recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **nerve** is a group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel. Another word for nerve cell is neuron. The special neurons grouped together in nerves take information (messages) to and from the human body to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (acronym) CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is the big cord that goes from the brain into the back. It carries all the information that goes from the brain to the nerves in the body.

All the nerves in the body make the peripheral nervous system (acronym PNS). The brain and spinal cord are the CNS. All the nerves that come from the spinal cord are the PNS. Together the CNS and PNS are the nervous system.

Nerve Structure
---------------

Neuron
Nervous system contains neurons and cells called glia. Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy. Neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the rest. The dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body. Axons take information *away from* the cell body. Dendrites take information to the cell body.

Types of nerves
---------------

*Afferent* nerves take messages to the CNS (brain) from the body. They take messages about sensation from the skin. They take messages about the position of the body from the muscles. They take messages about the function of organs like the heart and stomach.

*Efferent* nerves take messages from the CNS to the body. They take messages that tell muscles to move. They take messages to glands. They tell glands like *sweat glands* to make sweat (the water that comes out of your skin when you are hot.)

Diseases of nerves
------------------

There are many diseases of nerves. A disease of nerves is also called a *neuropathy*.

* Trauma - nerves can be hurt by injury like being cut with a knife or being crushed when a bone is broken (fractured.)
* Toxins – nerves can be hurt by toxins. These are substances also called poisons that can hurt an organism. Some toxins that hurt nerves are: alcohol, lead, and some drugs and medicines.
* Infections – nerves can be hurt by infections.
* Diseases – nerves can be hurt from having some diseases. The most common disease to cause a *neuropathy* is diabetes. This is called *diabetic neuropathy*.
***Muskaan*** (English: *Smile*) is an Indian Television Series, which airs on Star Bharat. It premiered on 29 May 2018. The Show is produced by Rashmi Sharma and is directed by Dilip Kumar. It stars Sonakshi Save and Ariena Dey in Supporting Roles.Muskaan Replaced The Comedy Show Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki.

Plot
----

Muskaan is a heart-warming tale of a mother’s boundless love for her daughter. The story beautifully weaves various emotions and moments that a mother experiences while raising a daughter to give her a bright and a healthy future.

The journey of Muskaan begins with a phase where the mother is compelled to keep her daughter away from her for years to a phase where she is brought back into a world where playing Hide and Seek is the only way to sustain. Why Muskaan is kept unaware of her reality? What makes her mother hide her in a box of darkness?

The truth behind the mysteries of the innocent child’s and the mother’s life will be unveiled during the journey of the mother-daughter duo.

Cast
----

* Arina Dey as Muskaan's Mother/Aarati
* Sonakshi Save as Muskaan/Main Female Protagonist
* Richa Sony
* Lavina Tandon
The **Thotsakan Kid Game** (Thai: เกมทศกัณฐ์เด็ก) is a Thai game show produced by Workpoint Entertainment. It was started in 2004 and ended in 2008.

Children play on their own rather than against each other. They have to match the correct face with a given name. The player will receive a scholarship worth up to one million baht. The game will go on until a wrong answer is given.

A later format change, perhaps due to the controversy (see below), saw teams of three different ages, and then single players, playing for charity in a similar format to the Southern Teachers version, before the kids' edition was discontinued altogether in June 2008, which, combined with the renaming of Yok Siam (above), meant an end to the Tod Sa Gun name after just over 5 years.

History
-------

Children play on their own rather than against each other. They have to match the correct face with a given name. The player will receive a scholarship worth up to one million baht. The game will go on until a wrong answer is given.

A later format change, perhaps due to the controversy (see below), saw teams of three different ages, and then single players, playing for charity in a similar format to the Southern Teachers version, before the kids' edition was discontinued altogether in June 2008, which, combined with the renaming of Yok Siam (above), meant an end to the Tod Sa Gun name after just over 5 years.

Names
-----

* Thotsakan Kid Game (3 April 2004 - 2 March 2008 / 7 June 2008 - 14 June 2008)
* Thotsakan Kid Game, the 3 Ages (8 March 2008 - 30 March 2008)
* Thotsakan Kid Game, To Help the School (5 April 2008 - 4 May 2008)
* Thotsakan Kid Game, To Help the Hospital (10 May 2008 - 1 June 2008)
A millipede: a really obvious example of segmentation
Vertebrates have a segmented vertebral column.
**Segmentation** in biology means the division of some animal and plant bodies into a series of repeat sections or parts. It is common in some of the most successful groups of animals, such as arthropods, vertebrates and annelid worms. 

Segmentation of the body allows different regions of the body to develop for different uses.

Genes regulating development
----------------------------

We now know a good deal about how the development of segmented animals is controlled. In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly *Drosophila*, E.B. Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.

Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show *co-linearity*: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.

Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication.

In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".
**Nicollette Sheridan** (born **Colette Sheridan** on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress. She was born in Worthing, Sussex. In 1973, when Nicollette Sheridan was 10 years of age, she moved from England to the United States.

She acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as **Paige Matheson** on *Knots Landing* and as the promiscuous **Edie Britt** on *Desperate Housewives*.

Sheridan has also worked as a voice actor in the animated series ‘The Legend of Tarzan’ (2001), ‘Fly Me to the Moon’ (2008), and ‘Noah’s Ark: The New Beginning’ (as ‘Zenna,’ 2012). After appearing in ‘Hallmark Channel’s 2011 movie ‘Honeymoon for One,’ she co-produced and starred in their next film, ‘The Christmas Spirit’ (2013).

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nicollette Sheridan***.

* Nicollette Sheridan on IMDb
* Nicollette Sheridan at AllMovie
* Nicollette Sheridan at Rotten Tomatoes
Dunbeg Fort, a promontory fort below Mount Eagle, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry, Ireland
A **promontory fort** is a defensive structure located above a steep cliff. One is usually located above a steep cliff, often only connected to the mainland by a small neck of land. Most seem to date to the Iron Age. They are mainly found in Brittany, Ireland, the Orkney Islands, the Isle of Man, Devon and Cornwall.

Ireland
-------

Entrance to Dunbeg Fort
Only a few Irish promontory forts have been excavated and most date to the Iron Age, though some, like Dunbeg (County Kerry) might have originated in the Bronze Age. Others, like Dalkey Island (County Dublin) contain imported Eastern Mediterranean pottery and have been reoccupied and changed in the early medieval period.

Isle of Man
-----------

On the Isle of Man promontory forts are found particularly on the rocky slate headlands of the south. Four out of more than 20 have been excavated and several, especially in Santon, can be visited using the Raad ny Foillan coastal footpath. All have a rampart on their vulnerable landward side, and excavations at Cronk ny Merriu have shown that access to the fort was via a strongly built gate.

The Scandinavians who arrived in the Isle of Man in the eighth and ninth centuries AD sometimes re-used these Iron Age promontory forts.

Devon & Cornwall
----------------

The Rumps in North Cornwall
Promontory forts can be found all along the coast of Penwith. Maen Castle, near to Land's End is one of the oldest, having been dated to around 500 BC. They are also found in other districts, e.g. The Rumps near Padstow and Dodman Point on the southern Cornish coast as well as Rame Head close to Plymouth. In Devon, Burgh Island and Bolt Tail are located on the south coast and Embury Beacon and Hillsborough on the north coast.
The famous site at Tintagel may be a rare example of promontory fort whose occupation continued after the Romans and from there into later periods.

Brittany
--------

Caesar's *de Bello Gallico* describes the Veneti in southern Armorica – a powerful sea-faring people allied with the southern British during the war of 56 BC – as living in clifftop oppida. Their capital was *Darioritum* on the Morbihan bay, now modern Vannes/Gwened. The Veneti were linguistically British: they spoke Breton, which was derived from Cornish, and they once ruled Cornwall and Devon. They had close trade ties.Template:Clarification needed When they were attacked by the Romans in Brittany, Julius Caesar reports that Cornwall sent them military aid.

Other websites
--------------

* Pretanic World - Chart of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Celtic Stone Structures
This article covers the plant that was used in classical antiquity; for the modern genus of plants, see Silphium (genus).
An Ancient silver coin from Cyrene shows a stalk of Silphium.
**Silphium** was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a seasoning and as a medicine. It is also known as ***silphion***, ***laserwort***, or ***laser***. It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene. Most of the coins from Cyrene show a picture of the plant. The valuable product was the plant's resin (called *laser*, ***laserpicium***, or ***lasarpicium***).

Silphium was an important species. The Egyptians and the Minoan civilization of Knossos used a special glyph in their writing for the silphium plant. It was used by most ancient Mediterranean cultures. The Romans considered it "worth its weight in denarii" (silver coins). Legend said that it was a gift from the god Apollo.

Which plant species silphium was is unclear. It is commonly believed to be a now-extinct plant of the genus *Ferula*. The still-living plant species *Ferula tingitana* has been suggested as another possibility. Another resin from different *Ferula* species, asafoetida, was used as a cheaper substitute for silphium. Asafoetida is still available.

Further reading
---------------

* Herodotus. *The Histories*. II:161, 181, III:131, IV:150–65, 200–05.
* Pausanias. *Description of Greece* 3.16.1–3
* Pliny the Elder. *Natural History*. XIX:15 and XXII:100–06.
* Tatman, John. "Silphium: Ancient wonder drug?". *Jencek's Ancient Coins & Antiquities*. Archived from the original on 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
* Theophrastus. *Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs, with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort, bart (1916)*. Volume 1 (Books I–V) and Volume 2 (Books VI–IX) Volume 2 includes the index, which lists silphium (Greek σιλϕιον) on page 476, column 2, 2nd entry.
**1: RNA Polymerase, 2: Repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6: lacZ, 7: lacY, 8: lacA.**
  
**Top**: The gene is turned off. There is no lactose to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator. This stops the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase.
  
**Bottom**: The gene is turned on. Lactose inhibits the repressor. This allows the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes. The genes now synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.
In genetics, a **promoter** is a section of DNA which starts the transcription of a gene. 

Promoters are near the genes they transcribe. They are on the same strand of DNA and are 'upstream'.

Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.

Overview
--------

For the transcription to take place, the enzyme that makes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. 

Promoters contain specific DNA sequences which give the RNA polymerase a place to bind. Other proteins also help this to happen. Some can also stop it from happening. The whole thing is called "the regulation of gene expression". 

In bacteriaThe promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase and another protein.
In eukaryotesThe process is more complicated. At least seven different factors are needed so RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoter.
Promoters are important parts of the DNA. They work with other regulatory regions. Together, they adjust the level of transcription of a gene. So, genes get switched on when they are needed, and switched off when they are not. When they are on, they get adjusted up or down as needed.
Sodium nitrite
**Sodium nitrite** is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and nitrite ions. Its chemical formula is NaNO2.

Properties
----------

It is a white or yellowish crystalline compound. It is a strong oxidizing agent, being reduced to nitrogen. It is also a weak reducing agent, being oxidized to nitrate. It contains nitrogen in its +3 oxidation state. It is toxic in large amounts.

Occurrence
----------

It is found in some vegetables. It is also found in some meat in small amounts. Otherwise, it is manmade.

Uses
----

It is used in meat like ham to preserve it. The nitrites are disinfecting, which helps preserve the meat. Almost all processed meat (like cold cuts, hot dogs) contains nitrites. Some people get headaches when they eat nitrites. These headaches have been named "hot dog headaches". It is used to make other chemicals and to get rid of sodium azide. It also can be used when someone is poisoned by cyanide.

Safety
------

Nitrites can form toxic chemicals when heated. These toxic chemicals are carcinogens, which means they can cause cancer. That is why some people do not want nitrites in foods. Others say that because nitrites kill bacteria, they should be included in foods. Sodium nitrite used in food is colored bright pink so it is not mistaken for salt or sugar.

Related pages
-------------

* Sodium nitrate
* Nitrate
Fort Pickett, Virginia "stairs" obstacle
An **obstacle course** is a series of obstacles a person, vehicle or team must navigate. This is usually while being timed. Obstacle courses can include running, climbing, jumping, crawling, swimming, and balanceing with the aim of testing speed and endurance. Sometimes a course involves mental tests. In an off-road obstacle course, the driver is presented with a variety of different terrain to get over, around or through.

Types of courses
----------------

### Military

The military/Army obstacle course is used (mostly in recruit training). The purpose is to familiarize recruits with the kind of military tactics they will use in combat. It is also for physical fitness, building teamwork, and evaluating problem solving skills. Typical courses involve obstacles the participants must climb over, crawl under, balance, hang, jump, etc. Puddles of muddy water, ropes, nets, and "no touch" restrictions are often used to make the course more difficult. 

### Off-road

Jeep Wrangler navigating a rock obstacle
Off-road obstacle courses may be set up with a variety of different challenging situations. More common obstacles are hills, rockcrawling gates, log crawls, and mud pits. Some include underground tunnels, balance beams and water slides. Others are for the purposes of teaching high-speed driving on unimproved roads. Features include different kinds of turns, changes in elevation, navigating high speed straightaways and maneuvering vehicles through tight S-turns (so called because from above they resemble a letter "s").

Other websites
--------------

* Commando Training Centre Royal Marines assault course, YouTube
* Jeff Daniel's Jeep Show Offroad Obstacle Course, YouTube
The **musk ox** (*Ovibos moschatus*, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in Arctic North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.
Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk.
A **musket** is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder. 

The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word *musket* is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:

* a long, heavy weapon with a matchlock or wheellock and loose powder fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
* a lighter weapon with a flintlock or percussion cap firing mechanism, with a bayonet.

Muskets were made for use by infantry. A soldier armed with a musket was called a **musketman** or **musketeer**. In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen. By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus. When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers. The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common. A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used.

Musket calibres ranged from 0.5 inches (13 mm) to 0.8 inches (20 mm). A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about 50 yards (46 m) to 70 yards (64 m). Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to 500 yards (460 m). The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.

Other websites
--------------

* History of Muskets
* Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars - Musketry
* Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
Seyfert's Sextet taken by HST. All members have been labelled.
**Seyfert's Sextet** is a group of galaxies. It is located about 190 million light years away from Earth. From Earth, it is in the constellation of Serpens. Although appears to have 6 members, one of the galaxies, NGC 6027d, is just a background galaxy and another member, NGC 6027e, is actually not a galaxy, it is just the tidal tail from the galaxy NGC 6027. All of the galaxies are violently interacting and will continue hundreds of millions of years. They all will collide into one giant elliptical galaxy.

Discovery
---------

The group was discovered by Carl Keenan Seyfert in using photographic plates made at the Barnard Observatory of Vanderbilt University. The results were published in 1951. At the time, this group is the most compact galactic group ever identified.

Members
-------

There are 4 true members of the group, 1 background galaxy and 1 object that is now identified to be a tidal tail.

Members of Seyfert's Sextet| Name | Type | Distance from Sun
(million ly) | Apparent magnitude |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NGC 6027 | S0 pec. | ~190 | +14.7 |
| NGC 6027a | Sa pec. | ~190 | +15.4 |
| NGC 6027b | S0 pec. | ~190 | +15.4 |
| NGC 6027c | SB(S)c | ~190 | +16 |
| NGC 6027d | SB(S)bc pec. | ~877 | +15.6 |
| NGC 6027e | SB0 pec. | ~190 | +16.5 |
In mathematics and computing, a **radix point** (or **radix character**) is a symbol used to separate whole numbers (integers) from fractions. For example, the number {\displaystyle 1200.25} represents an integer of 1200 with a fractional part of 25, and these are separated with a decimal point.

Radix point is the umbrella term for this point in all bases. The most commonly known example is the decimal point, named so for its use in base 10 notation. Similarly, "binary point" is used for base 2. In most English-speaking countries the radix point is usually a small dot (.), but this can vary as other languages can use different notation such as a comma (,) instead.

Examples
--------

In mathematical notation, each column of numbers represents a power of the radix, with a radix point separating negative powers. For example, the base 10 number {\displaystyle 1234.56} is read as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Powers | {\displaystyle 10^{3}} | {\displaystyle 10^{2}} | {\displaystyle 10^{1}} | {\displaystyle 10^{0}} | {\displaystyle 10^{-1}} | {\displaystyle 10^{-2}} |
| Value | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |

Hence, we can unwrap the representation as this:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&(1\times 10^{3})+(2\times 10^{2})+(3\times 10^{1})+(4\times 10^{0})+(5\times 10^{-1})+(6\times 10^{-2})\\&(1\times 1000)+(2\times 100)+(3\times 10)+(4\times 1)+(5\times 0.1)+(6\times 0.01)\\&1000+200+30+4+0.5+0.06\\&1234.56\end{aligned}}}
To the left of the radix point is the integer parts (made from positive powers of base 10). To the right of the radix point is the fractional parts (made from negative powers).

Related pages
-------------

* Floating point
* Fixed point
* Positional notation
* Scientific notation
Screenshot
**Second Life** is the biggest online virtual world. It was launched in 2003 by Linden Lab, a Californian software company founded by Philip Rosedale. It is made up of a large number of regions or islands, which can belong to continents. The users are called *residents*, and technically they are *avatars*. The piece of software used to log on to Second Life is called *viewer*.

Some people use this multi-user virtual environment (MUVE) for entertainment purposes, though it is not a game because it does not have any single goal that players must achieve. Other people use it to work or to study. Anyone is free to do anything they want, as long as they respect the Terms of Service. They are also free to create new things and add them to the virtual world. Players can make a lot of different things, including buildings, clothes, and landscapes. This is why Second Life is considered a platform, too.

Second Life regions are classified as:

* *general*, which must not have nudity or other sexually explicit content. Institutions such as universities, conference organizers, and real world businesses usually own general regions.
* *moderate*, which host most of the non-adult activities common in Second Life, such as dance clubs, bars, stores and malls, galleries, music venues, beaches, parks.
* *adult*, which have sexually explicit or violent content, and where minors are not allowed.

Many things that people can do in Second Life are about real life. For instance, some universities and companies use Second Life for education and training, including Stanford University, Indiana University and University of Western Australia.

Second Life can also be used for foreign language teaching by language educators. English as a foreign language has gained a presence through several schools, such as the British Council. Two popular places where Second Life users meet to practice English are Virtlantis and Cypris Chat. A list of educational projects, which also include some language schools, can be found in the Second Life wiki.

Related pages
-------------

* Active Worlds
* IMVU

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
The **Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion** is a musical composition by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It was written for a very unusual combination of players. Four players are needed to perform this sonata: two pianists and two percussion players. The two pianists each have a piano, and the two percussion players play seven instruments between them: three timpani, xylophone, one side drum with snares and one without, a suspended cymbal, a pair of cymbals, a bass drum, a triangle and a tam-tam.

In the introduction to the score Bartók gave very precise instructions about how the different percussion instruments should be played, the kinds of beaters to be used, and a plan of how they were to be grouped on stage.

There are three movements: a fast movement, a slow movement and a fast movement. The first movement starts with a slow introduction.

There are many interesting and unusual things to listen out for in the music. For example, in the first movement the timpani sometimes play glissandos. This means that the pitch of the notes slides up or down. The player needs to have timpani with pedals to do this. This movement is in sonata form.

The second movement sounds very creepy. Bartók quite often wrote music which sounded like insects at night. This is one of his "night pieces". In the climax to this exciting music Piano One plays lots of glissandos.

The last movement is a big contrast to the atmosphere in the slow movement. It is like a lively dance.

The sonata was first performed in Basle in 1938 with the composer playing one piano and his wife Ditta playing the other one. Fritz Schiesser and Philipp Rühlig played the percussion. It immediately became very popular and has since been one of his best- known works. Bartók also made a version for the two pianos to play with an orchestra, but it is not normally performed like that.
**São Jacinto**, also known as San Jacinto or Sao Jacinto, is an island at the tidal mouth of the Zuari River in the Indian state of Goa. It is one of the few islands of Goa where human settlement exists, which is located on the west coast of the Indian peninsula. 

St. Hyacinth Church on São Jacinto

The island is closest to the estuary's southern banks and is connected to the mainland via a bridge with a motor-able road named "Silver Gate."  The island is home to an abandoned lighthouse that is passionately protected by the locals. Close to the lighthouse, on top of the São Jacinto hill, stands a rebuilt St. Dominicks Peter & Paul's Chapel which was first built in the late 50s. A church in the name of St. Hyacinth, the patron saint of the island, overlooks the waters of the river towards the east. On the last Sunday of September, the villagers hold a feast in honour of the church. 

Silver Gate bridge with a motor-able road on the Zuari river
The local residents of São Jacinto, who are a fishing community, have been living there since the Portuguese times in beautiful little houses located in the South-West of the island consisting of both native Goan and typically Portuguese Goan architecture. Earlier, there used to be a causeway that would connect São Jacinto to the mainland.

Biodiversity
------------

The island is home to a number of species and is considered a biodiversity hotspot, where species like the window-pane oysters, plate corals, clams, and crabs are found. The islanders, being protective, have taken the responsibility for ensuring a balance between species conservation and fishing for a livelihood. Having disallowed commercial use of the island and obstructing the advances of industrialization, San Jacinto remains a well-conserved treasure trove of nature and natural beauty.

Coastal Zone Management Controversy
-----------------------------------

A report on the Coastal Zone Management Plan was released in 2021 and displayed at the Chicalim village Panchayat. The report failed to show any of the approximately 200 houses on the island, also stating that it hosts a chapel that dates back to 1771 and thus should be cleared off. 

The reconstructed St. Dominicks Peter & Paul's Chapel as it stands today The people of São Jacinto were upset with the draft and took measures to reach out to relevant persons to protest the ignorance of the management. Before releasing the document, the political leadership had even assured the inhabitants that all houses on the island will be included in the draft before having it scrutinized it for final publication.

Dwellings of the People of São Jacinto
The draft further listed the island under the Port Limits of Mormugao Port Trust. The reason behind this move is feared by the locals as it could allow the islanders to be at the mercy of the MPT which may transfer the serene land to industrial lobby groups and displace the people of São Jacinto in its stead.
The villagers have refused to accept the injustice meted out to them, strongly resolving to protect their homeland at all costs.
**Neso** also known as **Neptune XIII**, is the farthest non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, Brett J. Gladman, *et al.* on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003. 

Non-spherical moons of Neptune.
Neso orbits Neptune at a distance of more than 48 million km, making it the farthest known moon of any planet.

It follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit illustrated on the diagram in relation to other irregular satellites of Neptune. 

Neso is about 60 km in diameter, and assuming the mean density of 1.5 g/cm3. Its mass is estimated at 1.6×1017 kg.

Given the similarity of the orbit's parameters with Psamathe (S/2003 N 1), it was suggested that both non-spherical moons could have been a bigger moon that broke up.

Neso is named after one of the Nereids. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Neso was known by its designation **S/2002 N 4**.

Other websites
--------------

* Matthew Holman's Neptune's page
* David Jewitt's pages
* Scott Sheppard's pages
* Neso in Fiction

  

| * v
* t
* e
Neptune |
| --- |
| Moons | Naiad **·**  Thalassa **·**  Despina **·**  Galatea **·**  Larissa **·**  S/2004 N 1 **·**  Proteus **·**  **Triton** **·**  Nereid **·**  Halimede **·**  Sao **·**  Laomedeia **·**  Psamathe **·**  Neso |  |
| Characteristics | Rings of Neptune **·**  Great Dark Spot |
| Discovery | John Couch Adams **·**  Johann Gottfried Galle **·**  William Lassell **·**  Urbain Le Verrier |
| Exploration | Voyager program **·**  Voyager 2 |
| Neptune Trojans | 2001 QR322 **·**  2004 UP10 **·**  2005 TN53 **·**  2005 TO74 **·**  2006 RJ103 **·**  2007 RW10 |
The all-time stolen base leader, Rickey Henderson, steals third base in 1988.
In baseball, a **stolen base** is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate. In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as **SB**. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called **defensive indifference** (also called **fielder's indifference**). No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case. Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run. MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

Strategy
--------

A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

Other websites
--------------

* Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders
**Nataliya Resh** (Russian: Наталия Реш; 27 September 1980, Nezhin, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian lawyer, television presenter, entrepreneur and philanthropist. She is the founder of the *Open Culture Foundation*.

Early life
----------

Nataliya Resh was born in Nezhin, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine.

In 1999, she entered the 3rd year of the Financial University in Rostov-on-Don, specializing in "Financier". In 2002—2005, she received her 2nd higher education in Moscow, at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN). She graduated with a red diploma in civil law.

In 2007, Nataliya entered the Moscow State Art and Culture University, in "Faculty of General Arts Branding and Psychology". She graduated with a red diploma, having received the specialization "Image-maker-Psychologist".

In 2008, Nataliya Resh completed an intensive course at the Institute for Continuing Education for Media Broadcasting in Moscow. She qualified as a "TV and radio host".

Foundation
----------

In 2014, the *Open Culture Foundation* was founded and registered in the United Kingdom by Nataliya Resh. The foundation's positioning is based on the idea of supporting and popularizing projects in the field of culture and art. Art also highlights the world's current issues, including environmental protection. Nataliya Resh takes an active position in helping the environment and promoting ecophilosophy in her projects and everyday tasks.

The *Open Culture Foundation* participated in the preparation of a major exhibition of Young British Artists in the framework of cultural exchange between the United Kingdom and Russia, he was a Member of the Board of the Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, he was a Member of Council at the Institute of Contemporary Art, and provided general support for the draft International film festival for people with peculiarities of mental and motor vehicles.

In September 2014, he participated in the Internatinal Film Festival on Disabilities, Cannes.

In 2015—present, the foundation works with the Better World Forum.

In September 2019, he held events at the climate change summit in New York. In September 2020, he was a partner at a charity event at the Venice Film Festival and Better World Forum.

Other websites
--------------

* Nataliya Resh on Instagram
"**Tell Me Something I Don't Know**" is a song by Selena Gomez. It was released as a single on August 5, 2008 on iTunes. A Radio Disney version (which removes the Hurricane Katrina reference) was released on September 9, 2008, on iTunes. The song is on the Kidz Bop 15 CD. A new version of the song is on Selena Gomez & the Scene's debut album, *Kiss & Tell*.

Chart performance
-----------------

The song peaked at number 58 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart at 13 on the Australian Hitseekers Singles chart and at 1 on the Malaysia Muzik Singles & Urban Chart.

Music video
-----------

The music video starts with scenes reminiscent of (but not from) the film; Gomez cleaning a house and the maid yelling at her. Gomez then leaves the house and does a dance routine with her backup dancers, while the maid watches from the house window. The video also features Gomez in front of a black background with lyrics from the song (such as "I'm ready for it" and "One in a million") flying around her.

Charts
------

| Chart (2008-09) | Peakposition |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Hitseekers Singles | 13 |
| Malay Muzik Hot 100 | 1 |
| Malaysia Muzik Official Chart | 1 |
| Malaysia Muzik Urban Chart | 1 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 58 |

Release history
---------------

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | August 5, 2008 | Digital download | Razor & Tie |
| Australia |
| Taiwan | November 3, 2008 | Sony Music Entertainment |
| Malaysia | 28 September 2008 |
| December 24, 2008 |
| Indonesia | January 6, 2009 |
The New Zealand red admiral
Indian red admiral at Simla, India
The **red admiral** (*Vanessa atalanta*) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a 45–50 mm (1.8–2.0 in) wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:

* The New Zealand red admiral *Vanessa gonerilla*.
* The Indian red admiral *Vanessa indica*.

Painted ladies
--------------

The painted lady, showing the underside of wings
The painted ladies are a subgenus *Cynthis* of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:

* *The* **painted lady** (*Vanessa cardui*), which is almost global in its distribution
* Australian painted lady (*Vanessa kershawi*)
* American painted lady (*Vanessa virginiensis*)
* West coast lady (*Vanessa annabella*).

### Migration

The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.
Rectangular joints in siltstone (top) and black shale (below) in the Utica Shale (Ordovician) near Fort Plain, New York.
A **siltstone** is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.

Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.

One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.

There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.
Pollen tubes growing from pollen grains (as seen under a microscope)
The **pollen tube** is the tube through which sperm from the pollen reaches the egg cell, and fertilises the plant to form seeds.

The pollen tube of most seed plants acts as a passageway. It transports sperm cells from the pollen grain, from the stigma (in flowering plants) to the ovules at the base of the pistil. Like ferns, other basal land plants, and many algae, some gymnosperms have flagellate sperm, which swim through a watery fluid to fertilize the egg cells.

Diagram showing the main parts of a mature flower
In angiosperms the pollen tube germinates from the pollen grain and grows the entire length through the stigma, style, ovary and ovules to reach the eggs. In maize, this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches to traverse the length of the pistil. The sperm cells by themselves are not motile and are carried within the tube. As the tip of the tube reaches an egg it bursts and releases two sperm cells leading to a *double fertilization*. One sperm unites with the egg cell to produce the embryo of a new plant, while a second sperm unites with the central cell (polar nuclei) to produce the endosperm of the seed. The endosperm is rich in starch, proteins and oils and is a major source of human food (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn)
***Seymouria*** was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long. 

As an adult animal, *Seymouria* was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. It is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an *amphibian* whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.

The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.

"... the discovery of larval stages... demonstrated conclusively that the seymouriamorphs were not biologically amniotes". Fossil larvae have been found of three related genera, from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of five European countries.
"It has been shown conclusively that seymouriamorphs had an amphibian-type life history, with aquatic young stages that lost their external gills after metamorphosis.... Seymouriamorphs were definitely not amniotes themselves". This means they were *not* reptiles.
The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, *Seymouria sanjuanensis*, had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrestrial locomotion".

A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.
**Shylock** is a key character and the antagonist in Shakespeare's 1596 or 1597 play *The Merchant of Venice*. He is a Jewish moneylender.

Shylock agrees to a bond with Antonio, the merchant of Venice. This bond requires Antonio to give a pound of his flesh next his heart should the money not be repaid on a certain date. When Antonio fails, Shylock goes to court to get the pound of flesh. Antonio had previously insulted and spat on him in the Rialto (the commercial centre of Venice). This helps to explain why Shylock demanded his *pound of flesh*.

Meanwhile, Shylock's daughter Jessica falls in love with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and converts to Christianity. This adds to Shylock's rage.

Shylock fails in court, and Antonio is released. Shylock is charged with attempted murder. Shylock is then forced to give half of his properties to the country and the other half to Antonio and to convert to Christianity.

Shylock has a famous speech beginning "Hath not a Jew eyes?" Famous actors who have played Shylock include Laurence Olivier.

In Shakespeare's time, no Jews had been *legally* present in England for several hundred years (since Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290). But the idea of Jews as money lenders remained from the Middle Ages. Historically, money lending had been a fairly common occupation among Jews, perhaps because Christians were not allowed to practise usury.
An **observation arc** (or **arc length**) of a Solar System body is the amount of time between its earliest and latest observations. It is used for finding its path. It is usually given in days or years. It is used asteroids and comets to find where they go.

Short arcs
----------

A very short arc makes an inaccurate result. Sometimes, the original amount of time is short to figure out if something orbits Earth or the asteroid belt.

For example, 2004 PR107 was thought to be a trans-Neptunian dwarf planet after an arc-length of one day. Now it is known to be in the 1 km main-belt asteroid.

2004 BX159 was thought to be a Mars-crossing asteroid that could be a threat to Earth, but was later found to be another main-belt asteroid.

An observation arc less than 30 days can make it difficult to figure out an Inner Solar System object more than a year after the last observation. It can make the planet lost. Trans-Neptunian objects with observation arcs less than a few years usually have bad results.

As a general rule objects discovered when they are currently farther from the Sun will have greater uncertainties in their initial orbits if the observation arcs are short.

2018 AG37 was discovered to be over 100 AUs from the Sun and was observed 9 times over 2 years. It needs an arc of many years, however to figure out the furthest distance from the sun.

1999 DP8 had 4 observations in 1 day. It has error bars that are so big that don't really mean anything because. When it was first discovered, 1999 DP8 is estimated to have been 52±1500 AU from Earth.

It took an observation arc of about 200 days to confirm that there was an impact on Mars by Oort cloud comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring).

Interstellar objects
--------------------

Interstellar objects usually need an arc of 2–3 weeks with hundreds of observations to confirm that it has a hyperbolic excess velocity (interstellar speed) of more than a few km/s.

Earth approaches
----------------

Uncertainty in Earth approach distance by comets currently further than Uranus  
that have not been observed in the last ~20 years| Comet | Observationarc | Number ofobservations | Uncertaintyparameter | Earthapproach date | Uncertainty indistance from Earth | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Comet Swift–Tuttle | 257 years | 652 | 0 | 2126-Aug-05 | ±10 thousand km | data |
| C/2001 OG108 | 0.9 years | 886 | 2 | 2147-Mar-23 | ±2 million km | data |
| C/1991 L3 (Levy) | 1.6 years | 125 | 3 | 2094-Aug-01 | ±15 million km | data |

The Comet Swift–Tuttle has a 257-year observation arc. It's closest approach to Earth on 5 August 2126 is about ±10 thousand km. With an observation arc of ~1 year, the uncertainty in C/2001 OG108's closest approach to Earth on 23 March 2147 is about ±2 million km.

Related pages
-------------

* Asteroid § Discovery

Other websites
--------------

* How to determine the orbit of a comet? (ESA 7 March 2014)
* Asteroid Hazards, Part 2: *The Challenge of Detection* at YouTube (min. 7:14)
* Asteroid Hazards, Part 3: *Finding the Path* at YouTube (min. 5:38)