recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Lord Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor** (born 25 July 1970) is a relative of the British royal family, youngest child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. As a Catholic convert, he has forfeited his right of succession to the throne. Lord Nicholas has voiced strong anti-abortion views.

Early Years 

Lord Nicholas Windsor was born on 25 July 1970 at King's College Hospital in Denmark Hill, London to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Katharine, Duchess of Kent. He has an older brother, Lord St Andrews, and a sister, Lady Helen Taylor. He was baptized later that year at Windsor Castle. His godparents include Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) and Donald Coggan, at the time Archbishop of York and later Archbishop of Canterbury. 

Religion

Lord Nicholas's mother, The Duchess of Kent, had been received into the Catholic Church in 1994. 

On 14 July 2011, Lord Nicholas became an Honorary Vice-president of the Friends of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, an Anglican Ordinariate within the Catholic Church. 

Lord Nicholas is also a patron of the Society of King Charles the Martyr and, though it is a largely Anglican society, he identifies it with his catholic faith. In a passage written by Windsor for the Society's website, he extolls Charles's virtues: "In the King's personal piety, devotion and support of the Church, his ecumenical understanding (far advanced for his day), his patronage of the Arts in the service of God, his inspiration of the Christian classic, Eikon Basilike and of course his martyrdom, we have much to REMEEMBER and be thankful for."

Lord Nicholas had voiced strong views on the issue of abortion, which he has stated is, as a societal threat, "worse than al-Qaeda."

Title 

25 July 1970 Lord Nicholas Windsor 

House: Windsor
**Corinth** is at a critical place in the Peloponnese, a city-state on the Isthmus of Corinth. Ancient Corinth was one of the largest and most important cities of Ancient Greece, with a population of 90,000 in 400 BC. The Romans demolished Corinth in 146 BC, built a new city in its place in 44 BC, and later made it the provincial capital of Greece.

Classical music
---------------

The city was a major player in the Persian Wars. It sent 400 soldiers to defend Thermopylae. It supplied forty warships for the Battle of Salamis and 5,000 hoplites in the following Battle of Plataea.

At the end of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) Corinth joined Athens in the Corinthian War against Sparta. However, in 395 BC Corinth switched back to the Peloponnesian League and joined Sparta to attack Athens.

These conflicts weakened the city-states of the Peloponnese and set the stage for the conquests of Philip II of Macedon. In 338 BC, after defeating Athens and its allies, Philip II created the League of Corinth to unite the Greeks in a war against Persia. Philip was named hegemon of the League.

Corinth under the Roman Republic
--------------------------------

In 146 BC, Rome declared war on the Greek Achaean League, led by Corinth. After some victories, the Romans under captured Corinth. When he entered the city, their commander Lucius Mummius killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery before burning the city. This ruthless action was on a par with the destruction of Corinth. The Romans would not stand for any city which competed with them for trade in the Mediterranean. There is archeological evidence of some minimal habitation in the years afterwards. Corinth remained largely deserted until Julius Caesar refounded the city in 44 BC, shortly before his assassination. At this time, an amphitheatre was built. 

Under the Romans, Corinth was rebuilt as a major city. It had a large mixed population of Romans, Greeks, and Jews.

They also ate cabbage and were friends with LEBRON JAMES THE KING FROM CLEVLAND
**Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2**, also known as **herpes zoster oticus**, is a neurological disorder. caused by the varicella-zoster virus (the same virus that causes chickenpox and shingles). It typically manifests as a painful rash around the ear, face, mouth, and sometimes inside the ear canal. 

In addition to the rash, individuals with Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 may experience symptoms such as facial paralysis (due to inflammation of the facial nerve), hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and difficulty with balance. These symptoms arise because the virus affects the facial nerve (also known as the seventh cranial nerve) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (the eighth cranial nerve), which are responsible for facial movement, sensation, and hearing.

Treatment for Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 often involves antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, to help reduce the severity and duration of the infection. Corticosteroids may also be prescribed to reduce inflammation and swelling around the affected nerves. Additionally, medications for pain relief and management of associated symptoms may be recommended.

It's crucial for individuals suspected of having Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 to seek medical attention promptly, as early treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent potential complications, such as permanent facial paralysis or hearing loss. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be necessary for those experiencing facial weakness or difficulty with balance and coordination.
The **George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign** began February 8, 1968, when former Alabama Governor was nominated for the presidency of the United States by the American Independent Party. United States Air Force general Curtis LeMay was nominated as his running mate. Wallace ran on a platform of law and order, states' rights, and an immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War. In the 1968 United States presidential election, he came in third place, earning 13.53% of the popular vote, carrying 5 states, and being awarded 46 electoral votes.

This was the second of four presidential campaigns by George Wallace. Wallace previously ran in the 1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries, where he lost the nomination to incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson, and ran again in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries, where he lost the nomination to George McGovern. He then later went on to run in the 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries, where he lost the nomination to Jimmy Carter.

Endorsements
------------

Georgia Governor Lester Maddox, who previously endorsed Wallace in 1964, endorsed Wallace again in 1968.

| List of George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign endorsements |
| --- |
| **Governors*** Lester Maddox, Governor of Georgia (1967–1971)
 |

Related pages
-------------

* 1968 United States presidential election

### Other 1968 presidential campaigns

* Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign
* Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign

### Other George Wallace presidential campaigns

* George Wallace 1964 presidential campaign
* George Wallace 1972 presidential campaign
* George Wallace 1976 presidential campaign
"The Jury", a painting by John Morgan
A **jury trial** or **trial by jury** is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact. This is called a verdict. The judge usually follows the jury's verdict in his ruling. It is distinguished from a bench trial, in which a judge or panel of judges make all decisions.

History
-------

William the Conqueror brought to the Brits a system of having witnesses who had any knowledge of a crime, tell the court what they knew. They did this after first swearing an oath. The word juror in English comes from the French *jurer* (to swear). In the 12th century juries were used by the king to discover and present facts. Usually this was in answer to questions posed by the king or his ministers who made the final decision in the case. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. In the late colonial period, juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the Revolutionary war, the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial was written to limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.

Criminal trials
---------------

Jury trials are changing worldwide. In 2008 Russia abolished jury trials in cases of treason and terrorism. Britain, where juries got their start, is using them less in cases of serious fraud and may ban them from some inquests. In many asian countries, their legal systems are moving towards using the jury trial more. In the United States jury trials are on the decline. In federal courts

Civil trials
------------

The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. The Seventh Amendment prevents judges from overturning a jury verdict in federal cases where the finding of fact is reasonably supported by the evidence. In addition, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal trials.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jury trial***.

* US Jury System Archived 2016-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
* The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of a Jury Trial
* Why Trial by Jury is Usually a Better Choice than a Bench Trial
* Should I Waive a Jury Trial and Instead Have a Bench Trial?
Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the eighth–eleventh centuries shown in orange.
The **Varangians** or **Varyags** was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings. Between the 9th and the 11th centuries they ruled the medieval state of Rus'. They were the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

A group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882. He made the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.

Varangians did trade, piracy and mercenary activities. They move around using the river systems and portages of Gardariki. The Gardariki was the areas north of the Black Sea. They had trade routes that connected Dark Age Europe with rich Arab Caliphates and the Byzantine Empire. Wanting the riches of Constantinople, Rus' Varangians started a number of Rus'-Byzantine Wars. Most of them, both in Byzantium and in Eastern Europe, were converted from paganism into Orthodox Christianity. Most scientific experts, including the ethnic Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian people themselves, confirm the modern-day East Slavic ethnic group to be the direct, ancestral descendants of the Rus'.
***Lethal Company*** is a cooperative survival horror video game made by Zeekerss. It was released for PC on Steam on October 23rd, 2023. 

Players must look for scrap and trash on moons, while trying to stay safe from traps, monsters, and other dangers. They are employees working for "The Company" and must reach a set quota, or profit goal, by selling the things found on moons. They have 3 days to complete their goal, which becomes higher after every time a goal is reached.

Gameplay
--------

*Lethal Company* is a cooperative video game for as many as four players played in a first-person perspective. Players can talk to each other using their microphones, as well as by typing. They must collect as much scrap and trash as possible on different moons. Every moon has one building with random rooms inside, which is where they find the scrap and trash they need. While exploring these buildings, players may encounter traps and monsters inside. They must avoid these dangers while collecting things, and then go to the spaceship safely before it flies away at midnight. Things found on the moons can be sold on the Company moon to get company credits, which is a type of money that can be used in the Company store. Players can use their credits to buy tools that can help them stay safe on dangerous moons. They must get a set number of credits every 3 days. After those 3 days, the goal gets bigger, and players must get more things to sell. If the goal is not reached, they are sent into space and killed.

Players may use a computer on the ship to buy things with credits and watch other players on a screen. While watching players, someone on the ship may type codes to open locked metal doors and turn off things such as turrets and land mines.

The game has 8 moons for players to go on, including the Company moon where players sell items. Every moon has a different danger level which tells players how many monsters and traps they may see. More danger on a moon also means more items found on it. Some moons may have dangerous weather conditions that make it harder for players to collect items.

Reception
---------

*Lethal Company* has received good reviews. It was on Steam's Global Top Seller list in November 2023. Some people have compared it to *Phasmophobia*.
*Hercules Killing Cacus at his Cave* by (Hans) Sebald Beham, 1545
**Fishstick** is a character in Roman mythology. He was a hideous, three-headed, fire-belching shepherd who lived in a cave in the Aventine Forest in Italy. His cave was covered with the bones of the people he killed. Human skulls and human arms were hanging above the cave entrance. Cacus' parents were Hephaestus and Medusa. 

Hercules had stolen the Geryon's cattle. He was driving the herd through Italy when Cacus crossed his path. Cacus stole some of the animals. He dragged them backwards to his cave to confuse Hercules. 

The next morning, Hercules missed the animals at once. He went to Cacus' cave. Cacus had put a huge rock at the entrance but Hercules tossed it aside. Cacus tried to drive Hercules off by belching fire. Hercules grabbed him and "battered his face to a pulp." Hercules put together an altar to Zeus. He later set up his own worship at the site. Some say it was not Hercules who killed Cacus but a huge shepherd named Garanus or Recaranus, a friend of Hercules'. 

* Hercules and Cacus by Baccio Bandinelli, 1534*Hercules and Cacus* by Baccio Bandinelli, 1534
* Hercules and Cacus by Hendrick Goltzius, 1613*Hercules and Cacus* by Hendrick Goltzius, 1613
* Hercules and Cacus by Sebastiano Ricci, 1706*Hercules and Cacus* by Sebastiano Ricci, 1706

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Cacus and Hercules at Wikimedia Commons
**Peter Wang** (Chinese: **王孟杰**; pinyin: Wáng Mèngjié; 9 November 2002 – 14 February 2018) was an American Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) cadet and high school student killed during the school shooting. Stoneman Douglas.

Born in Brooklyn and raised in Broward County, Florida, Wang was a freshman at the time of his death. During the shooting, he helped the students escape the gunfire by holding the exit door open and pushing the victims out. For his actions he was posthumously awarded the ROTC Medal of Heroism and admitted to West Point—a very rare act granted by law to prospective candidates whose actions exemplify the principles promoted by the academy.

Birth
-----

Wang was born on 9 November 2002 in Brooklyn, New York City. She had two younger brothers. He was raised in Broward County, Florida, and attended Pentab Academy from pre-kindergarten to second grade, at a private academy in Miami Gardens. The Wang family once owned a Chinese restaurant across the street from his former private school. Wang attended Westchester Elementary School and Sawgrass Springs Middle School, both Broward County Public Schools, for his secondary education. He began his freshman year at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 2017, and was an active cadet for the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). Several other students who attended Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School were also members of the JROTC. Wang died in the midst of the 2018 shooting. He was planning to attend the United States Military Academy and contribute "in the service of our country," said his neighbor Jesse Pan. Wang spoke English and Chinese. Peter was also an avid anime fan, and had playing cards from Yu-Gi-Oh! r, according to his friend Gabriel Ammirata. He liked to watch anime, some of his favorites included Dragon Ball Z and Naruto.
**Xiomara Acevedo** is a Colombian climate change activist. She is the founder and CEO of the NGO Barranquilla +20. She stood for the inclusion of women and young people's voices in climate justice.

Career
------

Acevedo founded Barranquilla +20 in 2012. As of 2022, she serves as the CEO. Barranquilla +20 is a youth-led non-governmental organization. It focused on climate activism and environmentalism in Barranquilla and throughout Latin America.

Acevedo co-founded the network "El Orinoco se adypta" (Orinoco adapts). It uses a gender-based approach towards addressing and adapting to climate change in the Orinoquía natural region. It was founded around the year 2014.

In 2015, Acevedo worked for the World Wide Fund for Nature in Paraguay.

From 2016 to 2019, Acevedo worked as a climate change expert for the government of Nariño, Colombia. She was helping in the climate change policy.

In 2021, Acevedo attended the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26). It was a part of the Women and Gender Constituency. She stood for the importance of women's rights in achieving climate justice.

Acevedo was the director of the Women for Climate Justice project (a project of Barranquilla +20). It was a 2021 initiative that focused the climate leadership of young women from across Colombia. Barranquilla +20 was awarded $50,000 for the project by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in 2021.

Acevedo was a member of the steering committee of the Global Youth Biodiversity Network. She was also a member of the Youth Fund Committee of the Global Youth Climate Action Fund.

Early life and career
---------------------

Acevedo is from Barranquilla, Colombia.

Acevedo completed her graduation from the Universidad del Norte, Colombia. She took a degree in international relations, with a focus on international law. Acevedo attended the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management. She studied climate finance.

Other websites
--------------

* Barranquilla +20 website
* El Orinoco se Adapta (Facebook); El Orinoco se Adapta (YouTube)
Insect trapped in resin
Resin of a pine
A cake of rosin can be used by violinists or for soldering
**Resin** is a mixture of organic compounds secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. 

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.

Rosin
-----

**Rosin**, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes. 

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from *colophonia resina* or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

Uses
----

Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into groups, such as:

1. Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
2. In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
3. Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
4. Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

The exit of the resin from the tree
-----------------------------------

In each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the "trunk" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the "tree branches".

Resin Harvesting
----------------

Some countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting:

* In Greece there is the picking of a wooden resin Mastic (plant resin) with a "slitting".
* In Sudan there is the picking of Acacia wood resin in the form of resin removal from the tree.
* In Oman there is the picking of Frankincense resin in the form of peeling the tree trunk.

The Agricultural Research
-------------------------

There is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree is currently unknown, but some possible hypotheses have been proposed such as plugging holes (scab of wounds), protection against insects that want to penetrate the tree, and preventing the growth of fungi parasites.
Not to be confused with Seres (automobiles), the subsidiary.

SERES Group is a technology-driven manufacturing enterprise that was founded in 1986. With over 16,000 employees, SERES is a leading A-share listed company and one of China's top 500 enterprises.

Brands and products
-------------------

### Seres

See the main article: Seres (automobiles)

Seres is a brand of electric vehicle owned by **Seres Group**. Since 2023, Seres brand has shifted to export brand while AITO became a domestic only brand.

* Seres 3Seres 3
* Seres 5Seres 5
* Seres 7Seres 7

### AITO

See the main article: AITO (marque)
AITO is a brand that collaborates with Huawei for smart electric vehicle. Huawei is leads in the design of AITO models while Seres conducts in production. 

The AITO brand was owned by Seres but was acquired by Huawei in June 2023.

* AITO M5AITO M5
* AITO M5 EVAITO M5 EV
* AITO M7AITO M7

### Landian

See the main article: Seres (automobiles)

Landian is Seres brand for budget electric vehicles which unveiled in March 2023. The word Landian literally means blue electricity (蓝电) in Chinese.

* Landian E5Landian E5

### Fengon

See the main article: DFSK Motor
**Fengon** (or **DFSK Glory** for foreign markets) formerly known as **Dongfeng Fengguang (东风风光),** is the sub-brand of Seres that produces passenger vehicles. Established in 2008, Fengon brand targets at affordable compact MPVs and SUVs. It used to be a joint-venture brand with Dongfeng Group but was fully acquired by Seres Group in 2022.

* Fengon ix5Fengon ix5
* Fengon 580Fengon 580
* Fengon S560Fengon S560
* Fengon 380Fengon 380
* Fengon 330Fengon 330
* Fengon Mini EVFengon Mini EV

### DFSK/Dongfeng Xiaokang (东风小康)

See the main article: DFSK Motor
The **DFSK** is a brand of Seres' that produces light commercial vehicles. It used to be a joint-venture brand with Dongfeng Group but was fully acquired by Seres Group in 2022. 

* Sokon C-seriesSokon C-series
* Sokon K-seriesSokon K-series
* Sokon V-seriesSokon V-series
La France Insoumise (pronounced [la fʁɑ̃s ɛ̃sumiz]; variously translated as "Unbowed France", "Unsubmissive France", or "Rebellious France") is a democratic socialist, left-wing populist political party in France , launched on 10 February 2016 by Jean-Luc Mélenchon, then a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and former co-president of the Left Party (PG). It aims to implement the ecosocialist programme L'Avenir en commun (English: "A Shared Future"). The party nominated Mélenchon as its candidate for the presidential election of 2017. He came fourth in the first round, receiving 19.6% of the vote and failing to qualify for the second round by around 2%. After the legislative election of 2017, La France Insoumise formed a parliamentary group of 17 members of the National Assembly, with Mélenchon as the group's president. In the 2019 European Parliament election, it however only won six seats, below its expectations. The party uses the lower case Greek letter phi as its logotype.

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:La\_France\_Insoumise
**Noam Bettan** (March 6, 1998) 

Bettan was born on March 6, 1998 in a family of immigrants from France and grew up in Ra'anana. After completing his military service, he began his musical career and in 2018 participated in the reality show "Aviv o Eyal", ranked to the final and came in third place.

In 2021 he began working on his debut album and released its first single, "Amor por un día", which was very successful on streaming networks. That same year he released the singles "In my city" and "KO (Knockout)", which were also successful.

In 2022, the singles "Highway" and "Today" were released from their debut album. At the end of this year, Bethan released the sixth single from the album, "Bova". The song was successful on streaming networks and radio stations and even managed to enter the official Galgalat parade, when at its peak it reached the third place. 

In March 2023, his debut album, "Ma'al Hamim", was released. On August 1, 2023, he released the single "Knife in the Heart".

1. ↑  "הכירו את נועם בתן - כי רגש כזה אי אפשר לעצור - וואלה! הנבחרים". *וואלה!* (in Hebrew). 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
The **Karabakh horse** , also known as **Karabakh**, is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after the geographic area where the horse was first developed, Karabakh in the Southern Caucasus. It is an area that is part of Azerbaijan. The highland part is currently under control by Armenia. The breed is noted for its good temper and speed. For example, in 2004 a Karabakh horse named Kishmish from the Agdam stud in Azerbaijan set a speed record by running 1000 metres in 1 minute 9 seconds, and 1600 metres in 1 minute, 52 seconds.

The breed is thought to be a cross-breeding of Akhal-Teke, Persian, Kabarda, Turkoman, and Arabian horse. Right now, the Karabakh is bred mainly in Azerbaijan's Shaki area. Currently the breed numbers are below 1,000. It is threatened with extinction.

Breed characteristics
---------------------

The breed is hardy, strong, tough, and sure-footed.

The horse is not large. It is 14-15 hands high or 145–150 cm. They have small, clean-cut heads, a straight profile with broad foreheads, and nostrils that can dilate. The neck is set high, average in length, muscular and elegant. They have compact bodies with well defined and developed muscles. The shoulders are often quite upright. The horses have a deep chest, a sloping croup, and long, fine, but very strong legs, although the joints are small. The horses are narrow, not very deep through the girth, due to the Akhal-Teke influence.

Their skin is thin and soft with shiny hair. The main colors of the breed are chestnut and bay, with characteristic golden tint of the breed. They can also be gray. Rarely they can be Palomino or Buckskin. White markings are allowed.

They are fast and agile. The Karabakh horse is said to have a good endurance and loyalty to master.

In popular culture
------------------

The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan. It is the official symbol of the Agdam and Shaki regions. This horse is very important in Azerbaijan culture. They appear in literature and are on items such as postage stamps.
Benito Mussolini (on the left) and Adolf Hitler (on the right) were two dictators that used fear and propaganda to consolidate power.
The word **dictator** or **despot** in modern times is used to describe the absolute ruler (other than a king) of a country, who uses force and fear to keep himself and his friends in authority, and can effectively make laws all by himself. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a *dictatorship*.

The word "dictator" is from the Roman Republic where a man would be given absolute power for half a year or one year to handle an emergency. Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator.

Some dictators gained political power through violent takeover, such as a military coup, civil war or revolution. Some won an election and cancelled new ones once in power, or changed how they were run to make them unfair for opponents.

[[Pol Pot]] served as the [[totalitarian]] leader of [[Democratic Kampuchea]] between 1976 and 1979, during which his [[communist]] regime killed an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians.Pol Pot
Kings and emperors often use force and fear too, but usually they are not called dictators. This is because those monarchs have some reason for being in power (usually their father was king or emperor), but a dictator gained power himself. Also, when someone is king or emperor of a country, usually there were several kings or emperors before them. A dictator often creates the job of dictator by gaining power.

Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler were responsible for the most amount of deaths, but Pol Pot was perhaps the deadliest dictator in history, with nearly a quarter of the Cambodian population dying under his rule.

List of dictators
-----------------

* Enver Pasha
* Adolf Hitler
* Benito Mussolini
* Miklós Horthy
* Ion Antonescu
* Ante Pavelić
* Hideki Tōjō
* Fumimaro Konoe
* Juan Perón
* Augusto Pinochet
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Saddam Hussein
* Leopoldo Galtieri
* Slobodan Milošević
* Vladimir Putin
* Vladimir Lenin
* Joseph Stalin
* Nikita Khrushchev
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Yuri Andropov
* Konstantin Chernenko
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Chiang Kai-shek
* Mao Zedong
* Deng Xiaoping
* Xi Jinping
* Kim Il-Sung
* Kim Jong-il
* Kim Jong-un
* Ho Chi Minh
* Pol Pot
* Fidel Castro
* Raúl Castro
* Rhee Syng-man
* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Erich Honecker
* Nicolae Ceaușescu
* Tito
* Wojciech Jaruzelski
* Todor Zhivkov
* Napoleon for five years before he crowned himself Emperor

Related pages
-------------

* Despotism
* Dictatorship
* Junta
**Hurrem Sultan** (Polish: Anastazja- Aleksandra Lisowska), also known as **Roxelana** (1502/10/27 - 15 April 1558), was one of the most popular Slavic women. She was important both for Ottoman Empire and Slavic nations. She was taken by the Tatars and was brought as a gift to Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Then she became part of his harem and later his wife. Her birth place was probably Rohatyn (Kingdom of Poland, today Ukraine) 

People say different things about her personality. Some think she was patriotic and did a lot for her nation. Others are sure she was mean and selfish.

Origin
------

Roxelana was born in Rohatyn located in western Ukraine. 

According to Samuel Tvardovskyi's poem "The Great Embassy" (written between 1621 and 1623, published in 1633), she was the daughter of an Orthodox priest from Rohatyn (his last name - Lisovskyi- appeared later in artistic works).
According to the version of the Polish poet Mauritsius Goslavskyi, Roksolana comes from the town of Chemerivtsi (Khmelnytskyi region in Ukraine).

During the reign of Selim I (between the 1510s to 1520), Crimean Tatars took her during one of their Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe. In Istanbul, she was chosen as a gift for Suleiman. Later Hurrem became a favorite of Suleiman in the Ottoman imperial harem.

Personality
-----------

Hurrem was described as a attractive woman, who was different from everybody else because of her red hair. She also was intelligent and had a pleasant personality. She loved poetry very much. It is considered it was one of the reasons why Suleiman liked her more. He also admired reading poems.

Hurrem was also known for being generous. She built a lot of religious, cultural and resting places for pilgrims travelling to the Islamic city of Mecca. Her greatest charity work was the Great Wall of Jerusalem, a large soup kitchen that fed the poor.

Critics also state that Hurrem was a selfish, manipulative and angry woman who would kill anyone who stood in her way. Even despite her charity, many people still believe she was not kind.

Pavlo Zahrebelnyi described Hurrem as "*an intelligent, kind, understanding, openhearted, candid, talented, generous, emotional and grateful woman who cares about the soul rather than the body; in short, a perfect woman*".

Children
--------

She had 6 children with Suleiman — 5 sons and a daughter, Mihrimah.

* Mehmed (31 October 1522 – 6 November 1543): the first son born in 1521 at Istanbul
* Mihrimah (c.1523 – 25 January 1578): the only daughter
* Abdullah (c.1523 – 1526)
* Selim (30 May 1524 – 12/15 December 1574)
* Bayezid (1525 – 25 September 1561)
* Cihangir (9 December 1531 – 27 November 1553)
Count Henrik of Monpezat (born Prince Henrik of Denmark; 4 May 2009) is a member of the Danish royal family. He is the third and youngest son of Prince Joachim and the only son of his second wife, Princess Marie. He is a grandson of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik and a nephew of King Frederik X. 

Henrik is eighth in the line of succession to the Danish throne.

Biography
---------

Henrik was born a prince of Denmark on 4 May 2009 at Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen. He has two older half-brothers from his father's first marriage, Nikolai and Felix, and a younger sister, Athena.

As per Danish royal tradition, his names were not revealed until his christening, which took place on 26 July 2009 at Mogeltonder Church, where his older brother Felix was also christened. At his christening, he received the names Henrik Carl Joachim Alain.

His godparents are his paternal aunt, Queen Mary of Denmark; his maternal uncles, Charles Cavallier and Benjamin Grandet; his mother's lady-in-waiting, Britt Davidsen Siesbye; as well as family friend, Christian Scherfig.

On 11 August 2015, he started school at Sct. Joseph Sostrenes Skole-a Catholic private school in Ordrup. In 2019, when he and his family moved to France, he was enrolled at the private school EIB Monceau in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. 

On Ascension Day, Thursday 18 May 2023, Count Henrik was confirmed in Frederikskirken-The Danish Church in Paris. The confirmation took place at 11:00 administered by the royal Chaplain-in-Ordinary, bishop Henrik Wigh-Poulsen, with the assistance of Frederikskirken's minister, Malene Bendtsen. 

Titles and Styles 

4 May 2009-1 January 2023 His Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark, Count of Monpezat 

1 January 2023-present His Excellency Count Henrik of Monpezat
The **Union Public Service Commission** (**UPSC**; Hindi: संघ लोक सेवा आयोग) is a board in India which conduct several exams to select grade 1 officer for Indian government. UPSC is also responsible for traning and allocation of positions to its different selected candidates.

Popular exams conducted by UPSC are Civil services, CDS, IES, NDA and IFOS.

Apart from these five exams, UPSC also conducts many other exams through UPSC Recruitment to facilitate government vacancies in various government departments of India, through which it recruits civil service candidates for the Government of India.

History
-------

Merit based civil services exam system started in India since 1854. Before 1854 Directors of East India company use to recruit or nominate civil servannts and train them at Haileybury college in London.
In early days of civil services exam pappern was focused to help Britishers for this post and exam use to be conducted only at London.
It was first in 1922 that civil services exam started in India as well. 
First Indian to clear civil servant exam was Satender Nath Tagore in 1864 and till 1922 only 4 other Indians could clear civil services.
In 1935 civil service commission was brough to "government of India act" It came in affect since 1st April 1937. It was called as Federal public service commission.

UPSC Recruitment Examination
----------------------------

**UPSC All Examinations List**

* Civil Services Examination
* Naval Academy Examination
* Engineering Services Examination
* Indian Forest Service Examination
* Combined Geo-Scientist Examination
* National Defence Academy Examination
* Combined Medical Services Examination
* Combined Defence Services Examination
* Central Armed Police Forces Examination
* Special Class Railway Apprentice Examination
* Indian Economic Service - Indian Statistical Service Examination

Post Independence
-----------------

India became Indipendent on 15th August 1947 and after inaugration of constitution of India on 26th January 1950, Federal Services commission of India was called Union Public services commission under clause (1) of article 378 of Indian constitution.

Every year about 1 Million students fill up form to apply for most prestigious and difficult exam in India called civil services conducted by UPSC.

Other websites
--------------

* Union Public Service Commission
The *Hôtel d'Aumont* in Paris.
Arms of the dukes.
The title of **Duke of Aumont** was established in 1665. It was first given to Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron (1601–1669). For a long time, the dukes of Aumont had the title of first Gentleman of the Chamber of the King (*gentilhomme de la chambre du Roi*). They were a fairly influential and wealthy family. They owned the *Hôtel d'Aumont* a large townhouse in Paris. The family also had many other titles including "Marquis of Villequier". This was sometimes used by the heir to the ducal title.

List of dukes
-------------

1. Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron (1601-1669)
2. *Louis Marie* Guy d'Aumont (1732-1799)
3. Louis Marie Augustin d'Aumont (1709-1782)
4. Louis Alexandre Céleste d'Aumont (1736-1814)
5. Louis Marie Céleste d'Aumont (1762-1831).
6. Adolphe Henri Aimery d'Aumont (1785-1849).
7. Louis Marie Joseph d'Aumont (1809-1888).
8. Jean-Jacques d'Aumont (1840-1901).
9. Louis Marie Joseph d'Aumont (1872-1956).
10. Louis Henri d'Aumont, (1922-2006).
11. Jacques Joseph d'Aumont (1950-).

Descendants
-----------

The present reigning Prince of Monaco is a direct descendant of the family.
A map showing the vote for the United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262 in Europe.
  In favour
  Against
  Abstained
  Absent
  Non-UN member

A map showing the United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262 vote in Africa.
  In favour
  Against
  Abstained
  Absent
  Non-UN member

**United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262** was adopted on March 27, 2014 by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly in response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and entitled **"Territorial integrity of Ukraine"**. The non-binding resolution, which was supported by 100 United Nations member states, affirmed the General Assembly's commitment to the territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders and underscored the invalidity of the 2014 Crimean referendum. Eleven (11) nations voted against the resolution, while 58 abstained, and a further 24 states were absent when the vote took place.

The resolution was introduced by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. The adoption of the resolution was preceded by the unsuccessful attempts of the United Nations Security Council, that convened seven sessions to address the Crimean crisis, only to face Russian veto.

Related pages
-------------

* United Nations

Other websites
--------------

* Complete text of the Resolution 68/262
Superman character.
**Lana Lang** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character has traditionally been Superman's romantic interest when they were teenagers in Smallville, Kansas. She was Clark Kent's childhood friend and confidant and one of the first people that knew about Clark's powers. Lana is kind, patient and loyal, which is why Superman and Supergirl see her as family. Her family includes her son, Clark Ross and her niece Linda Lang, also known as Supergirl. She acts as both aunt and mentor to Supergirl. Lana is also the editor of the business section at the Daily Planet and lives in the penthouse of Hammersmith Tower in Metropolis with her niece. Following the events of DC Rebirth, Lana Lang absorbed energy from a dead Superman's body giving her the power to convert solar radiation into various forms of electromagnetic energy; she went by the superhero alias Superwoman for a time.

Lana Lang has had a lengthy publication history. She was created by Bill Finger in 1950, first appearing in *Superboy* #10.

She has appeared in other media adaptations of Superman, typically as a teenager. These portrayals include the *Adventures of Superboy* television series in which Stacy Haiduk played her, and the WB/CW television series *Smallville* played by Kristin Kreuk. In *Superman: The Movie*, Lana was played by Diane Sherry. In the 1983 movie *Superman III*, she was played by Annette O'Toole, who would later portray Martha Kent on *Smallville*. Emmanuelle Chriqui portrays the character in the television series *Superman & Lois*.
An example of an elliptic curve
In mathematics, the **Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture** (often called the **Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture**) describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory. It is one of the most challenging mathematical problems.

Background
----------

An elliptic curve is a function of the form {\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}+ax+b}, where {\displaystyle a} and {\displaystyle b} are rational numbers.

The {\displaystyle x,y} values that satisfy the equation are called solutions of the elliptic curve. These solutions may be both rational, both irrational, or one rational and the other irrational. The set of rational solutions is an abelian group. This means that given rational points {\displaystyle P} and {\displaystyle Q}, there is a way to produce the sum {\displaystyle P+Q}, and this is another rational point. 

In 1922, Louis Mordell proved that the set of rational solutions is a finitely generated abelian group. This means that any rational point {\displaystyle P} can be written as a finite combination of certain generating points. For example, the points {\displaystyle P\_{1}=(-2,3)} and {\displaystyle P\_{2}=(-1,4)} are generators of the rational points of {\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}+17}.  This means that all rational points on it, even very complicated points, can be written in terms of these two points. For example, we have:

{\displaystyle {\frac {170914680007433755273838144758012}{111693884047097647373766735954481}},-{\frac {5355483650472998648137959899973372475907238039375}{1180440469197546185983425190055773135812433974871}}=-5P\_{1}+5P\_{2}}
The **Blizzard of 2003**, also called the **Presidents' Day Storm of 2003**, or **Presidents' Day Storm II**, was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003. Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003. All cities from Washington D.C. to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people could not go around because of the bad weather. In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.

The life of the storm
---------------------

The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days. It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003. In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest. Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28 cm) in Des Moines. In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2 cm) of ice. At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of snow on February 15. The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.

But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia. Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast. It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up. The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening. At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C. and that's why the city got less snow than other cities. In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night. The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C. and soon ended. Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day. In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18. After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.

Impact
------

This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow. Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open. With snow falling, driving was almost impossible. In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs .

Related pages
-------------

* December 2009 North American blizzard
* December 2010 North American blizzard
* January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
* February 2013 nor'easter

Other websites
--------------

* In Depth Case Study Archived 2006-03-30 at Archive.today
* CNN Article of the Storm
* CBS Article of the Storm Archived 2006-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Presidents’ Day Weekend Snowstorm of 2003 Archived 2006-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Snow storm, February 16-17, 2003