recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Logo and symbol of the Blue Flag program.
The **Blue Flag** is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards.

The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Blue Flag beaches***.

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Bismuth(III) oxide
**Bismuth(III) oxide**, also known as **bismite** and **bismuth trioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2O3. It has bismuth and oxide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Bismuth(III) oxide is a pale yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It dissolves in acids to make other bismuth(III) salts. When it is electrolyzed, it makes a bright red solid, bismuth(V) oxide. It has several different crystal structures that have been studied. It reacts with rare earth metal oxides and the products are being studied.

Occurrence
----------

Bismite
**Bismite** is the mineral form of bismuth(III) oxide. It is an ore of bismuth. Its Mohs hardness is 4.5 to 5 and its specific gravity is quite high, around 8 or 9. It is made when bismuthinite is oxidized. It was first found in Nevada in 1868.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by reacting sodium hydroxide with a bismuth(III) salt such as bismuth(III) chloride. It can also be made by igniting powdered bismuth metal. Another way of making it is to react bismuth nitrate (made by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid) with concentrated sodium hydroxide.

Uses
----

Bismuth(III) oxide is used in pyrotechnics to make fireworks that burn with an effect called "dragon's eggs". Lead(II,IV) oxide was used for this in the past, but now is considered too toxic to use. It is also used in research and the making of other bismuth compounds.

Related pages
-------------

* Bismuth compounds
**Carl Stumpf** (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century. 

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology. 

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

Phenomenology
-------------

Stumpf began his *Tonpsychologie* (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as *phenomenology*. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.

Sensational phenomena
---------------------

In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

Major works
-----------

* 1885. *Tonpsychologie*
* 1911. *Die Anfänge der Musik*
* 1928. *Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung*
* 1939-1940. *Erkenntnislehre*. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
* 1997. *Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.*

Other sources
-------------

* 1911. Pfungst O. *Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology*. New York: Henry Holt.
* 1982. Spiegelberg H. *The phenomenological movement*. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
* 1995. Ash M.G. 1995, *Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967*. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
* 2006. *Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie*. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
* 2009. Carl Stumpf. *Gestalt Theory*. vol. **30**, #2.
The carnassial teeth of a dog
The order **Carnivora** is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia. 

Animals of the order Carnivora are *carnivores*, a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then *carnivorans* is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.

The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.

Teeth
-----

Mammalian carnivores have a particular arrangement of their back teeth. It is to slice the meat of their prey. As the photo shows, two of the back teeth work as meat slicers. If they change their way of life (various aquatic mammals) this feature gets changed or even lost (selected against).

Taxonomy
--------

* Order **Carnivora**
	+ Suborder **Feliformia** ("cat-like")
		- Family Felidae: cats
		- Family Viverridae
		- Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
		- Family Eupleridae
		- Family Herpestidae: mongooses
	+ Suborder **Caniformia** ("dog-like")
		- Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
		- Family Ursidae: bears
		- Family Ailuridae: red pandas
		- Family Mephitidae: skunks
		- Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
		- Family Procyonidae: racoons
		- Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
			* Family Odobenidae
			* Family Otariidae
			* Family Phocidae

### Carnivoramorpha

The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:

* †Miacoidea
	+ †Viverravidae
	+ †Miacidae (*Miacis*)
* Carnivora
	+ Caniformia
	+ Feliformia

The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.
A typical Bluetooth headset to connect to a mobile phoneUSB adapters such as this one allow some Personal computers to communicate via Bluetooth
The Bluetooth logo
**Bluetooth** is a protocol for wireless communication over short distances. It was developed in the 1990s, to reduce the number of cables. Devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles can connect to each other, and exchange information. This is done using radio waves. It can be done securely. Bluetooth is usually only used for relatively short distances, like a few metres. Some signals can be up to 100 metres.

There are different standards. Data rates vary. Currently, they are at 1-3 MBit per second. Typical Bluetooth applications are to connect a headset to a mobile phone, or to connect a computer mouse, keyboard or printer.

Bluetooth devices use the ISM Band around 2.4 GHz. This can be used worldwide, without the need to pay license fees, but many other devices, like DECT telephones (wireless phones), smart tags with RFID, baby phones use it too. Bluetooth uses the same bands as some WLANs, but the modulation technique is different. Bluetooth uses Frequency-hopping spread spectrum.

Comparing Bluetooth to Wireless LAN
-----------------------------------

There are many situations today where either Bluetooth or Wireless LANs can be used. Examples include setting up networks, printing or transferring files and data from a PDA to a computer. Both are versions of unlicensed wireless technology. WLANs can span bigger distances and offer higher throughput. Bluetooth does not require expensive hardware. It also needs less power to operate.

Both use the same radio frequency range, but their modulation techniques are different. Both have been developed to replace cabling. Bluetooth wanted to get rid of the peripheral equipment cables, WLANs wanted to get rid of the cables needed to set up a LAN.

### Bluetooth devices

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100m range.
Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, the Wii or PlayStation 3. It has recently been built into some electronic watches, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).

Bluetooth uses protocols that make it easy to discover devices that are nearby, and to set up a connection between these devices. Bluetooth devices can advertise all the services they offer. Using services becomes easier; a lot of the setup related to security, networking or permissions is automatic.

### Wireless LAN

WLANs are more like traditional LANs. More configuration is needed to set up the network, and to make resources accessible by other devices in the network. WLAN devices also consume more power than Bluetooth ones. 
Sometimes WLANs are called wireless Ethernet. WLAN needs more resources to be set up, but it also offers faster transfer speeds. The security is also better than that offered by Bluetooth.
Colonel's Covert, East Leake, South Nottinghamshire
Bluebell wood, Hallerbos, Belgium
Bluebells at Dane-in-Shaw Brook SSSI near Congleton
A **bluebell wood** is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (*Hyacinthoides non-scripta*) underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.

> And azuring-over greybell makes  
> 
> Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes
> 
> 

In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:

> In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake. The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour. But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes. It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense. If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.
> 
>
A **bombardment** is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. It word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

History
-------

In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.

A bombard, Malbork Castle
Cepheus and Cassiopeia thank Perseus for saving their daughter Andromeda, *La Délivrance d'Andromède* (1679) Pierre Mignard, Louvre **Cassiopeia** was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.
**CLS** (originally **Continuous Linked Settlement**) is a specialist US financial institution that provides settlement services to its members in the foreign exchange market (FX). Although the forex market is decentralised and has no central exchange or clearing facility, firms that chose to use CLS to settle their FX transactions can mitigate the settlement risk associated with their trades.

CLS does this through the operation of a payment versus payment (PvP) settlement service which mitigates settlement risk for the FX transactions of its settlement members and their customers (third parties).

The service started operating in 2002 as an Edge Act Corporation, a limited purpose bank regulated by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Since it began operations in 2002, CLS has rapidly become the market-standard for foreign exchange settlement. As a result, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) officially designated CLS a Systemically Important Financial Market Utility in July 2012.

The single day record for gross-value settlement, set on 19 March 2008, stands at US$10.3 trillion, for 1,113,464 payment instructions. The single day record for gross-volume settlement, set on 28 May 2013, is 1,992,652.

In 2002 CLS was launched with 39 Members and seven currencies. As of November 2015 CLS settles 18 Currencies, has 74 Shareholders, 64 Settlement Members and over 9,000 active Third Party participants.

Members include:

* AustraliaANZ
* United StatesBank of America
* CanadaBank of Montreal
* United StatesBank of New York Mellon
* United KingdomBarclays
* SpainBBVA
* FranceBNP Paribas
* CanadaCanadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
* United StatesCitigroup
* GermanyCommerzbank
* AustraliaCommonwealth Bank
* FranceCrédit Agricole
* SwitzerlandCredit Suisse
* DenmarkDanske Bank
* GermanyDeutsche Bank
* United StatesGoldman Sachs
* United KingdomHSBC
* NetherlandsING
* ItalyIntesa Sanpaolo
* United StatesJP Morgan
* BelgiumKBC
* GermanyLandesbank Bayern
* United KingdomLloyds
* JapanMitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
* JapanMizuho Financial Group
* United StatesMorgan Stanley
* AustraliaNational Australia Bank
* FranceNatixis
* JapanNomura
* SwedenNordea
* United StatesNorthern Trust
* NetherlandsRabobank
* CanadaRoyal Bank of Canada
* United KingdomRoyal Bank of Scotland
* SpainSantander
* CanadaScotiabank
* SwedenSEB
* FranceSociété Générale
* United KingdomStandard Chartered
* United StatesState Street
* JapanSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
* SwedenSvenska Handelsbanken
* SwedenSwedbank
* CanadaToronto-Dominion Bank
* SwitzerlandUBS
* ItalyUniCredit
* AustraliaWestpac
**Business Wire** is a company that sends out full-text press releases from thousands of companies and organizations worldwide to news media, financial markets, disclosure systems, investors, information web sites, databases, bloggers, social networks and other audiences. It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

History
-------

Business Wire was founded in 1961 by Lorry I. Lokey. It started by sending releases to 16 media outlets in California. Business Wire created its website in May 1995. In 2000, Business Wire was the first commercial newswire to end the practice of distributing news to financial outlets 15-minutes before anyone else, to provide immediate, equal access to company information as noted by Reg FD.

Business Wire's first wholly owned European operation launched in 2001, with the opening of an office in London. On June 1, 2005, Business Wire entered the German Ad-Hoc market with a disclosure network for companies with primary or secondary listings on the Deutsche Boerse. The service was established in compliance with BaFin, Germany's national securities regulator. On September 15, 2005, Business Wire established Regulatory Disclosure networks in France, Sweden, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The move came in planning for the organization of the EU's Transparency Obligations Directive (TOD). On January 1, 2007, Autorité des marchés financiers, the French Financial Markets Regulator, approved Business Wire to operate as a Regulatory Disclosure Service in France.

On January 10, 2005, Business Wire established an Asian hub with the opening of its Tokyo, Japan bureau, and later that year added Japanese language, making the website available in seven languages. On January 17, 2006, Berkshire Hathaway noted that it was purchasing Business Wire for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition was completed on March 1, 2006.

In 2008, Business Wire partnered with ImpreMedia to launch LatinoWire, a news-distribution service that sends out brand content to Hispanic websites, media outlets, journalists and bloggers. In 2011, Business Wire received a patent for the technological process of optimizing and distributing press releases to maximize their ability to be found and tracked in leading search engines.

On September 23, 2013, Business Wire noted an exclusive distribution partnership with VentureBeat. On November 3, 2013, Business Wire opened its 32nd office in Hong Kong.

In January 2014, Business Wire launched a new news and content distribution enhancement service.

In April 2017, its chief executive officer and president, Cathy Baron Tamraz retired and was replaced by long-time CFO Geff Scott.

Related pages
-------------

* List of press release agencies

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**CNDO** is the short cut for **Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap**. It is both 1) a method for learning key facts about molecular orbitals as well as 2) the name of a particular set of computer programs. CNDO is based on quantum chemistry. It is one of the first semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. It uses two approximations:

* core approximation - only the outer valence electrons are explicitly included.
* zero-differential overlap

CNDO builds a mathematical model of a molecule. CNDO starts with the position of the positively charged nuclei of the atoms and the negatively charged electron clouds surrounding them. Quantum chemistry tells the model the probability distribution of electron locations based on atomic orbitals. From this information, CNDO computes data about the resulting molecular orbitals.

CNDO/2 is the main version of CNDO. John Pople and coworkers first wrote CNDO/2.

Other websites
--------------

* CNDO/2 Calculation (Pirika)
* Molecular Modeling for Educators Archived 2005-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Density Functional Modelling of Point Defects in Semiconductors Archived 2005-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
The **Chevrolet Cobalt** was a compact car sold by the General Motors division Chevrolet from 2005 to 2010. It replaced the Cavalier and the Geo Prizm (although the Pontiac Vibe serves as the Prizm's replacement, many auto sites list the Cobalt as a secondary successor). From 2005 to 2009, it was sold under the Pontiac marque under various names including the Pursuit, Pursuit G4 and the G5. The Cobalt was available as a sedan and coupé, while the G5 was strictly a coupé in America and offered as a sedan model in Canada. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze (a rebadged Daewoo Lacetti Premiere). The Pontiac G5 was replaced by the Buick Verano. As of 2014, GM was recalling this car because of problems with the ignitions that can shut off the engine without warning and cause disabled air bags and cause serious injury or death. Chevrolet Cobalt was considered an improvement over its predecessor the Cavalier because it earned a "Good" crash test rating from the IIHS, but without optional side airbags it earned a "Poor" in side impact tests. However, with the optional side airbags it earned an "Acceptable".
The **chondrophores** or **porpitids** are a small and unusual group of hydrozoans. They are the family **Porpitidae**.

They all live at the surface of the open ocean, and are colonies of carnivorous, free-floating hydroids. Their life-style in the plankton is similar to that of pelagic jellyfish.

The chondrophores look like a single organism but are cooperatives of polyps.

The most familiar members of the family Porpitidae are the blue button (*Porpita porpita*) and the by-the-wind sailor (*Velella velella*).

Structure
---------

Chondrophores may look like a jellyfish, but they really are not. Like the siphonophores they are not a single animal. They are a colony of clones, genetically identical zooids. These zooids are small, highly modified individual polyps. Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

This kind of set-up is also found in the siphonophores: the Portuguese man o' war. They evolved independently, and are classified in different orders.

Fossil record
-------------

A rare soft-bodied fossil was got from Mississippian strata in northeastern Kentucky. It was interpreted as a chondrophorine float. The origin of the group was probably in the Neoproterozoic era, some 650–540 million years ago.
**Cayo District** is a district in the west of the nation of Belize. The District capital is the town of San Ignacio.

Geography
---------

The Cayo District is the largest in Belize. It is on the western side of the country which borders Guatemala. The nation's capital, Belmopan, is in the district.

The Cayo District has the Pre-Columbian Maya ruins of Xunantunich, Cahal Pech, Chaa Creek, and Caracol. Major rivers in the district include the Macal River and the Mopan River.

Importance and Location
-----------------------

The Cayo District is mostly an agricultural district. The chief crops are citrus, (oranges, grapefruit, and tangerine), as well as bananas. Recently oil was found in Spanish Lookout and is now in production. In addition to the ruins listed above there are several other important nature reserves including two National Parks, Blue Hole (park) and Guanacaste National Park. Ecotourism is also an important part of the region's economy.

According to the 2000 census, Cayo District had a population of 53,715 people.
A **chord progression** is a part of music, made up of several chords played one after another. Chord progressions are important for people who write songs or play musical instruments that can play chords, such as the guitar. Chord progressions are used in many types of music. How a piece of music sounds has to do with its chord progression.

Relation to the circle of fifths
--------------------------------

The circle of fifths is an idea in music theory that has to do with keys. It also has to do with chord progressions. If you have a song with the chord progression G, C, D, you can see those chords are right next to each other in the circle. So if you want to play the same song in a different key, you can use any other three chords right next to each other. This works for any chord progression.

Common chord progressions
-------------------------

One of the most used chord progressions is based on the first, fourth and fifth notes of a major scale. In the key of C, these are the C, F, and G chords. This progression is used in many simple songs. Since these songs have only three chords, they are sometimes called three-chord songs. Many country, blues, rock, pop and punk songs are three-chord songs.

Related pages
-------------

* Chord
* Harmonics (music)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * v
* t
* e
Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

 |
**Chopper** is a style of hip hop music. It originated in the Midwest. It is considered the main contribution to rap music by Midwestern hip hop artists. The style of rap first gained popularity in the mid-1990s with the emergence of hip hop in the Midwest and the rise of award-winning rap artists such as Cleveland rappers Bone Thugs-n-Harmony and Chicago rapper Twista. The rap style eventually spread to other regions as well. In the late 1990s, Tech N9ne, a former underground rap artist, popularized the Chopper style among his strong fan base and in 2011 released a series of collaborative songs with other Chopper artists exclusively in this fast-paced style of rap.

Etymology
---------

The word "Chopper" can be used simply for any rapper who uses an up-tempo style in their lyrics. The term was first used in street and hip hop slang to refer to the AK-47 assault rifle. The word has also been used as an informal word for helicopter. The link to AK-47 and helicopter and their fast response times regarding their functions may have an analogous relationship to fast-paced rap. One of the first rappers to popularize this style of rap, Twista, in a song with Tech N9ne titled "Worldwide Choppers" hinted at this in his lyrics, "I'm finna be usin it as energy, watch how radiant I'ma be. Like a helicopter when the words fly."

*Chopper* used to loosely describe the fast-paced style of rap, but the use of the term became more official when rap artist Tech N9ne released a series of collaborative rap songs with other Chopper-style rap artists from around the world in 2007, 2009, and 2011 including Worldwide Choppers, Midwest Choppers, and Midwest Choppers 2.
A **chemical database** is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

Chemical structures
-------------------

Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

Literature
----------

Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

Crystallography
---------------

Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data. Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and COD+ Database .

NMR spectra
-----------

NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data. They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

Reactions
---------

Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

Thermophysical
--------------

Thermophysical data are information about

* phase equilibria such as vapor–liquid equilibrium, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in solids (SLE), heats of mixing, vaporization, and fusion.
* caloric data like heat capacity, heat of formation and combustion,
* transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity
Satellite view of Chesil Beach (linear feature in blue running diagonally NW-SE) from Abbotsbury to the Isle of Portland
Chesil Beach viewed from the Isle of Portland
Chesil Cove at the Portland end of Chesil Beach
**Chesil Beach**, sometimes called **Chesil Bank**, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English *ceosel* or *cisel*, meaning "gravel" or "shingle".

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called **The Fleet** or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18 miles long (29km), 220 yards wide (200m) and 50 feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, *On Chesil Beach* by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form **Chesil Cove**. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.p99

The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds (from the west) and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell, which would otherwise probably not exist

Varying with the Bank's unbroken increase in height, to 14.7 metres (48 ft), above mean high water, the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end (by West Bay) to orange-sized at the south-east end (by Portland). It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge "exactly where they were" by the size of the shingle.

Chesil Beach, the Fleet and (distance) Portland Bill, from the north-west over Abbotsbury
A blue plaque on Enid Blyton's house
The **blue plaque** scheme is a way for remembering the links between famous people and buildings by placing commemorative plaques on the walls. The scheme was started by the Royal Society of Arts in London, and the very first plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta placed on the outside of a former home of Lord Byron (since demolished). 

The Society erected 36 plaques between 1866 - 1901, responsibility for them was transferred to the London County Council (1901-65) (which changed the colour of the plaques to the current blue) and later the Greater London Council (1965-86) and most recently English Heritage. Similar schemes are now operated in all the member countries of the United Kingdom.

Outside London
--------------

English Heritage looks after the Blue plaque scheme in the London Boroughs. Similar schemes exist outside London, run by each local authority. The system has been adopted outside the United Kingdom too, for example, in June 2010 a Blue Plaque was put on the home of Guernsey artist Peter Le Lievre.
**Harry Chapman Pincher** (29 March 1914 – 5 August 2014) was an Indian-born British journalist, historian, and novelist.

Early life
----------

Pincher was born on 29 March 1914 in Ambala, Punjab. His father was from Britain and his mother was American. Pincher studied at Darlington Grammar School and King's College London.

His work
--------

Pincher wrote a series of books on supposed KGB spies in the West, mostly members of the British ruling class whom he believed were traitors in the service of the KGB. Among these were Roger Hollis, former head of MI5, and Harold Wilson, twice Prime Minister in the 1960s and 70s.

Many of these ideas had come from James Jesus Angleton, former CIA counterespionage chief. Angleton's career ended when his many allegations were not supported with appropriate evidence. Among his more outrageous claims was that Canadian Prime Ministers Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau were agents of the Soviet Union.

Another source was Peter Wright, a former assistant director of MI5. The British Government tried to prevent the publication of Wright's own *Spycatcher* (1987), which covered much the same ground as Pincher's *Their trade is treachery*. Wright had published in Australia, and the Australian court case ran on for years with no success. In the event, nothing was proved against Hollis, who was the main target of *Their trade is treachery*. Later British Prime Ministers stated that Hollis was a loyal servant of the Crown, and that a great injustice had been done to him by the Pincher and Wright books.

Death
-----

Pincher died on 5 August 2014 at the age of 100.
The headwaters of Bubbly Creek with the Racine Avenue Pump Station in the background
**Bubbly Creek** is a nickname for the South Fork of the Chicago River's South Branch. It is the border between the Bridgeport and McKinley Park community areas of the city. The nickname for the creek comes from gases that bubbled out of the riverbed due to the decomposition of blood and entrails that were dumped in the river in the early 20th century by local meatpacking businesses that surrounded the Union Stock Yards.

Author Upton Sinclair wrote an exposé called *The Jungle*, which was an unflattering portrait of the meat packing industry of America. In it, he wrote:

> *""Bubbly Creek" is an arm of the Chicago River, and forms the southern boundary of the Union Stock Yards; all the drainage of the square mile of packing-houses empties into it, so that it is really a great open sewer a hundred or two feet wide. One long arm of it is blind, and the filth stays there forever and a day. The grease and chemicals that are poured into it undergo all sorts of strange transformations, which are the cause of its name; it is constantly in motion, as if huge fish were feeding in it, or great leviathans disporting themselves in its depths. Bubbles of carbonic gas will rise to the surface and burst, and make rings two or three feet wide. Here and there the grease and filth have caked solid, and the creek looks like a bed of lava; chickens walk about on it, feeding, and many times an unwary stranger has started to stroll across, and vanished temporarily. The packers used to leave the creek that way, till every now and then the surface would catch on fire and burn furiously, and the fire department would have to come and put it out. Once, however, an ingenious stranger came and started to gather this filth in scows, to make lard out of; then the packers took the cue, and got out an injunction to stop him, and afterwards gathered it themselves. The banks of "Bubbly Creek" are plastered thick with hairs, and this also the packers gather and clean."*
> 
>
A cup of bubble tea
Four Bubble Tea drinks of different flavors.Four different bubble teas: mango green tea, lychee green tea, strawberry green tea with strawberry jelly, and a coconut cream blend with tapioca
**Bubble tea**, also called **pearl tea** or Boba, is a drink which comes from Taichung, Taiwan. It is made by mixing black tea with non-dairy creamer or milk and adding round "pearl" tapioca. There are many flavors other than the original one. Green tea can be used instead of black tea. Extra items such as honey, coffee or cocoa can be added. Pudding or coconut cubes can be used instead of pearl tapioca.

When it was first invented, not many people were interested in it. But after a bubble tea maker was interviewed on a Japanese TV program, it became popular among people of all ages. The popularity of bubble tea can be seen not only in Taiwan but also in other countries such as South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, Canada and the USA.

Bubble tea has now arrived in England and the rest of Europe.

On January 29, 2023, Google celebrated the drink as a doodle.

Things that are in bubble tea
-----------------------------

Most bubble tea recipes contain a tea base mixed with fruit or milk, to which chewy tapioca balls or fruit jellies are added. Ice-mixed versions are usually mixed with fruit or syrup, resulting in a slushy softness. There are many varieties of the drink with a huge range of ingredients like coconut or mango. The two most popular types are bubble milk tea with tapioca and bubble milk green tea with tapioca.

The reason for choosing tapioca
-------------------------------

At first, people made bubble tea without tapioca pearls. But Taiwanese people started to find substances to make the sweetened flavor. Tapioca came from the cassava plant, which is a root of the trees from South America. This plant is now farmed and enjoyed around the world.

Effects on the body from bubble tea
-----------------------------------

Four positive nutrients that tapioca provide are carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and organic compounds. These include a very low level of fat, cholesterol, and sodium. It is also known as the source of fiber, "good" cholesterol, and protein. But bubble tea has Cyanogen that are transformed in humans and animals after the plant tissue has been weakened. The blood remains oxygenated after it passes through your body and back to the lungs.

Process to make bubble tea
--------------------------

Bubble tea is found in Taiwanese restaurants and commonly prepared by shaking ice, milk, tea, and sugar in a cocktail shaker which resulted in a lot of tapioca bubbles. People use the same preparation to make bubble tea, just now with the added Pearls.

Additional Resources
--------------------

* Martin, Laura, C, *Tea: The drink that changed the world.* Rutland: Tuttle Publishing. p. 219. ISBN 9780804837248.
* Tarantino, Olivia. "Bubble Tea: 25 Things You Didn't Know | Eat This Not That." Eat This Not That. 05 Oct. 2016. Web. 23 May 2016.
* Jeger, Fargette D. M. *Analysis of Temporal Disease Progress of African Cassava Mosaic Virus*. Phytopathology. 54; 1 91–
The decorated cloth cover of *The Portrait of a Lady*, by Henry James, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1881. A good example of Victorian decorated cloth. The binding serves both to protect the book and advertise it. 
A **book cover** is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.

There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.

The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.
**Carol Dempster** (December 9, 1901 – February 1, 1991) was an American actress. She was a silent movie star who appeared in movies from 1916 through 1926. She married a wealthy banker and retired from the movie industry. In her later years she was famous for her philanthropy.

Career
------

Dempster was born December 9, 1901 in Duluth, Minnesota. She was the youngest of four children. Her father was John W. Dempster and her mother was Carrie M. (Acker) Dempster. Her father changed careers when Carol was still a baby and moved the family to California.

She studied dance at the Ruth St. Denis dancing school. There she was noticed by movie director D. W. Griffith who used her as a dancer in his movie "Intolerance" (1916). Griffith then gave her a role in *A Romance of Happy Valley* (1919). The movie featured the popular acting team of Robert Herron and Lillian Gish. Dempster's first starring role came in the movie *The Girl Who Stayed at Home* (1919). Lillian Gish was supposed to get the role, but was reportedly "tired" and Griffith cast Dempster instead. Critics gave Dempster only mild praise. Her first solo starring role was in "The Love Flower" (1920). It was at this time critics began comparing her to Lillian Gish. But it was Griffith who directed her to sound like Gish and his other legendary female stars. It was about this time that Dempster became romantically involved with Griffith. Her first non-Griffith movie was in 1922. She starred in *Sherlock Holmes* with John Barrymore. Her movie *Isn't Life Wonderful?* (1924) was well received by critics. She starred in two movies with W. C. Fields for Paramount Pictures, *Sally of the Sawdust* (1925), and *That Royle Girl* (1925). Her best performance may have been in her last movie *The Sorrows of Satan* (1926).

Later life
----------

In July 1929 Dempster was scarred in a car accident in California. A month later she married wealthy investment banker Edwin Skinner Larsen at her rural New York home. After the couple traveled to Europe, Dempster announced her retirement from acting. She and her husband lived in La Jolla, California. She died there on February 1, 1991 from heart failure. Carol Dempster was buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California. Upon her death, Dempster left $1.6 million USD to the San Diego Museum of Art. The money was to add to the museum's collections of prints and drawings. She and her husband had made several previous gifts to the museum. These included Francisco Zuniga's sculpture "Mother and Daughter Seated" and Thomas Eakins' painting "Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog".
Tyler c. 1940s
**Beverly Tyler** (July 5, 1927 – November 23, 2005) was a US-American singer and actress in American film and television from the 1940s into the 1960s.

Life
----

Born *Beverly Jean Saul* in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the daughter of a secretary, she was just a teenage girl when she had her singing debut on the local radio. A short time later she moved with her mother to Hollywood and gave her film debut in the 1943 premiere comedy *The Youngest Profession*.

Until 1947 she worked in six feature films and afterwards only 1950 again a film role. Her last role in a feature film was in the 1958 premiere thriller *Hong Kong Confidential*.

Between 1956 and 1961 she also co-operated in various television series; Including the episode  *When Mr. Twilight Died* (original title: *Vengeance*) of the Western series *Bonanza*. Her last appearance in front of the camera was in a Thanksgiving themed episode of the TV series *Hazel*.

In the context of her marriage to Jim Jordan Jr. on May 6, 1962, she completed her career as a film actor and later appeared only on stage at supper clubs and playhouses in Reno, Nevada throughout the 1980s.

Tyler died on 23 November 2005 at the age of 78 years following a lung embolism and was laid to rest in Our Mother of Sorrows Cemetery in Reno, PA.Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.

Filmography (selection)
-----------------------

* 1946: The Green Years
* 1950: Rolling Fever
* 1952: The Cimarron Kid
* 1952: The Battle of Apache Pass
* 1957: Voodoo Island
* 1957: Chicago Confidential
* 1958: The Toughest Gun in Tombstone

Other websites
--------------

* Beverly Tyler on IMDb
* Beverly Tyler at the Internet Broadway Database

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**COX-2 inhibitors** are a special type of analgesic. Cyclooxygenase (commonly abbreviated as COX) is an enzyme that has an important role in starting an inflammation and pain. There are many different types of COX; the most common are known as COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs work by blocking COX. The problem with blocking all COX is that COX-1 is also used to regulate kidney function. Blocking COX-1 runs the risk of bleeding of the stomach, and reduction of the kidney function. COX-2 inhibitors only block COX-2, and do not have an effect on COX-1.. Clinical studies have shown that they increase the risk of a heart attack, and of a stroke. Several COX-2 inhibitors have been taken off the market, because of these side-effects. 

Other than as an analgesic, COX-2 inhibitors have also been used in the treatment of cancer, and of some neurological conditions, such as depression, and schizophrenia.

Because of the severe side-effects, COX-2 inhibitors are usually only available with a prescription.