recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Orascom** is an Egyptian company that offers mobile telephone services in many countries.

Affiliates
----------

Orascom operates these companies:

* Mobinil Archived 2010-04-15 at the Wayback Machine in Egypt
* Djezzy Archived 2007-01-09 at the Wayback Machine in Algeria
* Iraqna Archived 2007-01-20 at the Wayback Machine in Iraq
* Mobilink Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine in Pakistan
* Banglalink Archived 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine in Bangladesh
* Telecel Zimbabwe Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine in Zimbabwe

History
-------

In 1997, Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) was established as a separate entity to consolidate the telecommunications and technology interests of the Orascom group of companies established in 1976. Founded in 1998 as part of the Orascom company, it became the largest cellular operator in the Middle East in only five years.

In 2010, Russian Vimpelcom acquired Orascom Telecom as well as Wind Telecomunicazioni from Weather Investments of the Egyptian entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris and merged the two companies to form Global Telecom Holding based in Cairo. Excluded from this transaction were the activities in North Korea (Koryolink) and Egypt, which were transferred to Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding, which remained majority-owned by Naguib Sawiris. The Italian activities of Wind Telecomunicazioni report directly to the parent company Vimpelcom and are not part of Global Telecom Holding.

Orascom Telecom Holding has been renamed to Global Telecom Holding in 2013. On 1 July 2019 Gerbrand Nijman (since June 2015 GTH's group CFO) has succeeded Vincenzo Nesci (retired) as GTH's CEO.

Other websites
--------------

* Orascom Archived 2018-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
**Fandom** (previously known as **Wikia** and before that, **Wikicities**[*source?*]) is an organization for making websites that are wikis. Wikia was started in 2004 by Jimmy Wales, who also started Wikipedia, and Angela Beesley. The name of Wikicities was changed to Wikia on March 27, 2006 to prevent other people from mistaking it for a wiki on cities, and then renamed again on October 4th, 2016 to Fandom for an unknown reason. At the time, it was called "Fandom powered by Wikia" until June 2018. Since October 2018, most of the URLs have changed from x.wikia.com to x.fandom.com this does not include wikis based on serious topics which instead changed to x.wikia.org.

Wikis hosted on Fandom are about something which many people will like. All content on Fandom is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons. Anybody can change pages on wikis at Fandom, so that no single person "owns" or is "the boss" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made. The software used is MediaWiki.

Fandom uses advertisements to generate money.

Articles on Fandom are often written in more "in-universe" style; meaning that fictional characters and plots are written as if they are real. Some projects on Fandom are more for people who are very interested in the topic.

In August 2010, they said that a new look was coming, making some people take their wikis off the service.

Fandom uses the MediaWiki software.

Other websites
--------------

* Fandom Community Central
* Main Page of Fandom in English
* Main Pages of Fandom in many languages


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fandom (website)***.
**LibriVox** is a group of worldwide volunteers who read and record public domain texts creating free public domain audiobooks for download from their website and other digital library hosting sites on the internet. It was founded in 2005 by Hugh McGuire to provide "Acoustical liberation of books in the public domain" and the LibriVox objective is "To make all books in the public domain available, for free, in audio format on the internet".

On 6 August 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. and from 2009–2017 was producing about 1,000 items per year. Most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content. LibriVox is closely affiliated with Project Gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the Internet Archive that hosts their offerings.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***LibriVox***.

Wikinews has related news:
* Interview with LibriVox founder Hugh McGuire
* May 2006 Interview with LibriVox founder Hugh McGuire

**Listen to this article · (info)**  

Spoken WikipediaSpoken Wikipedia
This audio file was created from an article revision dated 14 July 2007, and does not play the most recent changes to the article. (Audio help)
**More spoken articles**

LibriVox site
* LibriVox home page and LibriVox Catalogue of Audio Books

Articles
* Xeni Tech story from NPR's Day to Day, "Amateur Audio Books Catch Fire on the Web"
* Reason Magazine: The Wealth of LibriVox Archived 2009-09-02 at the Wayback Machine (May 2007)

LibriVox mirrors
* LibriVox at Internet Archive (full mirror with streaming and reviews)
Newgrange is one of the most important prehistoric megalithic sites in Europe and is also older than Stonehenge and the great pyramids of Giza.
**World Heritage Sites in Ireland** are places that are in the UNESCO World Heritage Programme. These are places of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind.

Existing sites
--------------

### Brú na Bóinne

Located in County Meath, the site is several Neolithic chamber tombs, standing stones, henges and other prehistoric enclosures. Some date to as early as 35th century BC - 32nd century BC. The site came before the Egyptian pyramids. It was built with a knowledge of science and astronomy. This is most evident in the passage grave of Newgrange. The site is often called the "Bend of the Boyne". Some people think this is what Brú na Bóinne means, but it does not. It means "Palace of the Boyne". It was made a World Heritage Site in 1993.

### Skellig Michael

Off the coast of west County Kerry, Skellig Michael was probably founded in the 7th century. For 600 years the island was a centre of monastic life for Irish Christian monks. The Gaelic monastery is almost at the top of the 230-metre-high rock. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. It is one of Europe's better known but hardest to reach monasteries.
An **orator** is someone who pleads a case in public. Originally, it meant speaking in a public place for or against a person or a proposal. In ancient Greek, Latin, French and English, an orator spoke for and against the accused in courts, and for or against big political decisions, such as whether to go to war. Gradually, it came to mean someone who spoke in public on formal occasions.

Oratory, or rhetoric, is the skill of argument or persuasion used by orators. The invention of printing allowed books to be multiplied and produced cheaply. This has made it possible for orators to do their persuasion in print as well as speaking. Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill are good examples of how orators in the 20th century used media such as radio and movies where once they could only use speech. Both wrote books which sold in large numbers, though Churchill's books were about more than politics. Today television and newspapers play a vital role in deciding elections; the web less so.

Other types of orator are those who wish to change beliefs. Religious preachers like Martin Luther and John Knox changed religion in western Europe; William Wilberforce and Sojourner Truth led the fight against the evil of slavery. Emmeline Pankhurst, Martin Luther King Jr and others fought to get equal rights for all citizens.

We have orators today as much as the ancient Greeks did. The main difference is that the Greeks could see and listen to them face to face, but we rarely do today.

Rhetoric
--------

The study of how persuasion is done by orators is called rhetoric. It has been studied for 2,500 years at least, and there are a huge number of books about it.
**Stryper** is a Christian metal band from Orange County, California. The group's lineup consists of Michael Sweet (lead vocals, guitar), Oz Fox (guitar), Tim Gaines (bass guitar), and Robert Sweet (drums). In 2004 Gaines left the band and was replaced by Tracy Ferrie (bass guitar) but rejoined in 2009.

Formed in 1983 as Roxx Regime, they would change their message and name to Stryper to go on to be the first Christian rock band to be recognized by the mainstream. In 1983 they were signed by Enigma Records and released their first album The Yellow and Black Attack. By the mid-1980s, Stryper saw their most successful period starting with the release of To Hell with the Devil which achieved Platinum sales status. Stryper would go on to release two more Gold albums before breaking up in 1992. In 2003 Stryper came out of retirement for a reunion tour and subsequently signed a multi-album contract with Big3 Records in 2005.

The name "Stryper" derives from the King James Version of the Bible. "But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities:
the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed." The reference, Isaiah 53:5, is frequently included as part of their logo. Stryper's drummer, Robert Sweet, also created a backronym for their name: "salvation through redemption, yielding peace, encouragement and righteousness".

Discography
-----------

* *The Yellow and Black Attack* (1984)
* *Soldiers Under Command* (1985)
* *The Yellow and Black Attack* (Re-Issue) (1986)
* *To Hell with the Devil* (1986)
* *In God We Trust* (1988)
* *Against the Law* (1990)
* *Reborn* (2005)
* *Murder by Pride* (2009)
* *The Covering* (2011)

Other websites
--------------

* Official Homepage
* Michael Sweet's site
* Stryper at Metal Archives
* Stryper Expo 2000 Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Stryper Expo 2001 Archived 2011-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Kingdom Extreme Magazine interview with guitarist Oz Fox 2009 Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
A colorized version of originally black and white photo, colorized using GIMP
**Original** black and white photo: *Migrant Mother*, showing Florence Owens Thompson, taken by Dorothea Lange in 1936
**Photo editing** or **image editing** is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint. 

Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better". This is usually called *retouching*, *airbrushing* or *Photoshopping*, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used. Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.

History
-------

The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts. 

In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made. The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987. 
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer.
[[File:CMYK subtractive color mixing.svg|thumb|When CMY colors are mixed at full strength, the result pair mixtures are red, green, and blue. Mixing all three gives very dark grey.]]
**CMY color model** is a color model, used in color printing. **CMY** refers to the three inks used in printing: **c**yan, **m**agenta, and **y**ellow.

The CMY model is subtractive. It means that it *subtracts* or masks colors from white background of the paper. The ink reduces the reflected light. White light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow.

White is the natural color of the paper, while (nearly) black is made by a full combination of colored inks. 

Early representation of the three-color process (1902).
Unlike CMYK color model, it does not use additional black ink. So, it is not such economic and not so good at reproducing dark hues.

Related pages
-------------

* CMYK color model
* RGB color model
* Color model

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***CMY***.

* XCmyk Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine – CMYK to RGB Calculator with source code
* Color Space Fundamentals – animated illustration of RGB vs. CMYK
***Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure*** is a video game based on the Walt Disney Feature Animation film, *The Lion King* and the DVD only sequel, *The Lion King II: Simba's Pride*, came out on PlayStation and Game Boy Color December 22, 2000. Unlike the older *The Lion King* video game, it was more like the film and the storyline carried on into *The Lion King II: Simba's Pride*. The bosses Simba faces in this game are Scar and Zira.

Gameplay
--------

The game's gameplay varied between the two consoles.

### *PlayStation*

Due to the PlayStation console's 3D graphics, the gameplay became slightly more varied. Simba's capabilities are identical to the first *The Lion King* video game in which he can growl, leap, roll and run.

### *Game Boy Color*

The game is mostly a side-scrolling platformer with occasional levels where the camera is top-down. The gameplay is very similar to the first *The Lion King* video game, in which the player takes control of Simba and must leap and run between platforms while fighting enemies and avoiding pitfalls. During levels Simba can collect pawprint-shaped tokens which add to the overall score.

Voice Cast
----------

* Shaun Fleming - Young Simba
* Cam Clarke - Simba
* James Earl Jones - Mufasa
* Jim Cummings - Scar, Ed
* Jim Piddock - Zazu
* Kevin Schon - Timon
* Ernie Sabella - Pumbaa
* Rob Paulsen - Banzai
* Tress MacNeille - Shenzi
* Suzanne Pleshette - Zira
* Vanessa Marshall - Nala
* Robert Guillaume - Rafiki
* Roger Jackson - Hyena

Graphics and sound
------------------

### PlayStation

In the PlayStation version, voices, music and sound effects from the film were used. Clips from the film are placed between levels although many of the lines were redubbed by other Lion King related actors, including but not limited to Cam Clarke, Shaun Fleming, Vanessa Marshall, Jim Cummings, and Kevin Schon.

### Game Boy Color

In the Game Boy Color version of the game there was only one piece of music used on every level. Some of the animation for both adult Simba and cub Simba was recycled from the previous *The Lion King* video game.

Reception
---------

The PlayStation release of the game generally received negative reviews as it was criticized for being too short and for the repetitive level designs.

| Reception |
| --- |
|  |
The Charlotte cake is a well-known cake in Russia. It consists of apples with crumbles on top.

One recipe is: 

Apple Sharlotka

Adapted from Alex’s mother, who adapted it from her mother, and so on…

Butter or nonstick spray, for greasing pan

6 large, tart apples, such as Granny Smiths

3 large eggs

1 cup (200 grams) granulated sugar

1 teaspoon vanilla extract

1 cup (125 grams) all-purpose flour

Ground cinnamon, to finish

Powdered sugar, also to finish

Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Line the bottom of a 9-inch springform pan with parchment paper. Butter the paper and the sides of the pan. Peel, halve and core your apples, then chop them into medium-sized chunks. (I cut each half into four "strips" then sliced them fairly thinly — about 1/4-inch — in the other direction.) Pile the cut apples directly in the prepared pan. Meanwhile, in a large bowl, using an electric mixer or whisk, beat eggs with sugar until thick and ribbons form on the surface of the beaten eggs. Beat in vanilla, then stir in flour with a spoon until just combined. The batter will be very thick.

Pour over apples in pan, using a spoon or spatula to spread the batter so that it covers all exposed apples. (Updated to clarify: Spread the batter *and* press it down into the apple pile. The top of the batter should end up level with the top of the apples.) Bake in preheated oven for 55 to 60 minutes, or until a tester comes out free of batter. Cool in pan for 10 minutes on rack, then flip out onto another rack, peel off the parchment paper, and flip it back onto a serving platter. Dust lightly with ground cinnamon.

Serve warm or cooled, dusted with powdered sugar. Alex’s family eats it plain, but imagine it would be delicious with a dollop of barely sweetened whipped or sour cream.
**Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston** (November 29, 1858 - August 18, 1919) was a British major general during World War I and commanded the South Wales Borderers, along with the 2nd Battalion and the 36th Sikhs during the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914.

Biography
---------

Barnardiston (1858-1919) was born at The Ryes in Little Henny, Essex in 1858. He was the son of Colonel Nathaniel Barnardiston, veteran of the Crimean War, and his wife Lady Florence Barnardiston (née Legge). He had three brothers and five sisters.

After a private education and attendance at Merton College, Oxford, he joined the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot (The Duke of Cambridge’s Own) in 1878, serving as adjutant of the 2nd Battalion between 1882 and 1886. He was made captain in 1885 and three years later graduated from the Staff College. Barnardiston served as aide de camp to the governor of Bermuda between 1889 and 1892 and, on returning home, married Sarah Hall. Their daughter Joan was born five years later.

Promoted to major, he then served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Eastern District (1894-97) before joining the Intelligence Division at the War Office (1898-1901); here he wrote guidebooks on both the Belgian and French armies. This posting was interrupted by active service with 2nd Battalion The Duke of Cambridge’s Own (Middlesex Regiment) during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). He then served as military attache to Brussels, The Hague and the Scandinavian Courts (1902-06), being promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1904.

Barnardiston was Assistant Commandant at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst from 1906 until 1910. Promoted to colonel, he then became assistant director of Military Training. He was made a major-general in 1914. Following his exploits in China, Barnardiston later commanded the 39th Division during 1915-16, before being made Chief of the British Military Mission to Portugal (1916-19).

Major-General Barnardiston died on August 18, 1919 at Felixstowe Cottage Hospital. He was buried at St Mary’s church in Great Henny, Essex.

Awards
------

* Order of the Rising Sun 2nd Class
* Order of Osmanieh
* Order of the Dannebrog
* Order of the Sword
* Order of Leopold
* Order of St. Olav
For other uses, see Speed (disambiguation).
**Speed** is a measure.
It is velocity but without the direction.

Finding speed
-------------

Speed is the distance an object moves in a given amount of time.
The distance is never negative.
If a train takes 1 hour to travel 100 kilometers, it has a speed of 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph).
In fact this is the *average speed*.
During this one hour, the train may become slower and faster, it may even drive backwards.
The **average speed** of an object in a certain time is the distance the object traveled divided by the time.
The **instantaneous speed** is the average speed when the time is very small, almost zero.

Units
-----

There are many units of measurement.
Since the 20th century following units were widely used by humans:

* miles per hour (mph),
* kilometers per hour (km/h), and
* meters per second (m/s), which is the SI-unit for speed.

Different units are used for different applications.
People controlling planes and ships frequently use Knot (speed).
Sometimes a Mach number is used.

Range
-----

The smallest speed is 0 meters per second (0 km/h; 0 mph).
A "negative speed" would be in fact a velocity.
The biggest speed is the speed of light.
You can write bigger speeds, but they are not possible without drinking to much red bull so your head a splode

Read also
---------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***speed***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Speed***

* Orbital speed
* Speedometer – a thing showing speed
* Speed limit – a law telling people a maximum speed
* Speed of sound
* Wind speed

Sources
-------

1. 1 2 3  "speed". *The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia* (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. January 24, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
2. 1 2  "velocity". *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. November 3, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022. The magnitude of the velocity (i.e. the speed) is the time rate at which the point is moving along its path.
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Glenn Elert (2021). "Speed and Velocity". *The Physics Hypertextbook*. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
4. ↑  Kara Rogers (December 7, 2016). "What's the Difference Between Speed and Velocity?". *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
5. 1 2  David Darling (August 31, 2021). "speed". *Encyclopedia of Science*. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
6. ↑  "The cosmic speed limit: Why can't we travel at light speed?". *Science World*. July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
**Pig** is a jeopardy (risk) dice game played with one die. In jeopardy dice games, a player decides to *roll* or *hold* (stop rolling). A player that rolls risks a turn total, and may gain a higher turn total or score nothing. A player that holds scores the turn total.

John Scarne wrote about Pig as a common dice game in 1945. Optimal (perfect) play has been computed. 
Teachers often use Pig for fun lessons.

Rules
-----

On a player's turn, a player can **roll** or **hold**:

* **roll:** The player can roll a die.
	+ When a player rolls a 1 (called a "pig"), the turn ends and the player score does not change.
	+ When a player rolls a 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, the turn continues and the player adds the roll to the turn total.
* **hold:** The player says "hold" and gives the die to the next player.
	+ When a player "holds", the turn ends and the player adds the turn total to the score.

The first player to score 100 or more points wins.

Example play
------------

For example, Ann begins a turn with a roll of 5. She could hold and score 5 points, but she decides to roll again. Next, Ann rolls a 2. She could hold with a turn total of 7 points (2 + 5 = 7), but she decides to roll again. Next, Ann rolls a 1 ("pig"). She must end her turn. Her score does not change. She hands the dice to the next player, Bob.

Bob rolls a 4, 5, 3, 5, and 5. He then decides to hold. Bob adds 4 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 5 = 22 points to his score.

Other websites
--------------

* The Game of Pig website
* Pig applet
**María Fernanda Castro Maya** (Mexico, c. 1993) is a Mexican disability rights activist. Castro Maya has an intellectual disability. For this reason, she became part of an activist group for the rights of disabled people. This group is called "Confederación Mexicana de Organizaciones en Favor de la Persona con Discapacidad Intelectual", which translates as "Mexican confederation of Organizations in favor of intellectually challenged people". This organisation also has the support of Human Rights Watch. The organisation asks that all political parties also help people with intellectual disabilities and learning difficulties.

> Spanish: *Las personas con discapacidad intelectual no somos niños eternos, porque podemos decidir, opinar e involucrarnos de temas en común y hacernos responsables. Queremos que nos consulten sobre las leyes que se hacen; eso nos permitirá ser parte de las decisiones del país.*  
>  Us, intelectually disabled people, are not everlasting children, because we can decide, have an opinion and get involved in common topics and be responsible as well. We want to be consulted about the laws that are made: that will let us participate in the decisions of our country.
> 
> 

She also asks that documents about political decisions should be written in language that is easy to understand. This has been called linguistic accessibility. People who are intellectually challenged should also be included in political parties, and election events.

Castro Maya was part of the Mexican delegation that presented a report to the United Nations about disability rights, and since 2020 she is the regional representative of Empower Us, a group which is part of the global network Inclusion International [es]. Castro also organized the online consultation about political participation of people with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities, and moderated a panel discussion at the Inclusion International World Congress.

She even made a proposal to the 2022 Parliament of People with Disabilities to make an amendment in the Mexico City Civil Code to abolish the requirement that disabled adults still have a legal guardian. The proposal was sent to the Congreso de la Ciudad de México [es] and still hasn't been answered.

In 2022, she was included in the BBC 100 Women list for upholding disability rights in Mexico and fighting for their political participation.
neptunium
The planet Neptune, which neptunium is named after
**Neptunium** is a chemical element that has the symbol **Np** on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 93 which means it has 93 protons and electrons in its atoms. It is named after the planet Neptune in the same way as Uranium is named after the planet Uranus.

History
-------

Neptunium was discovered in the year of 1940 by two men named Edwin McMillan and Phillip H. Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Center of the University of California. It was created by fusing Hydrogen nuclei called protons into the element Uranium.

Chemistry
---------

Neptunium is a radioactive silvery-metallic element that is part of a group of elements called the Actinides, which it shares many similarities to. Its melting point is 637 degrees Celsius, its boiling point is 4000 degrees Celsius, and its atomic mass is 237.

It oxidizes very quickly with multiple different oxidation states. It also bonds with halides and even alkali metals.

Occurence
---------

Since all isotopes of neptunium have half-lives that are many times shorter than the age of the Earth, any neptunium that was made when the earth was formed should have decayed by now. After only about 80 million years, the concentration of even the longest-lived isotope, 237Np, would have been reduced to less than one-trillionth (10−12) of its original amount.
**Human resources** is all the people working for a company or organization. Sometimes, **human capital** is used as well. This is because employees (the people that work) are a good thing for a business because they add value to it.

The economist John Commons used the term "human resource" in his 1893 book, The Distribution of Wealth, but did not develop it further. The concept of "human resources" was in use during the 1910s and 20s in the sense that workers were perceived as a type of capital asset. For the first time in the modern sense, the concept of "human resource" was used by economist Edward Bakke in his report in 1958.

Examples are teachers, etc.

It is important that human resources in a company are the best possible, because it is the workers that can make the difference. There are many factors to think about when talking of human resources:

* Demographics, which is things like the age and sex of the people. It is important that there are both new young people starting and old people with lots of knowledge around a business.
* Diversity, so that all type of people are represented equally.
* Skills and qualifications: it is important that only people with the right skills do a job. Otherwise, it will be a loss of time and money.

Human resources management is the group of people within a company that takes care of human resources. They make sure every employee is happy with what they are doing. They also do recruitment (finding new people for a job).

A Resource in which people who make-up the workforce of a nation
Singing girls
A **Singer** is a person who sings; anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer). Singers may sing anything: songs, opera, etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra. Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The **lead vocalist** (or **lead singer**) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song. The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public. The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the **frontman**. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

Qualities
---------

A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Some attributes of singing skill are good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as *feeling the song* through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them." A lead singer has to be a strong singer since background vocalists sing accompaniment.

Mongolian throat singing has become popular because due to its geographic location and culture. The open landscape of Tuva allows for the sounds to carry a great distance.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two male groups of singers (bass and tenor) and two female groups of singers (soprano and alto). Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.

People may feel like singing for various reasons. They may want to share their feelings with other people. They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry. Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

Notable singers
---------------

* Taylor Swift
* Beyonce Knowles
* Adele
* Rihanna
* Billie Eilish
* Justin Bieber
* Freddie Mercury
* Michael Jackson
* Kanye West
* Ariana Grande

Related pages
-------------

* Singing

Other websites
--------------

* What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer
Statue of Fibonacci by Giovanni Paganucci in the Camposanto di Pisa, 1863
**Fibonacci**, also known as Leonardo Pisano (c. 1170 - c. 1250 AD), was a famous Italian mathematician.

Probably born in Pisa, Italy, Fibonacci was raised and educated in North Africa. This was because his father was a diplomat for the Republic of Pisa. While in North Africa, Fibonacci studied mathematics with an Arab teacher. Later, Fibonacci traveled to many different places, including Egypt, Syria, Sicily, and Greece, "where he studied different numerical systems and methods of calculation."

After his travels, Fibonacci returned to Pisa. He wrote many mathematical texts, including *Liber Abaci.* This text became very famous and popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe. He also introduced the Fibonacci Sequence to Europe.

The Fibonacci Sequence is infinitely large, but it begins like this: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, etc. Each number is the sum of the two numbers that come before it. Also, when one number is divided by the one that comes right before it, the result gets closer and closer to the golden ratio.
**Hennessy Carolina** (born December 22, 1995) is an American reality television personality and social media star. She has garnered a massive social media following as the younger sister of the popular rapper, Cardi B. With her unique 

sense of fashion, Hennessy has managed to gain a lot of attention and has a strong fan base on social media with more than 8 million followers on Instagram

.

Early life
----------

Hennessy Carolina Almanzar was born in The Bronx, New York City, U.S, on December 22, 1995. Her father’s name is Carlos Almanzar, a taxi driver. Her mother is Clara Almanzar, who served as a cashier. When she was just 10, her parents decided to part ways and filed for a divorce. Not much is known about her early childhood. However, we know that she has an elder sister — the iconic Cardi B.

Growing up, she completed her early education at a local Private school. Then, she was enrolled at the Renaissance High School for Musical theater & Technology. After graduating from the institution, she decided to pursue Fashion as a career and began attending the Fashion Institute of Technology. Carolina shares a special bond with her sister and often posts pictures of themselves on social media. Soon, netizens began to take notice of Carolina, and her popularity skyrocketed almost overnight.

She rose to fame in 2016 when she began appearing in the famous reality T.V. series named "Love & Hip Hop: New York," featuring alongside her sister, Cardi B. Then, in 2017, she appeared in the third season of "The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars." She competed in this game show and raised money for charity. Today, she is a popular social media personality with more than seven million followers on

Personal life
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Carolina is currently in a relationship with rapper Tyler Antonius. Hennessy met boyfriend Tyler Antonius on Instagram and made the first move. The couple has ever since been in a serious relationship. They have made their relationship public by posting pictures together on their social media. In early 2023, Hennessy began dating American rapper Tyler Antonius. When speaking on her relationship with Tyler Antonius, As of early 2023, Hennessy Carolina began dating fellow rapper Tyler Antonius. They became engaged on October 27, 2023. On January 1, 2024 Hennessy Carolina gave birth to her daughter Rain Carolina Bass-Chilombo, Tyler Antonius is the father. She revealed her pregnancy; she was about two months after she and Antonius started their relationship at the time. Hennessy told The Fader, *"It’s been a blessing, me meetin She later confirmed this in a him and meeting his friends. I see how hard they work. And that motivated me to work even harder. And I see how good things are going for them and how popping it is to be number one. And I’m like, I want that. A lot of people just see they jewelry and they money, but I don’t think a lot of people see how hard they work for that shit every single day."*
A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm; Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936.
The **"Dust Bowl"** is a phrase used to describe prairie regions of the United States and Canada in the 1930s. The Dust Bowl spread from Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, all the way to Oklahoma and parts of Texas and New Mexico in the south.

In these areas, there were many serious dust storms and droughts during the 1930s. These caused major damage to the Dust Bowl areas' economies, ecology, and agriculture. The dust bowl was the worst man-made disaster in U.S history. It was many dust storms that happened for years.

The dust bowl was also suffered by many Canadians, and probably by many Mexicans.

Causes
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The people who lived in the Dust Bowl area were mostly farmers. Many years of intensive farming without rain left the soil dry. When strong winds blew, they covered cities, towns, and farms in dried, dusty soil, ruining the farmland.

### "Black Sunday"

One famous storm on April 14, 1935, called *Black Sunday*, was so bad it covered dozens of cities in black clouds of dust and made it impossible to see the sky or even a few feet ahead. Writer Timothy Egan says that the Black Sunday storm "carried away twice as much dirt as was dug out of the earth to create the Panama Canal."

Effects
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The Dust Bowl period is still considered one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history. Many thousands of people died from breathing in the dust, or from starvation. Many others who survived lost everything they had, and left the Dust Bowl to look for work in other parts of the country. These people were called "Dust Bowl refugees."

In the days of the bison, grass was anchored into the ground and its leaves eaten. With farming the plants were dug up wholescale.

The seriousness of the Dust Bowl disaster later led to greater use of crop rotation, reforesting and other techniques to preserve the quality and quantity of topsoil in American and Canadian farms. Many songs, books, and works of art were created to tell stories of the people affected by the dust storms. Some of the most famous of these works are the novels *The Grapes of Wrath* and *Of Mice and Men*, by John Steinbeck, the songs of folk music singer Woody Guthrie, and the photography of Dorothea Lange, who took pictures of many Dust Bowl refugees and their families.

Photo gallery

* Hover over each photo to view its label. Click on the picture to make it bigger:
* Dust starts to bury a barn in KansasDust starts to bury a barn in Kansas
* An Oklahoma dust storm (1935)An Oklahoma dust storm (1935)
* A dust storm covers homes (Texas, 1935)A dust storm covers homes (Texas, 1935)
* Vehicles and machines buried in dust (South Dakota, 1936)Vehicles and machines buried in dust (South Dakota, 1936)
* Famous picture of Dust Bowl refugees (1936)Famous picture of Dust Bowl refugees (1936)
**Sigismund II Augustus** (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last member of the Jagiellon dynasty. He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.

Biography
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Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520. He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza. His great grandfather was Wladislaw II Jagiello, the founder of the dynasty. Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin *vivente rege*). From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania. He was married three times but remained childless. He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn. He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.

When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the audience hall in the royal castle. This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling. One of these was a woman's head. The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): *Rex Auguste, iudica iuste* ("King August, judge justly"). He followed her advice but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again interfere in royal decisions.

Wooden heads at the Wawel castle in Cracow

Other sources
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* Stanisław Cynarski, *Zygmunt August*, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1988 (in Polish).

Other websites
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* Sigismund II Augustus
**Eve Jihan Jeffers** (born November 10, 1978), better known as **Eve**, is an American rapper, songwriter and actress. She was the first winner of the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 for the song "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", with Gwen Stefani. In 2002 her album *Scorpion* was also nominated for Best Rap Album.

Career
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Eve
Eve released her first album *Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady* in 1999. It went straight to number one in the American album chart. It was the third album by a female rap artist to reach number one in the United States.

In 2001 Eve's second album *Scorpion* was released. It entered the American album chart at number four. Eve won Best Female Hip-Hop Artist at the Black Entertainment Awards.

In 2002 Eve's third album, *Eve-Olution*, was released. Two singles were released from the album. The first single "Gangsta Lovin" is a song sung with Alicia Keys. It reached number two in the American singles chart.

Eve was on the remix of Michael Jackson's 2002 single "Butterflies".

In 2003 Eve started acting in a sitcom called *Eve*. The show was stopped in 2006. There were 66 episodes.

Eve rapped on Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "Rich Girl". It reached number seven in the *Billboard* 100. She rapped on "Never", Keyshia Cole's first single, in 2005.

In 2007 Eve released the single "Tambourine". She also rapped on Kelly Rowland's single "Like This". It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. That year Eve started to make her fourth album.

Eve was in the 2009 documentary *Good Hair*. 

She presented the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010. She rapped on Guy Sebestian's single "Who's That Girl". It reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.

In 2013 Eve's fourth album, *Lip Lock*, was released. The album included appearances from fellow rappers Missy Elliott and Snoop Dogg. On August 23, 2013 Eve started The Lip Lock Tour.

Discography
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See the main article: Eve discography
Studio albums
* *Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady* (1999)
* *Scorpion* (2001)
* *Eve-Olution* (2002)
* *Lip Lock* (2013)
***Dune*** is a fictional story set in a space empire far in the future. It is written by Frank Herbert. The book focuses on how politics, religion, technology and many other things interact.

In the world of the Dune series, computers are banned (they are not allowed anywhere). Some humans are taught how to think as fast as computers; they are known as 'Mentats'. The ruler of a planet is controlled by a House. The Houses must obey House Corrino, because the leader of House Corrino is also the Emperor.

*Dune* focuses on Paul Atreides, the 15-year-old heir to House Atreides. His family is forced by the Emperor who rules the Known Universe to leave the planet Caladan and to take control of the planet Arrakis. Arrakis is currently controlled by House Harkonnen, and is the only place that a spice called Melange is found. Melange is the most important thing in the universe. It lets you see the future and think much faster. If you take melange, you live much longer, sometimes even hundreds of years longer. It also lets you travel far distances at great speeds.

Arrakis is a planet that is almost covered in desert. This large desert is very dangerous because it does not have potable (drinkable) water, but mainly because giant worms live in the sand. There are many groups of native humans living there - they are called the Fremen. The Fremen have many rituals that keep water safe. This is important, or they would all die of dehydration (too little water to stay alive).

After his father is killed, Paul and his mother escape and take refuge with the Fremen. They use their abilities to achieve power over the Fremen and eventually use them to attack the Harkonnen armies, who have taken back control of the planet.

In the books, there are the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, a religious group with only women as its members. This is because men do not have the right kind of mind to learn their ways correctly. They have much more control over their minds and bodies than normal people. Their goal is to protect the human race forever. They have a secret goal, which they want to achieve by their breeding program. It is to make a man that can be a Bene Gesserit. They call him the Kwisatz Haderach. They want to use the Kwisatz Haderach to control people more easily. Paul's mother, Lady Jessica, is a member of the sisterhood and trains her son to use mental and physical powers.

Multiple films and TV series have been based on the *Dune* series, such as the 1984 film version directed by David Lynch, and the 2021 film directed by Denis Villeneuve.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Dune (novel)***

* Official website for *Dune* and its sequels
* DuneAudio.com - The Official Dune Audiobook Site Archived 2019-06-29 at the Wayback Machine ~ news and contests for Dune audiobooks
* Complete Book Summary of *Dune* Archived 2009-06-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Ptolemy's AD 150 world map (redrawn in the 15th century).
Image from Andreas Cellarius *Harmonia Macrocosmica*, 1660/61. Chart showing signs of the zodiac and the solar system with world at center.
**Claudius Ptolemy** (Koinē Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, romanized: *Klaúdios Ptolemaîos* [kláwdios ptolɛmɛ́os]; Latin: *Claudius Ptolemaeus*; c. AD 100 – c. AD 170) was a Greek who probably lived and worked in Alexandria, Egypt. He is famous for his work on astronomy and geography. Very little is known about his personal life.

He was an astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He described in his writing the Greek geocentric view of the universe. Earlier Greek philosophers changed the old assumption of a flat Earth below a "vault of the heavens". They substituted a spherical Earth surrounded by a Celestial sphere. Ptolemy built these two spheres into a system of nested spheres. He also thought out and described the apparent motions of the planets as they were known in his time.

Ptolemy explained and extended Hipparchus's system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain the Earth-centered theory of the world. Ptolemy's system involved at least 80 epicycles to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time. He believed the planets and sun moved around the Earth in this order: Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.

This system became known as the *Ptolemaic system*. It predicts the positions of the planets well enough for naked-eye observations, so it seemed accurate at the time. This is described in his book *Mathematical Syntaxis* (widely called the *Almagest*), a thirteen-book mathematical treatment of the phenomena of astronomy. It contains a wide variety of information ranging from earth conceptions to sun, moon, and star movement as well as eclipses and an explanation of the length of months. The *Almagest* also included a star catalog containing 48 constellations, using the names we still use today.

In addition to his well-known works in astronomy, Claudius Ptolemy was important in the history of geography and cartography (making maps). He was influential up to the 16th century. Then his ideas were disproved by Nicolaus Copernicus. Ptolemy knew that the Earth is a sphere. Ptolemy's is the first known projection of the sphere onto a plane. His *Geography* remained the main work on the subject until the time of Christopher Columbus. But he had Asia extending much too far east, which may have been a factor in Columbus's decision to try to reach India by sailing west from Europe.

The Ptolemaic explanation of the motions of the planets was the accepted wisdom until the Polish scholar Copernicus proposed a Sun-centered (heliocentric) view in 1543. Though the heliocentric idea is correct, its predictions were not better than Ptolemy's until Kepler's Laws were added.

Ptolemy may not actually have believed in the reality of his system. He may have thought of it only as a method of calculating positions.

Related pages
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* Geocentrism