recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **American Curl** is a breed of cat. It has unusual ears for a cat. They curl back away from the face and seem to be sideways. This cat is a rare breed, but now lives in the United States, Spain, France, Japan, Russia, and other parts of the world. The American Curl is usually a strong and healthy breed.

Both longhaired and shorthaired American Curls have soft, silky coats which lie flat against their bodies. They require little grooming and enjoy spending time with their owners.

Appearance
----------

The American Curl is a medium-sized cat (5–10 lbs). It is not completely grown until 2–3 years of age. American Curl kittens are born with straight ears, like any other kittens. The ears begin to curl in about eighty-two days. After four months, their ears will not curl any longer. Then they become hard and feel stiff.

A house pet American Curl may have almost straight ears. To qualify for cat shows, ears must curl at an angle between 90 and 180 degrees. More curl is better, but cats will be not allowed to be shown if their ears touch the back of their skulls.

History
-------

The breed began in Lakewood, California in a natural birth of kittens, but with a genetic mutation. In June 1981, two stray kittens were found and taken in by the Ruga family. The kittens were both longhaired, one black and the other black and white. The family named the black cat Shulamith. The black and white was named Panda. Several weeks later, Panda went missing. This left Shulamith to be the first female of the American Curl breed.

In 1986, an American Curl was judged in a cat show for the first time. In 1992, a longhaired American Curl became a champion in The International Cat Association (TICA). In 1999, the American Curl was the first breed the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) Championship Class allowed in both longhair and shorthair categories.

Health
------

American Curl cats' ears need cleaning often to keep away infections. The ears must also be handled very gently to keep from breaking the cartilage.

Related pages
-------------

* Scottish Fold, a breed with ears folding down and forward

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***American Curl***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***American Curl cats***.

* Gato American Curl Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
Nitta Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Kagoshima Japan. The Nitta Shrine has two notable subshrines the Nitta Hachimangu, which is an ichinomiya or the first ranked shrine in the province, and the Shukō Jinja, a Sōja shrine, or a shrine where people can worship all the gods of the province at once.

It is on a hill near the Sendai River, and has a good view of the river. It enshrines Ninigi-no-Mikoto.

In 1874, the Imperial Household Ministry identified the tomb located behind the shrine as the Mt. Kawai Mausoleum. It is believed to be the burial site of Ninigi no Mikoto, the Grandfather of Emperor Jimmu

Hachimangu
----------

Nitta Hachimangu is a Hachiman shrine located within this shrine. It is the ichinomiya or first ranked shrine of Satsuma Province.

Shukō Jinja
-----------

Shukō Jinja (九楼守公神社) is a Sōja shrine. It enshrines all the kami of the shrines in Satsuma Province. This provides a place where people can worship all the kami at once.

It is a subshrine of Nitta Shrine
The Sihlwald
The Langenberg Wildlife Park
**Zürich Wilderness Park** (*Wildnispark Zürich* in German) is a nature park located near the city of Zürich in Switzerland. It consists of two main areas: the Sihlwald forest and the Langenberg Wildlife Park. The Sihlwald forest is the biggest mixed forest in the Swiss Mittelland and the Langenberg Wildlife Park is the oldest wildlife park in Switzerland. These sites are located in the Sihl Valley, to the south of Zürich.

History
-------

Hapsburgers gifted the Sihlwald forest to the city of Zürich in 1309 and again in 1524. It provided timber and firewood to the city for many years. Since the 1990s, the forest has been preserved by forest director Andreas Speich, who stopped cutting down trees to protect its unique composition.

The Langenberg Wildlife Park was founded in 1869 by city forester Carl Anton Ludwig von Orelli.

On August 28, 2009, the Sihlwald forest was named a "regional nature park of national importance" by the FOEN (Federal Office for the Environment).

Zürich Wilderness Park was officially formed, bringing together the Langenberg Wildlife Park and the Sihlwald forest.

Today, the park welcomes more than half a million visitors every year. Visitors can barbecue, hike, cycle, ride horseback through the park.
The **Royal Marines** are a group of soldiers in the United Kingdom that are deployed from sea to the land. Marines are specially trained in operating from landing craft, boarding ships at sea, and attacking a wide range of enemies.

History
-------

The first British Marine unit was formed in 1664 after King Charles II ordered a regiment of soldiers trained to operate at sea to be raised. They were called the Admiral’s Regiment. Marines were important due to the expansion of the British Empire. By 1740, 10 sea service regiments were active however regiments often only lasted short amounts of time because they were raised when they were necessary to serve during wars. As well as boarding ships, Marines would be tasked to attack enemy coastal positions.

In 1746 the 10 Marine regiments were brought together to form a corps and were placed under command of the Admiralty. After taking part in many battles on land and at sea, such as the Battle of Trafalgar, the Marines were awarded the "Royal" title by King George III, so they are now called the "Royal Marines". By 1900 there were about 18,800 Royal Marines, 15,000 Light Infantry and 4,000 Artillery.

During the First World War, the Marines numbers increased to 55,000. They took place in a variety of battles and won 5 Victoria Crosses.

During the beginning of the Second World War Marines were trained to defend ports however, due to a shortage of army units trained to take place in raids, Royal Marines were trained in this role. These Marines were trained in a variety of skills such as fighting in buildings and rock climbing. 17,000 Marines took place in D-Day.

Since the end of WW2 Royal Marines have served in many conflicts including the Korean War, the Falklands War and Afghanistan.

Structure
---------

The Royal Marines are structured into Battalions called "Commandos", Companies called "Squadrons" and Platoons called "Troops". Royal Marine Commando Units are supported by Specialist Army Commando Units. The Royal Marines are currently structured as follows:

* 3 Commando Brigade
	+ 40 Commando
	+ 42 Commando
	+ 43 Commando
	+ 45 Commando
	+ 47 Commando (Raiding Group)
	+ 30 Commando (Information Exploitation Group)
	+ Commando Logistic Regiment
* Royal Marine Band Service
	+ RM Band Collingwood
	+ RM Band Lympstone
	+ RM Band Plymouth
	+ RM Band Portsmouth
	+ RM Band Scotland
	+ RM School of Music
* Special Boat Service
International Hotel Management Institute or IMI University Center is a Hotel Management school in Switzerland. IMI is offering programs form Certificate to Bachelor and MBA Master degree. The teaching language is English. IMI is offering Dual Degree through IMI-MMU with the Manchester Metropolitan University in UK.  In IMI there are around 35 nationalities and the staff are from many different countries.

Brief history
-------------

In 1991 the IMI started with the name "International Hotel Management Institute" with 55 students in Weggis. In 1995 IMI had around 180 students per semester. The main Campus is near Luzern and 2014 the new accommodation will be ready for around 500 students.

Courses
-------

• Certificate in International Hotel and Tourism Management   

• Diploma in International Hotel and Tourism Management   

• Higher Diploma in International Hotel Management   

• Higher Diploma in International Tourism Management   

• Higher Diploma in International Hotel and Tourism Management   

• Higher Diploma in European Culinary Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in International Hotel Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in International Hotel and Tourism Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in International Hotel and Events Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in International Tourism Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in International Tourism and Events Management   

• BA Degree with Honours in European Culinary Management 

**Postgraduate courses**   

• Master of Business Administration (MBA) in International Hospitality Management   

• Postgraduate Diploma in International Hospitality Management 

**Other courses**   

• Foundation in English Studies Course (FESC)   

• University English Preparatory Course (UEPC)   

• Intensive English Certificate (IEC)

Other websites
--------------

* IMI University Centre in Arabic Archived 2008-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
* IMI University Centre in English
* IMI University Centre in Chinese Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
* IMI University Centre in Russian Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
* IMI University Centre in Ukrainian language Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
* IMI University Centre in Korean Archived 2010-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Event Management institute in Delhi
* IMI University Centre in Japanese Archived 2010-03-22 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 47°00′25″N 8°20′14″E﻿ / ﻿47.0069°N 8.3372°E﻿ / 47.0069; 8.3372
Renata Scotto in Milan in 1967
**Renata Scotto** (February 24, 1934 – August 16, 2023) was an Italian operatic soprano who enjoyed a long and distinguished international career.

Life and Career
---------------

Born in Savona, Italy, she studied at the Milan Conservatory of Music, under Ghirardini and Merlini, and later in Rome with Mercedes Llopart. She made her stage debut in her hometown on Christmas Eve 1952, as Violetta in *La traviata*. After winning first place in a singing competition, she was invited to sing Violetta at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan on July 2, 1953, which led to her debut at La Scala, the following December, as Walter in Catalani's *La Wally*, opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario Del Monaco. She quickly appeared in several other cities throughout Italy.

She sang in Cairo in 1956 and at The Stoll Theatre in London in 1957. That same year, she replaced Maria Callas in *La sonnambula* at the Edimburg Festival to considerable acclaim. This was the start of long and distinguished international career, with appearances in Chicago, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Moscow, Tokyo, etc. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, on October 13, 1965, as Cio-Cio-San in *Madama Butterfly* and sang there regularly until 1987.

Scotto was mostly known for the Italian repertoire of which she sang a wide range of roles from bel canto to verismo. Although essentially a lyric soprano, as the years went on she tackled more dramatic roles in operas such as *Norma*, *Macbeth*, *La Gioconda*, *Tosca*, etc. 

After retiring from the stage, she turned to teaching, coaching and stage directing. She married violinist Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960 and had two children.

Scotto died in her home town of Savona, Italy on August 16, 2023, at the age of 89.

Notable Recordings
------------------

* *La traviata* - (DG, 1962)
* *Rigoletto* - (DG, 1964)
* *Turandot* - (EMI, 1965)
* *Madama Butterfly* - (EMI, 1966)
* *Andrea Chenier* - (RCA, 1976)
* *Otello* - (RCA, 1978)
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Lee*.
Lee Ae-ran in 2010
**Lee Ae-ran** (Hangul = 이애란; Revised Romanization = I Aeran; McCune–Reischauer = Ri Aeran) (born 1964) is a South Korean activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Lee's grandparents left North Korea to go to South Korea. The government of North Korea sent Lee and her family to a labor camp. She was in jail for eight years. In 1997, a family member in America wrote a book. The book said Lee's father worked against North Korea, so Lee ran away to South Korea.

Lee studied the subject of food and nutrition at Ewha Womans University. In 2009, she received a PhD.

Work
----

In 2005, Lee started the Global Leadership Scholarship Program. The program gives scholarships to students from North Korea to learn English.

In 2008, Lee ran for a seat in the National Assembly. She was the first North Korean defector to do this.

In 2009, Lee started the Hana Defector Women's Organization. The NGO helps North Korean women who live in South Korea. The women receive job training, childcare, help with education, and human rights training.

Lee became the head of the North Korean Traditional Food Institute in 2012. The institute tries to bring North and South Korea closer together. It gives vocational training to North Korean defectors. It also teaches about the food traditions of Pyongyang.

Also in 2012, Lee led an 18-day hunger strike in front of the Chinese embassy. Lee protested against China, because they wanted to send North Korean refugees back to North Korea.

Awards
------

Lee received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lee Ae-ran***.

* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Potassium chloride
**Potassium chloride** (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium and chloride ions.

Properties
----------

It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is not reactive. It is similar to sodium chloride. It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride. It reacts with sodium metal when very hot to make potassium metal. The metals are a gas because it is so hot. It makes a pink color when heated in a flame.

Occurrence
----------

Sylvite
Potassium chloride is found as a mineral. The mineral is called **sylvite**. It is also found in sylvanite, a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

Preparation
-----------

It is taken from the ocean. It can also be processed from the mineral sylvite or sylvanite. It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when potassium burns in chlorine.

Uses
----

It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated very hot until it melts. Sodium metal is reacted with it. The sodium metal melts and boils to make sodium gas. The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide. It is used in food processing. It can be used to execute people in a lethal injection. It is used instead of table salt sometimes. Normally it is half table salt and half potassium chloride. It can be used to extinguish fires. It was used to make packs that get hot when squeezed, but better chemicals are used now.

Safety
------

Potassium chloride is toxic in very large amounts. When injected into a vein it is much more toxic.

### Use in lethal injection

See also: Lethal injection
In the United States, people sentenced to death by lethal injection have usually been executed using three different medications. Potassium chloride is the third medication. It is given after a sedative (to put the prisoner to sleep) and a medicine that paralyzes the prisoner. Potassium chloride works by speeding up the heart until it stops.

The use of potassium chloride in lethal injections is controversial. For example, one scientist who studied the three-drug combination called potassium chloride "extremely painful." United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer used her research to argue that lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment. Other doctors agree that if the drugs are not given correctly, a prisoner could experience "a great deal of pain" or "excruciating [terribly painful] suffering."

However, other doctors say that lethal injection is less painful than other ways of executing people, like using an electric chair or a gas chamber. They also say that if the three drugs are given correctly, lethal injection should be pain-free. Because doctors are supposed to "do no harm", many executions are now done by people who are not doctors. Supporters of lethal injection say that mistakes, not the drugs themselves, are what cause pain.
Ronald Fisher in 1912
**The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance** is a science paper. Ronald Fisher wrote it in 1918.  The paper was in a book named *Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh*. In the paper, Fisher talked about how some traits in people and animals can be passed from parents to children through genes. This is called Mendelian inheritance. He also used a new math word in the paper: *variance*. Variance is a way to measure how different numbers are from each other.

Genes can have a small effect by themselves, but can be important when all of their effects are considered together.
In 1900, scientists rediscovered Mendelian inheritance. But, there was a debate about how it worked. Some scientists, like Karl Pearson, believed in Charles Darwin's idea. Darwin said small changes in creatures are important for evolution. Others, like William Bateson, believed big changes were more important. Fisher believed small changes could be passed on through genes. He wrote about this in 1911 when he was a student. He showed that this is true in the paper he wrote in 1918.

Traits with many genes, like height, will be normally distributed. This is different from how people though genes worked at the time. They thought only a few genes mattered for a trait.
Fisher talked about variance. He said it is the "square" of another math term, the standard deviation. This helps understand how different numbers are spread out. Fisher also talked about how people have different traits, like height or eye color.
Plugge in 1984
**Herman Plugge** (1939 — 22 December 2022) was a Dutch mountaineer. He was named pioneer and the Father of the House of Dutch mountain climbing. As alpinist, he was expedition leader of many climbing expeditions, including to the Soviet Union and Afghanistan and was expedition leader of the known Mount Everest expeditions in 1982 and 1984. To honor remarkable achievements of Dutch climbers, he founded the "Herman Plugge Irish Coffee Award". The award is continued after his death by the Dutch climbing federation.

Expeditions
-----------

He was expedition leader of the expedition to the Caucasus Mountains in 1967 with four friends. It was in the Soviet Union during the Cold War and they were even followed by the police. It was a successful expedition, in which not only the mountain top of Elbrus was reached, but also the technically much more challenging north peak of Ushba (4698 meters) via the northern side.

He did an expedition to the Annapurna in 1977.

The 1984 Mount Everest Expedition leaving from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.
Plugge was expedition leader of the expedition to the Himalayas to climb the Mount Everest in 1982. The mountain top was never reached by a Dutch person. The expedition was a failure. They didn’t reached the top. Besides of that, television cameras recorded that they had many arguments. An argument over who had robbed a can of nuts became known. A second expedition to the Mount Everest was organized and led by Herman Plugge in 1984. they climbed this time the mountain from the side of Nepal. Bart Vos claimed to be the first Dutchman who reached the top. However, this ascent is no longer internationally being recognized.

Dutch climbing federation
-------------------------

Herman was an honorary member of the Dutch royal climbing federation (NKBV) and was awarded the NKBV Lifetime Achievement Award. He received the award for everything he did for the NKBV. Next to leading expeditions, he was a board member of the KNAV, organized training courses and led the Commission for Expeditions and Alpine Top Sport.

Further reading
---------------

A long interview with Plugge was published in "Hoogtelijn" in 2010. A two story podcast of Plugge named "Sisyphus" was made in 2021 (part 1) and 2022 (part 2).
**Non-equilibrium thermodynamics** is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is a relatively new field of study that seeks to understand the behavior of complex systems, such as living organisms, fluids, and gases, which are constantly changing and evolving over time.

In traditional thermodynamics, the focus is on systems that are in thermal equilibrium, meaning that they are at a uniform temperature throughout and there is no net heat flow. However, many real-world systems are not in thermal equilibrium, and this is where non-equilibrium thermodynamics comes into play.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with the flow of energy and matter through systems that are not in thermal equilibrium. It aims to understand how these systems behave and how they can be manipulated to achieve specific outcomes. Some of the key concepts in non-equilibrium thermodynamics include entropy production, irreversible processes, and dissipative structures.

**Entropy production** is a measure of the rate at which disorder increases in a system. In a system that is not in thermal equilibrium, entropy production is always positive, meaning that the system is becoming more disordered over time. Irreversible processes are processes that cannot be reversed, meaning that they lead to a permanent change in the system. Dissipative structures are complex systems that are able to maintain their organization and structure, despite the constant flow of energy and matter through them.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has many practical applications, particularly in the fields of biology, chemistry, and engineering. For example, it is used to study the behavior of living organisms, such as the way in which cells maintain their structure and function, and the way in which biological systems evolve over time. It is also used to understand the behavior of materials and fluids under different conditions, such as in the development of new materials and the design of more efficient energy systems.

In summary, non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a fascinating field of study that seeks to understand the behavior of complex systems that are not in thermal equilibrium. It has many practical applications in a variety of fields, and it continues to be an area of active research and development. As we continue to explore the complex behavior of non-equilibrium systems, we are sure to discover many new and exciting phenomena that will help us to better understand the world around us.
**Hypatia** (hy-PAY-shee-uh) **of Alexandria** was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. She lived around 370 - 415 C.E. Hypatia was the first noted women in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. She lead a philosophical movement called Neoplatonism. Neoplatonism was developed from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. 

Hypatia was born in Alexandria, a city in Egypt. During Hypatia’s time, Egypt was a great place for learning. Her father was also a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, so she had it in her blood line. Her father was Theon. Hypatia and her father worked on commentaries of Ptolemy's work together. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who was from Alexandria. Hypatia's name was also put on work done by other mathematicians. 

The Museum of Alexandria was a more like a university and library than a museum. It played a big role in education, and Hypatia’s life. Theon may have been the director of the museum at one point. Theon was interested in mathematics. This may have led Hypatia to pursue astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.

Her skills were so notable, that she became the leader of the Neoplatonism movement in Alexandria around 400. Her reputation led students from all around the world to come visit here. She was recognized as a better philosopher than most of the men during her time. Hypatia gave lectures at her house and in lecture halls. She lectured on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and religious literature. She wrote a number of books about mathematics.

Synesius of Cyrene was a student of Hypatia. His letters provided some of the most important information on her life and her teachings. She taught Synesius about the building of an astrolabe.

Hypatia was never married because she said she was "wedded to the truth". She was an acquaintance of Orestes. He was the pagan governor of Alexandria. Radical monks murdered her. They possibly murdered her because the pagans seemed to have caused enmity among the mainly Christian town. They persecuted her, and scattered her body parts around the city. She died at 45 years old, in 415 C.E.
A stylized logo of the Slow food movement, on a restaurant in Santorini
**Slow Food** is an idea that was opposed to fast food. Eating should be a pleasurable experience. That's why slow food focuses on ingredients that are from the region. These fresh ingredients are used to prepare a meal. This is in contrast to fast food which uses many standardized pre-processed ingredients. Carlo Petrini founded the movement in 1986. Even though the movement started in Italy, it soon spread to other countries.

Aims
----

Slow food therefore has the following aims:

* Eating is about pleasure. Everyone has a right to it
* Quality needs time
* Quallity should respect ecology. Locally-produced fresh ingredients are preferable. The presentation of the meal should be estethically pleasing.
* Everyone has a different taste; discussions about taste are natural

In 2006, Petrini gave the following definition: *Buono, pulito e giusto* (good, clean, and fair) - If one of the three is missing, we are no longer talking about Slow Food.

Criticism
---------

Slow Food's aims have been compared to the Arts and Crafts movement's response to 19th-century industrialisation.

Without changing the working day of the masses, the preparation of slow food can be a burden to whoever prepares food. People with more money can afford the time and expense of developing "taste", "knowledge", and "discernment". Slow Food's stated aim of preserving itself from the "contagion of the multitude" can be seen as elitist by those that consume fast food or are not part of the movement. In 1989, Petrini visited Venezuela and began to recognize the socioeconomic barriers that many faced with regard to the slow food movement. To address this, he adjusted the slow food agenda to include an alternative food approach that favored healthy, local, community-based food consumption and production. While this made the slow food movement more accessible for many, it did not eliminate all of the socioeconomic barriers faced by the movement.
French gunLock (true Flintlock) as that made by and improved upon by Blanc
**Honoré Blanc** (1736–1807) was a French gunsmith and inventor. He was one of the first to use the concept of interchangeable parts. Blanc was born in Avignon, France in 1736. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a gunsmith. He was an armorer at the Charleville armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France. In 1763 he became the controller of gunlocks at the Saint-Étienne arms factory. Just before the French Revolution, he came up with the idea of interchangeable parts for gun locks.

Interchangeable parts
---------------------

By the 1760s, Blanc was making specialized machinery and tools to make gunlocks. His design for the Musket Model 1777 was accepted and he was made chief controller for three arms factories. In 1785, in an experiment, Blanc mixed parts from 25 gunlocks and assembled several models with ease. His demonstration showed the benefit of interchangeable parts and how it worked. He repeated the experiment for military policy makers in 1790. The French Academy of Sciences supported his idea in 1791. But the Legislative assembly would not fund his work. Blanc shifted his attention to setting up a private company to produce gunlocks using interchangeable parts in 1791. Even after receiving permission and funds from the French government, he was very slow in getting started. He did not produce any gunlocks until 1796. His factory was still making gunlocks in 1807 when Blanc died.

In the United States
--------------------

While European gunsmiths were not impressed by the idea, he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. This was the first time in the US Blanc's ideas of mass production were put to use. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville musket. This was one that Blanc had worked on early in his career. What resulted was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket, the first military musket made in the United States.

Other websites
--------------

* LeBlanc and Interchangeable parts
* History of Interchangeable Parts Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
**Jeanne Bécu, Countess of Barry** (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was one of the victims of the Reign of Terror.

Early life
----------

Jeanne Bécu was born in Lorraine, France. Her mother was Anne Bécu, who was a seamstress. Jeanne Bécu was an illegitimate child, and her father is not known. Some people say her father was Jean Jacques Gomard, a friar known as *frère Ange*.

Jeanne Bécu was educated at a convent called Couvent de Saint-Aure. When she was 15 years old, she left the convent. She and her mother moved to Paris, where Jeanne sold small items on the streets. Jeanne was a very beautiful, blonde-haired woman, and was later found by Jean-Baptiste du Barry, who owned a casino and trained women to be courtesans. Jean-Baptiste du Barry made Jeanne his mistress.

Official mistress of Louis XV
-----------------------------

As time passed, Jeanne became well-known with powerful people in the Kingdom of France. She had many clients in the king's court. The king soon noticed her and had her brought to his bedroom many times. Since she was a commoner and did not have a royal title, she could not be a *maîtresse-en-titre* (official mistress). The king was worried what people would think of him being with a commoner, so the king ordered that Jeanne be married to a man who had a noble title. 

On 1 September 1768, Jeanne was married to Jean-Baptiste du Barry's brother, Comte Guillaume du Barry. After the wedding, Jeanne was made Louis XV's official mistress. She lived in a small room above the king's room. Jeanne was very lonely since some people still considered her a commoner.

Death
-----

Jeanne died at the age of 50 due to execution made by supporters of the French Revolution, a time where the common people were against people of the royalty. She is buried at the Madeleine Cemetery.

Gallery
-------

* Oil on canvas, by François-Hubert Drouais.Oil on canvas, by François-Hubert Drouais.
* Bust of Madame du Barry.Bust of Madame du Barry.
Aristotle Onassis in 1967
**Aristotle Socrates Onassis** (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways.

Life and career
---------------

Onassis was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire, into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in several languages. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman.

He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called *Christina*, which he used to entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.).

He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy.

He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69.
Over 70 years after the extinction of India's native Asiatic cheetah subspecies, a small number of Southeast African cheetahs have been introduced to India's Kuno National Park as an experiment permitted by the Supreme Court. The goal is to test their adaptation in the long term. India's Asiatic cheetahs, once widespread, gradually disappeared due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and hunting. Discussions on cheetah reintroduction in India began in the 1950s, and proposals were made to Iran and other countries. The current experiment involves importing African cheetahs to Kuno National Park, supervised by wildlife experts. The process has faced mixed scientific reactions, with some viewing it as a valuable effort and others raising concerns about challenges like habitat suitability, human population pressure, and conflicts with larger predators. The ongoing reintroduction attempt is closely monitored, with released cheetahs adapting to the wild while facing mortality risks due to various factors. The project seeks to address the loss of the iconic species from India's landscape and to contribute to global cheetah conservation.

Reference Links :
N/A

Written By - Salim Sajeeh
**Institut Le Rosey**, commonly known simply as **Le Rosey**, is a boarding school in Rolle, Switzerland. It has ~400 students aged 7 to 18.

It was started by Paul-Émile Carnal in 1880 and is Switzerland's oldest private school. Royalty from around the world have been students. No more than 10% of the students come from any one country. Students applying to be seniors must be able to work in English and French. Fees: ~ $136,000 per annum.

This is a school for the rich international set. Before the introduction of the 10% quota (where no more than 10% of the student body may come from one country) different nationalities made up the majority of students at Le Rosey.

In the 1950s and 1960s, most students were Americans, Italians, and Greeks. In the 1970s came the Arabs and Iranians. In the 1980s came Japanese and Koreans, and in the 1990s came the Russians. During the 1990s, came the children of Russian oligarchs, who made up a third of the student body. They "terrorized" other students, which resulted in the withdrawal of at least one non-Russian student.

Since then, quotas have been applied.

Music
-----

The school has three orchestras and two choirs.

January to March the school moves to Gstaad. There they do winter sports like skiing every day. For junior boarders it costs CHF 78,300 a year ($85855). It has been called the world's most expensive school. All subjects are taught in English and French.
The **Soviet Occupation Zone** (German: **Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ)** or **Ostzone** Russian: Советская зона Германии, Sovetskaya zona Germanii, "Soviet Zone of Germany") was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. It became East Germany.

American forces first occupied some of the area. The Americans withdrew in July 1945 to the agreed occupation zone boundaries.

The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (German initials: SMAD) allowed four political parties to form, but they all had to work in the "All-Party Committee" (the "Nationale Front").

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany were merged into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (which became the governing party of East Germany). Finally, the SED created other parties, to weaken the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.

Originally, Stalin wanted to Sovietize all of Germany, but when the West resisted this idea, he tried to work for a united Germany which would be neutral, but when the West again said no he decided to build a new country out of the Soviet occupation zone. This became East Germany

The Soviet occupation zone included the central parts of Prussia. After Prussia was dissolved by the allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt und Thuringia.

On October 8, 1949, the part of the Soviet zone west of the Oder-Neisse line became the German Democratic Republic, usually known simply as East Germany. In 1952, the states were dissolved, and changed to 14 districts, plus East Berlin. East Berlin was treated as part of the new East Germany, but technically was part of the Allied-controlled city of Berlin.

Related pages
-------------

* East Germany
* Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
* American occupation zone
* British occupation zone

| * v
* t
* e
Germany Subdivisions of Allied Occupation Zones in Germany (1945-1949/1990) |
| --- |
| American zone United States | Bavaria **·**  Bremen **·**  Hesse (Greater Hesse) **·**  Württemberg-Baden |  |
| British zone United Kingdom | Lower Saxony **·**  Hamburg **·**  North Rhine-Westphalia **·**  Schleswig-Holstein |
| French zone France | Baden **·**  Rhineland-Palatinate **·**  (Saar) **·**  Württemberg-Hohenzollern |
| Soviet zone Soviet Union | Brandenburg **·**  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern **·**  Saxony **·**  Saxony-Anhalt **·**  Thuringia |
| Berlin (1949–90) | BerlinWest Berlin (UK, FR, USA) **·**  BerlinEast Berlin (USSR) |
**Bio SoCal** is an American company headquartered in Westlake Village, CA with a location in Palm Springs, California.

History
-------

Alan Cohen and Melissa Cohen co-founded Bio SoCal in August, 2014. The company provides biohazard and forensic cleanup services for residential, commercial, and municipal properties. Alan also serves as the CEO of the company.

Initially, Bio SoCal operated as a franchise serving Los Angeles and Ventura County. In March 2016, Alan and Melissa left the franchise system and became independent to begin rapid expansion of the company. To accommodate their growth, in May 2018, Bio SoCal acquired Millers Trauma Scene Restoration in Palm Springs, CA.

The company holds a Trauma Scene Waste Management Practitioner License issued by the California Department of Public Health and is registered in the federal government's System for Award Management. The company specializes in handling biohazard situations, such as crime scene cleanup, unattended deaths, and infectious disease contamination, among others.

Other websites
--------------

Official website
***Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon*** is the 4th Destroy All Humans! in the series first released December 1, 2008 in North America for the Xbox 360. The game is made by THQ's Sandblast Games studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
--------

Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon has around 30 story missions, 20 side quests, and multiplayer modes. As with previous games in the series, most story missions can be played in any order. Creative director Jon Knoles said that the side quests would have something to do with the story.

The player plays as Crypto, an alien. He can shoot humans, use the jet pack, and use Psychokinesis at the same time. There are now flying enemies, like helicopters and Nexo UFO's that can attack Crypto while he is in his UFO. Buildings can be destroyed and scarred in different ways when attacked with different weapons. The game has a new alert scheme with police, SWAT, military awareness, and Nexo alert. Electricity goes through power lines when damage is caused to them. The player can exit and enter some buildings during some missions.

Reception
---------

The game was given 34/100 by the site Metacritic.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon". *Metacritic*.
Brewarrina fish traps overgrown with reeds
 Brewarrina fish traps in the left foreground, above is a concrete wall
The **Brewarrina fish traps** (Also known as *Baiames Ngunnhu*) are located in the town of Brewarrina on the Barwon River in the north west of New South Wales, around 800 km northwest of Sydney. It is the largest known Aboriginal fish trap facility in Australia. It is believed to be the oldest human construction in the world although it hasn't been confirmed yet.

The fish traps are probably around 40,000 years old, although the exact date is not known. They are around 500 m long. They are in the Ngunnhu Aboriginal territory. The fish traps consisted of many small stone circles that could be separated by stone weirs. There the fish were led so that they could be caught. The design, complexity and size of the facility are unique in Australia. For this reason they are a national monument.

Before the European settlement, the Aboriginals used the river for fishing. Stones were removed from the river by the settlers to allow paddle steamers to travel, and rocks were removed in the 1920s to be used for house foundations and roads. The steamships could not sail in the dry season.

The Ngunnhu people had strong social, cultural and spiritual relationships with other Aboriginal groups, and they also allowed other Aboriginal countries to fish according to rules, times and periods. They were associated with the Aborigines of the Kamilaroi, Marowari, Paarkinji, Weilwan, Barbinja and Ualaria. The neighbouring Aboriginal countries were invited by Ngunnhu to cooroborees, ceremonies, initiations, trade and barter.

The Ngunnhu attribute the possibility of fishing to the mythical Baiame, a dreamtime creature who created the landscape, lakes, rivers and beings. 

The plant is partly overgrown by reeds. The fish ladder was opened on June 3 2005 registered in the Australian National Heritage List because it was of particular historical importance for the social and cultural coexistence within the Aboriginals.

Other websites
--------------

* environment.gov.au (PDF; 42 kB): Site plan of the fish ladder
**First-past-the-post** is a voting system used by some countries to elect their governments or the members of their parliaments. In a first-past-the-post system, a country is divided into constituencies. In these constituencies people known as candidates, each of whom usually represents a different political party, will stand for election to the country's parliament. In the individual constituencies, the candidate who gets the most votes from people, wins the race to be elected to a seat in parliament. **Plurality** is another name for such an electoral system. It is in contrast to the **majority** system, where the winning candidate must have more votes than *all other candidates combined*.

If a party wins over 50% of the seats, it can form a majority government. If no single party wins over 50% of the seats, then either the party with the most seats can form a minority government, or a coalition government can be formed from two or more of the other political parties who together have over 50% of the seats.

Countries using first-past-the-post include the United Kingdom, Canada, India and partly in the United States.

Considerations
--------------

First-past-the-post, often called 'plurality voting', is the most common method for electing representatives in the United States and some other countries. Voters vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

Political parties often use a primary in order to avoid splitting their party vote in a general election. For example, if 60% of the voters are Republican, and 40% Democrat, but two Republicans run for the same office and each get 30% of the vote, the Democrat would win with 40%, since that is the most votes, even if 60% of voters least preferred the Democrat.

If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think has a chance of winning.

Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates. It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.

Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting. To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".

Example
-------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Candidate** | **Votes** |
| Candidate A: | 25 |
| Candidate B: | 22 |
| Candidate C: | 21 |
| Candidate D: | 18 |
| Candidate E: | 14 |

In a first-past-the-post system, candidate A wins because that candidate received more votes than anyone else.
**Mill Creek**, a wildland in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests of Western Virginia, United States. The Wilderness Society recognized it as a special place that needed protection from logging and new roads being built through it. The Wilderness Society has said the area is a "Mountain Treasure".

The area, a valley between two mountain ridges with many cliffs, rocky outcrops and an almost impenetrable vegetation, has the sense of being isolated from the civilized world although it is not far from nearby towns. Several trails give access to the area.

The area is part of the Angels Rest Cluster.

Mill Creek Falls
----------------

**Mill Creek Falls** is a waterfall located in Giles County, Virginia, United States. It is located in the Mills Creek Nature Park a 140+ acre (56+ hectare) area adjoining the Town of Narrows Virginia. It lies along County Route 652 and the New River to the south of the town of Narrows of Giles County. Its elevation is 2,362 feet (720 m).

Mill Creek received a silver award in "Best of the Blue Ridge" in 2013 and was also featured in a national commercial for Barbarsol shave cream.

Mill Creek Dam is located approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) downstream from Mill Creek Falls. The dam was constructed to create a spillway to use running water to turn a waterwheel and power a mill. The reservoir served as a water source for the town of Narrows until the 1970s. The original hand-cut stone portion of the dam is still functional and dates to the 1780s.

Mill Creek Dam - Narrows, Virginia

Mercy Branch Falls is a waterfall located in close proximity (within a few hundred feet) of **Mill Creek Falls**. It is formed from Mercy Branch, a tributary of Mill Creek.

Mercy Branch Falls - Narrows, Virginia

 The area is incorporated with the ZIP code of 24124.