recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Market Square, St Just
St Just Cornwall
**St Just in Penwith** (or **St Just**) is a town and parish in the far west of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The parish includes the town of St Just and the nearby settlements of Trewellard, Pendeen and Kelynack: it is bounded by the parishes of Morvah to the north-east, Sancreed and Madron to the east, St Buryan and Sennen to the south and by the sea in the west. The town of St Just is the most westerly town in mainland Britain and is about eight miles (12.7 km) west of Penzance along the A3071 road. St Just parish has a population of 4690. The parish church is a fine 15th century building.

Mining
------

St Just is one of the most ancient mining districts in Cornwall and remains of ancient pre-industrial and more modern mining activity have had a considerable impact on the nearby landscape. The area was during the 19th century one of the most important mining districts in Cornwall both for copper and tin. Mines within the area included Levant Mine, Botallack, and Geevor Tin Mine (which closed in 1990) It was announced in July 2006 that the St Just mining district and the rest of the historic mining areas of Cornwall had become the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site.

Gallery
-------

* The Brisons in storm St Just CornwallThe Brisons in storm St Just Cornwall
* Bollowal Barrow St Just CornwallBollowal Barrow St Just Cornwall
* Rocks Bollowal Barrow St Just CornwallRocks Bollowal Barrow St Just Cornwall
* Beautiful Formation Bollowal Barrow St Just CornwallBeautiful Formation Bollowal Barrow St Just Cornwall
The **Oriental magpie** (*Pica sericea*) is a species of magpie found in East Asia. It is a common symbol of Korea, and has been adopted as the "official bird" of many South Korean cities and counties.

It is similar to the Eurasian magpie, with a shorter tail and longer wings. It has black and purple colors, but very little green. The Oriental magpie has the same chattering call as Eurasian magpies, though it is much softer.

Magpie myths
------------

Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news, and when they saw a magpie chattering, they believed that visitors were coming.The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa, Hangul: 까치와 호랑이 민화): the magpie is chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolized good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). There are many folktales about magpies.

The Chinese called magpies "Birds of Joy" or "Happy Magpies". Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule: a few Manchu people in Northeast China even thought they were gods. In the west, though, magpies were often a symbol of pride.
Stewart Cink
**Stewart Ernest Cink** (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer. Cink won the 2009 Open Championship, beating five-time winner Tom Watson in a four-hole playoff. He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008.

Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. He completed high school in 1991 and he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995. After winning the Mexican Open and three events on the Nike Tour (now the Nationwide Tour) in 1996, Cink joined the PGA Tour in 1997 and won the Canon Greater Hartford Open in his rookie season. Cink performed consistently on the Tour over the next few years, picking up another win at the 2000 MCI Classic. Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009, 2004 was his career year to date, with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational, which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time. In 2009 he won his first career major with a playoff victory over 59-year old Tom Watson in The Open Championship.

On February 24, 2008, Cink was the runner-up in the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship played in Marana, Arizona, falling 8 & 7 in the 36-hole final to top-ranked Tiger Woods. In June 2008, he reached his highest ever ranking, sixth, in the Official World Golf Rankings with his victory at the Travelers Championship in suburban Hartford.

On July 19, 2009, Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland, defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff. Cink had birdied the 72nd hole while Watson bogeyed, which forced the playoff.
**Sadae** is a neutral Korean term. It is used in historical contexts. The term is used as a descriptive label for diplomatic relations between Imperial China and Korea during the Joseon period and earlier. 

*Sadae* describes a foreign policy. It describes the many ways a small country acknowledges the strength of a greater power like that of China. 

For example, *Sadae* is shown in the actions of the weaker state as it conveys goodwill and respect through its envoys. 

The term *sadae* is also used to explain Korean diplomacy before the establishment of the Joseon kingdom.

History
-------

The historical term is derived from the Chinese *shi da* (Korean, *sadae*) as used by the philosopher Mencius. *Sadae* literally means "dealing with the great" or "serving the great."

*Sadae* establishes a framework with China as the center of a Confucian moral universe.

*Ssadae* is contrasted with limited trade relationships with other neighboring countries such as Japan.

The concept of *sadae* was rejected by Korean nationalists in the 20th century.

Related pages
-------------

* Gyorin
* Tribute

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  **Sadae** (Korean: 사대; Hanja: 事大)
2. ↑  Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). The Koreas, *p. 57-58*.
3. ↑  Pratt, Keith L. *et al.* (1999). *Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary,* p. 394; note that this ancient term is distinguished from the mdoern "*sadaejuui*", which was invented by early 20th century Korean nationalists -- *see* Mitchell, Anthony. "Happier Economy Better Than Larger Economy," *Korea Times* (Seoul). October 12, 2008.
4. ↑  Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," *Harvard Asia Quarterly* (Spring 2009).
5. ↑  Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). *Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,* p. 49.
6. ↑  Robinson, Michael. (1984) "National Identity and the Thought of Shin Ch'ae-ho: Sadaejuüi and Chuch'e in History and Politics," *Journal of Korean Studies,* Vol. 5, pp. 121–142.
**Ordinary seaman** is a military rank used in naval forces.

United Kingdom
--------------

The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

United States
-------------

Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

Other countries
---------------

The term *ordinary seaman* is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)
**Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)** (*Order of the Temple of the East*, or the *Order of Oriental Templars*) is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. Originally it was intended to be modelled after and associated with Freemasonry, but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley was reorganized based on the Law of Thelema as its central religious principle along with *The Book of the Law*. Similar to many secret societies, O.T.O. membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings.

O.T.O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC) or Gnostic Catholic Church, which is the ecclesiastical arm of the Order. Its central rite, which is public, is the Gnostic Mass.

Other websites
--------------

### O.T.O.

* U.S. Grand Lodge, O.T.O.
* U.K. Grand Lodge, O.T.O.
* Australia Grand Lodge, O.T.O.
* The Canadian O.T.O. Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
* The Norwegian O.T.O
* The German O.T.O
* The Swedish O.T.O

### Other organizations

* The Typhonian O.T.O.
* Societas O.T.O. Archived 2021-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
* O.T.O Foundation Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
**Szeming Sze** (Chinese: 施思明; pinyin: *Shī Sīmíng*; April 5, 1908 – October 27, 1998) was a diplomat for China who helped build the World Health Organization into a specialized United Nations agency.

Early life
----------

Sze was born in Tientsin (now Tianjin), People's Republic of China on the 5th of April, 1908. He was the eldest son of Dr. Alfred Sao-ke Sze.

Education
---------

He was educated at Winchester College and Christ's College, Cambridge (1925 to 1928), and received degrees in chemistry and medicine. He interned in Britain, where at St. Thomas Hospital in a London slum decided to do public service, before coming back to China in 1934.

Career
------

### Early years

He was in the United States when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, and he joined the Lend-Lease program for the Chinese Government. Dr. Sze attended the San Francisco Conference that gave birth to the United Nations as an official of Chinese delegation and medical expert. He later on became his country's Ambassador to Great Britain and, later, the United States.

### UN years

Dr. Sze became chief of specialized agencies for the Eco-nomic & Social Council of the United Nations. He was greatly disappointed when he was later offered a job at WHO that he couldn't take because of his U.N. commitments.

He became U.N. medical director in 1954, taking care of the permanent staff of about 3000, including inoculating them and preparing them for missions abroad. He held the position for 20 years.

### Reputation

In 1975, Henry Van Zile Hyde, Chief of Health Division during the Truman Administration, said of Dr Sze "...[he] was the member of the Chinese delegation. His father had been the Chinese Ambassador to England and the United States. And Szeming Sze was a very brilliant Chinese".

In 1998, at the 51st World Health Assembly, the Norwegian Minister of Health, Mr Dagfinn Høybråten, acknowledged Dr Szeming Sze as "one of the initiators of the WHO". Mr Høybråten quoted Dr Sze as saying "Of course we can learn from history. We learn from the mistakes made if not from the successes. Learning the reasons why certain things happened often saves us from making the same mistakes again".

Personal life and posterity
---------------------------

Dr. Sze married to Bessie Li (Chinese: 李月卿), a pianist in 1934 and he is survived by a daughter, Diane Wei (Chinese: 施家莲); a son, architect Chia-ming Sze (Chinese: 施家铭); two sisters, Julia Sze-Bailey, and Alice Wang; five grandchildren, and fourteen great-grandchildren. Sze's granddaughter, Sarah Sze (born 1969) won a MacArthur "genius grant" in 2003 for her work as an installation artist. His grandson, David Sze, is a managing partner at the venture capital firm Greylock Partners.

Death
-----

Dr. Sze died on October 27, 1998 at Presbyterian Senior Care, at Presbyterian Medical Center in suburban Pittsburgh at the age of 90.
**Susan Brownmiller** (born February 15, 1935) is an American radical feminist, journalist and activist. She is best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in *Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape* (1975). Brownmiller says that rape has been defined by men rather than women until now. Men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this. Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization. Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journal in 1970, began work on *Against Our Will* after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism, *In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution* Archived 2007-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (1999).

As of 2005, she is an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City, Archived 2007-07-07 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* Susan Brownmiller.com
* Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
* 1989 audio interview with Susan Brownmiller Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine by Don Swaim
**Turn Left, Turn Right** is a Taiwanese picture book by writer Jimmy Liao.

Introduction
------------

The lead female character is living in an old apartment building on the edge of the city. Every time she goes out, no matter where she goes, she always goes left first. The lead male character is living in an old apartment building on outskirts of the city. Every time he goes out, no matter where he goes, he always goes right first. He never meets her. But the city is like a maze, it lets people see the same scene, go the same route.

History
-------

She was used to turning left and he was used to turning right, but they never had a meeting with each other in the pictured fiction story, "Turn Left, Turn Right." It was the first long fiction story written by Jimmy Liao, talking about the feelings between a man and a woman. The fiction story gives a detailed account of a very interesting relation in living between the leading man and the leading woman in chapter one. There are many bright ideas in this pictured fiction story including the lines and color, with much attention to detail, and good order changes. This book is not only one of his best fiction stories but also one of the greatest works of art. Jimmy Liao said that this fiction story’s idea began when one day he was too troubled to draw by the loud noises of workers from next door.[*source?*] He could not help but think specially pleasing thoughts on that day. All of a sudden, he got money from someone he never knew who was living nearby. He started imagining what would come about to this leading man and woman character if they never knew they were neighbors, but slept right next to each other only separated by only one thin wall.

Honors
------

* In 1999, Eslite bookstore year of Recommended books.
* In 1999, Jinshitana (book store name) year of Most influential books.

Movie version
-------------

This book became a movie in 2003. Warner Brothers Studios produced it. Gigi Leung and Takeshi Kaneshiro starred in it. The scenes are mainly in Taipei. For example: Beitou Hot Springs, Ximen-cho hiking area, Taipei MRT Station Warner Village、Taiwan Railway Sungai Station, Minsheng shequ fu jin street, and Taipei City Yangming Hospital.

TV version
----------

* Became a TV series by the same name in 2004.
***The Indian Express*** is an English-language Indian daily newspaper started in 1932. It's headquaters is in Mumbai. The newspaper is owned by the Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the death of the founder Ramnath Goenka in 1991, the group was divided between the family members. The southern editions took the name *The New Indian Express*, while the northern editions, which is based in Mumbai, has kept the original *Indian Express* name with *"The"* placed before the title.

History
-------

In 1932, the Indian Express was started at Chennai by an ancient medicine doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu in his "Tamil Nadu" press. After having financial problems, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, a national news agency. Sadanand brought many changes along with reducing the price of the newspaper. When another financial problem arises, he sold a part of his stake to Ramanath Goenka as convertible business loans. In 1935, The Free Press Journal finally came to an end. After a lengthy court trial battle with Goenka, Sadanand lost ownership of Indian Express.

In 1940, the whole building was destroyed by fire. *The Hindu*, a rival newspaper, helped somehow in re-launching the paper, by getting it printed temporarily at one of its Swadesimithran's press. In 1952, the paper had a circulation of 44,469.

After the death of Ramnath Goenka in 1991, two of his grandsons, Manoj Sonthalia and Vivek Goenka divided the group among themselves. Vivek Goenka looks after the Indian Express Mumbai with all the North Indian editions, and all the Southern editions which were grouped as Express Publications Madurai Limited with Chennai as headquarters went to Manoj Sonthalia.

Abstract
--------

*The Indian Express* investigated the progression of 86 national school Board toppers (51 men and 35 women) during the two-decade of 1996-2015. The investigation consisted of toppers of Class X and XII (from the Central Board of Secondary Education (en) and the Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations (en)). It was released in three parts (27,28,29 of 12-2020). As a follow-up of the major findings of the investigation, they propose seven ‘takeaways’ for the betterment of India’s education system.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Indian Express* website
* The Indian Express on Twitter
**Sandflies** are a group of flies, many of which feed on blood and are vectors of parasites. 

The group is the **Phlebotominae**, a subfamily of flies. Parasitic diseases spread by the flies include leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and pappataci fever. In the New World leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies in the genus *Lutzomyia*. *Lutzomyia* often live in caves, where their main hosts are bats. In the Old World sand flies in the genus *Phlebotomus* spread leishmaniasis.

Phlebotomine females, and only females, suck blood from various mammals, reptiles and birds. Some species are selective, whereas others bite any suitable host they find. All species need a blood meal for every following clutch of eggs after the first. Proteins and other nutrients in the blood enable the female to produce eggs.

The flies use their mouthparts to start the host bleeding. They then suck up the exposed blood. Like practically all blood-feeding parasites, they inject biochemicals that inhibit blood clotting, plus some that stimulate host mast cells to produce histamine; this distend capillary vessels, thereby promoting blood flow.

One blood meal can support the production of about 100 eggs. Females lay their eggs in humid soil rich in organic matter.

Sand flies are small; a body size of about 3mm in length is typical. This helps them in escape notice. Their bite is not always felt, but leaves a small round, reddish bump that starts itching hours or days later. Use of insect repellent is recommended in areas where sand flies are present.
Master Kora maker Alieu Suso in the Gambia
The **origin of the blues**. Little is known about the origin of the music known as the blues. No year can be cited as the origin, because the style evolved over a long period. Ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik traces the roots of many of its elements back to the African continent, the "cradle of the blues".

One early mention comes from 1901, when an archaeologist in Mississippi described the songs of black workers which had lyrical themes and technical elements in common with the blues.

There are few characteristics common to all blues. The genre takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance. Some characteristics are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call-and-response style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".

Many of these blues elements, such as the call-and-response format, can be traced back to the music of Africa. When African slaves went to work in North America, they took musical traditions with them. Early forms of music include spirituals and work songs. Spirituals were religious songs and work songs were sung to the rhythm of working. Work songs included a vocal call and response, or where the lead drummer makes a beat and then the others respond to it.

The majority of blues songs have four beats in a bar, and are built on the 12 bar blues form which uses three phrases, each four bars long. They can also use the blue scale.
***Star Fox Command*** is a video game for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the fifth game in the *Star Fox* series. It was developed by Q-Games and published by Nintendo EAD Group No. 2. It was released in Europe on July 19, 2006, in Japan on August 3, 2006, in North America on August 28, 2006, and in Australia on September 21, 2006. It is the first *Star Fox* game to be released on a handheld video game console. It is also the first *Star Fox* game to have online play with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.

Gameplay
--------

The game features two types of gameplay: a map mode, and a battle mode. In the map mode, the player takes control of several ships. The player can control up to four ships at a time. The player's goal is to stop enemy ships from reaching the *Great Fox*. When the player meets an enemy or missile, the gameplay switches to the battle mode.

Battle mode has gameplay that is similar to past *Star Fox* games. The player can move freely around the level, like some bosses and levels in *Star Fox 64*. The player has to destroy a base ship, defeat all of the enemies, or collect a number of cores. Once the player completes what they have to do, the game goes back to the map screen. As the player plays further in the game, they will be able to take different routes when they complete some levels. Each route has different planets that the player can visit depending on what route they choose.

### Multiplayer

Multiplayer can be played with up to six players in DS Download Play, and with up to three players in Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection play. The goal is to destroy the ships of the other players and collect stars that they leave behind. Players can collect stars from opponents that were not killed by the player. Nintendo Wi-Fi play ranks a player from Z to A, with Z being the lowest and A being the highest. Every time a player wins a match, they get an amount of percent. When the player reaches 100%, they move to the next letter.
Caprese salad 
Greek salad
A **salad** is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula. Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables. Some salads use cheese like Greek salad uses Feta.

A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables. Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings. 

Some people also add other foods to the salad, such as croutons, bacon, chicken, grated cheese, tuna, pasta, olives, cooked potatoes, rice, or beans.

Mixed local style salad

Types of salad
--------------

### Green salad

A fruit salad
A **green salad** or **garden salad** has leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or rocket (arugula). The salad leaves may be cut or torn into bite-sized fragments and tossed together (a *tossed salad*). They may also have nuts or croutons.

A **wedge salad** is made from a head of lettuce (such as iceberg) halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.

### Vegetable salad

Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad. Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, and radishes. Other ingredients include mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, green beans, cheeses.

### Fruit salads

Fruit salads are made of fruit, and include the fruit cocktail that can be made fresh or from canned fruit.

### Dessert salads

Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.

### Composed salad

A composed salad is a salad arranged on a plate rather than put into a bowl. It can be used as a meal in itself rather than as a part of a meal.

### Dressings

A green salad is often served with a salad dressing. Some examples include:

* Italian dressing
* Mayonnaise
* Olive oil
	+ French dressing
* Tahini
* Vinaigrette

The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures. There are many often used salad dressings in North America. Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, *shalajiang*) means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.

### Garnishes

There are many vegetables and other fare that are often added to salads. Some of them include: 

* shelled sunflower seeds
* onions (mostly the red variety)
* bacon bits (sometimes the bits are artificially flavored pieces of textured soybean protein)
* radishes
* grated carrots
* tomatoes
* surimi - artificial crab meat

Again, individual taste usually governs the choice of salad garnishes.

Related pages
-------------

* Chef salad
* Caesar salad
* Fruit salad
* Watercress salad
* Salade niçoise
Surgical face mask
A **surgical mask**, also known as a **procedure mask**, **medical mask** or simply a **face mask**, is a mask. It is intended to be worn by health professionals during surgery and during nursing. Such masks are used to catch the bacteria shed in liquid droplets and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose. They are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, which provide better protection.

There are different qualities of such mask. Despite their name, not all surgical masks should be used during surgeries. Chinese health officials distinguish between medical (non-surgical) and surgical masks.

Surgical masks are made of a nonwoven fabric created using a melt blowing process. They came into use in the 1960s and largely replaced cloth facemasks in developed countries. A shortage of surgical masks is a central issue of the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.

Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public all year round in East Asian countries like China, Japan and South Korea to reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases to others, and to prevent the breathing in of airborne dust particles created by air pollution. Additionally, surgical masks have become a fashion statement, particularly in contemporary East Asian culture bolstered by its popularity in Japanese and Korean pop culture which have a big impact on East Asian youth culture.

Related pages
-------------

* Abenomask
The **Surinam golden-eyed tree frog**, **Surinam gold-eyed milk frog**, or **Surinam casque-headed frog** (*Trachycephalus coriaceus*) is a frog that lives in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname, French Guiana, and Guyana. Scientists think it might also live in Colombia. This frog lives in flooded forests. It might also live in forests that are not flooded.

Appearance
----------

The adult male frog is 5.2 to 6.0 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 5.3 to 6.5 cm long. The adult female frog is brown, reddish brown, and gray to tan. Sometimes the frog has patterns on the back. It has black and near-white lines. The webbing between its toes is red. The sides of its upper hind legs are red. The bottoms of its feet are red. The belly and throat are yellow.

Food and actions
----------------

This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night. It sits and waits for food to wander by and then catches it.

When a human being picks up this frog, it puffs itself up to look larger than it really is. Scientists think the frog does this to make animal that might eat it go away, but they are not sure. The male frogs also puff up when they sing for females.

When it is time for the female frog to lay eggs, the frogs come to permanent or temporary bodies of water. The male frogs puff up all the way and make loud growling sounds. The female frog lays eggs on the surface of the water.

Threats
-------

There are fewer frogs than there were because human beings change the places where this frog lives. For example, human beings cut down forests to collect wood. Human beings also catch the frogs to sell to collectors or to sell as pets. The Cashinahua and Achuar people also catch this frog to eat.
In the United States, a **state supreme court** (known by other names in some states) is the highest judicial tribunal in the court system of a particular state.

Generally, the state supreme court, like most appellate courts, is exclusively for hearing appeals from lower courts. It does not make any finding of facts, and thus holds no trials. In the case where the trial court made an egregious error in its finding of facts, the state supreme court will send the case back to the trial court for a new trial. This responsibility of correcting the errors of inferior courts is the origin of a number of the different names for supreme courts in various state court systems. The court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the state constitution.

Many states elect their state Supreme Court justices and/or use elections to retain judges. Since 2000, the amount of money raised by judicial candidates has risen enormously. Special interest groups have contributed to many of these campaigns raising questions of impartiality. The US Supreme Court, in *Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.* (2009) in a 5-4 decision, ruled that an elected state supreme court judge sitting on a case involving a campaign contributor was a violation of due process.
Bulls respond well to a good **stockman**
In Australia, a **stockman** is the name given to a person who looks after the livestock on large farms known as a station. Stations are owned by a grazier or a grazing company. A stockman can also be the persons employed at abattoirs, feedlots, on live export ships or with stock and station agencies.

People who work on station, including stockmen, are also known as "station hands". Men learning how to become station managers are known as "jackaroos", while women are known as "jillaroos". Girls are often stockmen on farms. Some stations are now making it easier for women to work on stations by building female living quarters and putting in machinery to do some of the heavy work.

A related job is that of the drover, who, like the shearer may be an temporary seasonal worker. Drovers are employed in looking after the livestock while they are travelling on a stock route. 

The word *stockman* was used in the United States and Canada as meaning a person who raised livestock, mainly cattle. The word *stockgrower* is used now. This meaning is very different from the Australian use of the word *stockman*.
The **provinces** (Spanish: *provincias*) are administrative parts of Costa Rica as in other countries.

The Constitution of Costa Rica says, in its Article 168, *"For Public Administration purposes, the national territory is divided into provinces, these into cantons and cantons into districts."*

As of 2016[update], there are 7 provinces (*provincias*), 81 cantons (*cantones*), and 473 districts (*districtos*).

History
-------

The Law No. 36 of 7 December 1848 divided the country, for the first time, in provinces, cantons and districts, and created 6 provinces:

1. San José
2. Alajuela
3. Cartago
4. Heredia
5. Guanacaste

The law made Puntarenas as *comarca*, an old category that does not exist any more. Puntarenas was made a province in 1858. In 1870, Limón was made a *comarca* with the eastern part of the Cartago province; in 1902, Limón was made a province.

List of provinces
-----------------

The seven provinces of Costa Rica

| Flag | Province | Map | ISO 3166-2 | Capital | Area(km2) | Population(2011) | Density |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | San José |  | CR-SJ | San José | 4,965.90 | 1,404,242 | 282.8 |
|  | Alajuela |  | CR-A | Alajuela | 9,757.53 | 848,146 | 86.9 |
|  | Cartago |  | CR-C | Cartago | 3,124.67 | 490,903 | 157.1 |
|  | Heredia |  | CR-H | Heredia | 2,656.98 | 433,677 | 163.2 |
|  | Guanacaste |  | CR-G | Liberia | 10,140.71 | 326,953 | 32.2 |
|  | Puntarenas |  | CR-P | Puntarenas | 11,265.69 | 410,929 | 36.5 |
|  | Limón |  | CR-L | Puerto Limón | 9,188.52 | 386,862 | 42.1 |

Related pages
-------------

* Cantons of Costa Rica
The **Ordnance Survey National Grid** is a system used to map Great Britain. It is different from using latitude and longitude. The Ordnance Survey (OS) created the system. It is used a lot in their survey data. It is also used in maps based on those surveys.

Squares of the grid system. The red line is the central (2° W) meridian.
The system divides the map into squares. Each square is labelled with two letters. The first letter refers to squares that are 500 km by 500 km. Those squares are outlined in dark grey on the map to the right. Only four of these have a lot of land area in Great Britain: S, T, N and H. The O square contains a tiny area of North Yorkshire. Normally most of this area is submerged at high tide.

For the second letter, each 500 km square is divided into 25 squares that are 100 km by 100 km. Each of those has a letter code from A to Z. (The letter *I* is not used.) The letters start with A in the northwest corner and go to Z in the southeast corner. These squares are outlined in light grey on the map. The ones that have land have letters shown.

The system can also be used to give the location of a smaller area inside a lettered square. This is done by giving the distance east and north from the southwest corner of the square. For example, NH0325 (or NH 03 25) means a one-kilometre square whose southwest corner is 3 km east and 25 km north from the southwest corner of square NH. The system can also specify areas smaller than one kilometre. For example, the grid reference of the 100-metre square containing the summit of Ben Nevis is **NN 166 712**.

Other websites
--------------

* Ordnance Survey Guide to the National Grid
Seal of the Oregon Territory.
The **Oregon Territory** is the name that was applied first to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to as the Oregon Country). In 1846 the two countries agreed to split this territory. The organized U.S. territory formed from the southern part was also called "Oregon Territory" when it existed, between 1848 and 1859. 

The Territory of Oregon was organized on August 14, 1848, by an act of Congress out of the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country below the 49th parallel north. It originally included all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as Montana west of the Continental Divide, and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide and north of the 42nd parallel north—the northern border of the Mexican Cession.

The first territorial capital was in Oregon City. The capital was later moved to Salem in 1851.

In 1853, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory.

On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory.

In 1861 and then 1863, portions to the east were organized into the Nebraska Territory and Idaho Territory (respectively.)

* The Oregon Territory, as originally organized, in 1848The Oregon Territory, as originally organized, in 1848
* The Oregon Territory (blue) with the Washington Territory (green) in 1853The Oregon Territory (blue) with the Washington Territory (green) in 1853
* The State of Oregon (blue) with the Washington Territory (green) in 1859The State of Oregon (blue) with the Washington Territory (green) in 1859
Sala São Paulo during a concert.
The **Sala São Paulo** is a concert hall in the **Julio Prestes Cultural Center** in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a very large building. The Cultural Center used to be a railway station and it was rebuilt and changed into a cultural centre in 1999.

Sala São Paulo is big enough for an audience of 1.498 people. The orchestra that perform there is the Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (Osesp).

The Brazilian government wanted to bring more culture to the centre of São Paulo. The rebuilding began in November 1997. 

The original railway station Julio Prestes Train Station.
The original train station was called Julio Prestes Station. It was built between 1926 and 1938 so that trains could take coffee to the port of Santos. When motor car transport became more and more popular many stations connecting Brazilian towns closed down.

The station's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls, that is, it is shaped like a horse shoe. 

Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high. There is a very large platform so that everyone in the audience can see well. There is an elevator to lift the piano on and off the stage and many other useful modern devices.

Other websites
--------------

* Official web site
Tomoe Gozen, a drawing by Shitomi Kangetsu (born 1747 – died 1797)
**Tomoe Gozen** (巴 御前, about 1157–1247) was a female samurai who lived in Japan.

When Tomoe Gozen was a girl who was taught the skills of an upper-class Japanese woman: writing, musical theatre, archery, horseback riding and fencing. She became a skilled horseman and brave warrior. She became a concubine of Minamoto no Yoshinaka when she was a teenager.

When Tomoe Gozen was about 28 years old, she fought in the Gempei War (1180–1185). In the Battle of Awazu (February 1184), Minamoto no Yoshinaka was killed by his cousin Yoritomo. Tomoe's reaction to this is not really known. Some people have theories about what might have happened to her. Some think she may have fled from the Gempei War or she may have continued fighting after his death. She also might have been asked to go by Yoshinaka (who believed that his honor would be destroyed if he was killed by a woman) when he realized he would be killed.

After this time, historians do not know what happened. Yoritomo's friend Yoshimori forced Tomoe to marry him. But Yoshinori died before Tomoe gave birth to a son. According to legend, their son was Asahina Yoshihide. He grew up to be a famous samurai. Tomoe joined a nunnery, where she stayed for the rest of her life. Today, Tomoe Gozen is a role model for many Japanese women.

Gallery
-------

* Tomoe Gozen—artist's impression by Kikuchi Yōsai (1781–1878)Tomoe Gozen—artist's impression by Kikuchi Yōsai (1781–1878)
* Tomoe Gozen in the Battle of Awazu—by Utagawa YoshikazuTomoe Gozen in the Battle of Awazu—by Utagawa Yoshikazu
* Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Ieyoshi and Hatakeyama Shigetada—Woodblock printing, 1899Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Ieyoshi and Hatakeyama Shigetada—Woodblock printing, 1899
* Tomoe Gozen at the Yodo River—by Toyohara Chikanobu (1838–1912)Tomoe Gozen at the Yodo River—by Toyohara Chikanobu (1838–1912)
* Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Saburō—by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892)Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Saburō—by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892)
* Memorial to Tomoe at Gichū-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga PrefectureMemorial to Tomoe at Gichū-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Lady Tomoe at Wikimedia Commons
George Cooke's 1834 painting of Patrick Henry arguing the "Parson's Cause" case at the Hanover County Courthouse.
The **"Parson's Cause"** was a legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia. Many people think it was an  important event leading up to the American Revolution. The case was about the payment of clergy of the Anglican Church in Virginia. At the time, a lot of tobacco was planted in Virginia. It was one of the commodity crops of the colony. The colony of Virginia had passed laws in 1748: These laws said that Virginia's Anglican clergy were to be paid 16,000 pounds of tobacco per year. 

The problem was that the harvest of tobacco was poor in 1758. Because of that, the price of tobacco in Virginia rose from from two to six pennies per pound. This also meant the salary of clergy effectively tripled, that year. The state of Virginia was forced to act, and passed a law called the *Two Pennies Act*: This law allowed the state authorities to pay the clergy in currency, instead of tobacco. It also fixed the exchange rate of tobacco: it said that for these payments, the state should take a rate of two  pennies per pound of tobacco.  King George III of Great Britain vetoed the law, causing an uproar in the colony. Many Virginia legislators saw the king's veto as a breach of their legislative authority.

Colonel John Henry, father of Patrick Henry, was the judge who presided over the court case and jury that decided the issue. Patrick Henry was the person who argued in favor of colonial rights in the case. He was relatively unknown at the time.

The Reverend James Maury had sued in Hanover County Court (April 1, 1762) for back wages on behalf of all the ministers involved: he effectively became a representative of the British cause. The court ruled (Nov. 5, 1763) that Maury's claim was valid, but that a jury had to determine the amount of damages. This jury was called for in December 1763. Patrick Henry rose to prominence by defending Hanover County against Maury's claims. Henry argued in favor of the Two Penny Act. As reported by the plaintiff Maury in a letter (Dec. 12, 1763) to fellow Anglican minister John Camm shortly after the trial, Henry argued in substance "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience."

The jury awarded Maury one penny in damages. The award essentially nullified the Crown veto, and no other clergy sued.

The Hanover County Courthouse is still operating; historic U.S. Route 301 passes by it. The courthouse is next to the Hanover Tavern, where Patrick Henry lived while arguing the Parson's Cause. It is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States. The state historic office dates the building's construction between 1737 and 1742.
**Paris green**, which has the chemical name **copper(II) acetoarsenite**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(C2H3O2)2 · 3 Cu(AsO2)2. It has copper, acetate, and arsenite ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Paris green is a blue-green solid. It is extremely toxic. It has a very bright blue-green color. It darkens in air.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting copper(II) acetate with arsenic trioxide and water.

Uses
----

Paris green was first used to kill rats in sewers in Paris. This is where it got its name from. It was used as an insecticide. It was dropped from airplanes to stop malaria in Italy. It was used as a bright green pigment. It was painted on ships to prevent barnacles from growing. In many places, Paris green is banned because it is so toxic. It is only used in a very few places.

Safety
------

Paris green is extremely toxic. It used to be common and so was a common poison.

Related pages
-------------

* Copper sulfate
* Lead arsenate
Front of the Palais Garnier under winter sun, photography by Eric Pouhier
**Paris Opéra** or the **Opéra National de Paris** is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.

History
-------

King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the *Académie Royale de Musique* in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called *Académie Royale de Danse*, in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet. 

In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called *Le Ballet de l'Opéra*. From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called **Paris Opéra** or **Opéra de Paris**.

On 29 October 1873, the old *Paris Opéra*, known as the *Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique*, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new *Palais Garnier* which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.

When the *Opéra Bastille* was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site