recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ransingha** is a type of ancient primitive trumpet or horn. Its made of copper or copper alloy. It is used in both India and Nepal. The instrument is made up of two curved metal parts, which join together to form an "S" shape. It can also be made in a crescent shape.

Other names
-----------

The instrument has different spellings and names. For example, **narsinga**, **ransingha**, **ramsinga**, **srnga**.

Sringa is a Sanskrit word for horn and it is used in North India and Nepal. The modern words are "*Sig*", "*Siga,*", and "*Singha*". The word was historically used for horns of many different shapes and sizes, for example straight horns and horns made from water buffalo horns with mouthpieces made from ox horns.

### Ramsingha

The ramsinga is a pronunciation specific to India. It uses four pipes of very thin metal which fit one within the other. It is mentioned in Emilio Salgari's works such as *The Mystery of the Black Jungle* (1895). In the book ransingha is associated with the thugee cult.

In Chapter 62 of *Foucault's Pendulum* (1988) the *Ramsinga* is also mentioned that a ransingha was played by a devotee of a druidic sect .

### Narsinga

Played historically in C shape in Nepa by Damai caste musicians in groups such as the *damai baja*. This form used in Nepal, Himachal Pradesh and southern Bihar.

Gallery
-------

* Nepal. The C-shaped narsinga is part of the Panche baja instruments.Nepal. The C-shaped narsinga is part of the Panche baja instruments.
* Nepal. Narsinga being played for a wedding.Nepal. Narsinga being played for a wedding.
* Nepal. Narsingas at a wedding party.Nepal. Narsingas at a wedding party.
* India, 1799. The Ramsinga, as depicted in the book Les Hindoûs (Volume II), by the Flemish artist Frans Balthazar Solvyns.India, 1799. The *Ramsinga*, as depicted in the book *Les Hindoûs* (Volume II), by the Flemish artist Frans Balthazar Solvyns.

Other websites
--------------

* History of the ransingha or narsinga with photos.
* Ancient musical instruments of India (circa 18th Century) as depicted by Balthazar Solvyns in Les Hindoûs (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, IGNCA)
***Transformice*** is a massively multiplayer online game that is available to play online. It is also a platform game and is free-to-play. It was created by Tigrounette and Melibellule on May 1, 2010. *Transformice* needs either a web browser running Adobe Flash Player 9.0+, Adobe AIR to use the official standalone or Steam to play the game. In 2012, the game had 10 million accounts, 60 million in 2015, 70 million in 2017, and 100 million in 2019.

Gameplay
--------

The aim of the game is to collect the cheese as a mouse and take it back to the mouse hole. Players control the mouse with the arrow keys.

When a player gets the highest score on the scoreboard, they will become a shaman on the next map. The shaman helps other players get the cheese and bring it back to the hole. The shaman can make objects such as planks, boxes, anvils and balloons to create structures.

Cheese can be used to buy clothes for the mouse.

Players can win rewards such as titles, badges and clothes by completing tasks.

Game modes
----------

*Transformice* has different game modes.

### Transformice

This is the normal mode of *Transformice*. It has maps mostly made by players.

### Vanilla

Vanilla is very similar to *Transformice*. It only has official maps.

### Survivor

In this mode, the shaman tries to kill the mice using cannonballs.

### Racing

In this mode, players compete to finish maps as fast as possible. Shortcuts help finish the map quickly.

### Bootcamp

Bootcamp levels are very hard.

### Defilante

The map moves horizontally and players must keep up with it. There are points around the map and mice must collect as many as possible before getting the cheese and entering the hole.

### Module

This mode has minigames made by other players using a programming language called Lua. There are over 40 official modules and over 70 semi-official modules.

### Village

There is no objective in this game mode. The map looks like a village, with several non-player characters. Players use the village to chat, roleplay or trade.

Development
-----------

The game was created by Melibellule (real name Mélanie Christin) and Tigrounette (real name Jean-Baptiste Le Marchand). They met at work and became friends. Tigrounette had experience making games in the past and wanted Melibellule to make the artwork. Melibellule came up with the idea of a little mouse who had to get cheese and bring it back to the mouse hole as quickly as possible.

After quitting their jobs, Melibellule and Tigrounette created the gaming company **Atelier 801**. They later made the games *Run for Cheese!*, *Bouboum*, *Nekodancer*, *Fortoresse*, *Dead Maze* and *Tomb Rumble*. A sequel called *Transformice Adventures* is being made.

Other websites
--------------

* Transformice website
* Transformice on Steam
* Transformice Wiki
Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence of siltstones (reddish layers at the cliff base) and limestones (brown rocks above), Virgin Formation, southwestern Utah
Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, was carved out of the surrounding sandstone by mechanical and chemical weathering. Wind, sand, and water from flash flooding are the main weathering agents
**Sedimentology** is the study of sediments such as sand, mud (silt), and clay. How they are laid down today is used to understand how rocks were formed. A person who studied sedimentology is called Sedimentologist. They use their understanding of modern processes to interpret sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures.

Sedimentary rocks cover most of the Earth's surface, record much of the Earth's history, and contain the fossil record. Sedimentology is closely linked to stratigraphy, which is the study of the physical and temporal (time) relationships between rock layers or strata.

The idea that the processes affecting the earth today are the same as in the past is called uniformitarianism. It is the basis for finding out how sedimentary features in the rock record were formed. By comparing similar features today to features in the rock record—for example, by comparing modern sand dunes to dunes preserved in ancient aeolian sandstones—geologists reconstruct past environments.
**Phetchabun** is a town in the northeastern and the central part of Thailand. 
It is about 12,668.416 square metres (3.130434 acres) in size. The distance from the east to the west is 55 kilometres (34 mi). The distance from the north to the south is 296 kilometres (184 mi). The height above sea level is 114 metres (374 ft). Phetchabun is 346 kilometres (215 mi) from Bangkok.

Administrative division
-----------------------

The administrative distributes to are 11 districts (amphur), 117 subdistricts (tumbol), and 1261 villages (muban).

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. Amphur Mueang
2. Amphur Chon Daen
3. Amphur Lom Sak
4. Amphur Lom Koa
5. Amphur Wichian Buri
6. Amphur Si Thep
 | 7. Amphur Nong Phai
8. Amphur Bueng Sam Phan
9. Amphur Nam Nao
10. Amphur Wang Pong
11. Amphur Khao Kho
 |  |

The boundaries
--------------

* Loei borders Phetchabun to the north.
* Lopburi borders Phetchabun to the south.
* Khon Kaen and Chaiyaphum borders Phethabun to the east.
* Phitsanulok Nakhonsawan and Phichit borders Phetchabun to the west.

History
-------

Phetchabun is ancient. It is unclear who founded it. Krom Phraya Dhamlong Racha Nupap says that Phetchabun established for 2 periods in the same relic of Buddha temple and ancient temple. At first age, built when the northland is Sukhothai city or Phitsanulok is the capital. There is the waterway in a public city.
The second period built in, Narai's period. There was a river at the center of a city. In the north side had a wall for Guading the enemies. In the south there was a field.
An archeologist discovered the evidence in Si Thep city. The evidence was over 1000 years old. Phetchabun was built in the same time as Phimai, Lopburi.

The park
--------

* Khao Khor national park (Thai: อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาค้อ)
* Tad Mok national park (Thai: อุทยานแห่งชาติตาดหมอก)
* Nam Nao national park (Thai: อุทยานแห่งชาติน้ำหนาว)
* Si Thep Historical park (Thai: อุทยานปนะวัติศาสตร์ศรีเทพ)
**Rameshraj Tewarikar**  (born 15 March, 1954) Hindi is a scholar, poet. He is famous for his distinctive talent in the area of ​​Satire and Rasa, and they are one of the major scholars who develop the Tewari and Rasa tradition of poetry.

Early life
----------

Rameshraj Tewarikar was born on March 15, 1954 in village Aice, district - Aligarh, (Uttar Pradesh). His full name is Ramesh Chandra Gupta and his father Ramcharan Gupta was Brajbhasha folk writer and freedom fighter. while his mother Ganga Devi was an ordinary homemaker. From childhood, He was interested in participating in the school's cultural programs. In childhood, he received literary guidance from his poet-father and through his seminar of poet-friends. He received informal education of poetry writing. He also edited the 'Tewari-Paksh' magazine.

Published works
---------------

* Abhi Zuban Kati Nahin (Tewari- collection)
* Kabir Zinda Hai (Tewri-collection)
* Itihas Ghayal Hai (Tewari -collections)
* Ek Prahar: Lagatar (Tewari- collection)

### Auto-complete works

* Tewari Main Ras Samasya Aur Samadhan
* Vichar Aur Ras(Critical Essay)
* Virodh-Ras
* Kavya Ki Aatma Aur Aatmiyakaran

### Tewari-Shatak

#### Long Tewaries

Aag De Lanka Main, Jai Kanhaiyalal Ki, Ghada Pap Ka Bhar Raha, Man Ke Ghav Naye Na, Dhan Ka Mad Gad-Gad Kare, Mera Hal Sodium Sa Hai, Ravan-Kul Ke Log, Anatar Aah Anant Ati,Puchh Na Kabira Jag Ka Hal, Rameshraj Ke Charchit Tewari-Sangrah

### Shatak (Centuries)

* Udhau Kahiyo Jaay (Tewari-collection), Madhu-sa-la (Century), Jo Gopi Madhu Ban Gayin (Doha-Century), There is an allpin (Doha-Century),Nadiya Par Hindolana (Doha-Century), Pujata Ab Chhal (Haiku-century)

### Freehand Poem-collection

* Didi Tum Nadi Ho, Wh Yani Mohan Swaroop

### Child-poems

Radhtriya Bal Kavitayein

Awards and Honors
-----------------

* 'Sahitya-Shree', Aligarh,
* 'U.P. Gaurav ', Aligarh'
* Tevari-Taapas', Hosangabad (MP)
* 'Shikshar-Shree', Aligarh
* Abhinandan-Sur Sahitya Sangam,Etah
* Parivartan Tewari Ratna, Bulandshashr

He has been honored with many awards.
Ancient sculpture showing the goddess Athena wearing a peplum
**Sword and sandal movie** is a movie genre. They have an ancient Greek, Roman, or Biblical setting. Sometimes called "peplum" movies from the garment worn by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

The central character in these movies is usually a muscular hero like Hercules or Samson. He wears a short peplum and battles monsters, evil despots, and kings or queens. This oil-slicked, nearly-nude hero is rewarded at the end of the movie with the cheers of his people, clan, or tribe — and the hand of a lovely princess.

These movies were mostly made in Italy and some in Spain. Italian moviemakers modelled peplum movies on the big budget Hollywood epics like Charlton Heston's *Ben-Hur* (1959) or Kirk Douglas' *Spartacus* (1960). The genre was very important in Italian moviemaking from 1957 to 1965, but was shoved aside in 1965 by the "Spaghetti Western".

Critics often thought peplum movies were poor stuff. They treated them with contempt. Italian director Vittorio Cottafavi called the genre "Neo-Mythology". Elizabeth Taylor's *Cleopatra* (1963) and Sophia Loren's *The Fall of the Roman Empire* (1964) are generally considered big-budget sword and sandal movies that mark the end of the genre.
SEM image of endoparasitoid ciliates of the genus *Collinia*, which can cause mass mortality in affected krill populations
**Parasitoids** are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species. 

In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth. 
Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts. 

In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin. 
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera – more than in any other insect order – and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.

Koinobiont parasitoid on moth larva.
Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp. The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young. The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.

Related pages
-------------

* Botfly
**Melvin James** "**Sy**" **Oliver** (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album *I Remember Tommy*, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.
Angampora (Sri Lankan martial art) swordsmen
**Swordsmanship** refers to the skills of a *swordsman*. It is a modern term mainly used to refer to small sword fencing. But it can also be applied to any martial art involving the use of a sword. The English word "swordsman" is parallel to the Latin word *gladiator*. This was a professional fighter who fought against other fighters and others for the entertainment of spectators in the Roman Colosseum. The word *gladiator* itself comes from the Latin word *gladius*, meaning "sword".

Noted swordsmen
---------------

Japan's greatest swordsman, Miyamoto Musashi won sixty duels. His classic book on swordsmanship is called the Book of Five Rings, written about 1645.

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke was called "the greatest knight who ever lived". He was one of England's greatest swordsmen.

Guy Chabot, Seigneur de Jarnac was famous as France's finest swordsman. He won by a slashing blow to his opponent's buttocks so he could no longer stand. Winning a duel using this method has since been called a *coup de Jarnac*.

Italo Santelli was a great Italian fencing master (teacher). His fencing styles made Italians the best swordsmen in Europe by the end of the 19th century. He established and taught fencing in Hungary for over fifty years. By the 20th century his Hungarian fencers were the best in Europe. He was given a knighthood for his contributions to the sport in Hungary.

Related pages
-------------

* Sword
* Sabre
* Fencing
* Foil
* Claymore
* Longsword
* Japanese sword-making

Other websites
--------------

* Gladiators of the Roman Empire Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
* The School of European Swordsmanship
* Mirror Dance: The Art of Japanese Swordsmanship
**Willis Andrew McGahee, III** (born October 21, 1981) is a former American football running back. He played college football for the University of Miami, and was recognized as an All-American. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Cleveland Browns.

Early years
-----------

McGahee was born in Miami, Florida. He attended Miami Central High School, and played for the Miami Central Rockets high school football team.

College
-------

McGahee played college football as a runningback for the Miami Hurricanes. He had 2,067 career rushing yards on 349 carries (5.9 avg.) for 31 touchdowns, which ranked 5th on school’s all time records list. He also caught 25 passes caught for 355 yards on a 13.1 average.

Professional career
-------------------

### Buffalo Bills

McGahee was drafted by the Buffalo Bills with the 23rd pick in the 2003 NFL Draft. McGahee did not play at all in his first season. This was because McGahee was only a rookie, was dealing with injuries, and Travis Henry was already a starter. However, McGahee passed 1,000 yards the next two seasons and scored 13 total times in 2004. In 2006, McGahee's rushing total dropped to 990 yards on 259 carries, plus six touchdowns. He wore #21.

### Baltimore Ravens

The Bills traded McGahee to the Baltimore Ravens. McGahee was voted to his only Pro Bowl in 2007 for Baltimore after rushing for 1,207 yards on 294 carries and eight total touchdowns. However, the Ravens missed the playoffs on a 5-11 mark. McGahee was about the only offensive brightspot for the Ravens that year, wearing #23.

In 2008, McGahee struggled with injuries. His statistics dropped to 170 attempts, 671 yards, and 7 scores, including a 77 yard touchdown to help win a game against the Dallas Cowboys. He was carted off the field after colliding (hitting into) Pittsburgh Steelers safety Ryan Clark in an AFC Championship loss.

McGahee at Ravens practice
McGahee's playing time was limited by Ray Rice and Le'Ron McClain in 2009 and 2010. 

On July 26, 2011, McGahee (and Kelly Gregg, Derrick Mason, and Todd Heap) were released to help give younger players a chance and save salary cap space.

### Denver Broncos

McGahee signed with the Denver Broncos. He rushed for 249 yards, 1,999 yards, and five total touchdowns for Denver.

### Cleveland Browns

In 2014, McGahee played for the Cleveland Browns.

Other websites
--------------

* Willis McGahee at baltimoreravens.com
* Official Site
**Willie Francis** (January 12, 1929 – May 9, 1947) is best known for surviving a failed execution by electrocution in the United States. He was a juvenile offender sentenced to death at age 16 by the state of Louisiana in 1945. He was found guilty for the murder of Andrew Thomas, a Cajun pharmacy owner in St. Martinville who had once employed Francis. Francis was 17 when he survived the first attempt to execute him because the chair did not work correctly. He tried to appeal his case to the US Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court rejected it. He was executed in 1947 at age 18.

Arrest and trial
----------------

In 1944, Andrew Thomas, a pharmacist in St. Martinville, Louisiana, was shot and killed. His murder was unsolved for nine months. However, in August 1945, Willie Francis was arrested in Texas because he was a suspect for an unrelated crime. Police said that he was carrying Thomas' wallet in his pocket, but no evidence of this was given during the trial. 

Even though he wrote two confessions, Francis said he was not guilty. During his trial, the court-chosen defense attorneys had no objections, called no witnesses, and put up no defense. Francis' confessions were not questioned by the defense, although he had no counsel at the time. Two days after the trial began, Francis was quickly convicted of murder. He was sentenced to death by twelve jurors and the judge, even though Francis was 15 years old at the time of the crime.

Execution attempt, appeal, and second execution
-----------------------------------------------

On May 3, 1946, Francis survived an attempt at execution by the electric chair. Witnesses said they heard Francis scream from behind the leather hood, "Take it off! Take it off! Let me breathe goddammit!" as the electricity was being used. The electric chair, known as "Gruesome Gertie," was found to have been set up incorrectly by a drunk prison guard and inmate from the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola. The sheriff, E.L. Resweber, later said, "This boy really got a shock when they turned that machine on."

After the failed execution, a young lawyer named Bertrand DeBlanc, decided to take Francis' case. He believed it was cruel and unusual punishment, as prohibited in the Constitution, to have him be executed again. DeBlanc took Francis' case to the Supreme Court in *Francis v. Resweber*, 329 U.S. 459 (1947). He cited many violations of his Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. These included violations of equal protection, double jeopardy, and cruel and unusual punishment.

The US Supreme Court rejected the appeal. Willie Francis was returned to the electric chair on May 9, 1947. He was pronounced dead in the chair at 12:10 p.m. (CST).

Related pages
-------------

* Capital punishment

Other websites
--------------

* Supreme Court case history Archived 2005-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Gilbert King, *The Execution of Willie Francis*, official website of book
* Top 10 Amazing Execution Survival Stories

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| International | 
* FAST
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**Sinhala** or **Sinhalese**, earlier referred to as Singhalese, is the language of the Sinhalese. They are largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.

Sinhala has two varieties/forms - Spoken and Written, the former being the most popular form. Spoken Sinhala is easier to learn and use because it is so much relaxed in grammatical formality and rigidity. 

Sinhala is spoken by about 19 million people in Sri Lanka, about 16 million of them are native speakers. It is one of the constitutionally-recognised official languages of Sri Lanka, with Tamil. Sinhala has its own writing system (see Sinhala script) which is an offspring of the Indian Brahmi script.

The oldest Sinhala inscriptions were written in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC; the oldest existing literary works date from the 9th century AD.

The closest relative of Sinhala is Dhivehi, the language of the Maldives, .

The word order of Sinhala language is SOV (subject-object-verb) just like Japanese, Korean and many other languages in Asia. It would be easy for people from that particular language style to learn Sinhala with a little time and practice.

Ex 1 : 

```
      I     home   go
      Mama  gedara yanawa.
```

Ex 2 : 

```
      beautiful  dress
      Lassana    anduma
```

Morphologically, the words are built with the stem followed by a particle. The particle can vary so that it adds more grammatical change into the word connecting it to the whole sentence. 

pusa yanawa -

```
kitten is going.
```

pusath yanawa - 

```
kitten is also going.
```

ballata denawa -

```
giving (it) to the dog
```

ballatath denawa 

```
giving it to the dog as well
```

ballatama denawa 

```
giving it to the dog itself.
```

If you really take a good look at these sentences, you may easily find the stem of the words: pusa, pusath; ballata, ballathath, ballatama.

pusa- is the stem of the subjectival phrase. (kitten)

Pusa + th - as well

pusa + ta - to kitty

pusa + ta + th - to kitty as well

pusa + ta + ma - to kitty itself
^^

Writing system
--------------

Main articles: Sinhala script and Sinhala Brailleආයුබෝවන් (*āyubōvan*) means "welcome", literally wishing one a long life
***Scelidosaurus*** was an early type of herbivorous dinosaur. It was a thyreophoran, a lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long. It lived during the early Jurassic, 196 to 183 million years ago. Its fossils were found in Charmouth, Dorset, England.

*Scelidosaurus* has been called the earliest complete dinosaur.

It is one of the earliest and most basal of the armoured dinosaurs. A review by Serano had *Scelidosaurus* as the sister group (closest relative) to both the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria.

This genus lived on the supercontinent Laurasia. 
Its length was about 4 metres (13 ft). *Scelidosaurus* was quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It *may* have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet. This suggests a mostly quadrupedal posture.

*Scelidosaurus* and its Jurassic relatives were herbivorous. Other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material, but *Scelidosaurus* had smaller, less complex teeth. Its jaw could only do simple up-and-down movements. In this aspect, they resembled the stegosaurids, which also had primitive teeth and simple jaws. Also, like stegosaurs, they may have swallowed gastroliths to aid processing of food (because of the lack of chewing ability). This is also done by modern birds and crocodiles. The diet of *Scelidosaurus* was low-lying plants like ferns and cycads. Seaweed has also been suggested as a food. Grass did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.
Instrument
Morse code
**Telegraphy** (from the Greek words *tele (τηλε)* = far and *graphein (γραφειν)* = write) is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters.

A telegraph sends electric pulses in a special code, composed from short and large marks. Usually, amateur radio operators use Morse code. 

Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany

History
-------

Some of the first telegraphs were made in the late 1700s, but these were hard to use because they had too many wires. Samuel Morse made a telegraph using only one wire. In 1844, he built a telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. and soon, there were telegraphs all over the United States. This made it easier for people to talk to people far away and made it easier for people to move out West. A transatlantic telegraph cable and other developments linked the world by the end of the century. Radio telegraphy became widespread in the early 20th century, especially on ships.

People would send messages called *telegrams* to other people. They would give the message to a telegraph operator, who would send the message using Morse code. The operator on the other end would write down the message and give it to the person receiving the message. After the 1930s, it became cheaper to make long-distance telephone calls than to send telegrams, so fewer telegrams were sent. Western Union, an American company that was created for telegrams, sent its last one in 2006.

Telegraphs now
--------------

Telegraphs have become rare. This is because of newer technology that people can use to communicate, such as the telephone and the Internet. However, morse code is still popular among amateur radio enthusiasts.

Related pages
-------------

* Electrical telegraph

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Telegraphy***.

* The dictionary definition of telegraphy at Wiktionary
Sima Qian
**Sima Qian** (Chinese: 司马迁) was the historian of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was born at Xia Yang (present-day Shan Xi Province, Han City) in either 145 or 135 BC. His father, Sima Tan, was also a historian.

Life
----

When Sima Qian was 10, he could read the articles which were written in Classical Chinese.

He travelled around China and visited a plenty of scenic attractions and heritages when he was 20.

In 108 BC, with the death of Sima Qian's father, he carried on the job of being a historian.

In 104 BC, Sima Qian finished editing Taichu Calendar with the imperial officials, Tang Du and Luo Xiahong.

In 99 BC, Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair. He was punished and sent to prison. Sima Qian would be sentenced to death if he could not pay a fine or accept the terrible punishment - castration. With the fact that Sima Qian did not have enough money to pay the fine and he hoped to finish writing the Records of the Grand Historian, he accepted the castration. Sima Qian finally spent 19 years to write that book.

Sima Qian died in 86 BC.
Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works. The calling code for Armenia is +374.

Dialing plan
------------

The dialing plan is as below:

### Calling Armenia from abroad

From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:

```
  **+ 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
  **+ 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number** (to mobile network)
  **+ 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
  **+ 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK mobile network)
```

### Calling from Armenia

From Yerevan, marzes, mobile network and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) to abroad:

```
  **00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**
```

### Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh

```
  **0 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**
```

### Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia

From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:

```
  **0 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
  **0 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK mobile network)

```
**Silvio Poma** (Trescore Balneario, 1840 - Turate, 21 October 1932) was an Italian painter.

Biography
---------

He participates as a volunteer in the  II War of Independence and, later, he embarks on military life, but in 1866 he takes leave of the army after contracting malaria. On his return to Milan he attended the studios of Giovan Battista Lelli and Gerolamo Induno, both painter-soldiers with whom he had come into contact during the military campaign of 1859. He made his debut at the Fine Arts Exhibition of  Brera in 1869, but the first official awards came only in the middle of the following decade: in 1876 he won the Mylius prize of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera with a canvas of historical subject set in a large natural context of romantic taste entitled *Macbeth meets in the Dunscinane wood the massacres that predict his throne*; in 1877 one of his landscapes was purchased at the National Exhibition of Naples by Vittorio Emanuele II. He was buried in the Cimitero Maggiore di Milano, where his remains were later collected in a cell.

The public purchase by King Vittorio Emanuele II for his private collection will give him international fame among the royal families of the era.

Museums
-------

* Galleries of Piazza Scala, Milan
* Royal Museum of the House of Savoy

Exhibition
----------

* Fine Arts Exhibition of Brera Academy, 1881
* National Exhibition of Milan of 1883
* Rome Exhibition of 1883
* Turin Exhibition of 1884
* National Exhibition of Milan of 1886
* Venice Exhibition of 1887
* Bologna exhibition of 1888
* Bologna Exhibition of 1888, with  *Lierna's View of Bellagio*  (named as La Punta di Bellagio)
* Fine Arts Exhibition of Accademia di Brera, 1869
* National Exhibition of Naples, 1877

Other projects
--------------

 Media related to Silvio Poma at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* RKD Artists
* ULAN

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
Robert Broom
Professor **Robert Broom** (Paisley, 30 November 1866 – 6 April 1951) was a Scottish, and later South African, doctor and palaeontologist.

He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow. In 1893 he married Mary Baird Baillie.

From 1903 to 1910 he was Professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town.

Contributions
-------------

Broom was first known for his study of mammal-like reptiles. After Raymond Dart's discovery of the Taung Child, an infant australopithecine, Broom's interest in palaeoanthropology was heightened. Broom's career seemed over and he was sinking into poverty, when Dart wrote to Jan Smuts about the situation. Smuts put pressure on the South African government, and managed to get a position for Broom. In 1934 he joined the staff of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria as Assistant in Palaeontology.

In the following years, he and John T. Robinson made a series of spectacular finds, including fragments from six hominids in Sterkfontein, which they named *Plesianthropus transvaalensis*, but which was later classified as an adult *Australopithecus africanus*, as well as more discoveries at sites in Kromdraai and Swartkrans.

In 1937, Broom made his most famous discovery of *Paranthropus robustus*. These discoveries helped support Dart's claims for the Taung species.

The remainder of Broom's career was devoted to the exploration of these sites and the interpretation of the many early hominid remains discovered there. For his volume, *The South Africa fossil ape-men, the Australopithecinae*, in which he proposed the Australopithecinae subfamily, Broom was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1946. He continued to write to the very last. Shortly before his death he finished a monograph on the Australopithecines and remarked to his nephew:  

"Now that's finished ... and so am I".

Assessment of his work
----------------------

"More than any scientist before or since, Broom's work on *Australopithecus* fundamentally revised the study of fossil man... The significant point is that Broom assigned all except one of these to a single zoological subfamily – the australopithecines, and made it quite clear that [they] were good candidates for the ancestry of mankind".

Books
-----

* Broom R. 1930. *The origin of the human skeleton: an introduction to human osteology*. Witherby, London.
* Broom R. 1932. *The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa, and the origin of mammals*. Witherby, London.
* Broom R. 1946. *The South Africa fossil ape-men, the Australopithecinae*.
* Broom, R. 1950. *Finding the missing link*. Watts, London.
**Paranoia** is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called **paranoid**. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.

If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses.

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.
The **Sydney Harbour National Park** is a national park in the Australian state of New South Wales. The protection of the park was announced in 1975. Between 1978 to 1984, the area of the park was enlarged several times.

Geography
---------

The national park is in the middle of metropolitan Sydney with an area of about 3.93 km². This area is spread over various areas around Sydney Harbor and several islands, such as B. Bradleys Head, Middle and Georges Heads, North Head, South Head and Harbour Island.

Vegetation
----------

About 40 % of the area is taken up by heather areas, which are partially overgrown by natural tree vegetation. About 25 % of the area - especially in protected locations with deep soils - can be described as woodland. Another 15% eucalyptus forests grow.

Wildlife
--------

In the national park there are mainly nocturnal mammals, including gray-headed flying foxes, large long-nosed bucks, Stuart broad-footed pouches, the golden-bellied swimming rat, cusus, ringbucks, echins and bats.

Around 150 bird species have been observed in the national park so far, 44 also breed here, including the Cormorant, masked lapwing, white-bellied sea eagle and gray-headed falcon. There is also a breeding colony of the little penguins here.

History
-------

Long before Australia became a British colony, the area around Sydney Harbor was inhabited by the Aboriginal groups of the Eora, Guringai and Dharug. That changed soon after the arrival of the first European settlers and prisoners. In order to make way for the development of the colony, the Aborigines were pushed further and further from their traditional settlement and hunting areas. Many died of previously unknown diseases such as smallpox or were even killed. Around the middle of the 19th By the mid-19th century, the Aborigines were almost displaced from the Sydney area.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the park with photos
Structure of a nucleosome
**Nucleosomes** are the building blocks which make up chromosomes. They consist of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.

First, DNA and a protein make up chromatin. Then the chromatin is packed up into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are then packaged up to make a chromosome. The packages do three things: the chromosomes function in cell division; the very long DNA is wrapped up in a shorter package; and the proteins regulate the gene action in cells.

Details
-------

Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.

In mammalian cells about two metres of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter. Nucleosomes are folded, in a series of higher order structures, to form a chromosome. This folding compacts the DNA and adds a layer of regulatory control. The control ensures correct gene expression. 

Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information, as modifications of their core histones. This information can be passed on to daughter cells, but it usually wiped out by meiosis in germ cells.

The nucleosome hypothesis proposed by Don and Ada Olins and Roger Kornberg 
in 1974, was a big step for understanding eukaryotic gene expression. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2006) for this and other discoveries.

Nucleosome dynamics
-------------------

Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static. It undergoes some structural re-arrangements, such as nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription.

Since they were discovered in the mid 1960’s, histone changes were thought to affect transcription.

Some modifications have been shown to be correlated with gene silencing, others seem to be correlated with gene activation. The information stored in this way is considered epigenetic: it is not coded in the DNA but is nevertheless inherited by daughter cells. The maintenance of a particular state of a gene is often necessary for cellular differentiation.
**Sonny & Cher** were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of husband and wife Sonny Bono and Cher. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector.

The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, "Baby Don't Go" and "I Got You Babe". Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, *Good Times*and *Chastity*, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, "Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)". In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label.

In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, *The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour* and *The Sonny & Cher Show*. The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce. In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide. *Rolling Stone* ranked them No. 18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.
***The Elephant Whisperer: My Life with the Herd in the African Wild*** is a book by Lawrence Anthony and Graham Spence about Anthony's own life. It was published in 2009, but it is about things that happened before 2003. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. published it. It is about a game preserve in South Africa called Thula Thula where a herd of elephants come to live.

Plot
----

Lawrence Anthony tells the reader about elephants who came to live at Thula Thula in 1999. They had been at a different game preserve, but they learned how to break through the electric fence and escape. This was bad because they ate people's crops and because any human who wanted to could kill them. The oldest elephant was shot by humans.

Usually, African game wardens did not talk to or go near the elephants because this can change their natural behavior. But these elephants were so angry at and afraid of humans that Anthony decided to do something different. He decided to make friends with them so they would not hate humans. In the book, he tells the reader how he became friends with the elephants, caught poachers, made deals with African humans who lived nearby, for example the Zulu king and chiefs, took care of a sick baby elephant, and ran the game preserve.

Critical response
-----------------

The audiobook recording of *The Elephant Whisperer* won an Audie Award for best biography or memoir.
**Tanah Merah Station (EW4/CG)** is an MRT Station in Bedok, Singapore. It is along the East West MRT Line. 

The station is situated between Simei and Bedok. It is a cross-platform interchange for trains heading towards Changi Airport. Passengers going to Expo or Changi Airport may board the train from platforms C and D. Similar to other stations on the eastern section of the East West Line, the station's design consists of white-washed walls, curved pillars and a dome-shaped ceiling. Exclusive to this station, there is a glass roof running along the middle of the station.

Tanah Merah MRT is also officially assigned the station code "CG", to differentiate the station's operations on the Main Line and the Changi Airport Branch Line.

History
-------

The station was originally not going to be open with the rest of the East West Line in between 1988 and 1989 as there were only private houses surrounding it, but increasing pressure from Members of Parliament and the public forced SMRT to open this station. When it opened on 4 November 1989, the demand was extremely stagnant, with only private houses, Bedok South housing estates and Fengshan housing estates to cater to. The demand increased when Singapore Expo and the MRT line to Changi Airport opened.

The addition of a new platform was announced by Land Transport Authority on 25 August 2014 to allow trains to arrive and depart at shorter intervals and an improvement in waiting times with the enhancements. On 26 October 2016, the Land Transport Authority awarded the civil contract to Lum Chang Building Contractors Pte. Ltd. to build a new platform at Tanah Merah Station and viaducts for a contract sum of S$325 million. In addition to the new platforms, the existing East-West Line tracks will be extended to connect the line to the new four-in-one East Coast Integrated Depot at Changi. When completed in 2024, it will be the second station to have triple island platforms after Jurong East.