recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Cara Dune** is a *Star Wars* character. She is in many episodes of *The Mandalorian*. Cara was first a shock trooper for the Rebel Alliance. She went to fight Imperials after the Battle of Endor. She also helped create the New Republic. She became a mercenary after and moved around the galaxy. She became a marshall. 

After a fight with Din Djarin and Grogu, Cara agreed to help protect a village from raiders with them. They train the villagers to fight and set up a protection against the raiders. Raiders came to attack the village. Cara and Din help the villagers win. Then, the Mandalorian and Cara each leave and go to different places. Later on, Din Djarin asks for help from Cara Dune to help fight off Imperials at the request of Greef Karga. While on Mando's ship, Grogu force chokes Cara Dune because he thought that Cara was attacking Djarin when they were arm-wrestling. When the fighting begins between Cara, Mando, Din, IG-11 and the Empire they are pinned down but Cara manages to find an escape through the tunnels. After they get out of the tunnels they are attacked by Moff Gideon in his TIE fighter which Cara helps repel. Cara is then invited to work as an enforcer with Greef which she agrees to.

She helps Din Djarin and Greef Karga blow up an Imperial base. They learn that Moff Gideon is trying to clone something or someone at the base. They set the base to blow up and steal a vehicle to escape. Stormtroopers on speederbikes and TIE fighters try to stop them but they escape. Later on, Cara agrees to help Mando find Grogu after he is taken by Moff Gideon. She is waiting and ready as Mando and prisoner Migs Mayfeld find Gideon's ship. Soon after Cara, Mando, Bo-Katan Kyrze, Fennec Shand and Koska Reeves attack the ship and take it over. They free Grogu and capture Gideon. But Imperial soldiers trap them when one X-Wing starfighter comes. Cara says jokingly, that they are saved, but she does not know that it was Luke Skywalker who came to save them.
Chemical structure of sodium chloride
Chromium trioxide: A reactive toxic chemical
Iron(III) oxide: a harmless chemical
Two colorless liquids react to make a yellow solid
A **chemical compound** is a chemical formed from atoms of different chemical elements. The different atoms are joined by chemical bonds. Each compound has a fixed ratio between the elements.

The elements stick together so strongly that the compound behaves like it is one substance. The chemical that is made depends upon what atoms it is made of and how they are joined together.

Many compounds are made of separate molecules. Each molecule has the exact same number and types of atoms. For example, every water molecule has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Other compounds are made of a large network of atoms. For example, sodium chloride always has equal numbers of sodium and chlorine atoms, but there are no separate molecules.

Chemical compounds can be solids like sodium chloride, liquids like water, or gases like carbon dioxide. We get compounds from natural sources such as plants or make them in laboratories. Compounds can be made from others by scientists and these are called *synthetic chemicals*.

When different compounds are mixed together they may have a chemical reaction. 
Some chemical compounds can be dangerous but are safe if they are used the right way. Most dangerous chemicals are only used by scientists who have had special training in how to handle and use them. These chemicals might be poisonous, corrosive, explosive, they may catch fire easily, or they may react with other substances.

People who work in factories near chemicals often wear special clothes that stop the chemicals from hurting their body.
The **caracal** (*Caracal caracal*), also called **Persian lynx** or **African lynx**, is a wild cat. Caracals are similar to lynxes, but are more related to the serval. Caracals are the fastest of the small cats.

Look
----

The Caracal is 65 cm in length (about 2 feet), plus 30 cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a look very similar to a lynx. The colour of its fur may be wine-red, grey, black, or sand-coloured (a type of yellow). Young caracals have red spots on the fur, but the only markings adults have are black spots above the eyes. A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word "caracal" come from the Turkish word *karakulak* ("black ear"). Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.

Life
----

A caracal in the San Diego Zoo
Caracals live in Africa and Western Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests. They live alone or with a mate in a territory.

A caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat. It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for rodents, birds, and hares. It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes or young ostriches. They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur. But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.

They can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.

Caracals and humans
-------------------

Because they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries). Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals. So they make their dog chase the caracal.

It is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well. Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.

Kinds of caracals
-----------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Caracal***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Caracal***.

There are many species of caracals. See them and where they live:

* *Caracal caracal caracal*, East, Central and South Africa
* *Caracal caracal algira*, North Africa
* *Caracal caracal damarensis*, Namibia
* *Caracal caracal limpopoensis*, Botswana
* *Caracal caracal lucani*, Gabon
* *Caracal caracal michaelis*, Turkmenistan (endangered)
* *Caracal caracal nubicus*, Ethiopia, Sudan
* *Caracal caracal poecilictis*, West Africa
* *Caracal caracal schmitzi*, West Asia, Iran, Arabia, Pakistan and India
A **chapter** is one of the main divisions of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book. Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see *Chapter 7* or *Chapter 11*) or they can be titled. For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:

* "The Boy Who Lived" – *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*, J. K. Rowling
* "Into the Primitive" – *The Call of the Wild*, Jack London

Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.

In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.

Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.
**Cinelatino** is a Spanish-language movie channel based in Mexico. It is owned by MVS Comunicaciones & Hemisphere Media Group (83.8% owned by InterMedia Partners). It is available throughout Latin America as well as the United States and Canada, via cable, satellite and IPTV services.

Programs
--------

Cinelatino airs Hispanic films, featuring blockbuster hits and movies from Mexico, Latin America and Spain. All movies are presented in their original format and without any commercial interruptions. It also features behind the scenes footage, interviews with film stars, exclusive coverage of Spanish film festivals and all the latest news from the Hispanic film industry.

Cinelatino has close working relations with Los Angeles-based production company, Plus Entertainment, helmed by executive producer Pejman Partiyeli and producers Gonzalo Gonzalez and Rene Michelle Aranda. Plus Entertainment's annual slate of features is produced its entirety to suit Cinelatino's niche market and distributes titles to the likes of Redbox, Walmart and Netflix to promote the network's presence in the U.S. primarily Hollywood. Recent Plus Entertainment titles that have aired on Cinelatino include theatrically screened Cherry Red Kiss (Beso de cereza), Sins of a Call Girl (Pecados de una dama del noche) starring Emmy-nominated actress Vannessa Vasquez of East Los High, 4-time film festival award winning  Smile Now Cry Later (Sonríe hoy llora despues) and more.

Plus Entertainment is currently making Cinelatino's first ever TV series.

In Canada
---------

In Canada, Cinelatino is distributed by Telelatino Network. It is currently available via Rogers Cable, Vidéotron, Cogeco and Bell Fibe TV.

Related pages
-------------

* Cine Mexicano
* Narco film

Other websites
--------------

* Cinelatino official website Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Carnosaur**s are a subgroup of the theropod dinosaurs. They are the clade **Carnosauria**. The term was once used very widely, but is now defined more narrowly. It is called by some authorities the **Allosauroidea**.

The group includes some of the main carnivores of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, such as *Allosaurus*, *Carcharodontosaurus* and *Neovenator*. Modern cladistic analysis defines Carnosauria (or Allosauroidea) as those tetanurans which share a more recent common ancestor with *Allosaurus* than with modern birds.

Carnosaurs are characterized by several features. Some features must have been adaptations to their large size, such as their open skull, made of struts rather than solid bone. They had 
large eyes and a long, narrow skull. The femur ("thigh bone") is usually larger than the tibia ("shin bone"). This suggests close-to action was controlled by sight. 

The legs are adapted for running, but not extremely so. They had strong arms, probably used to wrestle prey as the teeth bit in. The structure of an *Allosaurus* suggests a strongly-built general all-round predator. This is a different from a tyrannosaur like *Albertosaurus*, which was better adapted for running on open ground. Tyrannosaurs, with their small two-fingered hands, would use their heads for killing prey, and for head-butting rivals.

The idea that the group became extinct at the end of the Jurassic is refuted. It is now known that the Neovenatorid clade survived until the end of the Mesozoic. This group (see cladogram below) included *Aerosteon*, *Australovenator*, *Fukuiraptor* and *Neovenator*.

Classification
--------------

* **Infraorder Carnosauria**
	+ *Erectopus*
	+ *Fukuiraptor*
	+ *Gasosaurus*?
	+ *Monolophosaurus*
	+ *Siamotyrannus*
	+ **Superfamily Allosauroidea**
		- *Becklespinax*?
		- *Megaraptor*?
		- **Family Allosauridae**
			* *Allosaurus*
			* *Antrodemus*
			* *Epanterias*
			* *Saurophaganax*
		- **Family Carcharodontosauridae**
			* *Acrocanthosaurus*?
			* *Carcharodontosaurus*
			* *Neovenator*
			* Subfamily Giganotosaurinae
				+ *Giganotosaurus*
				+ *Mapusaurus*
				+ *Tyrannotitan*
		- **Family Sinraptoridae**
			* *Metriacanthosaurus*
			* *Sinraptor*
			* *Yangchuanosaurus*

Cladogram
---------

The cladogram presented here follows the 2010 analysis by Benson, Carrano and Brusatte.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Allosauroidea** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Sinraptoridae |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *Allosaurus* |
|  |
| **Carcharodontosauria** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Carcharodontosauridae |
|  |
|  | Neovenatoridae |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
Charles Martel for whom the dynasty is named
The **Carolingian dynasty** was a Frankish noble family who ruled over a large part of western Europe from 751 to 987. They were a line of mayors, kings, and princes who succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The most famous member of the family was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. He was a Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Neustria. The mayors of the palace were the real power behind the throne.

Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died leaving his half to Pepin who became Mayor of the Palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons, Charles and Carloman.

Charles and his brother shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk. Charles became the sole king. He then earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious and to his grandsons. By the time Louis inherited the kingdom the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire the dynasty came to an end.
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***Cen (岑)***.

**Cen** is a Chinese surname. It is a romanization of 岑. Cen is listed 67th in the Song dynasty classic text *Hundred Family Surnames*. As of 2008, it is the 235th most common surname in China. There are 340,000 people with this surname.

Origins
-------

The surname Cen was first used during the Zhou Dynasty. Ji Qu, Ji Chang's nephew, was the first to use it. He used it because he controlled the area Cen Ting in Shanxi province. In honor of him, his children changed their name to Cen and posthumously named him Cen Zi. In 1368 Cen Tianbao surrendered to the first Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang. He was then made prefect of Tianzhou. His descendants were prefects of Zhen'an and sub-prefects of Guishun. Among the chieftains of the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, some of the most important were of the Cen surname. In the 15th and 16th centuries many were strong allies of the Ming Dynasty. During the Republic of China control of Mainland China, Cen Chunxuan became president of the military government of Guangzhou.

Other websites
--------------

* Cen on ancestry.com Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
***Bluestar's Prophecy*** is a teen fantasy novel in the *Warriors* series by Erin Hunter. This is the second *Warriors* "Super Edition" (a standalone story that is longer than most *Warriors* books). The main character is a cat named Bluestar. The book tells her life story, from her birth to the day she becomes leader of a group of cats called ThunderClan. It was published by HarperCollins and released on 28 July 2009.

Plot
----

Bluestar is called Bluekit, Bluepaw, and Bluefur during different parts of her life.

*Bluestar's Prophecy* follows the life of Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan. The book starts with a prologue that recounts Bluestar's death in *A Dangerous Path*. The book then goes back to Bluestar's childhood, during which Goosefeather, the Clan's medicine cat, receives a prophecy about Bluepaw being a fire that will blaze through the forest, but who will be destroyed by water. A few moons later, Bluepaw's mother, Moonflower, is killed in a battle.

Bluestar's childhood is defined by her relationship with her sister, Snowfur, which is damaged when Snowfur falls in love with Thistleclaw, whom Bluefur finds arrogant and untrustworthy. Snowfur is later killed when she is hit by a car, leaving a heartbroken Bluefur to care for Snowfur's son, Whitekit.

Bluefur later meets a RiverClan warrior named Oakheart, and although they do not like each other at first, they eventually fall in love. They decide to spend one night together, but agree that for the good of their Clans, they will never meet again afterwards. One moon later, Bluefur is horrified to find out that she is expecting kittens. Thrushpelt, a ThunderClan warrior with feelings for Bluefur, offers to help her take care of her kits. Bluefur accepts his offer, allowing the rest of ThunderClan to believe that Thrushpelt is the father of her kits.

Sunstar, ThunderClan's leader, tells Bluefur that he was planning to make her ThunderClan's new deputy (second-in-command), but because of her kittens, he will promote Thistleclaw to deputy instead. After having a vision of Thistleclaw drenched in blood, Bluefur realizes that allowing him to become deputy and then leader would be deadly to the Clan. She decides to take her three kits to Oakheart and let them be raised in RiverClan. During this, one of her kits, Mosskit, freezes to death. Her other kits, Mistykit and Stonekit, make it to RiverClan. She explains the disappearance of her kits by pretending they have been taken by a starving fox.

Without her kits, Bluefur is made deputy. After Sunstar dies, she becomes leader, taking on the name Bluestar. After successfully leading ThunderClan for several seasons, she receives a prophecy from the ThunderClan medicine cat (healer), Spottedleaf: "Fire alone can save our Clan." Later, while walking by a human town, she catches sight of a bright ginger house cat named Rusty. Recognizing him as the cat from Spottedleaf's prophecy, she names him Firepaw and takes him into ThunderClan.
The Cinque Ports and their 'limbs'
The **Cinque Ports** is a confederation of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex. It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now ceremonial. A Royal Charter of 1155 established the ports. The ports are at the eastern end of the English Channel, where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. In Norman French, the name means "five ports". They were:

* Hastings
* New Romney
* Hythe
* Dover
* Sandwich

However, Rye, originally a subsidiary of New Romney, changed to become one of the Cinque Ports, after New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up. Romney is now a mile from the sea, separated from it by Dungeness, which is a large pebble beach.

Coat of arms of Hastings. The heraldic emblem of the Cinque Ports is the front half of a lion joined to the back of a ship. This is in the coats of arms of several towns, and in the heraldic banner (flag) of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
The Federation of Cinque Ports includes various other towns on the coast. These are called "limbs" of the Cinque Ports.

* Lydd (Limb of New Romney)
* Folkestone (Limb of Dover)
* Faversham (Limb of Dover)
* Margate (Limb of Dover)
* Deal (Limb of Sandwich)
* Ramsgate (Limb of Sandwich)
* Brightlingsea (Limb of Sandwich)
* Tenterden (Limb of Rye)

The Federation is supported by two towns, one of which is Rye, and the other (a few miles back from the coast) is Winchelsea. These towns once supported militias which could be used for defence of the area.
A **chemical formula** is a way that chemists describe a molecule. The formula says what atoms, and how many of each type, are in the molecule. Sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are linked, and sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are arranged in space.

The letter shows what chemical element each atom is. These are called chemical symbols and they are one or two letters long. The subscript shows the number of each type of atom. For example, methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen atoms; the chemical formula is CH4. The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C6H12O6.

Chemical formulas are used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions.

The 19th-century Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius worked out this system for writing chemical formulas.

Reading and writing formulas
----------------------------

Chemical formulas are another way to represent the number of atoms. Chemical formulas are used to represent kinds of atoms in a combination. Chemical formulas use subscripts to tell how many of each atom are present in a combination. Subscripts are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol. They represent the number of atoms of that element in the equation. Before writing Chemical formulas, write down the symbol of each atom present in your equation. Writing chemical formula is a way of informing the chemical figure. It is most easily found in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart of all well-known parts. Use the periodic table to reference the figure that cannot be remembered.

Kinds of formulas
-----------------

A **molecular formula** is the most common kind: it says the number of atoms in a molecule. An **empirical formula** instead shows the ratio between atoms of different elements. For example, the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O, because there are the same number of carbon and oxygen atoms, and twice that number of hydrogen atoms. The empirical formula is used for salts, which make large networks instead of separate molecules.

Related pages
-------------

* Chemical equation
The first confirmed case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait was announced on 24 February 2020.
As of 14 May 2020, there are 11,975 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with recovery of 3,451 cases and 88 deaths.

Cases and response
------------------

On 24 February, Kuwaiti Ministry of Health announced that there were 3 cases detected coming from Iran that carry coronavirus disease 2019. The first person was a Kuwait I national, 53 years old, while the second was a Saudi national, 61 years old, and the third was a person from the stateless community.

On 25 February, Kuwaiti Ministry of Health announced that there were 4 new cases coming from Iran with coronavirus disease 2019.

On 11 March, Kuwaiti Directorate General of Civil Aviation has suspended all travel, except cargo flights, to and from Kuwait starting from 13 March, effectively locking down the nation until further notice.

On 18 March, the Ministry of Health announced 6 new cases for a total of 148. More than 14,000 swipe tests had been conducted by this point.

On 14 May, the Ministry of Health announced 947 new cases for a total of 11,975 and a recovery of 188. The number of patients in ICU is 175, in which 95 are critical and 80 stable. Kuwait reported 6 more deaths bringing the total number of death due to the virus within the country to 88.
The *yungdrung*, or left-facing swastika, is a sacred symbol in Bon
**Bon**, also spelled **Bön**, is a religion of Tibet. The modern form of Bon has its roots in the late 900s and 1000s CE, when the first Bon monasteries were started in Tibet. There are many teachings in Bon that are similar to Buddhist teachings, and so people who study Bon disagree whether it should be called a kind of Buddhism or not. Followers of Bon believe that it was founded by a teacher called Tonpa Shenrab who lived many years ago in a land called Tazig. Some people think that Tazig refers to Persia, Central Asia, or the area around Mount Kailash in western Tibet. According to Tibetans, Bon was popular in Tibet before Buddhism became the main religion of Tibet, but some non-Tibetans like Per Kvœrne say there isn't much connection between religion in Tibet before Buddhism and the living tradition of Bon. After the Chinese army sent troops to Tibet in 1959, some followers of Bon were forced to leave Tibet and many Bon monasteries and temples were shut down. Many of the followers of Bon who left Tibet started Bon centers in cities around the world. Today, most people who believe in Bon are ethnic Tibetans, but a small number of non-Tibetans have started to believe in Bon too.

The *yungdrung*, or left-facing swastika, is a sacred symbol in Bon, and the living tradition of Bon is sometimes called Yungdrung Bon, meaning "eternal Bon" in Tibetan. The *yungdrung*, like the vajra in Tibetan Buddhism, represents eternity because it is said that the *yungdrung* cannot be destroyed and lasts forever.

Tibetan Buddhists used to write many bad things about Bon, arguing that Bon had stolen most of its teachings from Buddhism, a view that people studying Bon from Europe and North America sometimes agreed with. The fourteenth Dalai Lama, who is seen as a religious leader by most Tibetans, said that Bon is as much part of Tibetan religion as Buddhism, encouraging people to treat Bon with respect.

Followers of Bon are called Bonpos. Bonpos believe in many gods. These gods include the creator god, Sangpo Bumtri, the god of compassion Shenlha Ökar, the goddess of compassion Sherab Chamma, and the founder of Bon Tonpa Shenrab.
**Chlorine dioxide** is a chemical compound (a thing made when two or more chemical elements attach to each other). Its chemical formula is ClO2. The Cl means 1 chlorine ion and the O2 means two oxide ions. The chlorine is in its +4 oxidation state. That means that when the chemical compound was made, four electrons were taken from the chlorine and given to the oxygens.

Description
-----------

It is a yellowish gas. It has a bad smell. It can explode easily. It reacts (has chemical reactions with) many other chemicals. It explodes when it is more than 15% concentration in air. When light is shined on it, it can explode. It dissolves easily in cold water.

How it is made
--------------

It is made by oxidation (the pulling of electrons away from) of sodium chlorite by chlorine gas.

It can also be made by reduction (giving electrons to) of sodium chlorate in an acidic solution. There are some reducing agents (chemicals that reduce another chemical) that can be used. Methanol (an alcohol), sulfur dioxide (a gas made by burning sulfur), hydrochloric acid (a common acid), or hydrogen peroxide can be used.

There are even more ways to make chlorine dioxide. Sodium chlorite can react with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Sodium chlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Electrolysis (the passing of an electric current through a liquid) of a chlorite solution like sodium chlorite makes chlorine dioxide.

Chlorine dioxide can explode easily. That is why it is normally made when it is needed, and immediately dissolved in water to make it safer. It is not normally packaged and sent to people that need it.

Uses
----

Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach wood pulp to make paper. It can also be used to disinfect water. There are some ways it is better than chlorine. It is less corrosive (breaking down other things) than chlorine and does not make as many bad things in water.

Related pages
-------------

* Perchlorate
* Hypochlorous acid
* Bromine dioxide
The **Bombyliidae** are a family of flies. Their common name is **bee flies**.

The Bombyliidae are a large family of flies. It has hundreds of genera, but the life cycles of most species are known poorly, or not at all. Some are very small (2 mm in length), but some can be very large for flies (wingspan of some 40 mm).

Adults normally feed on nectar and pollen. Those with a spectacularly long proboscis are adapted to plants (such as *Lapeirousia*) which have long, narrow floral tubes.

The Bombyliidae include a large number of species, but for its size this is one of the least understood families of insects. There at least 4,500 described species, and certainly thousands still to be described. The adult flies usually feed on nectar and pollen, and some are important pollinators.

Bee mimics
----------

Many Bombyliidae look like bees and so a common name for the family is the **bee flies**. The reason is probably aposematic: the adults are safer from predators because they share the warning colours of bees. The adult females usually lay eggs near the nests of possible hosts, often in the burrows of solitary bees, wasps or beetles.

Larvae
------

The larval stages are predators or parasitoids of the eggs and larvae of other insects. The eggs hatch into larvae which eat the eggs and larvae of the 'host' insect. Although most bee-flies usually are fairly or highly host-specific, some species do attack a number of hosts.
**Cheonggyecheon** is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84 km(its trail-12.04 km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century, industrial era after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After the restoration, Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.

History
-------

It was originally called 'Gaecheon(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ).' The Cheonggyecheon used to be a naturally formed stream before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).

During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "**Cheonggye**" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.

About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cheonggyecheon***.

* Official website of Cheonggyecheon

Coordinates: 37°34′12″N 127°0′23″E﻿ / ﻿37.57000°N 127.00639°E﻿ / 37.57000; 127.00639
Chlorophyta include species that live in the sea as well as many that live in fresh water.
Some Chlorophyta are single cells. Most species have a single-celled stage in their life cycles that swim using flagella. *Haematococcus pluvialis*
**Chlorophyta** are a division of green algae.

It includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryote organisms.

Like the land plants, green algae contain chlorophylls *a* and *b*, and store food as starch in their plastids. Most species are flagellate in at least one stage of their life cycle.

They are related to the Charophyceae (also called Charophyta) and land plants, together making up the Viridiplantae.

The division contains both unicellular and multicellular species. While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of environments. Watermelon snow, or *Chlamydomonas nivalis*, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Some lichens are symbiotic relationships between fungi and green algae.

Members of the Chlorophyta also form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges and cnidarians. Some conduct sexual reproduction.
**Chepstow Castle** is in Monmouthshire, South Wales.

History
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Building was started in 1067 by Earl William fitz Osbern, close friend of William the Conqueror, making it one of the first Norman strongholds in Wales. In turn William Marshal (Earl of Pembroke), Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk) and Charles Somerset (Earl of Worcester) all made their mark before the castle declined after the Civil War.

Structure
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Chepstow Castle has three baileys, the lowest being added in the 13th century CE, and reaches a length of 213 meters (700 ft) which presents an imposing arrangement of crenelated walls with round and square towers. The castle's multiple building phases are clearly indicated by the different colours of the stonework: grey limestone and red or yellow sandstone. The walls are around 12 metres (40 ft) high and, on the safer cliff edge, are just 0.91 metres (3 ft) thick while those elsewhere are 2.97 metres (9.75 ft) thick.

Today
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Today, Chepstow Castle is open to the public and managed by CADW, the Historic Environment department of the Welsh Assembly Government. The castle has suffered over the centuries but it remains well-preserved in parts and is of great interest to historians as it has not suffered any misguided restorations which might have masked its original medieval features.
Two violin bridges. The one on the left is not yet finished.
A **bridge** on a string instrument is something that stands on the body of the instrument and supports the strings. It sends the vibrations of the strings to the main part of the instrument so that the sound can be heard.

The bridge of an instrument in the violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) can be seen very clearly. It is a piece of hardwood which is shaped like a bridge. The top is like an arch in shape because the player needs to be able to play on one string at a time. The feet of the bridge have to be shaped to fit on the front of the instrument (the "belly") which is curved. The bridge is not fixed to the instrument: it is only held up because of the tension (tightness) of the strings. The soundpost, a small wooden column inside the body, is also held up by tension of the strings and the bridge.
The part of the string which vibrates and gives the note is the part between the bridge and the top of the fingerboard (or the part between the bridge and where the player puts his finger). The other end of the string is fixed to a tailpiece.

This fixed guitar bridge and tailpiece assembly not only raises the strings above the sound board but it is also the place where they are attached to the instrument.
On a banjo the bridge works in the same way, but on a guitar the bridge is fixed to the instrument and the strings are fixed to the bridge.

There are even instruments with moveable bridges such as the Japanese koto which has a separate bridge for each string.
The **Chen dynasty** (Chinese: 陳朝) was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China. It was an ethnic Han dynasty.

Few records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty. However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time. The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'. (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).

The Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time. The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves. (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.) During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.

In the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor).

Kings
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| Names given after death | Family names and personal names | Years | Time periods |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Convention: Chen + posthumous name* |
| Emperor Wu of Chen - Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Chen Ba Xian (陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1) | 557-559 | Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559 |
| Emperor Wen of Chen - Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | Chen Qian (陳蒨 chen2 qian4) | 560-566 | Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566 |
| Emperor Fei of Chen - Fei Di (廢帝 fei4 di4) | Chen Bo Zong (陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1) | 567-568 | Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568 |
| Emperor Xuan of Chen - Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4) | Chen Xu (陳頊 chen2 xu1) | 569-582 | Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582 |
| Emperor Houzhu of Chen (後主 hou4 zhu3) | Chen Shu Bao (陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 | 583-589 | Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589 |
The **Chanda** (Malayalam: ചെണ്ട, [tʃeɳʈa]) is a cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India. In Tulu Nadu (Coastal Karnataka), it is known as *chende*. It is greatly identified as a cultural element in Kerala.

Sound
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This instrument is famous for its loud and rigid sound. A Chenda has two sides, the left side called "Edamthala" (ഇടം തല)(Left Head) and the right side "Valamthala" (വലം തല)(Right Head). The "Edamthala" is made of only one/two layer of cow skin and the "Valamthala" will have a five/seven layer skin, so as to have a bass sound. The skin are dried in the shade and fastened on wooden rings (Chenda Vattam, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) made of the trunk of a locally available palm tree (Eeranpana) or bamboo, using a gum prepared from the seed of a tree called "pananchi maram". The circular frame is kept in a vessel, boiled for an entire day and then bent in the form of circle and dried. The body of the Chenda which is 1 ft in diameter and 1.5 inches thickness is made of the soft wood of the jackfruit tree (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (Varikka Plavu). The thickness is again reduced by 0.25 inches, at simultaneous points separated by 4 inches. This is done in order to produce highly resonating sound. Only the wooden rings with the skin (Chenda Vattam) is replaced once the quality of the sound is not up to the mark. For regular Chenda artists an average of 15 rings are required every year.

Usage
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The Chenda is mainly played in Hindu temple festivals and as an accompaniment in the religious art forms of Kerala. The chenda is used as an accompaniment for Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Kannyar Kali, Theyyam and among many forms of dances and rituals in Kerala. It is also played in a dance-drama called Yakshagana (Tenku Thittu) which is popular in Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. There is a variant of this instrument used in northern school of Yakshagana called Chande. It is traditionally considered to be an *Asura Vadyam* ((demonic instrument)) which means it cannot go in harmony. Chenda is an inevitable musical instrument in all form of cultural activities in Kerala.

Making
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In Kerala the craft of making Chenda is now associated with some few "Perumkollan" (smith) families at Peruvembu, Nemmara, Lakkidi, Vellarkad and Valappaya villages. Many famous Chenda percussionists in Kerala make their Chendas from Vellarkad village for it is famous for the quality of the instrument.
The Iron Bridge, 1781, was the first cast iron bridge
Bridge crossing river d'Ebre, Catalonia.
The longest suspension bridge in the world connects Honshu to Shikoku, Japan.
For other uses, see Bridge (disambiguation).
A **bridge** is a structure to cross an open space or gap. Bridges are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads. Nowadays most big bridges are made to carry vehicles but people have also walked across bridges for thousands of years. Bridges called highway overpasses carry a road over another road. 

Military bridges are portable, so that they may be easily moved to where they are needed. This makes them much more complex than most civilian bridges. 

The first man-made bridges were probably made from cut wood or stones. Some stone bridges have lasted thousands of years. In recent centuries large bridges are made mostly of steel. They do not last as long. Many bridges are in a state of disrepair.

Types of bridges
----------------

There are five major structural types of bridges: 

* Beam bridges
* cantilever bridges,
* arch bridges
* suspension bridges and
* cable-stayed bridges
Structure of a molecule of chloroform
Chloroform used to be sold in bottles like these
**Chloroform** (also called **trichloromethane**) is a chemical substance. It is an organic compound. Chloroform is one of the intermediate substances that occur in the production of Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as *Teflon*. Chloroform is used as a solvent. It is a colourless liquid. In the 19th century, it was a widely used anaesthetic.

History
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The first who reported to have produced Chloroform was the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran, in 1831. Soubeiran took acetone and ethanol, and used bleach powder for the reaction. The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the material and described its "deliciousness of flavor." Independently, Justus von Liebig also described it. Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Starting in the 1850s factories made large amounts. Its use as an anesthetic declined in the early 20th century as safer chemicals were more used.

Production
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Chloroform is produced by mixing methane and chlorine at a temperature of 400 to 500°C. In this reaction, the result is a mix of chloromethane, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.

{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH\_{4}+Cl\_{2}\longrightarrow CH\_{3}Cl+HCl} }
{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH\_{3}Cl+Cl\_{2}\longrightarrow CH\_{2}Cl\_{2}+HCl} }
{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH\_{2}Cl\_{2}+Cl\_{2}\longrightarrow CHCl\_{3}+HCl} }
{\displaystyle \mathrm {CHCl\_{3}+Cl\_{2}\longrightarrow CCl\_{4}+HCl} }
The four compounds get then separated with a distillation.

In laboratories, chloroform can be produced by mixing sodium hypochlorite and acetone together. This is an exothermic reaction, meaning it makes a lot of heat.

Uses
----

The main uses of Chloroform are:

* as a solvent
* as an anaesthetic (though no longer used, as there are side-effects)
* as a catalyst to help other reactions

Problems
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An illustration showing the effects of Chloroform,from the 1840s
Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic during childbirth and surgery, from about 1847. It replaced ether which was used before. Chloroform is very poisonous, and can cause breathing problems, and problems with the heart. Death from chloroform can come from cardiac arrest. When Chloroform is stored for a longer time period, it can decay into Phosgene. Phosgene was a chemical weapon (poison gas) used during the First World War. Chloroform can cause birth defects and lead to miscarriages. It may cause cancer.
An example of protesters wearing black bloc
A drawing of how a black bloc protestor would look like
**Black bloc** is a protest strategy where people wear black clothes and cover up their faces. This helps them to not be recognized and to avoid pepper spray in their eyes.

Overview
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People who do black bloc wear black clothes and shoes. Usually they wear matching clothes to blend in better in a crowd. They may also wear sunglasses to protect their eyes. To cover up their faces, they might wear hoodies, ski masks, and motorcycle helmets.

History
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Black bloc was developed by leftists in West Germany in the 1980s. The idea became famous in Seattle, Washington in the United States in the 1990s in protests against the World Trade Organization.

Purpose
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The purpose of black bloc is to not be recognized by the police and security cameras. This is because people wearing black bloc may do things that are considered wrong or illegal according to the people in power. Some of these things include rioting, vandalism, and protesting without a permit.
**Mumbai Hindi**, also known as **Mumbaiya Hindi**, **Bambaiyya**, **Mumbaiyya** or **Mumbai Hindi-Urdu**, is a variety of Hindi-Urdu, spoken in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. The words and pronunciations of Bombay Hindi are derived mainly from Hindi and Urdu, collectively known as Hindi-Urdu or Hindustani. In addition, the predominant substratum influence on Bombay is Marathi. Marathi is the official and majority language of Maharashtra. Bombay Hindi also incorporates words from Gujarati and Konkani.

General
-------

Unlike the most local dialects which are used primarily in the metropolitan centres, Bombay Hindi is widely known throughout India, as a result of its frequent use in Bollywood movies. Initially, this dialect was used to represent crooks and uncouth characters. According to Shoma A. Chatterji, "Indian films have the unique quality of different characters speaking different varieties of Hindi according to their social status, their caste, communal identity, education, profession, financial status, etc. [...] The villain's goons, speak in a special vulgarised, Bambaiya Hindi concocted specifically to typify such screen characters in Hindi cinema.". A particular genre of movies, named Munnabhai, in which the lead characters - being members of the Mumbai criminal underworld - speak entirely in this dialect, helped to spread the dialect.

Despite this increase in popularity, there are people who criticize the use of this dialect. Sometimes, Mumbaiya are seen as being disrespectful and demeaning.

Some neologisms which originated in Bambaiya Hindi have spread throughout India. Some examples are the words bindaas (a compound word, constituted from the Marathi words Bin and Dhast = Without Fear. Bindaas means 'relaxed' and this word was incorporated into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2005) and Gandhigiri (invented in the movie *Lage Raho Munna Bhai*, a portmanteau of Gandhi and *-giri*, which is similar to the English 'ism' (as in Gandhi-ism), though slightly more informal).

Thanks to Bollywood, some Marathi words, such as Thaska, Wakda, Porgi, Navri, Navrai, Kombdi, and Mulga/Mulgi, have been incorporated in Hindi vocabulary. Many Hindi songs have some Marathi words added.