recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Golden Glider** (**Lisa Snart**), is a fictional female super-villain appearing in American comic bookis published by DC Comics, and enemy to the Flash. Her brother is Captain Cold, and they both commit crimes using ice-themed gadgets. Beginning her career as a figure skater, she swore revenge on the Flash when her boyfriend the Top died while fighting him. Her special skates create their own ice, allowing her to move effortlessly and trip up her enemies. Chillblaine eventually murdered her.

However, **Glider** has reappeared alive in the *New 52* reboot, where she has gained metahuman abilities due to being caught in the blast that also gave the other Rogues their powers. She has become separated from her body, giving her an astral form that allows her to fly and move at superhuman speeds. She also has ribbon-like tendrils that can easily cut and kill a person without any evidence of attack.

*Golden Glider* was created by Cary Bates and Irv Novick, first appearing in *The Flash* #250 (1977).

Adaptations
-----------

Lisa Snart appeared in the first and second seasons of *The Flash*, portrayed by Peyton List. Golden Glider appears in the third season of *Harley Quinn*, voiced by Cathy Ang. Depicted as Kite Man's new love interest, she will co-star in the spin-off series *Kite Man: Hell Yeah!*.
For other people named John of Austria, see John of Austria (disambiguation).

**John Joseph of Austria** or **John of Austria (the Younger)** (Spanish: *Don Juan José de Austria*) (7 April 1629 – 17 September 1679) was a Spanish general and political figure. He was the only illegitimate son of Philip IV of Spain to be acknowledged by the King and trained for military command and political administration. Don John advanced the causes of the Spanish Crown militarily and diplomatically at Naples, Sicily, Catalonia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Dunkirk and other fronts. He was the governor of the Southern Netherlands from 1656 to 1659. He remained a popular hero even as the fortunes of Imperial Spain began to decline. His feuds with his father's widow, Queen Mariana, led to a 1677 palace coup through which he exiled Mariana and took control of the monarchy of his half-brother Charles II of Spain. However, he proved far from the savior Spain had hoped he would be. He remained in power until his death in 1679.
For other uses, see Punch and Judy (disambiguation).

Punch and Judy
***Punch and Judy*** is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself "The Professor". He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.

Characters
----------

Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a *swazzle*. There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called "slapstick".

History
-------

The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories ("stock characters"). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called *Punchinello* in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".

Watercolor by Thomas Rowlandson.
May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.

The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently. In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called *Jan Klaassen* and Judy is *Katrijn*; in Denmark *Mester Jackel*; in Italy *Pulcinella* (with *Teresina* as the female part); in Russia *Petruschka*; in Romania *Vasilache*; and in France *Polichinelle*.

In 1827, *The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy* became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
**David Osepashvili** (Georgian: დავით ოსეფაშვილი; born 3 December 1965) is a Georgian political scientist, politician, public relations and media specialist.

Early life
----------

### School

He graduated from Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. He majored in Political Science. 

### Early works

At different times he worked in governmental and state agencies. In both governmental and non-governmental sectors, he worked in information monitoring, including public opinion and policy research. He has relevant organizational experience. He also gives classes to students. In addition, he has a close relationship with the nongovernmental sector and government organizations.

Career
------

### Positions

David worked for many years in various government agencies as a chief adviser in public relations and communications, political adviser, leading analyst, chief specialist, area coordinator, expert consultant, editor-in-chief, lecturer, and in other positions.

### Institutions

David Osepashvili worked for such institutions as the Presidential Administration of Georgia, Ministry of Internal Affairs Archived 2022-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Culture, State Information Service, Tbilisi Office of Assembly, Tbilisi City Hall Administration, State Department of Youth Affairs, Millennium Challenge Georgia (MCG-MCC), Imedi TV Archived 2022-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, Public Broadcaster "First Channel", Georgian Radio, etc.

### Projects

He joined the project "Civil Servant against Corruption" implemented under the sponsorship of the Open Society Georgia Foundation. He was awarded the educational grant of state employees of Tbilisi local government. 

He also joined an international program in Tel Aviv. It was organized by the Agency for International Development Cooperation MASHAV of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel for the "Development of small and medium-sized businesses". 

### Experiences

He has broad experience both in political activities and in relations with the press  and television. There are many publications and interviews in the press, comments, and interviews on TV shows.

Authoritative sources
---------------------

* The Biographical Dictionary of Georgia
* Personal profile facebook
* Georgia Public Broadcaster
* Georgia Public Broadcaster
* Georgia Public Broadcaster
* TV company "Rustavi 2"
* Georgian newspaper "Qronikaplus"
* Georgian newspaper "Qronikaplus"
* TV company "Obieqtivi"
**The Tudeh Party of Iran**, meaning "People's Party" in Persian, is a political party with a significant historical presence in Iran. Founded in 1941, the party played a notable role in Iranian politics until the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

History
-------

The Tudeh Party was closely associated with communist ideologies and gained prominence during Iran's struggle against foreign occupation in World War II. It advocated for workers' rights, social justice, and national independence.

### Pre-Revolution Era

Before the Islamic Revolution, the Tudeh Party was a prominent force in Iranian politics. It participated in elections, and its members were involved in various social and political activities. However, as tensions escalated in the late 1970s, particularly during the revolution against the monarchy, the party faced challenges.

### Post-Revolution

Following the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979, the Tudeh Party experienced a significant setback. The new regime, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, opposed the party's communist ideals, leading to its banning. Many Tudeh Party members faced persecution, imprisonment, or exile.

### Exile and Transformation

Despite being banned in Iran, the Tudeh Party continued to operate in exile, primarily from European countries. Over time, the party underwent internal changes and ideological shifts. Some members moved away from strict communism, embracing more social-democratic principles.

Current Status
--------------

The Tudeh Party remains active in exile, engaging with the Iranian diaspora and advocating for democratic reforms. It continues to navigate challenges and changes in Iran's political landscape.

Conclusion
----------

The Tudeh Party of Iran has a complex history intertwined with the nation's political evolution. From its roots in anti-occupation struggles to its role in the pre-revolution era and subsequent challenges during the Islamic Republic, the party reflects the dynamic nature of Iranian politics. The Tudeh Party's resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity highlight its ongoing commitment to political engagement and social change.
A handheld barcode scanner

  

A barcode reader or barcode scanner is an electronic input device which is able to scan and decode barcodes. These devices use optical technology such as infrared light. Some readers use an integrated decoder, others have one unit for reading the barcode, and another one to decode the barcode. A barcode reader also called a price scanner or point-of-sale ( POS ) scanner, is a hand-held or stationary input device used to capture and read the information contained in a bar code. A barcode reader consists of a scanner, a decoder (either built-in or external), and a cable used to connect the reader with a computer. Because a barcode reader merely captures and translates the barcode into numbers and/or letters, the data must be sent to a computer so that a software application can make sense of the data. Barcode scanners can be connected to a computer through a serial port, keyboard port, or an interface device called a wedge. A barcode reader works by directing a beam of light across the bar code and measuring the amount of light that is reflected back. The dark bars on a barcode reflect less light than the white spaces between them. The barcode scanner then converts the reflected light energy into electrical energy, which is converted into data by the decoder and forwarded to a computer.

There are five basic barcode readers -- pen wands, slot scanners, Charge-Couple Device ( CCD ) scanners, image scanners, and laser scanners. A pen wand is the simplest barcode reader. It contains no moving parts and is known for its durability and low cost. A pen wand can present a challenge to the user, however, because it has to remain in direct contact with the bar code, must be held at a certain angle, and has to be moved over the bar code at a certain speed. A slot scanner remains stationary and the item with the bar code on it is pulled by hand through the slot. Slot scanners are typically used to scan bar codes on identification cards. A CCD scanner has a better read range than the pen wand and is often used in retail sales. Typically, a CCD scanner has a "gun" type interface and has to be held no more than one inch from the bar code. Each time the bar code is scanned, several readings are taken to reduce the possibility of errors. A disadvantage of the CCD scanner is that it cannot read a bar code that is wider than its input face. An image scanner, also called a camera reader, uses a small video camera to capture an image of the bar code and then uses sophisticated digital image processing techniques to decode the bar code. It can read a bar code from about 3 to 9 inches away and generally costs less than a laser scanner. A laser scanner, either hand-held or stationary, does not have to be close to the bar code in order to do its job. It uses a system of mirrors and lenses to allow the scanner to read the bar code regardless of orientation, and can easily read a bar code up to 24 inches away. To reduce errors, laser scanning may perform up to 500 scans per second. Specialized long-range laser scanners are capable of reading a bar code up to 30 feet away.
Plate with green salad, onion, tomato, cucumber, carrot and a black olive
In nutrition, ***diet*** is the sum of food that is eaten by a person or another organism. **Dietary habits** are the usual decisions someone or a culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. 

In discussing diet, the key issue is the change in work done. People have moved from manual work to office-type work, and to houses which have washing machines (et cetera). This has happened usually without changes in eating habits set during childhood. This is the basic reason why people get fat, with all the problems which follow.

With the word **diet**, it is often expressed the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos, due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthful. A proper nutrition requires a proper ingestion and, also important, the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and food energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in health and mortality, and can also define cultures and play a role in religion.

Diets are about eating the right quantity and type of food at the right time. When people talk about a diet, they are usually referring to a special kind of diet. When someone says they are "dieting", it means that they are trying to lose weight. People who study diet and eating habits are called dietitians.
When the diet is not right, people can gain or lose weight. They may become overweight or underweight. To get back to their normal weight, they need to change their diet.[*source?*] This may be very hard to do. Often help from a specialist is required.

Some people will also do fasting - they will not eat anything for some time to lose weight, balance their diet and clean their bodies.

Some people have diseases where they cannot eat certain foods without becoming very sick. They need to change their diet to avoid these foods. A food allergy is a condition in which a specific food makes someone sick. Phenylketonuria is a disease in which a person cannot digest certain foods properly because they have an amino acid, or type of chemical, called phenylalanines in them.

A fad diet is a type of diet that becomes popular for a short time without any major health organizations recommending it.

Health agencies recommend that people maintain a normal weight by limiting consumption of energy-dense foods and sugary drinks, eating plant-based food, limiting consumption of red and processed meat, and limiting alcohol intake.

Related pages
-------------

* Nutrition
Dr. David Gunn was a medical doctor, specialized in gynecology and obstetrics. On March 10, 1993, Michael Frederick Griffin shot and killed Dr. Gunn, in Pensacola, Florida. It was the first documented killing of an obstetrics and gynaecology doctor where the killer said he wanted to prevent a doctor from performing abortions in an act of anti-abortion violence in the United States.

A jury deliberated three hours before finding Griffin guilty on March 4, 1994. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison, which he is serving at Okaloosa Correctional Institution in Crestview, Florida. In November 2017, the Florida Commission on Offender Review set Griffin's tentative release date for March 4, 2043. Griffin can have his reliese date reviewed in 2024, and additional reviews after no more than 7 years.

Shooting
--------

On March 10, 1993, anti-abortion protesters had been demonstrating in front of Gunn's Pensacola Women's Medical Services clinic. Griffin waited outside, then ambushed Gunn by shooting him three times in the back with a shotgun, shouting "Don't kill any more babies" before opening fire. Griffin did not deny his actions after shooting Gunn and told police "We need an ambulance."

Aftermath
---------

Griffin claimed to be acting on behalf of God. During his trial, Griffin's lead defense attorney, Robert Kerrigan, argued that anti-abortion activist John Burt had brainwashed Griffin and drove him to commit murder. At the time, Burt was the Northwest Florida regional director of the national pro-life group Rescue America. Burt was also a former member of the Ku Klux Klan and self-professed "spiritual adviser" to a group of activists who bombed three abortion clinics in 1984. A jury deliberated three hours before finding Griffin guilty on March 4, 1994.

The murder was one of reasons why in 1994 of the federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act was passed. From March 1993 through May 2009, Gunn was the first of a total of four doctors murdered by anti-abortion extremists. Others killed were doctors Barnett Slepian, John Britton and George Tiller. Gunn's murder helped lead to the passage of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act. Gunn's murder also prompted Paul Jennings Hill to issue the Defensive Action Statement, signed by 30 anti-abortion leaders, which stated their belief that the killing of doctors who perform abortions was justified. Hill went on to murder physician John Britton and Britton's bodyguard in 1994.
*A Specimen*, a broadsheet with examples of typefaces and fonts available. Printed by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 *Cyclopaedia*.
In typography, a **typeface** is a family of fonts. Every glyph in a typeface shares certain design features. Typefaces have names, such as *Times New Roman*, *Garamond*, *Baskerville*.

Every font of a typeface has specific details (such as size and weight) and is used in a particular way. The reason for having different fonts is to give the designer or printer choices which suit various needs. The most basic of all needs is to have the text legible and readable.

There are many versions of typefaces which are out of copyright. "ITC Garamond" is a different typeface from "Adobe Garamond" or "Monotype Garamond". These are all versions of the typeface Garamond, originally created in the 16th century. There are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly.

The art and craft of designing typefaces is called *type design*. In digital typography, type designers are sometimes also called *font developers* or *font designers*.

Every typeface is a collection of glyphs, each of which represents an individual letter, number, punctuation mark, or other symbol. There are typefaces tailored for special applications, such as map-making or astrology and mathematics.

A very widely used typeface is *Times New Roman*. This is a serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper *The Times* in 1931. This typeface was later adapted for use in book printing, and again for use as a computer face. There are now many different versions of this typeface.
Adele Bloch-Bauer was the subject of this painting.
***Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I***, ***The Woman in Gold***, or ***The Lady in Gold*** is a painting by Gustav Klimt of Adele Bloch-Bauer, a woman who lived in Vienna. He painted the painting in 1907.

Influences
----------

Klimt drew many sketches of Adele Bloch-Bauer before choosing what to paint.
Klimt was a Symbolist artist and this painting was part of his Golden Phase. The painting is covered in gilt and other shining decoration. Art Nouveau, the Arts and Crafts movement, Byzantine art and Egyptian art influenced Klimt at this time.

Klimt looked at Byzantine mosaics like this one of Justinian I when planning the painting.
Klimt prepared carefully before painting the painting. He started in 1902. He drew over 100 sketches to practice. Klimt went to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and looked at Byzantine mosaics.

Klimt started with gold leaf and silver leaf and then put gesso on top to make patterns.

History
-------

According to Klimt's website, Bloch-Bauer was his mistress. She is also the only woman he ever painted twice. Adele's husband, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, hired Klimt to paint both paintings. Klimt painted *Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II* in 1912. Some artists also think Adele Bloch-Bauer might be the woman in *The Kiss* and *Judith and the Head of Holofernes*.

Before Adele Bloch-Bauer died, she said she wanted the painting to go to the Belvedere Gallery. But, at the time, the painting belonged to her husband and not to her.

During World War II, the Nazis stole the painting from Bloch-Bauer's family. It did end up in the Belvedere Gallery.

One of the reasons this painting is famous is that it was in a United States Supreme Court case, *Republic of Austria v. Altmann*, in 2004. Adele Bloch-Bauer's niece, Maria Altmann, tried to get the painting back from the Belvedere Gallery. The Supreme Court said the painting was Altmann's. Because Aultmann could not pay for insurance and storage, she sold the painting to Ronald Lauder to put in the Neue Gallery in New York City.

In popular culture
------------------

The 2015 movie *Woman in Gold* is about Maria Altmann trying to get the painting back from the Belvedere Gallery.
**Andreas Vesalius** (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author. He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, *De humani corporis fabrica* (*On the Fabric of the Human Body*). Vesalius is often called the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius is the Latinized form of **Andries van Wesel**. He is sometimes also called **Andreas Vesal**, **André Vesalio** and **Andre Vesale**.

Anatomies had been published before, but those of Vesalius were in a different class. They were based on actual dissections of human bodies (after death). And the drawings were artwork of the highest class. 

Dissections of cadavers (dead human bodies) was forbidden for many centuries, and this limited previous work on anatomy. Before Vesalius, most information about the human body came from Galen. By dissecting human bodies, Vesalius showed that many of the things Galen wrote about were wrong. Galen was primarily misinformed about the human heart, liver and lower jaw bone. It was found that Galen's work was based on Barbary apes, but he also dissected pigs, which led to even more inaccurate observations.

Vesalius was invited to be the Imperial physician of Emperor Charles V. After the abdication of Emperor Charles V he continued at court in great favour with the Emperor's son Philip II.
**Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907**, was a passenger flight flying from Manaus to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On 29 September 2006, the Boeing 737-8EH operating the flight was involved in a midair collision with an Embraer Legacy 600 while cruising over the Amazon rainforest. The Embraer landed at a military base safely with no injuries on board, and minor damage to the left wingtip and horizontal stabilizer, but the Boeing lost flight path control and was completely destroyed by aerodynamic forces, killing all 154 occupants on board.

Accident
--------

The Embraer had a set computer-generated flight plan to Air Traffic Control for the run north to Manaus. This would take N600XL over Brasília, where airway UZ6 would lead the airplane to Manaus. The computer requested a climb to FL370. Until Brasília, that direction was slightly to the east side of magnetic north. Since the airway to Manaus required a westerly turn over Brasília, the computer proposed a descent to 36,000, since it was supposed to be at that flight level by that point.

GOL Flight 1907 rapidly approached from the opposite direction, also at FL370. The Legacy struck the Boeing about 30 feet and 2 feet to the left of the fuselage. Due to the speed at which both aircraft traveled, the Legacy’s winglet acted like a knife, slicing through the Boeing’s left wing about halfway out and severing the wing’s internal spar. On the cockpit voice recorder, the collision sequence sounded like a car crash. Instantly, the 737 twisted out of control, yawing and banking violently to the left and pitching straight down into a rotating vertical dive. The autopilot automatically disconnected and the bank angle warning activated. 

The pilots fought to regain control, and extended the landing gear to slow the dive. 22 seconds into the plunge, the airplane’s overspeed clacker activated as the aircraft passed it's maximum rated dive speed. As the aircraft continued to spin rapidly, uncontrollably, the aircraft's load reached 4 Gs. 45 seconds into the dive, the first officer shouted in response to the aircraft breaking apart. Seven seconds later, the Boeing broke into three parts, which plummeted into the forest below.

Passenger remains were found to be several inches deep in the dirt as a result of the impact forces.

Pilot-in-command of the Embraer, Captain Lepore, immediately declared an emergency to ATC, and took control. The aircraft landed safely at Cachimbo Airbase following careful flight.

| Final tally of passenger nationalities |
| --- |
| Nationality | Passengers | Crew | Total |
|  Argentina | 10 | 0 | 10 |
|  United Kingdom | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  United States | 6 | 0 | 6 |
|  Uruguay | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  Mexico | 5 | 0 | 5 |
|  Paraguay | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  Peru | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  France | 4 | 0 | 4 |
|  Germany | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Italy | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Venezuela | 4 | 0 | 4 |
|  Australia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  Bolivia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  Canada | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  Colombia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  Dominican Republic | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Chile | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  Portugal | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  Spain | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  South Africa | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  Japan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Brazil | 105 | 6 | 111 |
| **Total** | **148** | **6** | **154** |
Kauai seen from a top-down view
**Kauai** (**Kaua'i** in Hawaiian) is the second oldest (after Ni'ihau) and fourth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle", Kaua'i lies 73 miles (117 kilometers) across the Kauai Channel, northwest of Honolulu on Oahu. It is of volcanic origin. The highest point on the island is Kawaikini. It is located 5,243 feet (1,598 m) above sea level. The wettest spot on Earth, with average rainfall of 460 inches (12,000 mm) a year, is just east of Mount Waialeale. The high yearly rainfall has eroded deep valleys and canyons in the central mountain. The waterfalls that have been created by erosion in canyons are now popular tourist spots.

The city of Lihue, on the island's southeast side, is the seat of Kauai County. It has a population of around 6,500, and is the main city on the island. Waimea, which is located on the island's southwest side and the first capital of Kauai, was the first place visited by Englishexplorer Captain James Cook in 1778. It was also the first capital of Kauai. The city is at the head of one of the most beautiful canyons in the world, Waimea Canyon, whose gorge is 900 meters (3,000 feet) deep.

The island of Kauai was featured in Disney's 2002 animated movie *Lilo & Stitch*.

Lihue Airport is the only commercial airport on the island. There are two other general aviation airports on the island: Port Allen Airport, and Princeville Airport.

| * v
* t
* e
State of Hawaii |
| --- |
| **Honolulu** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* Geography
	+ Seamount
* Government
* ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
	+ USS *Arizona*

 | Seal of Hawaii |
| Society | 
* Culture
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education

 |
| Main islands | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Kahoʻolawe
* Kauaʻi
* Lānaʻi
* Maui
* Molokaʻi
* Niʻihau
* Oʻahu

 |
| Communities | 
* Hilo
* Honolulu
* Kahului
* Kāneʻohe
* Līhuʻe
* Pearl City
* Waipahu

 |
| Counties | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Honolulu
* Kalawao
* Kauaʻi
* Maui

 |
Initiation of an apprentice Freemason around 1800. This engraving is based on that of Gabanon on the same subject dated 1745.
A Masonic Hall in Alabama
**Freemasonry** is an organization of people who believe in brotherhood and helping others. Its members are known as "Freemasons" (in full: "Ancient Free and Accepted Masons", or simply "Masons"). Freemasons also help one another in times of hardship. Freemasonry can be found all over the world in various forms. About 6 million people are Freemasons.

The local groups in various countries are known as "lodges". At the State or National level are "Grand Lodges". These are independent of each other. "Regular" Freemasonry is only for men, but there are also co-ed Masonic lodges (and lodges for only women) that are not recognized as legitimate by the "regular" groups. All of these lodges believe in "brotherly love, relief and truth". They do work for charities such as running schools for orphaned children. There is a Royal Masonic Hospital which is a home for old members and their families.

The word mason means a construction worker who works with stone. He is also called a "stonemason". Freemasonry grew from the groups (guilds) of stonemasons in the Middle Ages. These men were building cathedrals and other big buildings. They were called freemasons because they were free, they were not servants who belonged to a rich lord, like many workers were in those days. They often changed jobs and moved from one town to another. In this way they were different from other craftsmen who often worked in one place and had guilds in one town. The stonemasons tried to keep their skills secret so only they knew how to do their job. This is probably why the Freemasons have handshakes and passwords that they swear to keep secret.

About 1650, Masons' guilds started to let people who were not masons into their guilds. In 1717, the first Grand Lodge (the Grand Lodge of England) was formed. It developed into the governing body of Freemasonry in England. In 1813, it merged with a rival and is now called the United Grand Lodge of England.

Freemasonry is controversial and has been opposed. The Anti-Masonic Party (1827-34) was important in early American politics. The Catholic Church opposes Freemasonry, although Freemasonry itself does not block Catholics. Political authorities also sometimes oppose it. Nazi Germany and Eastern Bloc nations outlawed freemasonry.
**Maui** is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States.
It has a population of just over 150,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.

Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.

Geography
---------

Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has been very worn down. In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.

Places
------

Other places on Maui popular with visitors include:

* Ī'ao Valley.
* Haleakala crater
* Road to Hāna
* Wai'ānapanapa

Golf courses on Maui include:

* Grand Waikapu Country Club
* Ka'anapali Golf Course
* Kapalua Golf Club
* Makena Golf Club
* Maui Country Club
* Pukalani Country Club
* Sandalwood Country Club
* Silversword Golf Course
* Wai'ehu Municipal Golf Course
* Wailea Golf Club


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Maui***.

| * v
* t
* e
State of Hawaii |
| --- |
| **Honolulu** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* Geography
	+ Seamount
* Government
* ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
	+ USS *Arizona*

 | Seal of Hawaii |
| Society | 
* Culture
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education

 |
| Main islands | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Kahoʻolawe
* Kauaʻi
* Lānaʻi
* Maui
* Molokaʻi
* Niʻihau
* Oʻahu

 |
| Communities | 
* Hilo
* Honolulu
* Kahului
* Kāneʻohe
* Līhuʻe
* Pearl City
* Waipahu

 |
| Counties | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Honolulu
* Kalawao
* Kauaʻi
* Maui

 |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities
* WorldCat Entities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
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Pripyat, year 2001
Abandoned village near Pripyat
View of the Chernobyl power plant from Pripyat
Coat of arms
**Pripyat** (Ukrainian: При́п'ять, *Pryp"iat’*) is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kyiv Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48,000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.
The site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Pripyat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.

The city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a radiation dosimeter that measures exposure. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit.

Related pages
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* Chernobyl disaster

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pripyat***.

* Site about Pripyat created by its former residents. Contains photos from the deserted town of Pripyat and much other useful information Archived 2005-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Pripyat Ghost Town (1970-1986): a tale by Elena Filatova with photos Archived 2005-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Greenpeace pictures with no text Archived 2006-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Pripyat - Ghost Town II (www.opuszczone.com)
**Superhero movies** are movies about superheroes. Superhero movies are generally, only always, based on comic books. There were a lot of superhero movies made during World War II. Sometimes superhero movies aren't really about DC and Marvel superhero characters but are independently produced or based on characters from other comic book companies.

This is a list of live-action movies based on the characters from DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, etc.) and Marvel Comics (Spider-Man, Hulk, etc.).

History
-------

*Adventures of Captain Marvel* was a 1941 black and white movie based on the superhero Captain Marvel from DC Comics.

In 1943, *Batman* based on the DC Comics character of Batman.

In 1944, there was a serial called *Captain America* about a superhero called Captain America from Marvel Comics. 

In 1948, there was a movie based on the DC Comics character of Superman.

In 1957, there was a television series called *The Adventures of Superman* based on DC Comics.

In 1966, CBS aired its television series *Batman* with Adam West and Burt Ward as Batman and Robin.

Also in 1966, Warner Brothers made a movie based on the Batman series. 

In 1975, American Broadcasting Company aired its television series *Wonder Woman*, with Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman, the television movie *The New Original Wonder Woman*.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of television studios filmed made for television movies about Marvel Comics superheroes including Thor and The Incredible Hulk.

The 1990s saw the introduction of superhero television shows based on DC Comics including *The Flash* television series. The 1990s were also when they started to make movies about Blade, a superhero from Marvel Comics.

In 1978, Warner Brothers made the movie *Superman* and over the years filmed several sequels to it.

In 1989, they made the movie *Batman* starring Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne and Jack Nicholson as the Joker. Tim Burton and Joel Shulmacher filmed three sequels to it.

Also in 1989, they made the movie *The Punisher* based on the Marvel Comics antihero of same name starring Dolph Lundgren as Frank Castle/Punisher.

In 2000, 20th Century Fox filmed the movie *X-Men*, based on Marvel Comics, and made a series of it.

In 2002, Sony Pictures made the movie *Spider-Man* based on the character of Peter Parker and starring Tobey Maguire with Willem Dafoe as the Green Goblin.

Sony also filmed *Spider-Man 2* in 2004 and *Spider-Man 3* in 2007.

Pixar filmed the animated movie *The Incredibles* in 2004 as a parody of superhero movies.

In 2008, Heath Ledger earned the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor when he played the Joker in the movie *The Dark Knight*. He became the first actor ever to win an Oscar for a superhero movie. More recently, the movie *Black Panther* was nominated for an Oscar but did not win.

Also in 2008, Columbia Pictures made the movie *Hancock* starring Will Smith as the titular character, an alcoholic, reckless Los Angeles-based superhero.

In 2017, the stars of Gal Gadot, Warner Bros. filmed the movie *Wonder Woman*.
**Herman's Hermits** were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from *The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show*. Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.

The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.

Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer.

In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts.
**Kargil** is a district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. Kargil lies near the Line of Control and is surrounded by the Pakistan-administered region of Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, the Kashmir Valley and Jammu divisions to the west, Leh district to the east and Himachal Pradesh to the south. Kargil is divided into 9 blocks which are, Kargil, Drass, Sankoo, Taisuru, Shargole, Shakar-Chiktan, Zanskar, GM Pore/Trespone and Lungnak. It has three Tehsils, namely Kargil, Zanskar and Sankoo. Zanskar and Drass are also sub divisions, and are headed administratively by a Sub Divisional Magistrate.

Name
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The name **Kargil** is said to derive from the Balti-Tibetan words *Khar* and *Rkil*. *Khar* means "Castle" and *rkil* means "Centre" - thus a place between castles (as the place lay between many kingdoms). The ancient name of Kargil was *Purig*.

Demographics
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With a population of 140,000 Kargil is the only Muslim majority district in Ladakh. Of total population, 85% are Muslim, of which 73% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in Kargil town, Drass, Wakha and the lower Suru valley. The remainder 14% are followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Another 1% of the population follow Hinduism and Sikhism.

Purig and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converting from Buddhism to Islam in the 16th Century) mainly live in Kargil. They have mixed with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people. The mainly Muslim Dards live in the valley of Drass and speak Shina. A small number of Buddhist Dard, known as Brokpa, live in the Dha-Hanu region near the Lamayuru monastery. Some Arghons also live in in Kargil Town. Of late, immigrants from Kashmir and Hindus Jammu have come to live in in Kargil.

Gallery
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* Local girls in KargilLocal girls in Kargil
* buddhist girl dancing on a folk songbuddhist girl dancing on a folk song
* 
* 
* View of Suru ValleyView of Suru Valley
* Panorama of Kargil TownPanorama of Kargil Town
* Lifeline of Ladakh region - the Zoji LaLifeline of Ladakh region - the Zoji La
* Poyen VillagePoyen Village
* Sunset in the mountainsSunset in the mountains
* Kargil in the winterKargil in the winter
* The Kun and Nun mountain range in Kargil.The Kun and Nun mountain range in Kargil.
* Row of chortens (or stupas) at the village of Purne. Each of the elements that constitute these edifices, as well as their colour, has a symbolic meaning in Tibetan Buddhism.Row of chortens (or stupas) at the village of Purne. Each of the elements that constitute these edifices, as well as their colour, has a symbolic meaning in Tibetan Buddhism.
* Farmland in Kargil lies straddled below the mountains and above a flowing stream.Farmland in Kargil lies straddled below the mountains and above a flowing stream.

Other websites
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* "District Kargil", Official Kargil Site
* Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
Satellite view of the Suez Canal
The **Suez Canal** (Arabic: قناة السويس, *Qanā al-Suways*, French: *Le Canal de Suez*) is a canal in Egypt. It lies west of the Sinai Peninsula. The canal is 163 km long (101 miles) and, at its narrowest point, 200 m wide (656 ft). It runs between Port Said (*Būr Sa'īd*) on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (*al-Suways*) on the Red Sea. It was built by a French company. The canal was started in 1859 and finished in 1869.

The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without having to go the way around Africa. This saves time and fuel. It was built for Europeans to go to and from the Indian Ocean.

History
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In 1859, the Suez Canal was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company, and took 10 years to build. The first ship passed through the canal 17 November, 1869; Giuseppe Verdi wrote the famous opera Aida for this ceremony .

  

The canal made it possible to easily transport goods across the world. The canal also allowed Europeans to travel to East Africa, and this area was soon controlled by European powers. The British tried to stop it, fearing that it would increase French power in the Indian Ocean. Later, they bought shares in the company.

The success of the Suez Canal encouraged the French to try to build the Panama Canal. But they did not finish it. The Panama Canal was finished later.

The canal was a central point during the Six Day War in 1967. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974, to avoid more wars. The canal reopened in 1975.

About 15,000 ships pass through the canal each year, which is about 14% of world shipping. Each ship takes up to 16 hours to cross the canal. In 2015 a central part of the canal was expanded so more ships can go through and go faster.

The canal was blocked for part of late March 2021 by the *Ever Given*, a container ship, which became stuck diagonally.
**Empress Dowager Cixi**  (November 29 1835 – November 15 1908), often known in China as the **West Dowager Empress**  was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan.

Cixi was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the *de facto* ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. She was one of the wives of Emperor Xianfeng and also the mother of Emperor Tongzhi. She quickly took over the power after the death of Emperor Xianfeng. Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an ordinary Manchu family. She was chosen by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine. She gained almost total control over the court when the rule of her son the Tongzhi Emperor started. He and her nephew the Guangxu Emperor attempted unsuccessfully to rule in their own right.

As the source tells it, Cixi had a partnership with the #1 concubine Zhin, who had been raised to Empress. The two women ruled together, with Cixi as the more dominant personality.

She was in charge during the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and the Boxer Rebellion. She was largely conservative during her rule, and some historians consider her reign despotism, and think that she might be responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and therefore Imperial China, as a result of Cixi's rule.

Noble Consort Yi's portrait of Ci-Xi, when she was still Imperial Concubine

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Empress Dowager Cixi***

* 
* 
* 
* Archived 2005-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
* 
* Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne -- Smithsonian.com
Dugouts on the shore of Lake Malawi
A **dugout canoe**, or dugout is a boat that is made by hollowing out a tree. The name is sometimes shortened to dugout. Other names for this kind of boat are **logboat** and **monoxylon**. *Monoxylon* (*μονόξυλον*) (pl: *monoxyla*) is Greek – *mono-* (single) + *ξύλον xylon* (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called **Einbaum** ("one tree" in English). Some, but not all, pirogues are also made in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found. The items found date back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes.

Images
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The Pesse canoe is the world's oldest known dugout
Slavic dugout from the 10th century
Ukrainian dugout (dowbanka) from the end of the 19th century
Building a dugout in Estonia

Other websites
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* Fundamental origins of ship types
* Ship replicas in the world
* For more information on Tocher's voyage
**Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner**, also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete who gained fame for her incredible speed. She set world records in 1988 for the 100m and 200m races. During the late 1980s, she became well-known not only for her athletic achievements but also for her unique personal style. 

Griffith Joyner grew up in California and showed athletic talent from a young age, participating in track meets as a child. She continued competing in track and field while attending California State University, Northridge and later the University of California, Los Angeles. She qualified for the 1980 Olympics in the 100m event, but was unable to compete due to the U.S. boycott. She made her Olympic debut in 1984, winning a silver medal in the 200m race at the Los Angeles Olympics. At the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, Griffith set a new world record in the 100m sprint and went on to win three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics. Surprisingly, she retired from athletics in February 1989. Despite leaving the world of sports, she remained a prominent figure in popular culture.