recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Alexander von Humboldt, painting by Joseph Stieler, 1843
**Alexander von Humboldt**  (Berlin, 14 September 1769 – Berlin, 6 May 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.

Life
----

Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander. Alexander's elder brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. 

In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1779). From that time on his mother took care of his education.

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa were once one continent. 

Late in his life he attempted to bring together different fields of science in his work *Kosmos*.

Honors and namesakes: Many places and species are named after him, as is the Humboldt Current.

Relevant pages
--------------

* List of science books#19th century

Other websites
--------------

* The website of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Archived 2003-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Works by Alexander von Humboldt at Project Gutenberg
* Works by Alexander von Humboldt at Internet Archive
* "Lives of the Brothers Humboldt" an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project:
* Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie: biography of Humboldt at Wikisource


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Alexander von Humboldt***.

* Online version of *Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New World* Archived 2006-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
* "Alexander von Humboldt", from *In our time*, a 45 minutes BBC Radio 4 program.
The **Arctic fox**, (or 'white fox', 'polar fox', 'snow fox'), is ***Vulpes lagopus***. It is a small fox which lives in the Arctic. The fox is about 10-12 inches high (25–30 and it weighs from 6.5 to 21 pounds (2.7-4.5 kg).The females tend to be smaller than the males. The Arctic fox has a round body shape, short nose and legs, and short, fluffy ears. It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. Arctic foxes live for about 3 to 6 years. 

This fox can live in the cold north even when it is -30F. Their thick fur keeps them warm. The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal. Its broad, fluffy paws let it walk on ice and snow to look for food. The Arctic fox has very good ears so that it can hear small animals under the snow. When it hears an animal under the snow, it jumps and punches through the snow to catch its victim. Arctic foxes are omnivores. They feed on lemmings, arctic hares, fish, birds, eggs, fruit, insects, small seals, and carrion.

Arctic foxes do not hibernate. They grow thicker fur in the Autumn, and put on more than 50% of their body weight as fat for insulation and as energy reserves.

It takes 53 days for the pups to grow in the mother before they are born. The mother can produce 5-8 cubs, and sometimes as many as 25 cubs. Both the mother and the father help to raise their young pups. The young females leave the family and form their own groups and the males stay with the family. Arctic foxes form pairs in the breeding season. Litters are born in the early summer. The parents raise the young in a large den under the ground. The pups are born with brown fur. As they grow older, their fur turns white. Arctic foxes sleep with their tails wrapped around themselves. Arctic foxes also have a keen sense of smell. They can smell carcasses that are often left by polar bears as far away as 10 to 40 km.
**André Previn** (born **Andreas Ludwig Prewin**; April 6, 1929 – February 28, 2019) was a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer.

Life
----

André Previn was born as Andreas Ludwig Priwin to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. He may have been born in 1930, but cannot be sure as his birth certificate was lost when he emigrated to the United States with his family in 1939 to escape the Nazis. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943.

When he arrived in America he lived in Los Angeles. He started to be well known by composing movie scores for Hollywood movies.

In 1967, Previn became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and in 1968 conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed with the LSO for eleven years. His television series *André Previn's Music Night* helped to make classical music popular in Britain. From 1976 to 1984, Previn was conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO), with whom he made another television series called *Previn and the Pittsburgh*. He was also principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1985 he became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, but because of disagreements he resigned in 1989.

Previn made many recordings and composed many movie scores and other musical works. He also toured and recorded as a jazz pianist. Later he concentrated on composing classical music.

Previn received many prizes and honours. In the United Kingdom he was knighted in 1996. He is particularly remembered in Britain for a guest appearance he made on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1971 where Eric Morecambe (who called him Andrew Preview) pretended to play the Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg with Previn conducting. When Previn told him he was playing all the wrong notes, Morecambe grabbed him by his jacket and said that he was playing "all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order".

Personal life
-------------

Andre Previn was married five times. His fifth marriage was to the German violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter for whom he wrote a violin concerto. They divorced in 2006.

Previn died on February 28, 2019 at home in Manhattan aged 89.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine

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***Arch Rivals*** is an American basketball arcade game from Midway Games. The game was released by Midway in 1989. It was billed by Midway as "A Basket Brawl". It has two-on-two full court basketball games in which players are allowed to punch other players and steal the ball from them.

*Arch Rivals* allows players to select from a variety of fictional teams. But arcade operators can change the team names to reflect real ones. Home versions of the game were put out for the Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear and Nintendo Entertainment System.

The game was considered a precursor to the popular arcade basketball game *NBA Jam*.

Basketball games generally follow standard rules: a full basketball game has four quarters with four minutes each. Both teams have two players each. A player can call for his teammate to pass him the ball or shoot it.

The difference between *Arch Rivals* and other basketball game titles is the ability to punch an opponent without any penalty and steal the ball away. The referee will only call shot clock violations.

Also in *Arch Rivals* are hazards, such as candy wrappers and soda cans thrown onto the floor. If a ball handler steps on these, he falls on the floor. He then allows his opponent to steal the ball from him.

Players
-------

There are eight players, each with a unique talent. They are:

* **Blade:** A crowd pleaser
* **Hammer:** Rebound king
* **Lewis:** Top shooter
* **Mohawk:** Tough & mean
* **Moose:** A real champ
* **Reggie:** All-American
* **Tyrone:** Defensive giant
* **Vinnie:** A great player

Presentation
------------

If a basket is scored (for two or three points), several random scenes may be played. One is the coach yelling at his own players. Another has players from the other team being disgusted. Two scenes have cheerleaders saying: "Yay team!" or "Go team go!"
The flightless kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand
The **animals of New Zealand** have an unusual history. The main thing to know is that the islands were part of Gondwana, from which they separated 84 million years (mya) ago. New Zealand has some animals and plants which survive from that time, and birds which flew there much later. The islands are well known for their terrestrial birds, some of which were large species (the moas). For millions of years the islands did not have any native mammalian carnivores, and the moas' only predators were other birds, such as the giant Haast's eagle.

History
-------

Humans arrived in New Zealand less than 1,300 years ago. At that time the country's only mammals were bats (which flew there), and pinnipeds and sea lions (which swam there). This meant that all the ecological niches occupied by mammals in other lands were occupied in New Zealand by either insects or birds. Because of this, the country has an unusually large number of flightless birds, of which only the kiwi, and the kakapo survive. 

Because of the lack of predators, even the bats spend most of their time on the ground. There are also about 60 species of lizard (30 of gecko and 30 of skink), and four species of frog (all rare and endangered). There are two species of tuatara, *Sphenodon*, the only surviving reptile in its order. These living fossils are reptiles of a type which flourished as long ago as 200 million years. While mapping its genome, it has been discovered that the species has between five and six billion base pairs of DNA sequence. The reptile now lives only on the islands in the Cook Strait and the Bay of Plenty.

Humans brought with them the Polynesian Rat (*Kiore*) and the dog. Europeans later brought their domesticated animals. Of these, the rats, ferrets, cats, stoats and dogs have all had serious effect on the original New Zealand animals. They have driven many species to extinction. Possums were later introduced from Australia for a fur industry, and deer from Europe as animals to be hunted. Both seriously damaged the forest habitat of many birds.

In recent years people made efforts to remove mammals from off shores either the animals are big or small. In some parts of the mainland, mammals are being completely eliminated inside fenced areas to create "ecological islands". Examples are the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington City, from which about a ton of dead possums was removed after the installation of a mammal-proof fence, and the Maungatautari Restoration Project.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Animals of New Zealand***.

* Native animals of New Zealand Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine - Department of Conservation.
* Animals of New Zealand - children's learning aid.
**Anne Burlak Timpson** (or "Red Flame"; May  24th, 1911–July 9th, 2002) was a well-known union organizer. 

In 1928, Timpson was a representative in the founding (starting) convention (meeting) for the National Textile Workers Union. During the 1930’s, she worked with the union in textile mills and held protests there almost every day. During this time, she was arrested moments before she was supposed to give a speech at an Atlanta hall. She spent seven weeks in jail before facing the death penalty for violating Georgia's insurrection law. However, she was eventually released and the charges were dropped. She then became one of the leaders in the Lawrence textile strike where she organized protests against layoffs, pay cuts, and shortened hours. She earned the title the "Red Flame" at this time. In 1932, she led a group of 3,000 people from Rhode Island in the national Hunger March to Washington D.C. Shortly after, she became an official organizer for the National Textile Workers Union. She was granted the Wonder Woman Award by the Wonder Woman Foundation in 1982 and was later recognized by the Rhode Island Labor Society in 1990.
**Abdullah Abdurahman** (12 December 1872 – 20 February 1940) was a South African politician and doctor. He was the first Coloured, or mixed-race, city councillor of Cape Town.

Early life
----------

He was born on 12 December 1872, in Wellington, South Africa (now in the Western Cape). His parents were Muslim Cape Malays, and his grandparents were slaves in the Cape Colony, possibly from India, who had managed to buy their freedom. Cape Malays were considered "Coloured" under the apartheid system of racial segregation.

He went to school in Wellington before going to medical school at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1888; in 1893, he graduated. After his studies, he returned to South Africa and became a doctor in Cape Town.

Local government
----------------

He was elected to the Cape Town City Council in 1904. He was the first non-white person in this position. As city councillor he worked to improve the conditions of the Cape Coloured community, especially within the field of education; he helped set up the first secondary schools for Coloured people in Cape Town.

African Political Organisation
------------------------------

Abdurahman joined African Political Organisation (APO) in 1903 and became its president in 1905. The party's goal was to fight increased racial oppression in the country, mainly on behalf of the Coloured people. He led the APO for 35 years.

In 1914 Abdurahman was elected to the Cape Provincial Council. He was the first Coloured person to serve on the council.

Death
-----

Abdullah Abdurahman died on 20 February 1940.
**Alsace** (Alsatian and Alemannic German: *Elsàss*, pre-1996 German: *Elsaß*) was an administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Grand Est. Alsace was on the eastern border of France. It was on the west bank of the Upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. 

The departments in Alsace were Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin.

Before the region merged with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine in 2014, data from INSEE stated that about 1.8 million people lived there as of 2013. Its capital was Strasbourg, the largest city. It changed hands between France and Germany many times. The people living there had an attitude and set of social values that was closer to the German ones, than the French. Language, cuisine, music, dress and customs were Germanic, and very close to the Swabian ones across the Rhine. The overall culture was generally more German than French, being somewhere between German and French. 

Alsace was part of the Holy Roman Empire and was still inhabited by people speaking a dialect of Upper German. In the 17th century, all of Alsace was annexed (in steps) under King Louis XIV of France. He made it one of the provinces of France. 

The Treaty of Verdun had divided the empire of Charlemagne in the 9th century, eventually causing Alsace to be frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because the possession of these two *régions* (as *Alsace-Lorraine*) was often contested in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Alsace at Wikimedia Commons
The **Armenian Evangelical Church** (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

History
-------

In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

Other websites
--------------

* Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
An amethyst
A natural rock with amethyst
This article is about the gemstone. For the color, see Amethyst (color).
An **amethyst** is a mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it.

Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

Meaning and superstition
------------------------

Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word *amethustos*, means "without being drunken". 

Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The "powers" of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage, protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. 

Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

Decoration
----------

The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold. 

During the 15th century, the French *fleur-de-lis* brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.
***Animated StoryBook: Mulan*** (retitled *Mulan's Story Studio* on the original PlayStation) is a PC video game released in 1998.

Description
-----------

Disney's animated film *Mulan* comes to life in the Disney's *Mulan Animated StoryBook* (sub-titled "A Story Waiting for You to Make it Happen"). In this game, Mushu (remember, he's a dragon, not a lizard) has lost the magical story scrolls, and the player must collect them all and restore their lost magic.

Action takes place in locations from the film such as Mulan's house, the army camp, Tung Shao Pass, and the Imperial City. There are plenty of games, puzzles and other activities to involve youngsters as they look for the scrolls. Once all five have been found and delivered to the Emperor, he makes the player the official Imperial Storymaker, with the ability to make original scrolls. In this final section, there are many possibilities to choose from with all the backgrounds, stickers, and paint colors offered.

Plenty of other characters, such as Mulan's brother, her dog, Grandma Fa, and the ancestors in the temple, are on hand for the player to interact with during the journey, in addition to Mushu's comic relief.

Features
--------

* Build vocabulary and reading skills
* Read and create stories
* Play games, dress up Mulan and Mushu, and sing Karaoke with characters

Voices
------

* **Mary Kay Bergman**
* **Scott Bullock**
* **Corey Burton**
* **Miguel Ferrer** - Shan Yu
* **Harvey Fierstein** - Yao
* **June Foray** - Grandmother Fa
* **Tress MacNeille**
* **Pat Morita** - Emperor of China
* **Mark Moseley** - Mushu
* **Donny Osmond** - Captain Li Shang (Singing Voice; Footage)
* **Lea Salonga** - Mulan (Singing Voice; Footage)
* **George Takei** - First Ancestor
* **Jerry Tondo** - Chien Po
* **Gedde Watanabe** - Ling
* **Frank Welker** - Cri-Kee
* **Ming-Na Wen** - Mulan
* **BD Wong** - Captain Li Shang
"**A Boy Named Sue**" is a song written by Shel Silverstein. It was first made popular by Johnny Cash. Cash was at the height of his popularity when he recorded the song live at California's San Quentin State Prison at a concert on February 24, 1969. The concert was taped by Granada Television. It was later shown as a television program. Carl Perkins played guitar during the performance. 

The sound recording of the concert was later released on Cash's *At San Quentin* album by Columbia Records. Cash also sang the song as a comedy performance in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden. 

The song became Cash's biggest hit on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It was his only top ten single there, spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969. The track was also at the top of the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year. It was certified Gold on August 14, 1969, by the RIAA.

Shel Silverstein's recording was released the same year as "Boy Named Sue". It was a single on his album *Boy Named Sue (and His Other Country Songs)*. It was produced by Chet Atkins and Felton Jarvis.

The song
--------

The story of the song was inspired by the writer Jean Shepherd, a close friend of Shel Silverstein. He was often made fun of as a child because of his feminine-sounding name.

In his autobiography, Cash wrote that he had just been given the song and only read it a couple of times. It was included in that concert just to try it out. He did not know the words when he first sang it. On the video recording, he can be seen regularly looking at a piece of paper. Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience.
An **animation studio** is a company producing animated media. The broadest such companies conceive of products to produce, own the physical equipment for production, employ operators for that equipment, and hold a major stake in the sales or rentals of the media produced. They also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created/held by the company, 


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***broadest**, **conceive**, **rental**, and **merchandising***.

Japanese Studious
-----------------

See the main article: Anime
Hayao Miyazaki one of the Famous Managaka and animators.
The first known example of Japanese animation, also called Anime is dated around 1917 but it would take until 1956 for the Japanese animation industry to successfully adopt the studio format as used in the United States, Toei Animation that formed in 1948, was the first Japanese Animation studio of importance and has independent anime artists.

Related pages
-------------

* Computer-generated imagery
* Movie studio

Other websites
--------------

 The dictionary definition of animation at Wiktionary
 Media related to Animation studios at Wikimedia Commons
**Air sports** covers a range of aerial activities, like air racing, gliding, skydiving, and more.

List of recognized and regulated air sports
-------------------------------------------

Many air sports are regulated internationally by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).The FAI has separate commissions for each air sport. For example, the commission for parachuting and skydiving is the International Skydiving Commission (ISC).

The list of sports in the air sports category are as follows:

### Motorized

* Aerobatics
* Aeromodelling
* Air racing
* Drone racing
* Flyboarding
* Powered hang gliding
* Powered paragliding
* Rally flying
* Rotorcraft
* Ultralight aviation

### Wind/Gliding

* Ballooning
* Canopy piloting
* Gliding
* Hang gliding
* Human-powered flying
* Kite fighting
* Kitesurfing
* Paragliding

### Gravity

* BASE jumping
* Bodyflight
* Bungee jumping
* High diving
* Skydiving
* Trapeze
* Wingsuit flying

International competitions
--------------------------

* FAI World Grand Prix
* World Air Games
**Air navigation** is navigation while flying. It is used by pilots in aircraft to know their exact position and find their way. That is important because if they get lost, they can hit a mountain or fly into a dangerous area or not find a place to land. There are generally two types of air navigation depending on weather. In good weather, pilots navigate themselves visually with maps. But when the weather is bad and they do not see the ground, they use special radio navigational instruments or the air traffic controller navigates them. The first kind of navigation is called VFR (visual flight rules) navigation. The second is IFR (instrument flight rules) navigation.

Navigation Under VFR
--------------------

When flying under VFR, or Visual Flight Rules, pilots navigate using purely what they can see outside their aircraft, sometimes using a special map called a sectional. When preparing for a flight they prepare a route going between features labeled on the sectional map, including things like roads, and large structures like windmills. Pilots when flying with VFR are responsible for avoiding other aircraft and terrain.

Navigation Under IFR
--------------------

When flying under IFR, pilots fly set routes only, following airways and tracks between physical radio beacons and waypoints. While the pilot is still responsible to avoid incident, navigation under IFR is heavily reliant on an Air Traffic Controller's instructions.
**Alberta Christine Williams King** (September 13, 1904 – June 30, 1974) was the mother of Martin Luther King, Jr.. She was married to Martin Luther King, Sr. for 58 years.

She had an important part in the activities of the Ebenezer Baptist Church. The church is now a part of the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. She was shot and killed in the church six years after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography
---------

Alberta Christine Williams was born on September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Her father was Reverend Adam Daniel Williams. He was then the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church. Jennie Celeste (Parks) Williams was her mother. She earned a teaching certificate at the Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute in 1924. Later the college name became just Hampton University.

Williams met Martin Luther King, Sr. right before she left for school at Hampton. After graduating, she and King got formally engaged at the Ebenezer Baptist Church. She taught for a short time before their Thanksgiving Day wedding in 1926. She then had to quit because married female teachers were not allowed at that time. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was one of their three children.

Alberta King's mother died on May 18, 1941 of a heart attack. The King family later moved to a large yellow brick house three blocks away. Alberta was president of the Ebenezer Women's Committee from 1950 to 1962. She was also a talented musician who became the choir organist and director at Ebenezer. This may have been the reason her son was interested in Black music and art. By the end of this time, Martin Luther King Sr. and Jr. were sharing the role of pastors of the church.

Death
-----

On June 30, 1974, King was shot dead in a church by a 23-year-old man while she was playing the organ in Atlanta, Georgia. She died six years after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. aged 69.

Other websites
--------------

* Find a Grave article on Alberta King
* The King Center biography of Martin Luther King Jr Archived 2006-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
Tail club of *Ankylosaurus*
Two views of Ankylosaurus skull, from above and from the leftSkull (AMNH 5214) from the side and above
Photograph of a dinosaur dioramaReplica of the 1964 World's Fair *Ankylosaurus* (note spikes and dragging tail), Royal Alberta Museum
***Ankylosaurus*** ***magniventris*** was a type of armoured dinosaur. It was the largest of its type, with a maximum length of 8 metres (26 feet) and height of 2 metres (6 feet).

The body was broad and low-slung and covered in armour. Carnivores, attacking from above, would find no weak points, and the animal could defend itself by using its clubbed tail.

*Ankylosaurus* was a herbivore, like all ankylosaurs. It probably ate ferns and cycads, which were common low-growing plants.

Armour
------

The most obvious feature of *Ankylosaurus* is its armour, consisting of massive knobs and plates of bone, known as osteoderms or bony scutes, embedded in the skin. Osteoderms are also found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The bone was probably overlain by a tough, horny layer of keratin. 

These osteoderms ranged greatly in size, from wide, flat plates to small, round nodules. The plates were aligned in regular horizontal rows down the animal's neck, back, and hips, with the many smaller nodules protecting the areas between the large plates. Smaller plates may have been arranged on the limbs and tail. Compared to the slightly more ancient ankylosaurid *Euoplocephalus*, the plates of *Ankylosaurus* were smooth in texture, without the high keels found on the armor of the contemporaneous nodosaurid *Edmontonia*. A row of flat, triangular spikes may have protruded laterally along each side of the tail. Tough, rounded scales protected the top of the skull, while four large pyramidal horns projected outwards from its rear corners.

Underneath it was covered by normal skin, but to get at it the carnivore would have to turn over an animal weighing up to 6,000 kg (11,000 lb).

In movies
---------

*Ankylosaurus* features in the Jurassic Park series of movies. In *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*, several *Ankylosaurus* flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It is later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian.
**Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.** (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn. He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.

Life
----

A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885. His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player. Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later. His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra. He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. 

When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place. After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham. His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him. By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923 he emigrated to the United States. He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.
Ann Njogu in 2010
**Ann Njogu** is a lawyer and activist from Kenya. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work
----

Njogu is the director of the Centre for Rights Education and Awareness. The center made a record of violence based on gender after the December 2007 Kenyan elections. Njogu was also a leader in the Multi-Sectoral Committee on Constitutional Reform, the Joint Dialogue Forum on Constitutional Reform, and a delegate to the Bomas National Conference on Constitutional Reforms. These groups worked for better government.

### The 2006 Sexual Offenses Act

Njogu helped write the law for Kenya’s Sexual Offenses Act. This act became law in 2006.

This law protects women from sexual and gender based violence. It helps abused women to find justice Njogu also gave counseling and support to the victims of sexual and gender-based violence.  Njogu started centers to give information, legal aid, counseling and psychosocial support to women. The centers are all over the country. The first center was in Kibera slum. 

### Arrests

In 2007, Njogu wanted a review of the salaries of the members of parliament. Kenya is very poor, but the members of parliament received a lot of money. The police attacked Njogu and took her to jail.  Njoogu and the others who were arrested filed a Constitutional reference. It was called "Ann Njogu and others versus the State." It said the police could not keep a Kenyan citizen in jail for more than 24 hours.

In 2008, Njokgu helped to start the Civil Society Congress. This group worked for better government after the 2007 Kenyan election.  In 2008 Njogu said there might be corrupttion in the sale of the Grand Regency Hotel. The police arrested Njokgu and they beat her.

Awards
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Njogu received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Other websites
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* The Centre for Rights, Education and Awareness (CREAW) Archived 2015-12-25 at the Wayback Machine

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Aaron Elliott** (born September 20, 1968), better known as **Aaron Cometbus**, is an American drummer, lyricist, self-described "punk anthropologist" and author of punk rock zine Cometbus.

Born in Berkeley, California, Aaron Cometbus began writing zines in 1981 with Jesse Michaels of Operation Ivy, and started his own after Jesse moved to Pennsylvania in October 1981. Aaron became an active participant in the Gilman Street Project and was a founding member of Crimpshrine, a highly influential punk rock band from the East Bay, which also featured Jeff Ott. After Crimpshrine's demise, Aaron formed Pinhead Gunpowder with a handful of people from the East Bay punk scene, including Mike Kirsch, Jason White and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day. Aaron has also played in a multitude of short-lived bands that usually only release a seven inch or two before breaking up, some of which include Astrid Oto, Cleveland Bound Death Sentence, Scooby Don't, Shotwell Coho, The Blank Fight, which includes Rymodee of This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb, EFS, Redmond Shooting Stars, Mundt and The Retard Beaters, T. Zatana, Colbom, and Harbinger, which also includes Robert Eggplant, formerly of Blatz, and John Geek of Fleshies. He briefly played drums in SF's anarcho-syndicalist group, Strawman. He has been known to sit behind the This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb kite from time to time.

Band history
------------

* S.A.G. (East Bay CA; 1982-1984)
* Crimpshrine (East Bay CA; 1984-1989)
* Sweet Baby (AKA Sweet Baby Jesus) (East Bay/Northern CA; 1989-1990)
* Pinhead Gunpowder (East Bay CA; 1991-2001; 2008)
* Mundt (Northern CA; 1992)
* Shotwell (San Francisco CA; AKA Shotwell Coho) (1994)
* EFS (Berkeley CA; 1995)
* Cosmetic Puffs (Eureka, Ca; 1995)
* Redmond Shooting Stars (Seattle WA; 1995-1996)
* Cleveland Bound Death Sentence (Minneapolis MN; 1997-1998; 2004)
* The Retard Beaters (Chattanooga, TN; 1997-1998)
* Harbinger (East Bay CA; 1998-1999)
* The Blank Fight (Pensacola FL; 1999-2000)
* Astrid Oto (Asheville NC; 1999-2001)
* Colbom (San Francisco CA; 2001)
* End of the World News (New York; 2002-2003)
* Crybaby MacArthur (Brooklyn NY; 2004-2006)
* The Thorns of Life (Brooklyn NY; 2008-2009)
* Sub Rosa (Brooklyn NY; 2020-2022)
Peas are an annual plant.
In Botany, an **annual plant** is a plant that usually germinates, flowers and dies in one year. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed. Some seedless plants can also be considered annuals even though they do not flower.

In gardening, annual often refers to a plant grown outdoors in the spring and summer and surviving just for one growing season. 
Many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including most domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals.

Ornamental annuals are often called bedding plants. Annuals are often used in gardens to provide splashes of color, as they tend to have a longer season of bloom than hardy herbaceous perennials.

Examples of true annuals include corn, lettuce, pea, cauliflower, watermelon, bean, zinnia and marigold.

Summer annuals
--------------

Summer annuals sprout, flower and die within the same spring/summer/fall. The lawn weed, crabgrass, is a summer annual.

Related pages
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* Biennial plant
* Perennial plant
The **antbirds** are a large passerine bird family, the **Thamnophilidae**. They are found in subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are more than 200 species called antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds.

They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family Formicariidae), the tapaculos, the gnateaters and the ovenbirds. Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the wrens, vireos or shrikes.

Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs. They have mostly dull grey, white, brown and rufous plumage. The two sexes have somewhat different pattern and colouring. Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders. Most have heavy bills, which in many species are hooked at the tip.

Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats. They eat mostly insects and other arthropods. Small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the understory and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the canopy and a few on the ground.

About eighteen species specialise in following columns of army ants to eat the small invertebrates flushed out by the ants.

Antbirds are monogamous, mate for life, and defend territories. They usually lay two eggs in a nest. Both parents share the tasks of incubating eggs and raising the nestlings. After fledging, each parent cares exclusively for one chick.

Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. The main threat is habitat loss, which lets predators get at their nests more easily.
Anne Bassett was a very brave woman with a strong personality and an even fiercer reputation. Queen Anne Bassett was a cattle wrestler. A cattle wrestler steals cattle from other ranchers' herds, rebrand them, and adds them to their herd. 

Queen Anne Bassett was the first white child born in a harsh environment named Browns Peak. "Queen" Anne Bassett was born in 1878 and died in 1956. 

Anne Bassett earned the "Queen" part of her name because, at a young age when her parents did not sell the ranch, there were cattle rustlers that started stealing cattle Anne Bassett's mother took matters into her own hands. She started cattle rustling the cattle barons. When Anne’s mother got too old Anne Bassett took over her place and earned the nickname "Queen Ann". When Anne was 19, she was running her family's small ranch. One of her struggles as a cattle ranch owner, when she was young, was having to fight against cattle barons. Queen Anne Bassett was said to wear a parted skirt that made it easier to ride her horse with a man's saddle. She was also known as a fearless horsewoman. Anne Bassett was fresh out of Boston finishing school, making her a strange mix of a gunslinger and a refined gentlewoman.

Anne Bassett was a friend of well-known bandits such as Butch Cassidy’s gang.
**Anomie** means the absence of the usual moral or ethical values, where a person or group lacks ethical standards. In the context of society or government it may be a cause of social unrest.

Etymology
---------

The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix *a-* "without", and *nomos* "law". The original meaning of *anomie* was "against or outside the law". 

In contemporary English the word *anomie* can mean not only normlessness but also anarchy. Émile Durkheim and later theorists, meant with *anomie* a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.

Anomie in literature and film
-----------------------------

In Albert Camus’s existentialist novel *The Stranger*, the protagonist Meursault struggles to construct an individual system of values as he responds to the disappearance of the old. He exists largely in a state of *anomie*, as seen from the apathy evinced in the opening lines: *"Aujourd’hui, maman est morte. Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas"* ("Today Mother died. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know.") 

Dostoevsky, whose work is often considered a philosophical precursor to existentialism, often expressed a similar concern in his novels. In *The Brothers Karamazov*, the character Dimitri Karamazov asks his atheist friend Rakitin, "...without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?" Raskolnikov, the anti-hero of Dostoevsky’s novel *Crime and Punishment*, puts this philosophy into action when he kills an elderly pawnbroker and her sister, later rationalizing this act to himself with the words, "...it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principle!"

On Hermann Hesse´s *Der Steppenwolf* we can also find a very clear picture of anomie. The protagonist affirms that the men of the Dark Ages did not suffer more than those of the Classical Antiquity, and vice-versa. It is rather those who live between two times, those who do not know what to follow, that suffer the most. In this token, a man from the Dark Ages living in the Classical Antiquity, or the opposite, would undergo a gulping sadness and agony.

Bibliography
------------

* Marco Orru 1883. The Ethics of Anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim, *British Journal of Sociology*, **34**, #4. 499–518.
* Jordi Riba 1999. *La morale anomique de Jean-Marie Guyau*. Paris : L'Harmattan.

Other websites
--------------

* "Anomie" discussed at the Émile Durkheim Archive.
**Abel Pardo** (born in 1974 in León, province of León, Spain), also known as Auslli, is a Neo-Nazi politician and a Leonese language writer.

Laureated in Italian Language and Culture by ICON and Advanced Studies Diplomat in Romance Languages by the Open University of Catalonia, Abel Pardo wrote in **Cuentos de Lleón** (1996), **Cuentos del Sil** (2006) and *El Dialecto Leonés* (2006), when he collaborated with tales about modern and ancient themes, and was the prologuer in the 2003 edition of *Brañas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu*.

As an Italian language and culture for foreigners bachelor, Abel Pardo is the author of the first works about contractive language between Leonese language and Italian, being the author of "*Linguistica Constrativa Italiano-Leonese*" (Contractive Linguistic Italian-Leonese) presented and approved in the University of Pavia Italy as a bachelor final project .

Translator
----------

Abel Pardo also developed a certain activity as a translator into Leonese language. He translated the leaflet *Campus Stellae* (1999). He collaborated with "*La Nuesa Tierra*" newspaper with more than 200 articles in Leonese language, and with Logos Group (Italia) where he's official Leonese language translator. As city councilor of León, he promoted Leonese language bilingualism, starting Leonese language courses in the city of León for the first time and created with the University of León the title "Monitor de Llingua Llïonesa" for teaching Leonese language in official courses.

He also has written scientific works about Leonese language and New Technologues as "*Nuevas Teunoloxías y Llingua Llïonesa*" (New Technologies and Leonese language), the first pre-doctorate work presented and approved in Leonese language in one university, presented in the Open University of Catalonia or "El Llïonés y las TICs" in the scientific magazine *Mikroglottika*.

Collective books
----------------

* *Cuentos de Lleón* (1996)
* *Brañas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu* (prologue) (2003)
* *Cuentos del Sil* (2006)
* *El Dialecto Leonés* (2006)

Translations
------------

* *Campus Stellae* (1999)

Scientific works
----------------

* *Nuevas Teunoloxías y Llingua Llïonesa* (2006)
* *Linguistica contrastiva Italiano-Leonese* (2006)

Scientific publications
-----------------------

* El Llïonés y las TIC's Archived 2009-09-20 at the Wayback Machine (2007) in Mikroglottika Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Linguistica contrastiva italiano-leonese: Vocalismo (2007) in Mikroglottika Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
Map showing Tasman's trips
**Abel Janszoon Tasman** (1603–1659) was a Dutch sea explorer. He found Tasmania and New Zealand while on voyages in 1642 and 1644, in the service of the VOC (Dutch East India Company). He also made the first historical sightings of large parts of Australia.

He was born in Lutjegast, Netherlands. He went to Batavia (now called Jakarta) to work for the VOC in 1633. He went back to Holland in 1636. He went back to Batavia with his wife, Jannetie Tjaerss, two years later. He went north to Japan in 1640. In 1642 Tasman went south to Palembang.

Tasmania and New Zealand 1642-4
-------------------------------

Tasman set Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. This man sailed around to the east coast of Van Diemen's Land and claimed the land for the Dutch on December 3, 1642. The ships then sailed west and found New Zealand. His ships were attacked by Maori in large war canoes (boats) and four sailors died. Tasman then sailed north-east to Tonga and Fiji. He then sailed north west to New Guinea and got back to Batavia in June 1643.

Western Australia 1644
----------------------

In 1644 Tasman sailed from Batavia with the ships *Limmen*, *Zeemeeuw* and *Bracq*. He sailed along the west coast of New Guinea, and then the coast of Australia from Cape York to North West Cape. He went back to Batavia in August 1644. He showed that Western Australia and Queensland were part of the same country. He was not able to get through Torres Strait, but his maps were used for the next 200 years. Tasman made more trips including to Sumatra in 1646, Siam in 1647, and Manila in 1648. He purchased a lot of land in Batavia where he died in October 1659.

Several places have been named after him, including Tasmania, the Tasman Peninsula, Tasman Island and the Tasman Sea.