recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A stone that has been sharpened to be used as a hand tool The **Stone Age** was a prehistoric time when people made tools from stone such as flint. It began when people created the first stone tools about 3.3 million years ago. About 99% of human history happened during the Stone Age. It lasted for about 3.4 million years, and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC and started in 15000 BC.

Stone Age people also made tools out of wood and bone. However, these materials do not last as long as stone. For this reason, most of the Stone Age tools archaeologists have found are made of stone.

Archaeologists divide the Stone Age into three sections: Palaeolithic ("old stone"), Mesolithic ("middle stone"), and Neolithic ("new stone"). During the Neolithic period, people invented farming and pottery, and started to care for animals like cows and pigs.

Sometime between 3000 BC and 2000 BC, people discovered the art of (making metals). This probably happened in the Middle East. People used copper first, then learned how to make bronze. When people started using these metals instead of stone, the Stone Age ended and the Bronze Age began.

Some groups of people in Papua New Guinea continued to use Stone Age technology into the 20th century. They used stone-tipped weapons to kill animals for food and clothing. They made shelters using animal skin.

Food that was eaten in the Stone Age was berries (e.g. blackberries), fish, animals (e.g. mammoth) and animal organs.
***Mother 3*** is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory. It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the *Mother* video game series, called *EarthBound* outside of Japan.

The game was kept secret until it appeared in June 2003 during a *Mother 1 + 2* commercial in Japan. Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.

Development
-----------

*Mother 3* was first going to be made for the Nintendo 64 and then later for the Nintendo 64DD. It was going to be called *Earthbound 64*. It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work. It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It uses much stuff from *EarthBound 64*, including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game, Porky

Storyline
---------

*Mother 3* takes place on Nowhere Islands. The Nowhere Islands are a large amount of islands in the middle of the ocean. They contain one volcano, two mountains, a castle, and one small village called Tazmily. The story takes place when Lucas, his brother Claus, and his mother Hinawa take a vacation to his grandpa's house. During the vacation, Lucas and Claus play with a race of peaceful T-Rex like creatures called Dragos. After a long day of playing, they head home, not after Hinawa sending a message to Flint, her husband, that they are heading back.

Meanwhile, the forest near Tazmily is lit on fire mysteriously.

Characters
----------

* **Lucas** - the main protagonist, son of his mother Hinawa and father Flint. Lucas is known to be gentle. He is yellow haired with a stripe of yellow and red on his shirt.
* **Claus**
* **Flint**
* **Boney**

Other websites
--------------

### Official sites

* Official site *(Japanese)*
* 1101.com (Shigesato Itoi's website): *Mother 3* *(Japanese)*
* SpaceWorld 1999: *Mother 3* *(Japanese)*

### Press coverage

* IGN: *Mother 3* Archived 2006-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
* GameSpy: *Mother 3* Archived 2006-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
* GameStats: *Mother 3* Archived 2006-08-20 at the Wayback Machine

### Fansites

* Starmen.net, the biggest *EarthBound*/*Mother* fansite.

| EarthBound/Mother video games |
| --- |
| *Mother* - *EarthBound* - *Mother 1 + 2* - *Mother 3* |
Sociologists have put people into different categories, based on socioeconomic factors, such as wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political). They called this classification **social stratification.** Stratification is the relative social position of people within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit.

In modern Western societies, social stratification is defined in terms of three social classes: an upper class, a middle class, and a lower class. Each class is divided in three again: an upper, a middle, and a lower layer, or statum. Moreover, a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship, clan, tribe, or caste, or all four.

Socieieties that are based on states, that have more than one center, or that have a feudal hierachy use social stratification. In feudal society, there is nobility, and there are the common people, or peasants. Social scientists still argue about when social stratification first appeared: Either it started in the hunter-gatherer, tribal, and band societies or with agriculture and large-scale means of social exchange. Determining the structures of social stratification comes from inequalities of status among people.The degree of social inequality determines a person's social stratum. Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the more social stratification exists, by way of social differentiation.

Stratification can yield various consequences. For instance, the stratification of neighborhoods based on spatial and racial factors can influence disparate access to mortgage credit.

### Social mobility

 Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.
People and groups or categories of people also move between the layers of the system. This movement can occur within one generation, or from one generation to the next one. 

Mobility is sometimes used to classify different systems of social stratification. Systems that allow such mobility, or that make it easier are called open. Uually, they make movement possible by placing value on the achieved status characteristics of people. The societies with the highest levels of intragenerational mobility are considered to be the most open and malleable systems of stratification. Those systems in which there is little to no mobility, even on an intergenerational basis, are considered closed stratification systems. For example, in caste systems, all aspects of social status are ascribed, such that one's social position at birth persists throughout one's lifetime.

The 1911 "Pyramid of Capitalist System" cartoon is an example of socialist critique of capitalism and of social stratification
A **proposition** is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proven to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term *statement* and *proposition* to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as {\displaystyle P}, {\displaystyle Q} and {\displaystyle R}.

It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual meaning, not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning. 

For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous. 

In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false.

In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is meaningless (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.

Related pages
-------------

* Axiom
* Propositional logic
* Predicate logic
**Systematics** is one of the main fields in biology. It is closely related to taxonomy.

Systematics is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. 

Relationships are usually seen as evolutionary trees (cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). 

Phylogenies have two components, *branching order* (showing group relationships) and *branch length* (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (anatomical or molecular characteristics), and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics is used to help us understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

"Systematic biology" and "taxonomy" are terms that are often confused and used interchangeably. They were defined as follows:

> 
> Systematics is the field which (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e) investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations.   
> Taxonomy is that part of systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.
> 
> 
>
The **electromagnetic** (**EM**) **spectrum** is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves — as sound waves are — adding up to eighty-one octaves. Physicists have studied electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom. It is commonly said that EM waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not known to be true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long-wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite. 

Radiation of shorter wavelength than about 30 μm is commonly detected by its ability to exceed the ionization energy of atoms. Radiation of longer than 3mm is commonly detected by its ability to induce electrical currents. Radiation between these limits was little used until the 21st century because of the difficulty of detecting it. 

Electromagnetic spectrum

Spectra of objects
------------------

Nearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (Black holes do not.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the *spectrum* of the object) is determined by what the object is made of. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.

Spectroscopy is the branch of physics that observes matter by its emitted or reflected spectra.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Electromagnetic spectrum***.

* U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart - Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
* Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations Archived 2006-12-14 at the Wayback Machine (from Industry Canada)
* UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
* The Science of Spectroscopy Archived 2019-03-23 at the Wayback Machine - supported by NASA, includes OpenSpectrum, a Wiki-based learning tool for spectroscopy that anyone can edit
* An EM Spectrum Overview in Flash Archived 2009-11-20 at the Wayback Machine by e-builds
Andrew Carnegie, 1913
**Carnegie Hall** is a concert hall in New York. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in the world.

Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.

The Main Hall (Isaac Stern Auditorium)
--------------------------------------

Isaac Stern Auditorium
Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,840 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.

For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.

The Recital Hall (Zankel Hall)
------------------------------

Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.

Chamber Music Hall (Weill Recital Hall)
---------------------------------------

The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).

Famous concerts
---------------

The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including *Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World"* by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the *Sinfonia Domestica* by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, *Concerto in F* by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and *Variations on a Theme of Corelli* by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.

The world premiere of Disney's animated film *Fantasia 2000* took place at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999.
National Mall Plan, Base Map - Washington Monument and West Potomac Park
The **West Potomac Park** is a park in Washington, D.C.. It is just west of the National Mall. It is home to some of Washington's most famous places, like the Jefferson Memorial, the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, and the Tidal Basin. But, the park’s most famous attraction is cherry blossoms.

History
-------

Thousands of cherry trees bloom around the waters of the Tidal Basin, which reflect the trees’ images. The basin was created in the late 1800s to prevent the Potomac River from flooding. These pink and white flowers serve as a symbol of international friendship. 

The original cherry trees were a gift from Japan. On March 26, 1912, more than 3,000 cherry trees arrived in Washington. Most were planted around the Tidal Basin. But cherry trees were also planted near the Washington Monument and the White House.

The park service maintains West Potomac Park, and helps protect the cherry trees.

Cherry Blossom Festival
-----------------------

It is a wonderful gift that is over 100 years old now. The 1912 gift from the people of Japan has grown to this 3,800 trees. The cherry blossoms also serve as a symbol of the beginning of springtime. The trees burst with colors of soft pink and white. The blossoming of the cherry blossoms every spring is sort of the great springtime celebration, not only in the District of Columbia but throughout the United States.

Every year, Washington celebrates the arrival of spring with a two-week Cherry Blossom Festival. More than 1.5 million people from around the world visit the nation’s capital during the festival. They all hope to see the cherry trees at their "peak bloom." Park officials define "peak bloom" as the period when 70 percent of Washington’s most common cherry tree variety -- the Yoshino trees -- are blooming. Yoshino cherry trees are one of 12 types of cherry trees in Washington. Peak bloom lasts several days each year.

Experts begin making peak bloom predictions in February. Visitors make their travel plans to Washington based on these predictions.

Related pages
-------------

* Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
* Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial

Other websites
--------------

* Cherry Blossoms along the Tidal Basin at NPS.gov
* NPS.gov - About National Mall and Memorial Parks

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Vanessa Kahlon** (born 6 March 1979) is an author and founder of Kahlon Family Services School (KFS), YEAS Yoga, and The 3R Method (Redo, Rewind, and Repair) that teaches social emotional learning through relationship building.

Career
------

Vanessa Kahlon is a thriving entrepreneur with more than two decades of experience under her belt. She founded her own company, Kahlon Family Services (KFS), in 2008. KFS provides behavior consultations, social skills groups, support professionals in schools, and parenting groups for families with children with Learning and Behavioral challenges and needs. She also created her own yoga curriculum, YEAS YOGA, to address the self-regulation needs of high-spirited children. In addition, the 3R Method, Redo, Rewind, & Repair to teach social emotional learning. Vanessa is the Executive Director of KFS School, a K-8 program serving children in San Francisco and the Bay Area community. She is also the host of "Parenting with Vanessa Kahlon", a radio show and podcast that empowers parents with tools and strategies for their children's daily struggles. She has written 3 books "Shut Up & Parent", "How To Do Parenting With Confidence" and "Teaching With Heart" self-care journal for teachers. Vanessa has been recognized for her professional and personal approach, as well as her results-driven philosophy, by being named Woman of the Year by the National Association of Professional Women in 2014, and Top 30 Influential and Women Entrepreneurs by Entrepreneurs Herald in 2021 and 2022, New York Journal 50 under 50 and lastly Forbes New York for her work helping families respectively.

Education
---------

She completed her education from California State University San Marcos, BA and Sophia University, MA.

Books
-----

* SHUT UP AND PARENT HOW TO RAISE YOUR CHILD WITHOUT YELLING.
* How To Do Parenting With Confidence.
* Parenting With An Open Heart - 90 Day Self-Care Journal for Parents
* Teaching With Heart - A 90 Day Self-Care Journal for Teachers
**Semele** is a person in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. She has a child called Dionysus. Her child grows up and becomes a god.

Story
-----

Semele was a priestess of Zeus. On one day, Zeus saw her as she killed a bull at his altar. She swam in the river Asopus to wash the blood off her body. Zues turned himself into an eagle and flew over the place where she was bathing. Zeus saw Semele and fell in love with her. He visited her many times, in secret.
Zeus' wife, Hera got jealous of the girls Zeus loved. She found out of his love with Semele. Semele became pregnant. Hera turned herself into an old woman. Hera became friends with Semele. Semele told her that her lover was Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her. She made Semele wonder if her lover was lying about being Zeus. Semele asked Zeus to grant her a wish. Zeus promised on the River Styx to give her anything she wanted. She then told Zeus to come to her in his truest form. Zeus asked her not to ask this. But she did not change her choice. Zeus tried to spare her by showing her the smallest of his thunderbolts. Humans cannot look upon the gods without being burned, so Semele died, getting burned in a lightning fire.

Zeus rescued Semele's unborn child, Dionysus. He sewed the fetal Dionysus into his thigh. Dionysus grew there until he was ready to be born. This is why Greeks called Dionysus "the twice-born."

When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from underworld. Later, she became a goddess on Mount Olympus. She got a new name Thyone. She lived being inspired by her son Dionysus. At a later point in the epic poem *Dionysiaca* that tells the story, Semele, now reborn, boasts about her son to her sister Ino.

Music
-----

* Élisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre, *Sémélé*, cantata (1715) EJG 37
* Nikolaus Strungk, *Semele,* opera (1681)
* John Eccles, *Semele,* opera (1706)
* Marin Marais, *Sémélé*, tragédie en musique (1709)
* Francesco Mancini, *Sémélé,* opera (1711)
* Antonio de Literes, *Jupiter et* *Sémélé,* opera (1718)
* André Cardinal Destouches, *Sémélé,* cantata (1719)
* Georg Friedrich Haendel, *Semele*, oratorio (1743)
* Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon, *Sémélé,* opera
* Paul Dukas, *Sémélé,* cantata (1889)
Map of the United States, showing the states, divided into counties.
A **county**, in the United States, is a political subdivision and form of government that is right below the state. 48 out of the 50 states in the United States use counties. Louisiana calls its counties *parishes* while Alaska got rid of counties and only uses boroughs. Both of these are equal to the county. The list that the U.S. Census Bureau keeps that lists all of the counties in the United States says that there are 3,481 counties or other kinds of divisions that are equal to the county in the United States.[*source?*]

The mid-western and northeastern states in the United States divide the county further into townships or towns, some of which have municipalities. The place where the county government and courts are is called the *county seat*. 

On average, a county in the United States has a population of around 100,000 people.[*source?*] The county that has the most people living in it is Los Angeles County, California, where 9.8 million people live.[*source?*] The county that has the fewest people living in it is Loving County, Texas, where as of the 2020 United States Census, 64 people live. 

The average number of counties in each state is 62. Louisiana has the fewest counties with none. It is divided into parishes instead of counties. In states with counties, Delaware has the fewest with only 3. Texas has the most counties with 254.

These pages list all of the counties in each state:

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * 254– Texas
* 159– Georgia
* 134– Virginia
* 120– Kentucky
* 115– Missouri
* 105– Kansas
* 102– Illinois
* 100– North Carolina
* 99– Iowa
* 95– Tennessee
 | * 93– Nebraska
* 92– Indiana
* 88– Ohio
* 87– Minnesota
* 83– Michigan
* 82– Mississippi
* 77– Oklahoma
* 75– Arkansas
* 72– Wisconsin
* 67– Pennsylvania
 | * 67– Florida
* 67– Alabama
* 66– South Dakota
* 64\*– Louisiana
* 64– Colorado
* 62– New York
* 58– California
* 56– Montana
* 55– West Virginia
* 53– North Dakota
 | * 46– South Carolina
* 44– Idaho
* 39– Washington
* 36– Oregon
* 33– New Mexico
* 30\*\*– Alaska
* 29– Utah
* 24– Maryland
* 23– Wyoming
* 21– New Jersey
 | * 17– Nevada
* 16– Maine
* 15– Arizona
* 14– Vermont
* 14– Massachusetts
* 10– New Hampshire
* 8– Connecticut
* 5– Rhode Island
* 5– Hawaii
* 3– Delaware
 |

\*Louisiana is divided into parishes instead of counties, which it does have 64 in total.

\*\*Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas instead of counties, which it does have 30 in total.

Other websites
--------------

* Geographic Areas Reference Manual by the United States Census Bureau
* National Association of Counties
* Cross-reference any State, County, City, ZIP Code in the U.S.
* U.S. County Formation Maps 1643-Present Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine– Cumulative animated graphics.
**Fasting** is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. Fasting is usually done for one of three reasons:

* Some people use fasting to lose weight
* In some cases, people use fasting as a religious ritual
* In some cases, people use fasting as a way of protest. This is usually called hunger strike

When it is done for religious reasons, certain groups of people are usually excluded:

* People who are ill, or who are recovering from a disease
* Pregnant women, or women with small children (who need to be breastfed)
* Children
* Old people

It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).

A famous statue showing Buddha after a long fast, his body was starved but he got great spiritual knowledge
Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament. In Buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting Nirvana.

Dry fasting
-----------

This is a form of fasting when a person totally abstains from eating any food or drinking water. On 21 January 2024, Isaiah Ogedegbe warned that a prolonged dry fasting is dangerous to health, for which reason it is inadvisable to do it for a very long time. He also said that such a prolonged dry fasting has caused the deaths of some religious figures.

  

In 2019, a Zambian pastor Brighton Samajomba died from malnutrition 10 days before completing a 30-day dry fasting.

Early in 2023, the BBC reported that a Mozambican pastor Francisco Barajah also lost his life in a similar way after he did a 25-day dry fasting, but his initial plan was to complete a 40-day dry fasting just like Jesus Christ.
Later in 2023, a Nigerian pastor Victor Great was reported to have done a 21-day dry fasting; at the end of which he could not walk and several church workers assisted him from his car to the altar.

Politics
--------

See the main article: Hunger strike
Fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.

Intermittent fasting
--------------------

Timed fasting is known as Intermittent fasting. According to The New York Times, it is sometimes used for weight loss.

There are different ways to time your fast. You can:

* Not eat for 16 hours
* Not eat for 20 hours
* Not eat for one day and feast on the next day and repeat
* Eat one meal a day
|  |
| --- |
| Part of a series of articles on**Sports** |
| 

Sports
 |
| **Summer Sports** |
| Track and field athletics
Football (soccer)
Basketball
Bowls
Rugby
Gymnastics
Baseball
American football
Cycling·Auto racing
Cricket·Golf
Field hockey·Handball
Archery·Shooting
Fencing·Weightlifting
Pentathlon·Triathlon
Horseback riding |
| Water sports
Swimming· Diving
Water polo·Sailing
Canoeing·Rowing |
| Martial arts
Boxing·Wrestling
Karate·Taekwondo |
| Net sports
Tennis· Volleyball
Table tennis· Badminton |
| **Winter sports** |
| Ice hockey· Skating
Skiing·Curling
Bobsled·Luge
Snowboarding·Biathlon
Ice sledge hockey |

Badminton court
Men playing badminton
**Badminton** is a sport for two or four( "singles" or "doubles") people. The game is either one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players. Players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock over a net but if it goes too far it will be an out. It is often enjoyed in various settings, from casual backyard matches to to intense professional tournaments. 

The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back properly before it hits the floor. Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point. They also get to serve. The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a set. 

The winner of the match is the first to win 2 sets.

History
-------

Badminton traces its history to a game called George Cajoles, which was played in Pune, India in the 19th century by the British military officers stationed there. This game was taken by retired officers back to England where it developed and quickly grew in popularity. 

In 1877, the first set of written rules were arranged by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club. The All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, was held in 1899.
Badminton has been an Olympic sport since 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Although badminton originated in England, it is mainly played in countries of Asia such as China, Nepal, Indonesia, India, and the Republic of Korea that now dominates this sport.
The first Indian to win the All England Badminton Championship was Prakash Padukone in the year 1980.

Equipment
---------

* Rackets
* Shuttlecocks
* Net/ court
* Line Courtyard
* Badminton shoes

Other websites
--------------

* International Badminton Federation
* Badminton Central
* Badminton World Federation
*
S


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***Islamophobia***.

A demonstration in Cologne against Islamophobia and right-wing nationalism in Germany.

An islamophobic billboard saying that Islamic Law (Sharia) threatens America.
Islamophobic protest in Ohio.
**Islamophobia** is the dislike, fear, pre-judgment, hostility or hate against Muslims (people following the religion Islam) or the religion itself. 

Sometimes people use it to attack the ideological positions taken by Muslims, but more often than not they state the religion itself as the actual problem.

Muslim women are more likely to experience islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of face veil.

Examples of islamophobia in the world
-------------------------------------

During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of islamophobia.

In France, since 2013, it is illegal for Muslim women to wear veils (burqas and niqabs) that cover their faces publicly.

Related pages
-------------

* Racism - the idea that one race is better than most or all of the others
* Antisemitism - the hatred of Jews
Lahiri Temple at Rajhat, Bandel
**Bandel** is a town in the Hooghly district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It was founded by Portuguese settlers. It is in the Chandernagore Police Commissionerate. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Bandel is a major rail junction station of Eastern Railway zone. It is 40 km from Howrah railway station.

Geography
---------

### Location

Bandel is at 22°55′22″N 88°22′46″E﻿ / ﻿22.922743°N 88.379542°E﻿ / 22.922743; 88.379542. It has an elevation of 16 m. The main river that flows by Bandel is Hooghly. The town is in Gangetic Plain.

Boats waiting in Hooghly River near Bandel
### Climate

Like the rest of the Ganges Delta of West Bengal, the climate is tropical wet-and-dry in nature. The monsoon starts from early June to mid-September. Winter persists for almost three months, from mid-November to mid-February. The weather remains dry during the winter and humid during summer.

Transport
---------

### Train

A local train leaving Bandel Junction
At Bandel, there are two railway stations, en:Hooghly railway station and Bandel Junction. Bandel Junction is an important railway station of Eastern Railway. It is a model rail station. The station is situated approximately 40  km from Howrah station on the Howrah–Bardhaman main line. The Bandel–Katwa line meets the Howrah main line, here at Bandel Jn. Another branch line connects Bandel with Sealdah railway station and Kolkata railway station via Naihati. 

### Road and Bus

State Highway 6/ Grand Trunk Road passes through Bandel.

#### Private bus

* 4 Chunchura Court - Memari
* 8 Chunchura Court - Kalna
* 23 Chunchura Court - Tarakeswar
* 39 Chunchura Court - Jirat

Besides, there are auto rickshaws, e-rickshaws, cycle-rickshaws, etc. These all contribute to the public transport of Bandel.

### Air

The nearest airport is the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Dum Dum, Kolkata.
**Vespasian** (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman Invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

Further reading
---------------

* Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
**LZ77** and **LZ78** are two lossless data compression algorithms. Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv published them in papers, in 1977 and 1978. They are also known as **LZ1** and **LZ2**. 

Today, there are many variations of these algorithms. Examples of such variations are LZW, LZSS, or LZMA. Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a variant that was published in 1983, and that was used for the GIF format used by Compuserve, or the the DEFLATE algorithm used in PNG and ZIP.

They are both theoretically dictionary coders. LZ77 uses a sliding window during compression. Later, this was shown to be equivalent to the explicit dictionary constructed by LZ78. There are limitations though: The two methods are only equivalent when all of the data is to be decompressed.

Since LZ77 encodes and decodes from a sliding window over previously seen characters, decompression must always start at the beginning of the input. Conceptually, LZ78 decompression could allow random access to the input if the entire dictionary were known in advance. However, in practice the dictionary is created during encoding and decoding by creating a new phrase whenever a token is output.

The algorithms were named an IEEE Milestone in 2004. In 2021 Jacob Ziv was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor for his involvement in their development.

Efficiency
----------

In the second of the two papers that introduced these algorithms they are analyzed as encoders defined by finite-state machines. A measure analogous to information entropy is developed for individual sequences (as opposed to probabilistic ensembles). This measure gives a bound on the data compression ratio that can be achieved. It is then shown that there exists finite lossless encoders for every sequence that achieve this bound as the length of the sequence grows to infinity. In this sense an algorithm based on this scheme produces asymptotically optimal encodings. This result can be proven more directly, as for example in notes by Peter Shor.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to LZ77 algorithm at Wikimedia Commons
* Media related to LZ78 algorithm at Wikimedia Commons
This is a stereotypical police officer. Many people think about something like this when they hear or see the words "police officer".
A **police officer** is a serving member of a police force. Police officers arrest criminals, prevent crime, protect and help the public, and keep public order. Officers have legally authorised powers, which in Britain is called a *warrant*.

Powers and duties
-----------------

A police officer's job is to protect the public, make sure people obey the law and make people feel safe. Not all police officers wear a uniform and patrol. Some police officers have specialist jobs, such as being a detective, a traffic officer or a police dog handler. In some countries, not all police carry guns, so a police officer could choose to become an armed police officer after a lot of experience.

A Czech Republic traffic police officer demonstrating traffic commands.
A policeman of the Sindh Police of Pakistan in uniform.
As a part of their job, police officers have rights that other people do not have. This might include the power to arrest a person who they think has committed a crime, the power to search a person, the power to stop cars and direct traffic, the power to ask for a person's name and address, the power to give out tickets or fines or the power to make a person come to court. Without these powers the police would not be able to gain any sort of control over society. 

Being a police officer can be dangerous. Police officers are sometimes killed or hurt by criminals when they are sent to incidents, so that is why the police have to carry the equipment needed to defend themselves. Police officers have the right to carry weapons, such as a gun or a baton in order to stop crime even if the weapon laws are strict and limited to the general public.

Equipment
---------

French Police arresting suspects at night in Paris.
In different countries, police officers are given different equipment to deal with the crime that is in their country. Police officers are armed with weapons that they can use to defend themselves or other people that need help. Most police officers carry some or all of the following items to complete their work:

* a gun or a baton/truncheon to injure or in some cases kill criminals if necessary.
* a canister of CS gas or pepper spray, which blinds a person for a short amount of time
* a set of handcuffs, for restraining a person
* a protection vest, to protect a police officer from knives and guns
* a flashlight, for lighting dark places
* a two-way radio, to call for help, give information to other officers and to get backup.

Police officers have to patrol and respond to emergencies as quickly as possible. Some police officers will walk on foot patrol, but often police officers will perform patrol duties in a police car. This is so that they can get to emergencies faster and carry more equipment. Sometimes officers patrol on bicycles, motorbikes or on horses if they are in a unit that does this.
A **hyperaccumulator** is a plant that can grow in soils with very high concentrations of metals.

Featured by the BBC is a tree on the island of New Caledonia, *Pycnandra acuminata*, which grows on soil rich in nickel. Many different plants do this in several different plant families.

The advantage of hyperaccumulation of metals may be that the toxic levels of heavy metals in leaves deter herbivores (defence against herbivory).

Several gene families are involved in hyperaccumulation including absorbing and storing heavy metals. The genes most usually involved are the ZIP gene family. These genes code for membrane receptors for the transport of, for example, zinc molecules.

These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms *Arabidopsis* and the Brassicaceae. Expression of HA genes allows the plant to uptake and sequester metals such as As, Co, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ni in 100–1000 times the concentration found in sister species or populations.

Related pages
-------------

* Plant physiology
After the so-called Pakistan Civil War (1971), Act Number 9 of 1973 (called The Bangladesh Passport Order, 1973) which was signed into effect by the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, on 8 February 1973, this led to the creation and issuing of the first passport of a newly separatist Bangladesh. These passport booklets were traditional, handwritten or manual, passports and were compliant with the relevant international laws and regulations in force at the time. Subsequently, additional laws were enacted in Bangladesh in the years that followed to improve the passport application process; enforce the ineligibility to hold multiple valid Bangladeshi passports; citizenship requirement for a passport; etc. Since 1972 a special passport, also known as the **India-Bangladesh Special Passport**, used to be issued to Bangladeshi citizens and Indian nationals resident in West Bengal State and the North-Eastern States of India only.

Physical appearance
-------------------

The new cover of Bangladeshi passport
Bangladeshi passport covers are dark green, with the Seal of the Government of Bangladesh emblazoned in gold in the centre of the front cover. The word "পাসপোর্ট" (Bengali) and "Passport" (English) are inscribed above the Seal. Below the Seal "গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ" (Bengali); "People's Republic of Bangladesh" (English); and the international e-passport symbol () are inscribed.
A Statue of Lichtenberg, in Göttingen, where he taught.
In philosophy of science, a **paradigm** is a way of thinking about a problem. The word comes from Greek παράδειγμα (*paradeigma*), "pattern, example, sample" from the verb παραδείκνυμι (*paradeiknumi*), "exhibit, represent, expose" and that from παρά (*para*), "beside, beyond" and δείκνυμι (*deiknumi*), "to show, to point out". Paradigm can also be used to refer to a set of ideas about a given subject. The idea that the Earth is the center of the universe, or that the Earth and other planets move around the sun are examples of paradigms. One of the first modern people to use the word was Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799), an 18th century mathematician and scientist.

In rhetoric, paradeigma is known as a type of proof. The purpose of paradeigma is to provide an audience with an illustration of similar occurrences. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion, however it is used to help guide them there. A personal accountant is a good comparison of paradeigma to explain how it is meant to guide the audience. It is not the job of a personal accountant to tell their client exactly what (and what not) to spend their money on, but to aid in guiding their client as to how money should be spent based on their financial goals. Anaximenes defined paradeigma as, "actions that have occurred previously and are similar to, or the opposite of, those which we are now discussing." Aristotle uses the word in a similar way, in inductive logic. usually, induction is used to get from a number of special cases to a general one. Aristotle uses the word to get from one special case to another.

The original Greek term *παράδειγμα* (paradeigma) was used in Greek texts such as Plato's Timaeus (28A) as the model or the pattern that the Demiurge (god) used to create the cosmos. The term had a technical meaning in the field of grammar: the 1900 *Merriam-Webster* dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used *paradigm* to refer to a class of elements with similarities.

Other page
----------

* Commensurability
* Paradigm shift
* Programming paradigm
The Diet building
**Diet of Japan** (国会, *Kokkai*) is the national bicameral legislature of Japan. The National Diet Building is in Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo.

It is made up of the House of Representatives (lower house) and the House of Councillors (upper house). The members of both houses of the Diet are directly elected. The Diet selects the Prime Minister.

History
-------

The Diet was first convened as the Imperial Diet in 1889.

In 1947, the Diet took its current form.

Gallery
-------

* Joint session of the Diet of JapanJoint session of the Diet of Japan
* Buildings housing the Diet in 1905.Buildings housing the Diet in 1905.

Related pages
-------------

* Bicameralism
* History of Japan
* National Diet Library
* Parliamentary system

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Diet of Japan at Wikimedia Commons

* National Diet Library website Archived 2002-10-18 at the Wayback Machine

国会で男性議員を「君」、女性議員を「さん」で使い分けるのは男女差別である（年長者に対しては男女ともさん付けだが目下に対しては男性には君付けで女性にはさん付けする点が不公平だから）。もともと国会で議長が議員の名前を呼ぶ時は相手が男性でも女性でも「君」付けだったのに、男性には「君」、女性には「さん」と呼ぶように変えるのは男女不平等への逆行だ！日本人に生まれて良くねーやい！

なぜなら下記の通り、日本語は私たちを悩ませる言語だから。

* ヤフー検索:"呼びタメピープル" "すぐる" -「○○君」、女子を「○○さん」と区別していると、しばしば下記のリンクのような学校や手紙では君付けで呼ばれ、ブログではさん付けで呼ばれるといった現象が発生し悩まされるため。英語の"Mr."、イタリア語の"Signor"、中国語の"先生"は男性にしか使えない。英語の"Ms."、イタリア語の"Signora"、"Signorina"、中国語の"太太"、"小姐"は女性にしか使えない。日本語のように男女とも「さん」を使用するときと、「君／さん」で男女が区別される場合があるというのは嫌だ！

35°40′33″N 139°44′42″E﻿ / ﻿35.67583°N 139.74500°E﻿ / 35.67583; 139.74500
**NiziU** is a Japanese-Korean idol girl group. In the word NiziU, "Nizi" means the symbol of the audition project, and "U" means you, that is to say, members and people who like this group. In the group, there are nine members.

Audition
--------

The music companies Sony Music Entertainment Japan and JYP Entertainment began a project called "Nizi Project". This was an audition program and it was held in Japan and South Korea. The producer of NiziU is J.Y Park (박진영). He is a record producer, founder of the JYP and also a Korean singer.

Members
-------

In the group, there are nine members. They were selected from 100,000 people.

| Name | Birthday | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mako Yamaguchi | 4th April 2001 | Leader, main dancer, lead vocalist |
| Rio Hanabashi | 4th February 2002 | Main dancer |
| Maya Katsumura | 8th April 2002 | Lead dancer |
| Riku Oe | 26th October 2002 | Lead vocalist |
| Ayaka Arai | 20th June 2003 | Visual |
| Mayuka Ogou | 13th November 2003 | Lead rapper |
| Rima Yokoi | 26th March 2004 | Main rapper |
| Miihi Suzuno | 12th August 2004 | Main vocalist, lead dancer |
| Nina Hillman | 27th February 2005 | Main vocalist, youngest |

Discography and performances
----------------------------

### Songs

* **Make You Happy**

This is one of the songs in the Digital Mini Album. It is famous for being used in the nizi project. The song was released as the pre-debut song on only music streaming. The release day was before their debut. However the album became a big hit.  Also the dance of this song is very famous for "Nawatobi Dance".

* **Step and a Step**

This is the first debut single. It was released on December 2nd in 2020. The dance is famous for "Rabbit Dance". The high point of this song means that it’s ok to make progress on our own pace if the pace is slower than other people. The lyrics mean we don’t need to be upset about the  people’s step around us.

### Commercials

* LOTTE [Fit’s] (December 8th, 2020)
* Coca-Cola (December 14th, 2020)
* KOSE (January 16th, 2020)

### Record of Awards

* Best Dance Video Award - MTV VMAJ 2020
* Special Award - The 62nd Japan Record Awards
* VOGUE JAPAN Women of the Year 2020

Fans
----

People who love this group and members are called "WithU". "U" means, of course, you (= fans), and that fans usually think of NiziU. Also, there is a meaning behind "WithU". It is that NiziU works toward the world with fans.

Additional points
-----------------

In addition to the above information, there are the featuring guide videos on YouTube. The featuring videos are the lecture videos of shouts and calls during the song. In the video, NiziU members lecture the shouts and calls for "WithU", which they want "WithU" to sing the song together during their performance. "WithU" can find pleasure in the moment with NiziU members.