recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Christmas 1994 nor'easter** was a strong cyclone along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada. It developed from an area of low pressure in the southeast Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys, and moved across the state of Florida.

Meteorological history
----------------------

A weather system moved towards the southeast from the central Great Plains into the Deep South of the United States. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the weather system became a cyclone. An approaching trough pushed the system across Florida. A forecaster at the National Hurricane Center, Jack Beven, said that "as it [the storm] moved out into the Bahamas, it appeared to take on the characteristics of a tropical storm." He also noted that because of the uncertainty, the National Hurricane Center did not call the weather system a tropical cyclone.

The cyclone was said to be a "hybrid" storm. The cyclone quickly gained strength in warm waters from the Gulf Stream, and because of cold air over the United States. The system continued to become stronger while moving within the Gulf Stream. The storm developed central atmospheric convection, which is unusual for a storm of its type. Extratropical cyclone. Also, the system developed an eye, which is usually seen in tropical cyclones. Even though the cyclone showed signs of a tropical storm, forecaster Jack Beven stated: "There was no front associated with it [the storm] and it had a warm core, but the radius of maximum winds was more than 150 nautical miles [175 mi, 280 km], so under the standard NHC criteria it didn’t qualify as a tropical storm." On December 23 and 24, the nor'easter intensified to attain a barometric pressure of 970|mb. Another low pressure system that developed behind the storm became stronger, and grew to be larger in size than the original storm. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, the large circulation of the secondary low moved the original nor'easter towards the northwest. The nor'easter passed along the south shore of Long Island, and it made landfall near New York City on December 24. Later, it moved over southeastern New York State. On December 25, which is Christmas Day, the system began to lose strength as it moved towards Nova Scotia, before the pair of low pressure systems moved out to sea early on December 26.

Related pages
-------------

* Storm
* Weather
* Christmas
**Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley** (February 6, 1945 – May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong". He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called *Legend*, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma. He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *The Wailing Wailers* (1965)
* *Soul Rebels* (1970)
* *Soul Revolution* (1971)
* *The Best of The Wailers* (1971)
* *Catch a Fire* (1973)
* *Burnin'* (1973)
* *Natty Dread* (1974)
* *Rastaman Vibration* (1976)
* *Exodus* (1977)
* *Kaya* (1978)
* *Survival* (1979)
* *Uprising* (1980)
* *Confrontation* (1983)

### Live albums

* *Live!* (1975)
* *Babylon by Bus* (1978)
The **1993 Clementi rail accident** was a rail accident that occurred on the East West line of the Singapore MRT. It was the MRT's first major incident and resulted in 156 passengers being injured. It was caused by a 50 litres (11 imp gal; 13 US gal) oil spill.

Background
----------

The MRT commenced operations in 1987, with the part of the line from Outram Park MRT station to Jurong East MRT station opening on 12 March 1988. At the time of the accident, the system had been operating for six years.

Incident
--------

Before the start of service, a maintenance vehicle leaked oil onto the tracks from Buona Vista MRT station to Clementi MRT station until the junction with Ulu Pandan Depot. The first 10 westbound trains reported braking difficulties. The eleventh train, a C151, had to use its emergency brakes to stop at the station. At 7.50 am on 5 August 1993, the 12th train, another C151, collided with the stationary C151 at Clementi while it was recharging its batteries, resulting in 156 injuries.

Investigation
-------------

the investigation showed that the cause of the accident was a 50 litres (11 imp gal; 13 US gal) oil spill caused by a defective rubber ring on a maintenance locomotive.

Aftermath
---------

### Response

In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.

### Joo Koon rail accident

The second collision on the MRT, the Joo Koon rail accident, occurred 24 years later on 15 November 2017, when two C151A trains collided at Joo Koon MRT station.
**Clare Vanderpool** is an American children’s author. Her first book, *Moon Over Manifest*, won the 2011 Newbery Medal. She lives with her husband and four children in Kansas.

Life
----

Vanderpool was born on November 6, 1964, in Wichita, Kansas. She has a husband, Mark, and four children. Vanderpool still lives in the town that she grew up in. Her children go to the same schools that she went to as a child.

Books
-----

Vanderpool wrote the books *Navigating Early*, and *Moon Over Manifest*. *Moon Over Manifest* won the 2011 Newbery Medal. It tells the story of a 12-year-old girl, Abilene Tucker, who finds some secrets that start to put together the story of her father’s upbringing.

Vanderpool originally got the idea for *Navigating Early* (published 2013) from one of her mother’s dreams. In the dream, there was a boy who was amazing at piano. Although he never had any lessons, he could hear a difficult piece just once and would be able to play it perfectly. From the dream, she created the book about a boy who had an unexplainable gift, that creates a close friendship with a girl. "Where an author gets her ideas is simple. Ideas come from watching, listening, paying attention, and most of all from the characters themselves." - Clare Vanderpool.
The **Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety** (**BEA**, **French: *Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile***) is the French authority responsible for safety investigations of accidents and serious incidents involving civil aircraft.

The BEA is responsible for investigating when the event takes place in France or in International airspace and involves a French aircraft. They may also assist foreign investigation authorities at their request, in particular, BEA technical assistance is often sought by nations that do not wish to engage with the American FAA for political reasons. Representatives of the aircraft manufacturer or airline may assist the BEA as technical advisers. In addition, the BEA provides technical assistance when a foreign authority calls on its skills, most often in terms of reading flight recorders.

They are also the investigating party for all Airbus aircraft, BEA reports are made public.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bureau d'enquêtes et d'analyses pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile***.

* BEA website (in English)
* BEA website (in French)
* BEA website (bea-fr.org) at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (in English)
**Leonard** "**Chico**" **Marx** (March 22, 1887 – October 11, 1961) was an American comedian and movie star. He was one of the five Marx Brothers. In the movies, Chico talked with a pretend Italian accent and played the piano. He flirted with the ladies and wore a curly wig. In most of the movies, he got into trouble by playing pranks with his brother, Harpo.

Chico was a good pianist. As a child, he started playing with only his right hand and fake playing with his left. Chico finally learned to play the piano very well. But to be funny, he was famous for "shooting" the keys of the piano. He would play the notes with his thumb up and index finger straight; like a gun.

Personal life
-------------

Chico Marx was born in New York City. His father was born in France and worked as a tailor and his mother was from Germany. He was married twice. In 1917, he married Betty Karp. They had a daughter named Maxine. He taught her to be an actress. After a divorce, he later married Mary De Vithas. They married in 1958, three years before his death. Chico died at home of arteriosclerosis, on October 11, 1961, in Hollywood. He was the oldest brother and the first to die. He is in a mausoleum in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Other websites
--------------

* Chico Marx on IMDb
* Chico Marx at the TCM Movie Database
**Carlo Bergonzi** (July 13, 1924 – 25 July 2014) was an Italian tenor. He performed in Italian operas, especially in the works of Giuseppe Verdi. He was noted for his very good musical skills and style.

Life and career
---------------

Bergonzi was born in Vidalenzo, near Parma, Italy. He studied in Parma with Grandini. His first performance was in 1948 in Lecce, as Figaro in *Il Barbiere di Siviglia*. For that, he sang as a baritone. After more studies, he retrained himself as a tenor. His first performance as a tenor was in 1951 in *Bari*, as Andrea Chenier. That same year, on the 100th anniversary of Verdi's death, he sang on Italian radio in several Verdi works, such as *I Due Foscari*, *Giovanna d'Arco*, *Simon Boccanegra*, etc.

He first sang at La Scala in Milan in 1953, at the Chicago Lyric Opera in 1955, the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1956, and the Royal Opera House in London in 1962. 

He sung most of the leading roles in Italian opera, notably Nemorino, Edgardo, Ernani, Macduff, Duke of Mantua, Alfredo, Riccardo, Alvaro, Carlo, Radames, Enzo, Turriddu, des Grieux, Rodolfo, Cavaradossi, Pinkerton, etc. He made many recordings, notably a recording of Verdi's complete tenor arias. This remains a unique achievement.

He died in Milan.[*source?*]

Sources
-------

* *The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia*, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
**Christian Ludolph "Buddy" Ebsen, Jr.** (April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003) was an American actor, dancer, singer and comedian. He was known for his roles as Jed Clampett in *The Beverly Hillbillies* and as Barnaby Jones in *Barnaby Jones*. Ebsen was the oldest voice guest star in television history with his voice role as Chet Elderson in *King of the Hill*.

Ebsen was originally cast to play the Scarecrow in *The Wizard of Oz*. However, Ray Bolger, who was playing the Tin Man, convinced Ebsen to trade roles for a rehearsal. Ebsen had a very bad allergic reaction to the aluminum dust in the Tin Man's makeup. He had to go to the hospital. He was so sick that Jack Haley replaced him as the Scarecrow.

Ebsen was married to Ruth Cambridge from 1936 until they divorced in 1942. He was later married to Nancy Wolcott from 1944 until they divorced in 1985. Ebsen was last married to Dorothy Knott from 1985 until his death in 2003. Ebsen had 2 children with Cambridge, 5 with Wolcott, and one with Knott.

Ebsen died on July 6, 2003 in the Torrance Memorial Medical Center in Torrance, California from respiratory failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95 years old. He was buried at Pacific Crest Cemetery in Redondo Beach, California.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Buddy Ebsen***.

* Buddy Ebsen on IMDb
* Buddy Ebsen at the Internet Broadway Database
* Buddy Ebsen at AllMovie
* The official Buddy Ebsen Virtual Museum
* The official Buddy Ebsen web site
* Fan tribute site
The **Church of North India** (CNI) is a major Protestant denomination in northern India. It is a united church established on 29 November 1970 by bringing together the main Protestant churches working in northern India; it is a province of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is one of the three successors of the Church of England in South Asia, the others being the Church of Pakistan and the Church of South India. The merger resulted from discussions begun in 1929; it came eventually between the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the United Church of Northern India (Congregationalist and Presbyterian), the Baptist Churches of Northern India (British Baptists), the Church of the Brethren in India, which withdrew in 2006, the Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences) and the Disciples of Christ denominations.

The CNI's jurisdiction covers all states of the Republic of India with the exception of the four states in the south (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu) and has approximately 1,250,000 members (0.1% of India's population) in 3,000 pastorates.
**Chingleput district** was a district in the Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur and parts of Chennai city. It was sub-divided into six taluks with a total area of 7,970 square kilometres (3,079 sq mi). The first capital was the town of Karunguzhi, with an interruption between 1825 and 1835, administrative headquarters were transferred to Kanchipuram. In 1859 the region of Saidapet, now a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai, was made the administrative headquarters of the district.

History
-------

Excavations made by Robert Bruce Foote indicate that the region was inhabited in the Stone age. During the end of first millennium B. C, it was under the Thondaiman kings. The Pallavas with their capital at Kanchi came to power in about 500 A. D. When the Pallava kingdom began to decline, the region was conquered by the Western Gangas in about 760 A. D. Chingleput was ruled by the Rashtrakutas, Cholas and the Kakatiyas of Warangal until the 13th century AD when it fell to the Delhi Sultanate. Chingleput area was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire which ruled the region from 1393 till 1565 and from 1565 till 1640 as the kingdom of Chandragiri.

The area was annexed by the Mughals in 1687 and was later conquered by the Nawab of the Carnatic. In 1763, Chingleput was ceded to the British East India Company by Mohammad Ali, the then Nawab of the Carnatic. It was the site of the Carnatic Wars and was frequently taken by Tipu Sultan during the last years of the 18th century.After the independence of India, the district became part in 1950 of the newly named Madras State. As a result of the 1956 States Reorganisation Act, the state's boundaries were re-organised following linguistic lines.

Population
----------

As of 1901, Chingleput had a total population of 1,312,222. 96 percent of the population were Hindus while the rest where Christians and Muslims. About three-fourths of the people spoke Tamil as their mother tongue the remainder spoke Telugu. Due to its proximity to Madras city, there were also large numbers of Europeans in the district.
**Cleon** (/ˈkliːɒn, -ən/; Ancient Greek: Κλέων *Kleon*, Ancient Greek: [kléɔːn]; died 422 BCE) was an Athenian politician and general known for his support of the Peloponnesian War. The historian Thucydides writes that Cleon was a demagogue and that he once ordered the Athenians to massacre an entire city for rebelling against Athens.

Cleon also dragged Aristophanes to court to prosecute him for his play The Babylonians. Aristophanes at the beginning of his next play The Acharnians said he would have revenge on Cleon. Aristophanes also wrote a comedy called The Knights to try and convince the people not to re-elect Cleon and another called The Wasps about Cleon being a populist.

According to Aristotle, Cleon was the first one who would shout down anyone who disagreed with him and accuse any and all opponents of being essentially traitors to ‘the people’ and who did everything he could to convince the people that the only way for them to have power was to let him do what he wanted even if it were against the Constitution.
Christine Lieberknecht in 2005
**Christine Lieberknecht** (born 7 May 1958) is a German politician of the CDU. From 2009 to 2014, she was Minister-President of the state of Thuringia.

Early life
----------

Christine Lieberknecht was born in Weimar and grew up in the village of Leutenthal in central Thuringia. Her father was a Lutheran pastor there. She finished school in 1976, studied theology in Jena and became a Lutheran pastor, too.

Politics
--------

Christine Lieberknecht was a member of the CDU of East Germany since 1981. In September 1989, she was one of the four people who wrote the "Letter from Weimar". In that letter they demanded that the CDU should no longer work together with the SED.

After the German reunification in 1990, Thuringia became a state of Germany. Lieberknecht held many offices in the state: Minister of Education from 1990 to 1992; Minister of Federal and European Affairs from 1992 to 1999; President of the Landtag of Thuringia from 1999 to 2004; leader of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Thuringia from 2004 to 2008 and Minister of Social Affairs from 2008 to 2009.

In 2009 the CDU lost their absolute majority in the state election in Thuringia. The Minister-President of Thuringia, Dieter Althaus, resigned. The CDU formed a coalition with the SPD and Christine Lieberknecht became Minister-President. She is also the chairperson of the CDU in Thuringia.

Christine Lieberknecht is the second woman that became Minister-President of a German state. The first was Heide Simonis in the state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1993.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Christine Lieberknecht***.

* Christine Lieberknecht's website
* Biography of Christine Lieberknecht on the official website of the State of Thuringia Archived 2009-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
The **City of Dunedin Choir** a community choir in a city called Dunedin which is in the South Island of New Zealand. It has people from all age groups: some are old, some are young. They are all from the Dunedin area. The choir sings large classical choral pieces of music. The choir has about 140 members at the moment.

The choir sings many types of music, including music from these periods: Baroque, Classical and Romantic orchestral works, and also modern New Zealand choral music. The Choir usually sings in about four or five concerts a year, often performing with an orchestra called Southern Sinfonia. Choir practice is held every week in the Crypt of St Paul's Cathedral on the Octagon in the middle of Dunedin.

Recent Performances
-------------------

The music in the City of Dunedin Choir's recent concerts include:

Schubert: Mass in A Flat;
Orff: Carmina Burmana;
Elgar: Dream of Gerontius;
Bach: A Christmas Oratorio;
Ralph Vaughan Williams: Serenade to Music;
Handel: The King Shall Rejoice;
Purcell: Come ye Sons of Art;
Mendelssohn: As the Hart Pants;
Handel: My Heart is Inditing;
Haydn: Nelson Mass;
Handel: Messiah;
Bach: St. John Passion;
Faure: Cantique de Jean Racine;
Faure: Requiem and
Alexander Estrange: Zimbe!

Upcoming Concerts
-----------------

Upcoming City of Dunedin Choir Concerts include a performance of 'Saint Nicolas' by Benjamin Britten.

History
-------

The City of Dunedin Choir has been making audiences enjoy themselves around the region for nearly 150 years. The choir used to be two choirs, the Musical Union and the Choral Society, which were both made in 1863 and they joined together the following year with George West as conductor.

The name of the choir became Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated a few years later. The society stopped existing in 1888 but started existing with the same name as before in 1897 with James Coombs as conductor. It changed its name to Schola Cantorum in 1967, after joining together with the University Union Choir, and then it changed its name to City of Dunedin Choir in 1993, the year it had existed for 130 years. However, through all these "trading name" changes, the official name remains Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated.

**Vice-Regal Patronage**

The Choir's immediate past Patron was the Hon. Dame Silvia Cartwright. The choir's archives, which are at the Hocken Library, say that, Mr H.S. Chapman, Supreme Court Judge, was Patron in 1878 and Governor, the Earl of Ranfurly, was Patron in 1898. They also say that Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor from 1879 to 1880, attended several concerts during his time as Governor, but he was not a patron.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2022-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Performer of New Zealand music, article on SOUNZ Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Southern Sinfonia, performance partner to City of Dunedin Choir Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
Crane in September 1969
**Robert Edward "Bob" Crane** (July 13, 1928 – June 29, 1978) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor. He was known for his role as Colonel Robert E. Hogan in *Hogan's Heroes*.

Career
------

Crane was born on July 13, 1928 in Waterbury, Connecticut. During World War II he played in his own jazz band to raise money for war bonds. After the war he changed to classical music and played in the Connecticut Symphony Orchestra. He became a disc jockey in Connecticut, then later Los Angeles. Soon he was the premier morning drive time radio talk show host. Crane interviewed popular celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope and Marilyn Monroe.

Crane moved to television and played "Dr. Dave Kelsey" on the Donna Reed Show. He guest starred on shows such as the Twilight Zone and the Dick Van Dyke Show. In 1965 Crane finally got his own sitcom, *Hogan's Heroes*. It was an immediate success. The series ran for six years. The 180-plus episodes were syndicated and are still being shown today. Crane earned two Emmy nominations for Best Actor in a Comedy Series in 1966 and 1967. When Hogan's Heros was cancelled in 1972 Crane's career slowed down. He began acting in dinner theater productions. In 1975 he returned to television with the Bob Crane show. NBC cancelled it after 13 weeks.

Double life and murder
----------------------

As Col. Hogan, the leader of a Nazi prisoner of war camp group of Allied soldiers, Crane became one of the best-liked comedians on television. Off the set he was just as popular. But he led a double life. Crane seduced uncounted numbers of women. He videotaped the encounters, often without the woman's knowledge. Crane enjoyed watching the film later with friends. One of these was John Carpenter, a video salesman. Sometimes they even shared women.

On June 28, 1978 Crane was in Scottsdale, Arizona appearing in a dinner theatre play called Beginner’s Luck. He was found dead the next day in his apartment. He had been bludgeoned in the head by a camera tripod. The prime suspect, John Carpenter, was finally put on trial in September 1994. He was acquitted for lack of evidence. His murder remains unsolved.

Bob Crane as Colonel Hogan and Sigrid Valdis as Fräulein Hilda.

Personal life
-------------

Crane was married to Anne Terzian from 1949 until they divorced in 1970. He was married to Sigrid Valdis, his Hogan's Heroes co-star (Hilda), from 1970 until his death in 1978. Crane was buried in Chatsworth, California in Oakwood Memorial Cemetery. His widow had his remains moved to Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in 1998. In 2007 she died of lung cancer and is buried next to him.

Other websites
--------------

* BOB CRANE 1928 - 1978
* Bob Crane on IMDb


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bob Crane***.
The stinging cells which are characteristic of this phylum (and no other)
**Cnidaria** is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.

Cnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.

Pronunciation
-------------

The word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial "C", and with a long "i". So it sounds like "Naidaria". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as "Teenophore". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language *knidi*, "nettle", thus mening "nettle-like animals" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.

Subdivisions
------------

There are five classes in the group. Jellyfish occur in four of the classes. 

* Subphylum and class Anthozoa: the sea anemones and corals.
* Subphylum Medusozoa: the jellyfish
	+ Class Scyphozoa: the 'true' jellyfish.
	+ Class Cubozoa: the box jellies.
	+ Class Hydrozoa: the hydroids: (*Hydra*; Portuguese man o' war).
	+ Class Staurozoa: the stalked jellyfish.

Unranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.

### Basic body forms

Adult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.

Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.

### Skeletons

In medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. *Hydra* and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as *Tubularia* use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.

In some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.

Fossil record
-------------

There is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota.
Brick Lane street sign in English and Bengali
Brick Lane
Curry restaurants in Brick Lane
**Brick Lane** is a street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. It is part of an old area which includes Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Spitalfields and Petticoat Lane.

Today, it is the heart of the city's British Bangladeshi community and is known to some as *Banglatown*. It is famous for its many curry houses.

History
-------

Brick Lane gets its name from former brick and tile manufacture, using the local brick earth deposits, that began in the 15th century.

Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees spreading from Spitalfields, where the master weavers were based, in the 17th century. This started a connection with clothing which lasted for over three centuries.

The Huguenots were followed by Irish, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the last century, Bangladeshis. The area became a centre for weaving, tailoring and the clothing industry, due to the abundance of semi- and unskilled immigrant labour.

Brewing came to Brick Lane before 1680, with water drawn from deep wells. One brewer was Joseph Truman, first recorded in 1683. His family went on to establish the sizable Black Eagle Brewery on Brick Lane.

The Brick Lane Market was developed in the 17th century for fruit and vegetables. The Sunday market, like the ones on Petticoat Lane and nearby Columbia Road, dates from a dispensation given to the Jewish community. The Brick Lane Farmers' Market opened 6th June 2010.

Emma Elizabeth Smith was viciously assaulted and robbed in Osborn Street, the part of Brick Lane that meets Whitechapel High Street, in the early hours of 3 April 1888. It was one of the first of the eleven Whitechapel Murders, some of which were done by the serial killer, Jack the Ripper.

In 1742, La Neuve Eglise, a Huguenot chapel, was built on the corner of Brick Lane and Fournier Street. By 1809, it had become The Jews’ Chapel, for promoting Christianity to the expanding Jewish population, and became a Methodist Chapel in 1819 (John Wesley having preached his first covenant sermon at the nearby Black Eagle Street Chapel). In 1898, the building was consecrated as the Machzikei HaDath, or Spitalfields Great Synagogue. In 1976, it became the London Jamme Masjid (Great London), to serve the expanding British Bangladeshi community. The building is Grade II\* listed. Many Bangladeshi immigrants to Brick Lane were from the Greater Sylhet region. These settlers helped shape Bangladeshi migration to Britain; families from Jagannathpur and Bishwanath tend to dominate in the Brick Lane area today.
The **Chondrostei** are a sub-class of ray-finned fish, the Actinopterygii. They include the sturgeons, huge fish which provide caviar.

The Chondrostei are mainly cartilaginous fish with some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders. The orders are the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes), and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). 

This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish. Both lack scales (except the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.

Evolution
---------

It is thought that the ancestors of the chondrosteans were bony fish but that this characteristic was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton which suggests that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.

In the early Mesozoic, a number of fish families were beginning to develop adaptations which would make them lighter, faster and more efficient predators. Chondrosteans took a radical approach. Cartilage is lighter than bone, and they delayed the development of bone, so that it only developed in elderly fish. They lost the upper jaw bones completely. Other changes allowed them to shoot the jaw forwards to grab prey.

Why did Chondrosteans react with such total reorganization? Obviously selection pressure must have been very strong. However, in one way they were almost unique. Rarely amongst animals, they underwent polyploidy, several times. Instead of two sets of chromosomes (diploid), the Chondrosteans have 8 or 16 sets of chromosomes. Such a dramatic genetic change may have given the potential for a rapid, drastic reorganization of the body plan.

### Paraphyly

The Chondrostei are paraphyletic. The group does not contain all of its descendants. Therefore, it is going to be reorganized.
**Bosanka** (Bosnian women) is a river in central Bosnia. It is a right tributary of the Vrbanja river. It rises on the southern slopes of the Uzlomac mountain (elevation about 800 metres (2,600 ft)) in four streams. The length is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). Flowing through Petrovići, and its mouth in Vrbanja river is between the villages of Dabovci and Dudići. The mouth of the river is downstream from Vrbanjci, along highway M-4 (Banja Luka - Doboj). 

The only significant (left) tributary to Bosanka is the Vodalka. 
In 1950 there were eight watermills in the Bosanke and Vodalke river basins.
On the eastern side of Vodalke are several creeks, such the Zmajevac, Pirizevac and Breska. On the western side are the Jelovac, Pušića potok, Svinjara and Jošavka. 

During the War in Bosnia people living in the area of the Bosanka were expelled and killed. This is especially true in the village of Vrbanjci, and nearby surrounding Večići, Hrvaćani, Garići and Rujevica.

Related pages
-------------

* Vrbanja river
* Vrbanjci
* Večići
* Kotor Varoš
**Camilla Rosso** and **Rebecca Rosso** (born 6 July 1994 in Wimbledon, London, England) are identical twin actresses. They had a role on *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*, where they were the twins Janice (Camilla) and Jessica (Rebecca). They also had the principal roles in the third movie in the series of *Legally Blonde*, *Legally Blondes*, which appeared on ABC Family and Disney Channel.

Careers
-------

Camilla and Rebecca were discovered when they were selected in an audience by one of the executive producers of *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody* at a live taping of the show. They then auditioned, and they started to perform the roles of twins Janice (Camilla) and Jessica (Rebecca). They appeared in 7 episodes of the show.

They appeared in the film *Legally Blondes*, which was released direct-to-DVD on April 28, 2009 as a sequel to *Legally Blonde*. Reese Witherspoon, star of the original *Legally Blonde*, presented and produced the film.

Personal life
-------------

They currently live in Los Angeles with their mother, father, Aika (their dog), and three sisters Georgina (also an actress), Lola, and Bianca Rosso.

Filmography
-----------

| Year | Title | Camilla's role | Rebecca's role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006-2008 | *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody* | Janice Ellis | Jessica Ellis | 7 episodes |
| 2009 | *Legally Blondes* | Annabelle "Annie" Woods | Isabelle "Izzy" Woods | Main roles |

Other websites
--------------

* Camilla Rosso on IMDb
* Rebecca Rosso on IMDb
A **co-factor** (or cofactor) is a chemical compound which is not a protein, but is attached to a protein. The compound is needed for the protein's biological activity. In most cases, the protein will be an enzyme, and the cofactor will help the enzyme work. If so, the cofactors are also called coenzymes. 

Cofactors which are complex organic molecules are often called coenzymes. If connected by a covalent bond they are a *prosthetic group*. But if they are just temporarily connected then the cofactor is a *cosubstrate*.

Some enzymes need several cofactors. Organic cofactors are often vitamins, or made from vitamins. Metallic ions are often cofactors, but many cofactors have both inorganic and organic parts. 

| Ion | Examples of enzymes containing this ion |
| --- | --- |
| Cupric | Cytochrome oxidase |
| Ferrous or Ferric | CatalaseCytochrome (via Heme)NitrogenaseHydrogenase |
| Magnesium | Glucose 6-phosphataseHexokinase  DNA polymerase |
| Manganese | Arginase |
| Molybdenum | Nitrate reductaseNitrogenase |
| Nickel | Urease |
| Zinc | Alcohol dehydrogenaseCarbonic anhydraseDNA polymerase |

A simple [Fe2S2] cluster containing two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms, coordinated by four protein cysteine residues
***City of Joy*** is a 1992 French-British drama movie. It was directed by Roland Joffé. The screenplay is by Mark Medoff.

It is based on the novel by Dominique Lapierre. The story looks at the life in Indian slums.

Plot
----

Hasari Pal (Om Puri) is a rural farmer. He moves to Calcutta with his wife Kamla (Shabana Azmi) and three children. They seek a better life. They are cheated out of their rent money and thrown out on the streets. It is difficult for Hasari to find a job. The family refuses to give up. They find their place in the poverty-stricken city.

At the same time, Max Lowe (Patrick Swayze) arrives in Calcutta. He is a US surgeon. He is upset after the loss of a young patient.
He seeks spiritual enlightenment. He encounters misfortune as soon as he arrives. He is tricked by a young prostitute. He is roughed up by thugs. He loses his documents and valuables.

Hasari comes to Max's aid. He takes the injured doctor to the "City of Joy". This is a slum area populated with lepers and poor people. This becomes their new home. Max spends a lot of time there. He does not want to become too involved with the residents because he is afraid of becoming emotionally attached to them. An Irish woman, Joan (Pauline Collins), runs the local clinic. She persuades Max to help.

Max begins to fit in with his fellow slum-dwellers. He becomes more optimistic. Ther people around him have much worse lives. Their hope give new strengths to the depressed doctor.

Cast
----

* Patrick Swayze as Max Lowe
* Om Puri as Hasari Pal
* Pauline Collins as Joan Bethel
* Vishal Slathia as Joey Barton
* Shabana Azmi as Kamla H. Pal
* Anashua Majumdar as Selima
* Ayesha Dharker as Amrita H. Pal
* Santu Chowdhury as Shambu H. Pal
* Imran Badsah Khan as Manooj H. Pal
* Shyamanand Jalan as Mr. Ghatak, the godfather
* Anjan Dutt as Dr Sunil
* Art Malik as Ashok Ghatak
* Nabil Shaban as Anouar
* Sanjay Pathak as Shoba
* Debatosh Ghosh as Ram Chande
* Sunita Sengupta as Pormina
* Loveleen Mishra as Shanta
* Pavan Malhotra as Ashish
* Iftekhar as Hasari's father
* Chitra Sen as the angry woman
* Dipti Dave as a school girl

Reception
---------

The movie was not a box office success. The film grossed $14.7 million in the United States.

The film received mixed reviews. It received a 56% 'rotten' rating on review site Rotten Tomatoes.

Other websites
--------------

* *City of Joy* on IMDb
* *City of Joy* at Rotten Tomatoes
* *City of Joy* at Box Office Mojo
**Clifford Donald Simak** (August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He received three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. He was named the third Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) in 1977.

Biography
---------

Simak was born in Millville, Wisconsin to parent's John Lewis and Margaret (Wiseman) Simak. He married Agnes Kuchenberg on April 13, 1929. They had two children, Scott and Shelley. Simak attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He later worked at various newspapers in the Midwest. He began to work with the *Minneapolis Star and Tribune* (in Minneapolis, Minnesota). This went from 1939 to his retirement in 1976.

Writing career
--------------

Simak became interested in science fiction after reading the works of H. G. Wells as a child. He started writing for science fiction pulp magazines in 1931. The only science-fiction piece that he published between 1933 and 1937 was *The Creator* (*Marvel Tales* #4, March–April 1935).

In late 1937, Simak returned to science fiction. He was a regular contributor to *Astounding Stories* during the Golden Age of Science Fiction (1938–1950). His first publications, such as *Cosmic Engineers* (1939), were in the style of the earlier superscience type. He soon made his own style, which is usually described as gentle and pastoral. During this period, Simak also published a number of war and western stories in pulp magazines. His best known novel may be *City*, a collection of short stories with a common theme of mankind's eventual leaving from Earth.

Simak continued to write award-nominated novels during the 1950s and 1960s. Helped by a friend, he continued writing and publishing science fiction and, later, fantasy, into his 80s.

Awards
------

* International Fantasy Award for best fiction book (1953) for *City*
* Hugo award for best novelette (1959) for *The Big Front Yard*
* Hugo award for best novel (1964) for *Way Station*
* Minnesota Academy of Science Award for distinguished service to science 1967
* First Fandom Hall of Fame award 1973
* Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award 1976
* Jupiter Award for best novel (1978) for *A Heritage of Stars*
* Hugo award for best short story (1981) for *Grotto of the Dancing Deer*
* Nebula award for best short story (1981) for *Grotto of the Dancing Deer*
* Locus Award for best short story (1981) for *Grotto of the Dancing Deer*
* Analog Analytical Laboratory award for best short story (1981) for *Grotto of the Dancing Deer*
* Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement award 1988
**CloudMe** is a file storage service that allows users to store, share, and access their files from different devices. It offers a blue folder that appears on all devices with the same content, and all files are synchronized between devices. It provides encrypted SSL connection with SSL Extended Validation Certificate. It has client software for different platforms including Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Google TV, Samsung Smart TV, WD TV, Windows Storage Server for NAS and web browsers.

History
-------

CloudMe was founded by Daniel Arthursson in 2012 and is mainly owned by Xcerion. 

It received several awards including the Red Herring Top 100 Global, AlwaysON Global 250 award, White Bull 2012 Yearling Award and the White Bull 2014 Longhorn Award. Previously known as iCloud.com, the service changed its name after Apple acquired the domain and trademark.

The former iCloud.com service was split into two companies and services, CloudMe for file sync and storage, and CloudTop as the virtual cloud desktop that included file storage.

Features
--------

CloudMe features a Cloud storage and sync solution that allows the users to store, access and share their content, both with each other and with people outside the service. Sharing can be done by email, text messaging, Facebook and Google. Files can be stored in a blue folder, which is synchronized to all connected computers and devices.
**Cloud Cult** is an indie rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota that is led by singer and songwriter Craig Minowa. Their name came from the old sayings of the Native Americans.

History
-------

The band was made in 1995, when Minowa got other musicians together to help out with some of his solo music, or music made by himself. The band's early music was liked by many record labels. The labels made many offers to sell Cloud Cult's music, but the band decided to self-publish instead, which means that they make their albums themselves without the help of a company.  As the band became more popular and started playing live more often, Connie Minowa and Scott West started painting onstage during shows.

In 1997, Craig Minowa started Earthology Records on his organic farm. The new record company now sells the bands' music. 

The band's newest album, *Feel Good Ghosts (Tea-Partying Through Tornadoes)* was released on April 8, 2008. The album is their most popular album yet. Also in 2008, a documentary about the band was made.

After the album was released, Craig Minowa said that it might be the last Cloud Cult album ever.  The band is currently taking a break, so the members can focus on their families. 

In October of 2008, the band had a song in an animated Esurance commercial. The band is shown playing their instruments while floating on clouds. After making the commercial, the band put a few songs on Esurance's website. The songs are available to freely download.

Band members
------------

* Craig Minowa - singer/songwriter
* Arlen Peiffer - drums
* Sarah Young - cello
* Shannon Frid - violin
* Shawn Neary - bass/trombone
* Connie Minowa - visual artist
* Scott West - visual artist/trumpet
* Allan Wetzel - visual artist/keyboard

Studio albums
-------------

* The Shade Project (1995)
* Who Killed Puck? (2001)
* They Live on the Sun (2003)
* Aurora Borealis (2004)
* Advice from the Happy Hippopotamus (2005)
* The Meaning of 8 (2007)
* Feel Good Ghosts (Tea-Partying Through Tornadoes) (2008)
* Light Chasers (2010)
* Love (2013)
* The Seeker (2016)

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Cloud Cult at MySpace
* Cloud Cult info Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
**Citypoint** (previously known as **Britannic House** and **Britannic Tower**) is a skyscraper located on Ropemaker Street on the northern part of the City of London, the main financial district and historic center of London.

Originally named Britannic House, Citypoint was built in 1967 as a 35-storey, 122 metres (400 ft) tall headquarters for British Petroleum (now BP). This became the first building in the City of London area to pass the height of St Paul's Cathedral. The designers were F. Milton Cashmore and H. N. W. Grosvenor. In 1991 British Petroleum moved back to their original headquarters on Finsbury Circus and the building was renamed Britannic Tower.

It was refurbished in 2000, with additional floor space and the height increased to 127 metres (417 ft). Sheppard Robson helped to improve the building. It was then renamed to Citypoint.

Citypoint is the seventh-tallest building in the City, after the Heron Tower, 122 Leadenhall Street, Tower 42, 30 St Mary Axe, Broadgate Tower and 20 Fenchurch Street but only the 23rd-tallest in Greater London.

In August 2005 its owner, Pillar Properties, sold the building for more than £500 million in one of the largest deals ever seen in the City office market.

In early 2007 the building was again put on the market, this time for £650 million, and purchased by a private American company called Beacon Capital Partners. At the time it was the most expensive building sale in the United Kingdom. However 8 Canada Square at Canary Wharf eclipsed this by some margin just a few months later when it was sold for over £1 billion.

A number of other large buildings are planned on sites nearby. These include a 43-storey, 140 metres (459 ft) residential tower at Milton Court. A 90 metres (295 ft) office tower at Ropemaker Place has also been developed by British Land.

Other websitess
---------------

* Citypoint on Skyscrapernews.com Archived 2022-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* from emporis.com

Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°5′22″W﻿ / ﻿51.51944°N 0.08944°W﻿ / 51.51944; -0.08944

| Records |
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| Preceded bySt Paul's Cathedral |  **Tallest Building in the City of London**1967—1980122m | Succeeded byNatWest Tower |