recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The extent of the Siberian Traps. (Map in German)
The **Siberian Traps** form a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in the Russian region of Siberia. 

The large eruptions which formed the traps were one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth history. They continued for a million years and spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250 million years ago. It was the same time as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The eruption of the Siberian Traps is a possible cause of this "Great Dying".

The term "traps" is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (*trappa*, or sometimes *trapp*), referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region, which is typical of flood basalts.

Geographical extent
-------------------

Vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large expanse of primaeval Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today the area covered is about 2 million km² – roughly equal to western Europe in land area – and estimates of the original coverage are as high as 7 million km². The original volume of lava is estimated to range from 1 to 4 million km³.

Origin
------

The source of the Siberian Traps basalt was, probably, a mantle plume at the base of the crust which erupted through the Siberian craton (the oldest part of the Siberian continental plate). Helium isotope analysis from the basalts indicates a plume origin. The scientific debate continues. There is a minority controversial theory which argues that the traps were caused by a large asteroid impact.

The Great Dying
---------------

One of the World Heritage Sites, the Putorana Plateau, is composed of Siberian Traps
This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is widely cited as a cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed 90% of species living at the time. Life on land took 30 million years to recover from the environmental disruptions caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps.

Siberian Traps and nickel
-------------------------

The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted through numerous vents over a period of a million years or more, probably east and south of Norilsk in Siberia. The giant Norilsk nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma flows in the main Siberian Traps. The presence of extensive tuff and pyroclastic deposits suggests that a number of large explosive eruptions occurred during or before the eruptions of basaltic lavas. The presence of silicic volcanic rocks such as rhyolite is also indicative of explosive eruptions.

Related pages
-------------

* Flood basalt
* Deccan Traps

Other websites
--------------

* The Siberian Traps Archived 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Siberian Traps, by Richard Cowen
* The Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province
* Toxic Gases Caused World's Worst Extinction
***Selfie*** is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by Mathi Maran and produced by DG Film Company. The film stars G. V. Prakash Kumar and Gautham Vasudev Menon with a supporting cast including Varsha Bollamma, Vidya Pradeep, Vagai Chandrasekhar, Sangili Murugan and Subramaniam Siva. The film's music is composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar himself and the cinematographer of it is Vishnu Rangasamy and editing done by S. Elayaraja. The film was released in theatres on 1 April 2022.

Plot
----

Kanal (G. V. Prakash Kumar) is a hot-headed engineering student at a low-level college. He holds a grudge against his overbearing father who forced him to study engineering just for the sake of prestige when he actually wanted to pursue something business related. When he finds out that his father paid a bribe through a college admission brocket to get him a place at the college, he becomes determined to investigate it further. He quickly finds out that the underground college admissions racket in Chennai is both a thriving business and an open secret. When a distant relative of a close friend approaches Kanal and his gang for help to get his son a place at a prestigious medical college in the city, they go all out to prove themselves worthy. However, after securing the place, the client pulls out and demands his money back. When Nazir, Kanal's best friend refuses to cooperate, things get out of hand. The client approaches Ravi Varma (Gautham Vasudev Menon), the most powerful college admission broker in the city whose name Kanal's gang used to secure the position in the first place. Consequently, gangsters and loan sharks start harassing not only Kanal and his friends, but even their families. Nazir eventually makes a decision that will change Kanal and all their friends' lives forever.

Cast
----

* G. V. Prakash Kumar as Kanal
* Gautham Vasudev Menon as Ravi Varma
* Varsha Bollamma as Madhavi
* Vidya Pradeep as Ravi Varma's wife, Mona
* Vagai Chandrasekhar as Kanal's father
* Sangili Murugan
* Subramaniam Siva
* DG Gunanidhi
* Sam Paul
* Sreeja Ravi as Nazir's mother
* Thangadurai
* Armaan
* Raj Priyan
**Paul Marco** (June 10, 1927 – May 14, 2006) was an American actor. He often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the "Kelton Trilogy": *Bride of the Monster*, *Night of the Ghouls* and *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. In this trilogy, he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.

Biography
---------

Marco was born in Los Angeles. He took lessons in drama, singing, and dancing at an early age. After graduating from Hollywood High School, he served in the United States Navy during World War II. 

His first known movie role was a small part in the 1944 movie *Sweet and Low-Down* with Benny Goodman. In the early 1950s, The Amazing Criswell predicted on national television that Paul Marco would go far in the movie business. Criswell introduced Marco to Ed Wood. In turn, Marco introduced Ed Wood to Bunny Breckinridge, a gay Shakespearean actor. Breckinridge lived with Marco for a time and co-starred in Wood's *Plan 9 from Outer Space*.

Marco depended on Wood for parts. He more or less retired as an actor as Ed Wood's movies shifted more and more towards pornography. In 1995, Marco recorded "Home on the Strange", in which he reprised his Kelton character for Dionysus Records. He revived Kelton once more in the 2005 science fiction satire/tribute film *The Naked Monster*. On May 14, 2006, Paul Marco died after a battle with hip problems and chronic illness. He was 78.

Movie list
----------

| Film |
| --- |
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1944 | *Sweet and Low-Down* |  | Uncredited |
| 1952 | *Hiawatha* |  |
| 1955 | *Bride of the Monster* | Officer Kelton | Alternative title: *Bride of the Atom* |
| 1959 | *Night of the Ghouls* | Patrolman Paul Kelton | Alternative title: *Revenge of the Dead* |
| *Plan 9 from Outer Space* |  |
| 1961 | *The Young Savages* |  | Uncredited |
| 1965 | *Rat Fink* |  |
| 1989 | *Horror Talk* |  |  |
| 2005 | *The Naked Monster* | Kelton the Cop |  |
| 2009 | *Kelton's Dark Corner: Trilogy One* | Direct-to-DVD release |
|
| Television |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1960 | *The Donna Reed Show* | Plumber #3 | 1 episode |
| *77 Sunset Strip* | Jeep Driver | 1 episode |

Other websites
--------------

* Paul Marco's official website Archived 2012-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Paul Marco on IMDb
* Paul Marco at AllMovie
* Keltonsdarkcorner.com Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine

  



| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Marco, Paul |
| Alternative names | Inzalaco, Angelo |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | June 10, 1927 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Date of death | May 14, 2006 |
| Place of death | Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
**Pangolins** (or **scaly anteaters**) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. They are the only mammals which have this adaptation.

There are three genera of pangolin, all of which eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues, and they do not eat anything else. These scaled mammals are one of the most threatened groups of mammals. 
Unfortunately we know very little of their distribution in West African countries. Evidence of the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) has been found. No evidence of the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantic) was found. Perhaps the giant pangolin no longer appears in West Africa.

Pangolins have features of armadillos (long, ant eating tongue and broad tail) and sloths (claws), but the pangolin is in a completely different order. The pangolin belongs to the order **Pholidota**.

Pangolins have large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The pangolin scales are made of keratin. and are attached to muscles under the skin. and can be moved to point towards predators. Hair grows between the scales and near the rear of the animal.

The pangolin's scaled body is a bit like a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting like armour while it tucks its face under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defence from predators.

A pangolin's main predators are wild cats, hyenas and humans.
A mother pangolin's gestation period is between 120 and 180 days. Young pangolin are born with scales, and they harden by the second day the pangopup is out of the womb.

When walking on a level surface the pangolin is bipedal. It walks on the back legs. Its body is held horizontal, and is balanced by its heavy tail at the back.

Sometimes pangolins are smuggled into China on the black market. Their scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

Pangolins are a critically endangered species and have been hunted and trafficked all across Asia and Africa. They are usually sought for their scales, meat and medical properties. This creature is a host for SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses.

Other websites
--------------

* Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
* A photograph of a pangolin
* Paul Kuniholm Pangolin Mural

  



Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pholidota***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Pholidota***.
Tvhaikovsky in 1893
***Serenade for Strings in C major, Op. 48*** is a work for string orchestra by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It premiered in 1880. The serenade consists of four movements:

1. Pezzo in forma di sonatina: Andante non troppo — Allegro moderato
2. Valse: Moderato — Tempo di valse
3. Élégie: Larghetto elegiaco
4. Finale (Tema russo): Andante — Allegro con spirito

Tchaikovsky intended the first movement to be an imitation of Mozart's style. It was based on the form of the classical sonatina, with a slow introduction. The 36-bar *Andante* introduction is marked "sempre marcatissimo". It is littered with double-stopping in the violins and violas. This introduction returns at the end of the movement. It reappears, transformed, in the coda of the fourth movement. Tchaikovsky intended the work for a large string orchestra. On the second page of the score, he wrote, "The larger the string orchestra, the better will the composer's desires be fulfilled." George Balanchine used the work for his ballet *Serenade* in 1934Excerpts from the score were used in the 2005 ballet *Anna Karenina*, choreographed by Boris Eifman. The waltz was arranged for soprano and full orchestra for the 1945 MGM movie *Anchors Aweigh*. It was performed by Kathryn Grayson with José Iturbi conducting the MGM studio orchestra.
Pupusas
Pupusas with curtido and salsa.
A **pupusa** is a thick griddle cake or flatbread from the cuisine of El Salvador is a traditional food made with corn flour, beans, cheese, chicharrón (pork), or any filling. People usually eat pupusas at breakfast and dinner. It is eaten with tomato sauce and curtido.

History
-------

Pupusas - also known as pupisio - were first created by the Pipil in El Salvador. Over time cooking material for their preparation have been found in Joya de Cerén, "El Salvador’s Pompeii", place of a native small town that was buried by ashes from a volcano explosion, and where foodstuffs were preserved as they were being cooked almost two thousand years ago by the tribes. The articles for their preparation have also been found in other archaeological sites in El Salvador.

Different types
---------------

Depending on what city people visit, they’ll find different types of Pupusas. if they go to the coast side, they’ll find Pupusas filled with shrimp and fish. Pupusas can be also filled with different types of flowers like "flor de Izote" (El Salvador national flower), lorocco, Cucurbita argyrosperma, cilantro, Chamaedorea tepejilote, chipilín, mora, chicken, and papelillo.

Around the Americas
-------------------

There are various types of Pupusas in El Salvador alone. From the way the dough is made to the preparation and even the fillings that are used, each place and pupuseria can have their own take on making a pupusa. On the other hand, El Salvador, a pupusa de arroz is also a popular variant. It is made from rice flour instead of cornmeal. Of course pupusas are not always going to taste the same, depending on what type of dough people make them with. Pupusas might taste a little different when using commercial corn or rice flour instead of masa harina (dried cornmeal flour) that Salvadorians use.

Reference list
--------------

1. ↑  "town". Archived from the original on 2018-06-09. Retrieved 2018-06-08.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Pupusa at Wikimedia Commons
See also: Puppet (software)
Glove puppets
Marionette or string puppets
**Puppets** are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the **puppet** move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a **puppeteer**. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

Types of puppets
----------------

**Finger Puppet**: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger. 

**Sock puppet:** A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw. 

**Hand Puppet**: Similar to a finger puppet, but larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.

**Pop-up puppets**: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

**Paddle Puppet**: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

**Jumping Jack**: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

**Rod Puppet and Bunraku**: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

**Shadow Puppet**: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.

**Marionette or String Puppet**: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

**Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy**: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter"). His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.

**Ticklebug:** A type of Hand Puppet; a person uses their fingers as body parts to look like their hand is an animal. The center finger becomes the animal's head, the first and third fingers become the front legs, and the thumb and last finger are used as back legs.
A man playing the guitar on a sidewalk. He has many musical instruments on him.A street performer playing music in a walk-by act.
**Street performance** or **busking** is a type of performance done in public places for money or other gifts. Street performance is done all over the world, and it has been done since ancient times. People who do street performance can be called **street performers** or **buskers**.

Street performances can be any type of performance. Some examples of street performances are making music, singing, juggling, dancing, and drawing caricatures. Some street performances can also be weird things, such as sword swallowing and being a living statue.

Types
-----

There are many types of street performances.

"**Circle shows**" are performances that get people to crowd around them. Most of them have a start and an end, such as street theatre.

"**Walk-by acts**" are performances where a busker performs in a way that people can easily walk past them. These are mostly musicians and living statues. They do not usually have a start and an end, because the busker will keep performing for as long as they want. Some walk-by acts get people to crowd around them, because the people think the act is good.

"**Stoplight performances**" are performances where buskers perform when cars are stopped on a road. Because cars do not stop for very long on the road, these buskers have fast performances. These are more common in South America.

Gallery
-------

* A street performer playing the guitar for people. His guitar case is open so people can put money in it.A street performer playing the guitar for people. His guitar case is open so people can put money in it.
* Two street performers doing acrobatics in Milan, Italy.Two street performers doing acrobatics in Milan, Italy.
* A street performer with sticks that are on fire. The sticks are used for juggling.A street performer with sticks that are on fire. The sticks are used for juggling.
* A band in New Orleans playing music on the street.A band in New Orleans playing music on the street.
* A living statue performer. Living statue performers act as if they are statues.A living statue performer. Living statue performers act as if they are statues.
For other uses, see Siberian (disambiguation).*Siberian beauty* of Vasily Surikov (1891)
The **Siberians** or **Siberiaks** (Russian: сибиряки, romanized: *siberyaki*, pronounced [sibirjaki]) are the major residents of Siberia, as well as the (sub)ethnic or ethnographic group of the Russians.

As demonym
----------

See also: Demographics of Siberia
The word "Siberians" is used for all people who live in Siberia. These include both indigenous peoples and the European diaspora (the Russians, Ukrainians, Balts, Finnic and other peoples).

As sub-ethnic group
-------------------

In ethnology the term is often used to refer to the Old-Timers (*Starozhily* or old settlers ) - the earliest Russian population of Siberia during its Russian conquest in the 16th–17th centuries and their descendants. Later settlers, especially from the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, were called "the Russian" (Siberian dialects: "Raseyskie") by the Siberians.

The dialects of the Siberians were created mainly on the basis of Northern Russian dialects.

Regionalism
-----------

Siberian regionalism (Siberian nationalism) considered the Siberians to be a separate people from the Russians. Among ethnologists there are both opponents and supporters of this point of view. In 1918, under the control of the Siberian regionalists, there was a short-lived state formation "Siberian Republic".

Census
------

In the 2002 and 2010 Russian Census, the ethnonym "Siberiak" was indicated as the main one by a small number of those who responded.

Related pages
-------------

* Kamchadals
* Kamenschik
* Semeiskie
**Vaalbara** is the name of Earth's first supercontinent, in the Archaean era.

Vaalbara started to form about 3,600 million years ago (mya). It formed by about 3,100 mya and broke up by 2,500 mya. The name *Vaalbara* comes from the South African Kaapvaal craton and the West Australian Pilbara craton. These cratons were combined in the Vaalbara supercontinent.

South Africa's Kaapvaal craton and Western Australia's Pilbara craton are two of the best-preserved Archaean cratons on Earth. They have remarkably similar early Precambrian rocks. Identical radiometric ages of 3,470 ±2 mya have been got from rocky material thrown out by meteorite strikes. Similar structures from these two cratons have been dated between 3,500 to 2,700 mya. Similar greenstone belts are found at the edges of the Superior craton of Canada, and across the cratons of the former Gondwana and Laurasia continents.

Palaeomagnetic data from rocks in the cratons showed that at 3,870 mya the two cratons could have been part of the same supercontinent. Both the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons show extensional faults which were active about the same time during volcanism at the same time as the impact layers were formed.

Continental plates have periodically collided and assembled in periods of orogeny (mountain building) to form supercontinents. The cycle of supercontinent formation, breakup, dispersal and reformation by plate tectonics occurs every 450 million years or so.

Related pages
-------------

* Supercontinent
For sweet baked breads, see Sweet roll.
Sweetbreads on mushroom risotto.
**Sweetbreads** or **ris** are culinary names for the thymus or the pancreas glands especially of the calf (*ris de veau*) and lamb (*ris d'agneau*) (although beef and pork sweetbreads are also eaten).

Various other glands used as food have also been called 'sweetbreads', including the parotid gland, the sublingual glands, and testicles (*cf.* Rocky Mountain oyster). The "heart" sweetbreads are more spherical in shape, and surrounded symmetrically by the "throat" sweetbreads, which are more cylindrical in shape.

One common preparation of sweetbreads involves soaking in salt water, then poaching in milk, after which the outer membrane is removed. Once dried and chilled, they are often breaded and fried. They are also used for stuffing or in pâtés. They are grilled in many Latin American cuisines, such as in the Argentine asado, and served in bread in Turkish cuisine.

The word "sweetbread" is first known in the 16th century, but the logic behind the name is unclear. "Sweet" is perhaps used since the thymus is sweet and rich tasting, as opposed to savoury tasting muscle flesh. "Bread" may come from *brede* 'roasted meat'.
For other uses, see Swift (disambiguation).

Swifts in action
The **swift** is a bird in the family **Apodidae**. It is in the order Apodiformes with treeswifts and hummingbirds. The swift is very good at flying. It spends all of its time in the air.

The scientific name for the swift (*apus*) comes from the Ancient Greek word απους, *apous* which means "without feet". This is because swifts have very small, weak feet. Swifts use their feet to hold on to vertical places (for example, the wall of a house, or a cliff). Swifts do not want to land on the ground. It is often thought that if they land on ground, they cannot fly up again, but that is not true. They can take off but with difficulty.

Description
-----------

Swifts are small birds. They can fly very well and very fast. Some swifts can fly at 5–14m per second. If a swift needs to fly very fast, it can fly at 60m per second for a short amount of time. When catching insects, they fly in a series of swoops, changing direction rapidly as they pursue the prey. 

Swifts have long, curved wings. The wings are in the shape of a sickle or boomerang. They have a forked tail. This means it looks like a V shape. 

Swifts can be seen all over the world. They like to live in warmer places and they migrate every year. For example, Swifts fly to Europe in the spring and summer. When it gets cold at the start of autumn, the Swifts fly to Africa where it is warmer.

Nests
-----

Swifts make their nests in a corner between two walls. For example, near the roof of a house, or in an area between rocks in a cave. They use mud and saliva (spit) to make a cup-shaped nest. 

There are some swifts which only use saliva to make their nests. These swifts are in the genus *Aerodramus*. In Asia, people take the nests and use them to make bird's nest soup. This soup is very popular in China.
Tamahagane
**Tamahagane** {tah-mah-ha-ga-neh} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word *tama* means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel. The word *hagane* means "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.

Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.

Production
----------

Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called *satetsu* in Japanese). There are 2 main types of iron sands: *akome satetsu* and *masa satetsu*. Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who leads the team at the TATARA is called the *murage*. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.

The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a *tatara*. The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is filled with charcoal and iron sand to start the direct reduction process. 

The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes, alternately with a regular amount of charcoal. 

When the liquid slag is drawn out and the process is finished, the clay tub is broken and the KERA (raw iron block) is removed. The best steel with highest carbon content is near the vents of the blower system, because this is the where the reduction process is strongest. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its breaking structure, but it is important to knowe that there are different types of TAMAHAGANE needed to forge a sword blade.

Related pages
-------------

* Japanese sword schools
* Katana
Paul Rusesabagina in 2006
**Paul Rusesabagina** (born 1954) is a Rwandan humanitarian. He is known for hiding and protecting 1,268 people during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rusesabagina was the assistant manager of the Sabena Hôtel des Mille Collines. Later, he was the manager of the Hôtel des Diplomates. Both hotels are in Kigali, Rwanda. During the genocide, he used his influence and connections with high ranking and important people to protect 1,268 Tutsis and Hutus from being killed by the Interahamwe.

Rusesabagina's story was the basis of the Academy Award winning 2004 movie *Hotel Rwanda* staring Don Cheadle. Rusesabagina currently lives in Brussels, Belgium with his wife, four children and two adopted nieces.

On 20 September 2021, he was found guilty of terrorism-related charges. During the court proceeding, he denounced president Paul Kagame and reported that he had been abducted from exile to stand trial in Rwanda.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Paul Rusesabagina at Wikimedia Commons
***Schefflera actinophylla*** (syn. *Brassaia actinophylla*) is a tree in the Araliaceae family. It is native to tropical rainforests and gallery forests in Australia (eastern Queensland and the Northern Territory), New Guinea and Java. Common names include **Umbrella Tree**, **Octopus Tree** and **Amate**.

The elegant schefflera is popular with people who want a big, tree-size plant. In time it will easily reach seven or eight feet; in its home environment in Australia, it gets to be fifty feet tall.

Much of its appeal as a houseplant comes from the unusual leaves. A leaf is composed of a number of leaflets, all set in a circle around a central stem and stretching out horizontally, like the ribs of an umbrella. Eash leaflet is a pointy oval, size to eight inches long, and rich shiny green.

As it gets older, schefflera loses leaves from the lower part of the stem, increasing its tree shape.

The broad leaves tend to collect dust, and this in turn seems to be attractive to red spider mites. To help keep them under control, and to keep your plant looking its best, keep the leave dusted.

This will accommodate itself to our environment reasonable well. It will accept normal household temperatures, and adapts to different humidity levels. With enough sunlight and clean conditions the schefflera will last a long time.

Gallery
-------

* leaves  in  Hyderabad, India.leaves in Hyderabad, India.
* canopy in  Hyderabad, India.canopy in Hyderabad, India.
* in  Hyderabad, India. in Hyderabad, India.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Schefflera actinophylla***.
The **Paneuropean Picnic** (also spelled **Pan-European Picnic**) was an event that took place on the border between Austria and Hungary near Sopron, Hungary. The event took place on August 19, 1989.

The event
---------

The event was planned to be a peaceful demonstration. Both countries agreed to open a gate in the border fence, between Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland (near Eisenstadt), and Sopronkőhida (Steinambrückl) on the Hungarian side of the border.

The leaders of the time were Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian minister, Imre Pozsgay. The person who did the actual cutting of the border fence was the general secretary of the International Paneuropean Union, Walburga Habsburg Douglas. The gate was to be symbolically opened for three hours.

More than 600 citizens of the German Democratic Republic took the chance to cross into the west once the Iron Curtain was opened. They had been told about the event by its organizers. At that time, the Hungarian border police still had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross the border illegally. However, they acted carefully and did not shoot at the fleeing people, this time.

The number of people who actually crossed the border to enter the west was only a few hundred on that first day. On the following days, the border was watched more closely, due to orders by the Hungarian government. Therefore, a smaller number of people managed to flee then. Hungary opened its borders to citizens of East Germany on 11 September 1989.

Remembering the event
---------------------

Today, the Paneuropean Picnic is seen as one of the important events that led to the end of the German Democratic Republic and the Cold War, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the unification of the two German states. 
The event is celebrated every year on 19 August on the spot where the border was opened.

Today, artwork made by Hungarian artists is at the place where the fence was cut. It shows a partly opened door.

In 1996, a 10 meter statue was built in Fertőrákos near Sopron. It was made by Gabriela von Habsburg. It shows a piece of barbed wire. From far away, it looks like a cross.

Other websites
--------------

* Central Europe Review Archived 2007-08-10 at the Wayback Machine - Hungary remembers the picnic that tore down the Iron Curtain.
* (in German) *Paneuropean Picnic, the end of the division of Europe[*permanent dead link*]* - Shows the event on the website of the Paneuropean Union. Also has images of the invitation fliers.
* (in German) An account of the situation, as seen from the border-town St. Margarethen
***The Cube*** is a British game show that airs on ITV. It is presented by Phillip Schofield. It began on 22 August 2009 and ended on 8 August 2015. The show ran for 9 series.

Gameplay
--------

Contestants play a seven games to win £250,000. Games take place inside of a cube. The contestant is given nine lives. Each time a contestant fails, he lose a life, and must play the game again. If a contestant loses all of their lives, they go home with nothing. Contestants may stop with the money they have so far before any game. Before each game, contestants are shown how to play it by a character named "The Body." A contestant has two helps available. The first one is **Simplify**. This allows a contestant to make a game easier. The other one is **Trial Run**. This allows contestants to play the game without the risk of losing their lives.

### Games

There are seven games per contestant. The last game is a harder version of the game the contestant had the most trouble with. If a contestant wins all seven games, they win £250,000.

Other websites
--------------

* ITV website for *The Cube* Archived 2015-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Palaeontology** or **paleontology** is the study of fossils of living things, and their phylogeny (evolutionary relationships). It depends on basic sciences such as zoology, botany and historical geology. The term **palaeobiology** implies that the study will include the palaeoecology of the groups in question.

In *palaeozoology*, the evolution of those animal phyla with fossil records are studied. In *palaeobotany*, fossil plants are studied. In historical geology the formation, sequence and dating of rock strata give information about past environments.

A fossil is any kind of life that is more than ten thousand years old and preserved in any form that we can study today. The fossil record is always incomplete, and later discoveries may extend the known survival of a group. See Lazarus taxon.

Some palaeontologists study fossils of microorganisms, living things that are too small to see without a microscope, while other palaeontologists study fossils of giant dinosaurs.

* **Vertebrate palaeontology**: the palaeontology of vertebrate animals
* **Invertebrate palaeontology**: the palaeontology of invertebrate animals

Related pages
-------------

* Lagerstätte
* Paleoanthropology
***Planaria*** is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. 

*Planaria* are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. 

*Planaria* are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water. 

The digestive system of *Planaria* consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. 

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. *Planaria* do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move. Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

Video of *Planaria torva*
The **Planck units** are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature. When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1. This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899. 

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called *natural units* because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct. Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

* The speed of light in a vacuum, *c*;
* The gravitational constant, *G*;
* The reduced Planck constant, *ħ*;
* The Boltzmann constant, *k*B (sometimes *k*).

Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: *c* with special relativity, *G* with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, *ħ* with quantum mechanics, *ε*0 with electrostatics, and *k*B with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. 

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as *"God's units"*. They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.

Natural units help physicists to reframe questions. Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

> ...We see that the question [posed] is not, "Why is gravity so feeble?" but rather, "Why is the proton's mass so small?" For in Natural (Planck) Units, the strength of gravity simply is what it is, a primary quantity, while the proton's mass is the tiny number [1/(13 quintillion)]...
> 
> — June 2001 Physics Today

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is.
A **pedal point** (or **pedal note**) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes). They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax. They are called "pedal" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.

Pedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.

A good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the *Prelude in C major* from Book I of the *Well-Tempered Clavier* by Bach.

An example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's *German Requiem*, where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section. Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.

A **double pedal** is two pedal tones played at the same time.

An **inverted pedal** is a pedal that is not in the bass. It is often in the highest part.

Related pages
-------------

* Ostinato
* Drone (music)
* Pedal (music)
***The Frugal Gourmet*** is an American half-hour cooking show. The show started around 1973 at Tacoma's public-TV station KTPS-TV. It was first called *Cooking Fish Creatively*. Later it was renamed *The Frugal Gourmet*. The award winning program was hosted by Jeff Smith.

History
-------

Jeff Smith was the chaplain at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington from 1966 to 1972. In 1965, he taught a cooking class called "Food as Sacrament and Celebration". In 1972, he opened and ran a restaurant called the Chaplain’s Pantry. In 1973, a local PBS television station KTPS-TV offered him his own cooking show, called *Cooking Fish Creatively*. "I had a producer who couldn't produce, a director who couldn't direct, a technician who couldn't tech, and I wasn't so good, either", according to Smith. The show received two Emmy nominations. The show won a 'Best of the West' Award for Educational Television in 1976. After several seasons it was renamed *The Frugal Gourmet*. The name change was suggested by his wife, Patty.

The Frugal Gourmet ran on PBS from 1983 to 1997. It was PBS's most popular cooking show. Smith always wore a blue and white striped apron that became his "trademark". In 1989, during the "Three Ancient Cuisines" run, Smith was joined by Craig Wollam, a professionally trained Chef. Smith met Wollam by accident in a Chicago restaurant and he was hired the next day. He stayed until the show was cancelled in 1997.
For the first seven seasons, the show was produced by WTTW in Chicago. From 1991, it was produced by KQED in San Francisco, and A La Carte Communications.

Format
------

During each show, Smith followed a recipe showing how to prepare a dish. He goes to different places by showing food from many different cultures. The show always ended with Smith saying "Until I see you again, this is the Frugal Gourmet; I bid you peace, bye-bye". Smith would remind his audience that *frugal* doesn't mean cheap. It means that you don't waste money. And *gourmet* means loving good food and wine.

Theme song
----------

The theme music for *The Frugal Gourmet* was the Bourree movement from *Water Music* by George Frideric Handel.

Syndication
-----------

From 1989 to 1997, reruns of earlier seasons of *The Frugal Gourmet* aired on Lifetime. When *The Frugal Gourmet* aired on Lifetime, episodes ran for about 21 minutes to make room for commercials, and several parts were cut. In 1991, GNT in Brazil began airing a Portugal dubbed version of the show entitled *Frugal Gourmet*.

Other websites
--------------

* The Frugal Gourmet -P2- The Italian Kitchen
***The Argus*** was a morning daily newspaper in Melbourne which started in 1846 and closed in 1957. It was a conservative newspaper for most of its history, but in 1949 became more left in its stories.

History
-------

The newspaper was started by William Kerr, a journalist who had worked with the *Sydney Gazette* before moving to Melbourne in 1839 to work on John Pascoe Fawkner's *Port Phillip Patriot*. The first edition was published on 2 June 1846.

The paper was known for its abuse and sarcasm and by 1853 Kerr lost ownership after a series of court actions. It was then published under the name of Edward Wilson. The paper was also linked to the weekly *The Australasian* which was to become *The Australasian Post* in 1946.

During the Great Depression in 1933 it launched the *Melbourne Evening Star* in competition with *The Herald* newspaper, but was closed in 1936.

In 1949 the paper was bought by the London based *Daily Mirror* newspaper group. On 28 July 1952 the Melbourne Argus became the first newspaper in the world to publish colour photographs in a daily paper. The paper had interests in radio and in 1956, the new medium of television broadcasting. It was part of the group *General Telecasters Victoria* (GTV), and the GTV-9 television station. In 1957 the paper was sold to the Herald and Weekly Times group, which had been under the management of Chief Executive Keith Murdoch (Rupert's father) until his death in 1952. The Herald and Weekly Times group used the printing presses, but closed the *Argus* and sold off the broadcasting interests. The last edition was on 19 January 1957.

The Argus Building
------------------

The *Argus* building, built in 1926 on the corner of La Trobe and Elizabeth streets, is classified by the National Trust and is on the Victorian Heritage Register of Heritage Victoria. In 1991, an innovative office building was built next door and named *The Argus Centre*, an award winning building by Nonda Katsalidis. In 2004 La Trobe University bought the site of the old Argus building with the intention to redevelop and house legal and business schools in the building, as well as a ground floor shopping precinct.

Further reading
---------------

* Don Hauser, *The Printers of the Streets and Lanes Of Melbourne (1837 - 1975)* Nondescript Press, Melbourne 2006
* Jim Usher (ed) *The Argus - life and death of a newspaper* Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne 2008 (ISBN 1-74097-143-4)

Other websites
--------------

* Digitised historic *The Argus* from the National Library of Australia
* Digitised historic *The Melbourne Argus* from the National Library of Australia
* The Argus: Special War Edition - 1 May 1915
* *The Argus* Index: 1870-1879
* The Argus Index: 1870-1879. Indexes to *the Argus* for other years
* Argus site to thrive as new La Trobe campus - The Age 5 February 2004
***The Rest of the Robots*** (1964) is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by Isaac Asimov. The stories are all part of the *Robot* series, and follow on from ʽI, Robotʼ. The novels were not included in some published versions.

The stories are as followsː

*Robot AL-76 Goes Astray* (1941).

Robot AL-76, known as Al, is manufactured to do mining work on the Moon, but ends up in a rural part of Earth. It can't find the tool it is meant to use, so builds a better one out of ̼junk it finds in a workshop.

*Victory Unintentional* (1942)

Intelligent life has been discovered on the planet Jupiter. Humans cannot land on the planet because of the powerful gravity and lack of air. They send a spaceship containing three very powerful ZZ series robots. They land on Jupiter, but the inhabitants, known as Jovians, try to attack and kill them. But when the Jovians eventually discover that the robots are too powerful to be destroyed, they decide instead to make peace with humans.

*First Law* (1956)

A robot engineer tells a story about Emma Two, a EM series robot, that abandoned him to die in a storm on the asteroid Titan.

*Let's Get Together* (1957)

An American secret service agent claims that the Soviet Union has developed humanoid robots (they cannot be distinguished from humans), and that they are being infiltrated into the USA. The head of robotics realises just in time that the agent is himself a robot and destroys him.

*Satisfaction Guaranteed* (1951)

Robot TN-3, Tony, is introduced into the house of Claire Belmont as an experiment, by her husband, a robot engineer with US Robots. Tony realises that Claire has very low self-esteem and tries to help, even offering to become her lover and making sure that the neighbours know it.

*Risk* (1955)

Humans have set up an experimental base on an asteroid to build the first spaceship to travel through hyperspace (faster than light). The ship is piloted by a robot, but the experiment fails. An engineer goes on board and discovers that the fault lies with the robot, not the ship.

*Lenny* (1958)

An LNE robot, known as Lenny, is built, but with a fault. It's brain is childlike and it can't speak. Susan Calvin experiments with it and eventually teaches it to speak a few words.

*Galley Slave* (1957)

Robot EZ-27, known as Easy, is placed in a university to carry out a variety of jobs, including proof-reading. A professor of sociology, Simon Ninheimer, claims that the robot changed the text of a book by himself that it was checking. He takes US Robots to court. Susan Calvin is able to prove that Ninheimer set up the text changes deliberately, so that he could ruin the reputation of the Company and the robots they make.

The Caves of Steel (1953)

The Naked Sun (1956)

Reception
---------

Algis Budrys praised the collection as "a fine book of entertainment," but faulted Asimov's extensive annotations, saying they "[suck] the juice out of some very vivacious writing indeed, and [embalm] one of science fiction's most ebullient personalities."