recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In the years after the United States invaded Iraq in 2003, some people have said that they support the idea of **partitioning Iraq**, or dividing Iraq into three (or more) separate parts (a Sunni Arab part, a Shi'a Arab part, and a Kurdish part). These parts could be loosely united as an Iraqi federation or be three separate independent countries.

Support for this idea
---------------------

An ethnoreligious map of Iraq.
Support for the idea of dividing Iraq into three (or more) separate parts came from various prominent Americans and Iraqis, including Joe Biden, Leslie H. Gelb, Edward P. Joseph, Michael E. O'Hanlon, Khamis Khanjar, Atheel al-Nujaifi, Rafaa al-Issawi, Ali Khedery, John Bolton, and Michael J. Totten.

Criticism of this idea
----------------------

The idea of dividing Iraq has been criticized by Ben Connable. Connable said that none of Iraq's major groups or political factions actually want to divide Iraq and that neither do the Iraqi people. Connable also says that Iran (Iraq's most influential neighbor) does not want to see Iraq get divided and that the United States can't actually do anything to force Iraqi politicians to agree to divide their country into three (or more) separate parts. Connable also says that the new independent countries in the area will be unable to work together if Iraq is divided and that the violence and ethnic cleansing in a partitioned Iraq is likely to be even worse than it is right now. (In a separate article, Robert Mackey likewise argues that the idea of partitioning territories did not have a very good track record in Ireland, India, and Palestine and is thus unlikely to work very well in Iraq either.) Connable also doubts that an independent Shi'a Arab state in southern Iraq would actually want to share any of its oil revenues with a poor, landlocked, and backward independent Sunni Arab state in western Iraq.
The US Third Fleet c. January 1945
A **naval fleet** is usually a permanent formation and is generally assigned to a particular ocean or sea. Many fleets are named after the particular ocean or sea to which they are assigned. Since 1942, the US Navy uses numbers to identify its fleets.

A fleet is normally commanded by an admiral. Usually, his rank is Admiral of the Fleet. Some fleets have been or are commanded by Vice-Admirals or even Rear-Admirals. Most fleets are divided into several squadrons, each of which is commanded by a subordinate admiral. Those squadrons in turn are often divided into divisions.

During the age of sail, fleets were divided into van, centre and rear squadrons. They were named after each squadron’s place in the line of battle. In more modern times, the squadrons are typically composed of groups of the same class of warships. Examples would be frigates or destroyers.

Since many smaller navies contain only one fleet, the term *the fleet* usually means *the navy*.
*USS Lassen* of the United States Navy
This article is about the part of the military. For the colour, see Navy blue.
The **navy** is the part of a country's military that fights on water using boats. People in the navy are called sailors. The navy is mostly made up of warships. It may also have its own air force and soldiers. It may have special boats that can go underwater, called submarines, or another kind of special boat that is meant to carry airplanes, called aircraft carriers.

History
-------

Originally, Naval war was fought by ramming other ships and then jumping onto them to fight the crew. In Ancient Greece and Rome, the ships were usually powered by oars. During the Middle Ages, the cannon was invented. These could be shot at other ships from a great distance. Warships around this time also began to use sails instead of oars for power. In the middle 19th century, ships began to be plated in armor for protection. Steam engines allowed them move while carrying the armor, and better ones soon made them much faster. These early warships, called ironclads, are thought to have begun the type of Naval warfare used today. Ships and guns soon became much larger.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Navy***.

* Royal Navy
* United States Navy
* Royal Australian Navy
* Royal New Zealand Navy

Other websites
--------------

* Navy -Citizendium
**Ornithomimidae** ("bird-mimics") is a group of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. They were fast, omnivorous or herbivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Laurasia (now Asia and North America). Members of the Ornithomimidae include *Gallimimus*, *Archaeornithomimus*, *Anserimimus*, *Struthiomimus*, and *Ornithomimus*.

Ornithomimids are a sister group to the troodontids. These groups had many bird-like features, including feathers, but they were not birds.

The skulls of ornithomimids were small, with large eyes, above relatively long and slender necks. All had toothless beaks.

*Struthiomimus* forelimb, showing claws
The fore limbs ('arms') were long and slender and bore powerful claws. The hind limbs were long and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws. 

Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants. Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores. Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like 'arms' of ornithomimids may have been used to pull down branches on which to feed, an idea supported by further study of their strange, hook-like hands. Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants. Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores.

The sheer abundance of ornithomimids – they are the most common small dinosaurs in North America – is consistent with the idea that they were plant eaters, as herbivores usually outnumber carnivores in an ecosystem. However, they may have been omnivores that ate both plants and small animal prey.
A **rechargeable battery**, also called a **storage battery** or a **secondary cell**, is a battery that can be recharged over and over again with electricity. A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way..

Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen. Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.

Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights. Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them. They are also used for car batteries.

Types of rechargeable batteries
-------------------------------

* Lead-acid battery
* Nickel-cadmium battery
* Lithium-ion battery
* Nickel-iron battery
* Nickel metal-hydride battery
* Nickel–zinc battery

Related pages
-------------

* Battery
* Dry cell
* Table of batteries
***Paracanthurus*** is a genus of surgeonfish. It contains a single member species, ***Paracanthurus hepatus***. It is often called the **palette tang**. It lives in the Indian Ocean and the western and central Pacific Ocean. It is a popular fish in marine aquariums.

Description
-----------

The palette tang has a royal blue body, a yellow tail, and a black area that looks like an artist's palette. The lower body is yellow in the west-central Indian Ocean. It grows to 30 cm (12 in.). This fish has a flat shape, like a pancake, with a circular body shape, a pointed snout-like nose, and small scales. The Palette Tang has 9 spines on its back. It also has 3 spines on the bottom near the tail. Other names this species is known by include regal tang, palette surgeonfish, blue tang (sometimes confused with the Atlantic *Acanthurus coeruleus*), royal blue tang, hippo tang, flagtail surgeonfish, pacific regal blue tang and blue surgeonfish.

Range
-----

The species' range is broad. It can be found throughout the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean and the western and central Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the seas connecting the two oceans. It is seen in reefs of East Africa, Japan, Samoa, New Caledonia, and the Great Barrier Reef. They live in pairs or in a small groups of up to 10 or 12 individuals. These fish reach sexual maturity at 9–12 months of age. The Palette Tang is one of the most common and most popular Marine Aquarium fish all over the world. In an aquarium they must be given more space or they will act aggressively towards each other.

Diet
----

As a young fish it eats mostly plankton. Adults fish are omnivorous and feed on plankton and algae. Spawning occurs during late afternoon and evening hours. While it is spawning the fish's color changes from an even dark blue to a pale blue.

Other websites
--------------

* Tangs and Surgeonfish
* E.J. Peiker, *Palette Tang*
* *Palette Surgeonfish (a.k.a. Pacific Blue Tang or Yellowtail Surgeonfish)*, Toledo Zoo Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
*O. edmontonicus* specimen found in 1995 with quill knobs, Royal Tyrrell Museum
skull of a similar genus
***Ornithomimus*** was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur. 

*Ornithomimus* had three toes on each foot, long arms and neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.

*Ornithomimus edmonticus* was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail. 

There has been trouble with naming. Some speciments are put in other genera, like ***Dromiceiomimus*** and *Struthiomimus*.

Feathers
--------

In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three *O. edmontonicus* specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck. 

The feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions.

Other websites
--------------

* *Ornithomimus* in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia Archived 2007-10-04 at the Wayback Machine at Dino Russ' Lair
**Recitative** (Italian: "recitativo") is music which is telling a story quite quickly, as if it were being spoken, "talky". The word means: "to recite" i.e. to tell a story.

Recitative is used in opera, oratorio and cantatas. When opera was invented around 1600 the composers needed to tell the story in music. In recitative the story is sung quickly, with maybe just a harpsichord playing a few chords. After a while, the situation in the story has changed, and the singer can sing an aria which is more interesting musically.

When recitative is just accompanied by a keyboard instrument it is called "recitativo secco" (dry recitative). Sometimes the orchestra joins this. This is called "recitativo accompagnato" (accompanied recitative). There are no bar lines in recitative because there is no regular beat.

Recitative is simple musically, it can sometimes describe the words being sung in quite interesting or amusing ways. Sometimes this might be improvised by the harpsichordist.

In the 19th century the difference between aria and recitative gradually disappeared. Wagner wrote operas where everything had musical interest and the various sections flowed into one another.
Scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil ingesting MRSA (artificial colours)
Scanning electron micrograph of methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* and a dead human neutrophil
**MRSA** is a strain of **Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus***. This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of *Staphylococcus aureus* – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

The symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infected is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".

Causes
------

Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.
**Michael Lee Alfonso** (January 24, 1965 – February 17, 2007) was an American professional wrestler best known for wrestling with Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling and the WWF/WWE best known under the ring name **Mike Awesome**.

ECW
---

During his time with ECW, he won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship two times and the ECW World Tag Team Championship one time with Raven.

WCW
---

He joined WCW in 2000 and started his "Career Killer" gimmick when he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage and he landed on the entrance ramp. His gimmick was somewhat changed and he started calling himself "The Fat Chick Thrilla" after his heavy women. He would later change his gimmick once again and was known as "That '70s Guy" Mike Awesome which was a reference to That '70s Show. As The '70s Guy, he would dress up in different 1970s inspired outfits and also hosted an interview segment called the "Lava Lamp Lounge". He also used to drive a bus which was painted like the bus in The Partridge Family into arenas for his entrance. He also feuded with Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope.

WWF/WWE
-------

He became part of The Invasion storyline and debuted on WWE television when he attacked Rhyno with a metal pipe after Rhyno defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship. After he attacked Rhyno, he powerbombed him onto a ladder and pinned him to become Hardcore Champion because of the 24/7 rule. He become the first member of the Invaders to win a title in the WWF but he finally lost the title when he was pinned by Jeff Hardy on SmackDown!. He was later assigned to appear on WWE Velocity where he jobbed before being released on September 27, 2002. He later said in the book, *The Death of WCW*, that "Being in the WWE (formerly the WWF) sucked. I hated it. You had to kiss everybody's ass... You had to be on your political toes all the time. You would not believe the backstage politics. You were getting stabbed in the back constantly. I was so happy when I was told I was gone [fired]."

He left the WWE and appeared on the independent circuit for five years before retiring from professional wresting in February 2006 to spend more time with his family.

Death
-----

He was found hanged in his Tampa home by a group of his friends on February 17, 2007.

Other websites
--------------

* Mike Awesome at Find a Grave
**Luc Tuymans** (born 14 June 1958) is an artist who lives and works in Antwerp, Belgium. Tuymans is said to be one of the most influential painters working today.

Life
----

Tuymans was born in Mortsel, Belgium. He began his studies at the Sint-Lukasinstituut in Brussels in 1976. He then studied at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels de la Cambre in Brussels, Belgium (1979–1980) and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, Belgium (1980–1982). He stopped painting in 1982 and began studying art history at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels (1982–6). The Belgian government gave him the title of Commander, Order of Leopold in 2007. He is married to Venezuelan artist Carla Arocha.

Exhibitions
-----------

Tuymans represented Belgium at the Venice Biennale in 2001. He has been the focus of several retrospectives at various international institutions, including the Műcsarnok Kunsthalle in Budapest, Hungary; Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany; the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, Poland; the Tate Modern, London, England (2004); Museu Serralves, Porto, Portugal; Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (MAMCO), Geneva, Switzerland (both 2006); and, most recently (2011) the BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium. The artist’s first U.S. retrospective opened in September 2009 at the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio, and travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Dallas Museum of Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.

Collections
-----------

Work by the artist is in the public collections of various museums, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California; Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerp, Belgium; Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Ghent, Belgium; Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht; Centre Pompidou, Paris; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg; Museum fuer Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt; Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich; and the Tate Gallery, London.

Art market
----------

In 2005, *Sculpture* (2000), part of Tuymans' *Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man* series, was sold at Christie's New York, for $1,472,000.
**Neil Swarbrick** is an English retired football referee who officiated primarily in the Premier League having been promoted to the Select Group of Referees in 2011. He is based in Preston, Lancashire and a member of the Lancashire County Football Association. He was formerly the Head of VAR in the Premier League but will remain in his post until the end of the 2022/23 season. He was the Premier League Head of VAR since he retired as a referee in the Premier League at the end of the 2017—18 Premier League season.

Career
------

He took up refereeing relatively late, at the age of 29. Within six years, he was promoted to the National List of assistant referees. He fulfilled this role for four years before being added to the Referees' List.
He refereed in the Football Conference until moving up into the Football League. He has also officiated the FA Cup and EFL Cup matches. His first PL appointment came in December 2010 when he took charge of a goalless draw between Fulham and Sunderland. During his second PL appointment in February 2011, he issued his first red card in England's top division DJ Campbell of Blackpool as they lost 4–0 away to Wolves.

He retired from refereeing at the end of the 2017/18 season and worked as the Head of VAR in the Premier League. He will remain in his post until the end of the 2022—23 Premier League season.

Statistics
----------

Season: 2005/06: Games: 29. Total (yellow card): 57. per game (yellow card): 1.97. Total (red card): 2 and per game (red card) 0.07.  
Season: 2006/07: Games: 34. Total (yellow card): 96. per game (yellow card): 2.82. Total (red card): 9 and per game (red card): 0.26.  
Season: 2007/08: Games: 38. Total (yellow card): 76. per game (yellow card): 2.00. Total (red card): 8 and per game (red card): 0.21.  
Season: 2008/09: Games: 36. Total (yellow card): 82. per game (yellow card): 2.28. Total (red card): 4 and per game (red card): 0.11.  
Season: 2009/10: Games: 35. Total (yellow card): 104. per game (yellow card): 2.97. Total (red card): 8 and per game (red card): 0.23.  
Season: 2010/11: Games: 40. Total (yellow card): 108. per game (yellow card): 2.70. Total (red card): 8 and per game (red card): 0.20.  
Season: 2011/12: Games: 30. Total (yellow card): 107. per game (yellow card): 3.57. Total (red card): 7 and per game (red card): 0.23.  
Season: 2012/13: Games: 31. Total (yellow card): 111. per game (yellow card): 3.58. Total (red card): 1 and per game (red card): 0.03.

Other websites
--------------

* Neil Swarbrick Referee Statistics at Soccerbase.com
**Neith** was one of the earliest goddesses of ancient Egypt. She was the patroness of the city Sais in the River Nile Delta. Several Egyptian queens of the first Dynasty were named after her. The people of lower Egypt prayed to her statues when they were sick or to keep them safe from harm. Every year the people held a great festival in her honor, called the Feast of Lamps, because at night, they burned lots of lights in the open air during the celebration.

Neith was also known as "The Warrior Goddess," "The creator Goddess," "The Mother Goddess," "The Goddess of Lower Egypt," and "The Goddess of Funerals or Funerary Goddess." In drawings of her, she wore the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. Sometimes she was shown holding a bow and arrows.

Neith had worshippers all over Egypt. In the Old Kingdom of Egypt, she was an important deity in Memphis. But, she lost some of her importance during the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom. But, in the 19th dynasty, she became more popular again.

Neith was the goddess of war and hunting. It was her responsibility to help settle wars and disputes between the gods and the Egyptians. The Egyptian warriors believed they could not win a war without praying to her.
**Magni** and **Móði** (Old Norse: "strength" and "bravery") are a pair of minor deities in Norse mythology. They are sons of the god Thor, said to be embodiments of their father's traits. While Magni is born to Thor by the jötunn Járnsaxa (a lover of Thor), the name of Móði's mother is unknown. 

Other than his part after Ragnarök, little is known about Móði. Magni however, is featured prominently in the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir. 

Thor hit the giant Hrungnir in the head with his hammer, Mjölnir, shattering Hrungnir's skull. The giant then fell dead, as his leg landed on Thor's neck, pinning the god to the ground. The other Æsir tried to lift Hrungnir's leg off of Thor, but were unsuccessful. Thor's son, Magni, who was only three days old at the time, then came to his father and lifted Hrungnir's leg off of Thor all by himself. In his gratitude, Thor gifted his son Hrungnir's horse, Gullfaxi (Old Norse: "Gold-mane"). Odin himself was upset that Thor gave the horse to "the son of a giantess" and not to Odin, Thor's own father. 

| * v
* t
* e
Norse mythology |
| --- |
| DeitiesHeroesFigures | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Æsir | 
* Baldur
* Bragi
* Dellingr
* Forseti
* Heimdall
* Hermóðr
* Höðr
* Hœnir
* Kvasir
* Loki
* Meili
* Móði and Magni
* Odin
* Óðr
* Thor
* Týr
* Ull
* Váli
* Víðarr
* Vili and Vé

 |
| Ásynjur | 
* Bil
* Eir
* Frigg
* Fulla
* Gerðr
* Gefjun
* Hlín
* Iðunn
* Jörð
* Lofn
* Nanna
* Rán
* Rindr
* Sif
* Sigyn
* Sjöfn
* Skadi
* Snotra
* Sól
* Syn
* Thrud
* Vár
* Vör

 |
| Vanir | 
* Freyja
* Freyr
* Njord

 |
| Others | 
* Ask and Embla
* Borr
* Búri
* Dwarfs
* Einherjar
* Elves
* Fenrir
* Hel
* Jörmungandr
* Jötnar
* Mímir
* Norns
* Valkyrie

 |

 |
| Locations | 
* Álfheimr
* Asgard
* Bifröst
* Hel (realm)
* Jotunheim
* Midgard
* Múspellsheimr
* Niðavellir
* Niflheim
* Valhalla
* Vanaheimr
* Wells
	+ Urðarbrunnr
* Yggdrasil

 |
| Events | 
* Æsir–Vanir War
* Ragnarök

 |
| Sources | 
* *Gesta Danorum*
* *Poetic Edda*
* *Prose Edda*
* Runestones
* Sagas
* Old Norse language

 |
| See also | 
* Norse gods
* Germanic paganism

 |
**Noon** is the time exactly halfway through the day (12.00-12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 PM-12:00 PM in the 12-hour clock). **Midday** also means noon, although this also means *around* noon, or very early afternoon.

**Solar noon** is when the sun appears the highest in the sky, compared to its positions during the rest of the day. It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between sunrise (dawn) and sunset. This is also the origin of the terms a.m. and p.m. *ante meridiem* and *post meridiem*. At solar noon, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of Cancer  (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the winter solstice in December.

Because of the use of time zones and daylight saving time, the highest point of the sun and a clock time of noon are usually different. 

The opposite of noon is midnight.

Cultural meanings
-----------------

In traditional magical thinking, **noon** represents with heaven, order and life.
A Sikorsky S-76A landing on London Heliport's helipad jetty on the River Thames. Battersea Railway Bridgeis in the background
London Heliport in action
**London Heliport**  at Battersea, London is the capital's main and busiest heliport. 

It is on the south bank of the River Thames, 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) southwest of Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster. It is on a jetty between Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea Railway Bridge. The nearest railway station is Clapham Junction, and the nearest tube station is Fulham Broadway.

The heliport, once owned by Westland and then Harrods, is a very small site. It uses a concrete surface on a jetty as a helipad for take-off and landing. There is onshore parking for between three and four aircraft, usually just the smaller helicopters. The heliport has landing, parking and refuelling services between 08:00 and 21:00. Flights are permitted between 07:00 and 23:00. 

In 2012 it was bought by the Reuben Brothers, for £35 million. In 2016, the heliport's official name became the **NetJets London Heliport**, after the private jet company signed a branding deal with the owners.

The nearest main line railway station is Clapham Junction and the nearest London Underground station is Fulham Broadway.
This is a list of colors based on hue.

**1st row:** The 9 colors you are probably familiar with (except for Lavender) as web colors.

**2nd row:** Darker versions of the 9 above colors. Instead of lavender, Purple made it in as a web color. These are commonly used to compliment the above colors.

**3rd row:** Even darker versions usually used on their own.

**4th row:** These colors are rarely used and thus there is no consensus (agreement) as to what these colors should be named (except for Chocolate and Teal).

**5th row:** At 0 value, all hues will show black.

List of colors by hue| Value
(brightness) | Gray (no saturation) | Red | Orange | Yellow | Green | Cyan | Blue | Purple | Magenta |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | White | Red | Orange | Yellow | Lime | Cyan | Blue | Lavender | Magenta |
| 75 | Silver | Crimson | Caramel | Gold | Green | Viridian | Azure | Purple | Fuchsia |
| 50 | Gray | Maroon | Brown | Olive | Forest | Aqua | Navy | Indigo | Violet |
| 25 | Dark Gray |  | Chocolate |  |  | Teal |  |  |  |
| 0 | Black | Black | Black | Black | Black | Black | Black | Black | Black |
**Non sequitur** means "does not follow." It is a type of logical fallacy: a bad argument that makes no sense. 

It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

The term "*non sequitur*" usually refers to those types of invalid arguments which are not named formal fallacies (e.g. post hoc ergo propter hoc). In other words, in practice, "*non sequitur*" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy. 

A non sequitur argument takes something that people accept is true, and says that because this is true, the conclusion is right. The problem is that the conclusion has nothing to do with the premise (original statement that people agree on).

People often have difficulty applying the rules of logic. For example, a person might say this syllogism is valid:

1. All birds have wings.
2. That creature has wings.
3. Therefore, that creature is a bird.

It would only be true if all winged animals were birds (which is not so).
Official Seal
The **New Jersey Department of Transportation** (**NJDOT**) controls transportation in New Jersey. NJDOT maintains the State's road system, making policies and solving problems. It is headed by the *Commissioner of Transportation*, who is now Diane Gutierrez-Scaccetti.

History
-------

The New Jersey Department of Transportation was made in 1966. It was the first State transportation agency in the United States. Its rail division was made in 1979, at the same time as New Jersey Transit.

NJDOT has been removing many traffic circles in New Jersey since the late 1970s.

What NJDOT does
---------------

### Roads

NJDOT controls 2,316 miles of roads in New Jersey. All major roads in New Jersey are controlled by NJDOT, except for the New Jersey Turnpike, the Garden State Parkway, and Interstate bridges and tunnels.

### Railroads

The NJDOT has also supported passenger trains in New Jersey since the 1960s. It has bought many other railroad companies from that time onwards.

NJDOT is a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission.

### Controlling traffic

NJDOT has a Traffic Management Center in Woodbridge, New Jersey. 

It is home to the New Jersey State Police and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The center looks after the resources in New Jersey whenever there are big incidents all day.

Other websites
--------------

* New Jersey Department of Transportation, official website
* NJDOT Commissioner profile

| * v
* t
* e
State, territory, and insular area departments of transportation in the United States |
| --- |
| States | 
* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

 |
| Other areas | 
* District of Columbia
* Puerto Rico

 |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
	+ 2
* VIAF
	+ 2
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
The **Persian language** influenced the formation of many modern languages of the Greater Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asian regions, including **Urdu**.

Following the Turko-Persian Mahmud of Ghazni's Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, an influenced language of Turkish, Arabic and Persian and local dialects began to form, one that would eventually be known as Urdu. This language was called *Zaban-e-Ordu* ('language of the army'), the court language, and was later shortened to just Urdu. In the indigenous literature and spoken name, it was/is called *Lashkari* or *Lashkari Zaban* in the long form. It grew from the interaction of Persian and Turkish speaking Muslim soldiers and the native peoples. Under Persian influence from the state, the Persian script and Nasta'liq form of cursive writing was adopted, with additional figures added to accommodate the Indic phonetic system. The national anthem of Pakistan is highly Persianized.

Urdu is a morpho-syntax/grammatically a Persian-Turkish written in the Persia-Arabic script, and contains literary conventions and specialised vocabulary largely from Persian. Some grammatical elements peculiar to Persian, such as the enclitic *ezāfe*, and the use of the *takhallus*, were readily absorbed into Urdu literature both religious and secular.

Urdu soon gained distinction in literary and cultural spheres because of the hybrid nature of the language. Many distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as Ghazal, Qasida, Marsia and Nazms, caried over into Urdu literature, producing a distinct melding of Iranian and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was Amir Khusro, whose Persian and Urdu couplets are to this day read in South Asia-Central Asia.
A Tobiano Pinto horse.
A **Pinto horse** is a spotted horse. They are not a breed, but a coat color. In fact, any horse breed can be a Pinto as long as they have patches of white or another color. Pintos are often confused with Paints, a horse breed. They look very similar. The difference is that a Paint is a breed, and a Pinto is a coat color that can be on any breed, including Paints.

History
-------

Pintos are so old that they were found in tombs in Ancient Egypt dating back to 4 B.C. In the 16th century Cortez brought thousands to the New World. Some of them were set free, and Native Americans caught them. The Native Americans liked them for their toughness and their color. Their color blended in with the environment and made a natural camouflage. They were known to make great war horses. Their name came from the Spanish word *pintado*, which means "painted".

Color
-----

Pintos have pink skin, blue eyes, and white or multicolored hooves. They can be either a white horse with colored patches, or a colored horse with white patches. It has been said that no two Pintos are exactly alike.

Patterns
--------

Pintos have 3 different patterns:

* Tobiano: The Tobiano is the most common. They are white, with large colored spots that often overlap.
* Overo: A colored horse with jagged white markings.
* Tovero: A Tovero is a mix of Tobiano and Overo.

Type
----

Pintos come in 4 different types:

* Stock: A Western horse, usually a Quarter Horse or a Paint
* Hunter: An English horse, usually a Thoroughbred or a European Warmblood
* Pleasure: Usually an Arabian, Andalusian, or a Morgan
* Saddle: A gaited horse, usually a Saddlebred, Hackney, or a Tennessee Walker

Size
----

Pintos come in 4 different sizes:

* Miniature: usually about 34 inches.
* Miniature B: usually about 34-38 inches.
* Pony: usually about 38-56 inches.
* Horse: 56 inches and up.

Related pages
-------------

* Horse
Norma Cruz receives the International Women of Courage Award from Hillary Clinton and Michelle Obama in 2009.
**Norma Angélica Cruz Córdoba** (**Norma Cruz**) is a Guatemalan human rights  activist who works to stop violence against women. Cruz is the head of the *Fundación Sobrevivientes* (Survivors' Foundation), a women's rights organization in Guatemala City. In 2009, the US Department of State gave Cruz an International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Norma Cruz was born in Guatemala City in 1962. Her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a cook.  As a teenager, Cruz was a student leader and a missionary. When she was 15 years old, Cruz joined a convent. Two years later, she left the convent, because she wanted a more political life.

Work
----

Cruz started the organization *Fundación Sobrevivientes* on July 3, 1996. It started as a women's support center. Now it has a shelter for up to 20 women, teenagers, and children. In 2009, 110 people stayed at the shelter. The organization also gives legal help to women who want to take legal action in the courts.

Awards
------

* 2009 International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Department of State

* 2009 Person of the Year by *Prensa Libre*, the leading newspaper in Guatemala

Other websites
--------------

Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors' Foundation)
The **popeye hyla**, **Morelet's leaf frog**, **Morelet's tree frog**, **Morelet's frog**, or **black-eyed leaf frog** (*Agalychnis moreletii*) is a frog that lives in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. The frog has two ranges: one on the Pacific side of the mountains and one on the Atlantic side of the mountains. Scientists have seen it between 200 and 2130 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is 60.5 to 64.2 mm long from nose to rear end, and one female was found to be 58.6 mm long. The skin on the frog's back is dark green to light green. It has orange on its sides, inside its legs, and on some of its toes. Its belly is yellow to white. The irises of its eyes are red or purple.

This frog lays eggs after heavy rain. The female lays the eggs on rocks or plants that hang over the water. The eggs are green in color. When the tadpoles hatch, they fall into the water. The eggs do not start to hatch for 9-12 days, and they take 2-3 days to hatch completely. Most tadpoles hatch at night. However, scientists have seen these eggs do something strange: If something shakes or disturbs the group of eggs—for example, a tree snake trying to eating some of them—the other eggs will hatch early. This will also happen if the eggs fall into the water.

This frog is endangered in Mexico because of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. The fungus has killed almost all of these frogs there. As of 2007, the disease had spread to El Salvador too. This frog is also in danger because of habitat loss (people changing its forests into farms) and because humans capture them to sell as pets.
**Nord-Est** (English: *North-East*) is one of the ten departments (French: *départments*, singular *départment*) of Haiti. It is in the northeastern corner of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. Its capital is Fort-Liberté.

After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The *Nord-Est* department was part of the *Nord* department.

Geography
---------

The *Départment du Nord-Est*, with an area of 1,805 km², is the second smallest department of Haiti; only the Nippes department is smaller.

The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the Nord Department and to the south by the Centre Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The only important river in the province is the Dajabón River, known also as *Massacre*. This river marks the Dominican-Haitian border from the Dominican city of Dajabón to its mouth.

The *Massif du Nord* mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as *Cordillera Central*, runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department.

The *Pleine du Nord* (in English, "Northern Plain"), with several savannas, is in the northern half of the department.

Population
----------

The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 308,385 persons: 150,525 men and 157,860 women, with 117,872 (38.22%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 171 persons/km².

The main cities are Fort-Liberté (the capital) and Ouanaminthe.

Administrative division
-----------------------

The department is divided into four *arrondissements* (like districts) and 13 *communes* (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

1. Fort-Liberté
	1. Fort-Liberté
	2. Perches
	3. Ferrier
2. Ouanaminthe
	1. Ouanaminthe
	2. Capotille
	3. Mont-Organisé
3. (le) Trou-du-Nord
	1. Trou-du-Nord
	2. Caracol
	3. Sainte-Suzanne
	4. Terrier-Rouge
4. Vallières
	1. Vallières
	2. Carice
	3. Mombin-Crochu

Economy
-------

The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where beans, peanut, maize and other things are grown. In the mountains, coffee is grown.

Fishing is an important activity along the coast, and commerce is the main activity in Ouanaminthe.
**Pens Corner** in Dublin, Ireland was a business that used to supply pens across the world and in Ireland since the 1920s. They were a company that used to home pens from all across the world including parts of Europe such as Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom these brands would include Caran D'Ache, Waterman, Mont Blanc, Lamy, Faber Castell, Montegrappa, Visconti, ST. Dupont, Namisu, Dunhill, Cartier, and Parker; the United States would home brands such as Sheaffer(now partnered with William Penn from India), Cross and Easterbrook and parts of Asia such as Japan would home pens such as Pilot, Curidas and Sailor. Pens Corner would also be situated in Dubai, United Arab Emirates since the 1990s with staff from Dubai, Kerala and Mumbai, Pens Corner Dubai would be associated with King's formerly known as King's Traders a custom made online shoe store integrated with selling pens. King's has been a business in Dubai since the late 1960s. 

Pens Corner Dublin has been in Dublin 12 College Green, Dublin 2, D02 H973, Ireland, and has relocated in 2022 and has renamed itself to Pen Palace in Dublin, Unit 317a, Marine Rd, Dún Laoghaire Shoppin Center, Dublin, Ireland. The store opens at 9:00 am.

Also see
--------

William Penn (Pen company from India, branches across India)

Fountain Pen Hospital (Manhattan, New York)
**Reading** (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in England. It is the largest settlement in Berkshire. It is home to about 230,000 people. Reading is found in South East England, between London and Bristol. The River Thames goes through the town. Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.

History
-------

There is a large statue of a lion in Forbury Gardens, and local legend has it that the sculptor killed himself by jumping off the top because he had sculpted the legs wrong. The lion is a memorial to soldiers from Berkshire who were killed in Maiwand, (Afghanistan) in a war in 1880.

Reading is the home of a school which used to be a Hospital in World War I and World War II. It is named Redlands Primary School. 

Madejski stadium is home to the Reading Football Club whose nickname is "The Royals". They are also known as the "Biscuit Men". The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998. 

Reading is the largest town in England. Of course, there are larger cities in England but Reading has not been granted city status and it doesn't have a cathedral. Also, Reading is home to the Oracle, a huge shopping centre and a large university named University of Reading. 

Reading began life as a Saxon Settlement. Reading was originally called Reada Ingas, which means people of Reada. Reada was a Saxon leader in the area with his tribe in the 6th century. 

The Normans built a wooden castle in Reading. It was later replaced by a stone castle. The king then demolished the castle in 1152 fearing it might come into the hands of his enemies. 

Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections 

The Huntley and Palmer's biscuit factory was the biggest in the world in 1914 and one factory was built on Kings Road by George Palmer in 1846. 

"The Blade" in central Reading is the tallest building in Reading. It is 86 metres tall. It is visible from many places in the town. 

Palmer Park was founded by George Palmer and it has a statue of George Palmer in it. Palmer Park was built for his workers to rest and people still enjoy using the park today. 

There is a very famous hospital called The Royal Berkshire Hospital. It was opened in 1839. 

Lots of schools in Reading took part in "Beat The Street" in 2015.

Notable people
--------------

TV presenter Chris Tarrant (*Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?*) and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also actress Kate Winslet, who has a road named after her. Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading. Tony Sullivan (local legend) is also a resident in the town. The town has two universities and is famous for its rock festival. Reading is home to Championship football and rugby teams.

Related pages
-------------

* Reading railway station
* Great Western Railway

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Reading, Berkshire at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
**Mount Bures** is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. It is above the River Stour, north-west from Colchester and south-east of Sudbury.

Mount Bures takes its name from the "Mount" or "Mound" which is at the centre of the village, and "bur" which means building or dwelling. Mount Bures was previously called Bures Saint John, Little Bures or Bures Sackville to distinguish it from Bures Hamlet and Bures Saint Mary.

The railway opened in 1848 and runs through the centre of the village. The nearest railway station is at Bures Hamlet. The village has a church called St John's Baptist Church. It is close to the mount.

The parish has no main focus of settlement, but many scattered small settlements around tyes or greens; for example, Downing Tye, Mount Green, Janks Green, and Piotts Green. In 2011, there were 249 people living in Mount Bures.

Mount Bures has a rich historical background in relation to the Boudiccan revolt. The *motte* (mound) of Mount Bures is most commonly recognised as Boudicca’s Mount; due to the ideology that the queen’s warriors were buried here.
Peada of Mercia
**Peada** (died 17 April 656) was briefly the King of Mercia. From c. 653 he had been King of the Middle Angles. Peada was a pagan who accepted baptism in order to marry the daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria.

King in Mercia
--------------

Peada was a son of King Penda. In c. 653 he was made king of the Middle Angles by his father. The Middle Angles were a group of peoples located between Mercia and East Anglia. They later became part of Mercia. Peada asked for the hand of Alflaed, daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria. Oswiu agreed on condition Peada and his kingdom became Christian. In 653 Peada was baptised by Finan, Bishop of Lindisfarne, and married Alflaed. On 15 November 655 the armies of Oswiu and Penda met in battle near Leeds. Although he had the larger army, Penda was killed. This established Oswiu as king of all Northumbria and as overlord of all the English south of the River Humber. Oswiu ruled northern Mercia himself, but gave southern Mercia to Peada to rule as king. Peada was murdered five months later - probably upon the orders of his wife Alflaed. Mercians rebelled against Oswiu, and Peada's brother Wulfhere became king of Mercia.

Other websites
--------------

* The Kings of Mercia Archived 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
The two possibilities tested by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. (A) If mutations are induced by the media, roughly the same number of mutants are expected to appear on each plate. (B) If mutations arise spontaneously during cell divisions prior to plating, each plate will have a highly variable number of mutants.
The **Luria–Delbrück experiment**, 1943, also called the 'Fluctuation Test', asks the question: are mutations independent of natural selection? Or are they directed by the selection?

Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria showed that in bacteria, DNA mutations happen randomly. This means they happen at any time, rather than being a response to selection. 

So, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. 

Delbrück and Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine partly for this work.

The experiment
--------------

In their experiment, Luria and Delbrück grew bacteria in tubes. After a period of growth, they split up the bacteria into separate cultures and put them onto agar containing phage (virus). If virus resistance were not due to random gene mutations, then each plate should contain roughly the same number of resistant colonies. This, however was not what Delbrück and Luria found. Instead, the number of resistant colonies on each plate varied to a great extent.

Luria and Delbrück proposed that these results could be explained by the occurrence of a constant rate of random mutations in each generation of bacteria growing in the initial culture tubes.

Other websites
--------------

* On Mutation lab Archived 2009-07-26 at the Wayback Machine