recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Gouverneur Morris
**Gouverneur Morris** (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American politician and diplomat from New York City. Morris was born and died in Morrisiana, which is now part of The Bronx. He went to college at King's College, New York. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York in the 1770s. In the 1780s, he moved to Philadelphia and was the assistant superintendent of finance. He was also a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania. He was very active there, giving 173 speeches. This was more speeches than any other person gave. Morris wrote the Preamble and many of the sections of the Constitution. Later, he served as ambassador to France from 1792 to 1794. He was a U.S. Senator from 1800 to 1803. 

Late in life, Morris was head of the group building the Erie Canal. He wanted a strong central government, and wanted people to think of themselves mostly as Americans rather than people of the state they lived in. Morris also spoke out against slavery. He had a wooden leg. Morris lost his leg in a carriage accident in 1780. He is also noted for keeping a diary of his life.
A reconstruction of *Zalmoxes robustus*. This dinosaur's fossils, dating from Upper Cretaceous, were found in the region of Haţeg
**Hațeg Island** was a large offshore island in the Tethys Sea during the late Cretaceous. It was in an area now around modern-day Hațeg, Hunedoara County, Romania. Upper Cretaceous fossils of small-sized dinosaurs have been found in the former island's rocks.

The island was formed mainly by tectonic uplift during the early Alpine orogeny towards the end of the Cretaceous. There is no real present-day analog, but the island of Hainan (off the coast of China) is perhaps closest as regards climate, geology and topography, though still not a particularly good match. The vegetation, for example, was quite distinct from today, as was the fauna.

Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa (1877–1933) had the idea that "limited resources" found on the island often have an effect of "reducing the size of animals" over the generations, producing a localized form of dwarfism. Nopcsa's theory of island dwarfism – also known as the "island rule" – is today widely accepted.
***Freedom from Fear*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the *Four Freedoms*. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the *Four Freedoms Speech* of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background
----------

This painting was made public in *The Saturday Evening Post* of March 13, 1943, along with an essay of Stephen Vincent Benét. The other paintings of the *Four Freedoms* series are *Freedom of Speech*, *Freedom of Worship* and *Freedom from Want*, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting portrays children laying in bed, a mother tucking them in and a father watching with a newspaper in his hand, telling the stories of the war with the headlines "*Bombings Kill... Horrors Hit...*". The children are free from fearing these horrors of the war. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

This painting is the only one in the *Four Freedoms* series he had not specially painted for this subject. He first made it to illustrate the Battle of Britain of 1940. He did not want it to be published though, because he distasted the idea that American children were resting safely in their beds as Europe burned.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto *Buy War Bonds*. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
The **Japanese** language has a complicated system of **pronouns** that is based on things like the speaker's gender, relationship to the listener(s), rank in the speaker's group, how polite the speaker is trying to be, and several other things. Since there are so many different pronouns for each person (first, second, and third), and so few that can be appropriately used in every situation, many people say that Japanese lacks true pronouns.

According to the Japanese language blog Tofugu, Japanese has more first-person pronouns than any other language. To give examples of the complexity of Japanese pronouns, *watashi* could be considered the normal polite way of calling yourself if you are unsure of what to call yourself, but if you are male, you could call yourself *boku* or *ore* if you are with friends or family, but you should call yourself *watakushi* if you are talking to your boss or in a formal situation. If you are female, it is normal to call yourself *watashi* even in casual situations, although you can also call yourself *atashi* or *uchi*. The most common plural first-person pronoun is *watashi-tachi*, but in formal situations you can call yourselves *ware-ware* (which is also sometimes used to describe "the people [of Japan]). This does not describe every first-person pronoun, but this explanation is written to give the reader an idea. 

Since most Japanese see the second-person (e.g. "you") pronoun as very intimate, second-person is usually avoided and the second-person is talked to using a third-person (e.g. "he/she/it/they") pronoun instead.
**Hans Lodder** (born 1945) is a former Dutch volleyball. He was a member of the Dutch national team playing about 150 matches. Lodder played as a defender and had a strong block.

After his playing career he moved to Nigeria Expanding beer breweries, including for Heineken and founded DHV Consultants Nigeria Limited.

Career
------

### Volleyball

Lodder lived in Hoogeveen and attended Hogere Burgerschool. He moved to Groningen and attended from 1960 the  Hogere technische school [nl] (HTS). After moving to Groningen he started playing volleyball with Oranje-Nassau (and also played for the college volleyball team CVL of the  Hogere technische school [nl] (HTS)). After playing for half a year in the second division team of Oranje Bassau, he became a substitute for the main team. When Oranje Nassau promoted to the highest league (Eredivisie), Lodder became member of the team.

Next to Oranje Nassau, Lodder became a member of the national team in the B-division at the end of 1963. He made his debut for the Dutch national team in 1965; and played next to it with the junior national team. He played for the national teams in around 150 matches.

Lodder helped, together with Piet Swieter, Oranje-Nassau becoming one of the best Dutch teams. Altough the success with the club, he started playing with AMJV in 1967, started working in Amersfoort and lived in Leusden. He was two year captain of AMJV. After these two years he couldn’t play volleyball for a while due to a nerve infection in his arm. After his recovery he couldn’t reach his old level, due to his time consuming job at the consultancy and engineering firm DHV. Lodder retired from volleyball in 1971 and moved for his work to Nigeria.

### Beer breweries in Nigeria

Working forward for DHV, Lodder was commissioned between 1971 and 1974 by beer brewery Heineken to coordinate and supervise the civil work of the expansion of the Heineken brewery in Lagos. In that period he was also asked to help with the expansions of two other breweries. As new brewery was planned in Ibadan in 1974, Lodder suggested that DHV set up a local office in Nigeria to have the detailed engineering carried out there, in addition to the preliminary and final design by DHV Netherlands. His proposal was approved and in 1975 he founded DHV Consultants Nigeria Limited and managed the firm until 1978.

Awards
------

Lodder was awarded by the Nederlandse Volleyball Bond a silver federation pin.
Streaking is a type of indecent exposure
**Indecent exposure** is a term that is used that describes the act of a person deliberately showing parts of their body in a way that is not considered good behavior by local standards, called decency. 

These standards vary around the world. These rules are often affected by religion, morality, or tradition They can be justified as "necessary to maintain public order". Non-sexual exhibitionism, or public nudity, is sometimes said to be indecent exposure. If sexual acts are performed, or hinted at, it is very often considered to be indecent exposure. For this, there sometimes is a case of gross indecency. This term is usually used for a more serious offence. 

Many communities have ideas of what parts of the body should be overed in public. Not covering these parts may be seen as indecent exposure. For example. in many Muslim countries, a woman not wearing a veil may be seen as indecent. She may be seen as not being modest.

While a woman exposing her breast seen as indecent in many countries but they are often allowed to breastfeed their children in public without punishment.

Different standards
-------------------

What defines indecent varies widely. For example, it is seen as indecent for a woman show their nipples in much of the United States. In these areas is women must cover their nipples with pasties. In other areas. women are allowed to be topless. New York City is a place were it is legal for a woman to be topless in public. The standard of decency are developed in each given community. They can also say what kind of clothing should be worn. There are societies, such as those in Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the standards are very strict. In these societies, modesty requires that most of the body is covered, most of the time. In other societies, such as the tribal societies of the Pirahã or theMursi, is is normal for people to be naked.

History
-------

The standards of decency have varied over time. During the Victorian era, exposure of a woman's legs and arms was seen as indecent in much of the Western world. At formal occasions, hair was sometimes required to be covered with a hat or bonnet. As late as the 1930s, and sometimes the 1950s. both women and men were expected to bathe or swim in public places wearing bathing suits that covered above the waist. An adult woman exposing her navel was seen as indecent in parts of the West into the 1960s and 1970s. Moral values changed drastically during the 1990s and 2000s. This also changed the criteria for indecent exposure.

Public exposure of the navel has been accepted in public. In the 2000s, the buttocks was often exposed while wearing a thong. For many years, however, it was quite common for women to show boobs at public beaches throughout Europe and South America and even some parts of the United States. From 2010 to 2020, the numbers of women going topless on beaches has taken a sharp drop. This is possibly explained by the rising popularity of the smartphone, combined with websites people share pictures of (partly) naked women.[*source?*]
**Hurricane Gordon** was a very damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates are between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Hurricane Gordon was the last storm of the inactive 1994 Season and the second most costly of the 1994 season, even though the storm was a hurricane for only a few hours.

Storm History
-------------

Storm path
On November 8 a tropical wave near Costa Rica became Tropical Depression Twelve. On November 10th in made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The same day it became Tropical Storm Gordon after moving back into the Caribbean. It made its first landfall near Kingston, Jamaica on November 13 it soon made its second landfall in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the same day. The storm brushed the northern coast of Cuba and the southern islands of the Bahamas. It made its third landfall in Key West, Florida on November 15. Gordon turned northeast and made it fourth landfall in Fort Myers, Florida the next day. When Gordon crossed Florida it took about nine hours and it went into the Atlantic Ocean on a northeastward track. Gordon stayed on that track until November 17, when it became Hurricane Gordon while it was about 245 miles southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly after becoming a hurricane it reached top winds of 85 mph and then brushed the coast of North Carolina. Gordon weakened back to a tropical storm and started on a U-shaped track. Gordon weakened further into a tropical depression and on November 19 it made its fifth and last landfall near Vero Beach, Florida and on November 21 Gordon died out while over South Carolina.

Impact
------

### Haiti

The damage in Haiti is unknown. But in Haiti, Hurricane Gordon killed about 1,122 people. The number is high likely because of mudslides and because of the deforestation (removing trees) of the forests in Haiti.

### Florida

Florida was where most of the damage was. Damage in Florida was at about $400 million. Gordon also crossed the state three times, which is likely why the damage is that high.

No retirement
-------------

In the spring of 1995 Gordon was not retired even though it caused lots of deaths in Haiti. Since Gordon was not retired in 1994, the name Gordon was used again in 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. The name will next be used in 2024.
**Ion exchange chromatography** (or **ion chromatography**) is a process in chromatography that separates ions and polar molecules based on their attraction to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including large proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. The two types of ion chromatography are: "anion-exchange" and "cation-exchange" chromatography. They are used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control.

The water-soluble and charged molecules such as proteins, amino acids, and peptides bind to moieties which are oppositely charged by forming ionic bonds to the insoluble stationary phase.The equilibrated stationary phase is made of an ionizable functional groups where targeted molecules of mixtures are separated and quantified while passing through the column. A cationic stationary phase is used to separate anions and an anionic stationary phase is used to separate cations. Cation exchange chromatography is used when the desired molecules to separate are cations and anion exchange chromatography is used to separate anions.
**John Wilbye** (pronounce: "WIL-bee"), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals.

Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich.

His music
---------

A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books.

Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including *Weep, weep o mine eyes* and *Draw on, sweet night*. He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes.
John Willis
**John Harlan Willis** (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
-----------------------

Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

The words of Willis' citation explain:

> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
> 
>

Namesake
--------

John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship *USS John Willis* (DE-1027) which was named in his honor.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
* Posthumous recognition

Other websites
--------------

* John Harlan Willis at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Willis, John Harlan |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | US Medal of Honor recipient |
| Date of birth | June 10, 1921 |
| Place of birth | Columbia, Tennessee |
| Date of death | February 28, 1945 |
| Place of death | Iwo Jima, Japan |
Brain dead shell - default user interface of HelenOS.
**HelenOS** is an operating system. It is made by staff and students of the Mathematical and Physical Faculty of Charles University in Prague. It is running on some architectures.

Technical overview
------------------

HelenOS is a microkernel operating system, which supports multitasking, memory management, inter-process communication and symmetric multiprocessing. File system, device drivers and other services are implemented like user processes. It can run on some architectures like IA-32, x86-64, SPARC V9, IA-64, Power PC, ARM and MIPS.

License of the source code is BSD license.

History
-------

Jakub Jermář made HelenOS as a student project at the University. A few years later worked on the HelenOS kernel group of students and some students are using it for self-education of programming until now. In 2011 the project HelenOS took part on Google Summer of Code.

Related pages
-------------

* GNU Hurd
* MINIX
* QNX

Other websites
--------------

* HelenOS official website
National League Baltimore Orioles, 1896
The **history of baseball in the United States** can be traced to the 19th century. This is when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using equipment they made themselves. The popularity of the sport inspired the semi-pro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.

Early history
-------------

The earliest known mention of baseball in the United States was a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, law banning the playing of the game within 80 yards (73 m) of the town meeting house. In 1903, the British sportswriter Henry Chadwick wrote an article saying that baseball came from a British game called rounders. A game which Chadwick had played as a boy in England. But baseball executive Albert Spalding disagreed. Baseball, said Spalding, was basically an American sport and began in America. To decide they agreed to let Abraham G. Mills settle the question by heading a commission. After three years they found that Abner Doubleday had invented the national pastime.

In 2004, baseball historian John Thorn discovered the 1791 town ordinance, putting Pittsfield's connection to baseball 48 years before Abner Doubleday accepted invention of the game in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York. This is where the National Baseball Hall of Fame now stands. The Hall of Fame recognized the ordinance as the first known reference to the game and honored the town with a plaque. Another early reference reports that *base ball* was regularly played on Saturdays in 1823 just outside of New York City in an area that today is Greenwich Village.

Betting scandals
----------------

Baseball started out being a game children played. Baseball's rise in popularity coincided with professional gamblers noticing the game. Those who ran gambling games thought adults would be more interested if they could bet on who would win. This would also add profits for gambling halls. Very soon gamblers were paying players to lose intentionally (called "throwing" a game) for a percentage of the profits. Players, fans and probably even umpires, all gambled on every part of a game. This is how most players made any money playing baseball.

The 1919 Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 World Series. The Chicago White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds. Eight White Sox players were later accused of intentionally losing the games in exchange for money from gamblers. The players were found not guilty in court but were still banned for life from baseball. But game-fixing dates dates back to 1865. That was the first scandal where three players were banned from playing again.
**Saint Ignatius of Antioch** (also known as **Theophorus**) (AD. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John. These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.

Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67. 
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself **Theophorus** ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.

Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20. Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.

Martyrdom
---------

Ignatius was arrested by the authorities and transported to Rome under trying conditions:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| From Syria even to Rome I fight with wild beasts, by land and sea, by night and by day, being bound amidst ten leopards, even a company of soldiers, who only grow worse when they are kindly treated. —*Ignatius to the Romans*, 5. | "|

He died as a martyr in the arena. This was during the reign of Trajan. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

Other websites
--------------

* Early Christian writings: on-line texts of Ignatius' letters
* *Catholic Encyclopedia*: St Ignatius of Antioch; the manuscript traditions and the controversy over authenticity
* The Short Syriac Version Archived 2009-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
* The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr. John S. Romanides
* Saint Ignatius Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

|
|  |
| Preceded byEvodius |  **Patriarch of Antioch**68 — 107 | Succeeded bySaint Heron |
The **Hugo Award** is an award given each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine *Amazing Stories*. Hugo Awards have been given out every year since 1953, except 1954. Hugo Award winners are chosen by members of the Worldcon convention each year. The ceremony where the awards are given out is a main part of the convention. 

The Hugo Award trophy was co-designed by Benedict Jablonski. 

The 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony was held at the 64th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) on Saturday, August 26 in Anaheim, California. The 2007 Awards were presented at the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in Yokohama, Japan on 1 September.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
* Most honored Hugo Award nominees
* Hugo Award Gallery Archived 2007-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Hugo history at a glance Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine – graphical overview of when individual persons were nominated; until 2004
* Excerpts and summaries of all Hugo winning and nominated novels
This painting by Rebecca Solomon (painted 1851) is called The Governess. It shows a family in the time of Queen Victoria. The governess is seated on the right with the child she looks after. She is dressed simply so that she does not look as important as the members of the family.
A **governess** is a female person who works for a family, teaching the children in their home. She is not like a nanny who looks after them all day, dressing them etc. The governess's job is to be their teacher. She saw to their discipline and early education. Often girls received all their education from their governess (or sometimes a tutor), though boys usually went away to boarding school before their teen years, and then some went on to college.

Very few children nowadays have a governess, but it was quite common in the families of rich people until around the beginning of the 20th century. In England quite a lot of young children who lived in the country, a long way from good schools, had a governess. When the boys were old enough they were sent away to a boarding school.

Governesses taught basic skills such as Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. They may also have taught other skills such as French, piano playing and drawing or painting. Sometimes other teachers might be 

A governess was not a household worker, but she was not treated like a member of the family either. This meant that they were often quite lonely, and they usually ate their meals alone. For girls from a middle class background who were not married it was one of the only ways of earning a living. When the children she taught (her "charges") grew up, she would have to find a new job.

Novels of the time were usually about rich families, and a governess often comes into the story, e.g. in Charlotte Brontë's *Jane Eyre* or Anne Brontë's *Agnes Grey*. Maria, the main character in *The Sound of Music*, leaves the convent and becomes a governess to the children of the von Trapp family.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Governesses***.
The world's largest bee: *Megachile pluto*
***Megachile pluto***, also known as **Wallace's giant bee**, is a very large Indonesian bee. It is the largest known living bee species. 

It was believed to be extinct until several specimens were found in 1981. No more were found until two were collected and sold on eBay in 2018. A live female was found and filmed for the first time in 2019.

It is in the Megachilidae family of bees, which carry pollen on their underside. It is about 4 cm long and has a 6 cm wingspan.

Ecology
-------

Wallace's giant bees build communal nests inside active nests of a tree-dwelling termite. This may have hidden their existence even from island residents. The bee uses tree resin to build compartments inside the termite nest, which protects its galleries. Female bees leave their nests repeatedly to forage for resin. The bee's large jaws help to gather resin: the female makes large balls of resin which are held between the jaws. The association of the bee with the termite may be obligate (it must live there).
The **giant Gippsland earthworm** (*Megascolides australis*) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.

The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.

The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.
Kourken Yanigian
**Kourken Megerdich Yanigian** (Armenian: Գուրգեն Մկրտիչ Եանիկեան, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

Armenians hoped Yanigian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanigian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanigian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish
diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".

He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.

After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote: "Looking back, I regret that I did not allow the genocide to
be proven. Not because Yanigian should have gone free, but because
history's darkest chapters - its genocides - should be exposed, so
their horrors are less likely to be repeated".

Books
-----

### in English

* The Triumph of Judas Iscariot, Los Angeles: Research Publ. Co. 1950, 254 p.
* The Resurrected Christ: A Novel, New York: Exposition, 1955, 141 p.
* Harem Cross: A Novel of the Near-East, 1953
* The Voice of an American, 1960
* Mirror in the Darkness, 1966

### in Armenian

* Purpose and Justice (memoires from the prison), Yerevan, Tigran Mets Publ. 1999

Related pages
-------------

* Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

Other websites
--------------

* People v Yanikian
* Historische Romane – XY, Books by Gourgen Yanikian
* GUIDE TO SANTA BARBARA AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: Yanikian, Gourgen (1895-1984) Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Yanikian and his memoires
**Hiroshi Mikitani** (三木谷浩史, *Mikitani Hiroshi*) (was born March 11, 1965) is a Japanese business person and writer. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of Rakuten, Inc. He is also the president of Crimson Group, chairman of the football club Vissel Kobe, chairman of Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, and a board member of Lyft.

Early life
----------

Mikitani was born in 1965 and grew up in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

Education
---------

Mikitani earned bachelor degree in Commerce from Hitotsubashi University.

Career
------

Mikitani began his career at Industrial Bank of Japan with a break to attend Harvard Business School. He left and think to create his own consulting company, Crimson Group. Mikitani said that the destruction caused by the devastating 1995 Kobe earthquake made him realize he wanted to help revitalize Japan’s economy, so he quit banking and decided to start his own business.

After an earthquake in Kobe caused enormous damage so that the area could no longer maintain the Vissel Kobe football club, Mikitani was asked to take over operations of the team. He purchased the team later that year through his company Crimson Group.

Mikitani partnered with his friend FC Barcelona player Gerard Piqué to co-found Kosmos Holding. A company and investment group to invest in companies based in the sports, media, and entertainment industries.

Awards
------

Mikitani was awarded the Harvard Business School Alumni Achievement Award. He was also named to Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's Industrial Competitiveness Council. He was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government. He was also awarded the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the 2017 Spain-Japan Business Contribution Award by the Spanish Chamber of Commerce.

Books
-----

*• Principles for Success* (2007)

*• 92 Golden Rules of Success*

*• Marketplace 3.0: Rewriting the Rules of Borderless Business* (St. Martin's Press, 2013)

• *The Power to Compete: An Economist and an Entrepreneur on Revitalizing Japan in the Global Economy* (with Ryoichi Mikitani, John Wiley & Sons, 2014)

• *Business-Do: The Way to Successful Leadership* (John Wiley & Sons, 2018)
**Geoffrey Bond Lewis** (July 31, 1935 – April 7, 2015) was an American character actor. Lewis was known for his movie roles alongside Robert Redford and Clint Eastwood.

Personal life
-------------

Lewis was born in San Diego, California. He was married to Glenis Batley from 1973 until they divorced in 1975, Then he was married to Paula Hochhallter until his death in 2015. One of his daughters is actress-singer Juliette Lewis.

Career
------

Lewis worked many times with actor-director Clint Eastwood in several movies. They were *Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil*, *Pink Cadillac*, *Any Which Way You Can*, *Bronco Billy*, *Every Which Way but Loose*, *Thunderbolt and Lightfoot* and *High Plains Drifter*. He is also part of the musical story-telling group Celestial Navigations.

Death
-----

On April 7, 2015, Lewis died of natural causes in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California home, aged 79.

Other websites
--------------

* Geoffrey Lewis on IMDb
* Geoffrey Lewis at AllMovie
* Official Website for Celestial Navigations
**Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf** (**HHU**) (German: *Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf*) is the university of Düsseldorf, Germany, named after the most famous son of Düsseldorf, the poet Heinrich Heine.

History
-------

In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte there was the first university in Düsseldorf, which ended after Napoleon surrendered.
So in the further 19th century there was only a Medical Academy and the famous Arts School of Düsseldorf and a Teacher Academy (Special University only for studying to became a teacher) until the 1970s, but no regular university, in Düsseldorf. In the 1960s the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to have a regular university in the state's capital. The university started about 1970.
It got its name only in the 1980s, because the medicine faculty wanted to have a physician's name, because of the tradition as Medical Academy.

Current situation
-----------------

Currently the Heinrich-Heine-University is a university with about 20,000 students, which is middle-class in Germany.
It has a lot of subjects in sciences, arts, economics, and so on. The deep points are on biological-medicinal research in sciences and some deep points in arts, economics, political sciences, and philosophy.

Subjects
--------

Like most German universities it has many subjects:

* Mathematics
* Physics
* Computer Sciences
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Medicine
* Dental Medicine
* Philosophy
* Psychology
* Social sciences and Politics
* English Language and literature
* Romance Languages (French, Spanish, Italian) and literature
* Latin and Old Greek
* German Language and Literature
* Linguistics and Computer Linguistics
* Eastern Asian Sciences (deep point Japan)
* Media Sciences
* History
* History of Arts
* Economics
* Laws
* Geography
* Sports
* Educational Sciences

Other websites
--------------

* 

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
	+ 2

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
***Gomoku Narabe Renju*** is a Japanese exclusive Famicom video game released in 1983. The game was later re-released in Japan on the Wii's Virtual Console years later. It was one of the first games to be released on the console. The game is a version of the Japanese video game known outside of the country as connect-five. The cartridge's color is black. A successor to the game, titled *Super Gomoku Narabe Renju*, was released on the Super Famicom. It alongside *Mahjong* was also released in the Japanese version of *Animal Crossing*, called *Animal Forest +*, as a collectible NES/Famicom game (in the overseas version, this was replaced with either *Soccer* or *Excitebike*).

Other than the ports as mentioned earlier of the 1983 version for the Japanese version of *Animal Crossing* and Virtual Console, it has not seen a rerelease or sequel since.

Gameplay
--------

Before starting the game, the player can choose between three difficulty levels ranging from easy to medium difficulty to hard. Next, you can choose if you wish to play with a computer player or another person. Each player has an assigned color: either black or white. During each turn, the player will place on-chip down on the grid board. The first player to create a row of 5 chips of one color wins.

Other websites
--------------

* Virtual Console page on Nintendo's official website (Japanese).
* *Gomoku Narabe Renju* at GameFAQs
This is the Iron Cross 2nd class that dates back to around 1813
The **Iron Cross** was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.

The medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
--------------------------------

During the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given. It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:

1. Knight's Cross
2. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
3. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
4. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
5. Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
**Hispania** was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and the provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. 

During the beginning of the Roman Empire, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis.

Conquests
---------

### Roman conquest

The Roman invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC and used it as a training ground for tactics against the Carthaginians, the Iberians, the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians and other Celts. 

Roman emperor Augustus was not able to complete the conquest until 19 BC. Much of Hispania remained autonomous until the end of the Cantabrian Wars.

### Germanic conquest

Iberian Peninsula (AD 530–AD 570)
In late 409 AD, the Germanic Buri, Suevi and Vandals moved into Iberia together with the Sarmatian Alans. The Suevi created a kingdom in Gallaecia and the Alans created a kingdom in Lusitania.

There were conflicts between the Chalcedonian natives and the Arian Visigoths. In 589, Recared renounced his Arianism and accepted Chalcedonian Christianity, this created an alliance between the Visigothic monarchy and the native Hispano-Romans.

### Umayyad conquest

Main articles: Umayyad conquest of Hispania and Al-Andalus
Umayyad Hispania in 719 AD
On April 711, Berber Umayyad governor Tariq ibn Ziyad led around 1,700 soldiers and invaded southern Hispania from North Africa. The North Africans defeated the Visgothic army in the Battle at Guadalete in 712.
**Glaucoma** is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.

This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.

Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.

There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.

Genetic component
-----------------

There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma. Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes

Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.
**Hurricane Lane** was the strongest Pacific hurricane that made landfall in Mexico since Hurricane Kenna. It was the 13th named storm, 9th hurricane, and 6th strong hurricane of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season. Lane began from a tropical wave on September 13, while it was to the south of Mexico. It moved towards the northwest along Mexico, and it quickly gained strength. After turning towards the northeast, Lane reached its peak winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), and it made landfall in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. It quickly weakened and died out on September 17

Near its path, Lane caused four deaths. The damage was worst in Sinaloa. In that area, crops were badly damaged. Moderate flooding happened in Acapulco, which caused mudslides in some areas. Damage in the country totaled to $2.2 billion (2006 MXN, $203 million (2006 USD).

Related pages
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* 2006 Pacific hurricane season


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| **Tropical cyclones of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season** |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 2E | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I\* | I | J | K |
|  |
| L | M | 2C\* | 3C\* | N | O | 4C\* | P | 18E | R | 20E | S |

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|  |
| --- |
| Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

 Note: Entries \* refer to the Central Pacific System |
| 

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|  |
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| * **Category**
* **Commons**
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Mantle of giant clam with light-sensitive spots which detect danger and cause the clam to close
The **giant clams** are the members of the clam genus ***Tridacna*** that are the largest living bivalve mollusks. There are actually several species of "giant clams" in the genus *Tridacna*, which are often misidentified for *Tridacna gigas*, the most commonly intended species referred to as "the giant clam".

*Tridacna gigas* is one of the most endangered clam species. Antonio Pigafetta documented these in his journal as early as 1521. One of a number of large clam species native to the shallow coral reefs of the South Pacific and Indian oceans, they can weigh more than 200 kilograms (440 lb), measure as much as 120 cm (47 in) across and have an average lifespan in the wild of over 100 years. They are also found off the shores of the Philippines and in the South China Sea in the coral reefs of Sabah (Malaysian Borneo).

The giant clam lives in flat coral sand or broken coral and can be found at depths of as much as 20 m (66 ft). Its range covers the Indo-Pacific, but populations are diminishing quickly, and the giant clam has become extinct in many areas where it was once common. The maxima clam is found most commonly among giant clam species; it can be found off high- or low-elevation islands, in lagoons or fringing reefs. Its rapid growth rate is likely due to its ability to grow algae in its body tissue.

A diver among many giant clams for scale.
Although larval clams are planktonic, they become sessile in adulthood. The creature's mantle tissues act as a home for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) from which the adult clams get most of their food. By day, the clam opens its shell and extends its mantle tissue so that the algae get the sunlight they need to photosynthesize.
**Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports** is an engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Burgundy (Center France). It is the only French public school specialized in automotive engineering.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur IP Paris* (IP Paris Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ISAT.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports relate to the following topics:

* Energy, Propulsion and Environment
* Intelligent Vehicles
* Durability and Composite Structures
* Vibrations & Transport Acoustics.

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports***.

* Official website