recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Charles Peter Kennedy** (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015) was a British politician.

From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.

In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.

He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006.

Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son.

Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.
This article is about the video game. For the series, see Crash Bandicoot (series).

***Crash Bandicoot*** is a platform game made by Naughty Dog in 1996 for the PlayStation, featuring the character by the same name. In it, Crash must fight Dr. Neo Cortex's henchmen (bosses) in order to save Tawna, his beloved bandicoot girlfriend for revenge on Cortex. The game sold 6.8 million copies, becoming the 8th best-selling PlayStation video games of all time.

Gameplay
--------

*Crash Bandicoot* has 33 levels. Two of these levels can be activated by collecting a key. Each level has a particular theme. No theme is shared by more than two levels. For example, on two levels, Crash runs toward the camera from a boulder (that is heading towards him), an allusion to Indiana Jones. On another level, henchmen throw barrels of toxic waste at Crash as he progresses toward the level's goal. There are also unlockable bonus levels by collecting three *Nitrus Brio*, *Dr. Cortex* (only in 2 levels) and *Tawna* icons. These pictures are always in boxes which gives the player a reason to break open boxes since you can't save your progress unless you complete a Tawna bonus round or a Cortex bonus round. You can also save by collecting a gem.

You can also collect gems in Crash Bandicoot. To collect a gem, you must break all the boxes on that level without losing a life. There are several different colored gems in the game. Some levels require that you complete another level before every box on a certain level is revealed. For example, the Jungle Rollers level requires that you collect the green gem from the Lost City level before every box on that level is unmasked.

Bosses
------

The boss levels feature the following characters, in order of appearance:

* Papu Papu
* Ripper Roo
* Koala Kong
* Pinstripe Potoroo
* Dr. Nitrus Brio
* Dr. Neo Cortex

### Scores

* GameSpot: 6.8 out of 10
* IGN: 7.5 out of 10
* *Gaming Target*: 9.3 out of 10
* *The Electric Playground*: 8 out of 10
* *All Game Guide*: 4 out of 5
* *Electronic Gaming Monthly*: 8.3 out of 10

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Crash Bandicoot (video game)***

* The Official Crash Bandicoot Website
* *Crash Bandicoot* on GameFaqs
* *Crash Bandicoot* on GameSpot
* *Crash Bandicoot* on Crash Mania Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
* *Crash Bandicoot* on Papu's Planet
* *Crash Bandicoot* on Sagertooth' Game Facts[*permanent dead link*]
* *Crash Bandicoot* on Pura's Place
* Crash Bandicoot (video game) at MobyGames

| * v
* t
* e
*Crash Bandicoot* series |
| --- |
| Main series | 
* *Crash Bandicoot*
* *2: Cortex Strikes Back*
* *3: Warped*
* *The Wrath of Cortex*
* *Twinsanity*
* *Crash of the Titans*
* *Mind over Mutant*
* *N. Sane Trilogy*
* *4: It's About Time*

 |
| Racing | 
* *Team Racing*
* *Nitro Kart*
* *Tag Team Racing*
* *Nitro Fueled*

 |
| Party | 
* *Bash*
* *Boom Bang!*

 |
| Spin-offs | 
* *The Huge Adventure*
* *2: N-Tranced*
* *Purple: Ripto's Rampage*

 |
| Mobile | 
* *Twinsanity 3D*
* *Racing*
* *Nitro Kart 3D*
* *Mutant Island*
* *Nitro Kart 2*

 |
| Others | 
* Characters
	+ Crash
	+ Doctor Neo Cortex
* Voice actors

 |
**Servant of God** is a title given to individuals by different religions, but in general the phrase is used to describe a person believed to be pious in his or her faith tradition. In the Catholic Church, it designates someone who is being investigated by the Church for possibly being recognized as a saint. In the Eastern Orthodox churches, this term is used to refer to any Eastern Orthodox Christian.

The Arabic name Abdullah عبد الله, the Hebrew name Obadiah עובדיה and the German name Gottschalk literally mean "servant of God".

Roman Catholicism
-----------------

"Servant of God" is the title given to a deceased person of the Catholic Church whose life and works are being investigated in consideration for official recognition by the Pope and the Catholic Church as a saint in Heaven.
The process for canonization is under the jurisdiction of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

The title "Servant of God" (Latin: *Servus Dei*) should not be confused with *Servus Servorum Dei* (Servant of the Servants of God), one of the titles of the Pope.

Receiving the title *Servant of God* is the first of the four steps in the canonization process. The next step is being declared *Venerable*, upon a decree of heroicity or martyrdom by the honored. This is followed by beatification, with the title of *Blessed*, after the confirmation of miracles attributed to the honored. The final step is canonization, where the honored would receive the title of *Saint*.
**Our Lady of La Salette** is a title given to the Virgin Mary who is believed to have appeared at the village of La Salette, France. The Marian apparition was reported by two children, Maximin Giraud, and Melanie Calvat. In French she is called **Notre-Dame de La Salette**.

History
-------

Statue depicting Our Lady of La Salette crying.
On 19 September 1846, Maximin Giraud and Melanie Calvat reported seeing the Virgin Mary weeping on Mount Sous-les Baisses. According to their account, the Virgin Mary continued to weep as she spoke to them, first in French, then in their own dialect. After the woman spoke to them, she vanished. The following day the children's account of the apparition was put into writing and signed by the children and those who had heard the story.

Recognition
-----------

Statue depicting Our Lady of La Salette speaking to the two children.
When Maximin and Melanie made the woman's message public, it caused a sensation in the community. Soon thereafter, the bishop of Grenoble began to investigate the apparition. During the investigation, several accusations were made against the children. One of the accusations was that the apparition was just a young woman named Lamerliere. In 1851, the bishop said that the apparition was worthy of belief. This was the first step in approval by the Catholic church.

The visionaries sent two secrets to Pope Pius IX - one given to each of them, which they never revealed to one another. The Pope never made the two secrets public. However Melanie published the secrets in a pamphlet with the local bishop's approval. The Church condemned the published secret. Melanie, later in life, was known to have been disturbed by reading apocalyptic books and similar materials.

### Message

John Paul II stated: As I wrote on the occasion of the 150th anniversary, "La Salette is a message of hope, for our hope is nourished by the intercession of her who is the Mother of mankind".

The message of the visionaries of La Salette focuses on the conversion of all humanity to Christ. Though La Salette's message is embedded in the bygone environment of the nineteenth century, rural France, it has had a tremendous impact on the modern world. Saints (for example, John Vianney), pastors (such as Don Bosco), and religious writers (like J.K. Huysmans) have all been influenced by La Salette. The spirit of La Salette is one of prayer, conversion, and commitment.
The flag of England
**English independence** is a political stance that wants England to leave the United Kingdom and be an independent country. 

Since the Acts of Union 1707 when it united with Scotland to make the United Kingdom of Great Britain, England has not been an independent country or had any autonomy.

The idea of an independent England is very old and dates back centuries but it has grown in the last few years since Welsh independence and Scottish independence movements have gained large support. Political parties such as the English Democrats and English Independence Party have been founded in the 21st century and want English independence.

There has also been paramilitary groups, such as the English People's Liberation Army, who fought for independence. In 1983, the group claimed they were to blame for a parcel bomb sent to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's headquarters.

There have also been calls for an English Parliament, instead of full independence as England is the only country in the UK to not have its own legislature.

If England did manage to gain independence, estimates say that it'd have the world's 5th biggest economy and would be the 15th richest country in the world.
A French infantry gun, Puteaux 37mm gun, 1916
**Infantry guns** are artillery weapons for the use of infantry units. The designs usually have short barrels which fire a low speed shell. They are lightly built so they are easy to moved around on the battlefield. Very few infantry guns are still used by infantry units. They have been replaced by grenade launchers, light anti-tank weapons and heavier wire-guided missiles. Pack guns are similar to an infantry gun, but mean those guns that are meant to be taken apart for movement. Mountain guns are infantry guns designed for use during mountain combat. Airborne guns are those designed for use by paratroopers. They are easy to move and lighter weight when compared to field guns.

History
-------

Infantry guns were the first type of artillery used by armed forces, first in China, and later brought to Europe by the Mongol invasion. At first they were simple cast barrels called *pots de fer* in French, or *vasi* in Italian. These weapons were small, immobile, and fired large bolts or quarrels. As the barrels became longer, a way had to be found to move the guns. This led to two different solutions. One was the very light hand-gun, which became the arquebus. The other was to place the gun on wheeled carriages, such as the 2-pounder Culvern moyane, the 1-pounder Falcon, and the 3/4-pounder Falconet. These lighter Renaissance pieces led to the development of the 3-pounder and 4-pounder regimental guns of the 17th century, notably in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. The light field guns of the 17th century, known as a *drake* in England, came in almost 100 different calibres. Each had its own name, some of which were:

5 pound, 3½ inch saker, weighing 1 ton
4 pound, 3 inch minion, weighing 3/4 ton
2 pound, 2¾ inch falcon, weighing 1/4 ton
1 pound, 2 inch falconet, weighing 200lbs
¾ pound, ¼ inch robinet, weighing 100lbs
The saker and falcon had ranges of 360 and 320 yards if fired straight at the target, and 2,170 and 1,920 yards if fired in an upward arc.

Although oxen were used to pull the heavier field and siege guns, some on wagons rather than limbers, they were too slow to keep up with the infantr. Horses were used to pull the lighter pieces, leading to the development of the artillery carriage and horse team that survived until the late 19th century.

Related pages
-------------

* List of infantry guns
The Kohima Stone Inscription erected by King Gambhir Singh of Manipur Kingdom as the testimony of Meitei Dominance in Nagaland.
The **Kohima Stone Inscription** or **Gambhir Singh's Stone** is a stone with writing carved into it. It was erected by King Raja Gambhir Singh (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) of Manipur kingdom in Kohima (Meitei: Thibommei), the capital of Nagaland. It was erected in 1833 AD as a mark of Manipuri conquest and supremacy over the Naga Hills in 1832 AD. It was inscribed in sanskritised Manipuri language (Meitei language) in Bengali script. Manipuri King Raja Gambhir Singh (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) conquered the whole Naga Hills with his military power of Manipur Levy. It was after he had finally defeated the Angami Naga tribes of Kohima that the historic testimonial stone inscription was erected.

Manipuri influence over the Naga tribes declined during a period before and after the Burmese war of 1819-25. However, it was re-asserted during the time of Raja Gambhir Singh (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba). He reduced many tribesmen villages, including Kohima, at which he stood upon the stone and had his footprints sculpted on it as a token of conquest. Kohima and its surrounding villages were the boundaries of Manipur. The Nagas greatly respected this stone and cleaned it from time to time.

The stone is so much important that it is frequently mentioned in many land laws and orders announced by the British Government of Naga Hills. One famous example is the Order of W.J. Williamson, a British Political Agent of Naga Hills on the 19th April, 1880.

The stone inscription is notably mentioned in the "My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga hills" (1896) by Colonel Sir James Johnstone, the then Political Agent of Manipur, and the The Meitheis (1908) written by Thomas Callan Hodson, the then Political Agent of Manipur.

Other websites
--------------

* KOHIMA STONE ERECTED BY KING GAMBHIR SINGH OF MANIPUR
* MANIPUR-KINGS-MONOLITH-DISCOVERED-IN-KOHIMA
* KOHIMA STONE WITH THE FOOTPRINTS OF KING GAMBHIR SINGH
**Donald II** was king of the Picts and the last to be officially named that, although Constantine II claimed to be king of the Picts, in reality he ruled the newly founded Alban kingdom. He ascended to the throne in 889 after the abdication/deposition of Giric and disputably Giric. He was the son of Constantine I, king from 862-877. Donald died in 900 and was buried in Iona, Scotland.

Birth
-----

The exact date of his birth is unknown but thought to be around c. 862, when the reign of his father Constantine I began, after the death of Donald I, the previous of his name.

Reign
-----

Donald's reign began in 889 after the end of Giric and Eochaid's reigns. His reign lasted for 11 years when he died in 900. He was succeeded by Constantine II, even though he had 2 children. Malcolm I of Scotland and NN mac Causantín.

Death
-----

It is unknown how Donald died but it happened in 900, 11 years after the start of his reign.

Marriage?
---------

Donald possibly married Sigurda Mac Causantín sometime between 880-900 giving him his 2 children, 1 of whom would go on to rule Alba later on.
**Elsa Margareta Haglund-Kjellstrand** (23 June 1902 - 12 April 1979) was a Swedish track and field athlete, specialized in the throwing and sprint events. She was a member of Alingsås IF and Djurgårdens IF.

She won the bronze medal at the 1926 Women's World Games in the javelin throw event.

Biography
---------

When she was young she did gymnastics and later athletics. She competed in the javelin throw and in short distance running. She competed from 1925 for Alingsås IF and from 1927 for Djurgårdens IF.

She competed at the 1926 Women's World Games in the javelin throw event. With a throw of 45.06 metres she won the bronze medal behind Swedish Anna-Lisa Adelsköld and British Louise Fawcet. In 1927 the first Swedish national championships were held. She won the gold medal in the 100 metres and 200 metres. In 1929 she participated at the district championships in Stockholm and won the silver medal in the triahlon and also competed in the shot put. In 1930 she was selected for the Swedish team at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague for the shot put event, javelin throw event and thriathlon event.

Haglund was active in several organizations for women's sports, including in the Swedish Women's Sports Association [sv] 1926–1927 and later in the Swedish Athletics Association's committee for women's sports, where she was secretary from 1928 to 1934.
**Andrianafidisoa**, popularly known as **Fidy** (10 March 1964 – 6 October 2021), was a military general of the Army of Madagascar and a Director of the National Mines and Strategic Industries Office (OMNIS). He allegedly attempted a coup d'état against Malagasy President Marc Ravalomanana on November 18, 2006.

Coup attempt
------------

Prior to his alleged coup attempt, in October 2006 General Andrianafidisoa had been barred from running for president in the election scheduled for December 3, 2006, for not paying the required deposit of 25,000,000 ariary. Andrianafidisoa had earlier supported Ravalomanana in his struggle against Didier Ratsiraka over election results in 2002, and led an attack by pro-Ravalomanana forces on Fianarantsoa at that time.

While Ravalomanana was out of the country, Andrianafidisoa had leaflets distributed declaring military rule; he called Ravalomanana's government unconstitutional and went to a base at Ivato Airport, seeking support from soldiers. One soldier was reported killed in a clash there, and Ravalomanana's flight, returning from Europe, was diverted to Mahajanga. Andrianafidisoa's takeover attempt failed, and he went into hiding or on the run; the government ordered his arrest and began searching for him. However, the general stated that "I am alive and I am not in hiding," on a telephone call to news organization Reuters. According to him, "Soldiers and politicians have got the message."

Subsequently Andrianafidisoa denied that the events had been a coup attempt, describing this as a misinterpretation. He did, however, acknowledge that he had called Ravalomanana's government unconstitutional and that he called for him to resign. On November 22, Andrianafidisoa received the backing of eight of the 14 presidential candidates, who said he was defending the constitution and the interests of the nation.

A $50,000 reward was offered for Andrianafidisoa's arrest. The secretary of state for public security said that Andrianafidisoa was taken by surprise and captured on December 12 at a hotel, and that he did not resist. Several guns, along with ammunition, were found with him. Police began interrogating Andrianafidisoa on December 14. Andrianafidisoa pleaded not guilty during his trial, and he and his lawyers argued that he had not attempted a coup, but had instead acted as a "lone soldier" attempting to alert the president to the situation of the armed forces. He was sentenced to four years in prison on February 2, 2007, and stated his intention to appeal the verdict. On February 20, he received an additional three-year prison sentence.

Ravalomanana was forced out of office by a combination of popular protests and military intervention in March 2009. Opposition leader Andry Rajoelina then took over as President of the High Authority of the Transition and promptly pardoned Andrianafidisoa, along with many other political prisoners, on 26 March 2009.

Death
-----

Andrianafidisoa died on 6 October 2021.
Vasily Smyslov (left), with Yuri Averbakh in 2002
**Vasily Smyslov** (24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.p376

Smyslov was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). He was one of the five players selected to compete for the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament to determine who should succeed the late Alexander Alekhine as champion. His selection was questioned by some, but this criticism was silenced when he finished second behind Mikhail Botvinnik. His victories in the double-round Candidates tournaments of 1953 and 1956 were the greatest tournament wins of the 1950s. He played three 24-game world championship matches against the formidable Botvinnik, drawing the first in 1954, winning the second in 1957 but losing the return match in 1958. All three matches were held in Moscow.

Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:

"What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".

Books by Smyslov
----------------

* 2003: *Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957* (Moravian Chess)
* 2003: *Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995* (Moravian Chess)
* 1997: *Endgame virtuoso* (Cadogan)
* 1995: *Smyslov's 125 selected games* (Everyman Chess)
* 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov *Rook endings* (Batsford)

Further reading
---------------

* *World chess champions*. Pergamon. 1981. ISBN 0-08-024094-1.
* Chernev, Irving (1995). *Twelve great chess players and their best games*. Dover. ISBN 0-486-28674-6.
* Kasparov, Garry (2003), *My great predecessors part II*, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-342-X
Location of Kuril Islands in the Western Pacific
The **Kuril Islands** (/ˈkʊərɪl, ˈkjʊərɪl, kjʊˈriːl/; Russian: Кури́льские острова́, tr. *Kurilskiye ostrova*, IPA: [kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva]; *"Kuril Islands"*), also called the **Chishima Islands** (Japanese: 千島列島, Hepburn: *Chishima rettō*), are a group of islands (archipelago) between Russia and Japan. The northern islands are a part of Russia and the southern islands are a part of Japan. Both countries say that they own four of the islands in the middle of the group. This disagreement is called the Kuril Islands dispute.

Japan is asking for return of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and Habomai shoto. They say that these islands are being illegally held by Russia. Several political parties in Japan are asking for return of all Chishima Islands. Russia has said that it would return Shikotan and Habomai shoto in 1956 but Japan did not agree to this agreement because it meant the United States would keep the island of Okinawa.

North-Chishima / North Kurils
-----------------------------

* Shumshu (占守島/)
* Araido (阿頼度島/Atarasov)
* Paramushiru (Paramushiru, Horomushiro / 幌筵島)
* Shirinki( 志林規島/Antsiferov)
* Makanru (Makanru / 磨勘留島 Makanrusi)
* Onnekotan (温禰古丹島/Onekotan)
* Harimukotan (春牟古丹島)
* Ekaruma ( 越渇磨島/Ekarma)
* Chirinkotan (知林古丹島)
* Shiashukotan (捨子古丹島 Shaskotan)
* Raikoke (雷公計島)
* Matsuwa(松輪島 Matuwa)
* Rashowa(羅処和島 Rasowa)
* Ushishiru ( 宇志知島/Uchicir)
* Ketoi ( 計吐夷島/Ketoy)
* Simushiru ( 新知島/Shimushir)
* Buroton (武魯頓島/Buroton)
* Chirpoi (知理保以島/Chirihoy)
* Chirihoinan (知理保以南島/Brat Chirpoyev)
* Uruppu ( 得撫島/Urup)

South Chishima / South Kuril
----------------------------

* Etorofu (Iturup / 択捉島)
* Kunashiri (Kunashiri / 国後島)

Little Kuril
------------

Japan does not say these are a part of the Chishima Islands

* Shikotan （色丹島）
* Habomai shoto (歯舞諸島) →　2008.3.21 - Habomai Gunto（歯舞群島）
* Todo（海馬島/Kaiba）
* Taraku(多楽島Polonskogo)
* Shibotsu(志発島/ZelyoniShibotsu)
* Yuri (勇留島)
* Akiyuri(秋勇留島/AnuchinaAkiyuri)
* Harukaru (春苅島/Kharkar)
* Suishō （水晶島/Tanfilyeva )
* Kaigara(貝殻島/Signalny)

Related pages
-------------

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Chishima Islands dispute
**Milhouse Van Houten** is a fictional character on the animated television series the Simpsons. Milhouse has blue hair and very large eyebrows. Milhouse is Bart Simpson's best friend and sidekick. Milhouse is allergic to many things. Milhouse is constantly savagely bullied particularly by Nelson Muntz. Milhouse has a crush on Lisa Simpson who does not feel the same way about him. Even though Milhouse is described by Lisa as "the class nerd" Milhouse tells Bart that "I'm not a nerd! Nerds are smart." Milhouse' parents Kirk and Luan get divorced. Milhouse is extremely insecure. Milhouse is routinely humiliated by the bullies. On one occasion, Bart tells Milhouse that he is surprised to see him since he thought he had a "three-o-clock wedgie with Nelson and Milhouse says "I had to reschedule." Milhouse is easily reduced to crying even though he is allergic to his own tears. Milhouse has very large round glasses. Bart has on more than one occasion let Milhouse take the fall for something Bart did. Though in the episode "Little Orphan Millie" Bart admits that he actually cares about Milhouse by saying "I love him. I love him so much."
**Frank Elijah Sagendorph**, 2nd (March 28, 1883 – May 5, 1972) was a leading Philadelphia industrialist and president of the Penn Metal Corporation of Pennsylvania, also known as Penco, which was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Life and career
---------------

Frank Elijah Sagendorph, 2d, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was six years old in 1889 when his family moved to Philadelphia. He was the second son of L. Lewis Sagendorph and Catherine Crainor. He was a Republican in politics, and was a member of the vestry of the Protestant Episcopal Church of St. John the Evangelist in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
-------------

Frank E. Sagendorph, 2d, married Elizabeth Hagy on October 3, 1905 at Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. They had three children, William L Sagendorph, Frank E. Sagendorph 3rd, and Suzanne Sagendorph Welsh.

Death
-----

Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd died May 5, 1972 and was buried at Arlington Cemetery in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

Other websites
--------------

* Frank E Sagendorph, 2nd at Find a Grave
* Penco Products
Boris Spassky in 1956 at the World Champonship Candidates tournament in Amsterdam
Boris Spassky in 1984
Spassky in Dresden, 2008
**Boris Spassky**  (born 30 January 1937 in Leningrad), is a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.p381

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985).

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.

Later life
----------

On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He now lives in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky is the oldest living former world champion.

Further reading
---------------

* Cafferty, Bernard 1969. *Spassky's best games*. Batsford.
* Winter, Edward G. 1981. *World chess champions*. ISBN 0-08-024117-4
* Seirawan, Yasser 1997. *No regrets: Fischer-Spassky* International Chess Enterprises. ISBN 1-879479-08-7
* Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. *Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time*. Ecco.
* Garry Kasparov 2004. *My great predecessors, part III*. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-371-3
**Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt** (1765? – March 23, 1840) was one of the leading chess players in France in the years between 1820 and 1840.

Biography
---------

Not much is known about his life. The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.

Boncourt learned how to play chess from students of the great François-André Danican Philidor, including Carlier, Bernard and Leger who often played at the Café de la Régence. 

He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him. He got his best results after he was 60 years old when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing chess.

In 1818, for a brief period, he was one of the players hidden inside the chess machine, the Turk. At one time he was sick, and he did not play very well. While he was hiding inside the Turk, he could not stop coughing and he could be heard by people watching. After this, the owner of the Turk, Mälzel, added some noisy gears. This was simply to cover any noise coming from the person inside.

References and notes
--------------------

1. ↑  The Philidorian, ed. by G. Walker (1838) page 159.
2. ↑  G. Walker, Chess and chess-players (1859) page 161.
3. ↑  Le Palamède edited by St. Amant, vol. 2 (1837) page 499.
4. ↑  La Régence, ed. by Société d'amateurs, Volume 3 (1851) page 7.
5. ↑  W. Fiske, The book of the first American chess congress (1859) page 442

Other websites
--------------

* Some of the games of Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt can be found at chessgames.com
* Dominique Thimognier: Boncourt Hyacinthe Henri (French)
An advertisement of The Turk in 1819, when it was operated by Mouret
**Jacques François Mouret** (1787–1837) was a French chess player. He became the chess teacher of the future Louis Philippe I. He was one of the most successful operators of The Turk, a famous chess-playing machine.

Biography
---------

Mouret was a great-nephew of the famous chess player François-André Danican Philidor. He learned the game at the Café de la Régence, taught by Bernard and Carlier, two of Philidor's students. He was a pupil of Alexandre Deschapelles and later he became a teacher of La Bourdonnais. He also gave chess lessons to the children of the French King Louis Philippe I. In 1819, he was the operator of The Turk during its tour in England and probably the person, who sold the secret of The Turk to the press.

Mouret was an alcoholic. In 1842 the editor of the chess magazine *Le Palamède*, said  "*He was a clever fellow, sharp, gay, lively, amusing, and had studied seriously the theory of chess, by which he made his living. His talent redeemed a little the rudeness of his manner and a certain licentiousness which he indulged in. He used to be in a continual state of semi-intoxication*". George Walker wrote that "*His brain was consumed in the Brandy*".

Mouret was believed to have written a book in 1836, *The Treaty Elementary Game of Chess.* But later evidence shows that he only made some corrections to the text.

He had no money when he died and so the members of the Chess Club of Paris paid for his funeral.

Mouret and *The Turk*
---------------------

Mouret is best known as the person hidden inside The Turk, a fake chess-playing machine. Mouret was one of many great chess players who worked inside the machine, others being Johann Baptist Allgaier, who defeated Napoleon in 1809, Schlumberger, Boncourt and Lewis. Fifty games played by Mouret from inside the Turk in London in 1819, are collected in a book published in 1820. In the beginning of the book it was written that out of 300 games, the Turk (Mouret) only lost six. 

Mouret's weakness for drinking often left him without any money, so he probably sold the secret of the Turk in 1834 to *Le Magasin picturesque*. The article, *An attempt to analyze the automaton chess-player of M. Kempelen*, explained how a man could be hidden inside the Turk. Mouret was not named, but many people. including Walker, believe he was the source. The French master was sick and short of money at the time, and died three years later.

The French Defense
------------------

Mouret often used a move now called the French Defense. He was one of the only players to use it and is one of the main reasons for it being called the French Defense. Mouret taught the move to players at the Café de la Régence. One of his students convinced the Paris team to use the defense in games played by letters against a London team. Following the victory of the French team, the opening quickly became known as the French Defense.

Other websites
--------------

* HERITAGE des ECHECS FRANCAIS (in French)
* Additional games of Mouret (or The Turk operated by Mouret) at chessgames.com ,,,
View of Mount Fuji, part of the *Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō* series by Hiroshige, published 1850
**Ukiyo-e (浮世絵)**, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district. Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his *Ukiyo monogatari* (浮世物語, *"Tales of the Floating World", c. 1661*), gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:

"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ukiyo-e***.

* A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Kuniyoshi Project
* Gallery with a lot of info
* Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations
**David Henry Halford Coventry** (born 2 October 1969) was born in Wellington, New Zealand and is an author and musician. His first novel, *The Invisible Mile* (2015), was the winner of the 2016 Hubert Church Award for Fiction,  and finalist for both the Ockham New Zealand Book Award  and the Sports Book Awards in the United Kingdom. His work has been compared to Don DeLillo, Toni Morrisson, Thomas Mann.

Education
---------

Coventry went to the Hutt Valley High School from 1983 to 1986. He then studied at the Victoria University of Wellington, for a degree in English Literature and Religious Studies, and a Honours Degree in English Literature (2001) and a Masters in Creative Writing from the International Institute of Modern Letters (2010). He lives in Wellington, New Zealand.

*The Invisible Mile*
--------------------

His novel, *The Invisible Mile*, is set during the 1928 Tour de France. It was described in the Sydney Morning Herald as its pick of the week: "David Coventry's poetic odyssey relates ... with symbolic force and poetic finesse." The New York Times included it in its book of the week section.  David Coventry is among the best New Zealand authors.

In an interview Coventry said: "The book is not trying to be a metaphor for the war, but for remembering the war."  The novel creates its own legends around the riders and pays homage to ancestral competitors.

Awards and appearances
----------------------

Coventry was the 2015 winner of the Todd New Writer's Bursary. He was a guest at the 2016 Edinburgh International Book Festival, the International Festival of Authors in Toronto (2017), the New Zealand Festival's Writer's Week (2016), the Auckland Writers Festival (2016), and the Nelson Arts Festival (2016).

Music
-----

As a sound engineer he has produced works for the experimental groups Thela, La Gloria and Empirical He also played in the groups La Gloria and Empirical.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
* David Coventry at Goodreads
**Ross Island** is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The island is situated 3 km (2 mi) east from downtown Port Blair.

1941 earthquake
---------------

About nine months before the Japanese take-over of the entire set of islands, Ross Island experienced an earthquake, which caused many people to leave the Island. 
Except for a brief time when the Japanese occupied, the abandonment of Ross Island as a result of the quake continued. The headquarters were then shifted to Port Blair.

Japanese period
---------------

From 1942 to 1945, the island was occupied by the Japanese. The Government House became the residence of the Japanese admiral also for three years (from March 1942 to October 1945). It was during this period that Subhash Chandra Bose, who took the help of Japanese in his fight against the British, stayed at the Island for a day in December 1943. Netaji also hoisted the national tricolor at the top of the Government House. The Japanese too left their imprint on the island which stand in the form of bunkers used as watch points to safeguard the Island from any foreign invasion.

Recapture
---------

The allies reoccupied the island in 1945 and later abandoned it.

Indian naval post
-----------------

In April 1979, the island was handed over to the Navy, which set up a small post, INS Jarawa, named after one of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman group of islands.

Geography
---------

The island belongs to the Port Blair Islands and lies in the entrance of Port Blair.

Administration
--------------

Politically, Ross Island is part of Port Blair taluk.

Demographics
------------

Ross Island is an island where no civilian settlement is allowed by the authorities.

Image gallery
-------------

* Ross Island (Andaman)Ross Island (Andaman)
* Bakery from the British eraBakery from the British era
* View of Ross Island from the Water Sports Complex, Port BlairView of Ross Island from the Water Sports Complex, Port Blair
* The Ross Island Prison Headquarters, 1872The Ross Island Prison Headquarters, 1872
* The first sight at Ross IslandThe first sight at Ross Island
* The Best view!The Best view!
**Jean Colmer** was a British foil fencer from London. She was fencer in the early 20th-century, in the era women's fencing was becoming an establish sport. She was a fencer at the Queen Alexandra House Gymnasium and was trained by misses Bear.

Career
------

Colmer competed at a main international women's tournament in 1913, the 1913 Alfred Hutton Memorial Challenge Cup. Colmer was described as "the star" of the competition. With only losing one match in the elimination round and two matches in the semi-final, she reached the final. During the final matches she was the only fencer who beated Alice Walker. She won against her with 5-3. It seemed for a long time that she would win the tournament, however Colmer also lost one match. After barrage Walker became the overall winner with Colmer taking the second place. Colmer was described as the "star" of the evening. The next year Colmer entered for the 1914 Salle Giandomenici international women's fencing competition in Amsterdam, the first ever women's international competition in the Netherlands. However, in the end Colmer was not able to participate.

### Fencing style

The fencing style of Colmer have been described as having an excellent guard, an excellent judgment and being quick to attack.
**Lama Hattab** (born December 31, 1980) is a Middle Eastern ultramarathon runner from Jordan. Hattab and her twin sister, Dima Hattab are known for being the first females from the Middle East to run an ultramarathon. She is also a leader in "Generation of Peace" in Amman, Jordan.

Early life
----------

Hattab is a twin. She and her sister Dima have many hobbies that they do together. They grew up in Tabarbour, Jordan, near Amman.

Hattab graduated from the University of Amman. She studied Information Technology.

Sports
------

Hattab and her sister love sports. They like to run and to cycle. They look for new sports to try.

### Running

Hattab and her sister run marathons and ultramarathons. She ran in the Marathon de Sables and the Dead Sea ultramarathon. Men were not nice to them at the marathons. Hattab won the Dead Sea Marathon the first time she ran it. Hattab encourages running in the Middle East, especially among young girls.  She is also a leader in Generation of Peace an organization in Amman, Jordan. Hattab also ran in the Dead Sea in 1999 where she placed in 3rd.

Hattab and her sister together ran in the national team of Jordan. They were around 17 or 18 years old. She ran distance races, including 800-meter and 1500 meter runs. In her first half marathon, she ran her and her sister did not sign up. They were among the first Jordanian women to run in marathons. Their coach was in the desert but couldn’t make the race she was planning on running with her friends. She changed the names and told the Hattab twins to run slow as part of their training.

### Mountaineering

Hattab also loves mountaineering. She and her sister wanted to be the first Arab women to be mountaineers in the Guinness Book of World Records. They hoped to climb the tallest mountain on each continent. In 2007, the twins went to Alaska, USA, to train to climb mountains.

First, Hattab and her sister climbed the highest mountain in North Africa's Atlas Mountains. In 2007, Jordan's Prince Faisal Bin Al-Hussein started a "Generations for Peace Initiative." The twins climbed the mountain to get attention for the Generations for Peace Initiative. They liked mountain climbing and want to climb more mountains. The Jordanian Olympics Committee said their climb was good for peace.

Their dream was to climb Mt. Everest. Jordan's King Abdullah's "Development Fund" help pay for their climb. But they could not get enough money to make the climb. They needed US$750,000. Companies did not think women can do sports, so did not give them money.

Career
------

Hattab worked for the Jodanian Olympic Committee. At work she learned about an organization called Generations for Peace. In 2007, Prince Feisal Al Hussein of Jordan started that organization. The organization used sports and art to help young people make peace in places with war or other conflict.. She volunteered to work with children. She liked it and began to work for Generations for peace in 2009. Hattab is now the Program Director for Generations for Peace.
**Mark Daniel Ronson** (born 4 September 1975) is a music producer from London, England. Ronson has released two albums. His first, released in 2003, was mainly hip hop music. His second, in 2007, featured British singers and musicians performing many different genres and styles.

Early life
----------

Ronson's mother, Ann Dexter-Jones, is a writer, and his father used to work in the music industry. He has two twin sisters, Charlotte and Samantha. Samantha is also a musical artist, and a well known LA DJ.
Charlotte is a well known clothing designer and owns several clothing stores.

Ronson's family are ethnically Jewish.

Ronson became interested in hip hop when he moved to New York City, aged 8. He went New York University, and became a popular DJ in New York during the 1990s. [*source?*]

Albums
------

Ronson's first album was called *Here Comes the Fuzz*, a hip hop album featuring artists such as Ghostface Killah. It was released in 2003. It reached #70 in the music charts.

His second album, *Version*, was more successful. It sold more, and was nominated for a number of awards. It featured lead vocals by the likes of Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, and others famous British singers too. Jordan Galland, an American musican also contributed to it. The artists performed cover songs, (which means the songs were new 'versions' of old songs - the word "version" was originally used in this context by the Reggae scene) but what made this second album stand out was the return to the use of professional arrangers and a full brass section. At a time when other producers such as Timbaland had made a name for themselves by producing simple stripped down backing beats, the sound was a complete change of direction. The brass section that Ronson used was the Dap-Kings who usually performed with Sharon Jones. It reached #2 in the British charts.

Other websites
--------------

* **MarkRonson.co.uk Official home page**
* MySpace.com/MarkRonson Ronson's MySpace page
**Robert Martin Culp** (August 16, 1930 – March 24, 2010) was an American actor, scriptwriter, voice actor and director.

Early life
----------

Culp was born in Oakland, California, and graduated from Berkeley High School, where he was a pole vaulter, taking second place at the 1947 CIF California State Meet. He attended the University of the Pacific, Washington University in St. Louis, San Francisco State University, and the University of Washington School of Drama, but never completed an academic degree.

Career
------

Culp is widely known for his work in television. Culp first earned an international reputation for his role as Kelly Robinson on *I Spy* (1965–1968), the espionage series in which he and co-star Bill Cosby played a pair of secret agents. The 1980's brought him back to TV again, starring as FBI Agent Bill Maxwell on *The Greatest American Hero*. He also had a recurring role as Warren Whelan on *Everybody Loves Raymond*. In all, Culp gave hundreds of performances in a career spanning more than 50 years.

Personal life
-------------

Culp married five times and was the father of three sons, Joshua (1958), Jason (1961) and Joseph (1963), and two daughters, Rachel (1964) and Samantha (1982). From 1967 to 1970, he was married to Eurasian actress France Nuyen, whom he had met when she guest-starred on *I Spy*. She appeared in four episodes, two of them written by Culp himself.

Culp wrote scripts for a total of seven episodes, one of which he also directed. He also wrote scripts for other television series, including *Trackdown*, *The Rifleman* and *The Greatest American Hero*.

### Death

Culp died on March 24, 2010, suffering a heart attack while taking a walk in Los Angeles, California. Culp's remains were buried in the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito, California, located not far from his hometown of Oakland.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Robert Culp***.

* Official website
* Robert Culp on IMDb
* Robert Culp at Find a Grave
* Robert Culp at AllMovie