recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **horsetails** are a class in the Pteridophyta (ferns). They were one of the most important plant groups in the Palaeozoic era. 

For over 100 million years they were varied, and dominated the understorey of late Paleozoic forests. They are seen in the coal measures of the Carboniferous period, and some were trees reaching up 30 metres. The group is now almost extinct, but one genus survives. They are vascular plants that reproduce by spores and not by seeds. The name *horsetail* came because the branched species somewhat look like a horse's tail.

*Equisetum*
-----------

Modern horsetails first appeared during the Jurassic period.
***Equisetum*** is the only living genus of horsetails. The name *Equisetum* comes from the Latin (*equus* = horse; and *seta* = bristle). The genus includes 15 species.

Horsetails are native on all continents except Australasia and Antarctica. They are perennial plants. They are either herbaceous (they die back in winter 
like most temperate species) or they are evergreen (some tropical species, and some temperate species). They mostly grow 0.2-1.5 m tall, though *E. telmateia* can reach 2.5 m, and the tropical American species *E. giganteum* 5 m, and *E. myriochaetum* 8 m.

Strobilus of *Equisetum* on an unbranched stem
How they usually look.
In these plants the leaves are very small, in whorls joined together to make sheaths around the stem. The stems are green and photosynthetic, also distinctive in being hollow, jointed and ridged, usually with 6-40 ridges. There may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes; when present, these branches are identical to the main stem except smaller.

The spores are borne under sporangiophores in strobili, cone-like structures at the tips of some of the stems. In many species the cone-bearing shoots are unbranched, and in some (e.g. *E. arvense*, field horsetail) they are non-photosynthetic, produced early in Springtime.
The Muslim prophet Muhammad going up to Heaven
Gustave Doré's picture of heaven from the Divine Comedy 
**Heaven**, also known as **Paradise**, the **Garden** or **Kingdom Come**, is a place where good people go when they die. It is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say it is a perfect place. They believe heaven is where people go after they die if they have been good in life. Some people also believe in Hell, a place bad people go when they die if they have been bad in life. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.

In Christianity
---------------

According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:

* *Sky* – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
* *Outer space* – the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.
* The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.

The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:

* The glory of God is the light (no sun)
* Heaven is where all the true believers go.
* You never sleep because of your purified new body
* Has 12 gates made of pearl
* Walls made of jasper
* Streets made of pure gold
* A river of life
* Trees on each side of the river

Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.

In Islam
--------

See the main article: Jannah
According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.

In Bahá'í Faith
---------------

See the main article: Bahá'í Faith
Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.

In Paganism
-----------

Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).
***Hawk Nelson is my Friend*** is an album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.

The title was taken because they find it funny[*source?*] - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with fans, and make friends with them.

Songs
-----

1. "You Have What I Need" – 2:34
2. "Friend Like That" – 2:49
3. "Turn It On" – 3:09
4. "One Little Miracle" – 2:58
5. "Let's Dance" – 3:09
6. "Ancient History" – 3:11
7. "Somebody Else" – 3:18
8. "Arms Around Me" – 3:31
9. "Just Like Me" – 2:39
10. "Not The Same" – 3:30
11. "Words We Speak" – 2:54
12. "I Still Miss You" – 3:51

It also includes a special edition CD/DVD with extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.

Singles
-------

"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on Christmas Eve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.
Kaiserschmarrn with (top left) apple sauce
Kaiserschmarrn with lingonberry sauce
**Kaiserschmarrn** is a well-known Austrian dessert. It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

Overview
--------

Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake. It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways. When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added. The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation. It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with *Zwetschkenröster*, a fruit compote made out of Plums.
**Justus Liebig** (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry. 

Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. 
At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the *Annalen der Chemie*, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.

Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. 

Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:

"...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.
In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.

Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.

Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.

Related pages
-------------

* List of science books#19th century
George Thorogood**George Thorogood** (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock singer/guitarist. He is from Wilmington, Delaware. Thorogood is famous for his cover versions of blues standards. He says Elmore James, Hound Dog Taylor and Chuck Berry are the people who influenced him musically. George Thorogood has released sixteen studio albums.

Life
----

Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a suburb of Wilmington. He was the middle one of five children. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. He played semi-professional baseball. He turned to music after hearing a concert of John P. Hammond in 1970. 

In 1976 he recorded his debut album: "*George Thorogood & The Destroyers*" with his band, The Destroyers. Sometimes the band is called "The Delaware Destroyers". In 1981 they got their first nationwide recognition. They played as support act for the Rolling Stones. In the 1980s they played a lot of concerts including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in 50days. in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the comedies Problem Child, and Problem Child 2, Stephen King's Christine, and many episodes of the television sitcom Married with Children. This track also was used during the intro to the movie Major Payne.

Band members
------------

### The Destroyers

* George Thorogood – lead vocals and lead guitar
* Jeff Simon – drums, percussion (1974–present)
* Billy Blough – bass guitar (1977–present)
* Jim Suhler – rhythm guitar (1999–present)
* Buddy Leach – saxophone, piano (2003–present)

### Former members

* Ron "Roadblock" Smith – rhythm guitar (1974–1980)
* Hank "Hurricane" Carter – saxophone (1980–2003)
* Steve Chrismar – rhythm guitar (1985–1993)

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums with the Destroyers

* 1977: *George Thorogood and the Destroyers* (Gold)
* 1978: *Move It on Over* (Gold)
* 1979: *Better Than the Rest* (Recorded in 1974)
* 1980: *More George Thorogood and the Destroyers*
* 1982: *Bad to the Bone* (Platinum)
* 1985: *Maverick* (Gold)
* 1986: *Nadine* (CD Rerelease of *Better Than the Rest*)
* 1988: *Born to Be Bad* (Gold)
* 1991: *Boogie People*
* 1993: *Haircut*
* 1997: *Rockin' My Life Away*
* 1999: *Half a Boy/Half a Man*
* 2003: *Ride 'Til I Die*
* 2006: *The Hard Stuff*
* 2009: *The Dirty Dozen*
* 2011: *2120 South Michigan Ave.*

### Live albums

* 1986: *Live* (Platinum)
* 1995: *Live: Let's Work Together*
* 1999: *Live in '99*
* 2004: *30th Anniversary Tour: Live*
* 2010: *Live in Boston 1982*

### Compilations

* 1992: *The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers* (Platinum)
* 2000: *Anthology*
* 2003: *Who Do You Love?*
* 2004: *Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock* (Gold)
* 2005: *The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers*
* 2007: *Taking Care of Business* (double disc of *Ride 'Til I Die* (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and *30th Anniversary Tour*)
The **Gospel of Thomas** (or the **Gospel according to Thomas**, Coptic: p.euaggelion p.kata.cwmas) is a text written during the era of the New Testament. It is considered to be an apocryphon. It was found in Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945. 

The text is in the form of a codex, bound in what today is known as Coptic binding. It is almost complete. Unlike the other texts, it is not a narrative, but a collection of sayings and short dialogues attributed to Jesus. There are 114 sayings in the text. Most are compatible with the other gospels. They can also be found in one of the other gospels. Some were unknown to scholars before the codex was found. None of the big Christian groups accepts the Gospel of Thomas as canon.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gospel of Thomas***.

* Hypertext interlinear of Thomas; by Paterson Brown Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Gospel of Thomas with detailed comparisons with canonical sayings Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Gospel of Thomas Commentary
**Innamaadhoo** (Dhivehi: އިއްނަމާދޫ)   

This island is an inhabited island in Raa atoll. Like other islands, this island is made out of sand from corals.

People
------

The inhabitants are Maldivians and they speak their language, Dhivehi.

Economy
-------

The economy of Innamaadhoo is built on carpentry. So, when you look at the whole country, the most carpenting experts are mostly from Innamaadhoo. From very small fishing boats to giant safari boats are built in this island. Even if wheat was grown few decades back, farming is not a very wide field. If we look at fishing, the islanders used to fish a lot in the 90's. So, putting salt on fish was a very wide field. But now, as the field perished, fishermen and fish-sellers are very less. The reason is believed to be because carpentry gives a lot of money (carpentry is a very good money-maker). In the field of tourism, inhabitants aren't directly contributing. It may be because there is no resort nearby. But diving boats, row boats, and ferries, etc. (needed for resorts) are built a lot here.
**Jean-Marie Leclair l'aîné** (Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder; 10 May 1697 – 22 October 1764) was a French composer, violinist, and dancer.

Life
----

Leclair was born in Lyon. He was his parent's oldest child. At least three of his brothers became musicians.

He learned to play the violin and dance. He taught ballet at the Théâtre-Royal of Turin. On November 9, 1716 he married Marie-Rose Casthagnié, a dancer. Leclair went to Paris in 1723. He published his first works in Paris. He also performed at the Concert Spirituel.

After Leclair's first wife had died, he married again in 1730. King Louis XV made Leclair *ordinaire de la musique du roi* in 1733. He wrote a book of violin sonatas for the King. Leclair left the *musique du roi* in 1737. He had an argument with Jean-Pierre Guignon about who should lead the orchestra. He did not want to become the second violinist. So, he left the orchestra.

From 1738 to 1743, Leclair worked for Anne, Princess of Orange. He wrote a set of violin sonatas for the princess. He also worked as a *maestro di cappella* for François Du Liz. However, Du Liz went bankrupt in 1743. Leclair returned to Paris. He published his last set of violin sonatas in 1743. In 1746, he wrote an opera, called *Scylla et Glaucus*. It was his only opera.

On October 23, 1764, his gardener found Leclair dead in his house. He had been stabbed three times. His murderer is not known. However, the police suspected that Leclair's nephew, François Guillaume Vial, killed him.
J.R. Richard in 2013
**James Rodney "J. R." Richard** (March 7, 1950 – August 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Houston Astros. Richard was excellent in basketball and baseball in high school. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1969 amateur draft. He made his baseball debut on September 5, 1971, and pitched a complete game and had fifteen strikeouts. After that, he was one of the top pitchers in the National League, and in all of baseball. He led the league in many pitching categories. They include strikeouts, earned run average (ERA) and hits allowed per nine innings.

On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game. He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery. The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck. The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision. He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball. He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984. After baseball, Richard was involved in business. He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces. This left him homeless in 1994. He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.

Richard died on August 4, 2021 at a hospital in Houston, aged 71. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

Other websites
--------------

* Baseball-Reference.com - career statistics and analysis
* Retrosheet: J. R. Richard
*Larus argentatus argenteus*
The **herring gull** (*Larus argentatus* or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long). It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe. It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states. 

Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

Taxonomy
--------

The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.
**Heavy water** (**deuterium oxide**, **2  
H  
2O**, **D  
2O**) is a form of water based on deuterium.

It has a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope called deuterium (2  
H or D, also known as *heavy hydrogen*). Ordinary water has the common hydrogen-1 isotope (1  
H or H, also called *protium*). This makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water. The presence of deuterium gives the chemical different nuclear properties, and the increase of mass gives it different physical and chemical properties compared to normal "light water". Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as CANDU reactors. It is a more efficient neutron moderator than regular water, allowing the use of unenriched uranium as fuel. Pure heavy water is not radioactive, because deuterium is a stable isotope, but heavy water that has been through a nuclear reactor is slightly radioactive.

The chemistry of heavy water is different enough that people, and most living things, cannot survive with heavy water in place of ordinary water. Small amounts are not toxic to people. It is common for people to drink several grams of heavy water for metabolic experiments without causing illness.
**Hurricane Belle** was a Category 3 Atlantic tropical cyclone in August 1976. The storm, at one point, had winds around 120 miles per hour (190 kilometres per hour) before it moved northward up the East Coast of the United States.

The storm formed on August 6; it became Tropical Storm Belle on August 7. Later on August 7, it became a hurricane. On August 9, Belle's winds peaked at 120 miles per hour (190 kilometres per hour).

Because of Hurricane Belle's proximity, hurricane watches were issued from Georgia to Maine.

The hurricane brushed the North Carolina coast with gale-force winds. Unlike most storms that threaten the Northeastern United States, Belle didn't accelerate as it came closer to land.

On the morning of August 10, Belle came ashore as a minimal hurricane near Jones Beach on Long Island, New York. Just after crossing the Long Island Sound, it came ashore as a strong tropical storm near Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut.

Belle took twelve lives when it struck the East Coast of the United States. Damage was $100 million.
The **hoary bat** (*Aeorestes cinereus*) is a type of bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found throughout most of North America and much of South America. It is also found in the Galápagos Islands and Hawaii.

Description
-----------

The hoary bat is 13 to 14.5 cm (5.1 to 5.7 in) long. It has a wingspan of 40 cm (15.5 in). It weighs 26 g (0.92 oz). Its fur is dense and dark brown, with white tips to the hairs. The body is covered in fur except for the undersides of the wings. Males and females are sexually dimorphic in body mass.

Behaviour
---------

It normally roosts alone on trees. But sometimes, it has been seen in caves with other bats. It prefers woodland, mainly coniferous forests, but hunts over open areas or lakes. It hunts alone and it mainly eats moths. The bats can travel 39 km (24 mi) while foraging. In the winter, they live in Central America and the southwestern United States. In the spring and summer, they live in the United States and Canada.

Reproduction
------------

The reproductive cycle of the hoary bat is not yet fully understood. But, it is thought that they mate in August. It is also thought that they give birth in June of the following year. It is thought that the gestation period is only 40 days. It gives birth to one pup, or sometimes twins. The young ones stay with the mother for a month before leaving.
**John William Waterhouse** (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He worked after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and so was called "the modern Pre-Raphaelite". He was also influenced by his contemporaries, the Impressionists. His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.

Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art. He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece. Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before. 

Although not as well known as earlier Pre-Raphaelite artists such as Dante Rossetti, John Millais and William Holman Hunt, Waterhouse's work is currently displayed at several major British art galleries, and the Royal Academy of Art organised a major retrospective of his work in 2009.

* 'Ophelia' by Waterhouse, 1889'Ophelia' by Waterhouse, 1889
* Undine,1872Undine,1872
* Diogenes, 1882Diogenes, 1882
* Juliet, 1889Juliet, 1889
* Circe offering the Cup to Odysseus, 1891Circe offering the Cup to Odysseus, 1891
**Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin** (1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849; pronounced SHOH-pen) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the greatest Romantic piano composers. Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, a village in the Duchy of Warsaw. A famous child prodigy, he grew up in Warsaw where he completed his music education and composed many of his mature works before leaving Poland in 1830 at age 20, shortly before the November 1830 Uprising.

Early life
----------

After the Uprising, he lived in Paris as part of Poland's Great Emigration. During the last 19 years of his life, Chopin performed only about 30 times, usually in a salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano. After a romantic relationship with Polish women, including an abortive engagement, from 1837 to 1847 he carried on a relationship with the French writer Amandine Dupin, better known as George Sand.

Works
-----

Since he composed many piano pieces, he was called the poet of the piano. Most of Chopin's works are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces and some songs to Polish lyrics. His piano works are often technically difficult, especially because deep expression is involved along with the importance of considering each detail in his music. Chopin also created the instrumental ballade, along with the addition of new ideas to the piano sonata, mazurka, waltz, nocturne, polonaise, étude, impromptu, scherzo and prélude. All of Chopin's works involve the piano, and for composing them he was using a number of them. While living in Warsaw, Chopin played on Buchholtz piano. Later in Paris he preferred an instrument from Pleyel. Both of these instruments were recreated in XXI century to help listeners to hear Chopin works played on pianos that they were written for.

Death
-----

Chopin suffered from poor health most of his life and died of tuberculosis in Paris in 1849 at age 39.

Other websites
--------------

* Chopin biography Archived 2013-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Our Chopin

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The **Indian Police Service** (abbr. **IPS**) is a central civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British rule.

The IPS is one of the All India Services along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS) Its officers are employed by both the Union Government and the individual states.

The service commands and provides leadership to State police forces and Union territories' police forces. They are also employed in Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, SSB, CRPF, CISF, and ITBP), the National Security Guards (NSG), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigative Agency (NIA) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

Continue reading
----------------

* *History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966*, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.
* *The peace keepers: Indian Police Service (IPS)*, by S. R. Arun, IPS, DGP Uttar Pradesh. Published by Berghahn Books, 2000. ISBN 978-81-7049-107-1.
* *The Indian Police Journal (IPJ)*, by Bureau of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Home Affairs. Published by Govt. of India, October–December 2009 Vol.LVI-No.4. ISSN 0537-2429.
* *History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966*, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Indian Police Service***.

* Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy
* "Shortage of IPS officers". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "IPS, IAS and IFS: All India Services (Government of India)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
The **Goryeo Dynasty** or **Koryo Dynasty** also called the "Kingdom of Goryeo", is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392. It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo. The name "Goryeo" came to be said as "Korea" by foreigners and is still the name of the country. Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (Later Baekje, Later Goguryeo, and Silla) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392. Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong (936~943) and the Amnok River (933).

Background
----------

Silla had accomplished a unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668. But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century. The country entered a period of civil war and rebellion, led by Gung Ye, Gi Hwon, Yang Gil, and Gyeon Hwon. Gung Ye established Hugogureo (meaning "Later Goguryeo") and Wang Geon (Later, Taejo) made a contribution as Gung Ye's subordinate. However, Gung Ye became more and more tyrannical and finally killed his own wife and son. Also he insisted that he was Maitreya (the future Buddha). Meanwhile, Wang Geon increased his power as he conquered Geumsung area in Later Baekje. Finally, some people who followed Wang Geon broke out the rebellion and he named the dynasty as Goryeo and changed its capital city to Song-ak. 

Goryeo made the policy to win the favor of people and maintained good relationship with Silla. As a result, Silla surrendered unconditionally to Goryeo. Meanwhile, Later Baekje collapsed by itself as princes fought each other over uccession to the throne. Because of the internal conflict, Later Baekje became weaker and weaker and was conquered by Goryeo. Finally, Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms again (936) and accomplished re-unification of Korean people. 

Taejo made important policies. First, he insisted that Goryeo should expand its territory to further North. It is because he succeed to Goguryeo (ancient Korean kingdom founded in 37 BC–668) and Goguryeo had the biggest territory in Korean history. So, Taejo named the dynasty as Goryeo from Goguryeo and tried to take back the territory of Goguryeo. He emphasized the importance of Sukyung area because it is placed in the North part and kept in check Gu Ran (kind of Mongolian) that made an effort to come down to Goryeo. Later, all of these policies contributed to expanding its territory to Apnok River. Taejo unified all people from different Korean kingdoms (Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae). Because of this policy, Goryeo is considered to have united Korea.

Related pages
-------------

* Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong
Coordinates: 41°36′N 71°21′W﻿ / ﻿41.600°N 71.350°W﻿ / 41.600; -71.350﻿ (Narragansett Bay)

**HMS *Endeavour***, also known as **HM Bark *Endeavour***, was a British Royal Navy ship commanded by Lieutenant James Cook on his first voyage of discovery to Australia and New Zealand from 1769 to 1771.

The ship was launched in 1764 as the coal carrying ship *Earl of Pembroke*. She was bought by the Navy in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean. She was also to search for the unknown southern land, *Terra Australis Incognita*. Renamed as *His Majesty's Bark the Endeavour*, she left Plymouth in August 1768. After sailing around Cape Horn she reached Tahiti to see the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the Pacific islands of Huahine, Borabora, and Raiatea which Cook claimed for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman's *Heemskerck* 127 years earlier. In April 1770, *Endeavour* became the first ship to reach the east coast of Australia, when Cook went ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay.

*Endeavour* then sailed north along the Australian coast. She ran into the Great Barrier Reef near Cape Tribulation. The crew were able to get the ship onto a beach on the mainland. This is now the site of the town of Cooktown. They stayed for seven weeks so that basic repairs could be made to her hull. On 10 October 1770, she limped into port in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies for more substantial repairs. She left on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years.

The *Endeavour* spent the next three years shipping Navy stores to the Falkland Islands. She was renamed and sold in 1775, but was used as a troop transport during the American Revolutionary War. She sank in a blockade of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island in 1778. Her wreck has not been found, but relics, including six of her cannons and an anchor, are displayed at maritime museums worldwide. A full size working copy of *Endeavour* was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Harbour.

Other websites
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 Media related to HM Bark Endeavour (ship, 1764) at Wikimedia Commons
Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model Ruth Ford in 1947 (photographed by Carl Van Vechten)
A simple haute couture evening gown designed by Marc Bohan for the House of Dior, Spring 1983
The catwalk at a Paris show, 2012
**Haute couture** (pronounced 'OHT koo-TOOR') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to: 

* the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
* the fashions created by them.

*Haute couture* is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. *Couture* is a common abbreviation of *haute couture*.

In France, *haute couture* is *une appellation juridiquement protégée* (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.

History
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The *couturier* Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of *haute couture* as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an *artist*: a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the *House of Worth*. Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.

*Chambre syndicale*
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To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term *haute couture*, members of the *Chambre syndicale de la haute couture* must follow these rules:

* Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
* Have a workshop (*atelier*) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
* Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.

Membership is seldom given. Outside the *Chambre syndicale* are many successful fashion houses which deal in *prêt-à-porter* (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own *Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter*.

Related pages
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* Coco Chanel
* Christian Dior
* Madeleine Vionnet
* House of Worth
**Janny Minholts** also written as **Janneke Minholtz** (born 22 November 1949) is a Dutch former Paralympic swimmer from Oosterhoogebrug. She was a member of Gehandicapten Sportclub Groningen (GSC), Zwemclub Groningen (ZCG) and represented the Netherlands at international competitions. She won two gold medals and a bronze medal at the 1968 Summer Paralympics.

Career​
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She prepared three years intensively on the 1968 Summer Paralympics. She trained almost every early morning at "Helperbad" in Groningen. She was trained and coached by Jan van der Tuin and trained together with Olympians Klenie Bimolt and Coby Sikkens. The swimming events at the 1968 Summer Paralympics took all place on the same day. She won the gold medal in the 50 m Backstroke special class event, breaking her own world record, ahead of Ingrid van der Benden. She won another gold medal in the 3x 50 m Medley Relay special class event together with Wil Verschoor and Ingrid van der Benden. Minholts swam the 50 m backstroke. The third event where she competed in was the 50 m Breaststroke special class. She wasn’t in general not as good in the breaststroke as in the backstroke and won the bronze medal.

In the weeks after she returned from the Paralympics, she was honored multiple times. Including the village hall on Saturday 16 November. A festive event where people could congratulate her. She was addressed by the alderman and mayor. On 22 November she was honored by minister Klompé in The Hague.

After the Paralympics, she retired from competitive swimming. As she was in her 5th and last year at the Thorbecke Lyceum in Groningen, she focussed after the Paralympics on her final examination. After graduation she planned to study at the Academie voor Sociale en Culturele Arbeid to become a social worker.
**Gerard Kitchen "Gerry" O’Neill** (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the *O’Neill cylinder*. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.

While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in "The Colonization of Space". This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book *The High Frontier* won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

Books
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* O’Neill, Gerard K. (1977). *The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space*. New York: William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0962237906.
* O’Neill, Gerard K. (1981). *2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future*. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671447513.
* O’Neill, Gerard K. (1983). *The Technology Edge: Opportunities for America in world competition*. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671447661.
Pipe Band in Quebec City
The **Great Highland bagpipe** is a four-reed woodwind instrument from Scotland. The instrument is made of a leather or synthetic bag. The three drones are single-reed instruments and make harmonies. The chanter is a double-reed instrument used to play the melody. The instrument also has a blowpipe used to inflate the bag.

Bag and blowpipe
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Great Highland Bagpipe
The bag is filled with air by the player to inflate it and flow air into the drones and the chanter. The bag used to be made of leather (sheepskin or cow) but is now commonly made of synthetic material (Gore-Tex) for the ease of maintenance. The blowpipe is a simple pipe used to inflate the bag with the player’s breath.

Drones
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The great highland bagpipe has three drones used for harmonies. The big one is called a "bass drone" and the two little one are called the tenors. These three drones are tuned on the same note and give the background sound that harmonizes with the chanter. The length of the drones can be adjusted to tune them. If the length is shorten, the pitch will be sharper, if it’s lengthen, the pitch will be lower.

Chanter
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The chanter is a conical bored instrument with height holes in it. This instrument has been made of wood since the instrument's origin but is now made of plastic in some cases. The player opens or closes some of these holes with his fingers to give the melody.

Playing
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Bagpiper in the Province of Quebec
To play the instrument, the player (called a bagpiper or a piper) will inflate the bag and will place it under his left arm when the bag is fully inflated. The piper will now keep the pressure in the instrument with his arm. When he has to stop breathing in the bag, he’ll use his elbow to press the bag and keep the pressure on. This way of playing gives the opportunity to the player to play music during a long period of time without stopping for the need of breathing. Once the instrument is inflated, the piper have to tune one of the drones to match the chanter and, after that, he'll tune drones to match them together. If the piper do this operation carefully, he will be able to have a perfectly balance instrument. Once it's done, the player can start playing his instrument.
**Hurricane Keith** was the strongest hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. Keith struck Belize and Mexico before it died on October 6. Keith killed 24 people and caused $225 million in damage. Most of this damage happened in Belize. It was because it struck Belize while stronger than when it struck Mexico.

Meteorological history
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Storm path
The beginning of the hurricane was from a tropical wave that moved into the Atlantic Ocean off of Africa on September 16. The wave moved across much of the Caribbean Sea, until September 28, at that time it became Tropical Depression Fifteen. Fifteen moved a little northwest and became Tropical Storm Keith on September 29.

Keith changed its course and moved west. On September 30 Keith became a hurricane. Keith rapidly gained strength and later on September 30, Keith reached its highest wind speed with which at 140 mph. The hurricane was blocked and was forced to make a loop. 

Since Keith was close to land, the block caused Keith to weaken a lot. On October 2 as a weak hurricane, Keith made landfall in Ambergris Caye, Belize. The next day, Keith made another landfall in Belize, this time in Belize City as a very strong tropical storm.

Keith moved over Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula and weakened to a tropical depression. Tropical Depression Keith moved off of the Peninsula and into the Gulf of Mexico, where it quickly became a tropical storm again. 

On October 4, Keith again became a hurricane. Hurricane Keith made its last landfall in Mexico near Tampico in Tamaulipas on October 5. Keith weakened over Mexico until it finally died on October 6.

Retirement
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See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
The name Keith was retired in the Spring of 2001. The name Kirk was put on the list in 2006, but Kirk was not used, so it must be used again in 2012.
**Hurricane Linda** of 1997 was the strongest hurricane ever Recorded in the east Pacific, until Hurricane Patricia in 2015 with continued winds of 160 knots and gusting to 190 knots, and a central pressure of 902 mbar. It was part of an abnormally active season for both the Eastern and Western Pacific Basins.

Since it was far from land, it did not cause much damage.

History
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A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24th. It moved across the unfavorable Atlantic without development. As it crossed Central America convection increased, and a poorly-defined center developed early on September 9th. Banding and convection increased, and it became a tropical depression that night, 400 nautical miles south of Manzanillo, Mexico.

Tropical Depression 14-E continued northwestward, and became a tropical storm on the 10th. Linda started to intensify more quickly, becoming a hurricane on the 11th 475 nautical miles south-southeast of the southern tip of Baja California. After 30 hours of rapidly intensifying, Linda reached her peak of 160 knots on the 12th, or around 185 M.P.H. winds. That is an increase of 95 knots, and a drop of 85 millibars. Linda moved directly over Socorro Island on the 12th as a Category 5 hurricane, but cooler waters weakened it greatly, dissipating it on the 17th.

Impact
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Linda went over Soccoro Island, doing $3.2 million in damage.

In California, Linda was responsible for 8 deaths and $68 million in damage. Five people drowned in a jetty. Floods caused 3 deaths and mudslides destroyed millions of homes and caused $68 million in damage. The Southwest would get devastated again by Hurricane Nora weeks later.

Related pages
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* 1997 Pacific hurricane season

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hurricane Linda (1997)***.

* noaa.gov
The **humidex** ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. For example, if the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of 40 °C (104 °F). The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports during summer to give the discomfort level.

According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, a humidex of at least 30 causes "some discomfort", at least 40 causes "great discomfort" and above 45 is "dangerous". When the humidex hits 54, then heat stroke is very near.

The current formula for getting the humidex (see below: Humidex formula) was developed by J.M. Masterton and F.A. Richardson of Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service in 1979. The humidex differs from the heat index used in the United States, in being derived from the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The record highest humidex in Canada occurred on July 25, 2007, when Carman, Manitoba hit 53.0. That number broke the previous record of 52.1 set during 1953 in Windsor, Ontario (The residents of Windsor would not have known it at the time, since the humidex had yet to be invented).

Humidex formula
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When the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the dew point is 15 °C (59 °F), the humidex is 34. Note how humidex is a dimensionless number, but it indicates an approximate temperature in °C. If the temperature remains 30 °C and the dew point rises to 25 °C (77 °F), the humidex rises to 42. The humidex tends to be higher than the U.S. heat index at equal temperature and relative humidity.

The humidex formula is as follows:

humidex = (air temperature in Celsius) + *h*
*h* = (0.5555)\*(*e* - 10.0)
*e* = 6.11 \* exp [5417.7530 \* ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint in kelvins))]
Complete:

{\displaystyle {\text{Humidex}}={\text{Air temperature}}\ +\ 0.5555\times (6.11\times e^{5417.7530\times \left({\frac {1}{273.16}}-{\frac {1}{\text{dewpoint in kelvins}}}\right)}-10)}

Related pages
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* Heat index
* Wind chill

Other websites
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* "Frequently Asked Questions" Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, MSC, 2004.
* Wind Chill and Humidex Criticism about the use of wind chill and humidex
* More Humidex info