recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Tongva** (TONG-vuh) are the indigenous people of the place now known as Southern California. Their original land includes Los Angeles County, Orange County, and the Channel Islands. The Tongva are also known as the **Gabrieleño** and **Fernandeño** people based on the missions of San Gabriel and San Fernando built on their land in the 1700s by the Spanish. Tongva means "people of the earth."

Name
----

The word Tongva comes from the word *Toviscangna*, which is a Tongva village located near Mission San Gabriel. However, the Tongva call themselves **Kizh** (keech).

History
-------

The Tongva were forced onto Spanish missionaries to learn about Christianity and the European lifestyle. The Tongva lived in shelters called *kiches*. The *kiche* was dome-shaped. The frame was made of willow branches and was covered with mats made with reeds, grasses, or animal hides. The Tongva lived in villages with as many as 400–500 *kiches*. A chief lived in the largest *kiche* and had almost total authority over the village. The position was passed down through the chief’s family.

Culture
-------

The Tongva hunted, fished, and gathered food. They liked to eat acorns. They would mash the acorns and then process it so that it would taste better. They also hunted deer and small animals such as birds, rabbits, and rodents.

Language
--------

The Tongva once spoke the Tongva language but most of them now speak English and Spanish. However, they are trying to use the Tongva language more. One way they are doing this is by having Tongva classes.

The Tongva language was the source of many place names in the Los Angeles region. Some of these places are: Topanga, Tujunga, Cucamonga, etc.
**Tongyong Pinyin** is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese, or a way to write Mandarin in the Roman alphabet, that was invented in Taiwan. It was created by the Taiwanese to oppose Hanyu Pinyin, which is the official romanization of Mandarin in Mainland China, the UN, and most other international organizations, because many Taiwanese do not want to use a writing system created by the Chinese Communist Party. In 2002, it became the official romanization in Taiwan, even though no one was forced to use it. However, in 2009, Taiwan replaced Tongyong with Hanyu as the island's official romanization. While Taipei mostly uses Hanyu spelling today, many cities, particularly in southern Taiwan, still use many different romanizations, including Tongyong spelling, and it can still be seen in many places.

Tongyong Pinyin vs. Hanyu Pinyin
--------------------------------

Most Tongyong spellings of Chinese syllables are the same as Hanyu spellings. However, one major difference is that Tongyong does not use letters 'x' and 'q', which are both used in Hanyu. Below is a chart that compares syllables in Hanyu to those in Tongyong. Below is not an exhaustive list, but a list that show major differences between the two systems.

| Hanyu Pinyin | Tongyong Pinyin |
| --- | --- |
| xi | si |
| xiu | siou |
| xing | sing |
| xu | syu |
| xue | syue |
| xuan | syuan |
| xun | syun |
| xiong | syong |
| qi | ci |
| qiu | ciou |
| qing | cing |
| qu | cyu |
| que | cyue |
| quan | cyuan |
| qun | cyun |
| qiong | cyong |
| wen | wun |
| si | sih |
| ci | cih |
| zi | zih |
| shi | shih |
| chi | chih |
| zhi | jhih |
| zhao | jhao |
| zhong | jhong |
| jiu | jiou |
| gui | guei |
| feng | fong |
| weng | wong |
| shui | shuei |
| chui | chuei |
| zhui | jhuei |
| ri | rih |
| rui | ruei |

Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Hanyu Pinyin, and Tongyong Pinyin with English translations.

| **Chinese characters** | 你是中国人吗？ |
| **Hanyu** | Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén ma? |
| **Tongyong** | Nǐ shìh Jhongguó rén ma? |
| **English** | Are you Chinese? |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Chinese characters** | 你在四川的时候，你喜欢吃什么菜？ |
| **Hanyu** | Nǐ zài Sìchuān de shíhòu, nǐ xǐhuān chī shénme cài? |
| **Tongyong** | Nǐ zài Sìhchuān de shíhhòu, nǐ sǐhuan chih shénme cài? |
| **English** | What food do you like to eat when you are in Sichuan? |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Chinese characters** | 回族人不可以喝酒吃猪肉。 |
| **Hanyu** | Huízú rén bù kěyǐ hējiǔ chī zhūròu. |
| **Tongyong** | Hueízú rén bù kěyǐ hejioǔ chih jhūròu. |
| **English** | Hui people cannot drink alcohol or eat pork. |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Chinese characters** | 瑞天文要去日本温泉。 |
| **Hanyu** | Ruì Tiānwén yào qù Rìběn wēnquán. |
| **Tongyong** | Rueì Tiānwún yào cyù Rìhběn wuncyuán. |
| **English** | Rui Tianwen is going to the Japanese hot springs. |

Pictures
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Ludwig van Beethoven was almost completely deaf when he wrote his ninth symphony.
**Symphony No. 9 in D minor**, Op. 125, is a symphony written by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is one of the most famous pieces of music ever written.

A symphony is a piece of music for orchestra. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies. This one, the last one he wrote, is very unusual because the last movement also has singing in it: there are four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a choir. This is why it is known as the "choral" symphony ("choral" means: "for choir"). It is a very long work, lasting more than an hour. This, too, was unusual.

This symphony has four movements. The first movement is in sonata form. The second and third movements come the other way round from the usual order: the second movement is the scherzo and the third movement is the slow movement. It is a theme and variations. The last movement sets the words of a poem by Friedrich Schiller, a famous poet who had only recently died. The poem was called *Ode an die Freude* (in English: *Ode to Joy*). The poem has a strong message to all mankind: it is about living in peace and harmony together. It was written at the time of the French Revolution when these ideas were becoming very important in Europe.

The main tune of the last movement (sung to the words: "Freude, schöne Götterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium") is one of the best known tunes in the world. Many children like to play it on instruments because the first part of the tune only uses five notes (it can be played on C, D, E, F, G). When the tune comes the first time in the symphony it is played by the cellos and double basses.

The *Ode to Joy* was adopted as Europe's "National anthem" in 1972, with an official arrangement for orchestra written by Herbert von Karajan.

Beethoven had been interested in Schiller’s famous poem since he was young. In 1817 he started to write the first two movements of the symphony. In 1822 he decided to use Schiller’s poem in the symphony. Most of the rest of the symphony was written in 1823 and he finished it in 1824. It was first performed in May of that year. Beethoven conducted the performance. The story is told that he wondered why the audience were not applauding when it had finished. They were applauding, but Beethoven was deaf so he could not hear. Caroline Unger, the alto soloist, made him turn round, and he saw that people were applauding enthusiastically.
A Gypsy girl with tambourine (postcard from around 1910)
The **tambourine** is a common percussion instrument. 

The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum. But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame. However, tambourines come in many types. Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools. The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.

How to play a tambourine
------------------------

The tambourine is usually held in the hand. The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument. Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air. This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well. The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound. It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand. It can also be hit against the side of the leg. A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll". This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.

It is also possible to put the instrument, with the head up, on the player's lap or on a table or chair, and play with the fingers or with drumsticks.

When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture *Le carnaval romain*. It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish. It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.
Mutabar Tadjibayeva in 2009.
**Mutabar Tadjibayeva** (*Uzbek: Mo'tabar Tojiboyeva*) is a journalist and human rights activist from Uzbekistan. She started the "Fiery Hearts Club" NGO. She also started the Uzbek news website Jarayon. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work
----

In August 2003, Tadjibayeva got people in a group to demonstrate against corruption. The police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayaeva was hurt and went to the hospital. In 2005, Tadjibayeva wrote about the Andijan Massacre. Many people died when police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayeva was in jail from October 2005 to June 2008.

Awards
------

In 2005, the international organization "Peace Women Across the Globe", part of the Nobel Committee, added Tadjibayeva’s name to the list of "1000 women peace activists". This made her a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a top 10 list of women who worked for human rights.

In 2008, Tadjibayeva received the Martin Ennals Award. When she received the award, she was still in prison. 

For the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fiery Hearts Club received the "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Prize from France. Mutabar Tadjibayeva accepted the prize in Paris.

In March 2009, Tadjibayeva received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. Later she returned the award.

In 2011, Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a list of ten most influential women in Central Asia.

Other websites
--------------

* Jarayon Website "Fiery Hearts Club"
Different kinds of rice. Many rice corps were obtained through mutation breeding.
**Mutation breeding** or **variation breeding** is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation. This will increase the number of mutations in the seed. These seeds can then be crossed with other cultivars to get desirable traits. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds. From 1930 to 2014 more than 3200 mutagenic plant varieties were released. 70 precent of these plants are direct mutants,thirty percent are the offspring of direct mutants. Crop plants account for three quarters of released mutagenic species with the remaining quarter are ornamentals or decorative plants. Even though the FAO/IAEA reported in 2014 that over 1,000 mutant varieties of major staple crops were being grown worldwide, it is unclear how many of these varieties are currently used in agriculture or horticulture around the world, as these seeds are not always identified or labeled as a mutagen or having a mutagenic provenance.
**Zugzwang** is a chess term. It means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position. The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.

For example...

 Example of zugzwang

Black to play
**1. ... Kd7** and White cannot win:

**2. c6+ Kc7**

**3. Kc5 Kc8**

**4. Kd6 Kd8** (opposing the king)

**5. c7+ Kc8**

**6. Kc6** is stalemate

White to play
But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:

**1. Kc6!** and now Black must move his king, for example

**1..... Kd8**

**3. Kb7** and queens the pawn.

Mutual zugzwang
---------------

 Either player to move loses

There are positions where either player to move will lose.

On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.

History
-------

The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.

The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.
**Sabu M. Jacob** is an Indian business magnate. He is the chief Coordinator of Twenty-20 the charity outfit floated by Anna-Kitex Group. Twenty20 engaged in the overall development of Kizhakkambalam panchayath by the year 2020.

Biography
---------

Sabu M. Jacob was born to M.C. Jacob, founder chairman of the Anna Kitex group and one of Kerala's pioneering industrialists. After his schooling he got graduation in Economics. He has been Managing Director of Kitex Garments Ltd since August 16, 2006 and has been its Chief Financial Officer since January 25, 2016.

Inspired by his father’s entrepreneurial success, Sabu M. Jacob decided to establish a garment unit of his own in 1992. This 100 percent export oriented business began its operations from Kizhakkambalamin in 1995, and has today, emerged as the world’s third largest infant wear manufacturing company. The company is listed as one of the best Asian companies by Forbes.

In 2013 Twenty-20 was founded to implement Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives of the company in Kizhakkambalam, the eastern suburb of Kochi. The long-term objective of Twenty-20 is to make Kizhakkambalam a model village by the year 2020 – a model of sustainable development, replicable anywhere in India and the world. In November 2015 Twenty-20 managed to win local body elections  with 69 percent vote share.
Development initiatives were carried out by Twenty-20 through Housing Projects, Drinking Water Projects, Health, Agriculture, Education, Employment Opportunities, Green initiative, Anti-Corruption, Infrastructure, school upgrades and kindergartens, supplementary diet, Anti Alcohol Movement  environmental protection activities and women empowerment programs.

Awards and Recognitions
-----------------------

Kitex MD, Sabu M. Jacob featured among the finalists for EY Entrepreneur of the Year 2015

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Kitex Garments Ltd |
* Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
The **stellar birthline** is a line in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram that relates the effective temperature and luminosity of pre-main-sequence stars on the start of their contraction. To this point, the objects are protostars, and are so deeply in the cloud of dust and gas from which they are forming that they radiate only in far infrared and millimeter wavelengths. 

Image showing the **stellar birthline** in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
When stellar winds disperse this cloud, the star becomes visible as pre-main-sequence object. The set of locations on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram where these newly visible stars form is called the birthline and is found above the main sequence.

Location
--------

Location of the stellar birthline depends on detail in the accretion rate onto the star and geometry of this accretion, i.e. whether or not it is happening through an accretion disk. This means that the birthline is not an infinitely thin curve, but has a finite thickness on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Orogenies with similar ages to the Variscan orogeny (shaded)
The **Variscan orogeny** (Hercynian orogeny) is an ancient mountain-building event in the late Palaeozoic era. It was caused by a continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea.

It explains many older features of the present-day world. The Appalachians in North America and the Massif Central in France are two examples. Other examples are the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Rhine Massif, the Anti-Atlas in Morocco. To the east, the Variscan caused the Urals, the Pamir, the Tian Shan mountains. 

This geologic mountain-building event took place mostly in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. By then Pangaea was more or less complete. In the Triassic period of the Mesozoic, there was land between Siberia over the North Pole to Antarctica over the South Pole. Later in the Mesozoic, the opening of the Atlantic split Pangea. The various parts of the huge mountain belts ended up widely apart on the modern globe.

Higher mountain chains on present-day Earth are the product of a later episode of mountain-building known as the Alpine orogeny.
The **Sipuncula**, also known as the **Sipunculida**, or **peanut worms**, are a small phylum of marine worms, or they may be a class in the Annelida. The phylum has 144–320 species (estimates vary) of these bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented worms.

Anatomy
-------

Sipunculans are worm-like animals ranging from 2 to 720 millimetres (0.079 to 28.346 in) in length, with most species being under 10 centimetres (3.9 in). The body consists of a narrow front section, called the *introvert* and a larger trunk section. The introvert is retractable into the trunk.

Sipunculans have a coelom (body cavity), and a body wall somewhat similar to that of annelids. The body wall is strong and muscular. When threatened, Sipunculids can retract their body into a shape resembling a peanut kernel – a practice that has given rise to the name "peanut worm".

### Introvert

The most recognizable part of Sipunculan worms is their mouth, which is surrounded by a mass of 18–24 ciliated tentacles, all of which may be inverted into the body. The tentacles are used to gather organic detritus from the water or substrate, and probably also function as gills. The mouth and tentacles lie at the tip of the introvert, which is otherwise decorated with numerous spines or nodules. In contrast, the trunk tends to be relatively smooth.
**Sir Henry Clinton** (1730-1795) was a British fighter. He fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was also a member of the British Parliament

Early life
----------

Clinton was born in 1730 in Newfoundland, Canada. His father was Admiral George Clinton, who was friends with the Duke of Newcastle. George Clinton was governor of New York Colony starting in the 1741, and Henry Clinton went to New York Colony in 1743.

Military career
---------------

When he was 15 years old, Henry Clinton joined the New York Colonial Militia. In 1749, he had a captain's commission and went to Britain.

### Seven Years' War

During the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War), Clinton started as a captain of the Coldstream Guards and later became a lieutenant colonel.

Henry Clinton was aide de camp, or army assistant, to the Prince Brunswick from 1760 to 1762. He learned how German soldiers fought.

### Between the wars

Henry Clinton became one of the few North-American-born British citizens to become a member of the British Parliament. He served from 1772. He also became a major general.

### American Revolutionary War

In 1775, Clinton fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill and won. In 1776, he fought in the Battle of Long Island and had ideas about how to defeat the Continental Army in New York City. The ideas worked, and George Washington and the Continental Army ran away to New Jersey. He was knighted for winning battles in New York.

In 1778, Clinton became General in charge of all the British army in America. He decided to fight mostly near the Atlantic Ocean. He took troops out of Philadelphia and sent them to New York instead. Most of the battles in the later part of the war were in the South, but Clinton stayed in New York and fought in the Hudson Valley.

In June 1778, Clinton made the Philipsburg Proclamation, which said all slaves who joined the British military would be freed.

In 1780, Clinton began communicating with Benedict Arnold, a Continental soldier who wanted to change sides to the British. Clinton, Arnold, and John Andre started a plan for Arnold to give West Point to the British. The plan stopped when Andre was caught as a spy.

Later career
------------

Many Britons blamed Clinton for losing the war. Clinton stayed a member of the British Parliament until 1784. He was offered the job of governor of Gibraltar in 1793, but he died before he could do it.

Family
------

Clinton married Harriet Carter in 1767. At the time, she was twenty years old. She died in 1772 after having a baby.
The **Wyoming toad** or **Baxter's toad** (*Anaxyrus baxteri*) is a toad that has become rare. The only living Wyoming toads are in captivity. For example, the Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Wyoming breeds these toads. It was listed as "endangered" in 1984, and as "extinct in the wild" in 1991. There were suddenly far fewer Wyoming toads around 1975 and the toad extremely rare by 1980. To prevent extinction, a captive breeding program was started in 1989 at the Thorne Williams Unit. This program produced enough young toads in the first few years to send toads to seven different zoos. In 1998, the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery received toads to breed. Between 1995 and 2006, when the remaining captive toads were moved from the Thorne Williams Unit to the Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory south of Laramie, nearly 46,000 offspring had been produced at the Thorne Williams Unit and released back into the wild. Before the sharp declines occurred, this toad was classified as a subspecies of the Canadian toad.

Toads at the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery
In nature, the female toad leaves her eggs in the shallow parts of ponds and lakes. The tadpoles swim in the warmest parts of the water.

Adult frogs look for food during the day and hide at night. Sometimes they go into burrows dug by rodents. Adult frogs eat mostly ants but they also eat beetles and other animals without backbones.

Scientists are not sure why the Wyoming toad started to die out in the 1970s. They think it might have been that people were using an insect-killing chemical called Baytex, that seagulls, pelicans and raccoons were eating the toads, or that irrigation for hay growing changed their living space.
**Rhythm** refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others. When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or "measures"). 

Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped. In Western music, these patterns are common: 

* **1** 2, **1** 2
* **1** 2 3, **1** 2 3
* **1** 2 3 4, **1** 2 3 4.

A conductor will beat time. The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.

All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm. To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).

People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat. However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature. One has to learn to let the music "breathe" in the right way. This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly). It is something one learns with experience.

Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human. A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm. Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.

Other uses
----------

The word *rhythm* is used in other topics than music. The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem. Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music. Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth. The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.

Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").
The **Renault Laguna** is a car produced by Renault in three generations from 1994 to 2015.

First generation (1994–2001)
----------------------------

5-door hatchback
5-door station wagonThe first Laguna arrived in early 1994 to replace the 21, it came as a hatchback at first and then it was joined by an estate/wagon version in late 1995. It got a facelift in 1998. 

### Engines

#### Petrol engines

* *1.6 16V* 79 kW (107 hp)
* *1.8* 69 kW (94 hp)
* *1.8 16V* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *2.0* 84 kW (114 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 102 kW (139 hp)
* *2.0 S* 103 kW (140 hp)
* *3.0 V6* 123 kW (167 hp) and 140 kW (190 hp)

#### Diesel engines

* *1.9 dTi* 72 kW (98 hp)
* *1.9 dCi* 79 kW (107 hp)
* *2.2 D* 63 kW (86 hp)
* *2.2 dT* 83 kW (113 hp)

Second generation (2000–2007)
-----------------------------

5-door hatchbackThe second Laguna arrived at the end of 2000 and again, hatchback and estate/wagon bodystyles were offered. In 2001, it became the first car to receive 5 stars in the Euro NCAP crash testing, making it one the safest models at the time. It received a facelift in March 2005. 

5-door station wagon
### Engines

#### Petrol engines

* *1.6 16V* 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
* *1.8 16V* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 99 kW (135 hp)
* *2.0 IDE* 103 kW (140 hp)
* *2.0 16V Turbo* 120 kW (163 hp), 125 kW (170 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
* *3.0 V6* 152 kW (207 hp)

#### Diesel engines

* *1.9 dCi* 68 kW (92 hp), 77 kW (105 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
* *2.0 dCi* 110 kW (150 hp) and 127 kW (173 hp)
* *2.2 dCi* 102 kW (139 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Third generation (2007–2015)
----------------------------

5-door hatchbackThe third Laguna went on sale in October 2007 and became available in hatchback, estate/wagon and coupe bodystyles. It received a mild facelift in late 2010. Then in 2015 it was replaced by a new model called the Talisman. 

5-door station wagon
2-door coupé
### Engines

#### Petrol engines

* *1.6 16V* 81 kW (110 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 103 kW (140 hp)
* *2.0 16V Turbo* 125 kW (170 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
* *3.5 V6* 175 kW (238 hp)

#### Diesel engines

* *1.5 dCi* 81 kW (110 hp)
* *2.0 dCi* 96 kW (130 hp), 110 kW (150 hp), 127 kW (173 hp) and 131 kW (178 hp)
* *3.0 V6 dCi* 173 kW (235 hp)

 Talisman (2015-2022)
---------------------

TalismanThe Talisman was revealed in late 2015 as a successor to the Laguna. It switched from a liftback bodystyle to a convetional sedan. It was facelifted in 2020 and discontinued in 2022.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Renault Laguna***.
The **White Mountain School** (also called just White Mountain or WMS) is an independent school in Bethlehem, New Hampshire, USA. In 1886, the school was an all-girls school called St. Mary's School. On January 3, 1964, the school's main building was burned down, so the administration decided to rebuild the school. Six years later, in 1970, the school started to accept male students. In 1971, the school was renamed White Mountain School.

The school has students in four grades: 9 through 12. These are the high school grades. The school has about 100 students, 55 males and 45 females. There are nearly 20 international students, 15 of which are Chinese. Most of students come from 25 states and a dozen countries. Half of the students receive financial aid given by the school.

The school has 250 acres of land between the towns of Bethlehem and Littleton. The campus has a main building, four dormitories, a building for science and math classes, a gym with cardio machines and weight-lifting equipment, an indoor rock climbing wall, a theater, squash courts and faculty housing.
A video game **mod** is a change made to a video game. The word *mod* is short for *modification.* A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.

Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called *total conversions*. Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor.

Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.

Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word *vanilla* is often used to talk about the original game without mods.
A 14,400 baud dial-up modem made by USRobotics (1994)
A **modem** (comes from: **mo**dulator **dem**odulator) is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to communicate between distant computers. Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem. 

* Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
* Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.

Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, bps, or baud). They are also classified by their connection method. Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used. 

Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems. Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems. Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card. Most DSL and cable modems are external.

Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service. Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second). Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster. Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast. 

A Consumer Electronics Association study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections. This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.

Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.
*This is a Chinese name; the family name is* Lü*.*
**Tank** (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter. He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station. Tank's first album, *Fighting 生存之道* was released on 23 February 2006.

Early life
----------

Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan. He is an aboriginal Taiwanese. Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists. By the age of 21, he was already well known for composing more than 200 songs.

He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, *三國戀* (*Romance of Three Kingdoms*) and *給我你的愛* (*Give Me Your Love*), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows. Another song, titled as *千年淚*, was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙. His second album *Keep Fighting!* (*延長比賽*) was released on 19 January 2007. His single, *My Angel*, was used for an ending theme of romantic comedy series Hana Kimi.

Discorgaphy
-----------

Tanks has released two albums.

| Title | Release date | Record label | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| English | Chinese |
| *Fighting* | 生存之道 | 24 February 2006 | HIM International Music | Mandarin |
| *Keep Fighting* | 延長比賽 | 19 January 2007 | HIM International Music | Mandarin |

Tank is currently writing his third album. It is set to be released later in 2008

Sources
-------

* Official Site Archived 2008-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Official Blog
* Tank Lyrics Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Tanjong Pagar MRT Station** (EW15) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore. The station caters to people, especially businessmen and residents, working and living in the Shenton Way and Robinson Road areas. Currently the station is surrounded by recent developments of Tanjong Pagar Centre, of which it is the tallest skyscraper in Singapore (290 metres). Permission is required by the authority and it is exempted from the height restrictions due to Paya Lebar Airbase.

History
-------

The station was first opened on 12 December 1987, as part of the extension of the system to Outram Park.

The station was expanded in 2004 to facilitate disabled access and the new Exit I was later opened. Before the Tanjong Pagar Centre (Exit J) opens, there are several exits in the MRT station, all connected by the underpass:

* A: Peck Seah Street
* B: Maxwell Road
* C: Anson Road
* D: Prince Edward Road
* E: AXA Tower (formerly Temasek Tower)
* F: Robinson Road
* G: Telok Ayer (Amoy Street Market)
* H: Springleaf Street

The faregates at this station were replaced in 12 October 2012 and the Exit I faregates were replaced on 20 August 2017.
A stone wall protecting a city
A **wall** is a vertical dividing surface. It divides space in buildings into rooms or protects buildings. It is usually made of stone or brick. Walls have two main purposes: to support the top part of buildings, and to divide space, giving protection from invasion, escape, and weather.

Before powerful artillery was invented, many cities had protective walls. Since they are not suitable for defense any more, most city walls have been removed.

The term "the Wall" usually referred to the Berlin Wall, built during the Cold War, which fell in 1989, but may also refer to the Pink Floyd album of the same name.

Sealing people behind walls, in the form of immurement has historically been a method of human sacrifice and punishment.

Retaining wall
--------------

A **retaining wall** is a structure made to hold soil from collapsing. It is made in special areas for any other construction work, such as farming or road making.

Types of retaining wall are:

* Anchored wall
* Cantilever wall
* Gravity wall
* Piling wall

Main type of walls
------------------

**Load Bearing Wall** is a structural element. It carries the weight of a house from the roof and upper floors, all the way to the foundation. It supports structural members like beams, slab and walls on above floors.

**Non-Load Bearing Wall** doesn't help the structure to stand up and holds up only itself. It doesn't support floor roof loads above. It is a framed structure. Most are interior walls whose purpose is to divide the structure into rooms.

**Partition Wall** separates spaces from buildings. It can be solid, constructed from brick or stone. It is a framed construction. The partition wall is secured to the floor, ceiling, and walls. It is enough strong to carry its own load. It resists impact. It is stable and strong to support wall fixtures. The partition wall works as a sound barrier and it is fire resistant.

**Cavity Wall** A cavity wall or hollow wall consists of two separate walls, called leaves or skins, with a cavity or gap in-between. The two leaves of the cavity wall may be of equal thickness if it a non-load-bearing wall or the internal leaf may be thicker than the external leaf, to meet the structural requirements.

**Veneered Wall** holds up the material. It can be made of brick or stone. The most famous veneered wall is made of brick. The wall is only one wythe thick. It became the norm when building codes began to require insulation in interior walls. It is light weighted. Veneered walls can be built quickly.

Related pages
-------------

* Fire wall
* Wallpaper
* Great Wall of China
Morocco
**Riham El Hour** (Arabic: ريهام الحر, born March 8, 1977), is a cartoonist from Morocco. She was first woman to join the Union of Moroccan Professional Caricaturists. She was named one of BBC's 100 women of 2016. She uses her cartoons to speak for women and against male guardianship laws.

Life
----

Riham was born in Kenitra in Morocco. Her family is Palestinian. She received a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and literature from the Faculty of Arts in Kenitra.

Work
----

In 2000 Riham won UNESCO's Palestine Prize in an international competition. In 2002, she participated in the national days of Moroccan caricature, as the first woman caricaturist of Morocco. In 2005 and 2006 she received a prize at caricatures exhibitions in Damascus, Syria. In 2007, she represented Morocco at the Santomera exhibition in Spain.

After she won the UNESCO competition, Riham met Larbi Sebbone, a well-known Moroccan caricaturist. Larbi encouraged her to draw more. Her first drawings were in *Al Alam*, a Moroccan newspaper in the Arabic language, and in *Al Mintaka*, a local Kenitra newspaper. Then she drew for the women's magazine *Citadines*.  In 2006 she worked in the national press. She worked with newspapers, magazines and women's magazines. By 2010 she was considered part of the "Syriacartoon family". In October 2011, she started work with the Arabic version of *Likolli Nissae*. Finally she went to work for *Rissalat Al Ouma*, a newspaper in Casablanca.

Other websites
--------------

* Riham El Hour on Facebook
| Demoscene |
| --- |
|  |
| 
Concepts |
| * Chiptune
* Demo
* Intro
* Demoparty
* Effects
* Demogroup
* Compo
* Diskmag
* Module file
* Tracker
 |
| 
Alternative demo platforms |
| * Amiga
* Atari ST
* Commodore 64
* MS-DOS
* ZX Spectrum
 |
| 
Current parties |
| * Alternative Party
* Assembly
* Chaos Constructions
* The Gathering
* Revision
* X
 |
| 
Past parties |
| * Breakpoint
* The Party
 |
| 
Websites |
| * Scene.org
* Mod Archive
 |
| 
Magazines |
| * TraxWeekly
* Static Line
* Scene World
* Hugi
 |
| Software |
| * OpenMPT
* ProTracker
* Scream Tracker
* FastTracker 2
* Impulse Tracker
* Jeskola Buzz
* Renoise
* MilkyTracker
* ModPlug Player
 |
| * Tracker musicians
* Demosceners
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

The **Mod Archive** is a website that archives and lists music module files. Users can make charts, reviews and ratings of them.

MOD, IT, XM, AHX, MED, STM, S3M, MO3, MTM, 669, AMF, AMS, DBM, DIGI, DMF, DSM, FAR, GDM, IMF, J2B, MDL, MPTM, MT2, OKT, PLM, PTM, STM, ULT and HVL files are accepted.

History
-------

The Mod Archive was started in 1996 for tracker musicians to share their work.

A forum was added in 2000. The website was less maintained from about 2004, and was redesigned from November 2005 until ending private beta in August 2006. The website's popularity now required many resources, so in 2007, it stopped being sponsored and was moved to dedicated hardware, which is so expensive the community is asked to pay the running costs.

Since 2006, it has been possible to download multiple files at once using BitTorrent.

Operations and quality control
------------------------------

Users upload files, which the website's staff check for integrity and quality.

Mentions in publications
------------------------

ModArchive was mentioned in the PC music freeware roundup in *Sound on Sound* magazine.

ModArchive (v3.1) was featured as Site of the Month in *Computer Music* magazine.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
	+ BitTorrent tracker
**Walter Duncan** was a British painter. He was born in 1848 in London, He died in 1932 in Richmond, London.

He completed his early studies in the family with his father Edward Duncan. His father was a member of the "Royal Society of Watercolours" in London.

He lived in London, then later in Surrey.

Duncan expressed himself with drawing, pastels, watercolor and oil.

Works in museums
----------------

* A la Ronde of Devon (United Kingdom) with the painting **Heathland Landscape**.
* Art gallery of Manchester (United Kingdom).
* Museo d'arte of Avellino (Italy) with **Fanciulla nel bosco** (1898) e **Venditrice di fiori a St. Martin in the Fields** (1919) .
* Royal Collection of London (United Kingdom), with **The First Interview between Elizabeth Woodville and King Edward IV** (1902).

Bibliography
------------

WRIGIT Christopher, GORDON Catherine Mary, SMITH Mary Peskett (2006), "Walter Duncan", in IDEM *British and Irish Paintings in Public Collections*, New Haven 2006, Yale University Press, pag. 310.

Other websites
--------------

* photo gallery at artnet.com
* photo gallery BBC
**KOERS. Museum van de wielersport.** (till 2018 the **Cycling Museum - WieMu**) is a museum in the Belgian city of Roeselare. The museum shows the history of the bicycle and cycling. The museum started officially on 27 March 1998 at ‘Het Polenplein’, in the earlier fire-station.

History
-------

The Cycling Museum was founded in 1985 as part of the earlier Municipal Museum of Roeselare. The city of Roeselare took that decision because the region can be seen as ‘the cradle of the flandriens’. A lot of flandriens and racing cyclists are born in the region. The municipality proper has known a lot of popular racing cyclists for example Odiel Defraeye, the first Belgian winner of the Tour of France and several world-champions: Jean-Pierre Monseré, Benoni Beheyt, Patrick Sercu, Freddy Maertens… In the beginning, the museum only showed a few old bicycles and organised an exhibition in summer.

### Replacement

In 1998, they made the final decision to replace the old folkloristic museum for a real Cycling Museum, the National Cycling Museum. Ferdy Callewaert was the first conservator till he retired in 2006. Old-racing cyclist Freddy Maertens worked from 2000 till 2007 at the museum and he welcomed often the visitors. In 2005 King Albert II visited the museum. In 2010 the museum got the short name ‘WieMu’. 

### 2018 renewal

After a renovation, the museum re-opened on 8 September 2018. The new name of the museum is "KOERS. Museum van de wielersport". At the museum, there are also the municipal touristic service and a pub.

Collection
----------

The museum shows the history of bicycles from 1760 till now: all sorts of old bicycles and modern bicycles used for professional duties, leisure and sport. In the beginning, that was the heart of the collection of the cycling museum. After some years, the museum became more and more specialized in cycle-racing. So the museum has a lot of racing-bicycles, cycling-trophies and -souvenirs, cycling-clothes, portraits of racing cyclists etc. 

### Halls

In one of the halls, you find a lot about the local world-champion Jean-Pierre Monseré, who lost his life as world-champion during a race in 1971. Another hall shows an old workshop of bicycle-maker Hallaert where you can learn about the technical evolution of the bicycle.

### Documents

The cycling museum has a documentation center about cycling with a lot of photos, old newspapers and (cycling-)magazines, programme brochures and cycling archives. The museum publishes regular exhibition catalogues or books of exercises. Since 2012 the museum publishes the cycling-historic magazine ‘Etappe’.

Building
--------

The museum ‘WieMu’ is in the earlier fire-station. The station was built between 1899 and 1902. Till 1962 it was a fire-station. During World War I, German soldiers lived in the station. On 21 July 1917, it was bombed by British aircrafts. After the war it was rebuilt. The building was also used for several public services such as a festive hall, a school, sportaccommodation and a folkloristic museum. The building is now a classified monument and partly restored.
*How Animated Cartoons Are Made* (1919)
**Traditional animation** is much harder than today's style of animation. It often uses a stop-motion camera to "liven", or animate, the photos made by the producer. When movie-makers use stop-motion, they need to draw one picture for every scene. However, there are tools to help save time with movie-making. Other types of animation, such as limited or digital animation, can also be used now. FPS is the number of times a movie is shot in one second.

Process
-------

### Filming

The photographer first shoots out or edits many photos. These photos are combined to make the storyline. And as with all movies, not all scenes make it into the final movie.

### Editing

Many people help out in the editing of a movie. But in old times, people had to draw the scenes on their own. Then the stop-motion camera took a photo of a scene once a second.

Involvement
-----------

Most movies or cartoons in the 1950's required very hard work of the editors. To make things cheaper, though, people made limited animation that used two to three copies of the same image (so the stop-motion process would be two to three times faster.)

Current
-------

Right now movie-makers use digital animation to "liven the movie even more". Movies from the 2000 to 2010 years are usually 1–2 hours long.

Common units
------------

### FPS

FPS, or *frames per second*, is the number of scenes being shot in one second. The higher this is, the more "smooth" the film looks. Most movies have an FPS of 24 to 60.

Tools
-----

### Cels

Cels, or celluloids, are tools used to "preserve" scenes. An editor uses a cell to draw a scene then make changes to it on the next drawing. It is useful when a cartoon or movie involves moving figures or objects.

### Sketcher

Sometimes a sketch pad is used to draft the scenes the editors think would be good in the movie. A sketchpad at first may contain a comic book that looks like an animation when the editors flip it back and forth.

### Live video shower

Often editors preview the animation with a video shower. On the stream of scenes, movie-makers test their animation and fix bugs or problems.

Related pages
-------------

* Animation
* Anime