recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Crime** in **Afghanistan** happens in many ways. Some of the crimes are: corruption, contract killings or assassinations, kidnapping, drug trafficking, money laundering, black marketeering, and other ordinary crimes.

Growing Opium poppy and drug trafficking are important to the political and economic situation of Afghanistan. After the Soviet war in Afghanistan, growing opium poppy increased. Growing opium poppy was taxed. Some members of the military were directly involved in illegal drug trade. The Taliban did not want people to grow drugs. Because it made so much money they were tolerant and taxed the drug growing.

In 1999, Afghanistan made over 4,581 metric tons of raw and refined opium. This led to more international pressure from places the drugs were sold to. In response, the Taliban said no one could grow opium poppy. The did allow the opium trade to continue. With the ban the opium was reduced to 185 metric tons. This little production of opium continued in areas under the control of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan.

Since the downfall of the Taliban in 2001, growing and trafficking of opium has increased significantly. Criminal organizations and corrupt government officials have used drug trafficking as a way to make money. Some anti-government groups make profit from the drug trafficking.

Afghanistan is world's largest producer of opium. In 2001, Afghanistan was the source of 87% of the world's illegal opium. 80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from opium made in Afghanistan. According to Antonio Maria Costa "drugs are now a clear and present danger" in Afghanistan. In 2007 the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime said 93% of the opiates on the world market came from Afghanistan.

Unemployment among a large portion of the population is part of the reason for crime. Other forms of crime include robbery as well as kidnappings and assault. Many riots have occurred in the country in response to the political and other issues.

Since the downfall of the Taliban, crime rate has greatly increased in the capital city Kabul. Armed robberies are reported in the western districts of Kabul. Between March 2002 and January 2003, 48 cases of homicide, 80 cases of theft and 12 cases of kidnappings were reported in Kabul municipal boundaries.
**Cystic fibrosis**, also known as **mucoviscidosis**, **CF**, and **65 roses**, is a condition a person may get from their parents. It makes the body make thick, sticky mucus, which builds up in the lungs, the digestive system, and other parts of the body.

If both parents have the cystic fibrosis gene, and pass it into their child, the child will get cystic fibrosis. A cystic fibrosis gene is needed from each parent. The parent might not have cystic fibrosis but still might have the gene. A person with cystic fibrosis is not contagious (they cannot give it to anyone else). There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but there are a lot of medications that help keep people healthy.

What CF does to the body
------------------------

Cystic fibrosis affects the entire body. Overall the body has trouble moving salt to the parts of the body that need it. Since the body has trouble moving salt, it piles up in places it is not supposed to like the lungs, stomach and intestines.

Lungs
In the lungs when salt gets stuck it causes there to be less water which makes mucus become very thick. It becomes very hard to breathe. The treatment for this is breathing medicine to help add water to the lungs to keep the mucus thinner so it is easier to cough up. When there is thinner and less mucus it is easier to breathe.

Treatment
---------

There is no cure for cystic fibrosis. Even though people can do things to stay healthy. Healthy habits keep the person from getting more sick. People can stay clean. People can stay away from germs. They can drink water to help the mucus go away. Taking enzymes help digest food if there is mucus in the stomach.

Exercise clears mucus. It builds strong muscles and bones and strengthens the lungs. Taking vitamins helps the body fight off the infection. It also helps the body grow and function well.

* Inhaled antibiotics are used to keep bacteria from growing in the thick mucus.
* Inhaled salt-water helps keep the lungs moisturized

Testing for cystic fibrosis
---------------------------

* Sweat chloride test - this tests the salt level of a persons sweat.
* Genetic test - this is used if the sweat test is positive to see if they have both genes.

65 roses
--------

"65 roses" is how some children refer to their condition since cystic fibrosis is difficult for a young child to say. '65 Roses' is also a trademarked phrase by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to help control its use. It is a very helpful way for young children to understand. When spoken aloud, it sounds similar to cystic fibrosis.
**Casual sex** means some types of sexual activity outside of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used the same way: some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, and others use the word for one-time encounters, promiscuity, or to refer to sex without strong emotional attachment or love.

Related terms
-------------

### Hookup

A **hookup** is casual sex activity that could consist of masturbation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse. An **extended hookup** sometimes refers to many casual sex interactions with the same person. This is a situation in which the involved people meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship is usually only for sex and without any emotional meaning. Also another similar term is "no strings attached" ("NSA") sex.

Other terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but only sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", "booty call", and "ami calin" (the popular French term).

### One-night stand

One-night stand is a single sexual encounter between people, at least one of whom has no desire to start a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship.

### Anonymous sex

Anonymous sex is a form of one-night stand or *casual sex* between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in sexual activity on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again after the sex. It is usually homosexual sex between men.

Commercial sites
----------------

There are many specialist online dating services or other internet websites, known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites, which cater to people looking for a purely physical relationship, without emotional attachments. These can provide a relatively anonymous forum where people who are geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can make contact.

Related pages
-------------

* Group sex
* STDs
Images of a falling cat. This was from the journal *Nature* printed in 1894
The **cat righting reflex** is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme falls. 

In a 1987 study, written in the *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity. At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag.

How the cat does it
-------------------

First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:

1. Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
2. Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body.
3. Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
4. Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.

If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

Terminal velocity
-----------------

Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

Related pages
-------------

* Buttered cat paradox

Other websites
--------------

* Why cats land on their feet Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
* National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex Archived 2016-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
* The miracle of the falling cat Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
* How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.
dartboard
**Darts** is a type of throwing game where darts are thrown towards a circular target held on a wall. The circular target is called the dartboard. Darts is most liked in the United Kingdom (which was the first country to call darts a sport), mainly in England, and is a pub game. Darts was first played around the 1870s. Until 1930s all dart boards were made out of wood that had to be soaked in water the day before.

Dartboard
---------

A normal board is 17 and three-quarter inches in diameter and split into 20 sections, plus there are two circles in the middle, an outer ring and a triple ring (the ring halfway from the bull). Throwing the dart on the green ring (known as the "single bull") scores 25 points and the red spot (the "bull") scores 50 points. The 20 sections around the outside of the two circles each have a number from 1 to 20. The outer ring scores double the points and the triple ring scores triple. The highest score that can be made by throwing three darts in one round is 180. This is where all three darts hit the triple 20.

The 20 numbers are arranged in a random order, and is still the order in the present day. From the top number clockwise, the numbers go 20, 1, 18, 4, 13, 6, 10, 15, 2, 17, 3, 19, 7, 16, 8, 11, 14, 9, 12 and 5.
*Couques de Dinant* at a Dinant bakery
The ***Couque de Dinant*** (English: Cake of Dinant) is an extremely hard and sweet biscuit. It is a traditional biscuit of the southern Belgian city of Dinant in Wallonia.

Preparation
-----------

*Couques* are made with three ingredients: wheat, flour and honey. Preparation is fairly easy: The same amount of each ingredient is added, and nothing else. For example, neither water nor yeast are added. The dough is put in a wooden mould. The wood is obtained from pear tree, walnut tree or beech tree. The moulds have many different shapes. These includes animals, floral patterns, people or landscapes.

The biscuit is cooked in an oven preheated to around 300 °C (575 °F) for 15 minutes. This allows the honey to caramelize. On cooling, the biscuit becomes very hard. It can be preserved indefinitely. *Couques* can be displayed as decoration as they will not rot. They are used as Christmas tree ornaments, or used to commemorate special occasions.

A different type, the ***couque de Rins*** also adds sugar to the dough. It is sweeter and softer as a result.

Consumption
-----------

*Couques de Dinant* are fairly large. Here a smallish one is shown with a 1 euro coin for scale. The design is a view of Dinant.
*Couques de Dinant* cannot be bitten as they are very large and hard. They are instead broken into small pieces. The pieces can then be bitten, sucked, left to melt in the mouth or be soaked in coffee. *Couques de Dinant* have been traditionally given to babies during teething.

Dinant bakeries see large sales over the summer season due to tourists. The consumption of *couques* is highest near Saint Nicholas Day in December. At that time of year, they are sold and eaten all over Belgium.

Origins
-------

A popular but unlikely legend said that couques came from from the sacking of Dinant in 1466. Dinant was sacked by Charles the Bold during the Liège Wars. The citizens were supposedly desperate and had little to eat but flour and honey. They then decided to make a dough by mixing honey and flour. As the dough was so hard, they find that ornaments can be made out of it. One example is *dinanderie* (local ornamental brasswork). The people thereby began the tradition of giving the biscults patterns.

It is more clear that *couque* began to appear some time in the 18th century. The exact circumstances of its invention are unclear though.

Related pages
-------------

* Belgian cuisine
* List of crackers
A **cypher** is an algorithm for performing encryption (coding) or decryption (decoding). It is a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. To encipher or encode is to convert information from plain text into cipher or code. 

In non-technical usage, a 'cipher' often means the same thing as a 'code'; but in cryptography, cyphers are distinguished from codes. One 20th century source gives this explanation: a cypher is "a method in which the basic unit of concealment is the letter. 

In comparison, a code is a form of concealment in which the basic unit is the word". Late in the century, "codes" in this cryptographic sense became rare. 21st century cryptography mostly encrypts bitstreams. 

Codes operated by substituting according to a large codebook which linked a random string of characters or numbers to a word or phrase. For example, "UQJHSE" could be the code for "Proceed to the following coordinates".

A cypher is used to turn the original information ("plaintext") to the encrypted form "ciphertext". The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but cannot be read by human or computer without the proper mechanism to decrypt it.
To encipher or decipher, you need the "key". In encryption, a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or vice versa during decryption.

By type of key used cyphers are divided into:

* symmetric key algorithms (private-key cryptography): the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
* asymmetric key algorithms (public-key cryptography): two different keys are used for encryption and decryption.

The word cypher in French is *cifre* and in Medieval Latin *cifra*, from the Arabic *sifr*, meaning 'zero'. The first known English use of *zero* was in 1598.

Related pages
-------------

* Code
* Encryption
* Key (cryptography)
* Block cipher
* Product cipher
* Ciphertext
* Ciphertext-only attack
**Chirripó National Park** is a national park in Costa Rica. It is in Talamanca Mountain, 20 km (12 mi) northeast of San Isidro de El General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of 50,150 ha (123,923 acres). The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Cerro Chirripó. The mountain has an altitude of 3,920 m (12,861 ft). 

In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means *Land of Eternal Waters*. The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo.   

The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was −9 °C (16 °F) in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months. 

There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals.

The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station.
In law, a **concurring opinion** is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.

Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect). The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion. Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is *Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.* (1944).

Concurring opinions by region
-----------------------------

In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion *and* a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment

Terminology at the various courts
---------------------------------

* At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
* The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
* The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
* The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
* In some jurisdictions (e.g. California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to **conc. opn.**
The database schema of MediaWiki
In computer science a *schema* or **database schema** describes the structure of a database in a formal language that is supported by the database management system. Using the database schema, it is possible to create a blueprint of the database. This blueprint will not contain any data. The database schema uses logical formulas to create integrity constraints. It is not possible to insert data into the database that violates these integrity constraints. All contraints use the same language. 

There are different kinds of database schemas:

* The **conceptual schema** expresses the concepts in the database, and how they relate to each other
* The **logical schema** is a mapping of entities with their attributes, and the respective relations
* The **physical schema** is a particular implementation of a logical schema.

Ideally, a database schema should have the following properties:

* It should be *complete*: all information in the source should be included.
* It should be *minimal*: it should not be possible to leave out a relation, without losing information
* It should be *normalized*: A certain piece of information should be in the schema only once.
Catherine in Northanger AbbeyCatherine, believing that the scary novels she reads are true
**Catherine Morland** is the principal character in Jane Austen's book *Northanger Abbey*. She enjoys reading the mysterious and frightening gothic novels that were popular in her time. She often has a tendency to blur the lines between fiction and reality, which causes her a great deal of trouble. She is the neighbor of Mr. Allens, a rich man, and goes with him to Bath, a city in Northeastern Somerset, England. Jane Austen used her to mock the obvious classics where the perfect heroes fall in love with the heroines, and they marry and live "happily ever after".

Jane Austen, in the beginning of Chapter Two, describes her as having a heart that "was affectionate (loving)", a "disposition (character) cheerful and open, without conceit (pride) or affectation".

Childhood
---------

The book *Northanger Abbey* begins with, "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine." Her father, Richard, is a clergyman (pastor) who, even though he is not rich, is not poor; her mother is "a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution." Catherine is called "plain" when she is young, with "a thin awkward figure, a 
sallow
 skin without colour, dark 
lank
 hair, and strong features..." She likes to play boy's games more than playing with dolls, and does not like lessons, though she does like stories and fables. Catherine likes "tinkling the keys of the old 
forlorn
 spinnet (piano)," but she hates learning music, and "the day which dismissed (sent away) the music-master was one of the happiest in Catherine's life." She does not draw well; she did not like writing, or accounts, or French. However, she is usually nice to her brothers and sisters, and listens to her parents.

Adulthood
---------

Catherine becomes "almost pretty" at 15, when she grows plumper, cleaner, and more 
animated
. She begins reading better books, like those that Pope, Gray, Thompson, and Shakespeare's. Mrs. Allen invites her to come to Bath with her, and she agrees. There, she is always very polite to Mrs. Allen, and is humbly satisfied when a few men call her a "pretty girl." She falls in love with Henry Tilney, and even though they misunderstand each other some times, they quickly become good friends. She also becomes friends with 
elegant
 Eleanor Tilney, and she is invited to Northanger Abbey. General Tilney, Henry's father, is kind to her, and she is happy. But sometimes she is too imaginative: for instance, she thinks General Tilney murdered his wife. Henry's gentle talk with her soon makes her more clear-sighted. The sudden rudeness of General Tilney makes her very sad until Henry comes and proposes to her; he also explains the General's first attentions, and later rudeness: the General had at first thought Catherine was very rich, and later thought Catherine was really poor. Actually, Catherine is neither - she lives quite comfortably. At the end of the book, they marry happily.
In single-winner voting system theory, the **Condorcet loser criterion** (CLC) is used to compare different voting systems. Any voting system that passes the CLC will also pass the majority loser criterion.

A voting system that passes the Condorcet loser criterion will never allow a *Condorcet loser* to win. A Condorcet loser is a candidate who would lose a head-to-head competition against each other candidate. (Not all elections will have a Condorcet loser since it is possible for every candidate to lose against at least one other candidate head-to-head.)

Any voting method that passes the Smith criterion will also pass the Condorcet loser criterion, because the Condorcet loser doesn't pairwise beat anyone, and so could not be in the Smith set.

Voting methods that pass include: two-round system, instant-runoff voting (AV), contingent vote, borda count, Schulze method, ranked pairs, and Kemeny-Young method. Any voting method that ends in a runoff passes the criterion, because the Condorcet loser will lose in any head-to-head competition.

Voting methods that don't pass include: plurality voting, supplementary voting, Sri Lankan contingent voting, approval voting, range voting, Bucklin voting and minimax Condorcet.

Related pages
-------------

* Condorcet method
* Condorcet criterion
The **Soldier** or **Tropical Queen** (*Danaus eresimus*) is a North American and South American butterfly. It is in the family Nymphalidae. Their flight is slow and they are easy to approach. They will fly for some distance if approached too closely.

Description
-----------

The upper side of the wings is a dark reddish-brown color. The fore wing (the top wing) sometimes has white spots along the edge. The veins are lightly marked with black. The male has a black patch on his hind wing (the bottom wing). This spot releases scents to help the female find and mate with the male. This spot is called an androconium (plural, androconia). The underside of the wings is also a dark brown color. There is a band made up of square shaped spots in the center of the hind wing. The Soldier has a wingspan of 2½ to 3½ inches.

Similar species
---------------

Similar species in the Soldier's range include the Monarch (*Danaus plexippus*) and the Queen (*Danaus gilippus*).

The Monarch is more orange. It has heavier black-lined veins. The underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.

The Queen has nearly no black-lined veins. On the fore wing it has white spots on both surfaces of the wings.

Habitat
-------

The Soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges, and dry fields.

Flight period
-------------

This butterfly my be seen from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December). In southern Texas, it is seen from August to January.

Life cycle
----------

The eggs are bright orange. The black caterpillar is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a row of yellowish-tan spots near the top of the body. There are six black, fleshy filaments. The first pair is near the head. The second pair is on the thorax. The third pair is at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis. It is very hard to tell the difference between them. It has 3 or more broods per year.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the Soldier caterpillar feeds on:

* *Morrenia odorata* - Strangler Vine
* *Sarcostemma clausum* - White Vine
* *Spigelia anthelmia* - West Indian Pinkroot
Not to be confused with Concordia Seminary.

The **Concordia Theological Seminary** is an institution of theological higher education. It is run by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and is located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Its main purpose is to teach men who will become pastors in the congregations of the LCMS. It also teaches women who will become deaconesses. It offers professional, master's and doctoral degrees.

History
-------

In 1844, a pastor in Fort Wayne named Frederick C. D. Wynecken started teaching two men to be pastors. The next year, he became a pastor in Baltimore, and a pastor named Wilhelm Sihler continued teaching in Fort Wayne. The seminary officially started in August 1846, when eleven students and an instructor from Germany arrived in Fort Wayne. They were sent by a German pastor named Wilhelm Loehe. At first, classes were held in a nearby house.

The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod was started in 1847. Loehe then gave ownership of the seminary to the synod. Two years later, the seminary purchased land east of Fort Wayne and built the first building on its new campus.

Other people in the LCMS called Concordia Theological Seminary the "practical seminary", because it tried to teach men to become pastors quickly. It taught pre-seminary and seminary classes. The pre-seminary classes were similar to high school classes. The seminary classes taught theology. At this time, it did not teach Greek and Hebrew, the languages that the Bible was originally written in.

In 1861, the seminary moved to the campus of Concordia Seminary, in St. Louis, Missouri. This is the synod's other seminary. This was done so that students wouldn't be drafted for the American Civil War.

In 1874, the pre-seminary students and one instructor were moved to the campus of the former Illinois State University in Springfield, Illinois. The next year, 1875, the "practical seminary" itself moved to the Springfield campus.

In 1918, an additional year of instruction was added to the pre-seminary courses. These additional courses made pastors eligible to get teaching certificates. After 1935, Greek was made a required course.

Starting in 1941, all entering students had to be high school graduates. The seminary then stopped teaching high school classes. Later, they required two years of college for entering students.

In 1976, the seminary returned to Fort Wayne.

Academics
---------

The seminary has four departments: Exegetical Theology, Historical Theology, Pastoral Ministry and Mission, and Systematic Theology.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
* Saarinen's Village: The Concordia Campus Through Time
**Caulifla** is a character of the Japanese anime series Dragon Ball Super. She is a Saiyan of Universe 6 in the Universal Survival Arc.

Appearance and Personality
--------------------------

Caulifla is a short girl of slender build and fair complexion. She wears a low cut magenta tube top, low-set purple harem trousers, long dark grey wristbands, and a pair of pointy dark grey shoes. Her hair is long, wild, and spiky. Caulifla's eyes are narrow yet big, with large black pupils, as well as thin eyebrows.

  

As noted by her brother, she has a very punkish attitude and is also recognized as a tomboy, to which she shows a strong contrast to the rest of her race, acting more akin to the Universe 7 Saiyans. Caulifla is shown to be very lazy if not self-absorbed as she initially refused to join the Tournament of Power even when learning her universe's or her own existence were on the line. It took Cabba telling her about the Super Saiyan form as well as about being able to achieve greater heights in her strength to make her agree, showing her desire to become stronger. Despite her tomboyish attitude, Caulifla cares about others, especially her protégée, Kale, whom she treats like a younger sister.

Character role
--------------

Caulifla is first seen sitting on a large throne-like chair eating a large bone of meat. After being informed by Renso, Cabba attempts to recruit her to the Universe 6 team, but Caulifla shows no interest, regardless of what may happen to Universe 6. After Cabba transforms, Caulifla accepts his invitation to the team, knowing she has the ability to not only transform into Super Saiyan, but also get stronger. Later Caulifla is seen in a rocky area with Cabba and her protégée Kale, Cabba teaches Caulifla how to become a Super Saiyan. Cabba then explains to her to focus her energy on her back. Caulifla tries this and she easily transform into to a Super Saiyan. Caulifla also transform into to a Super Saiyan 2 like when she easily deflect an energy blast from a berserk Kale. In the Tournament of Power Caulifla and her Protégée Kale both fought Goku in a fight. Caulifla was in her Super Saiyan 2 form while Kale was in her berserk form. Caulifla is also expected to be in future episodes of Dragon Ball Super.

| * v
* t
* e
Dragon Ball characters |
| --- |
| Dragon Ball | 
* *Goku*
* *Bulma*
* *Yamcha*
* *Krillin*
* *Master Roshi*
* *Chi Chi*
* *Pilaf*
* *Tao Pai Pai*
* *Piccolo*
* *Tenshinhan*
* *Arale Norimaki*

 |
| Dragon Ball Z | 
* *Son Gohan*
* *Raditz*
* *Vegeta*
* *Nappa*
* *Dodoria*
* *Zarbon*
* *Frieza*
* *King Cold*
* *Trunks*
* *Android 17*
* *Android 18*
* *Cell*
* *Mr. Satan*
* *Videl*
* *Son Goten*
* *Pan*
* *Majin Buu*
* *Broly*
* *Janemba*

 |
| Dragon Ball GT |  *Baby*  |
| Dragon Ball Super | 
* *Beerus*
* *Whis*
* *Champa*
* *Goku Black*
* *Jiren*
* *Caulifla*

 |
**David Popper** (born Prague, 16 June 1843; died Baden, Austria, 7 August 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer. He composed many works for the cello which today are performed by cellists all over the world.

David Popper

Life
----

Popper was born in the old Jewish part of Prague. His father was a Cantor in two synagogues. When he was three years old he was imitating his father’s singing. He learned the violin when he was six and, at the age of twelve, he got a place to study music at the Prague Conservatory, but he had to learn the cello. His cello teacher was Julius Goltermann. His first job was as cellist to the Prince of Hohenzollern who soon gave him the title "Kammervirtuoso". He was only 21 when he played a difficult concerto by Robert Volkmann. The conductor, Hans von Bülow, was very impressed and so were the critics. He gave many concerts in Vienna and became very famous. He started to travel around Europe, visiting England and Russia. He had a lot of energy and was able to compose a lot while travelling. He composed many short cello pieces. His *Elfentanz* (Dance of the Elves) and *Spinning Song* were especially popular with the audiences.

Budapest
--------

In 1886 Popper married for the second time. In the same year he took up a job at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest. He was a famous teacher and charged a high fee for lessons. He formed a string quartet with three other musicians including the violinist Jenő Hubay. Hubay and Popper often played piano trios with Johannes Brahms.

Popper made a long visit to England and Scotland where he was described as the world’s greatest cellist by many people including George Bernard Shaw. When he returned to Prague he played with Béla Bartók who was only 19 years old and not yet famous. He was also impressed when he heard the young Pablo Casals, although he did not agree with his technique.

Popper had one son who died of tuberculosis in 1911. Two years later Popper slipped on an icy pavement. He was never able to use his right arm again. He died the next summer of a heart attack.

His music
---------

Popper composed a very large number of cello pieces, many of which are short pieces suitable for encores at a recital. One of the most popular (and not too difficult) is the *Gavotte in D major*. He composed a *Requiem* for three cellos and orchestra, and he wrote four cello concertos. However, his most important work for cellists is a collection of studies called *Hochschule des Violoncellspiels* (*High School of Cello Playing*). This book contains 40 etudes, or musical exercises to develop technique, and is widely used today by cello students to improve their playing.
Coat of arms of the Count of Soissons showing the coronet of a prince of the blood.
Drawing of the *Hôtel de Soissons* in Paris in 1734.
The **Count of Soissons** (French: *comte de Soissons*) was a member of the French court when the country was still a monarchy. They held the rank of Prince of the blood and as a result entitled to the style of *Serene Highness* but this was used in writing only. The Counts were the owners of the one time famous *Hôtel de Soissons* in Paris. The title is unique in the sense that it was later inherited by a woman which was actually forbidden in France at the time. 

François de Bourbon, the first Prince of Conti was also the brother of the founder of the Soissons line. Charles de Bourbon, Count of Soissons. The Counts Soissons were addressed at court as *Monsieur le Comte* and their wives as *Madame la Comtesse*. The members of the house were: 

* 1487–1495: François, Count of Vendôme (1470–1495);
* 1495-1537: Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (1489–1537), son of the preceding;
* 1547–1557: Jean de Bourbon (1528–1557), son of the preceding;
* 1557-1569: Louis de Bourbon, prince of Condé (1535–1569), brother of the preceding;
* 1569-1612: Charles de Bourbon (1566–1612), son of the preceding;
* 1612-1641: Louis de Bourbon (1604–1641), son of the preceding;
* 1641-1656: Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Carignano and Countess of Soissons (Countess in her own right) (1606–1692), sister of the preceding.

Related pages
-------------

* Prince of Conti
* Prince of Condé
* Duke of Orléans
* *Premier Prince du Sang*
The **Causinae**, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus *Causus*. There are six species.

The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.

Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at day, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, and with their tongue sticking out, move froward like a the Cobra does. 

They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.

Reproduction
------------

All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long.

Venom
-----

The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.

Species
-------

* Two-striped night adder, *C. bilineatus*
* Snouted night adder, *C. defilippii*
* Lichtenstein's night adder, *C. lichtensteinii*
* West African night adder, *C. maculatus*
* Green night adder, *C. resimus*
* Common night adder, *C. rhombeatus*
**Cerastes** is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50 cm. There are currently three species found. They are usually known as the "*Horned Vipers*", the "*North African Desert Vipers*", or the "*Cerastes Vipers*".

Behavior
--------

The Horned Viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand. They are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding. When they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand. They are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. They sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand. The reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it. They are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. They live in the deserts of North Africa, Arabia, and Iran.

### Feeding

The Horned Viper catch their prey by ambushing. They eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.

Species
-------

* Desert Horned Viper, *C. Cerastes*
* Arabian Horned Viper, *C. Gasperettii*
* Sahara Sand Viper, *C. Vipera*
Anatomy of the human brain
Surface rendering of the human brain, viewed from above. The image shows the cerebral hemispheres. The front of the brain is to the right of the image. Created using Blender, based on MRI data (Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience).
The **cerebrum** is the largest part of the brain. It is in the front part of the brain. It contains about 15 billion cells, and is the latest brain structure to have evolved.

Function
--------

The cerebrum takes in data from sight and other sense organs, and 'makes sense' of it (interprets it). It controls consciousness and action (voluntary muscular activity). It plans, thinks, judges, and organises speech and information. These are the so-called 'higher mental functions'.

Structure
---------

The cerebrum is divided into two *cerebral hemispheres*. These two cerebral hemispheres are connected by three bands of nerve fibres, or commissures, which connect the two halves. The outer layers of the cerebrum are made up of the grey matter, and is called the cerebral cortex. The inner layers are made up of the white matter (nerve fibres), and the basal ganglia.

In the cerebrum, there are specific regions for each kind of stimulus and its response. For example, occipital lobe is the region for visual reception, temporal lobe for auditory reception, and parietal lobe for touch, smell, temperature and conscious association. The frontal lobe takes action, based on sensory input and other factors.
A common housespider
The **Daddy-Long-Legs Spider** (*Pholcus phalangioides*) is a spider of the family Pholcidae. Its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body. It is often confused with the *daddy long-legs*, a member of the Opiliones, which are not true (real) spiders. *P. phalangioides* has the habit of shaking the web violently when disturbed. This is probably to blur the vision of a predator. Because it is often found on the ceilings of rooms, caves or cellars, it is also called **cellar spider**. They can easily catch and eat hairy house spiders, mosquitoes, and other insects. When food is scarce, they will prey on their own kind. Because they originally came from the tropics, these spiders do not seem to be aware of seasonal changes and breed at any time of the year. 

The female holds 20 to 30 eggs in her jaws. Spiderlings are transparent with short legs and change their skin about 5 or 6 times as they grow.

Females have a body length of about 9mm, males are slightly smaller.

*Crossopriza lyoni* and *Physocyclus globosis* are spiders with a very similar appearance.

Trivia
------

* This is the only spider species described by Swiss painter and entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli.
* Some spiders, including *P. phalangioides*, have the ability to completely suck out a mosquito from the tip of one of its legs, although this may take up to twelve hours.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pholcus phalangioides***.

* Description and pictures Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Long description and pictures
Two enantiomers of a generic amino acid
The two enantiomers of bromochlorofluoromethane
**Chirality** is when an object is present in two forms which are mirror images of each other.

The two forms cannot be superimposed. Human hands are chiral. The left hand is a mirror image of the right hand. You cannot turn or move one of your hands to look exactly the same as the other. This is why you can not put a left handed glove on your right hand, or shake the right hand of a person using your left hand.

In chemistry
------------

In chemistry, chirality refers to molecules. If a molecule is chiral it has two forms that are mirror images of each other but *otherwise identical*.

Chemists call these *enantiomers* or *optical isomers*. Because the difference between right and left hands is easy to understand, chemists call enantiomers either 'right-' or 'left-handed'. A mixture of equal amounts of the two enantiomers is called a *racemic mixture*.

Molecular chirality is quite common. It is found in stereochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

The symmetry of a molecule (or any other object) tells us whether it is chiral. A molecule is *achiral* (not chiral) if it has an axis of symmetry.

### Racemic mixtures

A **racemic** mixture is one which has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.

Homochiralism in biology
------------------------

Many biologically active molecules are chiral, including amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars. Most of these compounds are of the same chirality. Most amino acids are L (left-handed) and sugars are D. (right-handed). Proteins made of L amino acids, are known as *left-handed proteins*, whereas D amino acids produce *right-handed proteins*.

The origin of **homochirality** in the first place is much discussed. Most believe that the original origin of chiralities was purely random. They think if carbon-based life forms exist elsewhere in the universe, the chemistry might have different chirality. Other theories are possible.

Enzymes, which are chiral, usually only work with one enantiomer of a chiral substrate. Imagine an enzyme as having a glove-like cavity that binds a substrate. If this glove is right-handed, then one enantiomer will fit inside and be bound, whereas the other enantiomer will have a poor fit and is unlikely to bind.

It was economical for life-forms to adopt one form or the other of each type of chiral compound. That way we do not need two enzymes for every chemical reaction which involves chirality.
Different parts of the cortex   
have different functions
The **cerebral cortex** is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.

Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. 

It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick.

In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.

The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.

Neocortex
---------

The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the **neocortex**, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.

The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.

Allocortex
----------

Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:

* Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
	+ Archicortex (includes functions related to emotions and memory)
		- Olfactory cortex
		- Hippocampus
	+ Paleocortex (3 three to five layers)

The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.