recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **sprachbund** is a group of languages spoken in the same area. They become similar because the speakers live close to each other. They constantly communicate with each other. Because similarities in the languages develop, they sometimes seem to be in the same language family.

For example, in India, where there are hundreds or thousands of languages and dialects spoken, the languages often adopt similar grammar structures, vocabulary, and sounds. Indians often communicate with people who have a different first language from themselves.

In East Asia, since China introduced writing to nearby countries, especially Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. This area is called the sinosphere, or the Chinese sphere of influence. Not only did speakers of East Asian languages learn to by write using Chinese characters, but they also borrowed many loanwords from Chinese as well.

Linguists used to believe that languages like Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish, and Finnish were part of the Altaic language family. This was because of similar features like SVO (subject-verb-object) word order and agglutinating grammar. However, most linguists no longer believe that the Altaic language family ever existed. The languages became more similar over time, whereas most related languages become more different over time. It is possible that these languages are part of a sprachbund.
Samaná Bay is located in the Dominican RepublicSamaná BaySamaná Bayclass=notpageimage| Samaná Bay in the Dominican Republic
**Samaná Bay** (Spanish, **Bahía de Samaná**) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of Arrows) to the bay.

It has about 65 km (40 mi) east-west and 25 km (16 mi) north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay. Other rivers that flow into the bay are the Barracote and the Yabón.

There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.

On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.

Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.

France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.

The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north, in the Samaná Province province; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south, in the Hato Mayor Province province. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.

Gallery
-------

* Whale in Samaná BayWhale in Samaná Bay
* An old railway in the National Park Los HaitisesAn old railway in the National Park Los Haitises
* Beach in Cayo LevantadoBeach in Cayo Levantado
* Coast of Cayo LevantadoCoast of Cayo Levantado
**Samantha Bricio** (born November 22, 1994) is a Mexican volleyball player. She is an outside hitter. She is the youngest player to be on Mexico’s national team. She also won a gold medal at the Mexican National Games in the 13-to-14-year-old category.

Early life
----------

She is from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Her parents are Estella and Guillermo Bricio. Her mother is a retired physical education teacher. She still plays competitive volleyball with other people her age. Her father is a retired banker. Her father played on the Mexican National Basketball team. Her brothers are Nijinsky and Irving.

Career
------

Bricio went to college at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA. Volleyball Magazine awarded her NCAA Freshman of the Year. She then won the Honda Sports Award as the USA’s best collegiate female volleyball player in 2016.

After she graduated in 2016, Bricio went to play for the Italian team called Imoco Volley Conegliano. They won medals at the Italian Cup, Supercup, and the Italian League.

Then she went to play for Fenerbahce in Turkey. They won a silver medal at the Turkish Cup and bronze in the Champions League. She then returned to Italy to play for Savino Del Bene Scandicci. Then she went to Russia to play with Dinamo Kazan.

She currently plays for WVC Dynamo Kazan. She has the reputation of being the best server in the entire world. She won Best Server and Best Scorer at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games.
Kidder in 1970
**Margaret Ruth Kidder** (October 17, 1948 – May 13, 2018) professionally known as **Margot Kidder**, was a Canadian-American actress and activist. She was known for her role as Lois Lane in the 1978 movie *Superman* and the eventual other movies within the movie series, alongside Christopher Reeve.

Kidder also starred in Brian De Palma's cult thriller *Sisters* (1973); in the slasher movie *Black Christmas* (1974); and the dramas *The Great Waldo Pepper* (1975); *The Reincarnation of Peter Proud* (1975). She starred as Kathy Lutz in *The Amityville Horror* (1979).

Kidder was born in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. She studied at Havergal College in Toronto. From 1975 to 1978, she was married to Thomas McGuane. From 1979 to 1980, Kidder was married to John Heard, for a total of six days. From 1983 to 1984, Kidder was married to Philippe de Broca. She had one child.

Kidder suffered from paranoia and bipolar disorder which caused her to suffer from mental breakdowns and temporarily retire a few times. In April 1996, Kidder went missing for four days in Los Angeles and was found at a backyard of a house after she was nearly raped.

Kidder was in a car crash in December 1990, after which she was unable to work for two years, causing her financial problems.

In 1978, Kidder won a Saturn Award for Best Actress for her Lois Lane role. In 2015 Kidder won an Emmy award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming for her performance in *R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour*.

In 2005, Kidder became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In later years, Kidder became an outspoken political, environmental, and anti-war activist. She endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in 2016.

Kidder died on May 13, 2018, at her home in Livingston, Montana at the age of 69. On August 8, 2018, it was reported that Kidder's death had been ruled a suicide by drug and alcohol overdose.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Margot Kidder***.

* Official website
* Margot Kidder on IMDb
* Margot Kidder at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Edit this at Wikidata
* Article: From paranoid delusions to orthomolecular medicine Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Canadian Film Encyclopedia
* *The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar*
Trent Reznor
**Trent Reznor** (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.

Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.

He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.

He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album *Pretty Hate Machine*. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been *Broken* (1992), *The Downward Spiral* (1994), *The Fragile* (1999), *With Teeth* (2005), *Year Zero* (2007), *Ghosts I-IV* (2008), *The Slip* (2008),  *Hesitation Marks* (2013), and *Bad Witch* (2018).

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**Turhan Bey** (30 March 1922 – 30 September 2012) was an Austrian born actor. Bey was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. Bey was born as **Gilbert Selahettin Shahultavey**. He was the son of Turhan Bey a Turkish Diplomat and of Irma Meyer a Czech Jewish lady. In 1930, he moved to the United States. There he studied with Ben Ard at the School of Dramatic Art and at the Pasadena Playhouse. 

Bey began using his stage name soon after moving to the United States. He moved with his Jewish mother from Vienna to escape the Nazis. His popular nickname was "The Turkish Delight". This was a reference to his good looks that made him an very good partner for exotic actresses such as Maria Montez movies set in faraway places.

He began his career in Hollywood in 1941. He became one of the actors who almost always appeared in the Universal movies with Maria Montez. The movies he appeared with her include *Raiders of the Desert*, *Bombay Clipper*, *Arabian Nights*, *White Savage*, *Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves*, *Follow the Boys* and *Bowery to Broadway*.

Bey acted with the big stars of that time in movies such as *A Night in Paradise*, *Out of the Blue*, and *The Amazing Mr. X* until the popularity of the genre lessened in the 1950s. 

Bey moved back to Vienna and worked as a photographer. He did some work as a stage director, and also one of the founder of the Pro Circumcision Group "Eurocirc". He returned to Hollywood for a short time in the 1990s. During this time, he worked on both television and movies. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work as Turval on the space fantasy TV series *Babylon 5*.

Turhan Bey died in Vienna on September 30, 2012 after being ill with Parkinson's disease for a long time. He was cremated on October 8, 2012.
**Macleans College** is a secondary school in Bucklands Beach, Auckland, New Zealand. The school was opened in 1980 by the Governor General Sir David Beattie. The current principal is Byron J Bentley. Over 2,500 students go to this school. Students have a choice of which qualifications they want to do - NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement), and CIE (Cambridge International Examinations).

House system
------------

Macleans was the first public school in New Zealand to use the "Whanau House System". This is dividing the school up into nine 'houses'. Each house contains about 300 students in total, with two classes of 30 students in each year. These nine houses are named after some famous people from New Zealand. The names are: Batten, Mansfield, Nieto, Rutherford, Kupe, Hillary, Te Kanawa, Snell and Upham. The school began with only 4 of these houses, but has got bigger over the years. The newest house is Upham house, which opened in 2003.

Teachers
--------

Some of the teachers at Macleans College are Dr Holborow (Physics Teacher). Mr Fletcher (History and Social Sciences teacher). Mrs Bungay (Computing and Information Management teacher). Mr Davidson (Social Sciences). Mr Edwards (Mathematics). Mrs Woodhead (English). Mrs Gill (English). Dr Kleinmans (Science and Chemistry). Ms Power (Science). Mr Tai (Science).

Other websites
--------------

* Macleans College website
Compassvale Court
**Sengkang** is a town in Singapore in its north-eastern part. Seletar and Punggol are north of it, Pasir Ris and Paya Lebar are on its east, Hougang and Serangoon are on its south and Yishun and Ang Mo Kio are on its west.

It used to be a fishing village. Then, it was built-up very quickly by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). 4 neighbourhoods make up the town.

Name
----

*Sengkang* is a Chinese word meaning "prosperous harbour". The name came from a road called Lorong Sengkang. It was near Lorong Buangkok.

History
-------

An HDB block now in Anchorvale
There used to be farms and forests, and the only building was the Punggol Rural Centre. In 2005, it was removed to make space for newer buildings.

Its theme is "Town of the Seafarer", based on its rich history.

Zones
-----

Sengkang is split into 7 zones.

* Rivervale, Singapore
* Compassvale
* Anchorvale
* Fernvale, Singapore
* Sengkang Town Centre
* Sengkang West
* Lorong Halus North

Transportation
--------------

Many buses and the Sengkang LRT Line serve the town. Sengkang MRT and LRT Station and Buangkok MRT Station are the MRT stations in Sengkang. They are on the North East MRT Line.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Tee Hun Ching (24 September 2000). "Life behind the vales". *The Straits Times*.
2. ↑  "Fancy living in an ocean park?". *The Straits Times*. 24 September 2000.
3. ↑  Jose Raymond (8 February 2000). "Sengkang takes shape". *The Straits Times*. p. 28.
4. ↑  "Singapore's Sengkang Planning Area". *Key Location*. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-11.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sengkang, Singapore***.

* Sengkang Town Council
* Ang Mo Kio Town Council
A **valediction** is a phrase used to say goodbye at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin *vale dicere*, which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or regard for the person to whom the message is written.

English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, *Yours truly*. In the United Kingdom, *Yours sincerely* or *Yours faithfully* are most common.

Versions
--------

### Old versions

In old letters, *Yours truly* was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:

*I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,*
*A. Name*
### Modern versions

*Yours sincerely* is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.

*Yours faithfully* is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").

Drama and poetry
----------------

Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying. [*dubious  – discuss*]

Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".

Other websites
--------------

* Google Answers list of Farewells
**Temnospondyls** are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods. They lived worldwide from the Carboniferous to the Triassic. A few species continued into the Lower Cretaceous.

The Temnospondyls are similar or identical to the Labyrinthodonts minus the Lepospondyls. It is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic. It is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 Many in the early Permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate. Nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.

They are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 Fossils have been found on every continent. Their evolutionary history spans 210 million years. During this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.

Fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.

The youngest known temnospondyl is the Australian Koolasuchus that lived about 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Temnospondyli***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Temnospondyl***.

* Temnospondyli Archived 2020-09-23 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
* Temnospondyli Palaeos page on temnospondyls.
VLT Survey Telescope image of Omega Centauri. Credit: ESO.
**Omega Centauri** (ω Cen or NGC 5139) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Centaurus. It is 15,800 light-years (4,850 pc) away, and is the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way. Its diameter is about 150 light-years. It contains about 10 million stars with a total mass equivalent to 4 million solar masses.

Omega Centauri is so different from the other galactic globular clusters that it may have a different origin from the others. It may be a core remnant of a disrupted dwarf galaxy.

In 150 A.D. Greco-Roman writer and astronomer Ptolemy catalogued this object in his *Almagest*. Using a telescope from the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, English astronomer Edmond Halley rediscovered this object in 1677, listing it as a non-stellar object. In 1715, it was published by Halley among his list of six "luminous spots or patches" in the *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society*.

Omega Centauri is one of the few globular clusters visible to the naked eye. It appears almost as large as the full Moon when seen from a dark, rural area. It is the brightest, largest and, at 4 million solar masses, the most massive known globular cluster in the Milky Way. Of all the globular clusters in the Local Group of galaxies, only Mayall II (orbiting the Andromeda Galaxy) is brighter and more massive. Orbiting through the Milky Way, Omega Centauri contains several million Population II stars and is about 12 billion years old.

The stars in the core of Omega Centauri are so crowded that they are on average only 0.1 light years away from each other.
People in Ancient Rome had certain rights depending on who they were. Some were citizens, and had rights that non-citizens did not have. The rights available to individual citizens of Rome varied over time, according to their place of origin and their service to the state. They also varied under Roman law according to the classification of the individual within the state. Various legal classes were defined by the various combinations of legal rights that each class enjoyed. 

Client state citizens and allies (socii) of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right. Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections. Slaves were considered property, not legal persons and unable to be citizens. Over time, they acquired a few protections under Roman law. 

Rights available to citizens under Roman law addressed included:

Ius suffragiorum: The right to vote in the Roman assemblies.

Ius gentium: The legal recognition, developed in the 3rd century BC, of the growing international scope of Roman affairs, and the need for Roman law to deal with situations between Roman citizens and foreign persons. The ius gentium was therefore a Roman legal codification of the widely accepted international law of the time, and was based on the highly developed commercial law of the Greek city-states and of other maritime powers. The rights afforded by the ius gentium were considered to be held by all persons; it is thus a concept of human rights rather than rights attached to citizenship.

Ius conubii: The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen according to Roman principles, to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias over the family, and for the children of any such marriage to be counted as Roman citizens.

Ius migrationis: The right to preserve one's level of citizenship upon relocation to a polis of comparable status. For example, members of the cives Romani (see below) maintained their full civitas when they migrated to a Roman colony with full rights under the law: a colonia civium Romanorum. Latins also had this right, and maintained their ius Latii if they relocated to a different Latin state or Latin colony (Latina colonia). This right did not preserve one's level of citizenship should one relocate to a colony of lesser legal status; full Roman citizens relocating to a Latina colonia were reduced to the level of the ius Latii, and such a migration and reduction in status had to be a voluntary act.

The right of immunity from some taxes and other legal obligations, especially local rules and regulations. 

The right to sue in the courts and the right to be sued. 

The right to have a legal trial (to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself). 

The toga was the characteristic garment of the rich Roman male citizen, and statues of emperors (here Antoninus Pius) frequently depict them togate (togatus).
The **Alamo** is an old Spanish mission (like a church built by Catholic missionaries to minister to the natives) in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. The Alamo was authorized in 1718 but was not built until 1744. Its original name was ***San Antonio de Valero Mission***. 

The Alamo is most famous for the Battle of the Alamo, which took place there in 1836. It was occupied by 187 men from Texas and elsewhere who were fighting for the independence of Texas, which was then in Mexico. the men in the Alamo were defeated by a force of 5,000 Mexican troops. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the general for the Mexican Army. Nearly all of the defenders were killed, and "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The battle ended on March 6, 1836, when those who surrendered were executed.

Many years later, the Texas government restored the Alamo. The Alamo became a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is now open for tourists. It also became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 5, 2015.
**Maclyn McCarty** (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

The work
--------

The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead *Streptococcus pneumoniae* of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.
**Single transferable vote** (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting.

How to vote in an STV election
------------------------------

Write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite and so on.

How votes are counted
---------------------

Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected. 

Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number of "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on. 

If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded. 

Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected.

Places that use STV
-------------------

* Cambridge, Massachusetts
* Ireland
* Malta
* New Zealand
* Australia
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* India

Other websites
--------------

* STV Action Archived 2016-10-19 at the Wayback Machine a website that says STV should be used for all elections
* VoteScotland.com a website about elections in Scotland
**Scott Kevin Walker** (born November 2, 1967) is an American Republican politician. He was the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. He was a two-term Governor, elected in 2010 and 2014, but losing in 2018 to Tony Evers.

Early life
----------

Walker was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. His family moved to Plainfield, Iowa and later to Delavan, Wisconsin. He studied at Marquette University, but did not graduate.

Early career
------------

Walker began his political career in the Wisconsin State Assembly, serving from 1993–2002. After the 2002 resignation of Tom Ament as Executive of Milwaukee County, Walker won the special election to fill the seat, which he held from 2002 to 2010.

Governor of Wisconsin (2011-2019)
---------------------------------

Walker was elected governor of Wisconsin in 2010, defeating the Democratic nominee, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.

After being sworn into office in 2011, Walker introduced a budget repair plan which limited many collective bargaining powers for most public employees. The legislation led to significant protests at the Wisconsin State Capitol and an effort to recall Walker.

In June 2012, Walker faced Barrett in Wisconsin's only gubernatorial recall election. After emerging as the winner, Walker became the only governor in the U.S. to date to win a gubernatorial recall election.

He lost his third re-election bid to Tony Evers on November 7, 2018 by one percent.

Personal life
-------------

Walker married Tonette Tarantino in 1993. Together, they have 2 children.

2016 presidential campaign
--------------------------

See the main article: Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016
Walker has been seen by many as a potential candidate for the GOP's nomination in the 2016 presidential election. He formed a 527 organization in January of 2015. On June 18, 2015 Walker took a further step towards a presidential campaign when he established a "testing-the-waters" federal campaign committee.

Walker announced his presidential campaign on July 13, 2015 on his Twitter account. On September 21 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Scott Walker (Wisconsin politician) at Wikimedia Commons

* Scott Walker for Governor campaign website
* 2011 State Budget Battle, collected coverage at the *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel* of the budget repair bill and the 2011–13 state budget
A **thermosetting polymer**, also known as a **thermoset**, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by: 
  
 •  heat (generally above 200 °C (392 °F)) 
  
 •  a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example) 
  
 •  irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

Process
-------

The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process. Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point. During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached. So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured. This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

Properties
----------

Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.

Related pages
-------------

* Vulcanization
* Fusion bonded epoxy coating
* Thermoplastic
The name **sex comedy** is used for a genre of comedy which mostly describes sexual situations and love affairs. Other names are **erotic comedy**, and **sexual comedy**. The name is mostly used for movies and theatre plays, but some books have also been titled sex comedy, for example works of Ovid and Chaucer.

Sex comedy was popular in the English Restoration theatre, of the 17th century. In the 20th century, a number of sex comedies were made into movies. Especially between 1953 and 1965 many such movies were produced. Especially in the 1970s, some sex comedy movies were made in the United Kingdom. Other countries that produced such movies include Brazil, Italy, and Mexico.

Antiquity
---------

The ancient Greek theatre genre of the satyr play contained farcical sex. Perhaps the best-known ancient comedy motivated by sexual gamesmanship is Aristophanes' *Lysistrata* (411 BC). In Lysistrata, the title character persuades her fellow women of Greece to protest against the Peloponnesian War by not having sex. The "boy-meets-girl" plot that is distinctive of Western sexual comedy can be traced to Menander (343–291 BC), who differs from Aristophanes in focusing on the courtship and marital dilemmas of the middle classes rather than social and political satire.

His successor Plautus, the Roman playwright whose comedies inspired the musical *A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum*, regularly based his plots on sexual situations. The popularity of Plautus's comedies was a major influence on the creation of situation sex comedy.

Further reading
---------------

* McDonald, Tamar Jeffers. 2007. *Romantic Comedy: Boy Meets Girl Meets Genre.* Wallflower Press
* McDonald, Tamar Jeffers, ed. 2010. *Virgin Territory: Representing Sexual Inexperience in Film.* Wayne State University Press.
* Sheridan, Simon. 2011. *Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema.* Titan Books. 4th edition.
**Scott Joplin** was an American ragtime musician and composer. He is widely considered the greatest ragtime composer of all time.

Early life
----------

Joplin was African-American and born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868 and grew up in Texarkana, Texas. His relatives were railroad workers. His father wanted him to find work that would pay. His mother said he should learn music. Even though he was from Texas, most of his pieces were written when he was in Missouri and New York City.

Musical career
--------------

Joplin is most well known for writing piano pieces called rags. His music became popular again in the 1970s, with the album *Scott Joplin: Piano Rags*, performed by Joshua Rifkin, from Nonesuch Records. He may be most commonly known now by the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition *The Entertainer* (1902) which was used in the 1973 movie *The Sting* starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known rag while he was alive was *Maple Leaf Rag* (1899). Other rags he wrote were *The Ragtime Dance* (1906) and *Magnetic Rag* (1914). Scott Joplin wrote more than 40 piano rags, but he also wrote two operas; *A Guest of Honor* and *Treemonisha*. *A Guest of Honor* was performed in Joplin's lifetime, but since then the music has been lost. *Treemonisha* was never performed while Joplin was alive, but it has been performed since then. Joplin also wrote a symphony, but the music has been lost.

Death
-----

Joplin died of syphilis in New York City on April 1, 1917.

Bibliography
------------

* Gildo De Stefano, *Ragtime, jazz & dintorni*. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milano 2007 ISBN 978-88-7198-532-9

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The **Scopes trial** is formally known as *The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes*. It is also referred to as the **Scopes monkey trial**. 

It was a famous American legal case in 1925. A substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act. This Act made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. 

Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant. 

Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity. National reporters came to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. 

The trial publicized the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy. This set "Modernists", who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern evolutionary biology should be taught in schools.

The Tennessee law was not repealed until 1967.
Three propane water heaters.
**Water heating** is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.[*source?*]

Solar water heaters
-------------------

Direct-gain solar heater panels with integral storage tank installed near a house in the Cirque de Mafate in Réunion
Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby. Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.

Geothermal heating
------------------

In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

Other websites
--------------

* How It Works - Water Heater Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
* PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters Archived 2015-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized Archived 2007-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
* Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
* U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
* Advantage and Disadvatage water heater
The Antennae galaxies show starbursts during the collision of NGC 4038/NGC 4039. Credit: NASA/ESA
Messier 82 is the prototype starburst galaxy. It is about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major
A **starburst galaxy** is a galaxy with a very high rate of star formation. The rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will quickly use all of its gas reservoir (from which the stars are made). 

So, the starburst nature of a galaxy is a short phase in a galaxy's evolution, just tens of millions of years. Most starburst galaxies are in the midst of a galaxy merger or at least close encounter with another galaxy. 

Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us explore the history of galaxy formation and evolution. Many very distant galaxies seen, for example, in the Hubble Deep Field are known to be starbursts, but they are too far away to be studied in any detail. Looking at nearby examples give us an idea of what was happening in the early universe. The light we see from distant galaxies left them when the universe was much younger (see redshift). 

Starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe, and are more common further away. This suggests there were more of them billions of years ago. All galaxies were closer together then, and therefore more likely to be influenced by each other's gravity. More frequent encounters produced more starbursts as galactic forms evolved with the expanding universe.

Notable and well-known starburst galaxies
-----------------------------------------

These include: 

* M82- The prototype of this class of galaxy and is interacting with Messier 81.Also know as the Cigar Galaxy.
* Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) This is actually 2 galaxies, interacting and merging.
* IC 10- The only starburst galaxy in the Local Group and just a mild one.
* Centaurus A- The only case of an elliptical starburst galaxy.
* Messier 100- A so-called Grand design spiral galaxy in Virgo.
* Cartwheel galaxy- A famous ring galaxy.
The **stone sheep** is a subspecies of thinhorn sheep. Almost all stone sheep live in British Columbia in Canada.

Appearance
----------

Stone sheep in British Columbia.
This sheep is larger than its relative, the Dall sheep. The adult male stone sheep can weigh 180 to 220 lbs (82 to 100 kg). The adult female sheep are smaller. Unlike Dall sheep, stone sheep do not have bright white fur. Instead, they are gray, brown, or black. Lighter stone sheep are sometimes called Fannin sheep. Some scientists think Fannin sheep are a separate subspecies of thinhorn sheep and other scientists do not.

Stone sheep have horns with different shapes, but female stone sheep have thinner horns than male stone sheep. The horns are darker in color than the horns of Dall sheep.

The face, backs of the legs and the rear end usually have white fur on them. The tail is usually black with some black fur on the back.

Home
----

There are about 12,000 to 15,000 stone sheep in the world. Most of them live in British Columbia in Canada. They like to live on steep mountains. They move around. They go to low meadows to eat plants and then go back to high, rocky places where it is difficult for other animals to catch them.

History
-------

Thinhorn sheep and snow sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago. After that, the thinhorn sheep moved east and spread out. The Dall sheep and stone sheep became separate subspecies some time after that.
Academician **Rifat Hadžiselimović** is a Bosnian geneticist. He was born in Šiprage, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 7 January 1944. In 2013, with over 45 years of service, he was appointed Emeritus. He acts as scientific adviser in Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo.

Rifat Hadžiselimović is the member of Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2018.

Education and Professional Career
---------------------------------

Rifat Hadžiselimović completed secondary education in Banja Luka after which in 1962 he enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Sarajevo. He graduated as a Biology teacher in 1966 and completed his Masters in Biology (Anthropology) in 1971 at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Zagreb, Croatia. His Master thesis was entitled "Historical aspect of the change of relative frequency of two allelogens in human populations". He completed his PhD in Biology in 1976 at the Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo on the subject of "The Genetics of ABH antigens secretion in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina".

Since 1966 he has been employed by the Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, first as an Assistant Lecturer (1966-1977), then as an Assistant Professor (1977), Associate Professor (1980) and the Professor (1984) on subjects: Human Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Evolution, Bioanthropology, and Biomedicine.

He was as an active member of the Anthropological Society of Yugoslavia and was a Co-Founder and member of the Association of Genetics in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
From 1984 – 1986 he also served as the Head of the Department of Biology. From 1994 - 2003 he was engaged in the development of the "Postgraduate study of biological sciences" where he was the head of the programme, and from 2007 was the head of the as the "Genetics" field of the programme.

In the period from 1987-2001, he was the Director of the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (INGEB), and from 2001 he was the Project Coordinator of the DNA Project which was developed in cooperation with the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP). He was also engaged as the Scientific Advisor of the Institute (INGEB), and from 2006 to 2012 was appointed a Chair of the Board of Directors of the Institute.

Related pages
-------------

* University of Sarajevo
* INGEB, Sarajevo
Comet Halley
A **periodic comet** is a comet which orbits around the Sun. A short-period comet will complete its orbit in less than 200 years. A long-period comet will take more than 200 years to orbit. In most cases the comets are named after the person who discovered them. The Shoemaker-Levy comets were named after Eugene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. A few comets are named after the person who calculated the orbits, such as 2P/Encke and 27P/Crommelin. It is very difficult to work out the orbit of a long-period comet because the orbit changes. The gravity of planets, or the release of gas or material from the comet itself, changes the orbit. Short-period comets can be predicted very accurately.

Periodic comets sometimes have the same name, for example there are nine Shoemaker-Levy comets and twenty-four NEAT comets. The Minor Planet Center, a part of the International Astronomical Union gives comets a different number prefix or uses the full title such as 181P/Shoemaker-Levy and 192/Shoemaker-Levy which are both "Comet Shoemaker-Levy". Sometimes an informal numbering system is used for periodic comets so 181P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 6 and 192P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1. Because non-periodic Shoemaker-Levy comets are included in the number sequences there appear to be gaps in the numbers, for example C/1991 B1 is between Shoemaker-Levy 2 and 3, C/1991 T2 is between 5 and 6, C/1993 K1 and D/1994 E2 after Shoemaker-Levy 9.

In naming a comet, the letter before the "/" is:

* "C" for a non-periodic comet
* "P" is a periodic comet
* "D" is a comet which has been lost or has disintegrated
* "X" is a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated –usually historical comets
* "A" for an object that was thought to be comet, but is actually a minor planet.

Some lists keep the "C" prefix for comets of with orbits longer than about 30 years until their return is confirmed.

Related pages
-------------

* List of comets

Other websites
--------------

* "Periodic Comet Names List". *pdssbn.astro.umd.edu*. 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
**Yorkshire Coast Radio** is the local radio station for Scarborough, Filey, Whitby and Bridlington. It broadcasts to Scarborough and Filey on 96.2 FM, Bridlington on 102.4 FM and Whitby on 103.1 FM

The station also operates an online service called 'Yorkshire Coast Radio Extra' which broadcasts news and interviews as well as football commentaries on Scarborough Athletic, Bridlington Town and Whitby Town games.

In 2018 the station launched an additional service Yorkshire Coast Radio 70s.

Programming
-----------

All of Yorkshire Coast Radio's programming is produced and broadcast from its Scarborough studios. Presenter-led programming airs from 6am-10pm on weekdays, 6 am-6 pm on Saturdays and 8 am-4 pm on Sunday.

In the official RAJAR audience data for Q2 2018, Yorkshire Coast Radio achieved a 53% weekly reach which is higher than for any other radio station in the UK.

News
----

Yorkshire Coast Radio broadcasts hourly local news bulletins from 6 am-10 pm on weekdays and 8 am-12 pm at weekends, with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast.

Its journalists are based at the radio station's Scarborough studios and also produce content for and the station's website and smartphone app.

National bulletins from Sky News Radio are carried every hour at all other times.