recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Value-added tax** (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or "V.A.T.") is the English name of a tax that is called **goods and services tax** in some places. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States. In the UK it is charged at 20%.

The tax is paid every time goods are sold.

* The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
* The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
* The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.

The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid it. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer.

The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).

For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are "goods". If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

VAT is not added to all products.In the United Kingdom children's books and clothes do not have VAT. Staple foods are not taxed - but luxury foods are. A famous legal case about Jaffa Cakes in 1991.was about the difference. There was a later case about flapjacks. Hot takeaway food is taxed but cold takeaway food isnt.
These are the characters from Becca’s Bunch.

Becca
-----

Becca is the main character of the show.

She is a spunky, clever, compassionate bird who never gives up and often playing with others, her confidence is often seen on occasion, she is also cheerful and innocent, she is the leader of the group.

Becca’s catchphrase is "Bunch Crunch".

Russell
-------

Russell is a bunch member from Becca’s Bunch. He is 11-years old.

Brave, outgoing, and strong-willed, Russell is very bold and overconfident. He often gets overexcited. While happy-go-lucky and very loud, Russell has a cousin he is nervous of.

Russell’s catchphrase is "Macadamia!".

Sylvia
------

Sylvia is a bunch member from Becca’s Bunch and is 11-years old.

Sylvia sure does have a lot of things up her sleeve! Clever, smart, and intelligent, Sylvia is easily the brains of the group, she always uses stuff on adventures to help her friends.

Sylvia does not have a catchphrase.

Pedro
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Pedro is a bunch member from Becca’s Bunch and is 11-years old.

Pedro is adventurous and smart, however, he does show his lack of confidence in some episodes, he is a bit high-strung but mostly a friendly person, Pedro is somewhat lazy as well, as he fell asleep during a race.

Pedro’s catchphrase is "I Am Not Diggin' It". It shows his occasional lack of confidence even though he is confident most times.
Beechworth Gaol, where Sherrit was a prisoner in 1876
**Aaron Sherritt** (August 1854 - 26 June 1880) was a close friend of Joe Byrne and later Ned Kelly. His murder in 1880 was the first of the actions that led to the Kelly Gang's final shoot out with the police at Glenrowan.

Sherritt lived about three miles from Byrne, in the Woolshed Valley, near Beechworth, Victoria. He went to school with Byrne, and in 1876 were sent to prison for stealing meat. Soon after being let out of prison, Sherritt and Byrne were sent back again. They had fought with Chinese man who had tried to stop them from swimming in his dam. In 1878 Byrne was said to be engaged to Sherritt's sister. He had a reputation for being tough; at times he would sleep out in the open at night.

After the Kelly Gang robbed the bank at Jerilderie, New South Wales, they disappeared for 18 months. In January 1879, Sherritt went to the police station at Benalla and gave them information about where the Kelly Gang was hiding, and what they were going to do next. He was paid £2 for the information. Sherritt helped the police find a cave from where they could watch Byrne's mother's house. He was interested in Byrne's sister, Kate. The police told Sherritt that they would not kill Byrne. When the police in the cave were found out, Sherritt then tried to get close to Ned Kelly's younger sister, Kate Kelly. He showed the police a place from where they could watch the Kelly house, but this was soon discovered. Sherritt sold Kate Kelly a horse he had stolen from Kate Byrne. When Ned Kelly's older sister, Maggie Skillion, found out she reported it to the police. It went to court, but the case against Sherritt was dropped because the police said that the Byrnes and the Kellys were criminals and not to be trusted. Byrne's mother said she thought the whole thing was a trick by the police to get the Kelly Gang to come out of hiding.

Late at night on 26 June 1880, Joe Byrne and Dan Kelly went to Sherritt's house at Sebastopol. Sherritt and his family were being guarded by four policemen who were living at the house. When Sherritt opened the door, he was shot dead by Joe Byrne. The police did not come out of the house and remained there until the next day. Byrne and Kelly left Sebastopol and rode across country to Glenrowan. They knew the police would send a large group by train to Beechworth to try and capture them. Ned Kelly and Steve Hart had gone to Glenrowan earlier and had pulled up the train tracks. They had planned on the police sending the train to Beechworth during the night. The plan failed when the police at Sherritt's house did not report the murder until midday.
A **split-flap display**, or a **flap display**, is a digital electromechanical display device that shows changeable alphanumeric text, and sometimes graphics.

They are commonly used as public transport timetables in airports or railway stations.

Commonly they are called **Solari boards** after Italian display manufacturer Solari di Udine, or in Central European countries they are called **Pragotron** after the Czech manufacturer instead.

Split-flap displays were once commonly used in consumer digital clocks known as flip clocks.

Description
-----------

Each character position or graphic position has a collection of flaps on which the characters or graphics are painted or silkscreened. These flaps are rotated to show the desired character or graphic.

Sometimes the flaps are large and display whole words, and in other installations there are several smaller flaps, each displaying a single character.

Flip-dot displays and LED display boards may be used instead of split-flap displays in most applications. Their output can be changed by reprogramming instead of replacement of physical parts but they suffer from lower readability. They also can refresh more quickly, as a split-flap display often must cycle through many states.

Advantages to these displays include:

* high visibility and wide viewing angle in most lighting conditions
* little or no power consumption while the display remains static
* Distinct metallic flapping sound draws attention when the information is updated.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority has designed the new LED replacements for its aging Solari boards at North Station and South Station to emit an electronically generated flapping noise to alert passengers to train boarding updates.

  

Many game shows of the 1970s used this type of display for the contestant podium scoreboards. Usually, the flip was left-to-right on a vertical axis, although up/down on a horizontal axis was not completely unknown. Early seasons of the game show *Family Feud* used a split flap display as part of the game board (subsequent seasons used more modern digital displays, and eventually simply used a large digital flat screen monitor). The game board on the Nickelodeon game show *Make the Grade* was a 7x7 split-flap display, used to display subjects and wild cards, as well as tracking contestants' progress. The television game show *Chain Reaction* on Game Show Network features computer-simulated split-flap displays to display the various words in a chain.[*source?*]

In Italy, split-flap displays have also been occasionally used as destination signs for transit vehicles; there was also a brief vogue for them in the United Kingdom in the mid 1980s.

Non-informational uses
----------------------

The artistic appeal of the displays have been seen use in works like *Pedestrian Drama*, contemporary artwork using this display technology, and art by Juan Fontanive, who has used the mechanism since 2005.

The album cover for The Enemy's album *We'll Live and Die in These Towns* is based on the Solari design seen at British railway stations.
Magnolia Hall in 2011
**Magnolia Hall** is a plantation house at the corner of Otts and Tutwiler streets in Greensboro, Alabama. It is also known as the **McCrary-Otts House**. It is a historic Greek Revival mansion. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Greensboro Historic District. It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in March 1936.

History
-------

Greensboro became prosperous as part of the cotton boom of the mid-19th century. In 1850 William Murphy, a lawyer and legislator, sold a prime lot to David F. McCrary, a prominent cotton broker and planter. McCrary had originally come from North Carolina. He married Elizabeth Cowan Lowry, daughter of a prominent Alabama family. McCrary had Murphy’s house removed. He hired the architect B. F. Parsons to design a new mansion. The house was completed in about 1855. The *Alabama Beacon* reported that the house cost $10,000. It was a very large sum at the time.

McCrary’s finances survived the American Civil War. He opened the Greensboro Bank and Exchange in 1871. His only living child and her husband inherited the property when MCCrary died in 1888. Their son and his wife bought the house from siblings in the 1920s. It stayed in the family until 1970. It was sold to Mr. and Mrs. M. D. Baines. The house was sold again in 2011.

Architecture
------------

A detailed, twelve-page building contract for Magnolia Hall still exists. It calls for porticos, north and south, each with six fluted columns, of the "Grecian Ionic Order ... the Entablature and Mouldings all to harmonize with it ... and proportioned after the order." There are double balconies of delicate iron grill work. There are colored glass transoms around the doors. Inside are large four over four rooms, 14 foot ceilings, chandelier medallions, and a grand mahogany-railed staircase in the hallway. W. E. Yerby in his *History of Greensboro* wrote that Magnolia Hall "is indisputably one of the finest antebellum mansions in Alabama ... [and] a perfect example of late Greek Revival architecture."

Gallery
-------

* Balcony facing west, 1936Balcony facing west, 1936
* Stairway, 1936Stairway, 1936
* Entrance hall, 1936Entrance hall, 1936
* Double doors in living room, 1936Double doors in living room, 1936

Further reading
---------------

* Gamble, Robert (1990). *Historic Architecture in Alabama*. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. p. 60.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Magnolia Hall (Greensboro, Alabama)***.
|  |
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| Part of a series on |
| Social generation s of the Western world |
|  |
| * Lost Generation
* Greatest Generation
* Silent Generation
* Baby boomers
* Generation X
* Millennials
* Generation Z
* Generation Alpha
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| * v
* t
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The "**Lost Generation**" is a term used to describe a number of  American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War. People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.

The term has also been used more recently to describe those unable to find work after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

Origin of the term
------------------

The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her  French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost). Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel *The Sun Also Rises*.

The term is generally used for the period from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Great Depression.

Meaning
-------

After the First World War, members of the *Lost Generation* decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America. They went to Europe, often Paris. Away from America, the *Lost Generation* often  drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life. The *Lost Generation* produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.
The Grand Hotel, Scarborough
**Scarborough** is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. 

According to an Icelandic Saga, it was founded by the Vikings around 966AD. There are remains of Roman, Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, so it was obviously a natural place to put a settlement.

With a population of around 50,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast. Yorkshire County Cricket Club's second ground is at North Marine Road.

Local news and information is provided by the towns radio station Yorkshire Coast Radio.

Transport links
---------------

### Rail

The town is served by Scarborough railway station. 

### Roads

Scarborough has four major roads serving the town; these also link it to other major towns and cities.

* A64 – Main road that terminates in the town centre, linking Scarborough with Malton, York, Leeds, the A19 and the A1(M). This is the main tourist route to the town and is dual carriageway standard for most of its route (between the A1(M) and Malton).
* A165 – This is the coastal route that links the town with Filey, Bridlington and Hull. In 2008, a new road was opened to bypass Osgodby to the south of Scarborough. This now forms part of the A165.
* A170 – This links Scarborough to the North York Moors and Thirsk to the west.
* A171 – This is the coastal route to the north that links the town with Whitby and Middlesbrough.

These roads can be got to from the M1 motorway, which runs from London to Scotland through the middle of Yorkshire.

Leisure
-------

The town has fine arts and recreational facilities. Two theatres and two cinemas are popular. There are several museums: Woodend for art, The Rotunda for geology, Scarborough Art Gallery for the fine arts.

The Grade II listed Scarborough Spa complex is home to the Scarborough Spa Orchestra, the last remaining seaside orchestra in the UK.

Fishing
-------

Scarborough's fishing industry is still active, though reduced in size. The working harbour is home to a fish market with a shop and wooden stalls. Fresh, locally-caught seafood can be bought by the public. A seaweed farm has been in operation since 2018.
The **Marikana massacre** took place on the 16 August 2012.The incident took place on the 25th anniversary of a nationwide miners' strike. The events happened in Marikana, a place in South Africa. South African police forces shot at miners, who were protesting. They injured 78 and killed 34 of them. Most of those killed were killed by rifles used by police forces. The event was the most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since 1976. The massacre has been compared to the 1960 Sharpeville massacre.

The strike was considered a important event in modern South African history; similar strikes at took place at other mines across South Africa. These events made 2012 the most protest-filled year in the country since the end of apartheid.

The Marikana massacre occurred during a wildcat strike at a mine owned by Lonmin in the Marikana area, close to Rustenburg, in 2012. The event garnered international attention after a series of violent incidents between the police, Lonmin security, and members of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) on one side, and strikers on the other. The first incidents of violence were on 11 August, when NUM leaders opened fire on NUM members who were on strike. Two strikers were seriously wounded, but not killed, in the shooting by NUM members.

During the period from Sunday 12 August to Tuesday 14 August, 10 people were killed, including six mine workers, two Lonmin security guards, and two SAPS members. Three of the mine workers, and the two SAPS members, were killed in a clash between strikers and SAPS members on the afternoon of 13 August. The remaining five people are known to or believed to have been killed by strikers.
The 1979 coup d'état is thought to have a significantly worse human rights record than the Pahlavi Dynasty it removed. According to political historian Ervand Abrahamian, "whereas less than 100 political prisoners had been executed between 1971 and 1979, more than 7900 were executed between 1981 and 1985. ... the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded ... Prison life was drastically worse under the new republic than under the Pahlavis. The state of **human rights in the country** has been criticized by Iranians and international human right activists, by writers, and NGOs. The United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Commission

LGBT issues
-----------

In Iran, Homosexual acts can be punished by execution.  Death penalty
Homosexual acts and adultery are criminal and punishable by life imprisonment or death after multiple offenses, and the same sentences apply to convictions for treason and apostasy. Iran is one of seven countries in the world that apply the death penalty for homosexual acts; all of them justify this punishment with Islamic law. The Judiciary does not recognize the concept of sexual orientation, and thus from a legal standpoint there are no homosexuals or bisexuals, only heterosexuals committing homosexual acts. For some years after the Iranian Revolution, transgender people were classified by the Judiciary as being homosexual and were thus subject to the same laws. However, in the mid-1980s the Judiciary began changing this policy and classifying transgender individuals as a distinct group, separate from homosexuals, granting them legal rights. Gender dysphoria is officially recognized in Iran today, and the Judiciary permits sexual reassignment surgery for those who can afford it. In the early 1960s, Ayatollah Khomeini had issued a ruling permitting gender reassignment, which has since been reconfirmed by Ayatollah Khamenei.
Currently, Iran has between 15,000 and 20,000 transsexuals, according to official statistics, although unofficial estimates put the figure at up to 150,000. Iran carries out more gender change operations than any country in the world besides Thailand. Sex changes have been legal since the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, spiritual leader of the 1979 Islamic revolution, passed a fatwa authorising them nearly 25 years ago. Whereas homosexuality is considered a sin, transsexuality is categorised as an illness subject to cure. While the government seeks to keep its approval quiet, state support has increased since Ahmadinejad took office in 2005. His government has begun providing grants of £2,250 for operations and further funding for hormone therapy. It is also proposing loans of up to £2,750 to allow those undergoing surgery to start their own businesses.

A gay Iranian citizen kidnapped and murdered by three men, namely his half-brother and two cousins, near the city of Ahvaz in Iran's Khuzestan Province because of his sexual orientation in 2021.

See also Category:Iranian human rights activists
Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. Dated 16th century. From Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Herakles resting on a couch, black-figure side of a vase by the Andokides Painter, *circa* 520/510 BC. Munich: Staatliche Antikensammlungen
**Glaze** is a layer or coating used on pottery or ceramics. It may be called vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel. Powdered glass is fused onto ceramics by firing to between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, lasting vitreous coating on metal, or on glass or ceramics. This is done in a kiln. 

There are many different types of glaze, some are used for decoration and some are used to make pottery watertight so it can hold liquids. Glaze serves to colour, decorate, strengthen or waterproof an item.

Glazing is important for earthenware vessels as otherwise they would leak water. Glaze is also used on stoneware and porcelain. In addition to the functional aspect of glazes, they can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of gloss and matte and colour. Glazes may also enhance an underlying design or texture. 

Glaze is used on building materials. The Iron Pagoda, built in 1049 in Kaifeng, China, of glazed bricks is an example.

Ceramic glaze raw materials generally include silica, which forms glass when fired. Metal oxides, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, act as a "flux" to lower the melting temperature. Alumina, often derived from clay, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colour comes from iron oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate. Tin oxide or zirconium oxide make the glaze opaque.
The **Danube Bridge** (also known as the **Friendship Bridge**; is a steel truss bridge over the Danube River connecting the Bulgarian bank to the south with the Romanian bank to the north. It goes between the cities of Ruse and Giurgiu.It is one of only two bridges connecting Romania and Bulgaria. The other one is the New Europe Bridge between the cities of Vidin and Calafat.

History
-------

The projected bridge on a 1948 stamp
It was opened on 20 June 1954. The bridge is 2.8 km long. It passes at a height of 30 meters over the river. It was the first bridge over the Danube shared by Bulgaria and Romania. Decorations were designed by Bulgarian architect Georgi Ovcharov. The bridge has two decks; a two lane motorway and a railway. There are also sidewalks for pedestrians. The central part of the bridge (85 m) can be lifted for large boats. The maintenance of the mobile part is Romania's responsibility and is periodically checked. The bridge was built in two and a half years with the aid of the Soviet Union.

The Soviets named it the "Friendship Bridge". Since the fall of the communist regimes in both countries, it is now called "Danube Bridge".

The bridge is a border crossing between the two countries. Since January 2007 there is no more customs control. The passport/identity card control is done "on one desk" either by the Bulgarian or the Romanian border police. It is an "internal border" within the European Union. Border control will be completely removed when Bulgaria and Romania join the Schengen Agreement.

There are a pair of rectangular towers supported by pillars on both ends.

A panorama of the Danube Bridge as seen from Ruse

Tolls
-----

The following tolls apply for crossing the Danube Bridge:

| Vehicle | Euro |
| --- | --- |
| Up to 8+1 seats; Up to 3.5 t | 6 euro |
| Trucks up to 7.5 t; Vehicles between 9 and 23 seats | 12 euro |
| Trucks up to 12 t | 18 euro |
| Trucks over 12 t with up to 3 axles; Vehicles with over 23 seats | 25 euro |
| Trucks over 12 t with 4 or more axles | 37 euro |

Gallery
-------

* Pictures of the bridge in winter
* Romanian side of the bridgeRomanian side of the bridge
* Middle of the bridge seen from the Bosphorus Express train (Bucharest–Istanbul)Middle of the bridge seen from the *Bosphorus Express* train (Bucharest–Istanbul)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Friendship Bridge (Danube)***.

* Giurgio-Ruse Bridge at *Structurae*
* *Halfway down the Danube*, a short story about crossing the bridge

| Bridges of Danube |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Upstream**New Europe Bridge

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*Constantine's Bridge (historical)* | **Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge** | **Downstream**Cernavodă Bridge |

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43°53′25.91″N 26°0′15.45″E﻿ / ﻿43.8905306°N 26.0042917°E﻿ / 43.8905306; 26.0042917

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Germany

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| Geographic | 
* Structurae

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The **Gardon** or **Gard** is a river in southeastern France, in the Lozère and Gard departments in the Occitanie region. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river.

The Gard department is named after this river.

Geography
---------

The Gardon river has a length of 127.3 km (79.1 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 1,999 km2 (772 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 32.7 m3/s (1,150 cu ft/s) at Sanilhac-Sagriès in the Gard department.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Sanilhac-Sagriès**

### Course

The Gardon (known here as *Gardon d'Anduze*) starts in the Cévennes, southeastern Massif Central, in the *commune* of Saint-Martin-de-Lansuscle, Lozère department near *Prat Reboubalès*, at an altitude of about 1,050 m (3,445 ft).

The *Gardon d'Anduze* joins the Gardon d'Alès between the *communes* Cassagnoles and Vézénobres, at an altitude of about 90 m (295 ft); from here, the river is usually known simply as Gard.

The Gardon flows to the southeast, in general, and passes through the Lozère and Gard departments, in the Occitanie region, and a total of 37 *communes*, most of them in the Gard department.

Finally, it flows, as a right tributary into the Rhône river near Comps at 5 m (16 ft) of altitude.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries, with a length greater than 20 km, of the Gardon are:

* Le Gardon de Sainte-Croix - 27.9 km
* Le Gardon de Saint-Jean - 49.4 km
* Le Gardon d'Alès - 60.6 km
* La Droude - 22.6 km
* Le Bourdic - 25 km
* L'Alzon - 23.7 km

Gallery
-------

* Le Gardon viewed from Saint-Jean-du-GardLe Gardon viewed from Saint-Jean-du-Gard
* Pont du Gard over the Gardon*Pont du Gard* over the Gardon
* The Gardon gorges, near Sanilhac-SagrièsThe Gardon gorges, near Sanilhac-Sagriès
* The Gardon in ColliasThe Gardon in Collias

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gardon***.

* Banque Hydro - Banque Hydro - Station V7184010 - Le Gard à Sanilhac-Sagriès (Synthèse) Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
Nancy Ajram
**Nancy Ajram** or **Nancy Agram** (Arabic: نانسي عجرم, born May 16, 1980) is a popular Arab singer from Lebanon. Her musical videos, directed by Nadine Labaki, also Lebanese, revolutionized the Arab music industry.

She had quite a normal childhood with her small family that consisted of her parents, her sister and brother and herself. But when Nancy Ajram was 12, she participated in a television program called "Nojoum Al Mostakbal" (which means "Stars of the Future") and actually won first prize. Soon after, Ajram began studying music under the supervision of some of the finest teachers in her country. When she turned 18, she joined the Syndicate of Professional Artists in Lebanon - after they made an exception because of her age. 

Her first album; *Mehtagalak*, was released in 1995 and marked her first official step in the world of show business. But, it took the young singer another 3 years to launch her second album Shil Eyounak Aney in 1998. Then her true hit came with her third album Ya Salam in 2000. The singer stressed the success of the album by shooting four of its songs; Akhasmak Ah, Ya Salam, Yay - Sehr Eyounoh and Nasseto Gar7o in the form of video clips. The clips were a tremendous hit and gained popularity in such a short time and gave the singer incredible fame in the Arab world. 

Her most popular album is Ah we Nos which was released in 2001. Nancy shot again four video clips for this Album. Ah w Noss, Lawn Oyounak, Oul Tani Eih and Enta Eih.

As for other activities besides singing, the Lebanese diva has agreed to be the spokesperson for the international soft drink company Coca-Cola. After signing the contract with Nancy Ajram, Coca-Cola sold much more drinks in the Arab world.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Nancy Ajram discography
Studio albums
* *Mihtagalak* (1995)
* *Sheel Oyoonak Anni* (1998)
* *Ya Salam* (2000)
* *Ah W Noss* (2001)
* *Ya Tabtab...Wa Dallaa* (2003)
* *Shakhbat Shakhabit* (2004)
* *Betfakkar Fi Eih* (2005)
* *Nancy 7* (2007)
* *Super Nancy* (2009)
* *Nancy 8* (2011)
* *Nancy 9 (Hassa Beek)* (2014)
* *Nancy 10* (2018)

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Second Official website Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Nancy Ajram Zone Archived 2007-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Nancy Ajram VideoClips Archived 2009-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Popular FanPage Archived 2012-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Listen to all Nancy ajram songs Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
A **static web page** is a type of web page that is pre-made and does not change, unless someone updates the code or content of the page manually. This means that when you visit a static web page, you will always see the same thing, assuming nothing has been changed on the server where the page is hosted.

Static web pages are made up of fixed content that is written in basic computer languages such as HTML (HyperText Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). These languages allow designers to create the layout, structure, and appearance of the page. JavaScript can also be used to add interactive features, but overall, static web pages have limited functionality compared to dynamic web pages.

Advantages of static web pages
------------------------------

1. They are generally faster to load than dynamic web pages because they do not require any processing by the server before being sent to the user's browser.
2. They are easier to create and maintain since they don't rely on complex programming scripts or databases.
3. Static websites are more secure since there is no risk of vulnerabilities from third-party software or plugins.
4. Hosting costs tend to be lower due to reduced resource requirements.

Disadvantages of static web pages
---------------------------------

1. Limited interactivity; users cannot submit forms or personalize their experience without additional technologies like cookies or session storage.
2. Difficulty updating multiple pages simultaneously - each page must be updated individually.
3. Lack of scalability; adding new features may require significant rework of existing files.
4. Content management systems (CMS) cannot be easily integrated into a purely static site, making it harder to manage large amounts of content.

In summary, while static web pages offer some benefits, particularly around speed, simplicity, and security, they lack the flexibility and advanced capabilities found in modern dynamic websites. However, they remain an appropriate choice for simple sites with minimal needs.
For the structure that makes up the body of a living thing, see Skeleton.

***Skeletons*** is the fourth studio album by American rock band, Hawthorne Heights. It is their first and only studio album through Wind-up Records. The release date for the album was June 1, 2010. The album has 13 tracks. The album is produced by Howard Benson.

The first song released as a single from the album is "Nervous Breakdown".

2009 Never Sleep Again tour
---------------------------

Because the band member who did the harsh vocals for the band died, the album before this one, *Fragile Future*, didn't have any death growls in it. During the 2009 tour, though, one of the other band members started using these vocals for the band, so this album has them again.

Other music groups like Just Surrender, Monty Are I, Punchline, and Anarbor went on the tour too.

During the tour the band played a song called "End of the Underground" and passed out download cards for the song "Unforgivable". These were the first two songs anyone heard from the new album.

Track listing
-------------

{{track listing
| all\_lyrics = JT Woodruff
| all\_music = Hawthorne Heights
| title1 = Bring You Back
| length1 = 3:26
| title2 = Nervous Breakdown
| length2 = 2:55
| title3 = End of the Underground
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = Drive
| length4 = 3:10
| title5 = Gravestones
| length5 = 3:30
| title6 = Broken Man
| length6 = 2:52
| title7 = Last Few Words
| length7 = 3:04
| title8 = Abandoned Driveways
| length8 = 2:42
| title9 = Picket Fences
| length9 = 4:11
| title10 = Here I Am
| length10 = 3:10
| title11 = Hollywood & Vine
| length11 = 2:46
| title12 = Unforgivable
| length12 = 3:29
| title13 = Boy
| length13 = 3:45
**Dodgeville** is a city in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 Census, 4,984 people lived there. It is the largest city in Iowa County. It is also the county seat of Iowa County. Dodgeville is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. New London, Minnesota

Dodgeville is one of Wisconsin's oldest cities. It is the sixth oldest European settlement in the state. At one time, it was the largest city in Wisconsin.

The city is twinned with Oakham, Rutland, United Kingdom.

Geography
---------

The city has a total area of 4.06 square miles (10.52 km2). All of it is land.

History
-------

In 1827, Henry Dodge began what would become the city of Dodgeville. Dodge made a pact with the local Winnebago Indian leaders. The pact let him build a cabin and smelter. The first community was made up of three settlements: "Dodgeville", "Dirty Hollow" and "Minersville".

Dodgeville was named after Henry Dodge. It grew slowly during its early years. It became a village in the 1840s. Later a small "war" was fought with Mineral Point over which community should be the county seat of Iowa County. Mineral Point was the seat, but the people of Dodgeville felt they should be the county seat. It is said that people from Mineral Point fired a cannon at Dodgeville over this. Dodgeville eventually became the county seat. It is the site of the Iowa County seat in what is Wisconsin's oldest courthouse. Dodgeville then had its population grow very quickly. Many miners moved to the city from England. British and Cornish architecture can still be seen in the city today. Dodgeville became the largest city in Wisconsin. This did not last long. The amount of mining grew smaller. Because of this, quickly growing cities such as Milwaukee became larger than Dodgeville.

Government
----------

The foundations for the Iowa County Courthouse were laid in 1859. This makes it the oldest continuously active courthouse in the state.

Notable people
--------------

* Glenn A. Abbey, U.S. diplomat
* Bill Dyke, former U.S. vice presidential candidate
* Homer Fieldhouse, landscape architect
* Archie Hahn, Gold medal Olympic sprinter in the 1904 and 1906 Olympics
* Steve Hilgenberg, Wisconsin State Assembly
* John "Weenie" Wilson, Hall of Fame football, basketball, and baseball coach

Other websites
--------------

* Dodgeville Chamber of Commerce
* Iowa County Historical Society Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
**Dressage** (from French: *training*) is a form of horse training and riding. The horse and the rider must complete a sequence of activities and moves in a very good way. Dressage riders use a special English-style saddle.

Dressage is an Olympic sport (for individuals since 1912 and for groups since 1928) and a Paralympic sport since 1996.

Arena
-----

Dressage is made on an rectangular arena. There are two sizes of arenas: small and standard. The small arena is 20 by 40 m (66 by 131 ft) and is used for low-level horse competitions. The standard arena is 20 by 60 m (66 by 197 ft) and is used for high-level competitions. Letters are placed around to show where the horse and the rider must make a move.

Competition
-----------

Usually, the judges decide the moves the rider and the horse must make. Judges give a mark up to 10. The horse and the rider with the highest final percentage win.

However, there are other types of competitions as well. When the rider decides what moves to make, it is called a *freestyle* and it is set to music. When two horses and two riders compete together at the same time in the same team, it is called *Pas de Deux*. When there are four horses and four riders, it is a *Quadrille*.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dressage***.

* Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI)
* British Dressage
* US Dressage Federation (USDF)
Ched Evans with Wales Under-21 in 2009
**Chedwyn Michael "Ched" Evans** (born 28 December 1988) is a Welsh footballer. He plays for EFL Championship's Preston North End.

He was born in St Asaph, Denbighshire. Evans was signed by Manchester City from Chester City's youth set up in 2002. In 2009 he was sold to Sheffield United for £3,000,000. Evans was sent to HM Prison Wymott from 2012 to 2014 for raping a woman. He was acquitted of the rape in 2016.

Personal life
-------------

Evans met his girlfriend while he was with Manchester City. She has said that she planned on getting engaged to Evans now he is released from prison.

### Rape conviction and acquittal

Evans was tried at the Crown Court at Caernarfon with another footballer called Clayton McDonald on a charge of rape. On 20 April 2012 Evans was convicted of raping a 19-year-old woman. After the conviction, Evans was released by United at the end of the season. Evans was given a prison sentence of 5 years. In October 2014 Evans was released from prison after serving half his sentence.

On 14 October 2016, Evans was found not guilty after a retrial. Evans would sue the law firm he used in the first trial. He would receive a £800,000 settlement on 11 April 2019.
A **quine** is a special kind of computer program, which accepts no inputs and outputs its own source code. They are named after the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.

Quine's Paradox
---------------

Quine was very interested in the "liar paradox", "this statement is false", which can't be either true or false. This paradox appears in lots of other places. In the mathematics of set theory it is called Russell's paradox, it is a set which contains sets which don't contain themselves. 

All of those examples before Quine were 'self-referential'. This means that they define an object in terms of itself, like the liar paradox starting with the words "this statement". Lots of people thought that you could ignore the liar paradox if you just decided to ignore all self-referential statements. Quine saw that you would also have to ignore *quotation*, which is the process that happens when you put a phrase in quote marks. When you *say* a phrase, you are talking about its meaning; but when you *quote* a phrase, you are talking about that phrase, and not what it means.

Quine's paradox was, '"Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation" yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation.' This is a more complicated liar paradox which is not self-referential. It is a simple statement about some phrase, telling you what happens when you write a statement where you write the phrase in quote marks and then write the phrase again outside of them.

Quines as programs
------------------

Most programming languages have quotation too: you can put quotes around some code and then the computer does not *run* that code, but instead just *stores* it as a string.

The trick to writing a quine involves writing a string which somehow has a "hole" in it, then outputting that string, with the "hole" filled in with its own quotation. For example in Python the function which quotes a string is called `repr`, and the `%` operator fills in a hole which is written as `%s` in the string, while converting `%%` to `%`:

```
def quine():
    "Returns its own source code"
    s = 'def quine():\n "Returns its own source code"\n s = %s\n return s %% repr(s)\n'
    return s % repr(s)

```

Or in JavaScript, we can use `JSON.stringify` to quote an array, and the "hole" can be the space between the two array elements:

```
function quine() {
 var a = ["function quine() {\n var a = ", ";\n return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];\n}"];
 return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];
}

```

In CoffeeScript you can write a quine as a phrase followed by its own quotation, which looks a lot like Quine's paradox:

```
quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "

```
The **London Eye** is a large metal Ferris wheel. It is also known as the **Millennium Wheel** and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. Since mid-January 2015 it has been known in branding as the Coca-Cola London Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

The Eye was opened in 2000. It is 135 metres (443 feet) high. At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The 245-metre (804-foot) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London.

It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.

The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is 160 metres (520 feet) high. On 11 February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with 165 metres (541 feet). In 2018-19 a plan for a taller observation wheel named the Whey Aye was proposed for Newcastle upon Tyne.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to London Eye at Wikimedia Commons

* Official web site
A Markov model. The numbers are the probabilities that it moves from one "state" to another. States are letters in this picture.
A Markov model is when things are predicted from other things that came immediately before. For example, if it usually snows after it rains, you might guess that it will snow tomorrow if it is raining today. A Markov model is part of probability theory. Mostly, it tries to predict "states" from previous states. Some Markov models include the Markov chain and the Markov decision process.

Markov chain
------------

See the main article: Markov chain
The Markov chain is a simple Markov model. It has "the Markov property," which means that future states of the variable are because of the previous states of the variable.

Hidden Markov model
-------------------

An example of a hidden Markov model (sometimes called HMM). The states are at the top. The probability of a transfer from a state to a state and also between states and observations are shown as the numbers.
A hidden Markov model is a type of Markov chain. This is very similar to a basic Markov model, but when the state is only partially observable or noisily observable. In other words, past states are related to the state of the system, but they don't tell us enough to perfectly know the state we are trying to predict. This is used commonly. For example, it helps computers automatically turn speech audio into words.

Markov decision process
-----------------------

See the main article: Markov decision process
A Markov decision process is a type of Markov chain. A Markov decision process goes from one state to another. It uses a vector to do this.

Uses
----

Markov chains are used to predict the future. They can predict prices and wind power.
The **Hello Kitty murder case** was the murder of Fanin Hong Kong. Man-yee lived in an orphanage until she was 15, when she was kicked out because no one wanted to take her. She became homeless and got addicted to drugs. Eventually, she became a street prostitute and when she turned 21, she joined a brothel. Fan married a fellow addict, who was also her client in 1996. She gave birth to a boy in 1998. Man-yee's husband was abusive, as claimed by their neighbors.

Background
----------

A triad member named Chan Man-lok (34 years old) was a regular client of Fan Man-yee. In early 1999, Fan Man-yee stole about $4000 HK ($500) from Man-lok. When she got caught, she immediately returned the wallet. But, when Chan Man-lok asked for an extra $HK 10,000 from her, she said that she needed more time to get the money. The kidnapping took place on 17th March, 1999.

Kidnapping and death
--------------------

She was kidnapped by 3 men and a young girl, Ah Fong who was groomed by Chan Man-lok. They took her to an apartment in Tsim Sha Tsui (No. 31 Granville Road) and imprisoned her for a month until her death.

She was raped and tortured and was beaten with household items and was also used as a punching bag. She was also kicked in the head (around 50 times). Her legs and feet were burned with wax and hot plastic which made her unable to walk. She was also forced to consume Ah Fong's feces and the men's urine. And, if she was refusing, she would be beaten more. She was forced to smile and say that she had enjoyed the abuse. Eventually, she died because of traumatic shock on 15th April 1999. Her body was dismembered and boiled, and her head was shoved into a Hello Kitty doll, providing a title for this case. Only her skull, one tooth and few internal organs remained.

Trial and convictions
---------------------

Ah Fong told the police about this after she had been seeing the image of a young woman in her 20s haunting her, which she assumed was Fan Man-yee. The people who allegedly abused her repeatedly were Leung Wai-Lun (21), Leung Shing-cho (27), Chan Man-Lok (34) and his grooming victim, Ah Fong (14). After a six-week long trial, the three men were convicted of manslaughter due to the jury's inability to judge whether her death was due to a drug overdose or murder. But, they sentenced the men because their abuse had a role in her death. Ah Fong testified in trial as an exchange for immunity.

Justice Peter Nguyen states that Hong Kong had never heard of a more gruesome crime, and the psychiatric reports marked the three as 'remorseless'. There was no review for parole for 20 years, until 2020.

Related pages
-------------

* Junko Furuta
* Sylvia Likens
* Gimhae high school student murder case
* Suzanne Capper
* Katarzyna Zowada