recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Eristicophis** is a monotypic genus made for the venomous viper species "*E. macmahonii*". It is found in the desert areas near the borders of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. There are currently no subspecies recognized. The E. macmahonii is also known as the "*McMahon's Viper*", the "*Asian Sand Viper*", the "*Leaf-nosed Viper*", and the "*Whiskered Viper*".

Description
-----------

The McMahon's Viper is a small species of snake, growing up to less than one meter. Males are smaller than females; males can grow up to the length of 22-40 cm, and females can grow up to the length of 28-72 cm. They are reddish-brown or yellowish brown in color.

Where they live
---------------

The McMahon's Viper is found in the desert regions of Balochistan, near the borders of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Behavior
--------

The McMahon's Viper is said to be nocturnal, but some say it is crepuscular, meaning it is active during the early morning or late evening. It is able to sidewind on loose sand, and sometimes climbs into bushes. It is a aggressive snake, hissing very loudly when disturbed or annoyed, and sometimes it raising its head of the ground and starts striking aggressively. It is able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. When it sinks into the sand it leaves its eyes and snout sticking out of the sand.

Feeding
-------

The McMahon's Viper eats small lizards, small rodents like mice, and sometimes birds.

Reproduction
------------

The McMahon's Viper is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs. It lays around a dozen eggs at a time, and these eggs take around 6-8 weeks to hatch. When the eggs hatch the young are about 6 inches (15 cm) long.

Venom
-----

Not much is known about the McMahon's Viper venom, but some say it is similar to the venom of the Echis.
Daikoku, the God of Wealth in Taoism
In Japan, **Daikokuten** (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.

Location
--------

Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys a high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the ‘year-end-market’ held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.

Purpose
-------

Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.

An old one-yen bank note, first issued in 1885, with a picture of Daikokuten.
For other uses, see Dilemma (disambiguation).
A **dilemma** (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is when two solutions or possibilities are present. If both solutions are undesirable or impossible, this may put a person **on the horns of a dilemma**, neither outcome is comfortable.

The dilemma is sometimes put as a choice "you must accept either A, or B". Here A and B are each leading to some undesirable conclusion. 

In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs from everyday usage. Two options are still present, but choosing between them is immaterial because they both imply the same conclusion. Symbolically expressed thus:

{\displaystyle A\vee B,A\Rightarrow C,B\Rightarrow C\vdash C}

This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."

Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices. The number of choices of horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.

Constructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. X or W.
3. Therefore, Y or Z.
Destructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. Not Y or not Z.
3. Therefore, not X or not W.

Responses to a dilemma
----------------------

In *Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance,* Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

Related pages
-------------

* Prisoner's dilemma
* False dilemma
* Contradiction
* Paradox
* Trilemma
**Dot Jones** (born on January 4, 1964 as Dorothy-Marie Jones) is an athlete and actress who has had multiple roles in television. She played Shannon Beiste in *Glee*.

Dot was born in Turlock, California and moved to Hilmar, where she grew up. When she was in middle school, she became very tall very fast. This made her back hurt, so she started exercising by lifting weights to strengthen the muscles. By high school, she was very good at lifting weights and won contests. She was named the school's female athlete of the year. When she was 19, she tried arm wrestling, and was very good at it. She won the world championship 15 times.

After she graduated high school, Dot went to Modesto Junior College, and then California State University, where she kept playing sports. She got a scholarship for track, which paid for her classes. She played softball and the track sport shot put and set records in the sport. After college, Dot worked with troubled children at the Fresno County Juvenile Probation center while continuing her involvement with sports.

Dot, who had never thought of acting, was seen at a bodybuilding contest by Shirley Eson, who was on the TV show American Gladiators. Shirley said Dot should try out for the show *Knights and Warriors*, which was like *American Gladiators*. Dot got the part.

After *Knights and Warriors* ended, Dot acted in other shows, such as *Full House*, *Roseanne*, *Chicago Hope*, *Lizzie McGuire*, *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*, *iCarly* and *Desperate Housewives*. Dot was well known for playing Coach Kelly on *Lizzie McGuire*. Dot is friends with Ryan Murphy, a man who helped create the TV show *Glee*. Dot is a fan of the show and asked if she could be in it. Ryan created the character Coach Beiste for her.

Other websites
--------------

* Dot Jones on IMDb
***Cutthroat Kitchen*** is a reality cooking television show that airs on Food Network. It began on August 11, 2013. It is hosted by Alton Brown.

Format
------

Four chefs are given three cooking challenges. Each challenge has a type of dish that the chefs have to make in 30 minutes. Before then, the chefs have one minute to get ingredients out of a pantry. After 30 minutes, a judge tastes each dish, and the chef with the worst dish is eliminated.

At the start of the game, the chefs are each given $25,000. In the first two challenges, Brown shows items that are put up to auction for the chefs to buy using their money. The chefs can use these items on other chefs to change their ingredients, what cooking tools they can use, and other things. For example, an item may force a chef to cook using canned ingredients instead of fresh ones. The chef who is eliminated has to give back the money that they have. In the last challenge, no items are shown at first, but during the first minutes of the challenge, Brown will put items up for auction. This makes it so the person who gets the item has to change their dish based on what the item does. The chef that wins keeps the money that they have left.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Cutthroat Kitchen* on IMDb
* *Cutthroat Kitchen* at TV.com
| Electromagnetism |
| --- |
|  |
| Electricity **·** Magnetism **·** Magnetic permeability |
| Electrostatics
Electric charge • Coulomb's law • Electric field • Electric flux • Gauss's law • Electric potential energy • Electric potential • Electrostatic induction • Electric dipole moment • Polarization density |
| Magnetostatics
Ampère's law • Electric current • Magnetic field • Magnetization • Magnetic flux • Biot–Savart law • Magnetic dipole moment • Gauss's law for magnetism |
| Electrodynamics
Lorentz force law • emf • Electromagnetic induction • Faraday’s law • Lenz's law • Displacement current • Maxwell's equations • EM field • Electromagnetic radiation • Liénard–Wiechert potential • Maxwell tensor • Eddy current |
| Electrical Network
Electrical conduction • Electrical resistance • Capacitance • Inductance • Impedance • Resonant cavities • Waveguides |
| Covariant formulation
Electromagnetic tensor • EM Stress-energy tensor • Four-current • Electromagnetic four-potential |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

Imagine an electric field E passing through a surface. Consider an infinitesimal area (dA) on that surface across which E remains constant. Also assume that the angle between E and dA is i. The electric flux is defined as EdAcos(i). E and dA are vectors. Flux is the dot product of E and dA. Using full vector notation, the electric flux {\displaystyle d\Phi \_{E}\,} through a small area {\displaystyle d\mathbf {A} } is given by

{\displaystyle d\Phi \_{E}=\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }
The electric flux over a surface *S* is therefore given by the surface integral:

{\displaystyle \Phi \_{E}=\int \_{S}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }
where **E** is the electric field and d**A** is a differential area on the surface {\displaystyle S} with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. 

For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by:

{\displaystyle \Phi \_{E}=\oint \_{S}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {A} ={\frac {Q\_{S}}{\epsilon \_{0}}}}
where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface (including both free and bound charge), and ε0 is the electric constant. This relation is known as Gauss' law for electric field in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell's equations.

Electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface. But the net electric field, **E**, in the Gauss' Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface. Gauss' Law is true in all situations, but people can only use it to calculate when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field. Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Otherwise, the calculations are too hard to do by hand and must be worked out using a computer.

Electrical flux has SI units of volt metres (V m), or, equivalently, newton metres squared per coulomb (N m2 C−1). So, the SI base units of electric flux are kg•m3•s−3•A−1.

Related pages
-------------

* Magnetic flux

Other websites
--------------

* Electric flux — HyperPhysics
**Edwin Parker "Cy" Twombly, Jr.** (April 25, 1928 – July 5, 2011) was an American artist. He used the nickname "Cy", after his father and the star baseball pitcher Cy Young.

Twombly was known for his large-scale, freely scribbled, calligraphic-style graffiti paintings, on solid fields of mostly gray, tan, or off-white colors. He exhibited his paintings worldwide. Twombly's paintings blur the line between drawing and painting. Many of his best-known paintings of the late 1960s are reminiscent of a school blackboard on which someone has practiced cursive "e"s. Twombly had at this point discarded painting figurative, representational subject-matter, citing the line or smudge – each mark with its own history – as its proper subject. 

Later, many of his paintings and works on paper moved into "romantic symbolism", and their titles can be interpreted visually through shapes and forms and words. Twombly often quoted the poet Stéphane Mallarmé, as well as many classical myths and allegories in his works. Examples of this are his *Apollo and The Artist* and a series of eight drawings consisting solely of inscriptions of the word "VIRGIL". In a 1994 retrospective, curator Kirk Varnedoe described Twombly's work as "influential among artists, discomfiting to many critics and truculently difficult not just for a broad public, but for sophisticated initiates of postwar art as well". After acquiring Twombly's *Three Studies from the Temeraire* (1998–99), the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales said "sometimes people need a little bit of help in recognising a great work of art that might be a bit unfamiliar". He is said to have influenced younger artists such as Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, and Julian Schnabel.

Other websites
--------------

* Cy Twombly: Comprehensive collection of more than 200 images of artist's works with biography, articles and exhibition information.
* From VOGUE to NEST: 032c activates the secret history of CY TWOMBLY by HORST P. HORST in 032, Issue #19, Summer 2010.
* NY Times ArtsBeat, Cy Twombly, *Idiosyncratic Painter dies at 83*
Major General Donald E. Edwards, Vermont Adjutant General, 1981-1997
Major General **Donald E. "Don" Edwards** (June 15, 1937 – August 16, 2018) was an American general and civil servant. He was the Adjutant General of the State of Vermont. Edwards was born in Bellows Falls, Vermont.

He as the senior uniformed officer in the state and responsible for the organization, training and equipping of nearly 4,000 members of the Vermont Army and Air National Guard. 

From 1975 to 1981, he was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives as a Democrat.

His position as Adjutant General also included appointment as Inspector General and Quartermaster General, and head of the State Military Department, including the Veterans Affairs office.

Edwards served as President of the Adjutants General Association of the United States and was a Vice President of the National Guard Association of the United States.

Edwards lived in South Bristol, Maine and Ashburn, Virginia. He died on August 16, 2018 in South Bristol from respiratory failure at the age of 81.
For other uses of the word "doll,", see Dolls.
A woman dressing her dolls
A **doll** is a child's toy that looks like a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the beginning of human civilization, and have been made from many different types of materials, like stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.

While dolls are usually for children, they are also collected by adults, for remembering things from the past, their beauty, their historical importance or their financial value (being worth money). In ancient times, dolls were used as symbols of a deity (god), and played an important role in religious ceremonies and rituals. 

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools, and social workers to train doctors and nurses in different health procedures or to find out about cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed mannequins or ball-jointed dolls in drawing the human body. Action figures are types of dolls that represent superheroes and military people are particularly popular among boys. There are baby dolls, paper dolls, rag dolls, talking dolls, fashion dolls and many others.

English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***doll***
**Earth radius** (represented as ***R*🜨** or **{\displaystyle R\_{E}}**) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid, the radius ranges from a maximum of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) (**equatorial radius**, represented *a*) to a minimum of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi) (**polar radius**, represented *b*). 

Earth radius is sometimes used as a unit of measurement in astronomy and geophysics. The International Astronomical Union recommends that the radius at the equator should be used.

A globally-average value is usually believed to be 6,371 kilometres (3,959 mi) with a 0.3% variability (±10 km) for the following reasons. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) provides three reference values: the *mean radius* (R1) of three radii measured at two equator points and a pole; the *authalic radius*, which is the radius of a sphere with the same surface area (R2); and the *volumetric radius*, which is the radius of a sphere having the same volume as the ellipsoid (R3). All three values are about 6,371 kilometres (3,959 mi).

Other ways to define and measure the Earth radius involve the radius of curvature. A few definitions yield values outside the range between polar radius and equatorial radius because they include local or geoidal topography or because they depend on abstract geometrical that are carefully thought about.
**Edmund Gunter** (1581 – 10 December 1626) was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent. 

He is best remembered for his practical inventions for measurement. These include the **Gunter's chain**, **Gunter's quadrant**, and the **Gunter's scale**. In 1620, he invented the first successful analogue device which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents. These inventions are related to the main practical maths interests of England at that time. These were maritime navigation, land surveying and accounting.

Gunter was taught mathematics by Henry Briggs. He became a Gresham Professor of Astronomy, from 1619 until his death. Gunter invented the terms cosine and cotangent,

Gunter's scale
--------------

William Oughtred (1575–1660), inventor of the slide rule, used Gunter's scale as his starting-point
Gunter’s scale (called by seamen "the Gunter") is a large plane scale, usually 2 ft. long by about 1½ in. broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. By means of this scale questions in navigation, trigonometry etc. are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses.

The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Gunter developed his calculating device with a single logarithmic scale. With additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is the modern slide rule.

Gunter's chain
--------------

Gunter's chain was in common use in surveying up to modern times. It is 22 yards long and is divided into 100 links. Its usefulness comes from its decimal division, and the fact that 10 square chains make an acre. It folds up in sections, and is carried by the surveyor.

Gunter's quadrant
-----------------

His quadrant of 1623 was used for tell the time, find the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian. It used scales and curves of the quadrant and related tables. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple, and was widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.
This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, and other common problems of the globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. These things are needed by ships on long voyages, and on long overland excursions.

Controversies
-------------

Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a controversy over priority (who invented what and when). This involved his one-time student Richard Delamain. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
**Doina Cornea** (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdojna ˈkorne̯a]; 30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor. She was notable as a dissident during the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Activism
--------

Cornea illegally sent the first letter to Radio Free Europe in 1982. It was the first in a series of texts and protests against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. She saw the crisis not just an economic one, but also a spiritual crisis.She said that the Romanian people "a people fed solely on slogans", who value more material values rather than spiritual values, which she defined as the ones which "generated intelligence, ethics, culture, liberty and responsibility".

In August 1987, she addressed an open letter to Nicolae Ceaușescu, in which she advocated reform in the higher education: greater academic freedom.

Beliefs
-------

She argued for freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of travel; on the economic side, her letter (which may have been drafted by other collaborators) argued for closing down loss-making factories, re-tooling factories for being able to compete with foreign companies, hiring foreign managers and recreation of private land ownership, as well as the stopping of the Systematization programme.

House arrest
------------

Cornea was put on house arrest by the Securitate (Romanian government officials). Following a documentary shown on Belgian television, an international campaign for her release began. Resolutions arguing for her release were passed by the European Parliament and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

She was released 21 December 1989 (during the Romanian Revolution, on the day before the Ceaușescu regime fell);

Personal life
-------------

Cornea born in Brașov, Romania. Cornea began studying French and Italian at Cluj University in 1948. In 1980, she published her first *samizdat* book, *Încercarea Labirintului*.

Other websites
--------------

* Dennis Deletant, *Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989*, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, ISBN 978-1-56324-633-3.
A **complementary currency**, or **alternative currency**, is a medium of exchange that is accepted in much the same way as a regular currency, within a group of people or a geographical area. It is made to complement a national currency. Usually complementary currencies are not legal tender, they cannot be used in exactly the same way as money. Their use is based on all the people of the group agreeing to accept them. According to Jérôme Blanc of Laboratoire d'Économie de la Firme et des Institutions, complementary currencies aim to protect, stimulate or orientate the economy. They may also be used to advance particular social, environmental, or political goals.

There are different kinds of these currencies:

* Local or community currencies are used within a locality, or other form of community.
* Regional currencies are similar to local ones, but they are used in a wider geographical area.
* Sectoral currencies are used within one economic sector, for example education or health care.

One system, called mutual credit has the idea that there's a form of credit, that is given, but that does not need banks. Another system is that of barter.

A Local exchange trading system, or LETS trades points, where one point is usually equivalent to one hour of work. This is an example for a time-based currency.

Purposes
--------

Alternative currencies have been made to address specific issues:

* Several of them increase spending; unlike real money, the currency needs to be spent by a given date, else it becomes worthless.
* Such currecies can be useful in comunities that do not have easy access to money.

The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that "all reasons" were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.

One Wörgl Schilling note with demurrage stamps

Further reading
---------------

* Glover, Paul. *Hometown Money: how to enrich your community with local currency.* Greenplanners, 2013.
* Lietaer, Bernard. *The Future of Money*. Random House, 2001.
* Raddon, M. *Community and money: men and women making change*. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003.
* Suhr, Dieter (1990). The Neutral Money Network (NeuMoNe): A Critical Analysis of Traditional Money and the Financial Innovation "Neutral Money"

Other websites
--------------

* *Community Currency Magazine*
* *International Journal of Community Currency Research*
* Online Database of Complementary Currencies Worldwide Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Social Trade Organisation
* Secure eXchange Protocols Archived 2020-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Trade Point: Internal currency of Barter platform
* Alternative Monetary Systems at the Open Directory Project
R160 F train arriving at Bay Parkway
The **F** Queens Boulevard Express/Sixth Avenue Local **are two rapid transit services in the B division of the New York City Subway. Their route bullets are colored orange , since they use and are part of the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan.**

Operations
----------

The F operates at all times between 179 Street in Jamaica , Queens and Stillwell Avenue in Coney Island , Brooklyn , making all stops except for an express section in Queens between Forest Hills - 71st Avenue and 21st Street - Queensbridge. Some trains terminate at Church Avenue or Kings Highway. Two scheduled rush hour trips in the peak direction run express in Brooklyn between Jay Street - Metrotech and Church Avenue , making one stop in between at Seventh Avenue. This express service was introduced in September 2019. In Brooklyn , local service is denoted as (F) in a circle shaped bullet while express service is donated as <F> in a diamond-shaped bullet.

Equipments
----------

The F trains equipment is the R160A-2 , R160B-1 as the R160B Alstom and R160B-2 as the R160B Siemens , the F train had R46s in the past but they got removed and the F train has R160s now .
Donald Bren Hall at UCI
The **Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences** is an academic unit of University of California, Irvine (UCI). The school of ICS consists of three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It is also the only computer science dedicated school within the UC system.

University of California, Irvine's School of ICS has three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It's the only computer science school in UC system. In 2004, Donald Bren donated $20 million and in his honor, the school was renamed after his name, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences.

History
-------

The Department of ICS was first established as an independent department back in 1968, and in 2002 it was officially declared as a school. 

During 2004, the school received an anonymous donation of $20 million, and the donor was later revealed to be Donald Bren. Because of his generous act, the school was then renamed after him "Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences".

Academics
---------

### Undergraduate

Donald Bren offers 8 undergraduate majors-

* Biomedical Computing
* Business Information Management
* Computer Game Science
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Computer Science
* Informatics
* Information and Computer Science
* Software Engineering

ICS school also offers certifies specialization within the major-

* Artificial Intelligence
* Computer System
* Implementation and Analysis of Algorithms
* Information Systems
* Networks and Distributed Systems
* Software Systems

### Graduate

The ICS school offers 11 master's and 7 doctorate level graduate programs.

People
------

Currently, the Dean of the Donald Bren School is Marios Papaefthymiou.

Notable people graduated from the school include: Roy Fielding, Patrick Hanratty, Paul Mockapetris, Steven Joe.

Facilities
----------

The school has three buildings associated with it. The three buildings encompass over 100,000 square feet of space. The three buildings are the Information and Computer Science building, Information and Computer Science 2, and Donald Bren Hall.
Doutzen Kroes
**Doutzen Kroes** (Pronounced *Dow-tsen Croos*) (born 23 January 1985 in Eastermar, Friesland) is a Dutch-Frisian model who has become internationally famous. In the Netherlands she is not only famous as a model, but also for her support for the Frisian language which is her first language. She is married and has two children.

Life
----

After she had finished school Doutzen sent a few holiday photos to a model agency *Paparazzi* in Amsterdam. She hoped she would be able to earn a little extra money. To her amazement she was so successful that in two years she had become a top model.

In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers and was featured as a supermodel on the cover of the May 2007 issue. Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli calendar.

Doutzen appears in shows for Versace and Dolce & Gabbana and has a contract with the cosmetic firm L'Oréal. This contract made her the highest paid Dutch model ever. In November 2007 she became one of Victoria's Secret angels. 

Doutzen’s first language is Frisian. She is very active in the campaign "Praat mar Frysk" ("Let’s speak Frisian") which helps to make the Frisian language popular. She earned a Frisian Press Prize for this work in December 2007.

In 2007 she was the 13th highest paid model in the world, having earned 3,8 million euro.

On 28 April 2008, Madame Tussauds added a wax model of Doutzen to the exhibition. The skirt she is wearing is said to be her favourite skirt. It is designed by Roberto Cavalli.

Doutzen spends most of her time in her apartment in New York.

In 2010 she married Sunnery James a DJ. Their first child, Phyllon, was born in January 2011. Their second child, a girl, was born in 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* Profile at YES Model Management Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
**Crucified Barbara** are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:

* Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
* Klara Force – Guitar
* Ida Evileye – Bass
* Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

History
-------

Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'. It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist. The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

Old members
-----------

* Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* 2005 - *In Distortion We Trust*

### Singles

* 2005 - *Losing The Game*
* 2005 - *Rock'n'Roll Bachelor*
* 2006 - *Play Me Hard*

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

Tours
-----

In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

Other websites
--------------

* CrucifiedBarbara.Com Archived 2011-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Crucified Barbara on MySpace
**Double stopping** means playing two notes at once on a bowed string instrument by drawing the bow across two strings at once while "stopping" two notes by pressing the fingers down on the fingerboard: one finger on each of the two strings being played.

On instruments such as the violin the player is mostly playing one note at a time. It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique. Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed. This is sometimes called multiple stopping. It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin. The bridge is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident. Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings.

Multiple stopping was used a lot in Renaissance music when playing the viol. Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany or Arcangelo Corelli in Italy often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments. It is also used a lot in virtuoso music of composers in the Romantic period such as Niccolò Paganini.
David Lange
**David Lange** (4 August 1942—13 August 2005) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
----------

Lange was born in Otahuhu, Auckland. In 1954, he went to a political meeting which made him want to go into politics. After his father was charged with indecent assault, he decided that he would become a solicitor. After finishing school at Otahuhu College, he went to Auckland University to study law in 1960, and graduated in 1966.

In 1967, he was working as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand. He took over a legal practice in Kaikohe in 1968. He married Naomi Crampton in 1968. He completed his Master of Laws with Honours in 1970.

Politics
--------

Lange became active in politics when he joined the Labour Party in 1963, while he was still at university. He first tried to get elected to the Auckland City Council in 1974, but did not get enough votes. In 1975, he tried to get a seat in Parliament, but again was unsuccessful. A third attempt in 1977 was successful and he won the seat of Mangere. He held this seat until he left politics in 1996. His first speech in the parliament was very successful and he was seen as a possible leader of the Labor Party. In 1979 he was made the Deputy Leader, and in 1982 Lange was made the leader. When the Labor Party won the elections in 1984, David Lange became Prime Minister of New Zealand.

While he was prime minister, Lange passed a policy in 1985 to not let nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters.

He resigned in 1989. He and his wife Naomi separated in the same year after 21 years of marriage. Lange married Margret Pope in 1992.

Further reading
---------------

* *My Life* by David Lange, 2005, Viking, Auckland NZ, ISBN 067004556X
* David Lange Memorial Trust Website




| * v
* t
* e
Premiers and prime ministers of New Zealand |
| --- |
| 
* Sewell
* Fox
* Stafford
* Domett
* Whitaker
* Weld
* Waterhouse
* Vogel
* Pollen
* Atkinson
* Grey
* Hall
* Stout
* Ballance
* Seddon
* Hall-Jones
* Ward
* Mackenzie
* Massey
* Bell
* Coates
* Forbes
* Savage
* Fraser
* Holland
* Holyoake
* Nash
* Marshall
* Kirk
* *Watt (acting)*
* Rowling
* Muldoon
* Lange
* Palmer
* Moore
* Bolger
* Shipley
* Clark
* Key
* English
* Ardern
* Hipkins

 | Coat of arms of New Zealand |
The imperial and U.S. customary systems are similar, but there are some differences between them.

Volume
------

The main difference is in units of volume. The American system has two gallons: a wet and a dry one. The imperial gallon is bigger than each of these. However, the imperial fluid ounce is slightly smaller than the American one.

Comparison of Imperial and U.S. volume measures| 1 U.S. fluid ounce | = 29.573 529 562 5 millilitres | ≈ 1.041 Imperial fluid ounces |
| 1 Imperial fluid ounce | = 28.413 062 5 millilitres | ≈ 0.961 U.S. fluid ounce |
| 1 liquid U.S. gallon | = 3.785 411 784 litres | ≈ 0.833 Imperial gallon |
| 1 Imperial gallon | = 4.546 09 litres | ≈ 1.201 liquid U.S. gallons |
| 1 dry U.S. gallon | = 4.404 842 803 2 litres | ≈ 0.968 Imperial gallon |
| 1 Imperial gallon | = 4.546 09 litres | ≈ 1.032 dry U.S. gallons |

Length
------

The international yard is exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was agreed upon by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in 1959. However, the United States continued to use its old length units for surveying purposes. The US survey foot is exactly 1200/3937 metre.

Weight
------

Another difference is in units of mass. In Britain people often use the stone. One stone is 14 pounds. Eight stones are one hundredweight (112 lb). Twenty hundredweights are one ton. So one British ton is 2240 pounds. It is very close to the tonne of the metric system.

In the United States people do not use the stone. They usually use a hundredweight of 100 pounds. This hundredweight is also called a *short hundredweight*. Twenty short hundredweights are one short ton. The British hundredweight is also called the *long hundredweight* and the Britsh ton is also called the *long ton*.

Related pages
-------------

* Imperial units
* United States customary units
* International System of Units
* Metric system
***Erysimum caboverdeanum*** is a plant species that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the cabbage or mustard family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was named for the first time by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1935. *Caboverdeanum* (or the original *caboverdeana*) is a Latin word that means "Cape Verdean" or "from Cape Verde".

Synonym
-------

Chevalier named, in 1935, this species as *Matthiola caboverdeana*; this name now is a synonym because Sunding changed it to the present name, *Erysimum caboverdeanum*.

Common names
------------

It is locally known as *crabo bravo* ("wild carnation") and *alecrim branco* ("white rosemary").

Description
-----------

*Erysimum caboverdeanum* is a biennial small bush, up to 60 cm (24 in) high; its stems are woody and they stand upright. The narrow leaves are about 4 cm (1.6 in) long and 0.2 cm (0.08 in) wide and their margins are finely toothed.

The flowers, which are white or lilac coloured, are in groups (inflorescences) at the end of the stems. The fruits are very narrow and stand upright.

*Erysimum caboverdeanum* at the botanical gardens in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

Where it grows
--------------

*Erysimum caboverdeanum* is an endemic species of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano *Pico do Fogo*. It is common in soils with a recent volcanic origin at an altitude between 1,600 and 2,300 m (5,249 and 7,546 ft); it is found on the slopes of the volcano and in the *Chã das Caldeiras*, the plain in the volcanic crater.

Uses
----

The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes mainly as an infusion.

It is possible to use it as an ornamental plant, even in places like central Europe.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Erysimum caboverdeanum***.

* Catalogue of Life: *Erysimum caboverdeanum* (Chev.) Sunding Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 21 August 2013
* *Erysimum caboverdeanum* at NCBI, retrieved on 21 August 2013
Using a compass to draw a circle
A **compass** (or **pair of compasses**) is a drawing tool that can be used to draw circles or arcs, parts of circles. They can also be used to measure distances, in particular on maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and more.

Compasses are usually made of metal, and have two parts called *legs* meeting at a hinge. The legs can be moved apart or together to change the size of the circle. One part has a spike, a sharp, pointy part at its end, and the other part has a pencil or a pen. There are two types of compasses: the mechanical compass and normal compass. The mechanical compass is a compass that has a mechanical pencil, and the normal compass is a compass that has a normal pen or pencil on it. To make the compass work, you need to change how far the pencil sticks out.

A divider is a compass that has two parts with a spike, and is used to show measurements of distances and lengths. It is called a divider because it is used to divide (make smaller things from a bigger thing) a distance in two, using geometry.

Uses
----

Circles can be made by pressing the leg with the spike into the paper, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil in the circle. To do this, you need to not to move the legs farther apart or closer together while you are drawing the circle. A circle can be made bigger or smaller by moving the legs farther apart or closer together.

Distances can be measured on a map using dividers,compasses with two spikes. The distance between the spikes on the map shows a distance in reality. Measuring how many times the compasses fit between two things on the map shows the distance between those things.

Compass and straightedge drawing is used to show things in plane geometry (geometry used on a flat area). Real compasses are used on paper, but the perfect compass used in proofs is an imaginary, perfect tool that draws perfect circles. The most strict definition of this ideal tool, used for explaining, is the "collapsing compass". It draws a circle from a given place with a given radius and cannot be used again. That is, unlike a real pair of compasses, it cannot simply be moved to another place and used to draw another circle that is the same.

 Media related to Compass (drafting) at Wikimedia Commons
In Unix computing, **Fluxbox** is an X window manager based on Blackbox 0.61.1. It tries to be lightweight and customizable, and has very little support for graphical icons. Its user interface has only a taskbar and a menu that can be used by right-clicking on the desktop. All basic settings are controlled by text files.

Fluxbox can show some eye candy such as: colors, gradients, borders, and several other basic appearance settings can be changed. Effects managers such as Xcompmgr and transset-df can add true transparency to desktop elements and windows. Enhancements can also be provided by using iDesk or fbdesk Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, or the ROX Desktop.
Fluxbox also has several features Blackbox does not have, including tabbed windows and a configurable titlebar.

Because of its small memory use and quick loading time, Fluxbox is popular in many Live CDs such as Knoppix STD and GParted. It was the default window manager of Damn Small Linux, but was replaced with JWM after the release of Damn Small Linux 4.0. It is currently the default window manager of antiX Archived 2009-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, a linux distribution based on MEPIS and designed for old computers, PCFluxboxOS, a remaster of PCLinuxOS, and LinguasOS, a Live CD distribution for professional translators. Fluxbuntu, Ubuntu with Fluxbox and lightweight applications, was released in October 2007.

Related pages
-------------

* Blackbox
* Openbox
* Fluxbuntu
* LinguasOS
* PCFluxboxOS

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Fluxbox official wiki Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
* #fluxbox on freenode
* LinguasOS Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* PCFluxboxOS
Further information: Competition (biology) and Competition (economics)
A **competition** or **contest** is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something. Someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a **competitor**. The competitors compete against one another. The person who wins may get a prize. The prize might be a trophy or money.

Competitions can be for lots of different things, for example, sport, writing, music, dancing, science, or chess.

Some competitions need a referee. The referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules. In events like music competitions there will often be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.

Horse training for competition.

Forms
-----

* In nature, animals compete with one another for the best food, the best nesting places, etc. According to Charles Darwin, the competition in nature results in evolution.
* In business, firms that make the same things or offer the same services are in competition with one another (see market forms).

The adjective of 'competition' is ***competitive***.

* If persons are "competitive" it means that they like trying to compete with other people.
* Businesses often say that they sell things at "competitive prices". This means that their prices are lower than those of other businesses which sell similar things.

Examples of competitions
------------------------

There are a lot of different kinds of competitions, for example:

* Eating competitions, where people try to eat the most food
* Running competitions, where people see who is the first to run from one place to another
* Sport competitions, where sports teams try to beat each other to win a trophy
* Singing competitions, where someone decides which person sang the best

or see the gallery of images below:

* 
* 
* 
*

Related pages
-------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***competition***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Competitions***.

* International Mathematical Olympiad
* Music competitions
* Science Olympiad
* Spelling bee
President Gerald Ford's casket lying in state at Capitol Hill
President George W. Bush giving a eulogy at Ford's state funeral at the Washington National Cathedral
On December 26, 2006, Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States, died at his home in Rancho Mirage, California at 6:45 p.m. local time (02:45, December 27, UTC).

Background
----------

At 8:49 p.m. local time, President Ford's wife of 58 years, Betty Ford, issued a statement that confirmed his death: "My family joins me in sharing the difficult news that Gerald Ford, our beloved husband, father, grandfather and great-grandfather has passed away at 93 years of age. His life was filled with love of God, his family and his country."

At the age of 93 years and 165 days, Ford was the longest-lived U.S. president in history until November 25, 2017, when his record was then surpassed by George H. W. Bush, who lived to be past 94 years.

Ford was the second president to die during the presidency of George W. Bush, as well as the second to die in the twenty-first century. The first being Ronald Reagan.

Funeral
-------

The schedule for the state funeral was announced at a press briefing on December 27 in Palm Desert, California.

President and Mrs. Ford and their family chose to have the state funeral and related services in three phases (Palm Desert, California; Washington, D.C.; Grand Rapids, Michigan), with his burial in a hillside tomb next to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The services and ceremonies were held from December 29 through January 3.

The state funeral took place at the U.S. Capitol on Saturday, December 30, 2006, with further funeral services on January 2 at Washington National Cathedral and on January 3 at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids.

Other websites
--------------

* Gerald R. Ford Memorial
* Congressional Tribute To President Gerald R. Ford and Complete State Funeral Compilation
* Program for funeral
* State Funeral of Gerald Ford from the Military District of Washington (MDW)
* Honoring Gerald R. Ford, USDoD website
The convection zone is the 3rd layer of the radiative zone. Sun has really hot plasma, because Sun's prominence erupts due to the Sun's rotational speed. Sun is really hot because of the temperature. Sun has a core like Earth. Sun is the largest star in our solar system because of its mass. The inner planets temperature are hot, warm, and cold.

The largest layer of the sun
----------------------------

The largest layer of the sun is the corona. The corona is the sun's atmosphere. Its star's atmosphere is over a million degrees celsius. The sun has an atmosphere, surrounded by gas.

**What is the atmosphere like?**

Sun has a really thick atmosphere, compared to other stars.

**It shows:**

• The atmosphere

• The corona

• Sun's core

> The Sun has a atmosphere, surrounded by hot gas. Its surface temperature is 10,340°F (6,000°C) And the sun is a very hot place to live.
> 
> - Dwayne Saubon
> 
>

Layers
------

**The layers of The Sun**

1. Corona
2. Radiative zone
3. Convective zone
4. Upper and lower chromosphere
5. Photosphere
6. Core