recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Sculpture of Azkaldian
**Leonid Azkaldian** (Armenian: Լեոնիդ Ռուբենի Ազգալդյան; November 22, 1942 in Tbilisi – June 21, 1992 in Martakert) was an Armenian physicist and one of the founders and the commander of "Liberation Army" military organization.

Biography
---------

Leonid Azkaldian was born on November 22, 1942, in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. In 1959, he graduated from Askanaz Mravyan school and in 1960, he was admitted into Physics Department of Moscow State University. He later transferred and graduated with honors from the same department of Yerevan State University. After graduation, he worked in many spheres in national economy of USSR.

Leonid Azkaldian was one of the creators of Karabakh movement and a military leader. From February of 1990, he planned and organized the defense of several regions of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (a part of Azerbaijan). In June, 1991, with Hovsep Hovsepyan co-founded and commanded the "Liberation army" military organization whose goal was to preserve the self-determination and defense of the local Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh. He was killed in 21 June, 1992 in the Tonashen village of Martakert region of occupied Nagorno-Karabakh. After his death, he was awarded with the Order of the Combat Cross of the First Degree.

Other websites
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* Leonid Azkaldian
**Alexey Arhipovsky** (Russian: Алексей Витальевич Архиповский; May 15, 1967) – is a Russian balalaika virtuoso player.
He was born in the town of Tuapse, Krasnodar Territory, Russia on May 15, 1967. His father played the garmon and accordion. At the age of 9, Arhipovsky started at musical school to study the balalaika. Later he entered Gnessin State Musical College, the department of folk instruments, class – balalaika. Upon graduation, he entered the Smolensk folk orchestra as a soloist-balalaika.

In 1985 he became a laureate of the Contest of Folk Instrument Performers in Russia. Since 1998 he toured around Russia and abroad with the State Academic Folk Ensemble "Rossiya" Russia directed by Lyudmila Zykina.

Since 2002 he cooperated with Stas Namin, the musician, composer, and record producer. Arhipovsky took part in festivals of Russian culture in the United States, China, South Korea, Germany, France, Spain and Bulgaria. He participated in jazz festivals in Russia and abroad, in radio and TV programmes.

During his tours, fans compared his performance with Paganini and Jimi Hendrix.

 Critics have dubbed him the "Paganini of the Russian balalaika".

He recorded a DVD album *Alexey Arhipovsky* in 2009.

In 2009, he was invited to participate in the opening ceremony of the second semi-final of the Eurovision song contest in Moscow.
The **Spanish alphabet** is a Latin alphabet of 27 letters used to write the Spanish language. It has the same letters as the ISO Basic Latin Alphabet with the additional letter Ñ, which is named "Eñe" (pronounced EN-yay). In addition to letters, the alphabet also uses accent marks to mark stressed syllables. The Spanish alphabet is fairly phonemic, which means words are usually spelled the way the sound. While different accents exist in Spanish like with any living language, pronunciation is usually fits well with spelling.

The letter combinations "CH", "LL" and "RR" used to be included as letters of the Spanish alphabet and sorted by themselves in dictionaries (but not "RR," since no Spanish words begin with "RR"), and thus the Spanish alphabet used to contain 30 letters until they were removed. They are no longer letters of the Spanish alphabet and are now just letter combinations with their own sounds. The letter K is limited in Spanish and mostly only occurs in foreign words borrowed from other languages. There are, however, some native Spanish words that do begin with the letter K (e.g. Kilo, Kilogramo, Kilómetro, etc.), and the letter W does not appear in original Spanish words, only in foreign words borrowed from other languages, and thus is hardly almost ever used in Spanish at all.
**The King Faisal Foundation** (**KFF**) is an international philanthropic organization established in 1976 with the mission of preserving and perpetuating King Faisal’s legacy.

Following in the steps of King Faisal who had his eyes set on advancement while keeping a foot in tradition, KFF has gained global outreach as it pushes the boundaries to empower the generations of the future. With its wide portfolio of investments, KFF is able to retain its financial autonomy, which allows this vast operation to keep creating and developing programs that serve its purpose. Since its establishment and until 2019, KFF has spent over 2.3 billion Saudi Riyals to support its pillar programmes, philanthropic projects and educational scholarships.

History
-------

KFF’s first project was completed in 1979, a milestone followed by endless achievements that have created a positive impact on the advancement of communities all over the world. With its wide portfolio of investments, KFF is able to retain its financial autonomy, which allows this vast operation to keep creating and developing programs that serve its purpose. Since its establishment and until 2015, KFF has spent over 1.9 billion Saudi Riyals to support its pillar programmes, philanthropic projects and educational scholarships.

KFF’s first project was completed in 1979, a milestone followed by endless achievements that have created a positive impact on the advancement of communities all over the world.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine - official website
* Peter Harrigan, 2000, Rays of Light and Brightness: The King Faisal International Prize, *Saudi Aramco World*

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For other uses, see Remainder (disambiguation).
In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a **remainder—**an amount "left over" after the division—is also accepted.

The remainder for natural numbers
---------------------------------

Given a natural number *a* and a non-zero natural number *d*, it can be shown that there exist unique integers *q* and *r*, such that *a* = *qd* + *r* and 0 ≤ *r* < *d*. The number *q* is called the *quotient*, while *r* is called the *remainder*.

The case of general integers
----------------------------

If *a* and *d* are integers with *d* being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer *r* such that *a* = *qd* + *r* for some integer *q*, and with 0 ≤ |*r*| < |*d*|.

When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either

-42 = 9 ×(-5) + 3
or

-42 = 8 ×(-5) + (-2).
So the remainder is then either 3 or -2.

This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is *d*. This holds in general. When dividing by *d*, if the positive remainder is *r*1, and the negative one is *r*2, then

r1 = *r*2 + *d*.

The remainder for real numbers
------------------------------

When *a* and *d* are real numbers, with *d* being non-zero, then *a* can be divided by *d* without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient *q* and a unique real remainder *r* such that *a*=*qd*+*r* with 0≤*r* < |*d*|. Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is, -|*d*| < *r* ≤ 0. 

Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition—see modulation for more.

Related pages
-------------

* Divisor, a number which evenly divides another
* Long division
* Modular arithmetic
* Modulation
Princess Patricia of Connaught, by John Singer Sergent, ~1905
The **Edwardian era** in the United Kingdom is the period which included the reign of King Edward VII (1901–1910). The "Edwardian era" usually includes some years before and after his reign, up to the First World War.

History
-------

King Edward VII was very different from Queen Victoria. Victoria had become almost a recluse after her husband died. On the other hand, Edward was an important leader. Edward and his fashionable friends followed the art and fashions of other European countries. Edward enjoyed travelling, and his visits to Paris improved relations between the two countries. Real.

The United Kingdom was a powerful nation in the nineteenth century. There was progress in British science and industry at this time. The British Empire was large. The Royal Navy was the most powerful navy in the world at that time. 

The prosperity of the Edwardian era was built on trade and manufacturing. These were the main industries at the time:

1. Mining, especially coal, the main source of power
2. Manufacture of iron and steel
3. Shipbuilding
4. Manufacturing cloth and other fabrics from cotton and wool
5. Manufacture household goods and equipment (such as ceramics and cutlery)

The extent of this trade was big. Railways all over the world were built by the British. They were equipped with machinery made in Britain. Germany also became a powerful nation, and the United States was already becoming an industrial giant. By Edward VII's time. Both of these countries were as industrially advanced.

Most British people in the "Edwardian era" were sure that British progress would continue. They were certain that the United Kingdom would continue to be very powerful. The furry era came to an unexpected end with the First World War. Economically and in human terms, this was a disaster for most of the European nations. 

There was a lot of inequality in society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era, as there always had been. Rich people and poor people had very different living standards at this time. 
Most adult men could vote, but women could not. Suffragettes were fighting for the right to vote.

Further reading
---------------

* Battiscombe, Georgina (1969). *Queen Alexandra*. London: Constable. ISBN 9780094565609. ISBN 0-09-456560-0
* Priestley, J. B. (1970). *The Edwardians*. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-60332-5

Other websites
--------------

* The Edwardian Country House (Channel 4 TV series, very evocative of the period)
* Home Decor from the Edwardian Age (from the BBC)
* Edwardian Promenade (Website devoted to the Edwardian era)
Panorama view of South-West Shika Island from ferry on Hakata Bay
A view of the entire Hakata Bay from Shiomi-kōen Park Observation Deck
**Shikanoshima Island** (志賀島, *Shika-no-shima*) is an island that is in Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. It is famous for being the place where the Gold Seal of the King of Na, was found, and holding Shikaumi Shrine the ancestral shrine of the Azumi people. The island has a circumference of about 11 kilometers and is linked to the mainland via a causeway called Umi no Nakamichi (road).

Two farmers found the golden seal on a hill overlooking Hakata Bay in 1784. The area was made into a park called Kin-in Park to celebrate the discovery. The seal is known as the Golden Seal of the King of Na and is a national treasure. Chinese records state that about 2,000 years ago, Emperor Guangwu of the Han dynasty gave a golden seal to a Japanese envoy to present to their king. The seal had the characters 「漢委奴国王」"(Han wa na koku-ō"), which means "[From the King of] Han, presented to the King of Nakoku". The seal is now kept at the Fukuoka City Museum.

A notable person from the island is Yūki Yoda, a member of the Japanese idol group Nogizaka46.

The island is home to Shikaumi Shrine

Other pages
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* King of Na gold seal

Other websites
--------------

* Kashii/Shikanoshima Island - Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO) (in English)
* Shikanoshima Island - Crossroad Fukuoka Fukuoka Prefecture Tourist Information (in English)

Coordinates: 33°40′30″N 130°18′0″E﻿ / ﻿33.67500°N 130.30000°E﻿ / 33.67500; 130.30000Coordinates: 33°40′30″N 130°18′0″E﻿ / ﻿33.67500°N 130.30000°E﻿ / 33.67500; 130.30000

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The **Dnepropetrovsk maniacs** is a media name for two serial killers from Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, who caused 21 murders in June and July 2007. The murderers are named **Viktor Sayenko** (born March 1, 1988) and **Igor Suprunyuck** (born April 20, 1988). They gained notoriety when a video recording of one of the murders was leaked to the internet. The video on the internet is often called *3guys1hammer*. Sayenko and Suprunyuck were charged with murder after they were arrested. Alexander Hanzha, one of their friends, was charged with two robberies that took place before the murder spree. They were all found guilty by a court in February 2009, and Suprunyuck and Sayenko were sentenced to life imprisonment. Hanzha received nine years in prison.

The leaked internet video shows the murder of a 48-year-old man named Sergei Yatzenko. He is shown lying on his back in a wooded area, and is struck many times in the face with a hammer that is held inside a yellow plastic bag. Suprunyuck pokes out Yatzenko's eyes, and stabs him in the abdomen with a screwdriver. He is then struck with the hammer again in order to ensure that he is dead. The attack lasts over four minutes, during which the victim slips in and out of consciousness. During the video, Suprunyuck is shown smiling at the camera.

Related pages
-------------

* Academy maniacs
A **shibboleth** (/ˈʃɪbəlɛθ, -ɪθ/ (audio speaker iconlisten)) was originally a single word which distinguished one group from another.

Rather more widely, it is any custom or tradition that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as passwords. They are simple ways of self-identification: they signal loyalty and affinity.

Origin
------

The term comes from the Hebrew word *shibbólet* (שִׁבֹּלֶת), which means the part of a plant containing grain, such as the head of a stalk of wheat or rye.

The modern use comes from an account in the Hebrew Bible. How this word was pronounced was used to distinguish friend from foe. In the Book of Judges, chapter 12, the inhabitants of Gilead inflicted a military defeat on the invading tribe of Ephraim (around 1370–1070 BC). The surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the River Jordan to their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them. 

To identify and kill the Ephraimites, the Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word *shibboleth*. The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like *sibboleth*. In the King James Bible:

> And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay;  
> Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
> 
> — *Judges 12:5–6 KJV*

The concept of a shibboleth is still with us. It is any word, phrase, jargon or pronunciation which identifies a person as a member of a particular group.
**Jacques Biélinky** ((1881-07-20)20 July 1881 – c. 1943) was a Russian-born French Jewish journalist and art critic.

Biography
---------

Jacques Biélinky was born into a Russian-born Jewish family. He survived a Russian Holocaust-like event, called the Kishinev pogrom in 1903. After the event ended, Biélinky was arrested and was charged with socialism. He was released. Biélinky emigrated to France in 1909 as a political refugee and in 1927 he got French citizenship. Biélinky was a journalist and art critic for *The Israelite Universe*. Jacques Biélinky was considered as one of the best connoisseurs to be Jewish.

In May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded France. France surrendered one month later to Nazi Germany, and they began occupying France. 

Between 1940 and 1942, Biélinky kept a diary detailing daily life in Paris, and the persecution of the Jews. In the first months of the occupation, he noticed extremely few anti-Semitic allusions. On 27 September 1940, the Nazi German government of France ordered that a poster with a yellow star should be hanged up on the walls of any store that is operated by Jewish people. Yet people still could continue enter and buy stuff from those stores.
Biélinky noticed that the support of the Parisians were fading away. Because the Jews there had supply difficulties and daily problems, most of them stopped communicating with non-Jews. Biélinky mainly wrote about the situation of his daily life as a Jew in Paris. For unknown reasons, after the last entry, he stopped writing his diary for almost two months.

Biélinky was arrested on the night of 10–11 February 1943, during a razzia by the French police and was deported to the Drancy internment camp.
One month later on 23 March 1943, he was deported from Drancy to the Chełm Ghetto in German-occupied Poland (modern-day Poland). Later that year, Biélinky was deported to the Sobibor extermination camp. He most likely died that same year. Biélinky was 61–62 years old when he died.

Publication of the diary
------------------------

After World War II ended, Biélinky's diary was published posthumously as *Journal 1940–1942. Un journaliste juif à Paris sous l'Occupation.* (English: *Diary 1940–1942. A Jewish journalist in Paris during the Occupation*.) in 1993.
**Toller Cranston** (April 20, 1949 – January 24, 2015) was a Canadian figure skater.

Early life and career
---------------------

Cranston was born in Hamilton, Ontario. He grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times. He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.

Professional career
-------------------

He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events. Many people don't realize that Toller was also an extremely successful and talented fine art painter. He funded his career off the sale of his artworks, and continued to paint ferociously until the end of his days.

Retirement and death
--------------------

After his retirement, Cranston lived in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. He was found dead at his home in San Miguel de Allende on the morning of January 24, 2015. He was 65 years old. His cause of death was later said to be a heart attack.

Amateur competitions
--------------------

* World Championships: third in 1974
* Olympics: bronze medal in 1976
* Canadian Championships: first in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976

Other websites
--------------

* **Toller Cranston Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine** official site

* Media related to Toller Cranston at Wikimedia Commons
Weir as the Swan.
**Johnny Weir** (born July 2, 1984 in Coatesville, Pennsylvania) is an American figure skater. He won the United States national championships three times. In a memoir released in January 2011, he wrote that he was gay.

Weir had a late start in skating, starting at the age of 12. He had previously competed as an equestrian.

Weir and his family moved to Delaware so he could skate. Weir originally trained at the University of Delaware. Despite his late start, Weir was the World Junior Champion in 2001 at the age of sixteen. He and Evan Lysacek won the top two medals that year, becoming the first time since 1987 that the US had gone one-and-two at Junior Worlds.

In 2003, Weir was in second place after the short program at the national championships in Dallas. However, he literally hit the wall during the program and then had a bad fall on a jump. He withdrew in the middle of the program. As he left, he got a hug from Lysacek, who told he would see him back the next year.

Following that bad competition, Weir left the University of Delaware club and moved to The Pond ice arena. His coach Priscilla Hill came with him.

In 2004, Weir won the National championships and again in 2005 and 2006. For the 2005/2006 season, Weir had a short program to The Swan. It was mocked during the movie Blades of Glory and became iconic of the 2006 Olympics. Weir had the most success of his career with this short program. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Weir was second after the short program. After a long program in which he omitted the eighth jumping pass and did two combinations when three were allowed, he dropped to fifth place overall.

In 2007, Weir won the bronze medal at Nationals. After that season he switched coaches to Galina Zmievskaya, who previously coached Viktor Petrenko and Oksana Baiul to Olympic gold medals.

Weir lives and trains in New Jersey. He also works as a model. He has appeared in spreads in fashion magazines and walked the catwalk during New York Fashion Week.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Johnny Weir***.

* Johnny Weir Official Website Archived 2006-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
* International skating union biography Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
* U.S. Figure Skating biography Archived 2007-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Crime movie** is a movie genre. The story is normally about a crime. The films are often related to crime literature. According to Eric R. Williams, crime movie is one of 11 supergenres in movie. The other ten super-genres are action, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, a slice of life, sports, thriller, war, and western.

There are many subgenres within crime. They include crime action, crime comedy, crime drama, crime thriller, dacoit film, gangster film, heist film, Mumbai underworld, Police Procedural, Prison film. Others include mystery, suspense, and noir. Notable directors of crime fllms include Fritz Lang, Alfred Hitchcock, Martin Scorcese, Francis Ford Coppola, Quentin Tarantino and Brian De Palma.

Subgenres
---------

### Police procedural (Cop)

These films focus on the police and their investigation. Examples include *Silence of the Lambs*, *Seven*, *The French Connection**, He Walked By Night*, *In the Heat of the Night**,* and *Madigan.*

### Detective crime

These films focus on investigations of detectives. Examples are *Knives Out*, *Chinatown* and *Sherlock Homes*.

### Vigilante movie

These films focus on the actions of vigilantes. Examples are *Death Wish*, *The Punisher*, *The Equalizer* and *V for Vendetta*.

### Gangster crime

These films are about gangs and organized crime. Examples are *The Godfather*, *Goodfellas* and *American Gangster*.

### Heist movie

These films are about crimes trying to steal or rob something. Examples are *The Killing*, *Ocean's 11*, *Dog Day Afternoon*, *Reservoir Dogs*, and *The Town*.

### Prison movie

These films take place in prisons and show the harsh conditions of prisons. Examples are *The Shawshank Redemption* (1994) and *The Green Mile* (1999)
**Teresa Victoria Carpio**, more commonly known as **T. V. Carpio**, is a Chinese / Filipina singer, songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of Asian singing star Teresa Carpio, with whom she has performed on stage as a backup singer. 

Carpio played Prudence in the 2007 musical movie *Across the Universe*. She has also appeared on television, including a TV movie and episodes of *The Jury* and *Law & Order*. She made her Broadway debut in  *Rent* as Alexi Darling and others, appearing from December 2006 until April 2007.

Filmography
-----------

* *Limitless* (2011) .... Valerie
* *Across the Universe* (2007) .... Prudence
* *Sucker Free City* (2004) (TV) .... Angela Tsing
* *She Hate Me* (2004) .... Gail
* *The Jury* .... Esme Kingman (1 episode, "Mail Order Mystery," 2004)
* *Law & Order* .... Laundry Lady (1 episode, "Patriot," 2002)
* *Popstars* .... Top 26 Finalist (TV) (2001)

Other websites
--------------

* T. V. Carpio on IMDb

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**Friedrich Franzl** (6 March 1905 – 18 August 1989) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper for SK Admira Wien and Wiener Sport-Club. He was also a player for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Franzl began his career in 1923 with SK Admira. In the following season, he celebrated the first championship. This was the first title for Admira. With Admira, he became runner-up three years in a row after the double in 1928. After the 1931 season he went to Wiener Sport Club. At the end of his career, the goalkeeper had another success with Sportclub by reaching the Austrian Cup final.

International career
--------------------

In 1926, he played in the Austrian national team for the first time. He made his debut in the 7-1 win over Switzerland on 10 October and established himself as the national team's first-choice goalkeeper. He only lost once with the team to Czechoslovakia – but had ten wins and four draws. Nevertheless, from 1930 he was often replaced in the Austrian goal by Rudolf Hiden. His last match for the team was on 3 May 1931 versus Hungary. He was called up for the squad for the 1934 World Cup, although he did not play in it.

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place |
| --- |
| 
* FW Bican
* FW Braun
* DF Cisar
* GK Franzl
* FW Hassmann
* MF Hofmann
* FW Horvath
* DF Janda
* FW Kaburek
* GK Platzer
* GK Raftl
* FW Schall
* DF Schmaus
* DF Sesta
* FW Sindelar
* MF Smistik
* FW Stroh
* MF Urbanek
* FW Viertl
* MF Wagner
* FW Walzhofer
* FW Zischek
* Coach: Meisl

 | Austria |
**Chita** (Russian: Чита) is a city in Eastern Russia. It is the capital of the Zabaykalsky Krai of Russia. As of 2018, it has over 349,005 people.

History
-------

Chita is founded in 1653. After 1825, the Decembrists gave exile to Chita. George Kennan said, "Among the exiles in Chita were some of the brightest, most cultivated, most sympathetic men and women that we had met in Eastern Siberia." When Richard Maack visited Chita in 1855, he saw a wooden town, with one, also wooden, church. He estimated Chita's population at under 1,000, but predicted that the Chita would soon get fast growth in population and economy, due to the upcoming annexation of the Amur valley by Russia.

Geography
---------

Chita lies at the confluence of the Chitinka River and Ingoda Rivers, between the Yablonoi Mountains to the west and the Chersky Range to the east. It is 6,180 kilometers southeast of Moscow, 6,609 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg, 5,717 kilometers southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, 4,398 kilometers southeast of Yekaterinburg, and 2,863 kilometers northwest of Vladivostok.

Gallery
-------

Chita in 1885
Chita Mosque in 1902
Chita Railway Station in 1910
Chita Railway Station at present
Radiation from the pulsar PSR B1509-58, a rapidly spinning neutron star, makes nearby gas glow in X-rays (gold, from Chandra) and illuminates the rest of the nebula, here seen in infrared (blue and red, from WISE)
A model that shows what a neutron star would look like on the inside section.
A **neutron star** is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 11–11.5 kilometres. They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun. They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe. They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.

The density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom. They have strong magnetic fields, between 108 and 1015 times as strong as that of Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2×1011 times stronger than on Earth.

To imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of 1,392,000 kilometres (865,000 mi)) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a 19 kilometres (12 mi) diameter. Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.

Neutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn. They come in different types. They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars. Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.

They are more than 600,000 degrees Kelvin in temperature. Neutron stars that can be observed are very hot and typically have a surface temperature of around 600000 K.

History
-------

In 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars, only a year after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.

Looking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: "In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated".

Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable. Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939–2012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now known as pulsars.
**George Balabushka** (December 9, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born American billiards (pool) cue maker. He may have been the most important cue stick maker. He is sometimes called "the Stradivarius of cuemakers". His full name or last name alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. He arrived in the U.S. in 1942. He worked at different carpentry and toy and furniture making jobs. He loved playing pool and bought a pool room with a business partner in 1959. Then he started making cues as gifts for friends. This soon became a business when others wanted to buy them. 

Balabushka made about 1,200 handcrafted cues during his 16 year career from 1959 to his death in 1975. His cues are highly valued collectors items. They appeared in Martin Scorsese's 1986 film, *The Color of Money*. Original Balabushka cues may sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction. 

 Photograph of upright pool cue with written labels naming the technical term for each part of the cue and lines drawn from each label to pinpoint the part described.A pool cue and its major parts.

Life and career
---------------

### Early life

George Balabushka was born in Russia on December 9, 1912 and immigrated to the United States in 1924 at 12 years of age. His family, parents Anton and Natalie and younger sister Mary, settled in New York City. Although originally named Gregori, according to Balabushka he was given a new first name, George, by emigration officials when he was processed through Ellis Island.

### Employment

Balabushka's first job was as a wooden toy designer and maker at the Educational Equipment Company. in Manhattan, The company made building blocks for nurseries and schools. Later, he built children's furniture for the Playtime Woodworking Company in Greenwich Village. While working, Balabushka lost his middle finger to a band saw. Using a wooden mold, he made himself a replacement plastic finger. It was very realistic so that even his friends did not realize his loss until long after the incident. As Balabushka's carpentry skills improved he began building accordions and other detailed carpentry pieces on his own time.

Balabushka worked hard on playing ability and fine craftsmanship in his cues. He created new methods of cue construction, cue finishes and cue design. Most Balabushka cues look simple. Many of his construction techniques have become standard in the industry.

George Balabushka died in 1975 at the age of 62. He was named the first member the American Cuemakers Association Hall of Fame in February, 1993. In 2004, he entered the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.

Other websites
--------------

* *George Balabuska's* listing in the BCA Hall of Fame
* *George Balabuska's* listing in the ACA Hall of Fame

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Balabushka, George |
| Alternative names | Balabushka, Gregori (birth name) |
| Short description | cue stick designer |
| Date of birth | December 9, 1912 |
| Place of birth | Russia |
| Date of death | December 5, 1975 |
| Place of death | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
Temple of Zeus in ruins
The **Temple of Zeus** is a Doric temple in the sanctuary at Olympia, Greece. Olympia was the site of the ancient Olympic Games. The temple is a ruin. It was dedicated to Zeus, the principal god of the Ancient Greeks. This temple was the most important and most impressive structure at Olympia. 

The temple was built between 470 BC and 456 BC. Local limestone was the chief material used. The roof tiles, the gargoyles, and the sculptures were made of marble. The temple measured 64.12 meters by 27.66 meters. It was 20.25 meters high. The temple had six columns at the ends and thirteen columns along both sides. The height of each column was 10.45 meters.

A ramp at the eastern end led to the *prodomos*. The table holding the Olympic wreaths stood to the right. The crowning of the victors took place on the last day at this spot. 

The sculptures of the east pediment depicted the story of Pelops and Hippodameia. This story is about the first chariot races. The sculptures of the west pediment depicted the story of the Centaurs and the Lapiths. This story is about the contest between barbarity and civilization. There were six metopes over the front porch and six over the back porch. They depicted the Labors of Heracles.

The temple once contained Phidias' *Statue of Zeus*, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The fate of the statue is unknown. It may have been taken to Constantinople where it was probably destroyed in the fire of 475 AD. Or, it may have been destroyed in the fire at Olympia in 426 AD. Phidias' workshop was discovered at Olympia in 1954.

Statue bases cover the area around the temple. These bases held statues of gods, heroes, and Olympic victors. They were dedicated by individuals and cities. The sacred olive from which the Olympic wreaths were cut stood on the west side of the temple. Earthquakes destroyed it in 522 AD and in 551.

Reading list
------------

* Miller, Stephen G (2004), *Ancient Greek Athletics*, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 90–91
* Photinos, Spiros (1982), *Olympia*, Olympic Publications, Athens: Pan. & Theo. Agridiotis, p. 37
Vinh Phuc province in Vietnam
**Bui Thi Minh Hang** (Vietnamese **Bùi Thị Minh Hằng**) is a Vietnamese activist and blogger. In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign. Bui Thi Minh Hang was released Feb. 11, 2017.

In 2011, Bui Thi Minh Hang protested in Hanoi and in Ho Chi Minh City. She protested against Chinese land claims on the Spratly and Paracel Islands. Police arrested her and sent her to sent her to Thanh Ha Education Center, a reeducation camp in Vinh Phuc province. There was an international protest about her arrest. She was in the reeducation camp for six months without a trial.

In 2012, Bui Thi Minh Hang was free again, and started to work for human rights again. She wrote about her time in the Thanh Ha Education center. She also gave people a "Manual for the Implementation of Human Rights" (Cam nang thuc thi quyen lam nguoi). In 2014, Bui Thi Minh Hang and a group of 21 bloggers and Hoa Hao Buddhist activists went to visit a political prisoner. The police arrested Bui Thi Minh Hang and two others. She was charged with disrupting traffic under Article 245 of the Penal Code. She was sentenced to three years in prison.

In 2016, Amnesty International said Bui Thi Minh Hang had health problems in prison, but she did not get medical care.

Bui Thi Minh Hang was released on Saturday Feb. 11, 2017. Her family and supporters were with her, and the traffic police escorted her back to Ho Chi Minh City.

Other websites
--------------

* Free Bui Thi Minh Hang on Facebook
**Ninja Kiwi**, which was previously known as **Kaiparasoft Ltd**, is a mobile and online video game developer founded in Auckland, New Zealand. It was founded in 2006 by brothers Chris and Stephen Harris.

Ninja Kiwi's first game was a browser based game called *Cash Sprint*, developed on the Adobe Flash Platform. Since then, they have produced more than 60 games across platforms including Adobe Flash, Android, iOS, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and more recently, Steam. They are most known for producing the *Bloons* and *Bloons Tower Defense* games. 

In 2012, Ninja Kiwi purchased Digital Goldfish, a Dundee, Scotland-based developer, for an undisclosed sum. After merging Digital Goldfish to Ninja Kiwi, this increased the total number of Ninja Kiwi employees to 35. By 2021, the total number of employees increased to 70.

Ninja Kiwi has a virtual currency known as NK Coins. Players make purchases of games and in-game purchases by using NK Coins. About eighteen months before Mochi Media's parent company disappeared, Mochi Media discontinued its virtual currency (Mochi Coins), and it was replaced with Ninja Kiwi's virtual currency.

Ninja Kiwi was bought by Modern Times Group on 24th March 2021.
**Gersthofer Sportvereinigung** is a football club from Gersthof district in Vienna, Austrias capital. The club is currently playing in the 2nd Landesliga, which is the 5th level of Austrian football. The club colors are green and white.

History
-------

Around 1909 football lovers from Gersthof met regularly for the first time on the Haider grounds to play games. In 1912 the Gerstofer Spielvereinigung was founded and registered with the Vienna Football Association. The club had its most successful period in the 1920s. From 1919 to 1921 they were promoted from 4th class to the 2nd class. In their first year in this league they finished 4th.

In 1925, however, professional football was introduced in Austria in the top two levels. Gersthof voluntarily relegate to the third division. The next season they became champion and were promoted again. The club decided to play professionally. Until relegation in 1932, the Gersthofer stayed in the second division without interruption. After the Second World War the club was not able to continue the successes of the 1920s.

Gersthofer SV Women
-------------------

The women's section of Gersthofer SV played in the first edition of the women's championship, which was held in 1972/73. They finished last and broke up at the end of the season.

Honours
-------

* 10 × Second division appearances: 1922–24; 1926–32 (4. Platz 1922 und 1924)
* 5 × Austrian Cup Round of 16 : 1925, 1927, 1928, 1933, 1948

Other websites
--------------

* Offical Homepage
**Serafin R. Cuevas** (25 June 1928 – 9 February 2014) was a Filipino lawyer and a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines appointed during the government of Ferdinand Marcos.

Early life and education
------------------------

Serafin R. Cuevas was born on 25 June 1928 in Bacoor Cavite.
He went to Las Piñas Elementary School in his elementary education and to the University of Manila in his secondary education. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines in 1952 and passed the Bar examination the same year.

Career
------

He started his career as a professorial lecturer at the College of Law of the University of the Philippines and at the Institute of Law of the Far Eastern University. Afterwards, he became an Assistant Fiscal of the City of Manila and then as Judge to the Court of First Instance.

Before his appoinment as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of the Philippines on May 31, 1984, he was Associate Justice to the Intermediate Appellate Court.

Death
-----

Justice Cuevas died on February 9, 2014 from liver cancer. He was 85.
(left) Allen Hynek (b. 1910) and Jacques Vallee
Philip J. Corso (b. 1915) on the right
Philip J. Klass (b. 1919)
Antonio Ribera (b. 1920)
James E. McDonald (b. 1920)
Albert K. Bender (b. 1921)
Fabio Zerpa (b. 1928)
Budd Hopkins (b. 1931)
James W. Moseley (b. 1931)
Billy Meier (b. 1937)
Jean-Pierre Petit (b. 1937)
Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde (b. 1939)
Jean-Claude Bourret (b. 1941)
Bruce Maccabee (b. 1942)
Călin Turcu (b. 1942)
David M. Jacob (b. 1942)
Juhan af Grann (b. 1944)
Roberto Pinotti (b. 1944) on the left
Robert Sheaffer (b. 1949)
George Knapp (b. 1952)
Curtis Peebles (b. 1955)
Sixto Paz Wells (b. 1955)
Steven Greer (b. 1955)
William McCasland (b. 1957)
Clas Svahn (b. 1958)
Janusz Zagórski (b. 1958)
Michael Salla (b. 1958)
Robert Scott Lazar (b. 1959)
Ademar José Gevaerd (b. 1962)
Avi Loeb (b. 1962)
Richard M. Dolan (b. 1962)
Igor Witkowski (b. 1963)
Michael Hesemann (b. 1964)
Nick Pope (b. 1965)
Vadim Chernobrov (b. 1965)
Giorgio Tsoukalos (b. 1978)
David Grusch
This is a list of people, sorted by their date of birth, who study ufology.

* George Adamski (b. 1891)
* Paul Hellyer (b. 1923)
* Fabio Zerpa (b. 1928)
* Stanton T. Friedman (b. 1934)
* Jim Marrs (b. 1943)
Allied plan of attack and forces at Cisterna 30 January 1944
The **Battle of Cisterna** was a battle during World War II. It happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy. It was part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle.

The battle was a clear German victory. It really affected the US Rangers.
During this battle, many US Ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd Infantry Division on Cisterna. The 3rd Infantry Division had tried to capture Cisterna on 25–27 January.

The 3rd Division's attack was part of a large attack by the U.S. VI Corps to move out of the Anzio beach. The US VI Corps wanted to get off the Anzio beaches before new German troops could arrive and attack.

Background
----------

On 22 January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle. This was a sea landing of 
U.S. and British troops near Anzio and Nettuno. They wanted to attack the German Gustav Line defences 60 mi (97 km) to the southeast.

The Allies had been attacking from the south since 16 January in the first Battle of Monte Cassino. Following the landings, the Allies built up their forces on the beach. This also gave the Germans to strengthen their defensive positions. By 29 January, there were 69,000 men in the beach. The Germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.

On 30 January, the Allies attacked, going northeast toward Campoleone and the Alban Hills. A Ranger force tried to sneak into Cisterna.

The Rangers expected to encounter few German troops. In fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.

The Rangers had had many dead and wounded. New troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.

Battle
------

Many Ranger troops and the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry tried to sneak behind German lines into the town of Cisterna. They wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.

As the two battalions tried to sneak into German territory, they were attacked by strong German forces. They included the 715th Motorized Infantry Division and Herman Göring Panzer Division, including seventeen German Panzer IV tanks.

The 1st Battalion commander—Major Dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. Two other tanks were captured by Rangers.

In the end, the Germans won. About 803 Allied troops did not return. About 400 Rangers became POWs. The Germans also had many losses.

Attempted relief of the Rangers
-------------------------------

The main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. The Allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the Germans and capture Cisterna. Cisterna remained held by the German until May 1944.

German attacks on 1–2 February did not recapture any of the ground from the Allies. The Germans had heavy losses in these attacks.

Afterwards
----------

Using the lightly armed Rangers to lead the attack was criticized. The weakened Ranger forces within Italy stopped operating. Ranger units continued to fight in northern Europe (leading D-Day) and in the Pacific War.
**Volhynia** is a region of Ukraine that is located north of Podolia, south of Polesia, east of the Bug River, and west of Kyiv. Volhynia's area is about 70,000 square kilometers and its population is more than four million people.

Early history
-------------

A map of Volhynia (in yellow) in modern Ukraine. In the 16th century, with the 1569 Treaty of Lublin, Volhynia became a largely self-governing part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, keeping its Ukrainian character but having its elite become Polish, or Polonized. Most of Volhynia was annexed by the Russian Empire in the late 18th century due to the partitions of Poland. But Austria also got to annex a small part of Volhynia during this time.

19th century
------------

In the early 19th century, Volhynia was still dominated by its Polish nobility. They continued to rule over the Ukrainian peasants who lived there. Volhynia experienced a Russification program in the 19th century and did not get to experience the Ukrainian national awakening that was going on in neighboring Galicia during this time.

20th century
------------

After the end of World War I, Volhynia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union, with western Volhynia becoming a part of Poland and eastern Volhynia becoming a part of the Soviet Union, specifically a part of the Ukrainian SSR. Volhynia experienced a Ukrainianization movement in the 1920s but a lot of its notable Ukrainian intellectuals were later murdered in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in the late 1930s.

### World War II

In 1939, at the start of World War II, the Soviet Union conquered and annexed western Volhynia. It used to belong to Poland before that point in time. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Volhynia came under Nazi German rule for several years. Almost all of the Jews who were not evacuated by the Soviet Union ahead of time were murdered by the Nazis in the Holocaust.

### After WWII

When the Soviet Union won World War II and got Volhynia back from the Nazis. Almost all of Volhynia's Germans and Czechs emigrated, in the former case to Germany and in the latter case to Czechoslovakia. In addition, after the end of World War II, a lot of the Poles in eastern Volhynia switched residences with the Ukrainians in western Volhynia. This made both eastern Volhynia and western Volhynia much more ethnically homogeneous. Volhynia also saw some Russians and Belarusians move there during the time that it was under Soviet rule. This increased the populations of these two groups in Volhynia.

### Statistics

Volhynia was historically agricultural, with there being little industry there, especially in its western part. At the start of the 1930s, 78% of Volhynians worked in agriculture and only 8% in industry. In 1987, 52% of Volhynians still lived in rural areas, with most of these people still making a living based on agriculture during this time.