recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Peter Arshinov** (1887–1937) was a Russian anarchist and historian.

Life
----

Peter Arshinov was born in 1887. He was from a working class Russian family. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Arshinov joined the Bolsheviks and published their newspaper. He then moved to Ukraine and became an anarchist. He carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations. He was arrested and imprisoned in Moscow. In prison, he met the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno and became his teacher.

After the 1917 Revolution, Arshinov and Makhno were released from prison. Makhno returned to Ukraine, while Arshinov stayed in Moscow. When Makhno's Insurgent Army beat the Central Powers, Arshinov went to Ukraine and joined Makhno. Arshinov established the Nabat, a Ukrainian anarchist organisation. Arshinov also edited the Makhnovshchina's newspaper *The Road to Freedom*.

Arshinov witnessed the Insurgent Army's conflict with both the Red and White armies. In 1921, he went into exile in Berlin. There he wrote his *History of the Makhnovist Movement*. In 1925, he moved to Paris and established the magazine *Delo Truda*. He co-wrote the *Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists*, which called for anarchists to be more organised. The *Platform* was controversial and Arshinov was accused of authoritarianism. In the 1930s, Arshinov left the anarchist movement and became a communist. He moved to the Soviet Union, where he was killed in the Great Purge.

Bibliography
------------

* Darch, Colin (2020). *Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921*. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 9781786805263. OCLC 1225942343.
* Patterson, Sean (2020). *Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921*. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-578-7. OCLC 1134608930.
This article is about the library of the 41st president (1989–1993). For the library of the 43rd president (2001–2009), see George W. Bush Presidential Center.
The **George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library and burial site of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States and his wife Barbara Bush. The west campus of Texas A&M University at 1000 George Bush Drive West in College Station, Texas. The library is one of ran by the National Archives and Records Administration.

Dedication
----------

Bush with son and daughter-in-law, Governor George W. Bush and Laura Bush, at the presidential library dedication in College Station, Texas, on November 6, 1997

  

The library was dedicated on November 6, 1997, as the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum. The library was rededicated on November 10, 2007.

Burial site
-----------

The burial site where, George and Barbara Bush are buried.

  

Bush's daughter Pauline Robinson Bush was originally buried at Putnam Cemetery in Greenwich, Connecticut, but was re-buried at the library in 2000.

Barbara Bush was buried on April 21, 2018, following her death on April 17, 2018.

George H. W. Bush was buried on December 6, 2018, following his death on November 30, 2018.
The **Campan valley** is a valley of the Pyrenees in the French department department of Hautes-Pyrénées in the Occitanie region.

The valley is in the arrondissement of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, and Bagnères-de-Bigorre (the subprefecture of the arrondissement) is at the northern end of the valley.

Geography
---------

This is one of the valleys found in the upper watershed of the Adour river, on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. It is formed by three high valleys (valleys in the mountains) where are the sources of the three *Adours* that meet at Sainte-Marie-de-Campan and then in Baudéan to form the Adour river that then flows beyond Bagnères-de-Bigorre.

The valley goes from the northwest to the southeast, from Sainte-Marie de Campan to Montgaillard.

The three high valleys (and their rivers) are:

* the Payolle valley (*Adour de Payolle*);
* the Gripp valley (*Adour de Gripp*); and
* the Lesponne valley (*Adour de Lesponne*).

There are many small lakes; some of them are reservoirs (man-made lakes). The larger of these lakes is the *Lac Bleu de Lesponne*, or simply the *Lac Bleu*, with an area of 0.51 km2 (0.20 sq mi).

The Pic du Midi de Bigorre and its astronomical observatory are located in the valley of Campan.

The ski resorts of La Mongie and Payolle are also found in this valley.

Gallery
-------

* Memorial, CampanMemorial, Campan
* Sainte-Marie-de-Campan church, CampanSainte-Marie-de-Campan church, Campan
* View of La Séoube, Payolle valleyView of La Séoube, Payolle valley
* Lac Bleu (Blue Lake), LesponeLac Bleu (Blue Lake), Lespone
* La Mongie ski resortLa Mongie ski resort
* Payolle ski resortPayolle ski resort

Related pages
-------------

* Adour river

Other websites
--------------

* Commune de Campan - Official site (in French)
* Lacs des Pyrénées - Vallée de Campan (in French)
The ruins of the Roman Forum
For other uses, see Ruins (disambiguation).
**Ruins** are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.

Studying ruins
--------------

The ruins of the Colosseum painted by Thomas Cole in 1832
Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there. 

Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

Famous ruins
------------

* The Indus Valley civilisation in India has several ruined cities. The biggest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They are 5,000 years old.
* The Nile Valley has famous ruined temples of Ancient Egypt such as Temple of Luxor.
* The most famous ruins of Ancient Greece are the temples on the Acropolis at Athens including the Parthenon.
* Rome has many ancient ruins, including the Colosseum and the Forum.
* Pompeii is an Ancient Roman city near Naples that was destroyed in a volcanic explosion. Many things in Pompeii are very well preserved.
* Machu Picchu in Peru is a ruined city of the Inca from the 1400s.
* In England many abbeys were closed down and ruined in the 1500s, and many castles were ruined during the Civil War a hundred years later.
* In Hiroshima the ruins of the a building called the Genbaku Dome ("Atomic Dome") stand to remind people of the destruction of the city by atomic bomb in World War II.

Gallery of famous ruins
-----------------------

* Macchu Picchu in PeruMacchu Picchu in Peru
* Bolton Priory in EnglandBolton Priory in England
* Persepolis in IranPersepolis in Iran
* The Parthenon in GreeceThe Parthenon in Greece
* The Temple of Luxor in EgyptThe Temple of Luxor in Egypt
* Pompeii in ItalyPompeii in Italy
* The city of Ephesus in TurkeyThe city of Ephesus in Turkey
* Genbaku Dome in JapanGenbaku Dome in Japan

Related pages
-------------

* Architecture
* Archaeological site
* Archaeology
Beatrice Epaye received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department in 2015.
**Emilie Béatrice Epaye** is a politician and teacher from the Central African Republic. She was a minister in the government and she was in the National Assembly. Epaye works for better government, economic development, freedom, human rights, and peace. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Emilie Béatrice Epaye was born about 1956. She studied to be a teacher. She worked in her family transportation business.

Work
----

### La Fondation la Voix du Coeur

In 2000, Epaye became the new director of the *La Fondation la Voix du Coeur* (The Voice of the Heart Foundation) organization.  Lucienne Patassé, the wife of president Ange-Félix Patassé started the organization in 1994 to help street children. She started a home for the children in the city of Bangui, The children received food, education, medical care, and training, in a place that was safe and free from violence. 

### Politics

In 2003, General François Bozizé led a coup and became the new leader of the Central African Republic. He formed a transition council to help with the change in government. The council wrote the 2004 constitution. Epaye was in the transition council. 

From 2003 to 2005, Epaye was president of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and was a member of the National Transitional Council. In 2005 she became the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises. She was in that position for five years. In 2008 she became the Minister of Trade and Industry. She was in that position through 2011.

In 2013 there was a new coup by a group called *Séléka*. Michel Djotodia became president, but there was much violence.  The United Nations, the African Union, and the French government sent soldiers to stop the fighting. New elections were scheduled for 2015, and Catherine Samba-Panza was elected leader of the country for the transition. Epaye was in the new council to help with the transition. 

### Pan African organizations

From 2003-2005, Epaye was a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). Beginning in 2008, she was the leader of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI. She also was on the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU).

Awards
------

In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU), gave Epaye the Medal of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit from the CEMAC Community.  In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave her the International Women of Courage Award.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Émilie Béatrice Epaye***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Self portrait
**William-Adolphe Bouguereau** (born November 30, 1825) was a French painter. Bouguereau was a traditionalist of academic art and his style did not change much throughout his painting career. He was a popular artist in his day. Rich customers liked his photo-realistic style. He liked to paint classical scenes and scenes from ancient mythology.

As a boy Bouguereau was born into a family of wine and olive oil sellers. His parents wanted him to join the family business when he became an adult. His uncle, however, arranged for him to get a proper education at school. Bouguereau showed great talent for art. One of his father’s customers talked him into sending William to a famous art college. There he won first place for one of his paintings. To earn extra money he designed labels for fruit jellies and jams.

Bouguereau liked to paint pictures of women. He was known for being able to make his subject look prettier than she really was. 

In 1856, he married Marie-Nelly Monchablon and had five children. In the late 1850s he made a profitable friendship with a successful art dealer. This art dealer made William famous even in other countries. William was able to buy a big house and studio with his growing fortune.
He was a hard working painter. He would make a thorough study and sketch of what he planned to paint. The great way he painted skin, hands and feet was well known. He eventually became a teacher at a French art college. 

Near the end of his life he described his love of his art: "Each day I go to my studio full of joy; in the evening when obliged to stop because of darkness I can scarcely wait for the next morning to come…if I cannot give myself to my dear painting I am miserable". He painted eight hundred and twenty-six paintings.

Bouguereau died at the age of 79 on August 19, 1905 from heart disease.

Gallery
-------

* The Wave (1896)*The Wave* (1896)
* The Birth of Venus (1879)*The Birth of Venus* (1879)
* The Young Shepherdess (1885)*The Young Shepherdess* (1885)
* A Little Coaxing (1890)*A Little Coaxing* (1890)
**I'm from Barcelona** is an indie rock group from Sweden. The band currently has 28 members. It was started in 2005 by the group's lead vocal and founder, Emanuel Lundgren. Their first full-length EP was made in 2006 and was called "Let Me Introduce My Friends". It received many good reviews. In 2008, they came out with a second album called "Who Killed Harry Houdini?".

I'm from Barcelona at Festival SOS 4.8 in Murcia, 2015.
The group has toured many countries, including England, the United States, France, The Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and many more.

The group uses multiple instruments such as drums, guitars, tubas, banjos, and others.

History
-------

In 2005, Emanuel Lundgren wrote several songs and gathered his friends to record them. Weeks later, a homemade EP was completed. A one-time live show with all 29 band members in it was performed in August 2005.

EMI Sweden signed the band and Dolores Recordings released the EP *Don't Give Up On Your Dreams, Buddy!* on February 15, 2006. This featured the band's first hit "We’re From Barcelona". This was named after Manuel, a character on BBC Television's *Fawlty Towers* ("He’s from Barcelona"). Their first full-length album, called *Let Me Introduce My Friends*, was released on April 26, 2006 in Sweden. International releases followed, including an EMI UK release on 11 September 2006. In 2006 Lundgren did a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon.

In July 2008, it was announced that the band would release a full-length album in Autumn 2008. This would be called *Who Killed Harry Houdini?*. The album features French singer Soko on the track "Gunhild". The album was released on October 14, 2008. To promote it, they toured the UK. They finished at the Scala, London on 25 November 2008.

They appeared on the children's program *Yo Gabba Gabba* in 2008.

Their song "The Painter" was shown on the CBS television show *How I Met Your Mother*, "Everything Must Go". This aired on May 12, 2008.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* *Let Me Introduce My Friends* (2006)
* *Who Killed Harry Houdini?* (2008)
* *27 songs from Barcelona* (2010)
* *Forever Today* (2011)

### EP/Singles

* "Sing!!" - 98B (August 2005)
* "Don't Give Up on Your Dreams, Buddy!" - Dolores Recordings (February 15, 2006)
* "Collection of Stamps" CD Single - EMI Sweden (April 12, 2006)
* "Treehouse" - (August 9, 2006)
* "Britney" CD Single - Dolores Recordings/EMI Sweden (July 16, 2007)
The **Catholic Monarchs** were Queen Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474–1504) and King Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516), whose marriage and joint rule marked the *de facto* unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; to remove the obstacle that this consanguinity would otherwise have posed to their marriage under canon law, they were given a papal dispensation by Sixtus IV. They married on October 19, 1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was 18 years old and Ferdinand a year younger. It is generally accepted by most scholars that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their reign was called by W.H. Prescott "the most glorious epoch in the annals of Spain".

Spain was formed as a dynastic union of two crowns rather than a unitary state, as Castile and Aragon remained separate kingdoms until the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707–16. The court of Ferdinand and Isabella was constantly on the move, in order to bolster local support for the crown from local feudal lords. The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was officially bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of their defence of the Catholic faith within their realms.
How leather is made
-------------------

The way leather is made is divided into three processes. They are preparing the leather, tanning it, and crusting.

In preparing the leather, many things are done to make it ready for tanning. They include soaking it, removing the hair, liming, deliming, bating, bleaching, and pickling.

Tanning is a process that makes the proteins, especially collagen, in the raw hide stable. It increases the thermal and chemical stability of the animal skins. The difference between fresh and tanned animal skin is that fresh animal skin dries to make it hard and stiff. When water is added to it, it becomes bad. But, animal skin that is tanned dries to make it flexible. It does not become bad when water is added to it.

Crusting is a process that makes the leather thin and lubricates it. Chemicals added when crusting must be set in place. Crusting ends with drying and making the leather soft. It may include splitting, shaving, dyeing, whitening or other methods.

From other animals
------------------

Today, most leather is made from the skin of cattle, which makes up about 67% of all the leather made. Other animals that are used include sheep (about 12%), pigs (about 11%), and goats (about 10%).

Horse skin is used to make strong leather. Lamb and deerskin are used for soft leather. It is used in work gloves and indoor shoes.

Kangaroo leather is used to make things that must be strong and flexible. It is used in bullwhips.

In Thailand, stingray leather is used in wallets and belts. Stingray leather is tough and durable.
***Half-Life 2: Episode 2*** is a 2007 first-person shooter game by Valve. It is the sequel to *Half-Life 2: Episode One*.

Story
-----

The game opens right after Half-Life 2: Episode 1, with the train that Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance were riding on having crashed in the wilderness outside City 17. Alyx tells Gordon that they need to find a resistance base called White Forest. While going there, Alyx is attacked and badly hurt by a new type of Combine enemy called a hunter. A friendly Vortigaunt alien arrives and helps Gordon take Alyx to safety. The other Vortigaunts figure out that they need something called "larval extract" made by aliens called antlions (not the same as the real species). Gordon follows a Vortigaunt into an old mine to find the extract, fighting antlions and zombies. They find the extract, avoiding a huge antlion that’s guarding it. Then they go back to Alyx. While Alyx is being healed, Gordon is spoken to psychically by the G-Man, who reveals he saved Alyx during the Black Mesa Incident. The G-Man then tells Alyx (still unconscious) to tell her father Eli the cryptic phrase: "prepare for unforeseen consequences".

Gordon and Alyx find a stripped-down old muscle car and make their way to White Forest. On the way they fight off hunters and find a mysterious type of Combine alien called an advisor. Their car breaks down but is fixed by a group of resistance fighters. After this, they continue driving but are ambushed by the Combine at an inn. They survive and meet up with Alyx’s robot friend Dog, who fights off a huge Combine monster called a strider. They arrive at White Forest, where Alyx delivers the message told to her by the G-Man. Eli is shocked. When Eli and Gordon are alone, Eli tells Gordon that he too knows about the G-Man. They also find out about a ship made by Aperture Science called the *Borealis*, which Eli thinks is very dangerous for some reason.

Suddenly, the base is attacked by the Combine. Gordon and the resistance defend it in a long battle. Alyx and Gordon are about to use a helicopter to go to the Borealis, but the hangar is attacked by Combine advisors. Eli tries to fend them off, but is caught by one. He tells Gordon to destroy the Borealis before being killed by the advisor. Much like the last one, the game ends on a cliffhanger, with Alyx mourning the death of her father.

Reception
---------

Like most of the Half-Life series, game received very good reviews. It has a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic.
Below is a list of the governors of early California (1769–1850),

Spanish rule (1769–1822)
------------------------

Gaspar de Portolá November 30, 1767 – July 9, 1770

Fernando Rivera y Moncada 9 July 1770-1777

Felipe de Neve 1777–1782

Mexican rule (1822–1846)
------------------------

Luis Antonio Argüello 1822–1825

**José Castro 29 September 1835 – 1 January 1836**

Juan Bautista Alvarado 1836–1837

Carlos Antonio Carrillo 6 December 1837 – 20 May 1838 (*Nominated)*

**Juan Bautista Alvarado 1837–1842**

Manuel Micheltorena 31 December 1842 – 22 February 1845

**Pío Pico 22 February 1845 – 10 August 1846**

American rule
-------------

John D. Sloat July 7 – 29, 1846 

Robert F. Stockton July 29, 1846 – January 16, 1847 

John C. Frémont January 19, 1847 – February 13, 1847 

**Stephen W. Kearny February 23, 1847 – May 31, 1847**

**Richard Barnes Mason May 31, 1847 – April 13, 1849**

**Persifor Frazer Smith February 28, 1849 – April 12, 1849**

**Bennet C. Riley April 12, 1849 – December 20, 1849**

* List of governors of California since 1850
***Hagar in the Desert*** (also known as ***Agar confortata da un angelo nel deserto*** or ***Agar comforted by an angel in the desert***) is a 18th-century painted in oil by Giambattista Pittoni, made around 1720-1725, during the Rococo in Venice, Italy, exhibited at the sacristy of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice.

Description
-----------

Hagar, Sarah's Egyptian maiden, was the mother of Ishmael, the first son of Abraham. When Isaac, Sarah's son, made fun of his younger brother Ishmael, Sarah asked Abraham to ban him, along with his mother. Before sending them away, Abraham gave him bread and a bottle of water and sent them to the desert of Beersheba.
When the water ran out, Hagar placed Ishmael under a bush to die and then sat a little far away, crying. But an angel appeared, traditionally the archangel Michael, who revealed to him a nearby water well, so that both were saved. Two scenes, the exile and the appearance of the angel are common in Italian and Dutch 17th century painting.

Bibliography
------------

* A. Augusti e S. Giacomelli Scalabrini, *Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. Arte e devozione*, Venezia 1994, p. 7
| Statistics |
| --- |
| Capital: | Santiago de Cuba |
| Area: | 6,315km² |
| Inhabitants: | 1,049,084 |
| Population Density: | 168.32 per km² |
| Map |
| 

Islade laJuventud
Pinardel Río
La Habana
Ciudad de LaHabana
Matanzas
Cienfuegos
VillaClara
SanctiSpíritus
Ciego deÁvila
Camagüey
LasTunas
Granma
Holguín
Santiagode Cuba
Guantánamo
Provinces of Cuba
 |

**Santiago de Cuba Province** is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. It has a population of about 1.2 million people. The largest city Santiago de Cuba (554,000) is its main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano (125,000), Contramaestre (88,000), Mayarí Arriba (80,000), San Luis (65,000) and Songo-la Maya (50,000). 

The province has many material resources such as iron and nickel. The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao and coffee dotting the landscape. Industry is growing around the capital, as is tourism. The natural beauty of the area is attracting many tourists from both the rest of Cuba and from overseas.

Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the mountainous province.

Municipalities
--------------

1. Contramaestre
2. Chivirico
3. Mella
4. Palma Soriano
5. San Luis
6. Santiago de Cuba
7. Mayarí Arriba
8. La Maya
9. Cruce de los Baños

Historical use of the name
--------------------------

Before 1976, Cuba was divided into six provinces. One of these was Oriente province, which was, prior to 1905, known as Santiago de Cuba province. See Historical provinces of Cuba.

Other websites
--------------

* Santiago.cu (in spanish) Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Travel info on Santiago de Cuba
* santiagoencuba.com (in spanish)

| * v
* t
* e
Provinces of Cuba |
| --- |
| Artemisa **·**  Camagüey **·**  Ciego de Ávila **·**  Cienfuegos **·**  Ciudad de La Habana (City of Havana) **·**  Granma **·**  Guantánamo **·**  Holguín **·**  Isla de la Juventud **·**  Las Tunas **·**  Matanzas **·**  Mayabeque **·** Pinar del Río **·**  Sancti Spíritus **·**  Santiago de Cuba **·**  Villa Clara |  |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
***Head of the Virgin*** (also known as ***La Tête de Vierge*** or ***La Testa della Vergine***) is a 18th-century portrait painted in oil by Giambattista Pittoni, made around 1730, during the Rococo in Venice, Italy, 
exhibited at the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. Many people Think Head of the Virgin's eyes glance is mysterious, as at the time it was not portrayed with a low gaze.

Description
-----------

The remote pictorial touch, the delicate palette, are typical Pittoni characteristics. The work is the detail of the great painting that can be found in the National Gallery in London titled «The Nativity with God the Father and the Holy Spirit». The painting could be a cover created for sale by Pittoni or a preparatory sketch (*The Croquis*) for the altarpiece as for the similar work from Berlin.

«The Nativity with God the Father and the Holy Spirit», from the National Gallery in London.

Interpretation
--------------

The closed eyes that look down, for the time, a unique and rare representation of the Madonna, which is also repeated in the Pittoni The Nativity with God the Father and the Holy Ghost of the London National Gallery museum. 

It is possible that Pittoni looks for further mystical strength in it, exasperating the interpretation of the critic Alexander Nagel on Leonardo da Vinci's "Head of a Woman" in which "the eyes do not focus on any outward object, and they give the impression that they will remain where they are: they see through the filter of an inner state, rather than receive immediate impressions from the outside world. It is the attitude of being suspended in a state of mind beyond specific thought—unaware, even, of its own body...here an inner life is suggested by a new order of pictorial effects, without recourse to action or narrative."

Other websites
--------------

* *Tête de Vierge*, Giovanni Battista Pittoni, Fiche du musée de Strasbourg Archived 2022-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
**Nicolae Ceauşescu** (pronounced [ni.koˈla.e tʃa.uˈʃes.ku]; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist dictator from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 he was deposed, tried and publicly executed by a firing squad along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu. He had been the only Communist dictator of Eastern Europe who had been charged for crimes against humanity and genocide during the revolutions of 1989. As of 2024, his execution was the last one on Romanian soil. He joined the Romanian Armed Forces in 1950 just before Soviet-Leader (Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jughashvili) Joseph Stalin died in 1953 during the Korean War from 1950-1953 during the Cold War from 1947-1991 just 5 year’s after World War 2 in Europe and the Pacific War in Asia ended in 1945 after Nazi Germany,Italy,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria and the Empire of Japan were defeated by Britain, France,the United States Of America and the Soviet Union the Eastern Bloc was formed in 1947 by Joseph Stalin by turning the east of Germany,Poland,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria and Northern Korea into Communist States in Eastern Europe as East Germany,the Polish People's Republic,the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic,the Hungarian People’s Republic ,the Socialist Republic of Romania,and the People's Republic of Bulgaria and finally North Korea in North East Asia. He joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1950 and became leader in 1965 led by former KGB Officer Leonid Brezhnev until his death in 1982. Nicolae Ceausescu died in 1989 during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 led by Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev until 1991 when the Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union collapsed .
**Melissa Cristina Márquez** (born 1993) is a Puerto Rican marine biologist. She is a shark scientist. She studies Chondrichthyan animals. She researches why they choose specific habitats. She is one of Forbes Magazine's 30 Under 30. *Hola Magazine* also named Márquez a Top 100 Latina Powerhouse in 2021.

Early life
----------

Melissa Cristina Márquez was born in Puerto Rico, but she grew up in Mexico. As a child, Márquez made her very first memories on the beach. She would analyze tidal waters, and gather seashells while watching groups of fish. Márquez grew up watching the Discovery Channel segments about sharks. She was four when she discovered she wanted to study them.

Márquez describes her family as very supportive. Her mother had a career as a biology educator and biochemical engineer.

Education
---------

Márquez received her undergraduate degree at the New College of Florida. She got a masters degree from Victoria University of Wellington. Márquez also has a PhD from Curtin University.

Career
------

Márquez is an environmental activist and science communicator. Márquez is committed to making sure that all STEM workplaces are inclusive and equally diverse. *Hola Magazine* named Márquez a Top 100 Latina Powerhouse in 2021. She is one of Forbes Magazine's 30 Under 30.

Márquez is the founder of the Fins United Initiative. She works with Divya Nawale and other members of the advisory board of Women in Ocean Science. She is a judge for Boston Museum of Science's *Reach Out Science Slam.*

Márquez often appears on Discovery Channel's *Shark Week*. She published a series of children's books called "Wild Survival!" She stars in the documentary movie *OceanXplorers.* Márquez also writes for Forbes Science. Márquez has hosted her own Spanish language environmental podcast called *ConCiencia Azul*. She interviews other ocean scientists. She stars in the documentary movie *OceanXplorers.* Márquez has given a TEDx talk on "Sharks & Female Scientists: More Alike Than You Think".
Hagia Sophia, minarets were added after it became a mosque
**Hagia Sophia** (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, meaning the **Holy Wisdom**) is a mosque in the eastern Bosporus of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally a Byzantine Eastern Orthodox cathedral and was turned into a mosque after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire.
The walls and floor of the building are from the Late Antiquity and the decorations, including mosaics and frescoes, are mostly from the Middle Ages.

History
-------

Hagia Sophia, 1903
### Cathedral

Hagia Sophia was the third church built in this location. It was built between 532 and 537 as the cathedral of Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire during Late Antiquity. Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great ordered the construction. The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. Greek historian Procopius wrote about Hagia Sophia's construction. The building's roof (a large dome) fell and had been rebuilt many times. An earthquake in 994 damaged the cathedral, it was rebuilt by Trdat the Architect.

Hagia Sophia was used as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral until 1453, except during the Latin Empire when it was turned into a Roman Catholic cathedral. 

### Mosque

In 1453, after the Fall of Constantinople, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror turned Hagia Sophia into a mosque.

It became a museum in 1935 after the decision of the secularist Turkish government under Kemal Atatürk in 1934. In July 2020, the Islamist Turkish government under Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the Hagia Sophia to be turned back into a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it a museum.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Hagia Sophia at Wikimedia Commons
**Microbiology** - (Greek μικρός, mikrós, „tiny", βίος, bíos, „life" and λόγος, lógos, „science") is a science in the composition of biology, which is occupied by the study of microorganisms (bacterium, (archaebacteria), microscopic fungi, protozoa,alga,and viruses). Microbiology studies the systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, ecological roles, and practical uses of microorganisms. Medical microbiology is also part of microbiology. 

Different parts of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences.  Microbiology can be also classified by taxonomy, as in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap of the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines. Certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology

Leeuwenhoek on a Netherlands postage stamp
C.Ehrenberg

History
-------

In 1665, Robert Hooke saw that cork was made up of little cubes that he named cells. Later Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the important connection that cells are living things when he saw through his early microscope smallest one-celled organisms. Later Christian Ehrenberg found that protista or bacteria were different kinds of cells. In the late part of the 1800s Martinus Beijerinck showed that there were small particles called viruses. 

Another important change in the study of microorganisms came from the discovery of DNA and RNA. This allowed using a vector to change the inside of a cell without killing it. One recent discovery that changed the study of microbiology is the discovery of transposons or jumping genes. Another one is the discovery of animal genes in the cells.

cork *Micrographia* 1665

| * v
* t
* e
Microbiology: Fungus |
| --- |
| Outline of fungi · Outline of lichens |
| Branch | 
* Ethnomycology
* Lichenology
* Marine fungi
* Medicinal fungi
* Mycology
* Mycosis
* Mycotoxicology

 |
| Structure | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Reproduction/spore | 
* *teleomorph/sexual:* Zygospore
* Ascospore/Ascus
* Basidiospore/Basidium/Teliospore

* *anamorph/asexual:* Sporangium
* Conidium
* Chlamydospore
* Oidium
* Pycniospore

 |
| Other | 
* Hypha
* Haustorium
* Mycelium
* Cell wall
* Sporocarp

 |

 |
| Growth patterns | 
* Dimorphic fungi
* Mold
* Yeast
* Mushroom

 |
| List | 
* Glossary of mycology
* List of fungal orders
* List of mycologists
* List of mycology journals

 |
The **Bruche** is a river in Alsace, in north-eastern France. It is a left-side tributary of the Ill river, and part of the basin of the Rhine river.

Geography
---------

The Bruche river has a length of 76.7 km (47.7 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of 727 km2 (281 sq mi).

### Course

The Bruche starts in the Vosges mountains, at the western foot of the *Climont* mountain, in the *commune* of Urbeis, (Bas-Rhin department), at an altitude of about 662 m (2,172 ft). From here, the Bruche flows first to the north and then turns to the northeast.

The Bruche river flows within the Grand Est region, the Bas-Rhin department and 38 *communes*.

Finally, the Bruche river flows into the Ill river in the city of Strasbourg, southwest of the historic centre.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Bruche river are the Magel, a right tributary 17.4 km (10.8 mi) long, and the Mossig, a left tributary 33.1 km (20.6 mi) long.

Hydrology
---------

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 8.080 m3/s (285.3 cu ft/s) at Holtzheim in the Bas-Rhin department, for the period 1965 - 2017.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Holtzheim (1965 - 2017)**

Gallery
-------

* Climont, hamlet and peak.Climont, hamlet and peak.
* Bridge over the Bruche in Molshein.Bridge over the Bruche in Molshein.
* Confluence of the Mossig and the Bruche in Wolxheim.Confluence of the Mossig and the Bruche in Wolxheim.
* The Bruche in Strasbourg.The Bruche in Strasbourg.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
**Marie Clotilde of France** (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) was Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Emmanuel IV. She was the sister of Louis XVI. On 10 April 1808, Pope Pius VII, declared Queen Clodile a Venerable the causes of her beatification and canonization continue.

Life
----

Baptied as *Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière*, she was born at Versailles and known as **Madame Clotilde**. She was a daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, only son of Louis XV with the popular Queen Marie Leczinska, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Because she was overweight, Marie Clotilde was nicknamed *Gros-Madame*. She was raised with her sister Élisabeth.

Marriage
--------

On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Marie Clotilde married in Versailles to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonia of Spain. Marie Clotilde had been taught Italian while at Versailles. In Savoy, jokes were made about her weight. Although the union was political, Marie Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel were devoted to each other. However they had no children.

In 1796, her husband became king. Marie Clotilde and her husband fled to Naples and lived as guests of the wealthy Colonna. Marie Clotilde died on 7 March 1802. Charles Emmanuel later abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel. Marie Clotilde was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **23 September 1759 – 27 August 1775** *Her Royal Highness* Madame Clotilde, *Grand daughter of France*.
* **27 August 1775 – 16 October 1796** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont.
* **16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802** *Her Majesty* The Queen.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Marie Clotilde of France at Wikimedia Commons
**Dante Martin** (born March 3, 2001) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He also wrestles on their sister promotion Ring of Honor (ROH). Dante is best known for being one-half of the tag team Top Flight with his younger brother Dante Martin.

He has also appeared in matches for Game Changer Wrestling (GCW).

Career
------

### All Elite Wrestling

On the October 27, 2020 episode of *Dark*, Top Flight would make their debut with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). They would team and they were defeated by The Dark Order (Evil Uno and Stu Grayson). On the November 10 episode of *Dark*, Top Flight would earn their first victory in AEW when they defeated the team of Baron Black and Frankie Thomas. On November 23, 2020, it was announced by AEW that Top Flight had signed a official contracts to become a members of the AEW roster. At Beach Break, Top Flight would compete in a battle royal to determine who would become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championships. The match would eventually be won by the Inner Circle (Chris Jericho and MJF). Darius would end up tearing his ACL in February 2021 and Dante would fight in singles matches.

Darius would return from injury and Top Flight would be reunited. On the March 2, 2022 episode of *Dynamite*, Top Flight would compete in the Casino Tag Team Royale match to determine who would become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championships. The match would be won by The Young Bucks. On the March 9 episode of *Dynamite*, Dante would face "Hangman" Adam Page for his AEW World Championship but he would be defeated. Darius would be out of action again after he was injured in a serious car accident.

After his return, Darius would reunite with his brother. On the November 16 episode of *Dynamite*, Top Flight would team with AR Fox and they would challenge Death Triangle for the AEW World Trios Championships but would be defeated. Top Flight would challenge FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) for the ROH Tag Team Championships on the November 25 episode of *Rampage* but would would lose. At Holiday Bash, Top Flight would team with Fox again. They would compete in the $300,000 Three Kings Christmas Casino Trios Battle Royal and would throw out Claudio Castagnoli of the Blackpool Combat Club last to win the match.

Top Flight and Fox would challenge The Elite twice for their AEW World Trios Championships but would lose both times.

Other websites
--------------

* Darius Martin on Twitter
Teeth brushing is so fucking retarded

A common toothbrush.
Three plastic toothbrushes in a cup
The **toothbrush** is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

Invention
---------

Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them. 

The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

Etymology
---------

The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.
***Pieris brassicae*** is the **large white**, or **cabbage white** butterfly. Its caterpillars feed on the leaves of different kinds of cabbage. The imagines (butterflies) have a wingspan of about 60 millimetres (2.4 in).

* Pieris brassicae ♂*Pieris brassicae* ♂
* Pieris brassicae ♂  △*Pieris brassicae* ♂ △
* Pieris brassicae ♀*Pieris brassicae* ♀
* Pieris brassicae  ♀ △*Pieris brassicae* ♀ △

The cabbage white is a common butterfly that occurs from North Africa up to Fennoscandia. There are two to three generations a year, usually Spring to Autumn.

The butterfly has been classified as a pest because, of course, its caterpillars eat cabbages. Sometimes, *Cotesia glomerata*, a parasitic wasp, is used as a means of biological pest control.

The butterflies are distasteful to birds because of the mustard-oil glucosides the larvae eat. This oil has a distinctive pungent taste. It is in all plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae (for example, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, horseradish, or wasabi).

Their white colour is easily seen, and probably acts as a warning sign.
**Louis of France** (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, the popular Queen Marie Leszczyńska. He was the Dauphin of France all his life. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Early life and education
------------------------

Louis de France at 9, by Louis Tocqué.
Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour. From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

Marriages
---------

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother. 

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six. Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.

Children
--------

1. Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died young.
2. Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young.
3. Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
4. Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754\_
5. Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
6. Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
7. Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
8. Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
9. Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried.