recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**reliability and validity**

* Reliability and validity are two terms that are constantly seen together in research and scientific texts.

Reliability
-----------

Has our weight really increased or is there a problem with the scale?
**Definition:** Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement or test. A reliable test produces similar results when administered under consistent conditions.

* **Example:** If you weigh yourself on a scale and get the same reading every time you step on it, the scale is reliable. If the scale gives different readings each time, it is not reliable.

Validity
--------

**Definition**: Validity is the degree to which a test or measurement accurately assesses what it intends to measure. A valid test measures the concept or skill it claims to measure.

* **Example:** Imagine you have a thermometer that is supposed to measure body temperature. If it consistently (always) gives accurate readings close to your actual body temperature, it is a valid thermometer. If it often shows incorrect temperatures, it lacks validity.

More examples
-------------

**Reliability:**
If a stopwatch consistently records the same time for an event when used multiple times, it is reliable. On the other hand, if the stopwatch shows different times for the same event, it is not reliable.

**Validity:**
If a driving test accurately assesses a person's ability to drive safely, it is a valid test. However, if the test measures unrelated skills or fails to capture important aspects of driving, it lacks validity.

In simple terms,
----------------

Imagine you have a friend who is helping you test a new video game. Reliability is like having your friend play the game multiple times and getting consistent scores each time. If your friend gets different scores every time they play, it wouldn't be reliable because the results are not consistent.

Validity is like making sure your friend is actually testing the game and not, for example, just pressing random buttons. If your friend is playing the game properly and the scores reflect how good or bad the game is, then the test is valid.

So, in simple terms, reliability is about getting consistent results, and validity is about making sure the test measures what it's supposed to measure.

Summary
-------

In summary, reliability is about consistency, and validity is about accuracy in measuring what it's supposed to measure. Reliable measurements are consistent, while valid measurements accurately reflect the intended concept or skill.
**Caulfield** is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.

Caulfield is a Premium Station.

Location
--------

The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.

Monash University at Caulfield

Facilities
----------

The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.

History
-------

Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

|  **Station Navigation**  |
| --- |
| Metropolitan service |
| Cranbourne & Pakenham lines |
| Previous Station | Malvern → | **|** | → Carnegie | Next Station |
| Frankston line |
| Previous Station | Malvern → | **|** | → Glenhuntly | Next Station |
| Regional service |
| Bairnsdale line |
| Previous Station | Richmond → | **|** | → Clayton | Next Station |
|  **Entire metropolitan network**  |
|  **Entire regional network**  |

| Melbourne's public transport - Metlink |
| --- |
| Modes | Trains &#149; Trams &#149; Buses |
| Ticketing | Metcard &#149; myki &#149; Transport Ticketing Authority |
| Main Operating Companies | Metro Trains Melbourne &#149; V/Line &#149; KDR Melbourne |
| Former Operating Companies | Connex Melbourne &#149; Yarra Trams |
A page of a copy circa 1503 of the *Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi*. For details, see: Rumi ghazal 163.
***Divan-i Kabir*** (Persian: *دیوان کبیر*), also known as **Divan-i Shams** is a collection of poems written by the Persian poet and Sufi mystic Rumi. It is the collection of lyric poems written in the Persian language, it contains more than 40,000 verses and over 3,000 ghazals.

Origin
------

In 1244, Rumi met a Sufi dervish named Shams-i Tabrizi in Konya, who became his spiritual teacher and introduced him to music and poetry. Shams left and returned a few times before disappearing, possibly being killed in 1248. Rumi wrote poetry about his love and loss for Shams after his disappearance. The poems were collected after Rumi's death by his students as the Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi. Most of the poems were written around 1247, after Shams' second disappearance. Some poems were written after Rumi confirmed Shams' death. Different editions of the Divan organize the poems differently, either by alphabet or by meter. The first printed copy of the Divan was made in Europe in 1838, but more accurate editions have been published since then based on original manuscripts.[*source?*]

Themes
------

The poems in Rumi's Divan are not just about teaching things like his Masnavi book is known for; instead, they express Rumi's deep philosophical ideas about love and longing. Some scholars believe that Rumi rejects longing in favor of unity with God because longing creates a separation between people and things outside themselves. This goes against Rumi’s belief in divine unity or tawhid found in Islam’s declaration that there is no other god but God (Shahada). According to this viewpoint by Rokus de Groot, Rumi thinks that those who are drunk with love have a duality between themselves and the object of their love, whereas those who are drunk with God are united as one. Rumi signed about a third of the Divan under Shams-i Tabrizi’s name to repudiate his longing for Shams after his disappearance and embrace the unity of all beings found in divine love.[*source?*]

Mostafa Vaziri argues that Rumi's references to love in the Divan represent a separate religion or Mazhab-e ‘Ishq, which is universalist and not uniquely Islamic. Vaziri suggests that Rumi's notion of love is a designation for the incorporeal reality of existence that lies outside of physical conception. According to Vaziri, Rumi's references to Shams in the Divan are not about the person of Shams but about the all encompassing universality of the love reality itself that goes beyond any religious or cultural boundaries or distinctions between people and things outside themselves which goes against Rumi’s belief in divine unity or tawhid found in Islam’s declaration that there is no other god but God (Shahada).[*source?*]
{\displaystyle 20/4=5}
In mathematics, **division** is the operation which is the opposite of multiplication. The symbols for division are the slash ({\displaystyle /}) and the fraction line, as in:

{\displaystyle 6/3} or {\displaystyle {\frac {6}{3}}}
where both expressions mean "6 divided by 3", with 2 as the answer. The first number (6) is the **dividend**, and the second number (3) is the **divisor**. The result (or answer) of a division is the **quotient**, where any left-over amount as whole numbers is called the **remainder**. For example, {\displaystyle 14/4} gives quotient 3 with remainder 2, all expressed as the mixed number {\displaystyle 3+{\frac {1}{2}}} or {\displaystyle 3.5}).

With multiplication
-------------------

If {\displaystyle x} times {\displaystyle y} equals {\displaystyle z}, written as:

{\displaystyle x\cdot y=z}
where {\displaystyle y} is not {\displaystyle 0}, then {\displaystyle x} equals {\displaystyle z} divided by {\displaystyle y}, written as:

{\displaystyle x={\frac {z}{y}}}
For example,

{\displaystyle 2={\frac {6}{3}}}
because

{\displaystyle 2\cdot 3=6}.
In the above expressions, the **dividend** is {\displaystyle 6}, the **divisor** is {\displaystyle 3} and the **quotient** is {\displaystyle 2} (with no remainder).

Division by zero, as in

{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{0}}}
is not defined.

Notation
--------

Division is most often shown by placing the *dividend* over the *divisor* with a horizontal line (called a vinculum) between them. For example, {\displaystyle x} divided by {\displaystyle y} is written as

{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{y}}}
This can be read as "x divided by y", or "x over y". A way to express division on one line is to write the *dividend*, then a slash, then the *divisor*, like this:

{\displaystyle x/y}
This is the usual way to write division in most computer programming languages, since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.

A typographical variation which is halfway between these two forms uses a slash, but elevates the dividend and lowers the divisor:

*a*⁄*b*
Any of these forms can be used to show a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where the dividend and divisor are both integers (in that case, the two numbers are called *numerator* and *denominator*).

Division should not be confused with ratios, which are written as {\displaystyle a:b}, and read "{\displaystyle a} (is) to {\displaystyle b}".

Related pages
-------------

* Divisor, another meaning as a number which evenly divides an amount
* Division by two
* Long division
* Modular arithmetic
* Remainder

Other websites
--------------

* Division on a Japanese abacus Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
* Chinese Short Division Techniques on a Suan Pan Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Rules of divisibility Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
**Francesco Filippini** (18 September 1853 – 6 March 1895) was an Italian painter from Lombardy. Filippini is considered one of the most important landscape painters of the 1900s.

Life
----

Filippini was born in Brescia, in Lombardy in northern Italy, on 18 September 1853, into a poor family. His father Lorenzo was a carpenter, his mother Silvia Signoria a seamstress. He was soon sent to work, first as a waiter in a pastry shop, later as a clerk to a notary.

Filippini attended the school of drawing at the Pinacoteca Tosio in Brescia, In 1872 he received a grant from the city council to continue his studies there. In 1875 he received an allowance to study under Giuseppe Bertini in Milan. In 1879 another grant allowed him to travel to Paris to visit the Salon, the official art exhibition of the French Fine Arts Academy.

Filippini exhibited at the annual shows of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan from 1879, and from 1880 lived in that city. He made his living by teaching, both in schools and privately. He was made an honorary member of the Accademia di Brera in 1878.

He died in Milan on 6 March 1895.

Art Market
----------

During a Sotheby’s auction in Milan in 2007, the artwork "Ai piedi del ghiacciaio" (At the Foot of the Glacier, 1875) by Francesco Filippini, an oil on canvas, was sold for 102,250 euros plus auction fees In 2008, Filippini’s works were sold on the private collector’s market for a total of 350,000 euros. The most valued and sought-after paintings were typically those depicting peasants, shepherds, mountains, and hills.

Works
-----

When he was young, Filipinni painted mostly religious or historical subjects, as well as some portraits. In later life he painted mostly landscapes – of the Apennines, the Lombardy countryside and the Alps. He also made paintings of the sea near Genova, Naples and Venice. His work shows the influence of the Scapigliatura.

A selection of works: 

At the foot of the glacier (Filippini)

Gallery
-------

* Male Nude (1876)*Male Nude* (1876)
* Fra Angelico in his Room (1880)*Fra Angelico in his Room* (1880)
* First Snows (1889)*First Snows* (1889)
* Peasant Girl Resting (1893)*Peasant Girl Resting* (1893)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Italian painters

Further reading
---------------

* Editorial staff (4 November 2015). "Francesco Filippini, il dossier. Uno splendido pittore morto a 42 anni di tisi". *StileArte* (in Italian)
* Vasco Frati (1999). *Francesco Filippini: 1853-1895: un protagonista del naturalismo lombardo* (exhibition catalogue, in Italian). Milan:Skira. ISBN 9788881186716. (in Italian)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Italy
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* RKD Artists
* ULAN

 |
| People | 
* Italian People
* Germany

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |

 Media related to Francesco Filippini at Wikimedia Commons
**Edinburgh of the Seven Seas** is the capital and the only settlement of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Locally it is always called "The Settlement".

Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is regarded as the most remote permanent settlement on Earth, being 2,173 km2 (839 sq mi) from the nearest human settlement, on Saint Helena.

History
-------

The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who came to the islands in December 1810. He declared the islands his property and named them the *Islands of Refreshment*. Lambert's rule was short-lived, as he died in 1812.

The settlement was founded on the island of Tristan da Cunha in 1816 by a Corporal William Glass (with his South African wife and two children) after the UK annexed Tristan da Cunha. A military garrison was maintained on the islands as a guard against any French attempts to rescue Napoleon, imprisoned on Saint Helena. The military garrison remained until the end of World War II.

It is named after Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria, in honour of his visit to the island in 1867, after which the Settlement was officially (but never locally) known as *Edinburgh of the Seven Seas*.

It was damaged in a volcanic eruption near the Settlement in 1961 which forced the entire population to abandon the settlement and move to the UK. The eruption destroyed the settlement's crayfish factory. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.

After the return of most of the islanders in 1963, the Settlement was rebuilt. The harbour at Edinburgh was named Calshot Harbour, after the place in Hampshire where the islanders temporarily stayed.

Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is the only major settlement of Tristan da Cunha, and contains a small port, the Administrator's residence, and the post office. There is a school, St Mary's School, with five classrooms, a computer room and other facilities.

Climate
-------

Edinburgh of the Seven Seas has a mild and humid oceanic climate, with moderate temperatures throughout the year.



| Climate data for Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha Island |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 20(68) | 20(68) | 20(68) | 19(66) | 17(63) | 15(59) | 14(57) | 14(57) | 14(57) | 15(59) | 17(63) | 18(64) | 17(62) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14(57) | 14(57) | 14(57) | 13(55) | 11(52) | 10(50) | 9(48) | 8(46) | 8(46) | 9(48) | 11(52) | 12(54) | 11(52) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 104(4.1) | 92(3.6) | 115(4.5) | 140(5.5) | 151(5.9) | 156(6.1) | 150(5.9) | 160(6.3) | 155(6.1) | 142(5.6) | 126(5.0) | 125(4.9) | 1,615(63.6) |
| Source: Weatherbase.com  |

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
*

Other websites
--------------

* DS World's Lands: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas[*permanent dead link*]
* tripadvisor: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
**Carl Terrell Mitchell** (born November 27, 1973), better known as **Twista** (formerly Tung Twista), is an American rapper and record producer. He released his first album (under Tung Twista), *Runnin' Off at da Mouth*, in 1992. In the same year, he was named the world's fastest rapper in the Guinness Book of World Records. He was dropped by the recording label Loud Records after his first album did not sell well. Twista released an his second album *Resurrection*, also under Tung Twista. *Resurrection* shares its name with fellow Chicago rapper Common's second album. In 1996, he collaborated with fellow Chicago hip hop group Do or Die on the track "Po Pimp". Twista then dropped the word "Tung" from his stage name after the release he signed with Atlantic Records which released third album *Adrenaline Rush* in 1997. He had his first number one single, "Slow Jamz", in 2003. "Slow Jamz" was from Twista's fourth album, *Kamikaze*. The single was also featured on fellow Chicago rapper Kanye West's first album *The College Dropout*.
**Ladies' Code** (Korean: 레이디스 코드) was a South Korean girl group formed by Polaris Entertainment and 1TheK (formerly LOEN Music) in 2013. The group originally consisted of five members: Ashley, Sojung, EunB, Rise and Zuny. Their debut album was *Code#01*.

They won the New Artist of The Year award at Gaon Kpop Chart Awards and the MBC music star award at MelON music awards.

On September 3, 2014, at 1:20 KST time, the group was involved in a car crash which killed members EunB and Rise, leaving the group as a trio.

In late 2015, Ladies' Code and the other Polaris artists held a memorial concert for the dead members.

In 2016, Ladies Code returned for the first time since the accident with the single album *Myst3ry*.

Members
-------

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Current members*** Ashley (애슐리) – leader
* Sojung (소정)
* Zuny (주니)

  | **Past members*** Rise (리세)
* EunB (은비)
 |

Discography
-----------

### Mini-albums

* *CODE #01 Bad Girl* (2013)
* *CODE #02 Pretty Pretty* (2013)
* *Strang3r* (2016)
* *Code#03 Set Me Free* (2019)

### Single albums

* *Kiss Kiss* (2014)
* *Myst3ry* (2016)

### Soundtrack appearances

* "Make Me Go Crazy" (*Flower Grandpa Investigation Unit* OST) (2014)
**ARM architecture** is a computer CPU architecture used in computers of all sizes up to supercomputers; commonly used in embedded systems and mobile devices such as cell phones, tablet computers, and handheld game consoles such as the Game Boy Advance. ARM CPUs use very little electricity and produce very little heat. Most ARM CPUs run on battery power and don't need a cooling fan. The Linux operating system is used most on ARM CPUs. 

In 2013 ARM was the world's most popular 32-bit CPU architecture. Since then, production has increased to millions per day. 64-bit ARM, which allows for addressing memory greater than 3.8GB, has been available since then and is used in most modern smartphones.

Brands and Manufacturers
------------------------

* Qualcomm Snapdragon
* Samsung
* Texas Instruments
* Intel
* MediaTek

Examples of products that use ARM
---------------------------------

* Supercomputers including the top one, Fugaku, from 2020 to May 2022
* Most Android devices
* Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad
* Samsung Chromebook
* Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo Switch
* Windows RT and Windows Phone
* Many Wi-Fi routers and other network equipment
* Digital cameras
* DVD and Blu-ray players
* Some newer televisions
* Some car stereos
* Raspberry Pi, a small form computer the size of a credit card

Related pages
-------------

* Z80
* X86
* Intel Atom
* MIPS architecture
Parties
  Signatories
**International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families** is a treaty of the United Nations for the rights of all migrant workers. It also protects their families. It was adopted in 18 December 1990. It went into force in 2003.

This Convention is made as a series of the international human rights law and at the "Preamble" of the Convention, they recall the conventions of the International Labour Organization about migrant workers and unfree labour. The aid of the Convention is to protect the rights of migrant workers who have not the nationality of the staying country, thus who can often be under the worse working condition or even the victims of human trafficking. 

But as of December 2019, only 55 countries have ratified, that is admitted formally the Convention. Most of those countries are in North Africa and South America. No migrant-receiving State in Western Europe or North America has ratified the Convention. Other important receiving countries, such as Australia, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, India and South Africa have not ratified the Convention either.

But this Convention is recalled by the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Related pages
-------------

* Immigration
* Migrant worker
* International Labour Organization
* International human rights law

Other websites
--------------

* Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers (full text)
**National Insurance** was the beginning of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. It was started by the National Insurance Act 1911. The idea of insurance was attractive to Lloyd George because it kept individual responsibility. In Britain there were flat rate contributions and flat rate benefits. In Europe both contributions and benefits were generally relative to the workers normal pay. It has changed a great deal since then. 

in 1912 the workers who paid their National Insurance could visit a General practitioner and get medicine they were prescribed without paying. But this did not include their families.

---

People are given a National Insurance number, often called a NINo, when they are 16. They must have this to get work. Workers make regular payments calculated as a fraction of their pay. The payments are collected and recorded by HM Revenue and Customs. Until 1973 people had a card for each year with stamps to show they had paid. After that it was joined to the system for collecting income tax. They can then get benefits when they cannot work.

Contributions
-------------

People over retirement age do not pay.

There are four sort of contributions (payments).

Class 1 contributions are paid by employers and their workers. Nothing is paid by people who earn less than £123 a week. Between £123 and £242 a week workers get a credit but dont pay. Between £242 and £967 a week workers pay 12%. Over £175 a week employers pay 13.8% (including for people over retirement age).

Class 2 contributions are £3 a week paid by self-employed people. 

Class 3 contributions are voluntary, People pay to improve their contribution record, usually to protect their pension.

Class 4 contributions are paid by self-employed people as a portion of their profits.

People who cannot work for some reason may get NI credits, usually when claiming benefits.

Benefits
--------

The benefits with a contribution condition:

* Bereavement benefit
* Employment and Support Allowance
* Jobseeker's Allowance
* Statutory Sick Pay
* UK State Pension
SCSI device controller
A device controller is a system that handles the incoming and outgoing signals of the CPU by acting as a bridge between CPU and the I/O devices. A device is connected to the computer via a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Device controllers use binary and digital codes. An IO device contains mechanical and electrical parts. A device controller is the electrical part of the IO device.

Device-Operating System Communication
-------------------------------------

The Device Controller receives the data from a connected device and stores it temporarily in some special purpose registers (i.e. local buffer) inside the controller. Then it communicates the data with a Device Driver. For each device controller there is an equivalent device driver which is the standard interface through which the device controller communicates with the Operating Systems through Interrupts. Device controller is a hardware whereas device driver is a software.
The controller's job is to convert the serial bit stream to block bytes and perform any error correction necessary. 
Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device (for example disk drives, audio devices, or video displays). Each device controller has a local buffer.
**Cillian Murphy** (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish movie and theatre actor. Murphy is known for his roles in Christopher Nolan movies such as Scarecrow in *The Dark Knight Trilogy* (2005–2012). He also appeared in *Inception* and *Dunkirk*. He also plays Tommy Shelby in the BBC drama television series *Peaky Blinders*. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2005 for his role as Patrick/Patricia "Kitty" Braden in *Breakfast on Pluto*. In 2023, he played physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer in the Christopher Nolan movie *Oppenheimer* for which he won a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Early life
----------

Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland. He was raised in Ballintemple, a suburb of Cork. His father, Brendan Murphy, worked for the Irish Department of Education. His mother is a French teacher. He went to University College Cork.

Career
------

Murphy started his career as a rock musician. After he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in Disco Pigs in 1996. He went on to star in a British and Irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie *28 Days Later*.

Murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: Scarecrow in the superhero movie *Batman Begins*, and as Jackson Rippner in the thriller movie *Red Eye*. He also played the Scarecrow in the next two Batman movies: *The Dark Knight* and *The Dark Knight Rises*. He played the orphan teen in the 2005's *Breakfast on Pluto*. For that role, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He played a 1920s Irish revolutionary in *The Wind That Shakes the Barley*.

He has also played the main protagonist, Thomas Shelby, in the BBC drama *Peaky Blinders*.

In 2023, he played J. Robert Oppenheimer in the Christopher Nolan movie *Oppenheimer*. He won a Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and BAFTA Award for this role.

Personal life
-------------

Murphy lived in London, England from 2001 until 2015 when he moved to Dublin, Ireland. He often works in or near a city. He has no thoughts of moving to Hollywood. He doesn't feel right with the celebrity circuit. He often gives interviews about his movies. He does not give information about his private life. He didn't appear on TV interviews until 2010. He won an Irish Film & Television Award in 2007. He won a Drama Desk Award in 2012.

Murphy married Yvonne McGuinness in 2004. They have two sons; Malachy (b. 2005) and Carrick (b. 2007). He currently lives in Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Cillian Murphy at Wikimedia Commons

* Cillian Murphy on IMDb
**Egyptian Islamic Jihad** (EIJ), originally called **al-Jihad**, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam. It has been active since the late 1970s. It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as a group linked to al-Qaeda. It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.

Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda. According to Zawahiri, the EIJ was "different from the Takfir wal Hijra group as we do not consider people infidels because of their sins. And we are different from the Muslim Brotherhood because sometimes they do not oppose the government".

The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.

Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.

Link with Al Qaeda
------------------

In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure, Ayman al-Zawahiri, have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".
The **Buëch** (Occitan: *Buech*) is a river in southeastern France, a right tributary of the Durance. It is also called the **Grand Buëch** in its upper course just to the confluence with the *Petit Buëch* river.

Geography
---------

The Buëch river has a length of 85.2 km (53 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 1,478 km2 (571 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 20.10 m3/s (710 cu ft/s) at Laragne-Montéglin in the Hautes-Alpes department, for a period of 15 years.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Laragne-Montéglin**

### Course

The Buëch starts several kilometres to the east of *col de la Croix-Haute*, a mountain pass in the western side of the *Massif du Dévoluy* mountains, in the *commune* of Lus-la-Croix-Haute, Drôme department, at an elevation of about 2,325 m (7,628 ft). It then flows to the southwest and gets into the Hautes-Alpes department and then flows to the south.

Finally, the river flows into the Durance river, as a right tributary, near Sisteron, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.

The Buëch flows through 3 departments and 23 *communes*, in 2 regions:

* Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes región
	+ Drôme: Lus-la-Croix-Haute
* Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
	+ Hautes-Alpes: La Faurie, Aspres-sur-Buëch, Serres, Saint-Julien-en-Beauchêne, Laragne-Montéglin
	+ Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Mison, Sisteron

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Buëch river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Petit Buëch - 44.5 km

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Blaisance - 19.1 km
* Céans - 22.4 km
* Méouge - 39.6 km
 |

Gallery
-------

* The Buëch near AspremontThe Buëch near Aspremont
* The Buëch near SerresThe Buëch near Serres
* The Buëch between Ribiers and SisteronThe Buëch between Ribiers and Sisteron
* Confluence of the Durance (at left) with the Buëch in SisteronConfluence of the Durance (at left) with the Buëch in Sisteron

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
***The Adventures of Milo and Otis*** (子猫物語, *Koneko Monogatari*, lit. "A Kitten's Story"; alternate English title, ***The Adventures of Chatran***) is a 1986 Japanese-French adventure comedy-drama movie. It is about two animals, Milo (an orange tabby cat) and Otis (a pug). The original Japanese version, narrated by Shigeru Tsuyuki and with poetry recitation by Kyōko Koizumi, was released on June 27, 1986. Columbia Pictures removed 15 minutes from the original movie and released a shorter English-language version, narrated by Dudley Moore, on August 25, 1989.

At minute 46:25 of Milo and Otis footage, seagulls eat a kitten, showing a live terrified, running kitten eaten into flying blood flesh into the air of a cliff, which clearly evidences that the Japanese filmmaker in Japan and those related in the Japanese film industry refused to stop the attacking on the kitten running for its life. Everyone can see for oneself through free live streaming. There is no cover up or dead end in seeing it with one's own eyes. The bureaucracy and red tape claims bring into question excuse-making.
**Tokyo Ghoul** is Japanese dark fantasy manga drawn by Sui Ishida. It was serialized in a weekly Young Jump. The story was separated from two sections. Section 1 was serialized 2011 No.41- 2014 No.46. And section 2 was serialized 2014 No.46- 2018 No.31. The comic series has a circulation of 44 million (May 2019).

General Information
-------------------

The stage is Tokyo and there are many ghouls. They live by eating humans. And they can’t eat food like vegetables, meats and fishes. Because of the antisocial diet, they are expulsion targets. The shapes of ghouls are the same as humans. Therefore some ghouls live as normal people. Additionally, there is a Commission of Counter Ghoul called CCG. This is a national administrative agency. Their main activity is capture of ghouls.

Plot
----

Ken Kaneki is a university student and he is in love with Rize Kamishiro. But she was a ghoul and Kaneki didn’t know about it. One day, he was attacked by her when they had a date. She attacked him many times to prey on him. But suddenly a steel frame was falling on Rize’s overhead and she died. Kaneki could survive but he had a serious condition. Therefore he had an operation. In the operation, he had an organ donation from Rize without permission. Kaneki became a half-ghoul. Since then, Kaneki has lived an anguished life.

Characters
----------

### Ken Kaneki

Protagonist of section 1. He is a student of Kamii University. He had a serious condition because of Rize’s attack. Rize died because of the fall of a steel frame so he could survive.  However he had an organ donation from Rize at the hospital where he was taken. Then he became half-ghoul and half-human and he came to be involved in the ghoul’s life.

### Rize Kamishiro

Ghoul. She is a key person of this series. She tried to prey upon Kaneki but she died because of the fall of a steel frame. She attacks humans indiscriminately and eats them. Therefore her common name is "big eater".

### Toka Kirishima

Ghoul. Heroine of section 1. She is a student of Kiyomi High School. She goes to school as a normal student. She works a part time job at a cafe called Anteiku. She wears a rabbit mask when she fights with CCG. Therefore CCG calls her "rabbit".

### Kuzen Yoshimura

Ghoul. He is a store manager of Anteiku. He encouraged Kaneki to "You are the only one who can live as human and ghoul". CCG calls him "owl".

Anime
-----

The first season aired July 2014- September 2014. And the second season aired January 2015- March 2015. The second season’s plot was different from manga. The third season aired April 2018- June 2018.
**Antwerpen-Centraal railway station** (Dutch: *Station Antwerpen-Centraal*, French: *Gare d'Anvers-Central*){{Officially **Antwerpen-Centraal** (Dutch: *Antwerpen-Centraal*, French: *Anvers-Central*)}} is the main railway station in Antwerp, Belgium. It is one of the most important hubs in the country and is one of the four Belgian stations on the high-speed rail network. From 1873 to early 2007, it was a terminal station. The current building, designed by the architect Louis Delacenserie, was built between 1895 and 1905. On 23 March 2007, a tunnel with two continuous tracks was opened under part of the city and under the station. The train services are operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium.

Architecture
------------

The station is widely regarded as the finest example of railway architecture in Belgium, although it is not a particular architectural style. The vast dome above the waiting room hall made it be known as the *spoorwegkathedraal* ("railroad cathedral").

The originally iron and glass train hall (185 metres long and 44 metres or 43 metres high) was designed by Clément Van Bogaert, an engineer. It covers an area of 12,000 square metres. The height of the station was because of the smoke of steam locomotives. The roof of the train hall was originally made of steel.

In 2009, the American magazine *Newsweek* judged Antwerpen-Centraal the world's fourth greatest train station. In 2014, the British-American magazine *Mashable* awarded Antwerpen-Centraal the first place for the most beautiful railway station in the world.

* Frontal viewFrontal view
* Entrance hallEntrance hall
* CeilingCeiling
* The clock at the upper levelThe clock at the upper level
Elizabeth Ann Seton
**Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton** (August 28, 1774 – January 4, 1821) was the first native-born citizen of the United States to be made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. She was canonized on September 14, 1975. 

Seton started the first Catholic school in the country. This school was at Emmitsburg, Maryland. She also founded the first American congregation of religious sisters. It is called the Sisters of Charity.

Life
----

Elizabeth Ann Bayley was born on August 28, 1774. She was the second child of Dr. Richard Bayley and Catherine Charlton of New York City. They were Protestants. 

On January 25, 1794, at age 19, Elizabeth married William Magee Seton, aged 25. He was a wealthy businessman. They had five children. William Seton brought the first Stradivarius violin to America.

Seton's husband died in Italy on December 27, 1803. Seton learned about Roman Catholicism in Italy. After she came back to the United States, she joined the Catholic Church. She was received on March 14, 1805 by the Rev. Matthew O'Brien, pastor of St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, New York.

In 1809, Seton moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland. A year later she started the Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School. That school was dedicated to the education of Catholic girls.

On July 31, Elizabeth established a religious community in Emmitsburg. This community took care of poor children. This was the first congregation of religious sisters to be founded in the United States. Its school was the first free Catholic school in America. This was the start of the Catholic parochial school system in the United States.

Seton spent the rest of her life developing her religious community. She died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1821. She was 46. Her remains are in the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, Maryland.
The **Transitional Sovereignty Council** (Arabic: مجلس السيادة الإنتقالي, romanized: *Majlis Alsiyadat Alaintiqaliu*, 20 August 2019 – 25 October 2021) also called The **Fourth Sudanese Sovereignty Council** was a military junta that served as the Head of State of Sudan from it's creation in 2019 until it's dissolution in 2021.

The council was first created on 20 August 2019 by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan after he dissolved the Transitional Military Council and where immediately Burhan became the chairman, However, Burhan's role over the new council was weak. Thus, the new council immediately became the head of state of Sudan alongside Burhan.

The council promised to bring peace, stability and prosperity to the country and make Sudan a very safe and secure country. In August 2020, the council along with Burhan signed the Juba Peace Agreement along with the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit. The agreement ended the South Sudanese Civil War and as well as the long and deadly Darfur conflict.

In October 2021, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan led a coup d'état against Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok because Hamdok refused to swear allegiance to Burhan. Immediately after the coup, Burhan announced that he would dissolve the TSC, seize power and declare himself President. The council was eventually dissolved and Burhan immediately seized power and immediately became President.

Members
-------

The members of the TMC were:

* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman)
* Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo (Deputy Chairman)
* Malik Agar
* Shams al-Din Khabbashi
* Yasser al-Atta
* Ibrahim Jabir Karim
* El Hadi Idris Yahya
* El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar
* Raja Nicola
* Abdulgasim Bortom
* Yousef Jad Karim
* Abdelbagi al-Zubeir
* Salma Abdeljabbar

Related pages
-------------

* Military of Sudan
* 2019 Sudanese coup d'état
* 2021 Sudanese coup d'état
* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
* Abdalla Hamdok
The **Transitional Military Council** (Arabic: المجلس العسكري الانتقالي, romanized: *al-Majlis al-‘askarī al-intiqālī*) was a military junta that ruled Sudan from 2019 to 2021. 

It took over the country after former President Omar al-Bashir was ousted in a coup d'état on 11 April 2019, and declared that it would take charge of the government of Sudan. 

It was first chaired by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, the former Minister for Defense of Sudan and also the former First Vice President of Sudan for a day from 11 to 12 April 2019 where Auf stepped down and gave the council to Abdel Fattah al-Burhan who was also the former First Vice President. 

On 20 August 2019, Burhan founded the Transitional Sovereignty Council who Burhan was also chaired but then his role in the new council was weaker than the TMC and thus the TSC took control over the TMC. 

On 25 October 2021, Burhan dissolved the TSC and the TMC after taking part in the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état and after the two councils was dissolved, Burhan immediately declared himself President.

Members
-------

The members of the TMC were:

* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman)
* Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo (Deputy Chairman)
* Malik Agar
* Shams al-Din Khabbashi
* Yasser al-Atta
* Ibrahim Jabir Karim
* El Hadi Idris Yahya
* El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar
* Raja Nicola
* Abdulgasim Bortom
* Yousef Jad Karim
* Abdelbagi al-Zubeir
* Salma Abdeljabbar

Related pages
-------------

* Military of Sudan
* Omar al-Bashir
* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
A picture showing the difference between altricial and precocial birds
In the study of biology of birds and mammals, some babies are born not ready to move much and need a lot of care (**altricial**). Others are ready to move and do things on their own soon after they are born (**precocial**). Precocial babies are often ready to leave their home (like a nest) very soon after they are born or hatched. There are many kinds of animals between these two types.

In fish, this idea is about whether a baby fish has a stomach when it starts eating. Precocial fish babies have a stomach from the start, but altricial fish babies do not.

Baby birds that need a lot of care
A California quail chick, ready to move soon after hatching

Altricial
---------

Altricial babies are not ready to do much when they are born. They need their parents to feed them and keep them safe for a while.

### Where the word comes from

The word "altricial" comes from a Latin word that means "to feed". This is because these babies need to be fed by their parents.

Precocial
---------

Precocial babies are more ready to take care of themselves soon after they are born or hatched.

### Where the word comes from

"Precocial" comes from a word that means "early ripening" in Latin.

Why it matters
--------------

The difference between altricial and precocial babies matters because it affects how the animals live, how they are cared for by their parents, and how they survive in the wild.

Examples
--------

* Altricial: human babies, kittens, and puppies.
* Precocial: ducklings, chicks of many ground-nesting birds, and many mammals like deer.
The **NES Classic Edition** (also known as **NES Mini**) is a smaller version of the Nintendo Entertainment System with 30 games pre-installed. It is also known as the Famicom Mini in Japan. It was released in North America and Europe on November 11, 2016, in Japan and Australia on November 10, 2016,
and November 23, 2016 in Russia. The console comes with one controller. The cable of the controller is 0.7 meter long.

The Super NES Classic Edition, released in 2017, is the successor to the NES Classic Edition.

Hardware
--------

The console features a 720p HDMI display output and controllers that are similar to the original NES controller. The console also includes an emulation engine developed by Nintendo European Research and Development.[*source?*]

Games
-----

The NES Mini comes with 30 games. Each game can be saved. There are 4 save states for each game.

All versions of the console (no matter what region) include the following games:

* Balloon Fight
* Castlevania
* Donkey Kong
* Double Dragon II: The Revenge
* Dr. Mario
* Excitebike
* Galaga
* Ghosts 'n Goblins
* Gradius
* Ice Climber
* Kirby's Adventure
* Mario Bros.
* Mega Man 2
* Metroid
* Ninja Gaiden
* Pac-Man
* Super C
* Super Mario Bros.
* Super Mario Bros. 2
* Super Mario Bros. 3
* The Legend of Zelda
* Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

The North American, European, and Australian versions have the following exclusive games:

* Bubble Bobble
* Castlevania II: Simon's Quest
* Donkey Kong Jr.
* Final Fantasy
* Kid Icarus
* Punch-Out!! Featuring Mr. Dream
* StarTropics
* Tecmo Bowl

The Japanese "Famicom" version has the following exclusive games:

* Atlantis no Nazo
* Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku: Soreyuke Daiundōkai
* Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari
* Final Fantasy III
* NES Open Tournament Golf
* Solomon's Key
* Tsuppari Ōzumō
* Yie Ar Kung-Fu

Reception
---------

Some people think that the cables of the controllers of the NES Mini are too short.

### Sales

The NES and SNES Classic editions sold more than 10 million units by September 30, 2018.

Gallery
-------

* Box contentBox content
* Front sideFront side
* BacksideBackside
* ControllerController
* Socket adapter and extra cable for the controllerSocket adapter and extra cable for the controller
* Controller with its cableController with its cable

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nintendo Classic Mini***.

* Official website
Not to be confused with Haoreima.
**Harmonia** (/hɑːrˈmoʊniə/; Ancient Greek: Ἁρμονία) is the goddess of peace and agreement in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of disagreement. Her Roman equivalent is Concordia.

Origins
-------

Harmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. As goddess of peace, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of disagreement.

About
-----

Harmonia met Cadmus on a journey to Samothrace. He took her away with the help of Athena. When Cadmus wanted to leave Thebes, Harmonia followed him. When they came to the Enchelii, they helped them in their war against the Illyrians. They won over the enemy. Cadmus then became king of the Illyrians. But unfortunately, later he was turned into a snake. Harmonia was sad. She coloured herself with stripes. She asked Cadmus to come to her. As she was hugged by the snake Cadmus in wine, the gods then turned her into a snake. She was unable to stand in her snake form.

Story
-----

Harmonia is known for a dangerous necklace she had on her wedding day. When Athena made Cadmus the king of Thebes, Zeus gave him Harmonia. All the gods attended the wedding. Cadmus gave the bride with a cloth and the necklace. The necklace was made by Hephaestus. This necklace is commonly known as the necklace of Harmonia. It brought misfortune to all who had it. Other stories said that Harmonia took this necklace (ὅρμος) from some of the gods. It might be either from Aphrodite or Athena.

Polynices took the necklace. They gave it to Eriphyle. She asked her husband, Amphiaraus, to attack against Thebes. Through Alcmaeon, the son of Eriphyle, the necklace came into the hands of Arsinoe (named Alphesiboea in some stories). Then, the sons of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, took it. Lastly, the sons of Alcmaeon, Amphoterus and Acarnan, kept it in the temple of Athena Pronoea at Delphi. The necklace had brought bad luck to all who had took it. It continued to do so even after it was kept at Delphi. Phayllus stole it from the temple to make his lover happy. His lover was the wife of Ariston. She wore it for a time. Then, her youngest son became mad. He set fire to the house. In the fire, she died and all her treasures were burned.

Hyginus has another story. According to him, the thing which brought bad luck to the children of Harmonia is not a necklace. But it is a cloth given to Harmonia by Hepheastus and Hera. The necklace gave peace and had Harmonia's powers in it.

Related pages
-------------

* Eris - the goddess of disagreement and the opposite god of Harmonia in Greek mythology