recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Not to be confused with Israel Gelfand.

**Boris Abramovich Gelfand** (born 24 June 1968 in Minsk) is a Belarusian-Israeli chess grandmaster. He won the 2009 World Chess Cup. In 1998, Gelfand emigrated to Israel, where he is their top ranking chess player.

Chess career
------------

Gelfand was Junior Champion of the Soviet Union at 17, and European Junior Champion two years later. In 1988 he tied for first in the World Junior Championship, the title going to Joel Lautier. He earned the GM title the following year. He has won about 30 tournaments in his career, including tournaments at Wijk aan Zee (in 1992 and 1994) and first places in Biel (1993), Dos Hermanas (1994), Belgrade (1995), Tilburg (1996), Malmo (1999) and Pamplona (2004).

### World Championship Candidate

Gelfand has several times qualified for Candidates tournaments for the World Chess Championship. In 1993, he qualified for the Candidates via the Interzonal, and was knocked out in the quarter-final by England's Nigel Short. In the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 he won the Interzonal, then won his first two Candidates matches, before being eliminated in the semi-final by Anatoly Karpov. He had numerous strong results in the knockout tournaments for the FIDE Championships 1998–2004, with his best result being a semi-finalist in 1997. He played in the 8-player 2002 Dortmund Tournament, which was the Candidates for the Classical World Chess Championship 2004, but failed to reach the semi-finals. 

He qualified for the tournament for the World Chess Championship 2007, and surprised most observers by finishing joint second with reigning world champion Vladimir Kramnik (third after tie breaks). The tournament and the world championship was won by Viswanathan Anand. 

Gelfand won the Chess World Cup 2009, and was automatically seeded into the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012.

The 2012 Candidates match series was held in Kazan, Russia. In game three of the quarterfinals he played the Sicilian defense to defeat Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 2.5–1.5. In the semifinals he faced American Gata Kamsky. After splitting the first four games 2–2, the match went into a rapid playoff. Kamsky won game three in the playoff to go ahead 2–1. This meant Gelfand had to win with black in the final game to avoid elimination. Gelfand was up to the task, and then won the blitz playoff 2–0 to advance to the final. 

In the final, he faced Alexander Grischuk. After drawing the first five games, Gelfand won the sixth and final game on the white side of a Grünfeld defence to win the match 3.5–2.5. As winner of the Candidates series, Gelfand face Anand for the 2012 World Championship. In this match Gelfand tied 6–6, but he lost the four-game rapid play tie-breaker.
**Pete Johnson** (born **Kermit H. Johnson**, March 25, 1904 – March 23, 1967) was an American blues and jazz pianist. He was one of the piano players, together with Albert Ammons und Meade Lux Lewis who made boogie woogie popular.

Life
----

He started his musical life as drummer in Kansas City. Playing the piano he started at the age of 18. From 1926 to 1938 he worked as a pianist, often supporting singer Big Joe Turner, and sometimes as cab driver. He met Joe Turner during a gig at Sunset Cafe, where Turner worked as bar man. With Turner he recorded and toured till 1955. In 1936 he was discovered by the famous producer John Hammond who brought him to New York. 1938 Johnson played in the From Spiritual Swing Concerts. This concert made the boogie woogie style popular. Afterwards he played together with Ammons and Lewis and singer Joe Turner at the Cafe Society. They also toured and recorded together.

One of his most popular records was "Roll ´Em Pete" which he wrote together with Joe Turner. In the late 1940s he made one of the first concept albums. He played firt solo, then different musicians from Kansas City joined him. Everybody has a solo packed by Johnson and then they all played together one piece. He recorded for Storyville, Savoy, Brunswick, Riverside, Apollo and Blue Note. 

In the 1950s he went to Buffalo but was still touring and recording mainly with Jimmy Rushing and Big Joe Turner. In 1958 he was in Europe with the Jazz at the Philharmonic tour and played at the Newport Jazz Festival. He was partly paralyzed after a stroke. His last years were troubled by illness and poverty. He died on March 23, 1967 in Buffalo being 62 years old.

### Notable songs

* "1280 Stomp"
* "627 Stomp"
* "Basement Boogie"
* "Buss Robinson Blues"
* "Cherry Red"
* "Death Ray Boogie"
* "Goin' Away Blues"
* "Holler Stomp"
* "Just for You"
* "Lone Star Blues"
* "Pete's Blues"
* "Pete's Lonsome Blues"
* "Rebecca"
* "Roll 'Em Pete"

### Albums

* *1938-1939* Classics, 1938
* *King of Boogie* Milan, 1939
* *Master of Blues and Boogie Woogie, Vol. 3* Oldie Blues, 1939
* *Boogie Woogie Mood (1940-1944)* MCA ca. 1970
* *Pete's Blues* Savoy, 1946
* *Central Avenue Boogie* || Delmark 1993
* *Master of Blues and Boogie Woogie* Oldie Blues 1975
* *1939-1941* Classics 1996
* *1944-1946* Classics 1997
* *Blues & Boogie Woogie Master* 1938/1946 EPM Musique 1998
* *St. Louis Parties of July 20 & August 1, 1954* Document 1999
* *Roll 'Em Pete* Pearl 1999
* *1947-1949* Classics 2000
* *Atomic Boogie: The National Recordings 1945-1947* Savoy Jazz 2001
Coordinates: 55°43′55″N 37°39′24″E﻿ / ﻿55.73194°N 37.65667°E﻿ / 55.73194; 37.65667

The New Monastery of the Saviour in 2012
The New Monastery of the Saviour in 1910
**Novospassky Monastery** (*New monastery of the Saviour*, Russian: Новоспасский монастырь), is one of the oldest monasteries in Moscow. The first monastery was built in the 14th century. At that time it was inside the walls of the Kremlin. In 1491 the monastery was moved to new buildings on the banks of the Moskva River. It was called the "new monastery".

In 1571 and 1591, the wooden buildings were attacked by the Crimean Tatars. In 1612, the Tsar, Michael of Russia, had the monastery completely rebuilt. This included the thick stone walls which made it one of the fortified monasteries on the edge of Moscow. These new stone walls were 7.5 meters high and 2 meters thick. They were 782 meters in length, and included six towers. These are the buildings which are still standing. The bell-tower, one of the tallest in Moscow, and the Sheremetev sepulchre in the church of the Sign, were added in the 18th century,

The monastery was supported by Andrei Kobyla's descendants, including the Sheremetyev and Romanov boyars. They used it as their burial vault. Among the last Romanovs buried in the monastery were Xenia Shestova (the mother of the first Romanov Tsar), Princess Tarakanova (a pretender who claimed to have been the only daughter of Empress Elisabeth) and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia.

Monastery buildings
-------------------

* The Cathedral of the Transfiguration, (1645-49), a large five-domed katholikon with frescoes by the finest Muscovite painters of the 17th century
* The Intercession Church, or Church of the Veil of the Virgin (1673-1675) with a refectory
* The Church of the Sign or Church of the Znamenie Icon of the Virgin (1791-1795)
* The bell tower (1759-1785)
* The infirmary Church of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker and monks' living quarters
* The house of Patriarch Filaret
* The *House of Loaf-Giving*.

The monastery was closed in 1918 and used as a prison. The cemetery was removed between 1927 and 1930. For a time it was used as a hospital for alcoholics. In 1968 it became a museum of history and an art restoration institute. In 1991 it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Novospassky Monastery at Wikimedia Commons
* Official Page of the Monastery, in Russian Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
The **New Hampshire House of Representatives** is the lower house in the New Hampshire General Court. It has 400 members from 204 legislative districts from all over the state. These were made from divisions of the state's counties. On average, each legislator represents about 3,300 residents. That is the largest lower house representative-to-population ratio in the country.

New Hampshire has the biggest lower house of any U.S. state. The second-biggest, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, has 203 members. The House is the fourth-biggest lower house in the English-speaking world (the first three are the 435-member United States House of Representatives, 543-member Lok Sabha of India, and 650-member House of Commons of the United Kingdom).

Districts have different seat amounts based on their populations. In districts that elect more than one member, voters are allowed to vote for as many people as there are seats to be filled. This system of plurality block voting often ends in one party winning all of the seats in the district.

The House of Representatives has been in Representatives Hall of the New Hampshire State House since 1819. Representatives Hall is the oldest chamber in the United States still being used by a government.
**Pilar Agoyo** is a native fashion designer. She works on costumes for movies and television shows. She has done work for The Avengers and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.  Her design also appeared in an exhibit called "Art of Indigenous Fashion" at the *The Museum of Contemporary Native Arts*. The book *Native fashion now : North American Indian style* calls Agoyo a "Provocateur," meaning she has new ideas people do not expect and that make them have strong feelings.

Early life
----------

She is from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Agoyo originally wanted to be a painter. She went to the Institute of American Indian Arts. She took a class and realized she loved sewing and textiles. She loved it.

Career
------

Agoyo has done a lot of work for Hollywood television and movies. She is also well known among indigenous designers in the United States.

### Fashion

In 2002, Agoyo opened a boutique in Santa Fe with Virgil Ortiz and Cody Sanderson. Sanderson was her husband.
Agoyo works with materials such as vinyl. May of her designs are inspired by traditional pottery designs from her pueblo. Agoyo has worked on lots of fashion shows. She also has museum exhibits, like the Art of Indigenous Fashion" at the *The Museum of Contemporary Native Arts*.

She has won awards for her designs, including the *Masked Heroes* contest from First American Art Magazine and at the Heard Indian Market 2011 by the Southwestern Association for American Indian Arts. The Poeh Pueblo Cultural Center also commissioned Agoyo to design masks that would appeal to others from her pueblo. Her work has been recognized by the *Traditional Fine Arts Organization.*

### Hollywood

Agoyo's first work for television was *Into the West* in 2005. She has worked on 37 movies and shows. Sometimes the fashions she makes for movies helps her think of a new fashion to create.
Walther Flemming
Drawing of a *Chironomus* (midge) salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882. The nucleus contains polytene chromosomes like those of *Drosophila*.
**Walther Flemming** (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics.

Making use of dyes he was able to find a structure which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus– the chromosomes (meaning *coloured body*). Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had also observed them, independently. 

Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not see the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis, both in life and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published first in 1878  and in 1882 in the seminal book *Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung* (1882; Cell substance, nucleus and cell division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase *omnis nucleus e nucleo*, after Virchow's *omnis cellula e cellula*).

Flemming was unaware of Gregor Mendel's (1822–1884) work on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.
*Foot is also the name of a unit of measurement. See foot (unit).*
Foot
Foot
Bones in lower leg and foot
That male foot
A **foot** (one *foot*, two or more **feet**) is a body part on the end of a leg. It is used when walking. It is also important for balance: it helps people stand straight. People also use it to kick, in both fighting and sports, football being an example.

People's hands and feet have the same shape: they both have five *digits* (the fingers and toes). Many other animals with backbones also have five digits. The part of the foot which joins it to the leg is called the *heel*. The bottom of the foot is called the *sole*. 

Most land vertebrates have feet, and there are many different sorts of foot. The feet of monkeys are much like the hands. The hard foot of an ungulate is a hoof. When an animal has soft feet, or feet with soft parts on the underside, it is called a *paw*. Many invertebrates also have feet.

Many use footwear to protect themselves from weather and dirt. There are multiple kinds of footwear, for example *sandals*, *shoes*, and *boots*. When people do not remove footwear, especially in hot places or when they are very active, their feet can smell badly (*foot odour)*. Wearing footwear that is too big or small can be bad for the feet, causing blisters. People who have foot, leg, and back problems can also get help from special shoes. 

People have different traditions in different parts of the world for when to wear footwear. For example, in many countries, usually do not wear their shoes or boots in a home. In the United States people often wear shoes inside a home. In Japan, people do not wear shoes in homes, and floors are often made of very soft materials. In Japan it is also important to keep the floors clean. In cultures where people always wear shoes, people sometimes think it is bad not to wear them. Not wearing shoes can be good for the feet, especially if they are damaged.

Conditions like Athlete's foot affect the feet, causing the feet to feel dry and cracked. Doctors who work with people's feet are *podiatrists* or *chiropodists*.

Bones
-----

Half the bones in a human body are in the foot. There are 26 bones there. They are 14 phalanges (toes), 5 metatarsals (arch of the foot), and 7 tarsals (ankle bones).


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Feet***.
Some termites build large structures like these where they live
**Termites** are a suborder of social insects, the **Isoptera**. They are sometimes called *"white ants"*, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. 

They are *eusocial* animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. 

Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology.

A termite colony starts when winged termites (called *alates*) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).

Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example self-organised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semi-mature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egg-laying queens.

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Isoptera***.

* Termitehub  Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
Gaudí in 1878
Casa Vicens in Barcelona
Sagrada Família in Barcelona
**Antoni Gaudí i Cornet** (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect. He was born in Reus, in Catalonia, and became a leader of Catalan modernism. Gaudí's works are in his own style. Most are in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, especially his greatest work, the Sagrada Família.

He got some ideas from neo-Gothic art, Art Deco and Oriental techniques, and became part of the modernist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Between 1984 and 2005, seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The seven works were: the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; the Nativity facade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, and the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

Gaudí's Roman Catholic faith grew during his life, and religious images are found in his work. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect", and eventually led to his beatification in 2011.

His work had a style inspired by nature. Gaudí rarely drew detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to create them as three-dimensional scale models and molding the details as he was conceiving them.

Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 in Barcelona, Spain, after being hit by a tram, aged 73.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Antoni Gaudí***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Antoni Placid Gaudí i Cornet***.

* Overview of Gaudí's major works (in English, French, and Spanish)
* Sagrada Família information and discussion of lesser-known Gaudí works Archived 2013-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Sagrada Família image gallery
* Casa Batlló information and image gallery
* Analysis of fractals and other mathematical elements in Gaudí's architectural style Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Pàgina del Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc Archived 2019-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet Archived 2013-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
Artist's conception of the process of terraforming Mars.
The **terraforming of Mars** is an idea that humans can change the climate and surface of Mars. They would do this to make Mars a place where humans and other life forms from Earth could live. The project will rely on the idea that the environment of a planet can be changed through artificial means. There are a number of proposed methods.

Reasons for terraforming
------------------------

Mars is the most earthlike of all the other planets in our Solar System. It is also believed that Mars once had an Earth-like environment early in its history. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and water. However, it disappeared over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

Future population growth and the demand for resources is necessary for human colonization of objects other than Earth, such as Mars and the Moon, and nearby planets. Space colonization will help harvest the Solar System's energy and material resources.

The terraforming of Mars can also be helpful in the survival of the human race. Many catastrophic extinction events could occur on Earth, such as the meteor thought to have killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Earth's species, including humans, could live on Mars instead.

Other websites
--------------

* NASA - Aerospace Scholars: Terraforming Mars at the Internet Archive
* Recent Arthur C Clarke interview mentions terraforming Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Red Colony
* Terraformers Society of Canada Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars
* Peter Ahrens The Terraformation of Worlds Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
* MARSDRIVE: Colonizing Mars. Red Colony parent organization planning the future exploration and colonization of planet Mars.
**Louis Silvie Zamperini** (January 26, 1917 – July 2, 2014) was an American World War II prisoner of war survivor, motivational speaker and track and field athlete.

Biography
---------

Zamperini was a long-distance runner at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany. During World War II, Zamperini was a soldier on a bomber airplane in the Pacific War. After the plane crashed, he and his crew survived 47 days in a lifeboat in shark infested water before being captured by the Japanese army. After the war, he became a motivational speaker.

Zamperini in May 2014
In 2010, Laura Hillenbrand published Zamperini's biography *Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption*, which became a bestseller. In 2014, actress Angelina Jolie directed the movie *Unbroken*, based on the biography. The movie was released on December 25, 2014.

In May 2014, he was chosen to be the 2015 Rose Parade grand marshal.

Personal life
-------------

Zamperini was born in Olean, New York, to Italian immigrant parents. He and his family moved to Torrance, California, at a young age. He did not speak English until school and was bullied because of this. He was married to Cynthia Applewhite from 1946 until her death in 2001. They had two children, Luke and Cynthia.

Zamperini died from pneumonia on July 2, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. He was 97.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Louis Zamperini***.

* Official website
* Louis Zamperini on IMDb
Map of global soil regions from the USDA
**Soil science** deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth.

It includes soil formation, classification and mapping.

But many more sciences deal with knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences: engineering, agronomists, chemistry, geology, geography, biology, microbiology, sylviculture, public health, archaeology, and regional planning.

"Soil" refers to anything between the top of the dirt and the top of the underlying rock (called "bedrock"). Soil is often broken into layers. The top layer is high in organic matter (roting plants and such). Then there is a layer of layer of soil where rain water has removed some metals (called "leaching"). Those metals get collected in another, lower layer. Finally, there is a layer made up mostly of broken bits of bedrock. A soil can have all of these layers, or only a few.

Soils are important because most groundwater, which is used in everything from city water supplies to farming, is found in soil, not bedrock.

Fields of application in soil science
-------------------------------------

* Soil survey
* Soil management
* Standard methods of analysis
* Soil fertility / Nutrient management
* Ecosystem studies
* Climate change
* Watershed and wetland studies
* Pedotransfer function

Related disciplines
-------------------

* Agricultural sciences
	+ Irrigation management
* Anthropology
	+ archaeological stratigraphy
* Environmental science
	+ Landscape ecology
* Geography
	+ Physical geography
* Geology
* Hydrology
	+ Hydrogeology
* Waste management
* Wetland science

Other websites
--------------

* Certified Professional Soil Scientist Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Registered Professional Soil Scientist Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
* SoilScience.info
* SoilScience.info's Daily Dirt - Soil Science in Mainstream Media and Popular Press Archived 2016-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* SoilScience.info's Job Listings Archived 2016-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
Seal of the Supreme Court of the United States
***Lochner v. New York***, (1905), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court ruled a New York State law that set the maximum numbers of hours bakers could work per week was unconstitutional. The Court held that the right of a person to make a contract as a part of his or her business is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. With few exceptions this included the right to buy and sell labor. The decision was controversial and it made the Supreme Court an adversary to legislatures for over 30 years. Repeatedly, the Court struck down laws that regulated labor saying they violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was called the "Lochner Era"; so-named for this decision.

Background
----------

A statute was enacted by the State of New York which limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week. The law was a part of the Bakershop Act passed in 1895. The Journeymen Bakers’ Union wanted to limit the number of hours a day union bakers could work. Bakers were then typically paid by the day. The work had a number of health and safety risks due to dust, fumes, the heat of the ovens, etc. The lobbying was successful and in May 1895 the Governor of New York signed the bill into law.

Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, found the law made it hard to operate his business. He and his bakers often had to work more than 60 hours a week. Lochner was charged with violating the state law. He filed the appeal because he felt the law was unconstitutional because it violated his Civil liberties of "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". The case went before the Supreme Court on February 23rd and was decided on April 17, 1905. The is considered one of the most groundbreaking cases in United States history.

Other websites
--------------

* Lochner v. New York - Significance
***Sonic the Hedgehog 3*** is the third video game in the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive in 1994. You can play as Sonic the Hedgehog or Miles "Tails" Prower, or both (Tails follows Sonic and does what Sonic does if you play this way). Dr. Eggman is called Dr. Robotnik in the North American and European version of the game.

Story
-----

The game begins after what happened in the previous game, Sonic the Hedgehog 2. In Sonic 2, Sonic and Tails defeated Dr. Eggman on his giant spaceship called the Death Egg. It then exploded and landed on Angel Island, an island that floats in the air. Knuckles lives on Angel Island. He guards the Master Emerald, which is a big green gem that makes the island float. Dr. Eggman knows that the Master Emerald is very powerful. He wants to steal it, because he could fix the Death Egg with that power. He tricks Knuckles and tells him that Sonic and Tails are thieves and they want to steal the Master Emerald. Soon, Sonic and Tails arrive on Angel Island because they have seen that the Death Egg has fallen there. However, Knuckles surprises them, and takes away the Chaos Emeralds Sonic and Tails have collected.

How to play the game
--------------------

The point of the game is to collect Rings, defeat robots and get to the end of a Zone.

In Sonic 3, there are six Zones. Every Zone has got two levels, which are named "acts" in the game. At the end of every act 1, you've got to fight one of Dr. Eggman's robots, and at the end of every act 2, you've got to fight Dr. Eggman himself. There are small robots called "Badniks" in the acts. Most of them can be destroyed if you jump on them. If the badnik is destroyed, a little animal jumps out of it. 

Rings are floating in the air and they are gold. If you collect 100 and 200 Rings, you get a life. If you have no Rings and something hits you (for example, a badnik, spike, or Dr. Eggman), you lose a life. 

There are also Starposts in the acts. If you hit a Starpost, it will spin for a bit, and if you lose a life, you restart at the last Starpost you touched. Starposts can be used to go to the Bonus Stage, if you touch them if you have 50 or more Rings. Then, a ring made of stars will spin above the Starpost, and if you jump into it, you go to the Bonus Stage.
Statue of Olaf I in the center of Trondheim
**Olaf I Tryggvason** (c. 968–1000) was the King of Norway from 995 - 1000. He began his career as a Viking in exile. He was a brutal king who forced Christianity on his people.

Biography
---------

Olaf was the son of king Tryggve Olafsson of Norway and grandson of Harald Fairhair, the first king of all Norway. According to tradition, Gunhild, wife of Eric Bloodaxe, wanted him killed. Instead he and his mother were sold as slaves. When they were freed, he ended up in Russia where he grew up. He commanded the mercenary troops of Vladimir the Great in Kiev. In 985 he led his Vikings through the Baltic Sea in a raid on the British Isles. He won the Battle of Maldon in 991. He and Sweyn Forkbeard, the two leaders, received a payment from the English of 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of money (in gold and silver). According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he accepted the Christian faith just after a failed attack on London in 994. Rich, newly converted and with many followers, he decided to return to Norway to spread Christianity.

In the autumn of 995 he arrived in Norway. He was accepted as King and began the process of converting the people to the new Christian faith. Olaf did this by force. He looted and burned pagan temples. He forced entire communities to become Christian or die. However, many of his pagan subjects chose death over giving up their beliefs. Finally, in the year 1000, his enemies joined forces, attacked and killed him at a place named "Svolder".
**Amanda Martha Francisca "Manda" Saleh-Hartman** (born 11 March 1921 - died after 1965) was a female Indonesian athletics competitor, who was successful in the sprint, javelin throw, shot put and discus throw events.

Career
------

She was an athletics champion in her country. Representing West-Java she became multiple times PON-champion. She was also national record holder, including in the discus throw and javelin throw.

Personal life
-------------

Hartman was born in Surabaya in 1921 as the daughter of Wilhelm Friedrich Hartman and Aafje Dekker (born 1899 from Amsterdam). At the age she wanted to become a ballet dancer. But after a few year of her studies she was sent to Perth, Australia where she continued studying. When the war began in Australia, she moved back to Surabaya. She attended the Government Insitue of physical education. At the age of 18 she was engaged with the German Werner Schalk who lived already a long time in Indonesia. During World War II he drowned at sea being a prisoner of war. She later married in 1942 to Mochtar Saleh (born 1917) who she met at school, former heptathlete and sports teacher. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. In September 1958 the family moved to the Netherlands. She married again in 1965 with the German Bruno Zander and lived in Germany. She doesn’t live anymore.
**Mike Douglas**, born **Michael Delaney Dowd, Jr.** (August 11, 1920 – August 11, 2006) was an American entertainer.

Early life and career
---------------------

Douglas was born in Chicago, Illinois, and began singing as a choirboy. He was singing on a Lake Michigan dinner cruise ship when he was a teenager. After being in the United States Navy for a short time, he moved to Los Angeles. He was on the Ginny Simms radio show. Then, he became a singer in the big band of Kay Kyser. 

In 1950, he was the singing voice of Prince Charming in Walt Disney's *Cinderella*.

In the 1950s Douglas, who was living in Burbank, California, tried to keep his singing job going. He did not change to rock and roll, which shortened his chances of being a singer as big band music was becoming less popular. In the hardest years, he and his wife got by "flipping" their Los Angeles homes.

Talk show
---------

He next showed up in 1961 in Cleveland, where a Chicago friend hired him for $400 a week as an afternoon television host at WKYC-TV. *The Mike Douglas Show* quickly got popular and had national broadcasting in August 1963.

Many famous people were on the show. For example, Truman Capote, The Rolling Stones,Herman's Hermits and Kiss were on the show. The show helped show entertainers for the first time, like Barbra Streisand and Aretha Franklin. After the move to Philadelphia, Douglas tried to sing again, but it did not work work well.

By 1967, *The Mike Douglas Show* had 6,000,000 viewers each day, mostly women. It earned $10.5 million from advertisers. Douglas was paid more than $500,000. In 1967, the program got the first Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Daytime Television from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Most weeks, Douglas would be joined by a co-host, like John Lennon & Yoko Ono, and Anne Baxter. The show went off the air in 1980.

Death
-----

He came down with prostate cancer in 1990, but after surgery he was cancer-free. Douglas died in August 11, 2006, on his 86th birthday from complications of dehydration.

His wife Genevieve, daughters Kelly and twins Michele and Christine lived after him.
**Carmina Burana** is the name given to a collection of texts from the 11th and 12th century. There are over 240 texts in the collection, most of them written in Latin, some in Middle High German. Most of the texts are moral or satirical in nature. There are also texts about spring, or about love. Some of them are drinking songs, some of them were used as Minnesang. Some of the songs contain hints for the melodies. For some, the melodies can be reconstructed.

The texts were written down around 1230. This happened either in an abbey in Styria, or near Brixen. They were discovered by Johann Christoph von Aretin in Benediktbeuern Abbey in 1803. Today, they are in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. There they can be found there as **Codex Buranus**, with the signature clm 4660/4660a.

Johann Andreas Schmeller edited them and published them as *Carmina Burana – Lieder aus Benediktbeuern*. 

Carl Orff took 24 of them as *Carmina Burana*. He wrote the music for them. The work was first performed in 1937 in the Opera house in Frankfurt am Main. Together with his works *Catulli Carmina* and *Trionfo di Afrodite* he made a work containing all three, called *Trionfi*. Trionfi is performed much less than the Carmina Burana alone, though.

Other websites
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* Complete original text (without translation) from Biblioteca Augustana
* Text with translations from Teach Yourself Latin
* Athena Review Archived 2017-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Carmina Burana: An Analysis of Perfection Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, 1996.

* Carmina Vulgata Archived 2009-05-11 at the Wayback Machine in linguam Ruthenicam versa
**Björn Koreman** (born 6 March 1991) is a Dutch long-distance runner competing in the marathon. His trainer is Bram Wassenaar.

Biography
---------

Koreman played football for a few months when he was four years old. He switched to playing handball as his sister played handball and his mother was on the board of the handball club. He played at the highest youth level, but stopped while attending Hotelschool [nl] high school.
He wasn’t focus on sports and also smoked from the age of 13 until 22. He started training seriously when he was 24 years old. A few years later, when he broke up with his girlfriend in 2018 he started increasing his training sessions and ran 10 weeks in a row 100 kilometers per week. Half a year later he finished seventh at the Dutch National Marathon Championship. Later he finished second in the Dam tot Damloop [nl]. In December 2020 he set a time at the Wien Marathon of 2:11.07 reaching the Dutch time limit for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Since January 2021 he represents the NN Running Team. In March 2021 he broke two ribs in an attempt to catch a shoplifter. He was injured for two months and wasn’t able to qualify for the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics (as multiple runners ran the time limit). At the 2022 Rotterdam Marathon he set a new personal best of 2 hours 10 minutes and 32 seconds and qualified with the time for the marathon event at the 2022 European Championships in München.

Other websites
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Björn Koreman at World AthleticsEdit on Wikidata
**Johann Baptist Allgaier** (19 June 1763, Schussenried – 3 January 1823, Vienna) was a German-Austrian chess master and theoretician. He was also the author of the first chess handbook in German – *Neue theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel* (Vienna 1795–96).

Biography
---------

A drawing showing how a player like Allgaier was hidden inside the Turk chess machine
Johann Baptist Allgaier was born in 1763 in the Duchy of Württemberg. His father, Georg Allgaier, worked at a monastery as a *Hofmeister*, the person in charge of the education of the children of the rich and noble families. Johann's father wanted him to study theology. On a trip to Poland he learned to play chess. In 1798, he moved to Vienna and joined the army. He was able to improve his chess skills. In 1780, he won a game with a prize of 1500 florins and became Vienna's best player. He taught many people to play chess, including the sons and brothers of the Emperor Francis II.

Allgaier fought in the Napoleonic wars between Austria and France. In 1809, he worked in an army hospital, where he became ill with asthma. When the hospital was moved to Prague he became its accountant. He returned to Vienna in 1816 where the Emperor gave him a small pension. To make extra money, he played chess in the cafés. His games were said to be brilliant and focused on attacking. When he played, people would come to watch. One man, Santo Vito, wrote down some of these games which were included in Allgaier's book. He would play anyone for the price of one gulden. The price also included a short lesson after the game. Allgaier was always looking for ways to make money. This is probably why he worked with Mälzel to operate the Turk. Allgaier played hidden inside the chess machine in 1809. He is believed to be the player controlling the Turk when it won a game against Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace.

In December 1822, he was sent to the military hospital in Vienna and died a few days later of dropsy.

Influence on chess
------------------

In 1795 and 1796  he published his book *Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel.* This was said to be the best chess book of the time. It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.
***Rock Steady*** is the fifth studio album by the American alternative rock band No Doubt. It was released on December 11, 2001. The album was influenced a lot by reggae, dancehall, and electronica, compared to their previous albums. A lot of music critics saw this and gave the album good reviews. For example, *Rolling Stone* magazine put the album as the 316th greatest album of all time in their book *Rolling Stone's List of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time*. It was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards. Four singles were released from the album. The first single, "Hey Baby", won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The second single was nominated for Best Dance Recording. The third single, "Underneath It All", was released August 15 2002. It won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2004 Grammy Awards. The album's last single, "Running", was released July 1 2003.

List of songs
-------------

1. "Intro"
2. "Hella Good"
3. "Hey Baby" (featuring Bounty Killer)
4. "Making Out"
5. "Underneath It All" (featuring Lady Saw)
6. "Detective"
7. "Don't Let Me Down"
8. "Start the Fire"
9. "Running"
10. "In My Head"
11. "Platinum Blonde Life"
12. "Waiting Room" (featuring Prince)
13. "Rock Steady"

The iTunes version of the album has two extra songs.

1. "Underneath It All" (live)
2. "Just a Girl" (live)
**Paul Keres** (7 January 1916 – 5 June 1975) was an Estonian and Soviet chess grandmaster. From about 1937 to 1962 he was one of the top four players in the world.

Keres narrowly missed a chance at a World Chess Championship match on five occasions.p197 He came equal first in the 1938 AVRO tournament, which led to negotiations for a world championship match with Alexander Alekhine, but the match never took place due to World War II. Instead, he played a 14-game match with ex-World Champion Max Euwe in the Netherlands, December 1939 – January 1940. Keres won a hard-fought struggle by 7.5–6.5 (+6 =3 –5). This was a superb achievement: not only was Euwe a former World Champion, but he had enormous experience at match play, far more than Keres.

Estonia had enjoyed independence after World War I, but was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. Keres came second to Botvinnik in the 1941 Leningrad/Moscow Absolute Championship of the USSR. Soon Estonia was annexed again, this time by the Nazi forces. After the war it was seized again by the Soviet Union.

After the war he took part in the 1948 World Championship match-tournament of five top players, which decided the successor to Alekhine. This was won by Botvinnik, and Keres came equal third with Reshevsky. He was then the runner-up in the Candidates' tournament on four consecutive occasions: 1953, 1956, 1959 and 1962. Keres won the USSR championship three times, in 1947, 1950 and 1951. The latter was probably the strongest-ever Soviet championship; it had ten other players who had played in Candidates' tournaments, three of whom won the world title.

Keres played for the USSR in seven successive Chess Olympiads, wining seven team medals, and five individual board medals. Due to these and other strong results, many commentators consider Keres to be the strongest player never to become World Chess Champion. He was nicknamed "The Crown Prince of Chess".p198

Keres was always a man, and never missed the opportunity to say he was an Estonian, not a Russian. When he played at the annual Hastings tournament in 1954/55, a KGB man sat on a chair outside his room at night. He was there "to prevent the grandmaster being disturbed". Paul's demeanor at the board was always totally calm. From looking at him, you could not tell how much time he had left, or what kind of position he had. He had mastered the art of self-control, and his nickname amongst other players was 'Old Stoneface'.

Botvinnik thought his death was "the greatest loss suffered by chess since the death of Alekhine". In his opinion, Keres failed to reach the top because of "a tendency to fade somewhat at decisive moments in the struggle".p198 A rumour that the Soviets had persuaded him to lose deliberately to Botvinnik in the 1948 World Championship has no evidence to back it up.

Keres memorial tournaments are held in Tallinn every two years.

Games
-----

* Paul Keres vs Alexander Alekhine, Margate 1937, Ruy Lopez (C71), 1-0 A good example of the young Keres against the reigning world champion.
* Paul Keres vs Edgar Walther, Tel Aviv 1964, King's Indian, Petrosian System (E93), 1-0 Keres with 1.d4 against the King's Indian defence.
**Veselin Topalov** (Веселин Топалов, born 15 March 1975), is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former 'FIDE world chess champion'. This was a knock-out tournament of lower status than the classical world championship. 

Topalov became the FIDE champion in 2005. He lost his title in a classical match against Vladimir Kramnik, the purpose of which was to unify the titles. During the match, his manager accused his opponent of cheating. The match ended the division between world titles, which had arisen in 1993. Next, Topalov defeated Gata Kamsky in February 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria to earn the right to be the challenger for the World Chess Championship in 2010.  Topalov lost the World Championship match with Anand 5½–6½ in May 2010.

Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar. He was ranked #1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and then had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world #1 ranking again in October 2008, and officially remained #1 until January 2010, when he fell to #2 behind Magnus Carlsen.

He has been ranked number one a total of 27 months in his career, the fourth longest, behind only Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, and Bobby Fischer.
**Benthe König** (born 2 February 2000) is a Dutch athlete from Velp competing in the shot put.

Career
------

König was talented from a young age. At a youth competition König threw farther than the measuring tape. "The organizasion had not taken into account that a pupil whould be to throw that far.

In 2019 König won the silver medal at the 2019 Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships behind Jorinde van Klinken. In that year she started working on a new technique. She competed in the shot put event at the 2019 European Athletics U23 Championships and finished 6th in the final. At the 2020 Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships and 2021 Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships she won the bronze medal.

Due to her position on the world ranking list, she qualified for the 2022 World Athletics Championships in the shot put event in Oregon, United States.

Personal life
-------------

König has three sisters, and all competed in athletics. Benthe was the only of the four who continued with athletics.
**Naomi Faik-Simet** (b. 1977) is a Papua New Guinean dance researcher at the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. She is the first PhD from Papua New Guinea to graduate from a dance studies program. Fail-Simet is also the first dance research her country's government ever employed. She works to preserve and create cultural traditions. Papua New Guinea is working to be modern. Sometimes people do not like traditional ideas. Faik-Simet wants people from Papua New Guinea to remember their culture and not just adopt other cultural traditions. She teaches people about traditional and contemporary dance and music. She shows people traditional and new arts can go together. She represents Papua New Guinea for UNESCO's Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre, the International Council for Traditional Music, World Dance Alliance, and World Alliance for Arts Education.

Early Life
----------

Faik-Simet was born in Papua New Guinea. She grew up during the period after Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia.

Career
------

In 2001, Faik-Simet started working for the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. In 2003 she returned to University of Papua New Guinea to complete her undergraduate college degree. She completed her degree in 2005. Soon, Faik-Simet realized she needed more education. First, she connected with experts who lived in New Zealand, Nicholas Rowe and Ralph Buck. In 2010 she got a scholarship from the University of Auckland to study a traditional dance called "gunge takwaku."

Faik-Simet graduated from University of Auckland in New Zealand with a PhD in dance studies in November, 2021. She studied in New Zealand from. April 28, 2017 until Dec 29, 2020. She studied the impact of colonialism on dance education in Papua New Guinea. Faik-Simet studied how to use dance to pass down culture and knowledge. She is now the assistant director at the Institute of Papua New Guinea. Faik-Simet is the only dance researcher in Papua New Guinea.

Faik-Simet helps organize conferences, like the 8th Symposium of the ICTM Study Group on Music and Dance of Oceania.

She received the Mineral Resource Development Co (MRDC) award in 2011 for making an impact in decolonising dance in Papua New Guinea. The award is a Westpac Public Sector award. It is part of the Westpac Outstanding Women Award.

Personal Life
-------------

Faik-Simet and her husband have two children.