recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Personal Independence Payment** is a Social Security benefit for disabled people over 16 in the United Kingdom. It was started in 2013, replacing Disability Living Allowance for people over 16. It is tax free. It is for people in or out of work. To get it people must be between 16 and State Pension age and living in the UK. They do not need to have paid any National Insurance Contributions. They have to show that they:

* have had difficulties with daily living or getting around (or both) for at least 3 months
* expect these difficulties to continue for at least 9 months (unless they are expected to have less than 6 months to live) Each component (part) can be paid at either a standard or enhanced (higher) rate.

The ‘daily living component’ is for extra help needed with everyday tasks:

* preparing food
* eating and drinking
* managing medical treatments
* washing and bathing
* managing toilet needs or incontinence
* dressing and undressing
* speaking and listening
* reading and understanding written information
* mixing with other people
* making decisions about money

There is a check, normally by telephone. Claimants are given a score for each task. 8 to 11 points for daily living gives the lower rate, £68.10. 12 points or more gives the higher rate, £101.75.

The ‘mobility component’ is for extra help needed getting around. This includes moving, planning a journey or following a route. 8 to 11 points gives the lower rate, £26.90. 12 or more gives the higher rate, £71.00. People who get the enhanced mobility rate can use it to get a car or wheelchair under the Motability scheme. 

These amounts are weekly rates for 2023/4.
A **persuasive text** is any **text** where the main purpose is to present a point of view and seeks to **persuade** a reader. A **persuasive text** can be an argument, exposition, discussion, review or even an advertisement.

Ethos
-----

Ethos is the ethical appeal, and it means to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character by showing a good sense of ethics. An actor would use ethos to prove to his audience that he’s credible and worth listening to by presenting their ethical opinions and making ethical decisions.

Logos
-----

Logos is the appeal to logic, meaning to convince the audience by using logic or reason. When appealing to logos, an actor may cite facts or statistics to prove their points. An actor may appeal to logos by presenting logical or well-rounded arguments, may cite important information, or may refer to historical analogies for explanations and proof.

Pathos
------

Pathos is the emotional appeal, meaning to convince an audience through appealing on emotional levels. Actors may attempt to evoke sympathy so the audience feels how the director intended for them to feel. Actors appealing to pathos aim to generate a certain emotion or response. Pathos can be expressed by actors through language, emotional tones, or emotional events/scenes.
The **South Eastern Railway** (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922. The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover. Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent. The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs. There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.

Early history
-------------

Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion. This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east. However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.

| * v
* t
* e
The "Big Four" pre-nationalisation British railway companies |
| --- |
| 
* Great Western
* London Midland & Scottish
* London & North Eastern
* Southern

 |
| GWR constituents | 
* Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway
* Barry Railway
* Cambrian Railways
* Cardiff Railway
* Great Western Railway
* Rhymney Railway
* Taff Vale Railway
	+ *Full list*

 |
| LNER constituents | 
* Great Central
* Great Eastern
* Great Northern
* Great North of Scotland
* Hull & Barnsley
* North British
* North Eastern
	+ *Full list*

 |
| LMS constituents | 
* Caledonian
* Furness
* Glasgow & South Western
* Highland
* Lancashire & Yorkshire
* London and North Western
* Midland
* North Staffordshire
	+ *Full list*

 |
| SR constituents | 
* London and South Western Railway
* London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
* London, Chatham and Dover Railway
* South Eastern and Chatham Railway
* South Eastern Railway
	+ *Full list*

 |
| 
See also
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923–1947
List of companies involved in the grouping
 |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Suthachai Yimprasert** (April 28, 1956 – September 27, 2017) was a Thai historian who wrote *Phan Ching Chart Thai* (English: Plot to Take Over the Nation) and *Adyakam Rat Nai Vikrit Kan Plianplaeng* (English: State Crime Amidst Change Crisis).

An article in Khaosod (a newspaper) said that he "became one of the most respected names in modern historical writing" [in Thailand].

*The Nation* (a newspaper) called him a *noted* historian. Tnews "a hardline pro-junta news website, praised him as a "lover of democracy" in its tribute".

Early life
----------

He was a student activist, and on 6 October 1976 he and other leftist students gathered after an overnight protest at Thammasat [University], police commandos and right-wing militia members stormed the campus and butchered scores of students. ... [he] saw several of his friends gunned down in the massacre, decided armed uprising was the only solution. He fled to the southern jungle, joined the Communist rebels", and became a guerrilla fighter.

He got his Bachelor’s Degree from Srinakharinwirot University, Master's Degree from Chulalongkorn University and Doctor's Degree from University of Bristol.
Suiseki and its wooden base at "Exhibition Suiseki and Shangshi" in Prague, 2011
**Suiseki** (水石) is the Japanese term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.

*Suiseki* can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. *Suiseki* can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.

History
-------

Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of *suiseki* in Japan. The history of *suiseki* in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko. The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.

Evaluation
----------

The evaluation of *suiseki* recognizes color, shape, markings and surface. According to Hideo Marushima (丸島秀夫, *Marushima Hideo*, 1934- ) in *The History of Suiseki in Japan* (日本愛石史, *Nihon aisekishi*),

> It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray. I see the whole world in a tiny stone. Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.
> 
> 

Some types of *suiseki* suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.

Related pages
-------------

* Suseok
* Bonsai
* Penjing
* Standing stone

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Suiseki at Wikimedia Commons

* Nippon Suiseki Association
* "Viewing Stones" at National Bonsai Foundation Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
A **personalized video game** is a video game made for specific people, usually as a luxury gift. It can contain personal information of who the game is for. They are usually made for birthdays, anniversaries and engagement proposals.

History
-------

A short time after the video game industry started, personalized video games were first given as luxury gifts. In a well-known example, Kevin Smith gave a game to Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez where Lopez must find and rescue Affleck from a kidnapping.

Amuse Me, one of the first professional services, was started by Abdel Bounane in 2011. Games were made manually and cost up to $67,000. Florent Deloison, one of Amuze Me's game artists, said "Amuse Me makes personalized games in one’s image, like having your portrait made by a painter,".

TinglyGames, a developer based in the Netherlands, started Greeting Games in 2014. Users were able to customize and send casual games as e-cards themselves.

Amelus Digital, an Australian game studio, started HEART2GAME Archived 2018-03-22 at the Wayback Machine in 2017. It manually makes games for multiple types of event. They only made games for romantic events until 2018.

Petr Hudecek started Bday Game in 2018. It manually makes pixel-art RPG games.

Freelance game developers offer cheap personalized video game services at places such as Fiverr.
Paul Strzelecki
**Paul Edmund de Strzelecki** (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.

In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called *Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land*. He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.

A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.
**Seljuk architecture** is the name given to architecture built during the time when the Seljuks ruled most of the Middle East and Anatolia. This was between the 11th and 13th centuries. After the 11th century the Seljuks of Rum emerged from the Great Seljuk Empire developing their own architecture. Their capital was Konya. They were influenced and inspired by the Armenians, Byzantines and Persians.

Great Seljuq Empire architecture
--------------------------------

The architecture can be found in a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia. Also from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. The homeland of Seljuk architecture was Turkmenistan and Iran. This is where the first permanent Seljuk buildings were built. Unfortunately the Mongol invasions destroyed most of these buildings. Only a few remain. In 1063 Isfahan was established as capital of the Great Seljuk Empire under Alp Arslan.

The most significant change was in the early 12th century. It was the conversion of the hypostyle plan into a four-iwan plan mosque (see Shah Mosque). Another mosque-type introduced at this time was the kiosk mosque, consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side. The architecture of this period was also characterized by memorial tombs. These were usually octagonal structures with domed roofs, called Kümbet or Türbe. An impressive example of tomb architecture is the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar at Merv. It is a massive building measuring 27 metres (89 ft) square with a huge double dome resting on squinches and muqarnas pendentives.

Gallery
-------

* Shah mosque at nightShah mosque at night
* Small Kiosk mosqueSmall Kiosk mosque
* mihra close-upmihra close-up
* Tomb of Zubaidah bint Ja`far in BaghdadTomb of Zubaidah bint Ja`far in Baghdad
* four-iwan plan, section, and elevationfour-iwan plan, section, and elevation
* Mausoleum of Sultan SanjarMausoleum of Sultan Sanjar

Related pages
-------------

* Seljuq dynasty
* Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
* Kharraqan towers
The Schlenkerla pub in the Dominikanerstrasse
**Schlenkerla** is a famous old brewery and tavern in Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its smoked beer which is called "Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier" ("real Schlenkerla smoked beer"). It is a strong, darkish beer with a slightly smokey taste which is rather like bacon. The alcohol content is 5.1%. There is another speciality which is called "Urbock" ("Ur" means "original" and "Bock" is actually a male goat). The Urbock is stronger: 6.5% alcohol and is only served in the season known as the "Starkbierzeit" ("Strong beer time") which is from October to 6 January. The beer is served from oak barrels. This is a very old tradition which is not often found nowadays.

The sign over the entrance showing the man with dangling arms
The name Schlenkerla comes from the word "schlenken" which means: "to dangle" ("to hang loosely", or "swing").

Other websites
--------------

* Brauereiausschank Schlenkerla Archived 2006-11-19 at the Wayback Machine - Official website of the Schlenkerla historical brewery and tavern
* Bamberger-Bier.de - everything you have to know about Bambergs brewing tradition (German, English)
**Paco Peña** (born 1 June 1942) is a Spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. He is regarded as one of the world's foremost traditional Flamenco players.

Born in Córdoba, Spain as Francisco Peña Pérez, Paco Peña began learning to play the guitar from his brother at age 6 and made his first professional appearance at 12. Encouraged by his family, he left home and began performing throughout Spain as part of a government-sponsored folk music and dance program. This led to calls from professional Flamenco companies in Madrid and the Costa Brava, where Peña established himself as a highly regarded accompanist to Flamenco dance and singing. 

Seeking a new challenge, he moved to London he become a soloist in the late 1960s. Initially the star attraction in the Restaurante Antonio in Covent Garden, Peña got so much interest that he soon found himself sharing concerts with stars. He made his solo debut at Wigmore Hall in 1967. It was not long before Peña was touring the world, both as a soloist and an accompanist with performances at Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. 

He founded the world's first university course on flamenco guitar, at the Rotterdam conservatory of music. In 1984 Peña was interviewed by Julian Bream for the Channel 4 television series *Guitarra!* which traces the development of the guitar in Spain.
***Staurikosaurus*** is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil. It was a small, lightly built carnivore.

The rarity of *Staurikosaurus* remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form.

Description
-----------

Size comparison between *Staurikosaurus* and a human.
At just 2.25 metres (7.4 ft), 80 centimetres tall (31 in), and weighing just 30 kilograms (66 lb), *Staurikosaurus* was small in comparison to later theropods like *Megalosaurus*. *Staurikosaurus* and the related *Herrerasaurus* are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.

The fossil record of *Staurikosaurus* is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known. *Staurikosaurus* was a quick runner for its size. It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.

The available teeth for Staurikosaurus strongly suggest a carnivorous diet.

### Tail

The tail of *Staurikosaurus* was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran. The rear part of *Staurikosaurus'*s tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae. Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.

Other websites
--------------

* Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul. Archived 2008-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
The **Titles of Nobility Amendment** is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was approved by the 11th Congress on May 1, 1810, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It would strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country. On two occasions between 1812 and 1816, it only needed ratifying by two states to become a valid part of the Constitution. Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, so the amendment is still pending before the states. Now, since the number of states has increased, ratification by an additional 26 states would be needed for this amendment to be adopted.

Text
----

> If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive or retain, any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them.
> 
>

Background
----------

This proposed amendment would amplify both Article I, Section 9, which prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and Section 10, which prohibits the states from issuing them.

There is speculation that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland. She gave birth to a son for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France. The child, named Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, was not born in the United States, but in Great Britain on July 7, 1805. Nevertheless, he would have held U.S. citizenship through his mother. In turn, his son, Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was born in 1851 and died 1921. He graduated from Harvard Law School, and became Secretary of the Navy and then, in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration, Attorney-General – and created the FBI. Another theory is that his mother actually desired a title of nobility for herself. She is referred to as the "Duchess of Baltimore" in many texts written about the amendment. The marriage had been annulled in 1805. This was well before the amendment's proposal by the 11th Congress. Nonetheless, Representative Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina is recorded to have said that "he considered the vote on this question as deciding whether or not we were to have members of the Legion of Honor in this country."

Other websites
--------------

* N.H. Republican Lawmakers Allege Missing Constitutional Amendment Was Purposely Deleted in 1871
Titration apparatus
**Titration** is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known substance. 

It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators like phenolphthalein or methyl orange and internal indicators like KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) are used to mark the end point of titration.

A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the *titrant* or *titrator*, is added to a known volume of another reagent, the *analyte* or *titrand*. This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.

Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH.

Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as *volumetric analysis* as well as *quantitative analysis*.
Pierre Maupertuis stated in 1746 that many processes in nature are either optimal, or they take extreme values. This is known as the **principle of stationary action** and is a part of mechanics. It states that physical fields and particles will sometimes take extreme values (which are maximal or minimal). For this reason, it is often called **principle of least action**. Maupertuis gives a way to determine equations of motion when looking at the action of a mechanical system.

History
-------

One of the first to formulate this was Pierre de Fermat. In the 1600s, he wrote: "light travels between two given points along the path of shortest time".

Maupertuis wrote: "The laws of movement and of rest deduced from this principle being precisely the same as those observed in nature, we can admire the application of it to all phenomena. The movement of animals, the vegetative growth of plants ... are only its consequences; and the spectacle of the universe becomes so much the grander, so much more beautiful, the worthier of its Author, when one knows that a small number of laws, most wisely established, suffice for all movements."

Related pages
-------------

* Occam's razor
A **property tax** (or **millage tax**) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is imposed by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. The tax may be paid to a national, state, provincial, county, regional, or municipality governmant. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent or mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value.

There are four broad types of property: land, immovable property, personal property and intellectual property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property. A tax is assessed based on that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. 

Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property.  In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. In the Canadian province of British Columbia a speculation tax on residential properties has been introduced in 2019.

A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one *(Ad valorem* tax) relies upon the appraised fair market value of the property being taxed. The other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a "benefit" for its justification.

The *property tax rate* is often given as a percentage. It may also be expressed as a per mille (amount of tax per thousand currency units of property value), which is also known as a *millage rate* or *mill* (which is also one-thousandth of a currency unit). To calculate the property tax, the authority will multiply the assessed value of the property by the mill rate. Then they will divide by 1,000. For example, a property with an assessed value of $50,000 located in a municipality with a mill rate of 20 mills would have a property tax bill of $1,000 per year.
A Heckler & Koch MP7, one kind of PDW
A **personal defense weapon** (**PDW**) is usually defined as a light, compact and easy to use firearm. However the definition varies depending on context and who you ask. Many will still say it is a short-barreled rifle (SBR). These are regulated in the United States by the ATF. Many SBRs have "selective fire" (you can switch between semi-automatic or fully automatic fire).

The United States Department of Homeland Security defines a personal defense weapon as an M4 carbine (or a Colt AR-15 civilian semi-automatic rifle). Some governments' definition of PDWs includes handguns. An example is the Czech Republic. It has proposed a constitutional amendment which would allow its citizens to own and keep PDWs as a way to discourage terrorists. Regardless, a PDW is usually agreed upon as being somewhere between a submachine gun and an assault rifle.

History
-------

In the 1980s, the term was used for troops in tight, confined environments. They needed a compact automatic weapon that could defeat body armor. It was designed for troops in tanks, military trucks and those operating from aircraft including pilots. The majority of soldiers do not take part in an infantry battle. Their jobs are usually to support the infantry. Their main role is not winning a fight, but often to escape an ambush. In other situations they may assist the infantry. PDWs are also used by bodyguards as they can be hidden under a jacket but still allowed good firepower. PDWs tend to be shorter range weapons.

The term evolved as concealed carry became more popular, especially in places like the United States. Certain states in the United States make carrying a firearm for personal defense relatively easy while others make it more difficult. Also, quite a few other countries allow concealed carry, to various degrees. Pistols, especially compact models, are very popular self defense weapons today. Also, there are now a number of pistols available in rifle calibers.

Alternative self-defense weapons
--------------------------------

In places where a firearm cannot be carried or the person chooses not to carry a firearm, there are other weapons they can carry. Common items such as a credit card, car keys, a pen or even a scarf can be effective self defense weapons. Because of the popularity of self defense, there are also specially designed non-lethal weapons designed not to look like weapons.

Other websites
--------------

* Self Defense Weapons (Non Lethal?); YouTube
* Firearms Facts: Personal Defense Weapons; YouTube
A United States Coast Guard cutter
The **United States Coast Guard** is one of the 6 branches of the military of the United States. It is a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry and security of the United States on seas, lakes and rivers. To do this, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters and airplanes to stop smuggling and other crime and terrorism, and to rescue ships and boats in danger.

The Coast Guard traces its roots back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was created by Congress on 4 August 1790. As such, the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States.

The modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915. This is when the U. S. Congress ordered the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to merge into a single service. The Coast Guard can become part of the Department of the Navy during war, but it is not now. It became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003.

History
-------

The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats called "cutters". The service was first suggested in a letter by Alexander Hamilton as a way to collect tariffs which were being lost to smuggling. They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries. The first Coast Guard station was in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, the Revenue Cutter Service was the only naval force of the early United States. 

The modern Coast Guard can be said to date to 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service when Congress formalized the existence of the new organization. In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard's purview. In 1942, the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard.
In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.

In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter *Harriet Lane* fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II. More often, military and combat units within the Coast Guard will operate under Navy or joint operational control while other Coast Guard units will remain under the Department of Homeland Security.
Sara al-Drees
**Sara al-Drees** (Arabic: سارة الدريس) or **Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees** (Arabic: سارة عبد الوهاب الدريس) is a Kuwaiti teacher. She is Kuwait's first political detainee.

Work
----

Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for *Al-Ra'i* newspaper in Kuwait. She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association. She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011. She wrote three books. In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.

Political life
--------------

The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood. 

In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015 she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.

Other websites
--------------

* Sara al-Drees on Twitter
The Belgian synthpop group **Telex** was formed in 1978 by Marc Moulin, Dan Lacksman, and Michel Moers. They mixed disco, punk and experimental electronic music.

Like Kraftwerk, Telex built its music entirely from electronic instruments.

In 1980 Telex's manager asked the group to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. The group entered and were sent to the finals. The group's song "Euro-Vision" was a cheerful bleepy song with deliberately banal lyrics about the contest itself. The Eurovision audience seemed unsure how to react to the performance. After the band stopped playing, there was mostly stunned silence. Michel Moers took a photograph of the bewildered audience. The band walked off to sounds of muttering. When vote-counting began, and Greece awarded Belgium three points. The announcer thought she misheard and tried to award the points to the Netherlands.

For its third album, Telex got the help of US group Sparks to help write the lyrics. However, the band still would not play live. This is common practice for techno music artists, but unusual in 1981. The fourth Telex album, *Wonderful World*, was barely distributed.

In 1986, Atlantic Records signed Telex. At this time the band was using sampling and a more up-tempo humorous style. 

In 1989, Telex revisited all of its old tracks and remixed them to be like house music.

After almost two decades of silence, Telex made a comeback in March 2006 with *How Do You Dance* on EMI Records. It had five original songs as well as five covers.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* 1979: *Looking For St. Tropez*
* 1980: *Neurovision*
* 1981: *Sex* (released in some countries as "Birds and Bees" with a slightly altered track listing)
* 1984: *Wonderful World*
* 1986: *Looney Tunes*
* 2006: *How Do You Dance?*

### Compilations and remix albums

* 1989: *Les Rhythmes Automatiques* (album of re-recorded back-catalogue))
* 1993: *Belgium...One Point* (a box set of the first five albums plus bonus tracks)
* 1994: *Is Release A Humour? - We Love Telex* (Japan only. remixed by Japanese DJs)
* 1998: *I Don't Like Music* (remixed by Carl Craig and others)
* 1998: *I Don't Like Remixes: Original Classics 78-86* (a 'best-of' compilation)
* 1999: *I (Still) Don't Like Music Remixes Vol. 2* (DJ remixes)
* 2009: *Ultimate Best Of*
The **Swedish krona** is the currency of Sweden. The country of Sweden has used this money since 1873. In the English language, the Swedish krona means the **Swedish Crown**. The Swedish crowns consist of:

* 1 öre (coin) \*1991
* 2 öre (coin) \*1991
* 5 öre (coins) \*1991
* 10 öre (coins) \*1991
* 25 öre (coin) \*1991
* 50 öre (coin) \*2010
* 1 crown (coin)
* 2 crown (coin) \*\*\*
* 5 crown (coin)
* 10 crown (coin) \* (\*\*)
* 10 crown (coin)
* 20 crown (paper)
* 50 crown (paper)
* 100 crown (paper)
* 200 crown (paper)
* 500 crown (paper)
* 1000 crown (paper)

This is all the Swedish money there is.

\*Not in use since:  

\*\*Not known when ended.

\*\*\*Been used earlier and later reintroduced

Current changes
---------------

On December 18 2008, the Swedish Riksbank asked to phase out the 50 öre, the final öre coin, by 2010. Note, however that the öre would remain as a subdivision unit for electronic payments.

Exchange rates
--------------

Exchange rate of Swedish kronor against the Euro  

The krona stand to an average of ten crowns to one euro

200-krona and 2-krona
---------------------

The Riksbank decided on 17 February 2010, to recommend the parliament to allow it to issue a 2-krona coin and a 200-krona note, the latter a new denomination for the country. However it did not recommend replacing the 20-krona note with a coin. In 2015 the first ever 200-krona note saw its use and in 2016 the 2-krona coin was reintroduced having previously being used between 1876 and 1971.
**Palenquero** is a Spanish-African Creole language spoken in Colombia. Is it spoken primarily in the Northern and the Caribbean parts of Colombia; the palenque villages and their diasporas.

Formation of Palenquero
-----------------------

Palenquero, just like in the other Spanish-Based Caribbean Creoles, has influences from the contact between European masters and African slaves. In the case of Palenquero, it has been accepted that the maroons (escaped slaves) moved in somewhere in the mountains, along with some Native Americans. The maroons had very little contact with their masters, which led to them having to blend their African substrate languages with the Spanish European ones.

African influences
------------------

Palenquero has a lot of African influence in its sounds, phonetics, syntax, grammar, vocabulary, and a lot of words.

### Vocabulary

burú-silver, money
ngombe-cattle
ngubá-peanut
posá-house
tambore-drum
mai-mother
bumbilo-garbage
chepa-clothing
chitiá-to speak
ngaina-chicken
tabáko-cigarette
hemano-brother
onde-where
pueta-door
ngolo-fat
flo-flower
moná-child
ceddo-pig
cateyano-Spanish/Castillian
foratero-outsider
kusa-thing, stuff
cuagro-neighborhood cohort
### Sample

Lord's Prayer

Tatá suto lo ke ta riba sielo,
santifikaro sendá nombre si,
miní a reino sí, asé ño boluntá sí,
aí tiela kumo a sielo.
Nda suto agué pan ri to ma ría,
peddona ma fata suto,
asina kumo suto a se peddoná,
lo ke se fatá suto.
Nu rejá sujo kaí andí tentasión nu,
librá suto ri má. Amén.
The African languages that have had the most dominant influence on Palenquero is the languages of the Bantu, specifically the Kongo.

Related languages or dialect
----------------------------

Cuban Creole Oriental is very similar to Palenquero. They even share some words.

Dominican Spanish is similar to Palenquero due to same origins.

Many of the Spanish-based Creoles can be compared to the other Creoles of the Americas, where there has been the blending of African and European languages.

Related pages
-------------

* Creole language
* Africa

Other websites
--------------

*
Planctomycetes are a group (phylum) of gram-negative bacteria that can be found in marine habitats including oceans, freshwater lakes, wastewater but also terrestrial habitats like soils. Approximately 11% of marine microbial communities is occupied by this phylum. They grow very slowly compared to other bacteria phylum. The majority of Planctomycetota species reproduce by binary fission which is when the bacterium divides into two (or more) and each part regenerates to become a new cell which resembles the original cell; however, they can also reproduce by budding which is when an organism reproduces by forming a ‘bud’, this bud develops into a full organism.

Planctomycetes were only discovered to be a bacterium in 1972 even though they were first discovered back in 1924. They were first wrongly identified as a eukaryote because their cells are unusually structured compared to majority of bacteria cells and looked more similar to eukaryotes.

This phylum is part of the PVC superphylum which is a superphylum that contains and is named after Plantomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae. The two classes that are part of the Planctomycetota are Planctomycetia and Phycisphaerae.

Planctomycetes have been identified as a potential source for bioactive molecules which are compounds that can possibly encourage great health.

Planctomycetes are heavily involved in producing nitrogen gas with an estimated 30-50% of nitrogen gas in the oceans produced by this phylum. This aids nitrogen production for the nitrogen cycle which is the process of nitrogen transforming into different forms where it is used by many organisms to stay alive.
The Seikan Tunnel (in red) The **Seikan Tunnel**（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture. This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater. There are two stations in the tunnel.

History
-------

The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed. It took about 3 hours. However, it had some troubles. For example, the sea route was not safe. The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke. because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality. At first, the east route and west route was considered. In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.

Techniques
----------

The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train). The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails. Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater. So, they used new construction techniques. For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock. These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time. There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.

Stations
--------

There are two stations in Seikan tunnel. Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988. And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988. If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around. These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface. Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts. Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013. However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.

Other websites
--------------

* Tunnel Website
A detail from the "Last Judgement" in the Convent of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere
**Pietro Cavallini** (1259 – c. 1330) was a painter who lived and worked in Rome in Italy in the Late Medieval period. He may have also worked in Naples. He is thought of as one of the greatest painters of his day, but has never been as well known as Giotto from Florence, who was alive at the same time. This is probably because only two pictures by Cavallini still exist. One of them is a mosaic in the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The other is a fresco in the nearby convent of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. ("in Trastevere" means "in the part of the Rome that is across the Tiber River".)

The fresco at Santa Cecilia's is a large picture of the Last Judgement with Jesus sitting between rows of saints. (see right) Unfortunately, the room, which was quite tall, had a new level added, and the floor cut across the fresco. It is in ruins, but the parts that remain show that Cavallini was trying to make the figures that he painted look solid and three-dimensional like the frescos of Ancient Rome. Pietro Cavallini probably influenced the artists who travelled from Rome to work at the Basilica of St Francis of Assisi. It is not known if he painted any of the frescos there.

Related pages
-------------

* Italian Renaissance art
* List of Renaissance artists
* List of Italian painters
* Coppo di Marcovaldo
* Cimabue
* Duccio
* Giotto
A conceptual diagram showing the protein component of telomerase (TERT) in grey and the RNA component (TR) in yellow
**Telomerase** is an RNA protein which is an enzyme. It adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the end of DNA strands in the telomere regions. 

The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are a region of repeated nucleotides containing noncoding DNA. Telomeres are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by the enzyme telomerase.

The function of telomeres is to avoid the loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. Every time the chromosome is copied 100–200 meaningless nucleotides are lost, which causes no damage to the organism's DNA. So, the telomeres are shortened after each replication cycle, and then are restored to their proper length by telomerase. Telomerases carry their own RNA molecule, which is used as a template to elongate the telomeres.

The existence of a compensatory mechanism (a 'fix') for telomere shortening was first predicted by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973. He also suggested the telomere hypothesis of ageing and the telomere's connections to cancer. 

Telomerase was discovered by Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984 in the ciliate *Tetrahymena*. Together with Jack Szostak, Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.
**Dominic Savio** (April 2, 1842 – March 9, 1857) is a Roman Catholic saint.

Early years
-----------

Dominic Savio was born on 2 April 1842 in Riva di Chier, Turin, Italy. He was the second child out of eleven born to Charles Savio and his wife Brigid. His father was a blacksmith and his mother was a seamstress. Dominic became an altar server at age five. When Dominic received his first Holy Communion, he wrote rules that he would always tried to follow. 
Those rules were:

* I will go to confession and Communion often.
* I will keep holy the feast days.
* Jesus and Mary will be my best friends.
* I will rather die than commit a sin.

From then on, Dominic lived by his motto, "Death, but not sin!"

Later years
-----------

At the age of twelve Dominic met John Bosco. Dominic told him that he wished to be a priest. At the age of fourteen years old, he started at the Don Bosco School. Dominic was kind and friendly to all the students. Dominic had a great enthusiasm for the Eucharist. At school Dominic organised a club called the Company of the Immaculate Conception. They would do jobs around the school such as sweeping the floor and helping other boys who were misbehaving at school. At the age of only 14, Dominic died from an illness. He died on 9 March 1857

Years as a saint
----------------

St Dominic Savio was canonised in on June 12, 1954. He is the saint for young boys and the falsely accused. His feast day is March 9, the day of his death. Dominic was canonised by Pope Pius XII.