recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An **orphan** is a child who has lost both parents. Their parents are either dead or didn't want the child. Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage. This is where children with no parents live. Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple. Some people are called other names as in todays day and age it may be offensive.

Causes
------

Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are sometimes split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage or foster home.

Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.

Orphan care
-----------

In many developing countries orphans are often seen wandering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.

But in richer countries many orphanage, organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services sometimes will assist them.

Orphans in history
------------------

Many characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Annie, Heidi, Batman, and Harry Potter.

Notes and references
--------------------
A Plasticine model of a rat, by Polish animator Monika Kuczyniecka
**Plasticine** is a putty-like modelling material made from calcium salts, petroleum jelly and fatty acids. It does not dry, and comes in many different colours.

Plasticine is used for children's play and for modelling more formal or permanent structures. 

Because of its non-drying property, it is a good material for stop-motion animation. It has been used for several Oscar-winning films by Aardman Animations (Nick Park). The brand-name clay is sometimes mentioned in British music, such as the "plasticine porters" in The Beatles' "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", the Oasis songs "Little James" and "Shakermaker", the Placebo song "Plasticine", and the Thom Yorke song "Plasticine Figures".

Industrial history
------------------

Plasticine was invented in Bath, England in 1897 by an art teacher, William Harbutt. In 1983 production was moved to Thailand. Several attempts have been made to change the formula to evade the patent and its licences. There are a number of similar products, but none has proved more successful. There is, however, a good market for epoxy products which set hard after being applied as a liquid or putty. Plasticine does not set hard.

Plasticine is about 65% gypsum, 10% petroleum jelly, 5% lime, 10% lanolin and 10% stearic acid. It cannot be hardened by firing, melts when exposed to heat, and is flammable at higher temperatures.
The usual position of the quarterback is in blue
A **quarterback** (**QB**) is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offense, or attacking team. They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the offensive team's line. A quarterback is usually the leader, and starts most plays. In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play. A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch. Quarterbacks may also run the ball themselves, as well as hand the ball to a runningback. These players are usually the faces of their respective teams. Some very notable players at this position in history are Tom Brady, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning.

Special tactics
---------------

New York Giants QB Eli Manning throwing in pre-game warmups in 2009. Note how he holds the ball and the position of his legs.
If quarterbacks don't like the formation the defense is using, they may use an audible. An audible is a way for the quarterback to change the play at the line of scrimmage (where players line up to start a play). He changes what the play will be by shouting out things that his teammates will understand. An audible may be called if the quarterback sees how the defensive players are lined up and does not think that the play that has been called would be good against how the defense is lined up.
The **Plastic Ono Band** was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon. They were active from 1969 until 1974.

Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter. The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital. Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place. It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.

The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White. They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles. The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time. A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.

After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he did not want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together. Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert. An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".

Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974. Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone. When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents. Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.

In 1980, Lennon and Ono decided to restart their music careers, but this time their records appeared under their own names, and the Plastic Ono Band name was retired.
An Air New Zealand plane with Smaug on it.
**Smaug** is a fictional dragon from *The Hobbit*. He is the main villain of the J.R.R. Tolkien book and it's adaptations. The author called him a "most specially, greedy, strong and wicked worm".

Fictional biography
-------------------

Smaug is one of the most feared dragons on Middle-earth. He decided to sleep in a pile of gold until Bilbo Baggins woke him up. Smaug knows that Bilbo is after the Arkenstone. He left the area and decided to fly to Lake-town and ravage it with fire. He was killed by Bard the Bowman with an arrow.

Peter Jackson trilogy (2012-2014)
---------------------------------

In The Hobbit movie trilogy, Smaug's motion capture and voice were done by Benedict Cumberbatch. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the trilogy, specifically the end of the second movie. In the third movie, his death helped Sauron let his armies roam free.

Other media
-----------

Smaug, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch became an interviewed guest for a December 2014 episode of The Colbert Report with clips from the third movie.
**Radiography** is the name for the use of X-rays to see what is happening to parts of the body. It is an imaging technique which uses electromagnetic radiation other than light, usually X-rays. 

To create the image, a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray machine and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, which is dependent on the density and composition of that object. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The detector gives a superimposed 2D representation of the object's internal structures.

Tomography
----------

Tomography is a more advanced way of using X-rays. In tomography, the machine blurs out structures not in the focal plane. This gives a series of pictures, like a set of slices through the body. It is called **CT scanning**, or computer tomography. The computer builds a 3-D picture for the expert to look at.

Radiography has many medical and industrial uses.
The northern corroboree frogs live in the red area, the Southern Corroboree Frogs in the blue area
The **northern corroboree frog** is one of two species of **corroboree frog** (*Pseudophryne pengilleyi*). The other is the southern corroboree frog.

The two frogs were believed to be the same. But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species. The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes. Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.

It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about 550 km2 (212 sq mi) including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges.

The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat. It lives above 1,000 m (3,281 ft)above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level. It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
**Peter William Ham** (27 April 1947 – 24 April 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.

Ham was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdom. Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.

The Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of "Come And Get It," a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song "No Matter What" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970. He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue" But the peak came with his co-written song "Without You" - a worldwide No. 1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the "All Things Must Pass" LP by George Harrison and the single "It Don't Come Easy" by Ringo Starr.

Other websites
--------------

* Pete Ham's Official website Archived 2008-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
***Superstars*** is TV program. The show is a sports competition between very good athletes from different sports. They try to win a series of athletic events similar to a decathlon. Figure skating champion Dick Button developed the idea. ABC bought it as a special for the winter of 1973. The first *Superstars* competition was held in Rotonda West, Florida in March 1973. The winner was pole vaulter Bob Seagren. The BBC covered the competition and aired their own programme on December 31, 1973. The BBC version featured British athletes.

Competitors usually participate in ten different sporting events, including a 100-yard dash, 800 metres (0.50 mi) run, obstacle course, weightlifting, bowling, rowing, tennis, basketball, bicycle racing, and swimming. Sometimes the sports have changed over time and between the European and American competitions. For example, in the first USA competition, there was no obstacle course, but there was table tennis and baseball. Athletes get points for the position they finish in each event. The competitor with the most points at the end of all ten events is the winner.

List of American winners
------------------------

| Year | Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | Bob Seagren | Pole Vault |
| 1974 | Kyle Rote, Jr. | Soccer |
| 1975 | O. J. Simpson | Football |
| 1976 | Kyle Rote, Jr. | Soccer |
| 1977 | Kyle Rote, Jr. | Soccer |
| 1978 | Wayne Grimditch | Water Skiing |
| 1979 | Greg Pruitt | Football |
| 1980 | Charles White | Football |
| 1981 | Renaldo Nehemiah | Track and field |
| 1982 | Renaldo Nehemiah | Track and field |
| 1983 | Renaldo Nehemiah | Football |
| 1984 | Tom Petranoff | Javelin |
| 1985 | Mark Gastineau | Football |
| 1986 | Renaldo Nehemiah | Football |
| 1987 | Herschel Walker | Football |
| 1988 | Herschel Walker | Football |
| 1989 | Willie Gault | Football |
| 1990 | Willie Gault | Football |
| 1991 | Kelly Gruber | Baseball |
| 1992 | Mike Powell | Long Jump |
| 1993 | Dave Johnson | Decathlon |
| 1994 | Dave Johnson | Decathlon |
| 1995 | - | - |
| 1996 | - | - |
| 1997 | - | - |
| 1998 | Jason Sehorn | Football |
| 1999 | Jason Sehorn | Football |
| 2000 | Jason Sehorn | Football |
| 2001 | Hermann Maier | Skiing |
| 2002 | Bode Miller | Skiing |
| 2003 | Jeremy Bloom | Freestyle Skiing |

Other websites
--------------

* 'The Superstars': a page describing the Superstars competitions over the years.
* BBC *Superstars* website
Two episodes shot at the glass spire of the Marine Museum.
The **Northern Virginia military shootings** were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.

Incidents
---------

The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight. The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building. The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs. The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m. The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29. The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.

The second shooting aimed at the Pentagon from I-395.
These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems. On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.

Suspect
-------

The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.
Sliced jowl bacon
Fried pork jowl
**Pork jowl** is a cut of pork from a pig's cheek. It is sometimes called **jowl bacon** or **hog jowl** in some parts of America. In the United States, it is often used in soul food. It is used worldwide, including the cured non-smoked Italian version called guanciale.

Culinary
--------

Jowl bacon can be fried and eaten as a main course, similar to streaky bacon. Often, jowls are as a seasoning for beans, black-eyed peas or cooked with leafy green vegetables such as collard greens or turnip greens.

Jowl meat may also be chopped and used as a garnish, similar to bacon bits, or served in sandwich form. Pork jowl can be used in pork liver sausages such as liverwurst and braunschweiger, to help the meat stick together.

Traditions in the US
--------------------

In the Southern United States, there is a tradition of eating black-eyed peas and greens with either pork jowls or fatback on New Year's Day. This is to ensure prosperity in the new year. The tradition goes back hundreds of years. During the American Civil War (1861 to 1865), the peas were thought to represent wealth, while the Northern army considered the food to be fit as livestock feed only. Some people saw pigs as symbols of "wealth and gluttony" and eating jowls or fatback on New Year's Day guaranteed a good new year.

Storage
-------

Pork jowl can be cured. This made it a traditional wintertime food as it is able to be stored for long periods of time without refrigeration.
**Piedmont blues** (also called East Coast Blues) is a blues music style from the East Coast of the USA. The name came from the Piedmont, a hilly coastal area between Richmond, Virginia and Atlanta, Georgia. But the style is also played in Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Florida.

The main instruments are guitar, vocals, drums and bass. The Piedmont style is played on acoustic instruments. The main difference to the Delta blues is the ragtime based rhythm. The style is influenced by ragtime, country string bands, traveling medicine shows and popular song of the early 20th century. East Coast Piedmont Blues blended both black and white, rural and urban song elements in the diverse urban centers of the Southeast and mid-Atlantic region. In contrast to Delta blues, the Piedmont blues were influenced by white music.

In the early twentieth century artists such as Blind Boy Fuller, Blind Blake, Blind Willie McTell, Rev. Gary Davis and Sonny Terry made Piedmont blues popular. Women also played the Piedmont guitar style, including Etta Baker and Elizabeth Cotten, whose "Freight Train" is one of the most recognized Piedmont tunes. Before the Second World War Piedmont blues was a style that was very popular with the African-Americans of the South. The heyday was the 1920s and 1930s.

List of Piedmont blues musicians
--------------------------------

### Florida

* Blind Blake
* Gabriel Brown

### Georgia

* Blind Willie McTell (William Samuel McTell)
* Barbecue Bob (Robert Hicks)
* "Laughing" Charley Lincoln (Charlie Hicks), Barbecue Bob’s brother.
* Peg Leg Howell
* Eddie Mapp
* Curley Weaver
* Buddy Moss
* Tampa Red
* Bumble Bee Slim (Amos Easton)
* Baby Tate (Charles Henry "Baby" Tate)
* Andrew and Jim Baxter
* Clifford Lee
* Jonas Brown
* Buddy Keith
* Georgia Cotton Pickers

### South Carolina

* Pink Anderson
* Alvin "Little Pink" Anderson
* Simeon "Simmie" Dooley
* Reverend Gary Davis
* Willie Walker
* Josh White
* Henry Johnson
* Peg Leg Sam
* Ted Bogan
* Julius Daniels
* Cottie Stark

### North Carolina

* Blind Boy Fuller (Fulton Allen)
* Carolina Slim (Edward P. Harris)
* Sonny Terry
* Etta Baker
* Elizabeth Cotten
* Floyd "Dipper Boy" Council
* Richard Trice
* Willie (Welly) Trice
* Roy Dunn
* Alden "Tarheel Slim" Bunn
* George Higgs
* Ephen Lee
* John Dee Holeman
* Quentin "Fris" Holloway
* Lesley T. Riddle
* Preston Fulp

### Tennessee

* Brownie McGhee
* Cripple Clarence Lofton
* Howard Armstrong ("Louie Bluie")
* Joe Evans (Billy Bird)

### Virginia

* Jimmie Strother
* Luke Jordan
* John Jackson
* James Jackson (son of John Jackson)
* Archie Edwards
* Stephen Tarter
* Harry Gay
* William Moore
* Carl Martin

### Washington, DC

* John Cephas
* Phil Wiggins

### Others

* Sam Butler (Bo Weavil Jackson)
* Bayless Rose
* Chicken Wilson and Skeeter Hinton
**Municipal boroughs** were a type of local government district which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002. There were similar structures in Scotland from 1833 to 1975.

There were boroughs in England and Wales since the middle ages. In 1833 a Royal Commission investigated them. 263 towns in England and Wales had some form of corporation. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed the government of towns. It set up municipal boroughs. They each had an elected town council, with a mayor, aldermen and councillors. To vote in the elections voters had to own property in the area. The councillors were directly elected for a three-year term, If there were more than 6,000 people the area was divided into wards with separate elections held in each ward each year. There were then 178 municipal boroughs.

The smaller boroughs which had not been reformed were mostly abolished in the 1880s by the Municipal Corporations Act 1883, except for the City of London Corporation.

The Local Government Act 1888 created county councils across England and Wales. Boroughs were divided into two sorts, with some becoming county boroughs which were entirely self-governing and independent from county councils.

There were over 200 municipal boroughs in 1974 when they were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972. In England, they were replaced by metropolitan or non-metropolitan districts and in Wales by districts.

Ireland
-------

Similar things happened in Ireland under British rule. The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 set up the six largest cities - Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Derry and Waterford as county boroughs.
**Miracle Channel** (Thai: มิราเคิล แชนแนล) is a Kantana documentary and entertainment television station broadcast on local cable nationwide and on Thaicom6 satellite in C-Band and KU-Band. The channel content is mysterious and unearthly stories from every angle. Documentaries and various dramas come to broadcast on this channel.

History
-------

Miracle Channel is one of 3 channels from Kantana. The first broadcast date is August 1, 2009, which first aired on live TV on Thai cable television nationwide. By re-taped various programs of Kantana that had a strange and mysterious story that had already been aired on television once.

Subsequently, on March 1, 2010, there was a revision of the program schedule. By adding new programs that are only offered on Miracle Channel And old programs from many other channels as well in addition, on March 21, 2010 on the Miracle program Began broadcasting on the C-Band satellite of the live TV frequency 3480 H 26666 to expand the base to the audience.

Until 1 July 2010, Miracle began to experiment on C-Band satellite broadcasting of the frequency band of MCOT 3520 H 20000 (new frequency 3520 H 28125 since January 2011). To watch the miracle channel with the same program schedule

1 August 2010, Miracle Channel, broadcasting with the frequency of MCOT 3520 H 20000, officially starting from 1 August 2010, along with the rearrangement of the program schedule. The original program will continue to broadcast without interruption. While the miracle channel on live TV Changed the new channel to Miti 4

Later, on 1 February 2011, Miracle Channel added a new channel. By receiving KU-BAND satellite by Dish Yellow DTV Channel 17 or frequency 12313 H 30000 on 1 February ago

To reinforce the audience that has always been together Miracle Channel welcomes another 2 million families. On the night of 1 October 2012 at 24.00 hrs. Through new channels are the True Vision HD Box System Channel 368 and SD Channel 59.

Currently, Miracle has stopped broadcasting on all channels from 1 March 2018.
***Shōjo*** (少女) is manga (Japanese comics) made for young girls, normally ages 7-19. One of the most popular shōjo manga series is *Sailor Moon*. Many shōjo manga are about things like love, friendship, and romance, but some are more serious and action-based. Most shōjo characters are female, and around middle-school or high-school age.

History
-------

Shōjo was first made in Japan for young female readers, as shōnen is for young male readers. They started to appear in the early 1900s. Most shōjo made during this time focused on humor and life in the home. However, after World War II, manga artists began writing more fast-paced, intense stories. This brought upon the magical girl genre, which helped make manga as a whole popular around the world.

Shōjo in the West
-----------------

In the 90s and early 2000s, the western world began to see more manga and anime, including shōjo. With publishers like VIZ and Dark Horse Comics coming out with English versions of manga during this time, western readers had more access to Japanese comics than ever. Before then, many manga were Japan-exclusive.

Ages groups
-----------

Shōjo is usually put into age groups. These are the ages it is recommended for. The main groupings are:

* All ages (ages five and up)
* Teen (ages 13 and up)
* Older teen / Adult (ages 17 and up)

List of popular shōjo manga
---------------------------

* Angel Sanctuary
* Sailor Moon
* Shugo Chara
* Kirarin Revolution
* Cardcaptor Sakura
* Chibi Devi
* Tokyo Mew Mew
* Ouran High School Host Club
* Kaichou wa Maid-sama!
* Ao Haru Ride
* Kamisama Hajimemashita
* Sukitte Ii na yo
* Oresama Teacher
* Kimi ni Todoke
* Fruits Basket
* Lovely Complex
* Gakuen Alice
The BlackBerry is a classic example of a PDA.
A **personal digital assistant** (**PDA**) is a handheld computer. Personal digital assistants were designed to replace non-electronic day planners. Many PDAs can work as an address book, a calculator, a clock, and a calendar. Some also have games on them. Newer PDAs are now called smartphones and have Wi-Fi, touch screens, can read e-mail, record video, play music and make phone calls.

The Acer N10 with stylus

Processor
---------

PDA's processor is a chip which makes the device work. PDAs can have different processors depending on their speed. If access to the Internet, GPS, or video recording are needed, the PDA needs to have a fast processor.

Memory
------

PDA stores data and applications on RAM memory(Random Access Memory). It is a memory card inside the device. PDAs can also use SD (Secure Digital), SDIO and MMS cards. These are easy to remove and are called flash memory cards. USB flash drives can be used to add more memory.

|  |
| --- |
| Memory capacity guide |
| 16MB | can contain simple data such as contacts and text files. |
| 32MB | allows to use e-mail and office programs. |
| 64MB | can access Internet and play video, images, music. |
| 128MB+ | recommended for Internet access, makes PDA work better, and easily plays music, images and video (multimedia). |

Screen
------

Most PDAs have touch screens. This means that the device has less buttons or has no buttons at all. Usually PDAs come with removable 'pen' (stylus) with which the screen is touched. The pen acts like a mouse for desktop PCs or like a touch pad for laptops. For other PDAs a finger is used instead of the pen.

Battery
-------

PDAs are powered by batteries. There are two types of batteries: removable and fixed. Older PDAs used alkaline batteries which the user would have to take out and replace when they ran out. Most new PDAs have Li-ion batteries. These batteries are rechargeable. PDAs use more battery power when playing video, accessing Internet or transferring data using Bluetooth. Large and bright screens also take more power. This makes the battery run out faster.

Connection
----------

A PDA can communicate with other devices, PDAs, PCs, etc. This is made with the help of infrared (IrDA) port or with Bluetooth. With this ability the devices can transfer data, download music, images, video, games, etc.

Synchronization means having the same data on both the PDA and PC or other device. When changes are made on either the PDA or the PC, when they are synchronized, these changes made to data on one of them are also made the data on the other. The synchronization also prevents the loss of the stored information.

Adaptation (Customization)
--------------------------

Customization is adding more memory, miniature keyboards, etc. to the PDA. Customization also can be putting other software (download Internet programs) on the PDA device.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Personal digital assistants***.

* Reading 'DNA' of the PDAs[*permanent dead link*]
* PDA Blast! - The Ultimate PDA User Resource
**Nickel(II) oxide**, also known as **nickelous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiO. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
----------

Nickel(II) oxide is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. Sometimes it is gray because all of the nickel is not in the +2 oxidation state. It reacts with acids to make nickel(II) salts. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make nickel(II) chloride. It does not react with bases easily.

Preparation
-----------

Nickel(II) oxide can be made by heating nickel powder in air at 400 °C (752 °F). This normally makes a black nickel oxide. It also can be made by reacting nickel with water at 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). The simplest way to make it is to heat nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) nitrate.

Uses
----

It is used to make alloys. It is also used in ceramics. It is used to make other nickel compounds.

Safety
------

Nickel(II) oxide can irritate skin and make problems when breathed in.

Related pages
-------------

* Nickel(II) sulfate
Location of Nestos on the map.
**Nestos**, or **Mesta**, is a river in the Balkans that crosses two countries. Particularly, it starts from Bulgaria, then goes to Greece and at the end it drains into the Aegean Sea. Its length is 230 km.

Line
----

It starts between the southwestern area of the mountainy place called Rila and of the northwestern Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. Then it goes through the Pirin mountains and it gets a lot of water from other smaller rivers. It crosses the valley of Nevrokopi and continues between Orvilos and Rhodope, entering Greece through Drama Prefecture. After that it goes to Xanthi Prefecture and cosses a narow and long valley. Eventually at the end, it goes through Xanthi and Chrysoupoli and it drains in the Aegean Sea, making a big delta.

Usefulness
----------

It is a natural border between Macedonia and Thrace. It is an important river for the people there because there is a valley so they can water their crops or drink water, take a bath, do watersports etc. Greece and Bulgaria have been arguing for many years about Nestos. After a signed agreement in 1995 the copyrights of Bulgaria are 71% and Greece's 29%.
The ***SIR model*** is a simple mathematical model of epidemics. An epidemic is when the number of people infected with a disease is increasing in a population. 

S, I, and R stand for:

|  |
| --- |
| **S** - *susceptible*. These are people that are not infected with the disease yet. However, they are not immune to it either, and so they can become infected with the disease in the future. |
| **I** - *infected* or infectious. These are people that are infected with the disease and can transmit the disease to susceptible people. |
| **R** - *recovered*. These are people who have recovered from the disease and are immune, so they can no longer be infected with the disease. |

Below is a graph of a solved SIR model. The bottom (x) axis is time, and the left (y) axis is the population or the number of people. 

560x560px[permanent dead link]560x560px[*permanent dead link*]
Blue represents the number of susceptible people. At the beginning of the epidemic, the number of susceptible (blue) people decreases as the number of infected (green) people increases. Gradually the number of recovered (red) people increases. In this particular model, after the epidemic is over, all people have been infected and recovered. This is not always the case; sometimes, some susceptible people remain uninfected.

This model is also missing some parts, such as creating new susceptible people by being born and the removal of susceptible, infected, and recovered people who die. More complicated models can include these parts. 

Also, this model does not work well for every disease. It works well where people recover from a disease and become immune, such as measles. Not all infectious diseases follow this pattern. For instance, people infected with HIV never recover, and there is no vaccine, so there is no group of recovered people, only susceptible and infected people. There is also the case where people recover from a disease but do not become immune or lose their immunity over time. For instance, when people get the flu, they are generally only immune for a short time before they become susceptible again.

There are also different kinds of models when as the disease is spread through the water, such as in the case of cholera, or by a vector like a mosquito, such as malaria.
**Silver Sounds Mobile Discotheque**

  

One of the earliest mobile discotheques in Britain started out in Brighton, Sussex in 1967. At that time the Brighton Pavilion Young Conservatives held a weekly dance every Friday evening when, apart from a live group, vinyl was the only form of entertainment available.

Based on the success of these Friday get-togethers one of the members, Roger Wheeler, conceived the idea of setting up a mobile form of entertainment based on the Friday evening format initially using the Young Conservative's equipment for the first few events. He was joined in this venture by Paul Dennis, another Young Conservative, with the shows hosted by Wheeler and Dennis usually as a pair but sometimes with just one as the DJ.

The partnership continued their venture until Dennis left in January 1970 to travel to and work in Australia and the Far East.

As the original equipment belonged to the Brighton Pavilion Young Conservatives it could not continue to be used by the new venture and an uncle of Roger's was able to construct a system consisting of an amplifier, speakers, a mixer and two Garrard floating decks with the latter used to create stability wherever used.

Steady progress in the early years led to expansion of the areas covered to North Sussex, South Surrey and Kent.

Whilst sounding primitive by modern day standards it was a successful addition to musical entertainment in this era especially as the start-up had been greeted with so much scepticism by many at the time but copied by so many since.
**Net run rate (NRR)** is a number used in cricket to decide which of two teams is better, if both teams are equal on points gotten from winning games during a competition (i.e. they may have won and lost an equal number of games during a World Cup). It is calculated using the difference between the number of runs scored by a team and its opponents, while dividing each of these by the number of legal deliveries (in batches of 6 i.e. the number of overs) that team and its opponents have each batted throughout all of the games involving that team in the competition. This calculation does not look at how many times each team's batsmen have gotten out, so it gives teams that score many runs very quickly an advantage even if they have more batsmen get out than their opponents.

As an example, if a team wins a game 300 runs to 200, with it having batted 200 legal deliveries (33.2 overs, meaning 33 overs and 2 deliveries, or 33 overs plus a third of an over) and its opponents having batted 185 legal deliveries (30.5 overs), then the team's Net Run Rate during that game is (6\*((300/200)-(200/185)))= 2.51.
**Petunia Pig** is an animated fictional character under the *Looney Tunes* and *Merrie Melodies* series of cartoons from Warner Bros. She looks quite a bit like her significant other, the Porky Pig. But she wears braids and a dress.

Petunia was introduced by the animator Frank Tashlin in the 1937 short *Porky's Romance*. The movie is a parody of a 1932 Walt Disney cartoon called *Mickey's Nightmare*, except Mickey Mouse marries his long-time girlfriend Minnie Mouse in that movie. Porky's overtures toward Petunia bring him only the scornful laughs of his lover pig. 

Tashlin adopted Petunia as a regular member of Porky's crew. He (Tashlin) showed her in two more cartoons: *The Case of the Stuttering Pig* and *Porky's Double Trouble*.

As Porky's being popular was overshadowed in the late 1930s and 1940s by other characters, such as Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny, he himself was reduced to a supporting player under new Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes shorts. Petunia, only a bit player to Porky's lead, fared worse.

But later, Petunia made appearances in other specials, like *Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol*.

The regular adult Petunia was a guest star under DC Comics' *Looney Tunes'* comic book and in the official *Looney Tunes* website.

Petunia also appears in *Looney Tunes Cartoons*. Her first showing in the series was presented in the piece *Happy Birthday, Bugs Bunny*.
Sir Philip Sidney
**Philip Sidney** (1554–1586) was an English poet, diplomat and soldier .

Biography
---------

Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554. He was the son of Henry Sidney and his wife, Mary, née Dudley. On 17 October 1564 he was enrolled in Shrewsbury School. One of the boys that began their learning on that day was Fulke Greville, First Lord Brooke, who became Philip Sidney's friend. Much later he became his biographer, too. After he finished school, at the age of 13, Philip Sidney went to Oxford to study at Christ College. He did not however get any scholarly degree. He went to France when he witnessed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. He also travelled to Germany, Austria and Hungary. He was in Italy, too. He went as a messenger from Queen Elizabeth to Prague, where the emperor Maximilian II ruled. Then he went to a war in Netherlands. There he was wounded in the thigh 23 September 1586 at Zuphen. Because of that he got an infection and died at 17 October 1586 at Arnhem. He was buried on February 16, 1587 at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.

Works
-----

Philip Sidney is generally regarded as best English lyrical poet of the Renaissance. He was also considered a hero after his death Phillip Sidney wrote both poetry and prose. He is famous for his sonnets. They were edited in the sequence named *Astophil and Stella*. He also wrote *Arcadia* and *The Defence of Poesy*. Philip Sidney's poems were translated into many languages, among others into Czech.

Philip Sidney's sister was the poet and translator Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).

Other websites
--------------

* Philip Sidney, Astrophil and Stella. The text of each poem with a line by line paraphrase, and occasional explanatory notes by A. S. Kline.
The **Pofatu Database** is a resource for archaeologists and contains contextual and geochemical information on rock material and stone artefacts. This is used by archaeologists to determine the source of the material. In the spring of 2020, the data contained over 7700 samples from sites in the Pacific Ocean region. The samples are from both archaeological sites and geological sites. The geological samples are used for comparison, to identify the source of the archaeological samples. In addition, information on provenience, context, analytical methods and bibliography are maintained. "The database also provides instrumental details, analytical procedures and reference standards used for calibration purposes or quality control." The open-access database is supported by CNRSand Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and was built in collaboration with research organizations from Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and the United States.

The database uses an open-source storage system (GitHub) and file formats that are common and non-proprietary. 
This makes it easy to access and use the data and to retest it. Access to Pofatu is at  The data can be seen in the Pofatu web application.

Other websites
--------------

*
**Mimlu Sen** (born 1949) is an Indian author, translator, musician, composer and producer.

Life and career
---------------

Sen was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. During the 1960s and 1970s she studying in Kolkata and participating in street protests demanding an end of Vietnam War. She has been jailed for Naxalite movement.

Sen was published her first book *Baulsphere* in 2009. The following year it was published as *The Honey Gatherers*. Piers Moore Ede stated that *The Honey Gatherers* recounts Sen's adventures in rural Bengal.

As the life partner of Bengali baul musician Paban Das Baul, Sen collaborates with Paban on all his recordings, performing with and managing his group on their concert tours around the world. In 2002 she collaborates in a Bengali song album titled *Le Chant Des Bauls - Manuche O Rautan* with Paban Das Baul, Gour Khyapa and Nimai Goswami which was released by Brussels based Belgian record company Fonti Musicali.

Bibliography
------------

* *Baulsphere*. India: Random House India. 2009. ISBN 9788184000559. OCLC 762666034. OL 23873712M.
* *The Honey Gatherers*. London: Rider (imprint). 2010. ISBN 9781846041891. OCLC 503647267. OL 24084518M.

Discography
-----------

* *Le Chant Des Bauls - Manuche O Rautan* (2002, with Paban Das Baul, Gour Khyapa & Nimai Goswami)

Other websites
--------------

* Mimlu Sen at AllMusic Edit this at Wikidata
* *Mimlu Sen* discography at Discogs


| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Norway
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
Sivakasi is a city and municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town is known for its fire cracker, match box and printing industries. The industries in Sivakasi employ over 25,000 people with an estimated turn over of ₹20 billion (US$260 million).

Sivakasi was established in the 15th century during the reign of the Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian. The town was a part of Madurai empire and has been ruled at various times by the Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British Raj. The Sivakasi riots of 1899 took place during the British Raj here. Sivakasi has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets. Badhrkali Amman temple is one of the most prominent landmarks of the town.

Population
----------

According to the 2011 census of India, Sivakasi had a population of 71,040 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.
*Mimosa pudica* folding leaflets inward.
*Mimosa pudica* with leaves closed
 *Mimosa pudica* 
***Mimosa pudica***  is a 
well-known species of *Mimosa*. It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

Description
-----------

The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the *Mimosa pudica* are compound leaves.

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna. The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each. The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.

Plant movement
--------------

*Mimosa pudica* is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep". The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.

The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves. The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one. Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.
**Sanskrit cinema**  refers to the Sanskrit Film industry in India.

History
-------

*Adi Shankaracharya* was the first Sanskrit feature film. It was made in 1983, produced by National Film Development Corporation of India and directed by G.V. Iyer.

The second Sanskrit film, *Bhagavad Gita*, was made in 1992 by G.V. Iyer. 

*Priyamanasam*, the third Sanskrit movie, is based on the life of 17th century Keralite poet Unnayi Warrier. The movie was directed by award winning director Vinod Mankara.

*Ishti* was a Sanskrit socialist film released in 2015 and made by G. Prabh.

*Anurakthi* was the first Sanskrit 3D film, released in 2018.

Notable Sanskrit movies
-----------------------

* Adi Shankaracharya (1983)
* Bhagavad Gita (1992)
* Priyamanasam (2015)
* Ishti (2015)
* Suryakantha (2017)
* Anurakthi (2018)
* Punyakoti (2018)

Related pages
-------------

* Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
* Lollywood (Pakistani cinema)
* Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
* Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
* Hollywood