recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Friedrich Hund** (4 February 1896 – 31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect.

His life
--------

Robert Mulliken + Friedrich Hund  
Chicago 1929
Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg, Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.

After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996, ISBN 3-8274-0083-X was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.

Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.

Hunds cases
-----------

The **Hund's cases**, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the **Hund's rules**, which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's rule.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Friedrich Hund***.

* curriculum vitae of Friedrich Hund, papers by Friedrich Hund, diploma, honours, medals and decorations, photography, films and cassettes
The **FAC-Platz** is a football stadium in the 21st district of Floridsdorf in the Austrian capital Vienna. It was the home ground of the eight-time Austrian champions Admira. Today it is the homeground of Floridsdorfer AC in the 2. league. In the 2023-24 season it is also be the home of SV Stripfing, which does not have a stadium suitable for the second league. The stadium has a c apacity of 3 000 places , 850 places are seated.

History
-------

In August 1933 Admira moved from Deublergasse to the former Vorwärts XXI ground in Hopfengasse. In contrast to Deublergasse, this newly built facility now had everything a large sports club needed: running track, training ground, boxing ring and tennis courts. At that time the stadium held around 15,000 spectators.

From July 1944 to April 1945 there was a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp at Hopfengasse 8. At that time, there were barracks for around 2,000 concentration camp prisoners and forced laborers on today's FAC site.

After Admira moved to the southern part of the city in 1966 the FAC took over the place. In 1987 the ground was renamed Leopold-Stroh-Stadion, in honor of the former FAC player Leopold Stroh (1917–1985). In 1994 a grandstand for around 500 spectators was built and in 2002 a VIP club area was set up.
In March 2018, the stadium was renamed the Job Consulting Arena and in the following 2018/19 season it was renamed FAC-Platz.
**Karl Zischek** (28 August 1910 – 6 October 1985) was an Austrian footballer who played as a forward for Austria in the 1934 FIFA World Cup. He also played for SC Wacker Wien.

Club career
-----------

Karl Zischek started his career at Wacker in 1929. During the Second World War, Karl Zischek played quite successfully with his club Wacker and narrowly missed winning the "Gauliga Ostmark" several times.In 1947 they won the championship ahead of Rapid and the cup final 4:3 against Austria. This were the only titles in the history of the small club. Younger players like Gerhard Hanappi were the driving forces behind the Meidlingers. So Zischek ended his professional career after this season. After that he was active as a player at Meidlinger FC and SC Preßbaum. In 1950 he took over as coach at VfB Mödling.

Team career
-----------

He debuted for the Austrian national football team on 16 May 1931 versus Scotland and he scored two goals in the 5-0 win. Towards the end of the era of the "Wunderteam" Karl Zischek scored a goal each against France in a 4-0 win and in a 6-1 win over Belgium. 1934 he played in the FIFA World Cup in Italy. After the end of the Second world war he played two games for the team. He played 40 matches for Austria and scored 24 goals.

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place |
| --- |
| 
* FW Bican
* FW Braun
* DF Cisar
* GK Franzl
* FW Hassmann
* MF Hofmann
* FW Horvath
* DF Janda
* FW Kaburek
* GK Platzer
* GK Raftl
* FW Schall
* DF Schmaus
* DF Sesta
* FW Sindelar
* MF Smistik
* FW Stroh
* MF Urbanek
* FW Viertl
* MF Wagner
* FW Walzhofer
* FW Zischek
* Coach: Meisl

 | Austria |


| * v
* t
* e
Austrian Wunderteam players |
| --- |
| 
* Rudolf Hiden
* Roman Schramseis
* Karl Rainer
* Josef Blum
* Karl Sesta
* Georg Braun
* Johann Mock
* Josef Smistik
* Leopold Hofmann
* Karl Gall
* Walter Nausch
* Karl Zischek
* Friedrich Gschweidl
* Matthias Sindelar
* Anton Schall
* Adolf Vogl
* Manager: Hugo Meisl/Jimmy Hogan

 |

Other websites
--------------

* FIFA profile
A watch made so that people can tell the time of day by feeling it with their fingers.
A blind man at a mall is led by a guide dog.
**Blindness** is to not see anything. Some people are called blind, even though they can see a little bit. This is because they cannot see clearly, but only see unfocused shapes or colors. 

In modern countries, few young people are blind. In all the world, blindness is mostly caused by malnutrition and diseases of old people, like cataracts and trachoma. People can become blind because of diseases or accidents, but sometimes people are born blind.

Legal blindness is defined as a level of visual acuity low enough to qualify for disability benefits and\or special accommodations. Legal blindness is also defined as being unable to be completely corrected by prescription glasses or contact lenses.

Some people are *color blind*, which means they can see, but cannot tell certain colors apart. 

When people are blind they use such things as the alphabet in *braille* and *guide dogs* to do every day life things. 

Famous blind people have included Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille alphabet, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles and Helen Keller.

  



Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Blindness***.

* Book on the history of blindness Archived 2006-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Royal National Institute for the Blind Archived 2006-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Scottish Sensory Centre Archived 2005-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Blind Net
* Guide Dogs for the Blind Association
**Graphic violence** also known as **explicit violence** refers to when violence in media is vivid or realistic. T
Examples of graphic violence include mutilation, bloodshed, and removing any animal or human body parts. Others include murder, suicide and assault by weapon.

Media and television
--------------------

Graphic (or explicit) violence happens in movies, television, video games and on many news media related broadcasts. Examples of movies or television with graphic violence are *Intent to Kill*, *Man Bites Dog*, *True Lies*, *Color of Night*, *Hideaway*, *Seven*, *Crash* and *Starship Troopers*.

### Video games

Video games that have graphic violence include *Mortal Kombat* games, *Killer Instinct games*, *Grand Theft Auto* games, and *The Manhunt* games.

Ratings of the media
--------------------

There are several cases where movies may have been rated NC-17 for explicit violence. Few, however, have really kept the NC-17 rating. Those that have include *Intent to Kill* (1992), *Man Bites Dog* (1992) and *100 Tears* (2007 horror movie). Other similar movies have gone unrated. These include *Hatchet* (a 2006 horror movie) and *The Antichrist* (a controversial 2009 movie).

Some video games were labeled 'AO' (Adults Only) by the Entertainment Software Rating Board because of graphic violence.[*source?*] Several reverted the rating to 'M' (Mature). AO means that nobody age 17 and under can play, buy or rent the games in question. An M means not suitable for under 17 audiences to buy, play or rent.
The **Gerhard Hanappi stadium** was a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. It was the homeground of SK Rapid Wien and is named after Gerhard Hanappi, the architect of the stadium and former player of Rapid Wien.

History
-------

The work started in 1971 but there was a delay in finishing it. The plan was not fully built because it should be cheaper. The new stadium was named "Weststadion" (western stadium) because it lays in the western part of Vienna. It was planned that the two major clubs should play in this new stadium, but Austria Wien was not amused that her rival has got a stadium in its own district, so they went back to their former homeground, the Franz Horr stadium. But till 1992 they often came back because the Horr stadium was not licensed for international matches. In April 1981 it got the name of its architect Gerhard Hanappi, who was player for Rapid Wien.

Weststand-home of the Rapid fan clubsThe first match which was played here was a leaguematch SK Rapid versus Austria Vienna. But the official opening was on September 14th, 1977 with a UEFA-Cup match Rapid versus FK Inter Bratislava (1:0). It was not love at first sight between the fans and the new stadium, but meanwhile they accept it. It is even called "Saint Hanappi" following the slogan of the fans "Rapid is our religion."

The stadium was demolished in 2014 to build the Allianz Stadion, which was opened on 16 July 2016. During its construction, Rapid Vienna played their home games at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater.

Special matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium
----------------------------------------------

### ÖFB-Cup finals

* 1977: FK Austria Wien – Wiener Sport-Club 3:0 (2:0)
* 1983: SK Rapid Wien – Wacker Innsbruck 3:0 (1:0)
* 1984: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 2:0 (2:0)
* 1985: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:3 (1:1) (0:0) n. V.- Pen. 6:5
* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 4:6 (3:3) (2:1) n.V.
* 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:0 (2:0)
* 1998: SV Ried – SK Sturm Graz 3:1 (2:0)
* 2007: FK Austria Wien – SV Mattersburg 2:1 (0:1)

### Supercup (Austria)

* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:1 (2:0)
* 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:1 (1:1)

### International matches

(Till 1992 FK Austria Vienna has to play international matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium.)

* 1984: SK Rapid Wien – Celtic Glasgow 3:1 (0:0)
* 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Liverpool 1:1 (1:0)
* 1985: SK Rapid Wien – Dynamo Dresden 5:0 (3:0)
* 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Bayern München 3:3 (1:1)
* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (2:1)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Aberdeen 1:0 (1:0)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (0:1)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Lüttich 1:0 (0:0)
* 1990: SK Rapid Wien – Inter Mailand 2:1 (0:1)
* 1992: FK Austria Wien – FC Brügge 3:1 (0:0)
* 1997: SK Rapid Wien – 1. FC Brünn 6:1 (2:0)
* 2000: FK Roter Stern Belgrad – Leicester City 3:1 (1:1)
* 2001: SK Rapid Wien – FK Partizan Belgrad 5:1 (2:0)
* 2005: SK Rapid Wien – Lokomotive Moskau 1:1 (0:1)
* 2009: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:0 (1:0)
* 2010: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:1 (0:1)
The **Voith-Platz** was a football venue in St. Pölten, the capital city of Lower Austria. It was approved for 8,000 spectators. It was the homeground of different clubs from St. Pölten. The name was derived from the Voith company that owned the property.

History
-------

In 1949, a number of footballers approached the general management of the Voith company to found a company sports club (BSV Voith). The first *BSV Voith* games were still played in Stattersdorf, but in the spring of 1950 construction of the Voithplatz began. The company Voith provided the ground. In spring 1951 the first match was held. (BSV Voith vs. SC Rabenstein 18:1) 

1973, two of the then 13 St. Pölten clubs, *BSV Voith* and *SC Furthner Schwarze Elf*, merged to form the new *VSE St. Pölten* (Voith-Schwarze Elf St. Pölten). The homground of the new club was again the Voith-Platz. Between 1988 and 1994, the VSE played for six seasons in the Bundesliga, Austria's top division. After some financial problems and relegation to the 4th league, the club was dissolved.

The unofficial successor club was the SKN St. Pölten. In 2007 the ground was renovated for €90,000 with the support of the city of St. Pölten. The stands, sidewalks, cabins, floodlights and toilet facilities were renewed.  On May 18, 2012, the last Bundesliga championship game took place at Voithplatz. SKN played in the new NV Arena. After the SKN moved to the new arena, the Voithplatz continued to be used for women's and amateur football.

Demolition work began in October 2020. The St. Pölten housing cooperative built residential complex on the site.
**Marek Witold Suski** (born June 11 , 1958 in Grójec ) - Polish politician. He has been a member of the Sejm in the fourth through ninth terms. From 2017 to 2019, he was the head of the Political Cabinet of the Prime Minister. He is a member of Law and Justice party.

Early life and career
---------------------

Suski is a son of Janusz and Alina. His paternal ancestors had the Pomian coat of arms . He is a graduate of the Post-Secondary Vocational School of Theater Techniques in Warsaw. For a year he was employed at the Grand Theater in Warsaw. Then to the early 1990s. he worked in a craftsman's workshop . From 1993 to 1996 he headed the Regional Cultural Center in Tarczyn. In the years 1997–1999 he was the director of the branch of Jarosław Kaczyński's parliamentary office in Radom, then he worked in the joint-stock company "Srebrna ".

He co-founded the Center Agreement, then Law and Justice. He ran unsuccessfully as a PC MP in 1991 and 1993. He was elected as an MP from the PiS (LnJ) list in the 2001 and 2005 elections. In the Sejm of the 5th term, he sat on the Rules and Deputies' Affairs Committee (from November 3, 2005 as its chairman), the State Treasury Committee, and also in extraordinary committees. In 2006, he became an honorary member of the World Association of Home Army Soldiers. In the 2007 parliamentary elections, he won a parliamentary seat for the third time, receiving 29 497 votes in the Radom constituency. In 2008, the Presidium of the Sejm removed him from the position of vice-chairman of the Rules and Deputies' Affairs Committee due to disciplinary punishment by the Deputies' Ethics Committee for one of his statements from the Sejm tribune  .

In the 2011 Sejm elections, he successfully ran for re-election and got 17 251 votes . In 2015, he was re-elected to the Sejm, receiving 36 542 votes . On July 22, 2016, he became vice-chairman of the investigative commission for Amber Gold  .

On December 19, 2017, Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki appointed him as the head of the Political Cabinet of the Prime Minister with the rank of secretary of state in the Chancellery of the Prime Minister   , replacing Elżbieta Witek in this function. In the 2019 elections, he was elected MP of the 9th term, receiving 69 141 votes . In November 2019, Marek Suski became vice-chairman of his Parliamentary Club, chairman of the Energy and State Treasury Committee and vice-chairman of the Culture and Media Committee . Therefore, he ended his government function.

In 2021, he became the chairman of the Program Council of Polish Radio  and a member of the Council of Political Advisors established by Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki . In the 2023 elections, he kept his parliamentary mandate(with 37 853 votes).  .
Maureen Duffy
**Maureen Patricia Duffy** (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

Early life and education
------------------------

Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a fulltime poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was *That's How It Was*. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

Works
-----

She has published around thirty books. Her *Collected Poems, 1949–84* appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek Myth as a framework.

She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals.  In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the *Gay News* newspaper for "blasphemous libel."

She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers. At one time, she was the President of the *European Writers' Congress* (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.

She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.

Further reading
---------------

* Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". *Feminist Review*; (62) Summer 1999, pp. 78–90.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia Archived 2013-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
* A Duffy bibliography

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Duffy, Maureen |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | English poet, playwright and novelist |
| Date of birth | 1933 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
This shrimp called a triops lives in water but can survive 20 dry years in diapause
**Diapause** is a delay in development which has evolved in response to regular periods of adverse environmental conditions.

It is a physiological state with very specific conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavourable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. It is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes.

Not only is diapause started by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is started, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. This distinguishes diapause from other forms of dormancy such as hibernation.

Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, *Danaus plexippus*. In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted.
This article is about the play. For the 1989 film based on the play, see Shirley Valentine (film).


***Shirley Valentine*** is a one-character play by Willy Russell. It takes the form of a monologue by a middle-aged, working class Liverpool housewife. It focuses on her life before and after a transforming holiday abroad.

Plot
----

Shirley finds herself regularly alone and talking to the wall. She prepare an evening meal of egg and chips for her emotionally distant husband. Her best friend offers to pay for a trip-for-two to Greece. She leaves a note on the cupboard door in the kitchen. In Greece she rediscovers what she had been missing in England. She is so happy that she decides not to return. She leaves her friend at the airport and goes back to the hotel. She asks for a job.

Productions
-----------

Commissioned in 1986, by the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool. Noreen Kershaw starred. It was directed by Glen Walford. In 1988 it opened in London's West End at the Vaudeville Theatre. Pauline Collins starred. It was directed by Simon Callow. On 16 February 1989, the Broadway production, with Collins again directed by Callow, opened at the Booth Theatre. It ran for 324 performances. Ellen Burstyn replaced Collins later in the run. Loretta Swit starred in a US national tour in 1995.

From 26 March - 8 May 2010, as part of the Willy Russell season at the Menier Chocolate Factory, Meera Syal played Shirley in the production's first London West End revival. A West End transfer of the Menier Chocolate Factory production ran at the Trafalgar Studios from 20 July - 30 October 2010. Meera Syal reprised her role as Shirley; this production was adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio Four in 2010 and 2017.

A 30th Anniversary Tour, starring Jodie Prenger ran in the UK from March 2017 to November 2017.

Awards and nominations
----------------------

Awards
* 1988 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy
* 1988 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress
* 1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play
* 1989 Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
* 1989 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play
* 1989 Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway Debut

Nominations
* 1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play
* 1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play
* 1989 Tony Award for Best Play

Film adaptation
---------------

Russell adapted his play for a 1989 film version, directed by Lewis Gilbert, with Collins again playing the title role.

Further reading
---------------

* Russell, Willy (1988). *Shirley Valentine and One for the Road*. Portsmouth, NH: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-18950-3.
**Sophia Mendonça** (Belo Horizonte, February 6, 1997) is a Brazilian journalist and writer. She is mostly known as a content producer and researcher on autism. In her work, Sophia complexifies aspects of the self-definition of autistic identity, by addressing topics such as sexual and gender intersectionality in autism.

Mendonça has a master's degree in Communication, Territorialities and Vulnerabilities from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, after defending a dissertation on the intersectionality between autism and gender dysphoria, being the first autistic trans woman to achieve this title from the institution and receiving academic praise for her work merits. She reports having experienced violence after telling health professionals that she was an autistic and trans woman, having been forced to camouflage her gender identity by doctors and psychologist.

Researcher Igor Ries, in his doctorate thesiss observed that Sophia's text is rich in sensitivity, affection and individuality. He considered the author's work generous, a sharing of oneself with the collective, as a way of representing in some way the transformation experienced or relief from her own suffering. According to the scholar, Sophia plays a leading role and, at the same time, announces this leading role in spaces that are usually little occupied by both autistic and trans people. Ries also praised that, when invite society to reflect on renewing the narratives about autism and placing itself as an active subject of this experience, Sophia demonstrates her work of caring for herself and the others.
Mer Bleue Bog, a typical peat bog, in eastern Ontario
Carnivorous plants are often found in bogs. Capturing insects provides nitrogen and phosphorus, which are usually scarce in such conditions.
A ***bog*** is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material—often mosses, in most cases, *Sphagnum* moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include **mire**, **quagmire** and **muskeg**.

Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.

Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.

In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil. So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.

World's largest peat bog
------------------------

The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.
**Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya** (Russian: Наде́жда Константи́новна Кру́пская, IPA: [nɐˈdʲeʐdə kənstɐnˈtʲinəvnə ˈkrupskəjə]; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1869 – 27 February 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik and the wife of Vladimir Lenin. Like her father, Krupskaya trained to be a teacher.

Krupskaya was born into a impoverished noble family. Because she was poor herself, she had strong views about making life easier for the poor. At one Marxist discussion group, she met Lenin. Soon after their meeting, Lenin was exiled to Siberia. Krupskaya was allowed to join him, on condition that they married. This could suggest a marriage of convenience, though they remained loyal. Following the 1917 Revolution, Krupskaya was at the forefront of the political scene. From 1922 to 1925, she was aligned with Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky's Left Opposition. Later, she disagreed with Stalin. She was deputy education commissar from 1929 to 1939. She had a strong influence over the Soviet educational system and the development of Soviet librarianship.
Rebuilt Korean turtle boat. The historical existence of the ironclad roof is disputed. Photo taken at the War Memorial Museum in Seoul.
The **turtle ship** was a type of warship built in Korea. It was used by the Koreans during the Japanese invasion of Korea in the 16th century. It was used to defeat the Japanese Navy. Because it looked like a turtle, it wascalled turtle ship.

Shape
-----

### Outside

It has a dragon-shaped head, which can fire cannons through its mouth. Its tail can also fire artillery. Turtle ships have 12 cannons on each side. In total there are 24 cannons. As lots of iron nails are stuck in its back, nobody can approach it easily. Moreover, people who are in turtle ships can see the outside, while people cannot look into it.

### Inside

Its inside is divided into two floors, one of which is the place where cannons are and the other is where people can row. There are twenty four rooms. Nineteen of them are where soldiers can take a rest. Three of them are where weapons, such as swords, arrows and spears, are. In the other three rooms, iron goods can be stored. On the bottom, there is a huge water tank, which can make float and sink.

Scale
-----

At first, turtle ships were small warships which could hold about 100~150 soldiers. However, after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, it expanded from a two-storied warship to a three-storied one and the hull was longer.

Performance
-----------

### Offensive Disposition

It has several cannons from front to back and side to side, including a dragon-shaped head. Therefore, it take an important role in breaking through the enemy lines at the head of fleets. In addition, it is assumed that iron nails stuck in its back might hit and sink enemy ships with the water tank full.

### Defensive Disposition

Because it has iron nails and wooden boxes covered with swords in the back, it is distinguished in warding off attacks against enemies.

### Maneuverability

It has ten paddles in each side, and four rowers are arranged to one paddle. As its bottom is flat-shaped, it's really easy to maneuver in large tidal ranges, such as The West Sea and The South Sea of Korean Peninsula. It's also possible to do a half-turn in the middle of moving.
Under the law, a **cause of action** is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a **Statement of Claim** in English law, or a **Complaint** in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the alleged facts and the relief the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or reimburse.

Filing
------

To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant). Often the facts or circumstances that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple technicalities.

There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action. For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages. If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.

Responding
----------

The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the *claims* can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be waived.

Other websites
--------------

* causes of action, Federal Practices Manual
Schinkel in 1836
The *Altes Museum* ("Old Museum") in Berlin
**Karl Friedrich Schinkel** (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841) was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter. He also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of the most importat architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neogothic buildings.

Biography
---------

Schinkel was born in Neuruppin, Brandenburg. When he was six, his father died in Neuruppin's disastrous fire. He became a student of architect Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800) (the two became close friends) and his father, David Gilly, in Berlin. He made a trip to Italy in 1805. Then he started to earn his living as a painter.He worked for the stage and created in 1816 a star-spangled backdrop for the appearance of the "Königin der Nacht" in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera *The Magic Flute*. When he saw Caspar David Friedrich's painting *Wanderer above the Sea of Fog* at the 1810 Berlin art exhibition he decided that he would never reach such mastery of painting and turned to architecture. After Napoleon's defeat, Schinkel worked at the Prussian Building Commission. In this position, he was not only responsible for reshaping the city of Berlin into a representative capital for Prussia, but also had to work projects in the expanded Prussian territories from the Rhineland in the west to Königsberg in the east.

Schinkel's *Neues Schauspielhaus* ("New Theatre"), Berlin; now the Konzerthaus Berlin
From 1808 to 1817 Schinkel renovated and reconstructed *Schloss Rosenau*, Coburg, in the Gothic Revival style.

Schinkel's style was more influenced by Greek than by than Imperial Roman architecture. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. These include Neue Wache (1816–1818), the Schauspielhaus (1819–1821) at the Gendarmenmarkt, which replaced the earlier theater that was destroyed by fire in 1817, and the Altes Museum (old museum, see photo) on Museum Island (1823–1830).

Later, Schinkel moved away from classicism altogether and preferred the Gothic Revival style. 
Schinkel died in Berlin, Brandenburg.

Schinkel, however, is famous as well for his theoretical work and his architectural drafts. Some of his merits are best shown in his unexecuted plans for the transformation of the Athenian Acropolis into a royal palace for the new Kingdom of Greece and for the erection of the Orianda Palace in the Crimea. These and other designs may be studied in his *Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe* (1820–1837) and his *Werke der höheren Baukunst* (1840–1842; 1845–1846). He also designed the famed Iron Cross medal of Prussia, and later Germany.

Literature
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* Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 - 1841: the drama of architecture, ed. by John Zukowsky. With essays by Kurt W. Forster and Wolfgang Pehnt, ISBN 0-86559-105-9.
* Jörg Trempler: *Schinkels Motive*. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-88221-866-4.
* Christoph Werner: Schloss am Strom. Die Geschichte vom Leben und Sterben des Baumeisters Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Bertuch-Verlag, Weimar 2004, ISBN 3-937601-11-2.
A *Tamagotchi* game.
***Tamagotchi*** is a handheld video game. It was released in 1996. It was created in 1996 by Aki Maita and sold by Bandai. It is a strategy game. The main characters are also called Tamagotchi. The Tamagotchi are electronic pets, and the player takes care of them as part of the game. A new version of *Tamagotchi* was released in 2020.

Gameplay
--------

The player uses the handheld device to take care of the fictional pet. The player can feed it or let it go hungry, train it or abuse it. The tamagotchi will grow up strong, weak or run away depending on how the player acts.

Anime
-----

In 2009, Tamagotchi got it’s own anime.

History
-------

The first *Tamagotchi* was released in 1996 as a mobile digital pet. This game became popular in Japan. From 1997 to 1998 other types of Tamagotchi game were released. About 40 million games sold around the world. In 2004, *Tamagotchi'* became popular again. The 2004 version of the game had infrared communication. The 2006 version could connect with mobile phones and personal computers. In 2006, a *Tamagotchi*-themed school game was released. In this game, the player could make a class using a communication function. In 2007, Tamagotchi started to live with its family in the device. In 2008, the game was released with a colored screen and download items and mini games. In 2012, the communication function was made more complicated.

By country
----------

The *Tamagotchi* has stayed popular in Japan, but in the West it is sometimes popular and sometimes not. Bandai America sells *Tamagotchi* in a larger package in the United States because they want the buyer to believe it is worth the price, US$59.99.

Other content
-------------

There are also *Tamagotchi* arcade games, animations, movies, comic books, books, and apps.
**Michael Dibdin** (21 March 1947 – 30 March 2007) was a British crime writer. Dibdin was born in Wolverhampton. His father was a physicist. From the age of seven, Dibdin lived in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, where he attended the Friends' School. He graduated with a degree in English from Sussex University, and then went to study for a Master's degree at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. His first novel was based on the character Sherlock Holmes. He lived for four years in Italy, teaching at the university in Perugia. Dibdin is best known for his Aurelio Zen mysteries, set in Italy. The first of these, *Ratking*, won the 'Gold Dagger' award of 1988. This series of detective novels provide a penetrating insight into the less visible aspects of Italian society over the last 20 years. The earlier books have a lightness of touch that gradually becomes much darker. The character of Zen himself is anti-heroic, which adds much to the books' irony and black humour. A final Zen book, End Games, was published after Dibdin died, in July 2007. He also wrote other detective works set in America and in England.
**John Jeremy Thorpe** (29 April 1929 – 4 December 2014) was a British Liberal politician.

Thorpe was born in South Kensington, London, the son of former Conservative Member of Parliament John Henry Thorpe. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was the MP for North Devon from 1959 until 1979. He was leader of his party from 1967 until 1976.

In 1979 at the Central Criminal Court in London, Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder model Norman Scott.

The Scott affair
----------------

In 1961, Norman Scott (b. 12 February 1940), a former model, met Thorpe while working as a stable lad. He claimed that he and Thorpe had a sexual relationship between 1961 and 1963, when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain.

Enquiries led to Thorpe and three others being charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. During the investigation, an antique firearms collector, Dennis Meighan, confessed he had been hired by a representative of a person called "a Mr Big in the Liberal Party" to kill Scott for £13,500. Meighan later claimed that his 1975 oral confession was significantly shortened when it was offered to him for signing: "I read the statement, which did me no end of favours, but it did Jeremy Thorpe no end of favours as well, because it left him completely out of it..." 

The judge's summing-up was widely criticised for its bias, and it made headlines when he described Scott as "a crook, an accomplished liar ... a fraud". The four defendants were all acquitted on 22 June 1979. Dennis Meighan was never called to give evidence and remained silent until 2014, when he acknowledged his involvement and commented: "It was a cover-up, no question, but it suited me fine".

The Scott Affair ruined Thorpe, who resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, and was defeated at the next general election in 1979.

Personal life
-------------

Thorpe was married to Caroline Allpass from 1968 until she was killed in a car crash in 1970. The couple's son was born in 1969. Thorpe was married to pianist Marion Stein (1926-2014) from 1973 until her death. Thorpe was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died from the disease in London on 4 December 2014, aged 85.
**Pavel Datsyuk** was born 20 July, 1978. The city where he was born is named Yekaterinburg in Russia. He was a professional ice hockey player and played for SKA Saint Petersburg. He used to play in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings.

Family
------

His mother died when he was 12 years old. In the middle of the 1990s, he started to play for the farm team of Dynamo Yekaterinburg. There he was noticed by the new trainer of the team, Vladimir Krikunov. He saw the talent of the young Datsyuk on the soccer field. He noticed his anticipation, vision and intelligence were certainly over the average of the team. It took a long time before Pavel was contacted by an NHL scout, because he was too small. He was only 1,73m and 66 kg when he began his professional career. He was not supposed to be drafted in the NHL, but the scout of the Detroit Red Wings came to watch the defenseman Dimitiri Kilimine and he was impressed by this little sized player.

National Hockey League career
-----------------------------

Pavel Datsyuk was drafted in 1998 by the Detroit Red Wings, 171st overall. He began to play in the NHL in 2001-2002; he played 70 games and scored 11 goals. One year later, a new prospect joined the team, Henrik Zetterberg. They played together with the veteran, Brett Hull. Since that season, Henrik and Pavel are still playing with each other. Pavel is a center and one of the best two way player of the NHL. In a survey made by the journalist, 247 hockey players, consider Pavel as the most difficult player to take the puck off during a game. He won many trophies in the league. Four years in a row he won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy. The most productive years of Pavel Datsyuk were in 2008-2009, where he collected 97 points for 32 goals and 65 assists.

Other websites
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* Pavel Datsyuk Biography, IMDb
**Budigere** is a town in East Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is in Hoskote Taluk, Devanahalli block, Bengaluru Rural district. It is just off Old Madras Road.

Location
--------

Budigere is at the border of the Bengaluru Rural District. The post office of Budigere is Budigere B.O. The pin code is 56129. The police station is Hoskote Police Station. Budigere is 25.9 km from Bengaluru city. It is 8.8 km from Kempegowda International Airport. The nearest railway station is Whitefield Railway Station, which is 5km away. The closest bus depot is Hoskote bus depot. Budigere Cross is a neighborhood in Budigere. It is also connected to the Chennai-Bengaluru Corridor, KR Puram, Whitefield, Hoodi and Hoskote. 

There are several lakes in Budigere. One is the Bommenahalli Lake. The lake is mostly dried up. Its coordinates are 13°4'40"N 77°44'41"E. Manchapanhalli Lake is 4.3km away. Hoskote Lake is 6.1km away. Its coordinates are 13°4'28"N 77°46'6"E. The lake is famous for its bird sightings. Birds such as pelicans, kingfishers, strokes and yellow-billed blabbers can be spotted here. It is popular among bird watchers. 

The Lok Sabha constituency is the Chikkaballapur parliamentary constituency. The member of parliament is B.N Bache Gowda.

Nimbekaipura (English: Lemon Town) is a village in Budigere Cross, Budigere. It is close to Mandur. It is believed that about 200-300 years ago, a lemon tree used to grow here. This tree was the only one closest to the neighborhood. As the village expanded, it was named Nimbekaipura after the tree. The tree was uprooted about 30 years ago due to a major storm. Due to the loss of the tree, surrounding villages do not travel to Nimbekaipura frequently. Today, several real estate properties have come up in the village.

Nearby Areas
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There are several temples in the area. Some of them are Sai Baba temple, Sri Sankashtahara Ganapati Devalaya and Sree Darmaraya Swamy Temple. Jamia Masjid, Madina Masjid and Makka Masjid are a few of the mosques in Budigere. 

The schools in Budigere include Vibgyor High School, Sterling English School and New Baldwin International School. The colleges nearby are Surya Nursing College, Eat Point College of Engineering and Technology and Srinivasa College of Pharmacy. 

Mission Hospital, Sakra Hospital, Global Eye Foundation, East Point Hospital And College Of Medical Sciences are few of the hospitals in the area. There are no local parks in the area. 

Orion Uptown Mall has opened up in the neighborhood. Several builders such as Brigade, Prestige, Salarpuria have built gated communities here.

Projects in the area
--------------------

A railway project has been announced, which will provide connectivity to the Kempegowda International Airport (KIA), via Budigere Cross. Bus priority lanes will be set up on the KR Puram - Budigere Cross.

A community organization called Budigere Raising is present. It consists of residents from the neighboring gated communities. They organize events such as cardiac health camp, free eye camp, blood donation drive, and free covid testing.
The **milkweeds**, ***Asclepias*** (L. 1753), are a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species.

Milkweeds are an important nectar source for bees and other nectar eaters, and a food source for caterpillars. The weeds are eaten by caterpillars of the monarch butterfly and its relatives, and by other herbivorous insects (such as beetles, and true bugs). These insects are able to feed on the plants despite their chemical defences. Milkweed is named after its milky sap, which contains alkaloids, latex, and several other complex compounds. Some species are toxic.

Pollination in this genus is accomplished in an unusual manner, as the pollen is grouped into pollen sacs. The feet or mouthparts of flower visiting insects such as bees, wasps and butterflies, slip into one of the five slits in each flower formed by adjacent anthers. The bases of the pollinia then mechanically attach to the insect, pulling a pair of pollen sacs free when the pollinator flies off. Pollination is effected by the reverse procedure in which one of the pollinia becomes trapped within the anther slit.

Milkweeds have three defenses to limit damage by caterpillars and other insects: hairs on the leaves, toxins, and latex fluids. Some more recent milkweed species grow faster than older species. They have the potential to grow faster than caterpillars can eat them. Caterpillars which eat milkweeds, and their adult butterflies, may be protected by the foul taste of the milkweed chemicals. Such butterflies and caterpillars usually show warning colors (see mimicry#warning coloration).

Species
-------

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * *Asclepias albicans*
* *Asclepias amplexicaulis*
* *Asclepias asperula*
* *Asclepias californica*
* *Asclepias cordifolia*
* *Asclepias cryptoceras*
* *Asclepias curassavica*
* *Asclepias eriocarpa*
* *Asclepias erosa*
* *Asclepias exaltata*
* *Asclepias fascicularis*
* *Asclepias fruticosa*
* *Asclepias humistrata*
* *Asclepias incarnata*
* *Asclepias lanceolata*
* *Asclepias linaria*
* *Asclepias linearis*

  | * *Asclepias meadii*
* *Asclepias nyctaginifolia*
* *Asclepias obovata*
* *Asclepias physocarpa*
* *Asclepias purpurascens*
* *Asclepias quadrifolia*
* *Asclepias rubra*
* *Asclepias solanoana*
* *Asclepias speciosa*
* *Asclepias subulata*
* *Asclepias sullivantii*
* *Asclepias syriaca*
* *Asclepias tuberosa*
* *Asclepias variegata*
* *Asclepias verticillata*
* *Asclepias vestita*
* *Asclepias vincetoxicum*
* *Asclepias viridiflora*

  |  |