recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A *Wizard of Oz* game in an arcade
An **amusement arcade** (also called a **video arcade** or just **arcade**) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, and slot machines. 

The earliest amusement arcades were called "penny arcades." They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called "bagatelles", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.

Videos were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.
Seats in the Supreme Council after election.
The 2015 **Kyrgyzstani parliamentary election** was held on 4 October 2015.

Electoral system
----------------

The 120 seats in the Supreme Council were elected by proportional representation. This means that if a party gets 20% of the vote, for example, they get 20% of the seats. A party had to receive at least 7% of the vote to get seats in the council. No party was allowed to win more than 65 seats.

Campaign
--------

Many political parties were formed before the election; often made by wealthy Kyrgyz who want to promote their own interests.

A lot of potential candidates were not allowed to run due to criminal convictions. One party leader, a former boxer, was banned after he beat up a rival candidate.

Result
------

Results of the election:  
  Social Democratic Party   Respublika-Ata Zhurt   Kyrgyzstan Party   Onuguu-Progress   Bir Bol   Ata-Meken Socialist Party
Sources: 

| Presidential election |
| --- |
| Choice | Votes | % | Seats |
| **Social Democratic** | **435,968** | **26.81%** | **38** |
| Respublika–Ata-Zhurt | 320,115 | 19.68% | 28 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 206,094 | 12.67% | 18 |
| Onuguu–Progress | 148,279 | 9.12% | 13 |
| Bir Bol | 135,875 | 8.36% | 12 |
| Ata Meken Socialist | 123,055 | 7.57% | 11 |
| *others* | *212,031* | *13.04%* | *0* |
|  |
| *against all* | *12,428* | *0.76%* |  |
| *invalid ballots* | *32,410* | *1.99%* |  |
| Total votes | 1,626,255 | 100% | 120 |

Conduct
-------

Even though there were some reports of voter fraud, the OSCE said that the elections were "lively and competitive" and "unique in this region." The PACE said that voters had "made their choice freely among a large number of contestants."

The OSCE did note some problems with voter registration, and the Council of Europe had concern over the transparency of some campaigns and financing.
The **2015 New South Wales state election** was held on 28 March 2015 to elect the 56th Parliament of New South Wales, including all 93 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 21 of the 42 seats in the Legislative Council.

The incumbent Liberal/National Coalition government, led by Premier Mike Baird, won a second consecutive term in government, opposed by the Labor Party, led by Luke Foley.

The Coalition's supermajority was reduced by 15 seats as Labor gained back the heartland seats it lost at the previous state election, which the Coalition won in a landslide.

In the Legislative Assembly, the Coalition won 52 seats, Labor won 34, the Greens won three and independents won two. In the Legislative Council, the Coalition won nine seats (with a total of 20), Labor won seven (with a total of 12), the Greens won two (with a total of five), the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party won one (with a total of two), the Christian Democrats won one (with a total of two) and the Animal Justice Party won one (with a total of one).
**Ageusia** is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami (meaning "pleasant/savory taste"). It is sometimes confused with anosmia – a loss of the sense of smell. Because the tongue can only feel texture and differentiate between sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami, most of what we think of as the sense of taste actually comes from smell. Ageusia is a lot rarer than hypogeusia – a partial loss of taste – and dysgeusia – a distortion or change of taste.

Causes
------

The main causes of taste disorders are head trauma, infections of upper respiratory tract , exposure to toxic substances, causes relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment, medicines, glossodynia ("burning mouth syndrome (BMS)") and COVID-19.

Diagnosis
---------

Aguesia is diagnosed by an otolaryngologist, who can look at a patient's loss of taste. To do this, a specialist will look into any other factors that could be causing the loss of taste, such as examining the head, nose, ears, and mouth. An otolaryngologist can also do of tests to assess the how bad the loss of taste is, which includes seeing specific tastes that a person can sense or recognize.

See also
--------

* MedTerms Online Medical Dictionary. "Ageusia" Archived 2013-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 15, 2005.
* Family Practice Notebook. "Taste Sensation". Retrieved April 15, 2005.
* Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. "Taste Disorders". Retrieved May 26, 2010.
In 2015, Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the British Labour Party leadership election. His campaign that would eventually result in his becoming the leader of the Labour Party.

His campaign was announced in an article for the *Islington Tribune* on 3 June 2015. Corbyn promised support for the anti-austerity movement and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.

Background
----------

### Announcement

He was originally seen as an "outsider" in the leadership race. This means that, though he was a member of the Labour Party, he was not someone people expected to be leader. Bookmakers had his odds of winning at 200-to-1. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates – Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall – Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the fourteen trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party. This included the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON. He received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July.

Many politicians, unions and celebrities supported Corbyn such as Ken Livingstone, Emma Thompson, Russell Brand, Daniel Radcliffe, Joseph Stiglitz, Bernie Sanders and Michael Meacher.

Victory
-------

To become a candidate in the party's election, 35 nominations from Labour MPs are needed. Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to get this many. However, he managed at a very late stage, to secure enough support, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."

On September 12, 2015, at a special conference held in the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre, Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party. He won 59.5% of first-preference votes.

Other websites
--------------

* Campaign website
* Jeremy Corbyn Campaign 2015 (Supporters) Ltd, Companies House
* Labour Party website
**Andrei Kolkoutine** (Russian: Андрей Колкутин born in 1957 in Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai) is a Russian artist. In 1982 Kolkoutine graduated at the Repin Academy of Arts in Leningrad, named after Ilya Repin. Kolkoutine lives in southern Russia in the town of Nalchik. 
He belongs to the art group "FOSTER BROTHERS "together with two other artists - Andrey Efi and Eugeny Lindin.
The medium of his paintings is usually oil on canvas, but Kolkoutine also made a few sculptures and prints. Besides Russia, Kolkoutine has made exhibitions in Denmark, Germany, France and other European countries as well as the United States.

Style
-----

Kolkoutine settled into his current characteristic style by the end of the 1980s in which he mixes traditions from the Russian icons with other art styles: suprematism from Malevich, cubism and naïve art. Kolkoutine states that he sought the special tones of colours which are seen in the old Russian icons, and he developed a method for making these tones by pasting a layer of neutral grey paint on the canvas before painting the colours. Geometrical and abstract elements are combined with figurative elements. Buildings and playing cards may appear at the bottom of the paintings as well as Cyrillic letters. Frames in different colours surrounding the motifs are often oblique.

Motifs
------

Often the motifs are either stylized biblical or simple working people from the Russian province; according to Kolkoutine the biblical characters are in principle the same kind as the provincial people (Bjørnager, 2006). The biblical motifs are also a reflection of his origin; they are distinctly orthodox. Jekatarina Seleznjova states that in her opinion the fundamental question asks in his paintings is "Why are we here?" (Seleznjova, 2007), and thus despite the culturally characteristic motifs, Kolkoutine's paintings are supposed to touch something universally human. Kolkoutines paintings are both simple and complicated it is said.

Other websites
--------------

* Homepage of Andrei Kolkoutine Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Homepage of the "Foster Brothers" Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
**Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson**, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom in the Victorian era. He remains one of the most popular poets in the English language.

Tennyson was excellent at writing short lyrics like *In the valley of Cauteretz*, *Break, break, break*, *The Charge of the Light Brigade*, *Tears, idle tears* and *Crossing the Bar*. Much of his verse like The Lotus Eaters was based on classical mythological themes. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including *Idylls of the King*, *Ulysses*, and *Tithonus*. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays were not very successful.

Red in tooth and claw
---------------------

*In Memoriam A.H.H.* was a poem by Tennyson, written in memory of his best friend Arthur Hallam. Hallam was a fellow poet and classmate at Trinity College, Cambridge. He had been engaged to Tennyson's sister, but died from a cerebral hemorrhage before they could get married.

The poem was published after Tennyson had read a pro-evolution book by Robert Chambers. The fundamentalist idea of Biblical inerrancy was in conflict with science. Tennyson expressed the difficulties evolution raised for faith in "the truths that never can be proved".

The poem is too long to quote in full, but this shows how he was thinking of the living world:

*Are God and Nature then at strife,*
*That Nature lends such evil dreams?*
*So careful of the type she seems,*
*So careless of the single life;*
*That I, considering everywhere*
*Her secret meaning in her deeds,*
*And finding that of fifty seeds*
*She often brings but one to bear.*
The much-quoted phrase comes soon after, in section 56. It refers to humanity: 

*Who trusted God was love indeed*
*And love Creation's final law*
*Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw*
*With ravine, shriek'd against his creed.*
The phrase *Nature, red in tooth and claw* was taken up as a metaphor for life in general, even before Darwin's *Origin of species* was published.

*Tis better to have loved and lost*...
--------------------------------------

The poem has another, perhaps even better-known stanza:

*I hold it true, whate'er befall;*
*I feel it when I sorrow most;*
 *'Tis better to have loved and lost*
*Than never to have loved at all.*
**64 Studio** is a free Linux distribution based on Debian made for creative users on x86-64 and legacy 32-bit hardware architectures. It is made to serve as an all-in-one solution for audio and video recording, editing, and other forms of media production.

Since 64 Studio is distributed with a free software license, anyone with a 64-bit computer can install it on their computer (in place of or alongside the well-known Windows operating system). An alternative installer is available for systems with 32-bit processors.

Differences with Debian
-----------------------

The major differences between this distribution and basic Debian is a custom kernel with realtime patches applied, some pre-configuration and a custom package selection designed to meet the needs of creative desktop users. Other packages may also be modified to some extent, as are the basic GNOME desktop themes.

Releases
--------

The project released the first beta of 64 Studio, version 0.9.0 code-named 'Toe Rag', on the August 1, 2006. The release was named in honour of the all-analogue Toe Rag Studios in London, England.

After eighteen months of development, the project made its first stable release available for free download on 2006-11-29. It is named Olympic in recognition of the work of Glyn Johns and Eddie Kramer at
Olympic Studios in London.

The second stable release, version 2.0 codename 'Electric', was announced on 27th July 2007. This latest release is named after Electrical Audio, the studio founded by sound engineer Steve Albini in Chicago, USA.

Related pages
-------------

* Ubuntu Studio - a multimedia production-oriented distribution based on Ubuntu
* List of Linux distributions
* GNU/Linux
* Debian
* Ubuntu

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* 64 studio summary
**Alfons Schuhbeck** was born on 2 May 1949 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria, Germany. He is one of Germany’s top chefs, as well as being a writer, restaurateur, TV cook and businessman.

Born as *Alfons Karg*, he trained as a telecommunications engineer, but was not happy. When he stopped at the Bavarian holiday resort of Waging, he ran into the restaurateur Sebastian Schuhbeck. He began working for Schuhbeck, and Sebastian Schubeck later adopted Alfons, and made him his heir.

Alfons quickly became a very good chef. The village inn he worked at soon became a favourite restaurant of the richer people of Munich and Salzburg.

He did more training in Salzburg, Geneva, Paris, London and Munich as well as Feinkost Käfer, Dallmayr and in the *Restaurant Aubergine* of Eckart Witzigmann. He also studied at the College of Hotel Management in Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. He finally took over the Kurhausstüberl in Waging in 1980.

In 1983 he got a star in the Michelin Guide. The Gault Millau restaurant guide gave him 17 points and in 1989 he was elected cook of the year.

Since 1990 Schubeck has operated an outside catering service, which has catered for many high-class events like the Federal Chancellor’s celebration, the Ball des Sports and the German music industry’s *ECHO* award ceremony.

In 2003 he opened a new restaurant, the *Südtiroler Stuben* at the Platzl in Munich. In December of that year he was won his second Michelin star, and in November 2005 he was awarded got a star once again in December 2003, the Five Star Diamond Award by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences.

His great popularity has resulted in his publishing over 20 books, as well as many TV shows. Bayerischer Rundfunk has broadcast his programme *Schuhbecks* since 1993, and he remains a regular guest in many talk and other TV shows.

Scandal
-------

During the 1990s Schuhbeck had DM 60 million for capital investments. Because he was the only person in charge of millions of DM in Monte Carlo, Monaco Schuhbeck was taken to court on the suspicion of fraud. Although unusual, what he did was not illegal, and he was exonerated.[*source?*]

Businesses
----------

At the end of the 1990s he set up Schuhbecks GmbH at the Platzl. This company now includes the restaurant Schuhbeck, a wine bistro, the party service, a cookery school, a spice shop and an ice-cream parlour. These are all based in Munich. Schuhbeck Check Inn GmbH was formed in 2001 to manage the Check Inn restaurant and the bar in Egelsbach (south Hesse).

Other websites
--------------

* Alfons Schuhbeck on IMDb
* Official Website
* Alfons Schuhbeck Palazzo Munich
* Schuhbeck´s Check Inn GmbH
* Schuhbeck´s Onlineshop Archived 2021-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
* TV Bavaria's Biography Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Schuhbecks Cookery School Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Who is Who der Köche
* Portrait über Alfons Schuhbeck
* Works by and about Alfons Schuhbeck in the German National Library catalogue
Mondaufgang am Meer, Caspar David Friedrich (1822)Liszt on the Piano, Josef Danhauser (1840)The Flut Concert, Adolph Menzel (1852)
The **Alte Nationalgalerie** (lit. *Old National Gallery*) is located on the Museum Island (Museuminsel) in Berlin. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The collection contains mainly work from the 19th century. It is part of a collection of six museums called the Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) and is the original location of the Nationalgalerie. 

The collection of the museum was first developed in 1815. Johann Heinrich Wagener donated the first couple hundred paintings to the gallery. The main architect of the building was Friedrich August Stüler. It was only after his death that the building was commissioned by the Prussian Kaiser in 1866. The shape of the building resembles a temple, theatre and church. The Museum opened in 1876. Although the museum was damaged during World War 2, the works were stored in bomb shelters. The museum was fully reconstructed between 1998 and 2001 and opened again in December 2001. 

With about 2000 works the gallery contains artpieces by Caspar David Friedrich, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Karl Blechen, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Adolph von Menzel, Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth and others. Art movements included are Impressionist, Expressionist, Neoclassical, Romantic, Biedermeier and Modernism.
A picture of the Stormer.
This is a close-up view of the Stormer's missile launcher.
The **Alvis Stormer**, usually just called the **Stormer**, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.

It was made by the British company **Alvis Vickers**. Alvis Vickers is now called **BAE Systems Global Combat Systems**.

Different types of Stormer
--------------------------

There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:

### Stormer HVM

The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

### Flat bed Stormer

A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

### Stormer 30

Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.

Features
--------

* Weight: 13.5 tonnes
* Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
* Range: 650 km.

Related pages
-------------

* Starstreak (missile)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Alvis Stormer at Wikimedia Commons
"**Always**" is a single by Sum 41, released on their greatest-hits album *8 Years of Blood, Sake and Tears: The Best of Sum 41*. It is the only new song on the record, recorded especially for this release, and was released as a radio single on December 9, 2008.  
 
Although the album was released on November 26, 2008, the song was released to the public for free listening on the Universal Japan website on November 11, 2008.

Overview
--------

"Always" is not a typical Sum 41 song. It switches tempos back and forth during the whole song, from an acoustic slow intro to an up-tempo verse and chorus, up until a quiet piano break, again into an up-tempo chorus, and back to a totally stripped acoustic slow break from the whole tempo of the song. The song features a prominent use of piano and acoustic guitar, and has a much heavier sound than the one present on the band's last album *Underclass Hero*. 

Like the band's last effort, *Underclass Hero*, the song was totally produced, mixed and engineered by lead singer Deryck Whibley himself.
**Almaz** was a space program by the military of the Soviet Union. Its purpose was to spy on other countries using space stations. After some time, the program changed to using spy satellites instead.

Since it is hard to hide a space station, the Soviets tried to keep the program a secret another way. They pretended the stations were civilian and gave them names in the Salyut series. The Salyut stations (such as Salyut 1) were normally to learn about how to live in space.

The Almaz program sent three stations to space, but the first failed. In the later years of the program, satellites were used instead since they are cheaper.

Space stations
--------------

The Almaz program sent three space stations to space. These were Salyut 2, Salyut 3, and Salyut 5. These had large space telescopes to spy on other countries. The cosmonauts on the station operated these and used cameras to record what they saw.

The Salyut 3 station also had a large cannon, which was test fired once.

Satellites
----------

In 1978, Almaz began to using spy satellites instead of space stations. Four were made as part of the program. These used radar to observe the ground instead of telescopes.

The first was Almaz-T which launched on 29 October 1986. The Proton rocket in launched on failed, and was destroyed by its safety system. The next was Almaz-T2, which went to space on 25 July 1987 and stayed in space for two years. The third was Almaz-1 which launched on 3 March 1991 and stayed in space for 18 months. A fourth satellite (Almaz-2) was built but never sent to space.

Legacy
------

The design of the Almaz space stations continues to be used even today. The Zarya module of the International Space Station is based on it. And before that, the Kvant-1 module of Mir was based on it.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Almaz program***.

* The Almaz Program, *RussianSpaceWeb.com*
* Almaz, *Encyclopedia Astronautica*
* *Astrospies*, an episode of Nova covering the MOL and Almaz
* Inside a Soviet Spy Station, NOVA Short
The **2015 Atlantic hurricane season** had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012’s Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003’s Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.

Retirement
----------

In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names *Erika* and **Joaquin**. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. **Elsa** and **Julian** were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season. 



| * v
* t
* e
2010–19 Atlantic hurricane seasons |
| --- |
| Previous: 2009 **·**  2010 **·**  2011 **·**  2012 **·**  2013 **·**  2014 **·**  2015 **·**  2016 **·**  2017 **·**  2018 **·**  2019 Next: 2020 |
**Anne Christine of Sulzbach** (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called **Anne of the Palatinate**, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She died as a result of giving birth.

Biography
---------

Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg. 

On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.

Issue
-----

* *Vittorio Amedeo* Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **5 February 1704 – 15 March 1722** *Her Serene Highness* Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
* **15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont
The **2007 Scottish Parliament election** was an election held on 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament.

Going into the election, the Scottish Labour Party had the largest number of seats and had a coalition agreement with the Scottish Liberal Democrats with Jack McConnell as First Minister. The Scottish National Party won 47 seats in the election, which was the largest number of seats for any party in the election, but was not enough to form a majority government. The Scottish National Party then formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

This was the first time since the 1964 UK General Election in which the Labour Party did not get the highest number of votes in Scotland and it also gave the Scottish National Party it's largest ever number of votes. The final results were: **Scottish National Party** (47 Seats), **Scottish Labour Party** (46 Seats), **Scottish Conservative Party** (17 Seats), **Scottish Liberal Democrats** (16 Seats) and the **Scottish Green Party** (2 Seats). Parties which had won seats in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election including the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Senior Citizens Party, lost all of their seats.

Voting system
-------------

Scotland is divided into 73 constituencies with roughly the same number of people in each one. Each of these constituencies elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) using the First Past the Post voting system. These 73 constituencies are grouped into eight regions. Each of these regions elects seven MSPs using proportional representation which means that the total number of MSPs is 129.

Party leaders
-------------

Scottish National Party - Alex Salmond

Scottish Labour Party - Jack McConnell

Scottish Conservative Party - Annabel Goldie

Scottish Liberal Democrats - Nicol Stephen

Scottish Green Party - Robin Harper / Shiona Baird

Next election
-------------

The next election to the Scottish parliament was held on 5 May 2011.
Aleksander Waszkowski (1841-1865) was a Polish politician who served as former prime minister in the Polish Government Crisis (January Uprising) a year before his death.

Career
------

He was a member of the Warsaw City Organization. In February 1863, he carried out an action to take over staff maps, and in June of the same year - the Cash Office of the Central Government Revenue and Treasury Commission of the Kingdom of Poland. Appointed the last insurgent warden of Warsaw, he held this position from December 10, 1863 to December 19, 1864, when he was accidentally arrested on Elektoralna Street. He was aware of the impossibility of reversing the fall of the uprising, but by issuing orders and proclamations he tried to maintain the impression that the municipal organization was still functioning. He had no permanent residence; he spent the night in the mill buildings in Solec, and spent his days reading newspapers in cafes. He consciously decided not to go out of town.

Death
-----

He was imprisoned in the 10th pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. He was executed on its slopes on February 17, 1865 together with Emanuel Szafarczyk. It was the last public execution of participants in the uprising in Warsaw.
Coat of arms: *Per pale azure semé-de-lis or* (France ancient) *dimidiating gules semé of castles or* (Castile).
**Alphonse of Poitiers** or **Alfonso** or **Alphonse** (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as **Alfonso II**) from 1247.

Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.

The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.

Rule
----

Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.

When Louis IX again engaged in a crusade (the Eighth Crusade), Alphonse again raised a large sum of money and accompanied his brother. This time, however, he did not return to France, dying while on his way back, probably at Savona in Italy, on 21 August 1271.
Amy Childs in 2014
**Amy Andrea Childs** (born 7 June 1990) is an English reality television star, model, businesswoman and fashion designer. Childs is best known for appearing in the ITV series The Only Way Is Essex. She appeared on the show for two season. Childs later had her own reality series It's All About Amy. She participated in Celebrity Big Brother in its eighth season.

Childs was born in Barking, London, England. Her parents are Billy and Julie Childs. The family moved to Brentwood, Essex when Childs was six years old. She received diplomas from Brentwood Academy in Beauty Specialist Techniques. In 2010 she joined the cast on the structured reality show The Only Way Is Essex, also called TOWIE. She left TOWIE in May 2011. She was a housemate in the 2011 series of Celebrity Big Brother. She finished in fourth place. In December 2011, she started her own reality show, "It’s All About Amy". She opened her own beauty salon called "Amy Childs Salon" in Essex.

At the 2011 Reality TV Awards, Childs received the "personality of the year award".
Map of track at 24 Hours of Le MansMap of track at 24 Hours of Le Mans
The **24 Hours of Le Mans** is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing. The race happens each year near the town of Le Mans, France. It was first run in 1923.

The cars must run for 24 hours without mechanical damage. It is important to manage the cars' consumables, mostly fuel, tires and braking materials. The driver goes over two hours behind the wheel before stopping in the pits. Then a relief driver takes over the driving duties. Drivers then eat and rest before returning to drive. Today it is a rule that three drivers share each car.

At the end of the 24 hours, the car which has driven the most laps of the track wins the race. Different types of cars race in different categories. Currently there are four different categories, with the fastest cars racing in the 'LMP1' category.

The race is held in June. This can lead to very hot conditions for the drivers. The race begins in mid-afternoon. The drivers race through the night and following morning. They then finish at the same time the race started, the following day.

Tom Kristensen has won the race 8 times. This is the most of any driver. Porsche cars have won 16 times. This is the most of any car manufacturer.
**Al Wakrah** (Arabic: الوكرة) is a city in Qatar. Al Wakrah's eastern edge is the shore of the Persian Gulf and Qatar's capital city Doha is situated north of the city. It is governed by Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani. It was originally a small fishing and pearling village. Over the years, it evolved into a small city with a population of more than 80,000 and is currently considered to be the second-largest city in Qatar.

It has undergone extensive development and growth since the 21st century began while also being slowly merged by rapidly expanding Doha from the north. Notable milestones in the city's modern history include the May 2019 inauguration of Al Janoub Stadium, a stadium that will be used for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, the opening of Al Wakrah Heritage Village in 2016, the Al Wakrah Main Road Project which is set to be completed in 2020, and the city's integration into the Doha Metro's Red Line.

Situated off the Persian Gulf to the east, Al Wakrah is approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the capital city Doha, 72 km (45 mi) south of Al Khor, 21 km (13 mi) north of Mesaieed, 36 km (22 mi) southeast of Umm Salal Mohammed, and 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Dukhan.

The city has two public beaches and a mall named Ezdan Mall, which was completed in late 2016.
The **2007 Formula One espionage controversy,** also known as "Spygate," or "Stepneygate" involves claim that the teams passed confidential technical information. It was claimed that McLaren Formula One had information from the Ferrari team. Then it was claimed that Renault F1 had information from the McLaren team.

The case involved Nigel Stepney, who used to work for Ferrari and was working at the time for McLaren. It also included Mike Coughlan, who was working for McLaren and his wife Trudy Coughlan. Ferrari claimed that Stepney stole confidential technical information. This became the subject of legal action in Italy and an FIA investigation. The case in England was dropped after Ferrari reached an agreement with the Coughlans.

The FIA penalized McLaren. The biggest penalty was that McLaren excluded (not allowed to compete) from the 2007 Constructors' Championship. They were also fined a record-breaking $100 million (USD).

Then the FIA claimed Renault F1 had information about the 2006 and 2007 McLaren cars. Renault were found guilty of breaking the same regulation as McLaren, but Renault was not punished.

Details
-------

### Allegations against Stepney

Nigel Stepney with Jean Todt
Nigel Stepney was working at Ferrari with Jean Todt, Ross Brawn and Rory Byrne. Michael Schumacher was their superstar driver. They were part of the team given the credit for changing the of fortunes of Ferrari in the late 1990s.

In February 2007, Stepney said he was unhappy with some management changes made at Ferrari. On 3 July 2007, *Gazzetta dello Sport* reported that Ferrari had fired Stepney as a result an internal investigation.

### Allegations against Mike Coughlan

The same day Ferrari fired Stepney, they announced taking action against an engineer from McLaren, later named as Mike Coughlan. Coughlan was suspended by McLaren as a result. Court details released say that Mike Coughlan is accused to be in possession of Ferrari documentation, and that his wife is accused of photocopying them.

### Allegations against Renault F1

On 8 November 2007, the FIA announced that the Renault F1 team would be need to answer a charge of possession of confidential information relating to the 2006 and 2007 McLaren Formula One cars. The statement issued by the FIA states that Renault F1 was found to have information used by the 2006 and 2007 McLaren F1 cars. 

### Honda involvement

On 6 July 2007, Honda Racing F1 released a statement confirming that Stepney and Coughlan approached the team regarding "job opportunities" in June 2007. Honda said that no confidential information had been offered or received.

Other websites
--------------

* World Motor Sport Council Transcripts from 26 July 2007 and 13 September 2007 Archived 4 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
A map of the endorheic river basins of the Altiplano. In the north is Lake Titicaca and the Desaguadero River system. In the south is the Salar de Uyuni salt flat.
The **Altiplano** (Spanish for "high plain"), **Collao** (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or **Andean Plateau**, is the largest high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. It is in South America. Most of the Altiplano is in Bolivia. Its northern parts are in Peru, and its southwestern parts are in Chile.

There are many cities on the Altiplano. These include El Alto, La Paz, Oruro, and Puno. The northeastern part of the Altiplano is more humid than the southwestern part. The southwestern part has several salares (salt flats) because of its aridity. At the Bolivia–Peru border lies Lake Titicaca. This lake is the largest lake in South America.

Many pre-Columbian cultures come from the Altiplano. These include the Chiripa, Tiawanaku and the Inca Empire. Spain conquered the region in the 16th century.

Today, major economic activities in the Altiplano include mining, llama and vicuña herding, and services (in its cities). Many tourists visit the region.
An **alpha male** is the top-ranking male in a mammalian social group.

Origin
------

Some animals live in a social structure where the most powerful male in the group is decided by either fights or very aggressive battles that sometimes end in death (in the wild). The current alpha male must defend his position from younger members. When he is too old or not strong enough to win, he loses his position in the group. Sometimes, he will die or be forced to leave the group.

The result of this is that the alpha male usually has more opportunity to mate with the available females. This system developed because strong males will produce young which have a better chance for survival.

Examples
--------

Some animal groups which may have alpha males:

* Lions
* Apes: chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans
* Horses
* Deer

### Humans

**Alpha male** can also refer to a high-ranked human in a group. This may be in a business setting or sometimes in other competitive areas, like sports. However, this is an extension by metaphor: humans do not have the same mating system as other social mammals. One reason is that the oestrous cycle in humans is different. This has the result that females may be sexually receptive at almost any time. Also, humans generally pair off, and alpha males do not have exclusive rights over all females in a group, except in rare circumstances.
Poster of Maude Adams as Joan of Arc, 1909
**Alphonse Mucha** (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play *Gismonda* by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the *Mucha Style* but became known as *Art Nouveau* (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.
In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

*F. Champenois Imprimeur-Éditeur*, lithograph, 1897.
The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."
He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.
An **alphanumeric** code is one made only of letters and numbers.

A Black-headed gull ringed with an alphanumeric plastic ring that makes it easier to read from a distance.
However, humans can make mistakes, so the code is used so as to cut out common mistakes. Letters and numbers can be misread. The letters **I**, **O** and **Q** are similar to the numbers **1** and **0**.

1. In passenger aircraft seats are labelled by row number followed by column letter. For wide bodied jets, the seats can be 10 across, labeled **ABC-DEFG-HJK**. The letter **I** is skipped to avoid mistaking it as row number **1**.
2. In the identification number used by motor vehicle manufacturers, the letters **I**, **O** and **Q** are left out. They are too similar to **1** or **0**.
3. Tiny embossed letters are used to label pins on an V.35/M34 electrical connector. The letters **I**, **O**, **Q**, **S** and **Z** were dropped to ease eye strain with **1**, **0**, **5**, **3**,and **2**. That is called the DEC alphabet after the company that first used it.
4. For alphanumerics that are frequently handwritten (in addition to **I** and **O**) **V** is avoided because it may look like **U** when written; and **Z** for its similarity to **2**.

*Merriam-Webster dictionary* suggests that the term "alphanumeric" may often additionally refer to other symbols, such as punctuation and mathematical symbols. This opens up a whole range of other possibilities, and a whole range of other confusions. It is not the usual way the term 'alphanumeric' is used. The *Shorter Oxford English Dictionary* defines the term as given above in our first line (though not quite in the same words).

Lastly, it is usual for alphanumeric codes to be "case insensitive", which means it does not matter whether you write them in upper case (capital letters) or lower case (small letters).
Early 20th-century alternator made in Budapest
An **alternator** is a generator which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. There is one in every car, with the exception of older cars that use a DC generator.

Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. The armature reacts to the rotating field and carries the current caused by the rotation. 

In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. 

An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators.

History
-------

Alternating current generating systems were known from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii.
**Ahmad Hussein Deedat** (Gujarati: અહમદ હુસેન દીદત; Urdu: احمد حسین دیدات‎) was a renowned Muslim thinker, author, orator and scholar of comparative religion. Born in Surat (India) in 1918, he joined his father in South Africa in 1927. He was able to learn English in a short time and was a bright pupil. However, he had to leave school at the age of 16 to support his family. He vigorously pursued self-education, including extensive studies on comparative religion, while working in a furniture shop. He was profoundly influenced by observing that, in addition to racial discrimination, the authorities used religious ideology to "numb the masses," and that there was a profound misunderstanding of Islam among non- Muslims. He was inspired by the concept of holding interreligious public debates, which he read about in Kairanvi’s book "Truth Revealed" He delivered his first lecture, entitled "Mohammad: Messenger of Islam" in a movie theater in Durban, with only 15 people attending. Within a short time, his lectures attracted thousands of people who crossed the racial barrier to listen to him and ask questions.

What distinguished Deedat from his contemporaries was his intensive knowledge of the Bible and Holy scriptures, coupled with his command of English.

Following this tremendous initial success, The 51 Shaikh decided to dedicate his life to the explanation of Islam and promotion of its values. His contributions, especially in the field of comparative religion, extended for more than 40 years and included his authorship of numerous books and manuscripts in addition to hundreds of audio-taped lectures, televised programs and public debates on Islam. Sheikh Deedat almost single-handedly established the As-Salam Center to train propagators of Islam and provide them with theological tools to defend it. He also founded and chaired the Islamic Propagation Center International in Durban, South Africa.
The **Adige** (German: *Etsch*; Venetian: *Àdexe*; Romansh: *Adisch*; Ladin: *Adesc*; Latin: *Athesis*; Ancient Greek: Ἄθεσις) is an Italian river that starts in the Alps in the province of South Tyrol near the Italian border with Austria and Switzerland, flowing through most of Northeast Italy to the Adriatic Sea.

It is the second Italian river by length after the Po, the third for its watershed after the Po and the Tiber, and the fourth by its mean yearly discharge after the Po, the Ticino and the Tiber.

Geography
---------

The Adige river has a length of 410 km (254.8 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 12,200 km2 (4,710 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 205 m3/s (7,200 cu ft/s) at Boara Pisani, a *comune* in the Padua province near the mouth of the river.

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Boara Pisani (1961 - 1970)**

### Course

The Adige starts in the Reschen Pass in the *comune* of Graun im Vinschgau, South Tyrol province, at an altitude of about 1,550 m (5,085 ft) close to the borders with Austria and Switzerland. First, it flows to the south until the confluence with the Ram river and then turns to the east. At Merano, the Adige is joined by the Passirio river and turns to the southeast; in Bolzano, it is joined by the Isarco, its main tributary. In the confluence with the Tasso river, the Adige flows to the south and, then, from Badia Polesine, it turns to the east and flows into the Adriatic Sea to the south of the mouth of the Brenta river and to the north of the mouth of the Po river.

The valley of the Adige gets several names: *Venosta* valley between the source and Merano, *Adige* valley between Merano and Trento, *Vallagarina* between Trento and Verona and, last, *Padana* valley between Verona and the mouth.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries are:


| Tributary | Length(km) | Joins the Adige in: |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ram | 24.7 | Glorenza |
| Passirio | 42.6 | Merano |
| Isarco | 95,5 | Bolzano |
| Noce | 46 | Zambana |
| Avisio | 89.4 | Lavis |
| Fersina | 30 | Trento |
| Alpone | 38 | Albaredo d'Adige |

Gallery
-------

* The Adige in the Vallagarina valley.The Adige in the *Vallagarina* valley.
* The Roman bridge over the Adige, Verona.The Roman bridge over the Adige, Verona.
* The Adige in Verona.The Adige in Verona.
* The Adige near Badia Polesine.The Adige near Badia Polesine.
* Mouth of the Adige.Mouth of the Adige.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy
* List of rivers of Switzerland