recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Natural disasters in Nigeria** can be referred to as an event in Nigeria leading to the loss of lives and properties as a result of climate change in the country. Natural disasters of a place can be caused by flooding, erosion, insect infestation, etc.

There have been several forms of disasters related to climate change in Nigeria, some of which are flooding, soil and coastal erosion, landslides, tidal waves, coastal erosion, sand-storms, oil spillage, locust/insect infestations, and other man-made disasters. It can be said that the country's under-protected and expansive environment contributed to making the people especially vulnerable to these disasters. Other dangers include northern dust storms, which are usually from northern states to southern states; causing damages through large deposits of dust and dirt from these regions. Hail (Small ice pellets or sleet That is mostly translucent, e.g Snow) is another cause, which rarely occurs in some parts of Nigeria, leading to damage to crops and properties.

Types of Natural disasters in Nigeria
-------------------------------------

This section explains different kinds of disasters that had happened in Nigeria to date.

### Drought

There was a drought in 1972 and 1973 that lead to the death of about 13% of animals in the northeastern part of Nigeria and also an annual agricultural yield loss of about 50%.
The rainfall trend between 1960 and 1990 in northeast Nigeria steadily declined by about 8 mm/year.
Nigeria's most recent drought was between 1991 to 1995
**Flood**
Constant events of flooding in different parts of Nigeria had led to socioeconomic damage, injury, and loss of life.

### 2022 Nigeria floods

The 2022 Nigeria floods affected many parts of the country. Data collected From the Federal Government shows that floods had displaced over 1.4 million people, killed over 603 people, and injured more than 2,400 people. About 82,035 houses had been damaged, and 332,327 hectares of land was also been affected.

### 2021

According to Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency (ADSEMA) On the 11th and 12th of August, two days of uninterrupted rainfall happened in the State, which caused flooding that affected 66 houses and destroyed about 150 farmlands in Lababiri Village in Adamawa State. The incident which also affected 79 communities in 16 Local Government Areas, killed about 7 people and left 74,713 people homeless in the same state.
Logo of the VOC
The **Dutch East India Company** (Old Dutch: *Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie*), or **VOC**, started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years, but it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies, which later became Indonesia.

Founding: 1602-1620
-------------------

In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.

Expansion: 1620-1669
--------------------

In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.

Exploration of Australia
------------------------

Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.
A red-spotted newt (eft stage).   
The bright aposematic colouration warns predators of its highly toxic skin.
**Newts** or *efts* are small amphibia. They are in a subfamily of the salamanders. They are found in North America, Europe, and North Asia.

Life cycle
----------

Females lay eggs and leave them. Tadpoles are born from those eggs.

Newts have three life stages. First as a tiny aquatic larva, which gradually undergoes metamorphosis. Then they leave the water for a year as a juvenile called an *eft*. They go back in the water to breed as adults.

In some species the adults stay in water for the rest of their lives. Others are land-based, but return to water each year to breed.

Defences
--------

Many newts produce toxins in their skin secretions as a defence against predators. They have bright skin colours as a warning to other animals.

*Taricha* newts of western North America are particularly toxic; the rough-skinned newt *Taricha granulosa* of the Pacific Northwest produces more than enough tetrodotoxin to kill an adult human. Recently, a 29-year-old man in Coos Bay, Oregon, who had been drinking heavily, swallowed a rough-skin newt for a dare; he died later that day despite hospital treatment.

Most newts can be safely handled, provided that the toxins they produce are not ingested or allowed to come in contact with mucous membranes, or breaks in the skin. After handling, proper hand-washing techniques should be followed due to the risk from the toxins they produce and bacteria they carry, such as salmonella. It is illegal to handle or disturb great crested newts in the UK without a licence.

Are newts a related group?
--------------------------

The term "newt" has traditionally been used as a functional term for salamanders living in water, and not a systematic unit. The relationship between the genera has been uncertain, though they may be a natural systematic unit. Newer molecular analysis tend to suggest they actually do form a clade.
Newts only appear in one subfamily of salamanders, the Pleurodelinae (of the family Salamandridae).
Some genera occasionally listed as Pleurodelinae are not newts (*Salamandrina* and *Euproctus*).
***Even Stevens*** is a Disney Channel television series about an American family. It is mostly about the fights between a girl named Ren and her brother, Louis. Ren likes doing everything right. Louis likes having fun, even if it means breaking rules and getting in trouble.

Cast
----

* Shia LaBeouf as Louis Stevens
* Christy Carlson Romano as Ren Stevens
* Margo Harshman as Tawny Dean
* Nick Spano as Donnie Stevens
* Tom Virtue as Steve Stevens
* Donna Pescow as Eileen Stevens
* A.J. Trauth as Alan Twitty
* Fred Meyers as Tom Gribalski

Episodes
--------

### Season 1

1. Swap.com

2. Stevens Genes

3. Take My Sister... Please

4. What'll Idol Do?

5. All About Yvette

6. Louis in the Middle

7. Foodzilla

8. Family Picnic

9. Scrub Day

10. Easy Way

11. Secrets and Spies

12. Deep Chocolate

13. After Hours

14. Battle of the Bands

15. Heck of a Hanukkah

16. Luscious Lou

17. Get a Job

18. Movie Madness

19. Strictly Ballroom

20. Almost Perfect

21. A Weak First Week

### Season 2

22. Starstruck

23. Shutterbugged

24. Duck Soup

25. Quest for Coolness

26. Secret World of Girl

28. Thin Ice

29. Head Games

30. Love and Basketball

31. Devil Mountain

32. Wild Child

33. Easy Crier

34. A Very Scary Story

35. Sadie Hawkins Day

36. Sibling Rivalry

37. Wombat Wuv

38. Uncle Chuck

39. The Thomas Gribalski Affair

40. Ren-Gate

41. Tight End in Traction

42. Influenza: The Musical

43. Gutter Queen

### Season 3

44. The Kiss

45. Where in the World is Pookie Stevens?

46. My Best Friend's Girlfriend

47. Your Toast

48. Band on the Roof

49. Little Mr. Sacktown

50. Raiders of the Lost Sasuage

51. Close Encounters of the Beans Kind

52. Short Story

53. Hutch Boy

54. Hardly Famous

55. The King Sloppy

56. Boy on a Rock

57. Dirty Work

58. The Big Splash

59. Beans on the Brain

60. Snow Job

61. Stevens Manor

62. Model Principal

63. Surf's Up

64. In Ren We Trust

65. Leavin' Stevens


| * v
* t
* e
Disney Channel original programming |
| --- |
| Current | 
* *Bunk'd* (since 2015)
* *Raven's Home* (since 2017)
* *Big City Greens* (since 2018)
* *Secrets of Sulphur Springs* (since 2021)
* *The Ghost and Molly McGee* (since 2021)
* *The Villains of Valley View* (since 2022)
* *Chibiverse* (since 2022)
* *Hamster & Gretel* (since 2022)
* *Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur* (since 2023)
* *Kiff* (since 2023)
* *Saturdays* (since 2023)
* *Hailey's On It!* (since 2023)
* *Pretty Freekin Scary* (since 2023)

 |
| See also | 
* 25 Days of Christmas
* Brookwell McNamara Entertainment
* Disney Channel Storytellers
* Disney Television Animation
* Former original series
* It's a Laugh Productions
* DisneyNOW

 |
Letter from Perkin's son, with a sample of dyed silk
**Mauveine** was also known as **aniline purple** and **Perkin's mauve**. It was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered by accident in 1856.

History
-------

Professor Charles Rees—wearing bow tie dyed with original sample of mauveine—holding Royal Society of Chemistry journal named after Perkin
In 1856, William Henry Perkin, then 18, was given a challenge by his professor to synthesize quinine. His professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, was the first director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London.

In one attempt, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate. This failed, but cleaning the flask with alcohol, Perkin noticed the alcohol had turned purple.

The dye turned out to be suitable for silk and other textiles. It was patented by Perkin, who the next year opened a dyeworks mass-producing it at Greenford on the banks of the Grand Union Canal in London.

It was originally called *aniline purple* or *Tyrian purple*, the name of an ancient natural dye got from a mollusc. In 1859, the colour got the name *mauve* in England from the French name for the mallow flower, and chemists later called it *mauveine*. By 1870, the huge demand dropped when other colours were launched in the synthetic dye industry. Mauvine was the first of many.

The structure of mauveine was not fully identified until 1994.
Asano in 2011
**Tadanobu Asano** is a Japanese actor, musician and painter. He was born in Kanagawa on November 27 in 1973. At the age of 16, he played a role in the Japanese famous TV show *Kinpachi Sensei* in 1988. It was the start of his career as an actor. He is also active on social media and has 255,000 followers on Instagram.

Movies and awards
-----------------

His film debut was *Bataashi Kingyo* in 1990. And then, he acted in various roles and appeared in many movies, and thus he has built his career as an actor. His performance is highly appreciated by people not only in Japan but also in overseas countries. He received film awards, for example, the Upstream Prize for Best Actor at the 2003 Venice Film Festival for his role in *Last Life in the Universe* and the award for Best Actor at the 36th Moscow International Film Festival for his role in *My Man* in 2014. He has also appeared in Hollywood's movies. His first appearance in Hollywood's movie was a marvel movie "Thor" in 2011. In addition to that, he acted on *Battleship* in 2012, *Silence* that was directed by Martin Scorsese in 2015, *Midway* in 2019.

Music and painting
------------------

In addition to work as an actor, Asano is also known as a musician. He is a band member of SODA!, which formed in 2013, and he is the vocalist. He paints pictures and posts it frequently on instagram and twitter. In 2018, he held a solo exhibition that introduced 700 of his paintings. And also, he published three books of his paintings "error" in 1999, "BUNCH" in 2003 and "Everlasting Fountain" in 2018. He draws with acrylic paints, crayons and pencils, and draws on the papers and even on the back of the envelopes. His paintings are drawn in many different ways. These look like scribble art, comic books, abstract art and so on.

Fashion
-------

He often posts his outfits on Instagram and WEAR, which is an app that people can watch and post fashion photography. His outfits in photos are almost all casual style, but he coordinates many patterns and colors well-balanced. Moreover, he has his own fashion brand. He is creating clothes that he wants to wear. He changed his brand name to "TADANOBU ASANO" from "JEAN DIADEM."
American Pit Bull Terrier
Pitbull
**Pit bull** is a word used to describe several breeds of dog. This includes the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bully and Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and dogs with a mix of these breeds. In some locations, the modern American Bulldog and Bull Terrier are described as a "pit bull-type dog". Pit bull can also mean dogs that were known as "bull terriers" before the development of the modern Bull Terrier in the early 20th century.

These dogs were bred by crossing bulldog breeds and terriers. Pit bulls are very strong and can pull many times their weight. They were also bred for dog fighting. The place where such dogs fought was called a *pit*. As such dogs can be dangerous, very often a special permit is needed to breed or to own them. Some places or countries may have forbidden their use.

Best Friends Animal Society says pit bulls are good family pets if raised in a loving home and trained well. They say that then they are loyal, intelligent, loving, playful and very obedient pets.

Pediatric trauma experts differ. They say pit bulls should not be around children. Pit bulls cause the most serious dog attack injuries and the most deaths from dog attacks Over 30 countries have varying degrees of laws regulating pit bull ownership. Insurance companies often charge higher premiums for owners of pit bulls.

Citations
---------

1. ↑  Billmire article 2007.
2. ↑  Patterson, et al. 2022.
3. ↑  Golinko, Arslanian & Williams 2016.
4. ↑  Kaye, Belz & Kirschner 2009.
5. ↑  O'Brien et al. 2015.
6. ↑  Bini et al. 2011.
**Marxist economics** is based on the economic theories of Philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories explain the "laws of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism. This theory was used to argue against the middle class theories of economics common at that time. Marx wanted this to be a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, then with communism. Socialism would be a step towards the disappearance of the state, and communism would be, according to Marx, a society where goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."

Marxist used the Labor Theory of Value, which says that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the working class is responsible for the production of all of the wealth consumed by all members of society.

Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as leech-like and unnecessary; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as getting wealth for itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) nececssary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.

Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore incompatible. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in many areas.

Other websites
--------------

* Marxist website
Peanut butter in a jar
Woman preparing Peanut butter in Guinea-Bissau
**Peanut butter** is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: *crunchy/chunky* peanut butter and *smooth/creamy* peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

Health
------

Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, magnesium, folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.

Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

Ingredients
-----------

* Peanuts
* Sugar
* Salt
* Vegetable Oil

Other websites
--------------

* The National Peanut Board
* The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
* The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF) Archived 2010-03-05 at the Wayback Machine (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
* How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Peanut Butter***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Peanut butter***.
Paris-Saclay
**Paris-Saclay** is a technology and science park near Saclay in Île-de-France. It includes research institutions, two large French universities with higher education institutions (*grandes écoles*) and also research centers of private companies. In 2013, Technology Review ranked Paris-Saclay among the top 8 research groups in the world. In 2014, it represented almost 15% of France's scientific research capacity.

The first settlements date back to the 1950s, and the area expanded several times in the 1970s and 2000s. Several campus development projects are currently underway, including the relocation of some facilities.

The area is now home to many of the largest high-tech companies in Europe, as well as the two best French universities, the Paris-Saclay University (CentraleSupélec, ENS Paris-Saclay, ...) and the Polytechnic Institute of Paris (École polytechnique, Télécom Paris, HEC Paris ...). In the ARWU 2020 ranking, Paris-Saclay University is ranked 14th in the world for mathematics and 9th in the world for physics (1st in Europe).

The goal was to strengthen the cluster to create an international science and technology center that could compete with other high-tech districts like Silicon Valley or Cambridge, MA.

HEC Paris
Ecole polytechnique

Other websites
--------------

* Paris-Saclay
***Pterodaustro*** was a pterosaur. It is found in the Lower Cretaceous of South America. *Pterodaustro* most likely fed on tiny invertebrates: zooplankton and krill.

*Pterodaustro* was medium-sized, with an adult wing-span of about two meters. It has only been found in Brazil.

Paleobiology
------------

*Pterodaustro* probably waded in shallow water like flamingos, straining food with its tooth comb, a method called "filter feeding". Once it caught its food, *Pterodaustro* probably mashed it with the small, globular teeth present in its upper jaw.

At least two specimens have been found with gizzard stones in the stomach cavity, the first ever reported for any pterosaur. These clusters of small stones with angled edges support the idea that *Pterodaustro* ate mainly small, hard-shelled aquatic crustaceans using filter-feeding. Such invertebrates are abundant in the sediment of the fossil site

In 2004 a *Pterodaustro* embryo in an egg was reported. The egg was elongated, six centimetres long and 22 millimetres across and its mainly flexible shell was covered with a thin layer, 0.3 mm thick, of calcite.

Comparisons between the scleral rings (bony ring round edge of eye) of *Pterodaustro* and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had similar activity patterns to those modern ducks which feed at night.
A cosplayer dressed up as Rhino.
**Rhino** (**Aleksei Sytsevich**) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a supporting antagonist in Spider-Man comic book series and a minor antagonist in the Marvel Universe. He was a Russian immigrant who was succumbed to radioactive testing, granting him powerful superhuman strength and durability. He was also given a suit of tough, rhinoceros-like armor and horns for even more destructive capabilities. He is mostly on Spider-Man's rogues gallery, but sometimes clashes with Hulk too.

One of Spider-Man's most prominent adversaries, the Rhino has been adapted into various forms of media since his original debut in the Silver Age of Comic Books, including animated television series and video games. He has also featured in Marvel merchandise such as action figures and trading cards.

American actor Paul Giamatti played a version of Aleksei Sytsevich who uses a rhinoceros-themed battle armor, similar to the character's Ultimate Marvel incarnation, in the 2014 movie *The Amazing Spider-Man 2*. He will be played by Alessandro Nivola in the 2024 upcoming movie *Kraven the Hunter*, set in Sony's Spider-Man Universe.
**John Joseph Lydon** (/ˈlaɪdən/; born 31 January 1956), also known by his former stage name **Johnny Rotten**, is an English-American singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols, which was active from 1975 to 1978. There were revivals during the 1990s and 2000s. He is also the lead singer of post-punk band Public Image Ltd (PiL), which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993, and again since 2009. He was recruited because of his outspoken personality, rebellious image and fashion style. Because of their controversial lyrics and disrepute at the time, they are regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music.

Lydon has hosted television series in the UK, US, and Belgium, 2004 appeared on *I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!* in the UK, appeared in advertisements on UK television promoting Country Life, a brand of British butter, written two autobiographies, and produced solo musical work. His first autobiography was called *Rotten – No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs.*
**Subor Culture Development Co. Ltd.** is a Chinese electronics company. The main office is located in Guangdong.

Subor was known for making a clone of the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System), known as the Subor Video Game System. The device was called educational because some people don't like the idea of using the device for recreational reasons. Jackie Chan is a spokesperson for the company.

The console was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. It was a reason for a ban on console games from 2000 to 2015. The company later specialized in other electronic products, such as dictionaries. In 2018, the company demonstrated a new video game system, the Subor Z+. It also invested money into virtual reality devices.

In 2019, Karen Chiu said that Chinese people who played video games as children had nostalgia for the Subor Video Game System that is similar to the nostalgia in Western countries for the actual consoles.

The company went bankrupt in 2020 for a "high consumption" of a some people from the company's head office.
**Lego Ninjago** is a line of sets (video games, television series, and toys) produced by Lego. It is based on the sets of six Ninja: Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Nya, Zane, and Cole, and many other characters from the television series.

Television series
-----------------

See the main article: Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
The television series is about all characters in the land of Ninjago. The television series first aired in 2011. It was a major success and airs on Cartoon Network

The animated television series is based on The Ninja (Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Zane, Nya and Cole) fighting with a number of villains with various motivations.

Toys
----

There are many toys of Lego Ninjago which all are based on the characters. The toys are Lego Ninjago's first success, and have been successful since when the show first aired to when it ended in October 2022.

Vldeo games
-----------

Lego Ninjago video games are usually based on the television series. Lego fortnite games are produced by Lego System A/S. Most Lego Ninjago video games are placed in Google Play.

Related pages
-------------

* Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
* Lego
* Video game
**Bo Derek** (born **Mary Cathleen Collins**, November 20, 1956 in Long Beach, California), is an American actress.and model. Derek is best known for the movie *10* with Dudley Moore and Julie Andrews. She acted in movies by John Derek. These included *Fantasies*, *Tarzan, the Ape Man* (both 1981), *Bolero* (1984) and *Ghosts Can't Do It* (1989), all of which got negative surveys. A widow since 1998, she lives with entertainer John Corbett. As of 2023, she was in semi-retirement, but has made some movie, television and narrative appearances.

Career
------

Derek began her acting career with movies such as *Orca* (1977), and *10* (1979). After the success of *10*, she starred in the movies *Fantasies* (1981), *Tarzan, the Ape Man* (1981), *Bolero* (1984), and *Ghosts Can't Do It* (1989). These movies were directed by her husband John Derek.

In the early 1990s, she worked in comedies and low-budget movies such as *Amour et chocolat* (1992) and *Woman of Desire* (1994, with Robert Mitchum).

Derek reappeared in 1995 in the comedy *Tommy Boy* (1995), as Beverly. After *Tommy Boy*, she worked on several films: *Sunstorm* (2001), *Frozen with Fear* (2001), *Malibu's Most Wanted* (2003), and *Life in the Balance* (2004).

Television
----------

In the late 1990s, Derek began making appearances on television show *The Drew Carey Show*, *Wind on Water*, *Family Law*, *Queen of Swords*. 

In the year 2006 she obtained the role of Maria Gianni, in the drama TV series *Fashion House*.

Filmography
-----------

Movie| Year | Títle | Role | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | *Orca* | Annie |  |
| 1979 | *10* | Jenny Hanley |  |
| 1980 | *A Change of Seasons* | Lindsey Rutledge |  |
| 1981 | *Fantasies* | Anastasia |  |
| 1981 | *Tarzan, the Ape Man* | Jane Parker |  |
|
| 1984 | *Bolero* | Lida MacGillivery |  |
| 1989 | *Ghosts Can't Do It* | Katie O'Dare Scott |  |
| 1992 | *Amour et chocolat* | BJ Cassidy | TV movie |
| 1994 | *Shattered Image* | Helen Allgood | TV movie |
| 1994 | *Woman of Desire* | Christina Ford |  |
| 1995 | *Tommy Boy* | Beverly |  |
| 2000 | *Murder at the Cannes Film Festival* | Thada Pryce | TV movie |
| 2001 | *Sunstorm* | Victoria Warren |  |
| 2001 | *Frozen with Fear* | Katherine Sullivan |  |
| 2001 | *Horror 101* | Miss Allison James |  |
| 2003 | *Malibu's Most Wanted* | Bess Gluckman |  |
| 2004 | *Life in the Balance* | Kathryn Garr |  |
| 2005 | *Crusader* | Nicola Markham | TV movie |
| 2006 | *Fashion House* | Maria Gianni | TV series |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bo Derek***.

* Official website
* Interview with Bo Derek
* Bo Derek on IMDb
* Bo Derek at TV.com
A **beaver** is large rodent. It is *semi-aquatic*: some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers are only found in North America and Europe. In Great Britain, for example, they have been deliberately re-introduced. In Europe, they almost died off, but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia. Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.

Their dams slow down rivers and reduce erosion. The wetlands they create benefit many other species. Special arrangements are needed to let salmon and other migratory fish pass the dams to spawn.

Kinds of beavers
----------------

There are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (*C. canadensis*) and the European beaver (*C. fiber*).

### The American beaver

This beaver is in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico. It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America. The largest rodent of the world is the capybara in South America.

### The European beaver

The European beaver is currently an endangered species. It was hunted almost to extinction. This was done because of its fur, and because of castoreum. Castoreum is made by a gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal. It is used as a tincture in some perfumes

People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered. Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.

Beaver fur
----------

Early visitors that met Native Americans saw them wearing animal skin blankets. The fur on these blankets were good for felting. The Europeans wanted felt hats, and the Native Americans wanted metal: so, fur trading began.

Beaver was the most popular fur for hats. At that time in North America, there were about sixty million beavers. Only the soft inside fur was used for felting. The best time for collecting the beaver's fur was winter, when the fur was thickest. It was also a good time to hunt, since the beaver stayed close to its home in the winter and was easy to catch. The fur trade gave money to the European traders. The Indians who caught the beavers got the metal tools and other high technology items they wanted, until the beavers were mostly gone.

Images
------

* An American BeaverAn American Beaver
* Beavers chopped down this treeBeavers chopped down this tree
* Beaver dam near Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, ArgentinaBeaver dam near Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Castor***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Castor***.

* Ecology of the Beaver Archived 2020-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol
* The romance of the beaver; being the history of the beaver in the western hemisphere, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Illustrated with photographs from life and drawings by the author. Publisher: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott company; London, W. Heinemann 1914 *(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)*
**Cellophane** is a bio-plastic wrapping material. It is a thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose. It has low permeability. That means very little air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water can get in. That makes it useful for food packaging.

Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger.

It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his idea. He added glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had built a machine to make the film. He called the product "Cellophane", from the words *cellulose* and *diaphane* ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year.

Cellulose is treated with alkali and carbon disulfide to yield viscose
DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. One of their chemists found a way to make it moisture proof. The material became hugely popular.

"Cellophane" is a general term in some countries, but in other countries it is a registered trademark.

Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. The transparency helped customers see the quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also largely prevents discoloration of food.
Smith & Wesson M&P 2005 in .40 S&W caliber
**Smith & Wesson M&P** (**M**ilitary and **P**olice) is a series of handguns named after the famous 20th century Smith & Wesson service revolvers. They are designed mainly for military, police and personal defense use. They are offered in calibers including: .22 LR, .380 ACP, 9×19mm Parabellum, .357 sig saur and .45 ACP.

History
-------

In 1852, gunsmiths Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson formed the partnership Smith & Wesson. After having financial troubles, in 1854 they sold the company to a shirt manufacturer named Oliver Winchester. In 1866, Winchester renamed the company Winchester Repeating Arms Company. That same year Smith and Wesson formed the second company called Smith & Wesson, which is still in operation.

Early Smith & Wession M&P Victory model revolver
In 1899, the company produced their now-famous Military & Police pistol. It was a double-action which set a standard for modern revolvers. It also introduced what has become a very popular caliber, the .38 S&W Special.
In 2005, the company introduced Smith & Wesson M&P model pistol. It was the first polymer handgun for S&W. It is available in 9mm and .40 S&W, and as of February 2016, in .45 ACP. It is recoil-operated and uses the Browning-type locking system.

In 2008 the name M&P expanded to became a series of handguns. It includes polymer pistols, (alloy) revolvers and AR-type rifles. The color, with a few exceptions, is usually black.

The M&P line has expanded to include the "Pro-series", "Shield-series" and "Bodyguard-series" guns.

Related pages
-------------

* Personal defense weapon
* Service pistol
* Smith & Wesson
* Smith & Wesson Model 10
* SWAT

Other websites
--------------

* Smith & Wesson M&P M2.0: Making A Great Pistol Even Better—Hands-On Review; YouTube
* Smith & Wesson M&P series
**Caulfield** is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 7 miles south-east from Melbourne's central business district. Its Local Government Area is the City of Glen Eira. In 2006 there were 4790 people living in Caulfied.

The boundaries of Caulfield are Kooyong Road in the west, Glen Eira Road in the north, Glenhuntly Road in the south and Booran Road in the east.

Caulfield is best known as the location of Caulfield Racecourse and the Caulfield campus of Monash University.

History
-------

It is not known why the area was called Caulfield, but it is probably linked with Baron Caulfeild of Ireland. John Caulfield was an early settler in the colony of Victoria. The name Caulfield was in use by 1853, and the early maps always place it somewhere around the racecourse.

The whole area was named the Caulfield Road District in 1857. Caulfield Post Office opened on 1 January 1863 and closed in 1974. Caulfield Junction Post Office opened in 1923 and is still open.

Parks and Open Space
--------------------

Caulfield Park is a large Victorian era garden between by Hawthorn, Balaclava and Inkerman Roads. It has a war memorial, a decorative lake and playing fields for various sports.

Public transport
----------------

Caulfield is one of Melbourne's suburbs most serviced by public transport.

Trains connect the suburb to the city via the major transport interchange, Caulfield railway station at Caulfield East.

Trams service North, South and East Caulfield with route 67 (along Glenhuntly Road) route 64 (along Hawthorn Road), crossing Hawthorn Road at both Balaclava Road and Glenhuntly Road and route 3 near the railway station.

Helen Shardey Archived 2005-08-25 at the Wayback Machine is the Liberal State Member for Caulfield.

Sport
-----

Caulfield has an football team playing in the Southern Football League.

Other websites
--------------

* Glen Eira City Council
* Australian Places: Caulfield
**Abu Sa'id Abd al-Rahman ibn Ibrahim ibn Amr ibn Maymun al-Dimashqi** (Arabic: أَبُو سَعِيد عَبْد الرَّحْمَن ٱبْن إِبْرَاهِيْم ٱبْن عَمْرِو ٱبْن مَيْمُون الدِّمَشْقِيّ, romanized: *ʾAbū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʾIbrāhīm ibn ʿAmr ibn Maymūn al-Dimashqī*; born 170 AH - died 245 AH), commonly known by the *laqab* **Dohem** or **Duhaym** (Arabic: دُحَيْم, romanized: *Duḥaym*), was a Sunni Islamic scholar and judge. He is one of the most renowned scholars in Sunnism.

Biography
---------

Abd al-Rahman ibn Ibrahim was born in 787 CE. He belonged to a family of *mawali* of the Quraysh, thus his *nisba* *al-Qurashī*. He was also known as *Ibn al-Yatīm* (son of al-Yatim), in reference the freedman al-Yatim.

Duhaym was associated with the Awza'i *maddhab* (school of thought). He occasionally visited Baghdad and was deeply respected by the prominent scholars Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Yahya ibn Ma'in. He was either a pupil or teacher of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Amongst Duhaym's students include the renowned Hanbalis Ibrahim al-Harbi and Hanbal ibn Ishaq.

Bibliography
------------

* Hurvitz, Nimrod (2001). *The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety Into Power*. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 9780700715077.
**Richmond** is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is only 3 km (2 miles) south-east of Melbourne's business district. Richmond's population was 26,121 in the 2011 census.

The older suburb has been rebuilt with more expensive houses and stores. This removal of run-down areas started in the early 1990s. Richmond now has many homes for the wealthy that were once warehouses. There are also public housing high-rise flats for the poor and row houses from the Victorian-era. There are also many shops, restaurants and bars. 

Richmond has a popular active Vietnamese living area along Victoria Street. The area is also well known for the illegal drug trade (especially heroin) that happens both in the streets and inside homes.

The Nylex Clock viewed from the MCG footbridge

Transport
---------

Richmond has a train station, called the Richmond Train Station, which has 10 tracks and 10 platforms. The Richmond Railway Station is on the following train lines: Alamein, Bairnsdale, Belgrave, Cranbourne, Frankston, Glen Waverley, Lilydale, Pakenham and Sandringham.

In popular culture
------------------

The 1980s cult punk movie Dogs in Space made by Richard Lowenstein and starring Michael Hutchence was made in Richmond.

Songwriter Paul Kelly's song "Leaps and Bounds" mentions Richmond's 'clock on the silo'. Its real name is the Nylex Clock.
**My Bloody Valentine** are an Irish alternative rock band. The band started in Dublin in 1983 and ended in 1997. In 2007, the band reunited. The band's members are singer and guitarist Kevin Shields, singer and guitarist Bilinda Butcher, bassist Debbie Googe and drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig. 

My Bloody Valentine have released three studio albums. The band's first album, *Isn't Anything*, was released in 1988 and was successful in the independent music scene in the United Kingdom. After touring for its release, the band recorded *Loveless* in nineteen different recording studios from 1989 to 1991. *Loveless* was a success among music critics and influenced lots of other bands. The band stopped performing live in 1993 and tried to record a third album but never finished it. The band broke up in 1997 and reunited in 2007, performing shows around the world. In 2012, Kevin Shields remastered all of the My Bloody Valentine's material on Creation Records and announced plans to release a third album. The album, *m b v*, was released in 2013 and received very strong reviews from music critics. In December 2013 NME magazine put the album at number 29 in their list of 50 Best Albums Of 2013.

The band has changed their members and style of music a number of times. The band had a post-punk and gothic rock sound on their early releases and later used distortion, pitch bending, and digital reverb to create a new style of rock music called shoegazing.

Discography
-----------

| Year | Album | Irish Chart | UK Chart | UK Indie Chart |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | *Isn't Anything* | 49 | 61 | 1 |
| 1991 | *Loveless* | 29 | 24 | — |
| 2013 | *m b v* | — | — | — |
| a dash (—) means it did not appear on the chart. |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***My Bloody Valentine***.

* My Bloody Valentine website
* My Bloody Valentine at AllMusic
* My Bloody Valentine at Last.fm
**Ruth Asawa** (January 27, 1926 – August 5, 2013) was an American sculptor.

Asawa was born in Norwalk, California and was the fourth child out of seven. She attended Rohwer High School in Desha County, Arkansas as she had to evacuate from California due to World War II. Rohwer was a Japanese-American concentration camp at the time. She went to  the University of Wisconsin but could not get a degree because of where she was from. After that, she went to Black Mountain College. Ever since she was a young girl, she showed an interest in art. She even drew in the mud when she was a child. Ruth is famous for making sculptures out of metal wire. "Meandering lines and patterns, explorative variations of the same form or subject, and the most economical way to convey an image and characterize her work." She helped to found SCRAP, a recycling art program. This quote is saying that trying out different patterns and lines is the best way for her to make her work different from other people’s work. Asawa also created the San Francisco School of Arts. Ruth believed that anybody who wanted to could do art and everyone had a part of them which was artistic. "Art is for everyone. It is not something that you should have to go to the museums in order to see and enjoy."said Asawa.
**Alejo Carpentier y Valmont** (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist. He greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba and Paris. Carpentier always said he was Cuban. He traveled a lot, mostly in France, and to Mexico. He sided with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies.

Carpentier studied and understood music. He wrote a book *La música en Cuba* in the music of Cuba. He put in musical themes and literary techniques in his writing. Although Carpentier wrote many types of writing, such as journalism, radio drama, playwrighting, academic essays, opera and libretto, he is best known for his novels. He was among the first to use magical realism. He explored the fantastic quality of Latin American history and culture. 

Carpentier's writing style used the Baroque style which had become popular again. It was called *New World Baroque*. It was a style that Latin American artists took from the European model. Carpentier also brought the Surrealist theory to Latin American literature. Carpentier had parts of Latin American political history, music, social injustice and art in his writings. His writing influenced younger Latin American and Cuban writers like Lisandro Otero, Leonardo Padura and Fernando Velázquez Medina.

Carpentier died of cancer in Paris in 1980. He was buried in Havana's Colon Cemetery.

Major works
-----------

Carpentier's major works include:

* *Ecue-yamba-o!* (1933)
* *La música en Cuba* (1946) (*The Music of Cuba*), an ethno-musicological study of Cuba starting from the sixteenth century, the arrival of European explorers, till the present day of publication, the mid twentieth century.
* *El reino de este mundo* (1949) (*The Kingdom of this World*)
* *Los pasos perdidos* (1953) (*The Lost Steps*)
* *El acoso* (1956) (*Manhunt*)
* *Guerra del tiempo* (1958) (*War of Time*)
* *El siglo de las luces* (1962) (*Explosion in a Cathedral*)
* *El Recurso del método* (1974) (*Reasons of State*)
* *Concierto barroco* (1974) (*Concierto barroco*; English: *Baroque Concert*), based on the 1709 meeting of Vivaldi, Handel and Domenico Scarlatti, with cameo appearances by Wagner and Stravinsky, and fictional characters from the new world who inspire the Venetian composer's opera, *Motezuma*.
* *La consagración de la primavera* (1978) (*The Rite of Spring*; *Le Sacre du Printemps*, ballet by Igor Stravinsky)
* *El arpa y la sombra* (1978) (*The Harp and the Shadow*) dealing with Columbus.

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Carpentier, Alejo |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Cuban novelist |
| Date of birth | December 26, 1904 |
| Place of birth | Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Date of death | April 24, 1980 |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
Sir **Andrew Frank Davis** CBE (born 2 February 1944) is a British conductor.

Andrew Davis was born in Ashridge in Hertfordshire to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence J. (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Chesham, Buckinghamshire, and in Watford. He studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

In 1970 he took his first important job: associate conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).

In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married. Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.

Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992. In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000. In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.

Davis has conducted lots of music. He is especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle. He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a witty speech.

Sir Andrew Davis is not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis

Other websites
--------------

* Andrew Davis at AllMusic
* Sir Andrew Davis official website

|
|  |
| Preceded byBernard Haitink |  **Music Director, Glyndebourne Opera Festival**1988–2000 | Succeeded byVladimir Jurowski |
|
| Preceded byGennadi Rozhdestvensky |  **Principal Conductor, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra**1995–1998 (with Paavo Järvi) | Succeeded byAlan Gilbert |
|
| Preceded byBruno Bartoletti |  **Music Director, Lyric Opera of Chicago**2000–present | Succeeded byIncumbent |

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Davis, Andrew |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | British conductor |
| Date of birth | 1944-02-02 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |