recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Bible is a collection of texts. The original of these texts were written in different languages. Today, the collection of texts that is called *The Bible* is written in one language only. For this reason, at least some texts need to be translated. Versions of the Bible are also different in the texts they include, some texts are not part of some Bible versions. One of the first such translations is the Septuagint, which is Ancient Greek. Another well-known translation is the Vulgate, which is Latin. From about the 14th century, the Bible was also translated into other languages.

Types of translation
--------------------

Translating a text is also always linked to looking at its meaning, and to interpreting it. A word in one language cannot be translated into a word in a different language, with exactly the same meaning. 

### Formal equivalence

One such method of translation is called *literal translation* or *formal equivalence*. Literal translation tries to be as close as possible to what is written in the original language. Often this means translating each word separately. There are a number of problems with literal translations: First, words must be added, to get a valid grammar in the target language. These words are not in the source text. The second problem is that the reader must be familiar with the subject, to understand some of the translation.

### Dynamic equivalence

Another way is to look at the thoughts and ideas of the source text and to get these into the target language. This is called *dynamic equivalence*. A translation that uses dynamic equivalence may use other words and phrases, but tries to keep the meaning intact.

### Paraphrasing

A third way is called *paraphrasing*. It tries to explain the concepts that are found in the text, and does not even use dynamic equivalence. That way, paraphrasing may leave out sections of text, or add other sections that explain these concepts. A paraphrased text may be very easy to understand, but is not suited for in-depth study.

Unknown words
-------------

Another problem that can occur with translation is that the meaning of some words may not be known. This is often the case with words that only occur once in a text. Such words are known as Hapax legomena. Their meaning must be guessed from the context.

Selecting the source
--------------------

Before the invention of the printing press, texts had to be copied by hand. This introduced errors. After a certain time there were different versions of the same text. Comparing such versions is known as textual criticism. The translation of two different versions of the same text may result in two different texts.

Translating names
-----------------

Some translators also translate the names, others simply write the name as it occurs in the original.

Related pages
-------------

* Modern English Bible translations
***Boeremusiek*** (Afrikaans for *Boer music*) is a kind of South African instrumental folk music. Its was made to go with social dancing at parties and festivals.

History
-------

Boeremusiek is from Europe. It was brought to South Africa and changed into its own style. It is thought to have got to South Africa by British Empire military bands.

Style
-----

Every artist or band comes up with their own sound and style. They make up their own style by playing different types of concertinas and using different instruments in the band. 

A concertina is similar to an accordion and is the lead instrument in most Boeremusiek bands. There are many different types of concertinas, which is why Boeremusiek has so many sounds and styles, and the construction the concertina is what makes the different sounds in the Boeremusiek band; it depends on where the slots and holes are put makes the difference on the sound that the concertina makes. 

Other instruments that might be in a Boeremusiek band are piano accordions, button harmonicas, accordions, pianos, harmoniums and the guitar. Sometimes, a cello or bass guitar may be seen. 

Today, there are many successful Boeremusiek bands that have recorded albums. Some famous bands and individual artists today are Klipwerf Boereorkes, Danie Grey, Nico Carstens, Taffie Kikkilus, Brian Nieuwoudt, Samuel Petzer, Worsie Visser and Die Ghitaar Man.
A white bishop.A black bishop.

A **bishop** (♗) is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player starts the game with two bishops. At the start of a game, one bishop is placed in between the knight and the queen. This piece is the *queen's bishop*. The other bishop is placed between the knight and the king. This piece is the *king's bishop*. The bishops are also referred to as the light-square bishop and dark-square bishop, depending on the square color it starts on. In chess notation, the starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops.

History
-------

The bishop first appeared in medieval European chess. In Chaturanga, the bishop was represented as an armed attendant who sat on the back of an elephant. The Arabs called this figure "al-fil", which means "elephant". However, elephants were not known in Central Europe, so they could not recognize the figure. The bishops were interpreted differently by the different nations. That is why the bishop is a "Läufer" (runner) in Germany, a "fou" (fool) in France and a "alfiere" (standard-bearer) in Italy.

How the bishop moves
--------------------

The bishop moves diagonally. It can move as far as a player wants it to, unless another piece blocks its path. A bishop can never leave the color of square that it starts on.

In the centre of an empty board, a bishop can move to 13 squares.

| * v
* t
* e
Chess |
| --- |
| Pieces | 
* King
* Queen
* Rook
* Bishop
* Knight
* Pawn

 |
| Gameplay | 
* Check and checkmate
* Draw
* Fast chess
* Gambit
* Notation
* Terms
* Zugzwang

 |
| Strategy | 
* Castling
* Double check
* En passant
* Openings
	+ List
	+ English opening
	+ King's Gambit
	+ Ruy Lopez
	+ Pirc defence
	+ Sicilian defence
	+ Queen's Gambit
	+ Queen's Gambit Declined
* Prophylaxis
* Zwischenzug

 |
| Related | 
* Chess club
* Computers
	+ Engines
* FIDE
* Grandmaster
	+ List
* History
* Rating system
* Symbols in Unicode
* Tournaments
	+ Olympiad
	+ World Championship

 |
| Famous players | 
* Alexander Alekhine
* Viswanathan Anand
* Mikhail Botvinnik
* José Raúl Capablanca
* Magnus Carlsen
* Bobby Fischer
* Garry Kasparov
* Anatoly Karpov
* Vladimir Kramnik
* Emanuel Lasker
* Vera Menchik
* Paul Morphy
* Judit Polgar
* Wilhelm Steinitz

 |
**Big Five** is the name colloquially given to the five largest banks that dominate the banking industry of Canada. All five banks are operationally based in Toronto. All five banks are classified as Schedule I banks that are domestic banks operating in Canada under government charter. The banks' shares are widely held, with any entity allowed to hold a maximum of twenty percent.

The Big Five are among the world's strongest banks, with Toronto-Dominion Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Scotiabank, Bank of Montreal & Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce at 11th, 15th, 21st, 28th & 29th place, respectively.

In modern history, Royal Bank has always been the largest by a significant margin, although TD Bank has overtaken RBC in recent years. Up to the late 1990s, CIBC was the second largest, followed by Bank of Montreal, Scotiabank, and TD Bank. During the late 1990s and beyond, this ranking changed due to several reorganizations. Royal Bank acquired Royal Trust in 1993, while Scotiabank purchased National Trust in 1997. As Scotiabank found no merger partners among the other banks in the big five group, it instead expanded its international operations and passed the Bank of Montreal in size. TD Bank merged with Canada Trust, which was for a long time the largest trust in Canada, thus vaulting TD into the number one spot. There has been no major changes to Bank of Montreal. CIBC's first unsuccessful foray into the US market led it to shed its assets there, dropping it to the number five spot.
The **Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu** (*Cultural Leonese Association of the Leonese Language El Fueyu*) is a Leonese language who wants to promote the knowledge of Leonese language and the defense of the rights of Leonese language speakers.

History
-------

Leonese language association El Fueyu born in Llión in 2005, an actually develops its activities mainly in the provinces of Llión, Zamora and Salamanca (Spain).

Courses
-------

The *Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu* have signed many agreements with the most important leonese institutions for teaching Leonese language in official courses.
Between them, there are the City Councils of Llión, Mansilla de las Mulas, Coyanza, La Bañeza or Zamora, and the Provincial Government of León

Leonese Language Day
--------------------

With the agreement signed between the Provincial Government of León and the *Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu* born the Leonese Language Day on June 20th, 2006. After that year, the Leonese City Council organizes that Day with the support of the Leonese language associations.

Leonese literature
------------------

Leonese language book Cuentos del Sil (Tales of the Sil) was published with the agreement between the Provincial Government of León and the Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu. In its edition collaborated the Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín. In this book several authors from or with rellations with El Bierzu wrote stories in Leonese language.

Related pages
-------------

* Leonese language
* Cuentos del Sil
* Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
* Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa

Other websites
--------------

* Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu (in Leonese language and English)
See also: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

The **Battle of Harpers Ferry** was fought September 12–15, 1862. It was part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson was sent to capture Harpers Ferry. His troops surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). This was a major victory at relatively minor cost.

Background
----------

During the Maryland Campaign of 1862, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced north through the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland. Lee planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. The Confederate Army was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Even though the Union Army outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army. He sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Col. Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. He had been ordered by McClellan to hold the town until McClellan could send more soldiers.

The battle
----------

The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederate on September 12. But there was only a brief skirmishing. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights.

During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived. They were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam.

Other websites
--------------

* Maryland Campaign of 1862
* From Beaver Dam Creek to Antietam: Lee’s Virginia-Maryland Campaign of 1862
The arms of the Princes of Craon.
The **House of Beauvau** was a noble family that originated from Anjou a region of France. The Beauvau du Rivau branch was rooted in Brittany. It produced two bishops of Nantes. The Craon (**Prince of Craon**) branch was established in Lorraine. This branch was intimate with the then reigning ducal family.

Brief history
-------------

Of knightly extraction, it has proofs of its nobility going back as far as 1265. The title of marquis of Beauvau was granted to the head of the family by Louis XIV in 1664. The family also had rights to the prestigious title of "cousin du Roi", reserved for a few families with an alliance with the royal house. Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754) was entitled prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1722, and it was under this title that the family was admitted to the "honneurs de la Cour" in 1775.

Princes of Craon
----------------

The princely title of Prince of Craon was a title used by the Beauvau family using their status as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire which was gained in 1722. This was later fully recognised by Louis XV of France in 1755. The title was inherited by male offspring. It became extinct in 1982. These princes were sometimes but also known as the **Prince of Beauvau**.

1. 1722–1754: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754), also a Grandee of Spain
2. 1754–1793: Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1720–1793), also Marshal of France
3. 1793–1849: Marc Étienne de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1773–1849) better known as the Prince of Beauvau.
4. 1849–1864: Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1793–1864)
5. 1864–1883: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1816–1883)
6. 1883–1942: Charles Louis de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1878–1942)
7. 1942–1982: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1921-1982) (1921–1982)

In Lorraine
-----------

Design by Germain Boffrand for the *Hôtel de Craon* in Nancy.
The Beauvau family later enjoyed close relations with the then ducal family of Lorraine even going so far as to name one of their sons after a son of the Duke. They had a townhouse in Nancy, itself the capital of Lorraine. The townhouse was called the *Hôtel de Craon*. The family also had a residence in Paris named the *Hôtel de Beauvau*.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to House of Beauvau, Princes of Beauvau, Princes of Craon at Wikimedia Commons

* 

Further information on the family
**Rádio BandNews FM** is a Brazilian *all news* radio network. It first started in 20 March 2005. It is owned by Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação.

The network started broadcasting at exactly midnight in 20 March 2005, after at 23:59, Rádio Cidade said goodbye to its listeners after 25 years and played the last top 3 songs. The first on-air journalist was Carlos Nascimento.

Currently, it serves ten cities: Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Vitoria, Joao Pessoa and Salvador. The first 4 cities carry the network's *de facto* flagship stations.

Campinas and Ribeirao Preto (in 106.7 FM and 96.7 FM) stopped carrying BandNews FM programming in 2014. They are now branded as Band FM.

BandNews FM is well known for its slogan *Em 20 minutos, tudo pode mudar* (In 20 minutes, everything can happen), which refers to how the news is updated every 20 minutes. This format (that allows listeners to tune in at any time of the day to get the leading stories of the moment) is inspired by 1010 WINS, America's most well-known news station.

From 6:00 to 23:00, on these news blocks, 6 minutes of them being given to each individual affiliate for providing local stories, read by a local announcer. Normally there's a local-only news programme from 9:00 to 11:00. Overnights feature live national announcers, broadcast by all affiliates.

The network also broadcasts selected Brazilian football matches, alongside Bandeirantes and CBN, two likewise-formatted radio networks.

Frequencies
-----------

* 96.9 MHz (São Paulo)
* 90.3 MHz (Rio de Janeiro)
* 89.5 MHz (Belo Horizonte)
* 90.5 MHz (Brasília)
* 96.3 MHz (Curitiba)
* 99.1 MHz (Salvador)
* 99.3 MHz (Porto Alegre)
* 101.7 MHz (Fortaleza)
* 103.3 MHz (João Pessoa)
* 90.1 MHz (Vitória)
The **auditory system** is the sensory system for the sense for hearing. The sense organ for hearing is the ear.

Structure of the ear
--------------------

Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image)
### Outer ear

The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna. 

### Middle ear

Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum. Three tiny bones, the ossicles, convert the waves to high pressure vibrations. They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

### Inner ear

The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea. The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are used in equilibrioception, the sense of balance.

Other websites
--------------

* Promenade 'round the cochlea Archived 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial - Auditory system Archived 2006-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Bible of Borso d'Este
The **Bible of Borso d'Este** or **Bibbia di Borso d’Este** is a famous illuminated Latin Bible from the Renaissance period in the history of Europe. It was made in 1455-61 for Borso d'Este, the Duke of Ferrara. It has more than 600 pages and more than 1000 small paintings. It has many pictures of plants and animals as well as pictures showing life in the fifteenth century, including pictures of music and dance. In 1937 the Bible of Borso d'Este was reproduced in a limited edition by Bestetti Edizioni d'Arte which today has a high auction value considered as a work of art.

Style
-----

Northern Italy had a tradition of miniature painting for many years. The French Bible of Niccolò III was painted in this tradition. It was a model for Borso's miniatures. Niccolò's Bible was written in 1434. It is now in the Vatican.

History
-------

The Bible of Borso d'Este was made between 1455 and 1461. A group of artists made the drawings. Taddeo Crivelli and Franco dei Russi were the leaders of the artists. Other artists were Girolamo da Cremona, Marco dell’Avogadro, and Giorgio d’Alemagna. Pietro Paolo Marone, a scribe from Bologna, did the writing.

In 1598, the Estense family moved to Modena, after the Pope took control of Ferrara. They took the Bible with them to Modena. In 1859, the city of Modena became part of Italy, and Francesco V d’Austria-Este went to Vienna with the Bible. In 1923, Giovanni Treccani degli Alfieri bought the Bible in a Paris bookstore. He returned the Bible to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy.

The Bible of Borso d'Este is now in the Biblioteca Estense (Este Library) in the Palazzo dei Musei, a museum and art gallery. The museum building was originally a poorhouse called Grande Albergo dei Poveri, built from 1767 to 1771. In 1788 the building became an art gallery. In 1883, the government got the building. The Bible of Borso d'Este is one of the most famous books in the museum.

Other websites
--------------

* Biblioteca Estense Universitaria
	+ Biblia Latina [Bibbia di Borso d'Este], v.1 Archived 2022-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
	+ Biblia Latina [Bibbia di Borso d'Este], v.2 Archived 2022-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
* World Digital Library

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The **bilby** (also known as the **rabbit-eared bandicoot**) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals were in danger of extinction, but now they are back living in New South Wales.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

Bilbies have the usual long bandicoot muzzle and big ears. They are about 29–55 cm (11–22 in) long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing, and to radiate heat. They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water. They get their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and by using their very long tongues.
View across St. Peter's Square to the Apostolic Palace
The **Apostolic Palace**, also called the **Papal Palace** or the **Palace of the Vatican**, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City.

The palace is a complex of buildings, with the Papal Apartment, the Catholic Church's government offices, a handful of chapels, the Vatican Museum and the Vatican library. In all there are over 1,000 rooms with the most famous including the Sistine Chapel and its renowned ceiling frescoes painted by Michelangelo (restored between 1980 and 1990) and Raphael's Rooms.

The other papal residences are at the Lateran Palace and the Castel Gandolfo outside Rome.

Before 1871, the Quirinal Palace was the Pope's official residence. After the final overthrow of the Papal States in 1870, the King of Italy confiscated that palace in 1871, making it the king's official residence; after the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946, it became the President of the Italian Republic's residence.

Related pages
-------------

* Borgia Apartment
* Clementine Hall
* Domus Sanctae Marthae
* Papal Gentlemen
* Papal Apartment
* Sistine Chapel
* Raphael Rooms
*he Bed* by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec depicts two people under a blanket
A **blanket** is a large, usually rectangular piece of cloth, generally used on a bed over a sheet to keep the sleeping person warm. Some blankets are knitted or crocheted while others are made of two layers of cloth sewn together with stuffing in the middle. Blankets can be made with hollow fibre or feathers.

Other names for blankets are quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or stuffing.

The word blanket probably came from the 14th century. A special kind of fabric called Blanket fabric was created by a Flemish weaver who lived in Bristol, England.

Uses
----

Farmer of Burundi sleeping under a blanket.
Blankets may also be used on the ground for a picnic or other places where people want to sit without their clothing getting dirty or wet.

Firefighters use a special fire blanket to protect household items such as chairs from water damage.

Types of blankets
-----------------

Electric blankets are heated by electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of wool because it is warm, naturally fire-retardant, and allows air to circulate well, while today synthetic fibers are frequently used. Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside of bed.

Other kinds are horse blankets, used to keep horses warm, and saddle blankets, used to prevent the horse's saddle from rubbing on its skin.

Blanket terminology is also used in the printing industry. A blanket is a rubber coating over different layer of compressible material. It wraps around a cylinder and insures transfer of ink form the printed material (where the image is ink defined) to the paper. Blankets are used for offset, gravure, flexo, etc.
**Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington** OM FRS (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an important English scientist. He was an astronomer, physicist, and mathematician in the early 20th century.

Eddington did his greatest work in astrophysics. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit is named after him. It is the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object (which is what causes the luminosity). 

Around 1920, he anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion in stars. This was published in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium.

He is also famous for his work on the theory of relativity. Eddington wrote a number of articles that explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I severed many lines of scientific communication and new developments in German science were not well known in England. He also conducted an expedition to observe the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. That gave one of the earliest confirmations of general relativity.The observations showed that light from stars which passed close by the Sun was slightly bent towards the Sun. This was predicted by the general theory of relativity. He became known for his popular expositions and interpretations of the theory.
The **Staatskapelle Berlin** is a German orchestra. It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court. By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became *Kapellmeister* (Music Director), from 1842. The orchestra started a series of public concerts. They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai. 

The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister". He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera. Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992. In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life". Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

Conductors/Music Directors
--------------------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * 1759-1775 Johann Friedrich Agricola
* 1775-1794 Johann Friedrich Reichardt (*Hofkapellmeister*)
* 1816-1820 Bernhard Anselm Weber
* 1820-1841 Gaspare Spontini
* 1842-1846 Giacomo Meyerbeer
* 1848-1849 Otto Nicolai
* 1871-1887 Robert Radecke (*Hofkapellmeister*)
* 1888-1899 Joseph Sucher
* 1899-1913 Richard Strauss
 | * 1913-1920 Leo Blech (*Hofkapellmeister*)
* 1923-1934 Erich Kleiber
* 1935-1936 Clemens Krauss
* 1941-1945 Herbert von Karajan
* 1948-1951 Joseph Keilberth
* 1954-1955 Erich Kleiber
* 1955-1962 Franz Konwitschny
* 1964-1990 Otmar Suitner
* 1992-*present* Daniel Barenboim
 |

Other websites
--------------

* Berlin Staatskapelle website
The **Aragón River** (Spanish: *Río Aragón*; Basque: *Aragon Ibaia*) is a river in northern Spain. It is one of the left-hand tributaries of the river Ebro.

The river gave its name to the historic Kingdom of Aragon and, then, to the modern Autonomous Community of Aragón.

Geography
---------

The Aragón river is 190 kilometres (118 miles) long. Its drainage basin has an area, including the area of the Arga river, of 8,609 square kilometres (3,324 square miles); without the Arga river, its chief tributary, the area is 5,850 square kilometres (2,259 square miles).

The areas of the different parts of the watershed of the Aragón River are:


| Watershed | Area  (km2)   |
| --- | --- |
| Upper Aragón | 2,196 |
| Iratí river | 1,594 |
| Cidacos river | 490 |
| Arga river | 2,760 |
| Whole Aragón (with Arga) | 8,690 |

### Course

The source of the Aragón river is in the Astún Valley, in the Pyrenees, in the Huesca province (Aragon) next to the border with France, at an altitude of 2,050 metres (6,726 feet).

It leaves the high mountains and flows to the south through the Canfranc valley and then turns to the west in Jaca. In Jaca, its discharge is 8.15 cubic metres per second (288 cubic feet per second) but it is increased by some tributaries as Gas, Lubierre, Candanchú, Estarrún, Aragón Subordán, Aragón Veral and Esca. When the river gets into Yesa, where is the Yesa dam, the discharge is 38 cubic metres per second (1,300 cubic feet per second).

Below the dam, the Aragón river flows to the southwest into Navarre, and finally flows into the Ebro river at Milagro, where the discharge is 140 cubic metres per second (4,900 cubic feet per second).

The main tributaries of the Aragón river are in Navarre; these are Iratí, Cidacos and Arga.

Gallery
-------

* Aragón river valley in the Huesca provinceAragón river valley in the Huesca province
* The Aragón flows past the ravine of PeñalénThe Aragón flows past the ravine of Peñalén
* The Aragón river in Sangüesa (Navarre)The Aragón river in Sangüesa (Navarre)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aragon River***.

* Tras el curso del río Aragón RAC Vasco Navarro[*permanent dead link*] (in Spanish)
There are 5 **arrondissements in the Moselle department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Moselle are:


Arrondissements of Moselle| INSEEcode | Arrondissement | Capital | Population(2014) | Area(km²) | Density(Inh./km²) | *Communes* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 573 | Forbach-Boulay-Moselle | Forbach | 245,222 | 1,283.3 | 191.1 | 169 |
| 575 | Sarrebourg-Château-Salins | Sarrebourg | 93,481 | 1,966.9 | 47.5 | 230 |
| 576 | Sarreguemines | Sarreguemines | 99,772 | 935.9 | 106.6 | 83 |
| 577 | Thionville | Thionville | 264,858 | 941.5 | 281.3 | 105 |
| 579 | Metz | Metz | 341,821 | 1,088.7 | 314.0 | 140 |

History
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Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in nine districts: Metz, Bitche, Boulay, Briey, Longwy, Morhange, Sarreguemines, Sarrelouis and Thionville, with Metz as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the nine districts were changed into four *arrondissements*: Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines and Thionville.

The Moselle department was eliminated in 1871 when part of the territory became part of Germany; the remaining parts were combined with the Meurthe department to form Meurthe-et-Moselle.

In 1919, a new department of Moselle was formed with nine *arrondissements*. In 2015, four *arrondissements* were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining five *arrondissements*: Forbach-Boulay-Moselle, Metz, Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, Sarreguemines and Thionville.

Related pages
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* List of arrondissements of France
A painting of Antoine Lavoisier.
**Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the *"Father of Modern Chemistry"*. His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen. He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.

Early life
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Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old. Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then. He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather. He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer. He started a career as a scientist instead.

Science career
--------------

How Lavoisier burned mercury. The mercury was in A.
During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry. Much of his research was done on combustion. He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation. To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air. In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase. His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.

He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is *nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed*. It says that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones. Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier, together with L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet and Antoine François de Fourcroy, created the first system of chemical nomenclature in the 1780s.

Political career
----------------

While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working at the government. During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789. Antoine kept his position in the government. But, two years later, a new government arrived in power. This new government was suspicious of Lavoisier's great success as a scientific researcher and as a public administrator. He was accused of selling modified tobacco. He was arrested for conspiracy against the people. Even though there was no proof that showed that Antoine de Lavoisier broke the law, he was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794. He was executed using the guillotine.
The **Bikini atoll** is a group of islands (an atoll) in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Ralik chain. Today, it is part of the Marshall Islands. It used to be known as **Eschscholtz Atoll**. The atoll is made of 23 islands, which have a surface area of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The lagoon is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) by 24 kilometres (15 mi), and has a surface area of about 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi). The lagoon has a depth of up to 60 metres (200 ft). The two biggest islands are Bikini, at 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi) and Enyu, at 1.23 square kilometres (0.47 sq mi). 

Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands, is about 850 kilometres (530 mi) to the south. New Guinea is about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) to the southwest.

Nuclear tests
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Today, the atoll is mostly known for many nuclear tests, done by the US government in the 1940s, and 1950s. In 1946, about 200 people were moved from these two islands, all other islands of the atoll were uninhabited. The people were moved to the smaller Rongerik Atoll, which was uninhabited at the time. 

Over 42.000 people were taking part in the nuclear tests. In total, 67 tests were done.

In the 1970s, about 100 people again moved to the islands, but they had to leave again, because high levels of Strontium-90 and Caesium-137 were found. Today, the atoll is largely uninhabited, except for a few caretakers.

Problems with islanders returning
---------------------------------

Even though the atoll may be habitable again soon, there's a problem: Many of the Bikini islanders (or their offspring) have never lived on the island, and haven't even visited it. There's a high unemployment rate on the Marshall islands. As the Marshall islands have a special agreement with the United States, unemployed people from the Marshall islands can go look for jobs in the United States. It is therefore unclear how many of the original islanders or their offspring will return to the atoll.

Gallery
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* American bunker located in the islandAmerican bunker located in the island
* Rear of bunkerRear of bunker
* The island seen from aboveThe island seen from above
* Entrance sign to the islandEntrance sign to the island
* View of the coast from aboveView of the coast from above
Blind men touching parts of an elephant
The **Blind men and an elephant** is an idiom.

The story of the blind men and an elephant comes from India. It is about a range of truths and mistakes. It is also about the need for communication and the need for respect for different perspectives. 

The idiom shows the effects of observation and bias. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

Story
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A group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part. For example, one touches only the side and another touches only the tusk. 

The blind men discover that they disagree when each describes what he has learned from touching the elephant.

Poem
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A famous poem — "The Blind Men and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887).

And so these men of Hindustan  
 Disputed loud and long,  
 Each in his own opinion  
 Exceeding stiff and strong,  
 Though each was partly in the right  
 And all were in the wrong.
The poem begins:

> It was six men of Indostan  
> 
> 
> 
> To learning much inclined,  
> 
> Who went to see the Elephant  
> 
> (Though all of them were blind),  
> 
> That each by observation  
> 
> 
> 
> Might satisfy his mind
> 
> 

They conclude that the elephant is like a wall, snake, spear, tree, fan or rope, depending upon where they touch. None of blind men's description is correct for the whole elephant.

Related pages
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* Is the glass half empty or half full?

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Blind men and an elephant***.

* Story of the Blind Men and the Elephant Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine from www.spiritual-education.org Archived 2006-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
* All of Saxe's Poems including original printing of The Blindman and the Elephant
* Buddhist Version as found in *Jainism and Buddhism. Udana* hosted by the University of Princeton Archived 2006-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi's version as translated by A.J. Arberry
* Jainist Version hosted by Jainworld Archived 2009-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* John Godfrey Saxe's version hosted at Rice University Archived 2005-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
In anthropology, **bands** are the tiniest societies, consisting typically of 5-80 people, most or all of them close relatives by birth or by marriage. In effect, a band is an extended family or several related extended families. Today, autonomous bands are almost confined to the most remote parts of New Guinea and Amazonia, but there were many others that have only recently fallen under state control or been assimilated or exterminated. They include many or most African Pygmies, southern African San hunter-gatherers (so-called Bushmen), Aboriginal Australians, Eskimos (Inuit), and Native Americans of some resource-poor areas of the Americas such as Tierra del Fuego and the northern boreal forests; all these modern bands are or were nomadic hunter-gatherers rather than settled food producers. Until at least 40,000 years ago, probably all humans lived in bands, and most still did as recently as 11,000 years ago. 

Bands have no permanent single base of residence, instead land is used jointly by the whole group, as opposed to being partitioned among subgroups or individuals. There is no regular economic specialization, except by age and sex: all able-bodied individuals forage for food. There are no formal institutions, such as laws, police, and treaties, to resolve conflicts within and between bands. Organization is often described as "egalitarian" in the sense that there is no formalized social stratification into upper and lower classes, no formalized or hereditary leadership, and no formalized monopolies of information and decision making. However, this definition of egalitarian should not be taken to mean that there is equality in prestige and the decision-making process among band members. Instead "leadership" should be thought of as informal and acquired through qualities such as personality, strength, intelligence, and fighting skills.

Our closest biological relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees and bonobos of Africa, also live in bands. All humans presumably did so too, until improved technology for extracting food allowed some hunter-gatherers to settle in permanent dwellings in some resource-rich areas. The band is the political, economic, and social organization that we inherited from our millions of years of evolutionary history. Our developments beyond it took place within the last few tens of thousands of years.
Radial ball bearing
A **bearing** is a device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be broadly grouped by the way they work. The most common of the many types are plain bearings and rolling-element bearings. 

The two main types of rolling-element bearings are ball bearings and roller bearings. In ball bearings, the rolling elements are spherical balls. In roller bearings, the rolling elements are cylindrical, taper or spherical rollers. Ball bearings are shown in the pictures.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bearings***.

Ball bearing 
* Comprehensive article on bearings Archived 2016-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* How Bearings Work - Animations and functioning
* How Bearings Work -  - Animations on www.mechanismen.be
* Early Bearing Failure Detection Archived 2008-02-08 at the Wayback Machine - Case study
* Catalogs, CAD files and more Bearings information from Bosch Rexroth[*permanent dead link*]
The **Battle of Fulford** took place on the 20th September 1066 near York. The battle was between Viking invaders and English Earls. It was fought by, on one side, King Harald III of Norway (Harald Hardrada (Old Norse, meaning "hard ruler") and his English ally Tostig Godwinson. On the other side were two Earls, Edwin and Morcar. Tostig was the exiled brother of the English king Harold Godwinson. The battle was fought out on the outskirts of the village of Fulford, close to York.

The battle was a decisive victory for the Viking army. The earls of York could have hidden behind the walls of their city. Instead, they met the Viking army across a river. All day the English tried to break the Viking shield wall but failed.

Edwin and Morcar had survived the battle. York surrendered to the Norwegians. Harald had won the battle. One cause of the battle was that Earl Morcar had replaced Tostig as Earl of Northumbria.

Background
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The Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor died on 5 January 1066 without an heir. The only surviving member of the royal family was Edgar, the young son of Edward Ætheling. On the day of King Edward's funeral, 6 January, Harold Godwinson, the Earl of Wessex, rushed to London, where he was crowned king in the Abbey of Saint Peter of Westminster, by Ealdred, Archbishop of York. Harold Godwinson was elected as King by the Witenagemot, who had gathered in Westminster to celebrate the feast of Epiphany.

However, two powerful earls, brothers Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, challenged his authority. Sources indicate that Harold moved north to confront them; however, in the end he got their loyalty by marrying their sister, Edith, the widow of Griffith of Wales. By securing the loyalty of Edwin and Morcar, Godwinson increased his strength in the north. These men were, in fact, the first barrier between Harald Hardrada and Harold Godwinson.

The defeat of the earls had a big consequence. Because his enemies won, King Harold Godwinson had to force-march his troops 190 miles (310 km), from London to York. He did this within a week of Fulford. He surprised the Viking army and defeated them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. In the meantime William, Duke of Normandy, had landed his army in Sussex on the south coast.

Probably the engagements at Fulford Gate and at the Battle of Stamford Bridge seriously affected Harold's strength at the Battle of Hastings some three weeks later. There is no doubt that if Harold had not been diverted by the battles in the north, he would have been better prepared to fight William at Hastings and the result might have been different.
"**Better Off Ned**" is the 16th episode of the 31st season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on television on the Fox network on March 15, 2020. In the episode, Homer becomes Nelson's mentor to make Bart jealous when Ned takes care of him. The episode was dedicated to Max von Sydow who died on March 8, 2020. He guest starred in the episode "The War of Art" as Klaus Ziegler.

Plot
----

Bart's grandpa tells him a war story and pranks him with a fake grenade. Bart takes the grenade to school and pranks them, causing everyone to run away. Ned Flanders throws himself on the grenade as a sacrifice and to save everyone. Superintendent Chalmers is going to suspend Bart from school, but Ned wants to take care of him with his three P's: persistence, prayer, and persistent prayer.

At the Flanders house, Ned goes to take Bart fishing. When Bart catches a fish, Ned teaches him how to roast it in a fire. Bart also joins a church choir and everyone in the church congratulate Ned for making Bart a better person. This makes Homer jealous.

Homer walks around the city and finds Nelson Muntz at a landfill crying because of what is going on at his home. Homer brings him to Krusty Burger and says that he will be his mentor, so that he can make Bart jealous. Lisa says that Homer should go to a counselor because he ends up causing problems. The therapist Homer goes to disagrees with what Homer tries. Homer finds Nelson's mother who asks if he will leave Nelson, like a lot of men did in the past. Homer tries to tell Nelson about it, but he gets sad and plans revenge on Bart. 

At the Christian Pride Parade, Nelson tries to start a praying hands machine in order to crush Bart with the hands. Homer sees Nelson and pushes Bart away, getting crushed by the hands. Homer and Bart ride in the ambulance together. Homer apologizes to Nelson and lets Ned take him as a mentor.

Reception
---------

Dennis Perkins of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a score of C- and said that "'Better Off Ned' isn’t just a lousy half-hour (minus commercials, minus three episode-ending tags in place of any sort of resolution) of The Simpsons because it’s double-dipping on the same premise. It’s a truly lousy episode because it fairly rings with indifference, glib cruelty, and enough lamp-shading of creative exhaustion to serve as platonic ideal for late-run ‘is that show still on?’ disposability." *Den of Geek* gave the episode a 3 out of 5 stars and says "'Better Off Ned' is sweet but feels like a doughnut where the creamy middle has been sucked out. It doesn’t quite miss the edge as much as it dulls it. The opportunities are here for sharper comedy, but the episode cuts across the surface."

Other websites
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* "Better Off Ned" at the Internet Movie Database