recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **think tank** is a special organization which helps other organizations and groups with problems they do not know how to solve. They do this by providing data or knowledge, and by discussing the options in detail. They get their information by doing research, and by collecting ideas and data from a wide range of sources.

Origins
-------

The first think tank was the British Royal United Services Institute (1831), though of course the term "think tank" is much later, post World War II. Non-government institutions in the United States started early in the 20th century. The Arthur D. Little consultancy, incorporated in 1909, pioneered the idea of contracted professional services. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged into the Brookings Institution, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the Hoover Institution (1919), and Chatham House in London (1920). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934) and the Committee for Economic Development (1943).

The cold war era
----------------

Think tanks of the modern kind started after the Second World War, in the cold war era. The RAND Corporation was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company, and was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development. The RAND used the same operations research (O.R.) methods which scientists had developed during the war. This was the application of knowledge, scientific methods and thinking to solve the new problems posed by the war. After the war, the RAND used very similar techniques, mostly based on the hard sciences like maths, physics and economics. It was and still is funded mainly by the American government.

The cold war period raised the question of how the American government might handle nuclear weapons in bargaining and negotiating with the Soviet Union. This was the speciality of Herman Kahn, a RAND staff member who set up his own think tank in 1961, called the Hudson Institute. His publications on how to think about these issues, and those of Thomas Schelling, were landmarks in the post-war history of negotiating strategy.

Modern period
-------------

More recently, think tanks have specialised into particular areas of interest, such as foreign policy. Many have become advocates for political interests, doing research which can be used by public relations and lobbying groups.

Related pages
-------------

* Lobbying
The **Trevi fountain** is a fountain in Rome. It lies in the Trevi district, from which it gets its name. The current fountain was built from 1732 to 1736 in Baroque style. At about 26 metres (85 ft) high and about 50 metres (160 ft) wide the Trevi fountain is Rome's largest fountain. It is also one of the best-known ones.

History
-------

The Trevi fountain
In the year 19 BC, Marcus Agrippa commissioned an aqueduct to provide water for the baths he had built in the city. This aqueduct is about 26 kilometres (16 mi) long, and has been in use since then. From the 12th century, the aqueduct provided water to three fountains in the current Via del Corso in Rome. Pope Nicholas V ordered the restoration of the aqueduct, in the 15th cenrury. The new aqueduct ended in a different place. Leon Battista Alberti constructed a simple fountain, which provided water from three openings. The wall of this fountain also bore the signs of the pope. Pope Pius IV also had the aqueduct restored, about a century later, from 1561 to 1570. Pope Urban VIII ordered a new fountain to be built; for lack of money, all that was done is that the place before the fountain was enlarged.
Paul Badura-Skoda in concert
**Paul Badura-Skoda** (6 October 1927 – 25 September 2019) was an Austrian pianist, known for his performances on historical instruments.

In 1947 he won first prize in the Austrian Music Competition. Badura-Skoda was a part of the ""Viennese Troika" along with Friedrich Gulda and Jörg Demus. In 1974 he went on a tour in all the large cities in South Africa. 

Badura-Skoda was performing works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and also had an extensive repertoire including many works of Chopin and Ravel. In his collection Badura-Skoda kept a few period instruments including replicas, which he used in concerts and for recordings. As a successful recording artist, Badura-Skoda made over 200 records, including many duplicates created to highlight the sound of different pianos. He died on 25 September 2019.

Other websites
--------------

* Paul Badura-Skoda official website
* Tommasini, Anthony "Paul Badura-Skoda, Who Could Make a Piano Sing, Dies at 91". *The New York Times*.

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**Progeroid syndromes** (PS) describes a range of genetic disorders where the affected person appears to grow older faster. All these disorders are monogenetic, meaning they come from mutations of a single gene. Most known PS mutations lead to either defects in the DNA repair mechanism, or defects in a protein known as lamin A/C.

Progeroid means "resembling old age". This definition can be applied to many different diseases. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease affects only one tissue. 
In most cases, the term *progeroid syndrome* is used for cases where the affected people only show some of the features of aging, but not all of them. In these cases, many different kinds of tissue are affected. 

Individuals with PS-related disorders often have a reduced lifespan. The most widely studied of the progeroid syndromes are Werner syndrome (WS) and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), because they resemble natural aging.

Because of its property of accelerated aging (senescence), progeroid syndomes have been widely studied in the fields of aging,regeneration, stem cells and cancer.
Turbidity standards of 5, 50, and 500 NTU
**Turbidity** is a measure of how well light penetrates water. It is caused by particles (total suspended or dissolved solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended particles of many different sizes. Some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom if a liquid sample is left to stand. Very small particles settle very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid or murky.

Causes
------

Turbidity in open water may be caused by growth of phytoplankton. Naturally occurring Algal blooms can cause turbidity. Human activities that disturb land can lead to high sediment levels entering water bodies during rain storms due runoff. These can include construction, mining and agriculture. pollution from paved surfaces such as roads, bridges and parking lots is another source. Certain industries such as quarrying, mining and coal recovery can generate very high levels of turbidity from rock particles entering the water.

In drinking water, the higher the turbidity level, the higher the risk that people may develop diseases. Contaminants like viruses or bacteria can become attached to the suspended solids. The suspended solids interfere with water disinfection with chlorine because the particles act as shields for the virus and bacteria. Similarly, suspended solids can protect bacteria from ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of water.[*source?*]

In water bodies such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs, high turbidity levels can reduce the amount of light reaching lower depths. This can limit growth of submerged aquatic plants. In turn this affects species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish. High turbidity levels can also affect the ability of fish gills to absorb dissolved oxygen. This situation has been regularly observed throughout the Chesapeake Bay in the eastern United States.
Traditional Tibetan picture or Thanka showing The wheel of life and realms of samsara
**Samsara** is a Buddhist term, meaning the conditioned state of mind. It is the cycle of ignorance, leading to disturbing emotions and clumsy actions. They in turn are cause for suffering and new disturbing feelings and so on. According to Buddha’s teachings there are three main disturbing feelings: ignorance, anger and desire. They are called three poisons of mind and are told to have 84 000 combinations. The only way to completely get rid of suffering is to reach Nirvana or the perfect state of Buddha. All the teachings Buddha gives lead to this goal.

The Six Realms
--------------

There are six realms of samsara, connected to six specific emotions:

* Hell or paranoia realm is connected with anger.
* Preta or hungry ghost realm is connected with greed.
* Animal realm is connected with ignorance.
* Human realm is connected with desire and attachment.
* Asura or Semigod realm is connected with jealousy and envy.
* Realm of Gods is connected with pride.
A **Margrave** (German: *Markgraf*) is a German nobleman. 

Originally the Holy Roman Emperor would give a Markgraf an area of the borders (the Marches or German: *Mark*) to look after. The Margrave would have to protect the people in the area from invaders, and at the same time protect the empire. 

A Markgraf ranked higher than a graf, but lower than a duke. The Margraves of Brandenburg were in control of such an important area that they were made Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was the highest honour in the Imperial Parliament. There were no Kings in the Empire, so when the Margraves of Brandenburg took control of some territory outside the empire as well, they could call themselves King in Prussia.

As the Middle Ages ended and Europe and the Holy Roman Empire became more secure the military importance of the Margraves became less. At the end of the German Empire in 1918, there were no Markgrafs left. All had been given higher title, but may have kept the Markgraf title as an extra. The Kings of Prussia, for example, always kept the lower title Margraves of Brandenburg.
***The Blob*** is a 1958 American science fiction horror movie. It was directed by Irvin Yeaworth. It was produced by Jack H. Harris. Paramount Pictures released the movie. The movie is about a giant jellylike blob that terrorizes a small town. *The Blob* marked Steve McQueen's movie debut. The movie's theme song, "Beware of the Blob", was written by Burt Bacharach and Mack David. It was remade in 1988.

Cast
----

* Steve McQueen as Steve Andrews
* Aneta Corsaut as Jane Martin
* Hugh Graham as Mr. Andrews, Steve's father
* Elbert Smith as Henry Martin, Jane's father
* Earl Rowe as Lt. Dave
* John Benson as Sgt. Jim Bert
* Olin Howland as Old Man

Story
-----

Teenagers Steve and Jane are loitering in a Lover's Lane. They see an object in the night sky crash-land nearby. They investigate. It is The Blob, a jelly-like thing from Outer Space that consumes flesh. It kills an old man, a doctor, and a nurse. It doubles in size after each feeding. Steve and Jane report their findings to the police. They are dismissed as crazy teenagers. In the meantime, The Blob has consumed many others.

Steve and Jane are cornered by The Blob in the grocery store. They seek refuge in the walk-in refrigerator. The Blob tries to ooze in under the door. It retreats. Steve and Jane escape. They set off the town's fire and air-raid alarms. The Blob enters the movie theatre. The customers run away screaming. The Blob oozes out of the theater. Jane's little brother runs into a diner. Jane and Steve follow him. They become trapped in the diner along with the owner and a waitress.

The Blob – now a huge mass – engulfs the diner. It begins to ooze in through the windows. The occupants go to the cellar. The police try to kill The Blob by dropping a power line onto it. This attempt fails. It only serves to set the diner ablaze. Inside, the diner's owner uses a CO2 fire extinguisher to try to put out the fire. This causes The Blob to recoil. The Blob cannot stand cold. The town's teenagers gather all the fire extinguishers they can find. They use them to freeze The Blob. The United States Air Force sends in a jet to carry The Blob to the North Pole. It will remain frozen forever.
***SLAM DUNK*** is a manga from Japan. It is about basketball. It was written by Takehiko Inoue and serialized in *Weekly Shonen jump* from 1990 to 1996. This comic caused a big basketball boom in the 1990's. As of August 2018, the cumulative circulation of the domestic series has exceeded 120 million. It was made into 31 comic books and 101 animations. Its animations were broadcast on TV Asahi from 1993 to 1996. The comics have been printed in 17 countries.

In 2020, *Slam Dunk* was voted the third most popular manga in Japan.

Music
-----

The opening and ending songs were also popular.

Sekai ga owaru made wa… /WANDS

Kimi ga suki da to sakebitai /BAAD

Anata dake Mitsumeteru /Maki Oguro

It ended up in comic books for a long time. But recently it was decided that SLAM DUNK would become a movie.

### Story

There is a basketball club in a high school. The main character is Hanamichi Sakuragi. He likes girls and fights. He sees that the girls he liked in middle school all liked basketball players. He is angry and did not like basketball. But in high school he falls in love with Haruko Akagi, who says he should play basketball. Hanamichi joins a basketball club/

### Characters

The story takes place in Hanamichi's high school.  

There is a basketball club called Shohoku Basukebu. The captain is Takenori Akagi. His nickname is "Gori" because he looks like a gorilla. He is a third year student who loves basketball and is good at it and at his studies.

Kaede Rukawa is a freshman student, like Hanamachi. He has been a famous person at basketball since he was in middle school. He had his own fan club "Rukawa Sineitai." He has a cool personality.

Mikinobu Kogure is a third grade student. He does not have special skills.

Ryota Miyagi is a second year student. He is a small player but really fast.

Ayako is Shohoku Basukebu's manager. She is a cheerful person and sometimes like a mother.

Hisashi Mitsui is a third grade student. He was an MVP player in middle school. He is good at three point shooting.  He had problems at first but became a good member.

Anzai teacher is a coach of Shohoku basketball club. He was called "white hair devil" in his youth. He was famous for enthusiasm and his strict practice style. But now, he is called "white hair Buddha" because he is kind.
**Transfection** is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection. 
The term is used for:

1. Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
2. Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
3. Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes.
4. Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

DNA constructs
--------------

A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a **DNA insert**, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.
**Slang** are words that are informal. Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people. On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people.

Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave. Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all.

It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure. This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'.

Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct.

An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture.

Two examples of slang are 'wassup' and 'dunnow'. 'Wassup' usually means 'What is up?' (as in, 'How are you?'), and 'dunnow' usually means 'I don't know'.

Related pages
-------------

* Jargon
* Political correctness
**Maud Stevens Wagner** (February 12, 1877 – January 30, 1961) was an American circus performer. She was the first known female tattoo artist in the United States. She was one of the last people to make tattoos while never using a tattoo machine.

Life
----

Wagner was born in 1877. She was born in Emporia, Kansas. Her parents were David Van Bran Stevens and Sarah Jane McGee.

Wagner started working in traveling circuses. She was an acrobat and contortionist (someone who can move her body in many ways). She met Gus Wagner at the World's Fair in 1904. He was a tattoo artist, and had many tattoos on his body. Gus said that people in Borneo taught him how to make tattoos. He taught her how to tattoo people. Years later, they married. Gus gave Maud many tattoos. They had a daughter named Lotteva. Maud did not let Gus tattoo their daughter. She learned how to make tattoos when she was nine. Later, Lotteva became a tattoo artist.

Wagner learned how to make traditional tattoos. These types of tattoos were made using a needle dipped in ink. The needle was held in the hand, and poked into the skin. Making tattoos in this way took a very long time. The tattoo machine (a machine that makes it easier to make tattoos) was made in 1891, but Wagner did not use it. Later, the Wagners were two of the last tattoo artists to work without tattoo machines. Maud Wagner was the first woman who was known to be a tattoo artist.

She had tattoos of many different things. Tattoos covered almost all of her body. Some of her tattoos were pictures of monkeys, lions, horses, and snakes. She also had her name tattooed on her arm. Her husband made all of her tattoos.

Wagner stopped working in the circus. Maud and Gus Wagner traveled to many places in the United States. They worked as tattoo artists. They also went to vaudeville shows, and showed people their tattoos. Maud and Gus Wagner had many tattoos on their bodies. They helped bring the art of making tattoos to new places in the United States. The art of making tattoos started in places on the coast. They showed it to people who lived in other places.

Maud Wagner died on January 30, 1961. She died because of cancer. She is buried in Chase County, Kansas.
**William Henry Hartnell** (8 January 1908 – 23 April 1975) was an English actor. He best known for playing the First Doctor on *Doctor Who* from 1963 to 1966.

Biography
---------

He was born in St Pancras, London. In 1932, he was in a movie called *Say It With Music*. He was in more than sixty movies. He usually played funny characters until 1944, when he was a sergeant in a movie called *The Way Ahead*. After that, he played a lot of policemen and soldiers. He was the main character in a movie called *Carry on Sergeant* in 1958. From 1957 to 1961, he appeared on a television show called *The Army Game* and in 1963, gave up movies and became the first Doctor in *Doctor Who*. *Doctor Who* was a new television show.

Hartnell was in *Doctor Who* for three years. In 1966, he got sick. He forgot some of his lines, and argued with the people who made the show. Then he left *Doctor Who*. Patrick Troughton became the new Doctor.

Hartnell's health got worse and in December 1974, he went to hospital. On 23 April 1975, he died in his sleep at the age of 67.

According to some of his colleagues on *Doctor Who*, he could be a difficult person to work with. Others, though, such as actors Peter Purves and William Russell, and producer Verity Lambert, spoke glowingly of him after more than 40 years. Carole Ann Ford, who played the Doctor's granddaughter Susan, has said she and Hartnell "got on terribly well", saying "It upsets me when I hear people saying he was difficult to work with, he was very sweet" Hartnell also adored Verity Lambert, and had great respect for Waris Hussein. Hartnell also admired singer Paul Robeson. In his *Desert Island Discs* interview, Hartnell stated that Paul Robeson was his hero and described him as having a voice like crushed velvet.
*This article is about a medical condition. For an article about the movie with the same name, see Vertigo (movie).*

 
**Vertigo** means a person feels as if the world around them is spinning, or that they are spinning, or the spinning is in their head. Vertigo can be caused by different medical conditions; when it happens because of a migraine it is called *migraine-associated vertigo*. It may happen before a migraine headache starts or during the headache, but vertigo is most common during the period of time between headaches. Many people who have migraines have vertigo or dizziness as the main symptom instead of a headache. You can experience vertigo when you get dizzy.

There are different ways of vertigo associated with migraines, making a person feel; from feeling lightheaded or: 

* Episodic true vertigo:
* Positional vertigo: which happens when a person holds their head in a certain positions.
* Constant imbalance:
* Movement associated dysequilibrium: different types of movement may cause vertigo.
A digital multimeter
A **multimeter** or a **multitester** is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called **DMM** too.

Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.

The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester". When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms. For volts it would be a Voltmeter. Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.

How it can be measured
----------------------

The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".

Other websites
--------------

* Multimeter Tutorial - Lots of useful information on Digital multimeter usage.
**Willie Brown** (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

Life
----

### Birth

Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

### Music

He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played *M & O Blues* and *Future Blues*. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called *Make Me a Pallet on the Floor*.

#### Possible songs

A song called *Rowdy blues* was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (*Future Blues*) on the same album (*Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers*).

Death
-----

He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

Other websites
--------------

* "Cross Road Blues" lyrics

| * v
* t
* e
Blues music |
| --- |
| Subgenres | Boogie-woogie - Classic female blues - Country blues - Delta blues - Electric blues - Fife and drum blues - Jump blues - Piano blues |
| Fusion genres | Blues-rock - Jazz blues - Punk blues - Rhythm and blues - Rock - Rock and roll - Soul blues |
| Regional genres | British blues - Canadian blues - Chicago blues - Detroit blues - East Coast blues - Kansas City blues - Louisiana blues - Memphis blues - New Orleans blues - Piedmont blues - St. Louis blues - Swamp blues - Texas blues - West Coast blues |
| Instruments | Electric guitar - Keyboard |
| Related topics | Blues genres - Blues musicians - Blues scale - Distortion - Guitar amplifier - Jug band - Power chord - Origins |
The touchpad, a big space for the finger to scroll and two buttons for left and right clicking
A **touchpad** (also called a **trackpad**) is a type of input device for computers that does the same things as a computer mouse. It is made up of a flat, touch-sensitive surface which the user slides one or more fingers on to move the cursor on the screen. Next to the touchpad are push-buttons that work just like mouse buttons, including left-clicking and right-clicking. In some newer touchpads, there are no actual buttons, and clicking is done by pushing near the button of the touchpad itself.

Unlike computer mice, touchpads stay in one place when they are being used. This makes it easy to build them into hardware. They are mostly found on laptop computers because, when the user is travelling, sometimes he or she cannot use a mouse. But most laptops do allow the user is able to attach (connect) a separate mouse. Besides laptops, touchpads are also more and more used on mobile devices with a GUI, including MP3 players (a well-known one being the iPod) and mobile phones (such as the BlackBerry). However, touchpads on today's mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have been replaced with the touchscreen, which is used much like a touchpad except the screen is built into the touch-sensitive surface itself so that no mouse cursor is needed. One can just touch anywhere on the surface to choose what is on the screen at that part.

Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse. New models of touchpads often do more things because they can respond to the pressure of more than one finger. This is called multi-touch and makes it possible to do things like scroll though, zoom in and out, and rotate a page or part of the screen. The user can choose and change which functions happen if the user does certain moves. For example, the normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse. The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if the user likes it better.

Related pages
-------------

* Computer mouse
* Touchscreen
* Input device
**Therocephalia** ('beast-heads') are an extinct group of theriodonts. They lived from the middle Permian into the Triassic 265—245 million years ago, about 20 million years.

The therocephalians are named after their large skulls. Their skulls, with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were successful carnivores. 

Like other non-mammalian therapsids, therocephalians are sometimes described as mammal-like reptiles. In fact Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts, which gave rise to the mammals. 

This relationship shows in a variety of anatomical features, possibly including whiskers and hair. There remain many unanswered questions about the phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology of therocephalians.

The fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the Karoo of South Africa, but have also been found in Russia, China, and Antarctica. 

Early therocephalian fossils discovered in Middle Permian deposits of South Africa support a Gondwanan origin for the group, which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world. Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, a few representatives of the subgroup (called Eutherocephalia) survived into the early Triassic and continued to diversify.

However, the last therocephalians became extinct by the early middle Triassic. The reasons for their extinction are not known.
**Xfce** ([ɛks ɛf siː iː]) is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.

The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.

History
-------

Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".

### Xfwm

Starting with version 4.2, the window manager of Xfce, Xfwm, integrates its own *compositing manager*. Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.

Prevalence
----------

While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

These distributions include Xfce in their default environment:

* ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)(in Russian)
* Archie
* Debian Xfce CD
* Dreamlinux
* dyne:bolic
* Fedora Xfce Spin
* FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
* Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
* KateOS
* Linux Mint Xfce
* Mythbuntu
* Myah OS
* SAM Linux
* Slackware
* SLAX *Popcorn Edition*
* VectorLinux Standard Edition
* Wolvix
* Xubuntu
* Zenwalk Linux
* Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Xfce***.

* Xfce website
**The Seventh Amendment** (**Amendment VII**) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases. It also stops courts from overturning a jury's verdict. The Seventh Amendment's provision for jury trials in civil cases has never been incorporated (applied to the states). However, the rights to civil jury trials are found in nearly every state constitution.

The prohibition of overturning a jury's verdict applies to federal cases, state cases involving federal law, and to review of state cases by federal courts. *United States v. Wonson* (1812) established the "historical test", which interpreted the amendment as relying on English common law to determine whether a jury trial was necessary in a civil lawsuit. The amendment thus does not guarantee trial by jury in cases under maritime law, in lawsuits against the government itself, and for many parts of patent claims. In all other cases, the jury can be waived by consent of the parties. The amendment also guarantees a minimum of six members for a jury in a civil trial.

Text
----

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. | "|

Background
----------

The 7th Amendment was ratified on December 15, 1791 as one of ten amendments in the Bill of Rights. But the background for its passing began in England during the 12th century. At the time juries were made up of 12 men who gave their opinions in a trial. The 12-man jury originally included the accusers against the defendant, a supposed enemy of the king. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. The practice followed English colonists to the American colonies. But juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the American Revolutionary War, the Seventh Amendment was written to expressly limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.
Diagram of a sailboat, in this case, a typical monohull sloop with a Bermuda or marconi rig.
An Olympic 470 dinghy class sailboat in a competition. This also shows the spinnaker.
A **sailboat**, **sailing boat** or **yacht** is a boat that has a mast and sails. It moves by using the wind in its sails but it may also have an engine.

Types
-----

There are a great many different sailboats. 

### Dinghy

A sailing dinghy is a small boat up to about 7 metres (23 ft.) which usually has a centreboard. It does not have a cabin. Usually, a sailboat has two sails: a mainsail and a jib and sometimes a spinnaker.

### Sailing yacht

A sailing yacht is a larger boat with a keel and it normally has a cabin. These types of boats can sail long distances, sometimes even around the world. Sometimes they have only one mast but they can have two or three.

### Tall ship

A tall ship is an even larger sailing boat which were used before steam engines were invented. These were used for carrying cargo from port to port in days gone by. Now they are usually used as training ships for young people. A tall ship usually has more than one mast.
The **Vinča script** is a cache of symbols found belonging to the Vinča culture of the central Balkans over 7000 years ago. The symbols have been a topic of debate amongst historians.

The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria(Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about 30 km (19 mi) from Alba Iulia in Romania.[10]The tablets, dated to around 5300 BC,[11] have symbols inclay: the Vinča symbols. Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is so, they would be the earliest known form of writing. In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations, by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade. Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture. Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic,[12] they are generally regarded as a an original, independent development.[13]
A **V8 engine** often just called a **V8** is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. The engine has four cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a right angle (90°) to each other, but some engines use a narrower angle. All eight pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas and alcohol.

Applications
------------

V8 engine installed in a car.
Generally, V8s are only available on more powerful cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The traditional 90° large V8 engine is generally too wide and too long to fit easily in vehicles with a front-wheel drive layout, so its application is mostly limited to rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. 

V8s are common in purpose-designed engines for racing cars. They are a common engine configuration in the highest levels of auto racing. The V8 engine is used in the United States where it is required in IRL and NASCAR. V8s engines are also used in Australian auto racing, most notably in the V8 Supercars. Formula One began the 2006 season using V8 engines, which replaced the V10. Formula One made this change to reduce costs and lower power. However Formula One replaced V8 with V6 Turbo in 2014

V8 engines are also used in large truck and industrial equipment. V8s were an early choice for airplane engines. Modern aircraft seldom used V8s because the heavy weight reduces performance.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***V8 engines***.

* V8 Engines Archived 2009-01-23 at the Wayback Machine - The characteristics of V8 engines
***Nèi jiā***, literally "internal family", is a term in Chinese martial arts, grouping those styles that practice 
***nèi jìng***, literally "internal strength", usually translated as **internal martial arts**, occupied with spiritual, mental or qi-related aspects, as opposed to an "external" *wài*) approach focused on physiological aspects. The distinction dates to the 17th century, but its modern application is due to publications by Sun Lutang, dating to the period of 1915 to 1928.
Nèi jìng is developed by using *nèigōng*, or "internal exercises," as opposed to *wài gōng*, "external exercises." 

Nèijiā is a broad term used mistakenly in the West as a synonym for the more specific **Wǔdāngquán** styles, named for their association with the Taoist monasteries of Wudangshan range, Hubei Province in Chinese popular legend. These styles are enumerated by Sun Lutang as Tàijíquán, Xíngyìquán and Bāguàzhǎng, but must also include Bājíquán and the legendary Wudang Sword. Some other Chinese arts, not in the Wudangquan group, such as Liuhebafa, Bak Mei Pai, Bok Foo Pai and Yiquan are frequently classified (or classify themselves) as "internal".

Related pages
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Tai chi chuan***

* Waijia
* Dantian
* Neidan
* Neo-Confucianism
* Taijitu

Other websites
--------------

* Neigong.net is a site devoted to original texts of Neigong, Qigong and Neijia
* Defining the Internal Martial Arts
* Internal vs. External, What Sets Them Apart?
* Neijia FAQ Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Glossary of Neijia Terms with Chinese characters Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Ogawamachi Station** (Japanese: 小川町駅, Hepburn: *Ogawamachi-eki*) is a subway station in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation runs the station. It was opened on March 16, 1980.

Lines
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Ogawamachi Station is served by the Toei Shinjuku Line, and is 6.5 km from Shinjuku Station. The station has the number "S-07". It is connected to Awajichō Station on the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line and Shin-Ochanomizu Station on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line from underground passages.

Station Design
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ticket machines at Ogawamachi Station 
Ogawamachi Station has a one island platform design on the 6th level of the basement (also called ("B6F")), it has two tracks.

### Platform Design

  

* The platformsThe platforms

Passenger Information
---------------------

In 2011, the station was used by around 64,205 people everyday.

Areas near the station
----------------------

The station is located under the Tokyo Metropolitan Route 302 (Yasukuni-dōri) it is between Tokyo Metropolitan Routes 403 (Hongō-dōri) and 405 (Sotobori-dōri). There is many office buildings and apartment buildings in this area. Other places close by are:

* Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Kanda Police Station
* Chiyoda City Hall, Kanda Park branch office
* Chiyoda Municipal Chiyoda Elementary School
* Kanda-Awajichō and the Kanda-Nishikimachi post offices
* Tokyo Denki University
	+ School of Engineering
	+ School of Science and Technology for Future Life

Related pages
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* List of railway stations in Japan
* Ogawamachi Station (Saitama)

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ogawamachi Station (Tokyo)***.

* the station's website (in Japanese)
**Víctor Jara** (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America. 

He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents. 

At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile. 

Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns. 

Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty. 

In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

Popular Songs
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* *El Derecho de Vivir en Paz*  (The right to live in peace)
* *Plegaria a un Labrador* (Prayer to a laborer)
* *Duerme, duerme negrito*  (Sleep little black child)
* *Vientos del Pueblo*  (Winds of the people)
* *El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece*  (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
* *Cuando voy al trabajo* (On my way to work)
* *Te Recuerdo Amanda* (I remember you Amanda)
**Space** is a Latin American subscription television channel of Argentine origin. It is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery and operated by WarnerMedia Latin America. The channel is aimed at young people and adults (between 14 and 45 years old).

History
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Space was launched on the air on March 11, 1991 by the company *Imagen Satelital* of Argentine businessman Alberto González and was the first 24-hour movie channel in Latin America. The channel's programming, with a strong emphasis on cinema, was made up of films from the United States, Hispanic and international, thematic cinematographic blocks and boxing events.

In May 1997, it passed into the hands of Cisneros Television Group (which in 2000 became Claxson Interactive Group when it merged with Ibero American Media Partners and the portal El Sitio), after it acquired Image Satelital. In April 2002, together with a renewal of the image, other entertainment options are included in the programming, such as artistic specials.

The channel also begins to be distributed throughout Latin America in July 2009, which until now had had a strong presence in the Southern Cone. This was accompanied by a complete renovation of the corporate image and logo.

In 2009, an HD simulcast was launched and, since 2011, has included the option of a second audio track in English.

Other websites
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* Official Website (Latin America)
***Space Debris*** on PlayStation is a three-dimensional action game released in 2000, in which we play as a pilot of a space fighter and participate in dangerous missions.

Gameplay
--------

This third-person perspective space shooter casts the player as UED pilot James Bryant, the brash young adventurer who is humanity's last hope. Gameplay takes place across 10 levels with 6 different attack ships to pilot. The majority of the levels are linear with a few alternate paths. There are, however, numerous free-roaming levels which give the navigation controls over to the player. Five different power-ups enhance weapon capabilities while medals are awarded based on level performace.

Space is no longer the final frontier. Suddenly Earth is only a short space-warp away from the most hostile aliens in the galaxy. The United Earth Defences are overwhelmed, but one pilot, James Bryant, remains trapped behind enemy lines, facing the might of an unknown alien fleet.

With ten levels of combat, which develop in both linear and non-linear ways, the way ahead is edgily unpredictable. Motherships come out of nowhere, missiles bounce off their targets, and however much you pitch and roll your craft to escape, the pressure never lets up. The graphics are epic in scale, with planet-based combat sequences and massive enemy ships that threaten to crush your screen.

This third-person perspective space shooter casts the player as UED pilot James Bryant, the brash young adventurer who is humanity's last hope.

The majority of the levels are linear with a few alternate paths. There are, however, numerous free-roaming levels which give the navigation controls over to the player. Five different power-ups enhance weapon capabilities while medals are awarded based on level performace.

Sweep up Space Debris and pop it in your PlayStation - much the best place to keep it. Gives the galaxy that nice tidy look.

Description
-----------

Features:

Ten levels of intense combat

Non-linear level design

Incredible graphics and sound

Space and planet based action.

 Manufacturer's description:

Space Debris is the Playstation's answer to Nintendo's highly acclaimed and successful space adventure Starfox. Combining some of the most impressive 3-D graphics yet seen on the PlayStation format, experienced developer Rage Software have crafted an impressive, highly addictive and frenetic action shooter.

 Features:

* Third or first person perspective
* 3D Graphics
* Cartoon Graphics
* SCI-FI & Futuristic themes