recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
flower close up
Floral wreath of jasmine shrubs in the shield of Pakistan
***Jasminum officinale*** is the common Jasmine. It is in the family Oleaceae.
It is famous for its scent. It is also known as **Poet's Jasmine** or jessamine.

Garden history
--------------

For thousands of years, the Jasmine has been cultivated not only for the beauty of its small, white, star-like flowers, but also for its intoxicating scent. 

It is native to the foothills of the Western Himalayas and the Indus Valley plains of the Pakistani Punjab. The plant was cultivated and brought to the rest of the Indian subcontinent, China, the Middle East and other regions of Asia. From there, it spread into France, Italy and the Mediterranean, and eventually it was introduced to the rest of Western Europe and Britain. Today, Jasmine is grown and cultivated all over the world in its many varieties. 

Since Jasmine has been cultivated all over the world for its flowers and scent, there are different varieties, and each type of Jasmine is associated with different meanings. In Pakistan, Jasmine is a very common plant and one can find it in any garden. Because of its attractive scent, the white Jasmine symbolizes attachment and represents amiability and modesty; therefore, Jasmine is named as the National flower of Pakistan respectively.
*For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae*
*For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)*
A **hominid** is any member of the biological family **Hominidae**. These are the "great apes", living and extinct. At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The word "hominid" has been used in various ways. The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid". The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives. Now this group is called the Hominina.

The primatological term **hominid** is easily confused with a number of similar words:

* A **hominoid** or ape is a member of the superfamily *Hominoidea*: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
* A **hominid** is a member of the family *Hominidae*: all of the great apes.
* A **hominine** is a member of the subfamily *Homininae*: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
* A **hominin** is a member of the tribe *Hominini*: including chimpanzees and humans.
* A **hominan** is a little used term for a sub-tribe.
* A **human** is a member of *Homo sapiens*. The word is sometimes also used to refer to any extinct member of the genus *Homo* or members from other hominan genera.
* A **humanoid** is a vaguely human-shaped entity; the term is typically used in science fiction.

The dispute is really about whether humans and Australopithecines are sufficiently different from chimpanzees to rank as a separate family. In morphology and life style they are, in genetics they are not.

A move from rainforest to savannah and woodland led first to bipedalism (walking on two feet). Later, hunting and social needs led to larger brains and the making and use of tools. These differences between human beings and the other great apes are certainly important. However, a genetically based taxonomic classification shows the genetic differences are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is generally more widely accepted as the critical standard. However, many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors.
**Evan Chandler** (born Evan Robert Charmatz) (January 25, 1944 – November 5, 2009) was an American screenwriter and dentist. He is best known for accusing Michael Jackson of sexually abusing his son Jordan Chandler in 1993.

Early life
----------

Chandler was born in the Bronx to Jewish parents. He changed his name from Charmatz to Chandler because he thought Charmatz was "too Jewish-sounding".

Career
------

Chandler wrote the 1993 movie *Robin Hood: Men in Tights*. In her book *Shockaholic*, Carrie Fisher said that Chandler was her dentist.

Accusations against Michael Jackson
-----------------------------------

In 1993, Chandler accused Michael Jackson of molesting his son Jordan. Jordan had made the hebephilia allegations after taking sodium amytal. The 1993 molestation case ended in 1994 after Jackson reached a settlement with Chandler for a reported U.S. $20 million. Jordan legally emancipated himself from his parents in 1995.

An article in *USA Today* said that Chandler tried to sue Jackson again in 1996 but the case was dismissed in 1998. In 2006, Jordan took out a restraining order against Evan after claiming that he attacked him with a dumbbell weight.

Death
-----

Fourteen weeks after the death of Michael Jackson, Chandler shot himself in the head on November 5 2009. He suffered with depression for many years.
Icicles forming on a home
An **icicle** is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes.

Various snow spikes are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is sub freezing and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice.

Shape
-----

Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length.

Accidents
---------

Icicles are beautiful, but they can sometimes be dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700s, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being damaged. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by.
The main geographical divisions of Scotland
A geological map of Scotland
The bedrock of Scotland is very ancient rock. Archean gneiss, metamorphic beds with granite intrusions were laid down when the Caledonian mountains were built. Coal, oil and iron-bearing carboniferous deposits are there, and so are remains of Palaeogene volcanoes. So the rocks of Scotland north of the Highland Boundary Fault are generally older, and mostly *much* older, than the rocks of England.

This part of Scotland is known as the Highlands and Islands. It includes the Scottish Highlands, plus Orkney, Shetland and Outer Hebrides (the Western Isles). Much of Shetland's economy depends on oil and gas production from fields in the surrounding seas. To this might be added tourism, which has become increasingly important.

The Midland Valley, or Central Lowlands, has the big cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. They are in an area known as the central belt, or valley. The economy of Scotland used to depend almost entirely on these two cities, because of their importance in ship building (Glasgow) and general commerce (Edinburgh). Coal mining was also important in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Now ships can be built more cheaply elsewhere (for example, South Korea), and yet much still much depends on these two cities, and on Aberdeen, which acts as a port for the North Sea oil rigs. 

The Central Belt area with urban areas (pink), including Glasgow to the west and Edinburgh to the east
The geology of the Central Valley is quite different from the Highlands and Islands. For one thing, it is in the exact place of an ancient and once large sea, the Iapetus Ocean.

The Iapetus Ocean
-----------------

Sandstone, mudstone and limestone were laid down in the area which is now the Midland Valley. This occurred in shallow tropical seas on the edge of the once-great Iapetus Ocean. The Iapetus Ocean closed 480-430 million years ago, when the volcanic island arc collided with Laurentia. By the end of the Silurian period (c. 420 million years ago), the Iapetus Ocean had completely disappeared. The combined mass of three continents formed the "new" continent of Laurasia. This would become the northern part of the supercontinent Pangaea.
The Hallstatt culture can be split into an eastern an a western part. The dividing line runs through the Czech Republic and Austria, between 14 and 15 degrees east
Drinking Horn from the Hallstatt culture
Brooches found in a grave of the Hallstatt culture
The **Hallstatt culture** is named after Hallstatt, a city in Austria in which the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC. 

There were different periods that are now told apart mainly by the kinds of brooches used. The brooches changed rather rapidly and permit a good estimate. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia.

In this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. That can be documented by various things that were added to graves, such as at Magdalenenberg. In the Bronze Age, people lived in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new upper class could establish itself. Unlike before, the upper class liked to live in big houses in the countryside to show their power.

Funerary cults also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with sarcophagi. The new upper class used its wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean. People started settling there around the 2nd millennium BC.

Other websites
--------------

Hallstatt culture: the real thing.
**George Ryoichi Ariyoshi** (有吉良一; born March 12, 1926) is an American politician. He served as the third Governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor when John A. Burns was stepped down.

Early life
----------

Ariyoshi was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Japanese immigrants. He studied at the University of Michigan. He served in the United States Army during World War II.

Governor of Hawaii (1974-1986)
------------------------------

When he was elected, Ariyoshi became the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States.

Ariyoshi's administration was marked by fiscal conservatism as the post-statehood economic boom came to an end. He guided the state through its first economic recession. He has gathered some criticism for having only people with Japanese surnames on his staff, many were relatives.

He also holds the record as the longest-serving state governor in Hawaiʻi, a record likely to remain unbroken because of term limits enacted after his tenure. Ariyoshi is now considered an elder statesman of the Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi.

Personal life
-------------

Ariyoshi married Jean Miya Hayashi in 1955. They have a daughter, Lynn, born in 1957; and two sons, Ryozo, born in 1959, and Donn, 1961.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to George Ariyoshi at Wikimedia Commons

* Honolulu Star Bulletin Article about Ariyoshi's Wife and her book, *Washington Place: A First Lady's Story* Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Honolulu Star Bulletin Editorial Column Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2004-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Donn Ariyoshi Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
* George Ariyoshi Tribute Site Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Portrait of Ariyoshi Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine by Margaret Holland Sargent
**Syed Muhammad Imran Momina** AKA Emu is a multi-dimensional pianist & is one of the founding members of the band Fuzon who had been playing since the age of 19.

His flair for arranging his own music and experimenting with melodies made him set up his own recording and mixing studio — and this is where the jam sessions take place.

Technically proficient, self-tutored Fuzoneer, Emu has an array of possibilities at his disposal. Imran aka ‘Emu' is a charismatic keyboard exponent. The music stalwart that he is, Emu has an uncanny knack for orchestrating memorable music which is dominant in Fuzon's gilt-edged.

Awards
------

* 2003: Best emerging Talent at the Lux Style awards
* 2003: Indus music Awards Best Composer award.
* 2003: Indus Music Awards Best Ballad Award.
* 2004: Lux Style award Best Video Khamaj.
* 2005: Indus Music Awards Best Ballad award.
* 2005: Asian Bollywood music awards Best band in Asia award.
* 2005 Best non Filmi  album Saagar EMI Virgin, India.
* 2006: Best Guitarist in Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Shallum Asher Xavier.
* 2007: Best Producer in Pakistan awarded to Emu at the TV Awards.
* 2008: Best Guitarist in Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Shallum
* 2008: Best Keyboardist of Pakistan at TMA, The Musik Awards awarded to Emu

FUZON
-----

Fuzon is the brainchild of Emu & lead guitarist Shallum Xavier. The band bases its roots on experimentation and collaboration between different soundscapes and musical disciplines, hence the name ‘Fuzon’.

The biggest musical sensation to revolutionize the Pakistani & Indian music scene in the past 10 years; Fuzon has broken boundaries and records at home and abroad. Fuzon encompasses hybrid styles of exquisite melodies and everlasting pop/rock instrumentation, hence carving out a special niche for themselves.

Fuzon touched the heights of popularity with their first album *Saagar,* which featured 12 tracks, with a common strain of pop melodies blended with Pakistani classical and folk vocals. The opening track *Aakhon Kay Saagar* gave rise to their popularity within Pakistan.

Pakistani Theater Show ISHQ
---------------------------

In September 2017 EMU composed the music for the Pakistani Theater play ISHQ in UK which was an adaptation of Heer-Ranjha. The show received outstanding response from the audience in UK and Emu's music was highly appreciated by all.

Work Outside Pakistan
---------------------

In 2010 his band Fuzon did a special song and a video for the Bollywood movie Mumbai Cutting starring Jimmy Shergill, Soha Ali Khan and Sachin Khedekar for which he was anxiously waiting for the release of the film. In 2017 Fuzon collaborated with Rahat Fateh Ali to direct the song "Zindagi Ae ZIndagi" for the film Maatr- The Mother.

Other websites
--------------

* Fuzon (band) on IMDb website[*permanent dead link*]
**Improvisation** is the art of performing without a script or rehearsal.

Music
-----

In music, improvisation is the art of playing an instrument (or singing) in which the musician or musicians make up the music as they play. Improvising is inventing at the same time as one does something. Some musicians only play music when they have written music in front of them, but it can be great fun to improvise music. It is a way of composing. Improvisation is common during a jam session.

In Baroque times, all musicians were taught to improvise because composers often did not bother to write all the notes down. Musicians would have improvised lots of ornaments, and even whole sections.

Many great composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Liszt were famous for their keyboard improvisations.

Organists are often expected to improvise during a service. In this way they can fill in gaps in the service when there would otherwise be silence, they can make a smooth link between one piece of music and the next, and they can create the right atmosphere. In Baroque times, in the Lutheran church, organists would improvise a chorale prelude. This was a piece of music which uses the melody of the chorale (hymn) that the congregation sang. Bach was one of many composers who wrote many of his chorale preludes down. In more recent times, some famous concert organists often finish an organ recital by playing an improvisation. This might be quite a long piece with several linked movements, finishing with a fugue. Somebody may give them the theme written on a piece of paper, so that it is quite unprepared. Charles Tournemire, Marcel Dupré, Pierre Cochereau, Pierre Pincemaille are known to be great organ improviser.

A lot of people who play folk music improvise. Traditional folk music would not have been written down.

In traditional jazz the musicians usually improvise. It is quite tricky when a group of people are improvising together. They have to listen to one another and get ideas from one another. It can be a very exciting way of making music.

Comedy
------

Improvisation also refers to a type of performance. Improvisation (or improv for short) is often used in comedy. Actors or *Improvisers* will create an entire show that they make up as they go along. They will often ask the audience for an idea or suggestion. They will then do a short performance based on the suggestion. This lets them do many different short performances during each night's show. This is called "Short-form improv".
Pastoral life in Hala'ib Triangle.
The **Hala'ib Triangle** (مثلث حلايب in Arabic, transliterated Muthāllath Ḥalāʾib) is an area of land measuring 20,580 square kilometres (7,950 sq mi) located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which is named after the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave an area of land north of the line to Sudan. When Sudan became independent in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. After Egypt sent military units to the Hala'ib Triangle in the 1990s, as part of a greater movement by the Egyptian government to solidify its presence in Africa, following the 1995 attempted assassination of then-Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Egypt has controlled the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, and has been actively investing in it. Today the United Arab Emirates is also a active investor along with Egypt in the area.

The area is not shaped like a triangle—it is actually a complicated polygon. Only the southern 290 kilometres (180 mi) border is a straight line. A smaller area, called Bir Tawil, touches the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point. Bir Tawil is not claimed by either Sudan or Egypt.
Franz Welser-Möst conducting the Cleveland Orchestra 
**Franz Welser-Möst** (born Linz, 16 August 1960) is an Austrian conductor. He is the conductor (music director) of the Cleveland Orchestra.

Life
----

Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria. He learned to play the violin, but after being injured in a car accident he changed to conducting.

In 1985 he changed his stage-name to "Welser-Möst" after the town of Wels where he grew up. He soon started to be invited to conduct major orchestras. He appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, then conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and, from 1989 he appeared a lot in the United States. He conducted the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1990, Welser-Möst became main (principal) conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He received a lot of criticism and left the LPO in 1996.

In 1995 he went to the Zurich Opera House where he conducted many operas including complete cycles of Wagner's Ring Cycle. He left the Zurich post in 2008.

Since 2002 Welser-Möst has been conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra.

In 2007, the Austrian government made him musical director (Generalmusikdirektor) of the Vienna State Opera beginning in September 2010.

He has made many recordings.

Other websites
--------------

* Franz Welser-Möst biography at The Cleveland Orchestra
**James Holzhauer** (born July 23, 1984) is the third-highest winner on the American television game show *Jeopardy!*, and the third-highest winner on a game show.

Holzhauer won 32 games, earning $2,462,216. His winning streak lasted from April 4, 2019 to June 3, 2019. During his winning streak, he broke several show records. On April 9, 2019, Holzhauer broke the one-day record with $110,914, breaking the previous record of $77,000 set by Roger Craig in 2010. He broke his own record with $131,127 on April 17, 2019. He is the first and only player in the show's history to win $100,000 or more in a single game; and he holds the top sixteen spots for most single-day winnings.

On June 3, 2019, Holzhauer lost to a player named Emma Boettcher, who went on to win three games of her own before losing. Holzhauer and Boettcher were both brought back for the Tournament of Champions, which aired November 4-15, 2019. In the tournament, Holzhauer defeated Boettcher in the two-day final, winning the $250,000 prize.

In January 2020, Holzhauer faced off against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All-Time, finishing in second place with Jennings winning the $1,000,000 first prize and Holzhauer taking home $250,000 for second place.

Activities after Jeopardy!
--------------------------

Holzhauer first appeared on the American game show The Chase in 2021, appearing as a "Chaser" alongside Jennings and Rutter. >
**Implication** and **inference** are two related words which are opposites.

To **imply** is to suggest something is true without actually saying it. Examples:

1. *Your former spouse*: suggests you did have a spouse to whom you are no longer married.
2. *Have you finalized the divorce proceedings?* suggests not only that you are married, but that you have been in the process of divorce.

To **infer** is to see the implication in the sentence. When you realize the meaning of the second sentence, and protest "I have never beaten her", you have made an **inference**. 

Here are the rules:

* The person who makes the suggestion ***implies*** it.
* The person who recognises the suggestion ***infers*** it (or *draws an inference*).
* Inference always comes after an implication: I imply, then you infer.

An implication is always verbal, but inferring is not always verbal. A non-verbal response might show the indirect message (implication) had been accurately interpreted (inferred) by the receiver. Example: *I hate you*! may contain unspoken implications, according to circumstance and tone of voice. Between two lovers it might mean:

1. Bitter feelings after a quarrel. This is the literal meaning and not an implication.
2. A statement of love. Response might be "I love you, too" (verbal) or to blow a kiss (non-verbal).

Related pages
-------------

* Implication (logic)
A **gizzard**, or "**gastric mill**", is a part of the stomach which grinds food. Animals which have grinding teeth do not need a gizzard, but there are many animals which do have one.

Gizzards are standard equipment for pterosaurs and birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilia, also many fish, and crustacea. 

The gizzard (serial 8) of a pigeon, seen at the right of the duodenum between the legs.Gizzards work because the animal eats some gravel and small stones, and they grind against the food in the gizzard. Gizzards are muscular, and lined with tough material.

In birds, it works like this. Birds swallow food and store it in their crop if necessary. Then the food passes into their stomach, the stomach acid is added here to the food. Then the food passes into the gizzard (also known as the *muscular stomach* or *ventriculus*). The gizzard can grind the food with previously swallowed stones and pass it back to the true stomach, and vice versa. In simple terms, the gizzard 'chews' the food for the bird as it does not have teeth. Bird gizzards are lined with a tough layer made of the carbohydrate-protein complex *koilin*, to protect the muscles in the gizzard.

In birds the stomach is before the gizzard, but in grasshoppers the gizzard comes before the stomach. In earthworms there is only a gizzard, and no stomach.
**Grace Lin** is an American writer and children's illustrator. Her first book, *The Ugly Vegetables*, was published in 1999. She has written four novels: *The Year of the Dog*, *The Year of the Rat*, *Where the Mountain Meets the Moon*, and *Starry River of the Sky*. She also writes a series for early readers with twins named Ling and Ting, as well as other books for younger readers. She brings her sketchbook everywhere, and writes down ideas for her books. She wanted to grow up to be a figure skater. She changed her mind because she enjoyed drawing pictures of herself as an ice skater.

Early life and personal life
----------------------------

Lin was born on May 17, 1974. Her parents were immigrants. She grew up in New York. She has one older sister named Lissy, and a younger sister named Ki-Ki. She married a man named Robert Mercer. He died from cancer in 2007. te a book called *Robert’s Snow* to raise money for cancer research. She now has a daughter who was born in 2012. In 2010, she married her second husband, Alex. Lin is a graduate of Rhode Island School of Design. She lives in Florence, Massachusetts.

Awards
------

*Where the Mountain Meets the Moon* received a 2010 John Newbery Honor. She also received an Honorable Mention from APAAL (Asian/Pacific American Awards for Literature) in 2007 for *Year of the Dog.* She was nominated for the 2007-08 Texas Bluebonnet Award. Several of her books have been chosen for Al Roker’s Today Show Book Club.
**James Whalen** (April 29, 1869 – June 4, 1929) was a Canadian businessperson and entrepreneur based in Port Arthur, Ontario, now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario, with interests in the forest industries, shipbuilding, dredging, and towing. He began as a timber contractor in the 1890s, he built an impressive business empire in various Great Lakes marine businesses. With the help of his brothers he was less successful in entering the competitive British Columbia pulp and paper business that went bankrupt in 1925.

He was born in Collingwood, Ontario, April 29, 1869, to Joseph Whalen and Alice Broad, and died in Duluth, Minnesota June 4, 1929. His marriage to Laurel Conmee in 1896 allied his fortunes to her father, the formidable Ontario politician and contractor James Conmee.

He constructed the eight storey Whalen building in Port Arthur in 1913.

Companies associated with James Whalen
--------------------------------------

* Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company
* Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company, PASCO
* Great Lakes Dredging Company
* Canadian Towing and Wrecking Company
* Dominion Towing and Salvage Company
* Whalen Pulp and Paper Company (British Columbia)
* Canada West Coast Navigation Company
* Canada Pebble Company
Traditional orchestra at Kyoto Palace
**Gagaku** is classical Japanese court music. Gagaku was brought to Japan from China in the 8th century. The meaning of Gagaku is literally 'elegant music'. Most of the music that survives is classified as *Togaku* (music from the Tang Dynasty). They are performed as dance pieces and concert pieces. In modern Japan, *Gagaku* is performed at ceremonies like that of New Year or a wedding held at a Shinto shrine.

Instruments
-----------

Gagaku instruments consists of wind instruments, string instruments and percussion instruments. There are three type of wind instruments. They are Sho, Hichiriki and Ryuteki. There are mainly two kinds of stringed instruments, Koto and Biwa. Also there are three kinds of percussion instruments, Dadaiko, Shoko and Kakko. The wind instruments usually carry the melody. The two huge drums called *dadaiko* are a colorful part of a Gagaku performance.

Spirituality
------------

Gagaku music's most famous piece is called *Etenraku* (divine music). Gagaku music is intended to bring spiritual healing to the listeners. The dance is intended to bring a sense of elegance and harmony. Gagakku is still performed at the Emperor's court in Japan.

Other websites
--------------

* Gagaku, Japanese Imperial Court Music
* Gagaku - YouTube


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gagaku***.
The **greater roadrunner** (*Geococcyx californianus*) is one of two species of the roadrunner. The lesser roadrunner is the other species. The greater roadrunner is also called the "ground cuckoo" and the "snake killer".

Description
-----------

The greater roadrunner is about 52–62 cm (20–24 in) long, the wingspan is about 43-61 cm (17-24 in) long, and weighs about 221-538 grams. It is about 25-30 cm tall, and is the largest North American cuckoo. It has a long, thick bill, a long dark tail, it has a dark head, and the front of its neck and belly is blue. It has zygodactyl feet, meaning that on each foot there is two toes on the front and two on the back.

Where it lives
--------------

It lives in the deserts of states in southwestern United States of America, like California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, and rarely in Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. In is also found in the states of northern Mexico, like Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Coahuila, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Querétaro, México, Puebla, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosí.

Behavior
--------

The greater roadrunner makes its nests of sticks in a cactus or on a bush, and lays 3-6 eggs which take about 20 days to hatch. It eats mainly fruit, seeds and insects, but also eats some reptiles like snakes and lizards, small mammals, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, small birds and bird eggs. The greater roadrunner kills its prey by hitting the prey's neck with its beak or by holding its prey in its beak and hitting the prey on a rock.

Beliefs
-------

Some indian tribes, like the Hopi, believed that the roadrunner protected people from evil spirits. In Mexico some people say that the roadrunner brings babies, while some people in Europe say that the white stork does this.
Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina.
**Giovanni da Palestrina** (born Palestrina, (c.1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time. He lived in the period called the Renaissance. Most of his music was choral (written for choirs). It is very polyphonic. This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time. Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.

Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born. We are not sure of the exact date of his birth. Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577. He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina. When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off. Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was. He asked him to come and meet him. He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome. This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26. Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.

Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the communion service). He also wrote motets and madrigals. Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.
The **flying snake**, or *Chrysopelea*, is a mildly venomous snake found throughout India to the Indonesian archipelago. It can glide, in an arboreal habitat, going from tree to tree, most likely, much like the draco lizard. They're better at "flying" than another species of animal similar to this - the flying squirrel.

Defense
-------

The flying snake has venom, but much like garter snakes, the snake is so small that the amount of toxins in their saliva is only enough to kill their prey, which will be covered later on in the section about the flying snake's **diet.** If challenged by an animal far bigger than their venom can bring down, they might bite anyway just to give the predator a great deal of pain, or may choose *flight* rather than *fight* and "fly" away.

Diet
----

The flying snake's usual diet consists mainly of lizards, birds, frogs, bats, small mice and other rodents, which they catch during the day since they're a diurnal creature.

Species of flying snake
-----------------------

There are five known species of flying snake, which are the following:

* Moluccan flying snake
* Sri Lankan flying snake
* Paradise tree snake
* Ornate flying snake
* Twin-barred tree snake
A space-filling model of a hydroxide ion
**Hydroxide** in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH−, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.

An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.

Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.

Most inorganic hydroxide salts do not dissolve in water.

Uses of hydroxides
------------------

Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide has been used as low grade brown iron ore.

Examples of hydroxides
----------------------

* Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
* Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
* Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
* Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
A hair-hygrometer. Note that the scale is non-linear.
A **hygrometer** is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is.

A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity.

Sling psychrometer
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A sling psychrometer for outdoor use
A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb.
Flowery flounder, *Bothus mancus*,   
Bahía de la Chiva, at Hawaii
A flounder blending into its environment
**Flounders** are a group of flatfish. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). It is a "form name", which means they are not necessarily *close* relations, they just look alike.

Flounders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.

Habitat
-------

Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of 10,916 meters (35,814 ft). They were surprised to discover flounder about 30 cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish. Flounder normally grow to a length of 12.5–37.5 centimeters (4.9–14.8 in), and as large as 60 centimeters (24 in). Their width is about half their length.

### Camouflage

Flounders are highly camouflaged, often more so than these examples. But they are fished by bottom trawls which scrape them off the sea-bed into the net.

Taxonomy
--------

Flounder is a general term for many species.

* Western Atlantic
	+ Gulf Flounder - *Paralichthys albigutta*
	+ Southern flounder - *Paralichthys lethostigma*
	+ Summer flounder (also known as *fluke*) - *Paralichthys dentatus*
	+ Winter flounder - *Pseudopleuronectes americanus*

* European waters
	+ European flounder - *Platichthys flesus*

* Northwestern Pacific
	+ Olive flounder - *Paralichthys olivaceus*
***Glengarry Glen Ross*** is a 1992 American drama movie. It was adapted under David Mamet from his Pulitzer Prize-winning play by the same name.

The world premiere for the movie was at the 49th Venice Film Festival. There Jack Lemmon received the Volpi Cup for the Best Actor. Al Pacino was nominated for an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. *Glengarry Glen Ross* was given high marks from critics. It is called a classic movie.

Against a budget of $12.5 million, the movie only took in $10.7 million.

Cast
----

* Al Pacino as Richard Roma
* Jack Lemmon as Sheldon "Shelley" "The Machine" Levene
* Alec Baldwin as Blake
* Alan Arkin as George Aaronow
* Ed Harris as Dave Moss
* Kevin Spacey as John Williamson
* Jonathan Pryce as James Lingk
* Bruce Altman as Larry Spannel
* Jude Ciccolella as Detective Baylen

Reception
---------

*Glengarry Glen Ross* has a rating of 95% under Rotten Tomatoes based on 55 reviews. Under Metacritic, the movie has a score of 80 out of 100, meaning "generally favorable reviews". In his review in the *Chicago Sun-Times*, Roger Ebert said: "Mamet's dialogue has a kind of logic, a cadence, that allows people to arrive at the ends of sentences we could not possibly have imagined."

Awards
------

Jack Lemmon was voted the Best Actor by the National Board of Review.
Coordinates: 51°29′05″N 0°08′51″W﻿ / ﻿51.48472°N 0.14750°W﻿ / 51.48472; -0.14750

**Grosvenor Bridge**, also called **Victoria Railway Bridge**, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge.

It is made up of two bridges that were both built in the mid-19th century. The eastern side was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1858-60 to carry trains into Victoria Station. This was the first railway bridge across the Thames in central London. The western side was built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1865/66.

Both bridges were rebuilt in steel in 1963–67, the original piers now being wrapped in concrete. The designer for this work was Freeman Fox & Partners.

On the north bank is Pimlico to the north and east and Chelsea to the west. The Lister Hospital and the Royal Chelsea Hospital are immediately to the north west. On the south bank is Nine Elms to the east and Battersea to the west. Battersea Power Station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and Battersea Park to the south west.

Related pages
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* List of crossings of the River Thames

Other websites
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 Media related to Grosvenor Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

* Grosvenor Bridge at *Structurae*

  


| Crossings of River Thames |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Upstream**Chelsea Bridge | **Grosvenor BridgeGrid reference: TQ287778** | **Downstream**Victoria Line Tunnel (underground)Vauxhall Bridge (road) |

 |

| * v
* t
* e
Bridges of Central London (west to east) |
| --- |
| Grosvenor **·**  Vauxhall **·**  Lambeth **·**  Westminster **·**  Hungerford Bridge **·**  Waterloo **·**  Blackfriars **·**  Blackfriars Railway **·**  Millennium **·**  Southwark **·**  Cannon Street **·**  London **·**  Tower |
| Crossings of the River Thames **·**  Bridges in the United Kingdom |
The *Golden Grove* was a ship of 375 tons under the command of Master Sharp. She had been built as a store ship at Whitby in 1780. She was 94 ft (29 m) long and 30 ft (9 m) wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.

In October 1788 the *Golden Grove* took 32 convicts from Sydney to the penal colony on Norfolk Island. She left Port Jackson on November 19, 1788, with the *Fishburn* to return to England. After stopping at the Falkland Islands because of sailors sick with scurvy, she arrived back in Deptford in June 1789. Afterward the *Golden Grove* sailed from Newcastle and Liverpool, probably carrying rum from Jamaica. There is no information about the ship after 1804.The Golden Grove was a supply ship in the first fleet and carried live stock and food along with a lot more.

Other websites
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* A list of four people known to have been on the Golden Grove in 1788 Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machinetite
Cherry blossom
**Hanasaka-jiisan**(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan. The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)". The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

Story
-----

There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms. The old man and his wife had a white puppy. One day, their dog barked, "Koko-hore-wan-wan," (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field. The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich. The old man was very happy. The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this. So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure. But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog. The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes. 
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream. The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!" The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom. The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.
The **Fox Point Hurricane Barrier** is a 3,000 foot long barrier across the Providence River in Providence, Rhode Island. It was built between 1960 and 1966. It protects the low-lying downtown area of the city from damaging storm surges and flooding due to hurricanes or other storms.

Before the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier was built, storm surges caused by hurricanes killed people and caused damage. The 1938 New England hurricane caused $120 million (1938 USD) of damage in Providence and nearby areas. Almost sixteen years later, Hurricane Carol caused an eight-foot-high storm surge. Damage was $41 million.

The barrier cost $14 million to build.

Times the barrier was used
--------------------------

In 1985, the barrier was closed to protect the city from the storm surge of Hurricane Gloria.

In 1991, it was closed to protect the city from four feet of water from Hurricane Bob.

On October 28-29, 2012, the barrier was closed because of Hurricane Sandy. The storm's tidal surge was 9.5 feet high.
*Cuculus canorus* + *Erithacus rubecula*
European robin song
The **European robin** (*Erithacus rubecula*) audio speaker iconsong (help·info) is a small bird found in many parts of Europe. In English, this bird is usually just called a **robin**. In Britain, it is the most popular bird.

The robin is an insectivore: it eats insects. It is a member of the order Passerine which makes it a perching bird. It has an orange-red breast and face, olive-brown wings and back, a white to light-brown belly. You can sometimes see a blue-grey fringe around the bottom part of the robin's red breast patch. European robins have brown legs and their tail is bluntly square. They have large, black eyes and a small black bill.

Some migrate, and some are resident. In the breeding season the red chest of the male gets a bit redder, and they are very territorial. No other male robin is allowed near, and they even fight other birds that come too close. The American and Australian robins are not closely related to this, the original bird to be named ‘robin’.

Sources
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1. ↑  *BBC News*. Robin tops poll to find UK's 'national bird'
2. ↑  (in German) Pätzold R (1995). *Das Rotkehlchen* Erithacus rubecula*. Neue Brehm-Bücherei*. Magdeburg/Heidelberg: Westarp Wissenschaften/Spektrum. ISBN 3-89432-423-6.