recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**The Nostalgia Critic** is a fictional character created and played by a comedian named Doug Walker. The character is part of the YouTube channel Channel Awesome. The Nostalgia Critic reviews movies from his childhood and gets angry about how bad they are. The Nostalgia Critic also reviews other movies that people feel nostalgia about. Nostalgia Critic’s videos also have sketch comedy and actual movie criticism. Writer Lindsay Ellis started her career on The Nostalgia Critic’s show as The Nostalgia Chick.

Reception
---------

Greg Weisman said he liked The Nostalgia Critic’s review of Gargoyles. Roger Ebert tweeted that The Nostalgia Critic’s video about Ebert and Gene Siskel was "the best, funniest video about Siskel and Ebert I’ve ever seen". Paul Dini said he was grateful for The Nostalgia Critic’s video about the eleven best episodes of Batman: The Animated Series. Seth Kearsley once tweeted that The Nostalgia Critic’s video about Eight Crazy Nights was "hilarious". Dante Basco played himself and Prince Zuko in The Nostalgia Critic’s two videos about the eleven worst and eleven best episodes of Avatar: The Last Airbender. Bill Farmer said he loved The Nostalgia Critic’s video about Goofy and Jason Marsden praised the same video.

Collaboration
-------------

The Nostalgia Critic has worked with CinemaSins on their video about How the Grinch Stole Christmas and worked with Screen Junkies for the video they made about the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles musical. The Nostalgia Critic has also quite often worked with James Rolfe also known as The Angry Video Game Nerd.

In Popular Culture
------------------

In an episode of The Patrick Star Show, Bubble Bass dresses up as The Nostalgia Critic for an Internet review show.
Objects made of Play-Doh
**Play-Doh** is a children's modeling compound made of wheat flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil. It was first made in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s. Children began using it as a modeling compound. It was changed and marketed to schools in the middle 1950s. Play-Doh was used at an educational convention in 1956. Important department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements on many children's television shows in 1957 brought more sales. Play-Doh has much spinoff merchandise, such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".

Origin
------

The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite a lot. 
McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy. Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".
**William Seward Burroughs** (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer. He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.

Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company. A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job. Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States. One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends. Many of them were emerging writers and artists.

Burroughs told interesting, colorful stories, but did not think he could be a writer. This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Joan, in an accident when they were both drunk. Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt. He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing. His first novel, *Naked Lunch*, was a surreal work.

Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works. One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.

Burroughs died of a heart attack.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***William S. Burroughs***

| * v
* t
* e
Chaos magic |
| --- |
| Key concepts | 
* Cut-up technique
* Egregore
* Entheogens
* Gnosis
* Initiation
* Kia
* Playback
* Scrying
* Servitors
* Sigils
* Symbol of Chaos
* Synchromysticism

 |
| Notable figures | 
* Genesis P-Orridge
* Grant Morrison
* Lionel Snell
* Peter J. Carroll
* Phil Hine
* Ralph Tegtmeier
* William S. Burroughs

 |
| Influences | 
* Aleister Crowley
* Austin Osman Spare
* Discordianism
* Kenneth Grant
* Postmodernism
* Robert Anton Wilson

 |
| Organisations | 
* Illuminates of Thanateros
* Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth

 |
**Hachikō** (November 10, 1923 – March 8, 1935) was an Akita dog. He is best known for his unusual loyalty. He remained a faithful pet for many years after his owner died. He was so loyal he is now a statue at the station he waited for his owner at.

Life
----

The dog was born on a farm near the city of Ōdate in Akita Prefecture.

This dog turned into a real boy and cared for himself before people took him away and started caring for him them self's. 

In 1932 one of Ueno's students Hirokichi Saito (who had learned much about the Akita breed) saw the dog at the station. He followed him to the home of the former gardener of Professor Ueno—Kikuzaboro Kobayashi, where he learned the history of Hachikō's life. Shortly after this meeting, the former student published a census of all the Akitas in Japan. His research found only 30 purebred Akitas still alive, including Hachikō from Shibuya Station.

Japanese culture
----------------

Saito went back many times to visit Hachikō. Over the years he wrote several news stories about the dog's remarkable loyalty. In 1932 one of these stories, published in the Tokyo *Asahi Shinbun*, made Hachikō a national sensation.

His faithfulness to his master's memory meant a spirit of family loyalty for all Japanese people to achieve. Teachers and parents used Hachikō's devotional watching for his master as an example for children to follow. A well-known Japanese artist made a sculpture of the dog, and in Japan a new awareness of the Akita breed grew.

At last, Hachikō's legendary faithfulness became a national symbol of loyalty to the Emperor of Japan himself.

Death
-----

Hachiko's monument on the side of Professor Ueno's grave in the Aoyama Cemetery, Minato, Tokyo.
Hachikō died on March 8, 1935, and was found on a street in Shibuya.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hachiko***.

* "Behind the film "Hachi: A Dog's Tale"". Vicki Shigekuni Wong. Retrieved 2 October 2015. Site with numerous photos of the real Hachikō during his life, at the end of his life, of his beloved professor & of people who came to care for Hachikō.
* Skabelund, Aaron Herald (23 September 2011). "Canine Imperialism". Berfrois. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
**Three Great Gardens of Japan** are gardens which are considered to be the 3 most beautiful gardens in japan as well as the most superior examples of expressing Japanese aesthetic traditions through its scenery in Japan. The gardens are Kenroku-en, Koairaku-en and Kouraku-en.

Kenroku-en
----------

Kenroku-en Garden (兼六園) is in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa prefecture. Before Meiji era, Kenroku-en Garden was known among Feudal lords but since then it was available to the public. 

Kenroku-en means "garden which combines six characteristics". The six aspects considered important in the notion of an ideal gardens: spaciousness, serenity, venerability, scenic views, subtle design, and coolness. It is designation natural beauty spot (日本指定名勝).

Kairaku-en
----------

Kairaku-en Garden (偕楽園) is Japanese garden which is in Mito in Ibaraki prefecture. The park opened in 1842. There are about 100 different types of plum trees there. And total number of plum trees is 3000. Not only the plum but also a cherry tree and the colored leaves are beautiful.

Kouraku-en
----------

Kouraku-en Garden (後楽園) is a Japanese garden in Okayama city in Okayama prefecture. During the Edo period, people could only entered Kouraku-en Garden with permission of the daimyo. Now people can enter Kouraku-en Garden with admission fees.

Other websites
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* hanami.walkerplus.com さくら名所100選のエリアを選択する
* www.pref.ishikawa.jp Kenrokuen Homepage
A **synchrotron light source** is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers. These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.

Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses. Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range. In the Large Hadron Collider, proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x1010. Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.

The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.

Other websites
--------------

* Imaging ancient insects with synchrotron light source -- BBC
* Synchrotron light at IOP
**Zeinab Mokalled** (Arabic: زينب مقلد) alias **Mahmoud Makled Noureddine** alias **Mrs. Umm Nasser** is a Lebanese educator, environmental activist and human rights defender.

Activism
--------

At the beginning of the 70s, the first civil society was established in the village of Arabsalim. It was under the name of "The Working Women's Association". As a result of the exacerbation of the garbage problem in the village, it reached its climax in 1995. It was with the state’s neglect of it under the complex political circumstances. Mokalled and a number of village women decided to solve this problem by establishing the "Arabsalim Women Gathering" association. The association later turned into "Nida al-Ard". It was registered as a civil organization in 1998. In cooperation with the volunteers and her friend Khadija Farhat, who bought an old truck, they collected wastes from the village's homes for $40 per year from each contributor. Then, they sort the recyclable wastes into a simulated home garden. The reason for success of the garbage recycling project managed by Mokalled was that the village was not affected by the waste problems in Lebanon that occurred in 2015. Before her retirement in 2000, Mokalled established a public library at Nabatiyeh High School for Girls.
The **Sumatran tiger** (*Panthera tigris sumatrae*) is the smallest living tiger subspecies. Only the extinct Bali tiger was smaller. It is listed as critically endangered. They are in danger due to hunting and the destruction of their habitat. It is estimated that there are only about 400-700 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.

The Sumatran tiger lives only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It can be found in low and highland areas, mountainous jungles, and peat swamp forests.

Description
-----------

 A Sumatran tiger in Melbourne Zoo
Like other tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger has deep orange fur with black stripes. Every tiger has its own pattern of stripes, with none being the same. The Sumatran tiger has very long back legs, which allow it to jump great distances. Even though they are the smallest of the tiger subspecies, Sumatran tigers are still very large, reaching to the length of 9 feet (2.7 meters), and weighing up to 165-250 pounds (75–114 kg). Sumatran tigers have webbed feet. This allows them to swim easily.

Where they live
---------------

The Sumatran tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, where the Sumatran tiger can be found from low and highland areas, to mountainous jungles and peat swamp forests.

Feeding
-------

Sumatran tigers ambush their prey, using their long, powerful legs, jaws, and claws to catch and kill their prey. They have extremely good eyesight and hearing, which helps them to find their prey. Sumatran tigers feed mainly on wild boar and deer, and they can eat more than 40 pounds of meat at a time.

Reproduction
------------

Female Sumatran tigers reach maturity at the age of around three to four years. Males turn mature at the age of around four to five years. Females are pregnant for about 95–110 days, and the females give birth in hidden and private areas and raise the cubs alone. They give birth to around 2-3 cubs at a time, but they can sometimes give birth to six cubs. The cubs’ eyes are closed at birth, and they don't open fully until the cub is one or two weeks old. Cubs feed on milk for three to six months and start hunting with their mother at the age of about five or six months. They will stay with their mother until they are fully able to hunt on their own, which doesn't happen until the cubs are at least 18 months to 2 years old. In the wild, Sumatran tigers live an average of 15 years.

Other websites
--------------

* Data related to Panthera tigris sumatrae at Wikispecies
* Media related to Panthera tigris sumatrae at Wikimedia Commons
* The Sumatran Tiger Trust Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Tiger Facts - Sumatran Tiger

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | 
* Wikidata: Q191129
* Wikispecies: Panthera tigris sumatrae
* EoL: 1271383
* GBIF: 5219418
* iNaturalist: 130795
* ITIS: 726477
* IUCN: 15966
* MSW: 14000266
* NCBI: 9695

 |
"**Prick Up Your Ears**" is the 6th episode of the 5th season of ***Family Guy***. It was first shown on the Fox network on November 19, 2006. The episode is about Lois Griffin being a teacher for sex education. She gets fired because she teaches her students about safe sex.

The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong. James Purdum is the director of the episode.

Story
-----

Lois sees Chris and his friends watching a pornographic movie. Chris says that their school does not have a class for sex education. She becomes his school's teacher for sex education. She teaches her students about safe ways to do premarital sex (sex before marriage). On the next day, many parents are angry at her. Lois gets fired for teaching about safe sex. A reverend becomes the new sex education teacher. He talks about sexual abstinence (not doing sex). In the class, Meg gets a boyfriend named Doug. While this happens, One of Stewie's teeth falls out of his mouth. Brian tells him about the tooth fairy. Stewie fears that the tooth fairy will take his tooth. He tries to use Herbert's teeth, but they are not real. He takes the tooth of a girl with an eating disorder. Brian thinks that Stewie is being very crazy, so he tells Stewie that the tooth fairy is not real. However, a man named T. Fairy takes the tooth from the girl with the eating disorder. 

Peter hears what Meg is being taught and thinks that sex is bad. He starts wearing a chastity belt so that Lois does not have sex with him. Lois rapes Peter so that he will like sex again. After that, Lois sees Meg and Doug doing "ear sex" (putting a penis in an ear). Meg thinks that ear sex is still abstinence. Lois goes back to the school and tells everyone that it is okay to do sex before marriage, but it should be done in a safe way. She tells everyone to use condoms. After this, Doug sees Meg naked and they breakup.

Production
----------

The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong. James Purdum is the director of the episode. Many parts of the episode were not shown on television: some parts of the pornographic movie that Chris and his friends were watching, Peter trying to do ear sex with Lois, and Peter saying the word "abstinent" wrong. At the end of the episode, Brian was going to be thrown out of a window. When the episode was done being made, Cleveland Brown talks to the Griffin family in the window.

Reception
---------

About 9.3 million people saw the episode when it was first shown on television. Dan Iverson from IGN said that the episode is "great satire" of sex education and abstinence. He liked the many jokes that were made in the episode.  Francis Rizzo III from DVD Talk thought that the episode was good at showing how Christians teach sex education. He thought that "the effect it has on Meg, as well as Peter, is great".

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***"Prick Up Your Ears"***

* "Prick Up Your Ears (Family Guy)" at the Internet Movie Database
* "Prick Up Your Ears (Family Guy)" at TV.com
A **triode** ("valve" in British English) is a type of empty tube with wires in it (vacuum tube). It is not a vacuum tube diode, which has only two wires (electrodes), but has a third electrode, called the grid between the 2 wires (cathode and anode). 

The word "triode" comes from the word parts "tri" (three) + "ode" (way, road).

How it works
------------

When the cathode becomes hot, it gives out electricity particles (electrons). These electrons are then taken by the anode. This makes an electric movement (current), which is controlled by the grid. The grid "checks" how many electrons can pass through, and "eats" the extra ones. The grid lets the triode to be used as an electric amount changer (amplifier).

The grid can also quickly change the amount of electrons it lets through, so it can also be part of an oscillator and wave taker (detector).

History
-------

Philipp Lenard created the "grid" idea in 1902 to make an electron taker. The diode (Fleming valve) was created by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. Lee De Forest and Robert von Lieben created the triode in 1908 from his original Audion diode of 1906. The triode is used as an amplifier (electric amount changer). The name triode was created because people needed to know which kind of vacuum tube it is, rather than a diode, tetrode, or pentode.

People wanted to talk to people far away. They used triodes to talk, by triode radio receivers and triode radio transmitters. At first they only sent Morse code but better triodes later allowed talking by radio.

The triode transmitters were so good that they replaced the crystal transmitters to make the new listening devices (earphones). 

This made the first way of talking far away, creating the beginning of radio broadcasting around 1920. This made far away telephones better.

Then the Bell Telephone group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles. They put the first transcontinental telephone line on January 25, 1915 .

Then people started putting more wires inside, to 4 wires (tetrode, by Walter Schottky in 1916) to 5 wires (pentode, by Gilles Holst and Bernandus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen in 1926).

The triode was used in other devices (radios, televisions, and audio systems) until it was beaten by the transistor in 1947, ending the time of the triode.

Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making. Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines. They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.

What it can be used for
-----------------------

Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them. But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it. It is an ancestor of the transistor. It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.

Today, the triode is still used in iPods and radios and heaters to heat and to take waves.

Other websites
--------------

* "Introduction to Thermionic Valves" Archived 2007-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
**Art history** is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contents; that is genre, design, format, and style. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture and other decorative objects. An **art historian** is a person who studies the history of art, and then writes about it or teaches about it so that other people can learn about this subject as well.

The first person to become an art historian was Giorgio Vasari. He lived in Florence during the Renaissance, at a time when there were many famous artists alive. Vasari was an artist himself. He decided to write down all the stories that were told in Florence about the many different artists who had made the city famous. He included biographies of several other artists from Northern Italy as well. When all the information was collected and the biographies written, he published them in 1568 in a book called *Lives of the Artists*. Because of this book, art students today have a lot of information about artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian and their works.

Related pages
-------------

* Art critic
Currywurst with pommes/fries
**Currywurst** is a German dish.Joe Beevers and Harry Stobabart made this curry shabananza. It is made from a pork sausage (German: *wurst*), sliced and covered in a *curry sauce* (usually ketchup or tomato paste blended with curry) and generous amounts of curry powder. 

Currywurst is often sold as a take-out/take-away food, Schnell-Imbisse, at diners or "greasy spoons," on children's menus in restaurants, or as a street food.

Plaque at the site of Herta Heuwer's stallBerlin legend says that Herta Heuwer, from Königsberg, invented the currywurst sauce by experimenting at her stall in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1949.

  

People from the Ruhr-area say that the sauce was accidentally invented by a sausage stall owner in Essen, who dropped a can with curry powder into some ketchup. 

Early in his career German pop singer Herbert Grönemeyer, raised in Bochum, wrote a song, in the Ruhr dialect, to currywurst.

Although Berlin claims currywurst as its invention and "national dish", all over Germany, there are more than 20 different types of currywurst.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Currywurst***.

* All about Currywurst (German Fanpage)
* Currywurst Club Hamburg (German Fanpage)
* Deutsches Currywurst Museum Berlin
* Currywurst recipe variant and photos Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
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Maria from Metropolis in the Robot Hall of Fame
***Metropolis*** (1927) is a German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time. The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible. 
The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Metropolis (film)***.

* Metropolis: A Film Far Ahead of its Time Archived 2008-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
* The official site of the new restoration Archived 2006-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
* About restoring 'Metropolis' Archived 2006-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
* *Metropolis* novelization by Thea von Harbou
* *Metropolis* at the UNESCO Memory of the World register
* *Metropolis* on IMDb
* *Metropolis* at the Open Directory Project
* *Metropolis Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine* at MetaCritic
* *Metropolis* at Rotten Tomatoes
A **rites of passage** is a ritual performed by people, either individually or as a social group. It marks the end of one phase of life, and the arrival of another.

All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage. They happen differently, for various reasons, and at special times, depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.

Arnold van Gennep
-----------------

The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book **Les rites de passage** (*The Rites of Passage*), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.

The universal structure of rites of passage
-------------------------------------------

Rites of passage are ordered into three phases.

1. Separation (Pre-liminal Rites): In this phase a person or group of people who are performing the rite of passage are removed from their society and depart from their existing status while preparing to move into the next.
2. Transition (Liminal Rites): The phase of a rite of passage that is in-between a persons or group of peoples departure from their previous status and their arrival into the new. This phase is often characteristically dangerous and wrought with uncertainty.
3. Incorporation (Post-liminal Rites): A person or group of people who completes the rite of passage accepts their new status and responsibilities and re-enters society.

Rites of passage and cultural diversity
---------------------------------------

By learning about the rites of passage of different societies and cultures perform rites of passage, we can understand others and ourselves. With awareness of cultural diversity, we can form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.

Related pages
-------------

* Initiation
Cindarella illustration by Charles Robinson, 1900. From "Tales of Passed Times" with stories by Charles Perrault.
A French edition
Massenet's opera Cendrillon
"**Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper**"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697 in *Histoires ou contes du temps passé* (English: Stories or Tales of Past Times), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about a girl who who was treated badly. Her fairy godmother helps her travel to a dancing party in a pumpkin coach. She leaves the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's *New Recreations and Joyous Games* (1558) and Giambattista Basile's *Pentamerone* (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in *Children's and Household Tales* (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.

Story
-----

A widower marries a very proud woman. She already has two daughters. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is told to do all the housework and sleeps in the attic. Cinderella's step-mother gave her that name because she sits in the chimney corner.

A prince gives a ball and all the high-status ladies are invited. Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball. Cinderella stays at home crying. Her fairy godmother appears and changes a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball. The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen by waving her wand. She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass. She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight because that's when the charm ends. Cinderella goes to the ball. Everyone is amazed. The prince gives her special attention. Her stepsisters do not recognize her. She leaves at midnight and returns home. The next evening she goes again to the prince's ball. She forgets the time and leaves just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers. At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper continues to be a glass slipper. .

The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with an unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They change into a gown more beautiful than the one she wore to the ball. A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.
**Cartel de Santa** is a Mexican hip hop group from Santa Catarina, Nuevo León. The group began its activities in 1996 under different names and members before taking its final name and alignment. The group is composed of the main vocalist Eduardo Dávalos De Luna (Babo) el and Román Rodríguez, better known as "Rowan" Rabia", Monoplug or simply Mono, Dharius was part of the group but it was separated from it in mid 2013. Cartel de Santa continues to be one of the most popular Mexican rap groups worldwide, it is also one of the groups of Spanish speaking best sellers of all time, achieving different certifications for their high sales.

History
-------

The group rose to fame in 2003, releasing their first album titled "Cartel de Santa: Vol. I". The album included songs that became hits, such as: "Asesinos de Asesinos", "Cannabis Sativa", "La Pelotona", and "Todas mueren por mí". This album was produced by Jason Roberts, who has also produced for artists such as: Cypress Hill, Ice Cube, House of Pain, Control Machete and Plastilina Mosh That same year, Cartel de Santa, launched a musical video of the song "Perros", which was broadcast to Latin America by MTV. However, the most important album of his career was released a year later, in 2004, titled Cartel de Santa Vol. II, which included songs such as "Blah Blah Blah ", La Llamada", "Crónica Babilonia", "El Arte del Engaño" and "El Dolor del Micro" (featuring Julieta Venegas).

In 2006, Cartel de Santa recorded his third album, called Cartel de Santa, Vol. Prohibido that included the singles "Cheka Wey" (which also featured a music video); "Hey Si me Ven"; "Súbele A La Greibol"; "Mexico, Lindo Y Bandido" and "La Ranfla Del Cartel". A few months later, Babo was arrested for accidentally killing one of his friends, the state deemed him a qualified homicide. Because of this, the group released a compilation album Greatest Hits and some extra themes to raise funds and release the rapper from prison. Babo was released nine months later in January 2008.

In February of 2008, the band released their fourth album, which contains songs like "Babo Regresa", "Cosas de la vida", "De Mexico El Autentico", "Brillo Humillo", "Vato Sencillo", which narrate about the months that MC Babo was in prison, about how he killed his friend, and about the fact that they continued making music. The first single was "Hay Mamita"

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* Cartel de Santa (2002)
* Vol.II (2004)
* Volumen Prohibido (2006)
* Vol.IV (2008)
* Sincopa (2010)
* Golpe Avisa (2014)
* Viejo Marihuano (2016)

### Compilations

* Cartel de Santa, Casa Babilonia presentan: Los Mixtapes (2006)
* Cartel de Santa, Greatest Hits (2007)
* Casa Babilonia Records: Compilado (2008)
* Casa Rifa: Demos (2009)
* Sincopa 5.1 (2011)
* Me Atizo Macizo Tour 2012, En vivo desde el D.F
* Los Jefes (Soundtrack of the movie) (2015)
A **cellular automaton** is a model used in computer science and mathematics. The idea is to model a dynamic system by using a number of cells. Each cell has one of many possible states. With each "turn" or iteration the state of the current cell is determined by two things: its current state, and the states of the neighbouring cells. 

A very famous example of a cellular automaton is Conway's Game of Life. Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann first described cellular automata in the 1940s. Conway's Game of Life was first shown in the 1970s.

Biology
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*Conus textile* shows a cellular automaton pattern on its shell.
Some things in nature happen because of cellular automata.

The patterns of certain seashells are made by natural cellular automata. Examples can be seen in the genera *Conus* and *Cymbiola*. The pigment cells are in a narrow band on the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments based on what pigment cells around it are doing. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it slowly grows. For example, the species *Conus textile* has a pattern that looks similar to Wolfram's rule 30 cellular automaton.

Plants control how much gas they have with a cellular automaton. Each stoma on the leaf acts as a cell.

Moving wave patterns on the skin of cephalopods can be simulated with a two-state, two-dimensional cellular automaton, each state corresponding to either an expanded or retracted chromatophore.

Threshold automata have been made to act similar to neurons. These can do complex things, such as recognition and learning.

Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata. This is because each fibroblast only interacts with others next to it.

Related pages
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* Automaton

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*Proserpine*, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Ophelia by Millais; Elizabeth Siddal is the model
The **Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood** (also known as the **Pre-Raphaelites**) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites. 

In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind". In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, *The Germ*, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the *Pre-Raphaelite Journal*.

The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into an excellent artist herself.
A human skull that has been deformed. This is a Proto-Nazca skull from Peru.
This is a photo of someone with the "Toulouse deformity".
**Artificial cranial deformation**, also known as **head flattening** or **head binding** is when the skull of a human is changed forever, and on purpose. It is done by changing how a child's skull grows by putting force on the skull. Flat shapes, long shapes and round shapes can be used to do this. It is done on young children. This is because the skull is easier to shape at this time. Usually, the shape that will be used to change the skull is attached about a month after the baby is born. It stays on for around six months after this.

The practice has been most often used in native societies in the Americas, but there are examples from Asia and Europe. The Toulouse deformation was caused by wrapping the head of the newborn, possible to protect it from damage. In pre-modern societies the practice was surprisingly common. 
In most cases the reasons for the practice is not known.

Related pages
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* Foot binding
For the fishing term flipping, see Casting (fishing).
**Flipping** is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).

Real estate
-----------

Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the buyer who wants to purchase it. 

Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale.

Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or foreclosures are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money.

There are also many risks for buyers of flipped homes.

IPOs
----

Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares it owns to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal.

Other forms
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In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe Members of Parliament switching their 'second home' between several houses. This was to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.

Other websites
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* Tax consequences of flipping real estate
* Can you flip a house for profit in this market? Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
Nuclear warfare is a common theme of World War III scenarios. Such a conflict has been hypothesized to result in human extinction.
**World War III** is the name given to a possible third World War. It refers to a world war that may happen. It would be the successor to World War II (1939–1945).

A world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents. An all-out war fought between two or three major superpowers would be a world war.

Because technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used. Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction. Conventional weapons, on the other hand are "normal" weapons like guns or non-nuclear bombs.

Mass destruction could damage much of the Earth, kill many humans, animals and other living things, and cause the collapse of modern civilization. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones". Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.

Actual events called World War III
----------------------------------

Some events, for example the Cold War, have been called "World War III." US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III.

Neither was even remotely like what a world war would be. The Cold War was not fought on a large scale, and the Iraq War was largely conventional and was mostly contained in one general area. Terrorism is indeed a form of conflict, but it is not a world war.

Related pages
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* Eschatology
* Nuclear war
Azadari in Muharram
**Shahadat** (شہادت), also called **Youm-e-Shahadat** (Arabic: يوم شہادت, lit. 'Day of Martyrdom') is an Islamic holiday that occurs on the first of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.

Etymology
---------

The word Arabic word Shahadat (Arabic: شهدات) literally means 'martyrdom'. It is derived from Shaheed (Arabic: شهيد‎) which denotes a martyr in Islam. The word *Shaheed* occurs frequently in the Quran in the generic sense 'witness', but only once in the sense 'martyr'; this latter sense acquires wider use in the hadiths. In Arabic, Shaheed can mean both a 'witness' and a 'martyr'.

Background
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On 26 Dhu al-Hijjah, when Umar ibn al-Khattab was praying in the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Abu Lulu stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger. Umar died of these wounds on Sunday 1st Muharram of the Islamic year 24.

Observances
-----------

Shahadat has been an official holiday in Pakistan. Rallies are held in various cities including Lahore. In 2011, Tanzeem Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat addressed gatherings in Gilgit and demanded of the government to make arrangements for observing the martyrdom day of Umar at government level. He also demanded that a official holiday should be announced on these important days. In 2014, a number of religious scholars and groups in Lahore arranged seminars. The Sipah-e-Sahaba held out a procession from the Data Darbar which was terminated in front of the Lahore Press Club after passing through various streets of the city. In their speeches, Ulema and Mashaikh demanded that 1st Muharram be declared a public holiday. The Sunni Tehreek also took out a procession to mark the day and paid tributes to Umar. In 2020, Shahadat was officially declared a holiday in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Palazzo Barberini in Rome
The **Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica (GNAA)**, or **National Gallery of Ancient Art**, is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, located on two sites: the Palazzo Barberini and the Palazzo Corsini. The Palazzo Barberini was designed for Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family, by Italian architect Carlo Maderno (1556–1629) on the old location of Villa Sforza. Its central salon ceiling was decorated by Pietro da Cortona with the visual panegyric of the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power to glorify the papal Barberini family. The Palazzo Corsini, formerly known as Palazzo Riario, is a 15th century palace that was rebuilt in the 18th century by architect Ferdinando Fuga for Cardinal Neri Maria Corsini. For a partial list of artworks, see Palazzo Corsini entry.

The gallery's collection includes works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Giovanni Baglione, Hans Holbein, Perugino, Nicolas Poussin, Giulio Romano, Raphael, Carlo Saraceni Tiepolo, Tintoretto and Tiziano.

Other websites
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* Gallerie Nazionali d'Arte Antica official sites
* Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, hosted in the Palazzo Corsini

41°54′12.65″N 12°29′24.75″E﻿ / ﻿41.9035139°N 12.4902083°E﻿ / 41.9035139; 12.4902083

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***The Big Bounce*** is a 2004 American comedy heist movie. It starred with Owen Wilson, Charlie Sheen, Sara Foster and Morgan Freeman. It was directed by George Armitage. It was based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Elmore Leonard. Leonard's novel had been published before for the big screen in a 1969 movie of the same name.

Cast
----

* Owen Wilson as Jack Ryan
* Morgan Freeman as Walter Crewes
* Charlie Sheen as Bob Rogers Jr.
* Sara Foster as Nancy Hayes
* Vinnie Jones as Lou Harris
* Gary Sinise as Ray Ritchie
* Bebe Neuwirth as Alison Ritchie
* Anahit Minasyan as Number 9
* Willie Nelson as Joe
* Harry Dean Stanton as Bob Rogers Sr.
* Wendy Thorlakson as Wendy the party planner
* Kala Alexander as himself

Reception
---------

On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has an approval rating of 16%. It was based on 135 reviews with an average score of 4.20/10. The site's consensus states: "Lazily crafted and light on substance, *The Big Bounce* takes few chances and strands its promising cast in a subpar adaptation that fails to do its source material justice". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of a 100. It was based on 36 critics, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore's audience survey gave the film a grade "D" on scale of A to F.

This film flopped at the American box office, grossing only $6,808,550 against its $50 million budget.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Big Bounce* on IMDb

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