recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Walter Kogler** (born 12 December 1967 in Wolfsberg, Carinthia) is a retired Austrian football defender and coach. At the moment he is coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck, which is playing in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Career
------

In his youth years he played for FC St. Michael and Wolfsberger AC. He start as professional player with SK Sturm Graz. His next club was Austria Wien, where he started also his team career. After one year in France with AS Cannes he came back to Austria, where he played for LASK Linz, Austria Salzburg and FC Kärnten.

After his professional career he became football coach starting in the football academy of FC Kärnten. His first team was SK St. Andrä in the Regionalliga (3rd level). After one year with DSV Leoben he went to FC Wacker Innsbruck. With this team he reached in 2010 the championship and was promoted to the Bundesliga.

Walter Kogler played 28 matches for the Austrian team and scored one goal. He was member of the Austrian team for the FIFA World Cup 1998. As player he was 5 times Austrian Champion (with Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Wacker Innsbruck). In 17 years as professional he played 495 matches in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Honours
-------

### as player

* **Austrian Bundesliga (5):**
	+ 1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
* **Austrian Cup (1):**
	+ 1994
* **Fifa World Cup 1998**
	+ Member of the Austrian team

### as coach

* **Austrian 1.Division**
	+ Champion 2010 with FC Wacker Innsbruck


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Walter Kogler***.

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup |
| --- |
| 
* 1 Konsel
* 2 Schopp
* 3 Schöttel
* 4 Pfeffer
* 5 Feiersinger
* 6 Kogler
* 7 Haas
* 8 Pfeifenberger
* 9 Vastić
* 10 Herzog
* 11 Amerhauser
* 12 Hiden
* 13 Cerny
* 14 Reinmayr
* 15 Wetl
* 16 Wohlfahrt
* 17 Mählich
* 18 Stöger
* 19 Polster (c)
* 20 Heraf
* 21 Knaller
* 22 Kühbauer
* Coach: Prohaska

 | Austria |
Mr. Stink is a book by David Walliams. 

It was written in 29 October 2009. 

*Mr. Stink* was originally published by HarperCollins in hardcover format. 

The book has been adapted as a stage musical and has been made into a television film of the same name by the BBC shown during Christmas 2012 on BBC1.

It is an adventurous-themed book for children and according to Henry IX from the Guardian **'It is a really, really hilarious book, probably one of the best I have read in my life'.** The book was shortlisted for the Blue Peter Best Book of the Decade.  

A 60-minute film of *Mr. Stink* aired on 23 December 2012 on BBC One after it was originally scheduled to air on Boxing Day. The film was the most watched in its 6:30-7:30pm timeslot with 6.34 million viewers tuning in. It was also broadcast in 3D and was the BBC's first ever narrative program to be filmed in 3D

Plot
----

A girl who saw a man on a bench with his dog called duchess.  Duchess loves sausages and he also likes Chloe the girl.

She invites Mr. Stink to her house and her mum gets mad.
**Friedrich Kominek** (born 17 January 1927 in Vienna – died 25 October 2002) was an Austrian football player and manager. In Austria he played mainly for FK Austria Wien. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
------

Due to the war Kominek already played for Austria in the championship in 1942–43. He made his debut for the Austrian national team against Hungary on August 20, 1945, scoring a goal. His greatest successes were three Austrian championships in 1949, 1950 and 1953 as well as two wins in the ÖFB Cup in 1948 and 1949 .

In the successful time with Austria, Fritz Kominek made two more appearances in the national team in 1949 and three more international matches in 1953. Then the ÖFB allowed him to transfer to Nîmes Olympique in Division 1 before he was 30 at the beginning of 1955. After two and a half years in Nîmes Fritz Kominek went to RC Strasbourg from Division 2. The winger contributed twelve goals to the promotion. After another year in Division 1, he moved in 1959 to RC Lens. In November 1960 he came to Olympique Marseille in Division 2. Then he went back to Austria and played for Schwechater SC and First Vienna FC Then another international transfer followed in 1963. Fritz Kominek played for FC Grenchen in Nationalliga A. Having already worked as player-coach this season, he coached FC Grenchen together with Erwin Ballabio until 1967. Fritz Kominek came to GAK via the station 1. Wiener Neustädter SC, where he surprisingly made it into the final of the ÖFB Cup in 1968. From 1970 to 1972 he worked as a coach at FC Fribourg.

Other websites
--------------

* Austria Wien Archiv Profile
***The Host*** is a 2008 science-fiction/romance book by Stephenie Meyer. A movie based on the book is currently in development.

Story
-----

Melanie Stryder refuses to fade away. The earth has been invaded by a species that takes over the minds of their human hosts while leaving their bodies intact, and most of humanity has succumbed.

Wanderer, the invading ‘soul’ who has been given Melanie’s body, knew about the challenges of living inside a human: the overwhelming emotions, the too-vivid memories. But there was one difficulty Wanderer didn’t expect: the former tenant of her body refusing to relinquish possession of her mind.

Melanie fills Wanderer’s thoughts with visions of the man Melanie loves – Jared, a human who still lives in hiding. Unable to separate herself from her body’s desires, Wanderer yearns for a man she’s never met. As outside forces make Wanderer and Melanie unwilling allies, they set off to search for the man they both love.

Characters
----------

The characters in the book include:

* Wanderer (Wanda) - An alien "soul" who is placed in the body of Melanie Stryder.
* Melanie Stryder - Wanderer's strong-minded host.
* Jared Howe - Melanie's true love.
* Ian O'Shea - A surviving human who falls in love with Wanderer.
* Jeb - Melanie's uncle, who owns the caverns that hide the human rebels. He is generally good-natured and relaxed, but is really a very perceptive man.
* Jamie - Melanie's younger brother who also develops a friendly relationship with Wanda.
* Kyle O'Shea - Ian O'Shea's brother who tries to murder Wanda several times during the novel
* Doc - the doctor who is among the rebel humans who is very compassionate and caring. His real name is Eustace
Zolpidem sleeping pills
A number of alcoholic beverages, containing the mostly legal sedative ethanol
A **sedative** is a depressant that lowers excitement and irritability. Doctors use sedatives to prevent nervous patients from accidentally hurting themselves or the doctor. They are also used in tranquilizer guns.

There are different kinds of sedatives:

* Drugs that make people fall asleep.
* Drugs that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
* Drugs that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Most sedatives act very slowly, usually in 10-15 minutes. Doctors must know a patient's weight and medical history in order give them the sedatives which are best for them.

People who have been given sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sedatives act on their ability to react, those who have been given such drugs should not do the following:

* Operate any machines
* Drive a car
* Take other drugs (including alcohol; these may make the effect of the pill bigger and can lead to overdose)

The drugs are given in clinical settings to facilitate medical procedures that would require physical restraint in a conscious patient or otherwise be unfeasible. They are also used to tranquilize dangerous animals. If the animal is in a position where it can't hurt anyone, a slow-acting sedative will be used. If the animal is out-of-control, a fast-acting sedative will be used. Fast-acting sedatives usually take between 3-5 minutes to take effect. Tranquilizer darts are rarely used on humans because there is no way to know which sedative to use and how much to use without performing a pre-anesthetic exam on the patient beforehand. There are only two known cases of a person being intentionally tranquilized, and in both cases the person doing the tranquilizing knew their target's weight and medical history.

Problems
--------

Sedatives usually should not be taken for a longer period of time, as there are problems:

* Many sedatives cause addiction. Trying to stop taking the drug may cause withdrawal symptoms
* If they are taken together with other drugs, this may change their effect.
*The Attentive Nurse*
***The Attentive Nurse*** is an oil painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It measures 46.2 x 37 cm (18 3/16 x 14 9/16 in.). It was painted in 1747. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. 

The National Gallery tells us that Chardin reveals dignity and beauty in everyday life. The woman is preparing an invalid's meal. Each object receives careful treatment from the artist. The table setting is a harmony of white tones: jug, tablecloth, egg, and plate. Every pot, each piece of crockery has been given distinct treatment. As Diderot wrote of Chardin, "it is not white, red, or black pigment that you mix on your palette, it is the very substance of objects."

Chardin's subjects were popular with all classes of society, including the aristocracy. The National Gallery writes, "Perhaps their appeal rested in their sense of order, of things in their proper place. Chardin anticipated the popularity of paintings of "sensibility," which increased from the 1740s on, telling a colleague that "one uses color, but one paints with sentiment."
**Kušim (?)** (lived c. 31st century BC) was a Sumerian writer, barley producer, beer manufacturer, storage owner, and accountant. Kušim is best known for having one of the earliest known recorded (supposed) names of a writer, as well as being one of the earliest known writers in history. Even though we know for certain that Kušim existed and lived in Sumer c. 31st century BC and that this person worked as a barley producer, storage owner, and accountant, it is rather disputed if Kušim is actually this person's name or not. Some scholars suggested that Kušim could be supposedly the title of a ocupation which used to exist (or it has a different name in the modern-day world), the supposed name of a institution, and/or more suggestions.

Biography
---------

Kušim lived and worked c. 31st century BC in Sumer as a barley producer, beer manufacturer, storage owner, and accountant. He also worked as a writer. 
It is rather disputed if Kušim is actually this person's name or not. Some scholars suggested that Kušim could be the supposed title of a occupation which used to exist (or it has a different name in the modern-day world), the supposed name of an institution, and/or more suggestions. Kušim is only known from several clay tablets dating to around his time. He is best known for having one of the earliest known (supposed) recorded names of a writer and also for being one of the earliest known writers in history.

Related pages
-------------

* *Kušim Tablets*, a written work written by Kušim.
* Enheduanna, another writer who also lived in ancient times and came from Akkad.
**Gerald Willfurth** (born 6 November 1962) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mainly for SK Rapid Wien and SV Austria Salzburg. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Club career
-----------

Willfurth began his career at ASK Bad Fischau. In 1981 he moved to Rapid Wien. With the club he was Austrian champion four times and won the cup four times until 1989. Another great success was reaching the final of the 1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup. Willfurth played 204 Bundesliga games for SK Rapid. From 1989 to 1993. Willfurth then played for SV Austria Salzburg (2-time runners-up in 1992 and 1993). Then he moved back to ASK Bad Fischau. In 1996 he moved to ASK Kottingbrunn, in 1997 to SC Eisenstadt. He ended his active career in 1998.

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Austria in a June 1983 European Championship qualification match away against Albania, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute for Felix Gasselich. He played 30 matches and scored 3 goals for the national team. His last match was an April 1991 friendly match against Norway.

Honours
-------

* **Austrian Championship: 4**

1982, 1983, 1987, 1988
* **Austrian Cup: 4**

1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87

Other websites
--------------

* Gerald Willfurth at WorldFootball.net
* Gerald Willfurth at National-Football-Teams.com
Alexiares and Anicetus (Ἀλεξιάρης Alexiarês and Ανικητος Anikêtos) are minor deities in Greek Mythology. They are the immortal twin sons of Heracles, the greatest of the Greek heroes and the strongest mortal to live. Their mother was Hebe, the goddess of youth. Along with their father Heracles, they were the guardians of Mount Olympus, and the pair may have been regarded as the gatekeepers of Olympus, a role which was often assigned to their immortal father. Additionally, they were responsible for the protection and fortification of towns and citadels, they were also the gods of defense and sports. They were born after Hercules's mortal death and ascent to Olympus, where he gained immortality and married the goddess Hebe. Callimachus makes a reference to Hebe receiving assistance from her sister during the birth of her sons, Eiliethyia the goddess of midwives and childbirth. Their names mean "he who wards off war" and "the unconquerable one" respectively.

The twins were worshipped the most in Thebes and Rhodes, their powers were said to be youth and sports. Little is known about them besides a mention of their birth in the Bibliotheca: "Heracles achieved immortality, and when Hera’s enmity changed to friendship, he married her daughter Hebe, who had sex with him and gave birth to the twin sons Alexiares and Anicetus."
***Bambi's Children, The Story of a Forest Family*** (German: *Bambis Kinder. Eine Familie im Walde*) is a book written by Felix Salten, first printed and translated from German to English in 1939. It is a sequel to Salten's book *Bambi, A Life in the Woods*. It was first published in German only in the following year.

The main characters are Bambi's twin fawns, Geno, male, and Gurri, female; it also stars their friends, another pair of fawns named Lana and Boso. Lana and Boso are the children of Aunt Rolla, a doe met later in the course of the novel. Two more new characters are introduced—Nello and Membo, the orphans. The overall storyline is how Geno and Gurri learn the pleasures as well as downsides of nature and their forest home. *Bambi, A Life in the Woods*, the original story of Bambi, is much darker than the sequel. Unlike its predecessor, *Bambi's Children* ends when Geno begins to grow his antlers, whereas *Bambi, A Life in the Woods* continues until Bambi's children are born. In the end, Faline, knowing the time is right, sends off her children to live their own lives.

What may be interesting to readers is that it is not possible to determine whether *Bambi's Children* is a sequel to the book *Bambi* or a midquel as there are no references to the former which makes one able to place the latter. The language of *Bambi's Children* is more gentle than that of *Bambi, A Life in the Woods*.
**The Hunger Games** is a series of three Young adult books by Suzanne Collins. The series tells the story of Katniss Everdeen. She is a girl who lives in a fictional dystopian society called Panem. Panem is made up of the remains of the United States after a nuclear crisis. This country holds an event called The Hunger Games. They have 24 adolescents of any age group competing for to stay alive. The objective is to kill all other players and prevent other players from doing the same. The last person alive (or in the 74th annual Hunger Games' case, the last two people from the same district alive) has successfully won the Hunger Games.

Novels
------

### Trilogy

#### The Hunger Games

The Hunger Games is set in North America. It is set about 250 years after a nuclear war destroys the United States. Survivors of the war formed a nation called Panem. It is made of 12 districts and a central Capitol. When the nation was young, it was similar to the democratic republic that the United States currently is. As the nation became older, it became more corrupt. It changed into a totalitarian police state. The population of the Capitol stopped working and controlled over the districts with fear. The 13th district was made of most of the New England states, It was in charge of the military, graphite mining, and nuclear weapons. They rebelled against the capitol. The rest of the districts joined. The war was lost and District 13 was destroyed by their own weapons. The Capitol forced the remaining Districts to send one young boy and girl to participate in the Hunger Games. It was a competition to the death. Each of the 24 district teens would fight for resources over 30 days. The objective is to kill others and survive. The real use of the games was entertainment for the rich Capitol citizens and eternal punishment for the "crimes" the districts committed against the Capitol. The series centers around Katniss Everdeen. Katniss is a girl from District 12 who gets selected for the Hunger Games. She spends the rest of the book trying to survive. 

The first book begins with Katniss making sacrifices to feed her family. She has to do this because District 12 is a very small, poor district. One day , the Capitol Peacekeepers, the police of Panem, come to District 12 and set up the raffle system for the Hunger Games. The adolescents of District 12 line up. Each gender forms it own line. The Head Peacekeeper pulls 2 names from the raffle. Peeta Mellark, a boy from the richer center of town, is the first chosen. The Head Peacekeeper reads out Katniss's sister Primrose's name. Katniss objects and volunteers to be in the games in her sisters place.

Characters
----------

* Katniss Everdeen - Main character, participates in the Hunger Games
* Peeta Mellark - Side character, participates in the Hunger Games
* Coriolanus Snow - President of Panem and organizer of the Hunger Games
* Gale Hawthorne - Katniss's friend
Tiffany & Co. pitcher, c. 1871Hallmarks on British sterling silverPair of sterling silver forks
**Sterling silver** is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.

The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12 ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces ​2 1⁄4 pennyweights of silver and ​17 3⁄4 pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.
Chist on the Cross. Painting by Gerard David, 1515
Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski in armour
"**Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ**" (Polish: *Sonet na całą Mękę Pańską*) is a poem by 17th century Polish poet Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. It is one of the finest examples of sonnet form in Old Polish literature. The poem is a part of *The Poems of Lent* (in Polish *Poezje postu świętego*). It was translated into English by Michael J. Mikoś (Michael J. Mikos).

The author
----------

Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was a Polish nobleman. He was born in 1642. He travelled a lot in his youth. He visited France, Spain, Italy and Austria. He as interested in literature and theatre. After he had returned to Poland, he became a politician. He was a member of Sejm (Parliament). He became also the Great Marshall (that is a secretary of internal affairs). He died in 1702.

The sonnet
----------

The sonnet was not very popular in Old Polish literature. This genre existed for three hundred years in Italy, when Polish poets started writing such poems. The first poet to write sonnets in Polish was Jan Kochanowski. After him two notable poets wrote such poems. They were Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki.

The form
--------

*Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ* is one of the best poems of the genre in 17th century Polish poetry. It follows the rules of Italian sonnet. It is made up of 11-syllable lines. All Italian sonnets were written in *endecasillabo* that is 11-syllable metre. The rhyme scheme is the most classical. There are only four rhymes. The scheme is abba abba cdc dcd.

*Wielkiej miłości i nieogarnionej*  

*Tryumf, czy piekła łupy, czy mogiły*  

*Zawisnej śmierci, czy niebieskiej siły*  

*Są cudem męki, co zniósł Bóg wcielony?*  

  

*Moc, myśl, żal, strach, pot, krew, sen zwyciężony,*  

*Zdrada, powrozy, łzy, sąd i niemiły*  

*Twarzy policzek, i rózgi, co biły,*  

*Słup, cierń, krzyż, gwóźdź, żółć i bok otworzony*  

  

*Są to dobroci dary, a nie męki,*  

*Nie dary, ale łaski źrzódła żywe,*  

*Nie źrzódła, ale boskie cuda ręki,*  

  

*Tej ręki, co nam zbawienie szczęśliwe*  

*Z swych ran wylała, za które niech dzięki*  

*Oddaje-ć serce, o dobro prawdziwe!*

An unusual feature of the poem is a long enumeration in the 5th line and in the 8th line. It is composed of 1-syllable words. In Polish language such words are very rare. Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was not the only poet to use such a poetic device. Daniel Naborowski used it earlier in the poem *The Brevity of Life* (in Polish *Krótkość żywota*). This poem was put into English by Michael J. Mikoś, too.
Blood plasma in a plastic bag.
**Blood plasma** is the yellow liquid part of blood. In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the balls.

Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Plasma is the transport medium for excretion.

In hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this. An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting. Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge. The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes. The plasma is poured into another container.

Hospitals may give patients:

1. Saline solution (pure water plus salt) for blood volume. This can be done quickly in an emergency.
2. Blood plasma.
3. Packed red cells.
4. Whole blood.

**Blood serum** is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells *and* the clotting factors).

**Plasmapheresis** is a medical therapy which involves taking out blood plasma, treating it, and putting it back in the patient.

Storage
-------

Whole plasma may be stored frozen, or it may be stored dry. Dried plasma can be flown anywhere in the world, and is vital for the armed forces. The method was invented in the US in 1940, and used widely in World War II. The Army/Navy standard pack was two tin cans, each with 400cc bottles inside. One held the plasma, the other distilled (pure) water. The plasma could be restored in three minutes, and remained fresh for about four hours.
The **Julian day** or **Julian day number (JDN)** is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Universal Time (UT) Monday, 1 January 4713 BC in the Julian calendar. That noon-to-noon day is defined as Julian day 0. Thus all JDNs that are evenly divisible by 7 are Mondays. Negative values may also be used; although, those predate recorded history.

For example, right now at 23:22, Sunday, November 5, 2023 (UTC) the JDN is 2460254 (update). When this JDN is divided by 7, the remainder is 6, which is an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.

The **Julian date** (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch. Currently the JD is 2460254.4736111. The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number. The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT. Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.

A Julian date of 2454115.05486 means that the date and Universal Time is Sunday 14 January 2007 at 13:18:59.9.

The decimal parts of a Julian date:  

0.1 = 2.4 hours or 144 minutes or 8640 seconds  

0.01 = 0.24 hours or 14.4 minutes or 864 seconds  

0.001 = 0.024 hours or 1.44 minutes or 86.4 seconds  

0.0001 = 0.0024 hours or 0.144 minutes or 8.64 seconds  

0.00001 = 0.00024 hours or 0.0144 minutes or 0.864 seconds.

Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch. JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858. JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.

The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer. This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions. It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.

The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.
***Songmaster*** (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card. The story of the *Songmaster* occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger. This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer. He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words. This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".

Literary significance & criticism
---------------------------------

One reviewer said that *Songmaster* was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever." The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".

Awards and nominations
----------------------

As with some other Card novels (*Ender's Game*, for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978. *Songmaster* got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award in 1981.

Translations
------------

* Dutch: *Zangermeester* ("Songmaster"), published by Meulenhoff.
* German: *Meistersanger* ("Master Singer"), published by Bastei Lübbe.
* Spanish: *Maestro Cantor* ("Master Singer"), published by Nova Ciencia Ficcion.

Other websites
--------------

* About the novel *Songmaster* from Card's website
Mature female *Pinus coulteri* cone
Young cones of a blue spruce
Male cone of Cedar of Lebanon
A **confier cone** (or **pine cone**) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers). It is the part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce. Its name in botany is **strobilus**, plural *strobili*.

Female fir cone
Juniper "berries", which are used to flavor gin, are actually modified cones
Berry-like yew cone. Yew cones are the most modified of all
The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which makes seeds. The male cones, which make pollen, are usually smaller and much less easy to see, even when fully grown. The smaller plates of a cone are known as scales.

The **male cone** (**microstrobilus** or **pollen cone**) is similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways across each species, mostly in scale arrangement. Extending out from a central axis are **microsporophylls** (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or many **microsporangia** (pollen sacs).

Conifer cones and their seeds have been used for lots of different purposes. They are often used for decorations. Some seeds, such as the seeds of pinyon pines, are used in prepared foods and baking. 

Most mature cones are closed when wet and open when dry. In a few species, it takes fire to open the cones.
***The Inheritors*** is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for *Lord of the Flies*. It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more sophisticated (and malevolent) *Homo sapiens*.

*Restoration of Le Moustier Neanderthals*  
(Charles R. Knight, 1920)
One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.
The Scott Monument, Edinburgh
**Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet**, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime. As adventures, *Ivanhoe*, and *Rob Roy* are very well-known, and both were made into films. *Waverley* is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with *Waverley*, he continued with his other novels.

Scott's wrote very many books. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry *The Lady of the Lake* is best liked. 

Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.

A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).

Education and early life
------------------------

Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792. In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire. He now began to write books in earnest.
In 1821 he was made a baronet. His house is now a public museum visited by many tourists each year.

### Financial problems and death

In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh. The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed. Scott was ruined. He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt. 

He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. By 1831 his health was failing. Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire. Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well. The debts of his estate were eventually discharged.
In cricket, the batting team's players stand in the green areas if they want to avoid being out when the fielding team's players tag (touch) them with the ball, or put down the wicket. The cricket field is on the left.
Baseball pitcher throwing to a batter
Cricket bowler and batsman
**Baseball and Cricket** are two similar sports. They are both considered bat-and-ball games and are played by both men and women. But they also have many differences. They have different rules, terms and organization. Their histories are both similar yet different.

Common history
--------------

Baseball is often thought to have descended from cricket. They both can be traced back to England. They have common terms such as innings, umpires, runs and outs. So the connection seems very logical. Even some baseball historians think cricket is the ancestor of baseball. Both games do have a link, but it is not a parent-child link. It is more on the order of cousins.

Both seem to have been brought to England by people from Flanders, but who settled in different parts of England. There each game developed separately. Cricket came from the southeast of England while baseball was played in western England. Baseball started as a children's game while Cricket was more often played by adults. Both games came to America with English immigrants. By the 1840s cricket had a following along the East Coast, particularly in Philadelphia and New York. About the same time Baseball began being organized into clubs. Up until the American Civil War cricket was more popular. After that war baseball became widely popular. Cricket is still played in places like Philadelphia.

Similarities
------------

Both are bat and ball games. Both have batsman and bowlers, called batters and pitchers in baseball. Bowlers or pitchers throw the ball to the batsman or batter who hits the ball. Players in the field try to catch the ball. Both games at times use two umpires. Both games involve batters who run between or around things (such as each batsman's ground) to score runs (points), while the fielding team tries to get the ball to those things (bases), or things within the things (wickets), or fielders near them, to stop runs from being scored. Batters can hit the ball out of the field to score runs (home run or six runs). After enough batters are out, both teams change roles, and after enough opportunities for both teams to bat, the team with more runs wins.

Differences
-----------

The bat in cricket is flat while the bat in baseball is round. Cricket has eleven players while baseball has nine. Cricket players hold the bat down, baseball players hold the bat up. The playing fields are different sizes and shapes. The balls, while similar in construction, are slightly different in weight. The leather cover in baseball is white while cricket balls can have a red or white leather cover.

In cricket, when a batter is out, they can't bat again for the rest of their team's inning (turn to bat).
Topol in 2013
**Chaim Topol** (Hebrew: חיים טופול; September 9, 1935 – March 8, 2023), sometimes known as **Topol**, was an Israeli theatrical and movie performer, actor, writer, singer and producer. Topol was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel). Topol is known for his role as Tevye the milkman in the 1971 movie *Fiddler on the Roof*. He has been nominated for an Oscar and a Tony Award. He has won two Golden Globes Awards.

Some of Topol's other notable movie appearances were the title role in *Galileo* (1975), Dr. Hans Zarkov in *Flash Gordon* (1980), and as Milos Columbo in the James Bond movie *For Your Eyes Only* (1981).

Topol was married to Galia Topol until his death. He retired from movie acting in 1998 and only did stage acting until his full retirement in 2015.

Death
-----

In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, said that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease since 2015.

Topol died in the early hours of March 9, 2023 in Tel Aviv at the age of 87. The previous day, his family released a statement in preparation of "what seem to be his last hours", at his home surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Before his burial at Kvutzat Shiller on March 10, a memorial was held at Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv on March 9.

President Isaac Herzog, Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former prime minister Yair Lapid praised Topol after his death was announced.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chaim Topol***.

* Chaim Topol on IMDb
* Chaim Topol at the Internet Broadway Database
* Chaim Topol at the TCM Movie Database
* Chaim Topol at AllMovie
***A Real Basket Case*** is a fictional mystery novel that was written by Beth Groundwater. It was published by Five Star Publishing on March 21, 2007. It was later re-published in large print in January 2008. The novel follows the story of Claire Hanover who sets out to find out who murdered her husband.

It was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, *To Hell in a Handbasket* is scheduled to be published in 2009.

Awards
------

Even though Beth Groundwater won the Princess of Rejection prize from the Sisters in Crime Guppies Chapter for having the second most rejections for her writings in the winter of 2005, *A Real Basket Case* was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.

Reviews
-------

The novel got good reviews in several large newspapers. Barbara Bibel from Booklist review said that, "This will appeal to Desperate Housewives fans and those who like cozies with a bit of spice." Kirkus Reviews called *A Real Basket Case* "A tense, exciting debut." Author J.B. Thompson praised the novel, but he also said the main character could have been written better.
A **flare star** is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time.

Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves. 

The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star.

Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field. Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables. A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely.

Nearby flare stars
------------------

Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth.

### Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri.

### Wolf 359

The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well. It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often.

The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages 1 G (100 μT), although it can rise as high as 3 kG (0.3 T) in active sunspot regions.

### Barnard's Star

Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star.

### TVLM513-46546

TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf.
***The Black Cauldron*** is a fantasy novel written by Lloyd Alexander. It was published in 1965 as the second book in The Chronicles of Prydain series. *The Black Cauldron* was awarded a Newbery Medal. *The Black Cauldron* centers around Taran, an Assistant Pig-Keeper who lives in the fantasy land of Prydain.

Plot
----

The book begins with a meeting of many leaders. They make plans to stop the evil Arawn from taking over Prydain. The leaders decide to steal the Black Cauldron, a powerful tool, from Arawn. Prince Gwydion, the war lord of Prydain, leads a band of people into Annuvin, Arawn's country. When there, they learn that the cauldron has already been stolen. The Fair Folk (fairies) tell the group that the witches of Morva stole the cauldron. Prince Ellidyr, a poor youngest son, sneaks away from the group so that he can steal the cauldron for himself. The rest of the group follows to save him from Arawn's soldiers, but are attacked themselves. In the battle, Fflewddur Fflam and Doli are separated from the group. Also, Adaon, son of the chief bard, is wounded very badly. Before he dies, he passes on a brooch to Taran. The brooch has magical powers and Taran uses it to find Fflewddur and Doli. They continue to Morva, where Taran trades the brooch for the cauldron. The group then tries to smash it, but the witches tell them it can only be destroyed when a living person dies in it willingly. On the way back, Ellidyr attacks the group and steals the cauldron. The group is later found by King Morgant and his men, who have captured Ellidyr and beaten him. Morgant plans to use the cauldron to rule Prydain. Morgant ties up the entire group and offers to free them if Taran will join his service. While they are talking, Doli turns invisible and frees the whole group. During the fight that follows, Ellidyr throws himself into the cauldron, destroying it. King Smoit then comes and attacks Morgant, killing him. The group is rescued.

Main Characters
---------------

* Taran - an orphan who was raised by Dallben the Enchanter. His age is never specifically stated; he is referred to as a young man. He is the protagonist (hero) of the book.
* Princess Eilonwy - a princess of Llyr with some magical abilities. She lives at Caer Dallben after escaping from her evil aunt.
* Fflewddur Fflam - a king and wandering bard. He often joins Taran on his adventures.
* Doli - a dwarf from the realm of the Fair Folk. He has the ability to turn invisible.
* Prince Gwydion - crown prince of the ruling House of Don in Prydain.
* Prince Ellidyr - the poor youngest son of a king. He is arrogant and disagrees often with Taran.
* Adaon - the wise son of the chief bard. He possesses a magical brooch which helps him interpret dreams.
The **American Wirehair** is a breed of American cat. They are characterized by their curly, hard fur that covers their entire body.

History
-------

American Wirehair is a natural mutation of the American Shorthair. It first occurred as a random mutation among five litters of kittens born to a pair of barn cats in Vernon, upstate New York, in 1966. The red-and-white male had a dense coat, and the cats' owner called local breeder Joan Ocea to see him. She bought the kitten, along with one of his normal litters of cats, for $50 and started a breeding program.

As the population grew, cats were exported to Canada and to Germany, where they were especially popular. The breed bred well and was recognized by the CFA in 1967, and by the Championship in 1978. Wirehaireds have yet to be recognized in England and Australia.

Characteristics
---------------

It is characterized by its stiff and frizzy coat. They are few in number and very rare. They are very active and curious. They are very proud and sometimes act intimidated by the presence of other cats. However, they are affectionate and mild-mannered. They are also playful and pampered, and love to play with people and be cuddled. Their coats are frizzy from the kitten stage, but it takes about six months for them to develop a coat similar to that of an adult cat. Although their fur is distinctive, it does not take much effort to care for it, just brushing the coat once a week or so. American Wirehairs have yet to make an appearance in Britain and Australia, among other countries.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***American Wirehair cats***.

* Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: American Wirehair Archived 2020-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Cat Breeds with Pictures Directory: American Wirehair
* Cat Breeds Directory
* American Wirehair Guide Archived 2021-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
The **foot** is a unit for measuring length. It is one of the Imperial units and U.S. customary units. The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."), or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).

One foot contains 12 inches. This is equal to 30.48 centimetres. It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.

History
-------

The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe. It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city. Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average. Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot. This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.

In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'. This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations. Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and U.S. customary units.

Usage
-----

Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches. They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland. In the U.S. and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written *5′ 11″*

Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches. Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.

Length
------

| International | Inch | Foot | Yard | Chain | Furlong | Mile | Centimetre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Foot | 12 | 1 | ​1⁄3 | ​1⁄66 | ​1⁄660 | ​1⁄5280 | 30.48 |