recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ángel María Carracedo Álvarez** (also known as **Anxo Carracedo**,; born in Santa Comba, Galicia on November 12, 1955) is a Professor of Forensic Medicine and an international expert in genetics .

Trajectory
----------

He holds a degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela (1978) and a Doctorate in Medicine from the same USC (1982), both with an extraordinary award.

Professor of Forensic Medicine since 1989 and Director of the USC Institute of Forensic Medicine (from 1994 to 2012). Director of the Galician Public Foundation for Genomic Medicine (SERGAS-Xunta de Galicia) (since 1999), Director of the National Center for Genotyping-ISCIII (since 2002). Group leader of the CIBER of rare diseases (CIBERER) and of the Institute of Sanitary Investigation of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). The Genomic Medicine group he coordinates consists of 10 research groups, several technology platforms and about 100 people working there.

He has published 12 books and more than 600 articles in international journals (SCI), including articles in Nature, Science, NatureGenetics, as well as major journals in medical genetics, cancer, and forensic medicine. According to Thomson Reuters (Web of Knowledge) the Genomic Medicine Group he leads is the first in the world in citations in the field of Forensic Medicine in the 2001-2011 decade, and he is the author with more articles, more citations and more H-index in the area. Her current lines of research include the genetics of childhood cancer and psychiatric illness, and pharmacogenomics.

President of the *International Society for Forensic Genetics*. Co-director of the Molecular Medicine Unit Inco Sergas, he is the author of several books and hundreds of publications. Vice President of the International Academy of Forensic Medicine, member of the European DNA Group and the DNA Commission of the United States Justice Commission, coordinator of the European DNA Standardization Network and the Ibero-American Molecular Genetics Network for Forensic Medicine .

He currently coordinates research with teaching work. He is Professor of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics and Molecular Biology at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Santiago de Compostela. He was chosen as the sponsor of the 2000/2001 and 2011/2012 promotions of the Degree in Medicine due to his great proximity to students. In 2013, he joined the Galician Academy of Pharmacy as a full member.

Awards
------

* 2006, Castelao Medal
* 2009, King James I Prize for Medical Research
* 2010, Galien Medal (known as the Nobel Prize in Medicine).
* 2011, Medal of Galicia
* 2011, Fernández Latorre Award
* 2011, Adelaide Medal (the most relevant award in forensic medicine).
* 2015, Spanish National Genetics Award
* 2015, Lois Peña Novo Award
* 2019, Trajectory Award
* Other awards: Prismas de Divulgación award, Galicia Research Award, the Novoa Santos Award, etc.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography and curriculum
* Card in "Santa Comba na memoria"
* Intervention in LGx15
Parish Church of St Morwenna and St John the Baptist, Morwenstow
**Morwenstow** is a parish and hamlet in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hamlet is situated near the coast about six miles (10 km) north of Bude.

Morwenstow is the most northerly parish in Cornwall with the Atlantic Ocean to the west and Devon to the east. As well as the churchtown, other settlements in the parish include Shop, Woodford, Gooseham, Eastcott, Wooley and West Youlstone.

Morwenstow was the home of the eccentric vicar and poet Robert Stephen Hawker (1803–1875), who is credited with reviving the custom of Harvest Festivals. The church of St Morwenna and St John the Baptist is of the Norman period. The Vicarage was built for Hawker and has chimneys in the form of the towers of various churches associated with him. The nearby coast is hazardous to shipping and the corpses of drowned sailors were laid out in the churchyard and then buried. Hawker buried over forty who were washed up within the parish boundaries.
***Twin Goddesses*** is a 2D high-fantasy fighting game developed and published by PolyGram for the Sony PlayStation exclusively in Japan on December 22, 1994.

The first fighting game released for the PS1, Twin Goddesses features a mix of digitized actors (for the main characters) and hand-drawn anime-style art (for the backgrounds and other fighters). It also features an RPG-style item system, where players can buy special items pre-match using gold.

The game's plot is set in the fantasy world of LOVERADIANT, where the evil witch Carmilla and her five henchmen has taken over the castle of the King, bringing the whole land into darkness. It's up to the slain King's two twin daughters (Nina and Syllin) to put an end to Carmilla's reign.

Gameplay
--------

The game includes eight total characters, all of whom are playable in VS Battle mode. Most characters are rendered as hand-drawn anime-style art, while the main characters (protagonists Nina and Syllin and antagonist Carmilla) are digitized actors.

Characters
----------

* Nina (also playable in Legend Battle mode)
* Syllin (also playable in Legend Battle mode)
* Fatman
* Ghom
* Goldrush
* Jinny
* Red Dawn
* Carmilla (final boss)

Story
-----

The planet of peace Loveradiant is a great distant from earth. No boundaries exist in this small united kindom. It's king, King Loveradiant III, reigns over his kindom in quiet tranquility from his beautiful castle that is surrounded by rich trees and lakes. He loves his country and all its people and they in turn workship their king.

King Loveradiant III has twin daughters, the eider Nina is very affectionate and the younger Syllin is a woman of great spirit. Their mother, queen Joanna, died suddenly after giving birth to her twin daughters. The king had always tried to compensate for this loss and had given his daughters an abundance of love.

One day the happiness in the kingdom is shaken when six eerie lights suddenly appear and attack the Loveradiant castle. They are the wicked lights which emanate from the evil witch Carmilla and her entourage of five man. Their aim is to forever take peace away from the land of Loveradiant.

Carmilla strikes down king Loveradiant III and her venomous energy instantly enguls the whole land in darkness. The castle is now under her power. She designates one man to guard each of five floors and settlers herself on the sixth floor, the highest in the castle. She enjoys looking down on the people and watching as their characters change to reflect hatred and jealousy.

The almighty god Zeus watched this entire incident from on hights. He reacts by bestowing the powers of Love and Courage to the two grieving princesses with which they set out to conquer the evil witch Carmila.

"You are the only ones that can save Loveradiant" he tells them. "Arm yourselves with Love and Courage and defeat Carmila. Go on Nina! Syllin!"

Description
-----------

***Features:***

* Third person perspectives
* 2D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Fantasy & Fighting themes.
Tobacco
Two cigarettes
The "No Smoking" symbol. This sign is put up in public areas to show that smoking is not allowed there.
**Tobacco smoking** or **cigarette smoking** is when a person breathes in and breathes out smoke from a cigarette using a lighter. Smoking is harmful to the lungs, and can cause many diseases such as cancer, pneumonia, and many others. When a user smokes, the chemicals from inside the cigarette damage the body, including the smoke, making the person more likely to get certain diseases.

In public areas such as arenas or police stations, smoking is usually not allowed. This is because the smoke from the cigarette goes into the air, and can be breathed in by other people. Signs have to be placed in public areas to stop people from smoking while there. If a man was smoking while walking near a police station and he didn’t listen to the sign, he would have questions asked to him or be arrested by police. 

Smoking can cause heart attacks, if continued for years of using tobacco or any other powders used for smoking, including marijuana. Smoking can cause mental, as well as physical health problems, such as schizophrenia, depression, mood swings and many others. If a smoker continues smoking for years, or even decades, their health will worsen. Smoking can cause coughing, or inflammation (swelling) of the throat or lungs. The alveoli are air sacs via which breathing happens, but they will become badly damaged. Once breathed in, the tobacco smoke travels down the trachea and enters the lungs. When entering the body, the smoke would damage the cilia, which are millions of small hairs that push away mucus when it enters the body. If the lungs become even more damaged, smokers may not be able to breathe on their own, and they will be put on a device to help them breathe such as a ventilator. In some cases, smoking causes the lining of the lungs to become inflamed, making the smoker unable to breathe, which leads to death.
Roy Halladay while he played for the Philadelphia Phillies
**Harry Leroy Halladay III** (usually called **Roy Halladay**, May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017), was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He joined the Phillies in 2010 after pitching for the Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 to 2009. He was born in Denver, Colorado.

Career highlights
-----------------

Halladay has been chosen to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game seven times, and won the American League Cy Young Award in 2003. On May 29, 2010, Halladay threw a perfect game against the Florida Marlins. On October 6, 2010, in his first career MLB playoff game, he threw a no hitter against the Cincinnati Reds, allowing only one walk. Halladay won the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, and became one of five pitchers who have won Cy Young awards in both leagues.

Death
-----

Halladay was killed when his plane crashed in the Gulf of Mexico near Holiday, Florida on November 7, 2017. He was the only passenger on the plane, which belonged to his father. He was 40 years old.
Occasional errors may occur during DNA replication.
Chromosome mutations
In biology, a **mutation** is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.

Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when *meiosis* produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a **mutant** or a *mutation*. So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

Types of mutation
-----------------

Gene duplication causes different lengths at a single locus (allele). Shows variation in one gene in six individuals.
### DNA mutations

When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:

* *Deletion*, where one or more DNA bases are left out.
* *Insertion*, where one or more extra base is put in.
* *Substitution*, where one or more bases are changed for another base in the sequence.
* *Duplication*, where whole genes are copied.

### Chromosome mutations

These terms are explained in the third diagram.

* *Deletion*: a piece of chromosome is lost, together with any genes which may be on it.
* *Duplication*: part of a chromosome is repeated
* *Inversion*: part of a chromosome is reversed end to end
* *Insertion*: a smaller chromosome is added into a longer chromosome
* *Translocation*: part of a chromosome gets moved onto another chromosome

Results of mutation
-------------------

Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.

Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which *natural selection* acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.

Related pages
-------------

* Variation
European otter
**Mustelids** are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family **Mustelidae**, in the order Carnivora.

They are the largest family of mammals. They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves. Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.

One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.

These are other well-known animals from the mustelid family.


Wikispecies has information on: ***Mustelidae***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mustelidae***.

* Ferrets
* Badgers
* Ratels (or Honey badgers)
* Martens
* Minks
* Polecats
* Sables
* Stoats
* Otters

They can be thought of as two subfamilies, the Lutrinae (the otters), and the Mustelinae (the rest)
**Wilma Pearl Mankiller** (Cherokee: ᎠᏥᎳᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏗᎯ; November 18`, 1945 – April 6, 2010) Was the first female principal chief of a major Native American tribe. Mankiller dedicated her life to aid the advancement and recognition of the Cherokee Nation, a Native American tribe based in Oklahoma. In 1977, she was elected to be deputy principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. She eventually replaced her boss as the Principal Cherokee chief, the main leader of the Cherokee. She was officially elected as chief 1987. During her time as chief, many Cherokee became official members of the Nation. Her administration brought great improvements in healthcare, jobs, and education for the Cherokee Nation. Mankiller also founded the Institute for Cherokee Literacy, which serves to preserve Cherokee traditions and culture. In 1993, she became a member of the National Women’s Hall of Fame for her accomplishments. In 1998, she was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the highest honors a citizen of the United States can receive. Mankiller died on April 6, 2010 of Pancreatic Cancer.
Tin(IV) oxide
**Tin(IV) oxide**, also known as **tin dioxide** or **stannic oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It has tin and oxide ions in it. It has tin in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a white powdery solid. It reacts with acids to produce stannic salts, such as tin(IV) chloride with hydrochloric acid. It reacts with strong bases to make stannites. It reacts with carbon at a high temperature to make tin metal.

Occurrence
----------

It is found as cassiterite in the mineral form. Cassiterite is an ore of tin.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made in pure form by burning powdered tin in air.

Sn + O2 → SnO2

Uses
----

It is used to detect carbon monoxide. It is also used as a catalyst for certain reactions. It is also used to make ceramics opaque (not clear). It is used in sensors of gases that can burn. A tin(IV) oxide wire is heated. When a flammable gas flows over it, it can conduct a little electricity. The sensor measures the electricity.

Related pages
-------------

* Tin(II) oxide
* Tin(II) chloride
This photo shows a canyon cut into the surrounding flat soil with 32 distinct horizontal layers of soil, each clearly demarked from the layer below. Above the canyon a farm house can be seen n the distance - the farm house provide the perspective that helps the viewer establish that the cut is over 40 deep. The bottom of the cut is filled with tumble weeds."Little Grand Canyon" of Touchet River near Lowden in the Walla Walla valley. Note distinct layers
This is a rhythmite: obvious repeat pattern, with limestone blocks with shale in between them. Blue Lias cliffs at Lyme Regis, Dorset
A stratigraphic section of Ordovician limestone exposed in central Tennessee, U.S. The less-resistant and thinner beds are composed of shale. The vertical lines are drill holes for explosives used during road construction
A **rhythmite** is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern. This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites. Tides in some places have left rhythmites.

Longer-term rhythmites
----------------------

Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events, such as periodic floods, sea level changes, glaciation changes, earth's orbital variations, and other periodic climate changes.

Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata. For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.

Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons. A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods. Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.

However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites. In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.

Grand Canyon: rhythmites are very clear in some formations, and not present in others
Bonya Ahmed speaks in London in 2018.
**Rafida Bonya Ahmed**, better known as **Bonya Ahmed**, (Bengali: রাফিদা আহমেদ বন্যা, b. 1969), is a Bangladeshi-American author, humanist activist, and blogger.

On February 26, 2015, Bonya and her husband Avijit Roy were attacked by machete wielding Islamic extremists while they were visiting Dhaka, Bangladesh, on a book signing trip. They were attacked in the middle of the street at a very crowded book fair. Avijit died after he was taken to the hospital, and Bonya was seriously injured.

Life and work
-------------

Ahmed talks about human rights in London in 2017.
Bonya was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She completed her undergraduate degree in Computer Information Science at Minnesota State University in Mankato.

Bonya met Avijit through their writing on Mukto-Mona, the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers founded by Avijit. This group started the first celebration of Darwin Day in Bangladesh. Mukto-Mona was internationally recognized in 2015 and received The BOBS jury award.
Bonya wrote one of the first popular science books in Bangladesh about biological evolution, named *Bibortoner Path Dhore* ("Along the Evolutionary Path", 2007). She is one of the moderators of Mukto-Mona.

Bonya has a daughter, Trisha Ahmed, from her first marriage. Trisha wrote an article with her stepfather Avijit for the *Free Inquiry* magazine about imprisoned secularist bloggers. Ahmed has been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

Bonya decided to take a leave of absence from her job as a Senior Director at a credit bureau in the US after the attack on her and Avijit. She started working with the humanist associations in Europe and the US to raise awareness about the attacks on the secular intellectuals in Bangladesh by Islamic fundamentalists. She is currently doing research work on Islamic fundamentalism as a visiting research scholar at University of Texas, Austin. A week after her husband's death, Bonya started meeting with humanist associations in Europe, and working to get other activists out of Bangladesh, before they could be killed.

In 2016, Bonya received the Freedom From Religion Foundation's "Forward" award. She is on the jury of Deutsche Welle's The BOBS Best of Online Activism Award.

Works and activism
------------------

* *Bibortoner Path Dhore* ("Along the Evolutionary Path"), 2007, Abosor Prakashani, Dhaka.
* "Fighting Machetes with Pens", Voltaire Lecture 2015.
* Rafida Ahmed Bonya on the UN panel "Ending Impunity for Crimes against Journalists".
* Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission Briefing on Human Rights in Bangladesh Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine.
* Talk at Harvard Humanist Hub Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine.
* Keynote address at Reason Rally 2016 Archived 2017-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.
* Talk at American Humanist Association Annual Conference 2016.
* Lecture in the 4th Women in Secularism Conference 2016 Archived 2017-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.

Other websites
--------------

* Profile on Mukto-Mona Archived 2019-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Rafida Bonya Ahmed's blog
* Rafida Bonya Ahmed on Facebook
***Rage Racer*** is a 1996 racing video game by Namco where the player controls different cars and wins races in order to become what the game calls "Rage Racer". Four different car manufacturers make cars to drive in the game. Each of the cars has its forte and is sometimes named after it. In the game, the player drives three (four later in the game) courses to try and win a trophy and move to the next class.

Storyline
---------

At the beginning of the game, the game shows a plot of how some elite few "Race Racers" started to race their "worldwide speedway".

Gameplay
--------

### Grand Prix

In the Grand Prix mode, the player starts at Class 1. They choose a course and then a car. As the player wins races, they win prize money, or "credits", which are called **e.g.** in the game. E.g. can be used to buy new upgrades, cars, or courses. If the player loses a race, they lose 1 chance. A player starts with 5 chances per class. If a player loses when they do not have any chances, the game ends. Players can still save, and can still retrieve their credit and cars, but medals and trophies are lost.

### Time Trial

Time Trial is a mode where the player races the clock. They choose a car and course, and then are shown the record for the track. Tracks are also divided into "***sections***", parts of a track.

A player can save or load data with a memory card.

Other websites
--------------

* Namco Site. Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
The **Zulu** are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. There are 10-12 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province. However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Zulu language, called *isiZulu*, is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup.

The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s. During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination. Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights.

Beginning
---------

The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. In the Nguni languages, the words *iZulu*, *iliZulu*, and *liTulu* mean *heaven*, or *sky.*

In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area. These groups were called *isizwe* (nations) and *isibongo* (clans). These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years. These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations. They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.

Shaka, king of the Zulu. An engraving based on a sketch by Lt. James King, a merchant in Port Natal.

Related pages
-------------

* Shaka Zulu
* Zulu language

Other websites
--------------

* History section of the official page for the Zululand region Archived 2008-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, Zululand.kzn.org
* People of Africa, Zulu marriage explained, africanholocaust.net
* Izithakazelo, wakahina.co.za
Path through the forest immediately north of Bewdley
 The beautiful moth *Oecophora bractella*
**Wyre Forest** is a large, semi-natural woodland and forest measuring 26.34 square kilometres (10.17 sq mi). It sits across the borders of Worcestershire and Shropshire, England. It is lightly managed.

Natural history
---------------

The forest has a variety of wildlife. It was much larger, but it still is one of the largest remaining ancient woodlands in Britain. The Forestry Commission looks after about half of today's forest. Two-thirds of the forest is a SSSI (1,753.7 hectares), and a further fifth (549 hectares) is a National Nature Reserve. The Dowles Brook flows through the heart of the forest, and the A456 road also runs through the southern edge of the woodland.

It is one of the largest areas of semi-natural (partially unmanaged) woodland in the UK. Wildlife species to be found in the forest include hawfinch, fallow deer, dipper, common crossbill, pied flycatcher, redstart, and long-eared owl among many other woodland birds and plants. The small but colourful moth *Oecophora bractella* has one of its few English populations here, and does not seem to occur much farther northwards.

The forest is an important habitat for adders, which have been the subject of a notable study.
A cross-section of a stem. The holes with dark red outlines are xylem vessels SEM image (top) and light microscope image (bottom) of vessel elements in Oak
A **vessel element** (trachea) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. 

Vessel elements are found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but not in most gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers.

Structure
---------

Xylem vessels are a long straight chain made of tough long dead cells known as vessel elements. The vessel have no cytoplasm. They are not living, but are made by living cells. The cells are arranged end to end and the cell walls have disappeared. This makes a tube. 

Vessels are made of a substance called **lignin**. They have a lignified cell wall and a central cavity. Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls. Lignin is a hard organic polymer. It makes the cell walls rigid and is very long-lasting. It is the lignin in xylem vessels which holds trees up.

Function
--------

Water flows up the xylem vessels. The evaporation of water from the stomata cells in the leaves pulls up the water in a transpiration stream. This is called capillary action, because it depends on the way water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem (adhesion).

There is also some **root pressure**, because water enters the roots by osmosis. This is important so water gets upwards during the night when transpiration is low.

As the water goes up, it carries some minerals with it, so actually the xylem brings some basic nutrients to the plant. The phloem mostly distributes the more complex organic molecules.
**Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine** — ministry, central executive body of Ukraine.

Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine — a new name, which was given on August 29, 2019 to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine.

Forms and implements state policy in the fields of economy, trade and agriculture. It is also responsible for the implementation of state policy on business development, regulation of pricing policy (except for registration of legal entities and individuals — entrepreneurs), public procurement, tourism and development of the defense industry.

Functions and tasks
-------------------

The Ministry is the central body of executive power, the activities of which are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

The Ministry is part of the system of executive bodies and is the main body in the system of central executive bodies for the formation and implementation of state policy of economic and social development, price, industrial, investment, foreign economic policy, state policy in trade, state regional policy, state policy on issues of business development, technical regulation (standardization, metrology, certification, quality management) and consumer protection, as well as interdepartmental coordination on economic and social cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union.

The Ministry of Economic Development of Ukraine is a specially authorized body in the field of public procurement, metrology, public-private partnership, state regulatory policy, licensing, licensing system in the field of economic activity, state defense procurement.

Structure
---------

**Minister**

The Ministry is headed by Minister Ihor Rostyslavovych Petrashko.

**Deputy Ministers**

* First Deputy Minister: Yulia Anatoliyivna Svyridenko.
* Deputies: Vysotsky Taras Mykolayovych, Glushchenko Serhiy Mykolayovych, Romanovych Dmytro Olehovych, Panaiotidi Svitlana Mykolayivna, Novikova Iryna Yuriyivna, Romanyshyn Oleksandr Viktorovych.
* Deputy for Digital Development, Digital Transformations and Digitization: Dyadyura Ihor Hryhorovych.
* Deputy Trade Representative of Ukraine: Kachka Taras Andriyovych.

State Secretary of the Ministry: Marievich Konstantin Mikhailovich.
Tracheid of oak shows pits along the walls
**Tracheids** are long cells in the xylem of vascular plants. They transport water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of elements in the xylem, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids do not have perforation plates; vessel elements do. These define vascular plants, as opposed to non-vascular plants.

All tracheary elements get a thick lignified cell wall. When the plant is mature, the protoplast has broken down and disappeared. Tracheids have two functions. They transport material and provide structural support.

The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms: rings, spirals, networks or as extensive thickenings except where there are pits. Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much larger surface area to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This mechanism helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as *Tracheide*, in German.
Verenahof today is just a street.
**Verenahof** was until 1967 a tiny part of West Germany containing three houses and twenty-four residents, completely surrounded by land belonging to Switzerland. The West German territory was an enclave separated from the rest of the country by a strip of Swiss land about 200 to 300 metres wide. 

In 1522, Emperor Charles V and his brother Archduke Ferdinand of Austria bought Verenahof at the same time when they bought other small pieces of land in the same region (Tengen, Kommingen, Wiechs am Randen) from Count Christoph von Nellenburg [de].

In the 17th and 18th centuries there were arguments between Tengen and Schaffhausen about access roads and the exact border of the enclave.

In 1964 West Germany and Switzerland agreed that Verenahof would become part of Switzerland. This happened on 4 October 1967. Today Verenahof is part of the village of Büttenhardt.

At the Wiechs am Randen town hall there are some remaining border markers that became no longer needed with the land swap in 1967. In Büttenhardt, at the old school house, some old border markers from the 1930s have been used to frame bushes planted around the enclave.
Black toner container
**Toner** is a powder commonly used in photocopiers and Laser printers to draw images and text onto paper. The early forms of toner were just carbon powder. Modern toners mix carbon with a thermoplastic and other materials.

In early machines, the user had to pour the toner into a reservoir on the machine itself. Current machines feed from a sealed cartridge which is normally a proprietary design. Although manufacturers try to make the process complicated, empty cartridges are sometimes refilled by third-party vendors.
Toner particles are melted by the heat of the fuser, and bind to the paper.

Health Risks
------------

Since toner is a fine dust, it can remain in the air for a long time, and is considered to have health effects similar to inert dust.
It can be very painful to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or bronchitis.

Impact on the environment
-------------------------

Many companies selling laser printers will also provide a way to return empty toner cartridges. These are commonly re-used, with new toner. Today, many toners have chips which tell the printer how much toner is left. These chips also need to be re-programmed, when the toner is re-filled.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***toner***.

* *Material Safety Data Sheets: HP LaserJet Print Cartridges* from Hewlett-Packard
* *Toner Particles – Monitoring Particle Size Distribution and Particle Shape* Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine from Malvern Instruments
Windhoek Rural constituency (red) comprises rural Khomas Region minus the city of Windhoek (yellow)
**Windhoek Rural** is part of the Khomas Region in the middle of Namibia. Its district capital city is Groot Aub. It had a population of 22,254 in 2011, up from 20,212 in 2001. As of 2020[update], it has 13,625 registered voters.

Agriculture is the biggest way to make money in Windhoek Rural. Gardening, seed production, and firewood collection are big too. 90% of the land in Windhoek Rural is farmland run for profit.

Politics
--------

Frederick Arie won the 2004 regional election. Arie is in the SWAPO Party. Arie replaced Albert Tsuoub of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). The 2015 regional election were also won by SWAPO whose Penina Ita gained 2,372 votes. Willem Hendrik Vries of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) came second with 848 votes, followed by Bernard Gaoseb of the Republican Party (RP) with 415 votes.

Piet Adams won the 2020 regional election. Adams is in the Landless People's Movement (LPM). He had 1,645 votes, followed by Johannes Elago (SWAPO) with 1,563 votes. Magdalena Haukelo of the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), came in third with 1,099 votes, followed by Marthineo Dierkse of the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM) with 714 votes.
A road in Fitzgerald River National Park
The plains in the Outback. The tabletop mountain in the background is Mount Conner
The **outback** is the remote areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, it is only a term used to refer to locations that are far away from big cities. 
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle farming.
Agriculture, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.

Medicine in the outback
-----------------------

Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.

Tourism
-------

Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of several vehicles. Deaths of tourists are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.
**Retroactive continuity**, or **retcon**, is when some detail in a fictional story, such as a movie, TV, or book series, is added, changed, or ignored in a later part of the series. It can happen for several different reasons, like fixing a plot hole or getting rid of a detail that was disliked by many people.

There are a few main types of retcons.

The first is addition. This is a new detail added to give the reader or viewer a new understanding of the story. This detail would not have been planned when a series was first being made. For example, many people who watched Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope complained that the Death Star had an easily spotted and poorly placed weak point. This made it easier to be destroyed. George Lucas, the writer of Star Wars, did not have an explanation why. However, the writers of its prequel, Rogue One, later explained this. They wrote the story so that character Galen Erso, who is the main character Jyn Erso's father, made its weak point easily seen and poorly placed on purpose. He did this so he could help the Rebel Alliance destroy it.

The second is alteration. This is a detail goes against details already given. This is called a contradiction. For example, in Metal Gear Solid 2, the villain Revolver Ocelot tells the main character Solid Snake that Big Boss was in his late fifties when he gave his genes to make clones. This was the year 1972. However, in the prequel Metal Gear Solid 3, Big Boss is the main character. The game is set in 1964, but Big Boss is nowhere even close to being in his late forties or early fifties, which is how old he is supposed to be.

The third is subtraction. This is a detail that gets ignored or forgotten later in a series. For example, in the movie X-Men Origins: Wolverine, the villain Colonel Stryker experiments on the superhero Deadpool and turns him into Weapon 11. This made fans of Deadpool so unhappy that when the Deadpool movie came out it completely ignored the story given in X-Men Origins.
1 Yuan Manchukuo *paper note, depicting the Manchukuo flag on the left and what "appears" to be the Manchukuo government's State Department is depicted on the right of the bill.*
The **Manchukuo yuan** was the money used in the Empire of Manchukuo, from June 1932 until August 1945. 

The Manchukuo yuan would buy 24 grams of silver. The yuan was instead of the Chinese *tael*. The tael was common and was in use in Manchuria. A tael would buy about 40 grams of silver.

History
-------

The Manchukuo yuan would buy 24 grams of silver in 1932. The price of silver changed and the yuan would not buy 24 grams of silver. To show that the yuan had value it was made equal to Japanese money. The Japanese money was called the yen. In 1940 the Manchukuo yuan was being used to measure Manchukuo exports and imports to America, Germany and Japan.

The paper money was in five values in 1932. Each piece of paper money is called a note. There was a one hundred yuan note, a ten yuan note, a five yuan note, a one yuan note and a small value note. A new 1000 yuan note was made in 1944.

The paper money or notes had pictures of Chinese emperors printed on them. The money was first made in Japan. Later they were made by the Bank in the Manchukuo capital of Hsinking (Hsinking is now called Changchun). 

Manchukuo's cardboard money
The Yuan was subdivided into 10 *chiao*, 100 *fen* or 1000 *li*. Coins were made that were worth 5 *li* and bigger values. The largest value coin was 10 *fen*.

In 1944 and 1945, Manchukuo made coins of red or brown cardboard. These may be unique as to coining material, but they are not particularly scarce.

On January 1946 Manchukuo Yuan was replaced. The Chinese allowed people to swap 1 Manchukuo for a new type of money called a *North-Eastern Yuan*. In 1948 these new yuan could be swapped by a *Gold Yuan*. One Gold Yuan cost 150,000 *North Eastern Yuans*.

Banknotes
---------

10 Yuan note, 1937 (front) showing a Chinese Emperor 10 Yuan note, 1937 (back), showing the Bank of Manchou
100 Yuan note, 1944 (front) showing Confucius100 Yuan note, 1944 (back), showing soy bean containers
**Pseudocode** (sometimes written as pseudo-code) is a description of the source code of a computer program or an algorithm in a language easily understood by humans. 

It uses the general structure of a computer programming language, but omits details that are required by machines to execute the code. The primary purpose of writing pseudocode is to enable humans to understand the computer program or algorithm without having to understand the programming language.

Syntax
------

Pseudocode does not follow the syntax and grammar of any specific computer programming language. Variable declarations are generally omitted. Function calls and blocks of code, such as code for a loop, are often replaced by a one-line natural language sentence.

Examples
--------

```
FOR I FROM 1 TO 50:
    PRINT I

```

Reads the for loop and prints all the integers from 1 to 50.

```
SET X = 1
FOR I FROM 1 TO 16:
    PRINT X
    SET X = X * 2

```

This pseudocode outputs powers of two.

```
define AND(A, B) do
    if A then
        return B
    endif
    return 0
end define

```

The above pseudocode sample computes a logical and function.
Astronomers have observed stars spinning around the supermassive black hole in Sagittarius A\*. 
Surface brightness and velocity field of the inner part of Sagittarius A West
**Sagittarius A** (or **Sgr A**) is a complex radio source at the galactic centre of the Milky Way. It is in the Sagittarius constellation, but hidden from view by large clouds of cosmic dust in the spiral arms of the Milky Way.

It consists of three components: the remains of a supernova **Sagittarius A East**, the spiral structure **Sagittarius A West**, and a very bright compact radio source at the center of the spiral, **Sagittarius A\***. These three overlap: Sagittarius A East is the largest, West appears off-center within East, and A\* is at the centre of West.

Sagittarius A East
------------------

This feature is about 25 light-years wide. It looks like a remnant from a supernova explosion that happened between 35,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, it would take 50 to 100 times more energy than a standard supernova explosion to create a structure of this size and energy. Sgr A East might be the remains of a star that exploded as it was gravitationally squashed approaching the central black hole.

Sagittarius A West
------------------

Sgr A West looks like a three-arm spiral from the point of view of the Earth. Actually it is made of several dust and gas clouds, which orbit and fall onto Sagittarius A\* at velocities as high as 1,000 kilometers per second. The surface layer of these clouds is ionized. The source of ionisation is the population of massive stars that also occupy the central parsec of the galaxy. Over hundred such OB stars have been identified so far.

Sagittarius A\*
---------------

See the main article: Sagittarius A\*
There is a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Sagittarius A\* (abbreviated Sgr A\*) is the most likely candidate for the position of this central black hole. The Very Large Telescope and Keck Telescope detected stars orbiting Sgr A\* at speeds greater than any other stars in the galaxy. One star, S2, orbits Sgr A\* at speeds of over 5,000 kilometers per second at its closest approach.

A gas cloud is expected to collide with the black hole in 2014 and provide additional information.
**Sœur Emmanuelle** (born **Madeleine Cinquin**, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.

She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.

She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.

In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.

Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast *Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman*.

She died on 20 October 2008.

*Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle* (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

Other websites
--------------

* 95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
* (in French) De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle Archived 2006-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
**Zuhal Atmar** is an Afghan entrepreneur and environmentalist. She is the first woman to owe and to manage a recycling plant in Afghanistan. She is also a researcher as well as an economic affairs analyst. She was included in BBC's list of 100 influential and inspiring women for 2021.

Early life and career
---------------------

Atmar was born in Afghanistan. An account cited that she was a refugee in Pakistan. In Pakistan, she completed her education. She came back to Afghanistan after the fall of the Talibans. She started her career as a researcher. She worked for the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. She promoted women's education, community voice, equal opportunities and access to livelihood.

Activism
--------

Atmar's environmental work began with a desire to say something about the climate change. She created a recycling plant to help in controlling the pollution rate in Kabul. In an interview, she highlighted the problems of the one-time use of plastic. According to her, such plastic contribute to the 308 tons of garbage generated in Kabul everyday. This facility is called Gul-Mursal Waste Paper Recycling Factory. It processed 33 tons of garbage every week.

Her leading work at the recycling facility exposed her to gender discrimination and harassment. She said that it was difficult to set up her company as women in Afghanistan do not have access to loans. The reason for such discrimination is that they fail to complete requirements such as guarantor, business partner and collateral. She operated her company after getting a $100,000 loan from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Atmar also struggled with patriarchy. She said she was harassed by male competitors. In a report, Atmar said that "there’s a lot of judgment and many people are bothered by me running my own business."

Atmar was included in BBC's list of 100 influential and inspiring women for 2021.
Tiberius Gracchus on a Roman coin
**Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus** (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.

Further reading
---------------

* Bernstein, Alvin H. (1978). *Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus : tradition and apostasy*. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801410789.
* Boren, Henry C. (1969). *The Gracchi*. New York: Twayne.
* Earl, Donald C. (1963). *Tiberius Gracchus : a study in politics*. Bruxelles-Berchem: Latomus.
* Riddle, John M. (1970). *Tiberius Gracchus: destroyer or reformer of the Republic?*. Lexington, MA: Heath.
* Scullard, H.H. (2010). *From the Gracchi to Nero : a history of Rome 133 BC to AD 68*. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415584883.
* Stockton, David (1979). *The Gracchi*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198721048.