recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Pinus pinaster***, also known as the **maritime pine**, **cluster pine**, or **pinaster pine**, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region.

Names
-----

Common names in some other languages are: 

* French: *Pin maritime*, *Pin des landes*, *Pinastre*
* German: *Strandkiefer*
* Portuguese: *Pinheiro-bravo*
* Spanish: *Pino gallego*, *Pino resinero*

Description
-----------

The maritime pine is a large tree tree, that grows up to 20–40 m (66–131 ft) tall with an average trunk diameter of up to 35–40 cm (14–16 in). The bark is orange-red and thick, but thinner in the upper parts of the tree.

The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, broad and 10 to 35 cm (3.9 to 13.8 in) long, and bluish-green to yellowish-green.

The maritime pine is monoecious with separate male an female flowers but on the same plant, in cones. The seeds are 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long, with a 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) wing. Seeds are spread by the wind.

Taxonomy
--------

*Pinus pinaster* was described by William Aiton, a Botanist from Scotland, in 1789.

There are three subspecies of *Pinus pinaster* Aiton: 

1. *P. pinaster* subsp. *pinaster*, the typical subspecies, is found in France, Spain and Portugal.
2. *Pinus pinaster* subsp. *escarena* (Risso) K. Richt found on the western Mediterranean coast, mainly in Spain.
3. *P. pinaster* subsp. *renoui* (Villar) Maire is found on the African Mediterranean coast, mainly in Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains.

Where it grows
--------------

The maritime pine is native to the southwest and southern Europe, North Africa in Morocco, and along the border between Algeria and Tunisia. It is mainly a pine of low, coastal plains, usually on sandy soils of sea shore dunes; however, in Morocco this species can grow in mountains to an elevation of near 2,000 m (6,600 ft).

It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.

The species is regarded as a highly invasive species. A large production of seeds that are spread by the wind and rapid growth rate all contribute to its ability to invade native habitats, which suffer a loss of species diversity. The maritime pine is reported to be an aggressive colonizer in Chile, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

Uses
----

The maritime pine is widely planted for timber in its native area. It is one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal. The pine forest in Landes in southwest France is the largest man-made maritime pine forest in Europe. The resin is also a source of turpentine and rosin.

As well as industrial uses, maritime pine is also a popular ornamental tree, planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates.

It is also used as a source of flavonoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids.

Gallery
-------

* Maritine pine treesMaritine pine trees
* Branches and leavesBranches and leaves
* BarkBark
* Male coneMale cone
* Female coneFemale cone
* Young cone and leavesYoung cone and leaves
* Open mature cone without seedsOpen mature cone without seeds
* Seeds showing their wingsSeeds showing their wings
A **One-design** dinghy is a type of boat which has been built exactly the same as the next so that racing dinghy sailing equal and fair to all.

470 dinghy, with Gildas Philippe and Tanguy Cariou

History
-------

In 1887 Thomas Middleton, a Dublin solicitor, thought that yacht racing was too expensive. He then invented the one-design boat. He wanted yacht racing to show just skill at sailing with all boats to be the same. He found some other people who agreed with him and they decided on a design for the new boat. They decided to call the boat 'The Water Wag'. The Water Wag Club is still in Dún Laoghaire harbour (near Dublin, Ireland), and they race every Wednesday evening during the Summer. 
The idea was quickly taken by sailors in Ireland, England, India and South America. 

Optimist on the beach
In 1893 the Solent One Design Class was one of the first dinghy classes designed in England. It quickly became popular with some of the best-known yacht owners in the Solent, Portsmouth and Southampton waters including Sir Philip Hunloke, the King's Yachtmaster. The class was sailed by the Royal Yacht Squadron and the Island Sailing Club in 1895. The only boat still afloat is Rosenn, formally Eilun, sail number 6. She is included in the National Register of Historic Vessels of the United Kingdom and is kept in Lymington.

Now there are a many classes of sailing dinghies in use in yacht clubs around the world and it is a major Olympic sport.

Sailing
-------

There are two ways of competition in sailboat racing: One-Design and Handicap. In one-design racing, the first boat to finish wins the race but with handicap racing, time is added or subtracted from the finishing times to decide the winner.

In smaller boats like dinghy classes, the rules are very strict. Sometimes the boats may only be produced by one manufacturer. An example is the Olympic Laser dinghy which is one of the most popular sailing dinghies in the world. But others, like the Optimist dinghy, may be built by anyone and some are home built. The Optimist dinghy is also very popular all over the world. However, the measurements are very strict. A boat like the Olympic 470 dinghy may only be built by certain licenced manufacturers.

Laser Standard

Handicapping rules
------------------

Other sailboats race with handicap rules. Handicap rules include Portsmouth Yardstick, International Offshore Rule (IOR), the International Measurement System (IMS), International Rating Certificate (IRC) and Americap.
Basic equipment: chips, tiles and dice.
**Mahjong** is a game for four players that was created in China. It is a game of skill, intelligence, calculation and luck.

The Set-Up
----------

A **Mahjong** game is played at a square table (four sides all the same length). The dealer is called the "east" player and everyone else is called a different direction because of where they are sitting - so the person to East's left is South, the person across from East is West, and the person to East's right is North. If East wins, he is the dealer again for the next round; if he does not, the dealer is the person to his right (North). That person then becomes East. A game of Mahjong ends when every player has been the dealer four times, or when they have played the number of rounds they said they would play before they started.

Solitaire
---------

A single-player version of this game exists, called Mahjong Solitaire. It is based on the four-player game, but can be played by one person, so it is one of the games that are played often on computers (such as Solitaire, Spider Solitaire, or Minesweeper). Mahjong Solitaire is much simpler than four-player Mahjong: it is played without dice or chips, by removing tiles (set up in the shape of a pyramid) from the board in sets of two. Each set of two has to match - they are either exactly the same, or go together (two "flowers" tiles, for example). A Mahjong Solitaire player wins when he picks up all the tiles, or he loses when he runs out of sets of two that he can pick up.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Mahjong at Wikimedia Commons
**McCulloch v. Maryland** (1819) was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The US state of Maryland decided to tax all banknotes by banks not chartered by the state of Maryland. The only bank in Maryland at the time that did not have a state charter was the Second Bank of the United States. The bank was a branch of the federal bank established in 1816.

Background
----------

The United States Constitution did not provide for judicial review of laws and court decisions. It was a power the US Supreme court assumed (took) for itself with its first landmark decision. In the decision *Marbury v. Madison* (1803) the court established its "power to say what the law is". The court gave itself the right to interpret the constitution.

In 1819 it was evident Maryland was targeting the US Bank. Most state banks resented the special privileges given to the US bank by Congress. The depression of 1818 was hurting state banks. The state charged a tax on the US Bank located in Baltimore. The branch manager was James McCulloch. He had refused to pay the state of Maryland $15,000 USD in taxes on the US Bank's currency. At that time states were battling with the Federal government over which had power over the other. Maryland sued James McCulloch. The state court upheld the decision he had to pay the tax. The court of appeals upheld the decision. McCulloch appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1819.

The decision
------------

There were two questions the court needed to decide. Did Congress have the power to charter a federal bank? The next question was did Maryland have the right to tax a branch of the federal government. Was this constitutional? The court ruled that the federal government did have the power to set up a federal bank. Also, that a state did not have the right to tax the federal government.

Results of the decision
-----------------------

For the Second Bank of the United States, the decision was short-lived. In 1828 Andrew Jackson was elected President of the United States. It was a victory for states' rights. Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank. But the Civil war effectively ended states rights. The constitutional changes that followed favored a strong federal government. In the 20th century, *McCulloch v. Maryland* was the basis for the federal government being strongly involved in the economy. It set the legal precedent that the federal law was more important than state law in all matters.
Malcolm Bilson
**Malcolm Bilson** (born October 24, 1935) is an American pianist and musicologist specialising in 18th- and 19th-century music.

Bilson was born in Los Angeles, California. In 1957 He graduated from Bard College and later studied in Berlin and Paris. Now he is the Frederick J. Whiton Professor of Music at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. With years Bilson developed a reputation as a fortepiano performer. In 1974 he founded the *Amadé Trio* that was performing on historical instruments. Being retired since 2006, he remained active in teaching and performing. 

Bilson has published several articles on the topic of interpreting late 18th- and early 19th-century works by Schubert, Mozart and Beethoven in Early Music and Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.

Other websites
--------------

* Malcolm Bilson's official website
* Malcolm Bilson | Department of Music Cornell Arts & Sciences

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* Finland
* United States
* Sweden
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| People | 
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC

 |
**Moresnet** or **Neutral Moresnet** (Esperanto: *Neŭtra Moresneto*) was a very small territory that existed from 1816 to 1919. It had a size of 3.5 km². It existed because its neighbours could not agree on who should own it, so they decided to make it a neutral territory where both neighbours would both have power. It was 7 km Southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle (Germany), and south of the points were the borders of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands come together on the Vaalserberg. The Inhabitants was Germans, Flemish, Walloons and Dutchs.

Rise
----

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 many borders and countries changed. One of the borders was the one between the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Prussia. For the most part Prussia and the Netherlands agreed on the border, because it was mostly the same as the old border. Around Moresnet there was a problem. Between the villages of Moresnet and Neu-Moresnet was the zinc mine of Vieille Montagne (in French) / Altenberg (in German). Both countries wanted to have this mine. In 1816 it was decided that the village of Moresnet itself would become part of the Netherlands, Neu-Moresnet would become part of Prussia and the mine and the village of Kelmis around it would become neutral territory where both countries shared the power.

Neutral Moresnet was shaped more or less like a triangle. The southern border was the road between Aix-la-Chapelle and Liège. The mine was just to the north of this road. The most northerly point of the country was the Vaalserberg. When Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830, the land on the Dutch side became Belgian. So from 1830 Belgium and Prussia were in power in Moresnet. At first Moresnet was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Later Moresnet got its own rulers: a mayor and a council of ten members were installed. The mayor was the Head of State, he was appointed by the council.

Most people in Moresnet worked in the zinc mine. Many people from the neighbouring countries also worked in the zinc mine. Because Moresnet was neutral, there were very low taxes and there were no import-tariffs (like in Andorra now). The people from Moresnet were allowed to choose in which army they wanted to serve, but they were not allowed to have their own army.

Fall
----

The mine was exhausted by 1885, so people from Moresnet had to find a new way to find money. Some wanted to start a casino, or issue their own stamps. Dr. Wilhelm Molly, wanted to change Moresnet into a country where everyone would speak Esperanto. He wanted to name the country Amikejo ("place of friendship"). None of these plans succeeded. Belgium and Prussia (which became a part of Germany in 1871) both wanted to take over the territory. In 1914, in the First World War, Germany invaded Belgium and occupied Moresnet. In 1915 they officially annexed it, so Neutral Moresnet did not exist any more.

In 1919, after the war, in the Treaty of Versailles it was decided that Moresnet would become part of Belgium. From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Moresnet was occupied by Germany again, but since 1944 it has been part of Belgium again.
Phoenician (middle) and its descendants' letters.
This is a chart of how letters look in different languages. 

For each letter there is an image, and under the image, in parentheses, is the equivalent Unicode character (for copypasting). If you have a suitable font installed on your device, the Unicode character should look similar or identical to the character in the image. (otherwise you may see boxes, question marks or other placeholder characters)

Chart
-----

Letters in different writing systems| Script |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | f |  |  | j |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | w |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adlam | (𞤀) | (𞤉) | (𞤋) | (𞤌) | (𞤓) | (𞤄) | (𞤕) | (𞤁) | (𞤊) | (𞤘) | (𞤖) | (𞤔) | (𞤑) | (𞤂) | (𞤃) | (𞤐) | (𞤆) | (𞤗) | (𞤈) | (𞤅) | (𞤚) | (𞤜) | (𞤏) | (𞤝) | (𞤒) | (𞤟) |
| Caucasian Albanian | (𐔰) | (𐔴) | (𐔼) | (𐕒) |  | (𐔱) |  | (𐔳) | (𐕔) | (𐔲) | (𐕆) | (𐔺) | (𐕣) | (𐔾) | (𐕌) | (𐕎) | (𐕢) | (𐕇) | (𐕙) | (𐕚) | (𐔸) | (𐕛) | (𐕡) | (𐕀) | (𐕞) | (𐔵) |
| Arabic | 
(ا) |  |  |  |  | (ب) |  | (د) | (ف) |  | (ه) |  | (ك) | (ل) | (م) | (ن) |  | (ق) | (ر) | (س) | (ت) |  | (و) |  | (ي) | (ز) |
| Imperial Aramaic | (𐡀) |  |  |  |  | (𐡁) |  | (𐡃) |  | (𐡂) | (𐡄) | (𐡉) | (𐡊) | (𐡋) | (𐡌) | (𐡍) | (𐡐) | (𐡒) | (𐡓) | (𐡔) | (𐡕) |  | (𐡅) |  |  | (𐡆) |
Russian MiG-25
The **MiG-25 Foxbat** is a fast fighter plane made made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan. Its primary goal is to attack enemies at high speed and altitude. It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970. In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at. It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound). However, the engines could be destroyed if the plane is flown this fast. It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles. It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.

Related pages
-------------

* F-15 Eagle

| * v
* t
* e
Mikoyan and Gurevich (MiG) aircraft |
| --- |
| Fighters,interceptors | 
* MiG-1
* MiG-3
* MiG-5
* MiG-7
* MiG-9
* MiG-15
* MiG-17
* MiG-19
* MiG-21
* MiG-23
* MiG-25
* MiG-29 (M/K)
* MiG-31
* MiG-35
* MiG-41

 |
| Attack | 
* MiG-6
* MiG-23
* MiG-27

 |
| Reconnaissance | 
* MiG-25R

 |
| Trainers | 
* MiG-AT

 |
| Experimental | 
* MiG-8
* I-211
* I-250
* I-270
* I-320
* Ye-8
* I-350
* I-380/I-410/I-3/I-5
* I-7U
* I-75
* Ye-150
\* Ye-152
* MiG Skat
* MiG-110
* Project 1.44
* Project LFI
* MiG-105
* MiG-33
* MiG-XX LMFS MiG-1.27
* MiG-41 PAK DP

 |
The **May 1989 tornado outbreak** occurred on May 5, 1989 across Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.

Summary
-------

### Georgia and South Carolina

The first tornadoes touched down between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. in Georgia. At 2:21 PM, Tornado Watch 183 was issued for northern and central Georgia and the northwest corner of South Carolina. During the mid-afternoon hours, the severe thunderstorms moving northeast spawning tornadoes in South Carolina. The first violent tornado was reported in Spartanburg and Gaffney, South Carolina.

### North Carolina and Virginia

Other F4 tornadoes broke out to the north. At 4:33 PM, Tornado Watch 185 was issued for much of South Carolina and western and central North Carolina. The watch was a PDS. One tornado caused 30 injuries in Belwood, North Carolina before killing four people in the Toluca community. Later, a tonrado hit Winston-Salem, North Carolina. At the same time, weaker tornadoes caused damage in Durham and Granville counties.

The last tornadoes broke out between Richmond and Charlottesville, Virginia.

Aftermath
---------

7 deaths were reported with at least 168 people injured. Hail was reported in Columbia, South Carolina and Monroe, North Carolina, and severe wind damage was reported from Georgia to Maryland. Damage was seen in every North Carolina county between I-95 and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Other websites
--------------

* A Look Back at the Western Carolina Violent Tornado Outbreak of 5 May 1989
**Nagercoil** ("Temple of the Nāgas") is a town in the southernmost Indian state of Tamil Nadu and a municipality and administrative headquarters of Kanyakumari District. The city is situated close to the tip of the Indian peninsula, locked with the Western Ghats on all sides. It was briefly part of the erstwhile Travancore state, till almost a decade after India's Independence from Britain in 1947. In 1956, it was merged with Tamil Nadu. In its earlier days, the town and its surroundings were known as **Nanjilnadu**. Nagercoil holds a number of educational institutions, hospitals, offices and industries. It is also the hub of industrial and commercial activity in the district, and a fertile agricultural area that produces paddy. The minerals ilmenite and monazite are mined there. The land is surrounded by hills and lush green paddy fields. It is also known for different varieties of bananas. Nagercoil is a land of great traditional and cultural significance.

According to 2011 census, Nagercoil had a population of 224,849 with a sex-ratio of 1,050 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 20,241 were under the age of six, constituting 10,119 males and 10,122 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 4.19% and .17% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 95.35%. The city had a total of 59,997 households. There were a total of 76,345 workers, comprising 244 cultivators, 1,155 main agricultural laborers, 2,271 in household industries, 67,050 other workers, 5,625 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 361 marginal agricultural laborers, 447 marginal workers in household industries and 4,707 other marginal workers.

As per the religious census of 2011, Nagercoil had 61.06% Hindus, 8.89% Muslims, 29.94% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists, 0.02% Jains and 0.06% following other religions or not stating their position.

The largest concentration of the population of the town and the District is along the coastal belt, on the eastern side, while the largely forested areas on the western side of the district (along the Western Ghats) are sparsely populated.[*source?*]

Places near Nagercoil
---------------------

* Bhoothapandi VillageBhoothapandi Village
* Sir.C. P. Ramaswami Iyer Municipal park*Sir.C. P. Ramaswami Iyer Municipal park*
* Arecanut PlantationsArecanut Plantations
* Vadasery Christopher Bus StandVadasery Christopher Bus Stand
* Nagaraja TempleNagaraja Temple
* Sunrise with Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar StatueSunrise with Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue
* Thanumalayan TempleThanumalayan Temple
* Mathur AqueductMathur Aqueduct
* Thirparappu FallsThirparappu Falls
* Padmanabhapuram PalacePadmanabhapuram Palace
* Vattakottai FortVattakottai Fort
* Udayagiri FortUdayagiri Fort

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nagercoil***.

* Official website of Kanyakumari district Archived 2021-01-25 at the Wayback Machine
Pietro Metastasio
A **libretto** is the text (the words) which are set to music to make an opera. A libretto can also be the words for an oratorio, cantata, mass or a musical. The person who writes the libretto is called a **librettist**. The word "libretto" (plural: "libretti" or "librettos") is an Italian word which means "little book".

Sometimes a composer writes his own libretti, but usually a composer likes to have a librettist who can write the words for him so that he can set them to music.

Some libretti are original stories by the librettist, but very often they are based on a book by another writer.

In the 18th century Metastasio was a very famous librettist. Many of his libretti were set several times by different composers. Another 18th century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. In the 19th century Eugène Scribe wrote a very large number of libretti that were set to music by composers such as Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Two French writers called Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote many opera and operetta libretti for the composers Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, composed two operas of his own. Hugo von Hoffmansthal wrote libretti for Richard Strauss.

Wagner and Tippett are two composers who wrote their own libretti.

Usually a libretto is written before the music, but sometimes composers wrote some of the music first and then looked for words to go with it. Composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, and Mascagni all did this sometimes.

Musicals usually have lyrics (the words for the songs), and a separate "book" (the spoken dialogue and the stage directions). Sometimes these two are by different authors, e.g. the musical Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick), and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein).
The **migratory locust** (*Locusta migratoria*) is the most widespread locust species, and the only species in the genus *Locusta*. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It used to be common in Europe but has now become rare there.

Because of the vast geographic area it occupies, which comprises many different ecological zones, numerous subspecies have been described. However, not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies.

Many other species of Orthoptera with gregarious and migratory behavior are indicated with the name of 'locusts'.

Polyphenism
-----------

The migratory locust is polyphenic. It has a solitary phase and a gregarious phase. This is a type of polymorphism where a single genotype produces two or more phenotypes. During development, an environmental factor causes a switch from one morph to another.

For the migratory locust, the switch is caused by population density. As the density of the population increases the locust transforms from the solitary phase to the gregarious phase, with intermediate phases.

The colour and size of the migratory locust changes according to its phase and its age. *Gregarious larvae* have a yellow to orange covering with black spots. *Solitary larvae* are green or brown. The *gregarious adult* is brownish with yellow, the latter colour becoming more intense and extensive on maturation. The *solitary adult* is brown with varying extent of green colour depending on the colour of the vegetation. *Gregarious adults* vary in size between 40 and 60 mm according to the sex. They are smaller than the solitary adults.

* Steedman, Alison (ed) 1988. *Locust Handbook*. 2nd ed, London: Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute. ISBN 0-85954-232-7
Margalla hills (You can see the Islamabad City at north)
The **Margalla Hills** (Urdu: مرگله کی پہاڑىاں) is a mountain range in the lesser Himalayas. The Hills are north of Islamabad. The Margalla Range has an area of 12,605 hectares (31,150 acres). The hills are an 'off shoot' or linked part of the bigger Murree hills. It is a range with many valleys as well as mountains. Its highest peak is Tilla Charouni, in its eastern end, which is 1,604 metres tall. The range has an average elevation of 1000 metres. The range gets some snow in some higher places in winters.

Some Popular Places
-------------------

### Damn-e-Koh

**Damn-e-Koh** is a garden viewing point in the middle of the Margalla Hills. Daman-e-Koh is a midpoint for tourists on their way to the higher view point. There is a plan to construct a chairlift from Daman-e-Koh to Pir Sohawa. Monkeys are a common sight during winter. Cheetahs are frequently reported to descend from higher hills of Murree during snowfall.

### Monal

**Monal** is a family resort in the Margalla Hills. It has a restaurant and point from where you can view the city of Islamabad. It is a short way up the Margalla hills. It attracts tourists from several places to eat, buy and enjoy. There is a Motion Ride too.

### Pir Sohawa

Pir Sohawa is a rapidly developing tourist resort located 17 kilometers (11 mi) from Islamabad on top of Margalla Hills. It has a 3000 plus ft elevation and located in Monal village which is geographically part of Haripur District.Bright hills is a holiday resorts at scenic views of canyons on Margalla hills.

### Margalla National Park

Margalla National Park is located in the foothills of the Margalla. The park includes the Margalla Hills, which form's the foothills of the Himalayas, along with Shakarparian Park and Rawal Lake. Established in 1980, Margalla Hills National Park covers approximately 17,386 hectares (67.13 sq mi).

Hikking and Trekking
--------------------

Margalla is famous for its hiking routes that go till Pir Sohawa and above. Some famous routes are:

* Trail 3
* Trail 6
* Trail 5
* Bruti and Tila Charouni trail
**Linezolid** is an antibiotic. It can heal serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that other antibiotics are do not heal. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria which cause disease, like streptococci and MRSA. It is mainly used to treat infections of the skin and pneumonia.

It is relatively safe to take linezolid for short periods. It can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. Common harmful effects of short-term use include headache, diarrhea, and nausea. Long-term use, however, has been associated with more serious harmful effects.

Linezolid was discovered in the 1990s by a team at Pharmacia & Upjohn Company. It was first approved for use in 2000. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, which is a list of medications needed in a basic health system. Linezolid costs approximately US$100 per tablet in the United States.

Society and culture
-------------------

### Brand names

Linezolid is marketed by Pfizer under the trade names Zyvox (in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and several other countries), Zyvoxid (in Europe), and Zyvoxam (in Canada and Mexico). Generics are also available, such as Linospan/Lizomed (in India), Nezocin (in Pakistan), and Linzolid (in Bangladesh, by Incepta).
**Mount Edziza** is a dormant volcano in British Columbia, Canada.

The volcano is 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek in an area of potentially active volcanos in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.

Edziza is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.

A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe lava fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.
**Newton's method** provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

{\displaystyle x\_{n+1}=x\_{n}-{\frac {f(x\_{n})}{f'(x\_{n})}}}

Here xn is the initial guess and xn+1 is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of xn to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.

The function (blue) is being used to calculate the slope of a tangent line (red) at xn.
Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at xn is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, xn+1.

Problems with Newton's Method
-----------------------------

Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.

Further reading
---------------

* Fernández, J. A. E. & Verón, M. Á. H. (2017). Newton’s method: An updated approach of Kantorovich’s theory. Birkhäuser.
* Peter Deuflhard, Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Second printed edition. Series Computational Mathematics 35, Springer (2006)
* Yamamoto, T. (2001). "Historical Developments in Convergence Analysis for Newton's and Newton-like Methods". In Brezinski, C.; Wuytack, L. (eds.). Numerical Analysis : Historical Developments in the 20th Century. North-Holland. pp. 241–263.

Related pages
-------------

* Kantorovich theorem (Statement about the convergence of Newton's method, found by Leonid Kantorovich)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
Radar image of Mayda Insula (just right and below center) in Kraken Mare
**Mayda Insula** is an island in the Kraken Mare. It is a body of liquid composed mostly of methane, on Saturn's largest moon Titan. Mayda Insula is the first island (insula) to be named on a planet or moon other than Earth.

Discovery and naming
--------------------

Mayda Insula was discovered by the *Cassini–Huygens* mission to Saturn. Its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature on April 11, 2008. It became the first named island anywhere other than earth. However, there is a possibility that Mayda Insula is actually peninsular. A peninsular is a piece of land that is connected to the mainland by another strip of land. All of the island on Titan have been named after legendary islands. "Mayda Insula" was named after a legendary island Mayda which was thought to exist in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Its name was approved the same day as the names of Kraken Mare and Ligeia Mare.

In popular culture
------------------

Mayda Insula was mentioned in Michael Carroll's novel *On the Shores of Titan's Farthest Sea: A Scientific Novel*. The 39th chapter of the book is titled "The Hunchback of Mayda Insula".

Related pages
-------------

* Lakes of Titan
* List of geological features on Titan
The **lesser roadrunner** (*Geococcyx velox*) is one of the two species of roadrunner. It looks a lot like the other roadrunner species, the greater roadrunner, but is smaller and has a shorter beak. It is found in Mexico and Central America. 

It is large and slender and has long legs. The lesser roadrunner's wings and tail are covered with black, brown and white feathers, and it has a yellowish-white belly. It is 12 to 20 inches in length, and weighs around 8 to 15 ounces. The lesser roadrunner has zygodactyl feet, meaning it has two toes on the back of its feet and two toes on the front.

Where they live
---------------

The lesser roadrunner is found in deserts of southwestern Mexico, and northern Central America.

Behavior
--------

Even though the lesser roadrunner can fly, it spends most of its time on the ground. Sometimes it flies to escape predators. It can run up to 20 miles per hour (32 km per hour). The lesser roadrunner makes its nest out of sticks and leaves, and sometimes snakeskin. It lays around 2-6 eggs at a time. Both parents, the mother and the father, take care of the nest and feed the hatchlings, but the males guard the nest at night time and the females guard the nest are day. Once the young hatch they stay with their parents for around 1 to 2 weeks. Then they leave by themselves and never return to the nest.

Feeding
-------

The lesser roadrunner is an omnivore, meaning it eats both meat and plants. They eat mainly seeds,fruits, reptiles like lizards and snakes, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, rodents and other small mammals, scorpions, spiders, frogs, other birds and eggs. Since it is very fast the lesser roadrunner is one of the very few animals which eat rattlesnakes.
A **mahasiddha** (Sanskrit: *maha* - great, *siddha* - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment. They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter *nirvana* whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in *samsara* to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are **85 Mahasiddhas**. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a *thanka*.

Important Mahasiddhas
---------------------

Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things. One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect. He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

* Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
* Milarepa, Marpa's student. In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings *(dharma)*.
* Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
* Gorakhnath
* Matsyendranath
* Nagarjuna
* Naropa
* Saraha
* Shantideva
* Tilopa

Complete list of Mahasiddhas
----------------------------

In Buddhism there are 89 Mahasiddhas: 
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa,
Lokesh

Other websites
--------------

* Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
* Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
* The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
* MahaSiddha Dharma website
Prague, National Theatre
The ***Národní Divadlo*** or the **National Theatre** in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.

In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe. Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire. The official language was German. Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic. In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language. The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.

The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868. It was opened on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building. While people were working to finish it a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it. However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana’s opera *Libuše* which he had composed for this occasion. The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.

It was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary. Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana’s *Libuše*.

Today the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama. These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world.

Other websites
--------------

* Prague National Theatre Archived 2019-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Philip of Spain** (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

Infante of Spain
----------------

Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

Duke of Parma
-------------

His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

Marriage
--------

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

Issue
-----

1. Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
2. Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
3. Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **15 March 1720 – 18 October 1748** *His Royal Highness* The Infante *Don* Felipe of Spain.
* **18 October 1748 – 18 July 1765** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Philip, Duke of Parma at Wikimedia Commons
***Million Dollar Password*** is a television game show that aired on CBS. It is an updated version of the game show *Password*. It aired from June 1, 2008 to June 14, 2009. It was hosted by Regis Philbin.

Gameplay
--------

The game is played in two parts. The first part of the game has two contestants and two celebrities. Both contestants play 30-second rounds where they try to get five words from clues given by their celebrity partner. Clues have to be one word. The celebrity can give as many clues as they want for each word. They must wait for a response from the contestant before giving a new clue. Only one clue can be given at a time. After each contestant plays, they switch partners. The contestant who gets the most words after four rounds wins and moves on to the Million Dollar Password round. If the contestants are tied after four rounds, a tie-breaking word is given to both teams, starting with the team who won a coin toss. The contestant who gets the word wins.

### Million Dollar Password

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| Words to get | Money prize if 5 words are gotten |
| --- | --- |
| 5 out of 10 | $10,000 |
| **5 out of 9** | **$25,000**(guaranteed amount) |
| 5 out of 8 | $50,000 |
| 5 out of 7 | $100,000 |
| **5 out of 6** | **$250,000**(guaranteed amount starting in the second season) |
| **5 out of 5** | ***$1,000,000***(jackpot prize) |

 |

This round has a six-step prize ladder with a top prize of $1,000,000. The contestant's celebrity partner is the one who they got the most words with. If they got the same amount of words with both celebrities, their partner is the one that they last played with. The contestant can give or receive the clues for this round. For each step of the ladder, the clue giver has to get their partner to say five words in 90 seconds. Up to three clues can be given for each word. The clue giver can pass on a word, but cannot come back to it.

If the clue giver is successful in getting their partner to say five words, the contestant wins the amount on the level that they are on. They can then decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level. Each level has one less word than the last one. If a contestant fails on a level, the game ends. Failing on the first two levels means that the contestant leaves with nothing. Failing on the $50,000, $100,000 or $250,000 levels means that the contestant leaves with $25,000. If the contestant gets to the $250,000 level, they can play the $1,000,000 level with no risk of losing the $250,000.

If the contestant is giving the clues, starting at the $250,000 level, they are shown the words for that level before they decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level.

Other websites
--------------

* *Million Dollar Password* on IMDb
Mac Os X Public Beta is a Operating System of Apple Computers which are Developed by Apple Inc. Which is later on Updated to the version Mac OS X 10.0

The **Mac OS X Public Beta** was an early, test version of the Mac OS X operating system released to the public in late 2000 for USD $30. Hardcore Macintosh fans could therefore get a taste of the upcoming operating system before its final release. It was named Kodiak internally by Apple. The name was not publicly used.

The Public Beta was the first time people could use the Aqua interface. Virtually everything was new in the operating system: fonts, the Dock, even the menu bar (with an Apple logo at the centre, which was later repositioned). The icons exploded in size, and new OS eye candy was all the rage.

As it was a public beta, this version was not without its bugs and inconveniences. Apple used user feedback to improve upon the OS, so that a vastly improved Golden Master version of Mac OS X was ready for release by March 2001.

The Public Beta version came with a price tag, and a time limit (set for May 15, 2001). In spite of all these shortcomings, it was still welcomed by the Mac community, with people eager to test drive the new OS.

The Public Beta was superseded by Mac OS X 10.0.0, the first final release of Mac OS X.
**Mswati II** (d. 1868), also known as **Mswati** and **Mavuso II**, was the king of Eswatini between 1840 and 1868. He was also the eponym of Eswatini. Scholars say Mswati was the best of Eswatini's fighting kings. He made Eswatini much larger.

Mswati was the son of Sobhuza I and Tsandzile Ndwandwe (known as '**LaZidze**) who after ruling as Queen Mother became Queen Regent after the death of her son. When Sobhuza died, Mswati inherited the kingdom. At that time, it was from present day Barberton in the north and included the Nomahasha district in Mozambique. Mswati's became a strong military power after Mswati and his brothers Fokoti, Somcuba and Malambule stopped fighting each other.

When Mswati's armies attacked other Bantu armies or nations, they stole cattle and captured people instead of trying to make the other people's territory part of their kingdom. Around this time, the Trekboers became the first Europeans to meet any Swazis. 

Mswati made Swazi territory much larger than it is today. There were military outposts and royal village outposts such as Mbhuleni, on the upper Komati River at the foot of the Mkongomo Mountains, south of Badplaas, Mekemeke which is east of the Mbayiyane Mountains, situated east of Mantibovu (Low’s Creek). The death of Mswati II in July 1868 ended the era of Swazi conquest, territorial expansion and resulted in unification of various people into one nation.