recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Grand Cross in a Special Design (left), Special degree of the Grand Cross (middle and right)
The **Bundesverdienstkreuz** (Federal Cross of Merit) is Germany's only general decoration (award). It is officially called the *Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland* (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany). This Federal Order of Merit was created on 7 September 1951. Germany gives between 3,000 and 5,200 awards every year, in all classes.

Most of the Länder have their own orders of merit. There are up to three ranks (member, officer, commander). The Cities of Bremen and Hamburg do not have an order, and by old tradition its citizens will refuse any decoration in form of an order.

Classes
-------

The Bundesverdienstkreuz has eight classes, in ascending order:

* Verdienstmedaille (Medal of Merit)
* Verdienstkreuz am Bande (Cross of Merit on ribbon)
	+ international: Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross)
* Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Cross of Merit, First class)
	+ international: Offizierkreuz (Officer's Cross)
* Großes Verdienstkreuz (Halskreuz) (Great Cross of Merit, neck cross)
	+ international: Komturkreuz (Commander's Cross)
* Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern (Great Cross of Merit with star)
	+ international: Großoffizierkreuz (Great Officer's Cross)
* Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (Great Cross of Merit with Star and shoulder ribbon)
	+ international: Großkreuz 2. Klasse (Grand Cross of Merit, Second class) oder Großkomturkreuz (Grand Commander's Cross)
* Großkreuz (Grand Cross)
* Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes (Special class of the Grand Cross)

The President of the Federal Republic holds the *Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes* ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag. The Chancellor, the President of the Bundesrat and the President of the Bundesverfassungsgericht attend this ceremony. Other than the President of the Federal Republic, only a foreign head of state can receive the highest class award. People can also receive the Großkreuze in a special rare design. Only two people have had this award, Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl.

Insignia
--------

Except for the lowest class, the badge is the same for all classes. However, the badge and ribbon for women is a little smaller. The badge is a golden Maltese Cross enamelled in red. It has a central disc with a black eagle. The star is golden. It has straight rays and its size and points vary according to class. The badge is on top of it. The ribbon is red with gold-black-gold stripes.
The **Brandenburg Navy** (in German: *Kurbrandenburgische Marine*) was the navy of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from the 16th century to 1701.

Painting of the Brandenburg Navy on the Open Sea (1684).
The merger of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg in *"1701"*, would give way to the Kingdom of Prussia and this would also give way to the creation of the Prussian Navy, successor to this old Navy.

History
-------

It would be founded at an unknown time in the 16th century, and would be commanded by the Prince-Electors of Brandenburg, who belonged to the Hohenzollern Dynasty, and would operate several battles in the Baltic, during the colonial era of Brandenburg, the army would take care of protecting to the Brandenburg Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) and several islands in the Antilles, to protect the interests in these colonies. They would also participate in various naval blockades of countries. Over time *Brandenburg* would lose its colonies and would sequentially be merged with Prussia, in 1721, it would be completely merged with the *Prussian Navy* to create a single Navy.

Ships
-----

Frederick William of Brandenburg.
List of ships in the Brandenburg Navy:

* *Friedrich Wilhelm zu Pferde* (frigate)
* *Berlin* (frigate)
* *Dorothea* (frigate)
* *Rother Löwe* (frigate)
* *Carolus Secundus* (frigate)
* *Kurprinz von Brandenburg* (frigate)
* *Chur Prinz* (frigate)
* *Morian* (frigate)
* *Wappen von Brandenburg* (frigate)
* *Bracke* (yacht)
* *Große Jacht* (yacht)
* *Wasserhund* (warship)
* *Fuchs* (warship)
* *Einhorn* (warship)
* *Printz Ludwig* (warship)
* *Falke* (warship)
* *Jean Baptista* (warship)
* *Marie* (warship)
* *Spandau* (warship)
* *Stern* (warship)
* *Princesse Maria*

Other websites
--------------

* www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de
* kurbrandenburgische marine

* Ulrich van der Heyden: *Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preußische Kolonie Großfriedrichsburg in Westafrika*. Berlin: Selignow-Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-933889-04-9
* Werner Rahn: *Deutsche Marinen im Wandel: Vom Symbol nationaler Einheit zum Instrument internationaler Sicherheit*, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2005, ISBN 3-486-57674-7
**Brasília** (bɾaˈziliɐ) is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled *Brasilia* in English. The city and its Federal District are in the Central-West region of the country. It is on a plateau known as *Planalto Central*. Brasília has a population of about 2,557,000 (3,599,000 in the metropolitan area) as of the 2008 IBGE estimate. It is the fourth largest city in Brazil. But the Brasília metropolitan area is the sixth largest in the nation. It is listed as a World Heritage Site. Brasília hosts 124 foreign embassies.

Viewed from above, the main portion of the city resembles an airplane or a butterfly. The Monumental Axis goes east-west and holds government buildings and monuments. The other axis is curved in a north south direction. The city is commonly referred to as *Capital Federal*, or simply *BSB*. As the national capital, Brasília is the seat of all three branches of the Brazilian government. The city also hosts the headquarters of many Brazilian companies. Planning policies place residential buildings around expansive urban areas. The plan includes large avenues. It divides the city into sectors with different purposes, including accommodation and tourism. The city is built around an artificial lake, Lake Paranoá.

Residents of Brasília are known as *brasilienses* or *candangos*. (The *candangos* are people who moved to Brasília when the city was established). In local usage, the word "Brasília" usually refers only to the First Administrative Region within the Distrito Federal (Federal District), where the most important government buildings are. Brasília has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like nearly all cities in Brazil. In the rest of Brazil, Brasília is almost always means the Brazilian Federal District. There are several "satellite cities," which are also part of the Federal District.

History
-------

The city was planned and developed as a new town in 1956. Lúcio Costa was the principal urban planner and Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect. Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. They created the *Plano Piloto de Brasília*. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960.

On 8 January 2023, supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Palácio do Planalto. The event was seen as an attempted coup d'état to overturn the election results of the 2022 general election.

Transportation
--------------

The Brasília subway system (*Metrô de Brasília*) has 24 stations on two lines 42 km (26 mi) long. The subway currently covers the south half of the metropolitan area. In 2010, a light rail line was added. By 2014, the light rail line will go from the end of the north wing of the city to the airport in the south.

Brasília International Airport is the main airport in Brasília, connecting the capital to all major Brazilian cities and many airports in other countries. It is the third most important airport of Brazil, in terms of passengers and aircraft movements.
**Bel canto** is a way of singing in opera. It comes from the Italian, meaning "beautiful singing". 

Bel canto singing means singing beautifully, flexibly and smoothly, delivering high and low notes in a similar style so that all the notes of a singer's range sound even from top to bottom. Bel canto singing started when opera began in the 1600s, but the term "bel canto" is normally used for operas written in the early 19th century. The operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti need bel canto singing. The term "bel canto" was not used at the time. People only started talking about "bel canto" in the mid-to-late 19th century, when a lot of new operas by composers such as Richard Wagner appeared. These new operas had to have singers with big, dramatic voices if they were to sound good.

Bel canto-style operas came back into fashion in the 1950s, having been out of favour for the previous 50 or 60 years. Today, some of the most popular operas are bel canto ones. Famous bel canto singers of recent times include the sopranos Maria Callas, Joan Sutherland, Montserrat Caballé, Beverly Sills and the tenors Francisco Araiza, Juan Diego Florez, Alfredo Kraus, Luciano Pavarotti. 

Mathilde Marchesi was a famous 19th-century bel canto teacher.
The narrative of **Bel and the Dragon** is from chapter 14 of the Book of Daniel. This chapter, along with chapter 13, is referred to as deuterocanonical, in that it is not universally accepted among Christians as belonging to the Bible. The story is typically not included in Protestant Bibles.

It is believed by some scholars to have been written in the late 2nd century BC and accounted apocryphal by Protestants. The chapter is formed of three independent narratives, which place the culture-hero Daniel at the court of Cyrus, king of the Persians: "When King Astyages was laid to rest with his ancestors, Cyrus the Persian succeeded to his kingdom." There Daniel "was a companion of the king, and was the most honored of all his Friends" (14:1).

The narrative of Bel (14:1–22) is a folk tale ridiculing worship. In it, the king asks Daniel "Do you not think that Bel is a living god? Do you not see how much he eats and drinks every day?" Daniel proves through a ruse that the sacred meal of Bel is actually consumed at night by the seventy priests and their wives and children, who entered through a secret door when the temple's doors were sealed. The priests and their wives and children are killed, and Daniel is permitted to destroy the idol of Bel and the temple. This version has been cited as an ancestor of the "locked room mystery". 

In the brief companion narrative of the Dragon (14:23–30), "there was a great dragon, which the Babylonians revered." In this case the supposed god is no idol, but not all that eats is divine: Daniel slew the dragon by making cakes of pitch, fat and hair. The dragon ate them and burst open. Now the Babylonians were indignant. "The king has become a Jew; he has destroyed Bel, and killed the dragon, and slaughtered the priests," they said, and demanded that Daniel be handed over to them.

The third narrative (14:31–42), Daniel in the Lions' Den, is apparently Daniel's 1st or 2nd trip. It has been made into a consequence of the preceding episode, but the Septuagint precedes it with the notice: "From the prophecy of Habakkuk, son of Jesus, of the tribe of Levi." Daniel remained unharmed in the den with seven lions, fed by the miraculous transportation of the prophet Habakkuk. "On the seventh day the king came to mourn for Daniel. When he came to the den he looked in, and there sat Daniel! The king shouted with a loud voice, "You are great, O Lord, the God of Daniel, and there is no other besides you!" Then he pulled Daniel out, and threw into the den those who had attempted his destruction, and they were instantly eaten before his eyes." Some have suggested that the Daniel in Bel and the Dragon is different from that of Daniel 1-13.

Other websites
--------------

* Early Jewish Writings: Bel and the Dragon
* Daniel 14 in the NAB
**Jørgen Bent Larsen** (4 March 1935–9 September 2010) was a Danish chess Grandmaster. He was a six-time Danish champion, and a candidate for the World Chess Championship on four occasions: 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1977. He won three Interzonal tournaments: Amsterdam 1964, Sousse 1967, and Biel 1976. Larsen won several dozen major international tournaments during his career, and was awarded the first Chess Oscar in 1967. At his best he was rated (FIDE rating list) fourth in the world.

Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark, and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen. From the early 1970s, he lived for part of the year in Las Palmas, and in Buenos Aires, with his Argentinian-born wife.

Olympiad performances
---------------------

Bent represented Denmark six times in Chess Olympiads, always on first board, and compiled an aggregate score of 75/109 (+61 =28 −20), for 68.8%, according to olimpbase.org. He always played a very high number of games, almost all of the rounds, and won three board medals, one gold and two bronze.

* Amsterdam 1954, board one, 13½/19 (+11 =5 −3), board bronze medal;
* Moscow 1956, board one, 14/18 (+11 =6 −1), board gold medal;
* Munich 1958, board one, 13/19 (+11 =4 −4);
* Havana 1966, board one, 11/18 (+9 =4 −5);
* Lugano 1968, board one, 10½/18 (+8 =5 −5);
* Siegen 1970, board one, 13/17 (+11 =4 −2), board bronze medal.

Disaster in Denver
------------------

The worst result of his career was his 6–0 defeat by Bobby Fischer in the semi-finals of the Candidates matches in 1971. The match was played in Denver, Colorado. Larsen later claimed in a Kasparov.com interview (1998) that his one-sided loss to Fischer was due in part to his condition during the match: "The organizers chose the wrong time for this match. I was languid with the heat and Fischer was better prepared for such exceptional circumstances... I saw chess pieces through a mist and, thus, my level of playing was not good". Fischer was the great player of the day, and went on to beat Spassky in 1972 for the World Championship.

* Bent Larsen 1970. *Larsen's selected games of chess*. Bell, London.

Other websites
--------------

* Lubomir Kavalek: Chess great Bent Larsen dies
**Belanglo State Forest** is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

History
-------

### Backpacker Murders

In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as *The Backpacker Murders* and was thought to be the work of a serial killer. Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

### Other murders

On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.

On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave. 
One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.
The **Byzantine calendar** was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 A.D. to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 A.D. to 1453, when the empire fell, and by Russia from 988 A.D. to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January. Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 B.C. to 31 August, 5508 B.C.

Background
----------

The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar. But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Other differences
-----------------

The Roman calendar did not include dates for Old Testament prophets. The Byzantine calendar does.

Russia
------

Peter the great became tsar of Russia in 1682. At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence. The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar. By the early 1800s the Russian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar used by western Europe. So dating something between the two systems became a problem. Dating notations such as 1 March O.S. (meaning Old Style, Julian or Russian) were used. Another example is 16 May 1582 N.S. (New Style or Gregorian calendar). Other notations included both: 25 October/6 November 1917, trying to show how the same day appeared in different calendars.

On 1 January 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the Russian/Byzantine calendar was no longer used.
**Ball lightning** is a glowing ball of lightning that sometimes appears in a thunderstorm, but usually lasts much longer than lightning. Scientists do not understand ball lightning very well, and some even do not think ball lightning is real, because it is so strange. However, it has been widely reported in weather journals by many trustworthy people. So, it is very possible that it is real.

Description
-----------

Those who have seen it say it's the size of a grapefruit or basketball; it has even been said to be as big as a car. The glowing ball is either red, orange, or yellow. A few people have seen it falling from clouds. Sometimes, ball lightning floats or glides just above the ground for a few seconds, or it can roll on the surface of an object. Hissing noises come from the fiery orb. Some have even thought it was a UFO. Ball lightning sometimes explodes loudly, while other times it just quietly disappears. It has been known to smash or simply go through windows, hopping and sizzling across the floor, and then disappear into things like TVs or up the chimney. Some say that ball lightning can kill humans, while others say that its effect on humans are harmless.

Sightings
---------

Many people are said to have seen ball lightning. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer wrote about "globular lightning", saying they may fall to the ground or explode like a cannon. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes in her book about ball lightning, saying that when she was little, she saw balls of light, which her mother chased away with a broom.

Czar Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, said he had seen ball lightning:

> During the service there was a powerful thunderstorm, streaks of lightning flashed one after the other, and it seemed as if the peals of thunder would shake even the church and the whole world to its foundations. Suddenly it became quite dark, a blast of wind from the open door blew out the flame of the candles which were lit in front of the iconostasis, there was a long clap of thunder, louder than before, and I suddenly saw a fiery ball flying from the window straight towards the head of the Emperor. The ball (it was of lightning) whirled around the floor, then passed the chandelier and flew out through the door into the park. My heart froze, I glanced at my grandfather - his face was completely calm. He crossed himself just as calmly as he had when the fiery ball had flown near us, and I felt that it was unseemly and not courageous to be frightened as I was. .. After the ball had passed through the whole church, and suddenly gone out through the door, I again looked at my grandfather. A faint smile was on his face, and he nodded his head at me. My panic disappeared, and from that time I had no more fear of storms.
> 
> — Czar Nicholas II

Other websites
--------------

* A video of a microwave plasma ball experiment
* CityTV report on lightning striking a car
**Ballan** is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is 78 km (48 mi) north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.

History
-------

The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800s, with Europen settlement.

The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria, and working their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.

There were fights between the Wautharong people and white farmers during settlement. Robert Von Steiglitz said stated in his diary:

> 
> ... it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither ...
> 
> 
> 

Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.

Ballan’s first primary school started on 8 January 1855.

The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.

St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.

On 15 November 2003 a Sprinter train going to Ballarat was derailed (came off the tracks) between Ballan and Gordon hurting 61 people when it crashed into a car on a country railway crossing.

Community
---------

The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.
It also has two senior and three junior cricket teams in the Ballarat Cricket Association.

Court house
Ballan Mechanic's Institute

Festivals and attractions
-------------------------

* There is a Vintage Machinery and Vehicle Rally in February. It is well known for its Vintage Tractor Pull.
* An Autumn Festival is held in Ballan every year in late March.
* There is a mineral spring at Ballan.
* South of Ballan are the Brisbane Ranges National Park and the You Yangs Forest Park.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ballan, Victoria***.

* Ballan Online Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
Ballarat Airport terminal
**Ballarat Airport** (ICAO: **YBLT**) or **Ballarat Aerodrome**, is at Mitchell Park an outer suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.

History
-------

Pilots were first trained on the Ballarat Common in 1914-15. In 1934 a tin hangar was built.

### World War II

In 1940, in World War II, the site was taken over by the Australian government and a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) airfield known as Empire Air Training Scheme **No 1 Wireless Air Gunners School** was begun (EATS 1 WAGS) at the Ballarat Showgrounds on 22 April 1940.

The hangar was moved to the Commonwealth Flax Mill, and four Bellman Hangars and numerous "P"-type hut buildings were erected. In mid-1940 the Wireless Air Gunners School moved to the aerodrome. At first the wireless operators were mainly trained in panel vans, but from mid 1941, they used CAC Wackett trainer aircraft.

No 1 WAGS was disbanded on 31 December 1945.

### Post War

The RAAF continued to use the airfield as its Radio School until 1961. The Shire of Ballarat took over the airport as a civil airport and kept many of the hangars and other structures. Most of the P Huts were sold by the Australian government.

The site was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register in 2007 because of its history with the Empire Air Training Scheme in Victoria.

The airport still has an important role in emergency services operation, civil operation, and flight training. Many community groups and organisations use the old buildings.

Motorsport
----------

The airfield was also used for motor sport, starting on Australia Day in 1947 when it held its first motor race meeting. In February there was an International Formula Libre race, which was attended by some European Formula 1 teams. BRM factory drivers Dan Gurney and Graham Hill finished first and second in the major race, the Victoria Trophy with Ron Flockhart third in a Cooper. On the night before the race Gurney's car was stolen from its hangar and driven into or hidden with, hay bales out on the track.

Other websites
--------------

* Ballarat Aero Club Archived 2008-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Ballarat Aviation Museum Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Anson Museum
* Heritage Victoria
**C-type asteroids** are asteroids made of carbonates. They are the most common variety taking up around 75% of known asteroids, and an even higher percentage in the farther part of the belt beyond 2.7 AU, which is dominated by this asteroid type. The amount of C-types may actually be higher than this, because C-types are much darker than most other asteroid types except D-types and others common only at the extreme farther edge of the Main Belt.

Characteristics
---------------

This type of asteroid has very similar spectra to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (types CI and CM), whose chemical make-up is about the same as the Sun and the primitive solar nebula, except that they do not contain hydrogen, helium and other volatiles. Hydrated (water-containing) minerals are present.

C-type asteroids are very dark with albedos usually in the 0.03 to 0.10 range. Consequently, whereas a number of S-types can normally be viewed with binoculars at opposition, even the biggest C-types require a small telescope. The potentially brightest C-type asteroid is 324 Bamberga, but that object's very high eccentricity means it rarely reaches its maximum magnitude.

Their spectra contain moderately strong ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths below about 0.4 μm to 0.5 μm, while at longer wavelengths they are very featureless but slightly reddish. The so-called "water" absorption feature around 3 μm, which can be a sign of water content in minerals is also present.

The biggest unequivocally **C-type** asteroid is 10 Hygiea, although the SMASS classification places the biggest asteroid 1 Ceres, here as well, because that scheme lacks a G-type.
**Casio fx-991EX** is a scientific calculator made by Casio. It has 552 functions and 12 modes.

Modes
-----

### 1: Calculate

This mode allows you for basic calculations.

### 2: Complex

This mode allows you for complex calculations.

### 3: Base-N

This mode allows you for calculations in base 2, 8, 10 or 16.

### 4: Matrix

This mode allows you for matrices up to 4x4.

### 5: Vector

This mode allows you for vector calculations.

### 6: Statistics

This mode allows you for statistics.

| Type | Max rows |
| --- | --- |
| x | 160 |
| x, Freq | 80 |
| x, y | 80 |
| x, y, Freq | 53 |

### 7: Distribution

This mode allows you for distribution calculations.

### 8: Spreadsheet

This mode allows you for spreadsheets (up to 45 rows, 5 columns).

### 9: Table

This mode allows you for listing calculations up to 45 (f(x)) or 30 (f(x) and g(x)) rows.

### A: Equation/Func

This mode allows you for simulatmous equations and polynomials.

### B: Inequality

This mode allows you for inequality polynomials.

### C: Ratio

This mode allows you for rational calculations.
Carbon disulfide structure
**Carbon disulfide**, also known as **carbon bisulfide**, is a chemical compound. It consists of carbon and sulfide ions. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and sulfur in its -2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CS2.

Properties
----------

It is similar to carbon dioxide, although much more reactive. Sulfide is a much more powerful reducing agent than oxide. It burns very easily and catches fire at 90°C. It smells sweet but is often contaminated other chemicals that smell bad.

Preparation
-----------

It used to be made by reacting carbon and sulfur at a very high temperature. Now it is made by "burning" methane in sulfur (instead of oxygen). It is much harder to burn methane in sulfur. The waste product (carbon disulfide) is also much more reactive than carbon dioxide, the normal waste product.

Uses
----

It is used to make carbon tetrachloride. It is also used in making organic chemicals. It is used to dissolve things like phosphorus and iodine and to kill insects.

Safety
------

Carbon disulfide is very flammable and is also toxic in large amounts when breathed in.

Related pages
-------------

* Iron sulfide
***Caihong*** (Chinese: 彩虹; pinyin: *cǎihóng*; literally: "rainbow") is an extinct dinobird from Late Jurassic China. *Caihong* was discovered in 2014. The animal may predate the famous *Aurornis xui*, the earliest bird, by about 1 million years.

The type species, ***Caihong juji***, was named in 2018.

Description
-----------

### Size

The shoulder girdle and limbs of *Caihong*
*Caihong* was a rather small dinosaur. Its length was estimated at 40 cm (16 inches), and its weight at 475 g (1.047 pounds).

### Skeleton

Feathering on different areas of PMoL-B00175
The skull of *Caihong* has a length of 67.6 millimetres. It is low and elongated (superficially similar to that of *Velociraptor)*, only slightly shorter than the femur.

#### Vertebrae

*Caihong* probably has ten neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae and twenty-sic tail vertebrae.

### Feathering and coloration

The fossilized feathers of *Caihong* showed similarity to a black iridescent color in extant birds. Other feathers found on the head, chest, and the base of the tail preserve flattened sheets of platelet-like melanosomes.

*Caihong* represents the oldest known evidence of platelet-like melanosomes.
The **Billups Neon Crossing Signal** was a special signal to warn car and truck drivers that a train was coming. It was placed at a dangerous Illinois Central railroad crossing on Mississippi State Route 7 in Grenada, Mississippi.

It was put up in the mid-1930s by inventor Alonzo Billups. Mr. Billups and the railroad were worried; the crossing had many accidents between trains and motor vehicles. He wanted drivers who were going to cross the tracks to know that a train was coming and he wanted to do it in a very big way. The Billups signal was built like a giant steel gantry which went up and over the entire highway. This is similar to crossing signals used today in North America; Mr. Billups' signal may have been the very first time such a signal was built. A pair of flashing red lights similar to those used today topped giant neon signs on either side of the big gantry. The signs lit up with the words "Stop-DEATH-Stop" along with a neon skull and crossbones. Flashing neon arrows pointed toward the train to tell drivers which way the train was coming. The Billups Neon Crossing Signal even had a special way of warning drivers with sound. Instead of the electric or electronic bells used now, this signal used a very loud air raid siren.

After World War II started, neon became hard to get. The signal had electrical problems as well. Often, the air raid siren would go off even if no train was coming and it wouldn't shut off until the railroad sent a repair crew. No more of these special signals were ever built and the only one ever built was taken down after less than twenty years.

Other websites
--------------

* Kalmbach Publishing, *TRAINS* Magazine, May 2003, *Stop-DEATH-Stop,* "Railroad Reading"
***Casineria*** was a tetrapod which lived 340 million years ago (mya) in the Mississippian. It was a small animal, length about 15 centimeters. 

It lived in what was then a fairly dry environment in what is now Scotland. It had a mosaic of 'basal' (= primitive) amphibian and 'derived' (= advanced) amniote characters. 

*Casineria* was at or very near the origin of the amniotes. It may have been one of the very first true amniotes. The only fossil lacks key elements: most of the skull and the whole lower body is missing. This makes exact analysis difficult.

*Casineria* was an insectivore. This earliest amniote had five fingers with claws on each hand, and marks the earliest known clawed foot.

Its name, *Casineria*, is a latin version of *Cheese Bay*, the site near Edinburgh, where it was found.

Discovery
---------

In 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remains of this four-legged creature on the shore of Cheese Bay, Scotland. For the next five years, the fossil waited at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. In 1997, work began to expose the remainder of the fossil from the surrounding matrix of stone. 

The work revealed that the animal probably lived in an environment much drier than previously understood. The findings were first reported in 1999.

Phylogenetic relationship
-------------------------

*Casineria* shows features that ties it in with early tetrapods, notably a generally gracile (slim) build with light leg-bones, unfused ankles and toes ending in claws. This would enable the animal to use their feet actively in traction, rather than as holdfasts. This indicates a mainly terrestrial lifestyle. These traits shows it was closely related to amniotes.

With its advanced features, *Casineria* may have been one of the very first true amniotes, that is, egg-layers before the split between Synapsids and Sauropsids. *Casineria* pushes back the origin of amniote lineages much further than was previously realized.

*Casineria* and its relatives were perhaps the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land.
**C-sharp minor** or **C♯ minor** is a minor scale based on C♯. Its key signature has four sharps.

Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major.

Classical music in this key
---------------------------

There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor.

This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrotetwo keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous *Moonlight Sonata*, the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op. 131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's *Fantaisie-Impromptu*. Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).
See also: D-flat major
This article is about the musical scale. For the programming language, see C sharp.

  

**C♯ major** (or **C-sharp major**) is a major scale based on C♯. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative minor is A♯ minor, and its parallel minor is C♯ minor. Its enharmonic equivalent is D♭ major.

When a harp is tuned to C-sharp major, it has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are made shorter in this way, it makes it less resonant.

Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major because it has just five flats. However, Johann Sebastian Bach actually chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of the *Well-Tempered Clavier*. In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt changes key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the beginning of the piece. Maurice Ravel used C-sharp major as the tonic key of *Ondine* from his piano suite *Gaspard de la nuit*. 

Louis Vierne used C-sharp major in the final piece of Messe solennelle.

 Ascending and descending **C-sharp major** scale.

Other websites
--------------

* Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

  


| * v
* t
* e
Diatonic Scales and Keys |
| --- |
| Circle of fifthsCircle of fifths | 

|  | Flats | Sharps |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Major | minor | Major | minor |
| 0 | **C**, **a** |
| 1 | **F** | **d** | **G** | **e** |
| 2 | **B♭** | **g** | **D** | **b** |
| 3 | **E♭** | **c** | **A** | **f♯** |
| 4 | **A♭** | **f** | **E** | **c♯** |
| 5 | **D♭** | **b♭** | **B** | **g♯** |
| 6 | **G♭** | **e♭** | **F♯** | **d♯** |
| 7 | **C♭** | **a♭** | **C♯** | **a♯** |
| 8 | **F♭** | **d♭** | **G♯** | **e♯** |

 |
| The table shows the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. |
Basalt breccia (section) 
Breccia. Notice the angular nature of the large clasts
Tertiary breccia at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California.
Tomb of Umberto I in the Pantheon.
Original pavement of the Forum of Trajan in Rome
Marble breccia from Naples.
**Breccia** statue of the Ancient Egyptian goddess Tawaret.
**Breccia** is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. 

Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks. There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias. What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.

Origins
-------

A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.

The basic sequence is as follows. Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces. Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock. This is a breccia. On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.

Ornament
--------

Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance. The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias. It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey). Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers (*pavone* is "peacock" in Italian).
The main entrance to the Palazzo Brera
The **Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera** ("academy of fine arts of Brera"), also known as the **Accademia di Brera** or **Brera Academy**, is a state-run art school in Milan, Italy. Its main building is the **Palazzo Brera**. The **Pinacoteca di Brera**, Milan's main public museum for art, is also located in the building. The Palazzo Brera was built in 1615 to designs by the Milanese architect Francesco Maria Richini (1584–1658).

The academy was founded in 1776 by Maria Theresa of Austria. Other important institutions were also housed in the Palazzo Brera during that time. These included an observatory, botanical gardens, science laboratories, a library, and the Scuole Palatine (schools for philosophy and law). The Pinacoteca di Brera as been located in the building since 1806.  

In 1891, the first *Triennale di belle arti* exposition was held at the academy. The exposition took place every three years. Each exhibition had a special theme. The first one was devoted to new trends in the plastic arts. The exhibit included some of the first examples of Italians painting in the pointillist style.

The academy today
-----------------

Like other state-run art academies in Italy, the Accademia di Brera falls under the Italian ministry of education and research. It awards first- and second-level degrees, specialised degrees, master's degrees and doctorates.

The accademia has three departments:

* Visual arts, with courses in painting, sculpture, decorative art, and graphic art
* Design and applied art, which has courses in art restoration, design for business, new technologies of art, and stage design
* Communication and education, with courses in conservation of cultural heritage, and in art education.

The academy has about 3,800 students, including about 1,000 foreign students (mostly postgraduates).

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

 Media related to Palazzo di Brera (Milan) at Wikimedia Commons
Brass paperweight.
**Brass** is an alloy of copper and zinc. Some types of brass are called bronzes.

Brass has a golden appearance. It is harder than pure metals and resists corrosion. It costs more than zinc.

There are some common brasses:

* Alpha brasses - with less than 40% zinc
* Beta brasses -
* White brasses - with more than 45% zinc

Things brass are used to make include:

* Brass instruments
* Ornaments
* Electrical fittings
* Buttons
* Screws
* Taps
* Hinges
* Door knobs

Properties
----------

Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The melting point of brass can be 900 to 940 °C or 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on what it is made of. The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).

Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Brass is not ferromagnetic. Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry. In the foundry, it is melted and recast into billets. The billets are heated and stretched into the form and size that is wanted.

Brass will corrode when it is exposed to moisture, chlorides, acetates, ammonia, and some acids.

Brass alloys
------------

There are many brass alloys. They include:

* Abyssinian gold
* Admiralty brass
* Aich's alloy
* Aluminum brass
* Arsenical brass
* Cartridge brass
* Common brass
* DZR brass
* Delta metal
* Free machining brass
* Gilding metal
* High brass
* Leaded brass
* Lead-free brass
* Low brass
* Manganese brass
* Muntz metal
* Naval brass
* Nickel brass
* Nordic gold
* Orichalcum
* Prince's metal
* Red brass
* Tombac
* Silicon tombac
* Tonval brass
* Yellow brass
**Carbon diet** is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products.

The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change.

According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge.

Etymology
---------

Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:

* Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions

* Measure the carbon footprint against peers (e.g. similar company size or for individuals, a national average)

* Determine the ideal carbon footprint

* Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions [3]

* Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by starting with the most significant sources first
***Brassica oleracea***, or **wild cabbage**, is a species of *Brassica* native to coastal southern and western Europe.

Its tolerance of salt and lime, and its dislike of competition from other plants, restrict it to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel.

Cultivation
-----------

*B. oleracea* is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and more. Some of which are hardly recognisable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.

Growing head of *B. oleracea* at Hooghly in West Bengal, India.
The plant is used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It is rich in essential nutrients including vitamin C.

The cultivars of *B. oleracea* are grouped into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural wild cabbage in appearance: 

* Acephala Group: kale and collard greens
* Alboglabra Group: Chinese broccoli
* Botrytis Group: cauliflower, Romanesco broccoli and broccoflower
* Capitata Group: cabbage
* Gemmifera Group: brussels sprouts
* Gongylodes Group: kohlrabi
* Italica Group: broccoli

All are in the same species. However, artificial selection has brought about genetic differences between the groups.

In places such as the Channel Islands and Canary Islands where the frost is minimal, and plants can grow all year round, some cultivars can grow up to 3 meters tall. These "tree cabbages" yield fresh leaves throughout the year, and the plant is not destroyed as with a normal cabbage. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks.

A small tree with large leavesCabbage can be cultivated to grow quite large in frost-free climates like this tree cabbage in the Canary Islands.
Some (notably brussels sprouts and broccoli) contain high levels of sinigrin which may help prevent bowel cancer.
**Club Esportiu Principat** was an Andorran football club from the city of Andorra la Vella. The club was founded in 1989. He won three times the Andorran Premier League and five times the Andorran Cup. The club was dissolved in 2015.

History
-------

The club was founded in 1989 by *Penya Madridista Restaurant Charlie's* (Real Madrid Supporters' Club of Charlie's Restaurant) as Club Esportiu Principat. The club had three consecutives league victories between 1997 and 1999 and five consecutives cup trophies between 1995 and 1999. The club was founding member of the Andorran Premier League in 1995.

In 1997 the club was the first Andorran club in an European competition playing versus Dundee United from Scotland. The Andorran team pülayed three times in the (UEFA Cup) but lost in the first round each time.

The senior club was registered in Segona Divisió 2015 but withdrew from the competition in the first round. Lower and youth teams continued to compete in their competitions. In 2015 the club was dissolved.

Colours and badge
-----------------

The team's traditional color was purple. In the beginnings till the mid-2000s the first kit was white due to the origins of the club linked with Real Madrid supporters in Andorra.

Honours
-------

* **Primera Divisió:**
	+ **Winners (3):** 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99
	+ *Runners-up (1):* 1995–96
* **Copa Constitució:**
	+ **Winners (5):** 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99

Other websites
--------------

* Principat at UEFA.COM
* Principat at Weltfussball.de
* Principat at Football-Lineups.com