recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***The Amazing Race*** is a American reality television/game show. It is broadcast on CBS, there is also an Australian version that is broadcast in Australia on Network 10.

The Race
--------

In *The Amazing Race*, 11 or 12 teams of two people race around the world for $1,000,000, with information provided by "clues", or Route Info. There are certain "legs" of the race, culminated by "Pit Stops". At Pit Stops, teams check in for a mandatory 12 hour rest period, although sometimes the period can be 24 hours, 36 hours, or even once 60. Usually, the first team to arrive at a Pit Stop will receive a prize, such as a trip to a Caribbean country. On most of the Pit Stops on the race, the last team to arrive is eliminated from the race. However, two or three of those points are non-elimination. In Seasons 1-4, there was no penalty for coming in last in a non-elimination. From Seasons 5-9, teams had to give up all of their money and start the next leg without money. Even stricter, in Seasons 7-9, teams had to turn over all of their luggage. In Seasons 10 and 11, teams would start the next leg "Marked for Elimination". That meant that if they did not come in first at the next Pit Stop, they would have to wait out a 30-minute penalty. Starting from Season 12, teams coming in last on Non-Eliminations have to do a Speed Bump. A Speed Bump is a task that no other teams have to do.

Tasks
-----

*The Amazing Race* has several different tasks that teams must complete. 

### Detour

Teams performing a Detour in Brazil.
A Detour is a choice between two tasks. The team can choose which one it wants to complete. Teams are allowed to switch between Detour choices, in the American version there is a harsh 6-hour penalty if you quit a Detour, in the Australian version it is only 1 hour.

### Roadbock

A Roadbock is a task where only one member of the team can perform. Teams cannot switch the member performing the task. There is a 4-hour penalty if teams quit.

### Fast Forward

A Fast Forward is a task in order for a team to skip tasks and head directly to the Pit Stop.

History
-------

*The Amazing Race* was created by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri in 2001. It has been airing from 2001 to present.

Production
----------

*The Amazing Race* is seen as hard to produce. Producers need to find places, come up with tasks and pick teams. Cameramen have to keep up with the teams, and people are not allowed to give away the results. However, *The Amazing Race* has won 6 Emmy awards.

Versions
--------

Besides the original American version, *The Amazing Race* has generated several versions from around the world.

This map shows the countries that have their own versions of *The Amazing Race*
* Australia (with New Zealand included in 2014 Season)
* Asia
* Central Europe (cancelled)
* Brazil
* China
* France
* Israel
* Latin America
* Norway
* Philippines
* Vietnam
* Ukraine
wolves live and hunt in presocial packs
A wasp from the family Sphecidae, which includes a number of primitively social species
**Presociality** is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are: 

1. There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
2. There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
3. The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.

The concept of presociality can be further divided:

* **Subsocial**: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
* **Parasocial**: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
	+ Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
	+ Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
	+ Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.

Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. It becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.

Related pages
-------------

* Eusociality
* Collective animal behaviour
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Fujimori*.*
**Fujimori Terunobu** (藤森 照信, born November 21, 1946) is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture. He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. That place is now part of Chino-shi. He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tōhoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University. He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University. Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design. He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs.

Biography
---------

He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971. Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University. In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD.

In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese). That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami.

In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture. That dormitory won an architecture prize. Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006. He also directed a TV series Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine for Fuji TV.

In 2010, Fujimori retired from the University of Tokyo and joined Kogakuin University.

Books
-----

Fujimori has written many books about architecture. Some describe his projects. Others are books of architectural history. He has published more than 25 books of his own. He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers.

Projects
--------

Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima. Some of his projects are listed below.

* Jinchokan Moriya Historical Museum - 1991 - Chino, Nagano  Archived 2010-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Dandelion House - 1995 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
* Nira House (Genpei Akasegawa House) - 1997 - Machida, Tokyo
* Lone Pine House - 1998 - Fukuoka City
* The Forum - Niigata Prefecture Myoukou City
* Niwase Family Tomb - 2003 - Kamakura, Kanagawa (with Nobumichi Oshima)
* Teahouse Tetsu - 2006 - Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture
* Chocolate House - 2009 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
* Roof House - 2009 - Shiga Prefecture

Gallery
-------

* Akino Fuku Museum, Hamamatsu CityAkino Fuku Museum, Hamamatsu City
* "Acorn" at Nemu no Ki Children's Museum"Acorn" at Nemu no Ki Children's Museum
* Lamune OnsenLamune Onsen
**Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes** (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) was a Mexican politician.

He served as the 38th President of Mexico. He served as president for less than one hour on February 19, 1913. It is the shortest presidency in the history of the world. He had earlier served as Mexico's foreign minister for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for sixteen years.

Early life
----------

Lascuráin was born in Mexico City, Mexico.

Presidency
----------

Before becoming president, Lascuráin was mayor of Mexico City. On 19 February 1913, General Victoriano Huerta overthrew President Madero. Lascuráin was one of the people who convinced Madero to resign the presidency while he was being held prisoner in the National Palace. He claimed that his life was in danger if he refused.

Under the Constitution of Mexico, the vice-president, the attorney general, the foreign minister and then the interior minister stood next in line to the presidency. As well as Madero, Huerta had overthrown Vice-President José María Pino Suárez and Attorney General Adolfo Valles Baca.

Lascuráin, as foreign minister, assumed the presidency. Lascuráin was president for less than an hour; sources quote figures ranging from 15 to 56 minutes. To date, Lascuráin's presidency is the shortest in history, even briefer than that of Venezuelan politician Diosdado Cabello in 2002.

Death
-----

Lascuráin died in Mexico City from natural causes, aged 96 years old.

Other websites
--------------

* (in Spanish) La decena trágica Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine by Alejandro Rosas
* (in Spanish) La decena trágica Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Spanish) Brief biography at Encarta Archived 2008-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Spanish) Brief biography Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
* (in Spanish) A little more biographical information Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
Flag of Westmorland
**Westmorland** (an older spelling is *Westmoreland*, an even older spelling is *Westmerland*) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It was an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now is part of Cumbria.

Early history
-------------

Westmorland as shown on a 1931 administrative map of England
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was said to form part of Yorkshire. 
The historic county borders are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. 

The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census its area was 485,990 acres. 

Appleby, the historic county town, was also a historic borough until it was reformed in 1885.

*Gray's Book of Roads*; Westmoreland; 1824
According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second smallest administrative county with people in England, after Rutland. The spead of population was as follows: 

| District | Number of People |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal Borough of Appleby | 1,944 |
| Municipal Borough of Kendal | 21,602 |
| Lakes Urban District | 5,815 |
| Windermere Urban District | 8,065 |
| North Westmorland Rural District | 14,778 |
| South Westmorland Rural District | 20,633 |

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.
**Strict scrutiny** is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts. It is part of the hierarchy of standards that courts use to weigh the government's interest against a constitutional right or principle. The lesser standards are rational basis review and exacting or intermediate scrutiny. These standards are used to test statutes and government action at all levels of government within the United States.

The idea of "levels of judicial scrutiny", including strict scrutiny, was introduced in *United States v. Carolene Products Co.* (1938), one of a series of decisions testing the constitutionality of New Deal legislation. The first and most notable case in which the Supreme Court applied the strict scrutiny standard and found the government's actions valid was *Korematsu v. United States* (1944). In *Korematsu* the Court upheld the government ruling 6-3 that the need to protect the country from espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu.

Applicability
-------------

U.S. courts apply the strict scrutiny standard in two contexts: when a fundamental constitutional right is infringed, particularly those found in the Bill of Rights and those the court has deemed a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause or "liberty clause" of the 14th Amendment, or when a government action applies to a "suspect classification," such as race or national origin.

To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must satisfy three tests:

* **Compelling governmental interest**. While the Courts have never clearly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial. Examples include national security, preserving the lives of multiple individuals, and not violating explicit constitutional protections.

* **Narrowly tailored** refers to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action includes too much (overbroad) or fails to address important parts of the compelling interest, then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.

* **least restrictive means** must be used for achieving that interest. That is, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest. The test will be met even if there is another method that is equally the least restrictive. Some legal scholars consider this "least restrictive means" requirement part of being narrowly tailored, though the Court generally evaluates it separately.
**The Shikon no Tama** (English:**The Jewel of Four Souls**) is the fictional magic jewel in Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series *InuYasha*. It contains four types of souls, Courage, Friendship, Wisdom and Love. The souls can make a person powerful. Before Midoriko sacrificed herself, she joined four souls within her heart, with the demonic one making it good and pure. This created the Shikon Jewel, where Midoriko and the demon are trapped within. The battle depends to any demon who kept the jewel. If the jewel is purified, Midoriko survives. If the demon binds the jewel, it becomes defiled. Naraku defiles the jewel, while collecting all pieces. Shako (Sango's grandfather) found the impured jewel from one of the demons. When Kikyo dies, the jewel survives and Naraku plans to retrieve it. Kagome Higurashi ends up travelling to the past while keeping the jewel. After Kagome destroys the raven, the jewel is shattered into pieces. Izumo is a philosopher half–demon who made the fake jewel with small power, by copying the real one. However, Inuyasha defeats him.
**Al-Akhawayn Islands** which means The two brothers island (Arabic: جزيرة الأخوين) sometimes called "The older brother and the younger brother islands" are one of the Red Sea islands. "Al-Akhawain" are located between Safaga and Al-Qusair, and it is one of the best coral and shark gatherings, and one of the best diving areas.

That islands were mentioned by the French marine scientist "Jacques Cousteau" in his book The Silent World, due to the nature of island which a unique scene of coral reefs and crystal clear waters, in addition to the wreckage of two sunken ships, Numidia and Aida, which made these two islands an attractive place for fans of underwater photography.

The waters around the island Characterized by the presence of whale shark (locally called "Bahloul") which is human friendly and facilitating taking photos with the divers.

The Red Sea Reserves Sector has issued guidelines to deal with the whale shark, including warnings against trying to touch, ride or chase the whale shark, as well as trying to change its movement path to allow the whale shark to move and act naturally, maintain a distance of at least 3 meters in-front of it , 4 meters behind it. the Red Sea Reserves prohibited also the use of a flash photography that annoys the shark.
Flag
**Suwon** is a large city in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

History
-------

Suwon became a big city because of King Jeongjo of Joseon. He wanted to make Suwon the capital after he moved his father's tomb. Suwon's Hwaseong Fortress was also built then. Hwaseong has great value because some machines were used to build it. Jeong Yagyong, a great mechanic and scholar, made pulleys named Geojunggi and Nokro, which were used.

In ancient tribal times, Suwon was known as Mosu-guk (Korean : 모수국) of Mahan confederacy. During the Proto–Three Kingdoms period era, however, the area comprising modern Suwon and Hwaseong City was called Maehol-gun (매홀군). In 757, under King Gyeongdeok of the Unified Silla, the name was changed to Suseong-gun (수성군).

Geography
---------

Suwon is in the north-west of South Korea near Seoul, so Suwon is developed. In Suwon there are some small mountains like Gwanggyosan and Chilbosan.

Government
----------

Suwon's mayor is Yeom Tae-Yeong.  The deputy mayors are Jeon Taeheon and Lee Jaejun. Suwon has four districts: Jangan-gu, Paldal-gu, Gwonseon-gu and Yeongtong-gu.

People
------

There are 1,201,564 people living in Suwon including foreigners.

Symbols
-------

Suwon's symbol is Hwaseong's main gate. Suwon's official flower is the royal azalea, and Suwon's slogan is "We welcome people. Human city, Suwon." (Korean: 사람이 반갑습니다. 휴먼시티 수원.)

Sport
-----

Suwon Samsung Bluewings is Suwon's soccer team. They play soccer in the K League. Their stadium is Suwon World Cup Stadium. It is the biggest soccer stadium in Suwon.

Transport
---------

Suwon has two bus terminals: Suwon Bus Terminal and West Suwon Bus Terminal. The Gyeongbu and Yeongdong Expressways pass through Suwon, and the Gyeongbu railroad line, Seoul Subway Line 1, and the Bundang Line also pass through Suwon.

Food
----

Suwon galbi (beef ribs) is Suwon's special food. It is expensive but popular.
**Malya Teamay** is an Aboriginal Australian artist. He is also an administrator of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, serving as a member of its Board of Management. As an artist, Teamay works for Walkatjara Art Uluṟu. This art centre is part of the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Cultural Centre located inside the national park. Examples of Teamay's paintings are held in the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the Museum of Victoria.

Teamay was born in 1947, at Curtin Springs, a cattle station in the southwest of the Northern Territory. His family was Pitjantjatjara. He grew up at Uluṟu, Areyonga and Ernabella. He worked as a stockman for most of his early life. Teamay moved to Muṯitjulu after it was established in the mid-1980s. He began painting soon after, originally as a way of telling others about the history of his people. His first painting was about the problem of petrol sniffing. He has made several different versions of this painting since.

Like most other artists from this region, Teamay also paints the **Tjukurpa** associated with his country. These are stories about his spiritual ancestors from the Dreamtime and their journeys across the land. Teamay's paintings focus on the Seven Sisters, and the Liru and Kuniya Dreamings. His work *Tjukurpa of Uluṟu* is pictured on the admission tickets to the park. It depicts the spiritual law associated with Uluṟu. The other subjects he commonly paints are stories from the Australian gold rush, social problems faced by his community, and the effects of destructive habits on the environment.

Malya is a very active member of the Aboriginal community and has travelled widely around Australia to speak on Anangu issues. He has also served as the chairman of the Nyangatjatjara Aboriginal Corporation, which governs employment, educational and economic opportunities for Aboriginal people in the southwestern Northern Territory.
Wind farm in the North Sea off Belgium
A **wind turbine** is a rotating machine that transfers kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as for pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine may be called a **wind turbine generator (WTG), wind power unit (WPU)**, **wind energy converter (WEC)**, or **aerogenerator**.

Turning the generator
---------------------

The wind turbine's blades are turned by the wind. This turns a shaft turning slowly, at about 10-20 rpm with a high torque. The shaft goes into a reduction gearbox with a ratio of about 1:50, although some wind turbine gearboxes can have a ratio of 1:100 or more. Some wind turbines may have no reduction gearbox at all, and have a ratio of 1:1. The gearbox turns the generator more quickly, at around 1000 rpm, at a low torque. The generator creates electricity. This electricity is combined with any other wind turbines that may be in the same wind farm. This combined electricity may be used locally, or adjusted to match the electricity in the power grid and sent to the power grid.

Environmental Impact
--------------------

Although wind turbines are a renewable source of energy and don't pollute the environment as a result of generating power, they have an environmental impact. Some people think that wind turbines create a lot of noise and look unappealing. However, wind turbines are placed no closer than 300 meters from residential homes. At that distance, a wind turbine is no louder than an average household air conditioner.

A wind turbine with its rotor blade dismounted for maintenance; please note the car in the picture, an Opel Astra G convertible, which is there for scale.
**Menoetius** is the only moon of the asteroid Trojan 617 Patroclus.

In 2001, scientists found that Patroclus is a binary system, made up of two asteroids of about the same size. It is one of 18 binary Trojan asteroids known to exist. In 2006, good measurements of the orbit from the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system were reported.

It was estimated that the two components orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 days at a distance of 680±20 km in a roughly circular orbit. Combining these observations with thermal measurements taken in 2000, the sizes of the components of the system were estimated at 106 km and 98 km, with an equivalent whole-system diameter of 145 km, refined by later measurements from the Keck Observatory to approximately 122 km and 112 km for each partner, and a co-orbital period of 103.5±0.3 hours (4.3125±0.0125 days).

On 21 October 2013, both bodies occulted a magnitude 8.8 star as observed by a team of 41 observers stationed across the USA. Observation data put the orbital distance of 664.6 km, and give a size for the slightly larger component, which retains the name Patroclus with overall volume equivalent to a 113 km sphere, with the smaller component now named Menoetius with a volume equivalent to a 104 km diameter sphere.
A **subculture** is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A **subculture** is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.

Identifying subcultures
-----------------------

Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender. The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors. Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot). They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.

The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

Related pages
-------------

* Folklore
* Popular culture
Not to be confused with Pakistani English.
**Urdish** (or **Urglish**), a portmanteau of Urdu and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of English and Urdu in Pakistan, involving code-switching between these languages where they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. The term *Urdlish* is first recorded in 1989. Other less common colloquial portmanteau words for Urdish include (chronologically): *Urglish* (recorded from 1995), *Urdlish* (1997) and *Urduish* (1998).

Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display code-switching in certain localities and between certain social groups.

On 14 August 2015, the Government of Pakistan launched the *Ilm* Pakistan movement, with a uniform curriculum in Urdish. Ahsan Iqbal, Federal Minister of Pakistan, said, "Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish."
The left-handed orientation is shown on the left, and the right-handed on the right.
Prediction of direction of field (*B*) when the current *I* flows in the direction of the thumb
The right-hand rule for motion produced with screw threads
The **right-hand rule** is a convention in vector math. It helps you remember direction when vectors get cross multiplied.

1. Start by closing your right hand and stick out your pointer finger.
2. Stick your thumb straight up as though you were making the sign for a gun.
3. If you point your "gun" straight ahead, stick out your middle finger so that it points left and all your fingers are at right angles to each other.

If you have two vectors that you want to cross multiply, you can figure out the direction of the vector that comes out by pointing your thumb in the direction of the first vector and your pointer in the direction of the second vector. Your middle finger will point the direction of the cross product.

Remember that when you change the order that vectors get cross multiplied, the result goes in the opposite direction. So it's important to make sure that you go in the order of {\displaystyle {\vec {thumb}}\times {\vec {pointer}}={\vec {middle}}}.

Variations
----------

There is another rule called the right-hand grip rule (or corkscrew rule) that is used for magnetic fields and things that rotate. 

1. Start by putting your right hand out flat and point your thumb straight out so that it is at a right angle to your other fingers.
2. Now curl your fingers into a fist and keep your thumb out (like a Thumbs Up).
3. Match how your fingers curl in to the way something is moving. The direction that your thumb is pointing is the direction of the vector we use to talk about it.

You can do this in reverse by starting your thumb in the direction of the vector and see how your fingers curl to see the direction of rotation. If you point your thumb in the direction of current in a wire, the magnetic field that comes up around it is in the direction of your curling fingers.
**Yui Kitama** (born October 6, 1994) is a Japanese Wheelchair Basketball player. She is a member of the Women's National Wheelchair Basketball team for Japan. In 2021, she competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Life
----

Kitama was born with Spina Bifida. She has been in a wheelchair since the age of three. At middle school, she was a staff member of the school basketball team. When she was in the seventh grade, the coach took her to an Itami Super Phoenix’s wheelchair basketball match. She was encouraged to start playing. 

She made her debut at the 2010 Asian Para Games, where she won a gold medal with her team. She finished ninth at the 2014 World Championships, and second at the 2014 Asian Para Games. She won the silver medal with the national team at the 2018 Asian Para Games. She competed at the 2019 Asia Oceania Championship for Women.

She studied sociology at the Otemon Gakuin University in Ibaraki.

Other websites
--------------

* Yui Kitama of Japan competes in the Women’s Wheelchair Basketball Final on day six of the Asian Para Games on October 12, 2018
**Sensorineural hearing loss** is the most common and one of the main types of hearing loss. It is also known as "nerve deafness". Unlike the other main type of hearing loss - conductive hearing loss - sensorineural hearing loss is permanent.

Not only does sensorineural hearing loss cause noise to sound quieter but also makes sound less clear. This makes listening when there is a lot of noise harder and also makes hearing other people talk harder.

Causes
------

There are two parts of the ear that can be damaged to cause sensorineural hearing loss, either the cochlea or the hearing nerve. They do not both have to be damaged to cause hearing loss and can be caused by a number of different things. 

* Age related - the cochlea and hearing nerve of older people is more likely to be damaged than younger people, causing hearing loss
* Noise related - listening to loud music or being in a place with very loud noise for a long time can damage your hearing
* Disease - there are a few diseases and medications that can also cause hearing loss as a side-effect

Treatment
---------

Unlike conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. There may be ways to cure it but these are very limited. There are however ways to treat it and make it better. 

Using hearing aids is the most popular way to treat this hearing loss. Hearing aids are not just able to make sound louder, which does not always help (because louder sound does not mean clearer sound) but can also reduce sounds that are not needed to hear other people talk while making speech louder. This is very helpful in making speech easier to understand.

Other websites
--------------

* National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
* Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
The **spectacled bear** (*Tremarctos ornatus*), also known as the **Andean bear** is the last of the lineage of short-faced bears. Locally, it is also called *ukuku*, *jukumari* or *ukumari*. The other short-faced bears are now extinct. They lived during middle to late Pleistocene age.

The spectacled bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America. It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest. Males are 33% larger than females. Males can weigh 130 – 200 kilograms (286 – 440 lb), and females 35 – 60 kilograms (77 – 132 lb). They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and eastern Panama. Spectacled bears are the only surviving types of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae. Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the highest trees of the Andes.
Psychiatrist Ian Stevenson, from the University of Virginia, interviewed young children who claimed to remember a past life. He did more than 2,500 interviews over a period of 40 years and wrote twelve books, including *Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation*. 

Stevenson found that childhood memories possibly related to reincarnation normally occurred between the ages of three and seven years. He compared the memories with reports of people known to the deceased, attempting to do so before any contact between the child and the deceased's family had occurred.

Some 35 per cent of the children examined by Stevenson had birthmarks or birth defects. Stevenson believed that the existence of birth marks and deformities on children, when they occurred at the location of fatal wounds in the deceased, provided the best evidence for reincarnation. However, Stevenson has never claimed that he had proved the existence of reincarnation, and cautiously referred to his cases as being "of the reincarnation type" or "suggestive of reincarnation".

Stevenson retired in 2002, and psychiatrist Jim B. Tucker took over his work, and wrote *Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children’s Memories of Previous Lives*.

Related pages
-------------

* Bruce Greyson
* Parapsychology
* Life After Life

Further reading
---------------

* 11 Books on Reincarnation Archived 2022-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
**Twyla Tharp** (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choreographer. She lives and works in New York City. 

Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music. In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet *Deuce Coupe* to the music of The Beach Boys. It is considered to be the first crossover ballet. Later she choreographed *Push Comes to Shove*. That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.

Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world. She also has had success on Broadway. In 1985, her staging of *Singin' in the Rain,* played at the Gershwin for 367 performances. Her dance musical *Movin' Out* ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway. The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel. It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.

Honors and awards
-----------------

Twyla Tharp received two Emmy Awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the Vietnam Veterans of America President’s Award, the 2004 National Medal of the Arts.

Tharp was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 1993.

She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree for 2008.

Movies
------

* *Hair*
* *Ragtime*
* *Amadeus*
* *White Nights*
* *I'll Do Anything*
**Tyka Evene Nelson** (born May 18, 1960) is an American singer. She is the daughter of jazz musician John L. Nelson (1916–2001) and Mattie Della Shaw (1933–2002). She is the younger sister of Prince (1958–2016).

Nelson has released four albums. She reached No. 33 on the *Billboard*'s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 1988 with "Marc Anthony's Tune". It was produced by Larry Graham. Nelson is married to Maurice Phillips. She has six children.

She accepted Prince's American Music Award for Top Soundtrack after his death in 2016.

Early life
----------

Tyka Evene Nelson was born on May 18, 1960 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She is the daughter of Mattie Della Nelson (*née* Shaw; 1933–2002) and John Lewis Nelson (1916–2001). Her parents were both African-American,. Her family ancestry is centered in Louisiana. All four of her grandparents arefrom that state. Her father was a jazz pianist and songwriter. Her mother was a jazz singer. Her brothe was Prince Rogers. Both children had an interest in music. This was encouraged by their father. According to a 2008 interview with *City Pages*, she began writing songs when she was 10 and "hasn’t collaborated" with her brother since they were young.

Tyka studied and graduated at of Minneapolis’ North High

Career
------

in 1978, After graduating from North High of Minneapolis, Tyka went to California to begin her musical career. She released her first studio album *Royal Blue* in 1988. She signed with the record lable Cooltempo. Her song "Marc Anthony's Tune" reached No. 33 on the *Billboard*'s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in July.

Discography
-----------

* 1988: *Royal Blue* (Cooltempo)
* 1992: *Moon Yellow, Red Sky* (CMC International Records)[*source?*]
* 2008: *A Brand New Me*
* 2011: *Hustler*
The **questioning** of one's status as a male, female or other (gender or gender identity), attraction to other people (sexual orientation) or both is often referred to in the LGBT community as just "questioning".

Questioning these aspects is a process of exploring things about oneself, which may make people unsure and worried about applying a label to themselves for different reasons.

The letter "Q" is often added to the end of the acronym LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender); the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning. Many LGBT student groups and books include questioning in their books and literature; in the case of gay-straight alliances they do so in part so that students are not forced to label themselves or choose a sexual or gender identity.

According to the American Psychological Association:

> "Adolescence can be a period of experimentation, and many youths may question their sexual feelings. Becoming aware of sexual feelings is a normal developmental task of adolescence. Sometimes adolescents have same-sex feelings or experiences that cause confusion about their sexual orientation. This confusion appears to decline over time, with different outcomes for different individuals."
> 
> 

Some young people avoid "coming out of the closet" (telling others their sexual orientation) because of homophobic negative beliefs by other people. For some young people, admitting their sexual or gender identity can bring an end to this confusion. Those who receive support can often live happy and healthy lives. However, those who do not are more likely to have to deal with bullying, experiencing suicidal thoughts, and are more likely to engage in risky activities such as having unprotected sex (not using a condom), misuse drugs and become alcoholic. Questioning young people are at higher risk of these than their open LGBT peers.

An issue of anxiety or depression related to a doubt about one's gender identity or sexual orientation has been classified as sexual maturation disorder by the WHO in the ICD-10, under "Mental and behavioural sicknesses/problems connected with sexual development and orientation". Sexual orientation, by itself, is not an illness and is not classified under this heading.

Other websites
--------------

* The Monitor, American Psychological Association publication mentions the term.
* PFLAG Phoenix Quick Guide for Those "Questioning" Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
Restored skeleton in quadrupedal stance
***Quetzalcoatlus***  was a huge pterosaur, the largest animal ever to fly. It had a 10 to 12 meters wing-span (33/40 feet), but was light in construction (~200 pounds).

*Quetzalcoatlus* had an unusually long neck, and when it stood on the ground it was as tall as a giraffe. 

Its fossil record is from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, 70–65.5 million years ago. *Quetzalcoatlus* became extinct at the K/T extinction event.

Its discovery
-------------

A college student found the first *Quetzalcoatlus* fossil in Big Bend National Park in Texas. His name was Douglas Lawson, from the University of Texas in Austin. When he was in the park, he saw a bone sticking out of a rock. Since the bone looked hollow, like the bone of a bird, he thought it was part of a flying creature – and he was right. With his professor's help, he kept digging until lots of bones from an arm and wing were found. The rest of the animal's body was missing. Many others have looked for the rest of that huge pterosaur, but it has never been found. Other fossils of *Quetzalcoatlus* have been found, but none are as big as the one Lawson found.

Flight
------

Since *Quetzalcoatlus* was so large, two researchers suggested it was too heavy to fly. This would have been astonishing, because in the whole fossil record there is no flightless pterosaur. It has been thought their mobility on the ground was too poor for them to survive without flight. However, a recent discussion of this idea concluded they probably could fly after all. Another analysis suggested their flight was quite strong. Since we have only a few bones, the question of weight cannot be settled at present.

Lifestyle
---------

The feeding habits of *Quetzalcoatlus* (which had a long beak with no teeth) are unknown. This question, and its flight, are still being discussed. The lack of a more detailed skeleton is the main problem in reaching conclusions. Two theories have been proposed.

One idea is that it ate fish, by flying with its jaw in the water, and snapping up fish when it hit them. Texas was largely covered by the Western Interior Seaway at the time. "Of these proposed lifestyles, in-flight piscivory [fish-eating] appears to have gained the most acceptance, with skim-feeding being a frequently suggested foraging method.

The other theory is that it fed on land, partly as a carrion feeder, like vultures and buzzards, and foraged for small animals. This view is gaining ground, because the jaw does not show the adaptations for skimming found in modern birds who catch fish this way.

In flight, it was certainly a soarer, flying on up-currents of air in a warm environment, and its remains come from a site which was far inland in the Cretaceous.

Media
-----

*Quetzalcoatlus* was shown in the movie *When Dinosaurs Roamed America* eating a dead *Triceratops* carcass.
**Query by Example** (commonly shortened to **QBE**) is a database query language for relational databases. It was developed at IBM in the 1970s. The development of SQL ran in parallel. QBE was developed for those users who only use databases occasionally, and who do not want to learn a complex language such as SQL. 

With Query by example, users are presented with a visual schema of the database, which they edit with a special editor. When they are done, a parser translates their actions into a query in a regular query language such as SQL. Behind the scenes, it is this statement that is actually executed. With a suitable front-end, the user does not need to remember the details of a query language. The user will be able to select tables and columns more quickly, for example by clicking on them, rather than typing their names. This will improve productivity.

In the context of information retrieval, QBE has a somewhat different meaning. The user can submit a document and ask for "similar" documents to be retrieved from a document database. Similarity search is based comparing document vectors (see Vector Space Model).

Today, many database systems have front-ends that resemble QBE.
**Minos** was the mythical first king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. The following stories are mythological, and have no real historical basis.

Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld. 

He once had a wife named Pasophae. Minos upset the Greek gods by cheating them in a sacrifice. He told Poseidon that he would sacrifice a beautiful bull that Poseidon gave him after he used it. Instead, he switched it with another bull. They punished him by having Pasophae fall in love with a bull.

Pasophae asked Daedalus to help her, so Daedalus made a mechanical cow for her, and she got into it. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasophae had a child. It was the Minotaur, half human, half bull. 

King Minos took the Minotaur and put it in a labrynth, or maze, built by Daedalus. When he was in possession of all of Crete he ordered that fourteen young people come to him to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Theseus volunteered to be one of them, and went there with daughter, Ariadne. He killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth.

The Minoan civilization was later named after him by Arthur Evans. Evans was the archaeologist who discovered and excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete.
**Subzero** (nickname: **Subbie**) (foaled 26 September 1988 in Australia – 29 August 2020) was a Thoroughbred racehorse.

Career
------

Subzero won the 1992 Melbourne Cup. Trained by Lee Freedman and ridden by veteran jockey Greg Hall, the four-year-old revelled in the rain-affected going to defeat the favourite Veandercross and the two-miler Castletown. The win was to be Subzero's last, but, as one of the few grey winners of the race in the post-War era, his fame was assured.

Retirement
----------

Upon retirement from racing, the big, near-white gelding with a lovely temperament was employed as the clerk of the course's horse by Racing Victoria's long-time Clerk, Graham Salisbury, and has made numerous appearances on television, at charity functions, and at schools. In July 2008, he was fully retired as he had developed arthritis.

Health and death
----------------

In October 2009, it was reported that Subzero might need to be put down as the medication he needed for his arthritis became unavailable in Australia. However the medication was subsequently sourced from the United States, and Subzero continued to appear in public. In his retirement he was gentle natured, very patient with children and remained with Graham Salisbury until Salisbury's death in June 2020.

On 29 August 2020, he was humanely put down due to a heart condition. He was 31.

Related pages
-------------

* List of millionaire racehorses in Australia
* List of Melbourne Cup winners

Further reading
---------------

* Crettenden, Adam (2016). *Subzero: More than a Melbourne Cup Hero*. North Sydney, NSW: Penguin Random House Australia. ISBN 9780143782094.

Other websites
--------------

* Product-maker flies the Pacific to help ailing Cup winner - Horsetalk.co.nz 1.11.09
* Subzero's pedigree and partial racing stats
* Subzero visiting the Living Legends park
In Japanese, ***sentai*** (戦隊) is a military unit and may be literally translated as squadron, "task force", "group" or "wing". The terms "regiment" and "flotilla", while sometimes used as translations of *Sentai*, are also used to refer to larger formations. Sentai television series are Live-action shows with young heros in spandex fighting monsters with their martial arts.

World War II
------------

It is a term used during World War II by the military of the Empire of Japan. Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy  (IJN) Air Service sentai units were equivalent to a group or wing in other air forces. However, the term had slightly different meanings in the IJA and the IJN. The Japanese navy sentai were squadrons of four ships (battleships and cruisers). Japanese submarines were also grouped in sentai.

Power Rangers
-------------

The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers debuted on television in the US in 1993. They are based on Super Sentai shows from Japan. Here the term means "group fighters". It is a group of five color-coded fighters familiar to young Japanese viewers since the 1975 debut of *Go Renjaa* (five Rangers).