recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Turbatrix aceti*** (also called **vinegar eels**) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months.

Anatomy
-------

The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days. A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a cloaca. 

Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxide is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies.

Aging research
--------------

Experiments with *T. aceti* were done to understand the cause of ageing. DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair. Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation. They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes. These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging".
**Visual acuity** (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision, which depends on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain.

VA is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied. The VA represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified. VA is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.

Some people may suffer from other visual problems, such as color blindness, reduced contrast, or inability to track fast-moving objects and still have normal visual acuity. Thus, normal visual acuity does not mean normal vision. The reason visual acuity is very widely used is that it is a test that corresponds very well with the normal daily activities a person can handle, and evaluate their impairment to do them.

Other websites
--------------

* 20/20 Eyesight is Not Necessarily Perfect Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Catalog of Stories by Parents of Children Who Tested 20/20, Optometrists Network
* Visual acuity measurement Archived 2007-04-02 at the Wayback Machine The Ophthalmology Teaching Website, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
* Visual Acuity of the Human Eye Archived 2012-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Golovin-Sivtsev Table for testing visual acuity Archived 2007-03-28 at the Wayback Machine - used in the USSR and post-Soviet states
* Visual Acuity Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Chapter from the Webvision reference, University of Utah
* Blur simulator (for eyeglass prescriptions)
**Viswanathan Anand**, known as *Vishy*, (born 11 December 1969) is a former World Chess 
Champion. He comes from India. Anand is the oldest player in modern times to become classical World Champion for the first time: he was 37 when he won in 2007.

When the world championship was split, Anand played in both versions. In the classical chess versions, sometimes called the "PCA cycle", Anand won matches against Oleg Romanishin and Michael Adams without a loss, then avenged his FIDE loss by defeating Gata Kamsky in the Candidates final. In 1995, he played the PCA World Chess Championship 1995 against Kasparov in New York City's World Trade Center. After an opening run of eight draws (a record for the opening of a world championship match), Anand won game nine with a powerful exchange sacrifice, but then lost four of the next five. He lost the match 10½–7½.

Anand held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002 when the world title was split. This was a knock-out event of a different type from the classical matches. He became the undisputed World Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008. With this win, he became the first player in chess history to have won the World Championship in three different formats: knockout, tournament, and match. 

Anand retained the world title by beating Veselin Topalov 6½–5½ in May 2010. He kept the title again by defeating Boris Gelfand in 2012. This match was won in a four-game rapidplay tiebreaker, after the main match was tied at 6–6.

Anand is one of a small group of players to break the 2800 mark on the FIDE rating list, and in April 2007 at the age of 37, he became world number one for the first time. He was at the top of the world rankings five out of six times, from April 2007 to July 2008, holding the number one ranking for a total of 15 months. In October 2008, he dropped out of the world top three ranking for the first time since July 1996. 

In 2007 he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan. He is also the first recipient of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991–92, India's highest sporting honour. Though retaining his Indian citizenship, Vishy has been living in Spain for the past decade.

Anand lost the title to Magnus Carlsen in 2013, and also lost the return match in 2014 by 4½ to 6½.
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi is a Dravidian Tamil Nationalist political party in Tamil Nadu, India.Its chairman is Thol. Thirumavalavan, a lawyer from Chennai.The party's main principle is the abolition of the Hindu caste system and the institution of equality among Tamil people. The political party believes that true social equality lies in the unification of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, Other Backward Classes, and minorities such as the Christians and Muslims of Tamil Nadu.The Party is against capitalism, caste domination, and Brahminism.

Against TASMAC
--------------

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Party is one among the parties along with Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Paataali Makkal katchi which Campaigned against government liquor shops of Tamil Nadu popularly known as TASMAC.

Principles of the Party
-----------------------

The main aim of the party is to abolish the differences among Tamil people and to lift up the economically weaker sections of society. The party supported the freedom movement of Tamil people in Tamil Eelam, as well as the security of Tamil people living abroad.The party also declared that Mahinda Rajapaksa should be charged with war crimes for the alleged assassination of thousands of innocent Tamil people during war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

Controversies
-------------

The Political party is accused of extra promoting Tamil nationalism and supporting Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam which is banned in India.Although major Tamil political parties DMK and ADMK both are accused for indirectly supporting LTTE, VCK is accused of supporting LTTE leader Prabakaran openly in its party posters. It is alleged that LTTE involved in the assassination of Former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi.VCK Party is demanding release of the Rajiv Gandhi murder accusers along with major Tamil parties like NTK,MDMK,PMK,SMK,AIADMK and DMK.VCK Party also celebrated the birth day of Slain LTTE Leader Prabakaran along with other Tamil parties.
The **Vienna Symphony** (German: *Wiener Symphoniker*) is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.

History
-------

The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe. It was then called the *Wiener Concertverein* (Vienna Concert Society). In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna. In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra. In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).

During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda. They stopped playing in 1944.

Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's *Symphony No. 3*. Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra. From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.

When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.

Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.

Chief conductors
----------------

Wiener Konzerthaus
* 1900-1925 Ferdinand Löwe
* 1920s-1930s Wilhelm Furtwängler *(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)*
* 1933-1940s Oswald Kabasta
* 1946-1948 Hans Swarowsky
* 1948-1960 Herbert von Karajan *(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)*
* 1960-1970 Wolfgang Sawallisch
* 1970-1973 Josef Krips (artistic advisor)
* 1973-1976 Carlo Maria Giulini
* 1980-1982 Gennady Rozhdestvensky
* 1986-1991 Georges Prêtre (principal guest conductor)
* 1991-1996 Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
* 1997-2005 Vladimir Fedoseyev
* 2005-*present* Fabio Luisi

Related pages
-------------

* Vienna Philharmonic

Other websites
--------------

* History of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra
Ramses III built water gardens, and appears here to be holding a lotus blossom.
A **water garden** is a garden in which the chief thing, interest, and attraction is water and plants that live in water. The water may be put in a fountain, a pond, a waterfall, or other. Water have been built for thousands of years. It was natural that in the hot places of Egypt and Mesopotamia refreshing water gardens should be found. As early as 1225 BC, Ramses III built water lily ponds. 

The Inca of Peru built gold and silver water channels, pools, and basins as early as 2500 BC. Their homes and palaces had water running in channels under the floors to cool the surrounding air. Their courtyards had cooling pools for tired travelers.

The Chinese and Japanese imitated nature in their water gardens. The water garden was a sign of perfection and peace. By the third century AD they had written down the essentials of a water garden. In the 15th century, they turned the water garden into an art form that used the sound and motion of water. A reflecting pool expressed the union of heaven and earth. The Japanese built a dry garden, using small rocks, sand, and other materials to represent the course of a stream or river. Nature was recreated to serve as a source of thinking.

Europeans began using water for playing in the Middle Ages. Springs and wells were made focal points in gardens. Carp pools not only provided food, but a place for thinking and resting in monasteries. In Spain, the starkness of the Alhambra was softened with canals and pools.

Related pages
-------------

* Fountain of Apollo, Versailles

Gallery
-------

* Lion Fountain at the AlhambraLion Fountain at the Alhambra
* Baths of Apollo at VersaillesBaths of Apollo at Versailles
* Japanese water gardenJapanese water garden
* Kew Gardens, LondonKew Gardens, London
* Renaissance garden at Villa Lante, ItalyRenaissance garden at Villa Lante, Italy
* Yuyuan water garden in ChinaYuyuan water garden in China
* Papyrus in an Egyptian water gardenPapyrus in an Egyptian water garden
* Peterhof cascadePeterhof cascade
Bali Library
The legal status of same-sex marriage may have implications for the marriages of couples in which one or both parties are transgender, depending on how sex is defined within a jurisdiction. Transgender and intersex individuals may be prohibited from marrying partners of the "opposite" sex or permitted to marry partners of the "same" sex due to legal distinctions. In any legal jurisdiction where marriages are defined without distinction of a requirement of a male and female, these complications do not occur. In addition, some legal jurisdictions recognize a legal and official change of gender, which would allow a transgender male or female to be legally married in accordance with an adopted gender identity.

Laws concerning gender identity/expression, in the world.
In the United Kingdom, the **Gender Recognition Act 2004** allows a person who has lived in their chosen gender for at least two years to receive a gender recognition certificate officially recognizing their new gender. Such people are then free to enter or re-enter civil partnerships or marriages in accordance with their newly recognized gender identity. Support for same-sex marriage has increased across every age group, political ideology, religion, gender, race and region of various developed countries in the world.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai was a Rabbi from the Talmud. 

It’s said that when Rabbi Yehudah praised the Roman Empire for building good things, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai criticized the Romans saying that everything they did they only did to help themselves instead of the Jews while Rabbi Yossi said nothing. So the Romans exiled Rabbi Yossi, rewarded Rabbi Yehuda and sentenced Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai to death. 

To escape, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his son went into exile and spent years in a cave learning Torah from Elijah. When it was safe for them to leave they left and when Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai saw Jewish farmers farming instead of studying Torah, he criticized them so the field caught on fire and a voice from heaven asked "Have you come out to destroy my world" and told Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his son to go back to the cave. They did. 

One year later, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his son left the cave and after speaking to the other Jews, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai praised them for how much they honoured the Sabbath. According to tradition, what Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai learned from Elijah eventually became the Zohar.
In a chemical reaction, the **transition state** is the point where there is a maximum value of energy. This energy is called the activation energy. When two or more molecules are mixed, they will hit each other. If they hit with enough energy to go through the transition state, they will react and form new molecules. At the transition state, new bonds are formed while the old ones are broken. In a graph or a drawing, the transition state is often marked with the double dagger ‡ symbol.

The transition state of an SN2 reaction
It is very difficult to study a transition state. This is because it is so high in energy that the molecules will stay in that form for a very short time, usually femtoseconds. It is important not to confuse transition states with intermediates. Intermediates are found at minimum points of energy, and they can live for a very long time. Like a transition state, however, an intermediate is between reagents and products of a reaction.

Studying transition states is very important to understand reaction mechanisms. There are theories and computer programs that can be used to calculate how the transition state looks like. This is a part of chemical kinetics.
**Vienna Cricket and Football-Club** is a sport club from Vienna. Today they have tennis and athletics sections, but the club is most famous for the football section which was one of the oldest football clubs in Austria.

History
-------

Vienna Cricket and Football-Club 1897
The club was founded by English men in Vienna under the name Vienna Cricket Club. Because only few people want to see Cricket they founded a football section. They chanced the name to First Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. They want an official permit and got it on on 23 August 1894 only one day after Vienna FC. So they had to swipe the "first" out of their name. The first official match was a 4:0 win versus their rival First Vienna FC. Because the number of members increased many spin-offs happend. The most important was in 1911 the Wiener Amateursportverein later known as FK Austria Wien.

In 1908 the club hosted the first international match between Austria and Germany in front of 5,000 visitors. Ludwig Hussak was the only player from the club.

One of the founders, John Gramlick, later established the Challenge Cup. In the early 20th century the club was famous for Cricket and Football. Due to financial problems the football section of the club was dissolved in the early 1930s.

Honours
-------

* **Challenge Cup**:1898, 1902
* Challenge Cup runner-up:1900, 1904
* First league team:1911/12
The  **New Year Concert** of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.

Music and setting
-----------------

The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Joseph Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death. 

These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.

The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's *Blue Danube Waltz*. The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the *Radetzky March*. The audience like to clap along to the music.

The concert was first performed in 1939.

### Conductors

* Clemens Krauss, 1939, 1941–1945, 1948–1954
* Josef Krips, 1946–1947
* Willi Boskovsky, 1955–1979
* Lorin Maazel, 1980–1986, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2005
* Herbert von Karajan, 1987
* Claudio Abbado, 1988, 1991
* Carlos Kleiber, 1989, 1992
* Zubin Mehta, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2007
* Riccardo Muti, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004
* Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 2001, 2003
* Seiji Ozawa, 2002
* Mariss Jansons, 2006, 2012
* Georges Prêtre, 2008, 2010
* Daniel Barenboim, 2009
* Franz Welser-Möst, 2011
**Patricia Roc** (7 June 1915 – 30 December 2003), born **Felicia Miriam Ursula Herold**, was a British movie actress. She was popular in the Gainsborough melodramas such as *Madonna of the Seven Moons* (1945) and *The Wicked Lady* (1945). She only made one movie in Hollywood, *Canyon Passage* (1946). 

She also appeared in *Millions Like Us* (1943), *Jassy* (1945), *The Brothers* (1947) and *When the Bough Breaks* (1947).

Affair with Ronald Reagan
-------------------------

She met Ronald Reagan over lunch in 1945. They had an intense affair. Reagan, at the time, was married to Jane Wyman. Reagan wanted to marry her, but their relationship ended in 1947. Before her death, she kept a picture of Reagan and herself in the drawing-room of her Swiss home at ­Minusio, overlooking Lake Maggiore. It showed them gazing deeply into each other’s eyes.

Death
-----

Roc died of kidney failure in her home in Locarno, Switzerland, aged 88.

Other websites
--------------

* Patricia Roc on IMDb
**Singlish** is a language used mostly in Singapore. It is the first language of many younger Singaporeans, especially those whose parents do not share a native language or dialect, and is the second language of nearly all the rest of the country's residents.

The vocabulary of Singlish consists of words originating from English, Malay (mainly Bahasa Melayu rather than Indonesian), Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Tamil and to a lesser extent various other European, Indic and Sinitic languages, while Singlish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series. To date, other Asian languages like Japanese, Korean and other lesser known Chinese dialects such as Shanghainese have also been incorporated into Singlish. Recently, because Mandarin is taught to all Singaporean Chinese in school, Mandarin words have also become a part of Singlish. Singlish is a creole of English.

Singlish is closely related to Manglish of the nearby country Malaysia.

The Singaporean government wants people to use Singapore Standard English instead of Singlish because it believes in that Singaporeans need to be able to effectively communicate with the other English users in the world. The government runs the Speak Good English Movement to emphasise the point.

Other websites
--------------

* Singapore Speak Good English Movement Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
* The Coxford Singlish Dictionary @ Talkingcock.com
* A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English
* Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) Archived 2008-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
* An Annotated Bibliography of Works on Singapore English Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
* The NIE Corpus of Spoken Singapore English Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
* The Lim Siew Lwee Corpus of Informal Singapore Speech Archived 2021-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Taiwanese Celebrities Criticize Singaporean English
Thirumalairajan Pattinam from Karaikal District
**Tirumalairayanpattinam** is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India. This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district. The town's name is often shortened to **TR Pattinam**. This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River

TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar. Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468. At his time both the river and the town was named after him. But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.

Famous things in the Tirumalairayan Pattinam
--------------------------------------------

* A 160 year old bridge still stands in the Tirumalairajan River. Thirumalairayanpattinam River Shutters

* Aayiram Kaali Amman Temple is an ancient temple. The deity is made entirely of wood. Aayiram Kaali Amman Aalayam Temple

* Maasi magam festival

* Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Temple is also a famous temple.

Transportation
--------------

TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways. It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.
In differential calculus, the **product rule** is a rule that helps calculate derivates that have multiplication.

{\displaystyle F(x)=f(x)g(x)}

{\displaystyle F'(x)=f'(x)g(x)+g'(x)f(x)}.

Steps
-----

Say we have the function {\displaystyle F(x)=(x^{2}+3)\cos(x)}.

The two functions being multiplied are {\displaystyle x^{2}+3} and {\displaystyle \cos(x)}.

We can set

{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+3} and

{\displaystyle g(x)=\cos(x)}.

The rule needs us to find the derivative of both {\displaystyle f(x)} and {\displaystyle g(x)}.

We can find {\displaystyle f'(x)} by first using the sum rule to split {\displaystyle f(x)} into {\displaystyle x^{2}} and {\displaystyle 3}. After using the power rule, we have {\displaystyle f'(x)=2x}.

To find {\displaystyle g'(x)}, we need to find the derivative of {\displaystyle \cos(x)}, which is {\displaystyle -\sin(x)}, meaning {\displaystyle g'(x)=-\sin(x)}.

Now we can substitute the values into the equation,

{\displaystyle F'(x)=2x\cos(x)-\sin(x)(x^{2}+3)}.

Proof
-----

One definition of a derivative is

{\displaystyle F'(x)=\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {F(x+h)-F(x)}{h}}}, and we're trying to find the derivative of {\displaystyle f(x)g(x)}, so we can first set {\displaystyle F(x)} to {\displaystyle f(x)g(x)}.

{\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)g(x+h)-f(x)g(x)}{h}}}

We can't really do much with this so we need to manipulate the equation.

{\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)g(x+h)-f(x+h)g(x)+f(x+h)g(x)-f(x)g(x)}{h}}}

The {\displaystyle -f(x+h)g(x)+f(x+h)g(x)} part is equal to {\displaystyle 0}, meaning it didn't change the value of the equation. Now we can factor,

{\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{f(x+h)}\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {g(x+h)-g(x)}{h}}+\lim \_{h\to 0}{g(x)}\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}}, and because {\displaystyle h} approaches {\displaystyle 0}, {\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{f(x+h)}} is equal to f(x).

{\displaystyle {f(x+h)}\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {g(x+h)-g(x)}{h}}+{g(x)}\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}}, and {\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {g(x+h)-g(x)}{h}}} and {\displaystyle \lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}} are just equal to {\displaystyle g'(x)}and f'(x).

{\displaystyle F'(x)=f'(x)g(x)+g'(x)f(x)}.
**Steve Urkel** is a fictional character. He appeared on the ABC/CBS sitcom *Family Matters*. Actor Jaleel White played him until the show ended in 1997.

Steve Urkel was a breakout character. That means the original idea was that he would be in only one episode. But the viewers liked him so much that he became most popular character on the show. He gradually became its main character.

Urkel's annoying manners and silliness cause strange events that move the story forward. The other characters, the Winslow family, consider him a nuisance, though they come to accept him over time. Carl Winslow often yells. "Go home, Steve!" Steve answers, "I don't have to take this. I'm going home."

Steve Urkel wears big red glasses. He has a high-pitched voice and snorts when he laughs. He wears his pants too high up on his waist. He is in love with the oldest Winslow daughter, Laura. Laura often tells him that she does not like him, but he does not listen. Many of the episodes of *Family Matters* are about Urkel trying to convince Laura to be his girlfriend.

He is also one of the smartest students in the school that he goes to with Eddie and Laura Winslow. He can make inventions that are almost magical.

Other websites
--------------

* Steve Urkel on the Family Matters official Wiki
**Tirupati** is a city in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is a municipal corporation and headquarters of Tirupati revenue division and Tirupati mandal (taluk). As of the census of 2011, Tirupati is the 9th most populous city in Andhra Pradesh with the total population of 287,482. Population of the urban agglomeration of Tirupati is 459,985.

Tirupati has one of the most visited tourist attraction as well as religious shrine and the second richest temple in the world, the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. This temple is one of the holiest Hindu pilgrimage sites. Because of this temple, Tirupati is considered as "the Spiritual capital of Andhra Pradesh".

Tirupati is mainly world renowned for the holy temple as well as its prasadham, the Tirupati Laddu. The Tirupati Laddu is a famous naivedhyam or prasadham offered to devotees in the Tirumala Venkateshwara Temple.The other attractions here are the Padmavathi Temple, Govindaraja Temple, Kapileshwara Temple, Kapila Theertham, and Sri Kodhandaramaswami Temple.The second largest zoo park in Asia is the Venkateshwara Zoological Park, which is located in Tirupati.
**Zero-point energy** is the energy of the vacuum space, the space between the subatomic particles within atoms. There are a few theories about how much energy there is in that space. There is the theory that there is an incredibly small, very near-zero amount, the theory that there is zero energy there, the theory that the amount of energy is indeterminable, and the theory that a cubic centimetre of vacuum has a few levels of magnitude more energy than would be required to create the Big Bang.

If you look at the way physics is going, there are atoms, then there are subatomic particles making up atoms (e.g. electrons, protons, neutrons), then further subatomic particles making up those subatomic particles (e.g. quarks, gluons), and now there is string theory. String theory says that those smallest subatomic particles are made of vibrating strings of energy, and that those strings have practically no actual width whatsoever. So all the matter of the universe could be compressed into an extremely small space, hence the Big Bang theory. If this is the case, the large energy interpretation of zero-point energy seems likely.

The term "zero-point" comes from the cooling of helium to 0 kelvin. Even at fractions below 1 Kelvin, the helium stays fluid with no signs of freezing.

Other websites
--------------

* Physics: Superfluid helium HD | experiment and explanation.
* Zero-point energy? Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine "Ask the Van" popular science FAQ at University of Illinois.
Simple illustration of exons and introns in pre-mRNA and the formation of mature mRNA by splicing. The UTRs are non-coding parts of exons at the ends of the mRNA.
**RNA splicing** is a stage in gene transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which transfers the code from DNA to proteins, is built in two stages. 

In the first stage, each gene is translated into a pre-mRNA. Then the exons in pre-mRNAs are joined by splicing, which is done in the spliceosomes.

This is needed because the gene is split into code sections called exons and non-coding sections called introns. The exons are brought together by splicing.

So, in molecular biology, **splicing** is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined. This makes the final mRNA. This messenger RNA is then used to produce a correct protein by translation.

Alternative splicing
--------------------

See the main article: Alternative splicing
In many cases, the splicing process creates a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same messenger RNA. This phenomenon is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained.

Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes
-------------------------

Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life, however, the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions. Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely. Another important difference is that prokaryotes completely lack spliceosomes.

Discovery
---------

Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of introns and the splicing process.

In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.

The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA which is not involved in protein expression. The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process Sharp called "splicing". The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes.
A xerophyte species *Euphorbia virosa*
**Xerophytes** are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas. They are a type of succulent plant. To survive these harsh conditions they have special features. For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss. Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.

Adaptions
---------

Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought. They can still extract water from soil. They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.

Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs). Thick waxy cuticle (*Aloe*); hairy surfaces (*Edelweiss*); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (baobab). They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.

Mechanism table
---------------

| Mechanism | Adaptation | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Limit water loss** | waxy stomata | prickly pear |
|  | few stomata |  |
|  | sunken stomata | pine |
|  | stomata open at night | tea plant |
|  | CAM photosynthesis provides CO2 during day when stomata are closed | cactus |
|  | large hairs on surface | bromeliads |
|  | curled leaves | esparto grass |
| **Storage of water** | succulent leaves | *Kalanchoe* |
|  | succulent Plant stem | *Euphorbia* |
|  | fleshy tuber | *Raphionacme* |
| **Water uptake** | deep root system | *Acacia*, *Prosopis* |
|  | below water table | *Nerium oleander* |
|  | absorbing surface moisture from leaf hairs or trichomes | *Tillandsia* |
A picture of a fetus, aged 29 weeks, in a "3D ultrasound"
**Ultrasound** is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

Hearing ultrasound
------------------

Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.

Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

Ultrasonic cleaning
-------------------

Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.
The name **Sandy** [ **san**-dee ] is a given name. It can be used for both men and women. It is a short form of the names **Alexander**, **Cassandra** or **Sandra**. The name Sandy is commonly understood to mean "defender of mankind," which originates from the Greek name Alexander that means "defender of the people." Sandy is often used as a nickname for Alexander, but it has also become a popular name on its own. Those with the name Sandy are typically perceived as strong and protective, with a natural inclination to assist others. Another meaning of the name Sandy is "from the sandy shore," which comes from the Old English word "sandig" meaning "sandy." Individuals with this name are frequently associated with the beach and the ocean and may enjoy outdoor activities and water sports. They are often seen as adventurous and free-spirited, with a love of exploration and travel. In some cultures, the name Sandy is linked with the color yellow. This is due to the fact that the term "sandy" can also mean "yellowish-brown" in certain contexts. Those with this name may be regarded as optimistic and cheerful, with a sunny disposition and a positive outlook on life. Furthermore, the name Sandy is associated with the element of fire because the word "sandy" can also mean "fiery" or "passionate" in certain contexts. People with this name may be perceived as intense and passionate, with a strong desire to succeed and a fierce determination to achieve their goals.This name is used more for females than for males. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). Notable people by the name include baseball player Sandy Koufax, professional golfer Sandy Lyle, and actresses Sandy Duncan and Sandy Dennis. This name was also used for the fictional dog belonging to Annie in *Little Orphan Annie*. 

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeastern United States. The name *Sandy* was later retired and replaced by *Sara*.

People
------

* Sandy Lam, Hong Kong singer
This article is about a computer device. For the term describing the edges of a field of vision, see Peripheral vision.
Peripheral equipment
**Peripheral equipment** (also called: **input and output devices**) connects a computer to other things. It gives a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.

Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.

Peripheral equipment is often labelled **I/O device** (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse. It is connected in the same way as an output device. Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth radio.

One peripheral device can be connected to many systems. 

Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device. 

Small laptop computers can also connect to peripheral equipment

Input devices
-------------

An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a TV. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.

### Examples

* Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
* Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer. The pictures become information inside the computer.
	+ Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
* Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
* Webcam
* Joystick

Output devices
--------------

An output device is anything to which the computer sends signals, for example things that display information from the computer or make sound from the computer. 

See the main article: Output device
A portable storage device

Input/Output devices
--------------------

* Hard disk: A data storage device
* Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
* Other data storage devices
* etc.
**Tony Warren** (8 July 1936 – 1 March 2016) is the founder of ITV television series *Coronation Street*.

Early life
----------

Tony Warren was born Anthony McVay Simpson in Eccles to George M. and Doris Simpson. George M. Simpson fought in World War II and could speak seven languages. After the war, he worked as a fruit importer and played the violin in George M Simpson’s Tonics Dance Orchestra.

Tony would visit his mother's mother's house and listen to her visitors talk. He would later use these memories to make the characters on *Coronation Street* talk like real people.

He began working in Sunday School plays and then the BBC's Children's Hour. He took the stage name Tony Warren while still a child actor.

Warren went to Eccles grammar school on a scholarship. He went to Liverpool's Shelagh Elliott-Clarke's drama school but was told he had to leave school after 18 months. He went to London and worked on acting and writing.

Career
------

In 1958, Warren started working at ITV company Granada Television as a writer. He worked on *Shadow Squad*, *Biggles*, and other projects.

Warren started his own series in the 1960s. At first he called it *Florizel Street*, but a tea lady at Granada named Agnes said that sounded "like a disinfectant", so they changed the name to *Coronation Street*.

*Coronation Street* was a success, but Warren began to have problems with money, drugs, and alcohol. Sometimes he would leave the country. He tried to write *Ferry Cross the Mersey* but could not. He did write other things: *The War of Darkie Pilbeam* in 1968.

Warren managed to become sober. He worked as a consultant on *Coronation Street* and related projects. He wrote novels: *The Lights of Manchester* in 1991, *Foot of the Rainbow* in 1993, *Behind Closed Doors* in 1995, and *Full Steam Ahead* in 1998.

Other websites
--------------

* IMDB

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Netherlands

 |
**United States of America Mathematical Olympiad**, or **USAMO**, is a highly selective (only very good people take it) mathematics competition that takes place in the United States. The first USAMO was in 1972. It is the final round of the AMC series of contests. **The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO)** was created in 2010 to recognize top scorers based on their AMC10-based index (score). Qualifying for the USAMO is considered one of the most prestigious, or best, awards for high school students in the United States, with only 264 students qualifying in 2013 out of over 350,000 students competing. Top scorers on the USAMO are invited to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad.

AMC Competition Series
----------------------

### Competitions

The AMC Competition Series consists of multiple tests to determine the 6 people that will represent the United States in the International Mathematical Olympiad:

* AMC 8/10/12 is available for everyone who is not over 8th, 10th, or 12th grade, respectively.
* AIME can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AMC 10 and 12.
* USAMO can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AIME and AMC 12.

### MOP

Mathematical Olympiad Program, is an intense summer program for the top scorers in the USAMO. In MOP, students take tests called TSTST and TST. 6 top scorers will represent the United States at the IMO.
In physics, the **weber** (symbol: Wb; /ˈveɪbər/, /ˈwɛbər/, or /ˈwiːbər/) is the SI unit of magnetic flux. A *flux density* of one Wb/m2 (one weber per square meter) is one tesla.

The weber is named for the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891).

Definition
----------

The weber may be defined in terms of Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the electric field around the loop. A change in flux of one weber per second will induce an electromotive force of one volt (produce an electric potential difference of one volt across two open-circuited terminals). 

Officially,

> Weber (unit of magnetic flux) — The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.
> 
> 

In SI base units, the dimensions of the weber are (kg·m2)/(s2·A). Many times, the weber is expressed in terms of other derived units as the Tesla-square meter (T·m2), volt-seconds (V·s), or joules per ampere (J/A).

1 Wb = 1 V·s = 1 T·m2 = 1 J/A = 108 Mx (maxwells).
The **Weber–Fechner law** is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel.

The case of weight
------------------

In one of his classic experiments, Weber gradually increased the weight that a blindfolded man was holding and asked him to respond when he first felt the increase. Weber found that the response was proportional to a relative increase in the weight. That is to say, if the weight is 1 kg, an increase of a few grams will not be noticed. Rather, when the mass is increased by a certain factor, an increase in weight is perceived. If the mass is doubled, the threshold is also doubled.

The relationship between stimulus and perception is logarithmic. This logarithmic relationship means that if a stimulus varies as a geometric progression (i.e. multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding perception is altered in an arithmetic progression (i.e. in additive constant amounts). For example, if a stimulus is tripled in strength (i.e. 3 x 1), the corresponding perception may be two times as strong as its original value (i.e. 1 + 1). If the stimulus is again tripled in strength (i.e. 3 x 3 x 1), the corresponding perception will be three times as strong as its original value (i.e. 1 + 1 + 1). Hence, for multiplications in stimulus strength, the strength of perception only adds.

This logarithmic relationship is valid, not just for the sensation of weight, but for other stimuli and our sensory perceptions as well.

Related pages
-------------

* Stevens' power law
* Nervous system
Szreniawa - Potockis' coat of arms**Wacław Potocki** (1621 – 1696) was a Polish Baroque poet.

Biography
---------

Wacław Potocki was born in the village named Wola Łużańska near the town of Biecz in Southern Poland. He was a member of noblemen family. They were Polish Brethren, Christians of the Minor Reformed Church. He was married to Katarzyna Morsztyn. After all Polish Brethren were given order either to become Roman Catholic or to go out of Poland forever, he changed his faith. Wacław Potocki died at Łużna in 1696. He was buried in Francuscan Church in Biecz.

Works
-----

Wacław Potocki wrote a lot. He is the author of *Ogród fraszek* (*The Garden of Verses*) that consists of more than 2 000 short poems. Another book by Potocki, named *Moralia* is composed of more than 2 000 pieces, too. This was based on *Adagia* by Erasmus of Rotterdam. He wrote many poems, sometimes in ottava rima. His best known work is an epic poem *Wojna chocimska* (*The War of Chocim*). It was compared by Claude Backvis, a Belgian scholar, to John Milton's Paradise Lost. It narrates about the great battle against the Turks. The battle was fought in 1621, when the poet was born. The poem was written fifty years after. It is in heroic couplets. Lines of the poem consist of thirteen syllables with feminine rhymes.

Other websites
--------------

* Full text of Wacław Potocki's Wojna chocimska in Polish. Archived 2016-11-15 at the Wayback Machine