recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Eddie August Schneider** (October 20, 1911 – December 23, 1940) was an American aviator. He set the transcontinental airspeed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one in 1930. When he received his pilot's license, he was the youngest licensed pilot in the United States.

Biography
---------

Eddie Schneider was born in 1911 in Manhattan in New York City. His father was Emil August Schneider (1886-1955), a banker and stock broker who born in Germany. His mother was Inga Karoline Eldora Pedersen (1882-1927), who was born in Farsund, Norway. The family moved from Manhattan to Red Bank, New Jersey, and then they moved to Jersey City, New Jersey by 1920. Eddie graduated from Dickinson High School in Jersey City in 1927, the same year that his mother died. After his mother's death, he and his parents visited Bielefeld, Germany and Farsund, Norway to visit with relatives. In Germany Eddie went on a plane ride and then aviation became his obsession. In 1929 he trained at Roosevelt Field on Long Island and became the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot's license. That same year he also received a mechanics license, becoming the youngest licensed airplane mechanic in New York. 

On August 25, 1930 he set the round-trip transcontinental air speed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one years in his airplane. He flew from Westfield, New Jersey on August 14, 1930 to Los Angeles, California in 4 days with a combined flying time of 29 hours and 55 minutes. He lowered the East to West record by 4 hours and 22 minutes. He then made the return trip from Los Angeles to New York City in 27 hours and 19 minutes, lowering the West to East record by 1 hour and 36 minutes. His total elapsed time for the round trip was 57 hours and 14 minutes, breaking the preceding record for the round trip. Frank Goldsborough held the previous record which was 62 hours and 58 minutes. When Eddie landed in New York on August 25, 1930, his first words were to his father: "Hello Pop, I made it."

He married Gretchen Hahnen (1902-1986) in New York City on June 2, 1934. Gretchen was the daughter of Zora M. Hahnen (1882-1962) and was originally from Des Moines, Iowa. Eddie met her at an aviation function. They did not have any children. 

In 1936 Eddie left for Spain to be a pilot in the Spanish Civil War which was against the law. Along with fellow Americans Bert Acosta and Frederic Ives Lord he organized the Yankee Squadron. He was only there for a month before he returned to the United States. When talking to reporters Eddie said: "I was broke, hungry, jobless ... yet despite the fact that all three of us are old-time aviators who did our part for the development of the industry, we were left out in the cold in the Administration’s program of job making. Can you blame us for accepting the lucrative Spanish offer?" 

On December 23, 1940, Eddie was killed in an accident while training another pilot. They were trying to land, when a Navy pilot struck the tail of Eddie's plane. Eddie's plane went into a spin and crashed into the river. Both the student and Eddie were killed.
***eLife*** is a scientific journal for the biomedical and life sciences. It is peer-reviewed and open access. It was established at the end of 2012 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society, and Wellcome Trust. These organizations gave the money for the journal's business and publishing operations.

The editor-in-chief is Randy Schekman (University of California, Berkeley). Editorial decisions are made largely by senior editors and members of the board of reviewing editors, all of whom are active scientists working in fields ranging from human genetics and neuroscience to biophysics and epidemiology.

Business model
--------------

The journal charges authors USD$2,500 for their papers to be published in the journal. It started doing this in 2017.

Abstracting and indexing
------------------------

The journal is indexed in Medline, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.
In 2016, the journal had an impact factor of 7.725. The journal claims that it will not advertise its impact factor.

eLife digests
-------------

Most articles in the journal have an "eLife digest". This is a short version of the article for people who aren't scientists. Since December 2014, the journal has been sharing some of the digests on Medium.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***eLife***.

* Official website
* eLife on Medium
The **Employment Non-Discrimination Act** (**ENDA**) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress. If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations. It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007.

The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law. In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote. This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".

Currently, California[*permanent dead link*], Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.

Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.

Previous bills have not included transgender people. The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.

In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people. It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.

Related pages
-------------

* Constitutional economics
* Political economy
**Dave Arneson** (December 1 1955 - April 2009) was the co-author, with Gary Gygax, of the original 1970s role playing game Dungeons & Dragons and an important figure in the history of role playing games. Arneson's Blackmoor, published by Tactical Studies Rules (TSR), was one of the first published role playing game campaign settings and has the distinction of being the longest continuously played fantasy role playing campaign at 25 years and counting.

Career
------

In the early 1980s Arneson established his own game company Adventure Games which produced the miniature games Johnny Reb and Harpoon. Arneson had a cameo in the 2001 Dungeons & Dragons movie as a mage. In 2002 he suffered a stroke. He was working as a game designer, reviewer, video historian and lecturer. He was a recluse. He died in 2009.

Zeitgeist Games, where Arneson worked, produced an updated d20 system version of Blackmoor to have been published by Goodman Games.

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2020-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (Arneson's home page)
* (Zeitgeist Games, where Arneson worked)
A **Concerto Grosso** is a piece of music from the 18th century in which there are a small group of instruments and a large group of instruments. These two groups are contrasted with one another. Sometimes both play together, sometimes one plays by itself, or the two groups might imitate one another. The small group is called "concertino" and the large group is called "tutti", "ripieno" or "concerto grosso" (the same name as the musical piece). "Concerto grosso" is Italian for "big concerto". The plural is "concerti grossi". Notice that the second "c" in "concerto" is pronounced like an English "ch".

A concerto grosso has several parts that differ in speed and character. There are usually three movements; the first is fast, the second is slow, and the last is fast. The first movement contrasts the tutti and the soloists, the second movement is quiet, while the last movement is lively.

The composer who made the concerto grosso very popular was the Italian Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713). The instruments in the small group of soloists in his concerti grossi were usually two violins and one cello. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) also used that combination for his concerti grossi. 

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote a set of six concertos known as the *Brandenburg Concertos*. Each of the Brandenburg Concertos is for a different combination of instruments. Most of them are concerti grossi. The second one, for example, has a concertino group of four instruments: trumpet, violin, recorder and oboe.

After the Baroque period, few composers wrote concerti grossi. They were more interested in the solo concerto. However, in the 20th century, some composers, including Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Bela Bartok (1881-1945), wrote pieces of music that are like concerti grossi.

Related pages
-------------

* Concerto
The large hall of the Wien Konzerthaus (Vienna Concert House). The stage is off to the left of the photo.
A **concert hall** is a place where concerts of classical music take place. "Concert hall" can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building. The hall where the concerts are held may have a "stage" (where the performers are) and there will be an "auditorium" where the audience sits.

Some concert halls are purpose-built. That means they were built to be concert halls. Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall. Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century. At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).

Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved). Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up. This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.

Berlin Philharmonie was built in the 1980s in Berlin as a home for the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage. A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a "recital hall".

Some concert halls are especially famous. In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well. There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall. New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given. In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig. In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").
*Fountain* by Marcel Duchamp, 1917. The start of Dada, and of conceptual art. Duchamp presented the urinal at an art show unchanged except for a signature *R. Mutt* and the year. The implication was, anything an artist say is art, **is** art.
**Conceptual art** is art in which the concepts or ideas involved in the work are more important than traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to one of the first to appear in print:

"In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art".
Conceptual art even questions the nature of art. Joseph Kosuth elevated this into a definition of art itself in his early manifesto of conceptual art.

The notion that art should examine its own nature was already part of art critic Clement Greenberg's vision of modern art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists began a far more radical analysis of art than was previously done. One of the first things they questioned was the assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects.

Conceptual art has come to mean all contemporary art which does not use the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

Related pages
-------------

* Art & Language
**Dysart** (Scottish Gaelic: ***Dìseart***) is a town on the south-east coast of Scotland, between Kirkcaldy and West Wemyss in Fife. A former royal burgh, Dysart is now a suburb of Kirkcaldy. Dysart was once part of a large estate owned by the St Clair or Sinclair family. They were given burgh of barony status for the town at the end of the 15th century.

The first written record of the town was in the early 13th century. During the middle of the 15th century, the town traded with the Low Countries, and exported salt and coal. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they began to trade with the Baltic Countries. Dysart got two nicknames: "Salt Burgh" and "Little Holland".

When the coal mine, the Lady Blanche Pit, closed suddenly use of the harbour almost stopped. The town was joined with the royal burgh of Kirkcaldy in 1930. Large parts of the historic town were pulled down in the 1950s and 1960's for new housing. People living in the town were able to protect some areas, most notably the 16th century and the 18th century houses of Pan Ha' opposite the harbour. These have been repaired and preserved for future generations. Today, Dysart retains an individual character within the boundary borders of neighbouring Kirkcaldy.
In music, the **dynamics** in the piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. 

In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that "piano", as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way ("pi-AH-no").


| Abbreviation | Italian word | English meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * ***pp***
* ***p***
* ***mp***
* ***mf***
* ***f***
* ***ff***
* **< ( cresc )**
* **> ( dim./decrescendo )**
 | *pianissimopianomezzo pianomezzo fortefortefortissimocrescendodiminuendo* | very quiet
quiet
medium quiet
medium loud 
Loud
very loud
getting louder
getting quieter |

  

Use more than two ***p***s or ***f***s to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ***p***s or ***f***s, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud ***mp*** should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.

Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly ***p*** and ***f***. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

Sforzando notation
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. *Sforzando* means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as ***sf***, ***sfz*** or ***fz***. The notation ***sfzp*** (or ***sfp***) means a *sforzando* followed immediately by *piano*

The terms *crescendo*, and *diminuendo* (or sometimes *decrescendo*), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a *crescendo*, one which closes is a *diminuendo*.

For a quick change in dynamics, ***molto cresc.*** and ***molto dim.*** are often used (*molto* means *a lot*). For slow changes ***poco a poco cresc.*** and ***poco a poco dim.*** are used (*poco a poco* means *little by little*, i.e. very gradually.)
*Tyto alba guttata*
The **common barn owl** (*Tyto alba*) is a species of owl in the genus *Tyto*. It is the most widely distributed species of owl, and one of the most widespread of all birds. The barn owl family Tytonidae is one of two main lineages of living owls, the other being the typical owls (Strigidae). It is known by many other names in different parts of the world, which is one of the problems with 'common names'. It is one of the main reasons Linnaeus invented his system of scientific naming.

This owl has long wings, a pale face, and a square-shaped tail. It lives in rural areas like farms and woodland. The barn owl has a wing span of 75–110 cm and its body length measures up to around 25–50 cm. It weighs between 187 and 800 grams.

Barn owls' breeding season is spring and it breeds in nests in trees. It eats small mammals, reptiles, fish, insects and smaller birds.

Ecology
-------

A (male) *Tyto alba alba*-type (left) and a (female) *T. a. guttata*-type Barn Owl in the Netherlands, where these subspecies intergrade
*Tyto alba* is nocturnal, as usual for owls. However, it often becomes active shortly before dusk and can sometimes be seen during the day, when it moves from a sleeping place it does not like.

This is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods. It has an effortless wavering flight as it moves over pastures or similar hunting grounds. Like most owls, the Barn Owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges of its flight feathers help to break up the flow of air over its wings, thereby reducing turbulence and the noise that accompanies it.

### Diet and feeding

A Barn Owl skull, showing the rodent-killer beak
It hunts by flying low and slowly over an area of open ground, hovering over spots that conceal potential prey. They may also use fence posts or other lookouts to ambush prey. The Barn Owl feeds primarily on small vertebrates such as rodents.

Studies have shown that an individual Barn Owl may eat one or more rodents per night; a nesting pair and their young can eat more than 1,000 rodents per year. Locally superabundant rodent species in the weight class of several grams per individual usually make up most of the prey. Such animals probably make up at least three-quarters of the biomass eaten by each and every *T. alba*, except in some island populations. In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the Bank vole in the 1950s has led to a major shift in the Barn Owl's diet: where their ranges overlap the vole is now by far the largest prey item. The diet is supplemented with local small vertebrate and large invertebrate life.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Barn owls at Wikimedia Commons
The **common night adder** is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Description
-----------

The common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24 in) long, making it the longest species of the genus *Causus*. The longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern Zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. They are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.

### Common names

The common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "Cape Viper", and the "African night adder".

### Where they live

The common night adder is found in the savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa, from Nigeria, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa.

Behavior
--------

The common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3 km per hour. They are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. They are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. When disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.

Common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. Once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5 cm long and eat small frogs and toads.

### Feeding

Their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.
**Christiaan Hendrik Persoon** (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

Early life
----------

Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

Education
---------

He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

Later years
-----------

He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

Academic career
---------------

The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was *Abbildungen der Schwämme* (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his *Synopsis plantarum* Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the *Synopsis methodica fungorum* (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The genus *Persoonia* is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Christiaan Hendrik Persoon***

* Christian Hendrik Persoon
* Persoonia Archived 2009-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Hunt Institute-botanical archives Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Botanist |
| Date of birth | 1761-1761 |
| Place of birth | Cape of Good Hope, South Africa |
| Date of death | 1836-1836 |
| Place of death | Paris |
The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line
Detail of the DMZ
The **division of Korea** between North and South Korea happened because of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945. After Japan surrendered, the Allies made Japan give up all the colonies they took through military force, even those before WWII started. Even though Korea was a colony of Japan before WWII, Japan still had to give it up because it used military force to take it over. So after 35 years, Korea no longer became a colony of the Empire of Japan. However, on the same day Japan surrendered, the  Soviet Union invaded Korea, after having occupied Northeast China.

The United States and the Soviet Union occupied the country, meaning they had their military there, with the border between their zones of control along the 38th parallel, or the land on the Korean Peninsula from east to west 38 degrees North.

With the rise of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to create an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, the elections led by the UN were held only in the southern part of Korea, which was occupied by the United States. This led to the creation of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was afterwards followed by the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, and the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty, or the right to rule itself, over the whole Korean Peninsula.

In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in order to take over all of Korea, which began the Korean War. Just before North Korea took over all of Korea, the United States sent its military to take back South Korea. After it took back South Korea, the United States tried to take over North Korea until China, North Korea's communist ally, pushed back the United States. This led to a tug-of-war that lasted throughout the war. In 1953, the fighting ended in stalemate, meaning neither side won the war, and the border was once again put on the 38th parallel, but this time it became the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).

The Korean War (1950–1953) left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the later part of the Cold War and even to this day.

Due to this division, North and South Korea have become two extremely different countries. Now it has major differences between cultures, economies, health, politics, and even languages.
Common crane (*Grus grus*)
Egg
The **common crane** (*Grus grus*), also known as the **Eurasian crane**, is a bird of the family **Gruidae**, the cranes. It is a medium-sized species, and classified as of least concern. It is the only crane commonly found in Europe apart from the demoiselle crane.

Habitat
-------

In Europe, the common crane breeds in boreal and taiga forest and mixed forests, from sea-level to 2,200 m (7,200 ft). It also lives on treeless moors, on bogs, or on dwarf heather habitats, usually where small lakes or pools are also found. 

In Sweden, breeders are usually found in small, swampy openings amongst pine forests while, in Germany, marshy wetlands are used. Breeding habitats in Russia are similar, though they can even be found nesting in the steppe and in semi-desert, so long as water is near. Mostly, common cranes are found breeding in wooded swamps, bogs and wetlands. They seem to need quiet, peaceful enivrons with little human interference. They live in low density, from 1 to 5 pairs per 100 km2 (39 sq mi).

During winter, the birds move to flooded areas, shallow sheltered bays, and swampy meadows. During the flightless moulting period there is a need for shallow waters or high reed cover for concealment. Later, after the migration period, the birds winter regularly in open country, often on cultivated lands and sometimes also in savanna-like areas, for example on the Iberian Peninsula.

### Back to Britain

Cranes are back in Britain after 300 years. They were devastated by the draining of the fens 300 years ago. This was a low-lying wetland which was one of their favourite habitats.
The **Deutsche Reichspartei** (DRP) (*German Reich Party*, *German Imperial Party* or *German Empire Party*) was a nationalist political party in West Germany. It was a merger of the German Conservative Party - Deutsche Right Party (DKP-DRP) and the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei (NDP).

Some of the DRP's founders were: Alexander Andrae, Oskar Lutz, Hans Bernd von Grünberg, Wilhelm Meinberg, Otto Heß, Hans Schikora, Heinrich Kunstmann, Adolf von Thadden.

In 1949 the Sozialistische Reichspartei (SRP) split from the DRP. This was because the Empire Party was not neo-Nazi, and did not want to be associated with Adolf Hitler. Instead the party preferred to say how good the Second German Empire (1870-1919) was. 

The Deutsche Reichspartei did become more national socialist after 1952. This is when the Sozialistische Reichspartei was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and a lot of its members re-joined the Empire Party.

The party was not very successful in the 1950s, but seemed to be getting more popular after the state elections of 1959. But the success did not last, and the party held its final conference in 1964 when it was dissolved. It was quickly replaced by the new Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

Other websites
--------------

* *Germany's New Nazis* 1951 pamphlet about the DRP and other neo--nazi groups
**Edakkidom** is a village in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala, located about 21 km (13 mi) north of Kollam city. The main attraction is Thettikkunnil Mahadevi Temple.

Distance from nearest known places
----------------------------------

* Kottarakkara : 8.1 KM
* Paravur : 23.3 KM
* Ezhukone :3 KM
* Kundara : 8.4 KM
* Chathannoor : 14.8KM
* Odanavattom : 7.2 KM
* Nedumankavu:5.8 KM
* Ambalathumkala South Bus Stop, NH744, 3.3 km
* Ayoor:21.3 KM
* kollam Railway Station, Chamkkada, 22.3 KM

Demographics
------------

This village has a majority population of the Hindus (Mainly Nairs and Ezhavas).

Economy
-------

This village is mainly dependent on agricultural products which includes rubber, black pepper, cashewnut, rice Plantain etc. Some of the famous nearby places are Kollam, Kottarakkara, Ezhukone, Odanavattom, Punalur etc.

Industries
----------

Kareepra Cooperative Bank, Edakkidom & SupplyCo Maveli Store at KSN Building, Sodiac Tiles (BK Agencies), SLS wood industries, Mother rubber manufacturers. Rajan cashews, Ambalakara cashwes factory,11 KV Substation (KSEB) AM Junction Edakkidom North,S.R. Agencies

Educational institutions
------------------------

There is one primary school at Edakkidom, Govt L.P.School Edakkidom, and one aided SANSKRIT secondary school SNGSHS Kadaikode, Edaikkidom , KNS memorial S N Central school (CBSE), St George vocational higher secondary school at Chowalloor, Edakkidom. Sree Sankara Sanskrit vidyapeetam (BA, MA in Sanskrits), S.S.V.U.P.S Edakkidom.Akshya computer education centre,SRI SRI ACADEMY EZHUKONE-Edakkidom 691505

Temples
-------

* Edakkidom Thettikkunil Sree Maha Devi Devaswam
* Munnur Indilayappan Temple
* Valayikkodu Karthikeyapuram Temple
* Gurunadan Mukal Temple
* Malanada Temple
* Mannoor Thevar vishnu temple
* Thevarpoyika Mahavishnu Temple Edakkidom.
* Nalannil Sree Nagaraja Kshethram,Valayikkodu,Edakkidom

Tourism
-------

The Kerala backwaters of Kollam/Alappuzha is 14 km from Edakkidom. Some of the tourist spots near Edakkidom are Thenmala Ecotourism (39 km) and Palaruvi Water Falls (33 km).
Edakkidom is a part of assembly constituency Kottarakara and Lok Sabha constituency Mavelikkara. INC, CPI(M) is the major working political party in Edakkidom.
***Cryolophosaurus*** is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period. It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica. *Cryolophosaurus* was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.

*Cryolophosaurus* is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.

*Cryolophosaurus* had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. It extends upwards from the skull.

*Cryolophosaurus* was found about 650 kilometres (400 mi) from the South Pole but then it was about 1,000 km (621 mi) or so farther north. Also found were the remains of *Glacialisaurus* (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod. There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of *Cryolophosaurus*, proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward.
Grand Coat of Arms of the Dauphins of France
The **Dauphin** was the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350–1791, and from 1824–1830.

History
-------

Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed *le Dauphin* (French for *dolphin*). The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of *le Dauphin* and govern this territory. The Dauphin retained the title only. The estates belonged to the crown. On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title. If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him. If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone. It is never given to a brother of the king. The wife of the Dauphin was known as the *Dauphine*. The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title *Prince of Wales*. The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.

The title of *Dauphin of Auvergne* was used by the Count of Clermont.

Dauphins of France, 1349-1830
-----------------------------

1. Charles V of France 1349–1364
2. Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368-1380
3. Charles 1389
4. Charles 1392–1401
5. Louis, 1401–1415
6. John, 1415–1417
7. Charles VII of France 1417–1422
8. Louis XI of France 1423–1461
9. Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
10. Charles Orland 1492–1495
11. Charles 1496
12. François 1497–1498
13. François 1518–1536
14. Henry II of France 1536–1547
15. Francis II of France 1547–1559
16. Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
17. Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
18. Louis, *Grand Dauphin* 1661–1711
19. Louis, *Petit Dauphin* 1711-1712
20. Louis 1712
21. Louis XV of France 1712–1715
22. Louis 1729–1765
23. Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
24. Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
25. Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (*in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal"*)
26. Louis XIX of France 1824–1830

Related pages
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* Prince of Wales
* Titles of European royal heirs
The **common juniper** (*Juniperus communis*) is a species in the genus *Juniperus*, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant. It is all over the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere. It can be found in North America, Europe and Asia.

Description
-----------

*Juniperus communis* subsp. *alpina*, Vitosha, Bulgaria.
*Juniperus communis* is a shrub or small coniferous evergreen tree. It is a low spreading shrub. Sometimes it can reach 10 m tall. 

The seed cones are berry-like. They are green when ripening. In 18 months they change to purple-black with a blue waxy coating.

Uses
----

Foliage and berries
### Crafts

It is too small to be used for lumber. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers. These containers store small amounts of dairy products such as butter and cheese. In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.

### Culinary

Its astringent blue-black seeds, commonly known as "Juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw. They are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. The berries are used to flavour certain beers and gin. The Slovak national alcoholic beverage Borovička is also flavoured with juniper berry extract.

### Traditional medicine

Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures. Juniper berries act as a strong urinary tract disinfectant if eaten. They were used by Native Americans as an herbal remedy for diabetes. Western American tribes combined the berries of *Juniperus communis* with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.

Gallery
-------

* As the cones need more than a year to become ripe, both ripe and unripe cones can be seen together, as on this tree on Saaremaa, EstoniaAs the cones need more than a year to become ripe, both ripe and unripe cones can be seen together, as on this tree on Saaremaa, Estonia
* Juniperus communis subsp. communis on Lüneburg Heath, Germany*Juniperus communis* subsp. *communis* on Lüneburg Heath, Germany
* Young shoots, Malá FatraYoung shoots, Malá Fatra
***Coloborhynchus*** was a pterosaur. It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil. It is a similar genus to *Anhanguera* and *Ornithocheirus*.

The type specimen of *Coloborhynchus* is known only from a partial upper jaw. It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its unique combination of tooth socket positions. In *Coloborhynchus*, the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides. The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward. Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.

The possible species *Coloborhynchus capito* is the largest toothed pterosaur known. A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish *C. capito* from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of *Coloborhycnhus*, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of 7 metres (23 ft).
**Sir Edwin Chadwick** (24 January 1800 – 6 July 1890) was an English social reformer who led the reform of the Poor Laws in England. He was also a leader in public health. He was a follower of the Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham and a friend of John Stuart Mill.

He was born on 24 January 1800 in Longsight, Manchester and moved to London when he was 10. He was a member of the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832. 

After a serious outbreak of typhus in 1838, he convinced the Poor Law Board that an enquiry was required. The work was done by his friends who were doctors and he published it as *Report on The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain* in 1842. A lot of people bought it. It said that better water supplies and a drainage system to remove waste, would stop so many people dying. Evidence given by Dr Dyce Guthrie convinced Chadwick that every house should have a permanent water supply, rather than the intermittent supplies from standpipes that many poor people had to use. The report led to the Public Health Act 1848, which was the first time the British government took responsibility for the health of its citizens.
***Dracaena sanderiana***, also called **Ribbon Dracaena**, **Lucky Bamboo**, **Belgian Evergreen** or sometimes **Ribbon Plant**, is a kind of *Dracaena*. It comes from Central Africa. It is one of a group of small, shrubby plants with slender stems and flexible strap-shaped leaves. They grow in rainforests as an upright shrub that can be up to 1.5 m tall. Its leaves are 15-25 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad at the base. It is sold in the developed world as "Lucky Bamboo" often cited as being good for feng shui. This name is a misnomer however, as the plant is not related to bamboo. New plants come from short cuttings which are often kept in water.

Cultivation and uses
--------------------

*Dracaena sanderiana* and related plants are popular houseplants. There are many cultivars. The plant can survive in many indoor conditions, but indirect lighting is best. Direct sunlight can cause the leaves to turn yellow and burn.

Although it grows better in soil, it often is sold with the roots in water. The water should be completely changed every two weeks. The water should be bottled water, soft tap water with very little fluoride, or even water from a filtered, established aquarium. It does best in bright, indirect lighting and temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C.

Pet stores often sell this plant in black plastic pots with slots in them. They say that it can live under the water. *Dracaena sanderiana* will only live for a few months under the water. It will start to rot unless the leaves are allowed to grow above the water's surface.

Yellow or brown leaf edges may be caused by too much direct light, crowded roots, or fluoridated or chlorinated water. Salty or softened water can also cause brown leaf edges. 

Twisted shapes are made by rotating the plant so that it bends towards the light. This is hard to do for many people, but patient people can make the plant take on new shapes.

Other useful information
------------------------

**Dracaena sanderiana** in a more natural form, in this case at Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta, Indonesia.
* It is not related to the bamboo plant
* in the United States it is often sold as "lucky bamboo"
* *Dracaena sanderiana* can be bought in Chinatown convenience stores, shopping mall kiosks, pet stores, and botánicas.
* *Dracaena sanderiana* is toxic to pets .
* *Dracaena sanderiana* is also a popular plant used in Feng Shui.
* This plant can flower in Autumn, Winter and early Spring.
Watson reading bad news to Holmes in *The Five Orange Pips*. An illustration from *The Strand* magazine, where many of the stories were originally published.
Holmes (in deerstalker hat) talking to Watson (in a bowler hat) in a railway compartmentWatson and Holmes in a Sidney Paget illustration for *The Adventure of Silver Blaze*
Dr John H Watson M.D. is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes books by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. 

Dr Watson returns to England from the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He saves money on an apartment by getting a roommate who turns out to be Sherlock Holmes. When Watson finds out Holmes is a detective he starts to follow him on his cases and write down everything Holmes does. Dr Watson is the narrator of all the stories except one.

In many cases Watson plays an important part in the narrative. In *The Hound of the Baskervilles*, for example, and in the long struggle against Professor Moriarty.

Early in the relationship, Dr Watson becomes engaged to marry Miss Mary Morstan, a former client of Sherlock Holmes (see *The Sign of Four*). Later it seems Watson's fiancée has apparently died. 

In *The Hound of the Baskervilles*, Watson shows that he has picked up some of Holmes's skills at getting information from people. He observes to the reader, "I have not lived for years with Sherlock Holmes for nothing".
A **curriculum** (plural: curricula) is a program of study. It is used to plan teaching or training. It spells out the details so others can know what is going to happen:

1. what topics will be taught
2. in which order they will be taught
3. often, how much time will be spent on each topic
4. it is often linked to a timetable, and other details of an organisation where it will take place
5. it is often authorised by a public or private examination board, and used as the basis for setting exams

Today it usually means the courses, their content, and the coursework offered at a school or university. Often, curricula are backed by some kind of theory, or by intending to change what was done before. Curricula may be backed by textbooks and by courses to train teachers. The study of curricula is part of most qualifications for teachers.

A similar word is **syllabus**, which means a summary of topics which will be covered during an academic course, or book or lecture. Another term is discipline, which in this sense means an academic subject-matter.

Historical development
----------------------

Historically, curricula have done more than act as a background for syllabi and examinations. They have discussed the basis of teaching by taking account of:

1. the psychology of children, especially younger children.
2. the needs of society, including the needs of employers.
3. the growth in knowledge, for example in science
4. the balance between education and training
5. the legal status of the education, for example whether the education is voluntary or mandatory

The four questions asked by Tylor in his introductory text are generally regarded as fundamental:

* What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?
* How can learning experiences be selected which are useful in attaining these objectives?
* How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction?
* How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated?

There are no hard-and-fast rules for answering those questions. There have always been different theories of education which are based on different attitudes to education and to life itself. Roughly speaking, these theories have two opposite ends. At one end is child-centered education. This is concerned to adapt the teaching to the needs and development of individual children, and is most used in kindergarten and primary education. The other end is society-oriented. It aims to make sure society gets a steady supply of young adults able to fill the jobs and roles which society needs to be filled. In some countries the approach would be more religion-oriented. This would aim to produce young adults whose main aim is to live according to the precepts (beliefs, practices) of a particular religion.

Hidden curriculum
-----------------

A term sometimes used to describe what a critic thinks is really going on in an educational system. It means the unspoken beliefs and values of an institution, the implicit demands of behavour and respect. In a school subject-matter is taught, but much else is going on.

Related pages
-------------

* Trivium
* Quadrivium
* Subject (school)
**Comedy drama**, also called **dramedy**, is a style of television and movies when there are similar amounts of both humor and seriousness.

History
-------

### Theatre

Traditional theatre was separated from its earliest days into comedy and tragedy. Authors such as Anton Chekov and George Bernard Shaw famously blurred the line between comedy and drama.

### Early television

In live theatre the difference between comedy and tragedy became less and less significant, in mass media, comedy and drama were clearly separated. Comedies, especially, were meant to only have jokes and not any serious content.

By the early 1960s, television had started to present half-hour long "comedy" series, or one hour long "dramas." Half-hour series were mostly situation comedy or family comedy. One hour dramas could have detective series, westerns and science fiction.

Recent drama-comedy on television
---------------------------------

A drama-comedy today is usually an hour-long dramatic series with funny jokes such as *Moonlighting*, *Northern Exposure*, *Auf Wiedersehen, Pet*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *Eureka*, *Life on Mars*, *House*, *Desperate Housewives*, *Charmed*, *Popular*, *Skins*, *Monk*, *Psych*, *Gilmore Girls*, *The O.C.*, *Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip*, *Ally McBeal*, *Ugly Betty*, *Brothers & Sisters*, *Grey's Anatomy* or *Boston Legal".*

Other websites
--------------

* Comedy-drama Archived 2020-02-22 at the Wayback Machine at the All Movie Guide