recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Edinburgh International Festival** is a festival of music, theatre, opera, dance, visual arts and literature that takes place every year in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Each year it is held for about three weeks in late August and early September.

The festival started in 1947. A key person was Rudolf Bing, who was then the manager of the Glyndbourne Opera Festival. Bing was later General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and knighted in 1971. His idea was to heal the wounds of war through the languages of the arts. Since 2014 the director of the festival has been Fergus Linehan.

At first the Festival concentrated on classical music. Its later events were based on the traditional arts: classical music, ballet, sculpture and fine art. Since 1999 the permanent home of the festival is at The Hub, near Edinburgh Castle. Several large theatres, concert halls and churches in Edinburgh are used for the events, e.g. Usher Hall, Festival Theatre, Edinburgh Playhouse, The Queen's Hall and The Hub. 

About ten other festivals are held in Edinburgh at the same time as the Edinburgh Festival. The result is festivals with more than 2,500 performances and events per day in Edinburgh in August, many times bigger than the next biggest arts festivals anywhere in the world.

2020 is the only year the Festival has not been held. The reason was the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic.

Related pages
-------------

* Edinburgh Fringe

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Edinburgh International Festival***.

* Official web site
* Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
For other uses, see Game Over (disambiguation).
***Game Over*** is a 2004 American adult computer-animated sitcom created by David Sacks (who would later become president of Nickelodeon Animation Studio), produced by Carsey-Werner Productions and broadcast on UPN in 2004. It was cancelled after five episodes.

*Game Over* (the title was inspired by the phrase "game over" that commonly concludes video games) focused on what happens to video game characters after the game ends. The show recounted the lives of the Smashenburns, a far-from-ordinary suburban family that lives in an alternate video game universe.

The show made numerous references to video games and even featured certain game characters as cameos. For example, *Crash Bandicoot* appears on a Got Milk? billboard whilst creatures from *Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee* appear in one of the episodes.

Marisa Tomei voiced Raquel Smashenburn in the series' unaired pilot episode, but scheduling problems made Lucy Liu take over the role for the actual series.

*Game Over* was heavily hyped by UPN before its debut. The series generally received positive press upon its airing. Despite this, only six episodes were made, which aired on a variety of different days – the fourth and fifth episodes were broadcast on April 2, 2004 and the sixth episode ("Monkey Dearest") was not aired.

Other websites
--------------

* Official UPN website for *Game Over*
* Carsey-Werner *Game Over* Archived 2020-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
* *Game Over* on IMDb
* *Game Over* at TV.com
**Faxian** (337 – c. 422) was a Chinese Buddhist monk. He is also translator. He traveled by foot from China to India, visiting sacred Buddhist sites in Central , South and Southeast Asia between 399–412 to acquire Buddhist texts. He described his journey his travelogue, *A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms* (*Foguo Ji* 佛國記).

Other transliterations of his name include **Fa-Hien** and **Fa-hsien**.

Biography
---------

In 399, Faxian set out with nine others to locate sacred Buddhist texts. He visited India in the early fifth century. He is said to have walked all the way from China across the icy desert and rugged mountain passes. He entered India from the northwest and reached Pataliputra. He took back with him Buddhist texts and images sacred to Buddhism. He saw the ruins of the city when he reached Pataliputra.

Faxian's visit to India occurred during the reign of Chandragupta II. He is also renowned for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha (modern Nepal). However, he mentioned nothing about Guptas. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka.

After two years stay on Ceylon, Faxian was coming back to China. Suddenly a violent storm drove his ship onto an island, probably Java. After five months there, Faxian took another ship for southern China. But, again, it was blown off course and he ended up landing at Mount Lao in what is now Shandong in northern China, 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the city of Qingdao.
A **fish fry** is a meal of battered or breaded fish, which is fried. With the fish, there are French fries, hot sauce, dessert, tartar sauce and/or hush puppies. 

Fish is often served on Friday nights during Lent as a restaurant special or under church fundraisers.

Fish fries are very common in the Midwest and Northeastern United States.

Northeastern United States
--------------------------

Battered or breaded haddock and cod fish is one of the trademarks in Upstate New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. This is especially for Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, Syracuse and Albany, New York. The majority of eateries in these cities serve a fish fry on Fridays, even outside Lent. These meals are usually a piece of fish, French fries and a dinner roll.

Southern United States
----------------------

In the Southern United States, a fish fry is a family or social gathering. Catfish, flounder and bass are the usual fish served at Southern fish fries. The fish are battered and deep fried in cooking oil. However, in Georgia and South Carolina, fish are dipped in milk, then into a mix of flour, cornmeal and seasoning before being served.

Midwestern United States
------------------------

The modern fish fry is strong in Wisconsin. In the state, hundreds of eateries have a fish fry on Fridays and sometimes on Wednesdays. The Friday night fish fry is a popular tradition for religious and *non*-religious people alike. Fish fries in Wisconsin are usually offered at many non-chain restaurants, some chain restaurants and at Roman Catholic churches as fundraisers. A usual Wisconsin fish fry comes with beer batter fried cod, bluegill, perch and walleye. Sometimes, it comes with catfish along the Mississippi River. The meal usually comes with French fries, potato pancakes and/or coleslaw.
An aquascaped freshwater aquarium
**Fishkeeping** is a popular hobby, done by **aquarists**. It is concerned with keeping fish in a home aquarium or garden pond. Fish have been raised as food in pools and ponds for thousands of years.

Types of fishkeeping
--------------------

Fishkeeping can be divided into three disciplines, depending on the type of water the fish came from. They are freshwater, brackish, and saltwater fishkeeping.

### Freshwater fishkeeping

**Freshwater fishkeeping** is the most popular type of fishkeeping. Small pet stores often sell many types of freshwater fish such as goldfish, guppies, and angelfish. Many fishkeepers create freshwater aquascapes where there are lots of aquatic plants as well as fish.

### Saltwater fishkeeping

**Marine aquaria** is a type of fishkeeping that is not very popular. This is because saltwater fish have more specific needs to keep them alive. Saltwater fish is also expensive. Many types of saltwater fish are kept in saltwater fishkeeping.

### Brackish water fishkeeping

**Brackish water aquaria** is a type of fishkeeping. The salinity in a brackish-water aquarium must stay between the salinity of freshwater and seawater. Many types of fish prefer brackish water including some types of mollies, many types of gobies, some types of pufferfish, monos, and scats.
Dirk Klingenberg
**Dirk Klingenberg** (born 23 July 1969 in Duisburg) is a former professional water polo player from Germany.

Sports career
-------------

Klingenberg is counted as the best water polo player in Germany in the 1990s. He began his career in 1980 in Duisburg and started playing for the ASC Duisburg. A year later he moved to the Duisburger SV 98. After 10 years he left his hometown in 1991 and moved to Berlin, where he played for the Wasserfreunde Spandau 04. He won 17 national titles during his time in Berlin. He also became the top-scorer of the water polo Bundesliga twice. As a member of team Germany he competed in 190 international games. He was able to achieve his goal to participate in the Olympic Games in 1996. He was team speaker of the water polo national team in 1998, and was selected for the World-All-Star-Team in 1999. Because of personal and job-related reasons, Klingenberg began to slowly end his career in Düsseldorf, where he led the Düsseldorfer SC in the first league in 1999/2000.

Achievements
------------

Achievements with Wasserfreunde Spandau
* German Champions: 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
* German Cup: 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999
* German Super Cup: 1997

Achievements with the national team
* European Junior Championship: 3rd place (1985)
* Junior World Cup: 3rd place (1989)
* European Championship: 7th place (1991), 9th place (1993), 3rd place (1995)
* Good-Will-Games: 2nd plac
* World Cup: 9th place (1994)
* Olympic games: 9th place (1996)

Occupational career
-------------------

Besides his activities as a competitive sportsman, Klingenberg always focused on his occupational career. From 1999 to 2008 he worked in sports marketing as the head of marketing communications and sporting events of the Deutsche Telekom AG. He founded his own agency Klingenberg Sportconsulting GmbH in 2009, and worked from then on as an independent consultant. The main fields of activity are strategic consulting, conception and planning for companies and brands, as well as creative event and project management.

He also works as a lecturer at a media-university in Cologne, and as a consultant of the water polo Team Germany.

Personal life
-------------

He is married to Kirsten Klingenberg, has two children and lives in Cologne.

Other websites
--------------

* Klingenberg Sportsconsulting
**Dirham** is a unit of currency in several Arabic-speaking nations, including:

* The Moroccan dirham
* The United Arab Emirates dirham
* 1/1000 of the Libyan dinar
* 1/100 of the Qatari riyal
* 1/10 of the Jordanian dinar
* The dirham, spelt 'diram,' is 1/100 of the Tajikistani somoni.

Historically, the word "dirham" is comes from 'dirhem' which comes from the name of a Greek coin, the Drachm; the Byzantine Empire controlled the Levant and traded with Arabia, circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward. It was this currency which was first used as an Arab word. Near the end of the 7th century, the coin became an Islamic currency. It had the name of the sovereign and a religious verse on it. The dirham was used by many Mediterranean countries, including Spain. It could be used as currency in Europe between the 10th and 12 centuries.

Similar currencies
------------------

The Armenian dram is a currency whose name bears a similar origin. The dinar is a currency used in the Muslim world but originating with the Romans.
The District of Alto Adige is shown in red color, as part of the Benaco Department in pink color
**District of Alto Adige** was a district in the "Department of Benaco" in the Napoleon's "Cisalpine Republic" (1797-1798).

History
-------

Under the Cisalpine Republic a District of Alto Adige (called in Italian: *Distretto dell'Alto Adige*) was created as a part of the short-lived "Department of Benaco". The District of Alto Adige included some municipalities of today's province of Verona.

The "Department of Benaco", which was created in 1797 and included some territories of actual Province of Trento and Province of Verona, was disbanded in 1798 and with it the District of Alto Adige after a structural reorganization of the Napoleon's first Italian republic.

The *Alto Adige* name was used again by the French in 1810, a few kilometres to the north of the disappeared District of Alto Adige on the upper course of the river Adige, when was created the Department of Alto Adige.

Related pages
-------------

* Department of Alto Adige
* Alto Adige

Bibliography
------------

* Reinhard Stauber. *Der Zentralstaat an seinen Grenzen. Administrative Integration, Herrschaftswechsel und politische Kultur im südlichen Alpenraum 1750–1820* (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 64), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001. ISBN 978-3-525-36057-6
This is the area that the East England Ambulance Service drives to.
The **East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust** (EEAST) provides ambulance services in the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, in the East of England. The service is free, which means people who are hurt do not have to pay money to be driven to a hospital. Under the Patient's Charter every person in the United Kingdom is allowed to use an ambulance if there is an emergency.

The East England Ambulance Service do not only drive people to hospitals, they also help heal people who are injured and are too far from a hospital.

History
-------

The trust was formed on 1 July 2006, when three ambulance services came together. They were the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Ambulance and Paramedic Service NHS Trust, the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust, and the Essex Ambulance Service NHS Trust. The result was an ambulance service covering an area of over 7,500 square miles (19,000 km2) with a population of 5.8 million people, and one which answers over 500,000 emergency calls every year.

In 2009, the Trust got in trouble by the Care Quality Commission because the ambulances were dirty and the employees did not know how to handle many medical procedures.

Statistics and resources
------------------------

In 2009 and 2010, the company went to 668,451 emergency calls, including 207,626 high-priority "category A" emergencies. It arrived at 75.67% of these "category A" calls within eight minutes, and 96.04% within 19 minutes.

East of England Ambulance Service emergency ambulance
The company has the following vehicles and stations in operation:

* 273 emergency ambulances
* 237 ambulances not for emergencies
* 215 marked fast-response cars
* 25 big incident support vehicles; cleanup equipment, and mobile control rooms
* 110 ambulance stations and response posts
* 3 Health Emergency Operations Centers (control rooms) in Bedford, Chelmsford and Norwich

The company has a driving school. This school has trained more than 220 employees in emergency driving.

3,994 people work at the ambulance company.

Related pages
-------------

* Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

Other websites
--------------

* East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust
The valley from Green Gable
A map of Ennerdale Water from 1948
**Ennerdale Water** is the most westerly lake in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria. It is a glacial lake, with a maximum depth of 150 feet (45 metres). At ½ mile to a mile (700 to 1,500 metres) wide and 2½ miles (3.9 kilometres) long is one of the smallest lakes in the area. To the west of the lake lies the small village of Ennerdale Bridge, with of two pubs and a few houses. It is close to the port of Whitehaven, the town of Cleator Moor and the village of Cleator.

Legends and facts
-----------------

### The Girt dog of Emmerdale

In 1810 a large carnivore killed hundreds of sheep in and around Ennerdale before it was hunted down and killed. The Girt (dialect for 'Great') Dog of Ennerdale was a mysterious creature that killed between 300 and 400 sheep over six months in the fells of Cumberland, England, in 1810. 

John Gould's lithographic plate of a thylacine from "Mammals of Australia"
It is now commonly thought that the Girt Dog of Ennerdale was a thylacine (otherwise known as the Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf.) Travelling circuses and menageries of the time were known to keep what were described as "tiger wolves" – a description that fits the thylacine perfectly. As import laws and animal control were so relaxed in the early part of the nineteenth century, an escape from one of these itinerant shows is easy to imagine.

### Other

Though the Lake District is a popular UK location for film shoots, Ennerdale has been left relatively in the shadow, with only a few brief exceptions. The closing sequences of the film *28 Days Later* (2002), directed by Danny Boyle, were filmed around the Ennerdale area, and include a sweeping, panoramic view of the lake.

Once a year, during the last week in August, the Ennerdale Show brings local people together with agricultural displays, competitions, arts and crafts. 

Former US President Bill Clinton proposed to his wife Hillary on the banks of Ennerdale Water in 1973.
A **gamete** is a specialized sex cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are haploid—they have only one copy of each chromosome. All other cells in an animal are diploid—they have two copies of each chromosome. Gametes are produced by **germ cells**.

In species which produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual which produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller type—called a spermatozoon (or sperm cell).

The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel.

Gametogenesis
-------------

**Gametogenesis** is the development of diploid germ cells into haploid eggs or sperm, (respectively oogenesis and spermatogenesis). It is different for each species but the general stages are similar. The development of eggs (oogenesis) and sperm (spermatogenesis) have many features in common. They both involve:

* Meiosis
* Extensive morphological cell differentiation
* Unable to survive for very long if fertilization does not occur

They also have major differences, especially

* Different timing of maturation: oogenic meiosis is interrupted at one or more stages (for a long time) while spermatogenic meiosis is rapid and uninterrupted.
Military Enigma machine
Three rotors of an enigma machine
The **Enigma machine** was created for Germany by Arthur Scherbius in World War I. It is a cypher machine: changing the letters of a message so that it appears to be random letters. Enigmas were among the most-used kind of cypher machines for the German military in World War II.

Each time a letter is typed, it appears as another letter in the alphabet. The choices are *not* random. They are decided by a series of rotors which are set each day to a different starting set-up. Every press of a key turns the rotors to a new position.

German military messages done on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. Later, they designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma cyphers. From 1938 more complexity was added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult.

On 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Poles showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma, and promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. The demonstration was a vital start for the later British work at Bletchley Park.

"Hut 6 Ultra would never have got off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use". Gordon Welchman, *The Hut Six Story*, 1982, p. 289.
During the invasion of Poland (1939) the Polish codebreakers were sent to France for safety. Later, they fled to Britain. Making technical improvements, British codebreakers solved a vast number of messages from Enigma, and gave the plaintext to military staff. The information gained from this team, called "Ultra" by the British, was a great help to the Allied war effort. Ultra also included decrypts of other German, Italian and Japanese cyphers and codes, including the cypher of the German High Command.

Mistakes by German operators helped the cryptanalysis of Luftwaffe Enigmas, and the British capture of key tables and a machine from a German submarine helped in cracking Navy ones.

On 15th July 2011, Queen Elizabeth II visited Bletchley Park, where the machine is kept in the Museum, to pay tribute to those who worked there, since they cut short the war by breaking the cyphers of Nazi Germany.
**Debt consolidation** involves taking out a loan to pay off multiple loans. This is usually done to secure a lower interest rate and for the convenience of paying only one loan.

Debt consolidation usually entails taking a secured loan against an asset, such as a house, and using this to pay off higher-interest unsecured loans and credit card debts. However this puts the individuals assets at risk if they do not keep up payment.

Sometimes, debt consolidation companies will discount the amount of the loan. When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount. A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings. Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully. The overall debt can reach the point where a debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, insolvency, or other fiscal emergency. Options available to overburdened debtors include credit counseling and personal bankruptcy.
Thomas Couture: *Les Romains de la décadence*, 1847
*A Decadent Girl*, by Ramón Casas, 1899
**Decadence** (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad. The adjective is 'decadent'. It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).

Where the word came from
------------------------

"Decadence" comes from the Latin words "de" (from) and "cadere" (to fall). Thus it means *to fall from a higher state of being*.

Decadence and society
---------------------

Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before. Of course, not everyone will agree what is "good" or "bad", but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.

Decadence and the arts
----------------------

Aubrey Beardsley's drawings for *Salome* such as this one are regarded as art that expresses a "decadent" mood
The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the *fin de siècle* (end of century). It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art. 

In France there were several writers who were happy to be called "decadent". They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent". In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure. 

In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent". David Bowie's 1973 album *Diamond Dogs* is about the theme of decadence. Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The popular 1976 film *Rocky Horror Picture Show* was a humorous depiction of "decadence". 

People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent". One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.

Colors that symbolize decadence
-------------------------------

The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence. Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender. In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the *mauve decade*.

Further reading
---------------

* *Decadence: the strange life of an epithet* By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
* *Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s* By Philippe Julian 1971
East West Rail Western map
**East West Rail** is a major project to "establish a strategic railway connecting East Anglia with Central, Southern and Western England".

In particular, it plans to build (or rebuild) a new line linking Oxford and Cambridge via Bicester, Milton Keynes (at Bletchley) and Bedford. It will largely use existing (but closed) railway lines. It will provides a route between any or all of the Great Western, Chiltern, West Coast, Midland, East Coast, West Anglia and Great Eastern main lines, avoiding London. The new line will provide a route for potential new services between Southampton Central and Ipswich or Norwich via Reading, Didcot and Ely, using existing onward lines. The western section from Oxford to Bedford was approved by the Government in November 2011, with completion of this section expected by 2025. 

The segment from Oxford via Bicester Village to the junction with the Chiltern Main Line became operational in December 2016. Electrification of the line is not planned.

Sections
--------

The plan is divided into three sections:

* "Western section" from Oxford to Bedford on existing lines, including the mothballed section between Bletchley and Claydon Junction. The scope of this section includes a branch line to Aylesbury
* "Central section" from Bedford to Cambridge using some existing lines together with a new section
* "Eastern section" from Cambridge to Norwich, Felixstowe and Ipswich on existing lines.
An **educational technologist** is someone trained in the field of educational technology. Educational technologists try to analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate processes and tools to make learning easier. The term does not necessarily, or even mainly, refer to hardware. The most significant ideas came from applied psychology and programmed learning.

There are various other terms which are alternatives, most obviously 'instructional technologist'. There have been various names for institutions specialising in the activity. The description used originally at the UK Open University was 'Applied Educational Sciences', changed later to 'Institute of Educational Technology'. To produce the landmark program *Sesame Street*, the Childrens' Television Workshop employed applied psychologists to pre-test all programs. This was a typical activity for educational technologists even if they were not called by that name.

Related pages
-------------

* Sidney L. Pressey
* Arthur A. Lumsdaine
* B. F. Skinner

Other websites
--------------

* Association for Educational Communications and Technology
* American Educational Research Association
* Role of an Educational Technologist Archived 2016-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
* What is a Learning Technologist?
The giant elliptical galaxy ESO 325-G004
An **elliptical galaxy** is a galaxy having an ellipsoidal shape, and a smooth, nearly featureless brightness profile. They are one of the three main types of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in 1936. The others are spiral and lenticular galaxies.

Elliptical galaxies range in shape from nearly spherical to nearly flat, (E7, one of the flattest types of elliptical galaxies is cigar-shaped) and in size from hundreds of millions to over one trillion stars. Originally, Edwin Hubble thought that elliptical galaxies may evolve into spiral galaxies, but this turned out to be false. Stars found inside elliptical galaxies are much older (and cooler; thus redder) than stars found in spiral galaxies.

Most elliptical galaxies are composed of older, low-mass stars, with a sparse interstellar medium and minimal (or no)star formation activity. They tend to be surrounded by large numbers of globular clusters. Elliptical galaxies are believed to make up approximately 10–15% of galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster, but are not the dominant type of galaxy in the universe overall. They are usually found close to the centers of galaxy clusters.

Elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies are also called "early-type" galaxies (ETG), due to their position in the Hubble sequence. They are less common in the early Universe, that is, in galaxies further away from us.

Related pages
-------------

* IC 1101: the largest known galaxy in the cluster Abell 2029
* Messier 87-Famous Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, known for its unusual plasma jet.
* Messier 49-Bright Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster.
* Messier 59 -Found nearby Messier 60, another galaxy in the Virgo cluster.
* Abell-2261 BCG -Has one of the largest cores of any Galaxy a.
**El Muerto** (in English, "**The Dead One**") is a superhero from a self-published comic book series made by Javier Hernandez. His real name is **Juan Diego de la Muerte**, or simply "Diego". Some of El Muerto's powers include super-strength, near-immortality, and the power to resurrect the dead. He got his powers after being kidnapped by the Aztec gods of death and destiny and being sacrificed in an ancient ritual.

Publication
-----------

El Muerto was first published in a comic book titled, "*Daze of the Dead: The Numero Uno Edition*" at the 1998 Alternative Press Expo in San Diego, California. The character has had much success since then, and has appeared in several different mediums such as a 2007 independent film.

History
-------

Juan Diego de la Muerte was born and raised in Whittier, California. He became fascinated with Aztec mythology and the Dia de los Muertos ("*Day of the Dead*") traditions in Mexico. Raised Catholic, Diego often wondered what the Aztecs thought when their religion was replaced with what the Spanish conquerors believed. On his 21st birthday, Diego is excited for an upcoming Dia de los Muertos festival. Unfortunately his friends could not join him and Diego was forced to go alone. Borrowing his friend's car, Diego is dressed as an undead Mariachi. To celebrate the occasion, he got a tattoo of an Aztec skull days earlier. Unknown to him, the skull is actually a symbol of death representing the Aztec death god. The car crashes into a tree, killing Diego. He later wakes up in the land of the dead, Mictlan, where the Aztec gods Mictlantecuhtli and Tezcatlipoca sacrifice him. His heart is removed, and his facepaint is burned into his skin. He is told that he must fulfill an ancient prophecy and is sent back to the land of the living one year after his death. After he learns that he is truly dead, he finds out he has supernatural powers and decides to use them to help people.

Movies
------

* El Muerto (film) (2007)

Sources
-------

1. ↑  EL MUERTO by Javier Hernandez
2. ↑  El Muerto (The Dead One) official site

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
* Official fansite
The **Gastrotricha**, often called *hairy backs*, are a phylum of microscopic (0.06-3.0 mm) animals abundant in fresh water and marine environments. Marine species are found mostly in between sediment particles, while terrestrial species live in the water films around grains of soil. Adults have a fixed cell number. About 700 species have been described.

Anatomy
-------

Gastrotrichs are bilaterally symmetric, with a transparent body and a flat underside. Many species have a pair of short projections at the rear end. The body is covered with cilia, especially about the mouth and on the lower surface. Its two end projections have cement glands. This is a double-gland system where one gland secretes the glue and another secretes a de-adhesive. Like many microscopic animals, their movement is mainly powered by hydrostatics.

Gastrotrichs develop to a particular number of cells; further growth comes only from an increase in cell size. As is typical for such small animals, there are no respiratory or circulatory organs. Nitrogenous waste is probably excreted through the body wall, as part of respiration. The nervous system is relatively simple. The brain consists of two ganglia, one on either side of the pharynx. Each ganglion gives rise to a single nerve cord, which runs the length of the body and includes further, smaller ganglia. The main sense organs are the bristles and ciliated tufts of the body surface. Some gastrotrichs also possess light sensitive cells in the brain that work as primitive ocelli (eye spots).

Reproduction
------------

Gastrotrichs are simultaneous hermaphrodites: they have both male and female sex organs. Once the sperm are produced, they are picked up by an organ on the tail that functions as a penis, and transferred to the partner. Fertilisation is internal, and the eggs are released by rupture of the body wall.

Many species reproduce entirely by parthenogenesis. In these species the male portions of the reproductive system are non-functional or entirely absent.

Some species can lay eggs that can remain dormant during times of desiccation (drought) or cold. These species produce regular eggs during good environmental conditions, which hatch in one to four days. The eggs hatch into miniature versions of the adult. The young typically reach sexual maturity in about three days, and gastrotrichs can live up to ten days under laboratory conditions.

Eutely
------

Gastrotrichs are eutelic: each species has a genetically fixed number of cells as adults. Cell division stops at the end of embryonic development and further growth is only by cell enlargement.
David Stone's cover for the first issue of *Galaxy*
***Galaxy Science Fiction*** was an American science fiction magazine. It was published from 1950 to 1980.

Editors and authors
-------------------

H. L. Gold was the first editor. He made *Galaxy* the leading science fiction magazine of its time. He published stories about social issues, not just technology. Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's *The Puppet Masters* and Alfred Bester's *The Demolished Man*. He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel *Fahrenheit 451*.

By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine. When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor. He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while. *Galaxy* continued to be successful. Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at *Galaxy*. He did win three Hugos for another magazine, *If*. In 1969, *Galaxy* was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit. Later editors included Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.
**Eixample,** also known as **Expansion** district in Catalan is the name of second district of Barcelona. 

  

It takes up the central area of the city, in a big area of 7,46 km2. Designed by Ildefonso Cerdà. It is the most populated district of Barcelona and of all Spain in absolute numbers (262.485 inhabitants) and the second to related to the surface (35.586 inhabitants/ km2).

Notable areas
-------------

In the Eixample District, there are the big streets and avenues and popular squares of Barcelona, like: Passeig de Gràcia, Rambla Catalunya, Plaça Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal, Carrer d’Aragó, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, Carrer de Balmes, Ronda Sant Antoni, Ronda de Sant Pere, Passeig de Sant Joan, Plaça de la Sagrada Familia, Plaça Gaudí, and at one end there is Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes and at the opposite end Plaça Francesc Macià.

There are also touristic places like Basílica de la Sagrada Família, Casa Milà, Casa Batlló, Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, Auditori de Barcelona, Plaça de Toros Monumental, la Casa de les Punxes, as well as a lot of movie theaters, restaurants, hotels, and other leisure places.

Historic context
----------------

During the first half of 19th century Barcelona saw a booming Industrial Revolution. The cities with a medieval street structure and many of them surrounded by walls were collapsing under the expansion of recently born industries. For this reason the population increased a lot.

The city of Barcelona, like many other european cities, was limited in its growth by the its walls. Behind the walls it was considered military zone. This implied the no construction of industries. This zone only could be use to agriculture.
**George Ernest (Ernie) Jackson** (1921 - January 20, 1995) was an insurance executive, member of the Ontario legislature (1955-1959) and senior political advisor to Ontario Premier John Robarts in the 1960s as well as a senior political strategist in the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party during Robarts's leadership.

Life
----

Jackson was born in Toronto but moved to London, Ontario when he was seven. His father was a travelling salesman. He left high school in the middle of grade 13 to join the The Royal Canadian Regiment, serving with them during World War II in England, Sicily and Italy, and rising to the rank of captain. Disagreeing with the Liberal Party of Canada's position on conscription, he joined the Progressive Conservatives after the war and served as a backroom strategist for Harry Oliver White in Middlesex East in the 1949 Canadian federal election.

Jackson first met Robarts socially in 1950, becoming friends. When Robarts entered politics as the Progressive Conservative candidate in London in the 1951 Ontario general election, Jackson volunteered to be one of his campaign workers. In the 1955 Ontario general election, the London riding was split into two and Jackson ran and won in the new riding of London South. Jackson chose not to run for re-election in the 1959 Ontario general election in order to concentrate on his insurance business and family, but co-managed Robarts's own re-election campaign in London North. In 1959, he suggested to Robarts that he run for the party leadership once Premier Leslie Frost retired and managed Robarts's dark horse leadership campaign in the 1961 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, which Robarts won on the sixth ballot. Jackson went on to be the new premier's closest political confidant. Robarts charged Jackson with the assignment of re-organizing the provincial party and was the party's campaign chairman in the 1963 Ontario general election and 1967 Ontario general election, both of which the Conservatives won with large majorities.

Jackson died of cancer in 1995 at the age of 73.
**French Sudan** (Fr.: *Soudan*) was a colony in French West Africa in actual Mali.

Existence
---------

It existed at two separate times. The first time was from 1890 to 1899, and the second was from 1920 to 1960. In 1960 it became the independent nation of Mali.

Beginning
---------

It was created as a French territory on September 9, 1880 and its name was "Upper Senegal". 

### Name

The name changed to the "French Sudan Territory" on August 18, 1890, and its capital was Kayes. On October 10, 1899, French Sudan was broken into pieces: 11 southern provinces became part of French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Dahomey. However, two provinces were returned in 1900.

History
-------

In 1902 the parts of the colony which were not organised into military districts became Senegambia and Niger, then the name changed to Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904. Finally, the old name of French Sudan returned in a reorganisation in 1920.

In 1933, Upper Volta stopped existing (It began again in 1947.) and French Sudan gained some of its provinces.

Independence
------------

After the October 4, 1958 French vote about the constitution, the "République Soudanaise" joined the French Community, again with the name French Sudan, and it gained complete domestic control on 25 November, 1958.

On April 4, 1959, French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation. This became fully independent but still inside the French Community on June 20, 1960. This union finished on August 20, 1960, when Senegal left. On 22 September, French Sudan changed its name to the Republic of Mali and left the French Community.
An outdoor court
The **French Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called *clay-court specialists*.

The tournament is played for two weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were **Novak Djokovic** and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.

Records
-------

* Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
* Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  French Open History Archived 2009-02-19 at the Wayback Machine - URL accessed 15 March, 2009
2. ↑  International Tennis Federation Archived 2008-06-30 at the Wayback Machine - URL accessed 15 March, 2009
3. ↑  French Open Venue Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine - URL accessed 15 March, 2009
**Don McNeill** (1934 – June 27, 2015) was a Canadian journalist. He was a foreign correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and CBS News.

Life and career
---------------

He was born in 1934. He was from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. He studied at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the Technical University of Nova Scotia, and Oxford University. At Oxford, he played basketball for an unofficial team he started.

While in the United Kingdom, he worked for the *Daily Mail*. After returning home to Canada, McNeill began working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He was the CBC's correspondent in Washington, D.C. and worked for *Newsmagazine*. He reported on the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the Iranian Revolution for the CBC. McNeil later moved to the United States, where he worked for CBS News until 1987. He was the CBS News correspondent at Moscow. He later worked for Christian Science Monitor Television.

He got a Rhodes Scholarship in 1958. He got a Nieman Fellowship in 1981. In 1984, he won the George Polk Award for Network Television Reporting for his "unusual glimpses of Soviet life". He was nominated for the 1988 News & Documentary Emmy Award for "Outstanding Interview/Interviewers - For Programs" as a producer and correspondent of *The Christian Science Monitor Reports*. He won the 1990 News and Documentary Emmy Award for "Outstanding Informational, Cultural or Historical Programming (segments)" as a correspondent of a *World Monitor* segment on the Soviet Union.

He was a journalism teacher at Boston University.

His wife Sandra Allik produced her husband's Emmy-winning report. She once said that his husband's award was "a bigger deal than an Emmy".

He died on June 27, 2015 in Boston, aged 80.
file allocation table and directory table for a FAT32 filesystem
A **file allocation table** (FAT) is a way that computers look up stored data on a storage device. These include floppy disks, USB flash drives, SD cards and other high capacity storage devices.

A FAT is a list of clusters that show where a computer file is stored. These clusters are not necessarily right next to each other but can be scattered over the disk or storage medium. The FAT is always located in the first few clusters of a storage device.There are always two identical copies, one being a backup of the other.

The FAT file system is a legacy file system that is both simple and robust. It works well even in lightweight uses. But it cannot deliver the same speed, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly all currently developed operating systems for personal computers. It is also supported by many mobile devices and embedded systems. That makes it a well suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 up to the present.

History
-------

It was originally designed in 1977 for use on floppy disks. FAT was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades. As disk drives improved, the capabilities of the file system have been extended accordingly. This has resulted in three major file system variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software.

With the introduction of more powerful computers and operating systems FAT is no longer the default file system for use on Microsoft Windows computers.

Modern use
----------

FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, USB sticks, flash and other solid-state memory cards. DCF uses FAT as the standard file system for digital cameras. FAT is also utilized in the boot stage of EFI-compliant computers.

Other websites
--------------

* File Allocation Table; YouTube
* FAT
* FAT File Systems, Microsoft
René Descartes described dualism as follows: The senses capture stimuli, which then reach the pineal gland in the brain. From there, they act upon the mind
**Dualism** is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea or the whole world) is split into two parts. These parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way. The idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts is called monism. The idea that something can be split into many parts is called pluralism.

In philosophy there are many kinds of dualism.

* In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things. Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body. People like this sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body. A contrasting idea is that the mind and body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (See also René Descartes)
* In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them. This barrier splits the world into two for that person, into 'myself' and 'the world'. Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly. For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms. This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it. A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier. For example, it could be said that if somebody cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something then it does not affect them.

Dualism is also a common sense idea. For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is either hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's, with no allowance for possible states in between.

Ditheism
--------

In theology, dualism may also refer to *duotheism*, *bitheism* or *ditheism*. This the doctrine or belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles, one good and the other evil. Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca and Marcionism. Although the Bible mentions Satan, this is not ditheism as he is not equal to God, but merely an angel. (See Epistle of Jude, verse 6). Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar. Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, while moral dualism does not imply any *-theism* (belief in a god) whatsoever. The Old Dualist-Religion of the Roma people called Romanipen is a simple belive in *Devla-God and Beng-Satan*.