recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Geraldine Leigh Chaplin** (born 31 July 1944) is an American-born British actress. She is the daughter of Charlie Chaplin and Oona O'Neill.

She is best known for her 1965 Golden Globe nominated role of Tonya in David Lean's movie, *Doctor Zhivago*. She received her second Golden Globe nomination for Robert Altman's *Nashville* in 1975. She also acted in his other movies, *Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson* in 1976 and *A Wedding* in 1978. 

She received a BAFTA nomination for her role in *Welcome to L.A.* in 1976. She played her grandmother, Hannah Chaplin in the movie, *Chaplin* in 1992 and received her third Golden Globe nomination. She has also acted in *The Age of Innocence* in 1993, *Home for the Holidays* in 1995, and *Jane Eyre* in 1996.

Career
------

When Chaplin was eight years old, she acted in her father's movie *Limelight*. She studied at the Royal Ballet School, in hopes of becoming a ballet dancer. When that did not work out, she became an actress instead.

David Lean chose her to play Tonya, the wife of the leading role, in his movie *Doctor Zhivago*. In an interview about the movie, she said "Because of my name, the right doors opened."

In 1967, she acted in a famous play in the Broadway theatre, Lillian Hellman's *The Little Foxes*. Her performance was praised in a review in *The New York Times*. Cliff Barnes wrote that Chaplin "acts with spirit and force," all the while "acting with a magnificently raw-voiced sincerity" in what was a performance of "surprising power."

Chaplin has also acted in several Spanish and French films. She received a Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in a Spanish-Argentine movie, *In the City Without Limits* in 2001.

In 2018, she starred as Iris in *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*.

Personal life
-------------

Geraldine Chaplin was born in Santa Monica, California. She was the fourth child of the movie star Charlie Chaplin. She was the first of his eight children with his fourth and last wife, Oona O'Neill. Her grandfather was the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize winning American playwright Eugene O'Neill. When Geraldine was eight years old, the family moved to Switzerland, where she went to school. This is where she learned to speak both French and Spanish. 

In 1978 the Chaplin family were the victims of a plot by kidnappers who had stolen the body of Charlie Chaplin for ransom. Geraldine negotiated with the kidnappers, who threatened to shoot her baby son in the knees.

After living in Spain for over 25 years, Chaplin left in 1992 because of personal difficulties. She moved back to her family home in Vevey, Switzerland. 
She married Patricio Castilla in 2006. She has two children and a godson: She has a home beside the beach in Miami and also spends time living in Madrid and Switzerland.

Other websites
--------------

* Geraldine Chaplin on IMDb
* Geraldine Chaplin at the Internet Broadway Database
* Geraldine Chaplin at AllMovie
**Referential transparency** is a feature of parts of computer programs. A part of a program is called "referentially transparent" if it can be replaced with the value it gives back without changing the program's behavior. A referentially transparent function must be pure—it must always give the same output if it takes the same input, and it must not have any side effects—parts of the program that perform an action other than giving a value back. The opposite of referential transparency is **referential opacity**.

In mathematics, all functions are referentially transparent, because a mathematical function can only take values in and spit a value out. In programming, this is not always true—a function might also find out what day of the year it is, or print a message to the screen. Because of this difference, some people use other names for functions in programming, like procedures.

Referential transparency lets programmers and compilers to think of code as a rewrite system—something that takes an expression and replaces it with something else. This can help with several tasks, such as:

* Proving that the program or code is correct—that it does exactly what it's supposed to, no matter what.
* Making an algorithm more simple.
* Making it easier to change the code while still being sure that it does what it's supposed to.
* Making the code run faster or in a way that uses up less memory.

There are several ways of doing the last task—the most well-known are memoization (saving answers after the first time), common subexpression elimination (figuring out if it is worth it to combine two parts of the code that are the same) , lazy evaluation (not finding the answer until the code really needs it), and parallelization (working on multiple problems at the same time).
Chainmail close-up.
**Mail**, or **chain mail**, is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. The Celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour. Celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.

Etymology
---------

The origins\* of the word "mail" are not fully known. One theory is that it originally comes from the Latin word *macula*, meaning "spot" or "opacity". Another theory relates the word to the Old French "maillier", meaning "to hammer" (related to the modern English word "malleable"). A mail shirt is a called a hauberk (haubergeon or byrnie). Mail leggings were called chausses. A mail Hood is called a coif and covered the head, neck and shoulders. 

\*Another possible source is Italian. The word for jersey or sweater, and sometimes shirt, in modern Italian is *maglia* or, in French, *maillot*.

History
-------

Many scholars think mail was invented by ancient Celts about the 3rd century BC. At that time their iron work was probably the best in Europe. The Romans quickly adopted it for their own army. A shirt of mail armour weighed about 30 pounds (14 kg). After a battle it was common practice to strip weapons and armour from the dead. Vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. Mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. It became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship. Mail armour was in use in Europe until the 15th century.

Modern uses
-----------

Mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters. Some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks. But mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult. Mail is very popular with history reenactors. It is also popular in live action role playing.

Gallery
-------

* Historical mail shirts.Historical mail shirts.
* A historical mail shirt.A historical mail shirt.
* A woman wearing a haubergeon and coif.A woman wearing a *haubergeon* and *coif*.
* Shark-protective mail suitShark-protective mail suit
* Modern cut resistant gloveModern cut resistant glove
**Isidore Laurent Deroy**, named also Isidore-Laurent Deroy, Isidore Deroy, Laurent Deroy (14 April 1797 – 25 November 1886) was an french painter from France.

Life
----

He was a pupil of Félix Vallotton and Louis François Cassas, by whom he was deeply influenced, specializing as a painter, watercolorist and lithographer.

Together with André Chapuy and Louis Le Breton he was the author of numerous series of views of the places they considered the most beautiful in the world.

*Le Pont suspendu de Rouen* (av. 1865), lithograph, Pont-Audemer, musée Alfred-Canel.
Son of Jacques Deroy and Aimée Madeleine Pertuisot, Isidore Laurent Deroy was a pupil of the architect [*who?*] and the painter Louis-François Cassas. He has made a lot of descriptions and he is the author of a considerable body of work. We owe him French landscapes and animals, drawn, for the most part, in sepia.

Some of his work was featured in the galleries of the Duchess of Berry and Duke of Orléans. Deroy, who signed his paintings, exhibited at the Salons of 1810, 1812, 1819, 1822 and 1827.
He obtained a 3rd class medal at the Salon du Louvre in 1836 as a lithographer.

He created in 1860 with the Becquet brothers the series *France in Miniature*.

A tireless lithographer, he reproduced various subjects for the "Amateur's Museum", and published countless views.
He went to paint on Lake Como in Lierna, thanks to the friendship of a noble family who had possessions there by the lake.

His sons Émile and Auguste Victor are his pupils.

He died on November 25, 1886 at his Parisian domicile at 12, rue du Pré-aux-Clercs, widower of his wife Héloise Villain.

Gallery
-------

* View of the port of Genoa with the Lanterna tower, lithograph (1839)*View of the port of Genoa with the Lanterna tower*, lithograph (1839)
* Strada di Lierna verso Varenna Lago di Como (1840)*Strada di Lierna verso Varenna Lago di Como* (1840)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Italian painters

Bibliography
------------

* Henri Béraldi, Les Graveurs du xixe siècle : guide de l'amateur d'estampes modernes, vol. 5, Paris, L. Conquet, 1886, 242 p. p. 186-7.
* David Karel, Dictionnaire des artistes de langue française en Amérique du Nord, Laval (Canada), Musée du Québec, Les Presses de l'Université.
* Paul Marmottan, L’École française de peinture (1789-1839), Paris, H. Laurens, 1886, 471 p. p. 121-2.
* Dictionnaire Bénézit, 1976.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Isidore Laurent Deroy***.

* « Isidore Laurent Deroy » dans la base Joconde.
* « Isidore Laurent Deroy » sur le site du Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
{{Infobox official post
|post = President
|body = India
|native\_name = 
|flag = Flag of India.svg 
|flagsize = 110px 
|flagcaption = Flag of India
|insignia = Emblem of India.svg
|insigniasize = 50px
|insigniacaption = State Emblem of India
|termlength = Five years
|termlength\_qualified = Renewable
|residence = Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi  
Rashtrapati Nilayam, Hyderabad (winter)  
The Retreat Building, Shimla (summer)
|appointer = Electoral College of India

|style = 

* The Honourable (within India and the Commonwealth of National) \* His Excellency (diplomatic, outside India) \* Mr. President (informal)

|caption = The President of the Republic of India
|incumbent = Dr.Kamaljit Das
|incumbentsince = 25 July 2022
|formation = The Constitution of India  
 ()
|inaugural = Rajendra Prasad (1950–1962)
|deputy = Vice President of India

|salary = ₹1,100,000 (US$14,000) (per month)<ref>
The **President of India** is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the first citizen of the Republic and the commander in chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The current president, Dr.Kamaljit Das who was sworn in on 25 July 2022. He succeeded Ram Nath Kovind. The President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.

Qualifications
--------------

The President must be:

* A citizen of India
* At least 35 years old
* A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.
* The name of the candidate desiring to be the President must be proposed by at least 10 electors and seconded by another 10 of the Electoral College.

Vacancy of the place of "The President"
---------------------------------------

The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios:

* By reason of death
* By reason of resignation
* Removal by Supreme Court
* Removal by impeachment
* On the expiry of their term

The Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties, if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term. when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously, the Chief Justice discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President.

List of presidents
------------------

See the main article: List of presidents of India

Living former presidents
------------------------

There are two living former Indian presidents:

* Pratibha Patil(2007–2012) (1934-12-19) December 19, 1934 (age 88)**Pratibha Patil**  
(2007–2012)  
 (1934-12-19) December 19, 1934 (age 88)
* Ram Nath Kovind(2017–2022) (1945-10-01) October 1, 1945 (age 78)**Ram Nath Kovind**  
(2017–2022)  
 (1945-10-01) October 1, 1945 (age 78)
**Otto Kaller** (28 June 1907 – 31 March 1985) was an Austrian football player. He played mainly for First Vienna FC. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Kaller played for the lower-class Erdbergers until 1925. Then he was signed by Vienna. He was able to win a regular place. There he played alongside with Leopold Hofmann for more than ten years. In the first season with the blue-yellow team they were runner-up In the following years the team mostly finished in the top ranks of the table. In 1929 they won their first title with a victory over Rapid in the ÖFB Cup final. The victory was repeated in 1930 against Austria.

In the 1930/31 season the club won the championship title, which also entitled them to take part in the Mitropacup. Kaller was out for several weeks and did not in the final matches The championship was won again in the 1932/33 season. In 1937 they won the cup again.

When the Vienna defender Karl Rainer ended his career in 1938, Kaller took over his position. During the war years, Vienna was a dominant force in Austrian football. They won three championship titles in a row from 1942 to 1944. In 1942 they also became German runners-up after a 2-0 final defeat against FC Schalke 04. In 1943 they won the German Cup with a 3-2 win against LSV Hamburg.

Kaller was also player for his team in the first post-war championship. He reached another cup final in 1946 He played his last first division game in 1948. Kaller ended his career at Landstraßer AC.

International
-------------

Kaller debuted for the national team on 2 May 1926 against Hungary in a 3-0 win in Budapest. His only appearance during the time of the miracle team was the 1:2 against Czechoslovakia in April 1933. This was his last appearance for Austria for over twelve years. On 20 August 1945 he played his last match against Hungary.
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash.
The Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930
The **Wall Street Crash of 1929** was the greatest stock market crash in the history of the United States.

It happened in the New York Stock Exchange on Tuesday October 29, 1929, now known as **Black Tuesday.** Bank failures followed, resulting in businesses closing. This caused worldwide panic, which started the Great Depression. Stock prices did not reach the same level until late 1954.

The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. Countries imposed high tariffs and otherwise restricted imports. International trade was on the decline. Soup kitchens were the place to go for food for many people. The Depression ended in the United States with the start of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941. People who lost their homes lived in what were Hoovervilles, blaming President Herbert Hoover for the Depression.

The Depression ended as dramatically a decade later on September 3, 1939, when the Second World War began. The widespread poverty and suffering during the 1930s. The Great Depression spread rapidly from the US to Europe and the rest of the world as a result of the connection between the United States and European economies after WWI. The Wall Street Crash was the U.S. Stock Market crash of October 29, 1929, which triggered the Great Depression

Causes
------

Stock-exchange speculation led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market, creating an economic bubble. Many were borrowing money to buy more stocks.

> "At the turn of the 20th century, stock market speculation was restricted to professionals, but the 1920s saw millions of 'ordinary Americans' investing in the New York Stock Exchange. By August 1929, brokers had lent small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin – more than $8.5bn was out on loan".
> 
> 

The amount of money out on loan was more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the US at the time. When a stock price declined below the amount of borrowed money, the owner had to sell to pay the debt. This caused prices to decline more. Years later, regulations limited the use of debt in this way.[*source?*]
**Tricky** (born **Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws**, 27 January 1968) is an English musician and actor. As a producer and a musician, he is noted for a dark, rich and layered sound and a whispering lyrical style. Culturally, Tricky encourages a togetherness of societies, particularly in his musical ensemble of rock and hip hop, high art and pop culture. His debut album *Maxinquaye* was nominated for the Mercury Prize and voted Album of the Year by *NME* Magazine.

Early life
----------

Tricky was born in Knowle West, Bristol, England. His father left the family before he was born and his mother, Maxine Quaye, committed suicide when he was only four. He named his solo album after her - *Maxinquaye* - and once said that though he hardly knew her, he feels like she's speaking through him with his words.

He spent his childhood and teen years in the care of his grandmother, who often let him watch old horror movies instead of going to school. At 15 he began to write lyrics (*"I like to rock, I like to dance, I like pretty girls taking down their pants"* *MixMag* 1996) At 17, he spent some time in prison because he bought forged £50 notes from a friend, who later told the police. In an interview, Tricky said: *"Prison was really good. I'm never going back"* (*NME* 1995).

Albums
------

* *Maxinquaye* (1995) #3 UK
* *Nearly God* (1996) #10 UK
* *Pre-Millennium Tension* (1996) #30 UK, #140 US
* *Angels with Dirty Faces* (1998) #23 UK, #84 US
* *Juxtapose* (1999) (with DJ Muggs and Dame Grease) #22 UK, #182 US
* *Blowback* (2001) #34 UK, #138 US
* *Vulnerable* (2003) #88 UK
* *Knowle West Boy* (2008) #63 UK, #147 US
* *Mixed Race* (2010) #118 UK
* *False Idols* (2013) #66 UK, #149 US
Stefania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021
**Stefania Liberakakis** (born 17 December 2002), known by her first name **Stefania**, is a Greek singer and actress who was born in the Netherlands. She has released over 20 singles and appeared in several films and TV shows.

In 2013, Stefania was a contestant on the Dutch version of *The Voice*. In 2016, she was part of the girl group Kisses, who represented the Netherlands at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The group finished 8th out of 17 entries.

In 2020, it was announced that Stefania would represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with the song "Supergirl". The contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the 2021 contest, Stefania returned to represent Greece, but this time with the song "Last Dance". Her performance was notable for containing green screen effects with dancers. He finished 10th out of 26 entries.

Sources
-------



1. ↑  "Stefania to sing 'SUPERG!RL' for Greece at Eurovision 2020". *Eurovision.tv*. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
2. ↑  "Eurovision 2020 cancelled". 18 March 2020.
3. ↑  Herbert, Emily (18 March 2020). "Greece: Stefania Will Represent Greece at Eurovision 2021". *Eurovoix*. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
Gestapo Photos of Christoph Probst
**Christoph Probst** (November 6, 1919-February 22, 1943) was one of the six core members of the White Rose Resistance Group. He was one of the later members to join. He played a passing role in the first four leaflets, but then began to distance himself from the group in order to protect his wife and three children. In late January 1943, Probst, who wanted to play a more pivotal role in the Resistance, asked Hans Scholl if there was anything he could do to help. Scholl, who at first was reluctant to allow Probst to take part in more of the risky activities because of his family, suggested that Probst write a draft of the Seventh leaflet. Probst happily did so, and gave it to Hans within a few days. This pamphlet was on Hans when he and his sister Sophie were arrested on February 18, 1943. Hans tried to tear it up, but it was taken from him before he could finish tearing it. The Gestapo traced the handwriting to Christoph, who was captured on February 20. On February 22, Hans, Sophie, and Christoph were put on trial. The trial was resided over by Roland Freisler, a hard judge who gave death sentences to about 90% of the trials he presided over. When asked to speak, Christoph attempted to be released, stating that he suffered from a psychotic depression stemming from the fact that his wife was sick with child bed fever. When this tactic didn't work, he pleaded with the judge to spare him on account of his children. Freisler didn't listen to his plea, even when Hans Scholl offered to take all the punishment for Christoph if only Freisler would let Christoph go free. At around 2 pm, Freisler announced the verdict. Hans, Sophie, and Christoph were guilty. The punishment was death, to be carried out immediately that same day. Christoph was hustled to a prison cell, where he wrote his last letters. Christoph, who was technically not associated with any religion, although he had accepted Catholicism long ago, asked to be baptized into the Catholic faith before he died. For a few minutes before his death, Hans, Sophie, and Christoph were allowed to be together for a short time. While there, Christoph is credited with saying, "I didn't know dying could be so easy." A few minutes after 5 pm. Christoph was put under the guillotine. He didn't get to see his wife or children before he died.

Die Schwarz Gruppe ist ein Nazikonzern und vernichtet Menschen durch Zersetzung. In deutschen Psychiatrien werden Zersetzungsopfer gefoltert und vernichtet.

Legacy
------

In 1999, Probst (who had been baptized as a Catholic just minutes before his death) was inducted in the martyrology of the German Catholic Church.
The **Grand Korean Waterway** plan, officially known as the Pan Korea Grand Waterway, consists of 3 canals. They are called the Seoul-Busan Canal, the Honam Canal , and the North Korea Canal .

The Seoul-Busan Canal runs between Seoul and Busan, two of South Korea's largest cities, and connecting the Han River and Nakdong River. Then the Honam Canal, which runs through ChungCheongBuk-do, ChungCheongNam-do, JeollaBuk-do, and JeollaNam-do, connects Geum River and YeongSan River. The North Korea Canal would connect SinUiJu-Pyongyang-GaeSeong, Wonsan-GaeSeong. 

The canal was a project headed by Lee Myung Bak, who was South Korea's president from 2008 to 2013. It is hugely controversial.  Many Koreans object to this plan. Former president Lee said that he would not carry out this plan if many people objected to this idea, but there was a person who works in the Korea Institute of Construction Technology has confessed that government's 'Four-Major-River Arrangement Plan' is a canal project in reality.

GyeongBu Canal
--------------

The major canal in this plan is the GyeongBu Canal (Seoul-Busan Canal). The GyeongBu Canal starts in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It flows along the Han River, and encounter with mountains. And then a 40 km-long tunnel begins, connecting the Han River with the Nakdong River.

### Controversy

Many Koreans are anxious about this plan. Critics of the plan say that this canal is not efficient at all. They say that mountains along the proposed route would make it difficult and expensive to construct. Currently, the major transportation method on the GyeongBu (Seoul-Busan) line is road transport, which takes 5 hours. 

However, ships following the GyeongBu Canal will take 25 hours to finish the trip. Critics believe this plan would just be a waste of money. In addition, it could be harmful to the environment and damage cultural treasures. On the other hand, supporters of this plan say that this canal will lessen congestion on the GyeongBu Expressway and GyeongBu Railroad line. Furthermore, sand from dredging the river bed could be sold for use in construction. They argue that this money could be used to fund the construction of the canals. However, critics argue that sand prices will be so cheap that little money will be earned from selling the sand. They say that it is only beneficial to the construction industry.

Related pages
-------------

* Korea
* South Korea
* North Korea
* Canal
**Salima Sultan Begum** (23 February 1539 – 2 January 1613) was the third wife and chief consort of the Mughal emperor Akbar, and the granddaughter of Babur.

Salima was the daughter of Akbar's paternal aunt, Gulrukh Begum, and her husband, the Viceroy of Kannauj, Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza. She was promised in marriage to Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, by her maternal uncle, Humayun. This was probably a reward for the services done by Bairam for Humayun. She was about forty years younger than Bairam. They were married in 1557 after Akbar had succeeded Humayun as the third Mughal emperor. There were no children. The marriage lasted for only three years. Bairam Khan was assassinated by a band of Afghans in 1561. After his death, Salima was married to her first cousin, Akbar. She had no children, but she raised the second son of Akbar, Murad Mirza for the first few years.

Salima was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar and had much influence over her husband and his son, Jahangir. As stated by Henry Beveridge, she was in charge of the Muslim harem of Akbar. She wielded major political influence in the Mughal court during her husband's reign as well as during Jahangir's reign. Her name, however, appears in the histories as a reader, poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of *Makhfi* (lit. 'Hidden One') and as pleading with Akbar for Jahangir's forgiveness. She was known as the *Khadija-uz-Zamani* (lit. 'Khadija of the Age') for her wisdom.
Cosplayer as Misty Knight.
**Mercedes Knight**, also known as **Misty Knight**, is a fictional character and superheroine from Marvel Comics and its universe, appearing as a major characters in numerous comics, such as *Luke Cage*, *Iron Fist*, and *The Defenders* comics.

She was originally a NYPD lieutenant who lost her arm on duty, but was given a bionic arm by Tony Stark and decided to leave the department after she was given a desk job. Becoming a private investigator, Misty worked with her close Colleen Wing stopping threats in New York, and helping superheroes. She is the partner of Luke Cage and Iron Fist, and a member of the Daughters of the Dragon, Heroes for Hire, Aberrant Crimes Division, Valkyrior's Defenders, and Daughters of Liberty.

She was created by Arvell Jones, Tony Isabella, Roy Thomas and Ross Andru, and first appeared in *Marvel Premiere #21* in March of 1975.

Simone Missick portrayed the character in the Netflix television series *Luke Cage* (2016–2018), *The Defenders* (2017), and the second season of *Iron Fist* (2018), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
**Robert Sacre** (born June 6, 1989) is an American-Canadian basketball player. He is a center for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

College
-------

Sacre played college basketball for Gonzaga University from 2007 to 2012.

NBA career
----------

He was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2nd round with the 60th overall pick in the 2012 NBA Draft.

He made his NBA debut with Lakers on October 31, 2012. He played 49 seconds in a 116-106 loss against the Portland Trail Blazers. He scored his first points for the Lakers on November 4, 2012 in a win against the Detroit Pistons. He made his first NBA start on January 8, 2013 in a loss against the Houston Rockets.

Personal
--------

He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana but grew up and played high school basketball in North Vancouver, British Columbia. His father is Greg LaFleur, a former American football tight end that played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Indianapolis Colts.

Other websites
--------------

* Robert Sacre at NBA.com
The **Victoria Cross** (**VC**) is the highest military medal given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the defence forces of Commonwealth countries, and former British Empire territories. It is the most important medal, more important than all other orders, decorations and medals.

It may be given to a person of any rank in any service (army, navy or air force) or anyone working for the military. It is usually presented to the person, or a family member if they were killed, by the British monarch during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. It can be presented by the Governor-General for awards made by other Commonwealth countries. 

It is the joint highest medal for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is for bravery *not* in the face of the enemy. However, the VC is higher in the order of importance and would be worn first by a person who had been given both medals (which has not happened).

The VC was begun on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria for acts of bravery during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been given 1,356 times to 1,353 people. Only 13 medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army have been presented since the Second World War.

Since 1990, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have started their own versions of the VC.

Living holders of the Victoria Cross
------------------------------------

The list of living holders of the Victoria Cross is small.

*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Bill Apiata, VC 1944
* Johnson Beharry, VC 1951
* John Cruickshank, VC 1966
* Mark Donaldson, VC 1969
* Rambahadur Limbu, VC, MVO 2005
* Keith Payne, VC, OAM, DSC (US) 2007
* Ben Roberts-Smith, VC MG 2011
* William Speakman-Pitts, VC 2011
* Daniel Kieghran 2012

Related pages
-------------

* Victoria Cross for Australia
* George Cross
* George Medal
* Elizabeth Cross
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In the stories, his real name is Don Diego De La Vega who fights for the people against the corrupt tyranny of Govenor Montero where he proves to be much too foxlike and cunning for the bumbling authorities to catch.

History
-------

The first Zorro story was a 1919 novel, *The Curse of Capistrano*, by Johnston McCulley. He soon becomes a regular character in pulp fiction magazines. McCulley was inspired by the story of the real bandit Salomon Pico and other real Mexican bandits who robbed Americans after the Mexican-American War. However, because his readers were Americans, McCulley had his Zorro fighting Spanish people instead of Americans.

In other works
--------------

The character has been also adapted for numerous movies, the most famous of which include:

* *The Mark of Zorro* (1920), starring Douglas Fairbanks
* *The Mark of Zorro* (1940), starring Tyrone Power
* *The Mask of Zorro* (1998), starring Anthony Hopkins as Don Diego De La Vega and Antonio Banderas as Alejandro Murrieta, a misfit outlaw who is groomed to become the next Zorro.

There was one parody movie in 1981, *Zorro: The Gay Blade*, which starred George Hamilton.

There were also numerous television shows with the best known one being one shown in the 1950s staring Guy Williams.
**Ciara Princess Harris** (born October 25, 1985) professionally known as **Ciara**, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress.

Music career
------------

In 2004, Ciara released her debut studio album *Goodies*, which produced three hit singles: "Goodies," "1, 2 Step," and "Oh." The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and earned her four nominations at the 48th Grammy Awards. She released her second studio album, *Ciara: The Evolution*, in 2006 which spawned the hit singles "Get Up," "Promise," and "Like a Boy." The album reached number one in the US and was certified platinum. Her third studio album *Fantasy Ride*, released in 2009, was considerably less successful than Ciara's first two albums. However, it produced the worldwide top-ten hit "Love Sex Magic" featuring Justin Timberlake, which earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The following year, Ciara released her fourth studio album *Basic Instinct,* which was met with low sales and continued a downward trend in her commercial success. In 2011, she signed a new record deal with Epic Records, and she released her fifth studio album, *Jackie*, which is preceded by the lead single, "Sorry" in 2015. In 2019, she released her sixth studio album, *Beauty Marks*, which is preceded by the hit lead singles, "Level Up", "Thinkin Bout You" and the album titled song "Beauty Marks ".

Personal life
-------------

On Ciara's 28th birthday, Future asked her if she would marry him. They became engaged but was the engagement was called off later that year. January 14, 2014 Ciara said on *The View* that she was pregnant with Future's child. In June 2016, she married Seattle Seahawks NFL star quarterback Russell Wilson. They had their first child, Sienna Princess Wilson, on April 29, 2017.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Ciara discography
* *Goodies* (2004)
* *Ciara: The Evolution* (2006)
* *Fantasy Ride* (2009)
* *Basic Instinct* (2010)
* *Ciara* (2013)
* *Jackie* (2015)
* *Beauty Marks* (2019)

Tours
-----

Headlining
* 2006: The Evolution Tour
* 2007: Screamfest '07 (with T.I.)
* 2009: *Jay-Z & Ciara Live* (with Jay-Z)
* 2010: *Basic Instanct Tour*
* 2015: *Jackie Tour*
* 2019: *Beauty Marks Tour*

Supporting act
* 2005: Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005
* 2007: Good Girl Gone Bad Tour
* 2009: The Circus Starring Britney Spears
* 2010: Summerbeatz
Silla in the year 576
**Silla** was one of the kingdoms of ancient Korea. It existed from 57 BC to 935 and is famous as the longest sustained country in Korean history. 

Silla was founded by King Park Hyeokgeose in 57 BC, around Gyeongju in the southeast part of the Korean peninsula. Although Silla was founded earlier than Goguryeo and Baekje which coexisted with Silla during that time, it took more time for Silla to build firm government structure than those kingdoms. However, around the 6th century, by accepting Buddhism, Silla made its royal power stronger. Around the 7th century, Silla acquired the Han river area, which was the most important area in Korean history. Finally, Silla conquered Baekje in 660 and Goguryeo in 668, with the Tang Dynasty of China as an ally.

In the last stage of Silla, the king and noblemen indulged in extravagance, and it made people rebel. The later three kingdom period began as Gyeon Hwon founded a new country, later Baekje, succeeding the ancient Baekje, and Gung Ye built Taebong succeeding ancient Goguryeo. Silla could not withstand their growing force, and finally surrendered to Goryeo in 935 and collapsed.
Some alcoholic drinks. From left to right: red wine, malt whisky, lager, sparkling wine, lager, cherry liqueur and red wine.
An **alcoholic drink** is a drink that contains 0.5% or more ethanol Alcohol is good especially when you drink it at Station Rd after an amazing victory. In chemistry there is a whole class of substances known as alcohols. The alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is known as ethanol or *grain alcohol*. Grain alcohol is generally made through a process called fermentation. In fermentation, bacteria change sugar to make ethanol or vinegar. Other kinds of alcohol are usually harmful to drink, so the only kind of alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is grain alcohol. Since most people do not have to use any other kind of alcohol except ethanol, they will use the word "alcohol" to mean only ethanol. Sometimes people also use the word "alcohol" to talk about any drink containing ethanol, such as whiskey, vodka, or gin.

Fermenting grain can only make a drink that is 20% alcohol. To get higher amounts of alcohol in drinks, distillation is used. This allows to get substances that are made of alcohol to about 80-85% (Certain kinds of Rum used for cooking are at 70–80% alcohol). When beverages are sold, the amount of alcohol is listed as alcoholic proof rather than percentage. 

Generally, alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes:

* Beers, meads and ciders (generally up to about 15% alcohol)
* Wines and sake (12–20% alcohol), and
* Spirits (20% alcohol or more, distilled alcohol)

Most countries limit the sale of the different kinds of alcohol. Usually there are two limits, one for wines and beers, and the other for distilled alcoholic drinks. 

Alcopops are very sweet, and usually do not contain much alcohol (most have less than beer), but many governments make it illegal to buy them in certain places or at certain times because they have distilled alcohol mixed into them. They are controversial because some people think that they might be popular among young people.

Drinking ethanol causes a person to feel relaxed. Ethanol is very commonly used, and has been made by humans for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and most used recreational drug (drugs used for fun) in the world. People may overuse it for the same reason. The addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholic drinks can be dangerous. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, they become intoxicated, meaning that they get drunk. People who are drunk may do or say strange or dangerous things and may not be able to control themselves. The amount of alcohol that it takes to get somebody drunk is different from person to person. All alcohols are toxic, but ethanol is less toxic because the human body can break it down quickly. Some strong alcohols can also cause intoxication and impairment.

Gallery
-------

* Greek OuzoGreek Ouzo
* A typical cocktailA typical cocktail

Related pages
-------------

* Beer
* Cocktail
* Rum
* Tequila
* Vodka
* Wine
* Prohibition Era
**Brisbane Water National Park** is a national park in the east of the Australian state of New South Wales, 47 kilometres northeast of Sydney. It lies north of the mouth of the Hawkesbury River and was named after the *Brisbane Water* lagoon between Gosford and *Woy Woy*, which borders the park to the east. The western and northern borders are formed by the Pacific Highway.

The park consists of steep sandstone cliffs overgrown with forest.

There are many hiking trails in the park that can be classified from easy to difficult. One route that is easily accessible by public transport is to *Pindar Cave* on the rock step above *Wondabyne* Station, a on-demand stop on the *Central Coast Railway Line* (Sydney-Newcastle) which is also the only train station in Australia inaccessible by road. This large park is also home to many other hiking trails such as the *Great North Walk*.

View from Brisbane Water National Park

Other websites
--------------

* *Brisbane Water National Park*. NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water Brisbane Water National Park
Mazu
**Mazu**, also known as **Matsu**, is a popular Taoist and Chinese Buddhist goddess. She is the goddess and patroness of the sea. She is believed to protect fisherman and sailors. Mazu is widely worshiped in southern China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Fuijian, Guangdong and Hainan. She is popularly known as Empress of Heaven and Holy Mother Empress of Heaven. Her other popular titles are Holy Mother Empress of the Heavens above, Heavenly Imperial Concubine, Lady Mazu, Heavenly Princess consort and Heavenly Holy Mother.

Life and Death
--------------

Mazu was born on 23 March 906. According to legend when she did not cry when she was born, so she was thereafter named Lin Moniang which means *Silent girl* or *silent young female*. She had a mysterious ability to predict weather and often she warned others to not make journeys to the sea. She became a very good swimmer and would often rescue people from the sea even in the harshest weather. There are at least 2 versions of her death. 

* One legend tells that Mazu went out into the sea during a storm to try to find her lost father. Hours passed but still she could not find her father and later died of exhaustion.

* Another legend tells that Mazu climbed a mountain alone and flew into the heavens and became a goddess.

Mazu
### Worship

After her death, her family and many other families of sailors and fishermen started to pray for her heroic acts to try to save those at sea. Soon her worship spread quickly to other parts of Asia. Starting from Fuijian, worship of Mazu spread to neighboring coastal provinces of Zhejiang and Guandong, and thence to all coastal areas of mainland China. Later, due to Chinese immigrants, the worship of Mazu further spread to Taiwan, Vietnam, Japan, Ryuku Islands, and parts of Southeast Asia. Many people soon began to build temples dedicated to Mazu all over the world. 

南沙天后宮
#### Appearance

Mazu is usually shown sitting on a throne between two demons known as "Thousand Miles eye" (Chinese: 千里眼, Qianli Yan) and "With-the-Wind Ear" (Chinese: 順風耳 Shunfeng Er). According to legend, both of them were conquered by Mazu and then both of them fell in love with her. Mazu said she would marry the one that defeats her. Using her martial art skills, Mazu defeats them both and they become her friends. She is usually dressed in a red robe in paintings and murals, but in sculptures she is clothed in jewel-festooned robes of an empress holding a ceremonial tablet or a jeweled staff whilst wearing the easily recognized flat-topped imperial cap with hanging beads at the front and back.

Mazu\_Shrine
The **electrical telegraph** is a telegraph that uses electric signals. This is a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.

Types of electrical telegraphs
------------------------------

### Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil

Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1,200m long wire above the town of Göttingen's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833. Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.

### Schilling telegraph

The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.

### Alter and the Elderton Telegraph

Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publicly.

### Morse telegraphs

In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

The Americas' first telegram, transmitted via a repeater: "*What hath God wrought*" sent by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844

Related pages
-------------

* Telegraph

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Telegraphy***.

* 1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph
* The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
* Electrical telegraph Archived 2007-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
**Euler's identity**, sometimes called **Euler's equation**, is this equation:

{\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0}

It features the following mathematical constants:

* {\displaystyle \pi }, pi
{\displaystyle \pi \approx 3.14159}
* {\displaystyle e}, Euler's Number
{\displaystyle e\approx 2.71828}
* {\displaystyle i}, imaginary unit
{\displaystyle i={\sqrt {-1}}}

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a *Physics World* poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series
----------------------------------------------------------

Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function {\displaystyle e^{x}} can be written as the Taylor series

{\displaystyle e^{x}=1+x+{x^{2} \over {2!}}+{x^{3} \over {3!}}+{x^{4} \over {4!}}\cdots =\sum \_{k=0}^{\infty }{x^{n} \over n!}}

As well, the sine function can be written as

{\displaystyle \sin {x}=x-{x^{3} \over 3!}+{x^{5} \over 5!}-{x^{7} \over 7!}\cdots =\sum \_{k=0}^{\infty }{(-1)^{n} \over (2n+1)!}{x^{2n+1}}}

and cosine as

{\displaystyle \cos {x}=1-{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}-{x^{6} \over 6!}\cdots =\sum \_{k=0}^{\infty }{(-1)^{n} \over (2n)!}{x^{2n}}}

Here, we see a pattern take form. {\displaystyle e^{x}} seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is {\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)}.

So, on the left side is {\displaystyle e^{ix}}, whose Taylor series is {\displaystyle 1+ix-{x^{2} \over 2!}-{ix^{3} \over 3!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}+{ix^{5} \over 5!}\cdots }

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is *i* times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is {\displaystyle \cos(x)+i\sin(x)}, whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus *i* times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

{\displaystyle (1-{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}\cdots )+(ix-{ix^{3} \over 3!}+{ix^{5} \over 5!}\cdots )}

if we add these together, we have

{\displaystyle 1+ix-{x^{2} \over 2!}-{ix^{3} \over 3!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}+{ix^{5} \over 5!}\cdots }

Therefore,

{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)}

Now, if we replace x with {\displaystyle \pi }, we have:

{\displaystyle e^{i\pi }=\cos(\pi )+i\sin(\pi )}

Since we know that {\displaystyle \cos(\pi )=-1} and {\displaystyle \sin(\pi )=0}, we have:

* {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }=-1}
* {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0}

which is the statement of Euler's identity.

Related pages
-------------

* −1 (number)
* Euler's formula