recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Percussion instruments** are instruments which are played by shaking or hitting. There are many different kinds of percussion instruments. A person who plays a percussion instrument is a percussionist. Percussionists are usually able to play lots of different percussion instruments, because the basic skills required are similar.

Some percussion instruments can play tunes. These are called "tuned percussion". Tuned percussion instruments include: xylophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, tubular bells and timpani.

Untuned percussion instruments include: bass drum, side drum (snare drum), maracas, castanets, cymbals, tambourine, claves and many more.

In an orchestra there can be more different kind of percussion instruments than in the other families: string, woodwind and brass instruments. However, older music does not often use lots of percussion. Most music for orchestra by composers like Mozart and Beethoven only use the timpani. In the 19th century, more percussion is added: cymbals, tambourine, triangle etc. In the 20th century, some composers may use very many percussion instruments.

Whenever any unusual instrument is used that does not fit into the category of string, woodwind, brass or keyboard, it is usually played by a percussionist. Sometimes composers have used things like typewriters, milk bottles or vacuum cleaners in their pieces.

Class of Percussion
-------------------

There are many different class of percussion instruments. There are for example:

* Latin percussion instruments
* Classic percussion instruments
* Modern percussion instruments

Latin percussion instruments are used in American-Latin Music. The instruments are Maracas, Congs, Timbales...

Classic percussion instruments are used in the Harmony Orchestras. The instruments are Tampani, Bass Drum, Xylophone...

Drum kits can include bass drum, side drum, tom-toms, cowbells, cymbals (suspended and hi-hat) etc. Together with a string bass (double bass) they will form the "rhythm section" of a jazz group. A percussion player has to have a very good sense of rhythm. The other players rely on him or her to keep a steady beat and not to play so loudly that the others cannot hear the tune.

Modern percussion instruments are used in the Rock, Pop and Jazz music. There is just the drum set, but this is a percussion instrument with many possibilities. One can take for example a cowbell on the drum set or an tambourine. We have with the drum set uncountable possibilities.
Two Turkish people being burnt to death
Bozkurt the Grey wolf in Turkic mythology is also a symbol for far-right and fascist politics in Turkey.
**Anti-Turkism** or **Turkophobia** is a term of being fearful, racist and discriminative against the Turkish people or Turkic countries.

The term refers to intolerance not only against the Turks across all regions, but also against Turkic groups as a whole, including Azerbaijanis, Crimean Tatars and Turkmens. It is also applied on groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during Ottoman times, such as Albanians, Bosniaks and other smaller ethnic groups around Balkans during the period of Ottoman rule. It can also refer to racism against Turkish people living outside of Turkey following the Turkish diaspora.

The main historical adversaries of Turkic peoples are considered to be Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, and Serbians. The main reasons for these historical conflicts lie in the annexation of their ancestral lands by Turkish colonists.

The roots of *anti-Turkism* can be traced back to the arrival of the Huns in Europe. While the ethnic background of the Huns is a matter of dispute among historians, they are widely believed to have been of Turkic origin, and their invasion inspired fear among Europeans. In the Late Middle Ages, the fall of Constantinople and the Ottoman wars in Europe — part of European Christians’ effort to stem the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor to Turkey — helped fuel the development of *anti-Turkism*.

Related pages
-------------

* Khojaly Massacre
Members of *Al Fatiha* at the LGBT Pride parade in San Francisco 2008.
The **Al-Fatiha Foundation** is an organization which advances the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims. It was founded in 1997 by Faisal Alam, a Pakistani American, and is registered as a nonprofit organization in the United States. Imam Daayiee Abdullah is also a board member of the Al-Fatiha Foundation.

History
-------

The organization grew out of an internet listserve that brought together many gay, lesbian, and questioning Muslims from 25 countries, and by 1998 had developed numerous in-person chapters. Al-Fatiha has 14 chapters in the United States, as well as offices in England, Canada, Spain, Turkey, and South Africa.

The name means "the Opening" and is shared with Al-Fatiha or the first surah of the Qur'an. In the beginning of that surah, Allah is described as compassionate and merciful; the organization's founders believe that these attributes characterize Islam, rather than hatred and homophobia.

Each year, Al-Fatiha hosts an international membership retreat and conference. Early conferences took place in Boston, New York, and London in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and focused on issues such as the reconciliation of religion and sexual orientation.
The **firefly squid** (*Watasenia scintillans*), also commonly known as the **sparkling enope squid** or **hotaru-ika** in Japan, is a species of squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus ***Watasenia.*** These tiny squid are found on the shores of Japan in springtime during spawning season, but spend most of their life in deeper waters between 200 and 400 metres (700 and 1,300 feet; 100 and 200 fathoms). They are bioluminescent organisms and emit blue light from photophores, which some scientists have thought could be used for communication, camouflage, or attracting food, but it is still unclear in the scientific community exactly how this species uses their bioluminescence. The firefly squid is a predator and actively hunts its food, which includes copepods, small fish, and other squids. The lifespan of a firefly squid is about one year. At the end of their lives females return close to shore to release their eggs, and then die shortly thereafter. This mass migration of firefly squid to the shore is amazing business for Japanese fishermen, and during spawning season many go out to the bays to collect the dying squid. Many more also visit Japan during spawning season to see the bright blue light created from the firefly squid's bioluminescence light up the bay, making their spawning season not only a fishing opportunity but also a tourist attraction.

A shoal of squid.
**Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa** (**AGRA**) is an organization that works in Africa to teach people to farm. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation pay for it. The governments of the United Kingdom, United States and Germany also gave money. AGRA started in 2006 with one billion U.S. dollars.

According to one study, AGRA actually made things worse for farmers in Africa. AGRA gave loans to farmers so they could buy fertilizer, but the farmers could not pay back the loans. AGRA also told people to grow corn (maize), which meant fewer farmers grew traditional African crops. The African crops were stronger against times with less rain than usual. AGRA also asked African governments to pass laws that made things easier for corporations and seed producers, which were bad for small farmers.

Goals
-----

* doubling the income of 20 million small farmers.
* reducing how hard it is to find food by 50% in 20 countries.
* ensuring that at least 15 countries are on a path toward sustainable and climate-friendly green agriculture.
**Faithful Word Baptist** is a fundamentalist Independent Baptist church. It is located in Tempe, Arizona and was started by a man named Steven L. Anderson.

The church has received a lot of negative attention. In 2009, Anderson said that he was praying for Barack Obama to die. Obama was the president of the United States back then. It is also homophobic and anti-Semitic. As a result of his beliefs, Anderson has been banned from many countries.

Beliefs
-------

Faithful Word Baptist Church only uses the Authorized King James Version of the Bible. They believe all other Bible versions have errors in them and that the people who wrote them put in their own thoughts and ideas rather than what God wanted.

The church also believes that:

* the rapture will be after the tribulation, which is a time of great hardship that would indicate the end of the world. Some other churches believe that the rapture will be before the tribulation.
* people can only be saved by having faith in Jesus Christ, not through doing good things
* people who are not saved will burn in hell forever
* life begins at conception
* homosexuality is a sin and that gay people should be executed

Faithful Word Baptist Church is against abortion and all forms of birth control. They believe that babies should be made naturally because processes like IVF result in a lot of embryos being thrown away. As of July 2020, Steven Anderson has 11 kids.

The church teaches that gay people are going to hell and there is nothing that they can do about it because they belong to a group of people called "reprobates." According to the church, reprobates can never be saved because they rejected Jesus too many times so God allowed them to become reprobates.

History
-------

The church was started in 2005.

### Obama sermon

In August of 2009, Anderson gave a sermon called "Why I Hate Barack Obama." In it, he said that he hated Obama for supporting abortion rights and that he prayed for Obama to die.

The day after the sermon, a member of Faithful Word Baptist Church brought weapons to an event Obama was at. He did it as part of a stunt.

### Homophobia

Anderson calls gay people "sodomites," which is a really offensive and outdated term for gays. He says that they "recruit" children through rape. He also said that killing gay people would get rid of AIDS and that he prayed for Caitlyn Jenner's heart to explode. Because of these comments, the church has been listed as a hate group by civil rights organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law Center.

In 2016, 49 people were killed at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Anderson called the dead people "pedophiles" and said they were all in hell.

### Anti-Semitism

Anderson says that the Holocaust never happened and made a video about it.
Kinensai is a festival that was celebrated every year in ancient Japan on February 4th. It was an important observance of the government. It was held to pray for a good harvest. Emperor Tenmu started the festival in 675 as a rite of the Japanese government. He required all the shrines recorded in the Jinmyochō to perform it.

During the festival, tribute was offered to the gods, and the ceremony was attended by high-ranking officials, but the emperor himself did not participate. In the Heian period, the festival became a mere formality and was celebrated solely within the Department of Divinities, the body responsible for the governance of Shinto affairs by the government.

Later, the festival became more solemn and focused on worshipping Amaterasu Ōmikami, the sun goddess, and during the period of "cloistered emperors", it became a rite performed by the emperor himself to honor Amaterasu. Kinensai eventually became such a sacred ceremony that it would be canceled in case of any pollution at the Ise Shrines.

However, the festival died out at the end of the Muromachi period due to military conflict. It was later revived in an abbreviated, irregular form called sairō by the Shirakawa house, which had inherited the position of head of the Department of Divinities. Kinensai was not reintroduced until the Meiji period in 1869.

It is sometimes contrasted with Niiname-no-Matsuri or the fall festival.
Levi Strauss
**Levi Strauss** (February 26, 1829–September 26, 1902) was a German-born American maker of clothing.

Born as *Löb Strauss* into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany. In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis Löb in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".

In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.

It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co. Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain—pocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.

On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121[*permanent dead link*] for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews—Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern—who helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.

Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs to the Levi Strauss fortune.

Other websites
--------------

* Levi Strauss Company
* Levi's
* Levi's Europe Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Levi's Online Store Archived 2014-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
**Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine** (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; Arabic: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين **ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥyiddīn**), known as the **Emir Abdelkader** or **Abdelkader El Djezairi**, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century.

Early life
----------

In his childhood, he learned and memorized the Holy Quran and studied linguistics.

When Algeria was invaded by France in 1830, he began a rebellion against the French for a decade until 1842 with a number of tribes.

In 1837, he signed the Treaty of Tafna with Marshall Bugeaud. But King Louis-Philippe broke the treaty two years later, leading Emir to declare against Jihad on October 15, 1839. In 1847, he was exiled to France from 1847 to October 1852. When he was released by Napoleon III, Emir then took up his residence in Damascus. In July 1860, he ceased a conflict between Muslims and Christians. While he was in Damascus, he wrote books and composed poesy.

Emir Abdelkader died on the May 26, 1883 and was buried in Damascus. On July 5, 1966, the Algerian government brought his remains back to Algeria to be interred on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of independence and the 136th anniversary of the French conquest. A mosque bearing his name has been constructed as a national shrine in Constantine. He is seen by the Algerians as their national hero.
People can be sick from eating poorly stored food, as in this picture
**Food poisoning** is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated.
There are two kinds of food poisoning: poisoning by toxic agent or by infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die every year.

Signs and symptoms
------------------

Campylobacter, a bacteria that is a major cause of food poisoning.
Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue.

In most cases the body is able to permanently get better after a short period of acute discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.

Food borne illness due to *Campylobacter*, *Yersinia*, *Salmonella* or *Shigella* infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from *Vibrio vulnificus*, which can be found in oysters or crabs.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal.

Other websites
--------------

* Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
* How long does food poisoning last? Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Science to Youth Movement** (in Bosnian "Pokret Nauku mladima"), was formerly the Alliance of Young Researchers of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1992. 

The first organizers and presidents were professors at the University of Sarajevo's Faculty of Sciences.

Function
--------

The Movement’s activities were organized as networks of local young researchers at the annual festivals of the B&H, and at the federal level of the Former Yugoslavia. The participants, mostly high school students, competed to test their knowledge of natural sciences and mathematical sciences in the freely selected topics. The works were written in the form of graduation/diploma theses. They were then defended to the professors of the Faculty of Sciences and the Faculty of Biotechnical and Biomedical sciences, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three prizes were awarded annually, in the form of books.

Bi-weekly or monthly summer schools were commonly held in historically notable cities/locations, such as Tjentište, Boračko jezero, Treskavica – Vučja Luka (Wolf Harbour) Jezero (near Jajce) and others.

Many engaged activists from the Faculty of Sciences received the highest awards of the Movement and the "People's Technique" (which can be found by searching the Internet).

Related pages
-------------

* University of Sarajevo
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
**Chandrika Kumaratunga** (born 29 June 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. She was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party until 2005. She was the fifth president of Sri Lanka. She survived many assassination attempts.

Before politics
---------------

Chandrika was born into a political family. Her parents were Solomon Bandaranaike and Sirimavo Bandaranaike, who both served as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. Her father was the fourth Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. He was murdered in 1959, when Chandrika was 14 years old. Her mother was the first woman in the world to serve as head of government.

Chandrika studied at Saint Bridgets Convent in Colombo. While her mother was head of government, Chandrika was the chairwoman of the National Estate Development Board. In 1977 she was married to the movie actor, Vijaya Kumaranatunga. They had two children together: Yasodara and Vimukthi. In 1984, her husband formed a new political party, the Sri Lanka Mahajana Party. Chandrika became an active member of it. She left the country in 1988 immediately after the murder of her husband. She returned in 1992 and joined the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.

Political life
--------------

Chandrika contested the provincial council elections in 1993. She became the chief minister of the Western Province. She was the most popular person in the 1994 general elections, which her party won. She became the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on 19 August 1994. She became the president of Sri Lanka with a record number of votes a few months later, on 12 November 1994. Her mother took over as Prime Minister.

She won the next presidential elections in 1999 with a good share of the votes. Her prime minister under this term was Ratnasiri Wickremanayake.

Chandrika survived an attack from a suicide bomber in 2000. In 2001 some of her cabinet ministers crossed over to the opposition and Chandrika was forced to dissolve Parliament and call an election several years early. Her party lost to the United National Party at the election. However, Chandrika would continue in office as the executive president. In 2004, she dissolved Parliament and called a general election and was able to win this time.

She retired from politics in 2005. Mahinda Rajapaksa replaced her as president.
See also: Manipur State Museum
**Manipur Zoological Garden** (Meitei: Manipur Sha-Uchek Thampham) is a zoo in Iroisemba, Manipur. It is the second habitat of Sangai (*Cervus eldi eldi*), the world's only dancing deer species, after the Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world's only floating national park. It is a medium sized zoological garden. It houses Schedule 1 species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles. The animals kept in the zoo are mostly endemic to Manipur. The Central Zoo Authority of India recognized it as the coordinating zoo for the conservation breeding center of Sangai and Serow (Meitei: Sabeng).

The best time to visit the zoo during summer is from April to September. The best time during Winter is from October to March. Monday is usually closed.

History
-------

The Sangai deer illustration in a stamp of India
The Manipur Zoological Garden was established on the 2nd of October in the year 1976.

Location
--------

The Manipur Zoological Garden is located in Iroisemba town along the Imphal-Kangchup road. It is in the Imphal West District. It is 5–6 km away from Imphal.

Features
--------

A Sangai deer in the Manipur Zoological Garden
The zoo offers its visitors to have an opportunity to see the graceful Sangai, the brow antlered deer. This deer is one of the rarest and one of the most endangered species in the world. This zoo is located at the foothills of the pine growing hillocks in the westernmost corner of Lamphelpat.

Conservation
------------

A Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) in the Manipur Zoological Garden
It is an in situ conservation center of 45 endangered mammals, reptiles and birds. Many Schedule 1 species of mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians are kept in the zoo. The animals endemic to Manipur are kept in the zoo. It is recognised as the coordinating zoo for the conservation breeding center of Sangai and Serow (Meitei: Sabeng) by the Central Zoo Authority of India.
Glycogen storage disease type II (also known as Pompe's Disease) is a disease that causes glycogen to gather in lysosomes. It was also the first glycogen storage disease to be discovered, this happened in 1932 by Dutch pathologist J.C. Pompe. It is one of the rarest diseases in the United States, and the world.

The build-up of glycogen causes muscles to get weaker over time throughout the body and affects various body tissues, more commonly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and the nervous system.

Signs and symptoms
------------------

### Newborn

The form that happens during early childhood usually comes to medical attention within the first few months of life. The usual presenting features are having a bigger heart than usual (cardiomelagy, 92%), low ability to resist muscle stretch (hypotonia, 88%), cardiomyopathy (88%), breathing problems (78%), muscle weakness (63%), feeding difficulties (57%) and not enough weight gain (inability to thrive, 50%).

The main things that doctors can look for include floppy baby appearance, delays in critical parts of being able to move (for example: being able to lift your head and neck), and feeding difficulties. A liver that is moderately larger than usual (mild hepatomegaly) might happen. Facial features include an unusually large tongue (macroglossia), wide open mouth, wide open eyes, and flaring of the babies nostrils (due to respiratory distress). The heart and lungs can be affected, shown by a faster breathing rate, the use of additional muscles for breathing, frequent and repeated chest infections, reduced entry of air into the lower left zone (due to cardiomelagy, or an enlarged heart), irregular heartbeat (arrythmias) and signs of heart failure.

Before a cure was developed, the average age of death was 8.7 months (if the disease was left untreated), usually due to heart and lung failure. However, this outcome has drastically changed since treatment has been available, and the life expectancy gets better with early access to treatment.

### Late-onset form

This form is different from the infantile form mainly because it involves the heart less. It starts slowly and gets worse more slowly. The heart involvement, if present, is not as bad compared to the infantile form. The skeletal system is affected more, especially in the lower limbs.

In the late-onset form, symptoms include difficulty coughing, repeated chest infections, weak muscles, delayed development in being able to move, trouble swallowing or chewing, and reduced breathing capacity.

The prognosis depends on when the symptoms start, and later-onset disease generally has a better prognosis.
Rowand with the Philadelphia Phillies in 2008
**Aaron Ryan Rowand** (born August 29, 1977) is an American former professional baseball center fielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants.

Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2007)
---------------------------------

On November 23, 2005, Rowand was traded by the White Sox along with minor league pitchers Gio González and Daniel Haigwood to the Philadelphia Phillies for first baseman Jim Thome.

On May 11, 2006, in the first inning of a game versus the New York Mets, Rowand made a spectacular play by smashing into the center field fence of Citizens Bank Park face first at full speed in order to run down a deep fly ball off the bat of Xavier Nady with the bases loaded, that would otherwise have scored three runs. Rowand suffered a broken nose and severe lacerations to his face. The Phillies won the game, 2-0, in a rain-shortened 5-inning game. He underwent seven hours of surgery to repair the nose, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list. He returned to the starting lineup on May 27, 2006.

On August 21, 2006, in a game against the Chicago Cubs, Rowand collided with second baseman Chase Utley and broke his ankle. He was on the disabled list for the remainder of the regular season.

In 2007, a contract year, proved to be Rowand's breakthrough, both statistically and in recognition around baseball. He finished with a batting average of .309, 27 home runs, 89 runs batted in, and 6 stolen bases. On July 10, 2007, Rowand was selected to the 2007 MLB All-Star Game in San Francisco, for his first All-Star appearance. In the bottom of the 9th, with the bases loaded, two outs, and the AL leading 5-4, Rowand flew out to Alex Ríos in right field to end the game helping give the American League home field advantage in the 2007 World Series. He earned his first Gold Glove Award for his outfield play that year, including 11 outfield assists and only 2 errors all season.
An 1880 penny-farthing (left), and a 1886 Rover safety bicycle (right)
**Disruptive innovation**, sometimes called **disruptive technology** is the name for a technology or innovation that changes the market: It creates a new market. These new markets are small at first, which makes them uninteresting for established market players. If disruptive innovation is used, the market will grow at a high speed. Eventually, they will replace existing technology, though. An example of this is Flash memory. When it was introduced it was expensive, and capacities were small, compared to hard disks. On the other hand, flash memory is small, and uses little energy. It began to be used in mp3 players and usb flash drives. Eventually, it was used for Solid state disks, which started to replace hard drives.

Clayton M. Christensen first used the term in 1995: Christensen defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers.

> "Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than [previous] approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream."
> 
>

Sources
-------

* Christensen, Clayton M. (1997), *The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail*, Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard Business School Press, ISBN 978-0-87584-585-2.
**Liberty Mutual Group**, normally known as **Liberty Mutual**, is a worldwide insurance company. It was started in 1912. The head office is based in Boston, Massachusetts. It employs over 45,000 people in over 900 offices around the world.
They are the third largest property and casualty insurer in the United States based on 2010 written premium. Liberty Mutual rank 77th on the Fortune 100 list of largest corporations in the U.S. based on 2019 revenue. As of December 31, 2019, they had $43.2 billion in annual consolidated revenue.

The company sells a lot of different insurance products, like car insurance, home insurance and business insurance. It also owns other insurance companies (completely or partly) in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China (including Hong Kong), Colombia, India, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela, and Vietnam.

The current head of the business (CEO) is Edmund (Ted) F. Kelly. He was appointed CEO in 1998.

History
-------

Liberty Mutual started in 1912 under the name "Massachusetts Employees’ Insurance Association" (MEIA). The name was changed in 1917 to the Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, and through partnerships with other companies, they started to sell full cover car policies.

In 1964 Liberty Mutual began offering life insurance through its Liberty Life Assurance part of the business.

Over the years, Liberty Mutual has bought a number of other large companies. As an example, in 2008 they bought the Safeco Corporation. Liberty Mutual agreed to buy all outstanding shares of Safeco for $68.25 per share, for a total price of approximately $6.2 billion.

Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety
--------------------------------------------

In 1954, the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety was started. It studies safety and health of people at work. Its work has helped to specify machine safeguarding guidelines (how to work safely with machines), the Cornell-Liberty Survival Car, and ergonomic guidelines. They helped to form the basis for national and international safety standards.

The Institute's scientists do field and laboratory experiments on the main causes of work-related injury and disability. They publish their findings in scientific literature. The findings are the basis for safety programs, advice and software. They are used by Liberty Mutual loss control consultants to help policyholders improve worker safety. The Institute’s work is available to the public.

Other websites
--------------

* LibertyMutual.com
* LibertyMutualGroup.com
**Organic light-emitting diode** (**OLED**) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

Advantages and disadvantages
----------------------------

OLED foldable smartphones
LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water. 

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

How they work
-------------

OLED schematic: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)
There are several parts to an OLED:

* Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
* Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
* Conductive layer
* Anode
* Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more *positive*) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.

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Emerging technologies |
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S. A. Chandrasekhar
**S. A. Chandrasekhar** is an Indian movie director, producer and writer who mostly works in Tamil movies. Chandrasekhar made his debut as a director with *Sattam Oru Iruttarai* (1981) and went on to direct movie with social based or society based themes.

Personal life
-------------

S. A. Chandrasekhar is from Thangachimadam, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. He is married to Shoba, a carnatic singer. He is the father of famous Tamil actor Vijay. His son made his debut movie in *Naalaiya Theerpu* which was directed by him. His brother-in-law S. N. Surendar is an playback singer and voice artist.

Movie career
------------

Chandrasekar has directed over 70 movies in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. Some of his hits include *Vetri*, *Naan Sigappu Manithan*, and *Mutham*. He also directed some Telugu movies such as *Chattaniki Kallu Levu* with actor Chiranjeevi. Most of his movies are with Vijayakanth. He has appeared in supporting roles in some movies like *Naan Sivappu Manithan*.
**Syed Kasim Razvi** (17 July 1902 – 15 January 1970), also **Qasim Razvi**, was the leader of a local militia in India, the Razakars of Hyderabad State, who blocked accession into the Republic of India after the Partition of British Indian empire against the wishes of the local majority Hindu-population, and fought against the Indian forces during occupation.[*source?*]

Razvi held views that Hyderabad should eventually join Pakistan in a major war against Bharat, as clearly evidenced by some of his speeches and publications in Hyderabadi newspapers. Razvi was politically powerful and a close advisor of the Nizam, whom he encouraged to defy the infidel government, and blocked the invasion of Hyderabad into Republic of India. At the height of the crisis, Razvi had placed his allies in influential posts, and was virtually dictating the Nizam's policy on the issue. Razvi even traveled to Delhi and had a stormy meeting with Indian leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He is quoted to have said "Death with the sword in hand, is always preferable to extinction by a mere stroke of the pen. "prompting the Indian government to call him the "Nizam's Frankenstein monster."

After Indian military intervention, Razvi was placed under house arrest and tried under Indian laws on seditious activities and inciting communal violence. He was released in the 1950s, and he later fled to Pakistan.
**Pig Latin** is a language code or game and is most often used by children who speak English. 

The usual rules are:

1. For words that begin with consonants, move the consonant to the end of the word and add "ay."
2. For words that begin with vowels, simply add "ay" to the end of the word.

Pig Latin that one writes is sometimes written with dashes, between the first part and the "c-ay" letters, and sometimes it is not. A sentence can be "Is-thay is-ay an-ay example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay ith-way ashes-day", or "Isthay isay anay exampleay ofay Igpay Atinlay ithoutway ashesday."

In Pig Latin, this sentence:

Is-thay is-ay an-way example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay. As-ay ou-yay an-cay ee-say, it-ay is-ay illy-say, ut-bay ots-lay of-ay un-fay or-fay ildren-chay.
comes to mean:

This is an example of Pig Latin. As you can see, it is silly, but lots of fun for children.
The British name for Pig Latin is "backslang".

Other websites
--------------

* Entry An entry from wikiHow on learning Pig Latin.
**SAK Celovec/Klagenfurt** (Slovenski Atletski Klub Celovec/Klagenfurt) is an Austrian football club based in Klagenfurt *(Celovec)*, Carinthia. From the 2023/24 season, the SAK will play in the Carinthian League. It was founded in 1970 by members of the Klagenfurt Slovene secondary school *(Gymnasium)* around Valentin Inzko. The aim was to have the best Slovenian-speaking footballers in Carinthia play in a team, to celebrate sporting successes with the SAK and thus draw attention to the Slovenian ethnic group throughout Austria.

History
-------

The biggest opponents of the SAK in the 1970s were pro-German referees and the spectators. At that time, many games were more like political events for or against the rights of the Slovene minority than football games. In 1978/79 they were promoted to the Unterliga in 1982/83 to the Kärntner Liga. Reaching the ÖFB Cup quarter-finals with a win against LASK in front of 2,000 spectators in Klagenfurt-Annabichl on 28 March 1987 was also a great success.

After the re-introduction of the Regional League Central, SAK won the 1995 championship and was promoted to the First League. Nevertheless, the team was again relegated one year later to the Regional League, where they have played until 2001, from 2002 until 2003 and from 2005 until 2015. From 2001 until 2002 und from 2003 until 2005 the team played in the "Kaerntner Landesliga" ("Kaerntner Liga"). In the 2022-23 season they played in the Regionalliga Mitte but were relegated.
**Mechi** (Nepali: मेची अञ्चल), was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal and one of the four zones of Eastern Development Region. It was the easternmost zone of Nepal, with its headquarters at Ilam.

Geography
---------

The Mechi Zone had Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Koshi Zone to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

It was the smallest zone of the Eastern Development Region with an area of 8,196 square kilometres (3,164 square miles) and a population of only 1,422,182 people living there in 2011. Its population density is 173.5 persons/km2.

The most important river in the Mechi Zone is the **Mechi**, tributary of the Mahananda River. Another river is the Tamar River.

In the northern part of the zone, mainly in the Taplejung district that is in the eastern Himalayas, there are several high mountains. The highest is **Kanchenjunga** (Nepali: कञ्चनजङ्घा Kanchanjaŋghā) that, with 8,586 metres (28,169 feet) high, is the third highest mountain of the world; it is on the border with Sikkim and in the Kanchanjungha Conservation Area.

Districts of the Mechi Zone.

Administrative subdivisions
---------------------------

The zone had 4 Districts and 190 Village Development Committees/Municipalities (VDC - the smallest administrative units):

| Zone | Nepali name | Population(2011) |  Area (km²) | Pop. density (inh/km²) | VDCs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ilam | इलाम | 290,254 | 1,703 | 170.4 | 49 |
| Jhapa | झापा | 812,650 | 1,606 | 506.0 | 50 |
| Panchthar | पाँचथर | 191,817 | 1,241 | 154.6 | 41 |
| Taplejung | ताप्लेजुङ | 127,461 | 3,646 | 35.0 | 50 |
| **Total** |  | **1,422,182** | **8,196** | **173.5** | **190** |

Main VDCs and municipalities
----------------------------

The VDCs and municipalities with more inhabitants are found in the Jhapa district, mainly the municipalities of Damak (75,102) and Mechinagar (57,545); others in the same district are Anarmani (42,712), Surunga (27,470) and Satasidham (26,171).

In the Ilam district, the main VDCs and municipalities are the municipality of Ilam (18,633), Chulachuli (17,324), Danabari (14,302), Phikal Bazar (11,264).

In the Panchthar district, the only important VCS is Phidim (17,399), and in the Taplejung district is Phungling (14,974).

Related pages
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* Zones of Nepal
* Districts of Nepal
* Development Regions of Nepal

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mechi***.

* Map of Nepal: Taplejung District

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Regions and Zones of Nepal |
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| Eastern Region (Purwanchal) | 
* Kosi
* Mechi
* Sagarmatha

 | Nepal |
| Central Region (Madhyamanchal) | 
* Bagmati
* Janakpur
* Narayani

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| Western Region (Pashchimanchal) | 
* Dhawalagiri
* Gandaki
* Lumbini

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| Mid-Western Region (Madhya Pashchimanchal) | 
* Bheri
* Karnali
* Rapti

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| Far-Western Region (Sudur Pashchimanchal) | 
* Mahakali
* Seti

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A graphical timeline of the history of Taiwan
A **timeline** is a way of displaying a list of events in the order they happened (called chronological order). It may be in the form of a list or a graphic design. A graphic timeline typically shows a long bar labelled with dates and usually events. But it can be other layouts as well.

Uses of timelines
-----------------

Timelines are often used in education. They help students and researchers understand the order or chronology of historical events for a subject. A timeline can be used to visualize the time between events, durations (such as lifetimes or wars), and the overlap of events.

### History

Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time. Wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies.

### Project management

Another type of timeline is used for project management. They are important to help team members to know what milestones need to be achieved. It also shows the time schedule. An example is showing a project timeline for a Systems development life cycle of a computer system.
**Arovell Verlag** is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature. It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg. Today, Jaeg is still the director.

Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books. Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).

Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language. They include short prose, stories and poetry. The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.

Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events. The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.

The publisher organizes literary, musical and artistic events, especially in Upper Austria and Salzburg, but also in Vienna.

Arovell's headquarter is in Gosau in Upper Austria and has branch offices in Vienna and Salzburg.

Published authors (examples)
----------------------------

* Hans Dieter Aigner
* Peter Assmann
* Reinhold Aumaier
* Klaus Ebner
* Karin Gayer
* Constantin Göttfert
* de:Fritz Huber
* Paul Jaeg
* Christoph Janacs
* Günther Kaip
* Wolfgang Kauer
* de:Hermann Knapp
* Dorothea Macheiner
* Dirk Ofner
* Wolfgang Pollanz
* Fritz Popp
* Herbert Reiter
* Christine Roiter
* Leopold Spoliti
* Nikolai Vogel
* Wolfgang Wenger
* Christine Werner
* Peter Paul Wiplinger

Other websites
--------------

* Website of Arovell publishing house
* Information at the center for German Philology *Germanistik im Netz* Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine

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