recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi** (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.

He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His *divan* of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

Example
-------

Ghazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:

Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт
translation -

Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
Your love killed me and your air burnt me
I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
Get up and come this night
I will make you full of tulips...
The Orion nebula
The constellation of Orion with the Orion Nebula (lower middle)
The **Orion nebula**, or **Messier 42**, M42, or **NGC 1976**, is a diffuse nebula. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. It is exceptionally bright because it has O-type stars at its core. They are the hottest and brightest stars. The nebula is south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.

M42 is 1,344 ± 20 light years away from us. It is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. Big as it is, the Orion nebula is just part of an even larger star-forming area known as the Orion complex.

Stellar nursery
---------------

View of several "proplyds" in the Orion Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope
The nebula is a huge stellar nursery. 700 stars are in the process of forming there. At its heart is a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium because of the pattern formed by its main stars. 

Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have shown protoplanetary disks inside the Orion Nebula. This is a major discovery. They are called *proplyds* for short. There are more than 150 of these in the nebula. They are thought to be to be systems in the earliest stages of planetary system formation. The sheer numbers have been used as evidence that the formation of star systems is fairly common in the universe.

Stars form when clumps of hydrogen and other gases in an H II region contract under their own gravity. As the gas collapses, the central clump grows stronger and the gas heats to extreme temperatures by converting gravitational potential energy to thermal energy. If the temperature gets high enough, nuclear fusion will start, and form a protostar. The protostar is 'born' when it begins to emit enough energy to balance out its gravity and halt gravitational collapse.
Observed structure of the Milky Way's spiral arms
The **Orion Arm**, or **Orion–Cygnus Arm**, is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy. It is of interest because the Solar System (including the Earth) is inside it. The spiral arm is some 3,500 light-years (1,100 parsecs) across and approximately 10,000 light-years (3,100 parsecs) in length.

The Orion Arm is named after the Orion constellation, one of the most prominent constellations. It is seen in the Northern Hemisphere during winter and in the Southern Hemisphere during summer. Some of the brightest stars and most famous celestial objects are in the Orion Arm: Betelgeuse, Rigel, the stars of Orion's Belt and the Orion nebula. They are shown on the interactive map below.

The Orion Arm is between the Carina–Sagittarius Arm (toward the Galactic centre) and the Perseus Arm (toward the outside Universe). The Perseus Arm is one of the two major arms of the Milky Way. The Solar system is on the Orion spur, between the two longer adjacent arms Perseus and Carina-Sagittarius.

Inside the Orion Arm, the Solar System is close to the inner rim, in the Local Bubble. It is about halfway along the Orion Arm's length, about 8,000 parsecs (26,000 light-years) from the Galactic centre.

The shape of the Orion Spur

Interactive map
---------------

The nearest nebulae and star clusters (clickable map)
**Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena** (born 10 October 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He is the current Speaker of the Sri Lankan Parliament since 2020. He first entered parliament in 1983.

Early life
----------

Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena was a young MP when he openly criticised the 1987's Indo-Lanka agreement for new provincial councils system to be established in Sri Lanka. He along with Chandrakumara Wijeya Gunawardena, the member for Kamburupitiya voted against the bill in Parliament becoming the only two government members who voted against it. He was later removed by Hon. President J. R. Jayewardene from his Parliamentary seat for violation the party rules by not voting the bill.

Career
------

He later joined hands with Gamini Dissanayake and Lalith Athulathmudali (whom were also against the Indo-lanka agreement) as they too quit United National Party and formed the Democratic United National Front or aka 'Rajaliya-front'. Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena then contested for Southern Provincial Council under DUNF and won. He was then elected as the opposition leader of the Southern Provincial Council in 1993, and he became the Chief Minister of the Southern Provincial Council in 1994. Elected twice as the Chief Minister he was in office from 1994 to 2001. He is said to be one of the most successful Chief Ministers from south for developing the infrastructures that was neglected for more than 5 years due to the dark era of the country.

He left office to contest in 2001 general elections and become an opposition MP and served till 2004. After 2004 General elections, he became the Deputy Minister of Healthcare and later the Cabinet Minister for Cultural Affairs & National Heritage. After 2010 General Elections, he was Appointed as the Minister of Agriculture. Having been in office as the Minister of Agriculture for several years he was elected Vice Chairman at the 38th session of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FAO Conference held in Rome, Italy in 2013. He was again appointed as the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs in 2015 for a brief period until he resigned and joined the opposition. He is a representative of Matara District for the United People's Freedom Alliance in the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He resides in Kalubowila, Dehiwala.
**National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe** (in Italian: "Giorno del Ricordo") is Italian celebration in memory of ethnic cleansing's victims in massacres of Foibe and exiles from Dalmatia, Istria and "Venezia Giulia".

Official comment
----------------

Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech in which he stated:

> ...Already in the unleashing of the first wave of blind and extreme violence in those lands, in the autumn of 1943, summary and tumultuous justicialism, nationalist paroxysm, social retaliation and a plan to eradicate Italian presence intertwined in what was, and ceased to be, the Julian March.
> 
> 
> There was therefore a movement of hate and bloodthirsty fury, and a Slavic annexationist design, which prevailed above all in the peace treaty of 1947, and assumed the sinister shape of "ethnic cleansing".
> 
> 
> What we can say for sure is that what was consumed - in the most evident way trough the inhuman ferocity of the *foibe* - was one of the barbarities of the past century.
> 
> — Italian president Giorgio Napolitano, Rome, 10 February 2007

Cause of step
-------------

Step for this celebration was allowed by the end of communist totalitarian regimes in Balkan nations because culpability of these crimes is of old politicians. Celebration was instituted in 2004 and first Memorial Day was held in 2005.

Related pages
-------------

* Massacres of Foibe
* Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
* Dalmatian Italians
* Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
* List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
* Venice and Dalmatia
* Italian language in Croatia
* Italy
* Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
In mathematics, the word "**proportions**" means two ratios put into an equation. Some examples of proportions are:

* 50⁄100 = 1⁄2
* 75⁄100 = 3⁄4
* ~~+~~x⁄100 = 3⁄4, where x = 75.

In algebra, proportions can be used to solve many common problems about changing numbers. As an example, for the increase in a $40 purchase of gasoline (petrol), if the price rose 35 cents, from $3.50 to $3.85, then the proportion would be:

* ~~+~~x⁄3.85 = ~~+~~$40⁄3.50

The solution is simply:

* x = $40/3.50 x 3.85   =   $44.00, or $4 more when $0.35 higher.

Many other common calculations can be solved by using proportions to show the relationships between the numbers.

In statistics, a proportion is a number which measures the extent to which a specific characteristic is in a sample or a population. It can be thought of as a percentage. To represent a sample proportion, the letters {\displaystyle p} can be used. To represent a population proportion, the letter {\displaystyle \pi } can be used.

Proportionality constant
------------------------

A **proportionality constant** is a number that is used to convert a measurement in one system to the equivalent measurement in another system. For instance, people who are familiar with the traditional system of units used in the United States (pounds, feet, inches, etc.) may need to find out the metric equivalent for these measures in grams and meters. To make these calculations, they would need some proportionality constants.

One way to write a formula showing how to use a proportionality constant K is:

KX = Y

For example, people may know that they have 100 eggs and want to know how many dozen eggs they have. The proportionality constant K is then 1 dozen/ 12 eggs.

100 eggs × (1 dozen / 12 eggs) = 8 dozen eggs + 4 eggs

In general, given two functions f(x) and {\displaystyle g(x)}, if there is a constant {\displaystyle K} such that {\displaystyle f(x)=Kg(x)}, then we say that "f is directly proportional to g". In symbols, this can be written as {\displaystyle f(x)\propto g(x)}.

### Examples of proportionality constants

* The Planck constant puts the energy of a photon of a given frequency into a commonly used unit of energy, the joule.

Related pages
-------------

* Proportionality
***Papers, Please*** is a video game made by Lucas Pope, an indie game developer, published under his secret name 3909. It is about an immigration officer who decided who to let in and who to refuse entry to the fictional country of Arstotzka. The game was released on August 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows and for OS X. It was released for Linux on February 12, 2014. It was released for iPad on December 12, 2014. A PlayStation Vita version was announced in August 2014, but has not come out yet.

Gameplay
--------

The gameplay for *Papers, Please* revolves around an immigrations inspector's life and job. The player can allow people to enter Arstotzka or refuse them. The player can use different tools to check if the immigration papers are out of date, real or fake. The player must try to keep unwanted people out of Arstotzka, like terrorists, criminals and those with incorrect papers. The player must correctly allow and not allow people in to the country within a set amount of time. Each mistake a player makes is 5 credits off their earned money at the end of the day. The money earned at the end of the day is based on how many people have been correctly finished. The player must pay for the officer's family, food and heating. The player can choose to not pay for any of them, which results in something happening to the family.

The game has 20 possible endings.

Development
-----------

Lucas Pope created this game, He used to work for Naughty Dog. After working on the *Uncharted* games, he left to become an indie developer. He started work on it in November 2012, but it took longer than Pope thought, and was finished in nine months. It was put on green light on April 11, 2013 and was greenlit on May 1.

Reception
---------

| Reception |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

*Papers, Please* has been thanked for its sense of immersion. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called *Papers, Please* a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".

Some critics however reacted badly to the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC game review show *Good Game* found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."
**"Proposition Infinity"** is the fourth episode of the sixth season of Futurama. It aired on Comedy Central in the USA on July 8, 2010. In the episode Amy Wong and Bender fall in love and begin a bad culturally taboo with the term Robosexual. The title is a parody of Proposition 8. This episode is known for LGBT content. The title is also known is **"Proposition ∞"**. This episode was written by Michael Rowe and directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. The theme of the episode revisits the social taboo of robosexual relationships whitch was presented in earlier episodes such as "Space Pilot 3000" and "I Dated a Robot". The opening caption for this one is dictated but not read.

Plot
----

Kif Kroker became unhappy that Amy Wong likes dating bad boys. He broke up with her. She started dating and having sex with Bender. The Planet Express crew is unhappy of the two's robosexual relationship. Amy was brought to Mars by her parents and Bender was brought to the Church of Robotology where they try to stop being robosexuals. Bender decides to marry Amy, to Farnsworth's frustration given that robosexual marriage is illegal with the exception of Space Massachusetts. The two decide to create Proposition Infinity to legalize robosexual marriage. Professor Farnsworth opposed the proposition and he and Bender started a debate. Farnsworth remembered dating a scientist named Eunice and saw her sleeping with a robot. He revealed that Eunice was actually a robot named Unit 47. As a result, Farnsworth gave up the debate and robosexual marriage became legal.

Reception
---------

It is one of Executive producer David X. Cohen's favorite episodes.
This is a list of some of the articles related to chemistry.

| Contents |
| --- |
| 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
Top of page — See also — Other websites |

A
-

Acid - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - alcohol - alkali - alkali metal - alkaline earth metal - allotrope - Alpha helix - amino acid - antibiotic - antibody - apoptosis - archaea - atom - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - atomic nucleus - atomic number - atomic orbital - atomic weight - Avogadro constant -

B
-

Base (chemistry) - base pair - biochemistry - boiling point - buffer solution -

C
-

Carbohydrate - catabolism - catalyst - cell - cell membrane - cellular respiration - cellulose - Chemical bond - Chemical compound - chemical element - Chemical formula - chloroplast - Chromatography - chromosome - Colorimeter - Concentration - covalent bond - cytoplasm - Cytosine - cytosol -

D
-

Deoxyribose - Deuterium - Disaccharide - DNA -

E
-

Electron - electron shell - Electronegativity - electrolysis - electrophysiology - electroplating - element - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - energy level - enkephalin - entomology - Entropy - Enzyme - Epinephrine - erythropoietin -

F
-

Fat - freezing point

G
-

Gel electrophoresis - Glycolysis - glycoprotein - gradient -

H
-

Half-life (element) - halogen - hemoglobin - heterotroph - hydrocarbon - Hydrogen bond - hydrolysis -

I
-

Immunoglobulin - insulin - intermolecular force - ion channel - ionic bond - isomer - isotope - IUPAC - IUPAC nomenclature

K
-

kinetic energy -

L
-

Le Chatelier's principle - Lipid - Liquid -

M
-

Macromolecule - malleability - marine biology - melting point - membrane protein - metabolism - metal - metallic bond - microbe - mixture - mole (unit) - molecular biology - molecule - monosaccharide -

N
-

NADPH - neurotransmitter - neutron - Nobel Prize in Chemistry - nonmetal - nucleic acid - nucleotide -

O
-

Organic chemistry - organic compound - organic matter - osmosis - oxidation - oxygen - ozone

P
-

Peptide - pesticide - pH - pharmacist - pharmacology - physiology - polymer - polysaccharide - post-transition metal - potential energy - prion - prokaryote - protein - protein biosynthesis - proton -

R
-

Redox - reducing agent - reduction - relative atomic mass - respiration (physiology) - ribose - ribosome - RNA -

S
-

Semimetal - SI - signal transduction - solution - solvation - solvent - spectroscopy - starch - sugar - synapse

T
-

Toxin - transition metal - tritium

V
-

Vitamin -

W
-

Water -

| Contents |
| --- |
| 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
Top of page — See also — Other websites |
**Lina Nayel Al-Tarawneh** (Arabic: لينا نايل الطراونة) is a Jordanian-Qatari climate activist.

Activism
--------

Lina Al-Tarawneh has Jordanian nationality but she was born in Qatar. She lived in Doha and studied "medicine" at Qatar University. In 2015, she and her parents made a trip to Al Khor Island (also known as Purple Island) about 50 kilometers north of Doha. There, she saw the mangroves for the first time. She fell in love with the beautiful region. She discovered that few people in Qatar knew this region. She also saw that there was a lot of litter. So, she decided to do something about it. In October 2016, Al-Tarawneh applied and won a competition called the "Harvard Social Innovation Collaborative Global Trailblazer". The program gave five young entrepreneurs from around the world the opportunity to present their ideas at the annual "Igniting Innovation Summit on Social Entrepreneurshipat Harvard University". Together with her elder sister Dina, she founded the NGO "Green Mangroves" in 2017. After receiving a $15,000 of grant from the Ford Motor Company in 2017, she invested in the NGO. It was through the purchase of kayaks. The association organizes kayak trips with the aim of clearing litter.
For the chess term, see Prophylaxis (chess).
**Prophylaxis** is a Greek word and concept. It means any *action taken to guard or prevent beforehand*. The corresponding adjective is **prophylactic**.

Two parts
---------

The concept of prophylaxis has two parts. First is forethought. A person has to realise the need first of all. Second is taking appropriate action.

Any failure of prophylaxis is a failure at either stage 1 or stage 2. Successful prophylaxis means one has anticipated and avoided some undesirable outcome.

Examples
--------

Fumigating buses in Kenya to limit the spread of the Covid-19 (2021).
### Preventative medicine

Prophylaxis is the central idea in preventative medicine. People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. *Primary prophylaxis* tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. *Secondary prophylaxis* tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse.

### Birth control

Prophylaxis is also be used as a synonym for birth control. Condoms are prophylactic, because when used properly they can prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases.

Related pages
-------------

* Health care
* Prophylaxis (chess)
* Vaccine
*Ephemera danica*, in Belgium.
Mississippi River mayfly hatch so heavy it shows up on weather radar.
**Mayflies** are insects which belong to the Order **Ephemeroptera** (from the Greek *ephemeros* = ephemeral, or short-lived; *pteron* = wing). The name refers to the most distinctive features of the adults. They are in an ancient group of insects, the Palaeoptera, ('Ancient wings') with dragonflies and damselflies.

There are over 3,000 living species of mayfly, in over 400 genera in 42 families.

Egg stage
---------

At mating the female lays her eggs in the water. They settle to the bottom where they stick to rocks, vegetation or the bottom of the stream. They range in size by the particular species of Mayfly. Depending on temperature, the eggs take from a few days to a year to develop: usually it is one to three months. During this embryonic stage the mouth, legs, tail and organs all develop.

Larva (or nymph) stage
----------------------

Mayfly are insects whose aquatic larvae (called *naiads* or nymphs) live from several months up to a year, in freshwater. The naiads go through 20 or 30 moults as they develop.

Adult stage
-----------

Mayflies are unique in that they moult one more time after getting functional wings (this is known as the *alate* stage). This second-to-last winged stage is usually very short, lasting from 30 minutes to one day, depending on the species. The function of the adult imago is reproduction and dispersal; they do not eat. The stage is a favorite food of many fish, and many 'fishing flies' are modeled on them.

The hatch
---------

It often happens that all the mayflies in a population mature at once (called *the hatch*). For a day or two in the Spring or Autumn (Fall), mayflies will be everywhere, dancing around each other in large groups, or resting on every available surface. The adults have various special features. Their rear wings are small or almost vestigial; the males have two long front legs for holding females, the rest have no function. Mating is usually in mid-air. The mayfly are quite a successful group. About 2,500 species are known worldwide, including about 630 species in North America. The hatch at La Crosse, Wisconsin has been a news event for several years. The hatch is so large it appears on weather radar. The emerging mayflies land on everything and cover some areas like snow.
The position of Procyon
**Procyon** (α CMi, α Canis Minoris, Alpha Canis Minoris) is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Minor. To the naked eye, it appears to be a single star, the eighth brightest in the night sky with a visual apparent magnitude of 0.34.

It is actually a binary star system of a white main-sequence star of spectral type F5 IV–V, named **Procyon A**, and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DQZ, named **Procyon B**.

The reason for its brightness is not its intrinsic luminosity but its relative closeness to the Sun. Its distance was worked out by the European Space Agency Hipparcos astrometry satellite. It is just 11.46 light-years (3.51 parsecs) away, and is one of our nearest stellar neighbours. Its closest neighbour is Luyten's Star, about 1.12 ly (0.34 pc) away.

Procyon forms one of the three vertices of the Winter Triangle, along with Sirius and Betelgeuse. Its colour index is 0.42, and its hue has been described as having a faint yellow tinge to it.
The **Nashya Shaikh** or Nashya Sekh(Bengali: নইস্য শেখ) is a Muslim community found in northern parts of the state of West Bengal in India. They are culturally and linguistically similar to both Rangpuri people of northern Bangladesh and Goalpariya people of Assam. A small number of the community are also found in the neighboring state of Bihar, where they are known as the Bengali Shaikh. These people are more commonly known as **Rajbongshi Muslims**. The Nashya are considered to be an important indigenous group found in northern West Bengal. They are homogeneous with the Koch Rajbongshi people and are bi-linguistic speaking both Bengali language and Koch language with Koch Rajbongshi language being replaced by Bengali language among the newer generations.

Etymology
---------

There are descendants from Koch-Rajbonshi, Mech, Rabha, Bodo and Indo-Aryan people who converted to Islam. They mainly speak the Goalpariya dialect. They are mainly settled in the districts of Dhuburi, Goalpara, South Salmara and Kokrajhar.[*source?*] These people were loose followers of Hinduism. But when a small section of these people converted to Islam, the act was frowned upon. The local Hindus started calling them "nosto seikh" meaning "spoiled Shaikh". But as more number of people got converted to Islam with time these people came in contact with mainstream Muslims, and the term "nosto seikh" slowly got islamicised into "Nashya seikh".

Origin
------

The Nashyas trace their origin to the indigenous communities of Koch Rajbongshi of northern West Bengal, though some of them are also from Mech community. There conversion to Islam is said to have taken over two to three centuries, and the Nashya still retain many cultural traits of their pre-Islamic past. Most people of the community are non-practicing Muslims though the newer generations are becoming increasing Islamic due to globalization. From historic evidence, it seems a segment of the indigenous population of north Bengal converted started to convert to Islam when the region fell under the control of Bakhtiyar Khilji. Some of the earliest converts were the chiefs Ali Mach and Kala Pahar. Tradition also ascribes the conversion of several lineages to Sufi saints such as Torsa Pir, Pagla Pir, Shah Fakir Sahib and Shah Gari Sahib.
***Mahakala***  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of 80 million years ago. 

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

*Mahakala* was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

Description
-----------

Life restoration.
Size of *Mahakala* compared to a human.
Although this individual was small, comparable in size to *Archaeopteryx*, *Caudipteryx*, and *Mei*, it was close to adulthood. 

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. *Mahakala* also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.

Classification
--------------

A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found *Mahakala* to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages. 

*Mahakala* also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.

Paleoecology and paleobiology
-----------------------------

The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal. 

Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present. The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized.

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid *Velociraptor*, troodonts *Byronosaurus* and *Saurornithoides*, oviraptors *Citipati*, *Khaan*, and *Oviraptor*, and alvarezsaurs *Mononykus* and *Shuvuuia*; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian *Protoceratops* and the ankylosaur *Pinacosaurus*. Like other dromaeosaurs, *Mahakala* would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

Other websites
--------------

* HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"
The **Operation Allies Refuge** is a continuing United States military operation. Its purpose is for removing in-danger Afghan civilians, applicants of the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) and employees of the Embassy of the United States away from Afghanistan. This operation is happening at the same time as the removal of Americans from Afghanistan and leaving of foreign people and Afghans who are vulnerable.

Operation history
-----------------

The operation's name was officially given out on 14 July 2021 by Biden administration officials. On 22 July the United States House of Representatives passed the Averting Loss of Life and Injury by Expediting SIVs (ALLIES) Act. This was done to increase the cap for Afghan interpreters. This was also done to speed up the Afghan Special Visa Processes.

On 22 August, President Joe Biden said American troops may remain in Afghanistan beyond August 31. He then announced that more than 28,000 had been removed from Afghanistan from 15 August onward. From July 2021 onward, over 33,000 people were removed out of the country.

Casualties
----------

As of 26 August 2021, at least 94 people were killed at or near the Kabul International Airport as thousands of people tried to forcibly board planes.

At least 103 people were killed and another two-hundred were injured in a suicide bomb attack near the Kabul International Airport on 26 August. This was when evacuations of local and foreign people were in progress. The attacks were performed by Islamic State militants. The dead included sixty-two Afghan civilians, twenty-eight Taliban members and thirteen U.S. service officials. The dead Americans were ten marines, two soldiers and one Navy corpsman.
The **Missouri River** is a river in the western United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is longer than the Mississippi River. It is, in fact, the longest river in North America.

Geography
---------

For most of its course, the Missouri flows across the Great Plains, one of the driest parts of North America.

The source of the Missouri River is in the Rocky Mountains, in the state of Montana. The Missouri flows eastward, across Montana, south of the border with Canada. It enters the state of North Dakota and then it turns south. It flows through South Dakota. Then it flows past Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.

Near the city of Kansas City, Missouri, the Missouri turns eastward into the state of Missouri. It flows eastward across the state of Missouri. It joins the Mississippi just north of the city of Saint Louis, Missouri.

The Missouri has many important tributaries, including the Yellowstone River, the Platte River, and the Kansas River.

History
-------

The Missouri was very important for the Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains. It was also very important in the history of the United States. The Missouri was used as the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806. In the 19th century, the Missouri was very important in the North American fur trade and for transportation of army troops and supplies as well as general transportation and trade as the West was settled.

Nicknames
---------

The nickname of the Missouri is "Big Muddy", because it has a lot of silt.
**Life expectancy** is how long a person is expected to live. It is based on many factors such as country and life style including smoking, diet, and exercise.

CIA World Factbook 2008 Estimates for Life Expectancy at birth (years).

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   over 80
  77.5-80
  75-77.5
  72.5-75
  70-72.5
  67.5-70
  65-67.5 |   60-65
  55-60
  50-55
  45-50
  40-45
  under 40
  not available |

 
There are great changes in life expectancy between different parts of the world, mostly caused by differences in public health, medical care and diet. Much of the excess mortality (higher death rates) in poorer nations is due to war, not enough food, and medical conditions or diseases (AIDS, Malaria, etc.). 

Over the past 200 years, countries with black or African populations have generally not had the same improvements in mortality rates that have been enjoyed by other peoples. Even in countries with a majority of white people, such as USA, Britain, Ireland and France, black people tend to have shorter life expectancies than their white counterparts (although the statistics are often not analysed by race). For example, in the U.S. white Americans are expected to live until age 79, but African Americans only until age 75 (as of the year 2013).

Climate may also have an effect, and the way data is collected may also influence the figures. According to the CIA World Factbook, Macau has the world's longest life expectancy of 84.4 years.

There are also significant differences in life expectancy between men and women in most countries, with women typically outliving men by around five years. Economic circumstances also affect life expectancy. For example, in the United Kingdom, life expectancy in the expensive areas like Kensington is several years longer than in the poorest areas such as Glasgow. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle as well as access to medical care. It may also reflect a selective effect: people with chronic life-threatening illnesses are less likely to become wealthy or to live in expensive areas.

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced life expectancy in Europe by more than a year.
The Pittsburgh Pirates logo
The **Pittsburgh Pirates** are a professional Major League Baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They play in the Central Division of the National League. They have won five World Series championships. The Pirates are also often called the **Bucs** or the **Buccos**. This is because the word "buccaneer" is slang for pirate.

The Pirates had success in the early 1990s. However, between 1993 and 2012, the Pirates did not have a winning season.

PNC Park
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The Pirates play their home games at PNC Park in Pittsburgh. PNC Park is next to the Allegheny River, and downtown Pittsburgh can be seen from the stadium.

History
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The Pittsburgh Pirates were formed in 1882. They first played their games across the river from downtown Pittsburgh, in an area that was then a separate city called Allegheny. The team was also called Allegheny, or "the Alleghenys". Around 1890, the city of Pittsburgh annexed Allegheny. The team was then renamed "Pittsburgh", with no nickname yet.

In 1891, the Pittsburgh team signed a contract with a player who had belonged to a team in another league. They were accused of "pirating" the player's contract. Soon after, the fans started calling the team "the Pirates". Later the team adopted the name as their official team name, the Pittsburgh Pirates.

The Pirates have won five World Series. They won their first in 1909, beating the Detroit Tigers. The Pirates also won World Series titles in 1925, 1960, 1971, and 1979. 

Some famous players for the Pirates have been Honus Wagner, Ralph Kiner, Roberto Clemente and Willie Stargell.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pittsburgh Pirates***.

* Official Website
* Pittsburgh Tribune-Review - Pittsburgh Pirates
* Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Pittsburgh Pirates
* Pittsburgh Lumber Co. - Pirates Blog Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Sportsocracy Archived 2021-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
Map of Newfoundland. Reserve is on bottom right-hand corner of map, on the nearly-an-island Avalon Peninsula
**Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve** is one of the world's greatest fossil sites. It is part of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

Mistaken Point was so named because sailors found it a navigational hazard on the foggy tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The site is on Canada's Tentative List for proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. No-one can visit the fossil site without an official guide; collecting actual fossils may not be done.

The fossils
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The fossils are in Mistaken Point's tilted and faulted mudstone and sandstone. They are exposed, visible on the surface. They are part of the Ediacaran biota, the oldest complex (multicellular) life forms. The Ediacaran is the last period in the Proterozoic eon. They date to 579 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.

The Reserve is the only place in the world where you can see a 565-million-year-old sea floor which preserves the ecology of these ancient deep sea communities.

This lagerstätte includes over 30 types of ancient creatures, most of them extinct groups unknown in our modern world.

The palaeoecology
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The creatures lived on the bottom of a deep ocean, below the depths that light could reach. What is now Newfoundland was then between latitudes 40°–65° South. 

The imprints of the soft-bodied animals were preserved in place on the muddy sea floor when they were suddenly buried by repeated volcanic ash-falls. The ash (tuff) layers contain zircon, which makes it possible for geologists to accurately date the fossil layers by radiometric dating. Fossils of similar age are found in Russia and Australia, but the variety found at Mistaken Point make the site unique.

Related pages
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* Fortune Head
* Ediacaran biota
* Lagerstätten
**Mika Ninagawa** (蜷川 実花, *Ninagawa Mika*, born October 18, 1972 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese photographer and director. She is known for her brightly colored photographs of flowers, goldfish, and landscapes.

Early life
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Mika Ninagawa was born in 1972 in Tokyo. Her father, Yukio Ninagawa, was a film director, and an actor. He had won many awards and died in 2016 at the age of 80. Also her mother, Tomoko Mayama, is an actress and has appeared in many movies and dramas.

Career
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She graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts Graphics Design Department at Tama Art University. After graduating from the university, she made her debut as a photographer. After that, at the age of 30, she received an offer of working as a film director from a producer in 2007. Also, she gave birth to her first child in 2007. She made an original brand in 2015.

Her work is has bright colors. Many of her works portray humanity and human society very realistically. There are also some works with messages that encourage women.

Movie director
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The most famous movies she directed are *Sakuran* and *Helter Skelter*. *Sakuran* was her first work. It was released in 2007. It was based on a cartoon. She focused on realistically portraying the girl's love affair. It was also screened in Berlin and Hong Kong. *Helter Skelter* was her second movie released in 2012. It was also based on a cartoon. At that time, she won the Kaneto Shindo Silver Prize. In 2019, she released three more movies: *Diner*, *No Longer Human* and *Followers*. *Followers* was made for Netflix and distributed in about 190 countries.

Photographer
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She has fascinated many people with her colors that are not similar to others and ways of seeing things. She has held photo exhibitions many times. She held a large photo exhibition in Taipei in 2016, which was visited by a lot of people. In 2000, she won the Kimura Ihei Photo Award, which is famous as the "Akutagawa Prize in the photography world." She publishes numerous photo books. In addition, sometimes shoots album covers and music videos of singers.
A selection of tiny naturalistic Olmec ceramic figurines from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The hunchback at center is less than 3 in (7 cm) tall.
**Olmec figurine** is the name for figurines which were produced in Central America, from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE. Many come from the Olmec heartland, which is the gulf region of modern-day Mexico. Olmec figurines show the influence of the Olmec culture. In 2016, it is not known how far this influence extended. It is therefore possible that some of these figurines were produced by other people, who were influenced by the Olmec. 

Many of the figurines were found in household waste and in landfill used for construction. Outside the Olmec heartland they were also found in graves. Looters often took these figurines. It is impossible to tell where the looted figurines are from. 

Most of the figurines are made from terracotta. Since terracotta is fragile, most only survive in parts. Wooden busts have been discovered in the submerged site El Marati, but no figurines made of wood have been found. 

The figurines best known to the public are made of stone or minerals,such as jade, serpentine, greenstone or basalt. Figurines of stone or minerals are often carved, while those made of terracotta are simpler in design.

Motifs
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The figurines found show different motifs or designs:

* "Baby face": This is a common motf for the Olmec culture, and often occurs, at least in the early period.
* "Elongated man": This shows a human figure in an artificial pose, with thin limbs. The head is often deformed.
* "Were-jaguar": This is theme that can be found in all of Olmec art, there are also figurines with the motif.
* Transformation figurines: They show how an animal transforms into human form, or humans with animal masks.
* Small humans, in a naturalistic pose
* Dwarf figurines

Gallery
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* An "elongated man" figurine, dark green serpentine. Inlays, since lost, once animated the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.An "elongated man" figurine, dark green serpentine. Inlays, since lost, once animated the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.
* A small jade were-jaguar figurine. Stand-alone were-jaguar figurines are rare - most were-jaguar figurines show a were-jaguar baby accompanied by a human adult. Height: 8.6 cm (3.4 in).A small jade were-jaguar figurine. Stand-alone were-jaguar figurines are rare - most were-jaguar figurines show a were-jaguar baby accompanied by a human adult. Height: 8.6 cm (3.4 in).
* Olmec eagle transformation figure, 10th–6th century B.C.  Jade (albite), with cinnabar.  Height: 4.5 in. (11.4 cm).Olmec eagle transformation figure, 10th–6th century B.C. Jade (albite), with cinnabar. Height: 4.5 in. (11.4 cm).
* This rather unlively figurine belongs to Blomster's Group 2.This rather unlively figurine belongs to Blomster's Group 2.
* A baby-face figurine from the Museo Nacional del Jade, San Jose, Costa Rica.A baby-face figurine from the Museo Nacional del Jade, San Jose, Costa Rica.
* A jade fetal-style figurine from Guerrero, Mexico.  Height: 3.8 in (9.5 cm).A jade fetal-style figurine from Guerrero, Mexico. Height: 3.8 in (9.5 cm).
Poster showing Loïe Fuller at the *Folies Bergères* by Jules Chéret
Fuller depicted by Koloman Moser (1901)
Portrait of Loïe Fuller, by Frederick Glasier, 1902
Fuller painted by Toulouse-Lautrec
Loie Fuller
**Loie (or** Loïe**) Fuller** (January 15, 1862 – January 1, 1928) was a pioneer of modern dance. She had no dance training, but got experience acting on the stage. A chance experiment with an over-long skirt gave her ideas which she eventually developed into a dance.

Career
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Fuller was born **Marie Louise Fuller** in the Chicago suburb of Fullersburg (now Hinsdale, Illinois). She began her theatrical career as a professional child actress and later choreographed and performed dances in burlesque (as a skirt dancer), vaudeville, and circus shows.

Fuller developed her own natural movement and improvisation techniques. Fuller combined her choreography with silk costumes seen by multi-coloured lighting of her own design.

Although Fuller became famous in America through works such as *Serpentine Dance* (1891), she felt that she was not taken seriously by the public. Her warm reception in Paris during a European tour persuaded Fuller to stay in France. A regular performer at the Folies Bergère with works such as *Fire Dance*, Fuller became the embodiment of the Art Nouveau movement. An 1896 film of the *Serpentine Dance* gives a hint of what her performance was like (the unknown dancer in the film is not Fuller).

In connecting free dance, billowing skirts and materials, color and lighting effects, Fuller was in sympathy with several other dancers of that period. All performed in Paris, on the Moulin Rouge or Folies Bergère stage, or both. These stages, as was usual in music hall generally, offered a series of separate acts rather than one continuous work.

Patents
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Fuller held patents related to stage lighting. They including chemical compounds for creating color gel and the use of chemical salts for lluminescent lighting, and garments (stage costumes US Patent 518347). She tried to create a patent of her *Serpentine Dance* to stop imitators from using her choreography or claiming to be her. Fuller gave a written description of her dance to the United States Copyright Office; however, a US Circuit Court judge denied Fuller's request for an injunction. The *Serpentine Dance* told no story and was therefore not eligible for copyright protection. At that time dance was only protected if it qualified as "dramatic" and Fuller's dance was too abstract for this qualification. The precedent set by Fuller's case remained in place from 1892 until 1976, when Federal Copyright Law extended protection to choreographic works.

Written works
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Fuller's autobiographical memoire "*Quinze ans de ma vie*" was written in French and published by in 1908 with an introduction by Anatole France. She drafted her memoires again in English a few years later, which were published under the title "*Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life*" by Herbert Jenkins (London) in 1913. The New York Public Library Jerome Robbins Dance Collection holds the nearly complete manuscript to the English edition and materials related to the French edition.
The **migration period**, or **barbarian invasions** or **Völkerwanderung** happened in AD 300–700 in Europe, at the end of ancient history and during the Early Middle Ages.

2nd to fifth century simplified migrations. See also map of the world in AD 820.
The migrations included the Goths, Vandals, Franks, and other Germanic; Bulgar; and Slavic tribes. They may have been influenced by attacks of the Huns in the East and may also be connected to the Turkic migrations in Central Asia, overpopulation, or climate changes. The migration period also included groups of Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and some Jutes to Britain.

Migrations would continue well into the Middle Ages, beyond 1000 AD, with successive waves of Slavs, Roma, Avars, Bulgars, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Cumans, and Tatars, which changed the ethnic makeup of Eastern Europe. Historians in Western Europe, however, tend to stress the migrations that were most relevant to that area.

Related pages
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* Human migration

Other websites
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* J.B. Bury (1923). *History of the Later Roman Empire*