recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Judy Blume
**Judy Blume** is an American author.

Early life
----------

Judy Blume was born on February 12, 1936 to Rudolph and Esther Sussman. She was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Blume graduated with honors from her high school, Battin, and went on to Boston University. She was forced to quit college after a year because of a disease that caused her to have too many large white blood cells. She then transferred to New York University where she graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science in early childhood education. She then had two children, Randy Lee and Lawrence Andrew. Many of her books are about the challenge pre-teens face when growing up in middle-class America.

Publications
------------

Judy Blume has written many books, mostly focusing on middle-class children and the problems they face in their lives. Her most famous piece is *Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret*. She started out writing books meant only for adults, such as *Wifey, Smart noen*, and *Summer Sisters*. As time passed, Blume began to write books for children, including:

* *The One in the Middle is the Green Kangaroo*
* *Iggie's House*
* *Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret*
* *Then Again, Maybe I Won't*
* *Freckle Juice*
* *Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing*
* *It's Not the End of the World*
* *Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great*
* *Deenie*
* *Blubber*
* *Forever*
* *Starring Sally J. Freedman as Herself*
* *Superfudge*
* *The Judy Blume Diary: The Place to Put Your Own Feelings*
* *Tiger Eyes*
* *The Pain and the Great One*
* *Just as Long as We're Together*
* *The Judy Blume Memory Book*
* *Fudge-A-Mania*
* *Here's to You, Rachel Robinson*
* *Places I Never Meant to Be (editor)*
* *Double Fudge*
* *Soupy Saturdays with the Pain and the Great One*
* *Going, Going, Gone! With the Pain and the Great One*

Awards and publisher
--------------------

Her books are published by Bradbury Press. Throughout her lifetime she has received many awards. Some of these include, the Margaret A. Edwards Award for Lifetime Achievement and the Library of Congress Living Legends award.
Arms of the family.
The **House of Rohan** is a French noble family of viscounts, later dukes and princes. They come from the area called Rohan in Brittany. Their line descends from the viscounts of Porhoët. It is said to trace back to the legendary Conan Meriadoc. Through the Porhoët, the Rohan are related to the Dukes of Brittany. They also later developed ties with the French and English royal houses. They played an important role in French and European history.

In France there were generally considered to have been two individual lines, the Princes of Soubise and the Princes of Guéméné. Both had many other titles. Four Archbishops of Strasbourg were members of the family. The Princes of Rochefort descended from the Guéméné line.

Architectural legacy
--------------------

The great wealth of the family allowed them to build several palaces and townhouses. They built them in cities and countries in and around Europe. Well known examples of these are:

* The "*Hôtel de Soubise*": the Parisian townhouse of the Prince of Soubise. The building is now the property of the French government.
* The *Château des Rohan* or *Rohan-Schloss* in Saverne, France. Built by the *Cardinal de Rohan*. Now a museum.
* Palais Rohan in Vienna, Austria (completed in 1864)
* The Palais Rohan in Strasbourg, Alsace (completed in 1742) built by another Archbishop of Strasbourg.
The **IP code** or **ingress protection code** refers to a standardized rating system used to measure the level of protection provided by an enclosure against the intrusion of solid objects and liquids. It is particularly relevant in the context of electronic devices, outdoor equipment, and industrial machinery.

The IP rating consists of two digits, each representing a specific type of protection. The first digit indicates the degree of protection against solid objects, such as dust, dirt, and accidental contact. It ranges from 0 to 6, with higher numbers indicating a higher level of protection.

The second digit signifies the degree of protection against liquids, such as water and moisture. It ranges from 0 to 9, with higher numbers indicating a higher level of protection. A rating of 0 denotes no protection, while a rating of 9 indicates protection against powerful water jets or submersion for extended periods.

By referring to the IP rating of a device or equipment, you can determine its ability to withstand various environmental conditions. For example, a waterproof Bluetooth speaker with an IP68 rating implies that it is dust-tight and can be submerged in water up to a certain depth without being damaged.
**Honeyguides** (family **Indicatoridae**) are near-passerine birds of the order Piciformes. They are also known as 'indicator birds', or 'honey birds'.

They have an Old World tropical distribution, with most species in Africa and two in Asia. These birds are known for their interaction with humans. One or two species will deliberately lead humans to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and beeswax that are left behind.

Brooding
--------

The breeding behavior of eight species in *Indicator* and *Prodotiscus* is known. They are all brood parasites that lay an egg in a nest of another species. Most prefer hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but *Prodotiscus* parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to throw out their host's chicks from the nest. They have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.

African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as cuckoo hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the host.
**Judeo-Arabic languages** are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries. Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived. Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.

In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel. Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.

In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script (rather than using Arabic script).

This phenomenon is called **Judaeo-Arabic** and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).

Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish though were originally written in Judaeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary. Only later were they translated into medieval scientific Hebrew so that they could be read by the Ashkenazic Jews of Europe. These include:

* Saadia Gaon's *Emunot ve-Deot*, his *Tafsir* (biblical commentary and translation), and his *siddur* (the explanatory parts, not the prayers themselves)
* Solomon ibn Gabirol's *Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh*
* Bahya ibn Pakuda's *Hovot ha-Levavot*
* Judah Halevi's *Kuzari*
* Maimonides' *Commentary on the Mishnah*, *Sefer ha-Mitzvot*, *Guide to the Perplexed*, and many of his letters and shorter essays.
**Hydrogels** are three-dimensional polymeric networks filled with water. The water content can reach as high as 90-99% depending on the polymer concentration. It contains polymers that are attracted to water, they swell and hold large amounts of water while maintaining their structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. The physical cross-linked hydrogels are easily pulled and relaxed, like a rubber band. The chemically cross-linked hydrogels avoid deformation. The behaviour of hydrogels is typically viscoelastic which is associated with the water and the movement of polymer networks in fluids. Similar to other polymers, there are natural and man-made hydrogels. The man-made hydrogels are also known as synthetic, this allows the hydrogels to have a longer service life, hold more water, and have greater strength. 

There are many types of hydrogels. The most common ones are pH-sensitive hydrogels, which respond to pH changes in the environment. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels, which are affected by how hot or cold the environment is. Electro-sensitive hydrogels, which either shrink or expand when an electric field is applied. Lastly, the light-responsive hydrogels respond to light. 

In many ways hydrogels are similar to our bodies because the human body is made out of mainly water and matrix materials that are surrounded by cells. This is why hydrogels can be used in tissue engineering. Hydrogels are filled with water so they mimic tissue environments, this means they are optimal to deliver cells and repair damaged tissue.
**Jan Ullrich** (born 2 December 1973 in Rostock, Germany) is a retired German bicycle rider. He was very good in riding in the mountains. In Individual time trials he was one of the best cyclists at his time. He won the Tour de France in 1997. Jan Ullrich is the only German athlete who has won this event.

Beginning
---------

Jan Ullrich started cycling early. When he was ten years old, he won his first race. After Germany's reunification he went to a club in Hamburg. In 1993, when Ullrich was 19 years old, he won the World Amateur Road Race championship in Oslo, Norway. In this year Lance Armstrong won the Professional World Race championchip. The year after, he became third in the Individual Time Race championchip. After this succes he became a professional member of the German Team "Team-Telekom".

Tour de France
--------------

Jan Ullrich first rode the Tour de France in 1996. There he won a stage and became overall second, after his team mate Bjarne Riis. Some experts say, Jan Ullrich could have won the Tour the France that year, but he did not because he helped his team-mate over the Tour.

In 2007 Bjarne Riis said that he used drugs to win the 1996 Tour. In 1997 Jan Ullrich won the Tour the France, when he was 23 years old (fourth youngest winner of the Tour since 1947). During this year he won the Tour de Suisse, German-Tour and HEW-Cyclassics. At the end of the year, he was elected as the "sports person of the year" in Germany.

Doping
------

Many of Jan Ullrichs Team-members said, he was taking drugs in the 90. In 2002 he tested positive for amphetamine. He said he took pills in a disco, without knowing that they were an illegal substance. He was suspended for 6 months. In 2006 Ullrich was suspected to be a client of Fuentes. In 2007 a DNA-test gave the evidence that he was one, and that he was planning to use the illegal blood doping. Ullrich denied using drugs for a long time. In 2013, Ullrich decided to tell the truth. He admitted he used illegal substances during his career.

Palmarès
--------

1993
 Amateur World Road Race Cycling Champion
1995
 Germany National Time Trial Champion
1996
Tour de France
2nd place overall
Winner white jersey
Winner stage 20
Regio Tour
1997
Tour de France
Winner yellow jersey
Winner white jersey
Winner stages 10 and 12
 Germany National Road Race Champion
Luk Cup, à Bühl
HEW Cyclassics
1998
Tour de France
2nd place overall
Winner white jersey
Winner stages 7, 16 and 20
Rund um Berlin
Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt
1999
 World Time Trial Cycling Champion
Winner Vuelta a España
2000
Summer Olympics Road Race Champion
Tour de France: 2nd place
Coppa Agostini
2001
 World Time Trial Cycling Champion
 Germany National Road Race Champion
Tour de France: 2nd place
Giro dell'Emilia
Versatel Classic
2003
Tour de France
2nd place
Winner stage 12
Rund um Köln (Tour of Cologne)
2004
Tour de France: 4th place
Tour de Suisse: winner
Coppa Sabatini
2005
Tour de France: 3rd place
2006
Tour de Suisse: winner

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jan Ullrich***.

* Official Homepage
* Jan Ullrich at the Internet Movie Database
**Janelle Monáe** (born December 1, 1985), is an American R&B singer. In 2010 she released her first album, *The ArchAndroid*. Critics liked it and it got nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards. On February 11 2012 she released the first single from the album, "Tightrope". Big Boi rapped in it. It was nominated for Best Urban/Alternative Performance at the same Grammy Awards show. It won Best Track at the NME Awards.

In March 2012 Monáe had her first ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top ten hit and No.1, as a singer on Fun's single "We Are Young".

In August 2012 she became the model for CoverGirl.

In October 2012 she performed at the BET Black Girls Rock! Awards and won the Young, Gifted & Black Award.

Monáe voice-acted in the *American Dad!* episode "The Boring Identity", which was shown 21 Apr. 2013.

On September 6, 2013 her second studio album *Metropolis: Suites IV and V - The Electric Lady* was released. It got good reviews. It reached No.5 in the Billboard 200. Three singles have been released from it: "Q.U.E.E.N.", "Dance Apocalyptic", and "Primetime". The album includes songs that she did with Solange, Prince, Erykah Badu, and Esperanza Spalding.

On October 26 Monáe performed on Saturday Night Live.

In November 2013 she won Video of the Year honor for "Q.U.E.E.N." at the Soul Train Awards.

On December 12 2013 she gave the Rising Star Award at the 2013 Billboard Women in Music event in New York.

In April 2018, she came out as pansexual.

Monáe was born in Kansas City, Kansas. She moved to New York to study theatre at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy because she wanted to be a Broadway actress. She changed her mind, and in 2001 she moved to Atlanta. She met Big Boi from Outkast there. They made the Wondaland Arts Society. Monáe released her first EP *The Audition* in 2003. Big Boi told his friend Diddy about Monáe. In 2006 she was signed to his record label Bad Boy.
**Jan de Vries** (14 July 1982) is a Dutch football official from Gytsjerkster. His is on the FIFA referees list since 2017.

Biography
---------

### Early years

De Vries was a goalkeeper at the local football team *Trynwâldster Boys*. When De Vries was twenty years old, he could no longer play football, due to a double leg fracture. At that time he was already a football referee in youth matches, but after his injury he started with a main focus on becoming a referee and took courses. The first time he was referee at the senior competition was in Bitgum with the match Bitgum against Cambuur '69 that ended with an impressive score of 27-0. At the age of 23 Mario Diks introduced him at under-21 matches. Eventually De Vries was a referee at the highest level amateur league, where he was referee until 2008. The Dutch Football Federation invited him to become professional, but not as a referee but as an assistant referee (linesman). Although he regretted not being a referee anymore, he accepted the offer.

### International career

At international level he is on the FIFA referees list since 2017. He has been an assistant referee in among others the Champions League and the UEFA Nations League. After Mario Diks left the squad of Dutch referee Danny Makkelie, De Vries became the assistant referee in the team of Makkelie together with with Hessel Steegstra. He was an assistant referee at UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.
**Helen Zia** (Chinese: 謝漢蘭; 1952) is a queer Chinese American journalist, activist and author. She is an activist for both Asian American and LGBTQ+ rights.

Works
-----

Considered a big figure in Asian American activism, she had a huge role in getting justice for Vincent Chin. Vincent Chin was a Chinese-American. He was killed while working. 

Zia has also written six books. One book she co-wrote is My Country Versus Me. Zia wrote the book with Wen Ho Lee. My Country Versus Me is about Wen Ho Lee’s unfair arrest. Another book she’s written is Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of An American People. The book is about the Asian-American population growing. Other works by her include, Last Boat Out of Shanghai, Notable Asian Americans, Asian American Studies Now and One Way or Another: Asian American Art Now. 

Zia also worked as an executive editor at Ms. Magazine. Ms. Magazine is a feminist magazine. She also wrote some articles for other companies. Helen Zia also started a nonprofit with another person. The nonprofit is called American Citizens for Justice (ACP). The nonprofit helps people who’ve faced/are facing discrimination. Zia was also an expert witness on Hollingsworth v. Perry. Hollingsworth v. Perry was a Supreme court case for LGBTQ+ rights. Today, Helen Zia is married and continues to speak out.
The **Ichneumonoidea** are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita.

The superfamily is made up of the **ichneumon** wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation.

Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect.

Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.

Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 130 mm (5.1 in) long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus *Megarhyssa*) having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ichneumonoidea***.

* Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
* An interesting account Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
* University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about Ichneumons Archived 2004-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
* BugGuide page: Family Ichneumonidae - Ichneumon Wasps
Latifa Ibn Ziaten of France and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2016
**Latifa Ibn Ziaten** (Arabic: لطيفة بن زياتن) is an activist from France. She started the Imad Association for Youth and Peace for interfaith understanding. In 2016, she received an International Women of Courage Award.

Latifa ibn Ziaten was born in Morocco. She is Muslim. When she was a teenager, she moved to France. In 2012, Latifa's son, Imad, died in a terrorist attack. Imad was a French soldier.

Latifa went to the neighborhood of her son's killer in Toulouse. She talked to the boys in the neighborhood. The boys told her the killer was a hero of Islam. When she told them her son was killed, they apologized. Then Latifa decided to start an organization to help the young people. She tells young people to learn about Islam from their parents, not from the internet. Latifa receives threats and has a bodyguard.

Awards
------

* Conflict Prevention Prize from the Jacques Chirac Foundation, 2015
* Prix de la Tolérance from the Friends of Marcel Rudloff, 2016.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Latifa Ibn Ziaten***.

* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
James River near Springfield, Missouri - the icy green-blue water is iconic.James River near Springfield, Missouri,USA
The **James River** is a 130-mile-long (210 km) river in southern Missouri. Its source is near the town of Diggins in Webster County. It begins on a northwesterly course, then turns southwest near Northview. It passes down the east side of Springfield where a dam creates Lake Springfield. From Springfield, it flows west and then south to Galena. Shortly after Galena it enters Table Rock Lake. Before the dam that created Table Rock Lake, the James River emptied into the White River. 

Large sections of the James River are used by canoes or kayaks. A solid 3-day float from the spillway below Lake Springfield to Galena is possible when the levels are high enough. There are several access points along the river. These offer a variety of amenities including fishing and boat rentals. 

The James River is not a water source for the city of Springfield. However, Springfield Lake is a primary source of water for the cooling system at the Southeast Power Plant which sits by the dam. James River Freeway on the city's south side is named after the river. The river's unusual green stain is from copper-fixing bacteria present in the waters.

Location
--------

MouthTable Rock Lake, Stone County, Missouri: 36°47′11″N 93°29′56″W﻿ / ﻿36.78626°N 93.49885°W﻿ / 36.78626; -93.49885﻿ (James River, mouth)
**José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano** (born 20 May 1935) is an Uruguayan politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015.

He won the 2009 presidential election and took office as President on 1 March 2010. He has been called "the world's 'poorest' president" because he donates around 90 percent of his $12,000 monthly salary to charities to help poor people and small entrepreneurs.

Senate career
-------------

In the 1994 general elections, Mujica was elected deputy and in the elections of 1999 he was elected senator. In 1994 Mujica was chosen to be a deputy and then in 1999 he was chosen to be senator in the [general election] of Uruguay in that year. In 2004, Mujica's political party was very popular because of his charisma. In 2004 there were more elections and Mujica was chosen to be a senator again, this helped his political party and Tabaré Vázquez to be president.

Minister of Livestock
---------------------

Mujica in September 2010
On March 1, 2005, President Tabaré Vázquez made Mujica as the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (Mujica's own professional background was in the agricultural sector).

Since becoming minister, Mujica resigned his position as senator. He held this position until a cabinet change in 2008, when he resigned and was replaced by Ernesto Agazzi. Mujica then returned to his seat in the Senate.

Personal life
-------------

Mujica was born on 20 May 1935 in Montevideo, Uruguay. His parents were Demetrio Mujica, of Spanish Basque ancestry, and Lucy Cordano, of Italian descent.

In 2005, Mujica married senator Lucía Topolansky.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***José Mujica***.

* (in Spanish) Biography by CIDOB Foundation Archived 2012-08-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Uruguay's President-Elect: Che Guevara’s Spiritual Heir Archived 2012-04-28 at the Wayback Machine by *The Daily Maverick*
**Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani** (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی, *Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī*), **Hashemi Bahramani** (Persian: هاشمی بهرمانی; August 25, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He has been the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 until his death in 2017.

*Forbes* magazine listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years."  His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of *Akbar Shah* in Iran.

Rafsanjani was President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. After this, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration. He said he would do some privatizations and change foreign policy. However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad has also commmented on the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.

Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. 

Rafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack, aged 82.

Other websites
--------------

* Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
* Profile: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Archived 2005-12-23 at the Wayback Machine at www.aljazeera.com

### Video clips

* Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
* Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2
Coordinates: 55°44′N 46°39′E﻿ / ﻿55.733°N 46.650°E﻿ / 55.733; 46.650

**Khirlepposi** or **Khirleppos' Melesh** (Russian: Хирлеппоси; Chuvash: Хирлеппуç Мĕлĕш, *Hirleppuş Mĕlĕš*) is a locality (a village) in Tautovskoye Rural Settlement of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) west of Alikovo, the administrative center of the district. Population: 245 (2006 est.), mostly females; 539 (1926); 482 (1907); 141 (1859).

Etymology
---------

The name of the village is derived from the Chuvash words "Хирлеп" (the name of the river flowing through the village) and "пусь" ("beginning"). "Мĕлĕш" was the name of the first settler.

Geography
---------

The Khirlep River flows through the village.

Cheboksary–Alikovo–Krasnye Chetai auto route passes near the village.

History
-------

The village was first mentioned in July 1774, when Yemelyan Pugachev passed near it. First school in Khirlepposi opened in 1895.

As the village grew, some of its residents moved out to found new villages in Alikovsky (Small Melesh (or Pavlooshkan'), Toropkasy, New Selo (now it's Azamat), Khitekooshkan', Khoravary) and Krasnochetaisky (Melesh) Districts.

Until 1927, Khirlepposi was a part of Alikovskaya Volost of Yadrinsky Uyezd. On July 1, 1927, the village was incorporated into Alikovsky District and on December 20, 1962 it was transferred to Vurnarsky District. On March 14, 1965, it was returned to Alikovsky District.

Infrastructure
--------------

The facilities in Khirlepposi include a club, a library, a first-aid post, and a store.

There are five streets in the village: Tsentralnaya (Chuvash: Тĕп урам, earlier Chuvash: Хăркăн урамĕ), Komsomolskaya (Комсомол урамĕ), Kooperativnaya (Хăркăн урамĕ), Pereulochnaya (Тăкăрлăк урамĕ, earlier Хирлеп кукăрĕ and Турчка кукăрĕ), and Shkolnaya (Ускам урамĕ).

Climate
-------

The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is −12.9 °C (8.8 °F); average July temperature is +18.3 °C (64.9 °F). Record low of −54 °C (−65 °F) was recorded in 1979, and the record high was +37 °C (99 °F). Average annual precipitation is up to 552 millimeters (21.7 in).

Notable people
--------------

* Anatoly Ivanovich Platonov (b. 1952), Head of Alikovsky District Administration (as of December 2007)
* Gennady Sapozhnikov (1933–2004), scientist, biologist
* Nikita Larionov, Chuvash, writer and poet (here young writer is creating first novel).

Further reading
---------------

* L. A. Yefimov, "Элĕк Енĕ" (*Alikovsky District*), Alikovo, 1994
* "Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's EncYclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A. Yefimov E.L. Ananyev A.A. Terentyev G.K. Cheboksary, 2009, ISBN 978-5-7670-1630-3.
* "Аликовскому району 75 лет. Очерки и материалы по истории района", под ред. Л. А. Ефимова, Шупашкар, 2002.
**Kachin State** (Jingpho: *Wunpawng Mungdan*; Burmese: ကချင်ပြည်နယ်) is a state in Myanmar. It is the northernmost state in the country. The state surrounds Hkakabo Razi, the highest mountain of Myanmar, with an elevation of 5,881 above sea level. This along with Shan State, Sagaing State, and Chin State are the only states in Myanmar with snowfall. This is also the only state in Myanmar with blizzards, and high mountains which are above 5,000 above sea level. The capital of Kachin State is Myitkyina.

History
-------

Kachin people was based on shifting hill agriculture. After the Sino-Burmese War, the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the present day Kachin State. During the British colonization of Myanmar, the Kachin Hills tribes autonomy was accepted by the government of the United Kingdom. The pre-independence government under Aung San reached the Panglong Aggrement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on February 12,1947. Kachin State was formed in the same year out of the former British Burma civil districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina, together with the northern district of Puta-o. The state was officialy announced on 10 January 1948 and Mungdaw Masat Masat Manau for 3 days since January 9 to 11,1962.

Geography
---------

Kachin State was bordered by India to the west, and China to the north and east. Most of the hills and all the mountains of Myanmar are in Kachin State. It lies north latitude between 23°27N to 28°25N latitude, 96°0 and 98°44 longhitude. The highest mountain of Myanmar, Hkakabo Razi, was also in the Kachin State.

Economy
-------

The economy of Kachin State was agricultural. The main products of it was rice, teak, sucar cane, and opium, the minerals include gold and jade.

Tanai Market

Population
----------

As of 2014, Kachin State population is 1,689,441.

Religion
--------

The dominant religion of the Kachin State in northern Myanmar is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by 64% of the Kachin people, followed by Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism.
**Jerry Lamon Falwell Jr.** (born June 17, 1962) is an American attorney and university administrator. He was the president of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia. He was appointed in 2007 after the death of his father and resigned as president of Liberty University after a series of personal scandals.

Falwell announced his endorsement for Donald Trump as Republican in the 2016 Presidential Election on January 26, 2016. That caused several Liberty University alumni and other Christians to become concerned that Falwell had "sold his soul." 

In an August 19, 2016 editorial in *The Washington Post*, Falwell compared Trump to Winston Churchill. He said: "We need a leader with qualities that resemble Winston Churchill. And I believe that leader is Donald Trump."

In August 2017, after the Unite the Right protests in which a counter-protester was killed, Falwell defended President Trump, saying that the President doesn't have "a racist bone in his body".

Falwell was born in Lynchburg, Virginia.
Okuni
**Okuni** (出雲の阿国, *Izumo no Okuni*, born about 1572) was a Japanese woman from the warring states period (15th to 16th century) who began the Japanese entertainment called kabuki. Her name means "Okuni from Izumo". Her performing arts evolved from traditional dancing. Okuni founded kabuki.

Birth
-----

She is from Izumo Taisha shrine in the late 16th century. She was a daughter of Sanemon Nakamura but it is not sure when she was born and died.

Her early dancing
-----------------

She started to dance Kagura-mai and Nenbutsu-odori (two traditional dances) in kimono in order to gather money for repairing Izumo Taisha. Although dance was holy at that time, Okuni went on stage in the highest fashion. She inserted a song and character of ghost on stage. It became popular because it was unique.

Origin of kabuki
----------------

At first Okuni danced simple dances. Later, she danced with clothing of a man, and showed at the Kitano Tenmangutemple in 1603. This became the first kabuki. 

Okuni's troupe was exclusively female. Thus, she required her actresses to play both male and female roles. In particular, Okuni herself was best known for her roles as samurai and Christian priests. As her group gained fame, she was copied by many others, particularly brothels. They offered such shows to amuse wealthy clients, and get prostitutes who had marketable acting and singing skills. This new style of exclusively female groups became known as shibai, onnakabuki, (from onna, the Japanese word for "woman" or "girl") and Okuni kabuki.

In 1629, due to public outcry for moral reform, those under the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu forbade women from performing in kabuki.
**León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra** (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988.

Early life
----------

Cordero was born **León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra**  on 9 March 1931 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. Cordero married María Eugenia Cordovez in 1958. Their marriage would last until his death in 2008.

Presidency
----------

Cordero and Manuel Félix López at a meeting, 1985
He was known in the Ecuadorian media as **LFC** or by his surname (Febres-Cordero). He was President of Ecuador of Ecuador for a four-year term. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1984. He succeeded Osvaldo Hurtado. During his Presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerilla group, ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!. He was known for being a close ally to President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

In 1987 Febres Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by members of the air force demanding the freedom of General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed at toppling the Minister of Defense.

Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas amnesty, but Febres Cordero refused to publish the resolution, thus denying it the force of law. It was only after his January 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas.

Cordero's presidency ended in 10 August 1988. He was succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos.

Mayor of Guayaquil
------------------

Shortly after his presidency, Cordero became Mayor of Guayaquil. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1992. Cordero succeeded Harry Soria Lamán. His term would last until his retirement in 10 August 2000. He was succeeded by Jaime Nebot.

Personal life
-------------

Cordero lived in Guayaquil. He had four children with his wife of fifty years. Cordero was a smoker. He made many visits to the United States and Columbia. He once met with Ronald Reagan to discus foreign relations.

Death
-----

Cordero died on 15 December 2008 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from lung cancer and emphysema, aged 77.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***León Febres Cordero***.

* Conmemorial video
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History[*permanent dead link*]
* Edufuturo
* Amnesty International[*permanent dead link*]
**Kingsway** is a major road in central London in the United Kingdom, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its north end in the London Borough of Camden, and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House. It was built in the 1900s. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand.

History
-------

Map showing proposed route, ca. 1900
The road was built as part of a redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding dwellings. However Holy Trinity Church, which was built in Little Queen Street was spared. Whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel, an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was demolished to make way for the new street.

Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at 100 feet (30 m) wide.

It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway, which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to the Thames Embankment: this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems. In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway on order to reduce congestion. Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych. It is now closed with no service but the platform at Holborn used for the branch is used for TV and film sets that require underground scenes. During WW2 the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, including the Elgin Marbles.
**Ian Wallace** (born 10 July 1919; died 12 October 2009 in London) was a British bass-baritone opera and concert singer, actor and entertainer.

Wallace was born in London and went to school at Charterhouse. He soon became known at school as someone who was good at making people laugh. He learned to sing lots of songs and accompanied himself on the banjolele.

When he wanted to study at university he applied for a choral scholarship at King’s College, Cambridge, but he was not offered a place there, so he went to Trinity Hall. There he studied law and was known for the jokes that he played on people. He also had singing lessons.

Wallace wanted to go into music theatre, but the war broke out and he joined the army. Then he was ill with tuberculosis, but it did not stop him from singing to the people in the hospital.

He took a long time to get better. Gradually he started working in music theatre and then he got a chance to sing in opera. His voice was a bass baritone. He sang with the New London Opera Company in operas such as *La bohème* and *The Barber of Seville*. From 1948 to 1961, he regularly sang at Glyndebourne. He usually sang comic parts (known as "buffo roles). 

In 1948 he married Patricia Black. It was a long and happy marriage. The couple adopted two children. 

The Glyndebourne season took place in the summer, so he had plenty of time to do other things the rest of the year. He sang in operas in the BBC studios and often appeared in pantomimes. Then he started to take part in a radio programme called "My Music". Together with Frank Muir, Dennis Norden, David Franklin and Steve Race he made this programme extremely popular. It was a kind of lighthearted quiz programme with lots of stories and laughter. Wallace was particularly known for singing a song called "The Hippopotamus" by Flanders and Swann.

Wallace continued to sing in opera in the mid-1960s. He sang the roles of Leporello (in *Don Giovanni*) and Pistol (in Verdi’s *Falstaff*). He acted on television and in films and appeared at many charity events. He was always very cheerful and friendly and he was liked by a lot of people.

He wrote two autobiographies: *Promise Me You'll Sing Mud* and *Nothing Quite Like It*.
Corner of Main & Center streets during the festival
The **Lexington Barbecue Festival** is a one-day food festival held each October in Lexington, North Carolina, a city that calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World." Each year up to 160,000 people go to the festival Up to 20 different companies compete to see who has the best barbecue. There are many people who sell other items, too. The festival is a celebration of slow cooked pork barbecue.

History
-------

The first Lexington Barbecue Festival was in 1984. It was the idea of Joe Sink, Jr. who worked for Lexington's newspaper, *The Dispatch*. The city of Lexington was already famous for barbecue and the city decided it was a good idea to have a festival every year. The first year, 30,000 people came to eat barbecue at the festival. The festival is one of the largest in the United States now. By 1994, more than 100,000 people came each year, and they had to cook 11,000 pounds of meat. In 2012, more than 160,000 people came to try the Lexington barbecue.

Some of the rides at the festivalThe city closes many city blocks on Main Street for the event. In addition to barbecue, there are over 400 other people selling arts and crafts, homemade fudge and other things. There are also many carnival rides, several stages for live music (bands), and other competitions and events. Over the years, many large companies have helped pay for the festival, such as Childress Vineyards, Pepsi, BB&T, Walmart, and other corporations.

Official status
---------------

In 2007, The North Carolina government pass a law called "NC House Bill 433" and now the festival is officially the**"Official Food Festival of the Piedmont Triad Region of the State of North Carolina"**.

Images of the festival
----------------------

These are images of some of the activities at the festival.

* Axe throwing contestAxe throwing contest
* Fastest chainsaw contestFastest chainsaw contest
* Swing musicSwing music
* One of dozens of pig statuesOne of dozens of pig statues
* A juggler performs on the streetA juggler performs on the street
* Pig-related souvenirs and balloonsPig-related souvenirs and balloons
* Budweiser ClydesdalesBudweiser Clydesdales
**James Prescott Joule** (24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, born in Salford, near Manchester. In his time he had great contribution to the world of electricity and thermodynamics. He was best known for discovering Joule's law, which described electric heating by saying the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by a current of Electricity is proportional to the resistance of a conductor and to the square of the current. The unit for this is joule, equal to one watt-second. Later Joule worked with William Thomson to find out that the temperature of gas falls as gas expands. This principle was then known as the Joule-Thomson effect.

Early life
----------

1892 illustration of Joule
The son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy brewer, James Prescott Joule was born in the house next to the Joule Brewery in New Bailey Street, Salford on 24 December 1818. James was tutored at the family home 'Broomhill', Pendlebury, near Salford, until 1834 when he was sent, with his elder brother Benjamin, to study with John Dalton at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. They only received two years of education in arithmetic and geometry before Dalton was forced to retire because of a stroke.

Kinetic theory
--------------

James Prescott Joule
Kinetics is the science of motion. Joule was a pupil of Dalton and it is no surprise that he had learned a firm belief in the atomic theory, even though there were many scientists of his time who were still skeptical. He had also been one of the few people receptive to the work of John Herapath on the kinetic theory of gases. He was further greatly influenced by Peter Ewart's 1813 paper *On the measure of moving force.*
Maharaja **Kalu Thapa Kshatri** (Nepali: कालु थापा क्षत्री) or simply, **Kalu Thapa** was the first King of Takam State. The Thapa dynasty of Takam Kingdom (1246-1545 B.S.) (also called **4000 Parvat State**) continued for 300 years only to be defeated by Dimba Bam Malla to form bigger Parbat State. Yashodhara Thapa, King of Jyamrukot (Jamarik), is the male progenitor of the Bhimsen Thapa family and leading Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa.

A drawing of King Kalu Thapa Kshatri (1200-1251 B.S.)

Fictitious Account
------------------

In the Thapa genealogy, he is also accredited to have ruled over Doti from Kāndāmalika. The genealogy claims that he was son of fictitious Kshatriya named Vatsaraja (Nepali: वत्सराज) born from Ashwamedha Yagya (holy fire) and fictitious Vasundhara Devi, daughter of fictitious Kanyakubji Rajput chief Radha Madhav Rajput. The genealogy claims Vatsaraja to be giant sized and thus achieving title of *Abhaya Narsingh Maharaja* and his son Kalu Thapa achieving title of *Abhaya Narsingh Kumar*. The genealogy traces the lineage of all Bagale Thapas to a male progenitor (*Mūlapuruṣa*) King Kalu Thapa Kshatri, who first ascended to the throne at Kāndāmālikā on Saka Era 1111.

The progenitor of Bagale Thapas from the account of Bagale Thapa Vamsāwali

....श्री शाकेः ।। ११११ सम्वत् १२४६ साल देषि थापाहरूका सन्तति कुलका आदि कालु थापा हुनः ।। १ ।। कालु थापाका चेला ४ जेठा पुन्याकर थापाः ।। माहिँला तारापति थापाः ।। साहिँला विरु थापाः ।। कान्छा धर्मराज थापाः ।। पुलामका जेठा हुनः ।। ताकमका माहिँला हुनः ।। जमरिकका कान्छा जसोधर थापा (धर्मराज) हुनः तिनले जमरिकमा राज्य गर्याः ताहाँ देषि तिनी आयाका हुनः ।। २ ।।.....

Bagale Thapa Vamsāwali (genealogy) part republished by Yogi Naraharinath

Children
--------

He had four sons who descended the four divisions of his state;

* Purnakhar Thapa (Punyakar) - succeeded Pulachour Kingdom
* Tarapati Thapa (Tarasimha) - succeeded Takam Kingdom
* Biru Thapa - succeeded Rukumkot Kingdom
* Dharmaraj Thapa (Yashodhar/Jashodhar) - succeeded Jyamrukot (Jamarik) Kingdom

Later, all these states were conquered by Samalvanshi Thakuri King Dimba Bam Malla.
The ***Invitation to William*** was a letter sent by seven famous Englishmen. They were later named the **Immortal Seven**. They sent this letter to William III, Prince of Orange, received by him on 30 June 1688 (Julian calendar, 10 July Gregorian calendar). In England a Catholic male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, had been born. The letter asked William to force the ruling king, his father-in-law James II of England to make William's Protestant wife Mary, James's oldest daughter, the heir. This might possibly be done by saying that the newborn Prince of Wales was not really James' son.

The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him. The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James. They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false. They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son. It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor. It was read by a secret code.

The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army. This ended in the Glorious Revolution. James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.

The signatories
---------------

Those who signed the invitation were: 

* The Earl of Danby
* The Earl of Shrewsbury
* The Earl of Devonshire
* The Viscount Lumley
* The Bishop of London (Henry Compton)
* Edward Russell
* Henry Sydney (who wrote the Invitation)

Other websites
--------------

* "Invitation to William". *history.wisc.edu*. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.