recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Samuel W. Kinnaird** (May 2, 1840 – April 20, 1923) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He got it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Kinnaird's Background
---------------------

He was born on May 2, 1840, in New York City. Kinnaird was still living in the state of New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the USS *Lackawanna*. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, *Lackawanna* engaged the CSS *Tennessee*. They fought at close range and Kinnaird displayed "presence of mind and cheerfulness" which helped maintain his shipmates' morale. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Citation
--------

Kinnaird's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> Served as a landsman on board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee* in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Showing a presence of mind and cheerfulness that had much to do with maintaining the crew's morale, Kinnaird served gallantly through the action which resulted in the capture of the prize rebel ram *Tennessee* and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.
> 
> 

Kinnaird died on April 20, 1923. He was 82 and was buried in the New York City neighborhood of Woodside, Queens.

Other websites
--------------

* Samuel W. Kinnaird at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Kinnaird, Samuel W. |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | United States Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient |
| Date of birth | May 2, 1840 |
| Place of birth | New York City |
| Date of death | April 20, 1923 |
| Place of death |  |
Leftheris with Nam
**Themistocles "Themi" Leftheris** (born December 20, 1982) is a figure skater from the United States. 

Leftheris has skated pairs for most of his life. He has had many partners and has done very well with them. 

In 2005, he started skating as a team with Naomi Nari Nam. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.

Themistocles Leftheris is a very powerful skater. He and Nam are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

Other websites
--------------

* Naomi Nari Nam and Themi Leftheris Online Archived 2007-08-20 at the Wayback Machine - Official website
* International Skating Union biography Archived 2007-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
* U.S. Figure Skating biography Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Themistocles Leftheris***.
**Nhung Nu Hon Ruc Ro** also know as *The brilliant kiss* in English is the first musical adaptation of Vietnam by BHD production and was one of the most anticipated films in 2010. The movie received the following nominations: Vietnamese Golden Kite Award for Best Feature Film, Vietnam Film Festival Award for Best Director - Feature film, and the Golden Lotus Award. It is unique in the sense that it is comedy but also a musical. At the core of the movie is an important message about real life issues and love. One of the touching scenes in the end when there is a gay character that expresses his sadness that he does not have a love. The film addresses this by letting the character know that although he does not have a love, he is loved by many of his friends. It is a very fun, positive and uplifting movie. The film brings together the most popular actors today such as Thanh Hang, Ming Hang, and Phuong Thanh. All the scenes in the film were made at Ngoc Suong Resort which is in Nha Trang, Vietnam.

After the launch of movie Nhung nu hon ruc ro by director Nguyen Quang Dung in 2011 people have begun to notice the beauty of Cam Ranh Bay where the movie was filmed. This destination has often been a favorite spot for couples out for their wedding photo shoots and artists to film their music videos. Those who wish to discover beautiful beaches can head onto National Highway 1A towards Cam Thinh Dong Commune in Cam Ranh Town.

The film's story revolves around the daughter of the resort owner, Thanh Lam is on the verge of bankruptcy. She obtained the trust of his father while promising to make a fantastic musical concerts with famous singers appeared and will televise live nationwide Valentine's Day to draw the attention of the Investors.

Other websites
--------------

*Nhung Nu Hon Ruc Ro* on IMDb
**Patsy Matsu Mink** (née **Takemoto**; December 6, 1927 – September 28, 2002) was the first woman of color to be elected into Congress. She spent her time in Congress speaking out and writing laws related to gender equality in education. Mink was also the first woman to be an approved lawyer in the state of Hawaii. Mink founded the Oahu Young Democrats in 1954. In 1962, she finally won a seat in the Hawaii Senate. Mink helped write the Women’s Educational Equity Act which provides 30 million dollars per year to promote gender equality in schools. It also increases educational and job opportunities for women. Along with that, she was the co-writer of the Title IX law which requires public schools to provide equal and fair treatment to all genders in education. Mink was the first Asian American to run for president. During her second time in congress, Mink co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Council. She also protested against the promotion of Clarence Thomas to the supreme court after claims of sexual harassment. In 1977 she served under President Jimmy Carter as assistant secretary of state for oceans and international, environmental and scientific affairs. Mink was a member of Congress until her death in 2002.
**Michael John Ward** (born September 14, 1973, Quebec) is a Canadian comedian. He performs mostly in Quebec but has also performed in many other countries. These include France, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Ireland and England. He has performed for the Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan. People have described his style of comedy as very "raw". This can mean that he says things that some people wouldn't say and has many strong opinions about many subjects. But it also means he says things that some people don't like. He talks about topics such as war, racism, poverty, sex and religion. 

During his career, he has had two major shows. These are "Haïssable" and "Mike Ward s'eXpose". For these two shows, he sold almost 200 000 tickets in total for his many performances. He been on many television series as comedian and animator. He has been on *Cliptoman*, *Un gars le soir*, *Gala juste pour rire* and  *Testostérone*.

He also has a podcast on iTunes.

Controversy
-----------

Because of his humour, Mike Ward had been the subject of many controversies. One of these affected many people in Quebec. During one of his shows, he did a joke on the Quebec government. In this joke, he talked about "Cédrika Provencher". She was a young girl who was kidnapped in 2007 in Quebec. She died. Her remains were found on December 11, 2015 in a wooded area near Trois-Rivières. A few weeks after the show, a journalist wrote a negative newspaper article about the show. Some people thought that Ward was making fun of Provencher but other people think that the joke was taken out of context.

Other websites
--------------

* Official biography
**Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov** (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Барышников, born 27 January 1948) is a Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor. Born in Latvia to Russian parents during the time of the Soviet Union, he later became an American citizen. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre, Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance.

He has been called the world's greatest living male ballet dancer. Critic Clive Barnes once called him, "The most perfect dancer I have ever seen".

While on a tour in Canada with the Kirov Ballet in 1974, Baryshnikov asked for political asylum in Toronto. He became an American citizen in 1986. He has won three Emmy Awards.

Part of his significance is that he danced both classical ballet and modern dance. From 1978 he worked full-time in the New York City Ballet under the direction of George Balanchine. In 1980 he became artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre. Later he founded his own company and moved towards modern dance. He has danced many times on television in North America.

Other websites
--------------

* Mikhail Baryshnikov on IMDb
* Kennedy Center Honors biography as of 2000
* Baryshnikov Dance Foundation Archived 2011-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Backstage with Baryshnikov Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine by Michael Dare
For the video game console, see Nintendo Switch.

A light switch, with explanations
A **switch** is something that changes the flow of an electrical circuit. The most common kind of **switch** is something (for example a railroad switch) which can be taken off of one course and put onto another. The term "switch" usually means electrical power. In applications where more than one switch is needed, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have been replaced by electronic switches which can be controlled automatically.

The switch is called a "gate" when used in a mathematical form. In logic, arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic *gates* to work as a system of logical gates is the basic idea behind the computer —i.e. a computer is a lot of electronic switches that work as logic gates.

Types of switch
---------------

There are many types of switches. Some of these are: 

* DIP switch
* Reed switch
* Rocker switch
* Micro switch
* Relay switch
* Rotary switch
* Surface mount switch
* Toggle switch
* Tilt switch
* Time switch

Other meanings
--------------

A switch in a train system (here a subway)
The word 'switch' can also mean to change between two things. For example, on a railway line, sometimes the track can split into two different tracks. If the train is travelling on one line and changes over to the other, it has just done a switch.

Related pages
-------------

* Electricity
* Railway
A traditional silhouette portrait of the late 18th century
Goethe facing a grave monument, cut paper, 1780
A **silhouette** is an image in outline only, usually filled in as black on a white background.

The inside of a silhouette is featureless.It differs from an outline. That shows the edge of an object in line form, but a silhouette is a solid shape. Silhouette images may be made in any visual artistic medium. The word was first used to describe pieces of cut paper, which were then stuck to a backing in a contrasting colour, and often framed.

Cutting portraits, generally in profile, from black card became popular in the mid-18th century. They were a cheap alternative to the portrait miniature. Skilled specialist artists could cut a high-quality bust portrait in a matter of minutes. Other artists, especially about 1790, drew an outline on paper, then painted it in, which could also be done quickly.

From its original graphic meaning, the term *silhouette* has been extended to describe the sight or representation of a person, object or scene that is backlit, and appears dark against a lighter background. Anything that appears this way, for example, a figure standing backlit in a doorway, may be described as "in silhouette".
**Special Branch** is the British police force which works mostly for the security services, especially MI5. It has had various changes of name, while its function has stayed much the same.

It was formed in London in 1883. Branches were formed in Ireland (before the Republic of Ireland was founded) and later Northern Ireland. The Metropolitan Police had their own Special Branch, until it was merged with the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13) to form Counter Terrorism Command or SO15 in 2006.

The main function for all these branches was to collect evidence and arrest the enemies of the United Kingdom who lived on home territory. Historically, these have been the IRA (and its splinter braches), Soviet and Russian intelligence agents, and Islamic extremists and terrorists.

Special Branch has contact with the Security Service and the Home Office. They use the prefix "Detective" in front of their ranks, and are governed by the same laws as the general police. Under British law, MI5 officers are not permitted actually to lay hands on members of the public. Observations, wire taps ("lawful interception"), arrests, interrogations and preparing cases for prosecution are usually done by the Special Branch.

Special Branch have responsibility for the personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs, and are examining officers at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.

The intelligence work of Special Branch sits somewhere between that of the Security Service and that of the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13). It was announced, in September 2005, that the Metropolitan Police Special Branch would be merging with the Anti-Terrorism Branch of the Metropolitan Police to form a new department called Counter Terrorism Command. The new department came into being on 2 October 2006.

Most, if not all UK police services still maintain a Special Branch. Strathclyde Police had a Special Branch until it was renamed the Counter Terrorist Intelligence Section.
**Special K** is a type of cereal and meal bars. The product is manufactured by Kellogg's. The Special K was first introduced to the United States in 1955. The cereaBl is made mostly from barley, wheat and lightly toasted rice.

The cereal was once marketed mainly as a low fat cereal that could help one lose weight.

In the United States, the Special K Cereal has several different varieties: Red Berries, Blueberry Lemon, Original, Blueberry, Fruit and Yogurt and Vanilla Almond.

In North America, Special K has meal replacements in two different forms: protein shakes or protein meal bars.

In 2013 in the United Kingdom, many shoppers complained that Special K's flakes were too hard. The reason behind the extra crunch was the ingredient barley. Many other shoppers complained the cereal had become too sugary. The difference was some of the sugar was baked on the outside of the flakes.

There are four flavors of Special K Protein Granola Bars. They are: Almond Honey Oat, Chocolatey Peanut Butter, Dark Chocolate and Greek Yogurt and Fruit.

There are five flavors of the Special K breakfast shakes. They are: Chocolate Mocha Coffee House, Vanilla Cappuccino Coffee House, Chocolate Delight, Red Berries and French Vanilla.
South East and South West London
**South London** is the name for the boroughs of London in the south of the city. This has been defined as follows: Either the area is south of the River Thames, or by its postcode. It belongs to the district south of the River Thames. Postcodes of such areas either start with SE or SW. South London covers the London Boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth. According to the London Plan, the boroughs Bexley, Greenwich, Lewisham, Bromley and Southwark make up Southeast London, and the others are Southwest London. Around 2.8 million people live in South London, of a total population of 8.8 million people for all of London.

Gallery
-------

* Globe Theatre, SouthwarkGlobe Theatre, Southwark
* Eel & Pie House, PeckhamEel & Pie House, Peckham
* Peckham libraryPeckham library
* Crystal Palace, Sydenham HillCrystal Palace, Sydenham Hill
* Aylesbury Estate, WalworthAylesbury Estate, Walworth
* Southwark CathedralSouthwark Cathedral
* BrixtonBrixton
* Clapham Common tube stationClapham Common tube station
* The Oval, KenningtonThe Oval, Kennington
* MI6 headquarters, VauxhallMI6 headquarters, Vauxhall
* Greenwich Naval CollegeGreenwich Naval College
* Hampton Court PalaceHampton Court Palace
Rubin in 2009
**Vera Cooper Rubin** (July 23, 1928 – December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer. She discovered dark matter

Early life
----------

Rubin was born on July 23, 1928. Her parents were Rose Applebaum and Phillip Cooper.  At age 10, Rubin became fascinated by the stars in her home, Washington, D.C. At age 14, she built her first telescope.

Work
----

Rubin attended Vassar College where she earned her B.A. in 1948. She earned her M.A. at Cornell University in 1951. She received her Ph.D. in astronomy at Georgetown University. At Cornell her thesis studied evidence of bulk rotation in the universe. 

Rubin taught at Georgetown before becoming a researcher at the Carnegie Institution of Science. She spent a year as a teacher in math and physics at Montgomery County Junior College. She contributed to newspapers. She was an associated editor of the Astronomical Journal and the editorial board of Science Magazine. Rubin was on the astronomical committee at Harvard University and at the National Academy of Sciences.

Rubin was an American astronomer who discovered dark matter. Dark matter is a material in the universe that does not reflect light. She and W. Kent Ford found that the stars closest to the center of the galaxy and the stars farthest from the center of the galaxy moved at the same rate.  Their findings said that mass astronomers could see only 10 percent of the galaxy's total mass. This makes dark matter invisible. Rubin joined the council of American Women in Science in 1984 to promote women in astronomy. 

Rubin was given honorary degrees from Creighton University, Harvard University, and Yale University. She won the National Medal of Sciences in 1993.

Later years
-----------

Rubin was married to Robert Rubin, a physicist. She wrote a children's book on astronomy to encourage young girls to study science. Rubin had four children named David, Allan, Judith, and Carl. Her children all became scientists. 

Rubin died in Princeton on December 25, 2016.
***Modern Combat 3: Fallen Nation*** (abbreviated *MC3*) is a shooter game by the developer and publisher Gameloft. It was released end October 2011 for iOS devices and mid December for Android devices. It is a sequel to 2009's *Modern Combat: Sandstorm* and 2010's *Modern Combat 2: Black Pegasus*.

Plot
----

In the backstory to the game, terrorists from North Korea, Pakistan and Russia have formed an alliance with the name *K.P.R.*. Led by General Popovich and General Tong, the K.P.R. alliance declared war to the United States. After they hacked the U.S. defense network down, K.P.R. went on US territory and deployed several big weapons in American cities.

The game begins in Los Angeles, as Corporal James Walker and his team are going into the NSA building. They need to secure important information in the building. After some successful missions, Walker is contacted by Sergeant Downs. Then, Walker is in the "Phantom Unit". They are then sent on a mission to Alaska to locate and secure a missing group of American soldiers.

Later, Phantom Unit goes to Pakistan. They have to capture Edward Page, a former US Ranger who has joined the K.P.R. Alliance. After his capture, Page says that General Tong is planning to bomb America from North Korea. The squad can kill Tong, but after a while Popovich captures Downs and Walker. A nuclear missile is then launched to destroy Seattle. As prisoners of K.P.R. they can escape after a while, destroy the nuclear weapons. After that, the US miliary can end the KPR threat by retaking American ground.

Reception
---------

As with both *Sandstorm* and *Black Pegasus*, *Fallen Nation* has received relatively positive reviews.

Slide to Play rated the game a 4/4, saying "*Modern Combat 3* is a gorgeous, adrenaline rush of a game that capably answers the (mobile) call of duty.

IGN gave the game an 8.5/10 and called it "a huge, intense, and polished shooter. *Modern Combat 3* is the best FPS on mobile devices"

TouchArcade also gave a positive review, concluding that "if you want to play first person shooters on your iOS device, *Modern Combat 3: Fallen Nation* is a must-buy game."
**Modern Hebrew** (Hebrew: עברית חדשה) is the standard form of the Hebrew language spoken today. It is the official language of Israel, where it is used in government, education, and daily life.

The roots of Modern Hebrew can be traced back to ancient Hebrew, which was used in the Bible and other religious texts. However, after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, Hebrew ceased to be a spoken language and was only used for religious purposes.

In the late 19th century, a group of Jewish scholars and writers began working to revive Hebrew as a spoken language. They developed new words and grammatical structures to adapt the language for modern use.

Modern Hebrew is spoken today by about 9 millions of people (counting native, fluent and non-fluent speakers), mostly in Israel.

Rivival
-------

Modern Hebrew revival refers to the effort to revive Hebrew as a spoken language. Hebrew was originally a language spoken in ancient times, was not a spoken language later, and was only used for religious purposes.

In the late 19th century, a group of Jewish scholars and writers began working to revive Hebrew as a spoken language, in what is known as the Hebrew Language Revival. They developed new words and grammatical structures to adapt the language for modern use. This effort was part of the broader Zionist movement, which aimed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Through the efforts of these scholars and writers, Hebrew was once again established as a living language, and it is now the official language of Israel. Modern Hebrew has evolved to include modern terminology for fields such as science, technology, and politics, while still retaining its rich literary and religious traditions.

Classification
--------------

Modern Hebrew is classified as an Afroasiatic language of the Semitic family, the Canaanite branch of the North-West semitic subgroup.

  

Modern Hebrew has loanwords from many languages, including Arabic (Levantine dialect and from the Jewish Arab dialects), Aramaic, Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino), German, Polish, Russian and English.
The **Social Democratic Party** (Portuguese: *Partido Social Democrata*, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtiðu susiˈaɫ dɨmuˈkɾatɐ]; **PSD**) is a liberal-conservative party in Portugal.

Establishment
-------------

The PSD was founded in 1974, two weeks after the Carnation Revolution and in 1976 adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD allied with centre-right parties to form the Democratic Alliance and won that year's election. After the 1983 general election, the party formed a grand coalition with the Socialist Party, known as the Central Bloc. This was before winning the 1985 general election under new leader Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who shifted the party to the right.

Leadership
----------

Cavaco Silva served as Prime Minister for ten years, instituting major economic liberalisation and winning two landslide victories. After he stepped down, the PSD lost the 1995 election. The party was returned to power under José Manuel Durão Barroso in 2002, but was defeated in the 2005 election. The party was able to return to power after the 2011 elections and four years later was able to win a plurality in the 2015 legislative election, winning 107 seats in the Assembly of the Republic in alliance with the CDS – People's Party, but being unable to form a minority government. The current leader, Rui Rio, a centrist, was elected on 13 January 2018.

Today
-----

Originally a social-democratic party, the PSD became the main centre-right, conservative party in Portugal. The PSD is a member of the European People's Party and the Centrist Democrat International. Until 1996, the PSD belonged to the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal International. The party publishes the weekly *Povo Livre* (*Free People*) newspaper.
The **silky sifaka** (*Propithecus candidus*), is a large lemur with long, silky white fur. It has a small range in northeastern Madagascar, where it is known locally as the *simpona*. It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth, and is listed by the IUCN as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. The silky sifaka is one of nine species in the genus *Propithecus*. The species is only found within a few protected areas in the rainforests of northeastern Madagascar, with most of the remaining population in Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve.

The silky sifaka has a social structure, and lives in groups of two to nine individuals. It spends most of its day feeding and resting, and spends time to social behaviors like playing, grooming and travelling. Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding. Like other eastern sifakas, it eats mainly leaves and seeds, but also fruit, flowers, and even soil on occasion.

It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season. As with other sifaka species, non-maternal infant care is common. Group members of all ages and both sexes will often groom, play, occasionally carry, and even nurse infants that are not their own. The silky sifaka vocalizes frequently, and relies strongly on scent for communication.
The **Malabar Headland National Park** is a national park on the coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is around 13 kilometres southeast of Sydney CBD in the Local Government Area Randwick City near Malabar. With an area of 18 hectares, it is the smallest national park in the state.

*Malabar Headland* is a headland and has a size of 1.77 km².

Use of the headland
-------------------

The area of the headland has been mainly used for agriculture since the European settlement. Later, the Europeans built residential and military buildings and also practiced shooting and equestrian sports on the site. During World War II, *Malabar Headland* was fortified for military defence purposes. The historic facilities are now a listed building. There is also a large target practice area on the peninsula called the *ANZAC Rifle Range*, which is still in use today.

Flora and fauna
---------------

On the headland, one of the few areas in the south of Sydney with its original landscape, with a vegetation of different species in the form of Banksia bushes, has largely been preserved. There are also small heathlands and other plants that grow on the sandstone cliffs.

In National Park and on the peninsula a subspecies was a bat *(Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis)* demonstrated further grey head flying foxes *(Pteropus poliocephalus)* pezoporus *(Pezoporus wallicus wallicus),* sooty oystercatcher *(Haematopus fuliginosus)* and the high-risk Gold Rosella *(Neophema chrysogaster* ).

Miscellaneous
-------------

Hiking trails lead through the national park. The Hawkesbury sandstone cliffs drop vertically into the sea for spectacular views.

The national park is administered by the *La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council* .

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the national park


Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: ***Malabar Headland National Park***
A man demonstrates silly behavior.
**Silliness** is when a person acts like a fool, or shows a lack of good sense or judgment. In television, movies, and the circus, silliness such as exaggerated, funny behavior is used to make audiences laugh. Clowns and jesters act in a silly way to make people feel better.

Psychology
----------

In *The Art of Roughhousing*, Anthony DeBenedet and Larry Cohen say that "wild play" between a child and a parent can cause "joy, love and a deeper connection". They say parents should be silly and pretend, for example, to fall over.

Michael Christianson from New York's Big Apple Circus teaches jesters, clowns and comedians how to help hospital patients feel better. A doctor named Patch Adams travels to places where there is crisis or suffering to help people feel better.

In the U.S. and Mexico, the practical joke group Improv Everywhere has created an "international celebration of silliness" by asking people to get on the New York and Mexico City subways without trousers on a specific day.
The Rose Apple (*Syzygium jambos*) is a type of apple found in 1762. It is related to the Guava, is native to the East Indies and Malaya. The Rose Apple is cultivated and naturalized in many parts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Later, it was introduced to Jamaica and became well distributed in the West Indies and at low elevations, from Southern Mexico to [Peru]. In 1825, eight young trees were taken from Rio de Janeiro to Hawaii by ship. In 1853, a United States warship delivered avocado and rose apple trees from Central America to the Island of Hilo. The rose apple became further naturalized on the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

Plant Appearance
----------------

The rose apple tree may be merely a shrub but is generally a tree reaching 25 or even 40 ft (7.5-12 m) in height, and has a dense crown of slender, wide-spreading branches, often the overall width exceeding the height. The flowers are creamy-white or greenish-white, 2 to 4 in (5-10 cm) wide, consisting mostly of about 300 noticeable stamens to 1 1/2 in (4 cm) long, a 4-lobed calyx, and 4 greenish-white, concave petals. There are usually 4 or 5 flowers together in terminal cluster.

Rose apple tree

Fruit Appearance
----------------

The fruit is nearly round, oval, or slightly pear-shaped, 1 0.5 to 2 in (4-5 cm) long, with smooth, thin, pale-yellow or whitish skin, sometimes pink-blushed, covering a crisp, mealy, dry to juicy layer of yellowish flesh, sweet and resembling the scent of a rose in flavour.

Rose apple
***Velldeselba Senki: Tsubasa no Kunshou*** (ベルデセルバ戦記～翼の勲章～) is a RPG/Strategy video game published by SCEI, Tenky released on April 18th, 1997 for the Sony PlayStation.

Description
-----------

Velldeselba Senki Tsubasa no Kunshou is a massive project with beautiful cut scenes and soothing soundtrack, yet even more polish has been spent on the game engine.

The world is a sky based one with contraptions looking like they've come straight out of the Miyazaki anime Laputa: Castle in the Sky and influenced also by another fine Miyazaki anime in Nausica. Wonderful flight engine giving players the freedom to explore far and wide. A very fine and under-rated RPG.

The gameplay is divided into 2 different sections: In the story part the player controls the main character and have to go around different places and talk to several characters to make the story advance after he received his next mission.

In the mission parts and other parts of the game in which can control the plane to explore around the world, the player controls the plane and have to fight againts enemies planes, the game changes here from the 2d graphics perspective to a 3D graphics one.

 Manufacturer's description:

Exist in a corner of the universe, planet Berudeseruba. During the war is increasingly stronger, I saw a certain man was drifting, the fly with the Blue Sky of Berudeseruba calmly, was majesty of the giant airship ·. Was captivated by the game many fans been released pleasure to fly comfortably and flight such as a jet battle scene will be deployed in 3D!! Of until now was different, the sky! In 1997, the flight adventure of innovation Archives finally appeared in the game!
**Samsung Lions** is a South Korean professional baseball team. It is one of the first 6 teams which joined the Korean professional baseball league in 1982. The team is based in Daegu and plays at Daegu baseball stadium. The mascot of this team is a lion called Bleo.

History
-------

### 1980s - 1990s

Samsung Lions is the only team which has won a season without the Korean Series by attaining a unified win both in the first half and second half in 1985. Even though the team played in the Korean Series six times from 1980s to 1990s, it ended up six-time runner-ups in 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1993. 
 

### 2000s

In 2001, as an attempt to win the Korean Series, Samsung Lions hired Kim Eung-Ryong as the manager, who had won the Korean Series 9 times in Haitai Tigers. After a runner-up season in 2001, finally, Samsung Lions defeated LG Twins in the 2002 Korean Series. The team won the Korean Series again in 2005 and 2006 under the manager, Sun Dong-Ryul.

### 2010s

In 2011, Samsung Lions won the Korean series defeating SK Wyverns and became the first Korean team which has won the Asian series. By beating Doosan Bears in the 2013 Korean series, it also became the first team which has won the Korean Series for three years in a row from 2011 to 2013. They beat Nexen Heroes in the 2014 Korean series, winning the Korean Series for four years in a row. Now, the team has won the Korean series 8 times including the season in 1985, which is the second most, following Kia Tigers, the 11-time winner. However, Samsung Lions lost to Doosan Bears in the 2015 Korean Series, and never reached the postseason from 2016 to 2020.

Franchise stars
---------------

With the long history and stable finance, the team has many franchise stars.

### Lee Man-Soo

Lee Man-Soo, nicknamed "Hulk",  was a catcher in Samsung Lions for 16 years from 1982 to 1997. He was named league MVP in 1983 as the first triple crown winner. His number 22 became the first retired number by Samsung Lions in 2003. 

### Yang Joon-Hyuk

Yang Joon-Hyuk, nicknamed "Yangshin", was a left-handed outfielder. He debuted with his shocking first season in Samsung Lions, winning Rookie of the Year in 1993. He has 9 KBO all-time No.1 records, including home runs, hits, doubles, total bases, RBI, walks, runs, games played, and at-bats. His number 10 also became the retired number by Samsung Lions. 

### Lee Seung-Yeob

Lee Seung-Yeob, nicknamed "Lion King", is a retired left-handed first-baseman. Even though he played in Japan for eight years, he has been awarded five-time season MVPs, eight-time Golden Gloves, and eight-time All-stars. Especially, in 2003, he hit 56 home runs in a season, which was the Asian home-run record. In 2012, He came back to Samsung Lions from Orix Buffaloes, and was an active player until 2017.
The crime scene, showing how the victim's bodies were found.
The male victim, James Freund, sometimes called "Jock Doe".
The female victim, Pamela Buckley, sometimes called "Jane Doe".
**James Paul Freund** (September 16, 1946 – August 9, 1976) and **Pamela Mae Buckley** (December 16, 1951 – August 9, 1976), formerly called the **Sumter County Does** and **Jock Doe** and **Jane Doe** were two people who died by homicide – a man and a woman. They were killed on a small dirt road in a rural part of Sumter County, South Carolina on August 9, 1976. They were named as Pamela Buckley and James Freund on January 21, 2021, at a press conference. They were both shot three times in the same way. Twice in the chest, and once in the back. They were shot with a .357 caliber revolver.

The male victim, James, was aged 29. It was guessed he was between 18 and 30 before his name was known. One dentist said he thought he could have been older than 27. His skin was an olive white colour and he had brown eyes and brown hair down to his shoulders. He was over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed around 150 pounds (68 kg). He had a lot of work done to his teeth that was probably done outside the United States. He also had many scars on his back and shoulders, meaning he might have played contact sport. He was wearing faded Levi jeans and a red T-shirt. The shirt had the words "Coors — America's Light Beer" on the front and "Camel Challenger GT Sebring '75" on the back. It also had a Snoopy design. The shirt came from the Sebring Races being held at the time in Sebring, Florida, meaning he may have been there. He was wearing no underwear and had a pack of matches in his pocket from a "Grant's Truck Stop". This truck stop is thought to be in the Midwestern United States. He also had a ring on with the letters "JPF" written on the inside. This could refer to his initials James Paul Freund.

The female victim, Pamela Buckley, was thought to be younger than the male one, aged between 18 and 25 years old before her name was known. It was later found out that Buckley was 24 years old. She had reddish-brown hair down to her shoulders and blue or gray eyes. She had two moles on the left of her face. She had no scars and had never been pregnant. She also had not shaved her legs. She was wearing a white muslin blouse over a pink halter top. She also wore blue denim cut-off shorts. She had purple and pink Stride-Rite brand wedge-heeled sandals. Like the male victim, she was wearing no underwear.

Pictures, drawings and photographs of the pair were spread all around the U.S.. DNA testing found that they were not related to each other in 2007. in 2014, Police paused the investigation until it was known who the pair were.

They were buried in graves marked "Male Unknown" and "Female Unknown" at the Bethel United Methodist Church Cemetery in Oswego, South Carolina on August 14, 1977. This was around a year after they had died.
**Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah** (1565 – 11 January 1612) was the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golkonda and founded the city of Hyderabad, in South-central India and built its architectural centerpiece, the Charminar and Mecca Masjid. He was an able administrator and his reign is considered one of the high points of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. He ascended to the throne in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.
Mausoleum of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in Hyderabad.

Birth, early life and personal life
-----------------------------------

Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and Bhagirathi. He was an accomplished poet and wrote his poetry in Persian, Telugu and Urdu. As the first author in the Urdu language, he composed his verses in the Persian *diwan* style, and his poems consisted of verses relating to a single topic, *gazal-i musalsal*. Muhammad Quli's *Kulliyat* comprised 1800 pages, over half were *gazals*, *qasidas* on one hundred pages, while the rest contained over 300 pages of *matnawi* and *marsiyas.*
Charminar in Hyderabad was built by Quli Qutub Shah

City of Hyderabad
-----------------

Muhammad Quli built the city of Hyderabad on the southern bank of the Musi River in 1591. He called architects from all around the world to lay out the city, which was built on a grid plan. The city was named in the remembrance of 4th Caliph of Islam or 1st Imam of Shia Muslim Ali Ibne Abi Talib. He constructed Char Minar and Makkah Masjid. He was the one who laid foundation stone of Makkah Masjid after checking that there was no one in the crowd who never skipped a single prayer except him.

Patronage of literature
-----------------------

Quli Qutb Shah was a scholar of Arabic, Persian and Telugu languages. He wrote poetry in Urdu, Persian, and Telugu. His poetry has been compiled into a volume entitled "Kulliyat-e-Quli Qutub Shah." He had the distinction of being the first *Saheb-e-dewan* Urdu poet and is credited with introducing a new sensibility into prevailing genres of Persian/Urdu poetry.

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Some elements like plutonium have multiple oxidation states. We tell them apart by writing the oxidation number with a roman numeral.
Periodic table with oxidation states
The **oxidation state** (or **oxidation number**) of an element is used to predict what sort of chemical compounds form.

For example, if you put hydrogen and oxygen together, they form H2O, and not H3O because the oxidation number of oxygen is −2, which means that we need two +1 hydrogens for the numbers to balance.

You can look up the oxidation state(s) of an element on many periodic tables. They are usually between −2 and +3.

Oxidation states were invented by Antoine Lavoisier to predict how oxygen reacted in chemical reactions; hence the name. Later on, we learned that Lavoisier's theory can be used to predict other reactions too, many of them have nothing to do with oxygen.

In ionic compounds, oxidation states tell us about the movement of charge within the compound. For example, chlorine has a very high electronegativity which means that it really likes electrons and sodium has a very low electronegativity which means that it really hates electrons. When sodium and chlorine are close together, sodium will give away an electron to chlorine. A change in charge has taken place; chlorine's charge has gone down which we call reduction, and sodium's charge has gone up which we call oxidation.
This article is about the religious period. For the Christmas song, see The Twelve Days of Christmas (song).

The **Twelve Days of Christmas** are the festive days which begin on Christmas Day (25 December). This is also known as Christmastide and Twelvetide. The Twelfth Night of Christmas is always on the evening of 5 January. The Twelfth Day can either be before or follow the Twelfth Night according to which Christian tradition is followed. Twelfth Night is followed by the Feast of the Epiphany on 6 January. In some traditions, the first day of Epiphany (6 January) and the twelfth day of Christmas are the same.

Over the centuries, differing churches and sects of Christianity have changed the actual traditions, time frame and their interpretations. St. Stephen's Day (or Boxing Day), for example, is 26 December in the Western Church and 27 December in the Eastern Church. 28 December is Childermas or the Feast of the Innocents. Currently, the twelve days and nights are celebrated in widely varying ways around the world. For example, some give gifts only on Christmas Day, some only on Twelfth Night, and some each of the twelve nights. The song "The Twelve Days of Christmas" is about this giving of gifts.

Related pages
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* Saint Stephen (December 26)
* Saint John the Apostle (December 27)
* Holy Innocents' Day (December 28)
* Epiphany (holiday) (January 6)
**Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin**  (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player.

He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time.

Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6).

Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time.
***Valonia ventricosa***, also known as "bubble algae" and "sailors’ eyeballs", is a species of algae found in oceans throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the largest single-celled organisms. However, although genuinely a single cell, it has more than one nucleus.

Characteristics
---------------

### Environment

*Valonia ventricosa* usually grow alone, but sometimes they grow in groups. They appear in the littoral zones and continental shelf of tropical and subtropical areas, like the Caribbean, north to Florida, south to Brazil, and in the Indo-Pacific. Overall, they inhabit most oceans in the world, often living in broken coral.
The deepest water it lives in is about 80 metres (260 ft).

### Physiology and reproduction

The single-cell organism has a spherical to ovoid (egg-like) shape. The colour varies from grass green to dark green (though in deep dark water they may appear to be silver, teal, or even blackish). This is determined by the number of chloroplasts of the specimen. The surface of the cell shines like glass. The body is a thin-walled, tough, single cell with more than one nucleus. The diameter is usually from 1 to 4 centimetres (0.39 to 1.57 in) although it may get to 5.1 centimetres (2.0 in) in rare cases. The "bubble" alga is attached to the bottom by fibres: "... anchored to a substrate by minute hair-like appendages called rhizoids that create a surprisingly strong hold".

Reproduction occurs by cell division, where the multinucleic mother cell makes daughter cells, which become separate from the mother cell.

Studies
-------

Because its cells are so large, *Valonia ventricosa* has been used to study the permeability of cell membranes.< In studying the cellulose lattice in the cell wall, *Valonia ventricosa* has undergone extensive X-ray analytical procedures. It has also been studied for its electrical properties, due to its unusually high electrical potential relative to the seawater that surrounds it.

Other websites
--------------

* "Ventricaria: J.L.Olsen & J.A.West, 1988: 104". algaebase.org.
The **Meselson–Stahl experiment** was an experiment done by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, using *E. coli* DNA.
With their experiment, they found that DNA replication was semiconservative. The DNA consists of two helices that are combined. When the two helices are copied, each will have one part coming from the original cell. The other part will be newly made. In chemistry, that is called *synthesis*. 

A summary of the three suggested methods of DNA synthesis
There are three different way this replication could happen:

* *conservative replication*: The original DNA is kept as it is. Two new helices will be synthesized from it.
* *semi-conservative replication*: Half of the DNA is kept, the other half is synthesized.
* *disperse replication*: The mechanism is the same as semi-conservative replication; but the synthesized links could be added to either the old or new helix.

Meselson and Stahl found that DNA employs semi-conservative replication. They put the bacteria in an environment with a Nitrogen isotope. They first used N15. The bacteria then integrated this isotope into their DNA. Later they used an environment that contained N14. They then looked at which of the isotopes the bacterial DNA contained. They found that it contained both isotopes of nitrogen, which implies that conservative replication is not the correct conclusion. By having a closer look they could then also rule out disperse replication. Some helix strands were all v. Other helix strands from the time in the N15 environment had N14.