recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Vladimir Ashkenazy** (born 6 July 1937) is a Russian pianist and conductor. He became world famous as a pianist. During the last two decades he has become equally famous as a conductor, as well as performing and recording as a pianist.

Early life
----------

Ashkenazy was born in Gorky, Russia. His father was an Ashkenazi Jew, his mother was Russian. Although his father was a pianist he never had lessons from him. He began playing the piano when he was six. He soon showed enormous talent and two years later went to the Central Music School in Gorki. He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory. He won second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels in 1956. He shared the first prize in the 1962 International Tchaikovsky Competition with British pianist John Ogdon.

Pianistic career
----------------

Vladimir Ashkenazy has had an extremely successful career as a pianist. He became famous for his playing of Romantic music and music by Russian composers. He recorded a very large amount of music including the 24 Preludes and Fugues of Dmitri Shostakovich, Alexander Scriabin's piano sonatas, Rachmaninoff's, Frédéric Chopin's and Robert Schumann's complete piano works, Beethoven's piano sonatas, and the piano concertos of Mozart (conducting from the keyboard with the Philharmonia Orchestra). He recorded concertos with many of the world's most famous orchestras. He still records and performs all over the world, often playing piano concertos and conducting from the piano keyboard.

On 17 January 2020, Ashkenazy's management agency said that he was retiring.

Conducting career
-----------------

In the late 1980s he started to become known as a conductor. He was principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the Czech Philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. He became conductor (musical director) of the NHK Symphony Orchestra in 2004. He toured with them in 2005, taking them to Vienna for their first concert in the famous concert hall called the Musikverein. In 2006 he took them to Seoul and then to the United States where they played in many cities including San Francisco, Los Angeles (Walt Disney Concert Hall), Boston and New York City (Carnegie Hall). He also played with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Stresa (Italy) in 2010. 

Ashkenazy is now also conductor laureate of the Philharmonia, conductor laureate of the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra, and music director of the European Union Youth Orchestra. He is often invited as a guest conductor to work with other famous orchestras.

Ashkenazy has been awarded many honours and prizes for his performances and recordings. He lives with his Icelandic wife in Switzerland.

Other websites
--------------

*
The ***Pasadena Star-News*** is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The *Star-News* is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the *San Gabriel Valley Tribune* and the *Whittier Daily News*. 

Ridder Newspapers bought the *Star-News* in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the *Star-News* to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years. This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the *Rose Magazine*.

Other websites
--------------

* Pasadena Star-News website
**Mongolian script** was the first writing system to be used to write the Mongolian language. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet in that it is a cursive writing system, or a writing system where all the letters in a word always touch each other and change depending on if the letter is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. It is a vertically written system, meaning that it is written top-to-bottom, and it is the only vertical writing system to be read left-to-right (all other vertical systems, like Chinese and Korean, are left-to-right). It is one of the two writing systems used to write the Mongolian language, alongside Cyrillic, in the independent country of Mongolia (which is sometimes called Outer Mongolia to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia) and the only writing system used to write the language in the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Unlike Arabic, and Old Uyghur, the Traditional Mongolian script and it's variants are an abugida and brahmic script. It is also used to write several other Mongolic and Tungustic languages such as Buryat, Kalmyk, Oirat, Manchu, and Xibe.

It is believed that the reason why Mongolian script is vertical is so that it could easily be written on the neck of a horse, which horses were a very important part of Mongolian culture. In the year 1208, Genghis Khan captured a Uighur scribe named Tatar-Tonga and forced him to make the alphabet of his native language, the Old Uyghr alphabet, be used to write the Mongolian language. It did not fit the Mongolian language well, and it was difficult to learn even for native Mongolian speakers.

In 1941, a few decades after Mongolia became a communist state, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced Mongolian script likely due to influence from their communist ally, the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism, Mongolia made Mongolian script official alongside Cyrillic to revive Mongolian culture. However, Cyrillic is still more common due to the lack of education in Mongolian writing, the lack of money to support it, and the difficulty of typing Mongolian on a computer. Also, more Mongolians can read Cyrillic than Mongolian script. In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, most ethnic Mongols do not know Cyrillic and can only read Mongolian in the Mongolian script.
*Smilodon* skull. Illustrates the huge gape of its sabretooth jaws. This is the larger species, *Smilodon populator*
The skull of *Hoplophoneus*, a Nimravid, showing the jaw flange which helped to protect the sabre-like teeth
*Barbourofelis*
*Thylacosmilus atrox* skull
*Smilodon* skull and upper cervical vertebrae
The **saber–toothed cats** or **sabretooth cats** are some of the best known and most popular extinct animals. They are among the most impressive carnivores that ever have lived. These cats had long canines and jaws which opened wider than modern cats. This suggests a different style of killing from modern felines.

The sabre-tooth style of life evolved at least five times amongst carnivorous mammals. This is one of the best-known examples of convergent evolution.

1. Creodonts, were the earliest sabre-tooths known. They lived in the Eocene, and are in a different order from the Feliformia. *Machaeroides* and *Apataelurus* are examples.
2. The Nimravids were a basal group in the Feliformia, lasting from the Eocene to the later Miocene epochs. *Hoplophoneus* is an example.
3. The Barbourofelidae is another family of Feliforms which developed the sabre-tooth lifestyle. They flourished in the Miocene. They are probably more closely related to the felids than the Nimravids.
4. Sparassodonts, such as *Thylacosmilus*, were a metatherian group of mammals. They used to be called "marsupial sabre-tooths", but they belong to a sister-group to the marsupials. Miocene to Pliocene.
5. The Machairodontinae: a subfamily of the Felidae, lived from the Miocene to the Pleistocene (23 million years ago to 11,000 years ago). Includes the famous *Smilodon*.
6. *Nimravides*, which is a member of the Felinae, and **not** one of the Nimravids.

The saber tooths were ambush predators, and probably lived in open forests. This would explain their widespread occurrence in the Miocene, when much of the land was covered with woodland. Apart from the canine teeth, their adaptations included strength in the forelimbs (more so than present-day large cats). Their robust (heavy, tough) bodies speak of strength rather than speed.

An idea of how they killed is as follows. They hid in wait, and pounced. They hung on round the prey's neck, gripping and slashing the underside of the throat with their canine teeth. This would cause death by blood loss and loss of the air supply.

The fact that their teeth vary is interesting. Some have larger teeth, some had smaller dagger-like teeth, some had smooth thick teeth, others had blade-like teeth, sometimes with serrated edges. Some had flanges on the lower jaw, most did not. Ewer remarks that this must show that there were variations in killing method, and in the type of prey, but we know little about this.

There are none living today: they are extinct. The extinctions followed climate change, as the world cooled and grassland took over from woodland in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
**19000 *Spirit of London*** is an Alexander Dennis Enviro400 double-decker bus which was first used in London in October 2005. Originally using fleet number 18500, *Spirit of London* was built as the replacement for the bus destroyed in Tavistock Square during the 7 July 2005 London bombings, killing 13 passengers. *Spirit of London* was also the first production Enviro400 built by Alexander Dennis. Throughout its time in service, *Spirit of London* has served as a tribute to the victims of the 7/7 attacks.

Background
----------

See the main article: 7 July 2005 London bombings
On 7 July 2005, there were 4 bombings across public transport in London. One of them was in Tavistock Square on a bus, the two-year-old TransBus ALX400-bodied TransBus Trident double-decker bus, registration LX03 BUF and fleet number 17758, operated by Stagecoach London. It would be scrapped after the attacks.

Introduction and early years
----------------------------

See the main article: Alexander Dennis Enviro400
*Spirit of London* was first shown to the public on 3 October 2005. It was the first production Enviro400 to be built; the Enviro400 was Alexander Dennis' successor to the Dennis Trident and Alexander ALX400. It was originally assigned Stagecoach fleet number 18500, which is otherwise used for Trident-based vehicles. After a long promotional tour, *Spirit of London* went into use on route 30 in January 2006, five months after the Tavistock Square attack had occurred on the same route.

Fire
----

In the early hours of 19 October 2012, the bus would be set on fire by two teenage girls. The fire would cause damage over £60,000. Due to the special status of it as a reminder of the 7/7 attacks, Stagecoach London decided to repair it.
Victoria's five daughters (Alice, Helena, Beatrice, Victoria and Louise), photographed wearing mourning black beneath a bust of their late father, Prince Albert (1862)
**Victorian fashion** refers to the various fashions and trends of Europe during the Victorian Era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, and is named after the reigning queen of England at the time, Queen Victoria. The period saw many changes in fashion, including changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and visual arts.

During this period, fashion changed a lot. In the 1800s, you had small silhouettes and pastel colors. In the 1830s, there was very exaggerated fashion. The 1860s are also famous for this along with the 1870s, the 1880s, and the 1890s. But during the early part of the 20th century, fashion was toned down in the sense of exaggeration and playfulness. 

The main woman who inspired was the Queen of England and Empress of India, Victoria. She was at the peak of royalty and ruled for many years, therefore influencing many trends during the century. 

By 1907, clothing was increasingly factory-made and often sold in large, fixed price department stores. Custom sewing and home sewing were still significant, but on the decline. New machinery and materials developed clothing in many ways.

The introduction of the lock-stitch sewing machine in mid-century simplified home and boutique dressmaking. It made it easy to add trimmings which would be costly if done by hand. Lace machinery made lace at a fraction of the cost of the old hand-made lace. Inventors developed new, cheap, bright dyes like mauveine which replaced the old animal or vegetable dyes.
Coordinates: 69°38′53.52″N 18°57′35.64″E﻿ / ﻿69.6482000°N 18.9599000°E﻿ / 69.6482000; 18.9599000
**Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum** is a museum in Northern Norway. The museum has many different artworks on display. It first opened in 1985 and moved to its current location in Tromsø in 2001. The building was first built to be a post and telegraph office in 1917. It was then used as a police station in 1967.

Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum during the Polar Night
The museum has different exhibitions that change during the year. The exhibitions show art from different times and artists. They also have a collection with around 2,200 works. The museum collects art from many different sources, including private collections. They have art from artists like Peder Balke, Adelsteen Normann, and Olav Christopher Jenssen.

The museum is important for Northern Norway, and they have smaller exhibitions in different parts of the region. In 2015, they opened a new location called Kunsthall Svalbard. This location is dedicated to contemporary art and located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. In 2017, Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum was named "Museum of the Year" in Norway.
Nitrogen dioxide gas in a test tube
**Nitrogen dioxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NO2. It contains nitrogen and oxide ions. The nitrogen is in the +4 oxidation state. 

Nitrogen dioxide structure

Properties
----------

The left hand bottle contains more nitrogen dioxide than the Tetroxide, whereas the Second bottle's contents' state favors the formation of more Dinitrogen Tetroxide (colorless) than Nitrogen Dioxide (Red/Brown).
Nitrogen Dioxide is a reddish-brown gas with a distinct, pungent odor similar to that of Chlorine. It causes significant and damaging pulmonary effects when it is inhaled, due to the formation of both Nitric (HNO3) & Nitrous (HNO2) acids when it reacts with Water present in the lungs. When Nitrogen Dioxide is compressed or cooled to near 0° C, two molecules of the Dioxide bond, forming the colorless Dinitrogen Tetroxide. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Upon heating, Nitrogen Dioxide decomposes back into lower oxides of Nitrogen (NO) as well as Oxygen. It reacts with iodides to form nitrites and elemental iodine. The presence of NO2 in concentrated Nitric acid causes the acid to take on a yellow color, depending on the concentration of the dissolved gas.

Preparation
-----------

Nitrogen dioxide is normally made by oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air. It can also be made by heating some nitrates. It can be made by reacting concentrated nitric acid with copper or tin.

Uses
----

It is used to make nitric acid by dissolving it in water. Nitric oxide is also released.

Safety
------

Nitrogen dioxide is very toxic. It has a foul odor, which aids in its detection. Much care should be taken to avoid contact with this compound.

Related pages
-------------

* Nitrous oxide
* Nitrous acid
*For the band, see U2 (band).*

A U-2
The **U-2** (nicknamed the **Dragon Lady**) is an espionage fixed-wing aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1957. It flies a lot like a glider. It was made during the Cold War, because the United States needed a way to look at the Soviet military from high up. Taiwan also used it to spy on China.

The United States wanted to keep the purpose of the U-2 secret, but on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers was shot down in his U-2 by a Soviet SAM SA-2 missile. In 1962, Powers was released and traded for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. After this, the SR-71 Blackbird started spying on the Soviet Union, which was faster and harder to see on radar.

The U-2 is still in service even though the design is over 50 years old.

U-2 details (U-2 model)
-----------------------

The U-2S is 62.99 feet (19.20 meters) long, 104.99 feet (32 meters wide), and is 15.75 feet (4.80 meters) tall. It weighs 14,991 pounds (6,800 kilograms) empty, but when full, it weighs 41,006 pounds (18,600 kilograms). It is powered by one General Electric F118-101 engine with 17,000 pounds (7711.2 kilograms) of thrust. It can go 475 miles per hour (764 kilometers per hour), fly 7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers) without refueling, and can fly upwards of 70,000 feet (21,336 meters), possibly as high as 84,974 feet (25,900 meters).

U-2 Incident of 1960
--------------------

The Soviet military shot down a U-2 spy plane that was doing aerial reconnaissance over the Soviet Union. They shot it down with a surface-to-air ballistic missile. The pilot survived and was captured and sentenced to 10 years of hard labour in a Soviet gulag for espionage.

Related pages
-------------

* Cold War
* Espionage
Vasil Bykaŭ in Romania, 1944
**Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ** (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II. He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought. The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.

Life and career
---------------

Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924. In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR. He volunteered for the Red Army. For years after the war he continued to serve. He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s. There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper. In that same decade his first novellas were published.

Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR. Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.

Bibliography
------------

* 1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
* 1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
* 1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
* 1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
* 1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч")
* 1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
* 1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
* 1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
* 1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
* 1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён")
* 1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
* 1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
* 1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
* 1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
* 2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Bykau, Vasil |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Belarusian writer |
| Date of birth | June 19, 1924 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | June 22, 2003 |
| Place of death |  |
Man o' War Bay on the Dorset coast (Jurassic Coast). The strata here are nearly vertical, as a result of ancient orogeny.
This aerial photo shows the sloping strata in the cliff quite well
**Strata** are layers of rock, or sometimes soil. In nature, strata come in many layers. It is a term in sedimentary and historical geology; the singular is ***stratum***. The study of strata is called stratigraphy.

These layers are laid down as sediment, often in the sea, and are slowly changed by pressure, heat and chemical action into rocks. 

The strata are often typical of a particular time and place, and allow geologists to relate rocks in different places. For instance, chalk was laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period, and consists mainly of the remains of microscopic algae called coccoliths.

In normal strata, the later strata are laid down on earlier strata in horizontal layers. In the long passage of time, sedimentary rocks may get *deformed* by huge forces in the Earth: volcanism, orogeny (mountain building) or other causes. Then it requires research to work out what has happened to the strata.

When strata rise above sea level they get worn down by erosion, such as weather. This causes gaps in the sequence of strata, which may have risen and sunk many times in Earth history. These gaps are called unconformities in geological jargon.

Cycles
------

These are annual varves in limestone. Pleistocene strata, Scarboro Cliffs, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
In many formations of strata there are repeating patterns. For example, clay layers alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers. 

Rocks showing repeat patterns of strata are called rhythmites. Sometimes the patterns are caused by annual climate changes. Geologists call those varves.

Gallery
-------

* Horizontal rock strata at Depot Beach, New South Wales
* Rainbow Basin Syncline in the Barstow Formation near Barstow, California. Folded strata.
* Outcrop of Upper Ordovician limestone and minor shale, Tennessee: repeating patterns in the strata are obvious
* Stair Hole from the East. This hole on the Jurassic Coast behind the cliff shows contorted strata.
**Terry Meeuwsen** (born March 2, 1949) is an American television personality and co-host for the Christian Broadcasting Network's (CBN) *700 Club*, author and singer.

Meeuwsen was the 1972 Miss Appleton, the 1972 Miss Wisconsin and the Miss America for 1973. She took both the swimsuit and talent competitions. She was the first Miss Wisconsin to be crowned as Miss America.

After her reign as Miss America, Meeuwsen began her television career WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee in 1978. She co-hosted, with Pete Wilson, the daily news and feature program *A New Day*. She hosted the program for almost eight years. She left the station in 1986.

Meeuwsen later accepted a position at the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

Meeuwsen appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a guest co-host. She was then made as permanent co-host for *700 Club*. She sat close to CBN founder Pat Robertson. Since the year 2000, she has co-hosted the CBN television show *Living the Life*. Both the *700 Club* and *Living the Life* show on Freeform.

Meeuwsen was born in De Pere, Wisconsin.
For the Reunification of West and East Germany on 3 October 1990, see German reunification.
The unified Germany of 1871.
The **Unification of Germany** occurred in the 19th century. Until then, there had been many states in Central Europe. Some of them were very small, possibly no more than 5 miles (8.0 km) from one border to the other. Many Germans wanted a nation that would be united, powerful and influential. The leaders of Germany believed that they are part of the German Empire dynasty which led to the strategic battles and alliances which united Germany.

The unification took place on January 18, 1871. After the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the German nation in Versailles, France, at the Hall of Mirrors. The unification joined many independent German states, which became the German Empire. Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, became Chancellor of the Empire.

The unification of Germany had begun many years earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars. At the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which is also called the Battle of Nations, many of the German states joined Russia, Sweden and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna ended the Napoleonic Wars. Austria remained the most politically powerful German state. Prussia emerged as Austria's political and diplomatic rival.

There were many problems in unifying the German states. Not all politicians wanted unification. Some feared that it would give Austria and Prussia too much power among the many states. There were also problems in deciding who would collect taxes and how much was be paid.

Background
----------

Before the creation of the modern German State, there were hundreds of small duchies and kingdoms. Many of these kingdoms were a part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 800 AD, Pope Leo III made the Frankish King, Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Emperor.

In the 18th century the hundreds of rulers of parts of the Holy Roman Empire were practically independent; they seldom had to obey the Emperor, and often made war against each other or against the Emperor. During the Napoleonic Wars the empire was abolished. Napoleon made a new satellite state, the Confederation of the Rhine. He was soon defeated and the Congress of Vienna reorganized the German states into a new German Confederation. Bismarck's North German Confederation replaced that, until he converted it into the German Empire.
This article is about imaginary characters. For the American athlete, see Jacob Wukie.
A **Wookiee** is a fictional race of aliens from the Star Wars series of movies. Their home planet is Kashyyyk. The best known Wookiee character is Chewbacca.

Origin
------

When George Lucas was developing fictional characters for *Star Wars*, he named Chewbacca after his dog, Chewbacca. The name "Wookiee" came from an ad lib in Lucas's first feature movie, *THX 1138*. The line was "I think I ran over a Wookiee back there."

Features
--------

On Kashyyyk wookiees build their houses in mile-high trees. They have long arms and legs so they can climb the trees. Chewbacca is over seven feet tall and over 200 years old. By nature they are gentle and intelligent creatures. When angered they can pull a man's arms out of their sockets. Wookiees have a great sense of smell. They are fully covered with a thick coat of hair. Wookiees prize loyalty and bravery above all else.

Language
--------

The Wookiee language is Shyriiwook. Wookiees are capable of understanding English but cannot speak it. In the original Star Wars trilogy Chewbacca showed he could understand humans. His human partner, Han Solo, also shows knowledge of Shyriiwook. In the Star Wars expanded universe books, Chewbacca builds a miniature translator droid ("Em Teedee") for his nephew Lowbacca. When Lowbacca begins training as a Jedi the droid helped him communicate with his fellow students.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Wookiees***.

* Wookiee translator Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Wookiee, Star Wars Combine
**Whitbourne** is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.

Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.

Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.

The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.

Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors. 
According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census:

* Population: 930
* % Change (1996-2001): -5.9
* Dwellings: 418
* Area (km²): 21.41
* Density (persons per km²): 43.4

Related pages
-------------

* Newfoundland and Labrador
**Zoriana Stepanivna Skaletska** (Ukrainian: Зоряна Степанівна Скалецька, née **Chernenko** (Черненко); born 9 August 1980) is a Ukrainian lawyer, activist and politician and former Minister of Healthcare of Ukraine.

Biography
---------

### Education

Skaletska graduated from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (2002). She studied at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (2002–2006). Doctor of Law.

On 29 August 2019, Skaletska was appointed as the Minister of Healthcare of Ukraine in the Honcharuk Government.

### Career

Since 2006 he has been working at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, first at the Department of International Law and Special Legal Sciences, later at the Department of International and European Law. Since 2014 - Associate Professor, since 2015 - Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law.

From August 29, 2019 to March 4, 2020 - Minister of Health of Ukraine.

On February 21, 2020, she arrived in the village of Novi Sanzhary, where she spent 14 days in quarantine with evacuees from China.

On 4 March 2020 the Honcharuk Government was replaced by the Shmyhal Government in which Illia Yemets replaced Skaletska as Minister of Healthcare.
Louis Antoine Jullien
**Louis Antoine Jullien** (23 April 1812 – 14 March 1860) was a French conductor who was famous for his showmanship.

Life
----

### Early years

Jullien was born in Sisteron, in the French Alps. At his baptism he had 36 godfathers and was given 36 Christian names. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. He was a good musician, but mostly he enjoyed popular dance music. He conducted a band, but had to leave Paris because he owed people a lot of money.

### Career in England

He went to London where he formed a good orchestra. His orchestra played at a series of summer concerts (called *Concerts d’été*). Later he conducted a series of winter concerts (*Concerts d’hiver*). Although he was a good conductor he was a great showman. He would make a big show of putting on his white gloves which were given to him on a silver plate. He used a special baton (conductor’s stick) which had jewels in it when he conducted Beethoven. He wore a white waistcoat and enormous wrist bands, and he had a huge moustache and long, black hair. He would throw himself around when conducting and finish by sinking into a velvet chair. The audience loved it, especially when he added military bands to his orchestra. He used to conduct facing the audience. He conducted concerts in the London theatres and parks (promenade concerts).

Jullien’s programmes included works by the great composers, e.g. Beethoven and Mozart, but they were always mixed with light music: dances, quadrilles, marches, etc. He often added lots of extra instruments to the great classics, e.g. when he conducted Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony he added four ophicleides, a saxophone and side drums.

Jullien travelled to Scotland, Ireland and America with his orchestra. In 1852 he produced an opera, *Pietro il grande*, at Covent Garden, but it cost a ridiculous amount of money and he was financially ruined.

### His final years

Eventually he went back to France where he was arrested and put in prison because of his debts. He died in a lunatic asylum. His wife, to whom he had been happily married, lived on for many years, and their son Louis became a conductor and tried to conduct promenade concerts, but he did not have much success.

His reputation
--------------

Jullien’s behaviour might seem strange to us today, but he lived at a time when the role of the conductor was becoming very important as orchestras had become much larger than they had been in the 18th century. He gave people who had never heard good classical music the chance to hear the music by the great composers. He had a very big influence on the musical scene in London and people talked about him for many years after his death.

Other websites
--------------

* Site about Louis-Antoine Jullien Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
Ágnes Roboz Budapest 2016
**Agnes Roboz** ( 18 June 1926 Budapest - 23 March 2021) was a Hungarian choreographer, ballet master, and educator. She was awarded the Hungarian Silver Cross of Merit.

She was born in Budapest in 1926. She graduated in 1949 from the University of Theatre and Film Arts in Budapest. From 1950 and 1956, she was a member of the Budapest Operetta Theatre. From 1958 to 1960, she taught folk and character dance at the Palucca School in Dresden. She taught folk and character dance at the State Ballet Institute until 1971. After her husband's death in 1971, she taught Hungarian folk dance and dances of other peoples at the Conservatorium in The Hague.

For the next 35 years, she worked as a dance teacher at the Amsterdam Theatre Academy, Rotterdam college, the Royal Ballet School in London  For fourteen years she was a teacher of the Summer Dance Course in Cologne. For fifteen years she taught at several summer courses around the world (United States, Chile, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, France, Finland) and regularly gave courses at the Hungarian Academy of Dance Arts. Her students included László Seregi, Ildikó Pongor and János Kiss, choreographer-ballet artists.

She choreographed for the Dutch National Ballet and several professional folklore ensembles. 

In 2008, she moved back to Hungary.

Awards
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She won many awards for her work. They includeː Silver Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1995), the Pro Cultura Hungarica Prize (2001), the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association of Hungarian Dance Artists (2006), and the title of Meritorious Artist (2008).
**Mohammad Sidique Khan** (20 October 1974 – 7 July 2005) was the oldest of the four Al Qaeda suicide bombers in the 7 July 2005 London bombings, in which bombs were exploded on three London Underground trains and one bus in central London suicide attacks, killing 56 people including the attackers and injuring over 700. He was believed to be the leader of the bombers. Khan bombed the Edgware Road train killing himself and six other people.

On 1 September 2005, a recording was found that had Khan in. The recording, shown by Al Jazeera Television, also mentions Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is the highest leader of al-Qaeda. The two men do not appear together, and the British government says that al-Qaeda was not involved with the bombing. The Home Office believes the recording was edited after the suicide attacks and dismisses it as evidence of al-Qaeda's involvement in the bombing. In the film, Khan declares, "I and thousands like me have forsaken everything for what we believe" and refers to his expectation that the media would already have painted a picture of him in accordance with government "spin". He goes on to say, "Your democratically elected governments continually perpetrate atrocities against my people all over the world. Your support makes you directly responsible. We are at war and I am a soldier. Now you too will taste the reality of this situation."
**Osman Yusuf** (オスマン・ユセフ *Osuman Yusefu*, May 23, 1920 - August 29, 1982), also credited under a variety of other names, was a Turkish actor who appeared frequently in Japanese films and television.

Characterized by his large stature and tendency to wear dark sunglasses in many of his roles, Yusuf was born in the Ottoman Empire in 1920 and moved to Japan prior to World War II, earning permanent residence. As a foreigner fluent in Japanese, Yusuf became a valuable supporting actor in Japanese productions. Yusuf also worked as an interpreter for Toho along with fellow actor Henry Okawa. Yusuf's younger brother, Omar "Turk" Yusuf, was also a professional wrestler and actor in Japan. Osman Yusuf died on August 29, 1982, at the age of 62.

Life
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Turkish born actor living in Japan. Yusef was somewhat fluent in Japanese, which made him a hot commodity for films that required actors of Western appearance that could convincingly interact with Japanese co-stars. Yusef also served as a translator between actors of different nationalities, along with fellow actor Heihachiro "Henry" Okawa, who also spoke English. Yusef’s hooded eyes and broad physique led to his casting in intrepid or officials roles, such as astronauts and submarine officers. He also had a notable appearance as one of Jerry Ito’s henchmen in *Mothra* (1961). He, along with fellow English-speaking actor Harold Conway, appeared in scenes filmed for *Mothra vs. Godzilla* (1964) that were only shown outside of Japan.

Films
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* All films on IMDb
**Pasanda** (Urdu: پسندہ‎) is a popular Shahi Moghlai meat dish in the Indian subcontinent. It is especially famous in North India, Rampur, Hyderabad and Pakistan. It originated from the food served at the court of the Mughal emperors. The word is an alternative from of the Urdu word "pasande" which means "favorite". The main part of the meat traditionally used in cooking is called pasanda.

Ingredients and preparation
---------------------------

Pasanda is usually made with leg of lamb or goat. These are cut into thin long pieces, flattened, marinated and fried with spices. Pasandas in Pakistan are usually made by cutting a slice of beef into thin, long pieces and flattening them. At present, pasanda is also made using chicken and shrimp. However, although the type of meat is different, the cooking process and the rest of the ingredients are usually the same in each case.

After the meat is cut and flattened, it is placed in a jar containing yogurt, chilli powder, and many spices and fries. The spices usually include cumin, chilli powder, cardamom and garlic. After a few hours of marination, the meat is put together in a cooking pot with a few other ingredients to make pasanda. Ingredients are onion, coriander, pepper, and sometimes cinnamon or bell pepper. Then it is slowly fried for 30 minutes to an hour. The food is then garnished with tomatoes or nuts. It is often served with white rice or naan.

History
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Although the dish was invented by the Mughal court, its cuisine is probably inspired or developed from a pre-existing cooking technique. This is because a similar method of preparation for mansollas was described in the 12th century AD.

Variants: Kebabs
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Although pasanda is usually served as a meat dish, it can also be prepared in the form of kebabs. Pasanda also refers to a light soup made with cream, coconut milk or yogurt and nuts, for its flavor and connection with nuts.
The **Philippine highway network** is a network of roads that are maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and made into three types according to their function or purpose: national primary, national secondary and national tertiary. The national roads connecting major cities are numbered N1 to N82.

Types
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The national roads are divided into three types according to their functions and purpose.

### National Primary

National primary roads connect the most important cities or towns in a place.

### National Secondary

National secondary roads connect at least one major area and connect smaller areas to the primary roads. They can be diversion roads, bypass roads, seaport roads or airport roads.

### National Tertiary

National tertiary roads provide access to local and small areas.

Numbering system
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National roads are seen with pentagonal black-on-white shields with a number. National primary routes are divided into two types: the main routes, which connect at least three cities with a population of at least 100,000 people. they are numbered from N1 to N49. The other primary routes connect at least two major cities or towns, numbered N50 to N99. National secondary routes are numbered N100 to N999. National tertiary routes do not have any route numbers at all, as they are highways the provide access to small areas.

### Numbered routes

The Philippine highway network consists of the followng routes, as of 2022:
**Mary Ann Wright** (July 11, 1921 – May 7, 2009), known as **Mother Wright**, was a humanitarian activist. She started the Mary Ann Wright Foundation. This foundation helped feed hungry people. Her nickname is "Mother" because she reminds people of Mother Teresa. Mother Wright became an activist when she was 63.

Early life
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Before she started her work, she lived in Louisiana. She was born in New Orleans. She moved at a young age. Her mother died when she was five years old. Wright was raised by her aunts and other relatives. They were devoted Catholics. They walked miles to church from their home. When Wright grew up, she worked many different jobs. She had a husband and 12 children. Unfortunately, her husband was cruel to her. So, Wright left Louisiana and moved to California. Her children came to California with her.

Awards
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In California, she received a "vision from God" in her sleep. The dream told he to help hungry people. She continued helping the hungry, and eventually got recognition for it. Wright received the Caring Award, an award inspired by Mother Teresa. She is also in the Hall of Fame for Caring Americans. She died at the age of 87.
The word **Motet** is a piece of music for a church service sung by a choir without using any instruments. The words are usually in Latin. If the words are written in English for the Anglican church, it is called an anthem.

Motets have been written since the Middle Ages. Medieval motets often had very complex rhythms. The tenor often had the tune, which might be a folk tune, and two voices would put quite complicated accompaniments on top. The most famous medieval composer who wrote motets was Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)

In the Renaissance, motets were usually polyphonic. That means that the different voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) would be singing different parts of the melody at the same time, making it very beautiful, but quite complicated to listen to. Many composers of this time wrote motets. The most famous was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594).

In the Baroque period, one of the most famous composers was Heinrich Schütz(1585-1672), who wrote motets which he called "Cantiones Sacrae" (meaning: "sacred songs"). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote six wonderful motets with German texts. Some people think that Bach may have used a few instruments to accompany these motets. In three of them the choir divide into eight parts.

The most famous motet from the Classical period is Mozart’s *Ave Verum Corpus*.

In the Romantic period (19th century), Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wrote several motets which are still very popular with choirs, both in services and at concerts.
**Service-oriented architecture** (SOA) is a concept in computer programming. It is a way of creating a program or application that is focused around distinct tasks or services. With an SOA model, each piece of the program or application performs a specific task (such as retrieving a piece of data, performing a mathematical operation, etc). The tasks are performed completely independent of each other.

Benefits
--------

### Easy to test

Since each component of the program works independently, each component can be tested by itself without needing the whole program to be completed first. The program can be built piece by piece with confidence that each piece works.

### Easy to reuse legacy programs

Often, a company has already created a program or application to perform a specific task. If that is the case, this legacy program, (program that has already been written) or a piece of this legacy program can be reused without the need to re-code that specific task. Consequently, programs with SOA can be developed faster than traditional programs in some circumstances.

### Easy to manage

The benefit is that unlike in a big combined program, each task is isolated, so it is easy to manage and troubleshoot the program after completion. If there is a problem, a developer can check each service component systematically until the problem is detected. After it is detected, only that small service would need to be fixed as opposed to a much larger section of a combined application
Sesame oil
**Sesame oil** is a vegetable oil made from the sesame plant. It is used a lot in Asian cooking.

History
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The English term sesame traces back to the Arabic *simsim*, Coptic *semsem*, and early Egyptian *semsent*. *Semsent* was listed in the Ebers Papyrus, a 65-feet-long scroll listing ancient herbs and spices discovered by the famous German Egyptologist, Ebers. The earliest recorded use of a spice - sesame seed - comes from an Assyrian myth which claims that the gods drank sesame wine the night before they created the earth. Sesamum indicum, (indicum meaning "from India") is native to the East Indies. Usage dates back to 3000 B.C. the African slaves brought sesame seeds, which they called benné seeds, to America, where they became a popular ingredient in southern dishes. Through the ages, the seeds have been a source of food and oil. Sesame seed oil is still the main source of fat used in cooking in the Near East and Far East.

Buying & keeping
----------------

Good sesame oil has a strong smell when it is opened. The color should be bright brown or gold. It should be kept at 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F). If it is too cold, the oil would be solid and lose its smell. Sesame oil can go bad if it is exposed to air and sunlight. Therefore it is better kept on a shelf or a sideboard. A dark brown bottle is better than a plain one, because the brown one can protect the oil from the sunlight better. The bottle should be closed tightly to keep air out.

Many things affect the price. Oil content is the most important. Usually a bottle of sesame oil has 40~55%. The more oil content it has, the higher price it has. Another element is country of origin. Also if you buy it made from a factory it would cost less than oil made in a country house by a farmer.

Other websites
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* How to make sesame oil at ehow.com
Cleaning a street in Paris
The **Service Sector**, also called tertiary sector, is the third of the three traditional economic sectors. The other two are the primary sector, which covers areas such as farming, mining and fishing; and the secondary sector which covers manufacturing and making things. The service sector provides services, rather than producing material commodities. Activities in the service sector include retail, banks, hotels, real estate, education, health, social work, computer services, recreation, media, communications, electricity, gas and water supply.

Service workers, early 20th century
The service sector is an important part of the economy. For example, in Australia in 2007, 85% of all businesses were in the service sector. In 2009 there were more than nine million people employed in the service sector in Australia, which was 86% of all jobs. In India, there has been a huge growth in service sector businesses which made up 55% of India's GDP in 2006—2007. Computer software businesses in India are increasing at a rate of 35% per year.

Teaching
Many sector businesses focus on what is called the "knowledge economy". They need to keep ahead of other businesses by understanding what their customers want and being ready to give it to them quickly and at low cost. 

One good example of this are banks which went through big changes in the late 20th century. Using information and communication technology, banks have vastly reduced the number of people they need to employ, and lowered the cost of providing bank service. For example, an automated teller machine is able to provide basic banking services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, in many different places. Before this, banking services were only available from the bank when it was open. Many banks and building societies have joined together to form much lower cost businesses that can make more money from a wider customer base. The key to this process is gaining information about their customers and constantly coming up with new services for them.