recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Tula** (Russian: Тула) is a city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia. The Klokovo air base, The Tula State University, Tula Kremlin, The Tula State Museum of Weapons and Kazanskaya part of the Upa River is located in Tula. In 2005, Tula has 465,943 people.

History
-------

Tula was at the Upa River, which is a part of the Oka River. Tula is founded in 1146 as Taydula, Tula became the city on the southern approaches to Moscow in the 16th century and the centre of a series of defensive lines against the Tatar attack. A stone city of 1530, restored in 1784 and 1824, 
had survived. In 1552, Tula successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars. During the 17th century, Tula got into the major iron-working city of Russia. It was the site of Russia’s first armament factory, built in 1712 by Peter I the Great, and remains a large military staff producer. Besides iron and steel, Tula has lots of engineering industries. Brown coal is mined locally and used in the chemical industry. A highly decorated Russian tea are a traditional manufacture. Tula has mechanical, mining, and teacher-training institutes and one devoted to coal-mining research. A museum founded in 1724 displays a history of weapons. Yasnaya Polyana, the home of the Leo Tolstoy, is located 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Tula.

Geography
---------

Tula is located 193 kilometers south of Moscow. Tula is located in the north of the Central Russian Upland in Central Russia, on the Upa River, a part of the Oka. It is 888 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg and 3,836 kilometers northwest of Novosibirsk.

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*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Tanuma*.*
Tanuma Okitsugu

**Tanuma Okitsugu (田沼意次)** (September 11, 1719, Edo, Japan – August 25, 1788, Edo) was a senior counselor (*rōjū*) of the Tokugawa shogunate. He is known for the introduction of monetary reform.

Daimyo
------

Tanuma was also a daimyo of the Sagara han. He used the title Tonomo-no-kami.

Shogunate leader
----------------

The administration of Tanuma was marked by corruption and by inflation of currency.

In 1784 (*Tenmei* 4), Okitsugu's son was assassinated in front of his father inside Edo Castle. The involvement of senior figures in the *bakufu* was suspected, but only the assassin was punished. The result was that liberal reforms and the relaxation of the national isolation policy *sakoku* were stopped.

Related pages
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* Matsudaira Sadanobu

More reading
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* Hall, John Whitney. (1955). *Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 445621

  


| Persondata |
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| Name | Tanuma, Okitsugu |
| Alternative names | 田沼意次 |
| Short description | politician |
| Date of birth | September 11, 1719 |
| Place of birth | Edo, Japan |
| Date of death | August 25, 1788 |
| Place of death | Edo, Japan |

 

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The borhyaenid *Lycopsis*
The **Sparassodonta** were an order of carnivorous metatherian mammals. They are all now extinct.

The sparassodonts were native to South America. They were once thought to be true marsupials, but are now classified as a sister taxon to them.

A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately in Eurasia. They were first described by Florentino Ameghino, from fossils found in the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia.

Features
--------

Members of the order Sparassodonta showed many similarities with placental carnivora, but they were not closely related. They are a very good example of convergent evolution. 

For example, sparassodont molars were similar to the meat slicing teeth of modern cats. The canines were also lengthened, and in some cases, such as *Thylacosmilus*, resemble those of saber-toothed cats like *Smilodon*. Their body size varied, ranging from 80 cm (2 ft 8 in) long to the size of today's modern big cats.

Another family of large predators wrere the borhyaenids, which were more like wolves or dogs.

Families
--------

†Hathliacynidae  

†Borhyaenidae  

†Proborhyaenidae  

†Thylacosmilidae
***Yarudora Series Vol.1: Double Cast*** (the PlayStation Portable version is known as ***Yarudora Portable: Double Cast***) is the first entry in the Yarudora series of FMV adventure games where the player watches video clips while making dialogue choices that can branch the story to a number of different endings. Animation was produced by Production I.G. featuring character designs and animation direction by Keiji Gotoh, while Sugar & Rockets handled the game development side of the production. SCEI published Double Cast in Japan on June 25, 1998 for the PlayStation with a ported for the PlayStation Portable later being releasing in 2005 as Yarudora Portable: Double Cast.

Gameplay & Story
----------------

The story is a about a young college student that is helped out of the garbage by an energetic young woman after he passed out from drinking all night. As it turns out the woman has lost her memories and can only remember her name, Akasaka Mitsuki, but otherwise doesn't know anything else about herself. One thing leads to another and the two begin living together and Mitsuki eventually volunteers to play the leading role in a movie being created by the protagonist's college film studies group. However the movie's script has a shady history and is thought to be cursed, with misfortune befalling anyone that tries to adapt it. As the group begins filming, a mysterious man on a motorcycle tries to attack Mitsuki among other strange happenings involving the cast and crew.
The Welsh language is written in a version of the Latin alphabet. It traditionally has of 28 letters, of which eight are digraphs treated as single letters for collation:

---

a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, ng, h, i, (j), l, ll, m, n, o, p, ph, r, rh, s, t, th, u, w, y

---

The letter "j" is now often included in the alphabet, between "i" and "l", due to its use in several loanwords from English (especially the common surname *Jones* ). The letters "k", "v", "x" and "z" are used in some technical terms, like *kilogram* , *volt* , *xeroser* and *zero* , but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters: *cilogram* , *folt* , *seroser* and *sero.* The letter "k" was in common use until the 16th century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, William Salesbury responding to critics: "C for K, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth". This change was not popular at the time

The most common diacritic is the circumflex, which is used in some cases to mark a long vowel.
**Ring of steel** is the name people use for the security cordon around the City of London. Its purpose is to prevent terrorism. It was designed during the IRA 'troubles'. The city of Belfast was the first to get a *ring of steel*.

Roads entering the city are narrowed and have small chicanes to force drivers to slow down and be recorded by CCTV cameras. These roads have a concrete median with a sentry box where police can stand guard and monitor traffic. Tucked away out of sight may be police armed with submachine guns. City planners call these precautions 'fortress urbanism'.

Some roads have been closed to traffic entirely. Despite the term 'ring of steel', the roadblocks and chicanes are actually created with concrete blocks, sometimes plastic coated, that are wedged together.

The measures were introduced following a massive IRA bombing campaign in the City in the early 1990s such as the 1992 Baltic Exchange bombing and the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing. At this time the sentry posts were guarded by armed police almost continuously. Initially the ring of steel consisted of plastic cones and on duty policemen which the locals described as the 'ring of plastic'. It showed the public that the City authorities were taking seriously the threats by the IRA. This was replaced by more permanent structures consisting of concrete barriers, checkpoints and thousands of video cameras. After the IRA ceasefire the police guard was reduced.

Following the September 11 attacks, and the increased terrorist threats to the United Kingdom, security has been stepped up again. In December 2003, the Ring of Steel was widened to include more businesses in the city. Police thought a terrorist attack on the city was "inevitable".

Traffic entering London is also monitored and recorded at many places by an automatic number-plate recognition system (ANPR). It is watched all the time by police. The data is stored for five years for analysis and evidence.
**Yarkon Park** (Hebrew: פארק הירקון, **Park HaYarkon**) is a national park in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is also a very big public urban park in the north of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area and covers an area of 3.5 km². The park is also called the **Joshua Gardens** (*Ganei Yehoshua*) after the 7th mayor of Tel Aviv, Yehoshua Rabinovitz. The park extends along the Yarkon River until the river's mouth next to the Yarkon River Peninsula, where it flows into the Mediterranean Sea near to the Reading Power Station. It finishes in Petah Tikva. The largest part of the park runs along the cities of Ramat Gan and Bnei Brak. The river finishes near to Rosh HaAyin in the Yarkon National Garden. The park has many facilities, such as sports facilities, botanical gardens, an aviary, a water park, two outdoor concert venues and artificial lakes. The Ayalon River flows into the Yarkon River in the park after coming from a channel inside Road 20.

Sites in the park
-----------------

* Tel Aviv Port
* National Sport Center – Tel Aviv

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Yarkon Park***.

* Yarkon National Park at the *Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority* Archived 2009-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Yarkon Park Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 32°5′58.62″N 34°48′40.28″E﻿ / ﻿32.0996167°N 34.8111889°E﻿ / 32.0996167; 34.8111889

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A room full of people watching a presentationWiR working with librarians in Stockholm
A **Wikimedian in Residence** is somebody who works with an organisation. They can also be known as a **Wikipedian in Residence**. The name is also shortened to **WiR**. 

They help the people at the host organisation to understand Wikipedia. They also help them to understand Wikipedia's sister projects. The sister projects include Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata and Wikisource. Usually, WiR do not write about the organisation where they work. Instead, they help experts at their organisation to write about the things they know. 

WiRs work with different types of organisations. These are most often GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums). Some residents work in educational institutions such as universities. Sometimes they work across several organizations. If they do, then they can be called a "**Wikimedian at Large**". For example one worked across New Zealand. Some WiRs are paid by the organization where they work. Or they can be paid by a Wikimedia-related organization. Some are volunteers. 

see captionsee caption Interactive map of WiR, made with Wikidata.

History
-------

The first WiR was at the British Museum. That was in 2010.

 

By 2016, more than 100 people had been a WiRs. By 2020 there were more than 220.

This chart shows everyone involved in a typical WiR project (what each provides and receives).

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Wikimedians in Residence***.

* General information about WiR
* The Wikimedians in Residence Exchange Network - Where WiRs can help each other.
Isotype, to illustrate road traffic, in a book by Otto Neurath, of 1925.
**Marie Neurath** (27th May 1898 - 10. October 1986, aged 87[*source?*]) was a German Illustrator. Before marrying, she was called *Marie Reidemeister*. Neuratrh studied mathemathics and physics, in Göttingen. She also went to an art shool. She met Otto Neurath, and became his assistant in Vienna, before marrying him. The Dollfuss regime closed the instutue, and the couple fled to the Netherlands, and then to England. 

Today, Neurath is mostly credited for starting Isotype. Isotype is a standarized system of illustrations, called pictograms. There are rules, how to combine these pictugrams, called a grammar. Neurath founded the Isotype institute with her husband in 1942. She continued it, until the 1970s, after her husband died in 1945. She also wrote some children's books, where she used illustrations toeducate the childrten.

Isotype was originally developed to illustrate statistics, and to make them easier to understand.
Apache wickiup, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903
A **wigwam**, **wickiup**, **wetu** (Wampanoag), or **wiigiwaam** (Ojibwe) was a type of home for Native Americans. The homes were often shaped like domes and were round. It is different than a longhouse or tipi. Wigwams were common in the Northeastern Woodlands. They were also in the Southeastern Woodlands and the Western United States. Wood was used for the frames. Materials to make roofs included bark, hides, grass, brush, rushes, mats, reeds, or cloth. The homes were good against many types of weather conditions. Wigwams were built by bending young trees and placing them along a circle. Different native groups had different names for the wigwam. *Wigwam* was used in the Northeastern Woodlands. The term *wickiup* was used in the Southeast and Western regions.

Apache wickiup
1. ↑  "Definition of WIGWAM". *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
2. ↑  "Wigwam | The Canadian Encyclopedia". *www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca*. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
3. ↑  "Wigwam - New World Encyclopedia". *www.newworldencyclopedia.org*. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
**Rhythm and blues** (also known as **R&B** or **RnB**) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. It is now performed worldwide by people of many cultures and ethnic groups.

Contemporary R&B
----------------

During the 1960s, James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone had used parts of psychedelic rock and other styles in their music. Funk became a big part of disco music. In the early 1980s, funk and soul had become sultry and more sexual with the work of Prince and others. The modern style of *contemporary R&B* came to be a major part of American popular music.

R&B today defines a style of African-American music. It combines elements of soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip hop in what is now called *contemporary R&B*.

It is sometimes called "urban contemporary" or "urban pop".

### R&B in the 2000s

By the 2000s, the only big difference between a record being a hip hop record or an R&B record is whether its vocals are rapped or sung. R&B started to focus more on solo artists than groups. By 2005, the most famous R&B artists include Usher, Beyoncé (formerly of Destiny's Child), Ashanti, and Mariah Carey.

Soulful R&B continues to be popular, with artists such as Alicia Keys, R. Kelly, John Legend, and Toni Braxton. Some R&B singers have used parts of Caribbean music in their work.

Related pages
-------------

* Blues
* Disco
* Funk
* Gospel music
* Hip hop music
* Rock and roll
* Soul music

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Rhythm and blues***

* Hear Rhythm and blues (music and interviews) on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
"**The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A.**" is the 21st episode of *The Simpsons*' 32nd season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 16, 2021. It was written by Carolyn Omine and Michael Polcino is the director of the episode.

Story
-----

Terrance (a spy from the MI5) is looking for a Russian spy who is known as "The Grey Fox". He learns that The Grey Fox is in a town in America with a nuclear power plant. He goes to Springfield and starts to think that Grampa Simpson is the Russian spy. Terrance talks to Grampa's son Homer about what he thinks of Grampa. Homer wants to help Terrance with finding the spy. They go to a beach and find Grampa taking a cane. Grampa is given an envelope from two men who look like Russians. Terrance later kidnaps Homer and Grampa. Chief Wiggum follows Terrance's car with Marge and arrests him. Grampa makes Terrance feel better by pretending to be The Grey Fox.

Reception
---------

Tony Sokol from Den of Geek thought the references to British spy movies were not strong enough. Sokol also thought the humor was not strong, but he called the episode clever. Jesse Bereta from Bubbleblabber thought that the episode was not too exciting, saying "it is more about convincing Homer that his father is a spy more than any actual spy work." However, Bereta said "it was a fun episode that tried something different."

Other websites
--------------

* "The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A." at the Internet Movie Database
The **Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women's Council** (**NPY Women's Council**, or **NPYWC**) is a community-based organisation that serves women of the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara communities in remote central Australia. It was formed in 1980, with its headquarters in Alice Springs. It provides a range of community, family, research and advocacy services, and represents the interests of women and their communities.

History
-------

The idea for a women's organisation came during the late 1970s, when the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara communities of northwestern South Australia were struggling for the rights to their land. During meetings about land rights, the women felt that their needs were not being met, so they decided to establish their own organisation. A women's meeting was held at Amaṯa in 1980. It was chaired by Pitjantjatjara elder Nganyinytja, who had been a leader among women throughout the land-rights struggle. The formation of the NPY Women's Council is said to have been partly inspired by a speech Nganyinytja made at demonstration in Adelaide later in the year.

The first meeting of the Women's Council was held in December 1980, in Kaṉpi. It was organised by Mantatjara Wilson and Diana James, and attended by about 40 women. Tjunmutja Myra Watson was chosen to be the organisation's first chairperson, and Diana James was chosen as the secretary.

Region
------

The NPY Women Council's covers about 350,000 square kilometres of the remote area where the borders of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory meet. The region has a total population of about 6000. The council serves women belonging to the three indigenous groups in this region: the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, who are closely related to one another. The area covered includes:

* Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia
* Ngaanyatjarra Lands (including the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku and Kiwirrkura) in Western Australia
* Imaṉpa, Muṯitjulu, Kaḻṯukatjara, Aputula and most of the Petermann Lands in the Northern Territory.

Recognition
-----------

The NPY Women's Council has achieved recognition for its work. Awards include:

* Indigenous Governance Award (2012);
* Deadly Awards were awarded to the Tjanpi Desert Weavers in 2012, and to the NPYWC Child Nutrition Program in 2011;
* International Sigmund Freud Prize (2011), awarded to the **ngangkaṟi** (traditional healer) program;
* National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award (2005), awarded to the Tjanpi Desert Weavers.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The **Sea Peoples** are supposed to be a seafaring confederation that attacked ancient Egypt and other parts of the East Mediterranean. The time was before and during the Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BC).

This famous scene is from the north wall of the Medinet Habu temple. It is often used to illustrate the Egyptian campaign against the Sea Peoples in 'the Battle of the Delta'. 
The hieroglyphs do not name Egypt's enemies, which are described as being from "northern countries". Early scholars noted the hairstyles and accessories worn by the combatants are similar to other reliefs in which such groups are named.
During the Bronze age collapse, archeological evidence shows the destructions of many cities on the coastlines of the Levant and the Aegean Sea. That may have been caused by invaders from the sea. The exact origins and cultures of the attackers are unknown and so historians call them the Sea Peoples.

Some sources say that they used iron weapons, which the Bronze Age cultures had not yet seen. The cities that they attacked allows one to infer that they were probably naval-based.
The **Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search**, or **SWEEPS**, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

Area looked at
--------------

SWEEPS search area.
SWEEPS search area detail.
The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.

Planets discovered
------------------

Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

Related pages
-------------

* Hubble Space Telescope

Other websites
--------------

* News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy Archived 2016-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
**Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire** (15 April 1772 – 19 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and believed in the underlying unity of organismal design, and the possibility of the change of species in time. He collected evidence for his claims in comparative anatomy, paleontology, and embryology.

Geoffroy's theory
-----------------

Geoffroy was a deist, which is to say that he believed in a God, but also in a law-like universe, with no supernatural interference in the details of existence. This kind of opinion was common in the Enlightenment, and goes with a rejection of revelation and miracles, and does not interpret the Bible as the literal word of God. 

Geoffroy's theory was not a theory of common descent, but a working-out of existing potential in a given type. For him, the environment causes a direct induction of organic change. This opinion Ernst Mayr labels as 'Geoffroyism'. It is definitely not what Lamarck believed (for Lamarck, a change in *habits* is what changes the animal). The *direct* effect of environment is not believed today by any main-stream evolutionist; even Sir William Lawrence knew by 1816 that climate does not directly cause the differences between human races.
**Trehafod** is a village in the Rhondda Valley between Porth and Pontypridd in Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. A former coal mining area, the village is now best known as the site of the Rhondda Heritage Park, visiting site for everyone showing the life of coal mining in Rhondda. Trehafod has many buildings such as the Bed and breakfast and Hafod Primary School. Trehafod primary school is a school for ages 3 to 11 with 8 year groups.

History
-------

About 1850 a map of the area shows a number of farms in the place that was to become Trehafod, these were named, Hafod Uchaf, Hafod Ganol and Hafod Fawr. Trehafod took its name from these farms. Hafod is a Welsh word that can mean "hill farm".

Trehafod is well known for the Rhondda Heritage Park which was once the Lewis Merthyr mine. At the height for coal mining, the Lewis Merthyr mine was one of the highest rated mines in the South Wales Coalfield.

Due to the River Rhondda flowing very close to a lot of houses within the village there have been a number of floods. The biggest floods were in 1960 which killed one man.

Transport
---------

Trehafod train station is on the Rhondda Line which follows the River Rhondda; the train line and river go through the village. The train leaves to different locations such as Cardiff central , Treherbert, Pontypridd, Porth Cardiff queen street, Treforest and Bridgend and arrives from Hengoed and Treorchy. There are many roads in Trehafod but the main road is the A4058 that leads from Treorchy and leads to the river Taff. There are also many bus stops.
*School of Athens*
***The School of Athens*** is a famous fresco by the artist Raphael. It was painted during the Italian Renaissance between 1510 and 1511. The picture is known as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance".

It was painted as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the *Stanze di Raffaello*, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.

Figures
-------

Only the identities of some of the philosophers in the picture, such as Plato or Aristotle, are certain.

A proposed list of possible identifications, is the following:

The parenthetical names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses.
1: Zeno of Citium
2: Epicurus Possibly, the image of two philosophers, who were typically shown in pairs during the Renaissance: Heraclitus, the "weeping" philosopher, and Democritus, the "laughing" philosopher.
3: unknown (believed to be Raphael)
4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles?
5: Averroes
6: Pythagoras
7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great?
8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon?
9: Raphael, Fornarina as a personification of Love or Francesco Maria della Rovere?
10: Aeschines or Xenophon?
11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci)
12: Socrates
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo)
14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo)
16: Diogenes of Sinope
17: Plotinus (Donatello?)
18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?)
19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione)
20: Ptolemy?
R: Apelles (Raphael)
21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to The School of Athens at Wikimedia Commons
**Raffaele Casnédi** (September 26, 1822 – December 29, 1892) was an Italian painter and scenic designer, active mainly in Milan.

He was born to Pietro Casnedi and Angela Spaini. Despite his parent's objections, he attended the Accademia di Brera from 1840 to 1850. There he studied under Sogni and Luigi Sabatelli. In 1852, he won the Mylius prize for the fresco of *The school of Leonardo* painted in a lunette for the Accademia. He interned in Rome, where he befriended the landscape artist Costa. He returned to Milan, and joined the Brera in 1856, and as professor of design in 1860.

He is best known for his frescoes and religious canvases conserved at the churches (in Valmadrera, Besana, Rho, San Pietro in Novara, and Palombara). For example, in the parochial church of Santi Pietro e Paolo in Luino, he painted, among other works, the four evangelists in the spandrels of the dome. In collaboration with Giuseppe Bertini, he painted the curtain or sipario (1861–1863) at the Teatro alla Scala with *The Fables Atellanae*. Among the pupils at the Brera of Casnédi (as well as Bertini and Hayez) were the Scapigliatura artists: Pietro Bouvier and Francesco Didioni, and the Divisionists, Angelo Morbelli and Giovanni Sottocornola. Bartolomeo Giuliano was one of his assistants.

Sources
-------

* Treccani encyclopedia entry
Bathymetric showing part of Davidson Seamount. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries.
Diagram of a submarine eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Water 3. Stratum 4. Lava flow 5. Magma conduit 6. Magma chamber 7. Dyke 8. Pillow lava) Click to enlarge.
A **seamount** is a mountain rising from the ocean sea floor. It does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and so is not an island. These are usually formed from submarine volcanoes. They are usually 1,000–4,000 metres (3,000–13,000 ft) in height from the sea floor. 

The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of metres below the surface, and so are in the deep sea. There are an estimated 100,000 seamounts around the globe, but only a few have been studied. Seamounts come in all shapes and sizes, and follow a distinctive pattern of growth, activity, and death. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example Loihi seamount in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.

Over time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface. There wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called "guyots" or "tablemounts".

Seamounts are one of the most common oceanic ecosystems in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents attract plankton, corals, fish, and cetacea alike. Their effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are concerns about the effect of fishing on seamount ecosystems. There are well-documented cases of stock decline. 95% of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling, which literally scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.

Most seamounts are not yet to be studied, or even mapped. Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies used to collect data. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts. The Muirfield seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses. As they get older, water eats away at their sides. This causes landslides which, in turn, may cause massive tsunamis.

Related pages
-------------

* Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
* Saikaidō Seamounts
* Guyot
* Submarine volcano

Other websites
--------------

* Earthref.org, Seamount Catalogue
* NOAA, Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska.
* USGS, Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Montage** is an editing technique in film. In montage, shots are placed one after another in a sequence. The series of shots use less space and time. Montage can tell a story very fast. It can give much information in a short amount of time. In French, the word montage simply means editing. Montage is an important part of Soviet Montage Theory. Soviet theorists believed montage could create meaning and symbolism. There are several types of montage editing. Several were originally part of Soviet Montage Theory, but are common in films today.

Types
-----

Metric montage is not connected to emotions or a deeper meaning. It is based on the number of frames (single image in a video). It is mathematically and symmetric. This type of montage can be jarring and unpleasant. It is not often used in movies. 

Rhythmic montage cuts clips based on the actions of the images. The images are matched with what is happening. This creates continuity and makes things less abrupt. This is a common form of montage. 

Tonal montage cuts images based on the emotions of a scene. Directors place two images together to create emotions. 

Overtonal montage combines metric, rhythmic and tonal montage. The combination creates deeper emotions. 

Intellectual montage combines images to add meaning and emotions. It can often create metaphors. This type of montage creates the Kuleshov effect. 

Sports training montage is a type of montage to show sport athletes training. It often shows physical training with shortcut images appearing really fast. The time of multiple weeks or months happens in a couple of minutes on the screen. It is common in America and in East Asian martial arts films.
*Serbien muss sterbien!* ("Serbia must die!"; sterbien a play on words on steben - die ), an old Austrian propaganda caricature, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914
**Untermensch** (plural: Untermenschen) is a term many racist ideologiers use. It can be translated as sub-human or under-human. Nietzsche, and others developed the term Übermensch, to refer to someone who has outgrown himself, and who no longer has all the problems ordinary people have For the Nazis, the Übermensch was someone of Aryan descent. The Untermensch, on the other hand was used for all the people of the races seen as inferior, such as the Jews, the Slavic people, gypsies or black people. 

When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Heinrich Himmler published a booklet, called "Der Untermensch". This brochure was distributed in Germany: it was made to increase the hatred towards the people of the Soviet Union (note: not the Slavic people, the term Slavic people never occurs in the brochure). The booklet was very popular, also with the German allies, such as the people in Croatia, Slovakia or Bulgaria. These people received copies in their own language. The booklet didn't provide much information about the Soviet union, it was mainly used to race hatred. Some people in the Nazi government were against the publication of the booklet: they thought they could convince the common people of the Soviet Union to fight against the Bolsheviks in power. During 1942, the publication of the booklet was stopped.

In 1924, Fritz Lang published his movie *Die Nibelungen*, where he shows that the smith Mime (also called Mimir) as an Untermensch. During the Wochenschau, the Nazis showed several movies with Russian people in simple wooden houses, travelling on badly maintained roads. This was done to show the German people how inferior the people of the Soviet Union were. Needless to say: these clips also were propaganda. 

Movies that were made after the second world war, also show the concept of Untermensch: Louis de Funès has a few of these movies: In his movies, the term is not used for people of other nations seen as inferior, but rather: for people of the own nations, who have character traits that are seen as bad.

During the Second World War, Japan expanded to China and in Southeast Asia. During that time, prisoners of war and civilians were used for experiments on humans. Unit 731 became known for experiments with chemiclal agents and pathogens, such as those causingthe plague, or smallpox. They also did experiments with poison gas. In Japanese, the people were called *maruta,* which can be translated as wood, or material. This a similar value judgement than that of Untermensch.
**Peter Stein** (1 September 1927 – 14 October 2022) was a German-born Dutch jurist and professor, specialized in civil law.

In 1966 he was appointed professor at the University of Amsterdam with a teaching position in civil and commercial law. On 17 October of that year he held his inaugural lecture entitled *Vorming en hervorming van het privaatrecht* (translated: Formation and reform of private law). As of 1974, his mandate was expanded to civil procedural law. During his time as professor, he was also dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam for a period of time. Under the abbreviation PAS, he was also a frequent annotator (someone who provides a legal commentary on a verdict, judgment or decision of a judge or judicial panel) for the Nederlandse Jurisprudentie [nl]. He was an opponent of the introduction of the new *Burgerlijk Wetboek*. His textbook *Compendium van het burgerlijk procesrecht* (translated: Compendium of Civil Procedure) had had over 20 reprints.

Stein retired as a provessor on 1 October 1992. His valedictory lecture was entitled *Fiducia cum amico*. Upon his retirement, he was offered a *Festschrift* entitled *Te PAS*.

Stein died in Amsterdam on 14 October 2022, aged 95.
University of Asia Pacific (UAP) was made in 1996 as a private university. It was made under the Private University Act 1992. It has a vision to enhance the opportunities for higher education in Bangladesh.

Classes
-------

Its curriculum has been approved by The University Grants Commission of the Government of Bangladesh. The university started its operation, i.e. the first semester of classes, in 1996. They offered four-year bachelor degree programs in Computer Science and Technology and Business Administration only. Now UAP has undergraduate programs in Architecture, Business Administration, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering and Pharmacy.

Sponsors
--------

UAP has been sponsored by University of Asia Pacific Foundation, a non-profit, non-commercial organization based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The aim of the Foundation is to promote human and social development through, inter alia, improved educational opportunities, innovative educational programs relevant to the needs of an emerging society and to develop skills, know how and awareness of the youth through appropriate institutional means.

The foundation has been made by a group of eminent educationists, industrialists and administrators who share the same vision and social commitments. The University of Asia Pacific is the first project of the foundation aimed for these goals.
This article is about the architectural element. For the computing term, see Window (computing). For the operating system, see Microsoft Windows.
A window of a house in England
An old man looking through the window of a tram in Egypt
A **window** is an opening in a wall or roof of a building, in a car etc. to let air and light in. It is usually filled with a sheet of glass. There can be many different shapes and sizes, including rectangular, square, circular, or irregular shapes. Some windows include coloured glass. Windows are usually transparent so that people can see through them.

Before glass was used in windows, people in Asia used paper to fill the hole in the wall. The paper would let light in.

Types of window
---------------

These are different types of windows. They are:

### Cross-window

A cross-window is a window that has a mullion and a transom, that makes a cross.

### Fixed window

A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened. It is made to allow light to enter. The windows in churches are usually fixed.

### Single-hung sash

A single-hung sash window is a window that has one horizontal sash at the bottom that can move up and down.

### Double-hung sash

A double-hung sash is a window that has two sashes (panels) that can independently move up and down. One is usually the lower; one the upper.

### Casement window

A casement window
A casement window is a window with a sash that has a hinge that swings in or out like a door. Casement windows are usually held open using a casement stay.

### Skylight

A skylight
A skylight is a window built into a roof. This type of window allows natural daylight and moonlight to enter.

### Roof lantern

The lantern over the dome of the Florence Baptistery
A roof lantern is a glass structure that has lots of different colours. It looks like a small building. It is built on a roof for day or moon light.

### Stained-glass window

Sunlight shining through stained glass
A stained-glass window is a window that is made up of pieces of coloured glass. The coloured glass can be transparent, translucent or opaque. It usually shows people or places. Usually, the glass in these windows is separated by lead rods. Stained-glass windows are very common in churches.

How they are made
-----------------

Different materials are used when making a window. For the frame of the window wood, polyvinyl chloride, composite, aluminium, steel, fiberglass are used.

Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains. They keep out light, give extra insulation. It also ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter. But too much can have bad effects such as glare and heat gain.
A **tinamou** is one of an family of birds called the **Tinamidae**. They are the only species within the family. There are 47 species of tinamou in Central and South America. They are one of the most ancient living groups of bird, and are related to the ratites. Generally ground dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.

Taxonomy and evolution
----------------------

Of Gondwanan origin, tinamous are related to the ratites. Although the fossil record in South America is poor, the known tinamiform fossil record goes back 10 million years. Together with the ratites, they make up Palaeognathae ("old jaws"), while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ("new jaws"). Unlike the other palaeognaths, tinamous do have a keeled sternum. Like the other palaeognaths, they also have a distinctive palate (thin bony plate at top of mouth).

Recent phylogenetic studies place tinamids as the sister group of Australasian/Oceanian ratites. Those are the (cassowaries, emus, and kiwi). South American ratites (rheas) and African ratites (ostriches) are also related, but more distantly. Tinamous themselves are monophyletic.
The **Pasiphaë group** is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought of have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km (the same range as the Carme group), their inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.

This diagram illustrates the biggest non-spherical moons of Jupiter. Among the Pasiphaë group, Sinope and Pasiphaë itself are labelled. An object's position on the horizontal axis indicates its distance from Jupiter. The vertical axis indicates its inclination. Eccentricity is indicated by yellow bars illustrating the object's maximum and minimum distances from Jupiter. Circles illustrate an object's size in comparison to the others.
Core members of the group include (from the biggest to the smallest):

* Pasiphae
* Sinope, two-thirds the size of Pasiphaë
* Callirrhoe
* Megaclite
* Autonoe
* Eurydome
* Sponde

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in **-e** for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
------

The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision. The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass. However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.

The differences of colour between the objects (grey for Pasiphaë, light red for Callirrhoe and Megaclite) also suggest that the group could have a more complex origin than a single collision.

This diagram compares the orbital elements and relative sizes of the core members of the Pasiphaë group. The horizontal axis illustrates their average distance from Jupiter, the vertical axis their orbital inclination, and the circles their relative sizes.
This diagram compares the wide dispersion of the Pasiphaë group (red) with the more compact Ananke (blue) and Carme (green) groups.
**Pocket PC 2000** is an first released for Windows Mobile was support for HTC Vouge, LG and Vodafone can be released on April 19, 2000, it running on kernel Windows CE 3.0. Pocket PC 2002 can succesor for all operating system was another codenamed is ''Rapier'' founded on January 1999.

Development history
-------------------

In January 1999, Microsoft founded the codenamed ''Rapier'' for kernel type is Windows CE 3.0 running smillar for operating system Windows 95 and Windows 98, in February 1999, Microsoft starting history from beta version in codenamed ''Rapier'', in March 11, 1999, Pocket PC 2000 build 200 is leaked on Internet officially, the news Pocket PC 2000 build 301 can be released on April 14, 1999, leaked on January 14, 2020 in BetaArchive. In May 15, 1999, Pocket PC 2000 build 302 can be released new version. 

In January 13, 2000, Microsoft ready launched Pocket PC 2000 RTM version, after ready released, Microsoft launch the Vodafone Mobile can running for Pocket PC 2000, at the Microsoft Build 2000 on 2000. In March 2000, Pocket PC 2000 Pre-RTM can be leaked on February 14, 2019 in BetaWiki website. Microsoft released Pocket PC 2000 until April 19, 2000, the officially features of the news Microsoft.

Pocket PC 2000 can launched everything for features in Windows CE 3.0 on May 18, 2000, from the Security Update for Pocket PC 2000 can be released on June 11, 2000.

Device and hardware
-------------------

Pocket PC 2000 can launch for 11 device, is LG L674, and more, Pocket PC 2000 can launched on 245MB and 512MB, in 100MB can launch for Vodafone L67 in Windows CE 3.0, from the news features in Pocket PC 2000 can starting on January 2004, in LG L89, the old PC Computer using the sound ringtones in Pocket PC 2000.

In May 2001, Microsoft launch the 9 device for Vodafone running Pocket PC 2000, is Vodafone L87, L89 and L98, In August 15, 2001, the Vodafone L87 is running for the Windows CE 3.0 officially.

In 1999, Microsoft reach Vodafone L67 for sale beginning on USD in May 1999, after the codenamed is ''Rapier'' founded, launch for the beta version in Pocket PC 2000, in January 2000, the officially Vodafone L67 can be leaked support in Pocket PC 2000.

Related pages
-------------

* Windows Mobile 2003
* Windows Mobile 6.5

| * v
* t
* e
Microsoft Windows operating systems |
| --- |
| Desktop operating systems | 
* Windows 1.0
* Windows 2.x
* Windows 3.x
	+ Windows 3.0
	+ Windows 3.1
* Windows 9x
	+ Windows 95
	+ Windows 98
	+ Windows ME
* Windows NT
	+ 3.1
	+ 3.5
	+ 3.51
	+ 4.0
* Windows 2000
* Windows XP
* Windows Vista
* Windows 7
* Windows 8
* Windows 8.1
* Windows 10
* Windows 11

 |
| Server operating systems | 
* Windows 2000 Server
* Windows Server 2003
* Windows Server 2008
* Windows Server 2012
* Windows Server 2016
* Windows Server 2019
* Windows Server 2022

 |
| Mobile operating systems | 
* Windows CE
* Windows Mobile
* Windows Phone
* Windows 10 Mobile

 |
Zin Mar Aung received the International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2012.
**Zin Mar Aung** (Burmese: ဇင်မာအောင်; born 14 June 1976) is a Burmese activist. She received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S State Department in 2012.

Life
----

Zin Mar Aung studied botany in the university. She received a degree from the University of Distance Education in Yangon.

Work
----

Zin Mar Aung was part of the Burma democracy movement. Because of this, she was a political prisoner for eleven years.  She started a group for Asian culture and democracy. She also started a group to help women who were political prisoners.   She also helped start a group for women's empowerment. In 2012, she became the leader of an organization for ethnic minorities in war areas. In 2013 she started to work with the International Foundation for Electoral Systems on women’s political empowerment under the Global Women’s Leadership Fund.

Other websites
--------------

* 2012 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)