recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Gerontology** (from Greek: γέρων, *geron*, "old man" and -λογία, *-logy*, "study of") is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging created by Ilya Mechnikov. It is distinguished from *geriatrics*, which is the branch of medicine that studies the disease of the elderly.

Elizabeth II, born 21 April 1926.
Gerontology includes these and other endeavors:

* investigating the aging process itself (*biogerontology*);
* investigating the interface of normal aging and age-related disease (*geroscience*);
* investigating the effects of our aging population on society, including the fiscal effects of pensions, entitlements, life and health insurance, and retirement planning;
* applying this knowledge to policies and programs, i.e. government planning or running a nursing home.

Biogerontology
--------------

*Biogerontology* is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the biological processes of aging. It includes *Biomedical gerontology,* also known as *experimental gerontology* and *life extension*, is a sub discipline of biogerontology that endeavors to slow, prevent, and even reverse aging in both humans and animals. Curing age-related diseases is one approach, and slowing down the underlying processes of aging with the help of physical exercises is another. Most "life extensionists" believe the human life span can be altered within the 21st century.

Social gerontology
------------------

*Social gerontology* is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults. Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in social work, nursing, psychology, sociology, demography, gerontology, or other social science disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people by giving informative presentations, publishing books and articles that pertain to the aging population, producing relevant films and television programs, and producing new graduates of these various disciplines in college and university settings.

Some academic resources
-----------------------

* *Ageing & Society*, eISSN: 1710-1107 ISSN 0714-9808, *Cambridge University Press*
* *Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics*, ISSN: 0167-4943, *Elsevier*
* *Educational Gerontology*, eISSN: 1521-0472 ISSN 0360-1277, *Routledge*
* *Experimental Gerontology*, ISSN: 0531-5565, *Elsevier*
* *Geriatrics & Gerontology International*, eISSN: 1447-0594[*permanent dead link*] ISSN 1444-1586, *Japan Geriatrics Society*
* *Gerontology*, eISSN: 1423-0003 ISSN 0304-324X, *Karger*
* *Gerontology & Geriatrics Education*, eISSN: 1545-3847 ISSN 0270-1960, *Routledge*
* *Journal of Aging Studies*, ISSN: 0890-4065, *Elsevier*
* *International Journal of Gerontology*, ISSN: 1873-9598, *Elsevier*
* *Journal of Applied Gerontology*, eISSN: 1552-4523 Archived 2010-05-14 at the Wayback Machine ISSN 0733-4648, *SAGE Publications*

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gerontology***.

* Life expectancy
* Longevity
* Exercise
Tonic Water under regular and UV light (the quinine makes it glow in the dark).
**Tonic water** is a kind of soda that tastes slightly bitter. The quinine in tonic water has a bitter flavor. Originally, it was to protect people against Malaria. The first drug against Malaria was Chloroquine, which became available in 1934. The first time tonic water became available was in the 1860s, over 70 years before the first drug. 

Tonic water is often called **Indian tonic**. People drank it in Africa and Southeast Asia, where Malaria was common. At the time, quinine was a powder that was mixed with water or soda water. Because quinine on its own is bitter, sweeteners were often added (usually sugar). Often, it was mixed with liquors. **Gin and tonic** is the most common. 

Quinine should not be used during pregnancy as it will have an influence on the unborn child. There are also other conditions where quinine (and tonic water) should not be used.

Today, tonic water contains a lot less quinine than before the drug was developed.
A **false analogy** is an informal fallacy. It applies to inductive arguments. It is an *informal* fallacy because the error concerns what the argument is about, and not the argument itself.

An analogy proposes that two concepts which are similar (A and B) have a common relationship to some property. A has property X, therefore B must also have property X. In a false analogy, the objects may have some similarities, but they do not both have property X. That way, both objects may have the same color, but this does not mean that they have the same size. Even if bananas and the sun appear yellow, one could not conclude that they are the same size. One who makes an invalid analogy or comparison is often said to be "comparing apples and oranges".

Examples
--------

The following are examples of false analogies: 

* *Love is like a spring shower. It brings refreshment to a person's body.* (Does it also sometimes lead to thunderstorms and being hit by lightning?)

* *Children are like dogs. They need to be strongly disciplined and housebroken.* (Should they also eat from a bowl on the floor and see a vet regularly?)

* *Tobacco smokers are like people who are sun dumb'. They need to improve their self-care to avoid cancer.* (Should they never leave the house?)
* *Procrastination on homework is bad.* *It's like waiting until the last minute to get cancer treatment.* (Does not doing homework cause death?)
* *Failing to tip a waitress is like stealing money out of somebody's wallet.(*Does that mean I need to get Bill Gates to give his life earnings to a waitress so I'm not stealing)

Related pages
-------------

* Moral equivalence
A longbow
Fighting with longbows
A **longbow** is a type of bow. It may not have been as strong as a crossbow, but it could shoot more arrows per minute. Also, the basic equipment cost little, and could be easily mass produced. Metal-tipped arrows could go through armour. Only the strongest armor would stop it. Archers (longbowmen) would usually have a second weapon, often a battle-axe, if the fighting came close to them.

The longbow was mainly used in the Middle Ages until the 1500s. 

It was made from a single piece of hard wearing, flexible wood, often from a yew tree. Yew was cut during the winter when there was no sap. The flat side of the bow facing the target was flexible sapwood while the belly (facing the archer) was round and made of strong heartwood (from the center of a tree).

Groups of longbowmen would shoot at the same time. The arrows would come down like hail. This often scared the enemy.

Longbows have been found in Europe as far back as the Mesolithic period.[*source?*]

History
-------

The Welsh were the first people to use longbows. In AD 633 Offrid, son of Edwin, king of Northumbria, was killed by an arrow shot from a Welsh longbow. This was during a battle between the Welsh and the Mercians — more than five centuries before any record of its use in England. Despite this, the weapon is more commonly known as the "English longbow" than the "Welsh longbow".

In the Middle Ages, the English and Welsh were famous for their very powerful Welsh longbows. They were used to great effect in the civil wars of the period and against the French in the Hundred Years' War (with notable success at the battles of Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415).

The average length of arrowshafts recovered from the 1545 sinking of the Mary Rose is 75 cm /30 in.

The bows were pretty easy and quick to craft, yet was quite lethal and could pierce through armor. 

A longbow has practical advantages compared to a modern recurve or compound bow; it is usually lighter, quicker to prepare for shooting, and shoots more quietly. However, other things being equal, the modern bow will shoot a faster arrow more accurately than the longbow.

Effects on the human body
-------------------------

Bowmen had to practice for many years before they could shoot a longbow well. Also, longbows are very strong. This made archers' bodies different from other people's bodies. The skeletons of medieval bowmen are different from other people's skeletons. The arm and shoulder bones are thick and a little bent. These bones supported the large muscles that grew on the archers' arms and backs as they practiced with the bow. On some archers, the right shoulder was higher than the left shoulder. This is because archers almost always shot on the same side. They did not switch hands.
UGC 9128 is a dwarf irregular galaxy, it probably contains only around one hundred million stars.
A **dwarf galaxy** is a small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars. This is a small number compared to our own Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, containing over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy and sometimes as a full-fledged galaxy orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.

Formation of dwarf galaxies
---------------------------

Most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter or out of gas containing metals. However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases lacking metals. These galaxies were in the Leo Ring, a cloud of hydrogen and helium around two massive galaxies in the constellation Leo.

Dwarf galaxies can be pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies till they ultimately merge.

Local dwarfs
------------

Phoenix dwarf galaxy is a dwarf irregular galaxy, with younger stars in its inner regions and older ones at its outskirts.
There are many dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: these small galaxies frequently orbit around larger galaxies, such as the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by tidal forces during the early evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational masses interact. Streams of galactic material are pulled out away from the parent galaxies and the halos of dark matter that surround them.

The Milky Way has more than 20 known dwarf galaxies orbiting it. Recent observations suggest the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, is actually the core of a dwarf galaxy with a black hole in its center. It was at some time absorbed by the Milky Way.
*Cacatua alba* on arm.
*Cacatua alba* crest raised.
The **white-crested cockatoo** (binomial name ***Cacatua alba***), is a bird. It is also called the **white cockatoo** and the **umbrella cockatoo**. It is one of a larger group of birds in the family Cacatuidae. Cockatoos are a kind of parrot.

The birds in this genus are outdoor birds in Australia and the islands north of Australia and including the Philippines.

Appearance
----------

Cockatoos have black bills made of keratin. They have black feet. The white-crested cockatoo is about 17.5 inches long.

Conservation status
-------------------

The White Cockatoo is considered vulnerable by the IUCN. Its numbers in the wild have declined owing to capture for the cage bird trade and habitat loss.\ It is listed in appendix II of the CITES list which gives it protection by restricting export and import of wild-caught birds. BirdLife International indicates that catch quotas issued by the Indonesian government were 'exceeded by up to 18 times in some localities' in 1991. RSPCA supported surveys by the Indonesian NGO ProFauna suggest that significant levels of trade in wild-caught White Cockatoos still occur, with 200+ taken from the wild in north Halmahera in 2007. Approximately 40% of the parrots (White Cockatoo, Chattering Lory, Violet-necked Lory and Eclectus Parrot) caught in Halmahera are smuggled to the Philippines, while approximately 60% go to the domestic Indonesian trade, especially via bird markets in Surabaya and Jakarta.
**Zong** was a mobile payment company that allowed users to make payments of small amounts of money on the internet through postpaid mobile phones. These payments were charged in mobile phone bills by the mobile operator.[*not in the source given*] The company was bought by eBay in 2011 and disappeared in 2015. 

Zong was based on PayPal based service. Many online games and social networks supported its mobile payment system. It can also be used to buy non-physical things.

Zong was the global division of the mobile payment company Echovox. It was started in 2008 and eBay bought it in 2011. It is connected with 67 mobile operators in 13 countries.

Marketing
---------

Zong focused on social networks and online games. They were useful to people who did not have a credit card and those who wanted to make small purchases online. Zong allowed them to pay with their mobile terminal and the amount was then debited by the mobile operator.[*not in the source given*]

The partnership of Zong with mobile operators allowed them to charge customers using short numbers. On March 12, 2009, Zong announced to stop short messaging services and target its mobile payment system. Zong published an application programming interface to allow developers to sell and publish content to mobile customers worldwide.
"Kipper" redirects here. For other uses, see Kipper (disambiguation).
Smoked Catfish
Racks of haddock in a homemade smoker. Smouldering at the bottom are hardwood wood chips. The sacking at the back is used to cover the racks while they are smoked.
**Smoked fish** are fish that have been cured by smoking.

Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process.

The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout. A common name for cold-smoked salmon is **lox**.

In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces. 

Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines.

English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Smoked fish***.
**Yun Suk-nam** (born 1939) is a Korean feminist painter and activist. She co-founded October Group (Simwolmoim) in 1985. The October Group is a feminist collective. She worked with other women artists from Korea. Yun collaborated with Kim Dijinsook and Kim Insoon in 1986. They produced an exhibition, called From Half to One. It talked about women’s issues. Mother’s Eye was one of Yun’s earliest exhibitions. It was made of rotting wood scraps. She said that the texture was similar to wrinkled skin. The softness represented her mother. Yun received the Joon-Sup Lee award. She was the first woman to get the award. She earned the Prime Minister’s Prize for Women’s Development in 1997. Yun’s paintings and exhibitions include Seedling of Lights (1997), Pink Room (1997), and To Be Lengthened (2003).

Early life
----------

Yun Suk-nam is from Manchuria. She was the third child out of six. Yun Beknam was her father. Won Jeungsook was her mother. Yun Beknam founded the first Western theater in Korea. He was a movie director, producer, newspaper writer and historical novelist. Her father died in 1954. Her mother became a street vendor to support the family. They moved back to Korea after the Japanese occupation ended.

Life Before Art
---------------

Yun worked at Korean Electrical Company for four years. She went to Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul. She studied English literature. Yun had to drop out after two years (1959-1962) because her family didn't have enough money. She then married and had children.

Career
------

Yun was questioning her self-identity. She was only a mother and a wife. She became an artist at forty years old. She moved to New York City to learn about printmaking and drawing at the Pratt Institute Graphic Center. She joined the Pratt and the Arts League in the early 1980s.

Yun Suknam admires her mother for being strong and independent. Yun learned that being poor isn't something to be ashamed about. The subject of her first paintings was her mother. It was her mother’s determination and sacrifice that let them overcome poverty. Yun paints women fighters who fought for independence from Japanese occupation. She started using chaesaekwa in 2011, when she was around 70. She saw a self-portrait of a Joseon time period painter, Yun Duseo and was inspired. Jeong Jeonghwa was an independence activist who she painted. Yun depicted women who were not known, but did substantial actions. Yun focuses on the subject’s eyes. She makes them strong, fierce, and staring at the audience. She says this gives them life.
**Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori** (Persian: معز الدین محمد غوری) (1149 – March 15, 1206) was sultan of the Ghurid Empire. He ruled from 1173 to 1202 along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad. He also ruled from 1202 to 1206. He was known as **Muhammad of Ghor**. His birth name was **Shihab ad-Din**.

Mu'izz ad-Din was one of greatest ruler of the Ghurid dynasty. He is also known as founder of Muslim rule in Indian subcontinent. He ruled over a large part of subcontinent, which is now part of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, north India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan.

In 1173 Mu'izz ad-Din took the city of Ghazni from Mahmud of Ghazni which he did to avenge the death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri. He used this city as a base for expansion into northern India. In the meantime, he helped his brother Ghiyath to win over Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western Asia. In 1175, Mu'izz captured Multan from the Ismailis, which were a branch of the Shia Muslims, and also took Uch in 1175. He also occupied the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186, which was the last place of safety of his Persianized enemies. After the death of Ghiyath in 1202, he became the successor of the Ghurid Empire and ruled until his assassination near Jhelum by Ismaili assassins in 1206.

After struggle among the remaining Ghuri leaders, Khwarizmi took over the Ghurid Sultanate in about 1215. Though the Ghurid's empire was short, and after them Timurids took over the Ghurid empire. Mu'izz's laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India. Qutbu l-Din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Mu'izz, was the first Sultan of Delhi.

Early life
----------

Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad was born in 1149 in the Ghor region, which is now Afghanistan. The exact date of his birth is unknown. His father, Baha al-Din Sam I, was the local ruler of the Ghor region at that time. Mu'izz also had an elder brother named Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. During their early life, Mu'izz and Ghiyath were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were later released by their uncle's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad. When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath as their leader, and helped him to took over the throne. Ghiyath shortly gave Mu'izz control over Istiyan and Kajuran. However, the throne was challenged by many Ghurid chiefs during which Mu'izz helped his brother Ghiyath in defeating and killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.
Guo Jianmei in 2011
**Guo Jianmei** (Simplified Chinese: 郭建梅; Hanyu pinyin Guō Jiànméi; born October 1961) is a Chinese lawyer and human rights activist. She is the head of an organization to help women with legal problems. In 2011, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

Life
----

Guo Jianmei was born in a poor area of Hua County, Henan Province, in China. Both her parents were teachers. Guo saw poverty and problems with women's rights in her village. This gave her the idea to work for women's rights in China. She is married to writer Liu Zhenyun.

Work
----

When she was 18, Guo went to law school at Beijing University. She graduated in 1983. After she graduated, she worked at the Ministry of Justice, The All China Federation of Women, and The All China Association of Lawyers. In 1989, Guo helped to write the law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests. Guo traveled to more than 20 areas of China to learn about the lives of Chinese women.

In 1995, Guo went to the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. When a foreign lawyer asked about non-governmental organizations to help women with legal problems, everyone was silent. They understood that women had very little help in China. Later that year, Guo and her friends started the Beijing University Law School Women's Legal Research and Services Centre, China's first NGO non-governmental organization for legal help for women.

Guo helped write China's new marriage law in 2001. In 2003, she helped write the law for Regulations for Legal Aid. Guo wrote 8 books. She is also editor of three volumes of "Everyday Life Law", and "A Guide to Women's Legal Aid Cases".

Awards
------

* In 2010 Guo Jianmei received the Simone De Beauvoir Prize.
* Also in 2010, the International Labor Organisation (ILO) named her China’s first anti-AIDS discrimination ambassador.
* In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Guo Jianmei***.

* Women’s Legal Research and Service Centre
* PeaceWomen Across the Globe
* ILO
* Guo Jianmei Archived 2014-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Video produced by *Makers: Women Who Make America*
* 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Financial technologies** *(FinTech)* are technologies which people use in financial services to help companies manage the financial aspects of their business. Nowadays fintech is the basis for all online transactions - money transfers, loans and more. Many technology startups and large organizations that try to improve financial services are considered to be a part of fintech.

Or Fintech refers to the integration of technology into services offering by financial companies so as to improve their use and delivery to their consumers.

FinTech refers to new applications, processes, products or business models in the field of financial services that are provided through the Internet. Services may be provided by different independent providers at the same time. Usually it includes at least one licensed bank or insurance company. Their interaction is often regulated by special laws and regulations, such as the European Payment Services Directive.

FinTech companies are special because of the ability to create innovations.

Meaning and history
-------------------

It was said by the Professor of the School of Management in Friborg Patrick Schueffel that "*Fintech is a new financial industry that uses technology to improve its financial performance*". It is considered to be the meaning of the term.

The word fintech was first published in the 1980s: an article by Peter Knight entitled FinTech was published in the Sunday Times. It meant the bot that made the changes to his email.

The companies in the field of fintech began to grow rapidly and changed a lot after the global financial crisis in 2008. Large corporations began to invest in the fintech business, which was like an alternative to the old business models of the financial sector. Traditional banks, on the other hand, had millions of customers who wanted new service standards.

In Ukraine, the state promotes the development of fintech in accordance with the Strategy approved by the National Bank of Ukraine in July 2020.

Currently more than 100 fintech companies are working in Ukraine and their amount is increasing.

Types of financial projects
---------------------------

There are more than 10,000 different fintech companies operating in different fields in the world.

* Personal finance management;
* Payments;
* Lending;
* Investment platforms;
* Collective financing (Crowdfunding);
* Security;
* B2B fintech;
* Money transfers;
* Big Data Analysis;
* RegTech;
* InsureTech;
* Artificial Intelligence;
* Neobanks (banks-challengers);
* Cryptocurrencies;
* Blockchain.

Fintech ecosystem
-----------------

It is a set of tools that a financial institution provides to third-party business structures to create and develop its own innovative services. It includes a processing center, acquiring and billing system.
Samar Badawi received the International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2012.
**Samar Mohammad Badawi** (Arabic: سمر بدوي born 1981) is a Saudi Arabian human rights activist. In 2012, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State department.

*Adhl* court case
-----------------

Samar started a court case against her father, who abused her for 15 years. She accused her father of *adhl*, because he did not permit her to marry. Samar's father started a court case against her. He accused her of disobedience, because he was her guardian. In Saudi Arabia, all women must have a guardian. Samar went to jail in April 2010. In October 2010, she got out of jail, after an international campaign. Her uncle became her new guardian.

Campaign for women to vote
--------------------------

Samar tried to register to vote in the 2011 Saudi Arabian elections. Her registration was refused. She started a court case against the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs.

Campaign for women to drive
---------------------------

In 2011 and 2012, Samar was part of the Women to drive movement. She drove regularly, and she helped other women drivers with police and court cases. In November 2011, Samar and Manal al-Sharif applied for driver's licenses. Their applications were refused. They filed charges with the Grievances Board against the Saudi Arabian General Directorate of Traffic.

American citizenship
--------------------

In November 2013, Samar wrote on Twitter that she received American nationality.

Problems with travel
--------------------

On 16 September 2014, Samar went to a meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland. She represented the organizations Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB), the Bahrain Institute of Rights and Democracy (BIRD), and Human Rights Watch in Saudi Arabia. She spoke about Human Rights advocates in Saudi Arabia, and her husband, Waleed Abulkhair. Her husband was in jail because he was an activist.

On 18 September 2014, Samar met with the High Commissioner of Human Rights, Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad. On 20 September 2014, she went to the US, where she met with US Senators and Secretaries and with human rights organizations. She talked about her husband and others who were in jail. After that, Samar said she received a threat from the Secretary of Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia to stop talking about human rights. She returned to Saudi Arabia, but the government took her passport.

On 2 December 2014, Samar went to King Abdulaziz International Airport, to go to Brussels, Belgium for the 16th European Union (EU) NGOs Forum on Human Rights. Passport officials said she was not permitted to travel abroad.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Samar Badawi***.

* 2012 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Anton Szandor LaVey** (April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997), born **Howard Stanton Levey**, was the founder of the Church of Satan. He created a religion called LaVeyan Satanism. He wrote several books describing his beliefs. His first book was called *The Satanic Bible*. He reported a dramatic life story, although some say he lied about his past.

Early life
----------

LaVey was born Howard Stanton Levey in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish Family. His family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area of California soon after he was born. He was talented with musical instruments, particularly the pipe organ and calliope. He read a lot. His biography says that he stopped going to high school to join the circus. When the carnival was not active, he played organ in burlesque houses. He then worked as a police photographer in San Francisco, though this has been questioned.

Church of Satan
---------------

In the 1960s, LaVey began giving lectures at his house to a group of people he called his "Magic Circle." A member of this Circle told him that his ideas could become a religion. He agreed, and founded the Church of Satan in 1966. In 1969, he published *The Satanic Bible*. *The Satanic Bible* was a collection of writings he had published in the past years that outlined his philosophies and the basics of the religion. It was influenced by Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, H. L. Mencken, and other authors and philosophers. In 1971, LaVey published *The Compleat Witch* (later released as *The Satanic Witch*). *The Satanic Witch* was a manual of magic. In 1972, LaVey published *The Satanic Rituals*. This contained instructions for performing rituals. In the 1990s, LaVey published two books of essays, *The Devil's Notebook* and *Satan Speaks*.

Death
-----

LaVey died on October 29, 1997. His death was caused by pulmonary edema (fluid in his lungs). This was brought on by his heart disease.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the Church of Satan
* The Anton Szandor LaVey Memorial
**Har Brakha** (Hebrew: הַר בְּרָכָה, *literlly* Mount [of] Blessing) is a national-religious community settlement in Samaria in Israel. The settlement is on the ridge of Mount Gerizim south of Nablus, at an elevation of 2,850 feet above sea level.

Mount Bracha is named after one of the two mountains mentioned in the Book of Deuteronomy on which half of the twelve tribes of Israel ascended in order to bless. The settlement is organized as a communal settlement and is within the jurisdiction of the Shomron Regional Council. In 2021 it had 3,062 residents.

Mount Bracha was established on November 17, 1982. In 1987 a core group of Orthodox families came and founded the settlement. After the establishment of the settlement, Rabbi Eliezer Melamed was appointed rabbi of the settlement, author of the series of halachic books "Pninei Halacha".

The settlement has an elementary school for boys and an elementary school for girls, a high school for boys and a high school for girls, and a "yeshiva". 

In 2011 a large group of Evangelical Christians came to assist in the grape harvest near the settlement, at the initiative and with the approval of Rabbi Melamed, and since then they have resided on the western hill of the settlement.

After several hundred private homes were built in Mount Bracha, the residents decided to start building four, five and six story buildings. This decision was made in order to lower housing prices and give young couples the ability to purchase homes in the village. As part of the construction, a boys school and a girls school were built in Mount Bracha, along with eleven kindergartens.
**St John Ambulance** is a group of organizations which provide first aid and emergency medicine. They work in over 40 countries, mostly in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The role of St John Ambulance varies. For example, in some parts of Australia, St John Ambulance are the main ambulance service. In most places, St John Ambulance are mostly volunteers and their role is to provide first aid at local events (e.g. sports matches, local fairs, races, etc.) and first aid training to the public.

St John Ambulance is run by its founders, the Venerable Order of Saint John. The Order is a descendant of the Knights Hospitaller of the Middle Ages. They founded the first branch of St John Ambulance in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. In 1877, the St John Ambulance Association was set up to teach first aid skills. In 1887, the St John Ambulance Brigade was founded to provide first aid at local events. These two have since been merged into the English branch of St John Ambulance.

First aiders for St John Ambulance are often seen wearing uniform. They originally had army ranks, though many now use non-military ranks instead. Some branches have cadets, for teenagers and older children.

All branches of St John Ambulance use the eight-point Maltese Cross as their logo. This symbol appears on a number of organizations descended from the Knights Hospitaller. The Order of Malta Ambulance Corps in Ireland is an example. Other similar organizations include Red Cross and Red Crescent (a worldwide movement) and St Andrew's First Aid in Scotland.
**Cinematic Sunrise** was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine with the EP.

History
-------

Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled *A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record*, was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.

A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record
--------------------------------------------

*A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record* is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is innocent and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. Craig Owens said in an interview that he wanted crayons, not colored pencils. He was supposedly not happy with Equal Vision's mistake.[*source?*]

On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released *A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record*. The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".

### Track listing

Source: Amazon

All songs written and composed by Cinematic Sunrise. 

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Pulling a Piano from a Pond"   | 3:31 |
| 2. | "Goodbye Friendship, Hello Heartache"   | 3:17 |
| 3. | "Umbrellas and Elephants"   | 3:32 |
| 4. | "Our Honeymoon at Weston Hills"   | 3:34 |
| 5. | "The Wordless"   | 3:25 |
| 6. | "You Told Me You Loved Me"   | 4:27 |

| Re-release |
| --- |
| No. | Title | Length |
| 7. | "Crossing Our Fingers for the Summer"   | 3:00 |
| 8. | "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset"   | 3:05 |

Other websites
--------------

* Official Site Archived 2012-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Cinematic Sunrise at MySpace
The **Javan rusa** or **Sunda sambar** (*Rusa timorensis*) is a deer which lives on the islands of Java, Bali and Timor. It is also an introduced species to Irian Jaya, Borneo (Kalimantan) the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Australia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Réunion.

The deer lives in a habitat similar to that of the Chital of India, that is, open dry and mixed deciduous forests, parklands, and savannas. It is a close relative of the larger sambar deer. It is hunted in eastern Australasia. Javan Rusa deer breed in the rutting period in July and August. They are active in the early morning and the late afternoon.

Description
-----------

Rusa deer are known by their large ears, the tufts of hair above the eyebrows, and antlers. Males are bigger than females. Males weigh 152–160 kg. Females weigh about 74 kg. Unlike most other types of deer, newborn fawns do not have spots.

Distribution
------------

The Javan rusa natively lives on the islands of Java, Bali, and Timor in Indonesia. It has been introduced to Irian Jaya, Borneo (Kalimantan), the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Pohnpei, Mauritius, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, the Christmas Islands, the Cocos Islands, Nauru, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland. Rusa deer were introduced to New Guinea in the early 1900s.

It prefers open dry and mixed deciduous forests, parklands, and savannas. Rusa deer have populations in remote islands, and may have been brought there by Indonesian fishermen.

Ecology
-------

Rusa deer are mostly active in the early morning and late afternoon. They are almost never seen in open places. They are very difficult to come close to because of their sharp senses and cautious instincts.

The Javan rusa are almost never found alone. When scared, a rusa male lets out an really loud honk. This is an alarm call and alerts any other deer in the area.

Just like other types of deer, Javan rusa mostly eat grass, leaves, and fallen fruit. They do not drink water, because they get all their water from their food.

The main predators of the Javan rusa include the Javan leopard, the dhole, crocodiles, pythons, and the Komodo dragon.

Reproduction
------------

The Javan rusa breeds around July and August. When stags contest by calling in a loud, shrill bark and duelling with the antlers. The doe gives birth to one or two calves after a gestation of 8 months, at the beginning of spring. The young ones stop taking milk and start eating solid food at 6–8 months. They reach sexual maturity at 3–5 years, depending on the type of habitat. Javan rusas live 15–20 years both in the wild and in captivity.
Jichang Yuan

**Jichang Garden** (Chinese: 寄畅园) is in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. It is close to Huishan Temple. It was claimed as a national protected location of historical and cultural relics on 13 January 1988. Xiequ Garden (谐趣园)  in the Summer Palace and Guo Ran Da Gong (廓然大公) (or, Double-Crane House 双鹤斋) in Yuanming Yuan in Beijing are both similar to Jichang Garden.

History
-------

Jichang Yuan is also called "Qin Yuan" (秦园). The site used to be two buildings called "Nan Yin" (南隐) and "Ou Yu" (沤寓). During the Ming dynasty, Qin Jin (秦金), bought "Ou Yu" of Huishan Temple. Qin was a metropolitan graduate in 1493 and also the descendant of Qin Guan, a famous lyricist in the Northern Song dynasty.He built it on the basis of old building, making hills and ponds, planting flowers and trees, building houses, and changing it to a garden. After the death of Qin Jin, the garden was inherited by his family member Qin Han and his son Qin Liang. In the summer of 1560, Qin Han built another garden at the top of Huishan,  called "Feng Gu Shan Zhuang" or "Villa of Phoenix Valley".

After the death of Qin Liang, the garden was owned by his family member Qin Yao. Qin Yao was a member of Donglin party. In 1591, Qin Yao failed in the government. He returned to Wuxi in a bad mood, so he used the beautiful garden to relax. He changed the name to Jichang Yuan (寄畅园). The meaning of the name is "send happiness". In the Wanli era of the Ming dynasty, there are 20 places of interest in the garden, and Qin Yao make poems for each of them.

Related pages
-------------

* List of botanical gardens
Postcard of the Duluth lynchings of black men on June 15, 1920
A **hate crime** is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are. Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights. People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.

The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media. Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group. This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.

In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States. It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes. It is the first law that protects transgender people.

Effects of Hate Crimes
----------------------

People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes. Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias. Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security. Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

Related pages
-------------

* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Hatred
* Transphobia
* Xenophobia
* Violence against women
This article is about the women's rankings. For the men's rankings, see FIFA Men's World Ranking.

FIFA Women's World Rankings as of 7 December 2018.| **Top 20 rankings as of 7 December 2018** |
| Rank | Change | Team | Points |
| 1 | Steady |  United States | 2123 |
| 2 | Steady |  Germany | 2057 |
| 3 | Increase 1 |  France | 2046 |
| 4 | Decrease 1 |  England | 2021 |
| 5 | Steady |  Canada | 2006 |
| 6 | Steady |  Australia | 1999 |
| 7 | Increase 3 |  Netherlands | 1987 |
| 8 | Decrease 1 |  Japan | 1984 |
| 9 | Steady |  Sweden | 1976 |
| 10 | Decrease 2 |  Brazil | 1964 |
| 11 | Steady |  North Korea | 1938 |
| 12 | Steady |  Spain | 1920 |
| 13 | Steady |  Norway | 1902 |
| 14 | Steady |  South Korea | 1880 |
| 15 | Steady |  China PR | 1871 |
| 16 | Increase 1 |  Italy | 1859 |
| 17 | Decrease 1 |  Denmark | 1842 |
| 18 | Steady |   Switzerland | 1832 |
| 19 | Increase 1 |  New Zealand | 1819 |
| 20 | Decrease 1 |  Scotland | 1810 |
| \*Change from 28 September 2018 |
| Complete rankings at FIFA.com |

The FIFA Women's World Ranking is like a list that shows how good national women's football teams are. It's made by the group that controls football worldwide, called FIFA. In August 2023, the Sweden team is at the top of the list.

They started making these rankings in 2003, and the first ones came out on 16 July that year. FIFA tries to figure out how strong the different women's teams are based on their past games. The teams that have done really well get higher ranks. Right now, there are 185 national teams in the ranking as of January 2023.

The ranking is not just for information. It's used to decide how to group teams in big international tournaments.

When the rankings come out
--------------------------

The rankings are usually published four times in a year.

When the rankings come out in 2023| Release date |
| --- |
| 25 August |
| 15 December |

Teams in the lead
-----------------

From the beginning until 25 August 2023, the top spots in the women's rankings were held only by the United States and Germany. After the 2023 World Cup, Sweden is now at the top, Germany is ranked sixth, and the USA is ranked third. Before this, the United States and Germany were in the top two places most of the time, except for six times when Germany was third. Other teams like Norway, Brazil, England, and Sweden have also been in second place during this time.

The United States stayed in the top spot for the longest time, nearly 7 years, from March 2008 to December 2014. Up until January 2022, the United States has been the leader for more than 15 years, Germany for 4.5 years, and both together for 3 months.

| No. | Team | Confederation | Days at No. 1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  United States | CONCACAF | 5,715 days |
| 2 |  Germany | UEFA | 1,701 days |
| 3 |  Sweden | UEFA | 4 days |
**Track and field** is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and *throwing*. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. These tracks are generally made up of synthetic rubber – rubber particles bound with latex or polyurethane. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.

For the group of competitive sports and games requiring physical skill, see Athletics (physical culture). For other uses, see Athletics.

Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short-distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.

| Olympic Games |
| --- |
| Olympic Rings |
| 
Main topics |
| * Bids
* Boycotts
* Ceremonies
* Charter
* Host cities
* IFs
* IOC
* Medal
* Medal tables
* Medalists
* NOCs
* Olympism
* Pierre de Coubertin medal
* Scandals and controversies
* Sports
* Symbols
* Television
* Torch relays
* Venues
* Women participation
* Athletics (track and field)
 |
| 
Games |
| * Summer
* Winter
* World
* Youth
* Universiade
* African
* Asian
* European
* Pacific
* Pan-American
* Commonwealth
* Ancient
* Intercalated
* Motorsport
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

* Long jump at Berlin, 2009.Long jump at Berlin, 2009.
* Discus throw at Barcelona.Discus throw at Barcelona.
* Pole vault event at Birmingham.Pole vault event at Birmingham.
* 200 meters race at Helsinki.200 meters race at Helsinki.

There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing. One of these is the *decathlon*, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.

All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.

Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Athletics***.

* International Association of Athletics Federations website
* USA Track & Field website
* Results & Statistics for Collegiate, High School, Middle School, and Club teams