recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
C. Lloyd Morgan
**Conwy Lloyd Morgan**, FRS, usually known as **Lloyd Morgan**, (6 February 1852 – 6 March 1936) was a British ethologist and psychologist. He is best remembered for the experimental approach to animal psychology now known as 'Morgan's canon', which is a specialised form of Occam's razor. His idea played a role in the later growth of behaviourism in psychology.

Life
----

Lloyd Morgan was born in London and studied at the Royal School of Mines and under T.H. Huxley. He taught in Cape Town, but in 1884 joined the staff of University College, Bristol as Professor of Geology and Zoology. He quickly became interested in the field he called 'mental evolution', the borderland between intelligence and instinct. In 1901 he became the college's first Professor of Psychology and Education.

In 1909 Lloyd Morgan became the first Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University. He held the office for a year, then was Professor of Psychology and Ethics until his retirement in 1919.

Ethology
--------

Under Lloyd's canon, animal behaviour should be explained in the simplest possible way. For example, an animal should be considered conscious only if there is no other explanation for its behaviour. Where behaviour seems to imply higher mental processes, it might be explained by trial and error learning. An example is the skilful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily misunderstood as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behaviour. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

W.H. Thorpe commented as follows:

"The importance of this was enormous... [but] to the modern ethologist dealing with higher animals and faced as he is with ever-increasing evidence for the complexity of perceptual organization... the very reverse of Morgan's canon often proves to be the best strategy".
This kind of study throws light not only on inherited behaviour but on the maturation of sense organs and the central nervous system. Behaviour changes in most animals during the first hours and days of life. The causes of those changes in behaviour may be developmental maturation, or learning, or some combination of the two. This is a primary area of research in ethology.

Books
-----

* *The springs of conduct: an essay in evolution*. (1885). Kegan Paul, London.
* *Animal biology*. (1887). Rivington, London.
* *Animal sketches*. [1891]. Arnold, London.
* *Introduction to comparative psychology*. (1894). Routledgethoemmes, London.
* *Psychology for teachers*. (1894). Arnold, London.
* *Habit and instinct*. (1896). Arnold, London.
* *Animal behaviour*. (1900). Arnold, London.
* *Animal life and intelligence*. (1890–91; 1891) Arnold, London.
* *The interpretation of nature*. (1906).
* *Instinct and experience*. (1912). Methuen, London.
* *Emergent evolution*. (1923). Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-404-60468-4, online version Archived 2009-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
* *Life, mind, and spirit*. (1925). Henry Holt
* *Mind at the crossways*. (1929).
* *The emergence of novelty*. (1933).
***Buckminster*** "Buck" Wild is a weasel that appeared in *Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs*. He is missing his right eye and wears a leaf as an impromptu eyepatch, as well as having a scar on one of his ears and seems slightly insane (he claims that he woke up one day, married to an ugly pineapple, but he still loved "her", and Manny calls him a "deranged hermit." He also claims to have sadly been "killed by Rudy," although he was not). According to the official website, Buck is one-eyed and relentless in his hunting for dinosaurs. Buck's archenemy is a large albino Baryonyx he calls Rudy, who gouged out Buck's eye and attempted to eat him, but failed after Buck grabbed onto to Rudy's uvula, swung on it, and then let go, knocking out Rudy's teeth, which he kept and later sharpened into a knife that he carries with him. Buck is the only inhabitant of the dinosaurs' world who does not fear Rudy in the slightest, though he possesses a deep respect for him. Due to living underground for so long, he has an extensive knowledge of the dangers of the dinosaur world.

Buck first met Manny, Crash, Eddie, Diego, and Ellie (who he at one point refers to as "preggers") after they descend into the jungle in pursuit of Sid and Momma, and saves them from a dinosaur attack. He has been living in the jungle for quite some time, persistently hunting Rudy to avenge the loss of his eye, and agrees to lead them to Lava Falls, where Momma has taken Sid, and rescues him after taking control of a Harpactognathus. After Rudy's potential death, Buck, having lost his purpose in life, decides to join the herd and live on the surface. Upon hearing a distant familiar roar that tells him that Rudy survived the fall, he chooses to stay and causes a cave-in that seals off the path between the surface and the underground jungle, trapping him inside and everyone else on the surface. He and Rudy proceed to continue their battle.

Buck and Rudy make brief cameos in *Scrat's Continental Crack-Up* and *Ice Age: Continental Drift* when Scrat falls through the Earth and passes them.

He returns to help the herd with an ancient stone pillar and rejoins them to stop the asteroid in *Ice Age: Collision Course* while being pursued by a family of Dino-Birds.

Due to being voiced by Simon Pegg, Buck speaks with a British accent.
***Cannibal! The Musical*** is a 1993 American independent musical black comedy movie directed, written, produced, co-scored by and starring Trey Parker in his directorial debut while studying at the University of Colorado Boulder, before reaching fame with *South Park* alongside his friend Matt Stone who also stars in and produces the movie. It is loosely based on the true story of Alferd Packer and the sordid details of the trip from Utah to Colorado that left his five fellow travelers dead and partially eaten. Parker stars as Alferd Packer, with frequent collaborators Stone, Dian Bachar and others playing the supporting roles.

Cast
----

* Trey Parker as Alferd Packer (credited as "Juan Schwartz")
* Toddy Walters as Polly Pry
	+ Moira Kelly was to be cast as the above role, but it was decided not to use her as it might damage serious Hollywood aspirations. Various screenings credit "M.K." as "The Dropout".
* Matt Stone as James Humphrey and the "Hang the Bastard" woman
* Dian Bachar as George "California" Noon
* David Schwimmer as Frank Miller
* Hank Azaria as Israel Swan
* Abraham Benrubi as Shannon Wilson Bell

Production
----------

The film was originally titled *Alferd Packer: The Musical* in 1993. The movie premiered on October 31, 1993 in Boulder, Colorado, at a cinema near the University of Colorado campus. A fake protest organized by friend of Parker and Stone, organized along the lines of an animal rights demonstration, took place in front of the theater. The film then played at the Raindance Film Festival in October 2004. Parker and Stone attended.

Reception
---------

*Cannibal!* currently holds a 63% "Fresh" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus says: "If you're only going to watch one black comedy about a real-life explorer whose fellow travelers ended up eaten, make it *Cannibal! The Musical*."
Hagia Sophia Church, Sofia, Bulgaria; an example of Byzantine architecture
**Byzantine architecture** is the architectural style of the Byzantine Empire. This is a term used by modern historians to mean the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The empire lasted for more than a millennium. It left a lasting influence on Medieval architecture in Europe and the Near East. It also influenced the later Renaissance architecture and Ottoman architecture.

As a distinctive style
----------------------

A Dome on a pendentive
Early Byzantine architecture evolved from Early Christian architecture. The early Christian style typically was a basilica with three or five isles. Usually they had wooden roofs. Vaults and domes were rarely used. Byzantine architecture rarely used three isle or five isle basilicas. In this style domes were frequently used. The Semi-dome was also used, especially over an apse. It reached its highest form with the use of the pendentive. These are usually used to support a dome. The Byzantine pendentive is a geometric form using four triangular legs sitting on a square base. It developed during the 6th century reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This is when Byzantine architecture became a distinctive style. Windowed domes were also a distinctive feature of this style. The intent was to make the dome look like a crown with jewels of light.

Legacy
------

In the West, Byzantine architecture was replaced by Romanesque and Gothic architecture. In Asia it had an influence on early Islamic architecture. Later Ottoman architecture was also influenced by the Byzantine style.

Other websites
--------------

* Byzantine Architecture: History, Characteristics & Examples
* Byzantine / Byzantine Revival Architecture


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Byzantine architecture***.
**Bredevoort** is a small village in the municipality of Aalten, in the region of Achterhoek in the Netherlands. It is between the towns of Aalten and Winterswijk. About 1,600 people live there.

Today they name Bredevoort also *Bredevoort boekenstad* (*Bredevoort book town*). There are now more than twenty second-hand book shops in the town.

History
-------

The name Bredevoort appears for the first time in 1188, when the earl of Steinfurt tried to sell his share of the castle to the bishop of Münster and the earl of Lohn tried to sell his share to the earl of Gelderland, a war broke out between the bishop and the earl of Gelderland. The fight lasted for almost two centuries. From 1326, Bredevoort was actual part of Gelderland. Between 1326 and 1696 the municipality of Bredevoort repeatedly changed ownership during the eighties years of war. In 1646, lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived. The former municipality of Bredevoort was comprised of the city, the castle Bredevoort, and the villages Aalten, Dinxperlo and Winterswijk. After centuries of war, its fortifications were demolished by its residents. In 1818, the municipality of Bredevoort was dissolved to become part of the city Bredevoort under the newly formed municipality Aalten.

Sights
------

* St. Joriskerk, Gothic Church with rococo chair from 1672
* Windmillmolen 'De Prins van Oranje'
* Historic centre
* 19th century theehouse at the town ditch
* remains from the 17th century city gate

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Bredevoort***.

* Official website of Bredevoort
* Bredevoort booktown
* windmill Prins van Oranje
* Gondola festival in Bredevoort Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Heerlijkheid Bredevoort, with historic items
* Reconstructions old Bredevoort Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
**Calahorra**, (pronounced [kalaˈora]), La Rioja, Spain is a municipality in Rioja Baja. It is near the border with Navarre on the river Ebro. During ancient Roman times, Calahorra was known as *Calagurris Fibularia*.

Location
--------

The city is located on a hill at an altitude of 358 metres (1,175 ft) at the confluence of the Ebro and Cidacos rivers. It has an area of 91.41 square kilometres (35.29 sq mi). Calahorra is the second-largest city in La Rioja in population and importance. 21,060 people live there.

History
-------

People have lived in the area that is now Calahorra since the Paleolithic. It has had a stable population since the Iron Age.

Rome took control of the town in 187 BC. They made it more important as an administrative centre for regions near it. Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar gave the city (then named *Calagurris*) converted the town into a municipality. They developed its city planning, economy, and politics. Its archeological remains show that it had a circus, baths, an amphitheatre, and other things found in large cities. It minted money and served as a justice administration centre.

After the rule of the Moors in the 9th and 10th centuries the Christian king García Sánchez III of Navarre captured the city in 1045.

Twin cities
-----------

* Italy Monte Compatri, Italy
* FranceCaussade, France

Gallery
-------

* Cathedral of Calahorra (main facade).Cathedral of Calahorra (main facade).
* Chapel of the Calahorra Castle, from an albumen print taken by the French photographer Juan Laurent, c. 1865-1890Chapel of the Calahorra Castle, from an albumen print taken by the French photographer Juan Laurent, c. 1865-1890
* View of CalahorraView of Calahorra

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Calahorra***.

* Official Web Site
* Calahorra (La Rioja) Web Site
* Calahorra Jewish family in Poland
Soldiers ill with Spanish influenza at a hospital ward at Camp Funston, Kansas, when the epidemic began in 1918.
**Camp Funston** was a U.S. Army training camp during World War I located on Fort Riley, southwest of Manhattan, Kansas. American soldiers were there in France in the spring of 1918. Camp Funston was the largest of the 16 camps. The camp was to help soldiers for the military. The money the camp got was $10 million. The camp was 1,092 by 150 feet (333 by 46 m). There was space for the commander (officer) to rest. The ground was divided into 4 blocks each by 243 by 150 feet (74 by 46 m). The camp could fit 2,000 people in it. There were 3 theaters, a large pool, a barbershop, restaurants, clothing stores, and an arcade (a place with lots of stores on one side). The west division of the camp was where the troops stayed from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado.

One of the people in charge of the camp was Leonard Wood. He trained all of the troops. Each of the malls, stores, and restaurants paid money back to the camp to help the camp have money.

In March 1918, a sickness called the Spanish flu went to just about everyone in the camp.
This article is about the goddess. For the dwarf planet, see Ceres (dwarf planet).
A statue of Ceres at the Lourve in Paris.
Ave natura !, 1910, neoclassical style work by Cesare Saccaggi representing a Roman procession to Ceres, pagan goddess of wheat.*Ave natura !,* 1910, neoclassical style work by Cesare Saccaggi representing a Roman procession to Ceres, pagan goddess of wheat.
In Roman religion and myth, **Ceres** (Latin: *Cerēs*) is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships. The Roman equivalent of Demeter. Ceres was an important deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad. She was the mother of Proserpine. Her daughter was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld. At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to happiness of the couple. The dwarf planet Ceres is named after her.

Ceres found out the spelt wheat (Latin far), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and the young seed, the gift of agriculture to human beings. Before this, man were going here and there without houses or rules. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and make plants bear fruit and animals produce seed. Her rules protected all the activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess Tellus) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow. It was done at the movable Feriae Sementivae. This was almost done before the annual sowing of grain. The divine part of sacrifice was the entrails (exta) put in a clay pot (olla). In villages, Cato the Elder describes the offer to Ceres of a porca praecidanea (a pig, offered before harvesting). Before the harvest, she was offered some grains (praemetium). Ovid tells that Ceres "is content with little, provided that her offerings are casta" (pure).

Ceres' main festival is Cerealia. It was celebrated from middle to late April. It was organised by her plebeian aediles. It included circus games (ludi circenses). It opened with a horse-race in the Circus Maximus. Its starting point was below and opposite to her Aventine Temple. Its turning post was at the far end of the Circus. It was holy to Consus, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus. Their tails were burned with torches. It was done to clean the growing crop plants and protect them from disease. It is also to add warmness and strength to their growth.

Rules
-----

Ceres protected plebeian laws, rights and rules. Her Aventine Temple was the plebeian worship place, law place, treasure place and also law-court. Its foundation was almost at the same time with the passage of the Lex Sacrata. During that time, Lex Sacrata made the office and representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally unable to do anything to capture or threaten the lives and wealth of those who broke the rules of Ceres.

Related pages
-------------

* Demeter - Greek mythology version of Ceres
The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1793 with few changes. France fought the First coalition.

In the Alps, there was little change. The French invasion of Piedmont failed. On the Spanish border, the French under General Dugommier came from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan, to move the Spanish out of Roussillon. They invaded Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November.

French forces raise the cap of liberty in the Neumarkt, Cologne, 1794
On the northern front in the Flanders Campaign, the Austrians and French both prepared in Belgium. The Austrians went towards Mons and Maubeuge. The French got ready on multiple fronts. There were two armies in Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau. Jourdan attacked from the German border. The French had damage in the Kortrijk, Tourcoing and Fleurus in June. The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine. Then they moved into Belgium, the Rhineland, and southern Holland.

On the middle Rhine front in July General Michaud's Army of the Rhine tried two offensives in July. This sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year.

At sea, the French Atlantic Fleet was able to hold off a British attempt to stop an important cereal convoy from the United States. In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, and in 

By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts.
**Binary** is base 2 number system. It is base 2 because it uses two possible numbers: 0 and 1. Decimal, the system most of the world uses for daily life, is a base 10 system – it uses 10 characters (0–9). When binary numbers are written, a subscript "(2)" is added to distinguish them from the same number in base 10.

Computers work in binary, because wires can store information in two different ways: by being powered, or not being powered. Sets of binary numbers can be used to represent any information, such as text, audio, or video.

Number system
-------------

Main article: Binary numeral system
When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how base 10 or decimal numbers work. Consider the number 1101(10) (base 10). We identify this number as one-thousand, one-hundred, one because it has a 1 in the thousands place, a 1 in the hundreds place, and a 1 in the ones place. But since the places represent 8, 4, 2, and 1 in binary, instead of 1000, 100, 10, and 1, the value converted to decimal (base 10) would be 8 + 4 + 1 = 13(10). 

How decimal and binary numbers are interpreted
For another example, the binary number 101(2) is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1 (2^0). The middle bit has a value of 2 (2^1 or just 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2^2 or 2 \* 2). The bits that are 1s have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = **5**.

Computers
---------

All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

With computers, eight binary bits together is called a *byte*. The size of files is commonly measured in *kilobytes* or *megabytes* (sometimes in *gigabytes*). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a *kibibyte*, 1024 kibibytes in a *mebibyte*, and 1024 mebibytes in a *gibibyte*. 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Binary***.
One of the crashed wagons
On 12 July 2013, a train crashed in Brétigny railway station, in Brétigny-sur-Orge. Bretigny is 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Paris in Île-de-France. The train was a service from Paris to Limoges. Six people are confirmed dead, 30 are injured, eight of them in a critical state. Of the six dead, two were killed in the railway station, two are from Limoges, and two from Étampes. 385 passengers were on board at the time of the crash. The crash occurred at 17:14 local time, 22 minutes after the train left Austerlitz station at 16:53. If the train had been on schedule, it would have arrived in Limoges at 20:05. The trains and platforms at Brétigny were very busy as it was the Friday before the Bastille Day holiday weekend.

The train was not supposed to stop at the station. According to the first reports, the train crashed at high speed and split in two pieces after the third and fourth cars derailed. The crash caused the back four carts to crash into the station platforms. The accident is the most serious rail crash that has happened in France since the 1988 Gare de Lyon rail accident in which 56 people were killed.

The French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau (BEA-TT) has announced a search into the accident. SNCF released its findings on 13 July. The company reported that the derailment seemed to have been caused by a track failure. According to SNCF, a steel fishplate connecting two rails had come loose 200 metres (660 ft) from the station at a set of points, and had become stuck in a track switch. The third and fourth carts came off track when their wheels went over the steel plate. When the problem with the switch became known, SNCF had people check the several thousand such switches on the network.

The track has been severely damaged on a length of about 600 metres (2,000 ft). Repairing the track means that the railway station will be closed for all traffic for several days. This also affects Gare d'Austerlitz in Paris, as most trains starting from there take this route.

Several people reported that the firefighters and rescuers were aggressed, when they arrived, and that stones were thown. Police had to be called to secure the area. The same report also speaks about a group of youngsters pillaging and stealing from the passengers of the train. Jean-François Riffaud, the director of the Red Cross later declared, that the teams were able to work without being aggressed. On 13 July, a police source was quoted as saying that police forces had projectiles thrown at them, but that these were isolated cases, and that no stones had been used.
**Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI** (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian and director. He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.

The magazine *Entertainment Weekly* listed Keaton at number seven on their list of *"The Greatest Directors of All Time."* And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of *"The Greatest Male Actors of All Time."*

Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's *"extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."*

In a 2002 worldwide poll by *"Sight & Sound"* Keaton's 1927 movie titled *"The General"* was number 15 on their *"Best movies of All Time"* list. Three other Keaton movies were also added to the magazine's survey.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Buster Keaton***

* Buster Keaton on IMDb
* Buster Keaton at the TCM Movie Database
* Buster Keaton Museum
* Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
Pontiac Trans Am burnout.
A **burnout** (also known as a **peel out** or **power brake**) is the practice of keeping a vehicle still (or close to) and spinning its wheels, causing the tires to heat up and smoke due to friction.

History
-------

Burnout in the box at Tarlton International Raceway, South Africa
Fire burnout, Santa Pod Raceway, UK
The origins of burnouts can be traced to drag racing, where they have a practical purpose: drag racing tires perform better at higher temperatures. A burnout is the fastest way to raise tire temperature before a race. It also cleans the tires of any debris and lays down a layer of rubber near the starting line for better traction. Drag race tracks sometimes use specially-reserved, wet-surface areas (burnout boxes) for burnouts.

Burnouts are also common in informal street racing, usually for show value. As with all street racing activities, burnouts on public property are illegal in most countries but the severity of punishments vary. In New South Wales, for example, police have the power to confiscate the offending vehicle for 3 months for a first offense.

In March 2010, British Formula 1 World Champion, Lewis Hamilton had his Mercedes car impounded for allegedly performing a burnout in Melbourne, Australia while leaving the Albert Park Grand-Prix Circuit.

Burnouts are also sometimes performed by winning drivers at the end of NASCAR races to celebrate their victory.

Practice
--------

Burnouts in front wheel drive vehicles are likely to result in damage to the vehicle. They are usually achieved by holding the emergency brake (e-brake) to lock up the rear tires while flooring the gas pedal.  

Mercedes-Benz DTM car burnout
To burnout in a rear wheel drive vehicle the driver usually has to press the gas and brake pedals at the same time.  The brake pedal will require modulation The goal is to allow the rear tires to spin while holding the car in place with the front wheels remaining motionless. At a certain point of balance, the front brakes will prevent the car from moving forward while the rear brakes will have insufficient grip to keep the wheels from spinning, because engine power is transferred to the rear wheels only.

It is possible to make rear-wheel drive burnouts easier by installing "line locks", devices which allow fluid pressure on the front brakes to be maintained while releasing the pedal to free the rear brakes. This is useful in a manual transmission vehicle, where it can be quite difficult to manipulate the clutch, brake and gas pedals simultaneously. Line locks also reduce wear to the rear brakes, a common problem otherwise.

Burnouts are most difficult to perform in four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars, as they have better traction than FWD or RWD vehicles. It requires significantly more powerful engines to break all four tires loose at the same time and the tires will spin for only a short while before all four gain traction.

Related pages
-------------

* Line lock
* Wheelspin
* Friction

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Burnout***.
**Block Island** is an American coastal island just offshore of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The island is almost nine miles south of the United States mainland. It is fourteen miles east of the Montauk Point area of Long Island in New York. It was named in the 1600s for the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. Block Island is included in Washington County in southwestern Rhode Island. It shares the same area as the town of New Shoreham.

Block Island is a popular destination for tourists during the summer. It is known for beaches, bicycling, hiking and sailing.

Other popular events include the Fourth of July Parade, celebration and fireworks every year.

Block Island was incorporated under the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1672. The government of the island then adopted the name *New Shoreham*.

The original North Lighthouse was built in 1829. It was replaced in 1837 when the original was washed out to sea. But the replacement lighthouse suffered a similar fate to the original lighthouse. The modern lighthouse was constructed in 1867. Construction began on the Block Island six years later in 1873.

The Block Island State Airport opened in 1950. It remains today for a general aviation-type airport. In 1972, the Block Island Conservancy was founded. The Conservancy and other environmental groups are responsible for protecting over 40% of Block Island from development. In 1974, the Old Harbor Historic District was declared a National Register historic district.

On August 19, 1991, just before 1:30 pm, Hurricane Bob crossed right over Block Island with sustained winds near 105 miles per hour. That meant Bob was a strong Category 2 when it passed over the island.
18th century Indian battle axe.
A medieval one-handed battle-axe
A **battle-axe** (also **battle axe** or **battle-ax**) is an axe designed for combat. Battle axes were versions of utility axes. Many were suitable for use in one hand, while others were larger and were used two-handed.

Axes designed for warfare ranged in weight from just over 0.5 kg to 3 kg (1 to 6 pounds), and in length from just over 30 cm to upwards of 1.5 m (1 to 5 feet), as in the case of the Danish axe or the sparth axe. Cleaving weapons longer than 1.5 m would arguably fall into the category of polearms.

A Viking "bearded axe" blade circa 1000 (top), and a German horseman's axe blade circa 1100 (bottom).
Through the course of human history, commonplace objects have been used as weapons. Axes, because they are common, are no exception. Besides axes designed for combat, there were many axes that were also used as tools. Axes could be modified into throwing weapons as well (see the francisca for an example).

Axes were always cheaper than swords and were always available.
Relations between Bangladesh and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Dhaka and Bangladesh has an embassy in Moscow. Diplomatic relations were established on 25 January 1972, when Russia was the Soviet Union.

Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has visited Russia twice to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The first time was in 2009 and then in 2013.

Soviet-era relations
--------------------

Relations between the Soviet Union and Bangladesh were good in the years immediately after Bangladesh's independence in 1971. The Soviet Union supported Indian actions in aiding the war of liberation, and after the war the Soviet Navy sent a floating workshop to Bangladesh for clearing Pakistani mines from the Chittagong and Chalna harbors. Mujib visited Moscow in 1972, and high-level officials from both countries made numerous reciprocal visits until 1975. The Soviets supported the socialist programs of the Mujib government and its very exceptionally close ties with India. Early Soviet aid was limited, however. During the first four months of its existence, Bangladesh received economic aid worth US$142 million from India, but only US$6 million from the Soviet Union.

It also believed that the Communist Party of Bangladesh was funded and supported in the erstwhile volatile region of the former *East Pakistan* since then it was part of a United Pakistan itself allied with the United States and the China which were hostile towards rival Soviet Union, the party itself was based on the idealogical principals of Marxism.

Bangladeshi-Soviet relations rapidly improved in 1984 and regained a level of cordiality in the mid- and late 1980s. In 1985 the Soviet Cultural Centre reopened in Dhaka. In 1986 a Soviet special envoy visited Dhaka, and later the Bangladeshi foreign minister visited Moscow. Although Soviet aid to Bangladesh was still small compared with assistance from Japan, the United States, or even China, by 1987 Bangladesh had entered into sixteen different economic accords with the Soviet Union. Soviet assistance has concentrated on the energy sector, especially several power plants at Ghorasal, near Dhaka.
**Bryde's whale** is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male.

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, ***Balaenoptera brydei***. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. ***Balaenoptera edeni*** and ***Balaenoptera omurai*** are two other species in the group. 

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, ***Balaenoptera borealis***, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.

The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, *B. brydei* and *B. edeni* may be sister species.
Normal moss: the green leaves are the haploid bodies and the brown stalks are diploid sporophytes.
**Bryophytes** are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

**Bryophyta** is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits. 

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Life cycle
----------

See also: Alternation of generations
Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid. 

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. 

Life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte
Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common. Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

Other websites
--------------

* The British Bryological Society
**Cewe** based in Oldenburg, is a photo service provider with 14 production sites.

History
-------

On May 1, 1912, August Friedrich Carl Wöltje founded a "photographic institute" in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. From 1924 he expanded his business to include the sale of cameras and accessories. Shortly after the currency reform in 1948, his son-in-law Heinz Neumüller joined the company.

In 1950, Carl Wöltje opened one of the first color laboratories in Germany and, with 17 employees, supplied a regular customer base of several 100 photo shops. Cewe was founded under the name Cewe Color in 1961 by Heinz Neumüller in Oldenburg. The name came from the initials of his father-in-law, Carl Wöltje.

With increasing demand for color photos, Cewe built a large photo laboratory in 1964 on a 50,000 m2 site in Oldenburg-Kreyenbrück. In 1971 the company became active abroad for the first time, in the Netherlands. In 1973, Cewe merged with United Color in Hamburg and Bremen.

From then on, the company name was United Cewe Color companies. In the course of the following years, Cewe took over further laboratories in Germany and abroad and became the market leader for photo development in Germany in the course of the transition from black and white to color photography in the 1970s.

From 1980, photo retail stores opened in numerous hypermarkets and inner cities under the Ivema or Fotopoint designations. From there it was also possible to have photos printed on gifts such as mugs or T-shirts.

From 1986 onwards, the company opened further plants in Mönchengladbach, Paris, Berlin, Worms and Dresden. In 1989, Cewe introduced the Eurocombi bag for storing photo orders. In 1992, the group of companies was restructured under the umbrella of Cewe Color Holding AG and listed on the stock exchange in 1993 by Hubert Rotharme. Cewe then expanded in France, Scandinavia and Central Europe. The company's shares have been listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange since 1993.
Beyti
**Beyti** is a restaurant in Istanbul, Turkey. It was opened in 1945 in the neighbourhood of Küçükçekmece. It is owned and managed by Beyti Güler. The restaurant specialises in traditional Turkish food, particularly roasted meat.

Background
----------

Beyti Güler is descended from Turkic people who fled from Samarkand to Crimea in the 1720s. In the 1870s, after the Crimean War, the family moved to Romania, then part of the Ottoman Empire. The family immigrated to Turkey in 1935.

In 1945 Beyti and his father opened a small roadside meat restaurant of 30 m² with four tables in the suburbs of Istanbul. The restaurant only had 20 seats, but became popular soon after opening. Many came for the döner kebap that was rarely available elsewhere.

An article published in 1965 in the *New York Herald Tribune* led to international fame. From 1966 to 1974, the restaurant catered daily to four Pan Am airliners. The restaurant served U.S. President Richard Nixon aboard Air Force One during his first official trip to Europe, an opportunity that helped the Turkish kebap (grill) dishes become renowned.

Beyti kebap
-----------

During a visit to Switzerland in 1961, Beyti Güler was inspired by the renowned butcher Möller's way of preparing meat. When he returned home, he introduced a dish consisting of roasted lamb fillets wrapped in strips of lamb cutlet fat. It came to be named after him when the kebap's fame spread all over the world.

Notable customers
-----------------

In more than fifty years many heads of state, high-ranking politicians, top businessmen and celebrities around the globe have dined in Beyti during their visits to Istanbul.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

Coordinates: 40°58′24.7″N 28°47′37.7″E﻿ / ﻿40.973528°N 28.793806°E﻿ / 40.973528; 28.793806
***Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid*** is a 1969 American movie from 20th Century Fox. George Roy Hill directed it, and John Foreman produced it. It stars Paul Newman and Robert Redford as two robbers in Wyoming who go to Bolivia to escape the law.

The movie was loosely based on the real story of the two title characters (Butch Cassidy and his friend Harry Longabaugh, also called "Sundance"). But it made the legends of the two more popular.

It won four Academy Awards: for Best Cinematography (shooting work on a movie), Best Original Score, Best Song (Burt Bacharach's "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head") and Best Original Screenplay (William Goldman). It was also nominated for Best Picture, Best Director (Hill) and Best Sound. Goldman won the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

It was one of the largest-grossing movies of the 1960s (with $102.3 million in the United States). It was number fifty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

At first, Warren Beatty and Steve McQueen (even Marlon Brando) were called upon to play the title roles. When Newman and Redford took their place, the roles were switched, with Newman as Sundance, and Redford as Cassidy. The studio, 20th Century Fox, did not like Redford's role. But the movie's director, Hill, wanted it that way.

As a result, Redford has said that the movie made him a more famous actor.

The Sundance Film Festival is named after Redford's role, as well his Utah ski resort.

Other websites
--------------

 Quotations related to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at Wikiquote

* *Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid* on IMDb
* Movie Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
The ***Python bivittatus*** (or **Burmese python**) is one of the fifth largest snakes in the world. It is native to a large variation of tropic and subtropic areas of South and Southeast Asia. Until 2009 they were considered a subspecies of *Python molurus*. Now they are recognized as a distinct species.

Burmese pythons are dark-coloured snakes with many brown blotches, edged with black, down their back. It can grow up to 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 ft) long, but some may only reach up to the length of 4 metres (13 feet). They usually weigh around 90 kg. The longest Burmese python ever recored was a female named "Baby" which lived in the Serpent Safari, Gurnee, Illinois and was 27 years old when she died. When "Baby" died she was 8.23 metres (27 ft) long, and weighed 183 kg

The Burmese python is found throughout Southern and Southeast Asia including Eastern India, Nepal, Western Bhutan, Southeast Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Northern Malaysia, far southern China, Indonesia, Southern Sulawesi, Bali and Sumbawa. It lives in grasslands, marshes, swamps, woodlands, river valleys, and jungles with open clearings.

The Burmese python, like all types of snakes, are carnivorous. They mainly eat birds and mammals like mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and goats. Some have been seen eating larger animals like alligators and deer.

A python
Burmese Pythons are mainly nocturnal. Young Burmese Pythons usually live in trees and on ground but when they become older they live mainly on the ground. They are excellent swimmers and can stay underwater for around half an hour.
Burmese pythons breed in the early spring and females lay around 12-36 eggs in March or April. The female python then remains with the eggs until they have hatched. Once the hatchlings use their egg tooth to cut their way out of the eggs the mother then leaves. The babies often stay inside the eggs until they have completed their first shedding of their skin, after this they leave to hunt for their first meal. Burmese pythons live for around 20 to 27 years.
The first step in Blanching green beans
Broccoli being shocked in cold water to complete the blanching
**Blanching** is a cooking process in which a food, usually a vegetable or fruit, is scalded in boiling water, removed after a short timed break, and then dropped into cold water to stop the cooking process. Blanching foods helps reduce the loss of quality over time.

People usually use blanching to treat food before freezing, drying, or canning—heating vegetables or fruits to inactivate enzymes, change texture and remove the peel. Blanching is also used to preserve color, flavor, and nutritional value. The benefits of blanching include removing pesticide residues and killing of microorganisms. The disadvantages of blanching can include leaching of nutrients that dissolves in water and the production of effluent.

Uses
----

Blanching is a process mainly used to inactivate enzymes that cause browning as well as changes in texture and off-flavors. Blanching is used to peel fruits, vegetable, and nut as steam peeling produces less environmental pollution.

Blanching is also used to kill microorganisms, remove pesticide and toxic residues, surface cleaning, removing damaged seeds or foreign materials and killing parasites and their eggs.

Technology
----------

Traditionally, blanching is done using either a water bath or saturated steam. In both methods, the food is heated for a short period of time and then dropped into either cold water or cold air to quickly stop the heating process. At the industrial level, foods move on a conveyor belt through preheating, holding, and cooling systems.

Steam blanching systems inject hot air onto food as it passes through the blanching system on a conveyor belt. This method reduces the leaching of water-soluble compounds from the product. It is more energy-efficient. This reduced heat exposure preserves color, flavor, and overall quality of the food.

  

Emerging technologies include ohmic, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency blanching.

Tthe times and temperatures are not enough to effectively destroy all microorganisms.

A limitation to hot water blanching is the leaching of water-soluble nutrients and the degradation of thermal sensitive compounds. Vitamins, minerals, and other water-soluble compounds, such as proteins, sugars, and flavor compounds, diffuse out of the food and into the water, lowering the overall quality of the food. The degree to which compounds diffuse out of food depends on the food's composition and characteristics, the water to food ratio, the blanching temperature, and other variables. Ascorbic acid, thiamin, and many aromatic compounds are heat-sensitive.

A complication in the food industry is the production of effluent from water blanching systems. Blanching with reused water can lead to a buildup of water-soluble compounds that are considered pollutants, and therefore must be properly treated before being discharged. This can increase capital costs at the industrial level and has been a main reason for the development of newer blanching technologies.