recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith** (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American movie director and white supremacist. He is best known as the director of the Ku Klux Klan 1915 movie *The Birth of a Nation* and the 1916 follow-up movie *Intolerance*. *The Birth of a Nation* made early use of advanced camera and storytelling techniques. It was a very popular movie. It was also a very controversial movie. The movie showed African Americans and White anti-racists in a bad way. It also showed slavery and the Ku Klux Klan as good things. The movie was praised by President Woodrow Wilson. He said it was "history written in lightning". The NAACP boycotted the movie. Griffith responded to all the criticism with another movie, *Intolerance*. This movie showed the dangers of prejudice. The movie did not make as much money as *The Birth of a Nation*, but the critics liked it. Many of Griffith's later movies were critical successes. They did not make a lot of money. Even so, he is one of the most important figures of early movies. Other famous movies by Griffith include *Orphans of the Storm* and *Broken Blossoms*.

*The Adventures of Dollie* (1908)
Chromium(VI) oxide in bowl
**Chromium(VI) oxide**, also known as **chromium trioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CrO3.It has chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions. It is a solid used in cleaning glass. Chromium-6 is odorless and tasteless.

Properties
----------

It is a dark red crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can ignite alcohol when it is mixed with it. It is very toxic and irritates skin. It is a stronger oxidizing agent than chromate. It dissolves in water to make chromic acid, which is acidic. It reacts with strong bases to make chromates. It gives off oxygen when heated and turns into chromium(III) oxide.

Preparation
-----------

It is normally made by reacting sodium chromate or potassium chromate with sulfuric acid. It can also be made by drying chromic acid.

Uses
----

It is used to clean glass. It is also used to plate chromate on things. It reacts with metals to make a metal chromate which stops the metal from corroding.

Safety
------

Chromium(VI) oxide is very toxic and irritating. It is a carcinogen and can cause mutations. It can be destroyed by reacting it with a reducing agent like ferrous sulfate. It is a dangerous hazard to the environment.

Related pages
-------------

* Manganese(VII) oxide
* Chromium(IV) oxide
**Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall** is a metro station on the Tamsui-Xinyi Line and Songshan-Xindian Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code of the Tamsui-Xinyi line station is **R08** and the station code of the Songshan-Xindian line station is **G10**. When Phase 1 of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin Line has been completed in 2025, this station will become an interchange station between the three metro lines. The station code of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line station will be **LG01**.

Station layout information
--------------------------

Both station platforms are located underground. The Tamsui-Xinyi line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the Songshan-Xindian line platforms. This allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. Platform 1 is served by the Tamsui-Xinyi line and is for Tamsui or Beitou. Platform 2 is served by the Songshan-Xindian line and is for Songshan. Platform 3 is served by the Tamsui-Xinyi line and is for Xiangshan or Daan. Platform 4 is served by the Songshan-Xindian line and is for Xindian or Taipower Building. When Phase 1 of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line has been completed, the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line platforms will be located underground as well. This station will be a terminal station on the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line.

Around the station
------------------

* Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall
Cuddalore district is one of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu, South India. Cuddalore city is the headquarters of the Cuddalore district. It was the mostly affected district in the 2015 South Indian floods along with Chennai district. Cuddalore is on the sea shore, so most of the cyclones affecting Tamil Nadu hit this district.

Geography
---------

The district area is 3,564km². It is bounded on the north by Viluppuram District, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Nagapattinam District, and on the west by Perambalur District. The district is drained by Gadilam River and Pennaiyar River in the north, Vellar River and Kollidam River in south.

Economy
-------

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Cuddalore one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of Districts of 640). It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics
------------

According to 2011 census of India, Cuddalore district had a population of 2,605,914 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males. A total of 279,950 were under the age of six, constituting 147,644 males and 132,306 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 29.32% and 0.6% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 69.66%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.
The **Cigarette Smoking Man** (abbreviated **CSM** or **C-Man**) is a fictional character, and one of the main players, in the American science fiction drama television series *The X-Files*. 

He serves as the nemesis of FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder. In the show's sixth season, his name is said to be **C.G.B. Spender**, but Dana Scully suggests this is one of "hundreds of aliases". He is almost always seen chain-smoking Morley cigarettes. In the eleventh season, he reveals his full name is **Carl Gerhard Busch**.

Although he utters only four audible words in the entire first season of the show, the Smoking Man eventually develops into the series' primary antagonist. In his early appearances he is seen in the offices of Section Chief Scott Blevins and Assistant Director Walter Skinner. They are Mulder and his partner Dana Scully's supervisors. 

An influential man working for the powers that be, Smoking Man is a key member in a government conspiracy unit known only as the Syndicate. They are hiding the truth of alien existence and their plan to colonize Earth. Smoking Man's power and influence remains strong, after most of the Syndicate is destroyed.

The Smoking Man is portrayed by Canadian actor William B. Davis. When Davis first took the role, the character was written as an extra for the pilot episode. He returned for small cameo appearances during the first season, making increasingly more appearances in the seasons that followed. Davis never received an award for his portrayal alone, but he was nominated for ensemble awards.

*TV Guide* included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.
**CowParade** is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also.

This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica.
The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity.

In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity.

Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***CowParade***.

* The official (US) Cowparade website
* CowParade Rio de Janeiro 2007 - pictures
* Cow Parade Europe Archived 2018-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
The **Czechoslovak government-in-exile** (sometimes called officially as: provisional government of Czechoslovakia) was an informal name given to the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, first by British diplomatic recognition. The name was used by other World War II Allies as they followed the British in recognizing it. The Committee was originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, Edvard Beneš in Paris, France in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France for diplomatic status, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced the Committee to move to London in 1940. From there, it moved to Aston Abbots, Buckinghamshire in 1941, where it sought relative safety from the London Blitz.

It was the true government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War. A specifically anti-Fascist government, it sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the following German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. Due to this it was considered, by those countries that recognized it, the legal continuation of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.
The **Chilean recluse spider**, ***Loxosceles laeta***, is a highly venomous spider of the family Sicariidae. It usually hides in cracks and corners that are difficult to access, hence its name. It is considered the most dangerous of the spiders of the genus Loxosceles, since its bite frequently produces severe systemic reactions and even death. The Sicarius spider is related to this spider and is therefore also considered dangerous.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

Loxosceles laeta is native to South America. It is very common in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil.

It has been introduced to North America and several Central American countries, but does not naturally thrive in these countries. In the United States, the species became established in the Los Angeles area. Infestations have also been reported in Florida, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Vancouver, Canada.

Behavior
--------

The violinist spider is mainly nocturnal, its activity being increased on hot summer nights and with the moon. It is scary and quite fast. Although it is active throughout the year, its vitality decreases with the arrival of cold. That is why its favorite places during the day are the dark corners, from which it comes out to hunt. This species of spider hides in dusty and unclean places, for example, under gas tanks, behind pictures, cornices, bookcases or in closets, especially with clothes.

```
One way to detect their presence is thanks to the existence of exoskeletons, left by the spider behind paintings, cornices, etc.  A single individual can leave three moults before reaching its adult size. 
```

Another way is through its spider web, which has a messy and irregular design, and is generally located in right-angle profiles (corners), where it weaves a short, hammock-shaped horizontal web. White and cottony, it is not very effective for aerial hunting of insects.

Bite effect
-----------

Within the genus Loxosceles, this spider is the one with the largest distribution in South America and is the most dangerous. The anaphylactic picture produced by the toxin of the bite is called loxoscelism.

### Poison Action

The venom of Loxosceles laeta is potentially fatal depending on the inoculum-mass ratio of the individual. Its action is essentially proteolytic and necrotic (dissolves tissues causing cell death). It contains powerful proteolytic enzymes that destroy everything that has protein, and can be 15 times more toxic than a cobra and 10 times more powerful than sulfuric acid burn. In addition, its venom has a high power of penetration in the liver and bile ducts. Its main toxic component is sphingomyelinase D, which interacts with cell membranes, triggering an immune reaction within the first 24-48 hours after the bite.
**Dundee United Football Club** is a professional football club from Dundee, Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish Championship. The manager is Micky Mellon. In the 2018-19 season, they finished 2nd in the Championship behind Ross County. The club failed to regain promotion to the Premiership after losing the Premiership play-off against St. Mirren 2-0 on penalties. Dundee United won the 1982-83 Scottish Premier Division, and the Scottish Cup in 1994 and 2010.

Name
----

* 1909-1923 **Dundee Hibernian FC**
* 1923-present **Dundee United FC**

Stadium
-------

See the main article: Tannadice
Dundee United's home ground throughout their history has been Tannadice Park, located on Tannadice Street in the Clepington area of the city. It is situated only 170 yards (160 m) away from Dens Park, home of rivals Dundee F.C.; the two stadia are the closest senior football grounds anywhere in the United Kingdom.

The club have only ever played one home fixture at another venue. This was a League Cup tie against Rangers in March 1947, when despite snow rendering Tannadice unplayable, the match was able to go ahead across the road at Dens Park.

The age and proximity of their stadia has led to the possibility of both clubs moving to a new, purpose-built shared stadium being discussed on various occasions. The most recent and serious proposal for this was put forward as part of Scotland's bid to joint-host the 2008 European Football Championship, with several clubs seeking to benefit from a new stadium with planning permission given to a proposed site at Caird Park. Special dispensation was requested to proceed with the proposal, as rules at the time forbade SPL teams from groundsharing. Following Scotland's failed bid to host the tournament, the scheme was shelved for the time being, although the plan was raised again in June 2008 following doubts about joint-host Ukraine's ability to stage Euro 2012 with the Scottish Football Association keen as alternative hosts.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Dundee United FC website
* ArabZONE - Official Dundee United FC members only website Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* ArabTRUST Archived 2005-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Dundee United Youth Development Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Federation of Dundee United Supporters' Clubs Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Dundee United BBC My Club page

| * v
* t
* e
Scottish Premier League |
| --- |
| Teams | Aberdeen · Celtic · Dundee · Dundee United · Hearts · Hibernian · Inverness CT · Kilmarnock · Motherwell · Ross County · St Johnstone · St Mirren |  |
| Stadiums | Pittodrie Stadium · Celtic Park · Dens Park · Tannadice · Tynecastle · Easter Road · Caledonian Stadium · Rugby Park · Fir Park · Victoria Park · McDiarmid Park · St. Mirren Park |
View from a cave, looking out. This cave is in France
Cave in New Mexico
Cave of Acsibi, Argentina
A **cave** is a natural underground hollow space. They can have narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns). They are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water wears away softer stones, such as limestone. Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left. Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.

Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.

Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets. 

In the past, people lived in caves. People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age. Caves still provide shelter for trekkers. Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls. 

People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (The study of caves is called **speleology**.) They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages. Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
**Digital signal** can mean two different things: 

1. *discrete-time signals* that are digitized.
2. the waveform signals in a digital system.

Discrete-time signals
---------------------

See the main article: Signal (electrical engineering)
**Digital signals** are digital representations of *discrete-time signals*, which are often produced by changing an analog signal.

An analog signal is a datum that changes over time (for instance the temperature at a given place; the depth of a certain point in a pond; or the amplitude of the voltage at some node in a circuit). A discrete-time signal is a sampled version of an analog signal: the value of the datum is noted at fixed intervals (for example, every microsecond) rather than continuously.

In short, a digital signal is a quantized discrete-time signal; a discrete-time signal is a sampled analog signal.

In the digital revolution the usage of digital signals has increased significantly.
Many modern media devices, especially the ones that connect with computers use digital signals to represent signals that were traditionally represented as analog signals; cell phones, music and video players, personal video recorders, and digital cameras are examples.

In most applications, digital signals are represented as binary numbers, so their precision of quantization is measured in bits.

Waveforms in digital systems
----------------------------

Digital signal: 
1) Low level, 
2) High level, 
3) Rising edge, and 
4) Falling edge.
See the main article: Digital
In computer architecture and other digital systems, a waveform that switches between two voltage levels representing the two states of a Boolean value (0 and 1) is referred to as a **digital signal.**

The clock signal is a special digital signal that is used to synchronize digital circuits.
The image shown can be considered the waveform of a clock signal.
Logic changes are triggered either by the rising edge or the falling edge.
Cities on the Eastern Adriatic Sea, with the Dalmatian dialects. Veglia is the Croatian Island Krk, Crepsa is the island Cres, Arba is called Rab today. Zara is the city Zadar. Trau is called Trogir, Splato is Split, Ragusa is Dubrovnik, and Cattaro is Kotor today. 
**Dalmatian** was a Romance language, which was spoken in Dalmatia, on the Eastern Adriatic Sea. The language became extinct in the Middle Ages. In places it was used until the 18th or 19th century. Today, few sources are left. Only the dialect of Veglia (Krk) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) have enough sources so they can be studied. From the other dialects, there are only isloate words, or short phrases. 

Tuone Udaina, the last speaker of Dalmatian
In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited postman Tuone Udaina (Italian: *Antonio Udina*), nicknamed *burbur* ('barber' in Dalmatian) the last known speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language. Bartoli wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book in German (**Das Dalmatische**) in 1906. That book has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. 

One year after the interview, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74 in a roadwork explosion.
Crinoid anatomy
The **crinoids** are a class of echinoderms. They have two forms, the **sea lilies**, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the **feather stars**, which are free-living.

All crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.

The crinoids have a long history. They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career. They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.

Anatomy
-------

Crinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom. The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.

History
-------

A typical crinoid fossil, showing (from bottom to top) the stem, calyx, and arms with cirri
The crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era. Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata. The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic. and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce. The feather stars have been much more successful.

In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island. The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.

### Feather stars

Feather star
The free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic. They are related to starfish. As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were. In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about. Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms. Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri. They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the orderComatulidae. Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.p293

During the day, they roll into a ball. But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton. Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the current. The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them. They are found mostly in shallow water.
A **chief operating officer** (**COO**), also referred (talked to as) to as a **chief operations officer**, is one of the most important people in an organization, responsible for making sure that the company they work for is in good condition. The Chief Operating Officer is often the second-in-command at the organization. The Chief Executive Officer is often in control of the organization, and they often are the founder of the organization itself. The COO often reports to their boss, the CEO.

Requirements and different titles
---------------------------------

Unlike the CEO position, which is generally thought of as the most important person in an organization, the COO position's name and job description (something described) is usually linked to what the CEO's job is. The selection of a COO is similar to electing a person like the Vice President or Speaker of the House: the more power and responsibility the position holds, the more experience and trust required to get hired to be a COO. There can be more than one COO in a company, such as a company which supplies roofing tiles, or an organization that makes clothes. Companies that make or refine goods naturally need more COO positions.

### President

The term "President and CEO" is often heard in companies, but the person who uses this term is usually a CEO. COOs often use the "vice-president" term to describe themselves. The position of "President" is still below the CEO position.
The **coat of arms of Turkmenistan** was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The eight-point green starburst (known as the star of Rub El Hizb (۞), a symbol of Islam, to which a majority of Turkmen profess) with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue circle with a lifelike (rather than heraldized) depiction of an Akhal-Teke horse, a source of pride for the Turkmen people. A variant of the emblem, which included different colors and rounded, was used from 1992 until 2003. 

The five traditional carpet motifs on the red disc represent the five major tribes or houses, and stand for the traditional and religious values of the country. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes. 

The green and red colors appear in this shield because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The central elements are surrounded by sheaves of wheat that allude to the custom to welcome to guests with salt and bread. Atop the wheat and the red circle appear a waxing crescent moon of white, typical of Turkic symbology, and five five-pointed stars also of white. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary. Most of the elements of the coat of arms are present in the national flag.

Before independence from the USSR, Turkmenistan had a coat of arms similar to all other Soviet Republics. A single carpet *gul*, not matching any of the tribal patterns, was represented on the Coat of arms of the Turkmen SSR.

Related pages
-------------

* Flag of Turkmenistan
A cuckoo bee from the genus *Nomada*, sleeping.   
It is anchored by its mandible.
**Cuckoo bees** lay their eggs in the nests of other bees, rather like cuckoo birds. They are kleptoparasites, a term which means parasitism by theft. In this case the theft is of food stored for the host larvae.

Females of cuckoo bees lack the special long hairs which collect pollen. Also, they do not make their own nests. They often have reduced body hair, thick exoskeleton, and saber-like mandibles.

They enter the nests of pollen-collecting species, and lay their eggs in cells made by the host bee. When the cuckoo bee larva hatches it eats the host larva's pollen ball. If the female has not already done so, it kills and eats the host larva. In a few cases the invading female stays in the host nest and lays many eggs. Sometimes it kills the host queen and replaces her. Species like that are often called 'social parasites'. Some are referred to as 'brood parasites'. There is a whole subfamily of bees which do this, the Nomadinae (nomad bees).

The behaviour has evolved many times in bees. 16 times parasitism of social species has evolved (mostly in the family Apidae), and there are 31 lineages which parasitize solitary bees. Altogether there are several thousand species of kleptoparasites, a large proportion of overall bee diversity.
**Damascus** (sometimes called **the city of Jasmin**) is the capital city of Syria. IIn Arabic, its name is Dimashq (دِمَشْق‎). It is the largest city in Syria with about 4.8 million people living there.[*source?*] Damascus is thought to be one of oldest cities in the world that still has people living in it. It is believed that people started living in Damascus as long ago as 8000 BC to 10,000 BC (12000 years ago).

Location
--------

Damascus is about 50 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.

Economy
-------

Damascus used to play an important role as an important trade center. Now it is not because of political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula. Damascus also holds an annual international trade exposition in the fall since 1955.

Education
---------

There are many universities in Damascus, one public university: Damascus University. while other universities are private, such as the Syrian Private University  and the aljazeera Private University.

Historical sites
----------------

Damascus has many historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing job, it has become almost impossible to dig out all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 8 feet (2.4 m) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is in the northwest corner of the Old City. The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate). Medhat Pasha Souq is also a main market in Damascus and was named after Medhat Pasha. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam.

Image gallery
-------------

* Roman triumphal archRoman triumphal arch
* Parks in DamascusParks in Damascus
* The Jewish quarterThe Jewish quarter
* Umayyad SquareUmayyad Square
* General view at nightGeneral view at night

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Damascus***.

* eDamascus - Official website for Damascus
* Damascus Online - Brief information about the city of Damascus
* The 31 Places to Go in 2010 (The New York Times)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities
	+ 2
* WorldCat Entities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Sweden
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area
* Pleiades

 |
| Other | 
* NARA

 |
The **James W. Dalton Highway**, usually called the **Dalton Highway** and signed as the **Alaska Route 11**, is a road in Alaska. It used to be called **North Slope Haul Road**, and some people still call it this. The road is 414 miles (666 km) long. It starts from the Elliott Highway just north of Fairbanks and travels north, ending near to the Arctic Ocean coast at Deadhorse. It follows the path next to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Many people think the highway is one of the most dangerous in the world. It was on one of the episodes of the BBC's programe *World's Most Dangerous Roads*.

There are only three very small towns along the route: Coldfoot (population: 10), Wiseman (population: 22), and Deadhorse (population: 25). Prospect Creek and Galbraith Lake only have campers there, and nobody lives there. The road is made mostly of gravel. About 109 miles (175 km) of the road is paved. People who travel on the road are told to bring first aid kits and other items for survival, in case they have an emergency.
The **Debian Free Software Guidelines** (**DFSG**) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.

The guidelines
--------------

1. Free redistribution.
2. Inclusion of source code.
3. Allowing for modifications and derived works.
4. Integrity of the author's source code
5. No discrimination against persons or groups.
6. No discrimination against fields of endeavor, like commercial use.
7. The license needs to apply to all to whom the program is redistributed.
8. License must not be specific to Debian.
9. License must not contaminate other software.
10. The GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses thought of as free.

History
-------

The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.

Application
-----------

### Software

Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the *debian-legal* mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the *ftpmaster* team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules. The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.

### Non-software content

The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.

### GFDL

Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001

Related pages
-------------

* The Free Software Definition
* History of free software

Other websites
--------------


The English Wikibooks has more information on:
***FOSS Licensing***

* Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines
* debian-legal list, with archives from previous discussions
* Draft DFSG FAQ(down?)
* DFSG FAQ
* Section A.1.3 of *Why OSS/FS? Look at the Numbers!* Archived 2006-04-05 at the Wayback Machine identifies some of the major issues discussed by debian-legal.
* List of software licenses currently found in Debian
The **Couesnon River** (French pronunciation: ​[kwenɔ̃]) is a river. It starts in the *département* of Mayenne in north-western France. It forms an estuary at Mont-Saint-Michel. Its last stretch is the border between the historical duchies of Normandy and Brittany. In the past, its course changed often between two beds. They are on the north and south of the Mont Saint-Michel. In the end, it settled to the south bed. This created (*made*) the saying "The Couesnon's madness placed Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy" (*in french*, "*le couesnon en sa folie mit le Mont en Normandie*"), as the mount is just to the Norman side of the river's mouth, now. However, the administrative boundary which separates the two regions does not depend on the course of the river. The border is about six kilometres west of the mount.

Geography
---------

The Couesnon, the Sée and the Sélune form part of the complex water system of the bay of Mont Saint-Michel. On one side, the tide brings lots of sediment. This causes large sandbars within the river. On the other side, the three rivers bring the sediment back to sea.

In the 20th century, the Couesnon was made into a canal. This to reduced the erosion of its banks. In 1969, a dam was built. These changes, and the causeway linking Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, have made mudflats. The French built a bridge to replace the causeway. It was finished in 2013. This helped to remove the silt.

During spring tides, a tidal bore — a wave caused by the tide rising — can be seen going up the river.

The Couesnon flows through the following departments and towns:

* Ille-et-Vilaine: Fougères, Antrain
* Manche: Pontorson

Hydrology and water quality
---------------------------

In the summer, the water flow is typically in the range of 150 cubic feet per second (4.2 m3/s). The pH has been measured at 8.26 (Hogan, 2006). The temperature of the water is 19 degrees Celsius in summer, in the area of the mouth. Water turbidity is moderate with a Secchi disc reading of 14 centimetres. Electrical conductivity at the mouth is high.

Gallery
-------

* The mouth of the Couesnon, at Mont Saint-MichelThe mouth of the Couesnon, at Mont Saint-Michel
* The causeway connecting Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, responsible for the massive buildup of mud and sediment in the areaThe causeway connecting Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, responsible for the massive buildup of mud and sediment in the area
* The muddy edges of the Couesnon are almost like quicksandThe muddy edges of the Couesnon are almost like quicksand

Other websites
--------------

* The public works project
* The Couesnon on the site sandre.eaufrance.fr
The **2022 gubernatorial campaign of Charlie Crist** was an unsuccessful reelection campaign of Charlie Crist, the former governor of Florida from 2007 to 2011, began his gubernatorial campaign in April 2021 in an news interview announcing his candidacy for the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election.

Background
----------

See the main article: 2022 Florida gubernatorial election
former Florida governor Charlie Crist announced his candidacy for the 2022 election to a non-consecutive term as governor after failing to unseat then-governor Rick Scott in 2014. Crist announced his candidacy for governor twice after he only served a one term from 2007 to 2011.

Charlie Crist and his official running mate, Karla Hernandez-Mats in August 2022.
In August 2022, he'd chosen schoolteacher, Karla Hernandez-Mats as his running mate for lieutenant governor and later he had officially won the democratic primary and nomination.

Election results
----------------

On November 8, 2022, Crist and his running mate Karla Hernandez-Mats lost to incumbent governor Ron DeSantis and lieutenant governor Jeanette Nuñez in the general election. 

Crist later conceded and accepted his lost after DeSantis being declared the winner.
**Cliff Osmond** (**Clifford Osman Ebrahim**, February 26, 1937 – December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in *Irma la Douce*, *The Fortune Cookie*, and in *Kiss Me Stupid*.

Early and personal life
-----------------------

Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.

Career
------

Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show *The Riffleman*. Then he would appear in other movies such as *Wild and Wonderful*, *Three Guns for Texas*, *Invation of the Bee Girls*, *The Front Page*, *The Great Brain*, *The North Avenue Irregulars*, and in his last well-known role in *For Which He Stands* in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death *Bxx: Haunted* in 2012.

Death
-----

Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

Some movies
-----------

* *Irma La Douce* (1963)
* *Wild and Wonderful* (1964)
* *Kiss Me, Stupid* (1964)
* *The Fortune Cookie* (1966)
* *Three Guns for Texas* (1968)
* *Invasion of the Bee Girls* (1973)
* *The Front Page* (1974)
* *Sharks' Treasure* (1975)
* *The Great Brain* (1978)
* *The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again* (1979)
* *The North Avenue Irregulars* (1979)
* *For Which He Stands* (1996)

Other websites
--------------

* Cliff Osmond on IMDb
* Cliff Osmond at Find a Grave
**Crêt de la Neige** is a 1,720 m (5,643 ft) high mountain in the *commune* of Thoiry. It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.

It is in the **Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park** (French: *Parc naturel régional du Haut-Jura*).

Geography
---------

Summit of the Crêt de la Neige, with Le Reculet in the background
Crêt de la Neige is between the *communes* of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.

It is found in the *Haute Chaîne*, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the *Pays de Gex* (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about 17 km (11 mi) to the northwest of the city of Geneva.

The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the *Pays de Gex* to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.

From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the *Pays de Gex* and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.

### Elevation

In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was 1,717.6 m (5,635 ft), and so it appears in old maps, only 20 cm (8 in) higher than the near peak of Reculet 1,717.4 m (5,635 ft). But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is 1,720 m (5,643 ft) above sea level.

Getting there
-------------

The easiest route to get to the Crêt de la Neige is from the Tiocan lookout point that is beyond Thoiry.

Gallery
-------

* Looking towards Geneva from the summit of Cret de la NeigeLooking towards Geneva from the summit of Cret de la Neige
* Looking towards Lélex from just below Crêt de la Neige summit (1717.6m)Looking towards Lélex from just below Crêt de la Neige summit (1717.6m)
* Crêt de la Neige viewed from the summit of Le ReculetCrêt de la Neige viewed from the summit of Le Reculet
* Le Reculet from the Crêt de la NeigeLe Reculet from the Crêt de la Neige

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Crêt de la Neige***.

* Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp (in French)
* Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch (in German)
* Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com (in French)
**Commensurability** is a concept in the philosophy of science. Scientific theories are described as *commensurable* if one can compare them to find out which is more accurate. If there is no way one can compare them to determine which is more accurate, they are *incommensurable*.

Behind this is the idea that it is possible to see the world in multiple ways, and that there is not one fair method to see which way is right. Some think that scientific traditions (or *paradigms*) can be incommensurable: it is not really possible to say which one is right. This idea has been defended by Thomas Kuhn. He wrote: *when paradigms change, the world changes with them*. Paul Feyerabend was another philosopher who said that incommensurability was possible in scientific topics. He wrote that it is important to remember this, because it means that it is possible to say things that are not scientific, but also not wrong. These ideas were mainly aimed at Karl Popper and his ideas on falsification.

Two theories may not be comparable if one cannot find a way to compare them and decide which is right.

In popular culture
------------------

The concept of incommensurability is dramatized in the 2006 movie *Idiocracy*, when U.S. Army scientist Joe Bauers attempts to explain before a full Cabinet meeting his theory that the nation's crops would be better irrigated with water rather than with a sports drink.
**Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly** (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer.

Charlotte Moore was born in Ercildoun, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Swarthmore College in 1920 and went on to Princeton to assist Henry Norris Russell. During this time, she worked at the Princeton University Observatory and the Mt. Wilson Observatory. She worked much on solar spectroscopy, studying the spectral lines of the Sun and identifying the chemical elements in the Sun. She earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1931 from the University of California, Berkeley on a Lick Fellowship. She then returned to Princeton.

During her second stay at Princeton, she met and married Bancroft W. Sitterly, who became a physics professor. She joined the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1945. Her tables of atomic spectra and energy levels, published by NBS, have remained essential references in spectroscopy for decades.

Later in her life, it became possible to launch instruments on rockets and she extended her work to the ultraviolet spectral lines.
Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (with six water molecules attached)
Cobalt(II) chloride anhydrous (with no water molecules attached)
**Cobalt(II) chloride**, also known as **cobaltous chloride** and **cobalt dichloride**, is a chemical compound. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CoCl2. It contains cobalt and chloride ions.

Properties
----------

Cobalt(II) chloride is normally found in the red (or pink) form. The red form has water in it. It can be heated to turn it into the blue form, without water. The blue form will absorb water from the air and turn red again. 

Cobalt(II) chloride reacted with hydrochloric acid. The pink form is just cobalt chloride. The blue form is the color that it gives with some hydrochloric acid. The green form is cobalt chloride reacted with a lot of hydrochloric acid.
A different blue form is made when cobalt(II) chloride is reacted with a chemical compound that has chloride in it. Hydrochloric acid works the best, but sodium chloride can be used too. When it is heated, it turns more blue than when it is cooled. 

Unheated picture
The heated picture for an example. Cobalt chloride can be used to test for chloride ions in this way.

It can be oxidized to cobalt(III) compounds, although cobalt(III) chloride does not exist. If it is made, it just drops a Cl from CoCl3, making CoCl2 (cobalt(II) chloride) again.

Preparation
-----------

The anhydrous (without water) blue form can be made by reacting cobalt with chlorine. The hydrated (with water) red form can be made by reacting cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
----

It is used to place cobalt into other chemical compounds. It can be used to make other cobalt compounds. It is the most common cobalt compound in the lab.

Safety
------

It is a weak oxidizing agent, too weak to ignite things. Cobalt compounds are toxic in large quantities, like any other transition metal compounds. They are not toxic like lead or mercury compounds, though.

Related pages
-------------

* Cobalt(III) oxide
* Cobalt(II) sulfate
In music, **consonance** and **dissonance** are words which are used to describe certain musical intervals or chords. The adjectives are **consonant** and **dissonant**.

A consonant interval or chord is one which sounds stable and pleasant. It could, for example, be the end of a piece of music. For example: C and E sound well together, or the chord C, E and G (a C major chord).

A dissonant interval or chord is one which sounds unstable. It may even sound harsh by itself. The notes seem to clash. It cannot be the end of the piece of music (if the music is a normal, traditional tonal piece). It sounds as if it wants to move on to a consonant interval (this is called "resolving" onto a consonant chord). The notes C and Fsharp together make a dissonant interval. The chord C - Dsharp - Fsharp is a dissonant interval: it is full of tension, and it sounds as if it wants to "resolve" onto C - E - G.

Scientifically a consonant interval is one in which the two notes vibrate at frequencies which have a simple mathematical relationship, e.g. in two notes which are an octave apart the higher note vibrates exactly twice as fast. If they are a fifth apart the top note vibrates 1 1/2 times as fast as the lower note. The more complicated mathematically the interval, the more dissonant it will sound.