recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Each antigen binds to a specific antibody, much like a key that can open a specific lock
An **antigen** is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.

Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens *stimulate* the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.

The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.

The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made.

The next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen. 

Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.

Terminology
-----------

* Epitope – the distinct surface features of an antigen.
* Allergen – A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
* Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
* Tolerogen – A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
* Immunoglobulin-binding protein – proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
* T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
* T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
* Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.
Anne Brontë painted by her sister Charlotte
**Anne Brontë** (17 January 1820 – 28 May 1849) was an English writer and poet. She is best known for writing *Agnes Grey* (1847) and *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* (1848).

Anne was born on 17 January 1820 in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. She was the daughter of Patrick and Marie Brontë and the youngest of their six children. She was taught at her family's home in Haworth by her aunt Elizabeth Branwell. She worked as a governess in 1839 and then again between 1841 and 1845.

In 1846 Anne contributed 21 poems to *Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell*. This was a joint work with her sisters, Charlotte and Emily. *Agnes Grey* was published in 1847 in three volumes with *Wuthering Heights*, a book written by her sister Emily. *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* was published in 1848 and sold well.

Anne Brontë died on 28 May 1849 in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England of tuberculosis.

Related pages
-------------

The sisters of Anne Brontë:

* Emily Brontë
* Charlotte Brontë


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Anne Brontë**

The books of Anne Brontë:

* *Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell* (1846)
* *Agnes Grey* (1847)
* *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* (1848)
Fisher in 2009
**Amy Elizabeth Fisher** (born August 21, 1974) is an American woman. She became known in the media as the Long Island Lolita in 1992. That year, at age seventeen, she shot Mary Jo Buttafuoco, the wife of Joey Buttafuoco. She was originally charged with attempted murder. Fisher later pleaded guilty to first-degree aggravated assault. She was in prison for just under seven years. In 1999, she was paroled. Fisher later became a writer, webcam model and a pornographic actress.

Fisher became very jealous of Joey Buttafuoco's wife. Fisher then got a .25 caliber handgun. When the wife answered the door, Fisher told her that Joey Buttafuoco was having an affair with Fisher's (imaginary) younger sister. The conversation lasted 15 minutes. Mary Jo got angry. She then told Fisher to leave and turned her back to return to the house. That was when Fisher took out the gun, struck Mary Jo with it and shot her in the head. Fisher dropped the gun and the shirt. She came back for them.

The police interviewed Joey Buttafuoco. He told them Amy Fisher could be the shooter. When his wife, Mary Jo became conscious, she identified Fisher as the shooter.

Amy Fisher was born in Merrick, New York.

Books and films
---------------

Books by Amy Fisher
* Fisher, Amy & Robbie Woliver (2004). *If I Knew Then.* iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-32445-2.
* Fisher, Amy with Sheila Weller (1994). *Amy Fisher: My Story.* (Reprint edition.) ISBN 0-671-86559-5. (Originally published by Pocket Books in 1993; ISBN 0-671-86558-7.)

Books about Amy Fisher
* Dominguez, Pier (2001). *Amy Fisher: Anatomy of a Scandal: The Myth, the Media and the Truth Behind the Long Island Lolita Story.* Writers Club Press. ISBN 0-595-18417-0.
* Eftimiades, Maria (1992). *Lethal Lolita: A True Story of Sex, Scandal and Deadly Obsession.* St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-95062-4.

Movies about Amy Fisher
* *Amy Fisher: My Story,* 1992 (TV) Noelle Parker starred as Fisher.
* *Casualties of Love: The "Long Island Lolita" Story,* 1993 (TV) Alyssa Milano starred as Fisher.
* *The Amy Fisher Story,* 1993 (TV) Drew Barrymore starred as Fisher.

According to Alan Ball, Fisher's story was an inspiration to him in writing the script for the 1999 film *American Beauty*.
**Amy Chu** is a Chinese American comic writer. She started comic writing at 45 after a surprising career path. The comic industry was mostly men when Chu started. But, she has shown that women can be successful in comics too. Chu has worked for DC and Marvel. She is a role model in many ways.

Early Life/Personal Life
------------------------

Amy Chu was born in Iowa. She is Chinese American. She was one of the only Asian kids in town. Because of this, she didn’t feel like she belonged. She was never interested in comics. Her dream growing up was to be a physicist. In interviews, she says she was very nerdy. Chu was on the chess team and the math team. She wanted to play on the soccer team, too. However, Chu’s school did not have a team for girls. They also would not let her play on the boys’ team. So, her parents sued and won. But even though she was finally on the soccer team, other teams would not play with her.

Chu lives in Princeton, New Jersey now. She is a mother of two children. They play soccer. She likes to shop, play video games, and have fun with Legos. She also enjoys drinking coffee and whiskey.

Education
---------

Chu was part of a joint program with MIT and Wellesley. She was one of the only women doing it. She got a degree in Architecture. She also got a degree in East Asian Studies. Later on in her life, Chu went to Harvard Business School. Years later, she took a course in creative/comic writing.

Career
------

Chu did graphic design jobs in college. Later, she took on consulting jobs. She even had a job in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong she worked at the Macau tourism office. Pansy Ho was her boss. Chu went back to America to go to business school. She then was a real consultant. She worked for biotech companies. Chu reunited with Georgia Lee. Lee was an old friend of Chu. She also graduated from Harvard. Lee made films. She also wrote scripts for television. Lee asked for Chu’s help. She wanted to start a company. Lee wanted to encourage girls to be interested in comics. Comics are often just for boys. The company would change that. Chu agreed.  They co-founded Alpha Girls Comics together. Chu decided to take a class in comic writing. She was the only female taking the class. It did not feel like she was welcome. But, people loved the stories she wrote. Soon Chu became a professional comic book writer. She went on to work for big name companies like DC and Marvel.
**Altaic** is a language system that includes the Turkic languages, Mongolic, and the Tungusic languages. That is probably the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists. 

It has disputed language families, but only a few linguists still believe that it existed. It supposedly had 66 languages that are now spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.

However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's *Einführung* in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic. Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's *Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages* in 1971, some also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.

A few linguists (such as (Street 1962)) even count Ainu with the Altaic languages but as part of a node including Korean and Japanese, in contrast to a Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic node, with Korean-Japanese-Ainu and Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic, in turn, forming a higher-level node.

The core version of Altaic, consisting of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, is sometimes referred to as "Micro-Altaic," and the expanded version, including Korean and sometimes Japanese, is referred to as "Macro-Altaic," but even the core version is very controversial.

Other websites
--------------

* Altaic family tree *Ethnologue*
* Altaic languages Archived 2008-07-26 at the Wayback Machine *MSN Encarta*
* Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website
* Altaic etymology section in StarLing databases
* Defense of Altaic Archived 2008-09-26 at the Wayback Machine by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)
**Al-Anfal** (Arabic: الأنفال) Muslim religious texts of the Qur'an 8 Number chapter , verses 75. Surah Al-Anfal was revealed in Medina.

Name
----

The name of this Surah is Surah Al-Anfal; This is because the word is mentioned in the first verse of the Surah, which means war-acquired wealth. Most of its descriptions are related to this. Some have even named it Surah Badr. [Bukhari: 482] Because, most of the discussion was about the battle of Badr. Some have also called this Surah as 'Jihad'.

Duration of revelation
----------------------

This Surah was revealed in the second Hijri after the battle of Badr. This is a detailed review of the first battle between Islam and Kufr.

Other websites
--------------

* Quran 8 Clear Quran translation
* Surah Anfaal Video with PHRASE FOR PHRASE English translation
* Surah Al-Anfal Mp3 Archived 2021-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2021-09-11 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

 |
Alice bands made of plastic (left) and fabric (right)
An **Alice band** is a type of accessory. It is made of flexible plastic or elastic in the shape of a horseshoe. Flexible means that the band can bend. 

It is designed to fit over the head and hold long hair away from the face, but let the hair hang freely at the back. In the United States, an Alice band is usually called a hair band or a headband.

History
-------

Alice, drawn by John Tenniel in *Through the Looking-Glass*
The Alice band first started being worn around 1871, after Lewis Carroll's book *Through the Looking-Glass* was published. The name of the Alice band comes from the main character in the book, Alice. In the drawings John Tenniel made for the book, Alice wears a ribbon that keeps her long hair away from her face.

The Alice band has sometimes been popular in fashion for young women. In the late 20th century, so-called Sloane Rangers in the United Kingdom wore Alice bands made of velvet.

In the past, the Alice band was almost always worn by women. Today, however, men in some countries also wear Alice bands. Both David Beckham and Jack Grealish have worn Alice bands.
**Adam Clayton** (born 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England) is the bassist for the rock band U2. He lives in County Dublin. He also has a house in Southern France.

Life
----

When Adam was five years old, he and his family moved to Malahide near Dublin. He started playing guitar when he went to school. He joined the other members of the future U2 band in the same time. Their band was first named "Feedback" and then they changed its name to "The Hype". However, they released their second album on 1981 under the name of U2.

All other U2 members were married by 2006, and Adam was the only member who was still single. In 2006, it was announced that Adam was going to marry Suzanne "Susie" Smith; they dated for almost 10 years before this news was announced. They were planning to marry in the summer of 2007, but they split up in February 2007.

In January 2011, Adam revealed that he was the father of a baby boy, born in 2010. On September 4, 2013, Adam married Mariana Teixeira de Carvalho, in a wedding in Dublin. She is a fashion model from Brazil.
**Day 4** is the name of the fourth season of the television series 24. The story covers a  day that starts and ends at 7 AM.

Season Overview
---------------

The season starts with a train bombing. The bombing is used to get a device to control nuclear power plants. Terrorists kidnap Secretary of Defense James  Heller and his daughter, Audrey Raines. They plan to kill Heller on the internet to get past internet firewalls to use the device. Bauer stops them from killing Heller, but the terrorists gain control of power plants. Eventually, CTU gets control of most plants. CTU learns that the terrorist behind the events is Habib Marwan. He worked for McLennan-Forrester. The company sets off an EMP to destroy evidence of the terrorist. Later, terrorists get a stealth fighter and shoot down Air Force One. President Keeler cannot serve, and Vice-President Logan becomes president. Marwan's terror cells steal the nuclear football from the site of the crash of Air Force One. Jack finds evidence leading him to the Chinese consulate. At the consulate, the Chinese consul is killed in a gunfight. CTU eventually stops the missile, but Jack and his friends must fake his death. In the end, Jack is a fugitive from the US and Chinese governments.

Characters
----------

### Starring

* Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer (24 episodes)
* Kim Raver as Audrey Raines (24 episodes)
* Alberta Watson as Erin Driscoll (12 episodes)
* Lana Parrilla as Sarah Gavin (12 episodes)
* Roger Cross as Curtis Manning (22 episodes)
* William Devane as Secretary of Defense James Heller (15 episodes)

### Special guest stars

* Carlos Bernard as Tony Almeida (18 episodes)
* Reiko Aylesworth as Michelle Dessler (13 episodes)

### Special guest appearance by

* Dennis Haysbert as David Palmer (6 episodes)

### Guest starring

* Louis Lombardi as Edgar Stiles (24 episodes)
* Arnold Vosloo as Habib Marwan (17 episodes)
* Mary Lynn Rajskub as Chloe O'Brian (16 episodes)
* Geoff Pierson as President John Keeler (13 episodes)
* Shohreh Aghdashloo as Dina Araz (12 episodes)
* Jonathan Ahdout as Behrooz Araz (12 episodes)
* James Frain as Paul Raines (10 episodes)
* James Morrison as Bill Buchanan (10 episodes)
* Nestor Serrano as Navi Araz (10 episodes)
* Cameron Bancroft as Lee Castle (9 episodes)
* Gregory Itzin as Vice President/President Charles Logan (9 episodes)
* Jude Ciccolella as Mike Novick (8 episodes)
* Logan Marshall-Green as Richard Heller (7 episodes)
* Aisha Tyler as Marianne Taylor (7 episodes)
* John Allen Nelson as Walt Cummings (5 episodes)
* Leighton Meester as Debbie Pendleton (4 episodes)
* Lukas Haas as Andrew Paige (3 episodes)
* Mia Kirshner as Mandy (3 episodes)
* Tzi Ma as Cheng Zhi (2 episodes)
* Glenn Morshower as Aaron Pierce (2 episodes)

Reception
---------

The season received positive reviews by critics. It has a rating of 95% on Rotten Tomatoes. Commentators were critical of the portrayal of torture on the program. They question if acts of torture are becoming more normal and therefore they are becoming justifiable .
**American** (or **court**) **handball**, usually referred to simply as **handball**, is an American form of fives played against one or more walls.

History
-------

It is a common belief that *American handball* was brought to the United States in the 1880s by Irish immigrants. The Gaelic handball sport was played since the 15th century in Ireland and Scotland.

Play
----

American handball is played on a court 12.2 meters long by 6.1 meters wide (40 feet long by 20 feet wide) with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court (the most common). The four-wall court is a rectangular box. The front wall is 6.1 meters (20 feet) square, and the side walls are 12.2 meters (40 feet) long and 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. In the middle of the floor of the court lies the short line, that divides the floor into two 6.1 meter (20 feet) squares. Also along the floor is the service line, which is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in front of the short line. The service zone is the area between these two lines. The back wall of the court is usually 3.7 meters (12 feet) high, with an above gallery for the referee and scorer, and also spectators. A few courts have a glass back wall and/or glass side walls to allow for a better view of the match. (In three-wall court handball, the court often has a front wall and two full side walls, or the front wall is flanked by two triangular wings.)

Related pages
-------------

* Basque pelota
* Gaelic handball

Other websites
--------------

* US Handball
* Colorado Handball Association
* Official rules of the USHA
* Southern California Handball Association
* Toledo Handball Club
* Los Angeles Athletic Club - Handball Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Nothingbuthandball.com Promoting the Sport of Handball Archived 2010-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
* HandballCity.com Promoting the Sport of Handball Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Social Network for the Sport of Handball Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Antica Dolceria Bonajuto** is a chocolate factory founded in Modica in 1880, known as the oldest in Sicily and one of the oldest in Italy.

Modican chocolate

History
-------

Francesco Bonajuto founded the current place in 1880 but with the name of Caffè Roma, a socialist inspired meeting place, which became Antica Dolceria Bonajuto in 1992.

Over the years many illustrious people of the chocolate shop have been, among them: writer, journalist and art critic Leonardo Sciascia, his friend and colleague Gesualdo Bufalino, or American Journalists Raymond Walter Apple Jr. of the New York Times and Frederika Randall of the Wall Street Journal.

Awards
------

In 1911 Francesco Bonajuto's chocolates won the gold medal at the Turin Universal Exposition (1911) which was organized in conjunction with other national exhibitions such as those in Rome (where Bonajuto was awarded) and Florence.

Bibliography
------------

* The Bonajuto confectionery. History of the oldest chocolate shop in Sicily, Giovanni Criscione, Palermo, Kalós edizioni d’arte, 2014.
* The wooden biscuit, Raffaele Poidomani, Modica, Bonajuto, 2005.

Related pages
-------------

* Cacao tree
* Cocoa butter

Other websites
--------------

* *(official site)*
**Amnesia** is what doctors call a loss or disturbance of memory. It is a loss of memory, that is to say, a person cannot remember certain things. Amnesia can be caused when someone has brain damage, a disease or when something really stressful happens.

There are two "main types":

* Anterograde amnesia: Short term memory is not transferred to long-term memory any more. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time.
* Retrograde amnesia: The person can no longer recall information that happened before a certain date. The date is usually the date of an accident or an operation.

The fact that adults usually cannot remember events that occurred in early childhood is called "infantile amnesia". It is attributed to the development of the brain or that of the child. It is not seen as a form of amnesia comparable to the other types.

Causes
------

There are three main categories in which amnesia can happen to a person.

* Head trauma. This includes any kind of injury to the brain that might cause amnesia.
* Traumatic events. This happens when a person's mind is so stressed that it chooses to forget what happened rather than to deal with it.
* Physical deficiencies. These are things that happen to your brain but it is different than head trauma because it mostly deals with complications that happen after surgery.

Some other different types of amnesia include:

* Caused by an [Injury|trauma], for example a head injury; called *post-traumatic amnesia*.
* Dissociative amnesia: Here the cause is psychological, and usually not related to physical damage in the brain. This includes
	+ *Repressed memory* (where it is not possible to remember a specific event) - The memory is usually still there, but the person blocks access to it; Stressful events such as being raped may lead to Dissociative amnesia
	+ *Childhood amnesia* - the inability of adults to remember certain parts of their childhood.
* *Drug (usually [alcohol])-induced blackout* - anterograde amnesia, affecting the immediate past

Amnesia can be permanent, or it can be temporary. Damage to the [brain], or the use of certain [drug]s can cause amnesia. Some of these drugs are [sedative]s. Another well known cause for amnesia can be drinking too much [alcohol]. Those kinds of causes are called *organic*, because they can been directly seen. Other causes cannot directly be seen, they are called *functional*. Rather they are [psychology|psychological] in their nature. People may want to shield off a traumatic event they witnessed, for example.

Another minor cause of amnesia is "heartbreak" in a relationship. It can lead to trauma, but it is not necessarily traumatic.

Treatment
---------

Sometimes certain types of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. There are also different types of therapy that work with the brain to help with amnesia. There is no medicine that can directly help with amnesia.
The **35th New York Infantry Regiment**, also called the **Jefferson County Regiment**, was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War.

Service
-------

The 35th New York Infantry Regiment was allowed to be created by the New York state government on May 25, 1861. The regiment was created in Elmira on June 11, 1861. The soldiers of the regiment left New York State on July 9, 1861.

There were 10 outposts of the 35th New York Infantry regiment:

* A and E at Watertown
* B (*Jefferson Grays*) at Copenhagen
* C at Theresa
* D at New York City, Buffalo and Elmira
* F at Corning and Hammondsport
* G at Adams
* H at Cazenovia
* I at Redwood
* K at Brownville

The regiment was camped on Meridian Hill, then it moved to Arlington House and did construction work on Fort Tillinghast and Fort Craig. The regiment then moved to Falls Church, Virginia from Winter 1861 to 1862. The regiment left the camp in March 1862, for the Manassas movement and moved to Falmouth, Virginia in April. In late August 1862, the regiment fought in the First Battle of Rappahannock Station. The regiment fought in the second battle of Bull Run. 13 soldiers were killed in the Battle of South Mountain, and 67 soldiers were killed in the Battle of Antietam. The regiment was camped at Sharpsburg, Maryland in October 1862.

Total strength and casualties
-----------------------------

1,250 people volunteered to be a soldier in the 35th New York Infantry regiment. 1 officer and 25 soldiers in the regiment were killed in action.

Commanders
----------

Col. John G. Todd, 35th New York Volunteer Infantry
* Colonel William C. Brown
* Colonel Newton B. Lord
* Colonel John G. Todd

Related pages
-------------

* List of New York Civil War regiments

Other websites
--------------

* New York State Military Museum Unit History Project New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center - Civil War - 35th Infantry Regiment History, photographs, table of battles and casualties, and historical sketch for the 35th New York Infantry Regiment.
* Antietam on the Web 35th New York Infantry
Augustín Magaldi
*Tu eres la amada de mis sueños*, song by Rafael Miguel Sánchez [es] composed for Agustín Magaldi
**Agustín Magaldi Coviello** (December 1, 1898 – September 8, 1938) was an Argentinian tango and milonga singer-songwriter. His nickname was "La voz sentimental de Buenos Aires" ("The sentimental voice of Buenos Aires").
Magaldi took part in the opening broadcasts of Argentina's LOY Radio Nacional in July 1924.

Magaldi suffered from liver disease and was admitted to Sanatorium Otamendi early in September 1938. An operation by Dr. Pedro Valdez was successful, but Magaldi died 48 hours later. He was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Portrayal in *Evita*
--------------------

In the Andrew Lloyd Webber's and Tim Rice's musical *Evita*, Magaldi is shown as bringing Eva Duarte to Buenos Aires and so is therefore referred to as "the first man to be of use to Eva Duarte".

There is some disagreement, however, about the role Magaldi played in Eva's real life, or that they knew each other. For example, in the biography *Evita: The Real Life of Eva Perón*, biographers Marysa Navarro and Nicholas Fraser write that there are no records of Magaldi performing in Eva's hometown of Junín in the year that Eva is said to have met Magaldi.

A major historical error is that the musical shows Magaldi performing at a charity concert given in aid of the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, Argentina. The concert, where Eva Duarte and Juan Perón met for the first time, happened on January 22, 1944, when Magaldi had been dead for over five years.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Agustín Magaldi***.

* Agustín Magaldi by Pablo Taboada and Ricardo García Blaya.
* Agustín Magaldi biography and controversy over his birthplace (in Spanish)
* Agustín Magaldi at Tango.info
* Agustín Magaldi recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings
* Agustín Magaldi at Find a Grave

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Argentina
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
350.org "Forward on Climate" protest in Washington DC, USA
**350.org** is an international environmental organization. It was started by author Bill McKibben, with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to fight against global warming and the climate change denial of global warming. However the main goal is to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to avoid climate change problems.

The name 350.org comes the research of scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere should not be higher than 350 parts-per-million (ppm). According to scientific research this is a safe maximum to avoid a climate tipping point.

Membership
----------

350.org works with over 300 other organizations around the world. It has had people supporting the organization as "messengers". Among them are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Alex Steffen, Bianca Jagger and David Suzuki. Van Jones and Gus Speth are on 350's U.S. Advisory Council. 350.org has a Board of Directors.

Projects
--------

### Keystone XL pipeline

350.org is strongly against the Keystone XL pipeline project. The pipeline is currently being built to transport tar sand oil from Canada through the United States to oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. NASA climatologist James Hansen described the Keystone XL pipeline as "game over" for the planet, and called the amount of carbon stored in Canadian tar sands a "fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet".

### Fossil Fuel Divestment

350.org wants colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. They propose the money should rather be invested in sustainable companies.

> "If it is wrong to wreck the climate, then it is wrong to profit from that wreckage. We want institutions to immediately freeze any new investment in fossil fuel companies, and divest from direct ownership and any commingled funds that include fossil fuel public equities and corporate bonds within 5 years."
> 
> — 350.org

### Do The Math: The Movie

The *Do The Math* movie is a 42-minute documentary about the movement, the science behind the climate crisis and how to end the age of fossil fuels.

### Connect the Dots 5.May.2012

The organization's efforts continued into 2012 with a Climate Impacts Day on May 5th of worldwide series of rallies under the slogan "Connect the Dots," to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme weather.

### People's Climate March

350 helped helped organize the People's Climate March, which took place on September 21, 2014.

Related pages
-------------

* Greenpeace
* World Wildlife Fund
* IPCC
* Climate change

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***350.org***.

* 350.org
* Photos of 350.org activities on Flickr.
* Check the current level of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere
* "350 and counting". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
This article is about what computer scientists call an alphabet. For alphabets as a writing system, see Alphabet.
In computer science, an **alphabet** is a finite non-empty set. The elements of an alphabet are called the **letters** or **symbols** of the alphabet.

An example of an alphabet is {\displaystyle \{-,\cdot \}} which may be used for Morse code or *{begin, if, else, for, while}* which may be the keywords of a Programming language.

The set of natural numbers is **not** an alphabet because as it is not finite.

The alphabet which is used the most in computer science is *{0,1}*. It is called the **binary alphabet** because it contains two symbols. An alphabet can be used to make a string (or **word**). This is a finite Sequence of letters from the alphabet. For example, a string of length 5 **over** *{0,1}* is *01101*.

The **empty string** is the string containing no letters (it is often written as {\displaystyle \lambda }). The empty string is a string over any alphabet.

If we have an alphabet called {\displaystyle \Sigma }, then we write the set of *all* strings that can be made from {\displaystyle \Sigma } as {\displaystyle \Sigma ^{\*}}. This is called the **Kleene star** (or **Kleene closure**) of {\displaystyle \Sigma }. It is named after the mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene.

The Kleene star of the binary alphabet is {\displaystyle \{\lambda ,0,1,00,01,10,11,000,001,...\}}. The three dots after **001,** show that we cannot write the Kleene star of an alphabet in full because it is an infinite set.

Alphabets are important because they are used in studying formal languages, finite automata and very difficult questions in computer science about what can be computed and what can not.

Related pages
-------------

* Formal language
* Syntax
* Semantics
**Al-Aman Bahela Khatun Mosque** (Bengali: আল-আমান বাহেলা খাতুন জামে মসজিদ) is a mosque located at Belkuchi, 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Sirajganj in Bangladesh.

History
-------

In September 2016, Mohammad Ali Sarkar, of Mukundagati village, laid the foundation stone of Al-Aman Bahela Khatun Jame Mosque Complex in the name of his son Al-Aman and mother Bahela Khatun on 2.5 bighas of land south of Belkuchi Municipality. He built the mosque at his own expense at a cost of over Tk 30 crore. It took four years to build. From the beginning, an average of 45 workers have worked every day.

Architecture
------------

The mosque has a large gray dome. In addition, the floor is covered with white tiles and pillars are covered with marble. On the third floor of the mosque there are domes and in other places there are several lighted chandeliers. There are two minarets 34 metres (110 ft) high on either side. The mosque is surrounded by white pillars, high windows, white tiles and green grass in the courtyard.

Located
-------

Al-Aman Bahela Khatun Mosque located at Belkuchi, 32 kilometres (20 mi) southeast of Sirajganj in Bangladesh.
Position of Alpha Centauri
The Apparent and True Orbits of Alpha Centauri.   
The Apparent Orbit (thin ellipse) is the shape of the orbit as seen by the observer on Earth. The True Orbit is the shape of the orbit viewed perpendicular to the plane of the orbital motion. According to the radial velocity vs. time, the orbit is divided here into 80 points, and each step refers to a timestep of almost a year.
**Alpha Centauri** (also known as **Rigil Kentaurus**) is the brightest star in the southern Centaurus constellation. It is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -0.01. It is visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and is too far south for most of the Northern Hemisphere to see.

Alpha Centauri is a binary star system of two stars A & B. The distance between them is quite close. To the naked eye, the stars are too close for the eye to be able to see them as separate. Their orbit is about the distance of the giant planets from our Sun.

There is a third star, **Proxima Centauri** (or Alpha Centauri C). This is usually considered separately, but in fact it is also gravitationally connected to the other two. It is actually slightly closer to us, with a very much larger orbit around A and B.

System
------

Relative sizes of stars
Viewed as a triple star system, Alpha Centauri is the closest to our own, being 4.2-4.4 light years (ly) away. It consists of two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B (which form a binary star together) at a distance of 4.36 ly, and a dimmer red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.22 ly. Both of the two main stars are rather similar to the Sun. The larger star, Alpha Centauri A, is the most similar to the Sun, but a little larger and brighter.

* The next closest star is Barnard's Star.

Diameter and radius
-------------------

Alpha Centauri is 1,702,240 km in diameter and 851,120 km in radius.

Related pages
-------------

* Nature timeline
Aaron Alexandre, drawing by Alexandre Laemlein (1844)
**Aaron (Albert) Alexandre** (Hebrew: **אהרון אלכסנדר**, around 1765/68 in Hohenfeld, Franconia – 16 November 1850 in London, England) was a Jewish German–French–English chess player and writer.

Aaron Alexandre trained as a rabbi. He arrived in France in 1793. He taught German and was a mechanical inventor. He later became a full-time chess player. He wrote a book of all the known chess openings, the *Encyclopédie des échecs* (*Encyclopedia of Chess*, Paris, 1837). In the book, he used the algebraic notation and the castling symbols 0–0 and 0–0–0.

His next book was about the endgame and a collection of about 2000 chess problems, which he published in 1846 as *Collection des plus beaux Problèmes d'Echecs*, Paris. English and German translations: *Beauties of Chess*, London, and *Praktische Sammlung bester Schachspiel-Probleme*, Leipzig.

Both books became standard reference books, demonstrating Alexandre’s great technical knowledge. Alexandre was also one of the chess players who worked inside the chess playing machine, the Turk.
The **American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)** is a group of two non-profit organizations that fight for what they believe are important civil liberties issues. It was started in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Nash Baldwin, and Walter Nelles.

Some issues that are important to the ACLU are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (which says that people have free speech and freedom of religion, as well as other rights), privacy, the right of people to be treated fairly if they are accused of a crime and arrested, and the right for everybody to be treated the same under the law.

One way the ACLU tries to reach its goals is by helping people in court whom it believes are not being treated fairly by the law. The ACLU has lawyers that file lawsuits for people it represents. The ACLU also tries to change laws by teaching people about issues and by lobbying the government about what it believes.

Controversy
-----------

Some people in the United States disagree with the ACLU. Some conservatives do not like that the ACLU believes that people have the right to an abortion and that it believes in the separation of church and state. Also, some of the people or groups that the ACLU has represented in court have been unpopular, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, which is famous for protesting the funerals of American soldiers who died at war.
***Amphiuma*** is a genus of aquatic salamanders. They are the only genus still living in the family **Amphiumidae**. They are sometimes called "conger eels" or "congo snakes", which is not correct. Amphiumas have one of the largest amounts of DNA in the living world, around 25 times more than a human.

Description
-----------

Amphiumas have a long body. They are generally grey-black in color. They do have legs but they are very small. Amphiumas can be up to 116 cm (46 in) long, their legs are only up to about 2 cm (0.79 in). It is because of this that they are often mistaken for eels or snakes. They also do not have eyelids or a tongue.

Female amphiumas lay their eggs in wet mud. They then stay coiled around them for about five months, until they hatch. The larvae have external gills. After about four months these external gills disappear and the lungs begin to work.

Distribution
------------

Amphiumas live in the southeastern part of the United States. 

In the past they have lived in more areas. Fossils from the Pleistocene time show that they once lived in Europe.

Behavior
--------

During the day amphiumas hide in plants. At night they become active and go hunting. Their prey include frogs, snakes, fish, crustaceans, insects and even other amphiumas. Hunting and eating habits are similar to that of the Axolotl. They suck food into their stomachs with vacuum force. They can become aggressive.

Species
-------

There are three amphiuma species. They are different because of the number of toes:

* Three-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma tridactylum*)
* Two-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma means*)
* One-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma pholeter*)

Other websites
--------------

* Tree of Life: Amphiumidae
* amphiumas.org
An American Mayapple on Its Plant
The American Mayapple is a herbaceous perennial plant native to the eastern part of North America. The stem can grow up to 30-40 cm tall. The plant produces two distinct growth forms. The first form, which has a single umbrella-like leaf, doesn't make any flowers or fruit. The second growth form consists of twin leaves (sometimes three), and a single white flower with six (rarely up to nine) petals, typically measuring 3-5 cm in diameter. This flower matures into a yellow-greenish fruit, which can grow 2-5 cm long. The plant usually grows in groups in open woodlands, with individual shoots often connected by systems of thick roots.

Despite its name, "mayapple", it is actually a flower that appears in early May, not an "apple," which appears later in the summer. The American Mayapple goes by several other names, including the Devil's apple, hogapple, Indian apple, umbrella plant, wild lemon, wild mandrake, and American mandrake.

According to Brian Fondren, the mayapple has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, originally by Native Americans and later by other settlers.

Toxicity
--------

All the parts of the plant, except the fruit, are poisonous. The plant can kill a person in 24 hours. Even the fruit, which is not dangerously poisonous, can cause red or yellow diarrhea.
An **antimicrobial** is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can also be classified according to their function. Agents that kill microbes are microbicidal, while those that merely stop their growth are called biostatic. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is called antimicrobial prophylaxis.

The main types of antimicrobial agents are disinfectants (such as bleach), which kill a wide range of microbes on non-living surfaces to prevent the spread of illness, antiseptics (which are applied to living tissue and help reduce infection during surgery), and antibiotics (which kill microorganisms within the body). The term "antibiotic" originally described only those creations that came from living microorganisms but is now also applied to synthetic agents, such as sulfonamides or fluoroquinolones. The term also used to be only applied to antibacterials, but its meaning has widened to include all antimicrobials. Antibacterial agents can be further grouped into bactericidal agents, which kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents, which slow down or stall bacterial growth. In response, further advancements in antimicrobial technologies have resulted in solutions that can go past simply stopping germ growth. Instead, certain types of porous media have been made to kill microbes on contact.
The **Ajuran Empire** (Somali: *Dawladdii Ajuuraan*, Arabic: دولة الأجورانية), also spelled **Ajuuraan Empire**, and often simply as **Ajuran**, was a Somali empire in the medieval times that dominated the Indian ocean trade. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Because of their centralized administration and strong military, they were able to resist an attack by the Ottoman empire. This was called Gaal Madow. The fought a number of wars with the Portugese, and were able to withstand them. After the war, trade routes were re-established or strengthened. In the coastal provinces, trade flourished. Ships sailed to and came from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa.

The empire was very important, and built many castles and fortresses. Some of them can still be seen, mostly in the southern part of Somalia. There are also a number of pillar tombs, necropolises, and cities built during that era, which are now in ruins, which are attributed to Ajuran engineers. During the Ajuran period, many regions and people in the southern part of the Horn of Africa converted to Islam because of the theocratic nature of the government. The royal family, the House of Garen, expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages and alliances.

The Ajuran also controlled the water resources. They built wells and cisterns on the rivers Shebelle and Jubba. Many of these wells are still working. The rulers also developed a new system of agriculture and taxation, which were used in parts of the Horn of Africa until the 19th century. The later rulers of the Ajuran were not as successful: There were rebellions, and by the late 17th century the empire had fallen apart into a number of smaller states. The most prominent of these was probably the Geledi Sultanate.
***All the King's Men*** is a 1949 political drama movie.

Plot
----

Politician Willie Stark goes from a rural county seat to the governor's mansion. He loses a race for county treasurer. Stark teaches himself law. As a lawyer, he continues fighting the local establishment. He eventually rises to become a candidate for governor. He loses the first time. On his second try, he wins.

Along the way, Stark loses his innocence. He becomes dishonest like the politicians against whom he fought. His son becomes paralyzed in a drunk driving accident that kills a female passenger.

Cast
----

* Broderick Crawford as Willie Stark
* John Ireland as Jack Burden
* Joanne Dru as Anne Stanton
* John Derek as Tom Stark
* Mercedes McCambridge as Sadie Burke
* Shepperd Strudwick as Adam Stanton
* Ralph Dumke as Tiny Duffy
* Anne Seymour as Mrs. Lucy Stark
* Katharine Warren as Mrs. Burden
* Raymond Greenleaf as Judge Monte Stanton
* Helene Stanley as Helene Hale
* Walter Burke as Sugar Boy
* Will Wright as Dolph Pillsbury
* Grandon Rhodes as Floyd McEvoy

Character actor Paul Ford has an uncredited role as the Leader of the Senate Opposition

Awards
------

*All the King's Men* won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress.
**Surah Al-A'raf** (Arabic: سورة الأعراف, meaning "high place") is the seventh book of the Muslim religious book, the Qur'an , with 206 verses and 24 ruku's. This Surah was revealed in Makkah. The central theme of this Surah is the call to believe in the Prophethood.

Name
----

In verses 46 and 48 of this surah (in the fifth verse) the Araf or the people of Araf are mentioned in the Companions. That is why it is named Al Araf. In other words, the meaning of calling this Surah Surah Al-A'raf is that it is the Surah in which A'raf is mentioned.

Time of revelation
------------------

Looking at the subject matter of this Surah, it is clear that this Surah was revealed at about the same time as Surah An-Amr. Of course, it cannot be said with certainty whether it was revealed before or after An'am. However, from the eloquence of the speech given in this Surah, it is clear that it is related to that time. Therefore, in order to understand its historical background, it is enough to take a look at the introduction written at the beginning of Surah An-Nam.

Other websites
--------------

* Quran 7 Clear Quran translation
* Surah Al-A'raf Mp3 Archived 2021-09-10 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Other | 
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

 |