recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Justice and Equality Movement** (JEM) is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan. It is led by Khalil Ibrahim. Together with other rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Army, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia. The JEM is also a member of the Eastern Front, a rebel coalition. After the Eastern Front signed a peace deal with the central government, the JEM lost access to its funding from Eritrea.

The JEM traces its foundation to the writers of the *Black Book*, a manuscript published in 2000 that shows some problems. JEM has an Islamist ideology, and the government links the group to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group and Turabi himself deny the claim. However, al-Turabi blames the government for making the situation worse". 

On January 20, 2006, the group merged with the Sudan Liberation Movement, along with other rebel groups, to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan. However, the JEM and SLM negotiated as separate groups with peace talks with the government in May 2006.

In October of 2007, the JEM attacked an oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. This olified is controlled by a Chinese consortium. The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on this field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. It is just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia.

On the morning of December 11th, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region. Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack. Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  Al-Turabi denies stirring Darfur conflict (Al-Jazeera) 31 December 2003
2. ↑  "Darfur rebels spurn Chinese force". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
3. ↑  "Sudan rebels 'attack oilfield'". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2007-12-11.

Other websites
--------------

* Justice and Equality Movement
* Upcoming Peace Talks Will Not Solve the Complex Darfur Problem Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Power and Interest News Report
* Darfur conflict
* BBC background on the SLA and JEM:
* BBC Darfur on the brink of new conflict as the SLA now joins the government fighting against rebel groups including the JEM:
* Justice and Equality Movement The JEM's homepage
* Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company's website Archived 2007-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
The **Lincoln Memorial** is a memorial building. It was built to remember Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He led the nation during the American Civil War. The memorial is in the National Mall in Washington, D.C. and is a popular site for tourists.

Design
------

The Lincoln Memorial was built to look like the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece. The main focus of the memorial is Daniel Chester French's sculpture of Lincoln, seated on a throne. It is surrounded by thirty six columns which are 37 feet (11 m) high. There is a large reflecting pool right outside the steps.

Inside
------

Sculpture of Lincoln inside the Memorial
A sculpture of Lincoln sitting on a chair is inside the Memorial. The statue shows the President looking towards the reflecting pool and the Washington Monument. The statue is 19 feet 9 inches (6 m) tall and 19 feet (6 m) wide, and was carved from 28 blocks of white marble.

These words are written on the wall behind the sculpture: 

> 
> IN THIS TEMPLE  
> 
> AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE  
> 
> FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION  
> 
> THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN  
> 
> IS ENSHRINED FOREVER
> 
> 
> 

This is a complicated sentence and was written long ago. It means that Abraham Lincoln will forever be remembered here, just like he will be remembered by the people of the United States, who he saved.

Lincoln's famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, is written into one of the walls at the Memorial. There are also several murals on the other walls. One of the murals shows an angel, and another one shows a slave being freed.

Famous events
-------------

Due to Lincoln being associated with freeing the slaves, the Memorial has been a center for civil rights protests in the United States. In 1939, Marian Anderson sang there because she could not sing at Constitution Hall. The Memorial has been used many times for famous events. Martin Luther King's *I Have a Dream* speech was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. President Richard Nixon once met with protesters of the Vietnam War, who were at the Memorial. A concert was given for President Barack Obama at the Memorial before he took office.

The Lincoln Memorial on U.S. currency
-------------------------------------

The Lincoln Memorial has been on the back of the United States penny (the one cent coin) for many years, as well as the five dollar bill. Both have a picture of Lincoln on the front.
A cross is covered with a veil during Passiontide in Lent (Pfarrkirche St. Martin in Tannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany).
**Lent**, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter. They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure. The period of Lent ends at Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days).

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently. There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much). This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English *lencten* meaning "spring" (the season).

Related pages
-------------

* Ash Wednesday
* Carnival
* Easter
* Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
* Good Friday
* Maundy Thursday
* People's Sunday
* Quinquagesima
* Shrove Tuesday

Other websites
--------------

* American Catholic Archived 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
Early monocular light microscope.
A **light microscope** works like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. An object to be studied, for example a tiny organism so small it looks like just a dot, is put on a slide, which is usually a flat piece of glass. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. The stage can be adjusted to add more light. It also moves to allow different layers of the object to be in focus. The user looks through the microscope eyepiece. A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the object through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses. Some light microscopes are actually digital cameras, made to photograph small things but having no eyepiece.

Many microscopes, often used in colleges and high schools, normally have a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope show basic cells and other items. Others can magnify hundreds of times, or thousands.

Components
----------

Modern monocular transmission microscope, with parts numbered
A microscope objective lens; left 100x, and an eyepiece lens; right 10x
All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path, listed here in the order the light travels through them. Also almost all microscopes have the same 'structural' components:

* Ocular lens (eyepiece) (1)
* Objective turret or Revolver or Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
* *Objective* (3)
* Focus wheel to move the stage (4 – coarse adjustment, 5 – fine adjustment)
* Frame (6)
* Light source, a light or a mirror (7)
* Diaphragm and condenser lens (8)
* Stage (to hold the sample) (9)

These entries are numbered according to the image on the right.

Alternatives
------------

Optical microscopes cannot show things that are smaller than light waves, because of the diffraction limit. Microscopes which can see smaller things include:

* Atomic force microscope (AFM)
* Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
* Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
* Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
* Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
* Ultraviolet microscope
* X-ray microscope

Other websites
--------------

* Antique Microscopes.com A collection of early microscopes
* Historical microscopes Archived 2007-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, an illustrated collection with more than 3000 photos of scientific microscopes by European makers (in German)
* The Golub Collection, A collection of 17th through 19th Century microscopes, including extensive descriptions
* *Molecular Expressions*, concepts in optical microscopy
* Online tutorial of practical optical microscopy
* OpenWetWare
* Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy and microbiology
**Johann Walzhofer** (23 March 1906 - 1 March 1970 ) was an Austrian football forward. He played for different clubs in Vienna and the Austrian national football team. After his retirement he was also football coach.

Career
------

He started 1922 with Jedlersdorfer SC. In 1926 he went on to Floridsdorfer AC where he played in spring his first match in the highest league. At the beginning of the 1926/27 season he joined SK Rapid but he did not get a chance in the fighting team. So he went on to Wiener AC. 1927/28 he was top scorer of the team. 1928 they reached the Cupfinal. They lost 2-1 to SK Admira Wien. 1929 he went to Wacker Wien where he stayed till 1944.

During his career, Walzhofer was denied a title at club level. With a total of 178 championship goals he is still one of the 20 most successful goalscorers in the history of Austrian football.

National team
-------------

He made his debut for the national team on 6 November 1927 in a 0-1 loss against Italy. After two more games in 1928 there was a longer break. Walzhofer was part of the squad sent to 1934 FIFA World Cup in Italy. He did not play in the tournament The striker played his fifth and last game for Austria on 11 November 1934 against Switzerland.

Manager career
--------------

From January to September 1937, in addition to his playing activities, Walzhofer also worked as a coach at SC Wacker. From 1947 till 1953 he was coach of SK Admira Wien. He was then a coach at SC Gaswerk before retiring from football in 1957.

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place |
| --- |
| 
* FW Bican
* FW Braun
* DF Cisar
* GK Franzl
* FW Hassmann
* MF Hofmann
* FW Horvath
* DF Janda
* FW Kaburek
* GK Platzer
* GK Raftl
* FW Schall
* DF Schmaus
* DF Sesta
* FW Sindelar
* MF Smistik
* FW Stroh
* MF Urbanek
* FW Viertl
* MF Wagner
* FW Walzhofer
* FW Zischek
* Coach: Meisl

 | Austria |
**John Hermansader** (1915–2005) was an American painter, graphic designer, and jazz fan. He is remembered for his iconic designs of Blue Note record covers.

Early years and education
-------------------------

John Bancroft Hermansader was born on November 1, 1915 near Reading, Pennsylvania. In the 1930s, he studied at the Memphis Academy of Art in Tennessee and the New Bauhaus in Chicago, Illinois. In New York City he studied with Robert Motherwell at the New School of Social Research.

Jazz, Blue Note Records, Fine Art
---------------------------------

In 1939, he and his wife Rosemary were founders of the Hot Club of Newark, New Jersey, a significant group of jazz enthusiasts. John became the first president.

In 1951, when Blue Note Records began issuing 10 inch records, Hermansader was one of their first designers, along with Paul Bacon and Gil Melle. Looking back at this era, Michael Cuscuna of Mosaic Records said, "What John Hermansader and Paul Bacon really did was evoke the feeling of the music. They used everything from Bauhaus designs to things that were really otherworldly." Angelynn Grant adds, "When people think of Blue Note covers they think of Frank Wolff"s photography and Reid Miles design. But John Hermansader laid the groundwork that got them going along that path." Richard Cook, who wrote Blue Note Records: The Biography states, "Hermansader in particular balanced the twin issues of photography and type in a way that would mirror the concerns of the Blue Note of the years ahead."

"John Hermansader was passionate about oil painting, "beautiful lyrical abstractions, full of color and movement."5 He was an abstract expressionist painter who drew inspiration for his work from listening to jazz."
His exhibitions included and the Gallery of Contemporary Art at Sunken Meadow, Long Island, 1951–58, Panoras Gallery 1956, Art USA 1958. His work is in the collection of Wake Forest (IL) College, and the Schwenkfelder Art Museum, PA, as well as private collections.

Notable album covers
--------------------

* The Amazing Bud Powell, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note 12" LP
* Jazz Messengers: At the Café Bohemia, vol.1 & 2 Blue Note, 12" LP
* Miles Davis, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note, 12" LP
* Horace Silver Quintet: Blue Note, 10" LP
* Jay Jay Johnson, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note, 12" LP

Other resources
---------------

* Jazz Album Covers – The Rare and the Beautiful, Manek Daver
* Jazz Graffico – Disaño y Fotografía en el Disco de Jazz 1940–1968, Ivam Centre Julio González
*
Lactase tetramer, E.Coli.
**Lactase** is an enzyme which acts on lactose, breaking it down so it can be digested. 

Mammals in their infancy usually make lactase: they need it for digesting the lactose found in their mother's milk. Mammalian adults usually lose the capacity to produce lactase. Thus, if you give milk to an adult cat it causes discomfort and diarrhea.

Lactase evolution in humans
---------------------------

Humans are somewhat different. Some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. It is a type of polymorphism.

The ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the development of animal husbandry. This created a system providing a consistent supply of milk. 

Hunter-gatherer populations before the Neolithic revolution were overwhelmingly lactose intolerant. So are modern hunter-gatherers. 

### Genetics

A mutation on chromosome #2 stops the shutdown in lactase production, making it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.

This appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy consumption. It has occurred independently in both northern Europe and East Africa in populations with a pastoral lifestyle. Lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait. 

Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence only reached appreciable levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.

Related pages
-------------

* Lactose intolerance
John Stuttard, Lord Mayor of London during the 2006 Lord Mayor's Show
The **Lord Mayor** is the title of the Mayor of a major city, with special recognition.

By country
----------

### Australia

In Australia, the title of Lord Mayor is a political position, which means people vote for people to take the position. There are 10 Australian cities that have a Lord Mayor: Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta, Perth, Sydney and Wollongong. 

### Canada

In Canada, the only town with a Lord Mayor is Niagara-on-the-Lake, which has a Lord Mayor as recognition of its role as the first Capital of Upper Canada.

### Fiji

Before the 2006 Fijian coup d'état, Fiji had several municipal councils, which were local government bodies. However, they were all dismissed after the coup and not restored. During the period that Fiji had municipal councils, the city of Suva had a Lord Mayor.

### Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, the title of Lord Mayor is a symbolic title, as in the United Kingdom. Cork and Dublin both have Lord Mayors.

### Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur has a Lord Mayor.

### United Kingdom

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland it is a ceremonial position. This means the person is not in charge of the day to day work of the city, but represents the city at important events. These positions are given to a person by letters patent, which are a special letter from the monarch.

Other countries
---------------

* In Denmark, *Overborgmester*, is the title of the highest mayor of Denmark's capital city, Copenhagen.
* In Germany, *Oberbürgermeister*, is the title of the mayors of county-free, often large cities. As in Australia, Germany's mayors are the working leaders of their cities. The mayor in the three German city-states also has the function of a Ministerpräsident (head of government of one of Germany's constitutive States). These mayors are called *Regierender Bürgermeister* (Governing Mayor) in Berlin, and *Erster Bürgermeister* (First Mayor) in Hamburg.
* In Finland, the head city manager of the capital, Helsinki, is given the title *ylipormestari* meaning "high mayor". This title is used more than the official title of the office, *kaupunginjohtaja*. This tradition is almost the same as the Lord Mayors in other countries.
* In Romania and Moldova, the mayors of the capitals (Bucharest and Chişinău, are named Primar General which means General Mayor. The name is ceremonial and it has no higher powers than mayors of other cities.

Related pages
-------------

* Mayor
A **legal entity** is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes. The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.

A legal entity is not always something else than the natural persons of which it is composed as one can see with a company or corporation.

Some examples of legal entities include:

* companies
* cooperatives (co-ops)
* corporations
* municipalities
* natural persons
* political parties
* sovereigns
* states
* temples, in some legal systems, have separate legal personality
* trade unions
* ship or vessel

Limitations
-----------

There are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons. Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy. The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country. Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.

examples of legal entities are 
- sole traders
-partnerships
- trusts
- private and public company

Recently, in India, a company despite being artificial person has got court stay, from High Court Jaipur Bench against an employee seeking justice in labour court.

Related pages
-------------

* Company
This article is about the educator. For the singer, see John Holt (singer).

**John Caldwell Holt** was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.

Homeschooling to deschooling
----------------------------

Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.

Holt's *Growing Without Schooling*, founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.

Holt, in his 1964 best-seller *How Children Fail* (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by *How Children Learn*, which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.

Holt's sole book on homeschooling, *Teach Your Own*, was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.

In his 1974 book, *Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children*, Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.

Bibliography
------------

* *How Children Fail* (1964). ISBN 0-201-48402-1
* *How Children Learn* (1967). ISBN 0-440-03835-9
* *The Underachieving School* (1969)
* *What Do I Do Monday?* (1970)
* *Freedom and Beyond* (1972)
* *Escape from Childhood* (1974)
* *Instead of Education* (1976)
* *Never too late: my musical life story* (1979)
* *Teach Your Own* (1981)
* *Learning all the Time* (1989)
* *A Life Worth Living* (1990)

More reading
------------

* Holt, J. (1967). *How Children Learn*. New York: Pitman.
* Meighan, Roland (2007). *John Holt: Continuum Library of Educational Thought*. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8404-8.
* Riggenbach, Jeff (April 29, 2010). "John Holt: Libertarian Outsider". *Mises Daily*. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Schematic representation of a **neoprene vane pump**. On the top left one can see the fluid inlet, while the outlet is on the top right side.
A **Jabsco pump, neoprene vane pump or self-priming neoprene vane pump,** is a type of pump used for liquid handling.

Usage
-----

They are used when water or other liquids must be pumped. In this type of pump, the fluid is sucked continuously, with a capacity depending on the size of the pump and the speed of rotation of the neoprene impeller.

Description
-----------

It has a cylindrical compartment with a false deflector that turns it into an oval. Inside the cylinder rotates an impeller with radial neoprene blades, whose turning movement ensures the formation of variable volume chambers with the compartment wall. Since the impeller is in a non-central position, the formation of chambers (delimited by the impeller blades) of variable volume occurs, between which the fluid passes, which the blades suck from the inlet hole and push towards the hole. exit.

History
-------

The first self-priming neoprene vane pumps date back to a 1953 patent issued to Jabsco. The US patent USA no. 422,191 for a "self-priming neoprene pump."  In 1982 another patent was given to Jabsco UK (1982-12-23, Priority to GB08205279A) extending the number of blades of the neoprene impeller to 16.

Marine engines
--------------

The unique shape of the neoprene impeller rotating inside the oval cavity makes this pump completely self-priming. It can also automatically pump the water needed to cool a boat's engine. This works even if the pump is mounted above the water level, as a vacuum is created in the unit that sucks water from any level and from environments as varied as they can be: the sea, a lake or a stream.

Drinking water
--------------

The neoprene blade unit can be used with any potable water storage tank as it applies a pressure to the water distribution circuit equal to the strong depression with which it sucks water from the tank and no pressure tank or air compressor system are needed. The system is easy to install. If instant hot water is needed, simply connect the vane pump outlet to a water heater.

Bibliography
------------

* Bianchi, Alberto; Umberto Sanfilippo (2001). *Pompe e impianti di sollevamento*. Hoepli. ISBN 88-203-2859-3.
* P. De Vita, G. De Vita (2004). *Corso di meccanica enologica*. Hoepli. ISBN 9788820331573.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jabsco pump***.

* "Jabsco & Rule Pumps and more - from the experts" (PDF). *Pumps / Marine / Xylem JabscoShop*. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
Location of the Jack Hills in Australia
Satellite image
The **Jack Hills** are a range of hills in Western Australia. They include the oldest material of terrestrial origin found on Earth. These are zircons which formed about 4.4 billion years ago (bya). The oldest zircon with the most consistent date is closer to 4.35 bya.

This zircon is part of a population of zircons in the metamorphosed conglomerate. They were deposited about 3.060 bya, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. 

The zircons are used in research on the conditions on Earth in the Hadean eon.

Comparisons
-----------

We have samples of rock from the Moon which are older than these zircons. The "Genesis Rock", got from the Moon by astronauts in the Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.46 billion years. This is one of the oldest known rocks on Earth, though it originated on the Moon. During Apollo 16, older rocks were brought back.

The Allan Hills 84001 meteorite was blasted off from Mars by meteorite impact about 4.5 bya, and crystallised 4.091 bya. It arrived on Earth about 13,000 years ago. These figures were got by a number of radiometric dating techniques.
A **knockout mouse** is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been turned off by a gene knockout. 

Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the role of genes which have been sequenced but whose functions are not yet known. By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or condition, researchers can infer its probable function.

Mice are currently the most closely related laboratory animal species to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those genetic questions which relate to human physiology. 

Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003.

The first knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies in 1989, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007. 

A detailed explanation of how knockout (KO) mice are produced is at the website of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007.

Aspects of the technology for generating knockout mice, and the mice themselves have been patented in many countries by private companies.
"Knots" redirects here. For other uses, see Knots (disambiguation).
A **knot** is a unit of speed. It is abbreviated kt or kn. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI. It is used around the world in meteorology and for maritime and aviation purposes.

Definition
----------

1 international knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.852 kilometres per hour exactly. This is based on the internationally agreed length of the nautical mile, as adopted by the US in 1954 (which previously used the US nautical mile of 1853.248 m), the UK in 1970 (which previously used the UK or Admiralty nautical mile of 1853.184 m) and other countries. This is the definition used in most, if not all, modern circumstances. Knot is sometimes used for the nautical mile itself, but this is incorrect.

The speed of a vessel relative to the fluid in which it travels is usually measured in knots. This may be referred to as 'boat speed', 'vessel speed' and, for aircraft, 'air speed'. The speeds of relevant fluids, such as tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds, are also usually specified in knots. Knots are then also used to describe the actual speed of a vessel over the ground (SOG) and for its rate of progress toward a distant point ('velocity made good' or VMG).

Conversions
-----------

One (international) knot is the same as 1.852 kilometres per hour (km·h−1), and is approximately equal to the following:

* 101.268591 feet per minute
* 1.687810 feet per second
* 514.4444 mm per second (mm·s−1)
* 1.150779 mile (statute) per hour (mph)
* 0.99936 Admiralty knot

Discussion
----------

Although knots do not fit within the primary SI system, they are used for nautical and aviation use for navigational reasons, because the length of a nautical mile is almost identical to a minute of latitude. As a result, distance in nautical miles on a navigational chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude indicators on the side of the chart.

Related pages
-------------

* Metre per second

Other websites
--------------

* Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine - At one time, the knot, along with the nautical mile, was discouraged for use by the BIPM, but it is now officially accepted for use (as of the 8th edition of the SI brochure), since its use is "expected to continue indefinitely", as well as having an exact SI definition.
* OnlineConversion.com: What is a knot? What is a nautical mile?
The **Istanbul Pogrom** was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government.

A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the leaders of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson.

Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed.

Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$, the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$.

The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just 2,500 in 2006.

Related pages
-------------

* Armenian Genocide
* Assyrian Genocide
* Anti-Armenianism
* Pogrom
In legal use, an "issue" means a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit. Legal issue may also refer to either a person's lineal descendants or a group of securities offered for sale. An issue of law is a question of how a law is applied rather than a question of fact.

Disputed Point
--------------

evidence as well as civil and criminal procedure, there are *issues* of fact. Issues of fact are presented by statements of fact which are each put to a test: Is the statement true or false?

Often, different parties have conflicting statements of fact. These statements are then presented as alternative questions. The justifications are presented by proposing evidence in favor or in opposition. Formally the issues follow the form of "this statement is true and it is true because... (or it is false because) ... ".

The list of issues is the list of the questions the parties request the court to answer. The court's answers usually must be provided before a legally acceptable date and the court should give reason when it decides not to answer any of them. Plaintiffs as well as defendants sometimes do not present their issues according to these due process premises. It is then the court that must decide the probable statements of fact and assume what is in need of legal answers.
Position of Lake Albert
**Lake Albert**, or **Albert Nyanza**, is a lake in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the African Great Lakes. Lake Albert is Africa's seventh-largest lake, and the world's twenty-seventh largest lake by volume.

Lake Albert is in the center of Africa. It is the northernmost of the chain of lakes in the "Albertine Rift", the western branch of the East African Rift. The lake is about 160 km (100 mi) long and 30 km (19 mi) wide, with a maximum depth of 51 m (167 ft). It is 619 m (2,031 ft) above sea level.

Lake Albert is part of the complicated system of the upper Nile. Its main sources are from Lake Victoria to the southeast, and from Lake Edward to the southwest. Its outlet, at the northernmost tip of the lake, is the Albert Nile, which becomes the White Nile when it enters South Sudan.

At the southern end of the lake there are swamps. Farther south is the Ruwenzori Range, while a range of hills called the Blue Mountains tower over the northwestern shore

European colonialists operated shipping on the lake. The British planned shipping on Lake Albert as part of a network of railway, river steamer and lake steamer services. The idea was to link British interests in Egypt, east Africa and southern Africa.
The Spot-fin porcupinefish is one of the species that migrated from the Red Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean
European seabass, one of only a few species who migrated from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
**Lessepsian migration** is the name given for the migration of marine species through the Suez Canal, between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. 

It is named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal joined two biospheres that were separate before. Many species migrated from the Red Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean. Only a few species migrated in the other direction, from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. The migration can be seen most clearly when looking at fish species, even though other animals also migrated.

When the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, it created the first salt-water passage between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes are two very salty (hypersaline) lakes about mid-way in the canal. At first, this blocked the migration of species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Over the last decades, the salinity of the lakes changed, which made it easier for species to migrate. 

The Red Sea is higher than the Mediterranean, at high tide, water flows from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The Red Sea is also poor in nutrients, so species who migrate will find more nutrients. The waters of the Red Sea are saltier than that of the Mediterranean. For these reasons, most species migrate from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, and only very few migrate in the other direction.

When the Aswan High Dam was built in the 1960s, this blocked the flow of freshwater from the Nile into the Mediterranean. As a result, the salinity levels in the Eastern Mediterranean increase, and make it much more like the Red Sea – this means that migration will become even easier, as conditions are very similar. 

Invasive species coming from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the construction of the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. They have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. To this day, about 300 species native to the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean Sea, and there are probably others still unidentified. 

The Egyptian government announced it plans to deepen and widen the canal. This announcement has raised concerns from marine biologists, who fear that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and make the crossing of the canal easier for additional species.

Today, the term *Lessepsian migration* is used more broadly for any migration of animals over man-made structures.
***Lachesis***, also known as the "bushmasters", is a genus of venomous Pit vipers found in forests of Central and South America. The name "*Lachesis*" is also the name of one of the Three Fates in Greek mythology. There are currently three species found.

Description
-----------

Adult bushmasters can grow up to the length of 2 meters (6.5 ft) to 2.5 meters (8.25 ft), but there have been some which have grown up to the length of 3 meters (10 ft). The largest one ever found was 3.65 meters (12 ft) long, making the bushmasters the longest venomous snakes in the Western Hemisphere and the longest vipers in the world. They are not the heaviest vipers in the world, but adults usually weigh up to 3 to 5 kg (6.6 to 11 Ib).

Where they live
---------------

Bushmasters are found in forest areas of Central and South America. They are also found on the island Trinidad

Reproduction
------------

Bushmasters are oviparous: they lay eggs. This makes bushmasters different to other pit vipers found in the New World, because other pit vipers are viviparous, they give live birth instead of laying eggs. A female can lay around a dozen eggs at a time. The female stays with her eggs until they have hatched and may attack any predator that comes near the nest.

Venom
-----

The bushmasters are one of the largest and dangerous snakes in South America, and can inject a large amount of venom into their enemies. Even young bushmaster's bites are harmful, but bushmasters are nocturnal (they are active at night), so not a lot of people have been bitten by them.

Species
-------

* Black-headed bushmaster, *L. melanocephala*
* South American bushmaster, *L. muta*
* Central American bushmaster, *L. stenophrys*
After blizzard 'Snowzilla':  
Two completely buried cars under a huge cover of snow.
Washington Monument and flag on 22 January 2016
The **January 2016 United States blizzard** was a severe winter weather event. The weather caused multiple states in the Mid-Atlantic to declare a state of emergency. The blizzard happened between January 20 and 25, 2016. 

On January 20–22 the governors of eleven states, plus the mayor of Washington, D.C. declared a state of emergency in expectation of significant snowfall and blizzard conditions. Approximately 85 million people were estimated to be in the storm's path. More than 33 million were under blizzard warnings. Over 10,000 flights were canceled because of the storm.

New York City was put under a travel ban on January 23. A snow emergency was declared for Washington, D.C. just before that.

Two to three feet of snow fell from Virginia to New England. Snow also fell in Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee.

The storm also caused tornadoes and hail from Louisiana to Florida

Thirty people died because of the blizzard.

The storm was also called **Winter Storm Jonas** by the Weather Channel.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to North American blizzard of 2016 at Wikimedia Commons
**Liquid scintillation counting** is an analytical technique. It is used to measure radiation from beta (alpha) - emitting nuclides. It can also detect the auger electrons emitted from Chromium-51 (51Cr) and Iodine-125 (125I) samples. Samples of nuclides are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail". The "cocktail" is containing an aromatic solvent and small amounts of other additives known as fluors. Beta (alpha) particles emitted from the sample transfer energy to the solvent molecules. The molecules in turn transfer their energy to the fluors. The excited fluor molecules dissipate the energy by emitting light. Scintillation cocktails often contain additives that shift the wavelength of the emitted light. It makes it more easily detected.

The samples are placed in small transparent (often glass or plastic) vials. They are loaded into a liquid scintillation counter. The counter has two photomultiplier tubes. They are connected in a coincidence circuit. The coincidence circuit assures that genuine light pulses are counted. 
Counting efficiencies under ideal conditions is about 30% for tritium. Tritium is a low-energy beta emitter. It is nearly 100% for phosphorus-32 (32P). Phosphorus is a high-energy beta emitter. Some chemical compounds and highly colored samples can interfere with the counting process. This interference is known as "quenching". It can be overcome through data correction or through careful sample preparation. 32P can also be counted in a scintillation counter without the cocktail. This technique is known as Cherenkov counting. It relies on the Cherenkov radiation being detected directly by the photomultiplier tubes. Cherenkov counting in this experimental context is normally used for quick rough measurements.
**Lien Veenstra** (born 4 April 1922 – 31 January 2018) was a Dutch rower and rowing coach. She was one of the first Dutch women's competitive rowers and made an important contribution to women's rowing in the Netherlands.

Biography
---------

Veenstra became in 1946 a member of rowing club KGR De Hunzen [nl] in Groningen. She didn't want to practice "style rowing", what was the rowing standard for women in that era, but she wanted to practice competitive rowing. She started with competitive rowing in 1948 and so became one of the earliest Dutch competitive women rowers. At that time there were only no official championships for women. The 1951 European Rowing Championships in Mâcon, France included women events, but were see nas test events. Veenstra became European Champion in the the quadruple sculls. The next year she became again European Champion in 1952 in Amsterdam. She competed in the "official" double sculls at the 1957 European Rowing Championships in Duisburg, West Germany, but didn't win a medal. After the 1957 Championships she retired from competitive rowing.

Veenstra started with coaching in 1957. She almost only coached women's teams. Their pupils had to national and international successes. One of her pupils was Meike de Vlas. She became three times national champion, finished fifth at the 1962 European Rowing Championships in West Germany and won the first women's international medal at the 1964 European Rowing Championships in Amsterdam, where she won the silver medal in the skiff. That year she became Honorary Member of rowing club De Hunze, where she was also chairman, secretary, treasurer and competition commissioner. She would remain the chairman of the club for a long time.

She also started working for the Netherlands National Rowing Federation (KNRB). Between 1962 and 1971 she became the leader of the women's team. She also had various managerial roles within the rowing federation. She also became an honorary member of the KNRB.

Until the end of her level, Veenstra kept in touch with rowing. She died on 31 January 2018 in Groningen in a nursing home, where she lived the last years of her life.
**Les Six** (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz. 

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

Members
-------

* Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
* Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
* Arthur Honegger (1882–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece *Pacific 231* describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
* Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* which he called a cinema-symphony.
* Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. *Gloria*, his ballet *Les Biches*, some of his chamber music and many songs.
* Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.

After 1920
----------

It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work *Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel*

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".
USGS map showing Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait
Map showing the western channel (Korea Strait) and the eastern channel (Tsushima Strait)
The **Korea Strait** (Korean: 대한해협, *Daehan Haehyeop*), also known as the **Tsushima Strait**, is a narrow body of water between Japan and South Korea. The name is used in two ways. It identifies the sea between Korea and Tsushima Island; and it is also used generally to describe the wider ocean area between Korea and the island of Kyushu.

The strait links the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Tsushima Island is between the western channel (Korea Strait) and the eastern channel (Tsushima Strait).

Geography
---------

The northern shore of the strait is the southern coast of the Korean peninsula. Depending on usage, the southern shores of the strait may mean the western coast of Tsushima or it may mean the western coasts of Kyūshū and Honshū.

The strait is about 200 km (120 mi) wide and averages about 90 to 100 meters (300 ft) deep.[*source?*]

The western channel is deeper (up to 227 meters) and narrower than the eastern channel.[*source?*]

A warm current (*Tsushima-kairyū*) runs through the straight from south to north.

Related pages
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* Russo-Japanese War

Other websites
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 Media related to Korea Strait at Wikimedia Commons

  

Coordinates: 34°35′58″N 129°47′48″E﻿ / ﻿34.59944°N 129.79667°E﻿ / 34.59944; 129.79667