recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
See also: D-sharp minor

**E♭ minor** or **E-flat minor** is a minor scale based on E-flat. Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor.

This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor.

In book 1 of the *Well-Tempered Clavier* by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.

One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony *Atlantis*, 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and mysterious, a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key.

The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.

Scales and keys
---------------

| * v
* t
* e
Diatonic Scales and Keys |
| --- |
| Circle of fifthsCircle of fifths | 

|  | Flats | Sharps |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Major | minor | Major | minor |
| 0 | **C**, **a** |
| 1 | **F** | **d** | **G** | **e** |
| 2 | **B♭** | **g** | **D** | **b** |
| 3 | **E♭** | **c** | **A** | **f♯** |
| 4 | **A♭** | **f** | **E** | **c♯** |
| 5 | **D♭** | **b♭** | **B** | **g♯** |
| 6 | **G♭** | **e♭** | **F♯** | **d♯** |
| 7 | **C♭** | **a♭** | **C♯** | **a♯** |
| 8 | **F♭** | **d♭** | **G♯** | **e♯** |

 |
| The table shows the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. |
**Diana Burrell** (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.

Her first big orchestral piece was called *Landscape* (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: *Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere* (*The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals*). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.

Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera *The Albatross* (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as *Lights and Shadows* (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.

Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is artistic director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London.

Other websites
--------------

* United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
The **Drosophilidae** is a huge, widespread (cosmopolitan) family of flies, which includes the famous **fruit flies**. The family has over 4000 species in 75 genera. A recent publication lists the species:

There is another unrelated family of flies, the Tephritidae, which includes species also known as "fruit flies".

The best known species of the Drosophilidae is *Drosophila melanogaster*. This species and its relatives are often used for studies on genetics, development, physiology, and behaviour.

*D. melanogaster* is not so much studied in the field as in the laboratory. The best-known studies of *Drosophila* in a natural environment was done by Dobzhansky and colleagues on *Drosophila pseudoobscura* from the early 1930s to 1970. Reprints and discussions are in Lewontin *et al* 2003, and theoretical discussions in Dobzhansky, 1970.

The cells of fruit flies usually do not divide after the imago is hatched. The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual ageing. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. They live longer in colder weather. Several genes can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects.

The Drosophilidae has two subfamilies, the Drosophilinae and the Steganinae.
"**Five Little Speckled Frogs**" is a nursery rhyme that came from the United States. Like Ten Green Bottles, this song is meant to teach children subtraction by singing about frogs jumping off a log into a pool, one by one.

Lyrics
------

A recording made from one line of the song "Five Little Speckled Frogs".
One version of the song is:

> Five little speckled frogs  
> 
> Sat on a speckled log  
> 
> Eating some most delicious bugs  
> 
> Yum-yum!  
> 
> One jumped into the pool  
> 
> Where it was nice and cool  
> 
> Then there were four speckled frogs.  
> 
> Glub! Glub!  
> 
>   
> 
> Four little speckled frogs  
> 
> Sat on a speckled log  
> 
> Eating some most delicious bugs  
> 
> Yum-yum!  
> 
> One jumped into the pool  
> 
> Where it was nice and cool  
> 
> Then there were three speckled frogs.  
> 
> Glub! Glub!  
> 
>   
> 
> Three little speckled frogs  
> 
> Sat on a speckled log  
> 
> Eating some most delicious bugs  
> 
> Yum-yum!  
> 
> One jumped into the pool  
> 
> Where it was nice and cool  
> 
> Then there were two speckled frogs.  
> 
> Glub! Glub!  
> 
>   
> 
> Two little speckled frogs  
> 
> Sat on a speckled log  
> 
> Eating some most delicious bugs  
> 
> Yum-yum!  
> 
> One jumped into the pool  
> 
> Where it was nice and cool  
> 
> Then there was one speckled frog.  
> 
> Glub! Glub!  
> 
>   
> 
> One little speckled frog  
> 
> Sat on a speckled log  
> 
> Eating some most delicious bugs  
> 
> Yum-yum!  
> 
> One jumped into the pool  
> 
> Where it was nice and cool  
> 
> Then there were no more speckled frogs.  
> 
> Glub! Glub!
> 
> 

### Versions

Different versions of the song uses flies, clinkers, or bugs instead of grubs. Some use "green and" instead of "little", or change the last frog's reference to "he", "she", or "it".[*source?*]

Hand motions
------------

There are hand motions people can follow during the song.

* **Line #1:** By show of fingers, hold up the number of frogs sitting on the log.
* **Line #2:** Draw in your hands close to your chest and curl your fingers downward, facing the floor as though you are a frog perched atop a log.
* **Line #3:** Pretend to eat while you sing 'Eating some most delicious bugs', then rub your belly while singing 'yum, yum!'.
* **Line #4:** Hold one finger up to show the frog who fell off the log.
* **Line #5:** Pretend to fall over.
* **Line #6:** By a show of fingers, hold up the number of frogs still on the log while singing "Now there are four green speckled frogs". Upon singing "(glub, glub)", do it again, except look up as though you were a frog underneath the water.
'***Garhwal Land '*** (Hindi: गढ़वाळ) is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

History
-------

The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that *are* known are very vague and unreliable.
'''MARODA''' is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only 9 kilometres (5.6 miles) from Devprayag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in Delhi and other cities for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the Uttarakhand.

Religious Aspect
----------------

Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Devprayag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

People
------

Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture. Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states. Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

Culture
-------

The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.
Dong Zhuo
**Dong Zhuo** (Chinese: 董卓; 139 – 192) was a general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.

Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. However, he was defeated by Yellow Scarves rebels in 184 and was demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.

Dong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, Lü Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.

Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.
Lee Smolin, creator of the Fecund universes theory
**Fecund universes** is a multiverse theory of Lee Smolin. It relies on models of our universe and statistics from astrophysics but is more correctly a theory of cosmology.

In this theory, collapsing stars, or black holes, are always creating new universes with slightly different laws of physics. Because these laws are only slightly different, each is assumed to be like a mutation of the original universe, as if each universe was a kind of single-celled organism. It would reproduce by "splitting" in some sense.

This theory relies on many models of our universe to model these "mutated" alternative universes, the ones that Smolin supposes are generated or "spun off" by black holes. 

No human can ever be part of any of these "other" universes. Observations from astrophysics can only say if the black holes exist or are common, and give some idea of how much the laws of physics can vary and still let the new universes produce new black holes. 

Smolin predicts that there would be many black holes in the universe humans can see, since they are likely in a very late born universe, by simple probability. If there are many black holes, that is evidence for his theory, 

As this shows, cosmology has a very different standard of evidence and burden of proof than is required for models of our universe only, which humans (using mathematics) can observe and exchange knowledge on.

It is hard to separate science from religion on such questions. It may be a simple matter of preference whether one wants to see one's universe as part of a system like biology or like mechanics - clockwork. Smolin's theory is important mostly because it challenges the mechanistic paradigm. 

Even if it is wrong, it raises the idea that living beings might have to see their universe as also living to be able to understand or care about it at all. Some compare Smolin's theory to Gaia philosophy which combines biology, geology and ecology to explain the Earth, our planet, as a living thing. If both are right, humans are on a living planet in a living universe. This idea is very appealing - which does not mean it is really "right".
**Edith Rigby** (née **Rayner**) (18 October 1872 – 23 July 1950) was an English suffragette. She wanted women in Britain to have the right to vote. She founded a night school in Preston. It was called St Peter's School and its aim was to educate women and girls. Later, she became an important activist. She was sent to prison seven times and committed several acts of arson (illegally setting things on fire).

Biography
---------

Rigby was born on 18 October 1872 in Preston, Lancashire. She was one of seven children of Dr Alexander Clement Rayner and she was educated at Penrhos College in North Wales.

She married Dr Charles Rigby and lived with him in Winckley Square in Preston.

### Activism

In 1907 Rigby formed the Preston branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). She was a suffragette recruiter. Rigby took part in a march to the Houses of Parliament in London with Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst in 1908. Fifty-seven women, including Rigby, were arrested and sentenced to a month in prison. During this time, Rigby took part in hunger strikes and was force-fed. Rigby planted a bomb in the Liverpool Corn Exchange on 5 July 1913. In court, it was stated that ‘no great damage had been done by the explosion’. Mrs Rigby was sent to prison for nine months with hard labour.

Rigby had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.

She said she set fire to the bungalow of Sir William Lever, Bt 
(later Lord Leverhulme) on 7 July 1913. The property, near Rivington Pike on the West Pennine Moors, had a lot of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.
After she said:

> I want to ask Sir William Lever whether he thinks his property on Rivington Pike is more valuable as one of his superfluous houses occasionally opened to people, or as a beacon lighted to King and Country to see here are some intolerable grievances for women.
> 
> 

Rigby disagreed with the WSPU's decision not to campaign on suffrage issues during World War I. She joined the Independent Women's Social and Political Union split, forming a branch in Preston.

### Later life

Edith Rigby's house in Preston
Edith Rigby plaque in Winckley Square, Preston, featuring incorrect year of death
According to Elizabeth Ashworth in *Champion Lancastrians*, in 1888, Rigby was the first woman in Preston to own a bicycle. During World War I, she bought a cottage near Preston named Marigold Cottage and used it to produce food for the war effort.

In 1926, Charles Rigby retired and the couple built a new house. It was called Erdmuth and it was located outside Llanrhos, North Wales. Charles died before it was finished, however, and Edith moved there alone at the end of 1926. She eventually suffered from Parkinson's disease and died in 1950 at Erdmuth.
The **four pillars policy** is an Australian government policy to maintain the separation of the four largest banks in Australia by rejecting any merger or acquisition between the four major banks.

History
-------

The policy, originally "six pillars" (it initially included AMP and National Mutual), was adopted in 1990 by then Labor Treasurer Paul Keating. It covered the big four banks (Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, NAB, ANZ) and two insurers (AMP and National Mutual). It was essentially designed to block the merger between ANZ and National Mutual at the time. Keating believed this arrangement would ensure a competitive banking market.

In 1997, leading business figure Stan Wallis (Businessweek bio) produced a report of his inquiry into Australia's financial system (the Final Report of the Financial System Inquiry, commonly referred to as "the Wallis report.") which recommended that the "Four Pillars" model be dismantled, to leave the banks subject to the same merger competition tests as other businesses. In response, then Coalition Treasurer Peter Costello's removed the pillar status of the two insurers (National Mutual had by that time already been acquired by France's AXA), but the ban on mergers of the remaining four banks was retained, with the rider that none of them were considered immune from foreign takeover. With the change of government, new Treasurer Wayne Swan has stated in 2008, that the Labor government has no plans to dismantle the four pillars policy.

The four pillars policy does not prevent the four major banks from acquiring smaller competitors. For example, in 2000, CBA acquired the Colonial group, which had emerged as a major bank–insurance combine in the 1990s, after the Colonial Mutual insurance group took over State Bank of NSW in 1994. The Commonwealth Bank also acquired the State Bank of Victoria in 1990 and BankWest in 2008. Westpac acquired the Challenge Bank in 1995, the Bank of Melbourne in 1997, and St.George Bank in 2008.

Criticism
---------

The policy has been criticised for being anti-competitive by ensuring that the four major banks are immune from takeover by the most likely suitors. At the same time, it is credited with insulating the banks from the global financial crisis of 2007–08. The major banks have criticised the policy on the basis that limiting the size of Australian banks makes them less internationally competitive.
The ***Four Freedoms*** is an important concept of American president Franklin D. Roosevelt. He presented them in the *State of the Union* of January 6, 1941, which is therefore also called the *Four Freedoms Speech*.

Roosevelt made the *Four Freedoms* public just eleven months before the American participation at World War II. The concept played an important role in the American propaganda during the war. After Roosevelts death in 1945, his wife Eleanor continued being an important advocate for including the *Four Freedoms* in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

De *Four Freedoms Speech* from 1941
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms:
1. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
2. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
3. The third is freedom from want which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
4. The fourth is freedom from fear which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.

"That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb". Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941

Art
---

Four Freedoms Monument
To inspire a greater public for his concept, Roosevelt arranged the creation of the Four Freedoms Monument. The statue was made public in 1943 in New York City. In honor of one of the first Americans to be killed in action in World War II, Colin Kelly, Roosevelt had the statue moved to Kelly's former home in Florida.

In 1943 artist painter Norman Rockwell got inspired by the *Four Freedoms* and made a series of four paintings on this subject. Afterwards, the American authorities made use of these paintings to collect money for the world war.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Freedom of Speech* | *Freedom of Worship* | *Freedom from Want* | *Freedom from Fear* |

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Four Freedoms***.

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**The Four Freedoms speech**

* Four Freedoms Award
***Four Ways to Forgiveness*** is a collection of four short stories and novellas by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. All four stories happen in the future. They are stories from the planets Yeowe and Werel. Both planets are members of the Ekumen. The group of Ekumen planets is the background for many novels and short stories in Le Guin's Hainish Cycle. In 2017 it was reissued as an e-book, augmented with a fifth related story by Le Guin, as ***Five Ways to Forgiveness***.

Setting
-------

The stories in the book are set on two planets in a distant solar system, Werel and Yeowe, inhabited by humans placed there by the ancient Hainish. (This 'Werel' is not the same as the world called Werel in Le Guin's *Planet of Exile* and *City of Illusions*.) Werel has a long history of institutional enslavement of its lighter-skinned ethnic groups by its darker-skinned ethnic groups (the latter's derogatory term for the former is "dusties"). When the Ekumen recontacted the Werelians, the shock spurred one of the Werelian nations, Voe Deo, to develop a space program and settle the other inhabitable planet in the system, Yeowe, transporting a primarily slave population to do so. Eventually the slaves on Yeowe conducted a successful revolt and gained their independence, an event that occurred in the fairly recent past of the four stories. The nations of Werel are nervous that the "assets" on that planet might attempt the same thing for themselves.

Themes
------

The common themes of the stories are the freedom and slavery. For thousands of years, the dark-skinned *owners* of Werel kept the light-skinned *assets* as slaves. Then things began to change after the colonized the second planet, Yeowe. The Yeowans gained freedom and fought to have their own government and identity. They wanted to enter the Ekumen of worlds.

Gender relations are another important theme in the stories. At first, only male slaves were transported to Yeowe. The culture there became extremely masculine. Homosexual relationships were important and had strong effect on later gender relations on Yeowe.

Publication history
-------------------

Harper Paperbacks published the book first in 1995. *Betrayals* first appeared in 1994 in *Blue Motel*. The others appeared in the science fiction magazine *Asimov's* in 1994 and 1995.

*Four Ways to Forgiveness* was published in 1995 in a leather-bound, signed edition by Easton Press.

*Five Ways to Forgiveness* was published in 2017 by Penguin Random House. It was an e-book only from Rakuten Kobo and Library of America eBook Classics.

Other websites
--------------

* *Four Ways to Forgiveness* title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* *Five Ways to Forgiveness* title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
**Dinajpur Zilla School** is a public high school in Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. Established in 1854, this school is consistently doing well in different public examinations and considered one of the best schools of the region.

History
-------

Dinajpur Zila School was established in 1854 in the Pratap House by the Raja Tarakanath. It 1856 the government nationalised the school and converted it into the Zila (district) school. Despite the nationalisation, the school was still financially supported by the Raja and other local influentials in the 19th century. It has one of best graduation rates in Bangladesh. The current school building was built in the 20th century and upgraded in the 21st century. The main office and library is in a building that was a revenue office built in the 18th century by Raja Baiyanath. The student hostel was built in 1910.The hostel is still at Zilla School. The library building is now being painted again and the floors are being replaced

Admission
---------

The Admission for the school mainly starts from class three. The school gives one year for preparation of the examination. As an example, in 2017, those students who read in class two, take preparation for the admission exam which is held usually in the last week of December. After the exam 240 students are chosen from thousands of examinees. They read in class three in the next year.

Notable Alumni
--------------

* General Shafiul Hauqe, Chief of Army Staff of Bangladesh Army
* Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury, a politician, social reformer and member of the Ghugudanga Zemindar family
* Narayan Gangopadhyay, the famous Bengali writer and Professor of University of Calcutta
* Rampran Gupta, Historian, Author and leader of Brahmo Samaj.
**Elliott Carter** (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called *Interventions for Piano and Orchestra* which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.

Life
----

Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.

In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.

He wrote a ballet called *Pocahontas*. In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.

Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen’s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.

He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.

He died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.

Music
-----

When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky’s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the *Variations for Orchestra* (1954-5); the *Double Concerto* for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the *Piano Concerto* (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the *Concerto for Orchestra* (1969) and *A Symphony of Three Orchestras* (1976).

Other websites
--------------

* Website about Elliott Carter at 100

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Italy
* Israel
* Finland
* Belgium
* United States
* Sweden
* Latvia
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
| Artists | 
* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| People | 
* Germany
* Trove

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
**Engineering Announcements for the Radio and Television Trade** sometimes called **Engineering Announcements**, was a weekly programme meant for technicians and salespeople in the United Kingdom. The show was produced and transmitted by the Independent Television Authority from 1970-1972 and the Independent Broadcasting Authority from 1972-1990. The show was made from 23 November 1970 until 31 July 1990, lasting 19 years and 10 months. Engineering Announcements was cancelled due to the end of the IBA in 1991.

Scheduling
----------

*Engineering Announcements* was originally aired after *Monday's Newcomers*, another ghost programme where the advertising trade could watch runs of new adverts before they properly aired on ITV. It was shown at 9:45 am. In September 1972, *Engineering Announcements* was moved from 9:45 am on Mondays to 9:10 am on Tuesdays. The programme would continue to use the slot until February 1983. Due to the launch of TV-am, *Engineering Announcements* would be unable to continue its previous slot and moved to 9:17 am. This slot would be used until 17 May when the final edition put out on ITV was aired.[*better source needed*]
The **English Opening**, usually just called *the English*, is a chess opening for White. It has become the third most popular opening move, after 1.e4 and 1.d4. The opening was developed by the English master Howard Staunton and played in his match against Saint-Amant.p124

 Variation 1

* 1. c4

As a first move, this may transpose into a Queen's Pawn Game: 1.c4 Nf6 2.d4. That would not be the English opening. The English is a flexible system that includes some or all of these moves:

1. Nc3
2. Bishop fianchettoed on g2
3. Nf3 or Ne2
4. 0-0
5. d3
6. Rb1 followed by b2-b4-b5

 Variation 2

 Variation 3

* Variation 1.

1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.d3 d6 6.Nf3 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Rb1 a5 9.a3 h6 10.b4 axb4 11.axb4 Be6 12.b5 This sequence shows the system fully in operation. White operates in the centre and Q-side; Black operates more on the K-side.

* Variation 2.

1.c4 e5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.d3 This has the character of a Sicilian defence reversed.

* Variation 3.

1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 d5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e5 Here 5...d4, 5...Ne4 and 5...Nfd7 are most often played. This is a quite different line, where the two sides clash early in the centre. Since White does not have to play 3.e4, he could avoid this line.

Each of these lines has its own distinct character, and needs to be learnt by the player.
The city limit sign of Dildo
**Dildo** is a town on the southeastern Dildo Arm of Trinity Bay on the island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is about 100 kilometres west-northwest of St. John's. **South Dildo** is a neighbouring unincorporated community. It has been noted for its name, which is considered funny or strange due to being the same as the sex toy called a Dildo.

History
-------

Dildo's history goes back to 2000 BC, when Maritime Archaic aboriginal people lived at Anderson's Cove. By 700 AD, the Dorset culture was on Dildo island. In 1613, the Beothuks, who were living on Dildo Island at this time. Henry Crout met them, traded with them, and left gifts. In 1711, the people of Trinity Bay were ordered by Governor Crow to leave their homes during the winter, to defend themselves against the French who burned their houses. Dildo Island was one of the places designated for this purpose. The town of Dildo was created in the late 1700s and settled to use the marine resources such as fish (mostly cod), whales and seals.

All Saints' Anglican Church
---------------------------

The first church was built in 1878. It was a simple structure with no tower. It was 30 feet (9.1 m) wide by 80 feet (24 m) long. It could hold 250 people. It was heated by two coal stoves, one at each end, which shared a chimney. This church served the community until 1964 when the present (larger) building was constructed.

Present
-------

Dildo has a fast-growing tourist industry. It has picturesque scenery, several bed and breakfasts, places to eat, the Dildo Museum interpretive centre, the Historic Dildo Days celebration in August, boat tours, the Society of United Fishermen, the Lions centre, several heritage structures, walking trails, many businesses and road sign souvenirs.

Picturesque scenery of Dildo
Dildo has been in many media outlets. It was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's *On the Road Again* and *Land and Sea*. It was also on a live radio broadcast from the interpretation centre. In August 2006, Dildo was the subject of the "What the...?" segment on the Australian television talk show *Rove Live*. The town is mentioned in the song "A Night in Dildo" by The Arrogant Worms.

South Dildo
-----------

South Dildo is an unincorporated community. In 2008, 205 people lived there. At the beginning of the 20th century, South Dildo had lumbering work. It supplied a schooner to the Labrador fishery. It had the roadside attraction of a wooden life-size humpback whale head. (The whale head was destroyed at the beginning of the 2006-2007 winter.)

Other websites
--------------

* All Saints' Anglican Church website Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 47°33′52″N 53°32′57″W﻿ / ﻿47.56444°N 53.54917°W﻿ / 47.56444; -53.54917
***Gardenia*** is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after *Dr Alexander Garden* (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5–50 cm long and 3–25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.

Cultivation and uses
--------------------

Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.

Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

Gallery
-------

* Gardenia brighamii - flower*Gardenia brighamii* - flower
* Gardenia flowerGardenia flower
* Gardenia flowerGardenia flower
* Gardenia thunbergia by Edith Struben (1868-1936)*Gardenia thunbergia* by Edith Struben (1868-1936)

Other websites
--------------

* Growing Gardenias Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gardenia brighamii***.
**Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz** (Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón; 13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902) was King consort of Spain. He was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain from their marriage on 10 October 1846 until Isabella was overthrown on 30 September 1868. Sometimes, his name occurs in its anglicised form as **Francis of Assisi.** He kept the style and title of king even after her abdication in favour of their son, Alfonso XII. His son was a king regnant, while Francisco himself was a king-father during the reign of the son.

Family
------

Francis was born at Aranjuez, Spain, the second son (first to survive infancy) of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain, and of his wife (and niece), Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies. He was named after Saint Francis of Assisi.

Marriage and children
---------------------

Francis married Isabella, his double first cousin, on 10 October 1846. There is evidence that Isabella would rather have married his younger brother, Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, and complained bitterly about her husband's effeminate habits after their first night together.

Twelve children were born during the marriage.  Only five reached adulthood:

* Infanta María Isabel (1851–1931): married her mother's and father's first cousin Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti.
* Alfonso XII of Spain (1857–1885).
* Infanta María del Pilar (1861–1879).
* Infanta María de la Paz (1862–1946): married her paternal first cousin Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria.
* Infanta María Eulalia (1864–1958): married her maternal first cousin Don Antonio de Orléans y Borbón, Infante of Spain, Duke of Galliera.

Later life
----------

Francis of Assisi of Bourbon king consort of Spain
Starting in 1864, Francisco de Asís acted as president of the Spanish Privy Council (*Consejo del Reino*). 

In 1868 he went into exile with his wife in France and adopted the incognito title of *Count of Moratalla*. On 25 June 1870, Isabella abdicated in favour of their son, Alfonso XII—whom the 1874 restoration placed on the throne. By then, Francisco de Asís and Isabella had amicably separated and, with time, became good friends.

In 1881 Francisco de Asís moved into the château of Épinay-sur-Seine. Today, this chateau serves as the town hall. He died there in 1902. His wife Isabella and two of his daughters, Isabel and Eulalia, were present at his deathbed.
A **dissenting opinion** (or **dissent**) is an opinion in a legal case. It is written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. In some cases, they simply declare a disagreement with the majority opinion. In other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.

When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a **minority report**.

Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions. They are also delivered and published at the same time. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law. However, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law. A later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent. As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1936: "A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal".

The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts.
English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***fecundity***

**Fecundity**, coming from the word *fecund*, generally means the ability to reproduce. 

In biology and demography, fecundity is the ability to reproduce of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set or asexual propagules. Fecundity is under both genetic and environmental control, and is the major measure of biological fitness. *Fecundation* is another term for fertilisation. 

Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors. For instance, in times of hardship for a population such as a lack of food, juvenile and eventually adult fecundity may decrease. 

In the philosophy of science, 'fecundity' refers to the ability of a scientific theory to open new lines of theoretical inquiry. Here, the original meaning is extended by analogy.

Related pages
-------------

* Fertility
A Samsung fax machine
**Fax** (short for **facsimile**), or **telecopying**, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. 

The original document is scanned with a **fax machine** (or a **telecopier**), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy.

Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.

In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.

In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.

History
-------

### Wire transmission

Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones.

In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the *scanning phototelegraph* that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the *Bildtelegraph*. It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908. Its main competitors were the *Bélinograf* by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the *Hellschreiber*, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from 1960 by satellite transmission. Digital systems are now universal. Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. The technology is now world-wide.
**E. D. Hirsch** is **Eric Donald Hirsch Jr.** (/hɜːrʃ/; born March 22, 1928. He is an American educator and academic literary critic. He is professor emeritus of education and humanities at the University of Virginia.

In the 1960s Hirsch's *Validity in Interpretation* made an important work to contemporary literary theory and he was called "the founder of contemporary intentionalism".

In popular culture Hirsch is best known for his work on cultural literacy, and is the founder and chairman of the Core Knowledge Foundation. 

He is a long-term critic of American schools, and promotes ideas for improving the education of children. His *The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them* (1996) was hated by the liberal left. It also managed to annoy the right wing because it attacked the local control of schools. in 2016 he published  *Why Knowledge Matters: Rescuing our Children from Failed Educational Theories*. This outlined three major problems with education in the United States. These are, according to him, the emphasis on teaching skills, such as critical thinking skills, rather than knowledge, individualism rather than communal learning, and developmentalism, that is, teaching children what is "appropriate" for their age.

Beginning in 1990s, Hirsch began publishing books in the *Core Knowledge Grader Series* which the Foundation describes as "an engaging, illustrated guide to the essential knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence". This series of books was received well by parents educating children at home, and it has been adopted by many school systems.

Sol Stern, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute who has written extensively on education reform, wrote in 2013 that Hirsch was "the most important education reformer of the past half-century."
José Luis López Vázquez was known for his performances in several *españolada*s films as the typical Spanish satyr character when he sees a woman from Sweden or Germany. Faithful reflection of that Spain subjugated to Catholic authorities of the Francoism
**Españolada** (translated in English as **Typically Spanish**) is a derogatory term to those artistic works that gives an exaggerated image of Spanish people based on stereotypes. One of the most notorious example is the Andalusian folklore, being (for example) flamenco very popular among foreign people.

This term has another meaning that focuses on any flamboyant and messy effort that actually is worthless, for example the expression:

> Matar a una hormiga con una bomba atómica  
> To kill one ant with one atomic bomb
> 
>

Background
----------

This distortion about Spain would have its beginnings in the 19th century, when several European writers and artists from the romanticism era made popular the "Spanish Myth". One of those famous novels inspired in Spain were *Carmen* by Prosper Mérimée.

### Cinema

Regarding the cinema, it was created in the 1930s as a subgenre developed after the Spanish Civil War and Francoism. Some known productions were: *El turismo es un gran invento*, *Amor a la española*, *40 grados a la sombra*, *Vente a Alemania, Pepe* and *Abuelo made in Spain* among others.

According José Luis Navarrete, these films were so popular because they gave the population an unrealistic and idyllic vision about how Spain should be.