recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
S

The "Federal Eagle"
The **Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations** (German: *Bundesministium für innerdeutsche Beziehungen*) was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.

The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (German: *Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Fragen*). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".

The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior. The Minister of the Interior is now also *Commissioner for the New Bundesländer* to show that there is still some work to make all of the states equal.

Ministers
---------

| Minister | Termstart | Termend | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jakob Kaiser | 1949 | 1957 | CDU |
| Ernst Lemmer | 1957 | 1962 | CDU |
| Rainer Barzel | 1962 | 1963 | CDU |
| Erich Mende | 1963 | 1966 | FDP |
| Johann Baptist Gradl | 1966 |  | CDU |
| Herbert Wehner | 1966 | 1969 | SPD |
| Egon Franke | 1969 | 1982 | SPD |
| Rainer Barzel | 1982 | 1983 | CDU |
| Heinrich Windelen | 1983 | 1987 | CDU |
| Dorothee Wilms | 1987 | 1991 | CDU |
|

Publications
------------

* BMgF (Hrsg.): *SBZ von A-Z*, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1. bis 10. Aufl. 1953 bis 1966, ca. 500 Seiten.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Sowjetische Auffassungen zur Deutschlandfrage 1945 – 1954. Dargestellt nach amtlichen Dokumenten*, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1954.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Wer ist wer in der SBZ? Ein biographisches Handbuch*, Verlag für Internationalen Kulturaustausch, Berlin, 1958.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Die Situation der Jugend im kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem der SBZ Deutschlands* in *Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland*, Bonn – Berlin, 1960.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Die Bemühungen der Bundesrepublik um Wiederherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlen. Dokumente und Akten.* I. Teil, Oktober 1949 – Oktober 1953, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1958.
Pilsner Urquell
**Beer** (Czech: *pivo*) has a long history in what is now the Czech Republic. Brewing was recorded in Břevnov Monastery in 993. The city of Brno had the right to brew beer from the 12th century. Plzeň and České Budějovice (Pilsen and Budweis in German), had breweries in the 13th century.

The most common Czech beers are pale lagers of the pilsner type, with a characteristic transparent golden colour, high foaminess, and lighter flavour. Czech people drink more beer per person than any other country.

The largest Czech beer breweries are Pilsner Urquell, (Gambrinus, Radegast, Master); Staropramen (Staropramen, Ostravar, Braník, Velvet); and Budweiser Budvar. Other top-selling brands include Krušovice, Starobrno, Březňák, Zlatopramen, Lobkowicz, Bernard, and Svijany.

The strength of beer is measured by degree scale (in Czech: *stupňovitost*). This is the a weight percentage of sucrose. So, 12° beer has 12% sucrose dissolved in water. A 10° beer is about 4% alcohol by volume, a 12° is about 5%, and a 16° is about 6.5%.

According to Czech law, categories of beer, regardless of colour or style, are:

* *lehké* – a "light" beer brewed below 8° with less than 130kJ per 100ml
* *výčepní* – a "draught" beer, though it can be bottled, brewed between 8° and 10°
* *ležák* – a "lager" beer, brewed between 11° and 12.99°
* *speciál* – a "special" beer, brewed above 13°

History
-------

A glass of unfiltered dark beer from U Fleků brewery
Map of Czechia made up of beer caps
The history of beer in the modern Czech Republic, historically Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, goes back even before the Slavic migration in the 6th century. The ingredients used then were not the same as today.

Hops have been grown, used in beer making, and exported since the twelfth century. Most towns had at least one brewery. The most famous brewing cities in Bohemia were České Budějovice, Plzeň, and Prague. Other towns with breweries include Rakovník, Žatec, and Třeboň.
After the decline of the Gupta Empire, the Later Guptas succeeded them as the rulers of Magadha. The daughter of the dynasty's founder Krishnagupta is said to have married prince Adityavarman of the Maukhari dynasty. According to the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena, Krishnagupta's grandson Jivitagupta carried out military expeditions in the Himalayan region and southwestern Bengal.

During the reign of Jivitagupta's son Kumaragupta, the dynasty developed a rivalry with the Maukharis. Kumaragupta defeated the Maukhari king Ishanavarman in 554 CE, and died at Prayaga. His son Damodaragupta suffered reverses against the Maukharis.

Damodaragupta's son Mahasenagupta allied with the Pushyabhuti dynasty. His sister married the ruler Adityavardhana. He invaded Kamarupa and defeated Susthita Varman. But he subsequently faced three invaders: the Maukhari king Sharvavarman, the Kamarupa king Supratishthita-varman, and the Tibetan king Songtsen. His vassal Shashanka also abandoned him (and later established the independent Gauda Kingdom). The Maukhari king Sharvavarman is thought to have defeated Damodaragupta, invading Magadha circa 575 CE, which made him ruler of the entire Uttar Pradesh. Under these circumstances, Mahasenagupta was forced to flee Magadha, and take shelter in Malwa. Subsequently, the Pushyabhuti emperor Harsha (ruled c. 606 – c. 647 CE) restored the Later Gupta rule in Magadha, and they ruled as Harsha's vassals.

After Harsha's death, the Later Gupta ruler Adityasena became the sovereign ruler of a large kingdom extending from the Ganges in the north to the Chhota Nagpur in the south; and from Gomati River in the east to the Bay of Bengal in the west. However, he was defeated by the Chalukyas.

Jivitagupta II, the last known ruler of the dynasty, appears to have been defeated by Yashovarman of the Varman dynasty of Kannauj circa 750 CE.
A **fact** is a statement that is real or true, or a thing that can be *shown* to be real or true. That is its core meaning, though the word has a long history, and has been used in many ways.

A fact is something that has really happened or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is whether it can be shown to be true. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).

Facts as statements
-------------------

A fact is a statement (a claim) about something that is true. A fact can answer questions like, "what color is it?" or "who made that?"

An opinion is different from a fact. But you can say facts about a person's opinion. For example, someone can ask a question like "What is Alice's opinion about the book?" You can answer this question with a fact, for example "Alice said she likes the book." Then it is a fact that Alice *says* she likes the book. But maybe Alice does not like the book. So it is not a fact that Alice likes the book, but it is a fact that Alice *says* she likes the book.

One way to learn a fact is if a person can help you see it. For example, if you ask, "do you have my book?" To answer this question, a person can let you see your book. Then you can know it is a fact that this person has your book.

### Examples of fact statements

These examples show that there are facts of different kinds.

* Your heart pumps blood through your body.
* The leaves of growing plants are usually green.
* Some people keep dogs as pets.
* 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram on Earth.
* There are 50 states in the United States.

.

Scientific theories
-------------------

Main articles: Theory and Scientific theory
A scientific theory is knowledge of important facts about a natural thing. The facts in a scientific theory have evidence that shows that the fact is not false. 

A person who understands the scientific method can test to see if the facts of a scientific theory are correct. When statements have been tested and shown to be not false, they may be "true". The facts of each scientific theory have usually been questioned and tested by many people. Because of this, we know that the knowledge of a scientific theory is fact and not opinion. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. More simply, it is a fact that the Earth goes around the Sun (and not vice versa). This took so long to establish because a leading religious body had the reverse opinion (see articles on Galileo and Copernicus for the story). Now we can say that there is a difference between statements of fact, and opinions or claimed truths of religion. *The difference is in the way disputes about the truth are decided*.
The **capybara or Greater capybara** (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) is a semi-aquatic rodent native South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent.

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.

Lifestyle
---------

Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America. In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water. They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals. 

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras. They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.

Conservation and contact with humans
------------------------------------

Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.
The **military dictatorship in Brazil** was created on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government against President João Goulart. 

The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. The military coup was led by José de Magalhães Pinto, Adhemar de Barros, and Carlos Lacerda. They were then governors of the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Guanabara.

The coup was planned and started by commanders of the Brazilian Army. It had the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with the Catholic Church and anti-communists. It was supported by the State Department of the United States through its embassy in Brasilia.

The dictatorship censored all media, and tortured and exiled dissidents (person who challenges doctrines actively). João Figueiredo became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the Amnesty Law for political crimes committed for and against the regime. 

Brazil's military government was a model for other military governments in South America and Latin America. In 2014, nearly 30 years after the regime fell, the Brazilian military recognized for the first time the torture and murder of political dissidents. In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by Henry Kissinger. It confirmed that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents. It is said that 434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing and 20,000 people were tortured during the military dictatorship in Brazil. 

President João Figueiredo eventually pushed the country back to democracy and supported the transfer of power to civilian rule. In 1981 the Congress enacted a law on restoration of direct elections of state governors. Tancredo Neves was elected by an electoral college to replace Figueiredo in 1984.

Related pages
-------------

* Vargas Era
**Adelina "Nina" Otero-Warren** (October 23, 1881- January 3rd, 1965) was a Hispanic-American suffragist and author who advocated for kids to be able to speak both Spanish and English in Santa Fe schools.

Early life
----------

Otero-Warren grew up speaking both Spanish and English. She went to St. Vincent's Academy in Albuquerque until she was eleven years old. After that, she attended Maryville College of the Sacred Heart in St. Louis Missouri for two years.  Her family were wealthy Hispanics who descended from the original Spanish settlers of New Mexico.

Career
------

Otero-Warren was the first Hispanic woman to run for Congress under the Republican Party of New Mexico.  In 1923, she became the Inspector of Indian Schools.  She worked to improve education for indigenous students.  In 1947, Otero-Warren and her partner, Maime Meadors, established a real estate and insurance company.  It is unknown whether Meadors and Otero-Warren were in a romantic relationship.  She became the first woman to be the superintendent for Santa Fe public schools, a position she held until 1929.  She was even featured on a United States quarter as a part of the American Women Quarters series in 2022.  The American Women Quarters series releases quarters featuring women who changed the nation and the world.
Flag of the Arab Revolt, associated with **pan-Arabism**
The **Pan-Arab colors** are **black**, **white**, **green**, and **red**. Individually, each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain Arab dynasty, or era. The representations are as follows:

* The Rashidun Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, as well as the banner of Muhammad are all represented by the black color.
* The white color was representative of the Umayyad Caliphate
* Fatimid Caliphate was represented by green
* red color was used by the Hashemites, the Ottoman Empire, and the Khawarij.

Origin And History
------------------

The origin of the colors goes back to the 14th century during the time of an Iraqi poet known as Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli. In one of his poems, there is a line that makes reference to the four colors. The line talks about white representing the acts of people, the black representing their struggles, the green standing for the fields where these struggles are fought on, while the red is for swords.

The first time these colors were used together was back in 1916 when the flag of the Arab Revolt was designed. The flag was a simple design involving three stripes of black, green, and white from the top respectively. The red color was in the shape of a triangle originating from the left side. There are several flags with these colors. These flags include Jordan, Palestine, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The brief union known as the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan also had a flag that used the colors.

The Arab Liberation Colors
--------------------------

The Pan-Arab colors continued to be used until the 1950s. From there onward, the Arab Liberation colors started becoming more popular and eventually replaced the Pan-Arab ones. The new colors were almost the same as the old ones with a slight difference. In the new scheme, the flag featured three bands of white, black, and red. The green was not eliminated but it was given much less prominence compared to previous designs. Under the new flag, the colors adopted a different meaning altogether. The black now stood for past foreign oppressors, the red symbolized the bloody sacrifices made, and the white was representative of a bright future full of hope.

The inspiration for these new colors can be traced back to the Arab Liberation flag that was in use during the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 (also called the July 23 revolution). The revolution was led by two army officers, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Mohammed Naguib, who wanted to do away with the reign of King Farouk. The new colors appear today in several flags. These flags include those of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Sudan, Iraq, and Yemen. Even before Yemen merged, the rival states that made up the larger Yemen, North and South Yemen, both had the colors in their respective flags. There were also Arab unions that did not last very long but had the Arab Liberation colors. These unions were the Federation of Arab Republics and the United Arab Republic.

Relsted pages
-------------

* Pan-Arabism
An **essay** is a written text about why your kinda dum and like to fart all day

is usually about the personal point of view of the author because

```
wrote it. The definition of an essay is vague.  Articles and short stories can be quite similar.  Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been called essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's *An Essay on Criticism* and *An Essay on Man*). People that write essays are called essayists.
```

Most essays are short. This does not have to be the case. John Locke's *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding* and Thomas Malthus's *An Essay on the Principle of Population* are long essays.

Essays can have fuck sorts of purposes. For example, an essay can be very argumentative, it can talk about points for and against the essay question to give a balanced argument or opinion. Essay must be essential and give some new points about topics. Its must be useful to readers.

Types
-----

* argument led approach. An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective view of a subject matter. It is narrowed down to a single topic.
* thesis led approach. A thesis statement based essay follows a thesis which supports a particular case.
* cause and effect,
* problem and solution,
* comparison and contrast,
* description,
* classification,
* analysis,
* argument and evidence,
* procedural sequence,
* chronological ordering.

Argumentative Essay
-------------------

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by coherence, logical arguments, evidential support, and a conclusion. Some examples of argument essay topics are 'Is polygamy evil or not?', 'Are US elections always fair?'

Thesis Essay
------------

This is a genre of essay where a stance is presented in an essay using a thesis statement. A thesis statement is one or more sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question. The thesis statement serves as a guide for the readers throughout the whole entire essay.

Related pages
-------------

* Michel de Montaigne
**Humita** is a Native South American food. A traditional food from the Andes, it is eaten in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina. It is made from fresh choclo (Peruvian maize). It is pounded to a paste, wrapped in a fresh corn husk, then slowly steamed or boiled. In Bolivia, it is known as *huminta* and in Brazil as *pamonha*. Humitas are like Mexican uchepos, or tamales colados, which are also made with fresh corn; but they are not like tamales, which are made with masa.

In Argentina
------------

Humitas

In Argentina, humitas are made with sautéed onions, pumpkin, and some spices. The dough is wrapped in corn husks and boiled or it is cooked in a big pan and served in bowls. Diced cheese is often added to the dough, usually queso fresco. They can be found in restaurants and markets in the north of Argentina.

In Chile
--------

In Chile they are made with onion, basil, and butter or lard. They are wrapped in corn husks and baked or boiled. They may have green chili pepper. The humitas are tied with thread or twine to keep them together while cooking. They can be made savory, sweet, or sweet and sour, and served with sugar, chili pepper, salt, tomato, olives, paprika, etc. I They have been eaten in Chile since the 19th century.

In Ecuador
----------

Ecuadorian humitas are made with fresh ground corn and onions, eggs, pork fat and spices. The dough is wrapped in a corn husk. It is steamed not baked or boiled. It may have cheese. This dish is so traditional in Ecuador that they have special pots just for cooking humitas. Ecuadorian humitas can be salty or sweet. It is common to fry them in a pan just before eating.

In Peru and Bolivia
-------------------

In the central Andes region, humitas are made with lard and salt and queso fresco, or, sometimes, anise, for a savory dish. For a sweet dish they are cooked with lard, sugar, cinnamon and raisins 

One of the earliest references to huminta in Peru was written by the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in his book *Comentarios Reales de los Incas*, published in Lisbon in 1609. He describes his own memories of eating humita while he was living in Peru between 1539 and 1560..

Other websites
--------------

* The dictionary definition of humita at Wiktionary
Gene Shalit in January 1973
**Gene Shalit** (born March 25, 1926) is an American movie and book critic. He has been a critic on NBC's *The Today Show* since January 15, 1973. He is known for his use of puns, his very large handlebar moustache, and for wearing bowties.

Career
------

He has been reviewing the arts since 1967. He has written for magazines such as *Look* magazine, *Ladies' Home Journal* (for 12 years), *Cosmopolitan*, *TV Guide*, *Seventeen*, *Glamour*, *McCall's*, and *The New York Times*. From 1970–1982 he had a daily report on NBC Radio. In 1987, he published *Laughing Matters—A Treasury of American Humor*, a humor anthology. Since 2009, he lives in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, with his cat Fellini. Shalit's children include the artist and entrepreneur Willa Shalit.

Shalit was born in New York City on March 25, 1926. He later moved to Newark, New Jerseywith his mother. In 1932, he and his family moved to Morristown, New Jersey. Born of Jewish parents, Shalit attended Morristown High School. While thee, he wrote a humor column for the school newspaper.

Gene Shalit wrote for *The Daily Illini* for six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Shalit said that he would leave *The Today Show* after 40 years, starting November 11, 2010. He was quoted as saying: "It's enough already". Shalit was Dick Clark's press agent in the early 1960s. Shalit stopped representing Clark during a Congressional investigation. Clark has not spoken to Shalit again and said he was a "jellyfish."
**Gail Lynn** (born October 28, 1970) is an American entrepreneur, inventor and producer. She is the founder of Harmonic Hope, a faith-based non-profit organization. She is best known for her invention of the Harmonic Egg, a wellness device.

Early Life and Education
------------------------

Lynn was born in Southfield, Michigan. She attended various online universities and pursued education for over 13 years.

Career
------

Lynn began her career in the automotive industry, working at United Technologies Automotive from 1987 to 1997. During this time. She also served as a leadership trainer for the Leadership in Transition program. In 1997, Lynn shifted to the telecommunications industry and moved to Dallas, Texas, where she worked as a consultant for GTE (now Verizon). Additionally, she served on the board of General Education for the DeVry Institute in 2001. Following her tenure in telecommunication, Lynn was the executive producer of *Protecting the King* in 2007 that was released straight to DVD. Following this, She moved to Denver, Colorado, where she consulted for small businesses before establishing her own wellness center in 2010. In 2016, Lynn invented Harmonic Egg, a device inspired by her personal journey with sound and light therapy. By 2017, Lynn successfully developed a prototype and collaborated with manufacturers to produce Harmonic Eggs.

Filmography
-----------

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Protecting the King | Executive Producer |  |

Books
-----

* *Unlocking the Ancient Secrets to Healing*

Other websites
--------------

* Gail Lynn at IMDb
* The Harmonic Egg at *Luxe*
Islam is the official religion recognized in all the seven emirates of UAE. Almost all citizens are Muslims. Though the United Arab Emirates have often advocated freedom of religion.

Statistics
----------

Today about 80% of the local population of UAE is Muslim. There are about 8% Hindus, 5% Christians and Sikh and Buddhist minorities.

Islam is the religion of all UAE nationals since the Islamic conquest of Arabia in 7th century. The UAE population is mostly Sunni (80% of Muslims). The rest are large Shiite minorities (20% population of the Muslim population). 

Islam has influenced UAE culture it shows in their political system, their sense of dressing, their culture and traditions. Mosques are found across the emirates. You can spot a mosque anywhere from a small street to large street.

Sharia laws
-----------

The law in UAE is based on Sharia laws. There are both civil courts as well as Sharia Court. Flogging is the punishment for adultery, alcohol consumption lashes can range from 80 to 200 if done publicly for only Muslims. Stoning is form of capital punishment and is legal in UAE. Kissing is not allowed in public and punishable by law with imprisonment and lashes. Homosexuality is a criminal offence and is punishable by death. Apostasy and disrespecting Islam are criminal offences in UAE and are punishable by death. Pork is illegal for Muslims but is legal for non Muslims. Publicly eating and drinking during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset is illegal irrespective of the faith and violators shall face severe punishment. Everyone has right to practice their religion in UAE but they are not allowed to convert Muslim into their faith. However they can convert into Islam on their own will.
Original logo (used in 2022)
The **Benidorm Fest** is an annual Spanish song competition hosted in the city of Benidorm. The winning entry (song and artist) gets to represent Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest.

It is broadcast by Radiotelevisión Española in collaboration with the Generalitat Valenciana. The show is based on the Benidorm International Song Festival.

Overview
--------

The contest consists of two semi-finals, in which a number of performers – soloists, duos, trios or groups – perform their songs live. Four entries from each semi-final progress into the finale, where the finalists perform again.

### Voting

Points are given to each entry depending on how it ranked in three different votes. The votes are:

* Expert jury (50%) – heads of delegation, artists, musicians and industry experts
* Demoscopic panel (25%) – a statistically-selected sample of the Spanish population.
* Public voting (25%) – via telephone and SMS

List of Benidorm Fest winners
-----------------------------

| Year | Artist | Song | Eurovision result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | Place |
| **2022** | Chanel Terrero | "SloMo" | 459 | 3rd |
| **2023** | Blanca Paloma | "Eaea" | 100 | 17th |
| **2024** | Nebulossa | "Zorra" | TBA | TBA |
HMHS *Britannic* in 1915.
The **HMHS *Britannic*** was a British ocean liner. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The *Britannic* was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

World War I, Last Voyage
------------------------

The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

There were 1,066 people on board: 673 crew, 315 Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 77 nurses, and the captain. *Britannic* was under the command of Captain Bartlett.

Sinking of the *Britannic*
--------------------------

Survivors from the Britannic onboard HMS Scourge
On 21 November 1916 the *Britannic* was rocked by an explosion, after hitting a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed. Bartlett finally stopped the propellers before they could suck in any more lifeboats. Bartlett re-engages *Britannic*’s engines one last time in one final attempt to the island of Kea, pausing the evacuation. At 9 A.M. he ordered the Britannic’s propellers to stop for one final time, and ordered and told everyone it was time leave and evacuate. The lifeboats were launched from the ship. Her final plunge began with her stern beginning to rise from the water, exposing the propellers. Then, as *Britannic* began to slowly dip beneath the surface, survivors from the *Britannic* said they heard what sound is like a tremendous roar or bang coming from the front section of the ship that was already submerged.

What this was was the ship’s bow slamming into the sea floor. *Britannic* was over 800 feet long, and it only sank roughly 400 feet of water, so the bow hits the sea floor before the stern was completely submerged. Once this occurred, it caused massive structural damage to the *Britannic*’s hull and we can see the evidence of this in the wreck today there’s a massive hole in the bow section. Then, at roughly 9:07 AM, *Britannic*’s stern slowly dipped beneath the surface, 55 minutes after the explosion by a naval mine. The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines. The survivors believe the *Britannic* was torpedoed.
**Translation** means to copy writing or speech from one language into a different language.
Flap your arms, spin around in circles, and tweet like a bird at the same time!
The people who do translation are called translators. A translator who is copying a book into another language may use a language dictionary to find out how a word is written in another language. A translator who works with the spoken word is also called an interpreter. Translators can work independently as freelancers or by being hired by translation agencies. People who translate poetry, novels, drama, or short stories are called literary translators. 

In computer technology, translation from a programming language to a machine language is called compiling.

There are free translators on the internet. A notable example of this is Google Translate.

Related pages
-------------

* Bible translations
* Concept
* Compiler
* Machine translation

**Useful resources related to the subject:**

* The Impact of Translation in New York City Archived 2019-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Choosing the Perfect Translation Agency for your Company Archived 2019-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Adapt your Translation for a better Understanding of Inter-culture Archived 2021-09-25 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Translation***.
Traffic cones are usually used to divert traffic.
Traffic cones used by the Metropolitan police
**Traffic cones** (also called **road cones**, **safety cones** or **pylons**) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner.

Uses
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Traffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
They have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.

On top of traffic redirection, traffic cones are often used in sports as markers to test and train for skills like agility and precision.

Traffic cones are often used due to their resilient rubber construction, and a new one can easily handle being run over multiple times and be reformed by stacking it between other cones. However, a disadvantage to this rubber construction is that older traffic cones tend to become brittle, and easily shattered.

Due to their rubber construction, they can easily be dropped off of specialized road striping trucks to mark paint.

Features
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Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60 cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.

History
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Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.

Other websites
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* The Traffic Cone Preservation Society
* Orange Cones -- Kibo's collection of photographs of cones in unusual places
* Automated Traffic Cone Placement-Retrieval Trailer Archived 2006-03-16 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Traffic cones***.
Photograph of Britain in winter, taken from a satellite belonging to NASA
The name **Britain** is very old. The name comes from the ancient Romans' name for the ancient Britons (Latin: *Britanni*, lit. 'Britons', 'inhabitants of Britain'). The English language word comes from Latin: *Britannia*, lit. 'land of the Britons'. It can mean Great Britain, the British Isles, or the British state – the United Kingdom.
Bark like a dog!
The Romans started using this name after learning it from the ancient Greeks in the Hellenistic period. The Greeks gave the people of Britain the name in Ancient Greek: Βρεττανοί, romanized: *Brettanoí* and used as the place name Βρεττανία, *Brettanía*.

The Greek name for the people of Britain was also written as Πρεττανοί, *Prettanoí*, and as Πρετανοί, *Pretanoí*. This name may itself have come from one of the Brythonic languages of ancient Britain. The Greek name is like the word for Britain in the Welsh language: *Prydain*, which comes from the Old Welsh language word: *Priten*.

There may be a connection between the Greeks' and Romans' name and the Celtic languages. However, it may be that the word comes from one of the languages of the Mediterranean Basin. It could mean "tin". Britain's greatest export in the distant past was tin. Words in ancient Egyptian languages have similarities with the Ancient Greek and Latin names. It is also possible that the word for "tin" in these languages itself came from the name of Britain or its people.

Britannia was the common Latin name for the island of Great Britain starting in the 1st century BC. Britannia replaced the name Albion as the Romans' common name for the island. After the Romans overcame the ancient Britons in war in 43 AD, Britannia could mean just the southern two thirds of the island which was under Roman control. (Caledonia, north of the River Forth in modern Scotland, was only sometimes controlled by the Roman army.)

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the island in the 2nd century AD. He used the name "Megale Britannia" or "Great Britain" (Ancient Greek: Μεγάλη Βρεττανία, romanized: *Μegálē Brettanía*) to show the difference between this larger island and Ireland. For Ireland, Ptolemy used the name "Mikra Britannia" or "Little Britain" (Μικρά Βρεττανία, *Mikrá Brettanía*).

The word was used in the Old English language to mean Great Britain. After the time of the Anglo-Saxons, the name Britain was most used in history writing. In the early 16th century however, the name became more common in English for political reasons.

Related pages
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* Brittany
The phrase **law of the land** (Latin **lex terrae**) is a legal term. It means all of the laws in force within a country or region. The term was first used in Magna Carta. It was used to mean the laws of the kingdom. This was distinct from Roman law or civil law. In the United States, the Constitution declares it is the "supreme law of the land." It is the same as due process of law as justified by the Constitution.

History
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While Magna Carta first used the term, it did not actually become the law of the land until the reign of Edward I of England. It became closely associated with another phrase that helped define the law of the land' due process. During the reign of Edward II the Liberty of Subjects Act of 1354 stated:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| No man, of what estate or condition soever, shall be put out of land or tenement, nor taken, nor imprisoned, nor disinherited, nor put to death without being brought in answer by due process of law. | "|

 The law of the land and the Liberty of Subjects act remained in use in England. Both were used in colonial charters and common law. They became part of US laws after the American colonies declared their independence from England in 1776.
**Anglosphere** is a term used to mean the group of English-speaking nations with a similar cultural heritage. 

The Anglosphere: Places where English is an official language and the first language of most people are in dark blue. Places where English is an official language, but not the first language of most people, are in light blue. 
The Anglosphere includes the United Kingdom, the United States, and the main members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada (except the majority French-speaking province of Quebec and the majority Inuit-speaking territory of Nunavut), Australia and New Zealand. Ireland, a former Commonwealth of Nations member, is in the Anglosphere. 

The term was invented at the end of the 20th century.

Other meanings
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The word means more than just those countries where English is a first or second language. To be considered part of the Anglosphere requires sharing basic customs and values. "Nations comprising the Anglosphere share a common historical narrative in which Magna Carta, the English and American Bills of Rights, and such Common law principles as trial by jury, presumption of innocence". Since the Great Rapprochement of the early 20th century, the United States and Great Britain were far more friendly than before. Their military alliance during World War II has lasted ever since. 

By the time of the 2003 Iraq war the political use of the word meant the cultural tendency towards military intervention, particularly by the US, the UK and Australia. Strategically, the word has come to mean that the US is usually backed by Britain and Australia, but not so much by Canada. In this sense, Canada is and sometimes is not considered a part of the Anglosphere. This has been since the Pierre Trudeau era. The United States of America is generally considered by many to be the dominant country in the Anglosphere.

Some go so far as to call it an Anglospherist school of thought. This holds that English speaking countries are becoming a separate civilization in their own right. Anglosphere theorists point out that there is no intent to build an Anglosphere superstate like the European Union. The term was coined (used for the first time) by science fiction writer Neal Stephenson. He used it in his novel *The Diamond Age*.

Related pages
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* List of countries where English is an official language

Other websites
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* The Anglosphere is alive and well, but I wonder whether it needs a better name Archived 2016-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
* The State of the Anglosphere Archived 2015-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
The **Australian Electoral Commission**, or the AEC, is the Australian federal government agency in charge of federal elections and referendums. State and local government elections are run by the Electoral Commission in each state and territory.

The AEC also draws the boundaries for seats and makes regular changes to keep all seats roughly equal in population numbers. It organizes Commonwealth electoral roll which is a list of people who can vote in elections. The electoral roll is used by the state and territory Electoral Commissions to for their elections.

The AEC also plays a leading role in electoral education and industrial voting (votes on industrial action).

History and structure
---------------------

The AEC began in 1902, as a part of the Department of Home Affairs. In 1973, it became the Australian Electoral Office. In February 1984 it became the Australian Electoral Commission.

The AEC is run by a Chairman who is a Judge, or a retired Judge, of the Federal Court, the Electoral Commissioner and a non-judicial member who is usually the Australian Statistician). The Electoral Commissioner has the powers of a Secretary of a Department under the *Public Service Act 1999* and the *Financial Management and Accountability Act 1998*. The Chairperson and the third, non-judicial member both hold their offices on a part-time basis.

The AEC has a National Office in Canberra and State Offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.

Each federal electorate has a Divisional Returning Officer responsible for the House of Representatives elections within their division. Each State also has an Australian Electoral Officer responsible for the Senate elections.

Duties
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The AEC's major duties are to run federal elections, by-elections and referendums. Election Rolls must always be up-to-date. The AEC must also follow up people who do not vote. After the election the AEC provides detailed election results. The AEC is answerable to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters of the Parliament of Australia. It reports to Parliament on how elections were carried out and the success of the elections in general.

Other websites
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* The Australian Electoral Commission website
Walker Scobell

Walker Scobell is an American actor best known for his work in film and television. Born on January 5, 2009, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, he has quickly risen to prominence with his remarkable talent and versatile performances.

Early Life and Education:

Walker Scobell was raised in Austin, Texas, where he discovered his passion for acting at a young age. He began his journey by participating in local theater productions and school plays, showcasing his natural aptitude for performing arts. His dedication and talent soon caught the attention of industry professionals, leading him to pursue a career in acting.

Career:

Scobell made his professional acting debut with a notable role in the 2020 film "The War with Grandpa," starring alongside veteran actors such as Robert De Niro and Uma Thurman. In the film, he portrayed the character of Steve Decker, the grandson of De Niro's character, whose mischievous antics spark a hilarious intergenerational rivalry.

Following his breakout performance in "The War with Grandpa," Scobell continued to garner attention for his acting prowess. He landed roles in various television series and films, showcasing his versatility as an actor. His notable television credits include appearances in popular shows such as "Young Sheldon" and "Walker."

In 2022, Scobell gained widespread recognition for his starring role in the highly anticipated film "Secret Headquarters." Directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, the film follows a young boy who discovers a secret headquarters filled with futuristic gadgets and embarks on a thrilling adventure. Scobell played the lead role of Jake, captivating audiences with his charm and charisma.

Aside from his acting career, Scobell is also passionate about philanthropy and using his platform for good causes. He has been involved in various charitable initiatives, supporting organizations dedicated to causes such as children's education and environmental conservation.

Personal Life:

Despite his rising fame, Walker Scobell maintains a relatively low-profile personal life. He values his privacy and prefers to keep details about his personal affairs out of the public eye, focusing instead on his career and charitable endeavors.

Recognition and Awards:

Throughout his career, Walker Scobell has received praise for his exceptional talent and performances. While he has yet to receive major industry awards, he has been nominated for several accolades and is widely regarded as one of the most promising young talents in Hollywood.

Filmography:

* "The War with Grandpa" (2020) as Steve Decker
* "Young Sheldon" (TV Series, 2021) as Billy Sparks
* "Secret Headquarters" (2022) as Jake

Television Appearances:

* "Walker" (TV Series, 2021) as Wyatt West

Philanthropy:

* Walker Scobell is actively involved in charitable initiatives supporting causes such as children's education and environmental conservation.
**Nella Larsen** (1891-1964) was an American nurse, librarian, and writer during the Harlem Renaissance. She was born in Chicago, and grew up in a mostly white neighborhood before attending high school for one year at Fisk University’s Normal School, which is a historically Black college and university (HBCU). After high school, Larsen moved to Denmark where she lived with relatives and spent three years (1909-1912) auditing courses from the University of Copenhagen.

Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for *Quicksand* (2). Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity.

Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for *Quicksand*. Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity.