recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In telecommunications **Forward error correction** (FEC) is a special code for error detection and correction. The sender adds parts of the data again. This is called redundancy. The receiver is then able to detect certain errors that came from the sending the data. In certain cases, the receiver can correct the error, without the need for a retransmission.

How it works
------------

FEC adds redundancy to the transmitted information with a known algorithm. Each redundant bit is a function of many original information bits. The original information may or may not appear in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are **systematic**, while those that do not are **nonsystematic**.

An extremely simple example would be an analog to digital converter that samples three bits of signal strength data for every bit of transmitted data. If the three samples are mostly all zero, the transmitted bit was probably a zero, and if three samples are mostly all one, the transmitted bit was probably a one. The simplest example of error correction is for the receiver to assume the correct output is given by the most frequently occurring value in each group of three.

| **Triplet received** | **Interpreted as** |
| --- | --- |
| 000 | 0 |
| 001 | 0 |
| 010 | 0 |
| 100 | 0 |
| 111 | 1 |
| 110 | 1 |
| 101 | 1 |
| 011 | 1 |

This allows an error in any one of the three samples to be corrected by "democratic voting", but is a very inefficient FEC. But in practice would not work very well, but it does illustrate the principle. In practice, FEC codes typically examine the last several dozen, or even the last several hundred, previously received bits to determine how to decode the current small handful of bits (typically in groups of 2 to 8 bits).

Such triple modular redundancy, the simplest form of forward error correction, is widely used.
World Muslim population in 2009, Pew research. Darker colour mean more Muslims.
**Conversion to Islam** means accepting Islam as your religion and not following any other religion or belief. To convert, a person needs to declare the Shahādah, the Muslim profession of faith, stating, "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" (Arabic: أَشْهَدُ أَن لا إِلٰهَ إلَّا الله و أَشْهَدُ أَنَ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُول الله). In Islam, it is believed that everyone is born Muslim.

Circumcision (khitan) is a cultural practice in Islam, not mentioned in the Quran but in hadith. Most clerical opinions state that circumcision is not necessary when someone enters the Muslim faith.

Missionary Activities
---------------------

Dawah means inviting or calling people to embrace Islam. In Islam, it's about inviting both Muslims and non-Muslims to understand and follow the worship of God as described in the Qur'an and the teachings of Muhammad. Da'wah, the "Call towards God," started with Muhammad, who spread the message of the Quran to humanity. After him, his followers and the Muslim community took on the responsibility of continuing this message. They share information about why and how the Qur'an emphasizes monotheism. Muhammad believed that Islam was the true religion, and his mission as the final prophet was to invite the entire world to embrace Islam. He even wrote to non-Muslim rulers, inviting them to convert.

Conversion number
-----------------

Counting how many people convert to a religion is hard. Some censuses ask about religion, but not if someone converted. In some places, converting is tough because of laws or social issues, like the death penalty for leaving Islam in some countries. There isn't much data on how many people convert to or leave Islam.

A 2011 study by Pew Research suggests that religious conversion doesn't change the global Muslim population much. Another study in 2015 predicts a small gain of 3.22 million Muslims through conversion by 2050. Islam would be the second-largest religion gaining followers through conversion, after the religiously unaffiliated group.

In the U.S. about 25% of Muslims are converts, and it's estimated that around 20,000 Americans convert to Islam every year. The number of U.S. converts to Islam is similar to those leaving, which is different from other religions.

Globally, Islam has more converts than people leaving, with about 420,000 more converting between 2015 and 2020. However, more people switch from "religious" to "unaffiliated." People changing religions might not affect the growth of the Muslim population much.

In the UK, around 5,000 people convert to Islam annually, and many of them are women. Conversions have doubled in the past 25 years in France. In the U.S. African Americans make up a significant portion of Muslim converts.

Looking ahead, modest gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims, with most of these gains happening in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Related pages
-------------

* Islam
* Apostasy in Islam
* Muslim world
**Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. (HDEC)** was founded by Chung Ju-young in 1947 as the name of Hyundai Civil Works Company and a major company of the Hyundai Group. 
The company completed restoration of Han River Pedestrian Bridge in 1958 and Seoul-Busan Expressway the main artery of Korean economy in 1970. 
HECD became the first Korean construction company entered overseas market among through the winning order for Pattani Narathiwat highway project in Thailand in 1965. 
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor’s management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis. Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010. 

The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea. The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.

The company has owned 7 subsidiary company which are Hyundai Engineering Co. Ltd. Hyundai Equipment & Steel Industries, Hyundai Design, Hyundai Farm, Hyundai CNI, Hyundai Hillstate and Hyundai Education. 

The company largely has 5 business fields which are Plant Construction, Power Plant Construction, Civil Works, Building Works and Nuclear Power Plants.
The **undercut** is a hair style. It was popular in the 1910s to 1940s and came back in style in the 1980s and 2010s. In this style, the hair on the top of the head is long and the back and sides are shaved short. It is similar to curtained hair from the 1990s.

History
-------

The undercut has been around for a long time. Even Vikings and some Native Americans wore similar styles. In the past, it was often worn by poor people or gang members. In the 1920s and 1930s, it became a common style for everyone. Soldiers in World War I and in Nazi Germany also had this haircut. It was popular again in the 1960s but then went out of style.

Revival
-------

The undercut became popular again in the late 1980s and early 2010s. People who liked certain types of music, like new wave and electronic music, started wearing it. Famous people like Macklemore and Kim Jong Un also had this haircut. Some people did not like it because it reminded them of the past, but many people wore it as a fashion statement.
Cover of Fawcett Publications' Master Comics, number 35, Jan 1943.
**Captain Marvel Jr.** is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Fawcett Comics and currently by DC Comics. The character is the sidekick to Captain Marvel, receiving incredible powers from the wizard Shazam whenever he speaks his predecessor's name. His alter-ego is a crippled impoverished orphan named **Freddy Freeman**, who cannot walk. During the *The Trials of Shazam!* storyline, he graduated to becoming the new **Captain Marvel**. In The New 52, Freddy Freeman is now known as **Shazam, Jr.**. He has been a member of the Marvel Family, Outsiders, Teen Titans and Young Justice.

*Freddy Freeman* was created by Ed Herron, C. C. Beck, and Mac Raboy, first appearing in *Whiz Comics* #25 (1941).

Portrayals
----------

Freddy Freeman made his live-action debut in the DC Extended Universe movie *Shazam!* (2019), portrayed by Jack Dylan Grazer and Adam Brody as a teenager and adult superhero, respectively. Grazer and Brody return in *Shazam! Fury of the Gods* (2023).
Front cover, "Wow Comics" no. 38 (art by Jack Binder)
**Mary Marvel** is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Fawcett Comics and currently by DC Comics. She is the twin sister of Captain Marvel and a member of the Marvel Family, given incredible powers by the Wizard Shazam. Originally, **Mary Batson** is adopted under the name **Mary Bromfield**, although she later discovers Billy Batson is her long-lost brother. In The New 52, Mary was known as **Lady Shazam**. In the Infinite Frontier, Mary later became the new champion of the Wizard and was given the full power of Shazam before later retaking the title of Mary Marvel again. She has been a member of the Justice League, the Super Buddies, and the Black Marvel Family.

The powers she has been granted include **S** for the grace of Selene, **H** for the strength of Hippolyta, **A** for the skill of Ariadne, **Z** for the fleetness of Zephyrus, **A** for the beauty of Aurora, and **M** for the wisdom of Minerva. The Prime Earth version swaps out Artemis for stamina instead of Ariadne, Selene for agility instead of Selena, and Aurora for invulnerability rather than beauty. These are the powers of the mythological figures themselves.

Mary Marvel was created by Otto Binder and Marc Swayze, first appearing in *Captain Marvel Adventures* #18 (1942).

Mary Bromfield and her superhero alter-ego both made their cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe 2019 movie *Shazam!*, played by Grace Fulton and Michelle Borth, respectively. Fulton returned in the sequel, *Shazam! Fury of the Gods,* playing both parts.
Cosplayer playing the character.
**Kraven the Hunter** (**Sergei Kravinoff**) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #15 (August 1964), and was created by writer Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. He is one of Spider-Man's frequent enemies and the half-brother of **Dmitri Smerdyakov**, better known as the Chameleon.

He is a former Russian aristocrat and big-game hunter that is unrivalled in his abilities, constantly seeking new prey in order to challenge himself. After learning about the existence of Spider-Man, Kraven would become obsessed with hunting and defeating him, believing him to be his ultimate prey. Over the years, he has occasionally been depicted as an anti-hero or neutral ally to Spider-Man because of his strict code of honor, although he has always returned to menace the wall-crawler and many other heroes nevertheless.

The character appeared in numerous Spider-Man adaptations, including animated series and video games. He is widely regarded as one of the most formidable enemies among his rogues. The character gained considerable attention from the story *Kraven's Last Hunt*. The character has been a founding member of the supervillain group, the Sinister Six. He is also an enemy to many other heroes, such as Black Panther, Tigra, Ka-Zar, Deadpool, Venom, and the X-Men.

British actor Aaron Taylor-Johnson will portray the character in the upcoming movie of the same name, set in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU).
**Die Caufner-Schwestern** was a group of three singers founded in East Germany in 1977. The three sisters Juliane Albrecht (née Kaufner), Isa Kaufner and Irina Kaufner were the members of the group. The group mostly played disco music.

Band history
------------

Even as children, the four sisters Iris, Juliane, Isa and Irina Kaufner sang at the same time together in Rostock. Juliane and Isa were taught to have better vocals from 1972 to 1973 and were members of the College Formation. The pieces of music *Dein und mein*, *Als ich nachher von dir ging* and *Vom Träumen* with Isa Caufner as solo singer were on the compilation LP *Examen in Musik*, published in 1973. Juliane Kaufner married the musician and later Amiga music producer Klaus-Peter "Biene" Albrecht. In 1976, the four sisters founded the vocal quartet *Caufner-Collection*. They were on the television show *Familien-Disko* in 1977. Iris Kaufner left the group. The band had to name itself *Caufner-Schwestern* instead. By 1978, there was five episodes for the *family disco*. In 1978, their first single *Komm doch* was released. The next single, "Laß dieses „he"", was also released in 1978. For their tour program *Drei unterwegs*, they were awarded the sponsorship award by the General Director of the Komitee für Unterhaltungskunst. Die Caufner-Schwestern appeared on the television show Ein Kessel Buntes and also performed concerts abroad.

In 1980, Isa Kaufner left the group to perform as Isa Caufner. As well as other things, she played for three months in November 1980 in the play "Die Menschenfresserin" by the Bulgarian dramatist Ivan Radojew at the Volksbühne Berlin. In 1982 the musical piece *Man weiß ja nie* by Die Caufner-Schwestern and *Ich bin ich* by Isa Caufner were released on a compilation LP. Juliane Albrecht and Irina Kaufner performed as a duo until 1987. Irina died of cancer in 2010. In 1989, Juliane Albrecht and her husband and other musicians founded the country band *Country Delight*, which, as of 2016, they still belong to.

Discography
-----------

### Singles

* 1978: *Komm doch* / *Ich hab’ dich lieb* (Amiga)
* 1978: *Laß dieses „he"* / *Was nun* (Amiga)

### In compilations

* 1982: *Man weiß ja nie* und *Ich bin ich* (Solo von Isa Caufner) auf *Hast du mich noch lieb?* (Amiga)

Literature
----------

* Artikel in Melodie und Rhythmus 6/80

Other websites
--------------

* Die Caufner-Schwestern on deutsche-mugge.de Archived 2019-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
Johannes Theodor Baargeld's *Typical Vertical Mess as Depiction of the Dada Baargeld*, 1920
*Fountain* by Marcel Duchamp, 1917
**Dadaism** is an avant-garde intellectual movement. It started around World War 1. Although not at first an art movement,p60/61 it did influence art greatly for a time.

History
-------

The movement, formed in Zurich, Switzerland, was heavily influenced by the war in Europe. Its artists rejected modern capitalist society. They used nonsense and protest in their works. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and were close to the radical far-left. The whole point behind Dadaism was to prove that anything could be art if the artist declared it to be. This was to prove that if everything could be art, then nothing could be art. This outraged many artists as Dadaism deemed their labour intensive artworks meaningless. 

The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture.

Influence
---------

Its peak was 1916 to 1922, and it influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went against the standards of society.
Followers of Dadaism included Antonin Artaud, Max Ernst, and Salvador Dali. A later version, called *Neo-Dada*, arose in the 1960s.

Dadaism began in central Europe, in Berlin and Zurich. Dadaism moved to Paris with Tristan Tzara. Tzara would go on to 'lead' the dadaists of Paris such as as Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, and Marcel Duchamp. 

Dadaism is also closely associated with the concepts of the grotesque, the absurd, and the macabre. The idea of ridiculing the absurdity of existence has its expression in the dramatic art of Samuel Beckett and the so called school of Paris, which included Arthur Adamov, Jean Genet, and Eugene O'Neill.

The word "Dada" may be an allusion to an infant's first words, such as "Mama". No-one knows who invented the name, but there is some historical evidence which says that Tzara picked it out at random from a German-French dictionary, since "Dada" means "hobbyhorse" in French. A hobbyhorse is a long stick with a toy horse head attached which a child can hold in front of them to pretend they are riding a horse. Still, the source of the name is not widely agreed upon.
Majorana fermions are named after Ettore\_Majorana. This shows him in the 1930s.
A **Majorana fermion**(/maɪəˈrɑːnə ˈfɛərmiːɒn/), also referred to as a **Majorana particle**, is a fermion that has the same properties as its antiparticle. Ettore Majorana, an Italian physicist, thought they would exist, in 1937. Majorana disappeared in 1938, and the particles are named after him. As Majorana fermionns are thought to have the same properties as their antiparticles, they cannot have an electric charge. Today, atomic particles with an electric charge are called Dirac fermions. An example for Dirac fermions are electrons, and positrons; they have the same properties, but their electric charge is different. 

Neutrinos do not have an electric charge, and might be Majorana fermions, but their status is unclear

Theory
------

The concept goes back to Majorana's suggestion of 1937. Majorana suggested that neutral spin-​1⁄2 particles can be described by a real wave equation (the Majorana equation). The wave functions of particle and antiparticle are related by complex conjugation. For this reason, they would be identical to their antiparticle.

The difference between Majorana fermions and Dirac fermions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the creation and annihilation operators of second quantization: The creation operator {\displaystyle \gamma \_{j}^{\dagger }} creates a fermion in quantum state {\displaystyle j} (described by a *real* wave function), whereas the annihilation operator {\displaystyle \gamma \_{j}} annihilates it (or, equivalently, creates the corresponding antiparticle). For a Dirac fermion the operators {\displaystyle \gamma \_{j}^{\dagger }} and {\displaystyle \gamma \_{j}} are distinct, whereas for a Majorana fermion they are identical. The ordinary fermionic annihilation and creation operators f and {\displaystyle f^{\dagger }} can be written in terms of two Majorana operators {\displaystyle \gamma \_{1}} and {\displaystyle \gamma \_{2}} by

{\displaystyle f=(\gamma \_{1}+i\gamma \_{2})/{\sqrt {2}},}
{\displaystyle f^{\dagger }=(\gamma \_{1}-i\gamma \_{2})/{\sqrt {2}}.}
In supersymmetry models, neutralinos—superpartners of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons—are Majorana.

Standard model of particle physics
----------------------------------

The standard model of physics has no Majorana fermions, all particles are Dirac fermions. There are neutrinos, and anti-neutrinos. In the standard model, neutrinos have no mass, though. The question how to differentiate between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos is not settled yet.

Extensions to the standard model
--------------------------------

There are different extensions of the standard model. One of them is called Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. It allows for supersymmetry, and can transform one kind of particle, the bosons, into the other, the fermions. In condensed matter physics, bound Majorana fermions can appear as quasiparticle excitations—the collective movement of several individual particles, not a single one, and they are governed by non-abelian statistics.
**Black Widow** is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Most of these versions exist in Marvel's main shared universe, known as the Marvel Universe.

The most notable characters who have assumed the mantle of Black Widow over the years are **Claire Voyant**, **Natasha Romanova**, and **Yelena Belova**; as well as some alternative versions. The character has been associated with several superhero teams such as the Avengers, the Defenders, the Champions, S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Thunderbolts.

Fictional character biographies
-------------------------------

### Claire Voyant

She was one of the superheroes who fought in World War II. Claire was a spirit medium who communicated with the dead. She was possessed by Satan while having a seance with the Wagler family. During the seance a curse was place on the family then died in a car crash. One of the survivors James Wagler went to Claire's apartment and shot her in her apartment. Her soul went to hell Satan gives Claire mystical powers and sends back to earth to avenge her death. After killing James Wagler Claire became tasked to kill evil men and send their souls to hell.

### Natasha Romanova

She is a highly trained and former Russian spy, who was originally an antagonist of Iron Man and other heroes. Eventually becoming a superheroine, she defected to the United States and became the partner of Captain America, Daredevil, Winter Soldier and Hawkeye. In addition, Black Widow became an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and later the superhero group, the Avengers, where she also acted as a co-leader during the Onslaught saga. Since her tenure as a superhero and adventurer, she has been a member of numerous groups, such as the Lady Liberators, Marvel Knights, Mighty Avengers, Champions of Los Angeles, and the Posse.

### Yelena Belova

She is depicted as a spy and was the second modern-era character to use the Black Widow name. She first appeared in Inhumans #5 and was created by Devin Grayson and J.G.

Alternative universe versions
-----------------------------

### Monica Chang

She is the second character to use the Black Widow codename in the Ultimate Marvel continuity, debuting in *Ultimate Comics: Avengers* #3.

### Jessica Drew

The Ultimate version of Jessica Drew is a female Spider-Clone who uses by the Black Widow alias.

### Black Widow 2099

The futuristic 2099 version of Black Widow is an African-American woman named **Tania**. She operates as part of the Avengers 2099 at the Alchemax corporation's behest. Like black widow spiders, she literally eats her mates after having sex with them.

Adaptations
-----------

The character has been adapted to different forms of media, such as television series, movies, video games, and action figures. In live-action, she has been portrayed by actresses Scarlet Johansson, Florence Pugh, and Rachel Weisz; all of them set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
***Martyrs*** is a 2008 French psychological horror movie. It was first shown at 2008 Cannes Film Festival at the Marché du Film. It was released theatrically in France on 3 September 2008.

The movie was controversial upon its release. It was associated with the New French Extremity movement.

Plot
----

In 1971, a young girl, Lucie Jurin, escapes from a disused slaughterhouse. She's been imprisoned and abused there for over a year. The criminals and their motivations remain a mystery. Lucie is placed in an orphanage. She becomes friends there with a young girl named Anna Assaoui. Anna quickly discovers Lucie believes she is being constantly terrorized by a ghoulish creature. Anna comforts Lucie every time she has a nightmare.

Fifteen years later, in 1986, Lucie bursts into a home of a "normal" family, the Belfonds. The Belfonds are Gabrielle, her husband and children Antoine and Marie. Lucie kills them all with a shotgun. Anna waits for Lucie elsewhere. Anna knows Lucie believes the Belfonds were the people responsible for her childhood abuse. But at the same time, Anna is horrified when Lucie tells her she's killed them.

When they get to the house, Anna discovers Gabrielle is still alive. Anna tries to help her escape. However, Lucie beats Gabrielle to death. Lucie realizes that her insanity will not leave her. She commits suicide.

The next day, Anna is still at the family's house. She calls her mother by telephone. She has been estranged from her mother. In their conversation, it becomes evident that Anna was abused by her parents as a child. Suddenly, Anna hears some noises. She finds a secret underground chamber in the living room. In the chamber is a horribly tortured young woman named Sarah. Sarah proves that Lucie was right about the family. Anna helps Sarah escape. A group of strangers, however, kill Sarah with guns. Anna is captured. She meets the strangers' leader, an elderly lady named Mademoiselle.

Anna becomes the group's latest subject. She goes through a period of being beaten and degraded. She hallucinates a conversation with Lucie. Anna is later told she has progressed further than any other test subject. She has reached the "final stage." She is skinned alive. She survives the procedure.

Cast
----

* Mylène Jampanoï as Lucie Jurin
	+ Jessie Pham as Young Lucie
* Morjana Alaoui as Anna Assaoui
	+ Erika Scott as Young Anna
* Catherine Bégin as Mademoiselle
* Isabelle Chasse as The Creature
* Robert Toupin as The father (Mr. Belfond)
* Patricia Tulasne as The mother (Gabrielle Belfond)
* Juliette Gosselin as Marie Belfond
* Xavier Dolan-Tadros as Antoine Belfond
* Louise Boisvert as Anna's Mother (voice)
* Jean-Marie Moncelet as Étienne
* Emilie Miskdjian as Sarah

Reception
---------

*Martyrs* was categorized as a new example of new era French horror movies in terms of violence that it shows. The movie-ranking website Rotten Tomatoes said 53% of critics had given the movie positive reviews.

French Commission de Classification des Oeuvres Cinématographiques rated the movie 18+ (not suitable for children under 18). The movie's producers appealed. Martyrs' rating was later changed to 16+.
**Antonio Alonso Martinez** (born 29 April, 1963) is a Portuguese-Spanish painter and multidisciplinary artist based in Lisbon, Portugal. Martinez argues that humanity will find their own spiritual reality which has been the theme of his work since the mid-80s.

Early life
----------

Martinez was born in Oeiras, Portugal, in 1963, to Spanish parents. He opted for Spanish nationality in 1978. In Lisbon, he attended Centro de Arte e Comunicação Visual (Ar.Co) where he graduated in Fine arts in 1985. During his years at the Ar.Co, Martinez co-authored the *Manifest of the Multi-instrumentalist Painting* which was published in the Portuguese national newspaper, *Jornal de Letras, Artes e Ideias* on 26 June 1984. This manifest was accompanied by an exhibition at the University of Fine Arts of Lisbon, creating enthusiasm among the new artists and critic.

Career
------

Martinez started his professional career as a painter in his early 20s. His paintings are inspired by his belief that humanity will find their spiritual reality on their own. Martinez's painting were exhibited at Galician Cultural Centre in Lisbon, in 1988, during his first solo show. In 1989, his paintings were exhibited at National Society of Fine Arts, Lisbon in a solo as well as in a group exhibition.".

Martinez was awarded with *Paul VI Centre Art Prize* by the Sanctuary of Fátima in 1990 where his works are the part of the permanent collections for public display. Later in 1990 and 1991, his works were exhibited in the solo exhibitions entitled *Altarpieces* at Galeria Monumental, Lisbon and Módulo Centro Difusor de Arte, Porto respectively. Between 1992 and 1998, Martinez's paintings were exhibited in various solo and group exhibitions around Europe including at Guimaraes, Lisbon, Rouen, Sintra, Haute-Vienne and Saint-Malo.

In January 2011, one of his work - *Portrait of Kurt Cobain (Retrato de Kurt Cobain)* - reached the second highest value in the sale of contemporary art at the Austrian auction house, Dorotheum. In September 2012, another portrait of Kurt Cobain by Martinez was sold at Christie's in London. In January 2013, in Warsaw one of his works - *Diana* - reached the highest value on the auction at Forbes Millionaires Club.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Antonio Alonso Martinez***.

* Official Site


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**R-dropping** also called **non-rhoticity** or **post vocalic r-lessness** happens to English-speakers when the "r" sound is not pronounced after a vowel. Then the words "car" and "card" both sound like "cah" and "cahd". That happens for some speakers in the United States, especially in the Boston and New York City areas and pockets of the American South especially the Greater New Orleans area, Virginia's Tidewater region and among speakers of ethnolects such as African American Vernacular English and Cajun English. British and Northeastern r-droppers usually pronounce "r" when the next word begins with a vowel as in "car is". For them, "spa" and "spar" sound alike, Southern, African American and South African r-droppers don't add additional Rs.

The pronunciation of the R is kept in the Scottish, Irish and most of the U.S. and Canada versions of spoken English. The R-droppers include most of England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

The issue of how the R is used is called **rhoticity** by linguists.

Other websites
--------------

* wiktionary for rhotic
* wiktionary for non-rhotic
18°27′N 73°06′W﻿ / ﻿18.450°N 73.100°W﻿ / 18.450; -73.100

**Miragoâne** (Kréyòl: *Miragwàn*) is a port city in southwestern Haiti. It is the capital city of the Nippes *Département*.

The city is on the coast of the *Miragoâne* Bay, in the Gonâve Channel of the Gulf of Gonâve, about 100 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an *arrondissement* (a part of a department) with the same name. The *arrondissement* has four *communes* (a *commune* is like a municipality): Miragoâne, Fonds-des-Nègres, Paillant and Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes.

History
-------

The town was founded by English during the 17th century on the coast of a well-protected bay.

The name Miragoâne comes from *Miraguano*, the name given by the Taíno people to the 
*Étang de Miragoâne*, the second largest lake of Haiti; the town is near the lake.

During a civil war in 1883, the town was destroyed.

Economy
-------

Miragoâne is an important port; coffee, fruits and wood are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti from here. Used products (like clothes and cars) come to this port from Miami.

Other websites
--------------

* Alliance Haiti: Balade à Miragoâne Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine - Information on Miragoâne (French text).

  


| Department capitals of Haiti | Flag of Haiti |
| --- | --- |
| Cap-Haïtien • Fort-Liberté • Gonaïves • Hinche • Jacmel • Jérémie • Les Cayes • Miragoâne • Port-au-Prince • Port-de-Paix |
*Erdzeichen* seen from the air
The ***Erdzeichen*** (English: Earth Sign) is an artwork on the grounds of Munich Airport by the painter Wilhelm Holderied and the sculptor Karl Schlamminger. According to the artist, the earth sculpture at the airport is meant to be "An Island in Time," i.e. a symbol of time sequences which are determined by the "primeval energy of the earth." The ground-level artwork was completed in 1995. It stands in the tradition of archaic earth sculptures and modern works of Land Art, and also calls to mind Smithson’s famous "Spiral Jetty."

The Earthsign stretches across an area measuring 270 meters by 170 meters. Its furrows are 3.40 meters deep. These furrows and the tall gravel embankments between them circle a central point, continue in a straight row, form a loop and then flow in irregularly undulating lines into the surrounding field, where they end at a straight line.

The artwork was collectively financed by circa 400 donors in a campaign entitled "Be Part of Art." The aerial archeological photographer Klaus Leidorf has documented the earth sculpture and the changes which nature and the seasons have brought to it since 1994.
Map of the Eel River
The **Eel River** is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200 mi (322 km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain. 

Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.

U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.
**Marmite** (/ˈmɑːrmaɪt/ *MAR-myte*) is a British savoury food spread based on yeast extract, invented by the German scientist Justus von Liebig. It is made from by-products of beer brewing (lees). It is produced by the British company Unilever. Marmite is a vegan source of B vitamins, including supplemental vitamin B12. It is usually spread very thinly on buttered toast.

Marmite is a sticky, dark brown paste with a distinctive, salty, powerful flavour and heady aroma. This distinctive taste is represented in the marketing slogan: "Love it or hate it." In British popular culture Marmite is often used as a metaphor for something that is an acquired taste or polarises opinion. Marmite is commonly used as a flavouring, as it is particularly rich in umami due to its very high levels of glutamate (1960 mg/100 g).

Marmite is also a French term for a large, covered earthenware or metal cooking pot, which is shown on the label. A different product of the same name is sold in New Zealand and Australia.
A diagram of the structure of fructose
**Carbohydrates** are chemical compounds that contain *only* oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They are made up of joined-up sugars. Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as **saccharides.**

Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals.

Biochemistry
------------

There are four types of carbohydrates, named by the number of sugar molecules they contain.

1. Simple saccharides with one or two sugar molecules
	1. Monosaccharides: single sugar e.g. glucose, fructose
	2. Disaccharides: two saccharides. e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose
2. Longer chain saccharides:
	1. Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids. They play a special role in cell membranes.
	2. Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Their function is either energy storage (starch, glycogen) or building structures (cellulose, chitin).

Nutrition and foods
-------------------

Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein builds tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis.

If necessary, humans can live without eating carbohydrates because the human body can change fats and proteins into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis. Some already stored glucose in the liver can be released through another process called glycogenolysis. People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy, such as the Inuits.

Research in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% of their energy from carbohydrates (mostly from refined carbohydrates). The amount of energy needs may depend on the amount of physical work done by people: the harder the work, the more energy they need. The other need for energy is body temperature. Living in a cold climate means a person needs more energy.

Some foods (especially grains) have high levels of carbohydrates including wheat products (bread, pasta, potatoes, cereals), rice, etc.
***Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games*** is a 2014 American computer-animated comedy/adventure movie. It is the third installment in the *Alpha and Omega* franchise. Like the second one, this movie is directed by Richard Rich and Perry Andelin Blake and written by Tom Kane. *Alpha and Omega 3* follows the story of The Great Wolf Games, a contest where puppies from different packs compete. Runt, Stinky and Claudette also join in, even though their pack "took a pass on the games", with Humphrey as their coach.

The movie is a sequel to *Alpha and Omega* and *Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure*. It came out on iTunes on March 4, 2014 and it's available for download. It was released on March 25, 2014 as a Walmart Exclusive. Just like the second movie, *Alpha and Omega 3* received mixed reviews by critics (having 44% in Rotten Tomatoes and a 42 out of 100 in Metacritic) and mostly positive reviews by fans (with audience rating of 77%). However, it wasn't as successful as *Alpha and Omega 2*.

Plot
----

Kate, Humphrey, and the puppies are back in Jasper. Kate has to leave on a hunting trip with the others. Humphrey has to take care of the puppies. Runt, Stinky and Claudette hear about The Great Wolf Games from another puppy from the Northern Pack named Fleet. He has a crush on Claudette and tells them that the Western Pack won't be in the games. Claudette insists on forming their own team with Brent a grizzly bear cub, and Agnes a porcupine. Humphrey becomes their coach.

Production
----------

Director Richard Rich said there would be a third and fourth movies in the franchise. He directs *Alpha and Omega 3*. Tom Kane wrote the script. He was also the uncredited co-director. *Alpha and Omega 3* came out on iTunes in March 4, 2014. It came out on March 25, 2014 as a Walmart Exclusive.

Reception
---------

*Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games* received mixed reviews from critics. It had a 44% rating in Rotten Tomatoes and a 42 out of 100 in Metacritic. The movie's consensus in Rotten Tomatoes is: "*Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games* does have improved animation, lovable characters and it'll definitely entertain kids and die hard fans of the franchise, but it seems to suffer from a lazy story and a thinly-written script". Critics noted the animation's improvement, nice humor, likable characters and improved ending, but criticized the movie's story and the absence of the rest of the main characters. However, fans of the franchise had mostly positive reactions for the movie. Though they expressed disappointment on the story and for the lack of the original characters, they praised the movie on everything else. *Alpha and Omega 3* had a fresh audience rating of 77% on the Rotten Tomatoes Community.

Sequels
-------

*Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave* came out on iTunes on September 23, 2014. It was released on DVD, Digital HD and Pay-Per-View on October 7.

Other websites
--------------

* *Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games* on IMDb
**Shusha** (Azerbaijani: *Şuşa*) or **Shushi** (Armenian: Շուշի) is a city in Azerbaijan. The city is a major centre of Azerbaijani culture and music.

History
-------

Shusha was founded in 1750-1752 by Panah-Ali khan Javanshir (r. 1748-1763), the founder and the first ruler of the Karabakh Khanate (Qarabağ xanlığı - in Azerbaijani). The first capital of the Karabakh khanate was the castle of Bayat, built in 1748 in the district of Kebirli. However, soon afterwards Panah Ali khan realized that in order to secure himself and his newly established khanate from external threats, he needed to build a new more reliable castle. Shusha was turned into the capital of the Karabakh khanate.

Shusha was a popular mountainous-climatic recreation resort in Azerbaijan.

On May 8, 1992, the city was captured by the Armenian forces and all of the city's predominantly Azerbaijani population was either expelled or killed. It was recaptured by Azerbaijan on 8 November, 2020 during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, with the city's Armenian population fleeing beforehand.

Other websites
--------------

* Shusha: from A to Z
* Shusha by Travel-images.com
* Shusha – the town of the dead. Photo-report.
Jean Simmons
**Jean Simmons** (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

Life and career
---------------

Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's *Great Expectations* (1946) and Laurence Olivier's *Hamlet* (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as *The Robe* (1953), *Young Bess* (1953), *Désirée* (1954), *The Egyptian* (1954), *The Big Country* (1958), *Spartacus* (1960), *Elmer Gantry* (1960), *Life at the Top* (1965), *A Rough Night in Jericho* (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries *The Thorn Birds* (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and *North and South*  (1985).

Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died at the age of 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.
**Blagoveshchensk** (Russian: Благовещенск) is a city in Russia's Amur Oblast. It is the capital of Amur Oblast. As of 2021, the city has 241,437. People from Blagoveshchensk can see Heihe in Mainland China, because it is in the China-Russia border.

History
-------

Blagoveshchensk is founded in 1856 as a fort, then Blagoveshchensk has become a major centre of the Russian Far East. Although remotely located, Blagoveshchensk has good communications by the navigable Amur River, a connection to the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and several motor roads. Blagoveshchensk’s industries include food processing; timber working; the making of gold-mining machinery, electrical apparatus, and woolens; and the building and repair of rivercraft.

Blagoveshchensk is home to a number of ornate 19th-century buildings, many of which were restored in the late 1990s.

Geography
---------

Blagoveshchensk is located in the China-Russia border. It faces Heihe, Heilongjiang, China on the south. People from Blagoveshchensk can see China from the naked eye. It is 7,750 kilometers southeast of Moscow, 8,179 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg, 7,287 kilometers southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, 5,951 kilometers southeast of Yekaterinburg, and 4,373 kilometers southeast of Novosibirsk.

| * v
* t
* e
Administrative divisions of Amur Oblast |
| --- |
| Administrative center: **Blagoveshchensk** • Rural localities |
| Districts | 
* Arkharinsky
* Belogorsky
* Blagoveshchensky
* Bureysky
* Ivanovsky
* Konstantinovsky
* Magdagachinsky
* Mazanovsky
* Mikhaylovsky
* Oktyabrsky
* Romnensky
* Selemdzhinsky
* Seryshevsky
* Shimanovsky
* Skovorodinsky
* Svobodnensky
* Tambovsky
* Tyndinsky
* Zavitinsky
* Zeysky

 |
| Cities and towns | 
* Belogorsk
* Blagoveshchensk
* Progress
* Raychikhinsk
* Shimanovsk
* Skovorodino
* Svobodny
* Tsiolkovsky
* Tynda
* Zavitinsk
* Zeya

 |
| Urban-type settlements | 
* Arkhara
* Bureya
* Ekimchan
* Fevralsk
* Magdagachi
* Novobureysky
* Novoraychikhinsk
* Progress
* Seryshevo
* Sivaki
* Talakan
* Tokur
* Urusha
* Ushumun
* Yerofey Pavlovich

 |
**Lake Marion** is the largest lake in South Carolina. It is centrally located. Parts of it are in five different counties. The lake is referred to as South Carolina's inland sea. It has a 315-mile (507-kilometre) shoreline. It covers almost 110,000 acres (450 square kilometers or 173.7 square miles) of rolling farmlands, former marshes, and river valley landscape.

The Santee River was dammed in the 1940s to supply hydroelectric power. This was part of the rural electrification efforts initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression. It is one of the fifty largest lakes in the United States, whether natural or man-made reservoirs. It covers only about a third of the area of the fifteenth largest in size.

Visitors can travel from Lake Marion through the Diversion Canal to Lake Moultrie. At the end of Lake Moultrie lies the 75-foot high Pinopolis Lock which will lower boaters down to the Tailrace Canal which takes you to the Cooper River and on to Charleston.
The **2023–24 Sheffield Shield season** is the 122nd season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition being played in Australia. The tournament started in October 2023. Western Australia are the defending champions. In June 2023, Cricket Australia revealed the fixtures of the tournament.

Points table
------------

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | D | A | BP | DP | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 9.77 | 0 | **29.77** |
| 2 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8.22 | 0 | **28.22** |
| 3 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7.12 | 0 | **26.12** |
| 4 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8.59 | 0 | **21.59** |
| 5 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9.41 | 0 | **21.41** |
| 6 | Template:Cr-Aus | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 7.12 | 0 | **15.12** |
|

Round-Robin stage
-----------------

### Round 1

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### Round 2

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### Round 3

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### Round 4

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### Round 5

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### Round 6

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### Round 7

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### Round 8

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### Round 9

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### Round 10

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Final
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A **lyrebird** is a ground-dwelling Australian bird in the genus ***Menura***. They live in forests, especially rainforests, of eastern Australia, and they were introduced to Tasmania in the 19th century. They are found in two National Forest areas of Victoria, New South Wales and southeast Queensland.

Mating system
-------------

They are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment. Since they live on the ground in fairly dense undergrowth, sound is used by the males to attract attention. When a female arrives, the visual display comes into action. It is a typical "female choice" mating system, where males defend a mating territory, and sing and display to get a mate.

### Sound mimicry

The lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including other birds. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A lyrebird classic is their imitation of human sounds in the forest such as car alarms, camera shutters and forest logging with chain-saws.

### Breeding

Superb Lyrebird in courtship display
The breeding cycle of the lyrebirds is long, and lyrebirds are long-lived birds. They can live up to thirty years. They also start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female Superb Lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males.These territories may contain the breeding places of up to eight females. In a male's territory, he makes or uses display platforms.

The females each build an untidy nest, usually low to the ground in a moist gully, where each lays a single egg. She is the sole parent who incubates the egg over 50 days until it hatches, and she is also the sole carer of the lyrebird chick.