recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby** (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer who worked as a spy for the Soviet Union, before defecting in 1963.

Philby began his work for the Soviet Union as a spy in 1934. He went on to serve the KGB for 54 years. He passed over 900 British documents to the KGB. He served as a double agent.

Of the five spies in the Cambridge Five spy ring, Philby was believed to have been the most successful at passing information to the Soviet Union.

In 1961, defector Anatoliy Golitsyn gave information which pointed to Philby. An MI6 officer, Nicholas Elliott, was sent in 1963 to interview him in Beirut. He reported that Philby seemed to know he was coming (this suggested the presence of yet another mole). Nonetheless, Philby allegedly confessed to Elliott.

Shortly afterwards, apparently fearing he might be abducted in Lebanon, Philby defected to the Soviet Union. He fled, under cover of night, to a Soviet freighter.

Related pages
-------------

* Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)
The **Heidelberg Tavern massacre** occurred in Observatory, Cape Town on 30 December 1993. Three people associated with the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) entered the tavern and shot at the crowd. They killed four students and the owner of a restaurant which was close. The owner had gone outside to investigate, because he had heard gunshots. An unexploded bomb (with nails strapped to it) was found in the restaurant, close to the main entrance.

Massacre
--------

During the years of apartheid, Observatory was one of the few *de facto* "grey" suburbs where all races lived together. On the evening of 30 December 1993, three men entered a popular student venue on Station Road, called the Heidelberg Tavern and opened fire, killing four people and injuring five. The three APLA operatives - Humphrey Luyanda Gqomfa, Vuyisile Brian Madasi and Zola Prince Mabala - were convicted in November 1994 for what became known as the Heidelberg Massacre. On 16 July 1998, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted the three amnesty.
Disc harrow, made for a tractor
A **harrow** is a farm tool. It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing.

The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing. 

Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

Types
-----

There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

* Disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following plowing to break up the sod. The discs have notched edges and are slightly curved to help them catch the soil and rotate. This helps mix the soil, instead of leaving ridges and trails behind. In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than working by being dragged. *Giant disc* harrows can be used in place of a plow in rough areas with tree stumps and rocks.

* Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed. They can also be used on pastures to spread out manure, or for smoothing a playing field, such as a baseball infield.

* Tine harrows are used to prepare the field before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the soil between rows. This lets water soak into the ground easier. A tine is a metal bar pointing to the ground. Unlike a disc, it does not rotate.

* The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about 1 inch (3 cm) deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.

Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting. If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

A *drag* is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.
**Honeypot ants**, or **repletes**, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens, filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honepot ants.

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones. 

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called *repletes*.

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant *Myrmecocystus mexicanus*. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.
**Jamaican Patois**, known as Patwa, Jamaican Creole or simply Jamaican, is an English-African Creole language spoken mostly in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora.

Formation of the language
-------------------------

Jamaican Patois was developed in the 17th century with the arrival of West African slaves. Once they arrived in the island, they had to quickly learn and neutralize the dialectal forms of the English language. The slaves, just like in any region of the Caribbean rather speak their original tongue than learn the proper forms of the European languages of their masters.

### Irish influence

Jamaican Creole draws an Irish phonetic sounds in some areas of Jamaica, however, the schools and education in Jamaica are based on the British English in the writing, reading and speech.

### African influence

Jamaican Patois has African influences dating back to the 17th century. Its syntax, sounds, phonetics, grammar, and plenty of words show African influence in every aspect.

### Chinese and East Indian influence

The Jamaican language has hundreds or thousands of words with origins of the Cantonese and the Indian languages, such as "Ganja" (Mariguana).
The **K1A1** is a remodeled and upgraded version of K1, the main battle tank of the South Korean army. It looks similar to the K1 tank. The first test model, made by Hyundai, was shown to the public on April 3, 1996. It went through performance tests for two years from 1999 to 2001. Production began on October 13, 2001. It is planned to produce 484 of them by 2010. The K2 Black Panther is planned to replace it after that.

The reason for the upgrade was to increase the fire power of the K1. The main 105mm gun was replaced with the M256 120mm gun. The M256 122mm has 1.5 times the range and 1.7 times stronger fire power than the older gun. It also changed its armor, called Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP), which greatly improved its side shield.

The K1A1 weighs about 53.2 tons and can seat four people. Besides the main gun, there are two kinds of machine guns, 12.7mm K6 and two 7.62mm M60s as secondary arms. Guns and a turret are able to move independently of the main body. This improves its accuracy rate.

The K1A1 is designed for Korea’s mountainous land. It provides a smoother ride as well as higher speed driving on a sloping hill, compared to the K1. The maximum speed is around 65km/h on the level ground, 40km/h on the mountains. Its fire control system involves KCPS (Korea Commander’s Panoramic Sight), KGPS (Korean Gunners Primary Sight), digital ballistic calculator, and some minor factors. The notable fact is that the development of this system was mostly done by Korean technology.
**Jamelia Niela Davis** (born 11 January 1981), best known as **Jamelia**, is a British singer-songwriter. She has released three albums.

Early life
----------

Jamelia was born to Jamaican parents in Birmingham. She was raised there on a council estate by her single mother.

Career
------

When she was 15 she signed with Capitol Records. In 1999 she released her first single, "So High". It didn't sell many copies, so Jamelia left Capitol Records and signed to Parlophone. They released her first album *Drama* in 2000.

She released her second album *Thank You* on 29 September 2003. Seven singles were released from the album. The second single "Superstar" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in Australia and the Netherlands. The third single "Thank You" reached number two in the UK. It was nominated for Best British Single at the 2005 BRIT Awards. The fourth single "See It in a Boy's Eyes" was written by Jamelia with Chris Martin. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. The album is Jamelia's best-selling in the UK.

Jamelia's third album *Walk with Me* was released in 2006.

In November 2013, she became a presenter on *Loose Women*.

Discography
-----------

* *Drama* (2000)
* *Thank You* (2003)
* *Walk with Me* (2006)

Personal life
-------------

Jamelia had her first daughter Teja in 2001. In 2005 she had her second daughter Tiani.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
Pictured here is a rocky formationThe island of Escudo de Veraguas
**Isla Escudo de Veraguas** (also: Escudo de Veraguas Island) is a small island about 18 kilometers off of the coast of Panama. There is not much information on the climate or history of the island, but the animals inhabiting the island are known, such as the pygmy three-toed sloth, or Derby's woolly opossum.

Climate
-------

The climate of Escudo de Veraguas is undocumented, but the neighboring country of Panama has relatively warm temperatures, being around 70 to 90 degrees year-round.

Inhabitants
-----------

The inhabitants of the island are different from the mainland species in the idea that they are smaller and more adapted to the island. Some examples:

* Bradypus pygmaeus
* Oedipina maritima
* Caluromys derbianus
* Hoplomys gymnurus
* Myotis riparius

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Evolution, biogeography, and description of a new species of Fruit-eating bat, genus Artibeus Leach (1821), from Panamá". *Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde*. **59** (5). ISSN 0044-3468.
2. ↑  "Weather and Climate: Panama, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed". *weather-and-climate.com*. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
3. ↑  "Oedipina maritima (Maritime Worm Salamander)". *www.iucnredlist.org*. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
**Jugiong** is a small village on the bank of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. It is 344 km south west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. The first people to live in the area were indigenous Australians, the Wiradjuri people. The first Europeans were the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell on their trip in 1824.
Henry O'Brien, an Irishman, started farming sheep in 1825. His farm, called the Jugiong Run, was 125,000 acres. Explorer Charles Sturt reached the Murrumbidgee at Jugiong in 1829 at the start of his travels down the river.

Tavern
------

Sir George Tavern at Jugiong
In 1845 another Irishman named John Philip Sheahan (1816–December 9, 1877) built the Sir George Tavern (an hotel) which made Jugiong an important resting place on the new road, the *Great Southern Road*, to Melbourne. The building was destroyed in a flood in 1852. The flood also destroyed the buildings at the town of Gundagai. Sheahan rebuilt the hotel with walls up to 500 mm thick and it is still in use; remaining in the family throughout the preceding years. It is the oldest family owned hotel in Australia.

The Village
-----------

The first blocks of land at Jugiong were sold at auction in 1853. Three years later a post office was opened. In 1858 a police station was built, and work started on a catholic church, *St.John the Evangelist*. About 120 people were living at Jugiong by 1862. An Anglican church was started in 1872. The Jugiong Public  school opened in 1883 with 56 students. Australian cricket player Richie Benaud started his schooling at Jugiong in 1935.

Bushrangers
-----------

On 15 November 1864 bushrangers (thieves) stopped all traffic including the mail stagecoach (a cart pulled by horses) 5 km south of Jugiong. Over 60 people were stopped by the bushrangers. They wanted to steal (take with force) gold, money and other valuables. The bushrangers were Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn. In the attack one policeman, Sergeant Edmund Parry was shot dead by John Gilbert.

Song
----

A song called *The Road to Jugiong*  with words by Robert John Cassidy (1880–1948) and music by James A.Steele was published by Allans, Melbourne, in 1940.

Bypass
------

In 1995, the new Hume Freeway, went around the village. In 1996 a new rest and picnic area was built to help travelers take a break on their journey. Facilities at Jugiong include:

* a hotel
* a cafe, the Long Track Pantry Cafe ,
* a motel
* a wine shop
* a fruit and vegetable shop
* a petrol station
* a swimming pool
* churches
* school
* a hotel
See the main article: ISO 3166-2
**ISO 3166-2:UY** is the entry for Uruguay in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g. provinces, departments or states) of all countries that are in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Uruguay, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for the 19 departments.

Each code has of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is UY, the second part is two letters.

Current codes
-------------

Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).


| Code | Subdivision name |
| --- | --- |
| UY-AR | Artigas Artigas |
| UY-CA | Canelones Canelones |
| UY-CL | Cerro Largo Cerro Largo |
| UY-CO | Colonia Colonia |
| UY-DU | Departamento de Durazno Durazno |
| UY-FS | Flores Flores |
| UY-FD | Florida Florida |
| UY-LA | Lavalleja Lavalleja |
| UY-MA | Maldonado Maldonado |
| UY-MO | Montevideo Montevideo |
| UY-PA | Paysandú Paysandú |
| UY-RN | Río Negro Río Negro |
| UY-RV | Rivera Rivera |
| UY-RO | Rocha Rocha |
| UY-SA | Salto Salto |
| UY-SJ | San José San José |
| UY-SO | Soriano Soriano |
| UY-TA | Tacuarembó Tacuarembó |
| UY-TT | Treinta y Tres Treinta y Tres |

Related pages
-------------

* Departments of Uruguay

Other websites
--------------

* ISO Online Browsing Platform: UY
* Departments of Uruguay, Statoids.com
The **Hamza River** (Portuguese: *Rio Hamza*) is a recent discovery. Under the ground in the Amazon area is a huge slowly moving waterway. This slowly flowing aquifer in Brazil is about 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) long. It is nearly 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below ground level. Its discovery was announced in 2011. The Hamza "river" and the Amazon River are a twin-river system flowing at different levels of the Earth's crust.

Description
-----------

Map of Amazon river basin.
The Hamza and the Amazon are the two main drainage systems for the Amazon Basin. The reported flow rate of the Hamza, at about 3,000 cubic metres (110,000 cu ft) per second, is 3% of the Amazon's. It runs west to east, some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below the Earth's surface, and follows roughly the path of the Amazon River. The Hamza empties in the Atlantic Ocean, deep under the surface. Its own water has a high salt content.

It flows from the Andean foothills to the Atlantic coast in a nearly west-to-east direction like the Amazon River. Seismic data and temperature variation with depth measured in 241 inactive oil wells helped find the aquifer.

Except for the flow direction, the Amazon and the Hamza have very different characteristics. The most obvious ones are their width and flow speed. While the Amazon is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide, the Hamza is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to 400 kilometres (250 mi) in width. But the flow speed is 5 metres per second (16 ft/s) in the Amazon and less than 1 millimetre per second (0.039 in/s) speed in the Hamza.

Geology
-------

Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. Water has worn away calcium carbonate rocks far under the ground. Water drops to great depths. East-west trending faults and the karst topography may have some role in supplying water to the "river".

The 153 km-long underground river in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, and the 8.2 km-long Cabayugan River in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in the Philippines have come into being thanks to the karst topography. Water in these places has dissolved the carbonate rock to form extensive underground river systems.
The second quadrangle: a square grass lawn surrounded on three sides by joined buildings. To the left and centre, three storeys with windows positioned to form a regular pattern, topped at roof level above each window by curved gablets; on the right, two bay windows (one large, one medium) project from the wall, with the same design of curved gablets.
**Jesus College**  is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. 

The college was founded by Elizabeth I on 27 June 1571 for the education of clergy, though students now study a broad range of secular subjects. 

A major driving force behind the establishment of the college was Hugh Price (or Ap Rhys), a churchman and lawyer from Brecon in Wales. The college continues to be associated informally with Wales to this day. 

The oldest buildings, in the first quadrangle, date from the 16th and early 17th centuries; a second quadrangle was added between about 1640 and about 1713, and a third quadrangle was built in about 1906. Further accommodation was built on the main site to mark the 400th anniversary of the college, in 1971, and student flats have been constructed at sites in north and east Oxford.

The life of the college was disrupted by the English Civil War. Little happened at the college during the 18th century, and the 19th century saw a decline in numbers and academic standards. 

Reforms of Oxford University after two Royal Commissions in the latter half of the 19th century led to removal of many of the restrictions placed on the college's fellowships and scholarships. This meant the college was no longer mostly Welsh students and academics. Students' academic achievements rose in the early 20th century as fellows were appointed to teach in new subjects. Women were first admitted in 1974 and now form a large part of the undergraduate population.

There are about 475 students. The Principal of the college is Lord Krebs, the son of the Nobel Prize winner Hans Krebs. Former students include Harold Wilson (twice British Prime Minister), Norman Washington Manley (Chief Minister of Jamaica) and T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"). 

The university's Chair (professorship) of Celtic is attached to the college.
The royal tomb of King Kongmin is one of the historic monuments of Kaesong.
**Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong** are a group of archaeological sites in North Korea that show the history of the Koryo Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 918 c.e. to 1392 c.e. All together, they were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.

Kaesong was the capital city of the Kingdom of Koryo. The city's gates, palaces, tombs and monuments, walls, schools, tower for looking at the stars and other buildings all together make up the World Heritage Site because they show the philosophy, culture, politics and spiritual beliefs of the Koryo people. The city's layout shows a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. It especially shows the change from Buddhism to neo-Confucianism that happened during the Koryo Dynasty.

Walls and gates
---------------

UNESCO says three different sections of wall and a few gates in Kaesong have enough historical value to be part of the site. The Palocham Wall was built in 896 c.e. just before the Koryo Dynasty. The Outer Wall was built in 1009-1029 and connected the city to the nearby Songak, Puhung, Tokam, Jine and Ryongsu Mountains. The wall was built to defend the city, but it also shows what people believed about the magic or spiritual power of mountains. The Inner Wall was built in 1391-3, just as the Koryo Dynasty was ending.

The Namdae Gate in the Inner Wall was the main gate on the south side of Kaesong.

Palaces and schools
-------------------

Manwoldae Palace is now an archaeological site. It was the royal palace for 500 years. It burned down four times and the people rebuilt it over and over. In modern times, North Korean and South Korean teams have worked at the site together to study it.

The ruins of the Kaesong Chomsongdae are also part of the site.. Comsongdae was an observatory where people studied the stars and weather. The Koryo Songgyungwan was a school for government officials and Sungyang Sowon was a school of Confucian philosophy.

Sonjuk Bridge is where the high official Jong Mong Ju was assassinated, an event that was part of the end of the Koryo Dynasty.

Tombs and monuments
-------------------

The Nam Gate is on the south side of the old city.
The Heritage Site includes large mausoleums for King Taejo of Goryeo and King Gongmin of Goryeo. It has two other groups of tombs as well, the Seven Tombs Cluster and Myongrung Tombs Cluster. There are also two steles for Jeong Mong-ju, called the Phyochung Monuments. Steles are memorial pillars that may have the dead person's name written on them but do not contain his or her body.
The first document containing the word "Ostarrîchi", the word is marked with a red circle.
The **history of Austria** covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the Early Stone Age to the present state. 

The name Ostarrîchi (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD. Then, it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria. Afterwards, from 1156, it became an independent duchy (later archduchy) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (*Heiliges Römisches Reich* 962–1806).

The House of Habsburg and House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Haus Österreich) dominated Austria from 1273 to 1918. In 1806, when Emperor Francis I of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, Austria became the Austrian Empire. It was also part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In 1867, Austria formed a dual monarchy with Hungary: the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918). Austria was reduced to the German-speaking areas of the empire (its current frontiers), after its collapse in 1918. It adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria. However, union with Germany and the chosen country name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles. This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic (1919-1933).

Following the First Republic, Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich. Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that most Austrians were German and Austrian, but wanted Austria to remain independent from Germany. In 1938, Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss. A large majority of the Austrian people supported it. Ten years after the Second World War, Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Austrian Republic in 1955.

Austria joined the European Union in 1995.

| * v
* t
* e
History of Europe by country |
| --- |
| Sovereign states | 
* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

 |
| States with limitedrecognition | 
* Abkhazia
* Artsakh
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

 |
| Dependencies andother entities | 
* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

 |
**Jacqueline Ruth "Ilene" Woods** (May 5, 1929 – July 1, 2010) was an American singer and actress who voiced Cinderella in the 1950 Disney movie.

Early life
----------

Woods was born on May 5, 1929 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. As a child Woods was led into singing by her mother. By the age of 11, Woods had her own radio show.

Career
------

In 1948, at the age of 18, Woods recorded several songs for friends Mack David and Jerry Livingston. The songs ("Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo", "So This is Love", and "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes") were then played for Walt Disney. He chose Woods out of 300 other girls to play the part of Cinderella for the Disney movie *Cinderella*. Recording the part took about 2 years, working off and on.

Later years
-----------

Woods was first married to Stephen Steck Jr. They had one child, a daughter named Stephanie. After a divorce, in 1963 she married Ed Shaughnessy. They had two sons, James and Daniel. In 2003 she was recognized as a Disney Legend for her work in *Cinderella*.

Death
-----

Woods died on July 1, 2010 from causes related to Alzheimer's disease in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California. She was 81.
Isiah Thomas coaching the New York Knicks in 2007
**Isiah Lord Thomas III** (born April 30, 1961) is a retired American basketball player. He played professionally for the Detroit Pistons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Thomas was just over 6 feet tall, making him a "small man" by basketball standards. He was one of the greatest point guards in basketball history. His only peer in the 1980s was Earvin "Magic" Johnson who played for the Los Angeles Lakers.

Early life
----------

He grew up poor on Chicago's South Side. As a boy he showed a talent for basketball. At this time Thomas realized his basketball skills might help his family get out of poverty and the unsafe neighborhood. Thomas attended the Indiana University. He was a member of the US men's basketball team at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Because of the US boycott, the team did not go to Moscow.

Professional career
-------------------

Thomas was a first round draft choice by the Detroit Pistons. He was signed to a 4-year contract. In 1984 Thomas was given an 11-year, $12 million contract. This was both the longest and highest paying player contract in Detroit Pistons history. A torn achilles tendon forced him to retire in 1994.

Accomplishments and honors
--------------------------

Thomas was the 1982 NBA Rookie of the Year. He was named the Most Valuable Player in the 1984, 1986 and 1990. He played in twelve All-star games. In 1996 he was named one of the 50 greatest players in NBA history.

Thomas has one of the best records in NBA history. He scored a total of 18,822 points averaging 19.2 points per game. He was named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team. In 2000 he was named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
**Jacqueline Woodson** is an American writer who has written many successful books for a wide audience.  She gives a voice to those Americans in our community who are sometimes silenced or looked down upon. Ms. Woodson once said, "I feel compelled to write against stereotypes, hoping people will see that some issues know no color, class, sexuality…. I write from the very depths of who I am, and in this place there are all of my identities."[*source?*] Through her quotes and her books she inspires America to take a stand against stereotypes to make our world a better place.

Awards
------

Jacqueline Woodson is the recipient of the 2001 Corretta Scott King Award and a nominee for the 2002 National Book Award. 

2018 Jacqueline Woodson received Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, the worlds largest prize for people writing childrens and youths literature. 

"Jacqueline Woodson introduces us to resilient young people fighting to find a place where their lives can take root. In language as light as air, she tells stories of resounding richness and depth. Jacqueline Woodson captures a unique poetic note in a daily reality divided between sorrow and hope." Citation of the jury

Early life
----------

Jacqueline Woodson was born on February 12, 1963 in the town of Columbus, Ohio. Much of Jacqueline's writing later in life may have been inspired by her childhood.  Her books talk about the struggle to find a place to fit in,  and being accepted in society. In fifth grade she was the editor of her school’s magazine. Her seventh English teacher encouraged her to write, and told her she should pursue her dreams, which may have led to where Ms. Woodson is today.

Personal life
-------------

Many of Ms. Woodson’s books for older audiences touch on subjects she experienced growing up.  For example, she wrote about her parent’s struggling marriage, her brother’s struggles with homosexuality, and divisions based off of race in America which she had experienced first hand growing up as an African American in the Midwest.  Also, Ms. Woodson addresses the issue of confidence in young girls.  She says: "I write about all girls because I know what happens to self-esteem when we turn twelve, and I hope to show readers the number of ways in which we are strong."[*source?*]  Jacqueline uses her talent for writing and her experiences of the injustices and stereotypes in our country to promote awareness of important issues and give voices to the voiceless.

Books
-----

Some books she has written include:

* *Last Summer with Maizon* (her first book)
* *Martin Luther King Jr. and His Birthday* (children's book)
* *Autobiography of a Family Photo* (for adults)
* *Hush* (for young adults)
***Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories*** is the second game in the *Kingdom Hearts* series, and was released in Japan on November 11, 2004 and in North America on December 7, 2004. It was made for Game Boy Advance.

Story
-----

The game begins with Sora, Donald and Goofy arrving in Castle Oblivion, where they visit recreations of the worlds they visited before. Each world is on a different floor, and as they move to higher floors, they lose their memories. They are replaced by new ones. When Sora forgets Kairi, she is replaced in his memory by a girl named Naminé. Sora encounters a group called Organization XIII. The group built Castle Oblivion to erase Sora's memories and trick him into joining them. In the end, Naminé tells Sora she erased his memories, and gives him the choice to keep his new memories or have his old ones restored. If his memory is fixed, he will forget everything that happened in Castle Oblivion. He chooses to get his old memories back and tells Naminé he could never forget her. His story ends with him being put to sleep, because it will take Naminé one year to restore his memories. After completing Sora's story, the player can play as Riku, who travels through Castle Oblivion's basement levels. Riku encounrters other members like Sora. Riku recalls what he did about Sora and resists Ansem's power.

Re:Chain of Memories
--------------------

*Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories* is a reissue of the game made for the PlayStation 2. It has added cutscenes and battles that were not in the Game Boy version of *Chain of Memories*. It was released together with *Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +* in Japan on March 29, 2007, and was released as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories***

* *Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories* - Square Enix's North American official website
* *Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories* - Square Enix's North American official website
* *Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+* - Square Enix's Japanese *Final Mix+* official website
* Official TOKYOPOP *Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories* North American manga site Archived 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
* *Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories* on IMDb
A painting of a girl play Jackstones
**Jackstones** is a traditional Korean game. It is usually played by girls. The game is similar to the game Jacks. Jackstones is also a traditional game played in IndiaTamilnadu by the name **Anchakal** it is also played in rural villages of Andhra Pradesh by the name of **Achenagandlu** or **Achamgilla** or **Chintapikkala aata**, using small stones or Tamarind seeds.

Game play
---------

The game is played with five stones. Each stone is about the size of an almond. Players can only use one hand to play the game. The game has five parts or "stages".

In the first stage, the player throws the stones on the ground. They pick up one stone and throw it upward. Before the stone falls onto the ground, they need to pick up another stone from the ground and then catch the one that was thrown. This is done again until there are no stones on the ground.

The second stage is the same with the first stage except that the player needs to pick up two stones at once before the stone which was thrown falls down. The third and the fourth stages are the same.

In the fifth stage, players can get points. All of the stones are thrown upward. The player must catch as many of the stones as they can with the back of their hand. Then, the stones they caught are thown into the air again and the player must catch all of them. The player gets points for how many stones they catch. If they caught 3 stones, they get 3 points. If they caught 4 stones, they get four points. After that, the next player does the same. When all players have done this, the game is finished. The person (or the team) who has a higher point wins.

Also there are several rules;

* The player is out if they touch any stones that they were not supposed to touch.
* The player is out if they do not catch the stone in the air.
* The player is out if they do not catch all the stones from the back of their hand in the air.

If a player is out, the next person (or team) gets the turn.
A cartoon of a judge (right) giving a punishment to a man (left)
Japanese judges in the 1930s
A **judge** is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse. Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a *supreme court* or *high court* with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called *justices* and are led by a *Chief Justice*.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.
Jan de Quay
**Jan Eduard de Quay** (August 26, 1901 in 's-Hertogenbosch – July 4, 1985 in Beers) was a Dutch politician of the Catholic People's Party (KVP).

De Quay studied psychology at Utrecht University and was a professor at Tilburg University.

During the beginning of World War II - from 1940 to 1941 - he was one of the three leaders of the Dutch Union ("Nederlandsche Unie"). This political movement wanted to unite the Dutch people considering the changed situation due to the German occupation. In December 1941 the Dutch Union was forbidden by the Germans.

From mid 1942 to mid 1943 the German occupier imprisoned him in Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel. Afterwards he went in hiding in the south of the Netherlands till the liberation of that part of the country in 1944.

Around the end of the war he was defense minister for a couple of months. Because of his wartime activities (prime) minister Willem Drees didn't want him to include in his cabinets.

Because of this he was queen's commissioner of the province of North Brabant from 1946 to 1959.

In 1959 he returned to national politics as prime minister of the De Quay cabinet. It consisted of the three Christian parties (Anti-Revolutionary Party, Catholic People's Party and Christian Historical Union) and the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The cabinet lasted till 1963.

Three years later, he became transport and water management minister and also deputy prime minister in the Zijlstra cabinet. This government lasted only a year.

In the meantime he was a senator (1963-1966) and also afterwards (1967-1969).

De Quay was a Roman Catholic. He died in 1985, aged 83.
Burning three-story house, surrounded by a mob. People are throwing things out of the windows and belongings are scattered on the street.The attack on Joseph Priestley's home, Fairhill, at Sparkbrook, Birmingham on 14 July 1791
**Joseph Priestley** (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher. He is known as the discoverer of oxygen. He was a Unitarian.

On 1 August 1774, Priestly identified oxygen in his laboratory at Bowood House in Wiltshire, England.

The Priestley Riots
-------------------

The **Priestley Riots** (or the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England. 

The rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, led by Priestley. Both local and national issues stirred the rioters. But at the heart was the Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights, and their support of the French Revolution (though not its methods).

The riots started with an attack on the Royal Hotel, Birmingham. There a banquet was organised in sympathy with the French Revolution. Then, beginning with Priestley's church and home, the rioters attacked or burned four Dissenting chapels, twenty-seven houses, and several businesses. Many of them were drunk. They had found liquor while looting, or with which they were bribed. A small core could not be bribed, however, and stayed sober. The rioters burned not only the homes and chapels of the Dissenters, but also the homes of people they associated with Dissenters, such as members of the scientific Lunar Society.

Other websites
--------------

* The Priestley Society
* A short biography Archived 2007-02-28 at the Wayback Machine at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
* Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley
The **Jimi system** (Chinese: 羈縻制) is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered. 

It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the *Tusi system* (Chinese: 土司制). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.

Origin of term
--------------

The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of *Shiji* quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse.

Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people.

It is also known as **Jimi fuzhou** (Chinese: 羈縻府州) or the **loose-control administrative units**, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou (Chinese: 正州) or the **regular administrative units**.

What is it?
-----------

China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians"). 

China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi. 

The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons.

Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military.

There were three levels: the command (Chinese: 都督府, like the central government), prefecture (Chinese: 州, like a state) and county (Chinese: 縣). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou.

Examples
--------

The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments (*duhufu* 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.

Other websites
--------------

* The Tang Dynasty's Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid-7th Century
A small phone book as a hash table

  

A **hash table** is a type of tool for storing information. In computer science, these tools for keeping track of information, or data, are called data structures.
A hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to keep track of where data is put. 
Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a key. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a value, like the person's telephone number. 

The data is kept in another data structure called an array, which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up. 

The idea behind a hash table is to figure out which box to put data by using only its name. This means, no matter how many boxes are filled up, you can always find information quickly if you have its name. The hash table uses a hash function to figure out which number to put data in from its name. The hash function reads a name and gives back a number. 

A good Hash Table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of Hash Tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.

Because of this, Hash Tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as search trees or other table lookup structure. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most for associative arrays, databases, caches, and sets.
**John Dowland** (born 1563; buried 20 February 1626) was an English composer and lutenist. He is best known for some beautiful songs which express his unhappiness such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come Again, Sweet Love" and "Flow my tears". His instrumental music became very popular again in the 20th century.

Life
----

We hardly know anything about Dowland's early life. He was probably born in London. He went to Paris in 1580 where he worked for the ambassador to the French court. He became a Roman Catholic at this time.

In 1594 the job of royal lutenist to Queen Elizabeth I became available. Dowland did not get the job. He said later that it was because he was a Catholic, but there were other Catholic musicians at the English court, so that may not have been the real reason. 

Dowland continued to work in Europe instead. He worked for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Wolfenbüttel. He went to Italy where he wanted to study with Luca Marenzio in Rome. He went to Venice and Florence but never got as far as Rome. He published a book of lute music in 1597 which made him the most important English composer for the lute. However, he still did not get a job at the English court so he went to Denmark where he worked for King Christian IV of Denmark who paid him very well.

Dowland seems to have been married and he had children, although we do not know how many. His wife and family always stayed in England.

Dowland returned to England in 1606 and in 1612 got the job as one of James I's lutenists. Strangely, he does not seem to have composed anything between that time and his death in London in 1626. We do not know the date he died, but we do know the date when he was buried.

His Music
---------

Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute. It includes several books of music for solo lute, songs for one voice and lute, part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute. 

Many of his best-known songs are full of sadness. One lute song is called "Flow My Tears". A very well-known instrumental work is *Lachrimae* (the Latin word for "tears"), a set of seven songs for five viols and lute, each based on the tune of his song "Flow My Tears." It became one of the best known pieces of consort music in his own time. His pavane "Lachrymae antiquae" was also one of the big hits of the seventeenth century.

Dowland's music often shows the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time. He wrote a consort piece called *Semper Dowland, semper dolens* (always Dowland, always unhappy).

Many later musicians have been inspired by Dowland's music, including Benjamin Britten and the pop musician Sting.