recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**.NET Framework** (pronounced dot net) is a product of Microsoft. It is a programming framework used by Software applications in order to run. It has two major parts: the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the .NET Framework Class Library. The CLR is an execution engine used to handle running programs. The class library provides a library of reusable code that applications can use. These are designed to greatly simplify the development of larger applications. .NET Framework supports Object-oriented programming (OOP). Everything in .NET is contained in an object. It also greatly simplifies Windows programming.

Often, a program will ask for a particular version of .NET Framework to be installed (see below). It is usually recommended to install the latest version your operating system (OS) will support. This is because of backward compatibility; the newer version will also support older versions. 

Visual Studio is the major development tool for .NET Framework. Visual Studio 2013 Community Edition is the first full-featured edition for personal development. It also has compilers for computer programming languages such as C++ and others.

Version
-------

Overview of .NET Framework release history| Version | CLR | Releasedate | Shipped WithVisual Studio | Comprising Components of Windows | Embraces |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Client | Server |
| 1.0 | 1.0 | February 13, 2002 | .NET 2002 | — | — | — |
| 1.1 | 1.1 | April 24, 2003 | .NET 2003 | — | 2003 | — |
| 2.0 | 2.0 | November 7, 2005 | 2005 | — | 2003 R2 | — |
| 3.0 | 2.0 | November 6, 2006 | — | Vista | 2008 | 2.0 |
| 3.5 | 2.0 | November 19, 2007 | 2008 | 7 | 2008 R2 | 3.0 |
| 4.0 | 4 | April 12, 2010 | 2010 | — | — | — |
| 4.5 | 4 | August 15, 2012 | 2012 | 8 | 2012 | 4.0 |
| 4.5.1 | 4 | October 17, 2013 | 2013 | 8.1 | 2012 R2 | 4.5 |
| 4.5.2 | 4 | May 5, 2014 | — | — | — | 4.5.1 |
| 4.6 | 4 | July 20, 2015 | 2015 | 10 | — | 4.5.2 |
| 4.6.1 | 4 | November 17, 2015 | 2015 Update 1 | — | — | 4.6 |

Platform Support Information| Version | Instruction Set Architecture | Installable on Windows |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Client | Server |
| 1.0 | IA-32 | 98, Me, NT 4.0 SP6a, 2000, XP | NT 4.0 SP6a, 2000 |
| 1.1 | NT 4.0 SP6a, 2000, XP,Vista | NT 4.0 SP6a, 2000, 2003, 2008 |
| 2.0 ~ 3.5 | IA-32, x86-64, Itanium | XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, 10 | 2003, 2003 R2, 2008, 2008 R2, 2012, 2012 R2 |
| 4.0 | XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7, 8, 8.1, 10 | 2003 SP2, 2003 R2 SP2, 2008, 2008 R2, 2012, 2012 R2 |
| 4.5 ~ 4.6 | IA-32, x86-64, ARM | Vista SP2, 7 SP1, 8, 8.1, 10 | 2008 SP2, 2008 R2 SP1, 2012, 2012 R2 |
| 4.6.1 | 7 SP1, 8, 8.1, 10 | 2008 R2 SP1, 2012, 2012 R2 |

0.**^** Since service pack 1, .NET Framework 1.0 has been shipped with all Windows XP installation media, CD or ISO files. It is also the integral part of Windows XP Tablet PC and Media Center Edition.
1.**^** .NET Framework 1.1 could also be installed on Itanium and x86-64 platforms.
2.**^** .NET Framework 4.0 lacks support of some features on Itanium platform, such as WPF.
3.**^** Since version 4.5, .NET Framework is also preinstalled on Windows RT and Windows RT 8.1, formed as stripped down version.

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**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 8, 1895. Mayor Warring Kennedy was narrowly elected to a second term in office, narrowly defeating former mayor Robert John Fleming, in a rematch of the previous year's election. Kennedy was re-elected based on support from the Protestant Protective Association and the Orange Order. The main issue in the election was a proposal championed by former alderman Ernest A. Macdonald to build an aqueduct or canal linking the Humber River with Georgian Bay; with opponents of the scheme being returned to council while proponents were defeated.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Warring Kennedy** (incumbent) - 10,260
Robert John Fleming - 10,212
*vote totals are after recounts*
Source:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards. Fourteen incumbents were re-elected; four rookie alderman were elected and four candidates who were not on council in 1894 but had been in previous years, returned.

First Ward
**Thomas Allen** (incumbent) - 1,149
**Edward Blong** - 1,099
**John Knox Leslie**- 992
**H.R. Frankland** (incumbent) - 954
C.C. Small (incumbent) - 840
William Barrett - 784
Peter Macdonald (incumbent) - 661
Harry Ellis - 442
G.S. Macdonald - 323
Second Ward
**Daniel Lamb** (incumbent) - 1,756
**John Hallam**  (incumbent) - 1,635
**Joseph Oliver** - 1,398
**Thomas Davies** (incumbent) - 1,339
Francis S. Spence - 1,298
George Anderson - 1,039
Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 1,026
Dr. Samuel G. Thompson - 925
William L. Beale - 643
Ewart Farquahar - 535
James O'Hara - 202
Joseph A. Livingstone - 40
Third Ward
**George McMurrich** (incumbent) - 2,507
**John Shaw** 2,410
**Bernard Saunders** - 1,888
**O.B. Sheppard** (incumbent) - 1,759
James B. Boustead- 1,751
Wallace Millichamp - 1,185
J.A. Proctor - 927
A.G. McLean - 877
Frank Somers - 854
R.L. Fraser - 818
Ernest A. Macdonald - 693
Dr. McCully - 249
Fourth Ward
**William Burns** (incumbent) - 2,217
**Wm. P. Hubbard** (incumbent) - 2,213
**James Crane** (incumbent) - 1,839
**James Jolliffe** (incumbent) -1,189
B. Alison - 1,084
George Verral - 979
A.F. Jury - 903
Thompson Porter - 795
Alex R. Williamson - 697
George Williams - 512
Henry Cohen - 353
Fifth Ward
**Robert H. Graham** - 1,638
**William Bell** - 1,595
**John Dunn** (incumbent) - 1,587
**Andrew Bates** (incumbent) - 1,098
Arthur R. Denison - 1,001
William Dunlop - 630
Dr. A. Noxon - 622
L.K. Munro - 569
George Evans - 244
John Ward - 244
William J. Smith - 180
Louis Richey - 88
James S. Martin - 87
Sixth Ward
**James Scott** - 1,391
**Thomas Murray** (incumbent) - 1,094
**Gorge Gilbert Rowe** - 1,009
**John J. Graham** (incumbent) - 849
Charles L. Denison - 745
Henry M. East - 597
W.J. Peck - 444
John C. McLean - 353
J.R. Code - 281
Thomas Lilly - 279
Arthur Bollard - 173
Dr. John Hunter - 157
R.H. Holmes - 40
Source:  and
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 2, 1893. Mayor Robert John Fleming, was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Warring Kennedy.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Robert John Fleming** (incumbent) - 11,736
Warring Kennedy - 8,618
Source:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards. 

First Ward
**C.C. Small** (incumbent) - 1,275
**W.T. Stewart** (incumbent) - 1,087
**Thomas Davies** - 1,033
**John Knox Leslie** (incumbent) - 1,010
G.S. Macdonald (incumbent) - 987
W. Barrett - 697
Second Ward
**Daniel Lamb** (incumbent) - 2,110
**John Hallam**  (incumbent) - 1,955
**Garratt F. Frankland** - 1.412
**Edward Hewitt** - 1,379
David Carlyle (incumbent) - 1,214
Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 1,205
Daniel Kelly - 1,135
George Taunt - 114
Third Ward
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) - 3,094
**George McMurrich** (incumbent) - 2,535
**John Shaw** (incumbent) - 2,474
**John Brown** - 2,405
W.J. Hill - 2,380
Ernest A. Macdonald - 346
Fourth Ward
**William Carlyle** (incumbent) - 2,292
**William Burns** (incumbent) - 2,266
**James Jolliffe** (incumbent) - 1,966
**George Verral** (incumbent) - 1,634
Wm. P. Hubbard - 1,626
A.F. Jury - 1,316
Fifth Ward
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 2,252
**Thomas Crawford** (incumbent) - 2,027
**John Bailey** (incumbent) - 2,002
**J.E. Verral** - 1,530
R.H. Graham (incumbent) - 1,409
A. Pearce - 110
Sixth Ward
**Dr. J.O. Orr** (incumbent) - 1,456
**Dr. Adam Lynd** - 1,397
**John Maloney** (incumbent) - 1,096
**Thomas Murray** - 1,042
W.F. Atkinson (incumbent) - 935
James Gowanlock (incumbent) - 835
John H. Graham - 224
George G. Miles - 120
Source:  and
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 4, 1892. Robert John Fleming, was elected to his first term in office, defeating financier and Board of Trade president Edmund Boyd Osler, John McMillan, and former mayor and Member of Parliament James Beaty.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Robert John Fleming** - 8,581
Edmund Boyd Osler - 8,204
John McMillan - 4,652
James Beaty - 597
Source:

Plebiscites
-----------

Two plebiscites were conducted; one to soften Toronto's blue laws by allowing streetcars to operate on Sundays and a second on having school books provided to students for free.

Sunday streetcars
Yea - 9,950
Nay - 13,997
Free school books
Yea - 11,346
Nay - 7,907
Source:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Wards were redrawn and consolidated for this election meaning some wards had more incumbents running than there were seats. Instead of 13 wards electing three alderman each, there were now six wards, each electing four alderman to sit on Toronto City Council. 

Map of Toronto`s newly redrawn wards, published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
First Ward
**Charles C. Small** (incumbent) - 1,311
**John Knox Leslie** (incumbent) - 1,272
**George S. Macdonald** - 944
**W.T. Stewart** - 896
Peter Macdonald (incumbent) - 881
T. Allen (incumbent) - 857
J. Pape (incumbent) - 763
Second Ward
**John Hallam**  (incumbent) - 2,163
**Daniel Lamb** - 2,149
**Thomas Foster** - 1,530
**David Carlyle** - 1,519
Edward Hewitt (incumbent) - 1,398
P. O'Connor - 1,071
K. Farquahar (incumbent) - 947
W.W. Park - 946
Third Ward
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) - 2,940
**George McMurrich** (incumbent) - 2,195
**Richard John Score** (incumbent) - 2,136
**John Shaw** (incumbent) - 2,010
John Flett (incumbent) - 1,961
W.J. Hill (incumbent) - 1,944
G.M. Rose (incumbent) - 1,924
William N. Hall - 930
Ernest A. Macdonald - 523
Fourth Ward
**William Carlyle** - 2,795
**William Burns** (incumbent) - 2,451
**James Jolliffe** (incumbent) - 2,225
**George Verral** (incumbent) - 2,090
Frederick Phillips (incumbent) - 1,912
John Lucas - 1,521
Fifth Ward
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 2,339
**Thomas Crawford** - 1,870
**R.H. Graham** (incumbent) - 1,843
**John Bailey** (incumbent) - 1,635
J.E. Verral (incumbent) - 1,363
T.K Rogers - 906
Peter Whittock - 484
John Mulvey - 238
Charles T. Pearce - 160
Sixth Ward
**James Gowanlock** (incumbent) - 1,215
**W.F. Atkinson** (incumbent) - 1,201
**Dr. J. O. Orr** (incumbent) - 1,143
**John Maloney** (incumbent) - 1,096
William Crealock (incumbent) - 1,033
Hugh MacMath (incumbent) - 986
Thomas Murray - 799
George B. Boyle - 235
Source:  and
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 7, 1889. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to a second term as Mayor of Toronto without anyone running against him.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Edward Frederick Clarke** - *acclamation*
References:

Referendum
----------

A referendum was held on a by-law to fund a hospital to care for alcoholics. The proposal was defeated.

For - 1,961
**Against** - 3,902
References:

Aldermen elected to city council
--------------------------------

St. Andrew's Ward
**E. King Dodds** (incumbent) - 798
**J. E. Verral** - 763
**William Carlyle** (incumbent) - 732
Pells (incumbent) - 679
Britton - 381 
St. David's Ward
**Robert J. Fleming** (incumbent) - 1,239
**William H. Gibbs** (incumbent) - 1,010
**John C. Swait** (incumbent) - 883
Gibson - 843
St. George's Ward
**George E. Gillespie** (incumbent) - 609
**John Maugham** (incumbent) - 546
**George Verral** (incumbent) - 543
Hall - 396 
St. James' Ward
**Alfred McDougall** (incumbent) - 999
**John McMillan** (incumbent) - 963
**James B. Boustead** (incumbent) - 939 
Steiner - 437
St. John's Ward
**Joseph Tait**  - 693
**Frank Moses**  - 691
**A. H. Gilbert** (incumbent) - 638
R. J. Score - 605
Piper (incumbent) - 464
Irwin (incumbent) - 421
St. Lawrence Ward
**Charles Small** - 870
**Thomas Davies** - 662
**Garrett F. Frankland** (incumbent) - 622
John Hallam (incumbent) - 598
St. Mark's Ward
**John Ritchie**  (incumbent) - 419
**Charles Frederick Denison** (incumbent) - 409
**Michael J. Woods** (incumbent) - 403
McConnell - 224
Boyle - 112
Emerson - 104
St. Matthew's Ward
**Ernest A. Macdonald** - 447
**Francis E. Galbraith** (incumbent) - 411 
**Peter Macdonald** (incumbent)- 389
John Knox Leslie - 365
G. S. Macdonald  - 344
St. Patrick's Ward
**John Baxter** (incumbent) - 1,028
**Miles Vokes**  - 998
**George J. St. Leger** (incumbent) - 781
Weatherton - 780
John Lucas - 362
W. J. Little - 490 
St. Paul's Ward
**W. J. Hill** (incumbent) - *acclamation*
**William Roaf** - (incumbent) *acclamation*
**John Shaw** (incumbent) -  *acclamation*
St. Stephen's Ward 
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 947
**J. Crocker**  - 937
**Robert H. Graham** - 925
Tyler - 293
St. Thomas' Ward 
**William Carlyle** (incumbent) - 765
**Edward Hewitt** (incumbent) - 522
**Thomas McMullen** - 513
William Park - 444
Rundle - 304
Patton - 137
References:

By-election
-----------

During 1889, Parkdale joined the city of Toronto and was added to the municipal ward map as St. Alban's Ward, beginning March 31, 1889. Booth, Lennox, and Gowanlock were elected as aldermen for the new ward.

St. Alban's Ward
**George Booth** - 499
**Isaac Lennox**  - 433
**James Gowanlock** - 418
other candidates not reported
References:
**1. Simmeringer SC** is an Austrian association football club from the Simmering district of Vienna. The club was founded in 1901. It plays in the Wiener Stadtliga.

History
-------

1892 the *1. Simmeringer Amateur-SC* was founded. After the establishment of a football section in 1901 the club was renamed to *1. Simmeringer SC*. Simmeringer finished 5th in the first-ever Austrian league in 1912. The greatest success was in 1926, when they finished third in the highest league.

In 1920 the Simmeringer Had was built, a stadium with a capacity of around 40,000 people. The ground hosted also Austrian international matches.

Between 1951 and 1964 the 1. Simmeringer SC also played in the highest league. Due to lack of money they were relegated from the Bundesliga to the fourth division over the span of five years.

The biggest sucess in the near past was the fourth round of the 1999–2000 Austrian Cup when they defeated SV Ried from the Bundesliga. In 2022 they became champion of the 2. Landesliga and were promoted to Wiener Stadtliga (4th level).

Honours
-------

* Austrian Regional League East (4): 1951, 1965, 1970, 1973

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The **Russian First Army** was a World War I Russian field army that fought on the Eastern Front for two years.

August 1914
-----------

It was commanded by General Paul Rennenkampf when Russia invaded East Prussia at the outbreak of war in 1914. They were accompanied by the Second Army commanded by General Alexander Samsonov. The plan was to trap the German army in a Pincer movement between the two armies. On 17 August the First Army engaged the Germans at Stallupönen. They fought the Germans again on 20 August at Gumbinnen and defeated them. Rennenkampf thought the Germans could be finished off by Samsonov's Second Army and did not move quickly enough to help them. In late August 1914 the German and Russian second army met at Tannenberg. The Second Army was encircled and suffered complete destruction.

September 1914
--------------

Let by General Paul von Hindenburg the Germans turned north to attack the Russian First army at First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September 1914. The Russians fought hard but were driven back to the Russian border. Rennenkampf kept his troops in good order as they retreated. They set up defensive lines on the Russian border.

November 1914
-------------

After another defeat near Silesia on November 11, Rennenkampf was dismissed. He was replaced by General Litvinov. The First Army again fought at Thorn and Lódź but there was no clear cut winner.

December 1914
-------------

The First army evacuated Lódź and returned to their own lines for the remainder of the winter. The First Army served on the Northwestern front for the rest of the war.
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 5, 1891. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to his fourth term in office, defeating former alderman Ernest A. Macdonald.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Edward Frederick Clarke** - 8,146
Ernest A. Macdonald - 6,953
References:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

*Three per ward*

St. Alban's Ward
**Hugh McMath** - 506
**William P. Atkinson** - 458
**James Gowanlock** (incumbent) - 427
George Booth (incumbent) - 295
Edward Turry - 235
St. Andrew's Ward
**William Burns**  1,049
**J. Kerr** 817
**J. E. Verral** (incumbent) 810
William Carlyle (incumbent) 759
St. David's Ward
**Thomas Allen** (incumbent) 892
**W. H. Gibbs** (incumbent) 878
**Thomas Foster** 813
J. S. Boddy 663
Richard Wallace 596
James Walsh 497
J. A. McIllwain 120
St. George's Ward
**George E. Gillespie** (incumbent) 583
**George McMurrich** 565
**George Verral** (incumbent) 509
Cornelius Flanaghan 395
John Maugham (incumbent) 360
St. James' Ward
**Alfred McDougall** (incumbent) 970
**William Middleton Hall** 812
**J. B. Boustead** (incumbent) 791
Wallace Millichamp 689
St. John's Ward
**G. M. Rose** 879
**R. J. Score** (incumbent) 731
**R. J. Stanley** 634
Frank Moses (incumbent) 521
St. Lawrence Ward
**Charles Small** (incumbent) 952
**John Hallam** (incumbent) 716
**James Pape** 678
G. F. Frankland (incumbent) - 615
St. Mark's Ward
**George Lindsey** (incumbent) 778
**Dr. Joseph Orlando Orr** 773
**John Maloney** 675
John James Graham 449
Benjamin Smith 232
John Ritchie 167
St. Matthew's Ward
**John Knox Leslie** (incumbent) 559
**Peter Macdonald** (incumbent) 559
**W. T. Stewart** 519
G. S. Macdonald (incumbent) 503
St. Patrick's Ward
**James Joliffe** 1,402
**John Lucas** (incumbent) 1,344
**Thomas Pells** (incumbent) 666
W. J. Little 604
St. Paul's Ward
**John Shaw** (incumbent) acclaimed
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) acclaimed
**W. J. Hill** (incumbent) acclaimed
St. Stephen's Ward
**William Bell** (incumbent) 1,302
**John Bailey** (incumbent) 1,166
**R. H. Graham** (incumbent) 1,132
Stephen Wilcock 933
St. Thomas' Ward
**Edward Hewitt** (incumbent) 612
**William Park** 518
**Edward Farquhar** 505
Thomas McMullen (incumbent) 501
A. H. Rundle 333
References:
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 4, 1897. Mayor Robert John Fleming was re-elected, defeating Alderman George McMurrich. Fleming's principal campaign pledge was a promise to build a bridge to extend the street railway system to the Toronto Islands, as well as readjusting water rates and reorganizing the boards of education. This was Fleming's fourth mayoral victory, his second in a row. He pledged that this would be his final term in office

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Robert John Fleming** (incumbent) - 11,960
George McMurrich - 10,375
Source:

Board of Control
----------------

The Toronto Board of Control was elected by Toronto City Council from among its members, and presided over by the mayor. At the first council meeting following the general election, council chose Aldermen Graham, Lamb, and Leslie to sit on the body, presided over by the mayor.

Plebiscites
-----------

A plebiscite was held on authorizing the spending of $275,000 on the completion of the municipal court house and $26,000 for a water main on Front Street. There was also a vote on moving future elections to New Year's Day.

Court House
Yea - 4,635
Nay - 2,196
Water Main
Yea - 4,233
Nay - 2,573
New Year's Day election date
Yea - 16,465
Nay - 4,802
Source:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards. Six incumbent aldermen were defeated in the election.

First Ward
**John Russell** (incumbent) - 950
**Thomas Allen** (incumbent) - 944
**John Knox Leslie** (incumbent) - 936
**James Frame** - 907
T.S. Lobb - 886
C.C. Small (incumbent) - 728
Samuel H. Defries - 546
Elgin Schoff - 434
Ed Blong - 420
T.E. Washington - 411
George Wellings - 321
Thomas Cummings - 125
Second Ward
**John Hallam**  (incumbent) - 1,693
**Francis S. Spence** (incumbent) - 1,687
**Daniel Lamb** (incumbent) - 1,371
**William L. Beale** - 1,281
Thomas Bryce - 1,242
Thomas Davies (incumbent) - 1,207
Thomas Foster - 1,131
P.H. Drayton - 1,114
Dr. Samuel Thompson - 946
David Carlyle - 814
Third Ward
**A.F. Rutter** - 2,856
**John Shaw** - 2,856
**O.B. Sheppard** (incumbent) - 2,827
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) - 2,718
James B. Boustead (incumbent) -2,001
Ernest A. Macdonald - 991
John S. Lucas - 686
Fourth Ward
**Wm. P. Hubbard** (incumbent) - 2,798
**Wm. Burns** (incumbent) - 2,621
**James Crane** (incumbent) - 1,777
**William Carlyle** - 1,543
James Jolliffe (incumbent) -1,354
H.E. Trent - 1,291
F.W. Unitt - 1,221
J.E. Verral - 941
Robert P. Hall - 536
James Langdon - 340
D.H. Watt - 89
Fifth Ward
**Robt. H. Graham** (incumbent) - 2,042
**W.T.R. Preston** (incumbent) - 1,778
**Francis H. Woods** - 1,746
**John Dunn** (incumbent) - 1,643
William Bell (incumbent) - 1,609
A.R. Denison - 1,412
Sixth Ward
**James Gowanlock** (incumbent) - 1,566
**James Scott** (incumbent) - 1,153
**John J. Graham** (incumbent) - 1,042
**Adam Lynd M.D.** - 947
James M. Bowman - 931
J. Harvey Hall - 834
Hugh MacMath - 751
George Gilbert Rowe (incumbent) - 518
Joseph Pocock - 500
Source:  and
This hurricane killed between 6,000 and 12,000 people.  

The destruction after the 1900 Galveston hurricane
The **Galveston Hurricane of 1900** hit the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. This hurricane was very large, and it is the deadliest hurricane in the history of the United States. It killed between 8,000 and 12,000 people. It was a "Category 4 hurricane" on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

Prelude to the great storm
--------------------------

The U.S. National Weather Service was very simple in 1900. They did not have good information on what the storm was doing. As a result, they could not give people advance warnings. Galveston was located on a sandbar island off the coast of Texas. It was only about nine feet above sea level. The population was about 38,000. On the morning of September 8, 1900, nobody knew that 8,000 of that number would be gone by the next day.

The hurricane
-------------

The Galveston hurricane began developing about August 30, 1900 in the middle Atlantic Ocean. It was still a tropical storm when it moved to Cuba on September 4. It hit Key West on September 6. At that point it became a full hurricane. It was a Category 4 hurricane when it got near the Texas coast. In the early afternoon of September 8 it hit with little warning. By the next morning it was gone and so was much of Galveston. After that, it moved back east as a tropical storm over the U.S. The damage was over $30,000,000. Galveston began rebuilding almost right away. A new seawall was built and many buildings were raised several feet. But it could not recover completely. The storm convinced most in the shipping industry to move to Houston with its safer harbor. Galveston would never again be the busiest shipping port in Texas.

Other websites
--------------

* Galveston Hurricane of 1900; Texas State Historical Association
* The Galveston Storm of 1900; NOAA HistoryArchived 2014-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
**Municipal elections** were held in **Toronto**, Ontario, Canada, on January 5, 1903. In the mayoral election, Alderman Thomas Urquhart defeated incumbent Mayor Oliver Aiken Howland, who was attempting to win a third term in office. Urquhart's platform included operating the telephone and gas systems under city management. Urquhart had the support of the Toronto Trades and Labour Council. Alderman Lamb came in third.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
Alderman **Thomas Urquhart** - 8,634
Oliver Aiken Howland (incumbent) - 7,887
Alderman Daniel Lamb - 6,473
Christopher C. Robinson - 914
Charles Christopher Woodley - 428
Source:  and

Board of Control
----------------

1903 was the last year in which the Toronto Board of Control, the executive body of Toronto City Council was not directly elected. At the first council meeting following the general election, council chose Aldermen Loudon, Oliver, Burns and Richardson to sit on the body, which was chaired by the Mayor.

Plebiscites
-----------

A plebiscite was held on a by-law to authorize expenditure on a modern pumping engine for the city's waterworks

Waterworks by-law
For - 5,615
Against - 2,730
Source:

City council
------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
Four aldermen were elected to Toronto City Council per ward. Former mayor John Shaw attempted to win an aldermanic seat in the Third Ward, but was defeated.

First Ward (Riverdale)
**William Temple Stewart** (incumbent) - 1,518
**Daniel Chisholm** - 1,515
**Robert Fleming** (incumbent) - 1,407
**Fred H. Richardson** (incumbent) - 1,255
John Preston - 1,100
Second Ward (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)
**Frank S. Spence** (incumbent) - 1,932
**Joseph Oliver (incumbent) - 1,883**
**Dr. John Noble** - 1,781
**Thomas Foster** (incumbent) - 1,583
Edward Strachan Cox - 1,426
David Carlyle - 1,136
Thomas Davies - 624
W.A. Douglass - 594
Frederick Hogg - 585
Third Ward (Central Business District and The Ward)
**John F. Loudon** (incumbent) - 2,814
**Oliver Barton Sheppard** (incumbent) - 2,788
**Joseph George Ramsden**- 2,356
**Samuel George Curry** (incumbent) - 2,154
George McMurrich (incumbent) - 2,035
John Shaw - 1,968
John Patterson - 196
Fourth Ward (Spadina)
**William Burns** (incumbent) -2,770
**William Peyton Hubbard** (incumbent) - 2,585
**Dr. William S. Harrison** - 2,582
**Stephen Wellesley Burns** - 2,469
Alex R. Williamson - 1,731
Lieut-Col. Norman F. Paterson - 1,535
Edmund Schilling - 258
Fifth Ward (Trinity-Bellwoods)
**James Russell Lovett Starr** - 2,508
**John Dunn** (incumbent) - 2,435
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 1,958
**Frank Woods (incumbent)** - 1,864
Peter Whytock - 1,594
Alexander Stewart (incumbent) - 1,353
M.J. Mallaney - 391
Sixth Ward (Brockton and Parkdale)
**James Henry McGhie** - 1,999
**Jonn Joseph Ward** (incumbent) - 1,736
**John James Graham** (incumbent) - 1,696
**Dr. Adam Lynd** (incumbent) - 1,359
J.H. Hall (incumbent) - 1,238
Source:  and
In the **1906 Toronto municipal election**, held January 1, 1906, Alderman Emerson Coatsworth ran against Controller Frank S. Spence for mayor of Toronto. The position of mayor was open as incumbent Thomas Urquhart declined to run for re-election.

The main issue of the campaign was liquor licensing as Spence, a leading prohibitionist, advocated the curtailing of licensed establishments in the city. Coatsworth defeated Spence by 4,000 votes. Proposals to reduce the number of liquor licenses for taverns and liquor stores were both defeated.

Mayoral election
----------------

Results
**Emerson Coatsworth - 16,371**
Frank S. Spence - 12,328
Source:

Board of Control
----------------

Four members were elected to the Toronto Board of Control in an at-large vote. Three outgoing members were re-elected while Alfred Jones was elected to fill the vacancy caused by Controller Spence's decision to seek the mayoralty:

Results
**William Peyton Hubbard (inc.) - 14,981**
**S. Alfred Jones - 14,981**
**J.J. Ward (inc.) - 13,779**
**John Shaw (inc.) - 12,524**
Thomas Hastings - 11,019
Source:

Plebiscite
----------

A referendum was held on a proposed by-law to reduce the number of liquor licenses in the city for both taverns and shops. The proposals were defeated:

Tavern license reduction
Yes - 13,039
**No - 14,726**
Liquor store license reduction
Yes - 12,849:
No - 14,839
Source:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.Three alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards.

First Ward
**Daniel Chisholm** (inc.) - 1,976
**Robert Fleming** (inc.) - 1,665
**William Temple Stewart** (inc.) - 1,474
Edward Hales - 1,280
James Wilson - 1,221
J.M. Briggs - 180
Second Ward
**Joseph Oliver** (inc.) - 1,715
**Dr. John Noble** (inc.) - 1,660
**Tommy Church** (inc.) - 1,590
Edward Strachan Cox - 1,507
James Hales - 1,358
David Carlyle - 1,137
Thomas Foster - 997
W.S. Johnston - 787
W.A. Douglass - 366
Frederick Burrows - 179
Third Ward
**George Reginald Geary** (inc.) - 3,100
**Oliver Barton Sheppard** (inc.) - 2,603
**Sam McBride** (inc.) - 2,544
John Wilson Bengough - 2,375
Frank Moses - 1,122
J.A. Humphrey - 1,118
John Dunlop - 204
Fourth Ward
**Dr. D.W.S. Harrison** (inc.) - 3,091
**Robert Crawford Vaughan** (inc.) - 3,009
**George McMurrich** - 2,385
Fred Dane - 2,170
E.J. Humphrey - 1,414
Edward Hanlan - 1,310
Fifth Ward
**John Dunn** (inc.) - 2,849
**John Bell Hay** (inc.) - 2,263
**Albert James Keeler** (inc.) - 2,237
Frank Woods - 2,055
James Cooper Claxton- 2,055
Sixth Ward
**James Henry McGhie** (inc.) - 2,417
**John James Graham** (inc.) - 2,071
**John Henry Adams** - 1,567
J. Harvey Hall - 1,065:Walter Mann - 742
D.R. Bell - 642
J.E. Stewart - 607
W.H. Warrington - 436
Thomas Cannon - 389
Robert Buist Noble - 191
Source:
The **1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game** was a college football game between Fairmount College (now called Wichita State University) and the Washburn Ichabods. It was played on December 25, 1905, in Wichita, Kansas. It was the first experiment with the forward pass. It was also the first experiment with the ten-yard requirement for first downs. It is unclear if the game was considered "regular season", "post season", or "exhibition" in classification.

Game play
---------

Fairmount college was coached by Willis Bates. The head coach for Washburn that season was John H. Outland. However, since he was officiating, it is likely that the coaching job was given to assistant coach (and next year's head coach) Garfield Weede. The game ended in a 0–0 tie.

The weather for the game were good, but neither side was able to get close to the other team's goal except by a punt. Only seven first downs were made the entire game—four by Washburn and three by Fairmount. Most of the game was played in the middle of the field. The fans were upset.

New rule test
-------------

### Safer but not "conducive"

Both teams had played a previous game that same season. What made this second game different was that it was a test of a different way to play. During the game, each team's offense was required to gain ten yards in three downs instead of four to earn a new first down.

The experiment was considered a failure. Football legend John H. Outland officiated the game and said, "It seems to me that the distance required in three downs would almost eliminate touchdowns, except through fakes or flukes." The *Los Angeles Times* said that there was much kicking and that the game was considered much safer than regular play, but that the new rule was not "conducive to the sport."

### Impact

Three days later, 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer. As a result of that meeting, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was created. Several other rule changes were made to make the game safer for players, including the addition of the forward pass.

### First forward pass

In his history of the sport of football, David M. Nelson said that "the first forward passes were thrown at the end of the 1905 season in a game between Fairmount and Washburn colleges in Kansas." Nelson says that Washburn did three passes, and Fairmount did two. Credit for the first pass goes to Fairmount's Bill Davis, who did a pass to Art Solter.
***.kkrieger*** (from *Krieger*, German for warrior) is a first-person shooter video game made by German demogroup .theprodukkt (previously part of Farbrausch). The game won first place in the 96k game competition at Breakpoint in April 2004 and is in beta.

Development
-----------

The game has been made since mid-2002 using .werkkzeug3, an unreleased version of .werkkzeug (from *Werkzeug*, German for tool). The source code of *.werkkzeug3* was released in 2014. It can use the BSD license or be public domain.

Generation
----------

*.kkrieger* gameplay
Textures are quite small, using creation history, not single pixels. Basic shapes such as boxes and cylinders are modeled into other shapes. How both are loaded at the same time takes a long time.

Most popular first-person shooters filled one or more CDs or DVDs at the time, but the game uses 97,280 bytes, over 7,000 times less than a CD (700MB), or 55,000 times less than an *Unreal Tournament 2004* installation (5.5GB). That game normally comes on a DVD. *.kkrieger'*s developers say storing it normally would use about 200–300 MB.

The V2 synthesizer streams the game music and sounds using MIDI.

Reception
---------

The game won two German game developer prizes at the Deutscher Entwicklerpreis in 2006: Innovation and Advancement.

Gaming website Acid-Play gave the game 2/5 stars and a mixed review, saying it was buggy, but liking how a lot was stored in the small file size.

Other websites
--------------

* Official *.kkrieger* website (via Internet Archive)
* *.kkrieger* on MobyGames
* *.kkrieger* source code on GitHub
* *Documentation about .kkrieger* on YouTube
***07 ghost*** is a manga which happened in a fictional world. It is created and illustrated by Yuki Amemiya and Yukino Ichihara. As of March 2012, thirteen bound volumes have been released by the publisher. *07 ghost* was also made into both a drama and television anime in April 2009. *07 ghost* is set in a world where everything is different. Different schools, different churches, different beliefs, with magic.

07-Ghost won a double-first prize in the 3rd Zero-Sum Comics Grand-Prix. This means it was chosen for first place by both readers and editors, which is very rare.

Plot
----

Teito Klein is a slave who was captured from Raggs Kingdom. Now he is an excellent student in the Barsburg Empire's military academy. The school teaches students to use Zaiphon, a power like a kind of magic.
He has a best friend in this school, Mikage. Mikage is Teito's only friend. They swear that no matter what happened, they will never give up each other, and be best friends forever.

One day Teito finds that Chief of Staff Ayanami killed his father, the king of the Raggs Kingdom. He wants to kill Ayanami and get revenge for his father. But Ayanami is very strong, so Teito is put in prison. And Mikage find that soon. He wants to save his best friend's life, so he helps Teito run away. To protect Mikage, Teito says that he hijacked Mikage as a hostage. He escapes but his flying machine is shot up by Ayanami. Three bishops of 7th District's church save him and hide him in the church. Teito found that he brings the Eye of Mikhail, which is a powerful gem. Ayanami wants that and tries to carry Teito. So Teito and three bishops who are the members of 7 ghost begin to fight for peace and justice. 7 ghost was the patron saint of this world.
And Teito needs to find the truth of the battles of Raggs Kingdom and Barsburg Empire.

Other websites
--------------

* Yukimachi's (illustrator) official site Archived 2015-02-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 6, 1890. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to his third term in office as Mayor of Toronto, defeating Alderman John McMillan.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Edward Frederick Clarke** - 10,419
John McMillan - 8,445
References:

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

*Three elected per ward*

The *Toronto World* noted that the new council was "more Conservative than ever" and that "not a single Catholic is an alderman" as both Catholic candidates, Burns in St. Andrew's Ward and Kelly in St. Lawrence, had been defeated.

St. Alban's Ward
**George Booth** (incumbent) - 480
**James Gowanlock** (incumbent) - 412
**Isaac Lennox** (incumbent) - 321
Sinclair - 254
William P. Atkinson - 235
Hugh McMath - 155
St. Andrew's Ward
**William Carlyle** (incumbent)- 878
**E. King Dodds** (incumbent) - 794
**J. E. Verral** (incumbent) - 669
William Burns- 682
Henderson - 530
Pells - 506
St. David's Ward
**John C. Swait** (incumbent) - 1,081
**William H. Gibbs** (incumbent) - 1,048
**Thomas Allen** - 962
Richard Wallace - 517
Price - 323
Rothwell - 261
Griffin - 154
St. George's Ward
**George E. Gillespie** (incumbent) *acclaimed*
**John Maugham** (incumbent) *acclaimed*
**George Verral** (incumbent) *acclaimed*
St. James' Ward
**James B. Boustead** (incumbent) - 1,166
**Alfred McDougall** (incumbent) - 1,093
**Ernest A. Macdonald** - 854
Thompson - 623
Hall - 535
Ernest A. Macdonald had previously represented St. Matthew's Ward

St. John's Ward
**Frank Moses** (incumbent) - 994
**R. J. Score** - 924
**Irwin** - 897
G. M. Rose - 857
St. Lawrence Ward
**John Hallam** (incumbent) - 889
**Charles Small** - 803
**Garrett F. Frankland** (incumbent) - 730
Thomas Davies (incumbent) - 583
Kelly - 513
St. Mark's Ward
**John Ritchie** (incumbent) - 517
**George Lindsey** - 496
**Charles Frederick Denison** - 390
Barrett - 362
Greyson - 283
Boyle - 163
Sparling - 150
Prittle - 147
Guthrie - 130
St. Matthew's Ward
**John Knox Leslie** - 562
**G. S. Macdonald** (incumbent) - 533
**Peter Macdonald** (incumbent)- 400
Elliott - 275
Graham - 238
Schoff - 182
Pickering - 47
St. Patrick's Ward
**John Baxter** (incumbent) - 1,755
**Miles Vokes** (incumbent) - 1,680
**John Lucas** (incumbent) 1,408
W. J. Little - 1,101
Walker - 476
St. Paul's Ward
**W. J. Hill** (incumbent) - 792
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) - 608
**John Shaw** (incumbent) - 535
Cooper - 456
Huddart - 274
St. Stephen's Ward
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 1,354
**Robert H. Graham** (incumbent) - 1,272
**John Bailey** (incumbent) - 786
Stephen Wilcock - 687
Hubble - 310
Tyler - 308
Brown - 223
St. Thomas' Ward
**William Carlyle** (incumbent) - 701
**Edward Hewitt** (incumbent) - 683
**Thomas McMullen** (incumbent) - 634
William Park - 531
Edward Farquhar - 488
References:
**Municipal elections were held in Toronto**, Canada, on January 6, 1896. Former mayor Robert John Fleming was elected, defeating Alderman John Shaw. Fleming was considered a reformer while Shaw was considered the candidates of the Conservative establishment.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Results
**Robert John Fleming** - 10,281
John Shaw - 8,583
Source:

Board of Control
----------------

Legislation was passed in the Ontario legislature in early April 1896 creating a Board of Control was a reform measure to serve as a cabinet or executive committee for the city. On April 20, 1896, three Controllers were elected by Toronto City Council from among its members, and presided over by the mayor. Aldermen Graham, Lamb, and McMurrich were elected to sit on the body.

Aldermen elected to City Council
--------------------------------

Map of Toronto's six wards (1892-1909), published in *The Globe*, 1 January 1892.
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards. All 19 aldermen seeking re-election were successful.

First Ward
**John Knox Leslie** (incumbent) - 1,075
**C.C. Small** - 1,058
**Ernest A. Macdonald** - 1,035 (subsequently disqualified)
**Thomas Allen** (incumbent) - 1,031
J.A. Purvis - 861
W.T. Stewart -640
Elgin Schoff - 426
Macdonald was unseated by the court in March 1896 as a result of a finding that he was not a qualified candidate at the time of his election as he did not own property that qualified him to hold office in the First Ward, as required by the Municipal Act. A new election was ordered and John Russell was elected to fill the vacant sat. 

Second Ward
**Francis S. Spence** - 1,562
**John Hallam**  (incumbent) - 1,518
**Thomas Davies** (incumbent) - 1,511
**Daniel Lamb** (incumbent) - 1,320
Dr. Samuel Thompson - 1,150
Thomas Foster - 1,008
William L. Beale - 1,027
Isaac G. Johnson - 595
John Murphy - 39
Third Ward
**Bernard Saunders** (incumbent) - 2,381
**O.B. Sheppard** (incumbent) - 2,379
**George McMurrich** (incumbent) - 2,363
**James B. Boustead**- 1,994
Wallace Millichamp - 1,652
J. Enoch Thompson - 1,146
Fourth Ward
**William Burns** (incumbent) - 2,356
**Wm. P. Hubbard** (incumbent) - 2,058
**James Crane** (incumbent) - 1,835
**James Jolliffe** (incumbent) -1,448
John McCaffrey - 1,093
John Lester - 583
Robert P. Hall - 485
Frank Sexton -283
Fifth Ward
**William Bell** (incumbent) - 1,508
**W.T.R. Preston** - 1,441
**Robert H. Graham** (incumbent) - 1,388
**John Dunn** (incumbent) - 1,194
Arthur R. Denison - 998
Francis H. Woods - 987
Dr. William Stewart Fraleigh - 809
Sixth Ward
**James Gowanlock** (incumbent) - 1,075
**James Scott** (incumbent) - 965
**G.G. Rowe** - 954
**John J. Graham** (incumbent) - 933
Adam Lynd M.D. - 816
C.L. Denison - 781
Dr. John Hunter - 579
Thomas W. Todd - 360
Source:  and
The **2012 Pacific hurricane season** was started on 15 May 2012 in the eastern Pacific, and on 1 June 2012 in the central Pacific. It ended on 30 November. These dates are usually the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, Tropical Storm Aletta formed on 14 May.

Hurricane Bud was the first major hurricane of the season. It was one of three storms to turn into a hurricane during the month of May. In the middle of June, Hurricane Carlotta came ashore near Puerto Escondido, Mexico. Seven people were killed by Carlotta and caused damage costing about MX$1.4 billion (US$107.7 million). Hurricane Paul caused major damage to Baja California Sur. Hurricane Emilia was the only Category 4 hurricane. It started as a Tropical Depression near the coast of Mexico. It then intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, and later into a Category 4.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Pacific hurricane seasons
* 2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
--------------

* National Hurricane Center Website
* National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook
A Metro-North Railroad train from New York City heading to New Haven, Connecticut collided with another train on May 17, 2013. This event happened at 6:10 PM (EST). An east-bound Metro-North train went off its tracks and collided with a west-bound train near Fairfield, Connecticut.

On May 17, 2013, officials shut down the train which usually carries between 125,000 people daily. It is one of the most busiest trains in the area. Metro-North was also shut down. All Amtrak trains that uses the New York City-New Haven path are shut down. This is to avoid further collisions. Because of a bridge replacement, the two trains were the only way going and coming from New York City.

Investigators believe the trains collided because the tracks were damaged. Some say the damage was done when the trains collided. Others believe it was damaged before the two trains collided with each other. The wreckage of the trains were found to be as far as 200 yards away from the area the accident happened. Many cars that were near the event were heavily damaged. Connecticut governor, Dannel Malloy, believes this investigation will last several days. The FBI were part of the investigations. On May 18, they were no longer a part of the investigation crew.

One person is in critical condition at Bridgeport Hospital in Bridgeport, Connecticut as of May 19, 2013. There were five who were critically injured. One of them was "very critically injured". Six patients who were injured remain in St. Vincent's Medical Center, also in Bridgeport. Nine people are currently in the hospital, with 70 injured. Some reports state 60 people were injured. Many people saw broken limbs after this happened.

Many people on the train had to break one of the trains windows to get out. There are no reported deaths. Many bodies flew out of the two trains.

About the event
---------------

The Metro-North train left from Grand Central Station in New York City at 4:41 p.m (EST) on May 17, 2013. There were 300 passengers on the train. It went off its track near I-95 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The other train left New Haven, Connecticut at 5:30 pm. This train had 400 passengers. The two collided with each other at 6:10 pm near Fairfield, Connecticut.

Responses
---------

### Local

Connecticut governor, Dan Malloy said in a press conference on May 18 that the investigation will be on-going for a couple days. A National Transportation Safety Board member Earl Weener said that they will not release further details on what happened. Bridgeport Mayor, Bill Finch believes the cost could hurt the region's economy by millions of US dollars.

### Non-local

US senator Chris Murphy said that he is very pleased that no one has died from the collision. Richard Blumenthal, US senator, also said to the *New York Daily News* that he is happy to know no one has died.
**3D Maze** is the name used for a screensaver made in OpenGL that was in Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 to Windows ME.

Overview
--------

All mazes have random paths, and start at a floating start button. The maze is automatically solved with the left-hand rule, which always works because it is simply connected.

The maze has brick walls, a wooden floor and an asbestos tile ceiling. Custom pictures can be used. Later versions include animated psychedelic patterns.

The maze has floating "OpenGL" logos, globe images on the walls (from the OpenGL Programming Guide's cover), and an image of a rat also moving through the maze. Touching polyhedric gray rocks flips the camera upside down and swaps the floor and ceiling. Reaching the exit or touching another gray rock switches them back.

The maze's exit is a floating, translucent smiley face. Touching it resets the screensaver.

A 2D map, which uses simple vector graphics, can be enabled. The "player" is shown as a blue triangle, the start as a red triangle, the smiley face as a green triangle, the rocks as rotating white triangles, the OpenGL logos as stationary white triangles, and the rat as an orange triangle.

Legacy
------

Cornell University's Maze in a Box, which draws 3D graphics with a Atmel Mega32 microcontroller, was inspired by 3D Maze. In 2017, independent video game developer Cahoots Malone used assets from the original ssmaze.scr file to make it into *Screensaver Subterfuge*, a video game.

XScreenSaver 5.39, released in April 2018, has a similar screensaver, Maze3D, which was made by "Sudoer".

Reception
---------

Writing for *Bustle*, Jessica Blankenship knew of nothing as "mesmerizing, alluring, frustrating, and exquisite" as getting lost in 3D Maze. *Slate*'s Jacob Brogan said 3D Maze is a "harried, first-person rush through a brick-walled labyrinth" and similar to an "intelligence at work", and compared it to watching one's grandparents play *Wolfenstein 3D* "while sitting in silence as they haplessly mashed the keypad".