *Essays* (or "*Dialogues*"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: *Hercules*, *Trojan Women*, *Phoenician Women*, *Phaedra*, and *Oedipus*.
*This article is about the visible spectrum. For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)*

The spectrum in a rainbow
A **spectrum**, plural: **spectra**, is a band of several colours: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. A spectrum can be seen if the Sun's light is passed through a prism and allowed to gather on a white screen. This **visible spectrum** is part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy is the study of spectra.

A natural example of a spectrum is a rainbow. The word *spectrum* was first used by scientists studying optics. They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism. The spectrum seen when light passes through a prism is an example of the dispersion of light. The material from which the prism is made has a different refractive index *n* than air. Usually, *n*prism is greater than *n*air, and *n*air is taken to be approximately one. This implies that light travels a little slower in the material of the prism than in the space surrounding it. The angle of refraction can be determined from the angle of incidence and the refractive indexes using Snell's law. 

The reason why the white light separates into in its component colors instead of remaining white is because the shorter wavelengths are refracted, or bent, more than the longer wavelengths. Thus, red, having the longest visible wavelength, will appear closest to the line perpendicular to the surface of the material (the normal), that is, it will be bent the least. Violet light, with the smallest wavelength in the visible spectrum, will be bent the most. The rainbow produced will always be in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

Related pages
-------------

* Primary colour
A **foreign minister** is a person in a government whose job is to negotiate with leaders in other countries. In some countries, this person is called the foreign minister, but in other countries the person has another title. For example, in the United States, the top diplomat is called the Secretary of State.

A foreign minister's powers vary in different governments. In a general parliamentary system, a foreign minister forms foreign policy. But when the government has a strong prime minister the foreign minister may be may not determine policy himself.

Foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders. They also are responsible for going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister is generally person who travels the most in any cabinet.

In the United Kingdom, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs' (or Foreign Secretary for short). Before 1968, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs only handled relations with non-Commonwealth, countries. The relations with Commonwealth countries and colonies were handled by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs. So, in Commonwealth countries other than the United Kingdom, the ministers responsible for handling relations with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries were formerly usually designated ministers for 'External Affairs'.

In the United States, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State'. He occupies the oldest cabinet post in the nation. The post originally had several domestic duties. Other common titles may include **minister of foreign relations**. In many Spanish-Speaking Latin American countries, the foreign minister is colloquially called ***canciller*** (chancellor).
There were many **women involved in World War I**. American women and British women helped their country with the war. The women’s groups in Britain did not like that Britain was going to go to war at first. British women took over the jobs of the men who went into battle. The men were guaranteed their jobs back when they came home. When the U.S first got involved in World War I, they were opposed to using women’s power. Before that, they did not think twice about women or their rights. 

Belgian and Italian women also helped their countries. The women were nurses who served in the war. They helped the wounded soldiers of their side. They also helped on troop trains and transport ships. 

In the United States, over 30,000 women helped in the Army, Navy, Marines, or the Coast Guard. They did this even before they were given the right to vote. In the U.S. the women in the military gave a huge push to the 19th Amendment to get passed. President Woodrow Wilson got won over to the women’s suffrage side because they were very brave. The women served on the front line. They also replaced men in offices and factories. 

More than 25,000 U.S women served in Europe in World War I. They helped nurse the wounded and provided food and other supplies to the military. Some of the women became "horrifyingly bloodthirsty" when they heard about the fighting. They wanted to go into combat but could not because they were women. There was a "reconstruction of gender" in Britain. After World War I, women became stronger and not just looked at as mothers or "girly." 

The feminist movement never regained its strength after the war but kept the same status as before the war. The world wars shook up the gender’s relations, but only temporarily.
American Eskimo Dog
The **American Eskimo dog** is a small breed of companion dog originating in Germany. The hair of American Eskimo dog is snowy white. Their hair also is long and thick, pure and luster, agile and flexible. American Eskimo belongs to the Spitz family. And all these breeds are from German Spitz. During the First World War, this breed was renamed "American Eskimo Dog." There are three sizes of American Eskimo breed: toy, miniature and standard. The average lifespan of American Eskimo Dog is 12–15 years.

The best living places that are suit for American Eskimo Dog is active singles and seniors, apartments, family with children, houses with yards. This breed loves playing with human and it is very friendly with the children and stranger. Also, the nickname of American Eskimo Dog is "Eskie".

History
-------

In the mid nineteenth century, the American Eskimo Dog was discovered in German colonial area in the United States. These dogs belong to the breed of German Spitz that came over from Europe with immigrants. Their early name is American Spitz. The American Eskimo Dog was famed in the United States at the end of nineteenth Century. In 1917, these dogs were renamed from American Spitz to American Eskimo Dog. (Even though their name does not have connection with American Eskimo culture.) They used to be watchdogs on farms to protect people's property. But at the end of nineteenth Century, the American Eskimo Dog prevailed in the circus.They  attracted a lot of people’ s attention because of their white coat, innate intelligence, trainability and amazing agility. Later, the American Eskimo Dog has become the first choice for household.

Sizes
-----

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Toy | 9 - 12 inches (23 – 30 cm) | 6 - 10 pounds (2.4 - 4.5 kg) |
| Miniature | Over 12 (30 cm) up to 15 inches (38 cm) | 10 - 20 pounds (4.5 – 9 kg) |
| Standard | Over 15 inches (38 cm) up to 19 inches (48 cm) | 18 - 35 pounds (8 kg - 16 kg) |

Temperament/Behavior
--------------------

The American Eskimo Dog is full of vitality. They can make people who are around them feel happy. This breed wants to run, play, learn new tasks and solve problems. They are great watchdog that are always vigilant. But this breed loves barking. If you leave your dog at home by itself, it will bark whole day. Your neighbors may complain because of barking. You can’t train the barking out of the Eskie, but you can teach them a stop barking command. American Eskimo Dogs need companionship, and if they stay alone, they will feel very dysphoric.

Exercise requirement
--------------------

Because this breed likes sports, the dog needs to have plenty of exercise every day. A lot of exercise can keep their health and make them happy. The toy and miniature sizes can be fed in apartments, but the standard sizes may need a yard or enough space to run.
***Clarias cavernicola*** (also known as the **golden cave catfish**) is a species of freshwater catfish. They are only known to live in one place: an underground lake in Aigamas Cave, which is near Otavi, in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia. The lake is 45 m2 (480 sq ft) in area and about 30 to 52 m (98 to 171 ft) deep.

The water level has been steadily dropping because it is extracted by humans. The lake is a major water supply in an otherwise very dry area. Because of this, the species is considered critically endangered. It is estimated that there are about 150 individuals living in the lake.

The fish live in the shallow areas of the lake in open, clear water. They feed on detritus (bat droppings and carcasses) and insects that fall into the lake. Not much is known about how the species reproduces. Attempts to breed the fish in captivity have failed.

The fish grow up to 16.1 cm (6.3 in) long. Having evolved in the darkness of the cave, they have no pigment. The fish is white in colour. It has a long eel-like body, with long dorsal and anal fins. The head has a rounded snout with four pairs of thin barbels. The fish have very small eyes, which are covered with skin. They are blind, and find food using taste and other senses on the barbels.

Related pages
-------------

* Cave catfish

Other websites
--------------

* "Clarias cavernicola". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006.
An adult Hungarian Vizsla
**Hungarian Vizsla** is a dog breed. Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are an excellent hunting dogs.

History
-------

The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them. They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed almost disappeared during the First World War and Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War. These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.

Appearance and personality
--------------------------

Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human company to stay happy. They do not make good kennel dogs.

### Exercise needs

Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary. Outside they are very active. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive. The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners. Some are quite demanding of attention. If Vizslas do not receive enough exercise, they will become bored. If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.
**Amy Euphemia Jacques Garvey** (31 December 1895 – 25 July 1973) was a journalist, feminist, and race activist.

In 1918, she started working in the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). and became Marcus Garvey’s personal secretary. She later became the office manager at U.N.I.A. headquarters in 1920. Two years later, in July 1922, Amy Jacques and Marcus Garvey married, following his divorce from Amy Ashwood. Jacques was dedicated to spreading information on the principles (principles - a basic law or truth on which action or behavior is based) and philosophies (philosophy - a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society) of race and self-reliance (self-reliance - relying on your own abilities and resources instead of someone else's).

On June 21, 1922, her husband was convicted of mail fraud and sent to prison. During this time, Jacques took leadership of the U.N.I.A. and acted as his personal representative. She rallied (rallied - to call people together for a common effort) to his defense, made speeches to U.N.I.A. branches, and met with U.N.I.A. officers and public officials. Marcus Garvey had asked Jacques to edit two volumes of his Philosophy and Opinions and to distribute them to members of the United States Congress, so in 1923, Jacques published Volume One of *The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey*. Volume Two came out in 1925. She additionally became the associate editor of the U.N.I.A.’s newspaper and created a page called *"Our Women and What They Think."* This section had information on the status of women and profiles of black female leaders/historical figures. With these publications, she raised money for her husband’s legal defense. However, Marcus Garvey was deported (deported - to force someone who is not a citizen to leave the country) and had to go back to Jamaica. Jacques returned with him and their children, Marcus Garvey Jr. and Julius Garvey. She still continued to contribute to the U.N.I.A.’s newspaper, and wrote about her impressions of England, France, and Germany as she toured the countries with her husband.

After her husband’s death in 1940, she continued to fight for African independence and became a contributing editor to the *African*, a black nationalist (nationalist - strongly identifying with their own nation) journal. She also started the African Study Circle of the World in Jamaica in the 1940s and published the book *Garvey and Garveyism* in 1963. Amy Jacques Garvey died on July 25, 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, the same place where she was born.
Uncle Sam, drawn by Thomas Nast in 1860.
A famous Uncle Sam, drawn by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I.
**Uncle Sam** was first featured on a poster during World War I. It was used to get men and women to sign up for the army. Citizenship and duty went together with Uncle Sam. Uncle Sam is based on a real person named Samuel Wilson, who lived in Troy, New York. He owned a meat packing business with his brother. During the War of 1812, he supplied food for the American soldiers. The food barrels had a "U.S." on them for United States. The troops knew Samuel was sending the food and called it "Uncle Sam’s." In 1813 Uncle Sam became the nickname for the US Federal Government. People began to draw Uncle Sam in different ways. Thomas Nast was the first to popularize the image of Uncle Sam, from 1860-1870. Nast gave him a white beard and a Stars and Stripes suit. However, Uncle Sam was not yet done changing. By the early 1900s, Uncle Sam looked nothing like Samuel Wilson. In 1916, James Montgomery Flagg drew his own version of Uncle Sam. In his version Uncle Sam was wearing a tall top hat, blue jacket, and was pointing straight at the viewer. His version was put on the cover of Leslie’s Weekly with the caption "What Are You Doing For Preparedness?" In 1917 Flagg’s Uncle Sam reappeared as a poster with the caption "I Want You." This poster was used all throughout World War I. The poster reappeared in World War II. Flagg’s illustration is now the standard for Uncle Sam. Uncle Sam has become one of the most iconic images in American politics.
Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells.
**Keratin** is one of a family of fibrous proteins. Keratin is what makes up hair in animals, as well as horns, nails, hooves, shells, beaks, and feathers. The name comes from Greek word *keras* meaning "horn".

Keratins are tough and insoluble. They form the hard but non-mineral structures in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. A similar biological toughness is found in chitin.

Variety of animal uses
----------------------

Keratins are the main constituent of structures that grow from the skin: 

* the *α-keratins* in the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws and hooves of mammals
* the harder *β-keratins* in the scales and claws of reptiles, their shells (chelonia, such as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in the feathers, beaks, and claws of birds. These keratins are formed mainly in beta sheets. However, beta sheets are also found in α-keratins.

Arthropods such as crustaceans often have parts of their exoskeleton made of keratin, sometimes in combination with chitin.

Keratins are also found in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals, including roundworms (who also have an outer layer made of keratin). 

Although it is now difficult to be certain, the scales, claws, some protective armour and the beaks of dinosaurs would, almost certainly, have been composed of a type of keratin.

Silk
----

The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.

Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates.

Other websites
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* Composition and β-sheet structure of silk Archived 2006-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Spider silk fiber structure
* Hair-Science.com's entry on the miroscopic elements of hair Archived 2006-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
* keratin antibody review Archived 2007-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
The **Kingdom of Serbs, Croats Slovenes** later known as the **Kingdom of Yugoslavia** was a state in south-eastern and central Europe which existed from 1918 until 1941. In 1903, King Alexander I of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I of Serbia. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.

History
-------

### Creation

Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.
See also: List of characters in the Khamba Thoibi
Lord Thangjing planning to create the characters of the divine play, Khamba meeting princess Thoibi in the Loktak lake, Khamba and his rival wrestling, the performance of the Khamba Thoibi Jagoi, Khamba capturing the wild feral bull, Khamba being attempted to be killed by his enemies using an elephant, princess Thoibi escaped from Kongyamba with a trick, Khamba and Nongban Kongyamba during a tiger hunt.
The ancient legend of **"Khamba Thoibi"** (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ) is one of the epic cycles of incarnations of Meitei mythology and folklore, that is originated from Moirang kingdom of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). Among the countless retelling editions of the epic story, the **Khamba Thoibi Sheireng** (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ, lit. 'Khamba Thoibi poem') is the national epic poem of the Manipuri people (Meitei people) of Manipur and is written by Hijam Anganghal.

The events in the epic took place during the reign of King Chingkhu Telheiba (1093 AD-1148 AD) in Ancient Moirang. The saga is based mainly on romance, struggle, chivalry and intrigue, popularized by the bards of Moirang kingdom.

The romantic saga of Khuman Khamba and Moirang Thoibi has deep religious importance to the culture of Meitei people. The terms, *"Khamba"* means *"Ultimate or fullness"* and *"Thoibi"* means *"Perfection of beauty and accomplishments"*.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Khamba Thoibi***.

* Khamba Thoibi
* Khamba Thoibi epic
**Natural capital** is a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services. 

In a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be understood as "land" and therefore something else than "capital" in its original sense. 

At the beginning of reflection about economics "land" was seen as something natural, but "capital" as man-made goods only. 

But the benefits which humans have from nature are many. 17 of them were closely looked at by Robert Costanza. These benefits are in some ways similar to those that owners of "capital" have as their capital produces more goods, e.g. a factory which produces automobiles just as an apple tree produces apples.

This is an approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources. But human knowledge and understanding of the natural environment is never complete, and therefore we cannot yet know what *natural capital* means exactly.

Related pages
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* Natural resource
* Nature's services
* Ecosystem services

Other websites
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* Natural Capital indicators for OECD countries Archived 2008-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Natural Capitalism
* Ecosystem Valuation - US DA
**ReachOut Healthcare America** (**RHA**) is an American company that manages dental clinics. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona. Under the name "**Big Smiles**," it coordinates dentist vans that go to American schools and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children.

History
-------

Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company managed dental checkups and dental work for people in nursing homes in Michigan. The company later began organizing dental care for schools, foster programs, group homes, homeless shelters, and mental health facilities by late 2003.

In October 2011, boy in a Camp Verde, Arizona had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut. The boy said it hurt. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay. Darren and Stacey Gagnon, the parents of the boy, sued the dentist and the Reachout company. In November 2011, Dan Brown, then the superintendent of the Camp Verde Unified School District, signed a letter saying that ReachOut cannot go to the district's schools anymore.

ReachOut used to send dentists to schools in the Clark County School District, the biggest school district in the state of Nevada. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut.

Ken Tucker, a reporter for the newspaper *Arizona Republic*, wrote that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school twice a year. A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.

Related pages
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* All Smiles Dental Centers
* Small Smiles Dental Centers

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Contact Us Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine." ReachOut Healthcare America. Rerieved on September 12, 2012. "We've moved: 2550 W. Union Hills Dr. Ste. 202 Phoenix, AZ 85027" and "ReachOut Healthcare America 1904 W. Parkside Ln, Suite 201 Phoenix, AZ 85027"
2. 1 2  Dental Teachers "[./Dental Teachers And Dental Simulation Units Dental Teachers And Dental Simulation Units
3. ↑  "School Programs Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine." ReachOut Healthcare America. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.
4. 1 2 3 4  Freedberg, Sydney P. "Dental Abuse Seen Driven by Private Equity Investments." *Bloomberg*. May 17, 2012. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.
5. 1 2  "INSIDE EDITION Investigates Mobile Dentistry." *Inside Edition*. September 11, 2012. Retrieved on September 12, 2012.

Other websites
--------------

* ReachOut Healthcare America Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Big Smiles Dental (Alternate link[*permanent dead link*]) - operated by ReachOut
* Reach Out Healthcare America Archived 2013-01-28 at the Wayback Machine." Moriarty Leyendecker (law company that is suing ReachOut)
* Collins, Katie. "Big Smiles dentists visits Thomson Primary School." *Brush News-Tribune*. April 17, 2012.
Choco PieCountry: South Korea
A **choco pie** is a small snack cake made up of two small round layers of cake with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering.

History
-------

The origin of Choco Pie goes back to 1917 in the American South. Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee created the Moon pie with Graham crackers and marshmallow filling which is similar to the Choco Pie of nowadays.

Tongyang R&D, the snack company of South Korea, began selling a similar type of chocolate cake with marshmallow filling named 'Orion Choco Pie' in 1974. A member of the company was inspired by a chocolate-coated cake in a restaurant in a hotel in the U.S. state of Georgia on a business trip. After he got back to Korea, he made many experiment to make that kind of chocolate cake. Finally, he created the Choco Pie as it is known to Koreans now. Later, Tongyang R&D changed its name to Orion Confectionery because of the success of 'Orion Choco Pie'. In addition, similar versions of Choco Pie were produced by Lotte Confectionary and Crown Confectionery.

Export
------

From the 2000s, Orion Choco Pie has been exported all over the world. A third of Orion’s profits is from outside Korea. Orion has four major share markets- South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Also it is exported to North Korea, and it is sometimes used as bonuses for North Korean workers.

Legal controversy
-----------------

Although Orion firstly began to produce 'Choco Pie', Lotte Confectionary also named its product with the same name 'Choco Pie'. Orion filed a lawsuit claiming ‘Choco Pie’ is its property, but it failed. The court had them allow 'Choco Pie' as a common noun. So there are three types of 'Choco Pie' from different companies, Orion, Lotte, and Crown.
Map 1. The three current Eltham electoral wards (green), in the Eltham constituency (yellow) within the Royal Borough of Greenwich (light grey)
The art deco interior of the Palace
**Eltham** is a district in the south of London in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. The London Plan says Eltham is one of 35 major centres in Greater London. As a residential area (a suburb), the main features, apart from the housing, are the schools and the shops.

It was once an elite area with a palace (Eltham Palace) that dates back to the 13th century. It is now the biggest shopping area in S.E. London. 

The Palace was made over in the 1930s. Stephen Courtauld had it made up in art deco style. The Courtauld family was immensely rich at the time. The Palace still has a few parts which date back in time to its former royal use. It is now owned by English Heritage.

The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459. 

Eltham College is a public school (independent fee-paying school) in Mottingham, southeast London. Eltham and Mottingham were part of the same parish.

Secondary schools in Eltham include Eltham Hill School for Girls, Harris Academy Greenwich, St Thomas More Catholic School and Stationers' Crown Woods Academy (built upon the land of King Henry VIII's hunting grounds).

A campus of the University of Greenwich is in Avery Hill Park, on the borders of Eltham and New Eltham .

Eltham used to be a village and has shops like TK Maxx. The river Quaggy is in Eltham and is 17KM long. Eltham is in the royal borough of Greenwich. There is a graveyard. Haimo primary is in Eltham. There is a Lidl and Poundland. Tesco is next to Eltham. There are lots of houses. Eltham palace dates back to the Tudor times. The design was inspired by Christopher Wren. There is a swimming pool near the library. A McDonalds here they do hamburgers.
**Maíl Choluim mac Domnail** (Modern Gaelic: *Mhaoil Chaluim mac Dòmhnall*; 27 March 897 — 3 December 954) often known as **Malcolm I** was the King of Scotland from 943 until his death in 954. He was the son of Donald II of Scotland and Sigurda Mac Causantin. He succeded his first cousin once removed, Constantine II, who succeded Malcolm's father.

Birth
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Malcolm was born between 896 and 900 somewhere in Scotland. The place and exact time of his birth is unclear like many of the monarchs before him.

Reign
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His reign began in 943, 100 years after Kenneth I. His reign lasted 11 years until 954. During his reign he married Bethoc. They had two children, Dub (later to be king) and Kenneth III (also to be king). He also may have had a child named Mogallus mac Malcolm, prince of Scots in 934, before becoming king.

Death
-----

Malcolm died in 954. The throne went to Indulf, and later to his two sons Kenneth and Dub. After his death, many monarchs would take his name as king of Alba "Rex Alban" making him "according to some sources" the first king of Alba, instead of Constantine II.

* Malcolm I, full portrait (1800s).Malcolm I, full portrait (1800s).