recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Émile Verhaeren by Stefan Zweig (1914)
**Emile Verhaeren** (21 May 1855 – 27 November 1916) was a Belgian poet. He wrote in the French language. He is one of the chief founders of the school of Symbolism.

At the age of eleven, he was sent to a strict boarding school in Ghent run by Jesuits - The Jesuit College of Sainte Barbe. He then went to study law at the University of Leuven. He did his first writing here in a student paper. 

Having gained his law degree, he became a trainee (1881–1884) with Edmond Picard. Picard was a renowned criminal lawyer, who also was involved with the Brussels artistic scene. Verhaeren tried only two cases in a courtroom before deciding to dedicate his life to poetry and literature.

He soon became the spokesperson for the artistic revival at the turn of the century. He enjoyed the works of the painters of the artistic circle "Les XX". He wrote many articles in *La Jeune Belgique* and *L'Art Moderne*. His articles brought many promising young talents, such as James Ensor, to the attention of the public.

Through these articles, he became a lifelong friend of Belgian painter Théo van Rysselberghe.

Verhaeren was one of the most prolific poets of his time. His first collection of poems "*Les Flamandes*" was published in 1883. It was an immediate success in some settings. But it caused a great deal of controversy in Catholic circles. His next book "*Les Moines*" (1886) was not the success he had hoped for. 

On 24 August 1891 he married Marthe Massin, a talented artist from Liège. 

He wrote his first play "*Les Aubes*" in 1898. In 1898 he moved to Saint-Cloud, near Paris. By the turn of the century, he had become world-famous. His works were translated into more than twenty languages. 

Emile Verhaeren died on 27 November 1916 at Rouen station by falling under a train.

Principal works
---------------

* *Les Flamandes*, 1883
* *Les moines*, 1886
* *Les soirs*, 1888
* *Les débâcles*, 1888
* *Les flambeaux noirs*, 1891
* *Les campagnes hallucinées*, 1893
* *Les villes tentaculaires*, 1895
* *Les heures claires*, 1896
* *Les visages de la vie*, 1899
* *Les forces tumultueuses*, 1902
* *La multiple splendeur*, 1906
* *Les rythmes souverains*, 1910
* *Les ailes rouges de la guerre*, 1916
* *Les flammes hautes, 1917* [written in 1914]

Other websites
--------------

* Works by Emile Verhaeren at Project Gutenberg


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Émile Verhaeren***.

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Verhaeren, Emile |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Belgian writer |
| Date of birth | 21 May 1855 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 27 November 1916 |
| Place of death |  |
**Giaches de Wert** (pronounce: JYA-kes de VERT) (born Flanders, 1535; died Mantua, 6 May 1596) was a Flemish composer who lived and worked in Italy. He was one of the most important composers of madrigals in the Renaissance period.

Life
----

We know very little about his childhood. Even some of the things about his adult life we are not sure about. He was born in Flanders, possibly in Ghent. When he was a boy he was taken to Italy and he stayed there for the rest of his life.

As a boy he was a singer in the household of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla, near Naples. As a young man he lived in Novellara. He married there, and he had at least six children.

Later he went to live in Milan where he had the job of maestro di capella (music director). He stayed there until 1565. Some letters he wrote during that time have survived. They describe life at the court where he worked.

In 1565 he went to work for the Gonzaga in Mantua and became choir master at the ducal chapel of S. Barbara where he stayed until 1592. A lot of people were jealous of his good job, especially a man called Bonvicino who made life difficult for him. It was then found that Bonvicino was having a love affair with de Wert’s wife, so she had to go back to live in Novellara.

De Wert was becoming a very well known composer. He was offered a job at the emperor’s palace in Prague, but he did not take it. He travelled to work in various places such as Parma and Novellara. In Novellara his wife was found to have been plotting against the Gonzaga of Novellara. She was put in prison where she later died. There were long arguments in the law court about who should have her property. In the end, de Wert was given a third of her possessions, and he was given the right to let his children inherit the money.

He worked in Ferrara where he had a love affair with a lady who was of aristocratic birth. Since he was only a musician he was only a servant, so the lady was sent away from the court.

In his later years he worked for the court at Mantua where the music had become very good because the new ruler, Vincenzo Gonzaga, was very interested in music. De Wert composed music for the theatre. His health became poor. He suffered from malaria during the early 1580s. He died in Mantua and was buried in the crypt at S Barbara.

Music and influence
-------------------

De Wert wrote over 230 madrigals and other secular works. These were later published in 16 volumes. He also wrote over 150 sacred pieces (motets, hymns etc.) which showed how well he could write counterpoint. 

His madrigals were very modern for their time. The music was very daring in the way it described the words. He sometimes used small groups of singers to contrast with one another like a musical conversation. He was a great influence on later madrigal composers such as Monteverdi and Gesualdo.

References and further reading
------------------------------

* Groves Music Online
* Gustave Reese, *Music in the Renaissance*. New York, W.W. Norton & Co. 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
**Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine** (Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine; 15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and a Queen of Sardinia as wife King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. She was a younger sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine.

Life
----

Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine was born at the Château de Lunéville and was the ninth of eleven children of Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans. Her mother was a niece of Louis XIV. 

Her mother wanted her to marry her cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans but the Duke of Orléans refused. As a result Elisabeth Therese was created the *coadjutrice* of Remiremont Abbey in October 1734.

In 1736 her brother the Duke of Lorraine married the Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The already twice widowed Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia asked for her hand in late 1736 and the marriage went ahead. 

The couple married in person on 1 April 1737. Charles Emmanuel III was her first cousin, his mother being Anne Marie d'Orléans – a half sister of her mother Élisabeth Charlotte. The marriage produced three children, only one of whom survived infancy.

Élisabeth Thérèse died at the Palace of Venaria aged 29, having fallen ill with a fever after childbirth. She was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista in Turin. She was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her stepson Victor Amadeus III.

Issue
-----

1. Prince Carlo of Savoy (Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto; 1 December 1738 – 25 March 1745) died young but given the title Duke of Aosta.
2. Princess Vittoria of Savoy (Vittoria Margharita; 22 June 1740 – 14 July 1742) died young.
3. Prince Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) married his niece Maria Anna of Savoy, no children.

Titles and styles
-----------------

Arms as queen of Sardinia
* **15 October 1711 – 1 April 1737** *Her Highness* The Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine.
* **1 April 1737 – 3 July 1741** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Sardinia.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine at Wikimedia Commons

|  |
| --- |
| Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine **House of Lorraine****Born:** 15 October 1711  **Died:** 3 July 1741 |
|
| Preceded byVacantPolyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg |  **Queen of Sardinia**1 April 1737 – 3 July 1741 | Succeeded byVacantMaria Antonia of Spain |
**Fermín IV Caballero Elizondo** (been born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico) is a MC ex Mexican-member of the group of rap Control Machete.

Early life
----------

Fermin was bullied by students in school for having his name which sounds like an artist name which everybody thinks it's funny. He decides to do rap & he found a rap group called Cypress Hill, that's he's influence to make dark rap which his heart feel sad & negative.

Musical career
--------------

His musical training traces back to the adolescence, since some time referred to listen the Hip hop of the United States during this stage, doing allusion to his strong message of inconformity and open criticism to the society in general. From this moment, began to develop a musical project of low profile, called Profuga del Metate; same that shelved when deciding study medicine.

Time afterwards, restarted the music like his occupation and would not be but until 1996 where would debut with the group Control Machete in the Mexican scene.

For the year 2000, the same would leave by understood that would be abandoning Control Machete to devote to a new project as solo under his own name. Event that owed mainly to that Fermín had converteted to the Christianity and would leave the secular field to head to said public.

To the date oficia like shepherd in a Christian congregation of name Seed of Mustard in the Mexico City; nowadays his occupation is Pastor in "Semilla de Mostaza" without leaving the music but changing the thematic of his compositions to preach on The Salvation in Jesus Christ.

Albums
------

### Control Machete

* Mucho Barato (1996)
* Artillería Pesada presenta (1999)
* Solo Para Fanáticos (2002)
* Uno, Dos:Bandera (2003)

### Solitary

* Boomerang (2002)
* Odio/Amor (2017)
* Laberinto (2018)
Ernest Deane
The Military Cross (MC), for extreme gallantry
**Ernest Cotton Deane** (born 4 May 1887 and died 25 September 1915) was a medical officer of the British Indian Army. He was born in the city of Limerick, Ireland. He went to school in Dún Laoghaire (then called Kingstown) in County Dublin. Deane studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, graduating in 1909. He played rugby for Ireland in one match, against England in February 1909. However, his rugby career was cut short after he broke his leg soon after in a game against Oxford University.

Deane became a surgeon at the Adelaide Hospital, Dublin. He was then commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1911. In 1913, he was posted to India and served in Burma. He was sent to Meerut at the start of the First World War. He went to France with the Garhwal Brigade of the Indian Expeditionary Force. They arrived in Marseilles in September 1914. He was then sent immediately to the Western Front. There he served first with the 20th Field Ambulance. Then he served as a medical officer of the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Leicestershire Regiment. His unit saw much active service. On 22 August 1915, he was awarded the Military Cross after running out under machine gun fire to rescue four men who had been wounded by artillery fire. A month later, his regiment participated in the Battle of Loos, and was almost entirely destroyed. He was shot dead after going to help some injured soldiers. His action earned him a mention in dispatches.
The Canadian Trio (left to right: Zara Nelsova, Ernest MacMillan, Kathleen Parlow)
Sir **Ernest MacMillan** (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973) was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.

MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician. He was a child prodigy. He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.

Prisoner in Germany
-------------------

In 1914 he went to Europe. He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation. He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin. He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts. He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera *Mikado* as well as a pantomime version of *Cinderella*. This helped him to get experience in conducting. He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.

After the war
-------------

After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben. From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the *Toronto Conservatory of Music*, later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956. He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.

When he conducted he often took the music very slowly. This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music). He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well. MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people. He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.
Coordinates: 33°S 130°E﻿ / ﻿33°S 130°E﻿ / -33; 130

Map of Australia, showing the Great Australian Bight.
The Great Australian Bight south of the Nullarbor. Credit Jacques Descloitres, Visible Earth, NASA.
The **Great Australian Bight** is a large bight, or open bay. It is off the central and western parts of the southern coastline of mainland Australia.

The Bight's boundaries are from Cape Pasley, Western Australia, to Cape Carnot, South Australia. This is a distance of 1,160 km or 720 miles.

The much more accepted name in Australia for the connected waterbody is the Southern Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean.

The settlements along the coastline with access to the Bight and facilities are Ceduna and Eucla. Some other locations on the Eyre Highway or on the Nullarbor do not have facilities or easy access.

Natural history
---------------

Great Australian Bight
The coast line of the Great Australian Bight has cliff faces (up to 60 m high), surfing beaches and rock platforms, ideal for whale-watching. The Great Australian Bight receives very little of the runoff that fertilises most continental shelves. It is essentially a marine desert. It is probably best noted for the large number of sharks that frequent its coastal waters, as well as the increasing numbers of Southern Right Whales that migrate in the region.

One location on the bight that is for the understanding of the natural history on its coastline is the Eyre Bird Observatory.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Great Australian Bight at Wikimedia Commons
The **ethmoid bone** (from Greek *ethmos*, "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. 

Sagittal section of the skull. Ethmoid bone is labeled with white

Parts
-----

The ethmoid bone consists of four parts:

* the horizontal Cribriform plate (*lamina cribrosa*), part of the cranial base
* the vertical Perpendicular plate (*lamina perpendicularis*), which is part of the nasal septum
* the two lateral masses or labyrinths.

Blows to the head can shear off the olfactory nerves that pass though the ethmoid bone and cause anosmia, an irreversible loss of the sense of smell and a great reduction in the sense of taste (most of which depends on smell). This not only deprives life of some of its pleasures, but can also be dangerous, as when a person fails to smell smoke, gas, or spoiled food.

Additional images
-----------------

* Ethmoid bone from above.
* Perpendicular plate of ethmoid.
* Ethmoid bone (frontal view).
* Ethmoid bone from the right side.
* Sphenoid bone visible center right.
* Side view of the skull.
* The skull from the front.
* Medial wall of left orbit.
* Base of the skull. Upper surface.
* Medial wall of left nasal fossa.
* Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
* Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position.

Related pages
-------------

* Bone terminology

Other websites
--------------

*
**George Elmer Pataki** (/pəˈtɑːki/; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician. He was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995, until December 31, 2006.

Early life
----------

Pataki was born in Peekskill, New York. He is of an Austrian-Hungarian ancestry. After graduating fom Peekskill High School, he entered Yale University in the same year as George W. Bush in 1964 on an academic scholarship and graduated in three years. While there he served as chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union.

Governor of New York (1995-2006)
--------------------------------

Pataki's first job in politics was mayor of his hometown of Peekskill. In 1994 he ran a campaign against Mario Cuomo for Governor of New York. Cuomo was one of the most famous politicians in the country at the time and he was an icon of liberalism in the country. Few people expected Pataki to win, but in a major upset, Pataki won the election.

He served three terms as Governor of New York State. A popular governor, Pataki became most famous for his leadership of the state after the September 11th attacks in 2001. He also focused on creating jobs in the state and creating increased parkland for New Yorkers.

2016 presidential race
----------------------

See the main article: George Pataki presidential campaign, 2016
Pataki had often been mentioned as a possible presidential candidate. In early 2015, he began exploring a candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, and announced his candidacy on May 28, 2015. On December 29, 2015, Pataki announced that he would be ending his presidential campaign. A few days later, he announced his support for Marco Rubio for president. After Rubio dropped out and days before the New York primary, Pataki endorsed Ohio governor John Kasich for the nomination.

Personal life
-------------

Pataki married Elizabeth Rowland in 1973. They have four children: Emily, Teddy, Allison, and Owen.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to George Pataki at Wikimedia Commons

* George Pataki for President
* Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004
A stored-pressure fire extinguisher
A **Fire extinguisher** is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

| Fire Class | Geometric Symbol | Pictogram | Intended Use |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | Green Triangle | Garbage can and wood pile fire | Ordinary solid combustibles |
| B | Red Square | Fuel container and burning puddle | Flammable liquids and gases |
| C | Blue Circle | Electric plug wand burning outlet | Energized (live) electrical equipment |
| D | Yellow Pentagram (Star) | Burning Gear and Bearing | Combustible metals |
| K | Black Hexagon | Pan burning | Cooking oils and fats |
|

There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14 kg. A 2 kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12 kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.

To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked after a certain amount of time. Usually, for fire extinguishers in public buildings, there are laws about this amount of time. 

* Transparent fire extinguishers are used for training
* A 1904 advertisement showing how to use a fire extinguisher
French Constitution of 1791
The **French Constitution of 1791** was the second written Constitution of France. The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution. It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction.

This Constitution said that France was going to have a constitutional monarchy. The biggest disagreement was over how much power the King of France should have in such a system. After very long negotiations, the first Constitution was brought in September of 1791. 

It created a constitutional monarchy. But the king ran away anyways, because he was scared of the Jacobins, who didn't like kings.

The idea of Separation of powers was the basis for the Constitution: The National Convention was the legislative body, the King and the Ministers made up the executive branch, and the judicial branch was independent from the other two. However, the French Revolution still continued after this document was signed. 

The constitution tried to create a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but this did not work out. On 10 August 1792 the monarchy of France ended.

Other websites
--------------

* The Constitution of 1791 Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
**Frank Geleyn** (17 March 1960 – 7 January 2023) was a Belgian children's writer.

Geleyn teached for 40 years French at the Margareta Maria Institute in Kortemark. After his retirement, he became a full time writer. Geleyn wrote nineteen children's and youth books. His books are all published by De Eenhoorn. Some of his books have been translated into Chinese, Korean and Danish. He was nominated several times for awards, including for the Boekenleeuw, the *Young Jury* in the Netherlands and the Flemish *Children and Youth Jury*. His debut work was *Ik Zwijg* in 2003, a youth novel about bullying. There have been published multiple reprints of the book. His last book *Het Net* was published in September 2022. In the book he wrote next to football, gaming and romance about cancer, in specific neuroendocrine tumor, a rare form of cancer that he also had himself.

Geleyn was married, had two married sons and one granddaughter. He died in Roeselare from neuroendocrine tumor on 7 January 2023, at the age of 62.
***Fire and Ice*** is the second book in the first series of *Warriors*: *Warriors: The Prophecies Begin*. It was written by Kate Cary under the pen name of Erin Hunter. The book was published by HarperCollins Publishers on 1 June 2003.

The book takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats, who live in groups called Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors.

Plot summary
------------

Fireheart and Graystripe, warriors of ThunderClan, must go on a journey to save WindClan, which was chased from its territory by ShadowClan. They succeed in doing this.

Fireheart then receives his first apprentice (a cat he must train how to hunt and fight so that it can become a warrior). His apprentice's name is Cinderpaw. On a hunting trip with Cinderpaw and Graystripe, Graystripe falls into a river and almost drowns, but a RiverClan cat named Silverstream saves him. Over time, Graystripe and Silverstream fall in love and meet secretly (which is against the rules the Clans live by), much to Fireheart's dismay.

Tigerclaw, a warrior of ThunderClan with evil plans, sets a trap by a road. He wants Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan, to be hit by a car and die, so that he can become leader. However, Cinderpaw falls for this trap instead, and is hit by a car, which breaks her leg and gives her a permanent limp. She is prevented from becoming a warrior because of this.

Fireheart later reunites with his sister, Princess, who is a house cat that lives with humans. She gives him her son, Cloudkit, who is taken into ThunderClan.

Later, there is a battle against Brokenstar, the former leader of ShadowClan, who was exiled for committing crimes, and some of his followers. Brokenstar loses the battle, and he is blinded and taken prisoner by ThunderClan. It is revealed that Yellowfang, the medicine cat (healer) of ThunderClan, is his mother.

The book ends with a battle against RiverClan and ShadowClan, who have allied in hopes of driving WindClan out again. ThunderClan fights on the side of WindClan. Fireheart is attacked by a RiverClan warrior named Leopardfur, and Tigerclaw doesn't help Fireheart. Fireheart later is unable to fight Silverstream, knowing how much she means to Graystripe. ThunderClan and WindClan win the battle. However, Tigerclaw and Fireheart are now suspicious of each other. Each one suspects the other of being a traitor.
Germanicus
**Germanicus Caesar** (24 May 15 BC – 10 October 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius.

Germanicus commanded the Roman forces in their campaign of 14/16 AD against the Germanic tribes. Three whole Roman legions had been wiped out in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. It was the greatest disaster in Roman military history.

Plans for the revenge were started by the Emperor Augustus, and put into effect by his successor Tiberius. Germanicus had command of eight legions, one-third of the Roman Army. He destroyed the opposing German tribes, and recovered two of the three symbolic legionary eagles which had been lost. He was called back by Tiberius after he crossed the Rhine. The reasons for the recall are not agreed, but Augustus had set the Rhine as the limit of Rome's ambitions in Germany.

Germanicus was given an official triumph. A contemporary calendar gives 26 May as the day in which "Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph". Coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading "Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated".

In AD 18 he was given charge of the eastern part of the empire and fought in Asia and Egypt. Germanicus died in Syria of unknown causes.
The **Estonian alphabet** is based on the Latin alphabet with German influence. Because of German influence, Estonian contains the letters Ä, Ö and Ü. The Estonian alphabet originally has only 23 letters. However, including letters that are used in words borrowed from other languages, it may have 27 letters or 32 letters. They are the same as in English, with the addition of four letters - Õ, Ä, Ö and Ü. These four letters are placed after W and before X in the Estonian alphabet. The letters Š and Ž also exist in Estonian, but they are only used in words borrowed from other languages. The letter Š is placed after S in the Estonian alphabet, and Z is placed after Š in Estonian. The letter Ž is placed after Z. All together the order is as follows:

A B (C) D E *F* G H I J K L M N O P (Q) R S *Š* *Z* *Ž* T U V (W) Õ Ä Ö Ü (X) (Y)

F, Š, Z and Ž are only used in words borrowed from other languages. C, Q, W, X and Y are not used in Estonian, and only occur in names from other languages.

The original Estonian alphabet consists of 23 letters in the order as it follows:

A B D E G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Õ Ä Ö Ü

Including the letters only in loanwords, the Estonian alphabet consists of 27 letters in the order as it follows:

A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Š Z Ž T U V Õ Ä Ö Ü

Including letters not part of the alphabet and from the local alphabet, the Estonian alphabet consists of 32 letters in the order as it follows:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S Š Z Ž T U V W Õ Ä Ö Ü X Y
**Endogamy** is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

Group adherence
---------------

By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.

By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

Biology
-------

If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

Related pages
-------------

* Exogamy
Binchois (right), with Guillaume Dufay
**Gilles Binchois** (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September, 1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: "Binchoys", "Binch" or "Binche" or "Gilles de Bins". He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers.

Life
----

He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier.

Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension.

Music and influence
-------------------

Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse.
**Frank Bridge** (born Brighton, 26 February 1879; died Eastbourne, 10 January 1941) was an English composer, violist and conductor. His music often sounded quite modern to the people of his day. He wrote many excellent works including chamber music as well as orchestral music. One of his composition pupils was Benjamin Britten. Later Britten remembered his teacher by using one of Bridge’s tunes and making them into a piece of music called *Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge*.

Life
----

Bridge was born in Brighton and studied at the Royal College of Music in London from 1899 to 1903. One of his teachers was Charles Villiers Stanford. He played the viola in several string quartets and conducted many orchestras. He learned difficult music very quickly, and sometimes Henry Wood asked him to take his place when he was not well enough to conduct himself. After a while he spent most of his time composing. He privately taught several pupils, including Benjamin Britten, who later helped to make his teacher's music better known and honoured him in his *Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge* for string orchestra (1937), based on a theme from the second of Bridge's *Three Idylls for String Quartet* (1906). 

Bridge died in Eastbourne.

Music
-----

Bridge’s early works show the influence of Johannes Brahms and Charles Villiers Stanford. He wrote some excellent chamber music and songs. The *Phantasie Quartet* and the *String Quartet no 1* show his talent. His later pieces such as the third (1926) and fourth (1937) string quartets have quite complicated harmonies and show his interest in the music of Schoenberg as well as the harmonies of Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin. His most important orchestral works include *The Sea* and *Summer*. He wrote some lovely chamber music for the cello as well as many songs. In his later years his harmonies become quite advanced, for example a favourite chord of his can be found by playing a C minor chord and a D major chord together. In his longer pieces the speed of the music often changes and he avoids repeating himself exactly. 

For a long time after his death his music was hardly ever played, but more recently musicians have discovered the greatness of his compositions. Pianists like to play the popular piano piece called *Rosemary*.
**Freddy West Tjakamarra** (previously **Tjukurti Tjakamarra**; born around 1932 – died 1994) was an Australian Aboriginal artist. He was a leader of the Pintupi people during their return to traditional lands in the 1980s. He was one of the founders of the Kiwirrkurra settlement in 1983. As a painter, West was part of the Western Desert movement, and was one of the very first painters of the Papunya Tula school.

Early life
----------

Freddy West was born in the Great Sandy Desert sometime in the early 1930s. He was born in the Pollock Hills, north of where Kiwirrkura is today, and lived a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle for the first half of his life. He and his family were mostly based along the western shore of Lake Mackay. They often travelled with another group, led by a man named Waku Tjungurrayi. These families became some of the last nomadic groups left in the desert – most other families having been settled in government stations since the 1950s. In 1962, West decided that he would go and join his relatives, who were living at Papunya. This is traditionally Luritja land, but the Pintupi had become displaced here because of weapons tests being done at Woomera. He met some officers of the Territory's welfare department in the area of Dovers Hills, and arranged for them to take him and his family to Papunya in a year's time. In August 1963, West and his family began to walk to Papunya and met the welfare officers on the way. West had two wives: Parara and Payu, who were sisters of the Napaltjarri skin grouping.

At Papunya, West started to paint with Geoffrey Bardon. He became one of the first members of the Papunya Tula school, and a shareholder in the company. In the late 1970s, West campaigned strongly within the Pintupi community for them to leave Papunya and return to their traditional country in the west. He moved back west with other Pintupi in 1981 and set up the community of Kintore. He was later an important person in the establishment of Kiwirrkurra, in 1983. He lived there for most of the rest of his life. He married a third wife in October 1984, Takariya Napaltjarri. She was the daughter of Waku Tjungurrayi, and had only come out of the desert a few days before they were married. They soon separated, and Takariya remarried. With his two other wives, West had 15 children. He died in 1994.

Painting
--------

West did not paint much compared with many other early Papunya artists. His early works depicted abstract scenes of men's ceremonies, and were very decorated. His later works depicted stories from the Pintupi dreamtime (*Tingari*), using a motif of circles and lines. He has works in the Australian Museum in Sydney, the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, the Art Gallery of Western Australia in Perth, and the Art Gallery of South Australia in Adelaide.
Farm Sanctuary's largest shelter in New York 
**Farm Sanctuary** is an animal protection organization founded in 1986 by Gene Baur and Lorri Houston. It is the leading shelter for farm animals in the United States. Farm Sanctuary not only provides shelter to injured or endangered farm animals but also supports animal rights. The organization has a history of fighting laws that help the factory farming industry. Farm Sanctuary currently owns and operates three animal shelters in these cities: Watkins Glen, New York, Los Angeles, California and Orland, California. Combined, these locations house over 1000 farm animals, including chickens, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, rabbits, and geese. Various books about Farm Sanctuary have been written by co-founder Gene Baur. These include *Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food* and *Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day*. Both of these books reached bestseller lists and have received national attention.

Related pages
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* Veganism
* Vegetarianism
* Animal rights
**Farhan Akhtar** (born 9 January 1974) is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, playback singer, producer, and television host who works in Hindi films. Born in Mumbai to screenwriters Javed Akhtar and Honey Irani, he grew up under the influence of the Hindi film industry. He began his career in Bollywood by working as an assistant director in *Lamhe* (1991) and *Himalay Putra* (1997).

Akhtar directed his first film, *Dil Chahta Hai* (2001) and received critical acclaim for portraying modern youth in the film, which won the National Award for Best Hindi Film the next year. Following this success, he directed the cult war film *Lakshya* (2004) and had his Hollywood debut through the soundtrack of *Bride and Prejudice* (2004), for which he and sister Zoya Akhtar served as lyricists. Next came the commercial successful *Don* (2006), his third directorial venture, post which he directed a short film titled *Positive* (2007) to spread awareness on HIV-AIDS.

Although he initially started his acting career with a delayed release in the Anand Surapur-directed drama *The Fakir of Venice*, Akhtar made his official screen debut with *Rock On!!* (2008) for which he won a second National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi as producer, and indulged in further experimentation with Zoya's directorial debut *Luck By Chance* (2009) and the Vijay Lalwani-directed *Karthik Calling Karthik* (2010), before he wrote the dialogues and served as producer for the critical and commercial success *Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara* (2011) starring him in a leading role, which won him 4 Filmfare Awards, including Best Supporting Actor. The same year, after directing a sequel to *Don* titled *Don 2* (2011), which remains his highest-grossing film till date, he achieved further success by portraying Milkha Singh in the 2013 film *Bhaag Milkha Bhaag*, earning him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Later, he received praise for starring in Zoya's ensemble comedy-drama *Dil Dhadakne Do* (2015) and Bejoy Nambiar's crime thriller *Wazir* (2016).
**Florida Georgia Line**, also known as FGL, is an American country music duo composed of Tyler Hubbard (from Monroe, Georgia) and Brian Kelley (from Ormond Beach, Florida). In December of 2011, they signed a publishing/production/management deal with Craig Wiseman (Big Loud Shirt Publishing), Kevin "Chief" Zaruk (Chief Music Management) and Joey Moi's (Mountain View Records) partnership, Big Loud Mountain.[2] Their second EP, *It'z Just What We Do*, charted on the *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart. Florida Georgia Line played on the 2012 Country Throwdown Tour, sponsored as the Kingsford BBQ Band, along with acts such as Josh Thompson, Corey Smith, Gary Allan, Justin Moore, and Rodney Atkins. They have also opened for Brantley Gilbert, Jake Owen, Colt Ford and Dierks Bentley.

On July 16, 2012, Florida Georgia Line signed with Republic Nashville, part of the Big Machine Label Group.

On August 1, 2012, Florida Georgia Line and director Brian Lazzaro of Tacklebox Films started shooting their first music video, "Cruise".

History
-------

Hubbard and Kelley both began playing guitar individually while they were in high school. They then met through a mutual friend in Nashville, Tennessee while attending Belmont University.

Musical career
--------------

### *Anything Like Me*

Florida Georgia Line's first EP, which was released December 14, 2010, is a six song EP which was produced by Wesley Walker and FGL. All of the songs were written by either Hubbard or both Hubbard and Kelley. The EP consists of the songs: "You're Country", "Now That She's Gone", "Man I Am Today", "Never Let Her Go" (co-written with "Cruise" co-writer Jesse Rice), "Black Tears", and "Backwoods Beauty Queen". The song "Black Tears" was also recorded by Jason Aldean on his 2012 album *Night Train*.

### *It'z Just What We Do*

The duo's second EP, is a 5 song EP produced by Joey Moi on Big Loud Mountain Records, LLC and was released on May 15, 2012. The EP starts off with "Cruise" which has been climbing various charts. The EP also includes "Get Your Shine On", "Tip It Back", "Tell Me How You Like It" and the title track "It'z Just What We Do".

Discography
-----------

**Studio albums**

* *Here's to the Good Times* (2012)
* *Anything Goes* (2014)
* *Dig Your Roots* (2016)
* *Can't Say I Ain't Country* (2019)
* *Life Rolls On* (2021)

Tours
-----

**Headlining**

* Here's to the Good Times Tour (2013–2014)
* Anything Goes Tour (2015)
* Dig Your Roots Tour (2016)
* Smooth Tour (2017)
* Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour (2019)

**Supporting**

* The Summer Never Ends Tour (2012) with Jake Owen
* Dirt Road Diaries Tour (2013) with Luke Bryan
* The Red Tour (2013) with Taylor Swift (12 shows)
* Burn It Down Tour (2014) with Jason Aldean
* Kick the Dust Up Tour (2015) with Luke Bryan (stadium dates only)
* Chillaxification Tour (2020) with Kenny Chesney (stadium dates only)
**Emergency contraception** is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones. 

Emergency contraception needs to be applied soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.

The drugs work by either:

* Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
* Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
* Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.

It is estimated that these drugs may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.

The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant. The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.

Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

Different from abortion
-----------------------

Emergency contraception is not a form of abortion. Abortion is only possible when a pregnancy has started. This means that the ovum has been fertilized, and that it has attached itself to the lining of the womb. Contraception is about preventing a pregnancy. There are certain pills, for example those containing Mifepristone which are taken as a form of abortion.

Related pages
-------------

* Rape
* Contraception

Other websites
--------------

* WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
* The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com) Archived 2021-04-26 at the Wayback Machine – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
* International Consortium for Emergency Contraception
* Go 2 EC Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine – Emergency Contraception News
* The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
* Emergency contraception Archived 2008-09-10 at the Wayback Machine by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), *Paediatrics and Child Health* ACSA-CAAH
Emeli Sandé
**Adele Emeli Sandé** MBE best known as **Emeli Sandé** (born 10 March 1987) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear to an English mother and Zambian father. She was raised in Alford, Aberdeenshire. She became famous after writing many songs for artists like Rihanna, Leona Lewis and Susan Boyle. 

In 2010 she singed a contract with EMI. She then released two singles, "Read All About It" and "Beneath Your Beautiful", which went on top of the British charts. In 2012 she won the Brits Critics Choice award. Her first album, *Our Version of Events*, was very successful, selling more than 100,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2012. She performed at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics.

In 2013 she won two BRIT Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Album.

On 24 February 2014, she released her second EP, *Who Needs The World? EP*.
Her next album will be released in summer 2014.

Personal life
-------------

Sandé married Adam Gouraguine in Montenegro in 2012. They later divorced in 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
A **hamming code** is an error-correcting block code. The code is named after Richard Hamming who developed it in the 1950s. At the time, Hamming worked with machines that had relays and used punched cards to read the data. Because they were heavily used, the punched cards often had errors, which needed to be corrected by employees.

Hamming codes are used for digital signal processing and telecommunications. Hamming codes are generated according to certain rules. Hamming codes use multiple parity bits. A parity bit tells whether a group of bits is even or odd. In a hamming code, each bit of data is covered by several parity bits. This allows to detect errors, and in certain cases, to correct them as well. A hamming code uses redundancy. If there are three parity bits per code word, the code word must have a length of 7 ({\displaystyle 2^{k}-1}, for k as the number of parity bits). This leaves 4 bits of user data per code word, in the example. Usually, this is written as (N,n), where the first number is the total length of a code word, and the second is the number of bits for user data. The example above is (7,4). 

The shortest possible Hamming code is (3,1), 2 parity bits are used for one data bit. This code has two valid values *000* and *111* - The codes *001*, *010* and *100* are transmission errors, and will be assigned to the valid code word *000*. The other possibilities *011*, *101* and *110* will be changed to *111*.