recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Eva García Sáenz de Urturi** (1972 in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country) is a Spanish novelist.

Career
------

She moved out to Alicante, Valencian Community, when she was 15. She lives there since then. After getting a degree as optometrist, she got a job at University of Alicante into the optical sector.

In 2012 wrote *La saga de los longevos* being this one her first novel. The book was published via Amazon.com by her own after she tried to contact with several publishing houses without success. However *La saga de los longevos* became a hit.

Two years later she wrote *Los hijos de Adán* and *Pasaje a Tahití*, also with a good reception.

In 2016 she published her fourth book: *El silencio de la ciudad blanca* settle in her home town. In this one, she joined into a police academy, where she took two courses of crime scene investigation and reveal of footprints.

Bibliography
------------

* (2012) *La saga de los longevos*
* (2012) *La vieja familia*
* (2014) *Los hijos de Adán*
* (2014) *Pasaje a Tahití*
* (2016) *El silencio de la ciudad blanca*
* (2017) *Los ritos del agua*

Other websites
--------------

* Eva García Sáenz de Urturi's official website (in Spanish)
Claire Lee Chennault
The **Flying Tigers** was a group of American fighter pilots from the United States Army Air Force, the United States Navy, and the United States Marine Corps. Claire Lee Chennault commanded it.

History
-------

During 1937, Claire Lee Chennault retired from the American military and became the military advisor to China. He to looked at their air force. It was bad, and could not fight their enemy, Japan. In 1938, Chennault was going to make the Flying Tigers. In late 1941, after Pearl Harbor, the Flying Tigers started fighting the Japanese.

The P-40
The airplane they used was the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. There were about 100 of the fighter aircraft. They could not turn with the Japanese fighters, such as the A6M Zero, Ki-43 Oscar, and Ki-27 Nate, but the P-40 was tough, had more guns, and was faster in a dive.

The Flying Tigers stayed in World War II for the whole time.

Things the Flying Tigers were famous for
----------------------------------------

The Flying Tigers are well known for things. One thing was their airplane paint, which had a shark face on the sides. They were also known for fighting hard during the war. Franklin D. Roosevelt had said they were good.

List of aces
------------

The following are flying aces from the Flying Tigers, with their air-to-air victory credits: (In alphabetical order).

* Percy Bartelt (5.0)
* William Bartling (5.0)
* Charles Bond (7.0)
* George Burgard (10.0)
* Robert Hedman (6.0)
* David Lee "Tex" Hill (10.25)
* Frank Lawlor (7.0)
* Robert Little (10.0)
* William McGarry (8.0)
* Robert Neale (13.0)
* John Newkirk (7.0)
* Charles Older (10.0)
* Edmund Overend (5.0)
* Robert Prescott (5.5)
* Joseph Camille Rosbert (6.0)
* Richard Rossi (6.0)
* Robert Sandell (5.0)
* Robert H. Smith (5.0)
* Robert T. Smith (8.9 kills)
Spoked flywheel
Simple flywheel in motion. Constructed based on drawings by Leonardo da Vinci
For the film, see Flywheel (film).
A **flywheel** is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft. Flywheels are used for storage of kinetic energy. The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily. Because of this, flywheels help to keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. This helps when the torque applied to the shaft changes often. Uneven torque can change the speed of rotation. Because the flywheel resists changes in speed, it decreases the effects of uneven torque. Engines which use pistons to provide power usually have uneven torque and use flywheels to fix this problem.

It takes energy to get a wheel (any wheel) to rotate. If there is little friction (good bearings) then it will keep rotating a long time. When energy is needed, it can be taken from the wheel again. So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy. The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy. Another factor is the radius (size) because the farther from the axis a part of the wheel is, the more energy it takes to make is rotate. These three factors can be represented by M (mass), {\displaystyle \omega } (angular velocity), and R (radius). Combining the two equations below gives {\displaystyle \omega }2MR2/4. A fly-wheel is not just any wheel, but specifically designed to store energy. So it should be heavy and/or rotate fast. For example, some buses have a fly-wheel that is used for stopping and starting. When the bus stops (e.g. for a traffic light), the fly-wheel is connected to the wheels, so the rotational energy is transferred to it, so the bus will slow down while the fly-wheel speeds up. Then, when the bus has to start driving again, it is connected again and the energy is transferred back. Of course, you wouldn't want to lug a heavy wheel around on a bus, so it is made of a lighter material that can withstand extremely fast rotation.

Mathematics of flywheels
------------------------

The kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel is

{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}}
Where the moment of inertia of center mass is equal to

{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}MR^{2}}
where I is the moment of inertia of the mass about the center of rotation and {\displaystyle \omega } (omega) is the angular velocity in radian units.

History
-------

The flywheel has been used since ancient times, the most common traditional example being the potter's wheel. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel.

Other meanings
--------------

In the world of venture capital, the term "flywheel" is used to represent the recurrent, margin-generating heart of a business.
**Giric** was king of the Picts from 878-889. He died around c. 890, showing he may of been deposed or personally abdicated. He ruled with Eochaid, a disputed king of the Picts who claimed the throne during the whole of Giric's reign. He succeeded Donald Áed, after murdering him in 878.

Birth
-----

Giric may have been born in c. 832 but this is widely considered theory and not taken as fact, the exact date of Giric is unknown but was definitely after 812.

Reign
-----

In 878 Giric murdered king Áed, making him the king of the Picts/Scots. He was the 2nd last king of the Picts/Scots along with Eochaid who ruled with him during his entire reign, he claimed the throne after Áed's death as he was king of Strathclyde and may have been named successor by Áed during 877-878.

Eochaid
-------

Eochaid was a claimant and had a disputed reign, he was born around c. 860, making him nearly 30 years younger than Giric, since Giric was born in c. 832 (according to sources), Eochaid may have murded Giric to try and take the throne himself.

Abdication/Deposition
---------------------

Giric may of abdicated in 889 or have been deposed. It is known that when Giric stopped ruling that Eochaid may of also stopped ruling as records show him dying after 889 and Eochaid's rule also ended in 889.

Death
-----

In 890 Giric died in Scotland. Not much is known about his death as he did not rule at the time and Donald II took the throne after his abdication or deposition.
The **Hydrometeorological Prediction Center** (a.k.a. **HPC**) is one of nine Service Centers that are part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), which is part of the National Weather Service, which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. government.

The HPC serves as a center of excellence in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting, Medium Range Forecasting (three to seven days) and the interpretation of numerical weather prediction models.

The HPC issues storm summaries on storm systems bringing significant rainfall and snowfall to portions of the United States. Advisories are also issued for tropical cyclones which have moved inland and are no longer the responsibility of the National Hurricane Center. The HPC also acts as the backup office to the National Hurricane Center in the event of a complete communications failure.

The HPC was created in October 1995, when the former National Meteorological Center was reorganised into the NCEP. It is based at the World Weather Building in Camp Springs, Maryland, along with a few of the other National Centers such as the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), the Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), and the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC).

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
**Idle No More** is a movement in support of Indigenous rights. It was started in 2012 by 4 women, 3 of whom were First Nations.

Background
----------

Indigenous people in Canada (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) face a lot of issues. A lot of them feel that the government doesn't care about them.

In the First Nation of Attawapiskat, there are many issues with housing and water. Because of those problems, the Chief of Attawapiskat, Theresa Spence, decided to go on a hunger strike so the government could pay attention to what was going on in her community.

History
-------

In 2012, the government of Stephen Harper introduced Bill C-45. A lot of people felt that this bill didn't protect the environment, specifically waterways. A lot of the unprotected waterways pass through First Nations lands.

Protests
--------

There were a lot of mobs doing traditional dancing in shopping malls during the 2012 Christmas shopping season.

Another form of protest that Idle No More does is blocking railroads.
Watchful "rock chuck" (*Marmota flaviventris*) atop Mount Dana, Yosemite National Park in California
**Ground squirrels** are **marmots**. These are small rodents, squirrels which live on and in the ground.

Most of them live in the mountains, like the Sierra Nevada, or the Alps. Marmots make holes in the ground. They live in burrows, underground. They hibernate, that is they sleep through the winter. Marmots are very social animals. They group together easily. They also like to communicate with each other, with whistles, especially when they sense danger.

They vary in size and habits. Most are able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for long periods. This way they watch for predators. They tend to live together more than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels. The Alpine marmot (*Marmota marmota*) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg.

Many historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats, were the carriers of bubonic plague epidemics in the Middle Ages.

Related pages
-------------

* Chipmonk
* Groundhog
* Prairie dog

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Marmota***.

 Media related to Marmota at Wikimedia Commons
***Eugene Onegin*** (Russian: Евге́ний Оне́гин, *Yevgeniy Onegin*) is a novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin.

It is a classic of Russian literature. It was published in parts between 1825 and 1832. The first complete edition was published in 1833, and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication.

Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "AbAbCCddEffEgg". This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet."

The story is told by a narrator (a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin), whose tone is educated, worldly, and intimate. The narrator digresses at times, commenting on aspects of the social and intellectual world. This helps develop the characters and the drama of the plot.

An opera *Eugene Onegin* by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky has been composed based upon the book.

The storyline
-------------

Onegin, a nobleman who has just taken over his uncle's estate, is a fine young dandy, but bored and cynical. He does not value shy, bookish Tatyana Larina. Soon after their meeting she bares her soul to Onegin in a letter. She expresses her love for him.

Onegin does not write back. When they meet in person, he rejects her advances. This famous speech is often referred to as 'Onegin's Sermon' He admits that the letter was touching, but says that he would quickly grow bored with marriage and can only offer Tatyana friendship. He advises her to keep more emotional control in the future, lest another man take advantage of her innocence.

As their lives develop. His life falls apart after he kills his best friend in a duel. On the other hand, her life blossoms.

Years pass, and he attends a society ball in St. Petersburg. He sees a beautiful woman who captures the attention of everyone. He realizes her as Tatyana. Now she is married to an aged prince. He becomes obsessed with winning her affection, despite the fact that she is married. However, his attempts are rebuffed. He writes her several letters, but receives no reply.

Eventually Onegin manages to see Tatyana, and offers her the opportunity to renew their past love. She recalls the days when they might have been happy, but that time has passed. Onegin repeats his love for her. Faltering for a moment, she admits that she still loves him, but she will not allow him to ruin her. She declares her determination to remain faithful to her husband. She leaves him to his bitter regrets.
**Fusome** is a term from microbiology that describes a way different cells communicate with each other. Fusomes are simple openings, or pores, in the walls of certain types of cells. These allow certain chemical compounds to pass through.

Dictionary definition
---------------------

Fusome in *Drosophila* ovariole (not labelled, but visible on right, as red branched structure)

> "**Fusome** (Hirschler 1948) – intercellular bridges in various tissues wich undergo a common synchnonous development. Unlike the other intrcellular complexes such as → desmosomes and → plasmodesmata, the fusomes merely consist single, large annular openings in the cell wall. Electrom microscope observations support the theory that these bridges allow the free passage of cytoplasmic materials, including the mitochondria. The fusomes are probably the result of incomplete cell division where the annual furrow of the spindle residual-body does not divide completely durig → cytokinesis. The fusosomes show a strongly osmophylic anular thickening around the opening."
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* Desmosome
Tennessee's state flag. The three stars stand for the state's three Grand Divisions.
The **Grand Divisions** are three regions in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Each contains about one-third of the state's land area. Each is geographically, culturally, legally, and economically distinct. The Grand Divisions are legally recognized in the state constitution and state law and are represented on the Flag of Tennessee by the flag's three prominent stars.

Borders
-------

Maps of the Grand Divisions of Tennessee, with East Tennessee at the top, Middle Tennessee in the center, and West Tennessee at the bottom.
The border between East Tennessee and Middle Tennessee is on the Cumberland Plateau. It was a major barrier to travel during much of the state's early history. It is close to the line between the Eastern and Central time zones. All but three counties of East Tennessee (Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Marion) are in the Eastern Time Zone. Middle and West Tennessee are entirely in the Central Time Zone. The reach of the Tennessee River that flows northward to Kentucky from Mississippi and Alabama marks the border between Middle and West Tennessee starting from the northern border of Hardin County. It is split down the middle by the Tennessee River but is located wholly in West Tennessee.

Population
----------

| Grand Division | Population (2020 census) | Largest city | Area in mi2 (km2) | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| East Tennessee | 2,470,105 | Knoxville | 13,558 square miles (35,120 km2) | 33 |
| Middle Tennessee | 2,883,086 | Nashville | 17,009 square miles (44,050 km2) | 41 |
| West Tennessee | 1,557,649 | Memphis | 10,650 square miles (27,600 km2) | 21 |
|
| **State of Tennessee** | **6,910,840** | Nashville | **41,217 (106,751)** | **95 (list)** |
**Gary Reht Shearston** (born January 9, 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic "I Get A Kick Out Of You".

Early life
----------

Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

Working life
------------

Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called *Name That Tune.*

Music career
------------

Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at *The Folksinger*. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with *Leedon*. The next year Leedon's distributor, *Festival*, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, *Australian Broadside*. His song *Sydney Town* hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, *Just Folk*. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called *Sometime Lovin*. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album *Dingo*. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's *I Get A Kick Out Of You*. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".

Church career
-------------

Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

Selected recordings
-------------------

* Sometime Lovin' - 1965
* Sydney Town - 1965
* I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974

Other websites
--------------

* Gary Shearston's Official Website
* Howlspace article Archived 2006-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature Archived 2008-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Undercover Music
* SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
* /Photo of Gary Shearston
The *First Baptist Church of Hammond*
The **First Baptist Church of Hammond** (or **FBCHammond**) is a fundamental Independent Baptist church in Hammond, Indiana. It is the largest church in the state of Indiana and one of the largest churches in the United States. It was founded in 1887. It was under Jack Hyles' leadership from 1959-2001 that it became a megachurch, one of the first in the United States, with a steady weekly attendance of around 20,000. It also operates Hyles-Anderson College and two K-12 schools, named *City Baptist Schools* (for children of the bus route of the church) and *Hammond Baptist Schools* (for children of the members of the church). Jack Schaap, Hyles' son-in-law, succeeded as pastor after Hyles' death for 11 years until he was fired in 2012 for having sex with a 16 year old girl.

History
-------

FBC Hammond 1889FBC Hammond 1889
Morton House HotelMorton House Hotel
First Baptist Church was founded in November 1887 by Allen Hill of Jennings County, Indiana. Its first meeting was on 14 November 1887 with 12 members on the 28th. However, it originally met in the Morton House Hotel which stood on what is currently the 100 block of Willow Court. Allen Hill's was their pastor for around 4 months. 

By April 1888, B.P. Hewitt became the church's permanent pastor and Allen Hill went on to start several other churches. Needing more room, Hewitt moved the church's meeting place to the Hohman Opera House at the corner of State and Hohman streets. In 1889, the church erected its own structure for $2,358 when Marcus Towle, Hammond's first mayor and a member of FBC, donated land on *Sibley Street* to the church.

On January 3, 1901, Pastor E.T. Carter proposed a new building, and the first service was held on 14 April 1901. On 27 November of that same year, Pastor Carter announced his resignation for a job at the Central Baptist Orphanage in Michigan.

FBC Hammond 1901FBC Hammond 1901

Church leaders
--------------

### Dr. Jack Schaap

Dr. Jack Schaap (born October 1, 1957), was the Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond, Indiana until July of 2012. Following the death of the former pastor Dr. Jack Hyles, he became the pastor of the largest church in Indiana, and with their average weekly attendance of more than 20,000, it has become one of the largest churches in America. Schaap was fired for having a sexual relationship with a 16 year old girl. This affair happened in multiple states and is being investigated by local and national authorities.

He was also the chancellor of Hyles-Anderson College. On June 1, 1979, he married Mrs. Cindy Schaap. Dr. and Mrs. Schaap have been married for 28 years and now have two children, Jaclynn and Kenny.

### Dr. Jack Hyles

See the main article: Jack Hyles
Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 – February 6, 2001) was a leading person in the Independent Baptist movement. He was pastor of the church from 1959 until his death in 2001.

Other websites
--------------

* Jack Schaap Website
* Church Website Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Gruschwitz Textilwerke AG** is a textile industry company based in Leutkirch im Allgäu in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Beginnings
----------

The company was founded in 1816 in the Silesian Nowa Sól (German: *Neusalz an der Oder*) by Johann David Gruschwitz, it emerged from an operation of the Moravian Church. In 1847, Gruschwitz left the company, which his sons *Heinrich Gruschwitz* (1816–1885) and *Alexander Gruschwitz* (1819–1888) successfully continued under the company *JD Gruschwitz & Söhne oHG*. The company was converted into *Gruschwitz Textilwerke AG* in 1906, in whose management the *Doherr* families *(Doherr-Gruschwitz)* and *von Treskow were represented* as Gruschwitz descendants. During the First World War, Gruschwitz employed over 3,500 people. 

At the end of the Second World War, all Gruschwitz factories were in the Red Army's sphere of influence and were expropriated without compensation as a Soviet joint stock company. The last 4,000 employees became unemployed. With the help of a few old employees, *Franz Alexander Doherr-Gruschwitz* opened a small twisted yarn production facility in Neu-Ulm, Bavaria, in 1950 in initially rented rooms.

Recent history
--------------

 Ruinous factory building of *Gruschwitz Textilwerke AG* in Neusalz / Nowa Sól (photo 2008) 
In 2004 Gruschwitz moved from Neu-Ulm to Leutkirch im Allgäu after the company had previously taken over two other companies in the textile industry (Fritz Zorn GmbH & Co. KG, Leutkirch and Lozetex GmbH Tech-Twists, Winterlingen). In 2005, the operative business was completely outsourced to *Gruschwitz GmbH Tech-Twists*, also located in Leutkirch im Allgäu. This 100% subsidiary is a leader in the development and production of technical threads, yarns and sewing threads in Western Europe. Both simple natural fibers and modern man-made fibers are processed as raw materials. Gruschwitz is now more than 75% owned by Philipp Daniel Merckle and employs around 150 people in Leutkirch im Allgäu.

Other websites
--------------

* Company website
* Frühe Dokumente und Zeitungsartikel zu Gruschwitz Textilwerke
**Formal** is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure. So it is something which is used or done in accordance with rules or ceremonies.

Formal events have rules. 'Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. 'Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress. People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'. Most of the time *formal attire* clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns. The opposite of "formal" is **informal**. Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans. An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan. An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"

Examples:

* **Formal** can be the way a person speaks or acts. To act in a formal way a person will follow the social rules of their culture or country. For example, they might greet each other by bowing, and they might address one another by their family name and their title (e.g. "Professor Smith").

* A formal agreement is one which is explicit (written down) and reached by a formal discussion or negotiation. That means the negotiation is also done by set rules or procedures.

* In mathematics, formal logic is a way of thinking about mathematics questions using strict rules.
French Monarchy -
Bonaparte Dynasty
The **House of Bonaparte** was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a Corsican military leader who rose to power and transformed the French Republic into the French Empire. The dynasty ruled from 1804 to 1815 and again from 1852 to 1870.

Napoleon I of France
--------------------

  

Napoleon Bonaparte is the most significant person associated with the Bonaparte family because he created the First French Empire that conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. He was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of his brother, Lucien Bonaparte, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred. He later crowned himself Emperor of the French in December 2, 1804 and King of Italy in May 26 1805. He then made his elder brother Joseph (1768–1844) king of Naples (1806–1808) and then of Spain (1808–1813), his third brother Louis, king of Holland (1806–1810), and his youngest brother Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia(1807-1813). 

Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph (1811–1832) was created king of Rome (1811–1814) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication. Charles Louis Napoléon (1808–1873), son of Louis Napoléon, was president of France in 1848 and emperor in 1852 until 1870, reigning as Napoléon III. A political movement for Corsican independence surfaced in the 1990s which included a Bonapartist restoration in its programme.

Crowns held by the family
-------------------------

### Emperors of the French

  

* Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815), also King of Italy (1805–1814)
* Napoleon II (1815), styled King of Rome from birth, but never reigned
* Napoleon III (1852–1870), nephew of Napoleon I and son of Louis I of Holland

* Napoleon INapoleon I
* Napoleon IINapoleon II
* Napoleon IIINapoleon III

### Kings of Holland

* Louis I (1806–1810)
* Louis II (1810), also Grand Duke of Berg (1809–1813)

  

* Louis ILouis I
* Louis IILouis II

### Kings of Naples

* Joseph I (1806–1808)
* Joachim I (1808–1815), also Grand Duke of Berg (1806–1808)

  

* Joseph IJoseph I
* Joachim IJoachim I

### King of Westphalia

* Jérôme I (1807–1813)

  

* 

  

### King of Spain

* Joseph I (1808–1813)

  

### Grand Duchess of Tuscany

* Elisa Bonaparte (1809–1814)

*
A map of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
The **heptarchy** (Ancient Greek: ἑπτά + ἀρχή, *seven* + *realm*) is a collective name applied to seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. These were: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually became the Kingdom of England. The term has been in use since the 16th century. It is used to apply both to the seven kingdoms and to the time period in which they existed.

Origins of the heptarchy
------------------------

The idea of a heptarchy, a group of seven independent kingdoms, is thought to have come from the English historian Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century. He listed the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in his *Historia Anglorum* (History of the English People). Bede, however, set up the idea that several kingdoms were more dominant than others (at different times). He created a list of kings who dominated the other kingdoms. The dividing line between these kingdoms was the River Humber. Northumbria (Deira and Bernicia) was the northern kingdom while the remaining kingdoms were those of the southern English. The actual term 'heptarchy' was first used in the 16th century by William Lambarde. His 1568 woodcut map is the earliest known use of the term.

The term heptarchy is sometimes used to imply a confederacy between the kingdoms that did not exist. From the 6th century to the 9th century these were simply seven kingdoms set up by the Germanic invaders and their descendants. There was little equality between them. Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex were the most powerful of the seven and often dominated the others. The kingdoms were gradually reduced in number. The heptarchy basically ended with the coming of the Vikings. The term heptarchy was popular among scholars from the 16th to the 19th centuries but is occasionally used today.

### Bretwaldas

Originally Bede listed seven kings who held authority over the other kingdoms in England at the time. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle lists the eighth bretwalda:

1. Aelle King of the South Saxons (Sussex)
2. Ceawlin King of the West Saxons (Wessex)
3. Aethelbert King of Kent
4. Raedwald King of East Anglia
5. Edwin King of Northumbria
6. Oswald King of Northumbria
7. Oswiu King of Northumbria
8. Egbert King of the West Saxons (Wessex)

Two Mercian kings of the 8th century can be considered bretwaldas also:

* Aethelbald King of Mercia
* Offa King of Mercia

Kingdoms of the Heptarchy
-------------------------

The seven kingdoms were:

* East Anglia
* Mercia
* Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira
* Wessex
* Essex
* Kent
* Sussex

Other websites
--------------

* The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy
The **Floppotron** is a musical instrument. It was made by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak. It is made of a set of computer hardware that plays music together. The latest version, the Floppotron 2.0, has 64 floppy drives, eight hard drives, and two flatbed scanners.

Development
-----------

### First version

The first version of the Floppotron was made in 2011. It is made of two floppy drives and an ATMega microcontroller. The sound is made by the magnetic head being moved by its stepper motor. The floppy drive's heads have be moved at the correct speed to make the correct sound.

The instrument became well known thanks to a video of the instrument on YouTube playing the Imperial March, which has more than 6 million views.

### 2.0 version

In 2016, Paweł Zadrożniak made a better version of the Floppotron, which has 64 floppy drives, 8 hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Every column of eight floppy drives is controlled by an ATMega16 microcontroller, and the hard drives are controlled by two SMD MOSFETs that push and pull. The flatbed scanner head are controlled by Arduino Uno boards.

How it works
------------

Any device that has an electric motor can make sound. Scanners and floppy drives use stepper motors to move the head with sensors that scan an image, or read or write, onto a magnetic disk. The faster the motor, the higher the pitch of the sound the motor makes. Hard disks use a magnet and a coil to tilt the head. When voltage is supplied for long enough, the head speeds up and hits the bound, which makes the "drum hit" sound.

The Floppotron makes MIDI music files into commands that tell each device when to buzz, click, or be silent.

Song covers
-----------

As of April 2019, Paweł Zadrożniak's YouTube page shows more than one hundred songs played with the Floppotron. Some of those songs are Queen's "Bohemian Rapsody", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", White Stripes's "Seven Nation Army", Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller".

Other websites
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* Inventor Paweł Zadrożniak home page
**Frederick Albert McDonald** (c. 1872 – ? April 1926) was an Australian politician and possible murder victim.

McDonald studied at the University of Sydney. He became a teacher, and rose to become President of the Teachers Federation of New South Wales. In 1922 he stood for election to the Australian House of Representatives, and won the new seat of Barton for the Labor Party. His main opponent was Hector Lamond, who had been the Nationalist member for the abolished seat of Illawarra.

Disappearance
-------------

In the 1925 election, McDonald was narrowly defeated by Nationalist candidate Thomas Ley. McDonald took the result to court, claiming that Ley had tried to bribe him, asking him not to put in his nomination papers. However, on 15 April 1926 McDonald disappeared on his way to a meeting with New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. They were planning to have the election result declared void. Neither McDonald's body nor his brief case were ever found.

Thomas Ley was found guilty of murder in England, but it was decided he was insane. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital, where he died. It is believed that Ley was responsible for McDonald's disappearance. He is also suspected of being involved in the suspicious deaths of other of his political opponents.

Related pages
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* List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990
**Euroa** is a town in north-east Victoria, Australia about 147 kilometers from Melbourne. It is close to the Strathbogie Ranges. In 2006 there were 2,776 people living in the town. The name *Euroa* comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "joyful".

History
-------

Major Mitchell camped on the banks of the Seven Creeks at Euroa during his 1836 expedition from Sydney.

The Post Office opened on 1 January 1854 as the township was settled. Euroa became famous when the bank was robbed by Ned Kelly on December 10, 1878. The Kelly Gang got away with about £2000. There are a number of historic buildings still standing in Euroa. These include the Farmers Arms Hotel which was built in 1876, and is now used as a museum. Other buildings are the post office (1890), the old National Bank buildings (1885), the Euroa Hotel (1884) and Blairgowrie House (1890). The first church built in Euroa was the Catholic Church (1867).

The Euroa court house was built in 1892 at a cost of £1354. It was designed by architect J.T.Kelleher, but many now believe it was the work of A.J.McDonald. The court house was closed in 1989.

Sheep farming was a major business, with fine wool Saxon merino sheep being introduced in 1851. Farmers are now making more money from horses.

Facilities
----------

Euroa is roughly midway between Melbourne and Albury. The area is very flat, although the Strathbogie Ranges about 20 km south east of the town.

Euroa has several retirement villages, one high school, and two primary schools. The Shire of Strabogie is based in Euroa.

The main road from Melbourne northward is the Hume Highway. A by-pass was built around the town and since then Euroa has been a quiet town with little growth or business.

The town is located on the main North East railway, and is served by V/Line passenger services.

Sport
-----

The town has an Australian Rules Football team, the "Euroa Magpies", competing in the Goulburn Valley Football League.

Golfers play at the course of the Euroa Golf Club on Walters Road.

Famous people
-------------

Three winners of the Victoria Cross for Australia came from the Euroa area:

* Lieutenant Leslie Cecil Maygar – 5th Victorian Mounted Rifles, A.F. – Boer War
* Corporal Alexander Stewart Burton - 7th Battalion, A.I.F. - World War I
* Lieutenant Frederick Harold Tubb – 7th Battalion, A.I.F. – World War I

### Sports people

* Euroa is the birthplace of cricket legend, Merv Hughes.

Other websites
--------------

* Australian Places - Euroa
The **Eureka** or **Aha! effect** refers to the moment of insight when a puzzling problem is suddenly solved. It is named after the Greek polymath Archimedes.

Archimedes may have used his principle of buoyancy to determine whether the golden crown was less dense than solid gold.
Archimedes was asked by the local king to detect whether a crown was pure gold, or if the goldsmith had added silver. During his trip to the public bath, he noticed how water got displaced when his body sank into the bath. The volume of water displaced equals the volume of the body immersed in the water. He suddenly realized that two objects which weighed the same in air might not weigh the same in water, because the less dense object would displace less water. This is known as Archimedes' principle. 

Archimedes leaped out of a public bath, and ran home naked shouting *Eureka!* (I found it). This story is thought by some to be a myth, but Archimedes was indeed a most notable inventor. He would certainly have experienced the Aha! effect.

There is some research on the Aha! insight. Aha! moments cannot be predicted. Insight is a psychological term describes the process in problem solving when a previously unsolvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious. Often this transition from not understanding to sudden comprehension is accompanied by an exclamation of joy or satisfaction, an Aha! moment. A person using insight to solve a problem is able to give accurate, clear, all-or-nothing type responses, whereas individuals not using the insight process are more likely to produce partial, incomplete responses.

There seems to be a two phase process. In the first phase, the problem solver gets stuck. Even though they may have explored all the possibilities, they still cannot see the solution. The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem, the answer is seen. Insight problems may be difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem. People have a good memory for Aha! moments. Insight may occur after a break in mental fixation, allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious.
**Franklins** is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after **Frank** **Lin**d**s**trom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be *Australia's Original Discount Grocer*.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: *No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices* or as Franklins had put it: *Strictly No Frills*. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened *Franklins Family Supermarkets* in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.
***Hogwarts Legacy*** is a video game. It is set in the same fictional world as the *Harry Potter* books and films. It was released on PlayStation 5 (PS5), Microsoft Windows (PC), and the Xbox Series X and Series S on 10 February 2023.

Making
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WB Games, Avalanche Software, and Portkey Games made this game. J.K. Rowling did not write the story herself, but the gamemakers talked to her about it.

Story and gameplay
------------------

The story happens in 1890. The player is a student at Hogwarts, the magical school in the Harry Potter books and movies. The player starts attending Hogwarts in the school's 5th year, being aged 15-years-old at the start of the game and the start of the school term and finishing aged 16-years-old. All the other students in the player's year are also either aged 15 or 16-years-old. The student learns to cast spells, ride a broomstick, and tame magical animals. There are rumors that goblins are starting a rebellion against the human wizards, and the player must find out about them.

The game is an open-world action role-playing game.

Related pages
-------------

* Harry Potter
* J.K. Rowling

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
* *Hogwarts Legacy* at MobyGames
* *Hogwarts Legacy* on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
Outcrop of weathered Lewisian gneiss, 5 km NW of Loch Inver, Isle of Lewis
Gneiss rock
The stone circle at the centre of the Standing Stones of Callanish ("Callanish I"), Isle of Lewis. Reputed to be, at 3 billion years, the oldest rocks in the UK.
**Gneiss** is a type of metamorphic rock. The minerals in gneiss may come from rocks which were originally either igneous or sedimentary. They were heated and squeezed, and the minerals recrystallized.

**Orthogneiss** is gneiss got from igneous rock (such as granite). **Paragneiss** is gneiss got from sedimentary rock (such as sandstone).

In gneisses, minerals tend to be foliated: layered and segregated into bands. Thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist, very thin, but consisting essentially of one mineral.

Lewisian gneiss
---------------

The Lewisian complex or Lewisian Gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean Terrane. These rocks are of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0–1.7 Ga.
Evaluation is the process of coming to a judgment about how good something is. A list of standards (a criteria) needs to be created before the judgment is made. This list defines what 'good' looks like in that situation. Whatever is being judged is then compared to this list. A judgment can then be made about how good that thing is.

Use in education
----------------

Students are regularly evaluated in schools and universities to decide how good they are. Teachers may create a list of standards that a student must reach in order to pass a course. To be fair, this list must be applied consistently and equally to all students. 

In some subjects, students may write essays. An essay is a long piece of writing that includes evaluation. Therefore, the introduction of an essay usually includes a judgment about how good something is and the list of standards that the student has used to make that judgement. The remainder of the essay is spent proving that the opinion formed is logically correct. The writer of the essay may return to the criteria frequently to demonstrate that their opinion is the correct one, given the criteria they have used.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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**Hester Jonas** (around 1570 in Monheim am Rhein – December 24, 1635 in Neuss) was a German midwife and cunning woman. She was executed for witchcraft and is known as the so called *Witch of Neuss*.

Life
----

Jonas married the miller Peter Meurer. They moved to Neuss. There she suffered severe epileptic seizures. She worked as a midwife and was familiar with herbalism, particularly mandrake.

In November 1635 (at the age of about 64 years), she was accused of witchcraft. She was arrested, examined and tortured. The mayor of Neuss accused her of having a deal with the devil. A few years back she already had the reputation of being a witch. In the wake of growing public rumours, the authorities were forced to do something. After hearings on November 15 and 22, Jonas denied the charges. On December 19 and 20 she was put on a chair spiked with sharp nails for three hours.

After her torture she confessed falsely. She confessed to having sexual intercourse with a black man named "Hans Beelzebub". She confessed to damaging humans and animals by black magic. On the same night she escaped, but was captured again in a short time. Jonas then said her confession wasn't true, but her resistance was broken after a violent whipping the next day. She again confessed to all charges and the court sentenced her to death by beheading. On December 24 she was beheaded by an executioner. Her body was burnt and the ashes blew away in the wind.

The transcripts are still available in the city archive of Neuss.

Trivia
------

* "The Ballad of Hester Jonas" by Peter Maiwald

Further reading
---------------

* Kemmerich, Hetty. Sagt, was ich gestehen soll! Hexenprozesse. Dortmund 2004, ISBN 3-929931-18-4, p. 231–236.
The **Eurovision Asia Song Contest** is an upcoming singing contest. It is to be like the Eurovision Song Contest but it would be held in the Asia-Pacific part of the world. The idea was dropped for the Asian counter part of Eurovision, but recently things has been changed rapidly to bring back Eurovision to Asia again. The inaugural contest would be intended to be developed by the Australian broadcaster SBS and production partner Blink TV, in co-operation with the EBU. 

In the first contest would have had 10 countries (Australia, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Maldives, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, South Korea and Vanuatu).

Related pages
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* Eurovision Song Contest (2018/2019)
* Junior Eurovision Song Contest
* ABU Song Contest (2020) (other Asian contest based in Eurovision)
* American Song Contest (American version of Eurovision)
* AfriMusic Song Contest (African contest based in Eurovision)
* Bundevision Song Contest (previus contest made by the Private Channel ProSieben)
* Turkvision Song Contest (Turkish contest organised by TMB TV and created by TÜRKSOY for the Turkic countries and Turkic people)

Other websites
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* Official website
* Production website
* Official Channel on YouTube
* Promotional video of the contest