recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Håvard Nielsen** (born 15 July 1993) is a Norwegian football player. He plays as a forward for Eintracht Braunschweig in the German Bundesliga.

Carreer
-------

Nielsen grew up in the Oslo suburb of Oppsal. He began his career with the local club, Oppsal IF. In 2007 he played for Vålerenga Oslo. On 5 October 2009 he played his first match in the Norwegian Premier League against Viking. He was the youngest ever Vålerenga player. In January 2011, he signed a three-year professional contract with Vålerenga.

By the age of 18, Nielsen was an experienced player. On 11 July 2012, he scored his first hat-trick for Vålerenga in the match against Odd Grenland.

In July 2012 he signed with Red Bull Salzburg together with his friend Valon Berisha. In Salzburg he scored a hat-trick in the match against Admira Wacker Mödling during a 4-4 draw. In the following matches he often played only as substitute. After only a few matches he went to Eintracht Braunschweig on loan.

International
-------------

Nielsen played in all of Norway's national football teams up to the Under-21 team. He played in the U21 European Championship in Israel where the squad reached the semifinals. In November 2012 he played his first match in the national team in a friendly match against Hungary.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Havard Nielsen at Wikimedia Commons
Griots
A **griot** or **Jeli** is a West African historian, storyteller, musician, genealogist, spokesperson, diplomat, teacher, praise-singer and more. There is really no word in the English language that fully explains what a griot does. Not every griot does all these things, but these are some examples of what their function is.

Their role
----------

A griot was a public servant, an artist, and a royal counselor. His fate depended on the prosperity and survival of the king or queen he served. He preserved the oral history of his tribe or people. In the Caribbean and the Americas he was the link to their African culture and history. The griot was the only person that could keep their past history in Africa alive. Troubadour and poet, diplomat and diviner only begin to describe his functions. Each clan, village, and warrior-family had a griot. They kept track of all births, marriages, deaths, battles and other tribal histories. Griots were also said to have the ability to see one's future. They could memorize the history of every member of a clan or tribe going back for centuries.

Who could become a griot
------------------------

The position of a griot was traditionally passed down from father to son. A griot was born into and trained by a griot family. For those not born into griot families, sometimes there was a master griot who taught the arts associated with the position. Today there are state-sponsored and private schools that teach griot arts. But they focus on the musical aspects and not the verbal skills.

Related pages
-------------

* Bard, a similar type of person in Europe

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Griots***.

* Griot Tradition Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* What is a Griot? Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Griots and Storytellers. Ancient Africa for Kids
A **hydride** is a compound with hydrogen bonded to other elements. Except for a few of the Noble gases, all of the elements in the periodic table can form hydrides. The properties of hydrides can be very different, but some of the hydrides have similar properties.

*Metallic hydrides*: compounds with ionic bonding. They are very reactive, making them difficult to dissolve. Most alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form ionic hydrides.

*Metallic* or *Interstitial hydrides*: These have metallic properties like good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. They are called interstitial because hydrogen can enter the metallic lattice (framework of metal atoms). Metallic hydrides are mostly formed from the metals in the groups 3 to 5 of the periodic table. Some of these are used in the nickel metal-hydride battery.

*Covalent hydrides*: These have covalent bonds between hydrogen and the other element. Most of the p-block elements form covalent hydrides. Many of these hydrides are unstable in air or water or when heated. Hydrocarbons are the hydrides of carbon, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, and water is a hydride of oxygen.
A database index is any data structure that improves the performance of lookup and sorting compared to a full table scan, for example, or a full DB scan. As well as traditional SQL DBs or Relational DB Management Systems (RDBMS), indexing is also implemented by most noSQL DBs for semi-structured data, such as Document DBs and Graph DBs. 

There are many different data structures used for indexes, partly depending on the type of database. In an RDBMS, for example, this could be thought of as making the chosen index column faster to search than an unindexed version of the column, thereby finding that whole row faster. 

Different types of database also have different limitations regarding indices. Some Document DBs, for example, will not return any data to a query if that data is not indexed.

The benefits of indexing is not without cost. There are trade-offs involving lookup performance, index size, and index-update performance. As so often with design, this means that the best way to set up your indexing depends on your intended usage and resources.
**Johntá Austin** (born June 28, 1980) is a American singer-songwriter who won two Grammy Awards on Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings.

History
-------

Austin grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1989, at the age of eight, Austin hosted the daily television show, *Kid's Beat* on CNN. Covering current events, sports and the world of entertainment, Austin went on to become the Atlanta Bureau Chief for the CNN weekly news program, *Real News for Kids* and the reporter for the TBS half hour weekly, *Feed Your Mind*. Austin grew up singing in church choirs and wanted to become an actor, interviewing celebrities like Michael Jackson and Michael Jordan, among others, and in 1993 made his television debut on *The Arsenio Hall Show*, where he admitted he loved to sing and was offered to sing with Arsenio Hall's band.

He was originally signed in the mid-late '90s to RCA Records before being succeeded by R&B singer Tyrese Gibson. However, he ended up writing a few songs for him (including the hit "Sweet Lady") as well as writing for other artists.

Austin has been extremely busy and successful during the past several years. He co-wrote Mariah Carey's hit 2005 singles, "We Belong Together", "Don't Forget About Us", "It's Like That", and "Shake It Off" from her album *The Emancipation of Mimi*. Austin also co-wrote Mary J. Blige's single "Be Without You" from her #1 selling CD "The Breakthrough" and Monica's single "Everytime Tha Beat Drop" from her album *The Makings of Me*. He also appears as a guest artist on Jermaine Dupri's 2005 song "Gotta Getcha" and has co-written a few songs on Chris Brown's self-titled debut album in 2005, as well as Marques Houston's "Can I Call You" from her debut album in 2003.

Austin produced and was featured on the songs "Shortie Like Mine" and "Outta My System," both singles by rapper Bow Wow from his album *The Price of Fame*. Both songs were successful, "Shortie Like Mine" peaking at number 9, and "Outta My System" peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The release of his debut album, *Love, Sex & Religion*, has been repeatedly delayed, due in part to So So Def changing its affiliation from Virgin Music to Island Records.
India the Cat "being very patient" in a wizard Halloween costume, 2007
Barbara and Jenna Bush with India, 2008
India in 2006.
**India "Willie" Bush** (July 13, 1990 – January 4, 2009) was the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush and his family while he was in the White House. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

Biography
---------

The Bushes got India, an all black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. It is not known if the cat had registered to vote. India stayed with George and Laura Bush after Jenna and Barbara left for college. When George W. Bush became President in early 2001, India moved with the family from the Governor's Mansion in Austin, Texas to the White House.

Even while living at the White House, India did not get as much attention from the media as the family's Scottish terriers, Barney and Miss Beazley. She is shown in the "Barneycam" videos made by the White House staff at Christmas. She first starred in *Where in the White House is Miss Beazley?*, where she was called by her nickname, "Willie". The dogs were always more interesting to the White House press during the Bush presidency. They became more famous to the public.

India (as "Willie") was shown in the March 2008 *Architectural Digest*, in the East Sitting Hall of the White House.

India on the chair back in the West Garden Room.

Controversy
-----------

There was controversy reported in the news in India. Some people were upset with the cat's name. In July 2004, demonstrations were held in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram. The cat's name was criticised as an insult to the nation of India. An effigy of President Bush was burned in protest.

The Bushes did not change the cat's name because of the demonstrations. India had been named for a baseball player, Rubén Sierra. He was nicknamed "El Indio" while playing for the Texas Rangers, when Bush owned the baseball team. The name had been given to the family cat by Barbara, one of the Bush's daughters.

Laura Bush holds onto India, there family cat, 2004.

Death
-----

India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at age 18. In a statement to the press about India's death, Sally McDonough, speaking for First Lady Laura Bush, said that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death. Part of the statement said, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."

India the cat at the Christmas Barneycam video, 2007.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to India (cat) at Wikimedia Commons

* Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
* India at the Presidential Pet Museum Archived 2006-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
Paul Miller on March 2, 2021. The police took this picture as a mug shot the day they arrested Miller.
**Paul Nicholas Miller** (born August 11, 1988) known by his online username **GypsyCrusader**, is an American white supremacist. He uses the social media program Telegram to show videos about his political beliefs. He calls himself an investigative journalist and calls his videos "News for Patriots, Christians and God loving Americans."

Miller was convicted of making and selling drugs in 2007 and 2009. In 2021, FBI agents and Fort Lauderdale police officers arrested Miller for having a gun. In Florida, where Miller was, people who have been convicted of large crimes are not allowed to have guns. Miller said he needed a gun because he was afraid of Antifa and Black Lives Matter. Miller said he did not know he was not allowed to have a gun.

The lawyer for the government, Kiran Bhat, said that Miller was dangerous because he was a white supremacist and asked the judge not to let him out on bail before his trial but instead make him stay in jail. Miller's own lawyer said that Miller's videos were only entertainment and theater and that Miller was not dangerous. The judge agreed with that.
**Joinville** is a city in Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. It is a major industrial city. It is the largest city in Santa Catarina. About 550,000 people live in the city, and about 1.3 million people live in the surrounding metropolitan area. Most of the people are of German, Swiss and Norwegian descent. It is the third largest city in the southern region of Brazil.

Industry
--------

Joinville is also the third largest industrial center in southern Brazil. The region produces more than 30% of the total GDP of the state of Santa Catarina. The largest corporations with headquarters in the city are Amanco, Busscar, Ciser, Datasul, Docol, Döhler, Embraco, Tupy, Lepper, Tigre, Wetzel, Whirlpool, Viqua, Schulz, and Universal Leaf Tobacco.

Dance festival
--------------

Joinville is known as the city of the Princes, flowers, dance and bicycles. The Joinville Dance Festival is a major event in the month of July - it is recognized as the world's largest dance festival (listed in the Guinness Book of Records). A subsidiary of the School of Ballet of the Bolshoi Theatre, the only one outside Russia, is highlighted in the training of dancers.

Airport
-------

The Airport of Joinville (Lauro Carneiro de Loyola) is one of the largest in South Region. It is located 13 km from the city center, 110 km from airport and 163 km from Curitiba to Florianópolis Airport. Of Joinville there are several daily flights to São Paulo (Congonhas), through Companies: Gol Airlines, TAM and Azul.

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The **International Opium Convention** was the first drug control treaty (or agreement). It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912. The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."

The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.

A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from 
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.

India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of *Indian hemp* to countries that have banned its use. Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.

The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
**Hurricane Nate** was an Atlantic hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It came close to Bermuda, but did not land there. Nate was the 14th named storm and 7th hurricane of the 2005 season. It started southwest of Bermuda on September 5. It then moved northeast very slowly. It passed south of Bermuda and moved into colder waters. Then, it began to weaken. Nate later became part of a larger weather system.

The storm caused no damage because it stayed at sea. However, one person was killed from rip currents that were caused by the storm. Nate caused light rainfall and gusty winds on Bermuda. Canadian Navy ships that were carrying supplies to help people after Hurricane Katrina were slowed down because of Nate.


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**Judd Buchanan**, PC OC (born 25 July 1929) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada between 1968 and 1980. He represented the electoral area of London West in Ontario. During this time, he was a part of the Liberal Party. Buchanan was a part of the cabinet of Canada while Pierre Trudeau was the Prime Minister. From 1974 to 1976, he was the Minister of Indian Affairs, from 1976 to 1978 he was the Minister of Public Works and the Minister of State for Science and Technology. He was the President of the Treasury Board from 1978 to 1979.

Life
----

Buchanan was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He went to university at the University of Alberta and the University of Western Ontario and got a Master of Business Administration. Before becoming a politician, he was an insurance broker at the London Life Insurance Company. Buchanan was elected for the first time in the 1968 federal election. He was elected again in the 1972, 1974, 1979, and 1980 elections. After the 1980 election, when Trudeau did not choose Buchanan to be in the cabinet, Buchanan decided to resign his job as a Member of Parliament. He got a job in Calgary working in the private sector.

Buchanan did more work after he stopped being a politician. He worked in the Canadian tourism industry. He helped the Canadian government create the Canadian Tourism Commission in 1994. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2000.

Other websites
--------------

* 

* Judd Buchanan – Parliament of Canada biography
Title page of *Index Librorum Prohibitorum* (Venice 1564)
The ***Index Librorum Prohibitorum*** (English: List of Prohibited Books) was *The Index*, a list of books banned by the Catholic Church. They were banned if the Church thought they were heretical, anti-clerical (anti-church) or lascivious (obscene). It was censorship by the Catholic Church.

Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551). By mid-century, with wars of religion in France and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.

The first version published in Rome (the *Pauline Index*) was issued by Pope Paul IV in 1559. From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the *Index* was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.

The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading heretical and immoral books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler's *Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae*, which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like Immanuel Kant's *Critique of Pure Reason*. The various editions of the *Index* also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and translations of the Bible not been approved by the Church could be banned.

Enforcing the Index was the Inquisition. The burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600, was (on the surface) for heresy, not for heliocentrism or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.

Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.

The developments since the abolition of the *Index* show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century". A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the *Index* is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, *Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966*. A list of the books that were on the *Index* can be found on the World Wide Web.
Massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895
The **Hamidian massacres** took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.

These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral. 

Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless[*source?*] Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894.[*source?*] Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.[*source?*]

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| "| In the following months, systematic pogroms swept over every district of Turkish Armenia. The slaughter of between 100,000 and 200,000 Armenians, forced conversion of scores of villages, the looting and burning of hundreds of settlements, and the coerced flight into exile of thousands of Armenians became Abdul-Hamid's actual response to European meddling."  | "|
Nottingham Urban Area map
**Greater Nottingham** is a conurbation based around the city of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire, England. 

Unlike Greater Manchester, which is a metropolitan county and Greater London, which is a region, Greater Nottingham not officially an administrative area. But it is an own **Nottingham Urban Area** with a population of 666,358 at the time of the 2001 census.

The Nottingham Urban Area includes Nottingham itself and the surrounding towns and villages of Arnold, Beeston, Breaston, Carlton, Clifton, Eastwood, Heanor, Hucknall, Ilkeston, Kimberley, Long Eaton, Ripley, Ruddington, Stapleford, and West Bridgford. This Nottingham Urban Area is separated from the Derby Urban Area only by a narrow gap between Breaston and Borrowash. Similar narrow gaps exist between the Nottingham urban area and the Mansfield Urban Area and Alfreton Urban Area.

Other websites
--------------

* Greater Nottingham partnership (GNP) Archived 2014-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Office for National Statistics: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
* map depicting ONS definition Archived 2004-07-24 at the UK Government Web Archive
Iman in April 2009
**Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid** (born July 25, 1955), known as **Iman**, is a Somali-American supermodel. In 1992, she played a queen in Michael Jackson's music video "Remember the Time".

Early life
----------

Iman was born in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. She went to high school in Egypt. Iman then studied political science at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.

Career
------

### Modeling

Photographer Peter Beard saw her on a street in Nairobi and asked if she had even been photographed. When he said he would pay her she asked if he would give her $8,000 and he said yes. That day he took photographs of her. He then took them back to New York. Iman was signed to the modeling agency Wilhelmina.

### Business

In 1994 Iman started *Iman Cosmetics*. Iman Cosmetics makes makeup for women with dark skin.

### Writing

Iman's first book, *I Am Iman*, was published in 2001.

Personal life
-------------

In 1978, Iman married American basketball player Spencer Haywood. She had a daughter with him called Zulekha. She works for Iman's cosmetics company. Iman divorced Haywood in 1987. In 1992, Iman married David Bowie. In 2000, she gave birth to their daughter Alexandria Zahra Jones. Iman and Bowie stayed together until his death on January 10, 2016.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
A statue of Imhotep
**Imhotep** was a high priest and a doctor in ancient Egypt. Imhotep also became famous as an architect. Imhotep was the architect, physician, scribe, and chief advisor of the 3rd-Dynasty pharaoh Djoser. He was later worshipped as a god. As a god, he was often pictured seated, wearing a long kilt robe and a skull cap or a shaven head. He had a papyrus scroll spread on his lap to show he was a scribe and a scholar.

Step pyramid
------------

A step pyramid
As an architect, Imhotep was most famous because he was the designer of the step pyramid at Sakkara. Before the step pyramid, pharaohs were buried in flat topped buildings called mastabas. The term mastaba comes from the word meaning bench, because they look like the benches most Egyptians placed outside their door. An average mastaba had four walls, a flat top and an underground burial chamber, reached by a vertical shaft or stairwell.The step pyramid was actually just a number of mastabas placed one on top of the other, each one smaller than the previous one. There were also a couple of small rooms above the burial chambers with items for the afterlife.

Medical writer
--------------

Imhotep’s best-known writings were medical scrolls. He is thought to have written the Edwin Smith papyrus. The papyrus lists 48 injuries of which 27 are head trauma, and six are spine trauma. Here’s an example for treatment of a head injury:

"Examination: If thou examinest a man having a wound in his head, while his wound does not have two lips, penetrating to the bone of his skull, (but) not having a gash, thou shouldst palpate his wound (or, thou shouldst lay thy hand upon it); shouldst thou find his skull uninjured, not having a perforation; a split, or a smash in it. Treatment: Thou shouldst bind it with fresh meat the first day (and) treat afterwards with grease, honey (and) lint every day until he recovers wound in the head"

Becoming a god
--------------

Around 100 years after his death, Imhotep was deified (made into a god). Imhotep became the god of medicine and healing. Small temples were built in honor of him. People with injuries would sleep near his temple hoping to be healed. As a god, Imhotep was also worshiped by scribes. Scribes would offer a couple drops of water as a sacrifice to him before starting to write. Because of his attachment with the god Ptah during his work at Ptah's temple, stories were spread that said that Ptah was his father. 

Even when the Greeks took over Egypt in 331 B.C.E. he was identified with another deified man called Asclepius, and the Greeks continued to honor and build temples for him.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* 
*
Hendrik Conscience
**Henri "Hendrik" Conscience** (3 December 1812 Antwerp - 10 September 1883 Elsene) was a Belgian writer. His father was French and his mother was Flemish. He wrote in Dutch after the secession from the Netherlands in 1830 left Belgium a mostly French speaking country.

His mother died in 1820. The boy and his younger brother had no other friend than their grim and somewhat sinister father. In 1826 Pierre Conscience married again, this time to a widow much younger than himself, Anna Catherina Bogaerts. Soon after his second marriage Pierre sold his shop and moved to the Kempen region. Conscience often describes this land in his books. It is the flat land that stretches between Antwerp and Venlo.

At the age of seventeen Hendrik left his father's house to become a tutor in Antwerp. His studies were soon interrupted by the Revolution of 1830. He volunteered in the Belgian revolutionary army. In 1837 he left the service and returned to civilian life.

His poems, written while he was a soldier, were all in French. He received no pension when he was discharged. He decided to write a Flemish book for sale. He wrote a series of stories set during the Dutch Revolt, with the title *In 't Wonderjaar 1566* (published Ghent, 1837).

His father thought it so vulgar of his son to write a book in Flemish that he turned him out of doors. Soon people of standing, amongst them the painter Wappers, showed interest in the unfortunate young man. Wappers even gave him a suit of clothes and eventually presented him to King Leopold. Leopold ordered the Wonderjaar to be added to the libraries of every Belgian school. It was with the patronage of Leopold I that Conscience published his second book, *Fantasy*, in the same year 1837.

H. Conscience from the City Library, Antwerp
*The Lion of Flanders* was followed by *How to become a Painter* (1843), *What a Mother can Suffer* (1843), *Siska van Roosemael* (1844), *Lambrecht Hensmans* (1847), *Jacob van Artevelde* (1849), and *The Conscript* (1850).

In 1845 Conscience was made a knight of the Order of Leopold. Writing in Flemish had stopped being seen as vulgar.

In 1845 Conscience published a History of Belgium on request by King Leopold I. *Blind Rosa* (1850), *Rikketikketak* (1851), *The Decayed Gentleman* (1851), and *The Miser* (1853) are among the most important of the long list of his novels. These had an instant effect upon more recent fiction, and Conscience had many imitators.

In 1855 translations of his books began to appear in English, French, German and Italian. He continued to make novels with great regularity. His publications amounted to nearly eighty in number. He was by now the most eminent of the citizens of Antwerp. His 70th birthday was celebrated with public festivities. After a long illness he died at his house in Antwerp.
The **Greater London Council (GLC)** was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

Creation
--------

The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

Abolition
---------

Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government. He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.

By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs. 

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

Replacement
-----------

After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city. 

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin. 

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly. The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".
Iron(II) chloride structure
**Iron(II) chloride**, also known as **ferrous chloride**, is a chemical compound. It is made of iron and chloride ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is grayish-white when anhydrous and greenish when hydrated. It is oxidized by oxygen to a mixture of iron(III) chloride and iron(III) oxide, which are brown-yellow. It dissolves in water to make a yellowish-green solution. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with bases to make greenish iron(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting iron with iron(III) chloride. Some other reducing agents react with iron(III) chloride to make iron(II) chloride.

Uses
----

It does not have common uses. Iron(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride are used more often. It is used in treating wastewater. It can be used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

Related pages
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* Iron(II) oxide
* Iron(III) oxide
* Cobalt(II) chloride
* Copper(II) chloride
*Amaryllis* style and stigmas
Flowers and fruit of the ground orchid, *Spathoglottis plicata*: its 'inferior' ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts
Parts of a *Ranunculus* (buttercup) flower
A large stigma with anthers in the background
The gynoecium of an apple has five carpels
A **gynoecium** (from Ancient Greek *gyne*, "woman") is the female reproductive parts of a flower. The male parts are called the androecium. Some flowers have both female and male parts, and some do not.

Another key term is **carpel**. Carpels are the building blocks of a **pistil**. The gynoecium may have one pistil or more. A pistil may have one carpel or more than one stuck together ("fused"). Carpels and pistils have three parts: a stigma at the top where the pollen lands; a **style** and an **ovary**. In the case of a pistil, the stigma, style, and ovary may be made up of those parts of more than one carpel, fused.

Plant ovaries are the parts of the gynoecium which (much like animal ovaries) contain ovules. The style is generally stalklike. It is between the ovary at the bottom and the stigma at the top. In some plants, there are no styles in the pistils. The stigma is the pollen receptor at the top of the carpel. Stigmas may be separate or they may be in a region called the "stigmatic region".

Carpel anatomy
--------------

A **carpel** is the basic unit of the female reproductive organ of a flower (the gynoecium). The parts of the carpel are:

* the **stigma**: the end portion which receives the pollen. It is usually sticky;
* the **style**, a stalk connecting the stigma with the ovary. It has a tract, which helps the growth of the pollen tube so the male gamete gets to the ovule; and
* the **ovary** has the female reproductive cell or ovule.

The ovule
---------

See the main article: Ovule
The **ovule**, when mature, has one or two coats round the central **nucellus**, except at the top where there is an opening, the **micropyle**. The nucellus is a tissue round one large cell, the megaspore. The one large cell divides, giving the egg and some other cells.

An example of a simple carpel is that of a pea, bean or *Arabidopsis*: the fruit develops from the single carpel consisting of two rows of ovules aligned beside one another along the *placental* margin.

Pistil
------

An alternative term for the female parts. This table shows how it is used:

Comparison of gynoecium terminology using *carpel* and *pistil*| Gynoecium composition | *Carpel*terminology | *Pistil* terminology | Examples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Single carpel | Monocarpous (unicarpellate) gynoecium | A pistil (simple) | Avocado (*Persea* sp.), most legumes (Fabaceae) |
| Multiple distinct (unfused) carpels | Apocarpous (choricarpous) gynoecium | Pistils (simple) | Strawberry (*Fragaria* sp.), Buttercup (*Ranunculus* sp.) |
| Multiple connate 
("fused") carpels | Syncarpous gynoecium | A pistil (compound) | Tulip (*Tulipa* sp.), most flowers |

Further reading
---------------

* Esau K. 1965. *Plant anatomy*. 2nd ed,. John Wiley.
A **jirga** (sometimes spelt **jirgah**) (Pashto / Urdu: جرګه) is a tribal meeting of elders. The meeting makes decisions by consensus. It is mainly the Pashtun people who have theses meetings - but other people who live near the Pashtun also have these meetings to settle disputes. They are most common in Afghanistan and among the Pashtun in Pakistan near its border with Afghanistan.

Solving disputes
----------------

The meeting is usually made to help solve a dispute between two people. The people involved in a dispute usually begin by finding a mediator, choosing someone who is trusted to fairly solve the problem. The mediator can be a religious leader, a local notable, or someone who is known for helping to settle disputes. 

The mediator hears from the two sides, and then forms a jirga of community elders, taking care to include supporters of both sides. After listening to both sides the jirga then comes to a decision. When the decision has been made the mediator then announces it. The jirga's decision has to be accepted.
Fenlands, home to the Gyrwas
**Gyrwas** (also called **Gyrwe**) was the name of an early Anglo-Saxon people. They lived mainly on the western edge of the grassy wetlands called the Fens in eastern England. They were divided into two tribal groups; the northern Gyrwas and the southern Gyrwas. This is how they were recorded in the Tribal Hidage.

The name Gyrwe means 'fen-dweller'. The territory of the Gyrwas included Lindisfarne, Hatfield, Nottinghamshire, Northern Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and as far south as Peterborough in Northamptonshire. The area around Jarrow was in their territory as well. The Fens supplied the Gyrwas with fish and gamebirds but they lived on the drier lands and islands nearby.

The Gyrwas had their own leaders as late as the first half of the 7th century. Bede records a Tondbert, *priceps* of the South Gyrwas. He asked for the hand in marriage of Etheldreda, the daughter of King Anna of East Anglia. Tondbert died shortly after the wedding and Ethelreda was then given in marriage to Ecgfrith of Northumbria. Underkings and leaders of tribes like the Gyrwas probably did not claim descent from ancient Germanic gods, as many kings of the heptarchy did. But they were of high enough status to marry Anglo-Saxon royalty.

For a time the territory of the Gyrwas formed a buffer state between the Mercians and the East Anglians. The Gyrwas were later absorbed into Middle Anglia.
**Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico** or **ICCU** (in English **Central Institute for the Union Catalogue of Italian Libraries and for Bibliographic Information**) is an Italian government agency. It manages the network and online catalog of the Italian National Library Service (*Servizio bibliotecario nazionale* or SBN). It also manages **Internet Culturale**, an online collection of digitized documents and pictures held in Italian libraries. The ICCU publishes books and reports on library science in Italy and organizes conferences on library science. ICCU numbers serve as authority controls. As of February 2012, the ICCU had authority controls for the names of over 43,000 people.

The ICCU was officially created in 1975. Its first director was Angela Vinay (1922–1990). The ICCU replaced the Centro nazionale per il catalogo unico (National Single Directory Center). That organization was founded in 1951 to start building a single catalog for all of Italy's libraries.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico
* Official website Archived 2018-02-17 at the Wayback Machine of Internet Culturale
* Example of the ICCU authority control Archived 2022-02-19 at the Wayback Machine for Giovanni Carnovali (in Italian)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Chile
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Italy
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Greece
* Romania
* Croatia
* Vatican

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| Academics | 
* CiNii

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| People | 
* Trove

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| Other | 
* IdRef

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**Highlights** is a dansband from Sweden.

History
-------

The band was established in 2004 by Andreas Wistrand, who'd participated at Fame Factory, together with Henrik Sethsson. 

The band released its debut album in 2005, receiving five "plus" when reviewed by Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet. The band also won the Guldklaven award in 2006, in the category "Newcomer of the year".

In 2007 the band charted at Sverigetoppen for 24 weeks with the single "Varje liten droppe regn". The same year, bandmember Andreas Wistrand recorded the Christmas single "Du är det enda jag vill ha", written by Thomas G:son, Henrik Sethsson and Ulf Georgsson, together with Swedish singer Sandra Oxenryd.

The band participated at Dansbandskampen in 2008 and 2009, and in 2010, the band participated at Melodifestivalen together with MiSt, performing the song *Come and Get Me Now*, which was written by Mia Terngård and Stefan Lebert. However, the song was knocked out of contest.

Members
-------

* Michael Mårtensson (vocals)
* Tommy Gustafsson (drums)
* Christian Lindholm (keyboards)
* Johan Elander (guitar)

Discography
-----------

* Highlights – 2005 – Album
* Vi lever om natten – 2008 – Album (Er records)
* Här är mitt liv – 2008
* The Best Part of Me – 2009 (KA Musik/Sweden Songs)
* Tills natten blir dag – 2012 (KA Musik/Sweden Songs)
* Limited edition Vol 1 – Album 2012

Svensktoppen songs
------------------

### Svensktoppen test (failed to enter chart)

* Jag stannar inatt – 2005

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Highlights at Wikimedia Commons

* Highlights
* Highlights Myspace
The **ibises** (collective plural **ibis**; classical plurals **ibides** and **ibes**) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. This family also includes the spoonbills.

They all have long down curved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. Most species nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons.

The word ibis comes from Greek and Latin, and probably from the Ancient Egyptian. According to Josephus, Moses employed ibes against serpents during a desert campaign into Ethiopia in his early life. Pliny the Elder also recounted, "The Egyptians invoked ibes against the serpents."

Ancient Egyptians
-----------------

Ancient Egyptians would make ibises into mummies and offer them to the god Thoth, whom they drew and carved with the head of an ibis. Egyptologists have found many thousands of ibis mummies in tombs. In 2019, scientists looked at the DNA from the ibis mummies and from living ibises around Africa and came to believe that the ibises that were made into mummies were not caught in the wild. Instead, ancient Egyptians fed the ibises in large lakes near their temples and caught them when they wanted them.
The experiment
The **Hershey–Chase experiments** were a series of experiments started in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. 

These experiments were to confirm that DNA was the genetic material in living things, which had previously been discovered by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in his experiments on white blood cells, or leukocytes, between 1868 and 69. Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses."

Method
------

Hershey and Chase used T2 phage, a bacteriophage. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to it and injecting its genetic material into it. 

They labeled the phage DNA with radioactive Phosphorus-32. They then followed the phages while they infected E. coli. They found that the radioactive element left on the phage's DNA was only in the bacterium, and not in the phage, meaning that the DNA had entered the bacterium.

In a second experiment, Hershey and Chase put labels on the phage protein with radioactive Sulfur-35. After the phage was attached to the bacterium, the radioactive element was found in the phage, but not in the bacterium. This means that the phage's proteins stayed on the outside of the bacterium. These results showed Hershey and Chase that the genetic material that infects the bacteria is DNA.
**Jane Maria Atkinson** *née* Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.

Early life
----------

Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.

New Zealand
-----------

Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother. She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867. In Nelson she became active in the community. She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team. The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.

More reading
------------

* *Born to New Zealand: A Biography of Jane Maria Atkinson by Frances Porter* (1989, Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, Wellington) ISBN 0908-91285-4

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Atkinson, Jane Maria |
| Alternative names | Jane Maria Richmond (maiden name) |
| Short description | pioneer |
| Date of birth | 15 September 1824 |
| Place of birth | London |
| Date of death | 29 September 1914 |
| Place of death |  |
**John Scot Barrowman** MBE (born 11 March 1967) is a Scottish-American actor, author, presenter and singer.

Early life
----------

Barrowman was born on 11 March 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, but moved to Joliet, Illinois, United States when he was 8 years old and grew up there. He is citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States because of this. Barrowman was a contestant on the first series of *Dancing on Ice* in 2006.

Acting and presenting
---------------------

Barrowman is most known for playing the character Captain Jack Harkness in the television series *Doctor Who* and *Torchwood*. He is also a famous musical actor and singer. He has appeared in many musicals, as well as television shows about musicals. He also has been a presenter for series such as *Live & Kicking and, the Hollow Earth trilogy*. He is currently staring in CW's Arrow as Malcolm Merlyn.

Personal life
-------------

Barrowman is openly gay. He has been in a relationship with Scott Gill since 1993. They have been civil partners since 2006. They married in 2013.