recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
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The **Christian Social Union of Bavaria** or **Christlich Soziale Union** (short **CSU**) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.

In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.

Its chief is Horst Seehofer.

History
-------

In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.

In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.

All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.

In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.

The CSU is more conservative than the CDU.

One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.

Programme
---------

The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.

Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.

Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.

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Political parties in Germany Germany |
| --- |
| Social Democratic Party of Germany (206) • Christian Democratic Union of Germany (152) • Christian Social Union of Bavaria (45) • Alliance '90/The Greens (118) • Free Democratic Party (92) • Alternative for Germany (78) • The Left (39) • Free Voters (0) • Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany (0) • Human Environment Animal Protection (0) • The Party (0) |
**The Consulate General of the United States in Jerusalem** was the diplomatic mission of the United States of America accredited to the Palestinian population of the West Bank (including Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip. In May 2018, the United States moved its embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In mid-October 2018, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the Consulate General would merge with the US Embassy in Jerusalem and that relations with the Palestinians would be conducted through a special Palestinian affairs unit inside the embassy. On March 4, 2019, the Consulate General officially ceased operations and merged with the US Embassy in Jerusalem.

History
-------

The US Consulate was opened in 1844 in Old Jerusalem, inside Jaffa Gate, in what is today the Swedish Center for Christian Studies. In the late 19th century, the consulate was moved to Al-Anbiya Street. In 1912, it was moved to Kershon Akron Street, in what is now West Jerusalem. The main building, one of the first houses built outside the old city walls, was built in 1868 by the German Lutheran missionary Ferdinand Vester. On May 23, 1948, Consul General Thomas Wesson was assassinated. In 1952, the consulate rented another building on Nablus Road, East Jerusalem. On December 1, 2017, two senior US officials revealed that US President Donald Trump is likely to deliver a speech, Wednesday, December 6, in which he recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and will postpone the transfer of the US embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
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**Lewis Howard Latimer** (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an African-American inventor and draftsman. He was born in Massachusetts.

Early life
----------

Latimer's family were slaves in Virginia when a local minister led them to freedom. When he was 10 Latimer attended Phillips Grammar School. When he was 16 Latimer lied about his age to join the U.S Navy.

Public life
-----------

Latimer started working at Crosby and Gould, a patent law firm. He learned to draw diagrams. While at the law firm, Latimer invented an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. Later, Latimer helped Alexander Graham Bell by drawing diagrams for his patent for the first telephone. Latimer also helped Thomas Edison with his patent for the light bulb, and invented a better way to make carbon filaments for light bulbs.

Death
-----

Latimer died on December 11, 1928 in Flushing, Queens, New York at the age 80.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lewis Howard Latimer***.
***Minecart*** (トロッコ, *Torokko*) is a short story written by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. It was published in 1922. It is a story about a young boy who experiences the adult world for a short amount of time. Many junior high school students in Japan study this short story in class.

In 2009, a movie based on this story was released.

Plot
----

Construction of a light railway has begun between Odawara and Atami, two towns in east Japan. At the construction site, workers are using minecarts for transporting earth and sand. Ryōhei, aged eight, is interested in these minecarts. One day, he pushes one of the minecarts with a construction worker. At the beginning, he is very excited. But as it gets late in the day, he starts to worry about how he will get home. After a while, the construction worker tells him to go home because it is late. Ryōhei runs down a dark hill road thinking "I just don’t want to die". As soon as he comes back home, he bursts into tears.

He becomes an adult and moves to Tokyo. He looks back on that time. He is tired of everyday life. Without any reason, he sometimes dreams of the dark hill road.

The story is set between Odawara and Atami. The boy describes seeing the sea on his right as he heads away from his home, and on his left on the way back. Because of this, it seems that he was moving toward Odawara from Atami.

Additional information
----------------------

Rikiishi Heizo was a journalist from Yugawara, a town between Atami and Odawara. The Atami light railway was under construction when he was a boy. Construction workers changed a human-powered railway into a light railway. Rikiishi looked back on his memory of watching this construction work and wrote it down. The story’s author, Akutagawa, embellished Rikiishi’s writing to make the story.

Other websites
--------------

* "Torokko" modern kanji forms and kana spellings（Aozora Bunko）
* "Torokko" modern kanji forms and old kana spellings（Aozora Bunko）
**Magnus Douglas "Mark" Nicholson** (6 March 1871 - 3 July 1941 in Oswestry, Shropshire, England) was an English football player and coach of the late 19th century and one of the most important pioneers of football in Austria at the beginning of the 20th century. He played as defender.

Career
------

Mark Nicholson began his career in April 1889 at the age of 18 as a player for Oswestry Town. In May 1891 he signed a professional contract with West Bromwich Albion. He played his first league game against Everton in September 1891. He made 67 appearances for the club. The highpoint as player was the win of the FA Cup on 19 March 1892 with a 3-0 win over Aston Villa. He left to take a job as deputy headmaster at a school in Bedford and continued his career at nearby Luton Town.

Mark Nicholson (Second from the left standing) in 1899
1897 he came to Vienna and played for First Vienna FC. Not only was he by far the best footballer in Vienna at the time and, as an absolute star, his club's box office magnet. He soon took over agendas as an organizer and functionary at the club. In the following years that followed, he not only reformed the training and game design of Vienna, he also campaigned for the organization of the entire football game in Austria. In 1898, Nicholson organized the *Comité zur Veranstaltung von Fußball-Wettspielen* ( Soccer Competitions Committee). One of the first activities of this committee was organizing two matches of the Oxford University football team in 1899.

On 4 January 1900, this committee formed the *Austrian Football Union*. Nicholson was the first president. The Union dissolved in 1904 due to its powerlessness compared to the clubs, especially First Vienna and the Vienna Cricketers. These clubs founded the Österreichischen Fußballverband (Austrian Football Association) thepredecessor of today's ÖFB.

In the last game for Vienna, a friendly against FC Zurich, Nicholson even kept the goal. When Nicholson left Vienna he retired as an Austrian football pioneer and the first honorary captain of the Vienna for life. Nicholson was no longer active as a football player after his time in Vienna, but he did as a referee in Hamburg and later as a cricketer in Paris.

In 1914 a Viennese football club was founded in the club colors blue and yellow with the name SC Nicholson which became FC Wien in 1933.

Honours
-------

**West Bromwich Albion**

* FA Cup: 1891–92

**Vienna (player-coach)**

* Challenge Cup: 1898–99, 1899–1900
For all Scottish monarchs, see Scottish monarchs. For Kenneth MacAlpin, see Kenneth I of Scotland.
Family tree of the House of Alpin and Dunkeld.
The House of Alpin, sometimes referred to as the Alpínid dynasty, Clann Chináeda, and Clann Chinaeda meic Ailpín was the house given to the kings of Scotland, titled as "King of the Picts" from the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin I in 843/848 until the death of Malcolm II in 1034. Although some sources claim that the house lasted until the death of Lulach in 1058.

MacAlpin, sons of Alpin II
--------------------------

* Kenneth MacAlpin (843/848 - 13th February 858)
* Donald MacAlpin (13th February 858 - 13th April 862)

MacKenneth or MacCináeda, sons of Kenneth I
-------------------------------------------

* Causantín mac Cináeda (13th April 862 - 877)
* Aed mac Cináeda (877 - 878)

*The reign of Aed is disputed and many sources list the next monarch after Constantine I as Giric.*

MacDúngail, sons of Dungal of Scots (maybe)
-------------------------------------------

* Giric mac Dúngail (878 - 889)

MacConstantine or MacCausantín, sons of Constantine I
-----------------------------------------------------

* Domnall mac Causantín (889 - 900)

MacAed or Mac Áeda, sons of Aed
-------------------------------

* Constantín mac Áeda (900 - 943), abdicated, died sometime 952

MacDonald or MacDomnaill, sons of Donald II
-------------------------------------------

* Máil Coluim mac Domnaill (943 - 954)

MacConstantine or MacCausantín, sons of Constantine II
------------------------------------------------------

* Ildulb mac Causantín (954 - 962)

MacMalcolm or MacMaíl Coluim, sons of Malcolm I
-----------------------------------------------

* Dub mac Máil Coluim (962 - 967)

MacIndulf or MacIlluilb, sons of Indulf
---------------------------------------

* Cuilén mac Illuilb (967 - 971)? - Reign unknown

MacMalcolm or MacMaíl Coluim, sons of Malcolm I (again)
-------------------------------------------------------

* Cináed mac Maíl Coluim (971 - 995)

MacCuilén, sons of Cuilén
-------------------------

* Causantín mac Cuiléin (995 - 997)

MacDub or MacDuib, sons of Dub
------------------------------

* Cináed mac Duib (997 - 1005)

Cináed mac Duib, or Kenneth III, king from 997-1005.

Sons of Kenneth II
------------------

* Malcolm II of Scotland (1005 - 1034)

Disputed (end of house)
-----------------------

The house is considered by most to end with the death of Malcolm II in 1034 but some lists state the house lasted until Lulach, this is the extended house including the rest of 1034-1058's monarchs.

Extended House of Alpin
-----------------------

* Duncan I of Scotland (1034-1040)
* Macbeth of Scotland (1040-1057)
* Lulach of Scotland (1057-1058)
**Nedo Kuchung Rinpoche** (or **Nendo Rinpoche** ) is a Buddhist teacher (lama) and meditation master from the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.   He was born in 1962 and was recognized by the Sixteenth Karmapa Rangjung Rigpe Dorje as the reincarnation of late Buddhist master. In addition to the Karmapa, Nedo Rinpoche received teachings from Dilgo Kyentse Rinpoche and Tulku Urgen Rinpoche.

At the age of twenty-five, he was given the title of *"Dorje Lopon"* at the headquarters of the Sixteenth Karmapa in Sikkim. Following the instructions of the Karmapa and the Fourteenth Shamarpa, he teaches around the world, today under the guidance of the Seventeenth Karmapa, Trinley Thaye Dorje. Rinpoche's activity in the East includes the care of the Nedo Chokhorling Ling Monastery in Sikkim and founding of meditation centers in Southeast Asia. At the invitation of Ole Nydahl, Nedo Rinpoche gives teachings at the Buddhist courses organized by him. From 2022 he began work on the construction of stupas in the Western world. These have included the Stupas of Complete Victory in the Diamond Way Europe Center (2023), in Colombia (2022) and the Lhabab stupa in Stupkalnis, Lithuania (2022).

Sources
-------

1. ↑
2. ↑
**Bonde da Stronda** is an hip hop duo formed in 2006 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Mr. Thug and Léo Stronda. Their music shows the reality of their day-to-day, talking about girls, partying, dating, love and sex. They released their debut album, Nova Era da Stronda, in August 9, 2009.

History
-------

Bonde da Stronda started in November 2006. It was formed by Mr.Thug (Diego Villanueva), Léo Stronda (Leonardo Schulz), Mc Cot (Marcus Vinicius ) and Mc Night (Patrick Lopes). They started with home recordings and with the independent release of the songs on the internet. They were recognized by the media. Mc Cot left the group in 2007. Soon after in 2008 Mc Night also left. Mc Night was on the album "Stronda Style". Mc Cot was in a few songs but did not come to participate in any album.

In 2009, they did a remake of the 80's "Tic Tic Nervoso" of Kid Vinil. This song was on the soundtrack to the soap opera Malhação. Later in 2009 they released the album "Nova Era da Stronda". In 2011 released the album "A Profecia". On July 4, 2012 released their new work, the mixtape "Corporação".

### Albums

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Date of Release** | **Title** | **Label** |
| 2008 |  *Stronda Style* | Independent |
| 2009 | *Nova Era da Stronda* | Galerão Records |
| 2011 | *A Profecia* | Galerão Records |
| 2012 | *Corporação* | Galerão Records |

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Healthcare in France** is managed by the French government. The government pays for a universal healthcare system. In French it is called *protection universelle maladie* (Puma). In 2000 the World Health Organization found that France provided the "best overall health care" in the world.

The government runs the health insurance system, which is called the National Fund for Health Insurance. Peoples have to pay 5.25% of income from work, capital and winnings from gambling and at 3.95% on social security and pensions. People get 70% of most health care costs, and 100% for costly or long-term problems from it. Most people also have also private health insurance from not-for-profit groups called mutuelles. That pays for about 3.7% of hospital treatment and 21.9% of the cost of spectacles and prostheses, 18.6% of drugs and 35.9% of dental care.

People have a "Carte Vitale", a smart card with information about their health and their insurance. 

General practitioners run their own small business but get their money from the insurance system. There are public hospitals - 62% of hospital beds, non-profit independent hospitals (which are linked to the public system) - 14%, and private for-profit hospitals - 24%. Most are in the French Hospital Federation.

There is a serious shortage of doctors, especially in rural areas. Nearly 7 million people do not have a GP. In 2021 there were 318 doctors for 100,000 people, in 2012 there were 325.
penis
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Originally founded in 2017 under the name Cloud 9 Expressions. The company did business as PNW Journey under Cloud 9 Expressions, LLC from 2018 until 2020 when the name was officially registered as PNW Journey, LLC. Founding members included siblings Joe Buchmann, Garrett Busch, and Carissa Busch, along with spouses Brianna Buchmann and Kurshell Busch and family friends Chad Misterek and Steve Lindberg.

In 2018, Steve left the company to focus on his career in the cannabis industry. In 2019, it was decided to remove spouses Brianna and Kurshell, as well as sister Carissa from the LLC to avoid convolution of the company ownership structure, leaving just Joe, Garrett, and Chad as the company's only owners. At this time, the partnership was also structured to include Joe as CEO with majority ownership, Garrett as CMO and Chad as CFO with equal ownership.

Philanthropy
------------

In March 2020, PNW Journey began a campaign to support No Kid Hungry during the COVID-19 crisis. Over a period of two months, they produced four designs which were printed on t-shirts and hoodies where some of the proceeds were donated to No Kid Hungry. With a total goal of $5,000, they donated $5 from each shirt and $8 from each hoodie. As of May 12th, 2020 they were at $4,176 in total donation money.
A bowl of breakfast cereal with a cup of coffee.
**Breakfast cereal** is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.It is a common breakfast meal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit. There are many kinds of cereals. Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands. Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well. Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.

History
-------

In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

This brought up the creation of Granula. The name *Granula* comes from *granulates*, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

Related pages
-------------

* Corn
* Wheat
* Grain

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cereals***.

* Cereal site - All About Cereal
* Cereals Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine by the Vegetarian Society
* Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
A cloth of woven carbon fiber filaments, a common element in composite materials
**Composite** materials are made from two or more basic material. They are not just placed together. They are merged together. This create a material with *useful properties unlike the individual elements*.

The composite material as a whole may behave differently from either of its parts. For example, reinforced concrete (made of concrete and steel) has resistance to pressure and to bending forces. Bullet-proof glass (made of glass and plastic) is far more resistant to impact than either glass or plastic on their own.

Concrete itself is a composite material. It is one of the oldest man-made composites, used more than any other man-made material in the world.

Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin. The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings. It is still used today in some places.

Fibre-reinforced polymers are in wide use today, as is glass-reinforced plastic.

Plywood is a common composite material that many people encounter in their everyday lives
The Biblical book of Exodus tells of the Israelites that were oppressed by Pharaoh and forced to make "*bricks without straw*".

Related pages
-------------

* Alloy
* Fibre
* Polymer
* Thermoplastic
* Reinforced concrete

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Composite materials***.

* Composite material key concepts Archived 2010-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Society of Manufacturing Engineers: Plastics, Composites & Coatings Community Archived 2007-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
This painting depicts Zhang the Immortal shooting a pebble bow at a Celestial dog (Tiangou) and protecting the Children from it. The *Tiangou* and *Halmasti* are described as very similar creatures.
**Halmasti** or the **Celestial Hound** is a large horse-sized evil hound in Chitrali mythology of northern Pakistan. It is connected to the heavens, showing by its name, *halmasti*, which means 'thunder' in Khowar. The Halmasti is said to be a large wolf with dark red fur, long limbs and a large mouth. Some stories say it can even breathe out fire.

According to Chitrali stories, Halmasti only appears in places where either a baby is born or someone has died. People believe that these places shouldn't be left empty for seven days and nights; during this time, Quranic recitations should encircle the dead, while newborns should be sung lullabies.

People were very careful around babies because they thought Halmasti might hurt them. That's why they wouldn't leave babies alone, and if they really had to, they would put something made of iron, often a knife or a blade, under the baby's pillow. It was believed that the Halmasti hated and avoided the metal and that iron was its weakness.

Name and Origin
---------------

Chitral is a place where many different cultures meet. It is in the middle of West, Central and East Asia. Chitrali mythology is a mix of stories from Iranic, Turkic, and Chinese cultures, along with its own local stories.

The origin of Halmasti is believed to be in ancient Sumer where it was known as a female demon *Littu*. Later, Semitic people called it *Lillith*, spreading throughout European stories as a child snatcher. Iranic people called it *Al* or *Hal*, a witch who snatched children. In the Turkic world, *Al-Basti* hunted guilty souls. The name Halmasti comes from the Turkic word "Al-Basti," but its description differs. Chitrali stories say Halmasti is like the Tiangou (Heavenly Dog) from ancient Chinese tales. It was a celestial hound that came from the sky with thunder and lightning to eat the sun and moon, causing eclipses and mischief among children.

Mythology
---------

The Halmasti is a large creature, like a dog or a wolf, with dark red fur and a huge size. It's often linked to birth and death, making it a symbol of darkness. Because of this, people in Chitral were afraid of it and took precautions. Seeing a Halmasti was thought to bring bad luck.

Because people feared the Halmasti, they took different actions when someone died or a baby was born. When a baby was born, it was never left alone. But if there was an emergency and the baby had to be left alone, people would put an iron weapon under the baby's bed to keep the Halmasti away. They believed that iron scared the Halmasti and kept it away.

When someone died, the Halmasti often came to where the body was washed or buried. Because of this, people didn't leave those places for seven days. They stayed there and recited the Quran in circles to keep the Halmasti from descending.
The **dingo** is a wild dog from Australia. They are not found in Tasmania, where the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago.

The earliest known dingo remains were found in Western Australia. It dates to 3,450 years ago. However, the genes show that the dingo reached Australia 8,300 years ago. The humans which brought them are unknown. Dingo morphology has not changed over the past 3,500 years: this suggests that artificial selection has not been done over this period.

Their scientific name, *Canis lupus* (wolf) *dingo*, was changed recently from *Canis familiaris* (dog) *dingo*. This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia.

Description
-----------

Dingos (or Dingoes) are usually between 117 cm to 124 cm in length. Their tail is about 30 cm in length. They usually weigh between 10 kg and 20 kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years.

Dingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called "cubs". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat. They become independent of their mother after four to eight months of age.

Dingos do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl.

Diet
----

Dingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, Emus, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It is believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs.

Managing dingos
---------------

While some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo fence which runs through South Australia, and then along the New South Wales border through to central Queensland is the world's longest fence. Dingos are protected in national parks and reserves.

It is illegal to have a dingo as a pet in South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania. In Victoria and the Northern Territory you have to have a special permit to keep a dingo. The dingo can be a dangerous animal: they have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. *Evil Angels*, a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep.
A **Goldendoodle** is a type of dog that is mixed breed from a poodle and a golden retriever.

Appearance
----------

A Golden doodle is a mixed breed between a poodle and a golden retriever, so the appearances may vary. An average Golden doodle is 23 to 29 inches long in height. Golden doodles come out with long muzzles, and dark, oval shaped eyes which mostly brown, but can rarely be light blue or grassy green. Golden doodles have a cute coat. The coat can be golden, cream, white, or even red! If I was a doodle,i would hope my coat would hope to be is creamy white.

Care and Maintenance
--------------------

Golden doodles are a high-maintenance breed. They will need to be professionally groomed every 8 to 12 weeks. A Golden doodle needs at least 15 to 30 minutes of exercise three times a day. When a puppy, they tend to want to play interactive games like fetch, but as they grow older, they enjoy a gentle stroll. Haircuts are necessary for Golden doodles every six weeks. This will keep the fur from tangles or matting. Make sure to take your Golden doodle out every 45-60 minutes.

Feeding
-------

Golden doodle puppies need to be fed 4 small meals a day. When your puppy grows up to 6 months old, you can feed the golden doodle larger meals twice a day.

Training
--------

Golden doodles are an energetic breed, so training will be much harder. To sit: Hold a treat up in the air over the Golden’s head until it sits. Reward the dog with the treat. To lay down: While the dog is sitting, hold a treat in your hand and wave your free hand up and down while beckoning the dog to lay down. Reward the Golden with the treat when it lays down.

Finances
--------

Golden doodles usually cost around $500 to $4000 depending on where you pick up the pup. Basic dry kibble costs $100-$250 per year. Premium dog kibble will cost around $200-$400 per year. For maintenance, smaller golden doodles cost less than bigger golden doodles. For grooming, you will pay around $50 to $80 every 8 weeks.

Breed
-----

Golden doodles live around 10-15 years. This life span is inherited from the poodle and golden retriever parents. Many Golden doodles die from a heart disease called sub valvular aortic stenosis, which can be avoided by working out your dog with cardiac exercises. Golden doodles were first bred in the United States. Golden doodles were at first meant to be guide dogs, but they gained popularity and became pets.
**Judith Scott** (May 1, 1943 – March 15, 2005) was an internationally recognized fiber artist. She was born with Down Syndrome and became deaf as an infant. From age 7 she lived in an institution for 35 years. She did not begin her art career until her mid-40s, then worked until her death 18 years later.

Biography
---------

Judith was born into a middle-class family in Cincinnati, Ohio, along with her non-identical twin sister Joyce. Unlike Joyce, Judith was born with Down Syndrome. As a baby, Judith was sick with scarlet fever, which caused her to lose her hearing. This fact remained undiagnosed until much later in her life. She never learned to speak or use sign language.

At the age of seven, Judith was sent to live in a state care facility in Ohio. She stayed in that institution for thirty-five years, until her sister. In 1987 Judith was enrolled at the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland, California which supports people with developmental disabilities. There, Judith discovered her passion and talent for abstract fiber art.

The story of the Scott sisters' lives, *Entwined – Sisters and secrets in the life of artist Judith Scott*, has been written by her twin sister. It was published in 2016.

Artistic style
--------------

Each day, she would spend hours wrapping found objects in colored yarn, string, paper and fabric strips. Some of the resulting sculptures were completed during a day’s labor; others over weeks or months. While Scott had no style per se, each of the wrapped sculptures has its distinct personality; all convey a sense of inner life. The originating object is mostly unrecognizable, as in Franz West’s more famous plaster or epoxy "Adaptives," which similarly incorporate largely unidentifiable items and are likewise portable.

Exhibitions
-----------

At the Brooklyn Museum, some 45 Scott sculptures are on display, resting on a low white platform. On the wall are 15 mixed-media drawings completed at the beginning of her art-making career. Scott never indicated a "correct" way to show the three-dimensional works, so they are displayed casually, as she might have worked on them.
Pansexual pride flag
**Pansexual** people are people attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender. This is similar to some bisexual people. The word *pansexual* comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all". 

Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally. 

Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "pansexual", regarding the hypothesis "that regards all desire and interest as derived from [the] sex instinct".

Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".

Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others. Pansexuality is considered the opposite of asexuality, as pansexuality means a person may be sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their gender identity, but asexuality means a person is sexually attracted to no one. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.

The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning attraction to fem presenting people, blue attraction to masculine presenting people, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.

Related pages
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* Bisexuality
* Pansexual flag
* Panromanticism
**Squashes** are a kind of vegetable. They are originally from the Americas. Gourds are in the same family as squashes. Pumpkins and zucchini (courgette) are types of squashes. Although squash is a fruit according to its botanical classification, it is generally considered a vegetable in food preparation. A squash can grow up to fifteen feet tall.

Word origin
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The English word "squash" comes from askutasquash (which means "a green thing eaten raw"). This is a word from the Narragansett language, which was documented by Roger Williams in his 1643 publication *A Key Into the Language of America*. There are similar words for squash in related languages of the Algonquian family such as Massachusett.

Squash and art
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The squash has been an important crop in the Andes mountains since the pre-Columbian Era. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was used to represent important themes. Squash are a popular shape in Moche ceramics.

Images
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* Squashes grow hanging from a network of stalksSquashes grow hanging from a network of stalks
* Longitudinal section of female flower of squash (courgette), showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petalsLongitudinal section of female flower of squash (courgette), showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals
* Various squashes such as Turban, Sweet Dumpling, Carnival, Gold Acorn, Delicata, Buttercup and Golden Nugget.Various squashes such as Turban, Sweet Dumpling, Carnival, Gold Acorn, Delicata, Buttercup and Golden Nugget.

Other websites
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Wikispecies has information on: ***Cucurbita***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cucurbita***.

* Squash Display at Missouri Botanical Garden - Pics of 150 varieties from The Great Pumpkin Patch, Arthur, IL
* Big-Pumpkins.de Archived 2014-04-14 at the Wayback Machine This is a very informative site for the new as well as experienced giant pumpkin (Riesenkürbis) and squash grower aimed towards the German speaking audience, though all growers are welcome.
* The Great Squash Cook-off Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine - Recipe contest for winter squash in Brooklyn, NY
**Domenica "Nikka" Costa** (born 4 June 1972, Tokyo, Japan) is an Australian-American singer-songwriter. Her music has elements of pop, soul, funk, blues, progressive rock, new wave, synth-pop and electropop. She began her singing career as a child singer in the early 1980s. She is also a movie actress and professional mermaid.

Biography
---------

Costa's career as a recording artist with her own name began in 1981. That year, she recorded the song "Out Here on My Own". Her self-titled album was released outside the United States in the same year. Costa then toured the world. Costa's second album, *Fairy Tales*, was released in 1983. 

Between 1983 and 1990, Costa sang covers of The Angels' 1963 song "My Boyfriend's Back" and Disney's 1989 song "Part of Your World" (the latter, taken from *The Little Mermaid*).

Costa moved away from childhood pop to mature soul in the 1990s. She signed to the Mushroom record label in Australia. In 1996, she released the studio album *Butterfly Rocket* in Australia. The album led to Costa being nominated for an ARIA Music Awards Breakthrough Artist in 1996 and the Best Female Artist in 1997.

In 2000, Costa's song "Like a Feather" was shown in a Tommy Hilfiger television advertising campaign. The exposure and the song's music video helped launch her United States music career. In 2001, her album *Everybody Got Their Something* was released. It hit #120 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200.

Costa later signed to Stax. She released her studio album *Pebble to a Pearl* on 14 October 2008.

Curiosities
-----------

### Sport carreer and other passions

It's said that, in addition of music, her passions are swimming, running, artistic gymnastics, classical ballet, acting, pizza, fruit ice creams, Disney cartoons, mermaid costumes (both the ones for the parties and the ones for to swim), and dolls.

### Private life

She is married with Australian producer-songwriter Justin Stanley, with whom she has a daughter Sugar McQueen (2006), and a son, Suede (2013).

Discography
-----------

* *Nikka Costa* (1981)
* *Fairy Tales* (1983)
* *Here I Am… Yes, It's Me* (1989)
* *Butterfly Rocket* (1992)
* *Everybody Got Their Something* (2001)
* *Can'tneverdidnothin'* (2005)
* *Pebble to Pearl* (2008)
* *Pro\*Whoa!* (2011)
* *Nikka & Strings, Undermeath and in Beetween* (2017)
* And other singles not included in albums

Others websites
---------------

* Nikka Costa's website
Queen Mary II, one of the last ocean liners, in Quebec
Container ships such as this one, are sometimes also called *ocean liner*
**Ocean liner** is the name given to (usually large) ships that are used to transport people or goods. These ships travel along given routes; they usually have a schedule. Usually, ocean liners travel long distances. The ships used for short distances, for example across a channel, a lake, or between an island and the coast close by, are called ferries. Ocean liners are used for transportation. Cruise ships are different, they are used for pleasure. 

The "golden Age" of the ocean liner was the first half of the 20th Century, when ocean liners commonly carried hundreds upon thousands of poor immigrants from Europe to North America, the United States especially. Hundreds of ocean liners were built during this period. 

When WW2 started in 1939, many ocean liners were turned into troop ships, to transport soldiers to Europe and Asia, by both sides. After the war, most remaining ocean liners were returned to their original owners. 

In the second half of the 20th century, ocean liners have been replaced by aircraft more and more. In the 1950’s, as airplanes like the De Havilland Comet and Boeing 707 were built, ocean liners seemed redundant as jet liners were faster and easier to build than ocean liners. By the 1980’s, most ocean liners had been retired with only a few outliers staying in service. Only one ocean liner remains in service today.
For other uses, see Silt (disambiguation).
Silt deposits around house and car in New Orleans left by flooding from a breach in the London Avenue Canal
**Silt** is soil or rock that developed from granular material of a specific grain size.

Silty soil has much smaller particles than sandy soil, so it is smooth to the touch. When moistened, it is soapy slick. When rolled between the fingers, dirt is left on the skin.

Silty soil retains water longer, but it can’t hold on to as many nutrients as you’d want it to, though it’s fairly fertile. Due to its moisture-retentive quality, silty soil is cold and drains poorly.

Grain size criteria
-------------------

Silt particles range between a 1⁄256 and 1⁄16 mm (3.9 to 62.5 μm), larger than clay but smaller than a sand. Silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are about the same size in all dimensions.

Silt may occur as a soil or alternatively as suspended sediment in a water column of any surface water body. It may also exist as deposition soil at the bottom of a water body after it is eroded elsewhere and transported by a stream or by a current. Silt is easily transported in water and is fine enough to be carried long distances by air as 'dust'. Thick deposits of silty material that result from *wind* deposition are often called *loess* (a German term) or *limon* (French). Silt and clay contribute to more particles in the water.
The **Russian ruble** or **rouble** (Russian: рубль *rublʹ*, plural: рубли́ *rubli*; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of Russia. It is also used in two partially recognized countries, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. It is also used in the unrecognised republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. One ruble is subdivided into 100 *kopeks* (Russian: копе́йка *kopeyka*, plural: копе́йки *kopeyki*).

The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble). Only three countries, Russia, Belarus and Transnistria use currencies known as ruble. The ruble was the world's first decimal currency: it was decimalised in 1704 when the ruble became equal to 100 kopeks.

In 1992 the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) was replaced with the Russian ruble (code: RUR) at the rate 1 SUR = 1 RUR. In 1998, while Russia was suffering from a second economic crisis, the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.
This article is about the ring announcer. For the singer–songwriter, see Justin Roberts (musician).

**Justin Jason Roberts** (born December 29, 1979) is an American ring announcer. He is best known for his time with the WWE.

Career
------

Roberts began watching wrestling, after he saw Saturday Night's Main Event and met Kerry Von Erich and The Ultimate Warrior at a hotel in Wisconsin. The combined events made Roberts become a fan of professional wrestling. He also trained for a short time as a referee so he could be in the same ring as Curt Hennig, because he was a fan of him.

Roberts began ring announcing at age 16 for local professional wrestling promotion Pro Wrestling International, and announced his first match in November 1996. While studying Media Arts and Communications at the University of Arizona from 1998 to 2002, Roberts worked for other independent promotions such as the American Wrestling Alliance, All Pro Wrestling, and Impact Zone Wrestling. During this time, he also announced for the Toughman Contest.

### World Wrestling Entertainment

In 2002, Roberts was hired by World Wrestling Entertainment as a backup announcer for *SmackDown*, and then by moving to the *Raw* brand. He also worked on *Velocity* and *Heat* shows while touring as the full time *Raw* live event announcer. Also, Roberts announced the ECW show each week on the Sci Fi Network until September 2007, before swapping with SmackDown's Tony Chimel. Roberts was the most well known in his career when he announced the main event of WrestleMania XXIV between Edge and The Undertaker on March 30, 2008. Also announcing *SmackDown* and pay-per-view matches, Roberts would also announce on *WWE Superstars*, including its first episode on April 16, 2009.

Beginning on September 28, 2009, Roberts took over the *Raw* announcing job from Lilian Garcia.

On October 13, 2014, WWE decided not to renew his contract.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Justin Roberts***.

* Official website Archived 2014-11-24 at the Wayback Machine
* WWE profile
* Justin Roberts on IMDb
**Rail transport in Bulgaria** is an important mode of transport in Bulgaria.

The infrastructure is owned by National Railway Infrastructure Company, and services are operated by the Bulgarian State Railways.

History
-------

The Ruse – Pliska - Varna, the first Bulgarian railway line, was started in 1864. The Ottoman government had commissioned for it an English company managed by William Gladstone, a politician, and the Barkley brothers, civil engineers. The line, which was 223 km long, was opened in 1866.

In 1870 Baron Maurice de Hirsch started building the Constantinople – Luleburgaz - Edirne - Svilengrad - Plovdiv - Pazardzhik - Belovo railway line. It was completed three years later.

In 1885, the National Assembly passed the Railway Act. Railways in Bulgaria were considered state property and were to be operated by the state. In 1888 Stefan Stambolov's government took over the Vakarel – Belovo railway line (built and previously operated by Vitalis). On 1 August, the whole of the Tsaribrod (Dimitrovgrad, Serbia) – Sofia – Belovo railway line was opened for international traffic. The state bought off the Ruse – Varna railway line and started operating it on 10 August. The Bulgarian State Railways were therefore established, based on the Tsaribrod – Sofia – Belovo and Ruse – Varna railway lines. An independent Ministry of Railways, Post Offices and Telegraphs was established in 1912, followed by the State Railway School in 1923.
*Armigatus brevissimus* fossil from Lebanon
***Armigatus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric ellimmichthyiforms from the Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in Mexico, Croatia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

The generic epithet *Armigatus* means "bearer of armor". The species name *brevissimus* signifies "shortest, smallest". This explains why it is named like that.

Description
-----------

This small fish does not go beyond 10 cm in length. It has a compact body, with a long dorsal fin. It has a large foramen. They have a round and smooth posterior margin.

Species
-------

* *Armigatus brevissimus* Blainville, 1818 (type species)
* *Armigatus namourensis* Forey et al. 2003
* *Armigatus alticorpus* Forey et al. 2003
* *Armigatus oligodentatus* Vernygora and Murray, 2016
* *Armigatus dalmaticus* Murray et al. 2016
* *Armigatus carrenoae* Alvarado-Ortega et al. 2020
* *Armigatus felixi* Than-Marchese et al. 2022

Images
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Three *Armigatus* fishes
Another fossil of *Armigatus brevissimus*
The Roman Empire in AD 116
An **empire** is a set of lands, regions or countries that are ruled by an Emperor. An empire usually also has many different cultures. In history, many empires were usually formed when a country began to invade or colonise nearby countries. 

Usually, an empire is ruled by one dominant country. For example, the British Empire was largely controlled by the United Kingdom's government.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, also known as the Rashidun Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, also known as the Umayyad Empire, the Russian Empire, the Greek Macedonian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire. The oldest empire was the Akkadian Empire, whose founder was Sargon of Akkad.

Empires that conquered much territory with speed included the Greek Macedonian Empire and the Arab Empire. According to Scottish historian James Buchan: "In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting." The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires.

Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. Mediterranean sea empires were the Phoenician states of Tyre, Sidon and Carthage; the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa. Others were the Chola dynasty of Tamil Nadu in India; the Omani Empire of Arabia; and the Austronesian empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit in Maritime Southeast Asia. 

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several empires in America including Vikings (who owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire. The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover America. Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

Modern empires
--------------

The newest created empire was The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the *de facto* head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.