recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**A11-R. Oberlaa** is a soccerclub from Oberlaa, a part of Favoriten, Viennas tenth district.

History
-------

Sportplatz Rapid Oberlaa
The club was founded in 1911 in Oberlaa, which was then in Lower Austria. In 1919, the members of the football club decided to register the association. After playing for several decades in various classes of the Vienna Football Association, the club experienced its most successful period in the 1940s. In the not finished season at the end of the Second World War (1944/45), Rapid Oberlaa played in the highest Austrian league for the first time. In the following season, they were relegated. Rapid Oberlaa managed to get promoted again for three years. After their next relegation Oberlaa slowly slipped into fifth division. In 2003 they merged with FC Austria 11. The new name is *A11-R. Oberlaa*. They play in the Wiener 2. Landesliga.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***A11-R. Oberlaa***.

* Offizielle Website des Vereins
The map of Naxos
**Naxos** is a Greek island. It is the largest of Cyclades group islands. Its total area is 430 sq.m.. It is in the center of the Aegean Sea. Naxos has a population of 18,188 people. The largest town on the island is Naxos City, which has a population of 6,533 people.

Sights-Tourism
--------------

Naxos is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece. Every year, many tourists visit Naxos. Most of them are from western European countries. Naxos has many beautiful beaches. In Naxos there are ruins of medieval castles and ancient temples. The most famous sight is a part of an ancient temple which is in the entrance of Naxos port. Also the medieval castle of Naxos.

History
-------

A part of ancient temple in Naxos
In mythology, Naxos was the place where the god Dionysus abducted the daughter of king Minos, Ariadne. Ariadne was on island with the ancient hero Theseus. In ancient times, Naxos was an Ionian colony. The island belonged to association of Delian League with Athens and other Ionian cities. In the year 503 B.C. Naxos was destroyed by a Persian fleet. Later, Naxos was a poor island without power. In the medieval era, Naxos was under the Byzantine rule and afterwards under the Venetian rule. In the sixteenth century it passed under the Ottoman rule. Naxos became a part of the Greek state in 1832.
***Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 01: Phantasy Star: Generation:1*** (ファンタシースター ジェネレーション1 in Japanese) Is a role-playing game published by Sega and developed by 3D Ages. This is a remake of the first title in the Phantasy Star series and happens to be the first title in the Sega Ages 2500 series.

Gameplay
--------

The game takes the basics and the gameplay of Phantasy Star while bringing a lot of novelty. First of all, the graphics have been improved and the music reworked. Then, the developers also took advantage of the DVD support to enrich the scenario by adding many dialogue scenes. The cutscenes are represented by fixed and refined illustrations.

Initially, a European and American release had been planned, accompanied by the remakes of Phantasy Star II and IV in a single compilation. However 3D Ages has ceased game development for the Sega Ages 2500 series and no Phantasy Star IV remakes are planned. Sega then focused on compilations of this saga. It seems that this title will remain a Japanese exclusive. As Phantasy Star Generation: 1 is the first volume of the Sega Ages 2500 series, it is part of a somewhat special packaging. The game is accompanied by a binder where collectors can store SEGA Ages 2500 game files. Indeed, the first 20 volumes of this series are accompanied by a small file where the origin of the titles is explained in detail. and also contains an interview with the developers.

Description
-----------

Phantasy Star is set in Algol, a solar system consisting of three planets. There is the lush and green Palma, the arid and barren Motavia, and finally, the icy and desolate Dezoris. As the story begins, Algol is ruled by King Lassic, who while originally benevolent, becomes a cruel dictator after converting to a new religion. After a string of harsh political changes, small pockets of rebellion emerge, but are mostly ineffective against Lassic's iron rule. When Nero, the leader of one such rebellion, is killed by Lassic's robot-cops, his sister Alis swears revenge.

*Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 01: Phantasy Star: Generation 1* is the first in the *Sega Ages 2500 Series* and is a complete remake of the original Phantasy Star that includes new graphics, sounds, and gameplay.

Other websites
--------------

* Official presentation of Phantasy Star Generation: 1 Archived 2015-09-18 at the Wayback Machine [archive] (JP)
Inscription at front of Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, cathedral church of the Bishop of Rome: *Sacros(ancta) Lateran(ensis) eccles(ia) omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput* meaning "Most Holy Lateran Church, of all the churches in the city and the world, the Mother and Head"
In the Roman Catholic Church, the pope is seen as the highest clergy and as the head of the church. In short, anything the pope says in his function of head of the church is valid for the whole church. The pope has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered: that, in brief, "the Pope enjoys, by divine institution, supreme, full, immediate, and universal power in the care of souls." This means that the situation of the pope is similar to that of an absolute monarch or the leader of a Fascist state.

Examples of papal supremacy
---------------------------

* Urban II's launching in 1095 of the Crusades, which, in an attempt to recover the Holy Land and territories of the Byzantine Empire which had been conquered by Muslim Seljuk Turks, marshalled European nobility under papal leadership.
* The Papacy determined whom they wished to be the king of various lands by the crowning by Pope Leo III of Charlemagne, first of the Carolingian emperors, rather than a man proclaiming himself king.
Winston Churchill speaking in 1949.
**Public speaking** is speaking to a group of people in an organized way: to give information, influence or persuade, or to entertain the listeners. 

In public speaking there are five important questions, which are often expressed as "*who* is saying *what* to *whom*, using *which medium*, with what *effects*?" 

The Ancient Greeks called public speaking rhetoric; the Romans called it oratory. Until the late 20th century it was also called *forensic speaking*, or *forensics*. Propaganda is an another name for speech for or against some point of view. In George Orwell's words propaganda is a reflection of prejudices and beliefs that colors people's [or societies] aesthetic judgements. Often they are simply fallacies or conjectures.

Methods and techniques
----------------------

Professional public speakers may use storytelling techniques or humor as a communication tool. A public speaker who is strong at using comedy might have more success adding a joke into a speech than one who is weak in that area. 

Bill Gates speaking at DFID
Franklin D. Roosevelt making his State of the Union Address by radio (11 January 1944) from the White House
A speaker's guideline is given in *TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking*.
Their information includes:

* Try to make eye contact right from the start.
* Include humor to disarm the tension within the audience towards the subject. But no offensive jokes or corny puns.
* Drinking water avoids mouth getting dry from adrenalin and avoiding an empty stomach reduces anxiety.
* Keep a backup plan (notes or scripts) to use if the presentation technology goes wrong.
* It is better to avoid attempts to get applause. It is not about the speaker, but the idea the speaker is passionate about.

Other guidelines exist.

Models
------

Models in public speaking.

The 6 I model of credibility for public speaking are:

| 6 I's of Credibility |
| --- |
| Ideation | Be creative in presenting the idea |
| Information | Bring out new and decision driving facts |
| Influence | Be charismatic with show of confidence |
| Integrity | Be authentic and build a trust through the first half of the session |
| Impact | Identify and present a memorable delivery to root the message |
| Ignition | Call out to action, if required (E.g. Funding, Social Action, Proselytisation ...etc.) |

### AIDA Model

The AIDA model is about designing the message and delivering it effectively to the target audience. It says the speaker should first get attention, hold the interest level of the audience, arouse desire for the solution or the objective (appeal, theme, etc.) desired to communicate, and finally obtain action or actionable commitment from the audience.

Related pages
-------------

* Rhetoric

Further reading
---------------

* Stephen Lucas (2016). *The Art of Public Speaking*. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-260-09402-2.
* Werlich, Egon 1976. *A text grammar of Eglish*. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
Atlantic cod stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s. This lead to their abrupt collapse in 1992.
**Over-harvesting** means taking more from the land (or sea) than it can replace. It includes extreme farming, grazing, fishing, and using fresh water. 

Over-harvesting is harmful in the long term. Forests or wetlands are hard to replace. Damage to nature hurts animals and humans. Most wetlands are damaged by overuse as a source of drinking water, and are sometimes drained to make farmland or land for building. A thriving and diverse ecosystem is destroyed. 

Over-harvesting also applies to animals. Population numbers may drop as a result, and species may become extinct. Overfishing is a typical example. Nowadays, you can only fish, shoot deer or birds at certain times of the year. The season when they mate, reproduce and lay eggs or have the young are protected. Areas of especial natural beauty or scientific interest are also protected. Now, in the United Kingdom, it is illegal to take bird eggs.

One thing which acts against conservation is the overpopulation of the world. The greatest single reason why the world loses forests is that some people want the land for other purposes. A few people gain, but everyone shares the cost. This is called the tragedy of the commons.

Related pages
-------------

* Overfishing
The **mountain weasel** (*Mustela altaica*), is a type of weasel. It is also called the pale weasel, Altai weasel or solongoi.

Description
-----------

Males are about 12.5–17 in (320–630 mm) long. Males can weigh 8–12 oz (230–340 g). Females are a little bit smaller. They are 12–15 in (309–377 mm). Females weigh about 4–8 oz (110–230 g). The summer fur is gray to gray-brown fur with some light yellow. The winter fur is more of a dark yellow with some brown. In both seasons, the underbelly is pale yellow to creamy white.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

This weasel lives in high-altitude environments, and also on rocky tundra and grassy woodlands. This weasel rests in rock crevices, tree trunks, and abandoned burrows of other animals or the animals it previously hunted. The home range size of this animal is currently unknown.

Geographical distribution for this species lies in parts of Asia from Kazakhstan, Tibet, and the Himalayas to Mongolia, northeastern China, southern Siberia, Korea, and also some parts of Russia. The most common area for this species, however, is Ladakh, India.

Reproduction
------------

Overall, these animals are thought to be live by themselves except when mating. The mountain weasel breeds once a year. Males fight for the females. The mountain weasel usually mate in February to March, and the young are usually born in May. The gestation period is 30–49 days. The mountain weasel gives birth to one to eight young ones. The young ones are blind, and their fur is not well developed. Lactation lasts about two months. After weaning, the young become independent but they still live with their brothers and sisters until fall. Young are able to breed in the next season when they are just under a year old.

Behavior
--------

The mountain weasel is able to climb, run, and swim. Their long bodies and short legs allow them to be very agile. Mountain weasels are generally nocturnal, but may hunt during the day. Even though they live by themselves, they communicate with each other visually and sound. This animal has very good eye sight. They also communicate by sound to warn off predators, to protect their territories, and when mating. When scared, they make a loud chirring sound and excrete a very smelly odor.

Feeding
-------

Mountain weasels are carnivores. They mainly feed on pikas and voles. They have an important ecological role in controlling the population of the voles. Muskrats, rabbits, ground squirrels, small birds, lizards, frogs, fish, and insects are also eaten.

Threats
-------

Some of the threats that makes the weasel to be near-threatened include habitat change, mainly caused by human development. Other dangers, such as traffic on roads, can reduce their population. Overgrazing by cattle, goats, and sheep causes the prey of the weasel to decrease because their hiding spots and food are reduced.

Conservation status
-------------------

The conservation status, according to the IUCN, is "near threatened" because it is considered to be in a significant decline. It requires monitoring mainly because of habitat and resource loss.
The **mountain goat** (*Oreamnos americanus*) is a species of goats. They are also known as the **Rocky Mountain goat**. They live in North America. They are part of the genus *Oreamnos*. They like to live on high elevations. Mountain goats are great at climbing, and will rest on rocky cliffs. They do this so predators cannot get them.

The mountain goat wanders the mountains alone, and meets only to mate. It eats grasses, lichens, and leaves. It is 3–4 ft. at the shoulder (90-120 centimeters.) The mother mountain goat is called a nanny, and the male is called a billy, the baby is called a kid.

Their thick undercoat, and long white overcoat, protects them from blustery wind, and harsh weather that often occurs in their mountainous habitat. Both male and female have short, strong, legs that have large black hooves on the end. The billy had long slender horns that measure approximately 1 foot. The nannies have slightly longer horns. The female uses her horns to defend her young. She will often dominate the territory, and the male will leave her alone.

The female mountain goat, or nanny, becomes pregnant in November, the only month they are together, and gives birth to her kid six months, or half a year, later. The nanny will protect her young for a while and eventually the kid will leave his mother. He will most likely not know his father. They are alone for most of the year except for November which is the mating month.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Oreamnos americanus***.

* A.W.F. Banfield (1974). *The Mammals of Canada*. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2137-9
* D. Chadwick (1983). A Beast the Color of Winter – The Mountain Goat Observed. Sierra Club Books. San Francisco. 208 p.
* Loyal J. Johnson (1994) Alaska Department of Fish & Game
* US Forest Service – Mountain Goats
**Opera buffa** is an Italian term meaning "comic opera". It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas. Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria ("serious opera") in which the story was a tragedy. Opera seria was supposed to be "serious", while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy. Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue. This was different from comic opera in other countries. The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices. 

Although we use the term "opera buffa" today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. "commedia in musica", "dramma giocosa", "operetta", "burlesca" etc. An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening’s entertainment. It was different from an "intermezzo" or "farsa" which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious. The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa. Pergolesi’s *La Serva Padrone* was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi’s death. It influenced opera buffa. 

Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature. The characters showed human weaknesses such as 
stupidity
, 
vanity
, 
greed
 and 
affectation
 (people who were pretending to be wise and important). They often poked fun at the ruling classes.

In opera buffa the acting was always very important. It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly. At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an "ensemble" (the French word for "together").

Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy. It was particularly popular at carnival time. Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.

By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria. Mozart’s opera *Don Giovanni*, for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.
Peat in Lewis, Scotland
A peat stack in Ness in the Isle of Lewis (Scotland).
**Peat**, or **turf**, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, mires, and swamps.

Formation
---------

Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of marshland vegetation: trees, grasses, fungi, as well as other types of organic remains, such as insects, and animal remains. Under certain conditions, the decomposition of the latter (in the absence of oxygen) is inhibited.

Peat formed in very wet conditions accumulates faster, and is less decomposed, than that in drier places. This allows climatologists to use peat as an indicator of climatic change. The composition of peat can also be used to reconstruct ancient ecologies by examining the types and quantities of its organic constituents.

Under the proper conditions, peat is the earliest stage in the formation of coal. The coal measures of the Pennsylvanian period were laid down in a gigantic tropical river basin, and later squeezed and heated to form the metamorphic rock we call 'coal'.

Most modern peat bogs formed in high latitudes after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age some 9,000 years ago. They usually grow slowly, at the rate of about a millimetre per year.

The peat in the world's peatlands has been forming for 360 million years and contains 550 Gigatonnes of carbon.

Uses
----

Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world. By volume, there are about 4 trillion m³ of peat in the world covering a total of around 2% of global land area (about 3 million km²), containing about 8 billion terajoules of energy.

Peat is soft and easily compressed. Under pressure, water in the peat is forced out. Upon drying, peat can be used as a fuel. It has industrial importance as a fuel in some countries, such as Ireland and Finland, where it is harvested on an industrial scale. In many countries, including Ireland and Scotland, where trees are often scarce, peat is traditionally used for cooking and domestic heating. Stacks of drying peat dug from the bogs can still be seen in some rural areas.

Peat's insulating properties make it of use to industry.

Peat fires are used to dry malted barley for use in Scotch whisky distillation. This gives Scotch whisky its distinctive smoky flavour, often called "peatiness".

Although peat has many uses for humans, it also presents problems. When dry, it can be a major fire hazard, as peat fires can burn almost indefinitely (or at least until the fuel is exhausted). Peat fires can even burn underground, reigniting after the winter, provided there is a source of oxygen. Peat deposits also pose major difficulties to builders of structures, roads, and railways, as they are highly compressible under even small loads. When the West Highland Line was built across Rannoch Moor in western Scotland, its builders had to float the tracks on a mattress of tree roots, brushwood and thousands of tons of earth and ashes.
LibreOffice 5.1 Start Center
In computing, an **office suite**, sometimes called an **office software suite** or **productivity suite** is a software suite for use by workers. The parts of an office suite are usually come together, have a standard user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways operating systems would not normally allow.

20th century office suites operated *offline,* not using the Internet. Examples that are still widely used include Microsoft Office and LibreOffice. Some can operate *online*, including Microsoft Office Online, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Online.

Usual parts
-----------

* Word processor
* Spreadsheet
* Presentation program
* Database
* Graphic design suite
* Communication
* E-mail client
* Personal information manager
* Groupware

Current suites
--------------

LibreOffice Writer 5.1 editing a text document
The most used office suite is Microsoft Office, which is available for Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh. It has become a proprietary standard in office software.

Another office suite is any of the OpenDocument suites, which use the free OpenDocument file format. The most used one was OpenOffice.org [*source?*], open-source software that can be used in Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and has created several other office suites similar to it, such as the Mac-native NeoOffice. Other free or less expensive office suites include LibreOffice, StarOffice, SoftMaker Office, KOffice and WPS Office. These programs support many of the features of Microsoft Office, and can open the files it creates and save new documents in those formats.

Apple computers have iWork, which is a office suite created specially for Mac OS X. It includes Pages, for word-processing, Numbers for spreadsheets, and Keynote, for presentations. They can also use Microsoft Office for Mac, or StarOffice, KOffice, NeoOffice and OpenOffice.org, which all can be used on Apple computers.

Related pages
-------------

* Web operating system
* Web desktop

Other websites
--------------

* DMOZ / Office\_Suites Archived 2017-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
The **Penobscot** (Abenaki: *Pαnawάhpskewi*) are Native Americans and First Nation from the Northeastern Woodlands. Their language is part of the Algonquian language family. They are part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The US government recognizes the *Penobscot Nation* as a tribe. They are in the regions of Maine, Atlantic provinces and Quebec. Their name means "the people of where the white rocks extend out."

History
-------

The Penobscot did hunting. They moved for different seasons. They traveled in birch bark canoes. They hunted and fished at different times of the year. They joined the fur trade. They traded furs and got goods like alcohol. Many Natives died from European diseases. They were not immune to these diseases. Penobscot encountered French in Canada and English in New England. They supported the Americans in the American Revolution. However, Americans began to push Penobscot off their lands. They were forced onto reservations. At the turn of the 19th century, the Penobscot gave up most of their land to Massachusetts. They could only stay on the Penobscot Indian Island Reservation. The tribe has sued the state of Maine several times. These have included issues like the right to hunt and land claims.

Portrait of Sarah Molasses, c.1886, daughter of John Neptune and Molly Molasses, collection of Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

Culture
-------

Penobscot made baskets. They used sweet grass, brown ash, and birch bark. Baskets became more decorative with European trade.

For the Penobscot, the lands have spiritual importance. Religion was closely connected to land. The landscape was part of a larger cosmology. Thus, land was very important for the Penobscot. A key figure in legends is Klose-kur-beh (Gluskbe). He gives the Natives practical and spiritual knowledge. He is as old as creation. According to Penobscot cosmology, Gluskbe warned about the greed and lust of white men. Animals and plants also had spiritual elements. Natives converted to Christianity when Europeans arrived.

Maps
----

Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south):

Maps of the Wabanaki Confederacy areas* MiꞌkmaqMiꞌkmaq
* Maliseet, PassamaquoddyMaliseet, Passamaquoddy
* Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
* Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, PennacookWestern Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook
**Refining** is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a **refinery**.

Petroleum
---------

See the main article: Oil refinery
An petroleum refinery
Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

Vegetable oil
-------------

Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

Sugar
-----

Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

Metals
------

Lead after electrolytic refining. The cube shown is 1 cubic centimeter in size.
There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

Table salt
----------

Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.
Lithium hydroxide
**Lithium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiOH. It contains lithium and hydroxide ions.

Properties
----------

Lithium hydroxide is a white solid.It is totally white in colour. It can be anhydrous (without extra water molecules attached) or hydrated (water added to it). It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It reacts with acids to make lithium salts.

Preparation
-----------

Lithium hydroxide is made by reacting lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide. A calcium carbonate solid is made and a lithium hydroxide solution is left behind. It can also be made by reacting lithium with water or by reacting lithium oxide with water.

Uses
----

It is used in spaceships to absorb carbon dioxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make lithium carbonate. This prevents people from suffocating in a spaceship. Lithium hydroxide is used to make lithium greases. They are resistant to water and can be used in high or low temperatures. It is used to transfer heat. It can be used in electrolytes. It is also used to prevent corrosion in some nuclear reactors. It can be used to glaze ceramics and make cement.

Safety
------

Lithium hydroxide is corrosive, like the other alkali metal hydroxides. It is also a little toxic because it has lithium in it. It can burn skin.

Related pages
-------------

* Sodium hydroxide
* Potassium hydroxide
**Reference.com** is an online encyclopedia that organizes content that uses a question-and-answer format. Articles are organized into hierarchical categories.

Before IAC restructured the site following an acquisition in 2008, Reference.com comprised multiple reference works, and disclosed its sources.

History
-------

Reference.com was launched by InReference, Inc in February 1997. The site was later acquired by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. In 2005, Lexico announced that Reference.com would begin offering searches of Wikipedia content.

The popularity of Dictionary.com had been greatly boosted by Google's practice of offering a link at the top of their search results that goes to the Dictionary.com definition.[*source?*] This exclusive relationship was terminated without explanation to the public when the Google links were redirected to definitions at Answers.com. (In December 2009, the Answers.com links were replaced with Google's own dictionary.) Google added a Dictionary.com definition link for certain search words in a non-exclusive relationship (along with links to definitions from a few other commercial reference websites). On 3 July 2008, IAC acquired Lexico Publishing Group, LLC and its three properties: Thesaurus.com, Reference.com, and Dictionary.com.

Sources
-------

Reference.com reproduces content from external sources. The site's sources include other online dictionaries, encyclopedias, and a search of terms found on other websites such as Wikipedia and the CIA *World Factbook*. The site can also search Usenet groups and other mailing lists.

The encyclopedia had articles from such sources as the 2004 *Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia*, the *Crystal Reference Encyclopedia*, and (later) the English Wikipedia. Its online dictionary indexed the *American Heritage Dictionary*, *Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary*, the Jargon File, the *Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary*, Acronym Finder, *Stedman's Medical Dictionary*, *Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary*, the *On-line Medical Dictionary*, and *WordNet*. Its thesaurus was based on multiple versions of *Roget's Thesaurus*. The site's web directory was an interface to the Open Directory Project, and its web search feature used Google Search. An interface to Google Translate was added in 2008.

User tracking
-------------

Reference.com in 2010 topped the list compiled by *The Wall Street Journal* ranking websites by how many third-party tracking cookies were added to the user's computer. Reference.com added 234 tracking cookies when encountering a first-time user.
**Enrique Martin Morales** (born on December 24, 1971), also most commonly or better known by his stage name as **Ricky Martin**, is a two-time Grammy Award and 4 Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican-American pop singer, dancer, musician, recording artist and actor. He has since then rose up to fame and super stardom with such an excellent and a prestigious track record, first as an elite member of the Latin boy band Menudo, and then as a prominent solo musical pop artist ever since then from 1991-present, and throughout over his entire singing career, he has annually recorded, released and sold out over 95 million singing albums and groundbreaking records all over around the world, while charting up with nearly and about up to 27 top 10 greatest hits as of on the US Latin Charts, and with over and about 11 breaking records of which have overly reached up with number one and a total of over 40 hit released singles.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Ricky Martin discography

**Studio Albums*** 1991: *Ricky Martin*
* 1993: *Me Amarás*
* 1995: *A Medio Vivir*
* 1998: *Vuelve*
* 1999: *Ricky Martin*
* 2000: *Sound Loaded*
* 2003: *Almas del Silencio*
* 2005: *Life*
* 2011: *Música + Alma + Sexo*
* 2015: *A Quien Quiera Escuchar*

**Extended Plays**

* 2020: *PAUSA*

**Live Albums**

* 2006: *MTV Unplugged*
* 2007: *Black & White Tour*

**Compilation Albums**

* 2001: *La Historia*
* 2001: *The Best of Ricky Martin*
* 2008: *Ricky Martin 17*

**DVDs**

* 1999: *One Night Only*
* 1999: *Ricky Martin: The Video Collection*
* 2001: *Ricky Martin: The European Tour*
* 2001: *La Historia"*
* 2006: *MTV Unplugged*
* 2007: *Black & White Tour*
* 2008: *Ricky Martin 17*
The **red-tailed hawk** (*Buteo jamaicensis*) is a buzzard. Sometimes it is called a **chickenhawk**, though it does not normally eat chickens. It is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout most of North America, from western Alaska and northern Canada and as far south as Panama and the West Indies. It weighs from 1.5 lb (1 kg) to 3.5 lb (2 kg) and its wingspan goes from 43 in (1,092 mm) to 57 in (1,448 mm).

The red-tailed hawk is a carnivore and eats shrews and mice. They have keen eyesight to see even the smallest mouse scamper across a field. It can swoop down at least 80mph per hour. It will pick up its prey, dig its talons into its body and kill it and eat. It can swoop down so fast that it can pick up its prey in less than 5 seconds.

Because they are so common and easily trained, most hawks got for falconry in the United States are red-tails. Falconers may take only 'passage hawks' (which have left the nest, are on their own, but are less than a year old). This is so not to affect the breeding population. Adults, which may be breeding or rearing chicks, may not be taken for falconry purposes and it is illegal to do so. 

Passage red-tailed hawks are also preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed adult behaviors, which would make training much more difficult.
An example of the parallax of an object against a distant background due to a change in location. When viewed from "Viewpoint A", the object appears to be in front of the blue square. When the viewpoint is changed to "Viewpoint B", the object *appears* to have moved in front of the red square.
**Parallax** is the perceived change in position of an object seen from two different places.

In astronomy, annual parallax is the only direct way to measure distance to stars outside the solar system.
In essence, parallax is the perceived shifting phenomenon which occurs when an object is viewed from different positions.

It is measured by the angle between two lines of observation. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from identical positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.

Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System. Here, the term "parallax" is the angle between two sight-lines to the star.

Astronomical measurement of position are taken at different times of the year. Since the Earth's orbit is known exactly, the distance from position 1 to position 2 can be worked out. The angle from the horizon to the object can be measured precisely. This gives a triangle whose baseline and angles are known accurately. From the triangle, the distance is calculated by trigonometry and expressed in parsecs.

The method only fails with objects which are so distant that the earth's orbit is too small to get a large enough parallax angle to measure accurately. This distance is about 100 light-years. Astronomers have invented various ways to solve this problem, though none are so accurate as the parallax method is for relatively nearby objects. This provides a basis for the cosmic distance ladder of techniques to calculate greater distances.

From 1989 to 1993 the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. Gaia (spacecraft) is intended to make similar measurements of about a Billion stars.

Many animals, including humans, have two eyes which provide depth perception; this is called stereopsis. Because the two eyes are at different places on the head, this gives the basis for an automatic sense of distance. We perceive this as a normal 3-D scene.

Other websites
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* Parallax Citizendium
***Pathaan*** is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language action thriller movie. It was directed by Siddharth Anand. The movie was produced by Aditya Chopra of Yash Raj Films. It is the fourth movie in the YRF Spy Universe. The movie stars Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone and John Abraham. Dimple Kapadia and Ashutosh Rana are also in the movie. It was written by Shridhar Raghavan and Abbas Tyrewala from a story by Anand. The movie is about an exiled RAW agent who must work with an ISI agent to stop a former RAW agent-turned-traitor from spreading a virus across India.

Principal photography for the movie began in November 2020 in Mumbai. The movie was filmed in locations in India, Afghanistan, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Russia, Italy and France. 

Two songs in the movie were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar. The score for the movie was composed by Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara. A music video was made for one song from the movie, "Besharam Rang", It featured Padukone in a saffron bikini. The video led to protests by right-wing Hindutva groups. They saw it as an insult and a call by them to boycott the movie.[*source?*] The Central Board of Film Certification said the the movie could be shown after certain edits were made to the song sequence. It is estimated that it cost ₹225 crores (US$28 million) to make the movie. Another ₹15 crore (US$1.9 million) was spent spent on distribution and advertising. There was no media interactions or public events before the release of the movie. 

*Pathaan* was released in India on 25 January 2023. This was the Republic Day weekend. The movie was released in IMAX, 4DX and standard formats. Version dubbed in Tamil and Telugu were also released at that time. The movie got positive reviews from critics. It broke several Indian box-office records. It has the biggest opening day and opening weekend for a Hindi movie. The movie grossed ₹1,004.39 crores (US$130 million) worldwide. This ranks is as the highest-grossing Indian movie and the highest-grossing Hindi movie of 2023, It is also the highest-grossing Hindi movie in the original language of all time. The movie is also the second-highest-grossing Hindi movie worldwide and the fifth-highest-grossing Indian movie of all time. As of February 2023[update], it was the highest-grossing movie of Khan's career and of Yash Raj Films' releases.
Red mudstone around carbonised root
Claystone in Slovakia
Shale from Marcellus, New York
**Mudrocks** make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

The types of mudrocks include: *siltstone*, *claystone*, *mudstone*, *slate*, and *shale*.

Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:

1. Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to date
2. It is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their tiny size
3. And most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientists

Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called *shale*, as distinct from *mudstone*.

From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.

Related pages
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* Mud
* Mudstone
In this image, a *roundworm* has been treated to show the nuclei of its cells.
**Multi-cellular organisms** are organisms with more than one cell. This is the case for animals, plants and most fungi. In such organisms, cells are usually specialised. All the cells with the same function work together. Such a group of cells is then called a tissue. 

Multi-cellular organisms have a set of cells that specialize in reproduction. Reproduction in such organisms is usually sexual. The sex cells are either sperm or ovum (also named "egg") cells. If they are sperm cells, the organism is male, if they are egg cells it is female. If both are present, the organism is a hermaphrodite.

Evolutionary history
--------------------

We know, from their cell structure, that multicellularity has evolved independently many times in Earth history, for example in plants and animals.
The earliest forms of life in the fossil record are cyanobacteria from the Archaean era at 3.5 billion years ago. They grew as single cells but lived in colonies as stromatolites. 

The first multicellular fossils have been found in 2.1 billion years old Palaeoproterozoic rocks from the Gabon in Africa. These are eukaryotic cells which live colonially. The fossils are visible to the naked eye, and hence much larger than bacteria. The authors comment that one advantage of multicellularity is larger size, and that an adequate level of oxygen is required to support this kind of life.

Consequences of multicellularity
--------------------------------

To reproduce, multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cells (i.e. sperm and egg cells), an issue that is studied in developmental biology. 

Multicellular organisms, especially long-living animals, also face the challenge of cancer, which occurs when cells fail to regulate their growth within the normal program of development.

Related pages
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* Life timeline
* Metazoa
* Unicellular organism
**Maria Anna of Austria** (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse. In Portugal she was commonly known as *Mariana*.

Life
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The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised *Maria Anna Josepha*. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain.

Marriage
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On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

Regency
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In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

Children
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1. Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
2. Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
3. Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
4. Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
5. Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
6. Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708** *Her Royal Highness* Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
* **27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750** *Her Most Faithful Majesty* The Queen of Portugal
* **31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754** *Her Most Faithful Majesty* The Dowager Queen of Portugal

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|
|  |
| Preceded byMaria Sofia of the Palatinate |  **Queen consort of Portugal**27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750 | Succeeded byMariana Victoria of Spain |
Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) adult
Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a species of insect pest which lives in the forests of western Canada and the United States. The beetle feeds on the inner bark of pine trees like the lodgepole pine, forming tunnels under the bark to lay their eggs. Normally, the mountain pine beetle prefers to attack sick or old trees because they can't defend themselves easily. However, sometimes the beetles become so numerous that they will group up and start attacking healthy trees in massive outbreaks. This makes the control and monitoring of mountain pine beetle very important for the forest industry in Canada and the U.S. because massive outbreaks of mountain pine beetle can kill entire forests.

Recently, a large outbreak of the beetle in British Columbia became a major problem, killing millions of trees across the province. Due to global warming making it easier for the beetle to survive high in the Canadian Rockies, the beetle was able to spread into Alberta, Canada, where the beetle has never been seen before. Scientists are worried that there is nothing stopping the mountain pine beetle from spreading across the entire continent now.