recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Norma Meras Swenson** (born 1932 as Norma Meras) is an expert on health for mothers and children. She started the organization Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS) along with thirteen other women. It which aims to educate women about women's health including, birth control, contraceptives, and reproductive and sexual health. Swenson co-authored the organization's book *Our Bodies, Ourselves* and currently serves as the chair for their Latina Health Initiative Committee. In this position, she works with female rights activists to help solve Puerto Rico's humanitarian crisis (an event that puts many people in danger) and with groups and individual Latina people who have needed to leave their homelands. Swenson also helped lead three women-led acts: maternity care, feminist health and sexuality, and global health and human rights. During the United Nations' World Conferences on Women, Swenson was a representative for OBOS. She helped shape and create the information about reproductive and sexual health that is accessible today.

Education
---------

Norma Meras Swenson went to the Boston Girls' Latin Day School and graduated in the Tufts University class of 1953.

Career
------

Before joining Our Bodies Ourselves (formerly called the Boston Women's Health Collective), Swenson served as the president of the International Childbirth Education Association. She is the tenth founder of OBOS. In 1970 they published a booklet called *Women and Their Bodies,* which Swenson co-authored. A year later, it was republished as a book, *Our Bodies, Ourselves*. For over twenty years, Swenson worked at at Harvard's T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She taught medical students about issues involving women's health and reproductive rights as well as gender. Swenson is a board member of Refugee Place, an organization located at the center of the Ebola outbreak in Liberia. The organization helps with care for mothers and children. She also co-taught the Graduate Consortium in Women's Studies at MIT.

Written works
-------------

* *Women and Their Bodies*
* *Our Bodies, Ourselves*

Swenson co-authored *Women and Their Bodies* (later *Our Bodies, Ourselves*) along with the other founding members of the Boston Women's Health Collective.
**Pudukkottai** is the administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The people in the city are employed majorly in teritiary sector activities.

History
-------

The Thondaiman king,  Vijaya Raghunatha rebuilt the town based on the principles of town planning so that the main streets were laid intersecting at right angles with the palace at the centre.

Population
----------

According to 2011 census of India, Pudukkottai had a population of 143,746 with a sex-ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 11,762 were under the age of six, constituting 6,028 males and 5,734 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 11.87% and .06% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 92.19%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 28838 households. There were a total of 41,408 workers, comprising 268 cultivators, 275 main agricultural labourers, 994 in house hold industries, 35,578 other workers, 4,293 marginal workers, 128 marginal cultivators, 47 marginal agricultural labourers, 144 marginal workers in household industries and 3,974 other marginal workers. As of 2001, 20 slums were identified in the town and approximately 37,740 people resided in the slums.

Notable residents
-----------------

Asiad Santhi Soundarajan, Tamil Nadu's first woman medalist in the Asian Games, is from Pudukkottai.
Potassium chlorate
**Potassium chlorate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KClO3. It has potassium and chlorate ions.

Properties
----------

It is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It gives off oxygen when heated. Sometimes manganese(IV) oxide is used to make the oxygen come faster. It can explode when mixed with a strong reducing agent. It can make many things burn that don't normally burn.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by electrolysis of a hot solution of potassium chloride. This is similar to the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting concentrated sodium chlorate with potassium chloride.

Uses
----

It is used in fireworks. It is a part of Armstrong's mixture, a sensitive explosive. It is also used to make oxygen gas in high school and college labs. It can burn sugar when mixed with sugar and concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also replace potassium nitrate in gunpowder. It is used in oxygen candles. Oxygen candles made oxygen when burned. They are used in spaceships.

Safety
------

Potassium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent and can catch many things on fire. When it is mixed with sulfur or phosphorus, it burns very easily. Many other chemicals can make dangerous mixtures with potassium chlorate.

Related pages
-------------

* Oxidizing agent
* Potassium chloride
* Perchlorate
The **National Science Foundation** (**NSF**) is a United States government agency where discoveries begin and supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about US$6.87 billion (fiscal year 2010), the NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing.

The NSF's director, deputy director, and the 24 members of the National Science Board (NSB) are appointed by the President of the United States, and confirmed by the United States Senate. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to National Science Foundation at Wikimedia Commons

* NASA
* NSF website
* Royal Society

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**North Manchester General Hospital** (NMGH) is a large NHS hospital in Crumpsall, North Manchester. 

The buildings are not in good condition. There is a plan to rebuild the hospital. It was one of the 40 new hospitals Boris Johnson promised in the 2019 Conservative election manifesto. In January 2023 the managers complained that building had not started. Delay was putting the cost up. The cost had gone up 30% to £976 million. The ceiling had fallen down so the operating theatres had to be closed for 6 weeks. 

In November 2022 a new garden for patients and staff was opened at the Intensive Care Unit.

### History

Springfield Hospital was a workhouse. It opened in 1853. It was called the Crumpsall Institution. It was for people who were mentally ill. Later it was called Park House. 

Delaunays Hospital was also built as a workhouse. It opened in 1869. 

Crumpsall Hospital was built for the Manchester Union Workhouse. It opened in 1876. It had 1,440 beds in 1928 with 600 more in the mental department. 

Crumpsall Infirmary Committee
All three were taken over by the National Health Service in 1947. They were joined together to make North Manchester General Hospital in 1977.  Since 2020 it is managed by Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust.
Newgrange, Co. Meath, Ireland
Newgrange entrance.
**Newgrange** is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange, County Meath, Republic of Ireland. It was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.[*source?*]

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

Megalithic mounds
-----------------

Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

World heritage site
-------------------

Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year.[*source?*] There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

Newgrange chamber
-----------------

Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12 inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.
**Mu Columbae** (also known as **μ Col** or **μ Columbae**) is a main sequence star in the constellation of Columba. It is one of the few O-class stars that are visible to the naked eye. The star is known to be located about 1,300 light years from the Solar System (with an error margin of a few hundred light years).

This is a relatively fast rotating star that completes a full revolution about every 1.5 days. (Compare this to the Sun, which at only 22% of this star's diameter rotates only once every 25.4 days.) This rate of rotation is fairly usual for stars of this class.

Based on measurements of proper motion and radial velocity, astronomers know that this star and AE Aurigae are moving away from each other at a relative velocity of over 200 km/s. Their common point of origin connects with Iota Orionis in the Trapezium cluster, some two and half million years in the past. The most likely scenario that could have created these runaway stars is a collision between two binary star systems, with the stars being ejected along different trajectories radial to the point of intersection.
Louis Persinger's portrait (before 1928)
**Louis Persinger** (b. Rochester, Illinois, USA, 11 February 1887; died New York 31 December 1966) was an American violinist and pianist.

Louis Persinger first performed in public when he was 12 years old. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory with Hans Becker, and later with Eugène Ysaÿe in Brussels, and for two summers with Jacques Thibaud in France. He became leader of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra and the Royal Opera Orchestra in Brussels. In 1912 he returned to the USA and played with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski. In 1915 he was appointed leader and assistant conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. He followed Leopold Auer in 1930 as a teacher at the Juilliard School, in New York.

Besides his work performing with orchestras he played chamber music, forming his own string quartet and directing the Chamber Music Society of San Francisco.

Persinger is particularly remembered now as the teacher of several great violinists, including Yehudi Menuhin, Ruggiero Ricci, Isaac Stern. His way of teaching was different from that of most other teachers. He focussed on things that would make his pupils interested and used simple words.

As a piano accompanist he played with Ruggiero Ricci for many recitals and recordings. He also played for Yehudi Menuhin when the 10 year old boy gave his first recital in New York.

On his 75th birthday he gave a recital at the Julliard School of Music, playing half the programme on the violin and the other half on the piano.
Louis XII of France
**Louis XII of France** (June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) was the son of Charles, Duke of Orleans and Mary of Cleves. He was born on June 27, 1462 in the Chateau de Blois, France.

Louis's first wife was Jeanne of France, who was the daughter of Louis XI of France. At the time, Louis was not expected to become King of France. The King, Charles VIII, was a young man and could still have had children, but Charles had an accident and died suddenly. Charles was Jeanne's brother. Louis was Charles's cousin and next in line to the throne. When he became king, he had to end his marriage to Jeanne, partly because she was disabled and could not have children. 

Louis's second wife was Anne of Brittany, who was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Anne had been married to King Charles VIII until his death, but all of their children had died. As a result of her marriage to Charles, the dukedom of Brittany had become part of the kingdom of France. Louis wanted to keep Brittany, but in order to do so he had to marry Anne. After her marriage to Louis, Anne had two daughters, who were called Claude and Renee. 

In France, women were not allowed to rule the country, so Louis still wanted a son to become king after him. After Anne died, Louis married for a third time. His last wife was Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England. She was many years younger than he was. Louis only lived for three months after their marriage. Because Louis had no sons, the throne went to Francis, the husband of his daughter Claude.
**Maria Francisca of Savoy** (Marie Françoise Élisabeth; 21 June 1646 – 27 December 1683) was a Princess of Savoy and the Queen consort of Portugal twice as the wife of Afonso VI and his brother Peter II.

Biography
---------

The younger daughter of Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours, and Élisabeth de Bourbon she was the younger sister of Marie Jeanne, Duchess of Savoy who married Victor Amadeus II in 1666. She was baptised with the names Marie Françoise Élisabeth, but was known as "Marie Françoise". 

Born a princess of Savoy, her immediate family had resided in France since the previous century. Styled *Mademoiselle d'Aumale* she was engaged to Afonso VI of Portugal by order of Louis XIV who wanted an alliance with Portugal against Spain. As such, the young queen left Paris on 29 May 1666, with the Marquis of Sande and his entourage, heading to La Rochelle. On 27 June there was a proxy ceremony where Afonso VI was represented by Sande. She bought a dowry of 1.8 Million pounds as part of an agreement which was signed on 24 February 1666. She arrived had her marriage in person on 2 August 1666. Her husband was pleased at his attractive wife. Her husband was paralysed on his left side and mentally unstable. The marriage was never consummated, and she divorced him. 

On 28 March 1668, she married Afonso's brother, Infante Pedro, Duke of Beja, who was appointed prince regent the same year. The king was exiled for seven years and died in 1683. Maria Francisca again becaf Portugal for the second time when Peter succeeded his brother as Peter II in 1683. She died in December the same year and was buried at the "Convent of the Francesinhas", but was moved to the "Monastery of São Vicente de Fora" in 1912. Pedro II remarried Maria Sofia of Neuburg by whom he had several children.

Children
--------

1. Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal (6 January 1669 - 21 October 1690) died unmarried and was known as the **Princess of Beira** as heiress presumptive to the Portuguese throne.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **21 June 1646 – 2 August 1666** *Her Highness* *Mademoiselle d'Aumale*
* **2 August 1666 – 21 December 1668** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
* **21 December 1668 – 2 April 1668** *Dona* Maria Francisca de Bragança
* **2 April 1668 – 12 September 1683** *Her Royal Highness* The Duchess of Beja
* **12 September 1683 – 27 December 1683** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
**Maria Gabriela de Faria Chacón** (born September 11, 1992 in Caracas, Venezuela) is an award-winning Venezuelan actress and singer. She got international fame as Isabela "Isa" Pasquali in the Nickelodeon series "Isa TKM".

Across Latin America and the US Hispanic population, the teen telenovela, with Maria in the lead role, became Nick’s #1 Spanish language program in over 20 countries. It also had a sold-out live tour and two numbet one albums. The series had many adolescent fans. These were described by the Los Angeles Times as "Isa-Mania". She was also dating her TV love interest in real-life, Reinaldo Zavarce. This brought them more attention from the international media as well as the covers of teen magazines across Latin America.

Maria can currently be seen in Season Two of Nickelodeon’s series Grachi in the role of Mia Novoa.

Career
------

María Gabriela de Faria began her career acting in the Venezuelan telenovela *Ser Bonita No Basta*, the teen drama *Túkiti, Crecí de Una*, a production of RCTV in which she played the heroine Wendy, and the soap opera *Toda Una Dama* (also with Reinaldo Zavarce. In 2007 she was a co-host of the children's program *La Merienda* from RCTV. She has also a featured in various TV campaigns across Latin America.

Awards and Nominations
----------------------

* 2012 "Kid’s Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Villain - "Grachi" - Nominated
* 2010 "Kid’s Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Female Character - "Isa TK+" - WINNER
* 2010 "Kid’s Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Look - "Isa TK+"
* 2010 "Kid’s Choice Awards" (Brasil) – Favorite Actress - "Isa TKM" - WINNER
* 2006 "Awards Two of Gold" - Juvenile actress of the Year - "Túkiti, Crecí de Una" – WINNER

Telenovelas
-----------

* Grachi (2012-present) Mia Novoa
* Isa TK+ (2009–2010)\* Isabella Pasquali
* MTV Los Premios (2009) Herself
* Isa TKM (2008–2009) Isabella Pasquali
* Ser Bonita No Basta (2007) Andreina Marquez
* El don (2006) Various characters
* Tukiti Creci de Una (2006) Wendy
* La Merienda (2007) Co-host
* Toda Una Dama (2007) Helena Trujillo Laya
* La senora de Cardenas (2005) Unitary
* Trapos intimos (2002) Marife

Other websites
--------------

Maria Gabriela de Faria on IMDb

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: International Edit this at Wikidata | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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A statue of Loammi Baldwin in Woburn, Massachusetts which was repaired in the fall of 2007 to replace the missing sword and cleaned.
**Colonel Loammi Baldwin** (January 10, 1744-October 20, 1807) was a noted American engineer, politician, and a soldier in the American Revolutionary War.

Baldwin is known as the Father of American Civil Engineering. His five sons, Cyrus Baldwin (1773-1854), Benjamin Franklin Baldwin (1777-1821), Loammi Baldwin, Jr. (1780-1834), James Fowle Baldwin (1782-1862), and George Rumford Baldwin (1798-1888) were also well-known engineers. He surveyed and built the Middlesex Canal, but today he is perhaps best remembered for the Baldwin apple which he discovered when surveying the Middlesex Canal, and then developed at his farm

Military Career in the American Revolution
------------------------------------------

In 1774 Baldwin enlisted in a regiment, and commanded the Woburn militia at the Battle of Lexington and Concord as a major. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in the 26th Continental Regiment commanded by Colonel Samuel Gerrish. Here he rapidly advanced to be lieutenant-colonel, and on Colonel Gerrish's retirement in August 1775, he was placed in command of the regiment, and was soon commissioned colonel.

Until the end of 1775, Baldwin and his men stayed near Boston, but in April 1776, he was ordered with his command to New York City. On the night of December 25, 1776, in the face of a violent and extremely cold storm of snow and hail, General Washington and his army crossed the Delaware to the New Jersey side, and fought the Battle of Trenton. Baldwin and his regiment participated in both the crossing and the fight. In 1777, Baldwin resigned from the army because of ill health.

Political career
----------------

Baldwin was elected to various public offices between 1780 and 1796. He was appointed high sheriff of Middlesex County in 1780, and was the first to hold office after the adoption of the state constitution. From 1778-1784, he represented Woburn in the Massachusetts General Court (the state legislature). In 1794, he was a candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives, and obtained all the votes cast in Woburn but one.

Engineering career
------------------

Baldwin began work with his older sons on the Middlesex Canal in 1794 and after nine years, the canal began service in 1803. He later worked on Boston's fortifications. His son Cyrus continued his father's work on the Middlesex Canal as an agent for the canal company. His son Benjamin worked on the Boston Mill Dam for before an early death at age 43.
In computer science, a **nondeterministic algorithm** is an algorithm that does not give the same result each time it is used.

Even for the same input, it may show different behaviors on different runs. This may be contrasted with a deterministic algorithm.
The projection of an automaton almost always results in nondeterminism.

Exhibiting nondeterminism; involving choices between indistinguishable possibilities.

Being nondeterministic; involving arbitrary choices; necessitating the choice between various indistinguishable possibilities.

Dependence on factors other than initial state and input.

Moving from a single-processor to a multi-processor system often exposes hidden nondeterminism due to invalid assumptions about scheduling. 

There are several ways an algorithm may behave differently from run to run. Referring to the inability to objectively predict an outcome or result of a process due to lack of knowledge of a cause and effect relationship or the inability to know initial conditions.

**Non-deterministic definitions**

Non-predictive. Referring to the inability to objectively predict an outcome or result of a process due to lack of knowledge of a cause and effect relationship or the inability to know initial conditions.

In telecommunications switching and routing, the unpredictability of a path between nodes. See also node, path, route, and switch.
**National Party of South Africa** was an Afrikaner dominated white South African nationalist political party that controlled the South African government from 1948 to 1994. It was founded in 1914 by J.B.M. Hertzog as a result of disagreements between him and the leaders of the South African Party, which he then was a member of. In 1948 its leader Daniel Francois Malan became Prime Minister of South Africa, and the party began instituting apartheid in South Africa. However, apartheid was only one among a variety of issues that helped bring the National Party to power. Most people who voted for the National Party in 1948 were voting more against the previous United Party led by Jan Smuts than for Malan's National Party. This was because of Smuts's support of the United Kingdom in the Second World War, and other issues that irritated Afrikaner voters such as the poverty of Afrikaners, the competition from native Africans for jobs, the urbanization of Afrikaner towns, and the threat of communism, which the Afrikaner voters generally felt Smuts had wrongly handled and felt that the problems were partially his fault. South African President FW de Klerk, the last South African government leader to belong to the party, disbanded apartheid in the 1990s and allowed all adults of all races to vote for the first time in 1994, which resulted in the National Party being voted out of office.
**Chocolate peppermint bark** is a type of chocolate confectionary made from dark chocolate base and white chocolate on top with peppermint (crushed up candy cane or other minty candy) sprinkled on top.

It is sold around Christmas time as a sort of candy or cake decoration and have been made as a flavor or candy product by several large companies. They are also sold by girl scouts who want to sell it as an addition product besides cookies and other desserts and confectionary.

Recipe
------

It is made only by using dark chocolate as a base and white chocolate melted down and left to cool then broken up or cut into chunks like peanut brittle and sprinkled on top are crushed mints, sometimes the confectionary is made with only one single type of chocolate or other crushed toppings like peanuts or other chocolates even nougat. It can also be used as a topping for eggnog.

History
-------

The dessert dates back to the 1960's where on September 12th 1966 the company, William Sonoma invented the treat as a sort of festive candy when the founder of William Sonoma Chuck Williams asked 3 merchants to create a "nostalgic festive treat" and it blew up in the 20th century and as they say "the rest is history".[*source?*]
**Nostratic** is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia. The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.

Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought. These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages. The Afroasiatic languages, native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent, are usually included as well.

The name "Nostratic" is derived from the Latin *nostrates*, meaning "us" (in other words, fellow countrymen). The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the "Moscovite school" by Bomhard. It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.

The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide. Some linguists are unsure.

The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called **Proto-Nostratic**. It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, near the end of the last glacial period.

A phylogenetic representation of Nostratic as proposed by Bomhard. Eurasiatic includes the Indo-European languages

Related pages
-------------

* Historical linguistics
Modern countries whose lands English-speaking people named the "Near East" in the 19th and 20th centuries
An American charity fundraising poster made by Ethel Franklin Betts for the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. The poster has a map of the Near East.
The **Near East** is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere. Countries of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Near East. The name of the Near East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Middle East and the Far East.

The Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, and Egypt are all regions that are part of the Near East. In the past, the Balkan Peninsula, south-west Asia, and northern Africa were part of the Near East as well.

The Near East is also a name for Middle East which archaeologists, geographers and historians use.

Background
----------

The term *Near East* came into use in the 1890s, when European powers had to deal with two critical situations in the "east". The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.

British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published *The Nearer East* in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.
The **red-crowned crane** (*Grus japonensis*), also called the **Japanese crane** or **Manchurian crane**, is a large crane. It is the second rarest crane in the world after the North American whooping crane. In East Asia, it is known as a symbol of luck and fidelity. At 55 inches high, the crane does not make easy prey, for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps. When it matures, the red-crowned crane is snow white with a patch of red skin on its head.

Description
-----------

In the spring and summer, the red-crowned crane lives in Siberia, where their eggs hatch. Normally the crane lays two eggs, but usually only one chick survives. Later, in the autumn, it migrates in flocks to Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, and other countries in East Asia to spend the winter. All red-crowned cranes migrate, except for a flock that stays in Hokkaido, year long.

Diet
----

The crane eats small amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, insects, and plants that grow in marshes and swamps.
Painting of a red-haired woman
**Redhead** is a person with red or reddish-tinted hair. Approximately 1 to 2% of the world's population has red hair.

In Iceland people that have red hair are called Anton Einar or short name for it lúði and came from the Greek gods, Zues and Hades.

Red hair is made by genes. The gene for red hair is recessive, meaning to be weaker than other genes, like the brown hair gene, for example. Because of this, in order to have natural red hair a person needs to have red-haired ancestors present on both the maternal (mother's) and paternal (father's) side of the family.

Red hair is said to be most common close to the Northern European coasts and islands of the Atlantic Ocean, like British Isles, and in particular among Celtic people.

In Ireland, the percentage of population with red hair is very high relative to the rest of the world at around 10%, with 46% carrying the gene. Parts of the United Kingdom such as Scotland also have very high percentages with around 6%. There was a misconception that red hair occurrence in Scotland ran at around 13%, due to this figure appearing in reliable media sources, however this figure was only an estimate and has since been disproved by research. Dr. Jim Wilson of Britain's DNA has carried out the only large scale genetic study of Red Hair using a sample of over 2,343 people; and has found red hair occurrence of 6% in Scotland, this is concurrent with the largest ever study of hair colour in Scotland which analysed over half a million people and found red hair prevalence of 5.3%. A 1956 study of hair color among British army recruits also found high levels of red hair in Wales and the English Border counties.

Depite all this, the US has the largest number of redheads living there in the world (up to 18 million compared to 650,000 redheads living in Scotland).

In some countries, particularly the British Isles, despite the high proportion of redheads there, redheads are sometimes given rude names such as "carrot-top" and "ginga", and are in some cases heavily ridiculed (made fun of) by their peers. In some extreme cases, people have been harassed (others have behaved threateningly towards them) for having red hair.
**Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo**, better known by the stage name **Lexa**, is a singer, composer and Brazilian dancer. Her first single, the "Posso Ser" song, was released in December 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on Brazilian radio in 2015. This song is part of the EP of the same title released by Lexa in March 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album. In September 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled Disponível.

Career
------

### 2014-2015: Disponível

Lexa was discovered by Batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on YouTube, introduced her to entrepreneur Kamilla Fialho, who hired through K2L Entertainment Artistic agency. Thus, in December 2014 is released the first single from Lexa, the "Posso Ser" song, which reached the Top 30 on parade Hot 100 Airplay, Billboard Brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the Brazilian radio stations in 2015.

Discography
-----------

* *Posso Ser* (2015)
* *Disponível* (2015)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Lexa (vocalist) at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website
Luminous blue variable AG Carinae as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope
P Cygni profile of a spectral line
**Luminous blue variables** (**LBVs**) are massive evolved stars. They show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in their spectra and their brightness. 

These unstable supergiants or hypergiants are also known as **S Doradus variables**. S Doradus is one of the brightest stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud. 

LBVs are extraordinarily rare with just 20 listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars as SDor, and some of these are no longer considered to be LBVs.

In their "quiescent" state they are typically B-type stars, occasionally slightly hotter, with unusual emission lines. They are found in a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram known as the *S Doradus instability strip*. They are the least luminous have a temperature around 10,000 K and a luminosity about 250,000 times the Sun. The most luminous have a temperature around 25,000 K and a luminosity over a million times the Sun. These are some of the most luminous of all stars.

Their relationship to supernovae is unclear.

Discovery and history
---------------------

The LBV stars P Cygni and Eta Carinae have been known as unusual variables since the 17th century, but their true nature was not fully understood until much more recently. The term "S Doradus variable" was used to describe them as a group in 1974. AE Andromedae is one of the most luminous blue variables in the Andromeda galaxy, M31.
2016 RAM Rebel
The **Ram Rebel** is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

Features
--------

The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel.

2016 RAM Rebel grille
The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM.

Powertrains
-----------

The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.
Coordinates: 45°23′47″N 110°44′9″W﻿ / ﻿45.39639°N 110.73583°W﻿ / 45.39639; -110.73583

Paradise Valley and Absaroka Range
**Paradise Valley** is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana. It is just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County, Montana. The Absaroka Range is on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west.

The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, Montana by the Bozeman Pass. The valley lies mostly along a north-south axis. It is anchored to the north by Livingston, Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon which is about fifteen miles north of Gardiner, Montana. 

The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone National Park. Today, the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone, Montana from the west, from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana, from the east at Cody, Wyoming, and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson, Wyoming.

The Yellowstone River flows through the valley. It is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. The valley has other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs, including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant, Montana, La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner, and Hunter's Hot Springs near Livingston.

Emigrant Peak is the largest peak near the valley. It is 10,921 feet in elevation. It is in the southern part of the valley on the eastern side of the river. It is in the Absaroka mountain range.

Notable residents
-----------------

* Al Agnew
* Peter Fonda, actor/director
* Margot Kidder, actress
* Church Universal and Triumphant, religious organization
* Christopher Paolini, writer
* Richard Brautigan, poet
* John Mayer, singer-songwriter
* Jeff Bridges, actor
* Patrick Markey, producer
* Casey Anderson, Grizzly Bear specialist, animal magnet
* Missi Pyle, Actress
* Al Feldstein, Mad Magazine founder
* Dennis Quaid, Actor
**Nelson** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

The population of Nelson was 10,230 in 2011. The mayor of Nelson is once again John Dooley after a loosing election. 

In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson.

Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie *Roxanne* in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie *Snow Falling on Cedars* and *The Tall Man* (2012 film) were shot in Nelson.

Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years.

Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley.

A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Llandudno Junction** (Welsh: **Cyffordd Llandudno**), once known as **Tremarl**, is a town in the Conwy County Borough, Wales. It is part of the ancient parish of Llangystennin and is located south of the seaside resort of Llandudno. It adjoins the small town of Deganwy and is to the east of Conwy, which is on the opposite side of the River Conwy.

The town grew up around, and is named after, Llandudno Junction railway station, which is a junction between the North Wales Coast Line and the Conwy Valley line. There are regular direct trains to Manchester, Llandudno, Holyhead, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Birmingham and South Wales, as well as a few trains a day to London. 

The Old Station Hotel stands opposite the station. It is known locally as *"The Killer"* or in Welsh *"Y Killer"*. One version of the myth on how it got its name is that train drivers would get drunk there, then drive trains, effectively turning them into possible 'Killers'. Another version states that this is where the railway workers would spend their lunch breaks, i.e. 'killed time'.

It currently has a population of 6,722.

Gallery
-------

* The Old Station Hotel, Llandudno JunctionThe Old Station Hotel, Llandudno Junction
* A train at Llandudno Junction stationA train at Llandudno Junction station
* Main Street, Llandudno JunctionMain Street, Llandudno Junction
**Naming very small numbers** is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).

Some examples
-------------

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00000000009 | = | 9 x 10−11 |
| 0.000678 | = | 6.78 x 10−4 |
| 0.000000535645 | = | 5.35645 x 10−7 |

Names of small numbers
----------------------

|   | English name | European name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | One | One |
| 10−1 | Tenth | Tenth |
| 10−2 | Hundredth | Hundredth |
| 10−3 | Thousandth | Thousandth |
| 10−4 | Ten Thousandth | Ten Thousandth |
| 10−5 | Hundred Thousandth | Hundred Thousandth |
| 10−6 | Millionth | Millionth |
| 10−9 | Billionth | Milliardth |
| 10−12 | Trillionth | Billionth |
| 10−15 | Quadrillionth | Billiardth |
| 10−18 | Quintillionth | Trillionth |
| 10−21 | Sextillionth | Trilliardth |
| 10−24 | Septillionth | Quadrillionth |

Related pages
-------------

* Names of large numbers

Other websites
--------------

* Names of large and small numbers[*dead link*] Archive copy at the Internet Archive
**Maria Ligorio** (born 25 June 1970 San Michele Salentino) is an Italian Paralympic athlete. She won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Paralympic Games, in the 200 meters, and bronze medals at the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games, in the 400 meters and 200 meters.

Life
----

Maria Ligorio was born in 1970, and at the age of one year she lost her sight. She turned out to be a good sprinter, she started competing in 1989, following a transfer to Rome for work. Over a decade, she participated in three editions of the Summer Paralympic Games, in three world Championships and four European Championships, in the specialties of the 100, 200, 400 meters, and in the 4 × 100 meters relay.

After taking part in the 2000 Summer Paralympics, for personal reasons, she left international competition and devoted herself to sport climbing. However, she participated in the 2012 Italian Championships, on the occasion of admission to the London Games, and obtained the best result for the T11 category (absolute blindness) in the 100 and 200 meters run.
**Neman** or **Niemen** or **Nemunas** is a major Eastern European river. It starts in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda. It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches. It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus. It is the largest river in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus. People are able to travel on it for most of its 900-kilometer length. Its depth varies from one meter to five meters.

The Neman tributaries
---------------------

The Neman tributaries are:
the rivers Neris (Viliya), the Shchara, and the Šešupė, Svisloch, Nevėžis River, Dubysa, Jūra, Minija, Western Berezina, Zelvyanka, Molchad, Roś, Servech, Losha, Gorodnichanka and others.

Biological communities
----------------------

The following fish have been found in the Neman: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak. Its tributaries also contain stone loach, the three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins, gudgeon, dace and chub.

Atlantic salmon used to migrate upstream to spawn. The dams on the river made there be less. The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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In economics the **middle income trap** happens when a country's GDP is stuck at some level and cannot increase.

The World Bank says that South Africa and Brazil have fell into the trap.

Economists think this happens because as a country sells more and gets richer, it pays higher wages. This increases the cost of selling stuff. So the countries lose their competitive advantage and get stuck, unable to sell more and get richer.

The World Bank says a country is in the 'middle-income range' if its gross national product per person stays between $1,000 to $12,000 (in 2011 prices).

I don't want to fall into the trap
----------------------------------

To avoid the trap, a country could find better ways to make goods and reduce the cost of making them. They could also find new people or countries to sell their goods to. An increasing middle class could also use their money to buy fancy stuff that helps further promote growth: this includes better education, better technology and infrastructure, studying science and technology to create more innovations.
Luca Marenzio
**Luca Marenzio** (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?; died Rome, 22 August 1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.

Life
----

Marenzio may have been born in 1553. We think this because his father once wrote down his son’s age. The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint’s feast day.

He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua. Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este. Here he started to become known as a composer. By 1581 his music had become extremely popular. His books of madrigals were often reprinted. His madrigals were often included in published collections.

In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw. It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.

Music
-----

Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts. However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals. They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.

Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also *canzonette* and *villanelle*. These were similar to madrigals but very light in character. Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time. He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words. This is called word-painting. For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.

Influence
---------

Marenzio’s music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe. There were several of his madrigals in *Musica transalpina*, a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge in England.