recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Pre-Buddhist Era
----------------

Most Sinhalese in the island claim that Sri Lanka was ruled by nagas and yakkas before Vijaya( a prince from India ) came to Sri Lanka. The most famous of these legendary kings is Ravana. Most people in the country believe that Ravana is still alive but in deep sleep. But most prominent historians regard Vijaya as Sri lanka's first king. Vijaya is an Indian prince who because of misbehavior was put in a boat with his 700 friends was sent off. He was the son of king Sinhabahu who was in fact the son of a Lion. Hence most Sinhalse claim to be descending from the Lion's blood.

There were several kings who ruled Sri Lanka after Vijaya but the most important after that was Pandukabaya because he chose Anuradhapura as the country's capital.

Colonial Era
------------

The first Portuguese arrived at Sri Lanka in 1505.

Civil War
---------

Sri Lanka experienced the Civil war through years 1983 to 2009. Racial discrimination after the post colonial era was the main reason for civil war as such. The sinhala only act which was passed in 1953 was one of the main reasons for a war as such. This act led to about 1/3 of the population facing difficulties when performing daily tasks. It also gave superior status to the Sinhalese component of the population.

Even though most people criticize the Act, it can be argued as a healthy decision as previously Lanka used colonial English to handle work at courts which limited amout of people understood. So it was really a choice between making more people understand or making the population literate in English.

The war was between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan army. Due to careful planning and expert battling techniques of Sarath Fonseka under the guidance of former president Mahinda Rajapakse and former defence secreatariat Gotabaya Rajapakse, the brutal civil war ended in May 2009 as the LTTE admitted defeat.

Post-War Era
------------

Sri Lanka had to gain international confidence after the war.

Further Reading
---------------

1. (PDF) Producing and using the Historical Relation of Ceylon: Robert Knox, the East India Company and the Royal Society An historical relation of Sri Lanka
2. Road to Nandikadal (Sinhala Translation): Kamal Gunaratne: 9789554323711: Amazon.com: Books

1. Archived 2020-04-11 at the Wayback Machine Sinhalayo By Senarath Paranavithana
**United Airlines Flight 811** was a regularly scheduled flight from Los Angeles, United States to Sydney, Australia, with stops at Honolulu, Hawaii and Auckland, New Zealand. On February 24, 1989, the Boeing 747-122 (registered N4713U) operating the route suffered a failure in a cargo door, resulting in an explosive decompression. The incident resulted in nine passengers dying.

Aircraft
--------

The same aircraft in service with Air Dabia in 1999 at Miami Airport, 10 years after the incident
The incident aircraft, N4713U, was a Boeing 747 which flew for United Airlines.  The aircraft was given to United Airlines in November 1970.

Flight
------

Before the incident, the aircraft flew the first part of the flight. It flew from Los Angeles, United States to Honolulu, United States.

Flight 811 took off from Honolulu at 01:52 local time, with 337 passengers on board.

Seventeen minutes after departure, as the aircraft was flying through 22,000 to 23,000 feet (6,700 to 7,000 m), the flight crew heard a loud thump. About a second and a half after the thump, a cargo door opened and opened the fuselage. The resulting pressures caused 10 seats to fly off the aircraft. All eight passengers in those seats were killed, and another in a seat close to incident area.

The pilots first thought a bomb had exploded inside the aircraft. The incident happened two months after Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Scotland. They began to fly down in an emergency descent. The aircraft also turned towards Honolulu.

Debris from the aircraft during the explosive decompression damaged engines number 3 and 4. Engine number 3 was vibrating fast, so the pilots turned the engine off. Engine number 4 failed and was producing flames, so the pilots also turned that engine off.

As the aircraft was beginning to land, the pilots moved the flaps and landing gear out. However, the flaps could only be moved out a certain distance because of damaged caused by debris. The aircraft landed and stopped on the runway. All passengers and crew exited the aircraft in less than 45 seconds.

No victims of the incident were found. Pieces of clothing and body parts were found in the number 3 engine, which means that at least one victim went into the engine.
**United Airlines Flight 175** was the second hijacked airplane of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The flight was traveling from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California.

It crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The plane was hijacked by five members of al-Qaeda. The plane was a Boeing 767. 56 people (including 5 hijackers) and 9 crew members died in the crash. The time of the crash was 9:03 AM Eastern Daylight Time. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, which crashed into the North tower 17.5 minutes earlier, Flight 175 was the only plane seen live on television because of the media attention drawn to the scene from the crash of Flight 11.

Aircraft
--------

The hijacked aircraft at San Francisco International Airport in 1999.
The plane shortly after crashing into the south tower of the original World Trade Center.
The aircraft used in the attack was a Boeing 767-222. The aircraft had a registration of N612UA, and it was built in 1983 by Boeing. The airplane could seat 168 passengers in total (10 seats in first class, 33 seats in business class, and 125 seats in economy class). On this particular flight, 56 passengers (5 of which were hijackers), and nine staff members. All together, United Airlines Flight 175 carried 65 people on the morning of September 11.

Other websites
--------------

* Brief summary of United Airlines Flight 175, as well as a complete victim list Archived 2010-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
Sendai Airport
**Sendai Airport** (仙台空港, *Sendai Kūkō*) (IATA: **SDJ**, ICAO: **RJSS**) is a Japanese airport in Natori, Miyagi, 13.6 km (8.5 mi) south southeast of Sendai Station in Sendai.

The airport handles domestic flights, and it is an international airport. It is officially classified as a 2nd class airport.

History
-------

In 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army built Sendai Airport. In 1943, it was reformed into Sendai Army Flight School.

At the end of World War II, the United States Army took control of the airport and its operations.

In 1956, Sendai Airport was returned to Japan.

Wavy roofline of Sendai terminal
The airport is marked by the design of its terminal. The curving and waving roof imitates the mountainous landscape and undulating sea edge that surrounds it. The building was finished in 1997. It was designed by Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum (HOK). According to HOK, the iconic form represents the aspirations of the region.

Tsunami flooding around the airport

### 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

See the main article: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
During the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, the airport was damaged by the tremors and it was flooded.

A week later, military engineers opened the airport for disaster relief.

The airport served as a transit location for airlifted supplies, including 2 million tons of such items as blankets, water, and food.

Related pages
-------------

* List of airports in Japan

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Sendai Airport at Wikimedia Commons

* Archived 2006-08-06 at the Wayback Machine;  Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
**Female ejaculation**, also known as gushing or squirting, happens when a woman has an orgasm and clear fluid comes out of her. Scientists are not sure how the fluid is produced, but think it is produced by the Skene's glands (also called the paraurethral glands or female prostate). Female ejaculation was mentioned in ancient times by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), and by doctors and people who study anatomy. However, in much of the 20th century there were people who did not believe that female ejaculation existed, and it was not studied in detail. More people found out about the matter after a book called *The G Spot* came out in 1982 and became popular. After that, more research was done on female ejaculation.

Not accepted by others
----------------------

The theory advanced by these authors has been dismissed by many other authors, such as physiologist Joseph Bohlen, for not being based on rigorous scientific procedures, and psychiatrist Helen Singer Kaplan (1983).

"Female ejaculation (as distinct from female urination during orgasm) has never been scientifically substantiated and is highly questionable, to say the least".
Masters and Johnson rejected it in 1982. Some radical feminist writers, such as Sheila Jeffreys (1985) were also dismissive, claiming it as a figment of male fantasy:
**Top Gear: Stunt School Revolution** is a video game in the style of the TV show Top Gear, developed by BBC Worldwide Ltd. and Supersonic Software and published by BBC Worldwide Ltd. on June 14, 2012 on iOS, October 7, 2012 on Android and December 18, 2014 on Microsoft Windows and Windows Mobile. It is a sequel to the 2010 game Top Gear: Stunt School.

In 2018, together with Top Gear: Drift Legends, Top Gear: Extreme Parking, Top Gear: Caravan Crush and other games from BBC Worldwide Ltd. the game was removed from Google Play and App Store, and soon it stopped working at all on some Android and iOS devices.

Reception
---------

Top Gear: Stunt School Revolution received mixed reviews from critics according to the aggregator website Metacritic. Critic David Ruddock from the Android Police website compares SSR with "the same bad hairstyle of Jeremy Clarkson", and also calls it "an unabashed pile of feces", noting that the management in it is terrible, some tricks are too simple, and some are too complicated. He also notes that trying a trick "trying a trick eats up a pass, which prevents you from playing the game for hours on end (unless you pay for additional passes), which can lead to an aneurysm, ulcer, or other stress-related illness," and that the usefulness of some parts of the car upgrade is inexplicable. Of the advantages, he notes the graphics, which, in his opinion, "is not bad for a modern mobile game."
**Scientific notation** is a way of writing numbers that is often used by scientists and mathematicians to make it easier to write large and small numbers. A number that is written in scientific notation has several properties that make it very useful to local scientists. It makes very large numbers into smaller numbers using decimals and exponents.

Variations
----------

The basic idea of scientific notation is to express zeros as a power of ten. The notation for this can be written as :
{\displaystyle a\,\times \,10^{b}\!}
where *b* is an integer, or "whole" number, that describes the number of times 10 is multiplied by itself and the letter *a* any real number, called the significand or mantissa (*using "mantissa" may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm*).

### Normalized notation

Written in the form *a* × 10*b*, exponent *b* is chosen such that the absolute value of *a* remains at least one but less than ten {\displaystyle (1\leq \left|a\right\vert <10\!)}. Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of *a* for a negative number; that of *b* for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is -5 × 10-1. There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient. The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in *a*, as the exponent *b* gives the number's order of magnitude.

Other websites
--------------

* Scientific Notation in Everyday Life
* An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation
* Scientific Notation Calculator and Converter
This article is about the magazine. For the lifestyle that inspired the magazine's name, see Playboy (lifestyle).

Brazilian playmates, in 2009
***Playboy*** was a monthly American men's magazine. It was founded by Hugh Hefner in Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Marilyn Monroe was the magazine's first cover model. The logo was created by Art Paul.

The magazine featured articles about men's interests including clothing, sports, consumer goods, men's health, politics, and public figures. The magazine always showed large pictures of nude women, except for one year in 2016–2017.

In each issue, a provocatively posed "Playmate of the Month" was featured in a pictorial several pages in length at the center of the magazine with an accompanying "centerfold" photograph. Unlike traditional pin up art, *Playboy* humanized their models by describing their real world jobs, accomplishments, and goals.

In 1963 Hefner was arrested for obscenity in Chicago after publishing nude photos of actress Jayne Mansfield that were taken on the set of *Promises! Promises!* He was acquitted at trial by a hung jury.

Starting with the March 2016 issue, the magazine no longer had pictures of nude women. According to the company, "times change." Times changed again in February 2017 when nudity returned. In March 2020 the company announced that it would stop publishing the magazine on paper and only use digital copies instead. Between 1970 and 1985 *Playboy* was also printed in braille. It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.
The **Cathedral of St. Ducha** (*the holy spirit*) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. It was built in 1307. It was built by order of Eliška Rejčka because the church of St. Klement was too small. The church was burned and rebuilt several times between the 14th and 16th centuries. In the 17th century, the church was plundered by Swedish soldiers. In 1664, Pope Alexander VII blessed the church as a cathedral. The last repairs were done after World War II.

Interior
--------

The cathedral has an old Gothic altar from the end of the 15th century. It also has an early baroque altar from the 17th century. There is a portrait of St. Antoním by Petr Brandla, a pastoforium made by Matej Rejsem and a pulpit by Josef Myslbek. Under the cathedral are 3 crypts. There is a legend that Jan Žižka z Trocnova, a famous Hussite commander, was buried there for a short time. In the towers are 4 bells named Leopold, Klement, Václav and Michal.

Services
--------

There are services every day. On Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday, services are at 18:30. On Sunday, services are at 6:30, 9:30 and 11:00. There is a special service for children on Wednesdays at 17:30. People can visit the interior of the cathedral during worship.

Photo gallery
-------------

* Cathedral of Holy Spirit, White Tower and old Town HallCathedral of Holy Spirit, White Tower and old Town Hall
* Cathedral of Holy SpiritCathedral of Holy Spirit
* Cathedral of Holy Spirit – entranceCathedral of Holy Spirit – entrance
* Interior of Cathedral, presbyteryInterior of Cathedral, presbytery
* AerialAerial

Other websites
--------------

* History of Cathedral on deanery site (in Czech)
* Official site of Hradec Králové deanery (in Czech)
**Travis Lane Stork, MD** (born March 9, 1972, in Fort Collins, Colorado) is an American emergency physician and television personality. He is best known for being *The Bachelor*, and as the host of the syndicated daytime talk show, *The Doctors*.

Medical career
--------------

Stork graduated *magna cum laude* from Duke University, and earned his M.D. from the University of Virginia. He completed his emergency medicine residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Before returning to Vanderbilt as a faculty physician, he worked as an attending physician in a private hospital system in Colorado. Dr. Stork currently splits his time between Nashville and Los Angeles, where he hosts the syndicated television show "The Doctors".

*The Bachelor*
--------------

While Stork was finishing his residency program, he met the producers of *The Bachelor* by chance. They invited him to interview for the show. In 2006, Stork was the bachelor during season 8 of *The Bachelor.* During the season finale of the show, Stork chose school teacher, Sarah Stone, who coincidentally lived only a few blocks away from his residence. He proposed a relationship instead of marriage. After the series ended, they broke up. In May 2011 Travis got engaged to his girlfriend of two years, Dr. Charlotte Brown, a Nashville native.

*The Doctors*
-------------

In 2007 Stork was selected to serve as the lead host on *The Doctors*, a Los Angeles-based daytime medical/talk show, produced by Jay McGraw, son of Dr. Phil McGraw, which debuted in September 2008. On the show, Stork heads a panel of three other physicians from different fields (pediatrics, plastic surgery and obstetrics) as they discuss health issues and answer audience questions. The idea came about from a series of *Dr. Phil* show segments. Stork has been a frequent contributor on *Dr. Phil*.

Books
-----

* Stork, Travis; Leah Furman (October 7, 2008). *Don't Be That Girl: A Guide to Finding the Confident, Rational Girl Within*. Gallery. ISBN 1416589406.
* Stork, Travis (April 27, 2010). *The Doctor Is In: A 7-Step Prescription for Optimal Wellness*. Gallery. ISBN 1439167400.
* Stork, Travis; Peter Moore (December 7, 2010). *The Lean Belly Prescription: The fast and foolproof diet and weight-loss plan from America's top urgent-care doctor*. Rodale Books. ISBN 1609610237.

Other websites
--------------

* Travis Stork on IMDb
**Oskar Heinroth** (Mainz-Kastel, 1 March 1871 – Berlin, 31 May 1945) was a German biologist who was one of the founders of ethology. Heinroth was director of the Berlin Zoo & Aquarium for over 30 years. He married twice, both times to colleagues: He was married to Magdalena (née Wiebe, 1904-1932) and, after her death, to Katharina (née Berger, 1933-1945).

His studies of behaviour in the Anatidae (ducks and geese) showed their instinctive behaviour patterns. He also rediscovered the phenomenon of imprinting, reported in the 19th century by Douglas Spalding but not followed up at the time. Heinroth showed that the behaviour of birds was characteristic of a species, as much as its anatomy.

His results were popularised by Konrad Lorenz, whose mentor he was. Lorenz regarded Heinroth as the true founder of the study of animal behaviour as a branch of zoology.

Sources
-------

* Oskar Heinroth & Magdalena Heinroth 1924–1934. *Die Vögel Mitteleuropas*. Illustrated, 4 vols, Bermühler, Berlin.
* Oskar Heinroth & Katharina Heinroth 1958. *The birds*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-05005-2.
The **University of Damascus** (Arabic: **جامعة دمشق**, *Jāmi‘atu Dimashq*) is the largest and oldest university in Syria. It is located in the capital Damascus. The university has campuses in other Syrian cities.

History
-------

It was founded in 1923 through the merger of the School of Medicine (established 1903) and the Institute of Law (established 1913). Until 1958 it was named the **Syrian University**, but the name changed after the founding of the University of Aleppo. There are nine public universities and more than ten private ones in Syria. Damascus University was one of the most reputable universities in the Middle East before the Syrian civil war since 2011.

Education
---------

The University of Damascus has several faculties, higher Institutes, intermediate institutes and a school of nursing. One of the institutions specializes in teaching the Arabic language to foreigners, which is the largest institution of its kind in the Arab world.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
The **Clay Mathematics Institute** (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge. It gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. Boston businessman Landon T. Clay and his wife, Lavinia D. Clay started it in 1998. Harvard University mathematician Arthur Jaffe was the first president of CMI.

The institute is best known for its Millennium Prize Problems, a list of the seven most important unsolved mathematical questions. Of these, only the Poincaré conjecture has since been solved. The Clay Institute also does other things, including a postdoctoral program (ten Clay Research Fellows are supported each year) and an annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the American Mathematical Society.

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**Red Bay Castle** (Irish: *Caislen Camus Rhuaidh*) is located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on a piece of land projecting into the sea north of Glenariff located on the road to Cushendall.

History
-------

It was built by the Bissett family in the 13th century on the site of an earlier motte-and-bailey outpost of the Kingdom of Dál Riata. The Bissett family were stripped of their lands in Scotland and fled for their lives to Ireland after Walter de Bisset was accused of the murder of Patrick, Earl of Atholl, at Haddington, East Lothian in 1242. King Henry III of England granted Bisset large possessions in the Barony of Glenarm, Ireland.

John Mor MacDonald 1st of Dunnyveg married Margery Bissett of the Glens of Antrim, and acquired as a result the castle of Red Bay. His descendants known as the MacDonnells of Antrim extended and rebuilt the castle in the 16th century. In 1565, the castle was burned to the ground by Shane O'Neill, chief of the O'Neills of Tyrone; it was rebuilt by Sorley Boy MacDonnell, however later fell into disrepair.

In 1604 the castle was restored and was later destroyed by Oliver Cromwell in 1652 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Not to be confused with phosgene oxime.
A phosgene tank.
Chemical note
**Phosgene** is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2. This gas has no color. The gas was used as a weapon during World War I. It is responsible for most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. Today, phosgene is used as a tool. It is used for organic synthesis. When there is a small amount in the air, the smell is similar to that of freshly cut hay or grass. Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom. When some compounds of chlorine and carbon burn or break down, small amounts of phosgene are given off.

Uses
----

Today, most phosgene is used to produce isocyanates. The most important isocanates in this context are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Both are precursors to polyurethanes. Large amounts are also used to produce polycarbonates. Polycarbonate is produced from its reaction with bisphenol A. Polycarbonates are an important class of engineering thermoplastic. They can be found in lenses in eyeglasses.

Safety
------

Phosgene is a strong poison. Its smell may not be noticed. Signs of exposure may sometimes be detected slowly.
Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million. This amount is four times the safe amount. Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released by a process. It comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs. The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body. Their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon. This will make breathing very hard. Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.

Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.

Other websites
--------------

* Davy's account of his discovery of phosgene
* International Chemical Safety Card 0007
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* U.S. CDC Emergency Preparedness & Response Archived 2005-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
* U.S. EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
* Regime For Schedule 3 Chemicals And Facilities Related To Such Chemicals Archived 2006-05-15 at the Wayback Machine, OPCW website
* CBWInfo website Archived 2008-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Use of Phosgene in WWII and in modern-day warfare (Refer to Section 4.C of the article)
* Phosgene -Citizendium
**Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia** (Russian: Ксения Александровна Романова; 6 April 1875 – 20 April 1960) was a daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia and the elder of Tsar Nicholas II's two sisters. She married her cousin Grand Duke Alexander Mikailovich of Russia and had seven children. During her brother's reign, she lived a private life. However, when monarchy fell, she escaped Russia and lived in England.

Early life
----------

Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna was born on 6 April 1875 at Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg. Her mother was Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia.

Xenia between her parents. On the left her bother Nicholas. On the right George.
After her grandfather died, her father became the Russian king. At this time, Xenia was six years old. It was difficult political time because of terrorist threats. Alexander III moved with his family from the Winter Palace to the Gatchina Palace to protect his family.

Xenia, like her brothers, was educated by private tutors. She studied foreign languages very much. Apart from her native Russian, Xenia studied English, French, and German. Xenia also learnt how to cook and make puppets and clothes. She liked to ride, fish, draw, play gymnastics, dance, and perform the piano.

Marriage
--------

Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna with her husband.
Xenia and her first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, who would also be her husband, used to play together as friends in the 1880s. Alexander was also a friend of her brother Nicholas. In 1886, twenty year old Alexander was in the navy. Eleven year old Xenia sent him a card when his ship was in Brazil, "Best wishes and speedy return! Your sailor Xenia". In 1889, Alexander wrote of Xenia, "She is fourteen. I think she likes me."

At age 15, though Xenia and Alexander wanted to marry, her parents did not want to allow them because Xenia was too young. They were also unsure if Alexander was really very nice. The Tsarina Maria Feodorovna complained that Alexander was too proud and rude. It was not until January 1894 that Xenia's parents allowed them to engage. The couple finally wed on 6 August 1894 at Peterhof Palace. Xenia's younger sister, Olga, wrote about the joy of her the wedding, "The Emperor was so happy. It was the last time I ever saw him like that."
Westminster Cathedral from Victoria Street
**Westminster Cathedral** in London, England, is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It is the mother church of the Roman Catholic community in England and Wales and the Metropolitan Church and Cathedral for the Archbishop of Westminster.

The cathedral is near Victoria in the City of Westminster. It is the largest Roman Catholic church in England and Wales. It should not be confused with Westminster Abbey.

The cathedral was opened in 1903. It was designed by John Francis Bentley and is in the style of Byzantine church architecture. The nave is the widest of any church in England. The sanctuary is higher than the nave, so that the altar can be seen from any part of the nave. A very large crucifix hangs from the chancel arch. The Archiepiscopal Throne or cathedra, of marble and mosaic, is modelled on the Papal Throne at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. There are beautiful marble pillars which are all carved differently. In the crypt there are monuments to famous people.

Westminster Cathedral has a famous choir. The first Master of Music (choirmaster) was Sir Richard Runciman Terry. Since 2000, the Master of Music has been Martin Baker. Mass is sung every day.

The choir are famous for singing Gregorian chant and polyphony of the Renaissance. Composers such as Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams have written music for the choir.

All the boys of the Choir are boarders at the nearby Westminster Cathedral Choir School.

The organ is very large. It is in the west gallery (above the entrance). It was built by the organ builder Henry Willis III from 1922 to 1932. One of Louis Vierne's best-known organ pieces, "Carillon de Westminster," was composed for it and dedicated to the builder.

On 28 May 1982, the first day of his six-day visit to the United Kingdom, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in the cathedral.

In 1995, Cardinal Basil Hume invited HM The Queen. This was the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic liturgy since 1688 when James II & VII was king.

Other websites
--------------

* Westminster Cathedral official site
Districts of Jharkhand
Jharkhand, a state of India, has twenty-four administrative districts.

Administration
--------------

A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state.

A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues.

History
-------

At the time of formation, Jharkhand state had 18 districts. Later, six more districts were carved out by reorganizing these districts. The 23rd and 24th districts, Khunti and Ramgarh came into existence on September 12, 2007.

Administrative Divisions and District
-------------------------------------

### Districts as per Divisions

Presently, 24 districts of Jharkhand are grouped in to 5 divisions. These divisions are:

1. Palamu division - 3 Districts: Palamu, Garhwa, Latehar - Headquarters: Medininagar
2. North Chotanagpur division - 7 Districts: Chatra, Hazaribagh, Koderma, Giridih, Ramgarh, Bokaro, Dhanbad - Headquarters: Hazaribagh
3. South Chotanagpur division - 5 Districts: Lohardaga, Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi, Khunti - Headquarters: Ranchi
4. Kolhan division - 3 Districts: West Singhbhum, Saraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum - Headquarters: Chaibasa
5. Santhal Pargana division - 6 Districts: Jamtara, Deoghar, Dumka, Pakur, Godda, Sahebganj - Headquarters: Dumka

### Total Districts

Below is the list of districts.

1. Garhwa
2. Palamu
3. Latehar.
4. Chatra
5. Hazaribagh
6. Koderma
7. Giridih
8. Ramgarh
9. Bokaro
10. Dhanbad district
11. Lohardaga
12. Gumla
13. Simdega
14. Ranchi
15. Khunti
16. West Singhbhum
17. Saraikela Kharsawan
18. East Singhbhum
19. Jamtara
20. Deoghar
21. Dumka
22. Pakur
23. Godda
24. Sahebganj

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  "Districts of Jharkhand". Government of Jharkhand Portal. Archived from the original on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2017-09-26.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Districts of Jharkhand***.

* Jharkhand travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Travel guide to Jharkhand's districts
* Jharkhand State Government Official website Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
The story of **Dhu Al-Qarnayn** (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One"; is mentioned in Surah Al-Kahf, Ayahs 83–101 of the Qur'an. Dhu Al-Qarnayn appears in the Qur'an as one established with power on earth from Allah, who reaches the setting and rising of the sun and sets up a barrier between a certain people and Gog and Magog. Elsewhere the Qur'an tells how the end of the world will be signaled by the release of Gog and Magog from behind the barrier. Dhu Al-Qarnayn is identified by most Western and traditional Muslim scholars as a reference to the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon Alexander the Great.

1. ↑  "Surah Al-Kahf Verse 84 | 18:84 الكهف - Quran O". *qurano.com*. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
2. ↑  Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). *Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age*. Brill. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-9004100633.
3. ↑  Stoneman 2003, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStoneman2003 (help)
4. ↑  EI2, p. 127. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEI2 (help)
**Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University** (simply **Indraprastha University** or **IP**) (Hindi: गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ विश्वविद्यालय) is a public university, located in Delhi, India. It is a teaching as well as recognising university, which recognises more than 120 colleges of Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region) and has 15 schools and centres on its campus. It is one of the best universities of India. This is the only university of India and first in Asia which has received ***Platinum Technology Award*** in Geneva, Switzerland presented by association *Otherways Management and Consulting* (OMAC), a Paris based international organisation.

Mechsonic Racing
----------------

Mechsonic Racing is a student project from HMR Institute of Technology and Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. It has students from different engineering streams. Mechsonic Racing design and build formula type race cars under "college design series", organized by the "Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE)" to compete in FORMULA STUDENT events worldwide.
**Nesvizh Castle** or **Niasvizh Castle** is a castle of the Radziwill family in Nesvizh in Belarus.

History
-------

The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł Belarus magnate family starting in 1533. It was given to Mikołaj Radziwiłł and his brother Jan Radziwiłł after the Kiszka family died. Since the Radziwills were one of the most important and rich clans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was there that the Lithuanian Archive was moved in 1551. In 1586 the estate was made into an *ordynacja*.

In 1582 Mikołaj Krzysztof "Sierotka" Radziwiłł started to build a large square three-storey chateau. Building was completed by 1604. They added several galleries half a century later. The château's corners had four octagonal towers.

In 1706, during the Great Northern War, Charles XII's army sacked the castle. The destroyed its fortifications. Several decades later, the Radziwills asked some German and Italian architects to fix and enlarge the chateau. Antoni Zaleski decorated its yellow facades with baroque stucco work. The 16th-century castle gates were also reconstructed. It was at this time that the three separate buildings surrounding the central courtyard were joined into a single structure.

The most important building in Nesvizh is the Corpus Christi Church. It is connected with the castle by a dam over a ditch. It has coffins of 72 members of the Radziwill family, each in a simple coffin made of birch and marked with Trąby Coat of Arms. Designed by the Italian architect Gian Maria Bernardoni, the church is said to be the first Jesuit temple patterned after Il Gesù in Rome. It is the first domed basilica with Baroque facade in the world and the first baroque piece of architecture in Eastern Europe.

In 1770 the castle was taken by Russian forces. The Radziwill family was removed. The Lithuanian Archive was moved to Saint Petersburg (where it remains). The works of art in the palace were given to various Russian nobles. The Russian army left. The palace slowly fell into disrepair. It was restored by the Radziwills. Between 1881 and 1886 the castle's insides were fixed by Prince Anton Radizwill and his French wife, Marie de Castellane. They also made a landscape park in English style. With an area of more than one square kilometre, the park is one of the biggest in Europe.

In 1939, the Radziwill family was removed from the castle by the invading Red Army. In Soviet times, the chateau was used a sanatorium.

In 1994, the castle complex was made a national historical and cultural reserve. Twelve years later, the castle complex was added on the World Heritage List.

Other websites
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 Media related to Niasviž Castle Complex at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 53°13′22.36″N 26°41′30.25″E﻿ / ﻿53.2228778°N 26.6917361°E﻿ / 53.2228778; 26.6917361
They currently play at the Philip II Arena.
**FK Vardar** (Macedonian: ФК Вардар; usually just called **Vardar**) is a professional association football club from Skopje, North Macedonia. The club was founded in 1947and have played in every Macedonian First Football League saeson since it's creation. The club was named after the Vardar river (which runs right through the middle of Macedonia and ends at the Thermaic Gulf in Greece). FK Vardar is the most successful Macedonian team, winning 9 national championships and 5 national cups.

Honours
-------

### League

**Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Second League:**

* **Winners (6):** 1951, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1971, 1979
* Runners-up (1): 1991

**Republic of Macedonia Macedonian First League:**

* **Winners (9):** 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
* Runners-up (2): 2001, 2005

### Cup

**Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Cup:**

* **Winners (1):** 1961

**Republic of Macedonia Macedonian Football Cup:**

* **Winners (5):** 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2007
* Runners-up (1): 1996

**Republic of Macedonia Macedonian Super Cup:**

* **Winners (2):** 2013, 2015

**Socialist Republic of Macedonia Macedonian Republic Cup:**

* **Winners (12):** 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1992

### International

**Mitropa Cup:**

* Semi-finalists (1): 1968
* Round of 16 (2): 1969, 1970

**Balkans Cup:**

* Runners-up (2): 1972, 1974

### Other tournaments

**Vuko Karov Tournament:**

* **Winners (3):** 1993, 2001, 2006
* Runners-up (1): 2011

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2015-05-29 at the Wayback Machine **(Macedonian)**
* FK Vardar on Facebook
* Supporters Website Archived 2020-05-13 at the Wayback Machine **(Macedonian)**
**Mount Roraima** is the highest of the Pakaraima chain of plateaus in South America.

It was first described to Europeans by the English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh during his 1595 expedition. Raleigh learned about it from indigenous peoples. 

Roraima has a 31-square-kilometre (12-square-mile) summit area. It is bounded on all sides by cliffs rising 400 metres (1,300 ft). 

The mountain is in Venezuela and Brazil. Mount Roraima is the point where the boundaries of Venezuela and Brazil. A stone stands on its summit, put there by the International Commission in 1931.

Mount Roraima lies on the Guiana Shield. It is the highest point of the Brazilian state of Roraima lie on the plateau, but Venezuela and Brazil have higher mountains elsewhere. The triple border point is at 5°12′08″N 60°44′07″W﻿ / ﻿5.20222°N 60.73528°W﻿ / 5.20222; -60.73528, and the mountain's highest point is called 'Laberintos del Norte'.

The steep rock wall of Monte Roraima.
Although the steep sides of the plateau make it difficult, it was the first recorded major table-top to be climbed. Sir Everard im Thurn walked up a forested ramp on 18 December 1884 to scale the plateau. This route also used by the Clementis group in their climb of 15 January 1916. It is one of the most important mountain trekking routes in Venezuela.
Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium.
**Qarabağ Futbol Klubu** (usually just called **Qarabağ**) is a professional association football club from Baku, Azerbaijan. The club was originally from Agdam, but moved to Baku because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The club plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

Qarabağ was formed in 1951, and were the founding members of the Azerbaijan Premier League in 1992. A season later they won their first league championship, which made them the first non-Baku based club to win the Azerbaijan Premier League title.

The clubs plays at the Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium, which has a capacity of around 31,200. The Azerbaijan national football team also uses that stadium. They used to play at the Imarat Stadium, but it was destroyed by the Armenian military during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The club won their first league title in 21 years in 2014. Qarabağ have won the Premier league four times and Azerbaijan Cup five times. In the same year, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition after they beat Twente in the play-off round of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League.

Honours
-------

* **Azerbaijan League**

*Winners (10):* 1993, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23
* **Azerbaijan Cup**

*Winners (7):* 1993, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2021–22
* **Azerbaijan Supercup**

*Winners (1)*: 1994

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website
* Official UEFA profile
***PLOS One*** is a scientific journal. It is an interdisciplinary journal. That means it prints scientific papers about almost any kind of science instead of just one. It prints papers about engineering, biology, the social sciences and humanities, for example science papers that talk about art. As of 2017, it was the largest scientific journal in the world by number of articles printed per year.

*PLOS ONE* is designed for research scientists are the primary audience for the journal, but ordinary people read it as well. Because of this, articles are written and edited to make them understandable to scientists in other fields and any educated person. 

*PLOS ONE* is published by the Public Library of Science. PLOS also publishes *PLOS Biology*, *PLOS Medicine* and other journals.

Scientists must pay a fee to publish in *PLOS ONE*, sometimes as much as US$1695. But then the study is available for people to read without paying a fee. It is not behind a paywall.

*PLOS ONE* can publish 20,000 scientific papers in one year. That means sometimes it publishes bad papers by accident. In 2016, *PLOS ONE* published many retractions, which means it said publicly that some of its papers were bad, said how they were bad, and said it did not believe in them.

Other websites
--------------

* *PLOS One*
The word **trivium**, from Latin, is made of two parts. The first part *tres* meant "three" and the second part *vía* meant "way". 

In antiquity and the High Middle Ages, there were different ways of teaching young men at the university. The trivium was three simplest ways to study the world, and so young men learned them first. After the trivium, they studied the quadrivium. Together, these subjects were called the seven liberal arts. The most difficult, and final subject studied was theology.

The three subjects were related to talking about the world. These subjects were grammar, logic and rhetoric. They were ways of preparing for the quadrivium, which includes arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.

Grammar
-------

One way of studying the world is to look at the form of the words. Grammar is the mechanics of the language.
When a man studied grammar, he studied how words were put together, and how words were combined to make sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and stories.

The word "grammar" has a more limited meaning now than it did before now. Many subjects, such as syntax and phonetics were part of grammar.

Logic
-----

One way of studying the world is to look at the meaning of words. Logic is the mechanics of thought and analysis. Logic is the study of how meanings are related to each other, and how to make good decisions. A fallacy is when someone does not draw a conclusion according to the rules of logic. An old name for logic was dialectics.

Rhetoric
--------

One way of studying the world is to look at communicating with words. Rhetoric is the mechanics of discourse. Discourse is the process of two or more people communicating about an idea. Young men studied rhetoric in order to learn how to instruct and to persuade.

Related pages
-------------

* Liberal arts
* Quadrivium
**Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar** (English: *Hafnarfjörður Gymnastics Club*; usually just called **FH**) is an Icelandic sports club from Hafnarfjörður. The club competes in football, handball, track and field, and fencing. The men's football team has been one of the most successful Icelandic teams since the early-2000s. They recently won the 2015 Úrvalsdeild.

The club was founded in 1928 as a gymnastics club. FH has since moved into other sports. FH were promoted to the Úrvalsdeild in football for the first time in 1979. After moving up and down through the league system, they finally were promoted to the Úrvalsdeild again in 2000. They won their first Úrvalsdeild title in 2004.

They went on to win the Úrvalsdeild six more times, the Icelandic cup twice, Icelandic league cup six times and the Icelandic super cup six times. They also made multiple appearances in European tournaments.

The team's colours are white and black.

Honours
-------

* **Icelandic Champion: 7**
	+ 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2015
* **Icelandic Cups: 2**
	+ 2007, 2010
* **Icelandic League Cups: 6**
	+ 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014
* **Icelandic Super Cup: 6**
	+ 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013
Museum model of how Fishbourne Roman Palace may have appeared
The dolphin mosaic
Entrance to the site and museum
**Fishbourne Roman Palace** (or Fishbourne Villa) is a huge Roman villa from the 1st century AD, about thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain. It is near the south coast in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. It was built on the site of a Roman army supply base built during Claudian invasion in 43 AD. 

The palace is by far the largest known Roman residence north of the Alps. At about 500 feet (150 m) square, it is larger than Buckingham Palace. It is about the size of Nero's Golden House in Rome or the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily. In plan it closely mirrors the layout of the emperor Domitian's palace, the Domus Flavia, completed in AD 92 on the Palatine Hill in Rome.

The rectangular palace surrounded formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed. There were extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, with many of the original black and white mosaics being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured work, including the perfectly preserved dolphin mosaic in the north wing. More alterations were in progress when the palace burnt down in around 270, after which it was abandoned.

One theory is that it was built for Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman governor of Britain of the late 1st century. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus have been found in nearby Chichester and the dating of the palace to the early AD 90s, would fit. If the palace was designed for Lucullus, then he may have only used it for a few years: the Roman historian Suetonius says Lucullus was executed by the delusional emperor Domitian in or shortly after AD 93.

Other websites
--------------

* Official webpage