recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Leopold Resch** (11 October 1900 – 18 January 1971) was an Austrian football player. He played as midfielder for SC Wacker Wien and the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Resch began his football career at Wacker in 1913 at the age of thirteen. Apart from a brief interlude with Meidlinger Sportfreunde, he remained loyal to them throughout his entire career. From 1917 on he played in his favorite position of center half for Wacker until 1929. The greatest success was reaching the cup final in 1923.

International career
--------------------

Resch played 16 matches for the Austrian national football team. He debuted on 15 January 1922 in a 3-3 away match versus Italy. His last match was on 20 March 1927 in a 1-2 home loss versus Czechoslowakia.

After his football career
-------------------------

Poldl Resch worked professionally in his father's trucking company. After his football career he owned a Café (Café Resch) on Schönbrunner Straße in Meidling. He found the time to continue working at Wacker. He was both manager and board member and also coach of the club until 1937. During the war he worked in Vienna with the Luftwaffen SV around 1940. After the war he coached the team from St. Marienkirchen/Schärding
World map of **digital television transition** progress:   
      Transition done; all analog signals turned off   
      Transition almost done; most analog signals turned off   
      Transition happening; broadcasting both analog and digital signals   
      Transition has not been planned or started, or is in early stages   
      No digital switchover planned, broadcasting both analog and digital signals
The **digital television transition** (also called the **digital switchover** (**DSO**), the **analog switch-off** (**ASO**), the **digital migration**, or the **analog shutdown**) is when analog television signals are turned off so digital terrestrial television (DTT) can be used instead. This is done because it gives a better picture quality for viewers, lets more channels be broadcast in one area, and is cheaper to run. In some places, digital cable, satellite, or internet protocol television replaced analog television instead of DTT.

This started happening in around 2000 when DTT began being used in many countries. It takes a long time to do, because older television sets could not receive DTT signals, and needed either a new television or a set-top box. During this time, broadcasters keep an analog signal broadcasting until enough people have switched to digital. Berlin was the first city to turn off all analog TV signals on 3 August 2003. Luxembourg was the first country to do this completely in September 2006.
***Crikey steveirwini***  is a species of snail. *Crikey steveirwini* is the only species in the genus ***Crikey***. In scientific terms the snail is a terrestrial pulmonate [en] gastropod mollusc.

Etymology
---------

The snail's scientific name, *steveirwini,* is named after Australian wildlife expert Steve Irwin, who died from a stingray injury in 2006. The genus name *Crikey,* was a favourite interjection of Steve Irwin's. The snail species was named in 2009 by John Stanisic, a scientist at the Queensland Museum. Stanisic was later awarded Certified Environmental Practitioner of the Year 2010.

Habitat
-------

*Crikey steveirwini* is an arboreal species, which means it's lives in trees. It lives in subalpine zone of the Wet Tropics of Queenlands. The Wet Tropics are a group of tropical rainforests in the Great Dividing Range, a mountainous region along the coast of north-east Queensland in Australia. It has been found at altitudes over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), which is unusual for Australian land snails. It has been said that because the snail's mountainous habitats will be among the first places to be affected by climate change, the snail could be useful for monitoring climate change.

Appearance
----------

The small rare snail can reach 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in size. It's shell has a long spire [en], and is creamy yellow with coppery brown spiral stripes.
**Adolf Huber** (5 March 1923 - February 1994) was an Austrian football player. He won the Austrian championship three times with FK Austria Wien. He is, with 151 goals, the clubs` third-best league scorer till today. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Huber started in the Rapid youth team and Straßenbaahn Wien. On 23 January 1939, the day of Sindelar's death, he came to FK Austria Wien. His debut in the Austria team was successful on 26 July 1941 with seven goals in a friendly match against Helfort. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in April 1942 and was initially stationed in Klagenfurt and from September 1942 on at the front in northeastern Europe. He played regularly for Austria from July 1941 to April 1942. From 1943 onwards he played in individual games again, but only until autumn. Then he moved to LSV Markersdorf. 

After the liberation from National Socialism, Austria Wien formed a successful attack formation with Ernst Stojaspal, Ernst Melchior, Lukas Aurednik, Fritz Kominek and Adolf Huber. The Austrian championship was won in 1949, 1950 and 1953 and the ÖFB Cup was won twice. 

After Dolfi Huber had rarly played in 1946/47 and 1948/49 due to injury, his career seemed to be over again in 1954. He ultimately retired from football in 1957.

International
-------------

Huber played 13 matches for the Austrian national football team. He scored 10 goals. His first match was on 22 May 1949 versus Italy. His last one was on 25 March 1953 versus Ireland.

Manager
-------

Huber managed 1. Wiener Neustädter SC, where he won the B league as coach in 1958/59 and was promoted to the A league with the club for the first time. In 1962 he took over FC Wien which he looked after for six years and led it back into the then second division, the Regionalliga East. Following FC Wien he returned to Austria Wien. He was active there in youth work.

Honours
-------

* 3 × Austrian champion: 1949, 1950, 1953
* 2 × Austrian Cup: 1948, 1949
* 1 × Österreichischer Zweitligameister: 1959 (manager)
* 13 matches and 10 goals for the Austrian national football team

Other websites
--------------

* Austria Wien Archiv-profile (German)
**Josef Taurer** (16 November 1883 -1 August 1956) was an Austrian football player from the early days of the sport. He scored the first goal in the Austrian national team's first unofficial game against Switzerland in 1901 and the first goal in the first official game against Hungary in 1902. He played as Forward mainly for Wiener AC.

Career
------

Josef Taurer began his career as a football player in 1897 for "Jugendhort". The team included future national players Josef Fischer, Gustav Huber and Johann Studnicka. 1897 Jugendhorst joined WAC. With the WAC he won all three ÖFU championships for the Tagblatt Cup. The striker stayed with WAC until 1908. After one season with the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. After his active time he was active as a football referee. In 1922 he became deputy head of the WAC's football section.

International
-------------

In Austria's first unofficial international match against Switzerland on 8 April 1901 he played as a left winger and scored the first international goal in a 4-0 win. In Austria's first official on 12 October 1902 he scored again the first goal in a 5-0 win versus Hungary. His last match was on 9 April 1905 in a 0-0 again versus Hungary.

Honours
-------

* 3 × Tagblatt-Pokal: 1901, 1902, 1903
* 6 matches and 2 goals for the Austrian national football team:1901-1905
**Bill "Goldie" Goldthorpe** (born June 20, 1953 in Hornepayne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played for 16 minor league teams between 1973 and 1984, playing exhibition games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins. Goldthorpe grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, is widely regarded as one of the most infamous hockey enforcers to have ever played the game, a man once dubbed the "wildest, meanest, most unpredictable player in hockey", earning an amazing 1,132 penalty minutes in 194 professional games. He was the inspiration for the character Ogie Ogilthorpe in the 1977 movie Slap Shot. On January 1, 2008 during the 1st intermission of the NHL's Winter Classic outdoor game in Buffalo, NBC showed a 1-minute and 15 second piece on the movie Slapshot and the Ogilthorpe, Bill Goldthorpe connection to Bob Costas. Costas once did radio play-by-play for the Syracuse Blazers (NAHL) in 1973-74, a team that Bill Goldthorpe played on. Goldthorpe is currently a foreman at a construction company in Canada, having held that position in San Diego for several years.

Other websites
--------------

* Goldie Goldthorpe career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
*The Lamentation over the Dead Christ* by Andrea Mantegna. The perspective in this painting is from an angle over the subject, towards his head as he is laying horizontally. The artist uses upward foreshortening to create the correct dimensions to match the angle.
In graphic arts, **perspective** is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It was first invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Landscape paintings have a horizon line. This line represents objects that are infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, like objects on the Earth's horizon. Changing the height of the horizon level changes the view point for the picture. A person lying on the ground and looking up would have a different view to a person on a ladder looking down.

Basic concept
-------------

Satire on false perspective by Hogarth.
Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye. It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window. Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Perspective drawings***.

* Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine at Mathematical Association of America
* Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting Archived 2011-03-07 at the Wayback Machine at Southampton Solent University
* Mathematics of Perspective Drawing
**Molecular cloning** is a type of work in molecular biology. It is used to assemble **recombinant DNA** molecules, and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word *cloning* means a DNA molecule from a single living cell is used to make a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning methods are central to many areas of modern biology and medicine.

Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for multiplying (replicating) the **recombinant DNA**. 

In a molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is got from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to get smaller DNA fragments. These fragments are then joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of *E. coli* bacteria). This produces a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are "transgenic" or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO).

This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, *recombinant DNA* refers to DNA molecules, while *molecular cloning* refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.

History
-------

The idea of using molecular cloning to produce recombinant DNA was invented by Paul Berg, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980, jointly with Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger.
**Para-Nordic skiing** is a type of skiing for people with disabilities. It includes two sports. They are cross country skiing and biathlon. Both sports are for blind people and people with physical disabilities.

Biathlon
--------

Biathlon uses the same rules created by the International Biathlon Association (IBU). Some changes have been made to the rules by the International Paralympic Nordic Skiing Committee (IPNNC).

Biathlon is two sports combined. These sports are shooting and cross country skiing. Biathlon has several types of races. They are 7.5 km, 12.5 km, and pursuit. During the race, people shoot their guns two to four times. Each time they shoot, they take five shots. Depending on the competition, there are two different consequences for missing. They may get a points penalty. They may have to ski a penalty distance.

Blind people and people with physical disabilities compete in the biathlon. People with physical disabilities are separated into two groups. These are standing skiers and sitting skiers.

Blind people use a special electro-acoustic firing system. Their helmets have a wireless connection with their weapons. Using their headphones, they can locate the target. The closer their weapon is aimed at the target, the louder the sound.

Cross country skiing
--------------------

The rules for cross country skiing are similar to the ones created by International Ski Federation (FIS). They have been modified by the International Para Nordic Skiing Committee (IPNNC). Blind people and people with physical disabilities compete in cross country skiing. People with physical disabilities are separated into two groups. These are standing skiers and sitting skiers. People with physical disabilities who ski while standing are classified from LW2 to LW9. People with physical disabilities who use a sit ski are classified from LW10 to LW12. People who are blind are classified from B1 to B3. People who are blind use a guide skier. Guide skiers tell a blind skier which direction to ski.

Because people with different types of disabilities ski against each other, a system has been created to make the results more fair. The person with the best time does not always win. Instead, the finishing time is multiplied against a percentage. The percentage is based on how difficult a person's disability makes it to ski. The time multiplied by the percentages gives a new time result. This new time is used to determine who wins a race.
Ferruccio Busoni
**Ferruccio Busoni** (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.

His life
--------

Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy. His parents were both musicians. His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano. They were often touring when Ferruccio was young. He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.

Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna. The composer Franz Liszt heard him. He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.

For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.

In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed. He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists. 
He wrote a book called *Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music*. He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition. He thought that music was "born to be free". His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.

During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition. 

Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.

Music
-----

Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern. He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal. A lot of it is based on music of the past. He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His *Piano Concerto* is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes). The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".

Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra *Turandot* which he made into an opera, and his opera *Doktor Faust* which he had not finished when he died. It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.

Recordings
----------

Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.
Drawing of IJN Superbattleship Yamato
The **Yamato** was a Japanese super battleship that served in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Along with its sister ship, the Musashi, they were the largest battleships ever built.

Super battleship
----------------

Yamato was built at Kure, Japan. She entered service on 16 December 1941. It was one of five planned super battleships although only two were built: Yamato and Musashi. The allies had no clue Japan had built these monsters until they were first spotted.

Yamato was huge, even by the standards of todays warships and displaced 62, 315 tons. Yamato had nine 18-inch guns which were the largest in the world at the time. She was 263 metres (863 ft) long. Yamato's armor was 460 millimetres (18 in) thick. Her guns were her most feared weapons. They fired shells that weighed 3,200 pounds each (the size of a compact car!). They had a range of 44 kilometres (27 mi). Yamato was designed to fight and destroy US battleships. But it never faced one in battle.

1941 – 1945
-----------

In the 1920s and 1930s the battleship was the ultimate power in naval warfare. But the Japanese, by their attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 proved aircraft carriers were now the most powerful weapon. This meant battleships were already out of date. When the war started, Yamato was the flagship of the Combined Fleet commander Isoroku Yamamoto. It spent much of 1942 defending Japanese shipping out of Truk. Torpedoed by a US submarine in 1943 it was under repair until 1944. Because attack from the air was now the main threat, Yamato was fitted with additional anti-aircraft guns. In June 1944 Yamato took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In October Yamato was in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. During the battle she fired her guns at US escort carriers thinking they were full sized carriers. She was attacked by several US destroyers and received some damage. Returning to Japan in November she was again fitted with more anti-aircraft guns. By then Japan no longer had the resources to keep Yamato operating. In 1945, Yamato left for Okinawa as part of the suicidal Operation Ten-Go. It was an effort to attack US ships supporting the Battle of Okinawa. But, off the coast of Kagoshima, it was sunk by U.S. aircraft on 7 April.

After The War
-------------

After the war, the Yamato became a fascinating subject in Japan and elsewhere. In 1985 her wreckage was located under 340 metres (1,120 ft) of water. It lies on the seabed broken into two sections. The name Yamato lives on in the anime series Space Battleship Yamato.

Other websites
--------------

* NOVA; Anatomy of the Battleship Yamato
* Sinking of Yamato (April 7, 1945)


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Japanese battleship Yamato***.
**Muni** is a 2007 Tamil horror comedy film written and directed by Raghava Lawrence who also plays the lead role. Vedhicka, Rajkiran, Kovai Sarala and Rahul Dev played supporting roles in the film.The film released on 9 March 2007 along with a Telugu dubbed version of same name. This film gained average reviews and average box office collections. This movie is the 1000th movie of actor Vinu Chakravarthy..

Story
-----

The story revolves around Ganesh (Raghava Lawrence)who has fear of ghost and his family in a haunted house. Ganesh always fears to move out of the house after 6pm due to his fear. Unknowingly his father(Vinu Chakravarthy) buys a house where Muni, a person was murdered long ago. His ghost was also moving around the house. Muni enters Ganesh's body and Ganesh starts behaving in a rude manner, his family could not understand why his behavior is weird so they seek the help of a priest (Nassar). Priest asks the ghost about his own flashback. The ghost says that he is Muniyaandi (Rajkiran) and starts saying his flashback.

Muniyaandi was a kind-hearted poor man living in the slums with his daughter and other people. Muni's friend is Marakka Dhandapani MLA (Kadhal Dhandapani) uses him to win in elections. The MLA promises that he would give lands to the poor villagers. Dhandapani wins the election but he cheats Muni and the villagers. Muni fights with Dhandapaani but he kills both him and his daughter. Dhandapani lies to the villagers saying that Muni and his daughter had moved with the money he had given him for the welfare of the villagers.

Ganesh with ghost in him, enters Dhandapani's household and scare him and his assistants. Dhandapaani comes to know that the ghost of Muni is inside Ganesh's body so he gets a shaman (meaning:healer) (Rahul Dev) to save his life. Muni agrees to leave Dhandapani if he tells the true to the villagers and give them the money. He tells the true and gives the money. But Dhandapani was planning to get back all his money from the villagers. Ganesh upon hearing this kills Dhandapaani, but acts like as Muni's ghost killed him. The shaman knewing that Ganesh killed him and not the ghost, didn't tell the truth seeing the injustice made by Dhandapani.

Box office
----------

The film earned (grossed) around Rs. 15 crore worldwide and became a commercial success.

Muni series
-----------

Success of this film led to a horror comedy film series by Raghava Lawrence. He made two more films from this series named Muni2: Kanchana and Muni3: Kanchana 2. These became a present trendsetter in the Tamil cinema. These two film are also commercially successful and became mass hit films.
**Vimto** is a sweet drink created in 1908 in the centre of Manchester by Noel Nichols of Blackburn, Lancashire (1883–1966). He was a wholesaler of herbs, spices and medicines. There was a market for soft drinks because of the temperance movement and the 1908 Licensing Act. It was first sold under the name Vim Tonic, which he shortened to Vimto in 1912. It was registered as a health tonic or medicine, and then re-registered in 1913 as a cordial. In 1910 the business moved to a warehouse at Chapel Street, Salford, then to Old Trafford (1927) and finally (1971) to a state of the art plant in Wythenshawe.

From the 1990s to 2003, Vimto print advertisements used the cartoon character Purple Ronnie, along with slightly rude poems by Giles Andreae, the creator of Purple Ronnie. In 2003, Purple Ronnie was dropped, and a new creative direction was adopted, revolving around the benefits of 'Shlurpling the Purple'. This, in turn, led to the launch in 2006 of Billy and his Dad's Pants – a modern-day morality story in which, despite turning up at the swimming pool with his Dad's pants in the middle of his rolled up towel, Billy wins out with ingenuity and humour. The theme tune 'Dad's Pants' become something of a cult classic, and was based on the Loudon Wainwright III song, "Dead Skunk". A sculpture entitled "A Monument to Vimto" (1992), carved out of an oak tree by Kerry Morrison, is on Granby Row in central Manchester. The sculpture commemorates the fact that Vimto was originally produced on the site.
***Hōjōki*** (方丈記, literally "square-*jō* record"), translated as *An Account of My Hut* or *The Ten Foot Square Hut*, is an important and popular short book of the early Kamakura period (1185–1333) in Japan. It was written in March 1212 by Kamo no Chōmei.

The book outlines the Buddhist concept of impermanence (*mujō*). It does so through the description of various disasters such as earthquake, famine, whirlwind and fire that happened to the people of the capital city Kyoto.

The author Chōmeihad been a court poet and a player of the biwa and koto in his youth.. In his fifties, he became a Buddhist monk and moved farther and farther into the mountains. He ended up living in a 10-foot square hut located at Mt. Hino.

The book has been classified both as part of the zuihitsu genre and as Buddhist literature. The book is considered as a Japanese literary classic. It is part of the Japanese school curriculum.

Other websites
--------------

* Hōjōki, original text at Aozora Bunko (in Japanese)
* English translation of Hōjōki by Robert N. Lawson in 2001, on Washburn University website
* Hojoki (Eremitorium): Latin Translation, by Alexander Ricius
* Reception of Hōjōki with a focus on Sōseki's English translation, by Gouranga C Pradhan
* Chasing a Recluse: Kamo no Chōmei
W. S. GilbertArthur Sullivan
**Gilbert and Sullivan** were two men who worked together during the late 19th century to write fourteen well known comic operas. W.S. Gilbert wrote the words to the operas, while Arthur Sullivan was the composer who wrote the music.

Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that influenced the development of musical theatre in the 20th century. The operas have also influenced political discourse, literature, film and television. Their operas are still commonly performed today, and some have been turned into movies. Many of the operas are very funny, and the songs are often parodied.

Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and helped their collaboration. He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works, and founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted their works for over a century.

Operas
------

* *Thespis*, or *The Gods Grown Old* (1871)
* *Trial by Jury* (1875)
* *The Sorcerer* (1877)
* *H.M.S. Pinafore*, or *The Lass That Loved a Sailor* (1878)
* *The Pirates of Penzance*, or *The Slave of Duty* (1879)
* *Patience*, or *Bunthorne's Bride* (1881)
* *Iolanthe*, or *The Peer and the Peri* (1882)
* *Princess Ida*, or *Castle Adamant* (1884)
* *The Mikado*, or *The Town of Titipu* (1885)
* *Ruddigore*, or *The Witch's Curse* (1887)
* *The Yeomen of the Guard*, or *The Merryman and his Maid* (1888)
* *The Gondoliers*, or *The King of Barataria* (1889)
* *Utopia, Limited*, or *The Flowers of Progress* (1893)
* *The Grand Duke*, or *The Statutory Duel* (1896)
**Desiccation** is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. 

A **desiccant** is a hygroscopic (water-attracting) substance that causes desiccation in a moderately sealed container.

Biology
-------

**Desiccation tolerance** refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions. 

Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioural adaptations are necessary to ensure survival. In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and so have a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation. 

Desiccation resistance in insects is generally measured by the change in mass during dry conditions. The overall mass difference between measurements before and after aridity exposure is attributed to body water loss.

### Extreme cases

**Cryptobiosis** refers to the state of an organism that has no detectable metabolic activity, resulting from extreme and unfavorable environmental conditions.   
**Anhydrobiosis** refers to the state of surviving the loss of (almost) all body water.

#### Tardigrades

Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water.

#### Rotifers

Rotifers are specialists at living in habitats where water dries up regularly. 

The Monogononta, which have males, produce fertilised 'resting eggs' which can resist desiccation (drought) for long periods.

The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as *cryptobiosis*. Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years. After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water.
Electric hair clippers
**Hair clippers** are tools used to cut hair very short and close to the scalp. Similar tools are used to cut wool from sheep. 

Hair clippers have two rows of small comb-like blades which move back and forth very fast. The clippers are moved so that the blades cut the hair as it passes through it.

History
-------

Old (non-electric) hair clippers
Manual clippers were invented between 1850 and 1890 by Nikola Bizumic, a Serbian barber, and the hairstyles became popular amongst boys and men in school, prison, and the military.

Leo J. Wahl invented the first electric hair clipper. He first designed a hand-held massager for his uncle, Dr. Frank Wahl. Frank Wahl opened a manufacturing plant in Sterling, Illinois to produce and sell Leo’s massager. During this time, Leo would sell massagers to various barbers and noticed an opportunity to improve upon the tools barbers were using at the time.

Use
---

A buzz cut, a hairstyle where the hair is cut using clippers
Modern electric clippers often come with "guards". The guards can be attached to the blade to determine how short the hair will be cut. The largest guard is often a #8, which leaves the hair an inch long (25mm). The smallest guard is a #1, which cuts the hair to 3mm. When there is no guard, the clipper completely shaves the hair.

Clippers are often used for men's haircuts as well as cutting facial hair. A popular men's hairstyle is a **buzz cut**, in which the hair all over the head is shaved very short using clippers. Buzz cuts are often used in the military for various reasons. Many young boys and teenage boys are given buzz cuts as well because they are easy haircuts to take care of.
**Dotdash Meredith** (formerly **The Mining Company**, **About.com**, **Dotdash**) is an American digital media company that publishes articles and videos about various subjects across categories including health, home, food, finance, tech, beauty, travel and education. It operates brands including Verywell, The Spruce, The Balance, Investopedia, Lifewire, TripSavvy and ThoughtCo. The digital media company changed its name to Dotdash in 2017.

In 2001, the company was fully integrated into Primedia (now known as Media Central). Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, Dotdash has undergone several changes in ownership and branding. In 2005, the New York Times bought About.com for $410 million. However, in 2012, IAC bought the website for $300 million from The New York Times Company.

In 2013, the site’s content was divided into separate topic pages, each of which became a standalone website. The company changed its name to Dotdash in 2017 to reflect this change. As of 2020, Dotdash is one of the largest publishers online, and its brands are among the fastest-growing in their respective categories.

On October 6, 2021, Dotdash bought Meredith's magazine and other non-broadcast assets (including the former Time Inc. assets) for $2.7 billion, forming the new entity called Dotdash Meredith. The transaction was made final on December 1.
The **2024 Delaware gubernatorial election** will be held on Tuesday, November 5, 2024, to elect the governor of Delaware. Incumbent Governor John Carney will be term limited through the state's constitution and cannot run for reelection to a third term.

Background
----------

### Eligibility and requirements

Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

* be a citizen of the United States for at least 12 years
* be at least 30 years old.
* be a permanent resident of Delaware for at least six years.

The state's constitution forbids anyone from being elected governor more than twice.

Possible debate topics
----------------------

### Abortion

The *Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization* decision in June 2022, which overturned the 1973 *Roe v. Wade* decision and permitted U.S. states to fully ban abortion for the first time in over 50 years, has made abortion a more possible issue. In the 2024 election, the topic of abortion is expected to play a major role in the Republican Party.

### Crime

Due to mass shootings increasingly surging in the United States, the Democratic Party and President Joe Biden has advocated for an assault weapons ban. This is most likely a major campaign topic to play out in both parties.
**La Liga Filipina** was a political group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in the Philippines. The aims were:

* To unite the whole archipelago into one society with equality for Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
* Mutual protection in every want and need;
* Defense against all violence and injustice;
* Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
* Study and application of reforms.

Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 7, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.

After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.
**The Chadian orphan children scandal** was about six French citizens from the aid group L'Arche de Zoe. On October 26, 2007, they were about to fly 103 Sudanese children to France from Chad. Chadian authorities claimed that the children were not orphans from Darfur in Sudan, but children from Chad with parents still alive. For that reason, the six workers were arrested in an airport on October 26, 2007. On December 21, they stood trial for kidnapping of 103 children. Chad's interior minister, Ahmat Bachir, said that the French suspects could face up to 20 years of hard labour in a Chad prison if they are convicted. The six suspects started a hunger strike in protest against the Chad court and the charges brought against them. On December 26, 2007, the six French aid workers were sentenced to eight years with hard labour in prison by a court in Chad. The French prime minister promised to talk with the Chadian government to try to bring the six aid workers back to France. In that case, they would have to serve their eight-year prison sentence in France.

Other websites
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* Zoe's Ark workers get hard labor
* French nurse falls ill during trial in Chad[*permanent dead link*]
* French aid workers were 'saving lives,' not kidnapping: lawyer
* Chad charges aid workers with kidnapping
**Élisée Reclus** (March 15, 1830–July 4, 1905), also known as **Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus**, was a French geographer and anarchist.

Biography
---------

He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children. His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.

After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the *Revue des deux mondes*, the *Tour du monde* and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.

In 1867–1868 he published *La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe*, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the *Cri du Peuple* an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5. On November 16, he was sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed to a ban as an exile.

Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.

In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.

After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.

Some articles wrote by Reclus:

* Nouvelle Géographie Universelle - Nuova Geografia Universale (1875- 1894 ).
* La Terre, description des phénomènes de la vie du globe (1867-1868).
* Histoire d'une montagne (1872).
* Histoire d'une ruisseau (1876).
* L'Homme et la Terre - (postum) in (1905).

Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.

Related pages
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* Anarchism in France
* Onésime Reclus, his brother

Other websites
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* Élisée Reclus, le site Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Reclus at the Anarchy Archive
Papyrus LXX Oxyrhynchus 3522
The **Papyrus LXX Oxyrhynchus 3522**, (signed as **P.Oxy.L 3522**: Rahlfs 857) – is a small fragment of the Greek Septuagint (LXX) written on papyrus. It is a scroll. This manuscript was discovered at Oxyrhynchus, about160 kilometres (99 mi) south of Cairo. It has been catalogued with the number 3522. Palaeographically it has been dated to the 1st century CE.

Description
-----------

This fragment contains Job 42,11-12, and the tetragrammaton in paleo-Hebrew (). According to Philip Wesley Comfort, YHWH was written from right to left.

### Greek text

Greek text according to A. R. Meyer:

κ]αι εθαυμασαν οσα επ[ηγα  

γε]ν ο  επαυτον εδ[ωκε  

δε ]αυτω εκαστος αμναδα μι  

αν] και τετραχμον χρυσουν  

α]σημον ο δε ‎‎ ευλογη  

σ]εν τα εσχατα ϊωβ η τα [εμ  

π]ροσθεν ην δε τα κτ[ηνη  

αυτου προβα]τα μυρια[ τε

Location
--------

The manuscript is kept in the Papyrology department of the Sackler library in Oxford as (P.Oxy.L 3522).
Τhe absorption bands of Earth's atmosphere (grey colour) delimit its atmospheric windows (middle panel) and the effect they have on both downgoing solar radiation and upgoing thermal radiation emitted near the surface is shown in the top panel. The individual absorption spectra of major greenhouse gases plus Rayleigh scattering are shown in the lower panel.
An **atmospheric window** is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the atmosphere of Earth. The optical, infrared and radio windows are the three basic atmospheric windows. The Sun's electromagnetic energy reaches the Earth through the atmospheric windows. The Earth's thermal radiation leaves its atmosphere through the windows. Atmospheric windows are useful for astronomy, remote sensing, telecommunications and other science and technology applications.

In the study of the greenhouse effect, *atmospheric window* often means the *infrared window*, because the infrared window is the main exit for the thermal radiation emitted near the surface of the Earth. In other fields of science and technology, such as radio astronomy and remote sensing, "atmospheric window" is used to describe windows of the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
**Lifeline** is a non-profit organisation that provides free, 24-hour telephone support to people in need. Lifeline Assistance do not make any profit.  

A Lifeline Assistance called Volunteer Crisis Supporters provides suicide prevention services (trying to persuade people not to kill themselves) and mental health support (helping with depression and other issues). They help people not only by telephone but face-to-face too and online.

Most people that work at the Telephone Lifeline work for free. They are called volunteers. They are very well trained to help people with any problems. More than 400,000 calls are served by the Lifeline Assistance every year.Some Lifeline Centres also provide other support services that may have group support, assistance with food & bills and support for the old people.

Lifeline has more than 260 retail outlets around Australia that sell clothes and furniture to make enough money to pay for training and office space they use. Some Lifeline Centres have few stores which helps them with day-to-day spending. Some lifelines can provide people in need with free mobile phones thanks to government grants.

The 2010 report recorded 2,361 deaths by suicide in Australia, 480 more deaths than in 2007.
**Jollibee** is a fast-food chain brand in the Philippines. Jollibee has over 1,200 branches around the world. The restaurant mainly sells fried chicken and hamburgers. The company has 270 international branches in the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, Macau, Brunei, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Jollibee is also the name of the mascot of the brand, who is a red bee.

History
-------

Jollibee started out in Manila in the late 1970s, and by the mid 1980s, they were dominating the local market. Jollibee opened their first international branch in Singapore in 1984 and their first US location in Daly City, California in 1988. There are now over 1,200 Jollibee locations world-wide, mostly in areas with a large Filipino population. Jollibee was started by Tony Tan Caktiong, the son of immigrants from southeast China, who rose from humble beginnings to become self-made billionaire and Jollibee, a fast-food brand recognized world-wide, has become a Filipino success story.

Other websites
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* Official website
The **Boston Red Sox** are an American baseball team from Boston, Massachusetts that play in Major League Baseball. They have nine World Series championships, most recently in 2018. The Red Sox are a member of Major League Baseball's American League East Division and of the American League itself. The Red Sox have played at Fenway Park since 1912

Boston Red Sox cap logo
One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Boston in 1901. They had no real nickname, but were often called the Boston Americans because they played in the American League. Their first home field was the Huntington Avenue Grounds. They met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first modern World Series, and defeated the Pirates in an upset.

In 1907, the Boston National League team stopped using red as their team color. The Americans team color had been blue. The next year, 1908, the Americans adopted red as their color, and officially became the Boston Red Sox.

In 1918, the team won its fifth World Series, and then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018; they won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1946, 1967, 1975, and 1986.

The Curse of the Bambino
------------------------

Many thought their championship drought between 1918 and 2004 was caused by the "Curse of the Bambino", said to have been caused by the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1920. The drought was ended, and the "curse" reversed in 2004, when the team won their sixth World Series Championship. 

To get to the 2004 World Series, they beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series; they lost the first three games to the Yankees, but then, facing elimination, they won the next four games and thereby won the ALCS. That was, and still is, the first and only time an MLB team has won a seven-game playoff series after losing the first three games. 

After the ALCS, the Red Sox swept the St. Louis Cardinals to win their first World Series since 1918 (86 years) in 2004.

Other facts
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They share a large and very famous rivalry with the New York Yankees. They also share a notably smaller rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rays because of the 2008 American League Championship Series and because of various on-field fights and disputes.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Boston Red Sox***.

* "Official" Red Sox Nation Website
* The Remy Report Archived 2007-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Jerry Remy's Sox Page
* Boston Red Sox official website