recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Agile marketing** is a term used in marketing. Agile marketing means using the results of a marketing campaign to analyze whether the campaign is going to succeed or fail at the end and adjusting the marketing strategy. If initial results from the marketing campaign suggests the campaign is going to be a successful one, the marketers will use the data to make it a more successful one. If the initial results suggests the campaign is failing, the marketers can adjust their strategy to minimize their costs and make the failing campaign a successful one.

Differences between Traditional Marketing and Agile Marketing
-------------------------------------------------------------

* In agile marketing, fast changes are made to the campaign based on initial results.
* Agile marketing is a collective effort of a team rather than a few members.
* Use of real-time data and analytics to change the marketing strategy
* Agile marketing requires full time attention and devotion to the campaign

History of Agile Marketing
--------------------------

The concept of Agile Marketing was put forward on June 11, 2012 at a gathering of marketers known as the "Sprint Zero"
**Scandic Hotels** is a company that owns and manages hotels. It is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and mostly operates in countries like Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark. They also have hotels in Germany and Poland. As of the end of 2018, the company had 11,560 employees and ran 283 hotels with 51,693 rooms for guests. They have been committed to being environmentally friendly since 1994.

History
-------

The first hotel that started the Scandic chain was called Esso Motor Hotel. It opened in 1963 in Laxå, Sweden, and was popular because people were traveling more by car. The chain grew to 59 hotels in Europe by 1972. Esso then sold the hotels outside of Scandinavia, and the remaining 32 hotels, including five in Norway and Denmark, became the biggest hotel chain in Sweden in 1973.

In 1983, a Swedish group led by Ratos bought the company and named it Scandic Hotels. Ratos became the sole owner in 1985. In 1986, they opened their first hotel outside Scandinavia in Germany.

During the Gulf Crisis in 1990/91, the business was affected, and new management took over in 1992. In 1996, they bought Reso Hotels and became a publicly traded company. They expanded into Finland and Estonia in the following years.

In 2001, Scandic Hotels was bought by the Hilton Group, which is based in London. Then, in 2007, a Swedish company called EQT purchased the hotel chain for 833 million euros. In July 2013, Scandic Hotels teamed up with Swiss Hospitality to improve its digital systems. In 2014, Scandic Hotels acquired the Rica Hotels chain, which included 72 hotels in Norway and Sweden.

In December 2015, Scandic Hotels went back on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.

In 2014, Scandic Hotels introduced a new brand called HTL hotels, but in June 2016, they stopped using it and turned the four hotels in Stockholm and Oslo back into Scandic Hotels. In 2017, Scandic Hotels bought 43 Restel hotels in Finland, including Cumulus and Holiday Inn, for 114.5 million euros.

In March 2020, due to the Coronavirus pandemic, many Scandic employees were laid off. By April of that year, Scandic Hotels had a very low occupancy rate of only six percent, which caused them to lose over six billion in 2020.

Description
-----------

By the end of 2018, the company had 11,560 employees and ran 283 hotels with 51,693 rooms for guests. In 2018, they made a profit of SEK 1,957 million.

Sustainability
--------------

Scandic Hotels has been committed to being environmentally friendly since 1994. They teach their employees about sustainability and have eco-friendly rooms. In 2001, their breakfasts in Swedish hotels received a special ecological certificate, and by 2004, all Swedish hotels had earned the "Swan" ecolabel.

Since 2015, Scandic Hotels has aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. They have teamed up with Too Good To Go and Karma to reduce food waste in their hotels.
**Monodontidae** is a small group of toothed whales with two species: the narwhal (***Monodon monoceros***) and the beluga (***Delphinapterus leucas***). These marine mammals are known for their unique characteristics, distribution, and importance in nature.

Classification
--------------

Monodontidae is in the Cetacea order, which includes all whales, dolphins, and porpoises. It's part of the toothed whale suborder Odontoceti, specifically in the superfamily Delphinoidea. Monodontidae shares this category with other families like Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) and Phocoenidae (porpoises).

Physical Traits
---------------

### Narwhal

Narwhals have a tusk, a long tooth growing up to 10 feet (~3 meters) long, mainly seen in males. Female tusks are smaller and cone-shaped. They have spotted gray/brown skin for camouflage and are medium-sized, about 13 to 18 feet (4 to 5.4 meters) long.

### Beluga

Identified by their white color and round forehead or melon. They lack dorsal fins, helping in icy waters. Belugas reach 13 to 20 feet (4 to 6 meters) long, with males usually being larger.

Habitat
-------

Narwhals and belugas live in the Arctic and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Narwhals inhabit the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Russian waters. Belugas have a wider range from the Arctic Ocean to subarctic regions like the Bering Sea and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Behavior
--------

Both species are social and vocal. Belugas are famous for varied vocalizations like clicks, whistles, and other sounds, important for communication and navigation in their often dark habitats. They prefer shallow coastal waters and migrate based on ice and prey changes.

Diet
----

Monodontids feed on fish, squid, and crustaceans, adapted to their cold-water homes. They use echolocation (high-frequency clicks that bounce off objects) to locate prey by echo, detecting prey size, shape, and location.

Conservation
------------

IUCN lists narwhals and belugas as least concern, but climate change and habitat loss are potential threats. Shrinking Arctic ice due to warming affects ice-covered hunting/resting areas. Human activities like shipping and resource extraction generate noise pollution, impacting their communication and navigation.
Manuscript of Missa *O Crux Lignum*, a mass by Busnois. The date is not certain but probably mid 15th century.
**Antoine Busnois** (pronounce "AN-twun bew-NWAH") (also spelt **Busnoys**) (born about 1430; died 6 November 1492) was a French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School. He wrote church music, such as motets, as well as secular (non-religious) chansons. He was the most important composer of the late Burgundian school after the death of Guillaume Dufay.

Life
----

We do not know where Busnois was born. It might have been in the tiny village of Business in the Artois district. Maybe he took his name from the village.

Nothing is known about his musical education. We know that he got into trouble in 1461 because he was said to be in a group of people who beat up a priest on five occasions. At that time he was a chaplain in Tours cathedral. While the attack was being investigated he went to mass. This led to him being excommunicated, but later the pope pardoned him.

In 1465 he moved from the cathedral to the collegiate church of St. Martin, also in Tours, where he became a subdeacon. Johannes Ockeghem was treasurer there, and the two composers seem to have known each other well. Later in 1465 Busnois moved to Poitiers, where he not only became "maîtrise" (master of the choirboys), but managed to get lots of good singers from the region. By this time he was famous as a singing teacher and composer. However he left the job for some reason in 1466 and then moved to Burgundy.

By 1467 Busnois was a composer at the court of Burgundy. Soon Charles the Bold was on the throne. Charles fought many wars, and sometimes took Busnois and other musicians on his military journeys. In 1477 Charles was killed at the Battle of Nancy. Busnois continued to work for the Burgundian court until 1482. Nothing is known about what he did after that. He died in 1492.

His music
---------

He was very well known as a composer and his music was sung in many parts of Europe. 
He was the probably the best-known musician in Europe between the time of Guillaume Dufay and Johannes Ockeghem. 

Busnois wrote sacred and secular music. It is likely that a lot of his music is now lost. Two of his masses and eight motets have survived. The style of his music is somewhere between the simple homophonic music of Dufay and Binchois, and the more elaborate imitation of Josquin..

Busnois may have been the composer of the famous tune *L'homme armé*, one of the most popular tunes of the Renaissance. The tune was often used as a cantus firmus for mass composition. He may have been the very first composer to write a mass based on *L'homme armé*. This mass was a big influence on many composers.

Busnois is remembered today for many of his chansons (French secular songs). Some of the tunes were used by later composers in their masses.
A **Salt evaporation pond** (or **saltern pond**) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds. 

The color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color. 

  

* Ponds on the Ile de Ré in France.Ponds on the Ile de Ré in France.
* Salt ponds in the San Francisco Bay area. The different colors are from different kinds of microorganisms in the ponds.Salt ponds in the San Francisco Bay area. The different colors are from different kinds of microorganisms in the ponds.
* Another pond in Aigues-Mortes, in France.Another pond in Aigues-Mortes, in France.
* The salt, after it has been collected (This one in Batz-sur-Mer, in France.The salt, after it has been collected (This one in Batz-sur-Mer, in France.
* Man harvesting salt in a pond of Algeria.Man harvesting salt in a pond of Algeria.
* Salineras de Maras, Maras, Peru.Salineras de Maras, Maras, Peru.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Salt evaporation pond***.

* NASA page on salt ponds Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Information on the San Francisco Bay salt ponds
* Interactive satellite view
**Glasgow International Airport** (Scottish Gaelic: *Port-adhair Eadar-nàiseanta Ghlaschu*) (IATA: **GLA**, ICAO: **EGPF**) (used to be called **Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport**) is an international airport in Scotland. It is 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of the Glasgow city centre. The airport is in Paisley and near Renfrew in Renfrewshire. In 2011, almost 6.9 million passengers passed through the airport. This was 5.1% more than 2010. This makes Glasgow the second busiest airport in Scotland (Edinburgh Airport is the busiest). It is also the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport is the primary airport of Greater Glasgow.

The airport is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited owns four other UK airports. ADI Limited owns Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. The airlines which use the airport the most are British Airways and Loganair (as Flybe). Loganair uses Glasgow as a hub. Other big airlines using Glasgow as a base include BMI Regional, Flybe, EasyJet, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways.

Glasgow Airport was first opened in 1966. First, the only flights which took off from there flew to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. The British Airports Authority (BAA) took control of the airport in 1975. In the 1980s, flights from Glasgow began to go to other places in the world.

On 30 June 2007, Glasgow Airport had a terrorist attack. A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters was driven into the main terminal building. It caused some damage, killed one person (the terrorist) and injured four people.
The **Derbyshire Dome** is one of the keys to understanding the middle part of England. It is a geological formation across mid-Derbyshire in England.

A cross section of the Peak District showing the structure of an eroded dome
Geology Map of the Peak District
The White Peak area of the Peak District is named after the limestone plateau landscape of the 'Derbyshire Dome' anticline. It was laid down in a tropical sea about 350 million years ago in the Carboniferous period. Later the limestone raised above water in a dome shape. It was eroded so that many caverns existed. This is described as a karst landscape.

The plateau is mostly between 200m and 300m above sea level. This limestone outcrop is surrounded on the west, north and east by a horseshoe-shaped formation of younger sandstones (gritstones) and shales, known as the Dark Peak (see diagram). The town of Buxton is at the western edge of the limestone region. The Triassic sandstones of the Midlands plain are the south edge of the limestone region. 

The ground is hard to move across. Evidently much of it was made of coral reefs, which are very tough and irregular. The roads of the Peak District are narrow and winding. Motorways avoid the Peak District by being to the East and West of the dome.

The other main karst landscapes of England are the Yorkshire Dales and the Mendip Hills.
**Melksham** (/ˈmɛlkʃəm/) is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is 10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Bath and 6 mi (10 km) south of Chippenham. Melksham is 6 mi (10 km) west of Devizes and 12 mi (19 km) north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "sham", meaning fake. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has an unpopular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.

Melksham has very very poor transport infrastructure, with less than one train every 2 hours to nearby towns. The bus services are also as infrequent.

The main attraction in Melksham is it’s array of supermarkets, including Asda, Aldi, Lidl, Waitrose, Sainsburys and Iceland. It has the highest supermarket density in mainland Britain. There isn’t, however, a Tesco (except a small Tesco Metro) or Morrisons.

Cooper Tyres was a main employer but has recently let a lot of staff go.

Preschools
----------

* ABC Day Pre-School
* Bowerhill Pre-school
* King Fishers Pre-School
* Little Joeys
* Little Robins
* Queensway Chapel
* Sunflowers Pre-School

Shops
-----

* Aldi
* Boots
* Co-op
* Factory Shop
* Garden Centre
* Greggs
* Iceland
* Leeks
* Lidl
* Mc Donalds
* Melksham Flower Shop
* Peacocks
* Sainsburys
* Savers
* Specsavers
* Sports Bug
* Starbucks
* Toy master
* Waitrose
* Whitehall

Restaurants
-----------

* Bear
* Kings Arms
* Mc Donalds
* Milk Churn
* Reffa Tandori
* Water Meadow
* Weather Spoons

Walks in Melksham
-----------------

* Conigre Mead
* Melksham Forest
* River Avon
The **Advertising Standards Authority** (United Kingdom) checks the advertising industry in the United Kingdom. It does not enforce the law. Its code of advertising practice is generally in line with the law. The ASA is not paid for by the British government, but by a voluntary payment of about 0.1% on display advertising costs.

Its job is to "regulate the content of advertisements, sales promotions and direct marketing in the UK" by investigating "complaints made about ads, sales promotions or direct marketing", and deciding whether such advertising meets its advertising standards codes. These codes say that "before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove all claims, whether direct or implied, that are capable of objective substantiation" and that "no marketing communication should mislead, or be likely to mislead, by inaccuracy, ambiguity, exaggeration, omission or otherwise".

The agency has also restricted ads with women not fully dressed.

There are similar organisations in many other countries.
*Parable of the Wheat and the Tares*, 1624, by Abraham Bloemaert. The "lazy peasants" sleep instead of work, representing the sin of sloth.
In Christianity, **Sloth** is about a person not wanting to work, because of their lack of motivation. The person will be physically inactive and neglect what God has said. Very often, this will lead to resources being wasted. As an example, sloth is about a person not helping those in need, even though they would be able to. Sloth is one of the seven capital sins, which are also called seven deadly sins.

For Protestants, Diligence (or hard work) is one of the ways to please God. Max Weber (1864-1920) treats this in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In his work "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht", Immanuel Kant stated that of the capital sins sloth, cowardice and falsehood, the first one is the most despicable. However, he also sees this as a measure of self-protection of the individual, as long phases of hard work will lead a person to become tired, and to make short pauses between intervals of work. Without these pauses, the restless malice that is in the world would do a far greater amount of damage. In 1846, Louis Blanc wrote about the right to work. There was a financial crisis at the time, and many people were unemployed. The crisis led to the French Revolution of 1848.
In 1880, the Socialist Paul Lafargue published an essay called *The Right to be Lazy*, where he explains that the worker should have a right to be lazy.
**Mohammed Namadi Sambo** (born 2 August 1954) is a Nigerian politician who was Vice President of Nigeria from 19 May 2010 to 29 May 2015. Before then, he served as the Governor of Kaduna from 2007 to 2010.

Biography
---------

Sambo attended his primary school education at the Baptist Primary School in Kakuri Kaduna state in the year 1959, he then moved to Kobi Primary School, in Bauchi state and finally went to Towns School, Zaria where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate (FSLC). After completing his primary school education, Sambo went to Government Secondary School, Zaria and obtained his West African School Certificate (WASC) in 1971.

While in 1972, Sambo was admitted to School of Basic Studies at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (ABU) and later got admission to study Architectural science at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Where he graduated in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Architecture (B.Sc,) (Hons)

Also, in 1978, Sambo went on and obtained a Masters Degree in Architecture (M.sc) from the same university. Lastly, in 1978, Sambo was posted to the Ministry of Works and Housing for his National Youth Service in Oyo states.

As Governor
-----------

In May 2007, Sambo assumed office as Governor of Kaduna State. Where by his term ended on 18 May 2010. Sambo had an 11-point agenda as Governor of Kaduna State which was mainly focus on empowering the youth and women of the community and to address a very good security for the state. While still serving as governor, he was picked by the president of Nigeria to become the Vice President of Nigeria in early 2010.

As Vice President
-----------------

After the death of President Umaru Yar'Adua, Goodluck Jonathan became the President of Nigeria. Jonathan nominated Sambo as Vice President and his official correspondence conveying the nomination of Sambo for the VP position was received by the National Assembly on 15 May 2010. On 18 May 2010, the National Assembly approved the nomination.

On 19 May 2010, Namadi Sambo was formally sworn in as the Vice-President of Nigeria.
Relay For Life
Close-up of a luminaria placed at a Relay for Life.
**Relay For Life** is a fundraising event for cancer held around the world. It was originally organised in the United States, by the American Cancer Society, a volunteer charity organisation. The event has now spread to more than 20 countries. The goal of the event is to raise money for cancer research and patients with cancer.

In Canada, this event is organised by the Canadian Cancer Society. Teams of 10 people compete in relays and consist of people representing corporations, communities, families and friends. The first Relay For Life in Canada was held in 1999, and raised CA$85,000. Since then, the number of relays and participants has increased each year. In 2011, $55 million was raised. To participate, one team need to be formed and registered online to the official website of the Canadian Cancer Society or with a paper form. Each member has to raise a minimum of CA$100 in donation or by selling luminaries. Luminaries are special candles that are placed in bags and carry the names of cancer survivors and loved ones who have died. In a moving ceremony after sunset, luminaries placed around the track are lit in honour of cancer survivors and in memory of those who have lost the battle against cancer.

Other websites
--------------

* Relay For Life website
* American Cancer Society Relay For Life Archived 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Relay For Life International
* Canadian Cancer Society Relay For Life
* Cancer Research UK Relay For Life
* New Zealand Relay For Life Archived 2014-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Australian Relay For Life
**Catherine Helen Spence** (31 October 1825 – 3 April 1910) was a Scottish-Australian journalist and author in Australia. She fought for the rights of poor people, orphans, criminals, women, and children. She devoted most of her life to making change in South Australia. She strongly believed that women should be allowed to vote. Spence believed that everyone should get a good education. She was the first Australian woman to try to join the government.

She was lovingly called "the Grand Old Woman of Australia". In Scotland a plaque was made at her birthplace in 1999 (89 years after she died). She died in Adelaide, South Australia.

Early life
----------

Catherine Helen Spence was born in 1825 in Melrose, Scotland. She moved to South Australia with her family in 1839. She went to a small private school and got a good education. Spence started working as a private teacher when she was 17 years old. She became good at giving public speeches and preaching.

Activism
--------

Catherine Helen Spence was an activist for many humans' rights. She made many public speeches on the subjects she thought were important. She wrote several books. She did not sign with her own name on the first few books she wrote. Her first book was about Australia. It was the first book about Australia created by a woman. She created a program that helped the poor and children without families. Spence was important to an organization that supported women’s right to vote. South Australia (the place she lived) became the first place to let women vote.

Spence wrote about wanting equality in the government and fairness towards women. She wanted women to be paid as much as men. She also wanted the environments that women worked in to be safe and healthy. Most people were not ready to accept her ideas in South Australia.
Macadamia nut
The **macadamia nut** is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There is 
more than one kind of Macadamia tree. Only two kinds are grown for food.

The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to 25 feet (7.6 metres) high. It has groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well-drained soil (water can flow away easily) and 40 to 100 inches (1,000 to 2,500 mm) of rain a year.

The nutmeat (the soft part inside the shell that can be eaten) is mostly a creamy white color. Sometimes it looks a bit yellow. It has a flavor that many people like. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked) by themselves. They are used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People use them like almonds and cashews as part of cooked meals. This is an Oriental style of cooking.

The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production started in Hawaii during the 1920s. Production later spread to California, Mexico, and other places with warm climate.

Macadamias are poisonous to dogs. A dog usually needs 24 to 48 hours to recover fully after eating macadamias.The plant is in the Proteaceae family of flowering plants.
**Rivers of Estonia** are short and mostly have small water flow. Only 10 rivers are longer than 100 km.

Longest rivers
--------------

| # | Name | Length (km) | Basin (km2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Võhandu | 162 | 1,420 |
| 2. | Pärnu river | 144 | 6,920 |
| 3. | Põltsamaa | 135 | 1,310 |
| 4. | Pedja | 122 | 2,710 |
| 5. | Keila | 116 | 682 |
| 6. | Kasari | 112 | 3,210 |
| 7. | Piusa | 109 | 796 |
| 8. | Pirita | 105 | 799 |
| 9. | Emajõgi | 101 | 9,740 |
| 10. | Navesti | 100 | 3,000 |

  


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Contents | Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

A
-

Aavoja 
- Agali
- Ahja 
- Alajõgi 
- Allika 
- Ambla 
- Amme 
- Angerja stream 
- Antsla 
- Apna
- Ärma 
- Aruküla 
- Atla 
- Audru
- Avaste stream
- Avijõgi

E
-

Emajõgi (*Embach*)
- Elbu 
- Elva 
- Enge 
- Erra 
- Esna

G
-

Gorodenka

H
-

Häädemeeste
- Haavakivi
- Halliste 
- Härjapea 
- Harku stream
- Helme
- Hilba
- Humalaste
- Hundikuristiku stream
- Hüüru

J
-

Jaama (Struuga)
- Jägala 
- Jänijõgi
- Järveotsa stream
- Jõelähtme 
- Jõku
- Jurga stream 
- Juudaoja

K
-

Kääpa 
- Kalita stream
- Kalli 
- Kargaja
- Kärla 
- Käru
- Kasari 
- Kata
- Katku stream
- Kavilda
- Keila 
- Kloostri
- Kodila
- Kohtra 
- Kolga
- Kolga stream
- Kõpu
- Koosa
- Kroodi stream
- Kuivajõgi
- Kuke
- Külge stream
- Kulgu
- Kullavere 
- Kunda 
- Kurina
- Kurna stream
- Kuura

L
-

Laatre
- Laeva
- Lahavere stream
- Lähkma
- Leevi
- Leisi
- Lemmejõgi 
- Lemmjõgi 
- Liivi 
- Lintsi 
- Lodja stream
- Loo
- Loobu 
- Lõve
- Luguse 
- Luutsna

M
-

Maadevahe
- Mädajõgi
- Mädara
- Mähe stream
- Maidla
- Massu
- Mõra
- Munalaskme stream 
- Mustajõgi 
- Mustjõgi (Endla) 
- Mustjõgi (Gauja basin) 
- Mustjõgi (Jägala basin) 
- Mustjõgi (Tallinn) 
- Mustoja (Lahemaa)
- Mustvee
- Muuga stream

N
-

Nahavere stream
- Naravere stream
- Narva 
- Nasva 
- Nõva
- Nurtu 
- Navesti
- Nuutri

O
-

Õhne 
- Onga
- Orajõgi

P
-

Paadrema 
- Paala
- Pääsküla
- Pada 
- Pala
- Pale
- Paltra
- Pärlijõgi
- Pärnu river
- Pede 
- Pedeli
- Pedja 
- Peeda
- Peetri
- Penijõgi 
- Piigaste stream
- Piilsi
- Pikknurme
- Pirita 
- Piusa 
- Põduste 
- Põltsamaa 
- Porijõgi
- Poruni 
- Prandi
- Preedi
- Pühajõgi (Ida-Virumaa)
- Pühajõgi (Saaremaa)
- Punapea
- Purtse

R
-

Raasiku
- Rannametsa
- Rannamõisa 
- Rannapungerja 
- Räpu 
- Raudna 
- Reiu
- Reopalu
- Retla
- Riguldi

S
-

Saarjõgi
- Saki
- Saku
- Salajõgi 
- Salla
- Salme
- Sämi
- Sauga 
- Selja 
- Sigaste stream
- Sillaorsa
- Sitapätsi
- Sõmeru
- Soodla 
- Sõtke
- Struuga (Jaama)
- Surju stream
- Surjupera stream
- Suuremõisa

T
-

Taebla 
- Tagajõgi 
- Tänassilma
- Tarvastu
- Tatra
- Teenuse
- Timmkanal 
- Tirtsi
- Tiskre stream 
- Tõdva
- Tõlla stream
- Toolse
- Topi
- Tori
- Tõrvajõgi
- Tõrvanõmme stream
- Tõstamaa
- Treppoja 
- Tuhala
- Tuudi

U
-

Ulila
- Umbusi 
- Ura
- Uueveski stream

V
-

Vääna 
- Vaemla 
- Vaidava
- Väike Emajõgi 
- Vainupea
- Valgejõgi 
- Valuoja
- Vändra
- Vara stream
- Vardi
- Vardja
- Varsaallika stream
- Värska stream 
- Vasalemma 
- Vaskjõgi
- Veelikse stream
- Velise 
- Vigala 
- Vihterpalu 
- Visela
- Visula
- Vodja
- Võhandu 
- Võhkse
- Võhu
- Võlupe
- Vorsti
- Võsu
**Pseudorandomness** is a process which has a result that seems to be random. Even if the result seems to be random, the process can be predicted.

This near random process is important to online security. Because the result can be predicted, it is important that the "*seed,*"(or first input) and the process are kept hidden.

History
-------

The creation of random numbers has many uses, mostly in statistics, and simulations. Before computers, researchers that needed random numbers would get them from dice, cards, roulette wheels, etc, or by random number tables.

The first attempt to crate a large amount of random numbers was in 1927. This was when Cambridge University Press put out a list of 41,600 numbers made by L.H.C. Tippett. In 1947, the RAND Corporation created random numbers by simulating a roulette wheel using a computer. The results were published in 1955 with the title of, *"A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates".*

Unpredictability as "near random"
---------------------------------

By using radioactive substances with radioactive decay, or by tuning a radio between stations, near random numbers can be created for short amounts of time. The time needed to get these numbers led to a change. This was using these generated numbers as a "seed" instead of a result. The less numbers created by this process, the more random the result would seem. Another compromise is to combine the timings between keystrokes of multiple people.

People's actions have been proven to be useful for Multi-factor authentication. Also, studies have shown that pseudo random numbers can sometimes be predicted. This becomes more difficult when in small amounts.

In computational complexity
---------------------------

In theoretical computer science, a distribution (set of numbers) is considered to be **pseudorandom** if it is similar enough to other sets. This idea of pseudorandomness is studied and has importance in cryptography.

Related pages
-------------

* Pseudorandom number generator
* Random

Further reading
---------------

* Donald E. Knuth (1997) *The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd edition)*. Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN 0-201-89684-2
* Oded Goldreich. (2008) *Computational Complexity: a conceptual perspective*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88473-0.   **(Limited preview at Google Books)**
* Vadhan, S. P. (2012). "Pseudorandomness". *Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science*. **7** (1–3): 1–336. doi:10.1561/0400000010.

*
Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy
**Dabbala Rajagopal (Raj) Reddy** (born Kattoor, India 19 June 1937) is an Indian computer scientist and Carnegie Mellon University professor. He is noted for his contributions to artificial intelligence, robotics and speech recognition.

Reddy developed Hearsay I, the first speech recognition system, which is the foundation for all commercial speech recognition programs today. He received his master's degree in computer science at the University of New South Wales in 1961 and his PhD from Stanford University in 1966.

Reddy served on the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University for over 40 years. He has won many international awards for his work, including the Turing Award (which is computer science's greatest honor), membership in the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Legion of Honour, the IBM Research Ralph Gomory Fellow Award, the Padma Bhushan, the Okawa Prize, the Honda Prize, the IJCAI Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award, and the Vannevar Bush Award.

Other sources
-------------

"Raj Reddy." World of Computer Science. Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 8 May 2015.
"Dr Raj Reddy makes PCs talk the masses language." Businessline. 21 Dec. 2004 eLibrary. Web. 29 May. 2015.
Diagram of a knee
In anatomy, the word **ligament** usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.

A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. They do *not* connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. 

Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. 
The result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.
**Ko Young-min** (born February 8, 1984 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player of the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears. He graduated from Seung-Nam High School. His height is 182.0 cm. and his weight is 76.0 kg. 

His position is second baseman. He is a member of the national team. He has fast legs and a great catching ability. His nickname is Koget. He is a second fielder. *Koget* is a compound word made up of his family name and an animation gadget. His experiences as a member of the national team are in the Beijing Olympic Games and the second WBC. He won the golden glove prize in 2007. He also won the Korea professional baseball at second baseman prize. He got the best point prize in 2007 for the Samsung PAVV professional baseball team.

Career stats
------------

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | Pos | G | AB |  R |  H |  2B | 3B | HR | RBI | TB | SB |  CS | SH | BB |  HBP | K | GIDP | E | AVG | OBP | SLG | OPS |
| 2002 | Doosan | 2B | 16 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .100 | .100 | .100 | .200 |
| 2003 | 2B | 32 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | .231 | .231 | .231 | .462 |
| 2005 | 2B | 16 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | .118 | .167 | .118 | .285 |
| 2006 | 2B | 116 | 315 | 38 | 85 | 15 | 5 | 2 | 29 | 116 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 24 | 12 | 59 | 6 | 11 | .270 | .337 | .368 | .705 |
| 2007 | 2B | **126** | 444 | **89** | 119 | 29 | 1 | 12 | 66 | 186 | 36 | 10 | 14 | 61 | 17 | 105 | 9 | 9 | .268 | .368 | .419 | .787 |
| 2008 | 2B | **126** | 427 | 84 | 114 | 15 | 3 | 9 | 70 | 162 | 39 | 9 | 13 | **74** | 14 | **109** | 10 | 9 | .267 | .383 | .379 | .762 |
| 2009 | 2B | 85 | 281 | 59 | 66 | 11 | 3 | 6 | 29 | 101 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 33 | 13 | 76 | 3 | 6 | .235 | .339 | .359 | .689 |
|
| Total |  | 2B | 432 | 1226 | 216 | 324 | 59 | 9 | 23 | 166 | 470 | 91 | 30 | 35 | 159 | 44 | 286 | 25 | 30 | .264 | .360 | .383 | .743 |
|

**Bold** = led KBO
**Anna (T) Alida Theresia Nilsson** (April 27,1869 - December 11, 1947) was a Malmö drawing teacher, suffragist, peace activist, and women's rights activist. Nilsson became a drawing teacher in 1890. In 1914, Nilsson committed suffrage to be a role model for other women, and fight for women’s rights. After the First World War, Nilsson joined the women’s peace movement. Nilsson was elected to the board of the "International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom" when it was started in 1919 In 1929 Nilsson retired, and began traveling around Europe by train and bus. In 1934 Nilsson started collected history textbooks from different countries to compare.

Early life
----------

Nilsson was born at Toarp manor house in Södra Säm, Västergötland. She was born into a Swedish family. Her dad was Hans Petter Nilsson, who was a textile cottage industry promoter. Her mother was Albertina Juliana. In 1885 Nilsson’s father passed away and was replaced by a guardian. Her mother then remarried to a relative. Nilsson was the fourth child out of her five siblings, and she was especially close with her older sister Ada Nilsson.

Career
------

Nilsson attended the Lyceum school with her sister and received her qualifications to be a drawing instructor in 1890. Nilsson worked as a junior teacher at the Stockholm Tekniska professional school for two years. During this time she also gained her penmanship qualifications. After, she moved to Malmö, where she spent eight years at "Tekniska Afternoon- and Evening-School" working as a drawing instructor. For six months in 1900 she worked as a pattern designer in Stockholm.

Nisson was a peace activist. She was a delegate to the International Women’s Peace Congress, The Hague, in 1915. Nilsson was an author of books about peace. She wrote four books: 

* *Data and Facts in the Peace Movement*, (1924);
* *From Two Battlefields, and A Third*, (1933);
* *Peace Movement ABC*, (1934);
* *Ten Happy Years Traveling in Peace Work*, (1945).
The French **National Museum of Natural History** (*Muséum national d'histoire naturelle*) is the national natural history museum of France and a part of Sorbonne Universities. 

The main museum is in Paris, on the left bank of the River Seine. It was founded in 1793 during the French Revolution, but was established earlier in 1635. The museum has 14 sites in France, with four in Paris. It includes the **Jardin des Plantes**, which is one of the seven departments of the museum.

History
-------

The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution. Its origins lie in the **Jardin royal des plantes médicinales** (royal garden of medicinal plants) created by King Louis XIII in 1635, which was directed and run by the royal physicians. The royal proclamation of the boy-king Louis XV on 31 March 1718 removed the purely medical function. This allowed the garden, the **Jardin du Roi** (King's garden), to focus on natural history.

For much of the 18th century (1739–1788), the garden was under the direction of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, one of the leading naturalists of the Enlightenment. It brought international fame and prestige to the establishment. The royal institution survived the French Revolution by being reorganized in 1793 as a republican **Muséum national d'histoire naturelle** with twelve professorships of equal rank. Some of its early professors included eminent comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier and evolutionary pioneers Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. The museum's aims were to instruct the public, put together collections and conduct scientific research.
**Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo** is a zoo located on Yanlu Road in Gulou District, Nanjing, China. It is a national AAAA tourist attraction. The total area of the park is 68 hectares or 168 acres. 

85% of the mountain area of the zoo is covered with a forest. It has 216 species[*needs to be explained*] and 2600 species of rare animals from around the world.

Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo has more than 4000 animals and rare species. These include white tigers, ring-tailed lemurs, chimpanzees, chromotropic pythons, and penguins. It has government-protected animals: giant and red pandas, golden and black-leafed monkeys, gibbons, red-crowned cranes, manchurian tigers, green peacocks, and alligators. There are also Asian elephants, giraffes, zebras, kangaroos, leopards, and other rare animals. Among the 20 kinds of birds are grey and blue magpies,and parrots.

| * v
* t
* e
Zoos, Aquaria, & Aviaries |
| --- |
| Types of zoos | Animal Theme Park  **·**  Aquarium  **·**  Aviary  **·**  Bear pit  **·**  Butterfly zoo  **·**  Dolphinarium  **·**  Herpetarium  **·**  Insectarium  **·**  Marine mammal park **·**  Menagerie  **·**  Night Safari  **·**  Safari park  **·**  Oceanarium  **·**  Petting zoo  **·**  Reptile centre  **·**  Serpentarium  **·**  Vivarium  **·**  Zoo |
| Conservation | Biodiversity  **·**  Endangered species  **·**  Extinction  **·**  Ex-situ conservation **·**  In-situ conservation |
| Lists | Aquaria  **·**  Dolphinariums  **·**  Zoos **·**  Zoo associations |
| Animals | Amphibian  **·**  Bird  **·**  Fish  **·**  Invertebrate  **·**  Mammal  **·**  Reptile |
| Other topics | Animals in captivity  **·**  Animal training  **·**  Behavioral enrichment  **·**  Captive breeding  **·**  Frozen zoo  **·**  Immersion exhibit  **·**  Nocturnal house  **·**  Zookeeper  **·**  Zoology |
**Lifeline Theatre** started in Chicago, Illinois, United States, in 1983. Five Northwestern University graduates started the theater group. They moved to Rogers Park—a converted Commonwealth Edison substation— in 1986. This includes a 99-seat theater, rehearsal and office space, a scene shop, and costume, prop, and scenery storage.

Awards
------

### Chicago/Illinois awards

Since 1986, Lifeline members have received 48 Joseph Jefferson Awards.

### National awards

Member Meryl Friedman won the 1999 Distinguished Play Award in the Elementary Category from the American Alliance of Theatre and Education for her adaptation of *Journey of the Sparrows*, produced at Lifeline in 1996.[*source?*]

The American Alliance for Theater and Education awarded Lifeline the 2003 Sara Spencer Artistic Achievement Award for sustained and successful achievement in the field of theater for young audiences.

Production History
------------------

Lifeline Theatre's work includes MainStage productions:

* *Pride and Prejudice*
* *The Overcoat*
* *The Left Hand of Darkness*
* *The Talisman Ring*
* *Jane Eyre*
* *Cat's Cradle*
* *Around the World in 80 Days*
* *The Killer Angels*
* *A Room with a View*
* *The Island of Dr. Moreau*
* *The Mark of Zorro*
* *Treasure Island*
* *Neverwhere*
* *The Moonstone*
* *Watership Down*
* *The Count of Monte Cristo*

Family MainStage productions have included: 

* *A Wrinkle in Time*
* *Lizard Music*
* *The Snarkout Boys and the Avocado of Death*
* *The Phantom Tollbooth*
* *Journey of the Sparrows*
* *The Silver Chair*
* *Johnny Tremain*

In 1986 Lifeline started its KidSeries program. Productions have included:

* *Mr. Popper's Penguins*
* *Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel*
* *Bunnicula*
* *James and the Giant Peach*
* *The Story of Ferdinand*
* *Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle*
* *My Father's Dragon*
* *Click Clack Moo: Cows That Type*
* *The Stinky Cheese Man*
* *Duck for President*
* *The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs!*
* *The Velveteen Rabbit*
* *The Last of the Dragons*
* *Arnie the Doughnut*.

Players
-------

Lifeline Theatre's members are: Patrick Blashill, Christina Calvit, Victoria DeIorio, Alan Donahue, Kevin D. Gawley, Peter Greenberg, James E. Grote, Chris Hainsworth, John Hildreth, Paul S. Holmquist, Elise Kauzlaric, Robert Kauzlaric, Frances Limoncelli, Katie McLean Hainsworth, Dorothy Milne (Artistic Director), Shole Milos, Sandy Snyder Pietz, Suzanne Plunkett, Phil Timberlake, Jennifer Tyler, Christopher M. Walsh, and Elizabeth Powell Wislar. Emeritus members include: Eric Lane Barnes, Meryl Friedman, Rebecca Hamlin, James Sie, and Steve Totland.

Other websites
--------------

* Lifeline Theatre official website
The eruptive period lasted two days. [46] The first phase, which lasted about 18 hours and allowed most residents to flee, was pumice rain (lapilli). The fact that only about 1,150 bodies have been discovered on site so far[47] seems to support this notion, and most escapees are likely to have managed to rescue some of their most expensive possessions; several skeletons have been discovered carrying jewelry, money, and silverware.

Pyroclastic flows, consisting of high-speed, dense, and extremely hot ash clouds, began near the volcano at some point during the night or early the next day, completely or partially destroying all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population, and altering the landscape, including the coastline. The eruption was over by the nightfall of the second day, leaving just a haze in its wake.

Heat, not ash suffocation, was the predominant cause of death at Pompeii and adjacent towns, according to a multidisciplinary volcanological and bio-anthropological study[48] of the eruption products and victims, fused with numerical models and tests. The findings of the study, published in 2010, demonstrate that even if individuals were covered within structures, exposure to at least 250 °C (480 °F) hot pyroclastic flows at a distance of 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the vent was enough to cause instant death. Pompeii's inhabitants and houses were buried in up to twelve separate layers of tephra, totaling up to 6 meters (19.7 feet) deep.

Pliny the Younger wrote a first-hand description of Mount Vesuvius' explosion from his Misenum perch across the Bay of Naples, although it was published 25 years afterwards. [49] Pliny the Elder, his uncle, perished while attempting to rescue trapped victims, with whom he had a strong relationship. Pliny the Elder, as commander of the fleet, had ordered the Imperial Navy ships stationed at Misenum to cross the harbor to aid evacuation efforts. Pliny the Younger's account of the eruption is so important that similar events are now referred to as "Plinian" by volcanologists. Based on one version of the letter, it was long assumed that the eruption occurred in August, although another version[50] specifies a date of the eruption as late as September.
Massacres of Erzeroum
The **Massacres of Erzerum**. Turkish soldiers took an active part in the massacres in Erzeroum. The soldiers began a massacre of the Armenians and the Turkish populace joined in the attack. The shops and houses of the Armenians were pillaged.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| Over 60,000 Armenians have been butchered. In Trebizond, Ezeroum, Erzinghian, Hassankaleh and numberless other places the Christians were crushed like grapes during the vintage. | "|

British consul
--------------

Following the massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895, a British consul put the hand on two letters sent to his brother and to his parents by a Turkish soldier:

"My brother, if you want news from here, we killed 1 200 Armenians, all tiny rooms in pâtée for dog [... ] Mother, I am healthy and except. Father, twenty days ago, we carried out the war against the Armenian incrédules. By the grace of God, no misfortune arrived to us. The rumour says that our battalion will be dispatched in your part of the world - if it is the case, we will kill all the Armenians there. Other share, 511 Armenians were wounded, and it perishes about it one or two each day. If you want news of the soldiers and bachi bouzouks, not only one did not bleed of the nose [... ] That God blesses you."

Related pages
-------------

* Armenian Genocide
* Hamidian massacres
* Massacres in Harput District

Publications
------------

* THE DESTITUTION AT ERZEROUM.; Review of the Massacre and Plunder Worse than Sassoun's, New York Times, December 6, 1895
* Erzeroum Massacres, Harpers Weekly, December 14, 1895

Other websites
--------------

* Massacres of Erzerum (in French)
* The Vilayet of Erzeroum