recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***The Chase Spain*** is a upcoming Spanish gameshow from the original British verison of The Chase.

The host of the show will be hosted by Ion Aramendi. The chasers will be Ruth de Andrés (female), Erundino Alonso (male), Lilit Manukyan (female) and Paz Herrera (female).

ITV Studios has confirmed that the gameshow. The Chase has been commissioned by TVE-owned LA1 in Spain, becoming the 14th territory to order the show. The show will be produced by Mediacrest.

It is also to return in Israel on KAN 11, where last year it won the award for Best Game Show at the Israeli Television Awards for the second year in a row. KAN has commissioned two further series. 

The Chase turned 10 last year having first appeared on UK screens – where it is produced by ITV Studios label Potato – in 2009. During that time, it has regularly won its slot and grown its audience share, making it one of ITV’s most successful daytime shows, with more than 1500 episodes.

Since then it has gone on to be commissioned in territories including Australia, Denmark, Germany, and Russia, with six of the 14 international versions produced locally by ITV Studios.

In Germany, the show launched in 2012 in a late-night slot, before being moved to primetime in 2015 where it airs on Das Erste, while in Serbia one in five viewers tune in to watch on RTS1. It launched in Finland on MTV3 in August 2018, where it added +80% to the slot for individuals.
**Anne Bouillon** is a French lawyer born in 1972, specializing in women's rights. She is registered with the bar of Nantes. According to GQ (magazine) she is the most powerful female lawyer in France in 2019.

Anne Bouillon was sworn in in January 2001 before the Aix-en-Provence Court of Appeal after graduating at the top of her class. She began her career in Marseille in immigration and employee law before setting up her own law firm in Nantes in 2003. Her commitment to the defense of women victims of domestic violence, which she made her specialty, and her involvement in feminist associations propelled her to the fore.

In 2019, the mayor of Nantes Johanna Rolland included her on her list in an ineligible position. Her testimony on legal issues relating to the care of women victims of violence by the justice system is regularly the subject of national (La Croix, Liberation, etc.) and regional (West France). In 2023, she is cited by Matthieu Aron in his book *The great pleadings of the tenors of the bar* which relates the trial of Edinson Valejo **·** .

Family
------

Anne Bouillon is the great-niece of Joséphine Baker and her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon, she is also the niece of director Gilles Bouillon and the cousin of actor Bastien Bouillon. She is the mother of a child and married to criminal lawyer Franck Boëzec.

Associations
------------

She participated in the creation of the Citad'elle association in Nantes. She is also a member of the LesFameuses association, an organization bringing together women managers or occupying positions of high responsibility across France. In 2020, she was elected Famer of the Year. In 2023, she will participate in the 250th anniversary of the Grand Orient de France in Nantes as a speaker alongside Georges Sérignac and Pierre Mollier **·** .

Documentary
-----------

* 2023: *Anne Bouillon : Justice pour toutes !*, directed by Dylan Besseau

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  Liberation.fr
2. ↑   La Croix.com
3. ↑  Les 30 avocats les plus puissants de France GQMagazine.fr
4. ↑  Rencontre avec Anne Bouillon : l'avocate spécialisée dans la défense des femmes on *Loire-atlantique.fr*
5. ↑  "Anne Bouillon, la cause des femmes". *annebouillon.com*. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
6. ↑  Ouest-france.de
7. ↑   Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback MachineFrance 3
8. ↑  Municipales 2020. À Nantes, un local et un slogan pour Johanna Rolland on *Ouest-France*
9. ↑  La Croix.com
10. ↑   Libération.fr
11. ↑  Face Arrière livre Les grandes plaidoiries des ténors du barreau
12. ↑  Sommaire livre Les grandes plaidoiries des ténors du barreau
13. ↑  France TV
14. ↑  France 3
15. ↑  La Fameuse interview : Anne Bouillon on *LesFameuses.com*
16. ↑  « La franc-maçonnerie participe à l’amélioration de la société », raconte un Grand Maître on *Ouest-France*
17. ↑  La franc-maçonnerie d’hier à demain, entre tradition et modernité on *fm-mag.fr*
18. ↑   film-documentaire.fr
**Big business** means large-scale and corporate-controlled business activities. The term *big business* refers to activities that run from "huge transactions" to the more general "doing big things". United States companies which are classified as big businesses include although are not limited to Walmart, Microsoft, Apple Inc. General Electric, Verizon Communications, Google, General Motors, Amazon, Tesla and Toyota. Apple Inc. had just over $2.1 trillion as of June 2021. Microsoft had almost $1.8 trillion by that same time. Tesla had about $641 billion by June 2021. The biggest United Kingdom business networks are HSBC, Barclays, Unilever and BP (called British Petroleum before 1998).

The history of big business
---------------------------

According to the *Oxford English Dictionary*, the words *big business* were first mentioned in Frederic Clemson Howe's book *The City: the Hope of Democracy'* in 1905.

The automotive industry started off small in the late 19th century. They grew very fast after large-scale gasoline was developed during the early 20th century.

New technology from computers spread across the world in the years following World War II. Businesses built around computer technology include though are not limited to Microsoft, Apple Inc. Intel, IBM and Samsung.

The criticism of big business
-----------------------------

There are various efforts being made to investigate the effects of "bigness" toward workers, consumers and investors. The effects toward prices and competition are also being looked at.

Large corporations have been subjected to strong controversy and criticism for abusing their employees, exploiting workers, political corruption, white-collar crime and corporate scandals. 

Contrary to popular belief, not all corporations in the United States associate with the Republican Party. Several companies, Delta Air Lines, Coca-Cola and Major League Baseball went against Georgia's new and restrictive voting laws.  Amazon, Google and Starbucks signed a statement that was against legislation which would discriminate against people who have certain racial, ethnic or disability backgrounds and those with certain sexual preferences.

Many Americans believe that corporations have too much power.

Corporate concentration can lead to influence over government in areas such as tax policy, trade policy, environmental policy, foreign policy, and labor policy through lobbying. In 2005, the majority of Americans believed that big business has "too much power in Washington."
The **Doctor of Education** (**Ed.D.** or **D.Ed.**) is a research or professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education. It prepares the holder for academic, research, administrative, clinical, or professional positions in educational, civil and public institutions in most countries.

United States
-------------

In the United States, the EdD tends to be granted by the school of education of universities and is a terminal degree in education. Majors within the EdD may include: counseling, curriculum and instruction and curriculum and teaching, educational administration, education policy, educational psychology, educational technology, higher education, human resource development, language, leadership or technology and innovation in instruction. 

The EdD is used for people such as a professor or lecturer in a university. It may also be used in administrative positions in education and human development field, such as superintendent of schools, human resource director, or principal.
***Theory of the Earth*** was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. This idea, uniformitarianism, was a major step in the History of the geologic time scale. It was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin.

Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows:

"Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".
Hutton's prose hindered his theories. John Playfair in 1802 restated of Huttton's geological ideas in clearer English. However, he left out Hutton's thoughts on evolution. Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the idea of an infinitely repeating cycle (of the erosion of rocks and the building up of sediment). Lyell believed in gradual change, and thought even Hutton gave too much credit to catastrophic changes.

Hutton's work was published in different forms and stages:

1. 1788. Theory of the Earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. *Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh*, vol. **1**, Part 2, pp. 209–304.
2. 1795. *Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations*. 2 vols, Edinburgh: Creech.
3. 1899. *Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations, vol III*. Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie. Geological Society, Burlington House, London.
The **thylacine** (***Thylacinus cynocephalus***) is an extinct species of mammal. It was a carnivorous marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as **Tasmanian tiger**, **Tasmanian wolf** and **Tasmanian hyena**. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old.

Extinction
----------

Thyalcine in Hobart zoo, 1933
Thylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania.

Sailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing "tiger" footprints. The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon.

Thylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world.

Appearance
----------

The Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was gray and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees.

The thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.

The thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear.

Other websites
--------------

* The Thylacine Museum
**Dorothy Parker** (August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, short story writer, critic and satirist. She was best known for her epigrams, wit, wisecracks, and her eye for 20th century fads and conceits.

From an unhappy childhood, Parker rose to fame, both for her writing in *The New Yorker* and as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table. After the breakup of the circle, Parker went to Hollywood to do screenwriting. She got two Academy Award nominations for this, but her involvement in left-wing politics put her on the Hollywood blacklist in the 1950s.

She disliked her reputation as a "wisecracker". Nevertheless, her writing and reputation for her sharp wit have endured.

Sayings of Dorothy
------------------

* *Brevity is the soul of lingerie*.

Caption written for *Vogue* 1916
* *Men seldom make passes  
At girls who wear glasses.*

First printed in *New York World*, (16 August 1925)
* *Excuse my dust.*

Her proposed epitaph for herself, quoted in *Vanity Fair* (June 1925)
* *A lady ... with all the poise of the Sphinx though but little of her mystery*.

About a child actress in her review of same, "Just Around Pooh Corner" in *The New Yorker* (14 March 1931)
* *The 'House Beautiful' is, for me, the play lousy*.

Review of "The House Beautiful" by Channing Pollock, *New Yorker* (21 March 1931)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Dorothy Parker at Wikimedia Commons
A **bellwether** is something that is an indicator of trends. The term is used in economics, law and politics.

In politics
-----------

In politics, a **bellwether seat** is a seat that is generally won by the party that forms government.

### Australia

Australian psephologist Antony Green, who reports live election results for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), classified 11 federal seats as bellwether seats for the 2016 federal election: Dobell, Eden-Monaro, Lindsay, Macarthur, Page and Robertson in New South Wales; Forde, Herbert, Leichhardt and Petrie in Queensland; and Makin in South Australia. Other seats sometimes considered bellwether seats include Corangamite in Victoria; Longman in Queensland; Hasluck in Western Australia; Hindmarsh in South Australia; Bass and Braddon in Tasmania; and Solomon in the Northern Territory. However, many of these seats would no longer be considered bellwether seats; in 2022, when the Coalition lost power to the Labor Party, the Coalition retained the seats of Bass, Braddon, Forde, Herbert, Leichhardt, Lindsay, Longman, Page and Petrie, while Labor already held the seats of Corangamite, Dobell, Eden-Monaro, Hindmarsh, Macarthur, Makin and Solomon, with Labor only gaining two of the mentioned seats from the Coalition (i.e Hasluck and Robertson).

The state seats of Camden, Monaro and Penrith in New South Wales; and Bentleigh, Carrum, Frankston and Mordialloc in Victoria (often called the four "sandbelt" seats); Barron River and Mundingburra in Queensland; and Albany, Geraldton, Joondalup, Southern River and Swan Hills in Western Australia; are often considered bellwether seats.
**Fall Out Boy** (often shortened to **FOB**) is an alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, USA. The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar). They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance".

Overview
--------

Their music is mostly like the pop-punk style, or genre, of music. The band got the name "Fall Out Boy" from a character who appeared in one episode of The Simpsons. "Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album *From Under the Cork Tree*. It has peaked at number eight on the *Billboard* charts. The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me." Their third album is *Infinity on High* and it had lots of success around the world.

Two songs from the album were very popular across the world. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters, which is meant to look as if it were from a text message.

The third single from *Infinity on High* is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over". The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)". Their fourth album *Folie à Deux*, was released on December 16, 2008. "I Don't Care" was the first song released from the album. In late 2009 the band took a rest. Patrick Stump went solo and released his debut album *Soul Punk* on October 18, 2011.

His EP *Truant Wave* was released on February 22, 2011. Bassist Pete Wentz formed the electropop band Black Cards. Guitarist Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley formed a rock band The Damned Things with people from Anthrax and Every Time I Die.

Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album *Save Rock and Roll*, along with a supporting tour, They went on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Fall Tour September 2013 with fellow rock band Panic! at the Disco in support of the album as well. In September 2014, they released a new single, called "Centuries".

Discography
-----------

* *Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend* (2003)
* *Take This to Your Grave* (2003)
* *From Under the Cork Tree* (2005)
* *Infinity on High* (2007)
* *Folie à Deux* (2008)
* *Save Rock and Roll* (2013)
* *PAX AM Days* (2013)
* *American Beauty/American Psycho* (2015)
* *Make America Psycho Again (2015)*
* *MANIA* (2018)
* *So Much (For) Stardust (2023)*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fall Out Boy***.

* Fall Out Boy's MySpace Profile
* Official Website

| * v
* t
* e
Patrick Stump |
| --- |
| **Studio albums** | *Soul Punk* |
| **EP's** | *Truant Wave* |
| **Singles** | "Spotlight (Oh Nostalgia)" **·**  "Porcelain" **·**  "This City" |
| **Other songs** | "Spotlight (New Regrets)" **·**  "Explode" |
| **Related articles** | Fall Out Boy **·**  Island Def Jam |
**Sadeque Hossain Khoka** (12 May 1952 – 4 November 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as the 2nd mayor of Dhaka City Corporation during 2002 to 2011. He was the vice chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and was President of undivided Dhaka city BNP for longest period of the organisation's existence.

Early life and career
---------------------

Khoka was born in a Muslim family. His father was an engineer and a social worker. Khoka attended Dhaka University and completed M.A. in psychology. In 1971 at the age of 19 he fought in the Bangladesh Liberation War. After independence, he worked in organizing soccer, rising to the positions of General Secretary of the Dhaka Metropolitan Football Association and Joint General Secretary of the Bangladesh Football Federation. Khoka was the key person of the football club Brothers Union.

Khoka was first elected to the Jatiyo Sangshad (national legislature) in 1991. In the same year he was made State Minister of Youth and Sports. Khoka also won from his constituency in elections in 1996 and 2001. After Bangladesh Nationalist Party's victory in 2001, Khoka was made Cabinet Minister of Fisheries and Livestock. Being in the office, he fought the Dhaka City Corporation election for mayorship and won. He took office as the Mayor of Dhaka on 25 April 2002. He served as both Minister and Mayor till 2004 when he resigned from the ministry.

Khoka resigned from the mayoral duties of Dhaka on 29 November 2011, when the government passed a bill in parliament to split DCC (Dhaka City Corporation) into two parts and renamed them DCC North and DCC South.

In 2013, Khoka compared the crackdown on Hefazat protestors to the Pakistani crackdown on 25 March and Jalianwala Bagh massacres. In response, Detective Branch police raided the houses of Sadeque Hossain Khoka and Bangladesh Jatiya Party chairman Andaleeve Rahman Partha.

Family
------

Khoka was married to Ismat Ara and had two sons and a daughter. His eldest son Ishraque Hossain is a politician and Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2018 Mayoral election in Dhaka. Another son Ishfaque Hossain is now a Bachelor level student from University of Hertfordshire. His daughter Sarika Sadeque is married to Ahmed Iftekhar, Son of Ahmad Nazir, Ex Parliament Member. Both of them pursued MBA degree from Durham University.

Death
-----

Khoka died from cancer on 4 November 2019 in New York.
The **sousaphone** (US: /ˈsuːzəfoʊn/) is a brass instrument in the same family as the more widely known tuba. 

It was created around 1893 by J.W. Pepper at the direction of American bandleader John Philip Sousa after whom it was named. It was designed to be easier to play than the concert tuba while standing or marching. It should also carry the sound of the instrument above the heads of the band. Like the tuba, sound is produced by moving air past the lips, causing them to vibrate or "buzz" into a large cupped mouthpiece. Unlike the tuba, the instrument is bent in a circle to fit around the body of the musician; it ends in a large, flaring bell that is pointed forward, projecting the sound ahead of the player. Because of the ease of carrying and the direction of sound, it is widely employed in marching bands, as well as various other musical genres. Sousaphones were originally made out of brass but in the mid-20th century started to be made from lighter materials like fiberglass; today both types are in wide use.
This is a top-class hand-made rug from Azerbaijan
A machine-made fitted carpet
A **carpet** is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes. 

Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.

**Rugs** are smaller in size, often placed over a carpet, and often decorated. In Islam, rugs are used as prayer mats, for people to kneel on when they pray.

It is common, especially in the Middle East, for rugs and carpets to be used as wall decoration, and they are designed with decoration in mind. Mass-manufactured carpets in western countries are utilitarian: for hard use on the floor, and usually self-coloured (that is one color over the whole carpet). Traditional rugs from the Middle East are hand-made and may be very expensive by the time they reach shops in the western world.

In some countries carpets are designed in a way to tell stories. They can tell history of family or something important that happened.
**Roberto Luongo** (born April 4, 1979) is a former Canadian ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Luongo retired from the NHL in 2019 after playing for 19 seasons.

Playing career
--------------

Roberto Luongo started playing in the NHL with the Florida Panthers. During the summer of 2006, Luongo was planning to stay in Florida. Instead, the general manager of the Panthers, Mike Keenan, sent him to the Vancouver Canucks, along with Lukas Krajicek, in return for Todd Bertuzzi, Alex Auld, and Bryan Allen. Luongo first said that he was sad because he was leaving so suddenly and Vancouver was very far away.

In the 2007 season, Luongo was in Vancouver. He was voted into the All-Star Game as the starting goaltender. The Canucks went to the playoffs. It was Luongo's first time to reach the playoffs. In one game, against the Dallas Stars, he made around 70 saves, which is very close to breaking records.

On March 4, 2014, a day before the NHL trade deadline, the Canucks traded Luongo along with prospect Steven Anthony to the Florida Panthers for goaltender Jacob Markström and centre Shawn Matthias. Luongo's salary will still be retained by the Canucks.

Other websites
--------------

* Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
The **Wendigo** is a evil spirit and monster that appears in many Native American stories. Not all Native Americans believe in the Wendigo and the ones that do live in certain places, such as near the Great Lakes and eastern Canada. It is said to sometimes even have human-like features. It has a hunger for human flesh that can not be satisfied.

Name
----

The word Wendigo can be spelled in many ways.

The creature is called Wìdjigò in the Algonquin language and wīhtikōw in the Cree language.

Many Wendigo are called Windigoag.

Description
-----------

The wendigo is said to be ugly. It also likes to eat human flesh.

People who are possessed by wendigo spirits can become cannibals. That means they kill and eat other people.

Saying the word Wendigo is believed to make it appear, so people do not say it aloud or they censor it so that the full word is not written out (like wend\*go)

Use of the word
---------------

The word wendigo is also used to describe greedy people who are never satisfied with what they have and just consume more and more. Therefore, it has been used to describe European colonization and its effects on Native people and the land.

Pop culture
-----------

The wendigo has appeared in many comics and shows.
**Marion Vreedendaal-de Groot** (born 1940) is a Dutch former Paralympic table tennis player and swimmer from Amsterdam. At the 1964 Summer Paralympics, she won a gold and silver medal in table tennis, and another gold medal in swimming. She became world champion at the 1962 Stoke Mandeville Games.

Biography
---------

She played field hockey with club HIC in Amsterdam, played tennis and was a swimmer.

In November 1960, when she cycled in Amsterdam, she was hit by a car. Because she had broken her neck, she was paralyzed and became wheelchair dependent. At the rehabilitation center she got in touch with para sports. She started with para table tennis to train her balance and reaction time. After 20 months in the rehabilitation center she could go back home in February 1963. 

Already in 1962, she competed in table tennis at the 1962 Stoke Mandeville Games and won the gold medal.

She was a member of the "Amsterdamse Sportclub". She competed regularly at competitions, including in Maastricht and Brussels.

Ahead of the 1964 Summer Paralympics she trained with a group of 45 people weekly in Amersfoort at the "Juliana van Stolbergkazerne". She practiced table tennis, archery, javelin throw and wheelchair basketball. Initially, she would only participate in table tennis. She was scared to start swimming because she was paralyzed. However, she tried it and was able to swim to she decided also to compete in para-swimming. From that training group, 11 athletes were selected for the Paralympics.

At the Paralympics she competed in disability class A, the most impaired class. In table tennis she competed in the events that are labeled by the IPC as "men’s events". She won a gold, silver and bronze medal. Together with Gerard Jacobs she won the gold medal in the Men's Doubles A1 event and individually she won bronze. In swimming she won the silver medal in the Women's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 1 event behind Evelyn Mulry Moore, the only other competitor.

After returning from the Paralympics she received a huge number of congratulations, including a telegram of the Queen of the Netherlands and prince. She became a member of honor of field hockey club HIC.

In November 1964 she competed at the international wheelchair basketball tournament at the Rai Amsterdam. 

Next to para sports she was designer and translator at science magazine Elsevier and was secretary of the "Amsterdamse Sportclub". She married on 9 June 1966 in Amsterdam to Ph. Vreedendaal.
***The Castle*** is a 1997 Australian movie. *The Castle* starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

*The Castle* was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that *The Castle* is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor.

Plot
----

The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport. The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court. At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.

*The Castle* is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people. Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

Cast
----

* Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
* Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
* Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
* Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
* Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
* Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
* Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
* Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
* Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
* John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy

Quotes
------

It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "*The Castle*". Some of the most popular of these are:

* What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
* Tell 'em they're dreaming!
* A man's home is his castle.
* It's not a house, it's a home.
* Dale dug a hole.
* That is going straight to the Pool Room.
* How's the serenity? So much serenity!
* It's what you do with it.
* It's the vibe.

Related pages
-------------

* Australian Constitutional Law

Other websites
--------------

* *The Castle* on IMDb
The **Gallipoli Campaign**  was an Allied attack on the Gallipoli peninsula during World War I. The campaign took place between April 25, 1915, and January 9, 1916. The Allied forces of the British Empire and of French fought the Ottoman Empire.

The purpose of the attack was allow ships to bring supplies via the Black Sea to help Russia break the stalemate on the Eastern Front. 

HMS Irresistible sinking because of Ottoman Artillery on the coast on 18 March 1915
The campaign started with a naval attack along the Dardanelles. Naval mines sank or damaged several ships, and the Ottomans fought back and stopped the Allies from entering the Sea of Marmara. It was decided that if the Russians were to receive any British help, a land invasion was necessary.

On April 25, 1915, Allied forces landed at various locations along the Gallipoli Peninsula. Many British soldiers landed in the wrong places, which caused heavy casualties. The British landed at Cape Helles and the ANZACs landed at a place that was later known as Anzac Cove. However, the Allies did not push on. Instead, they were told to dig trenches and wait for an Ottoman attack. There was trench warfare until the evacuation of all Allied troops was finally ordered. The campaign is widely viewed as an Allied failure. 

The British historian A.J.P. Taylor wrote of the Gallipoli campaign: "The Gallipoli expedition was a terrible example of an ingenious strategical idea carried through after inadequate preparation and with inadequate drive."

Mustafa Kemal led the Ottoman defenders in what was the only important victory in the war and so he became a hero. Years after the war ended, he became the first President of Turkey. He paid tribute to the ANZAC soldiers who had died there.
Mercerized cotton yarn reels
Spool of a two-ply mercerized cotton thread with a polyester core.
**Mercerisation** is a textile finishing treatment for cellulose fabric and yarn. It is mainly used for cotton and flax. The process changes the properties of the materials: They can be colored more easily, they withstand tearing better, and the fabric will shrink less, when washed. Fabrics treated that way also have a luster which make them resemble silk in some ways.

Sometimes, cotton treated that way is called *Fil d'écosse*. Sometimes wool treated in the Mercosett process is also called mercerised. 

The process of mercerisation is long, and realtively costly. For this reason, only higher quality textiles are treated that way.

Development
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About 1844, John Mercer developed the process. He noticed that when he treated cotton with solutions of sodium hydroxide, this changed the properties of the cotton: The fabric shrank, and had a higher resistance to tearing. It was also easier to color the material using dyes. 

In the original process of Mercer, no tension was applied. The product was termed *fulled cotton*, a nod to the process of fulling in woven wool fabric. For Mercer, making the material easier to color was the most important technical aspect.

Mercer also tried with sulfuric acid and zinc chloride solutions and discovered the parchmentising effect of sulfuric acid.

The silk-like lustre now commonly associated with mercerising is produced by tension and was discovered by Horace Lowe in 1890.

Process
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Treatment with sodium hydroxide destroys the spiral form of the cellulose with formation of alkali cellulose, which is changed to cellulose hydrate on washing out the alkali. Caustic soda concentrations of 20–26% are used. Effective mercerization requires the use of wetting agents.

The improved lustre of mercerised cotton is due to the production of nearly circular cotton fibres under tension. Another characteristic feature is the untwisting (deconvolution) of the cotton hair.

In dry mercerization, the process is carried out while drying the fabric on a stenter.

Other websites
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* Online Encyclopedia - Mercerizing
* Cotton Fabric Mercerization at the Wayback Machine (archived February 2, 2017)
Reconstructed skeleton of the titanosaur *Argentinosaurus huinculensis*, often considered the largest-known dinosaur.
**Dinosaur size** has long been of interest to the scientific and the public. Dinosaurs show some of the most extreme variations in size of any land animal group, ranging from the tiny hummingbirds, which can weigh as little as three grams, to the extinct titanosaurs, which could weigh as much as 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).

We will never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals ever fossilize, and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few specimens recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. Weight estimates for dinosaurs are much more variable than length estimates, because estimating length for extinct animals is much more easily done from a skeleton than estimating weight. Estimating weight is most easily done with the laser scan skeleton technique that puts a "virtual" skin over it, but even this is only an estimate.

Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic, early Jurassic, late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100- to 1,000-kilogram (220 to 2,200 lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude. In comparison, recent predatory carnivore mammals peak in the 10- to 100-kilogram (22 to 220 lb) category. The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between one and ten metric tonnes. This contrasts sharply with the size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb).
The term **conversion of units** refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a *conversion factor* (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit *x* into a unit *y* by the general equation: y = m**•** x + b. That type of conversion is known as a *linear transform* or a mathematical *translation*.

A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.

One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):

* Convert 10 meters: 10 meters × 3.28 ft/m = 32.8 feet.

Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33 feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").
New Guinea and its place in the world
New Guinea
Greater bird of paradise
**New Guinea** is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world. Geologically and biologically it is related to Australia. It was first surveyed by Alfred Russel Wallace
in the 19th century, who noted that it was, like Australia, on the eastern side of the Wallace line. That means it is closer to Australia than to Indonesia in its flora and fauna.

On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. These provinces together are called Western New Guinea. The Indonesian "capture" of western Papua New Guinea was a modern act by President Suharto of Indonesia. The Australian "capture" of the eastern half was meant to make sure the peoples of this part of Indonesia were left alone.

An early BBC David Attenborough program showed that the country was wooded with many groups of humans speaking many languages. The most notable animals still alive were the birds of paradise. Of marsupials, the quolls are notable. They are small, solitary carnivores. There are six species surviving, two in New Guinea and four in Australia. 

The number of people on New Guinea is unknown. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea estimated the number around 2020. They say there are about 15 million people. However, the real number could be 23 million or more.

New Guinea is important for its nature and biology. Its largest marsupial, the Diprotodon, is now extinct. Native humans live in sparsely wooded, hilly ground in small groups which speak different languages. New Guinea has over 1000 languages. This is more languages than anywhere else in the world.

Still surviving are the birds pf paradise, with marsupials, including wallabies and possums, and the egg-laying monotreme, the echidna. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodents, there are no pre-human indigenous placental mammals. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the New Guinea singing dog were introduced with human colonization.

1895 gold coin issued by the German New Guinea Company: illustration is of a bird-of-paradise
Little mermaid in the mirror. This is a work of art, showing the statue in the mirror. It is located in a museum near Kopenhagen.
***The Little Mermaid*** (Danish: *Den lille Havfrue*) is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was inspired by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale *The Little Mermaid* by Hans Christian Andersen. It is 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) tall. Sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the bronze statue. It was presented to the public on 23 August 1913.

The statue was the idea of Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg. He asked ballerina, Ellen Price of Copenhagen's Royal Theatre, to pose for the statue. Only the statue's head was modelled on Price. She did not agree to pose in the nude, so the sculptor's wife, Eline Eriksen, posed for the body.

The Little Mermaid has been the victim of vandalism many times since the 1960s. Her head has been cut off, and she has had paint poured over her several times. In September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives. The statue has always been repaired after such acts.

Other websites
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* Official website
* The Little Mermaid Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine 360 degree QuickTime VR panorama from Copenhagen

55°41′34.3″N 12°35′57.4″E﻿ / ﻿55.692861°N 12.599278°E﻿ / 55.692861; 12.599278
Insulin is a peptide hormone containing two chains cross-linked by disulfide bridges (chemical).
**Insulin** is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.

Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.

When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.

Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin *insula* for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.

History
-------

Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", published 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie",

Frederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments they used dogs.

They[*who?*] first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.

The first genetically engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli.

Related pages
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* Peptide hormone
The **Great Fire of London** happened in Central London in 1666. The fire lasted for just under five days, from 2nd September until 6th September.

It is believed to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the 80,000 people that lived in the city. It is not known how many people died in the fire. Only a few deaths are certain, but for many of the victims there were no records. The fire may have cremated many, leaving no recognisable remains. It threatened the aristocratic district of Westminster (the modern West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums, however, it never reached these districts.

The fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) on Pudding Lane. It began just after midnight on Sunday 2nd September and grew very fast. Firefighters of the time usually made firebreaks by destroying buildings around the fire so it could not spread. This did not happen quick enough. Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth was not certain what to do. By the time he ordered such measures, it was too late. The Tower of London guard used gunpowder to make good firebreaks that stopped the fire from spreading to the east.

The fire pushed north on Monday into the center of the city. Some people thought that foreigners were setting the fires. They believed it was the French and Dutch, who at that time were England's enemies in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. On Thursday, the fire spread over most of the city, destroying St. Paul's Cathedral and crossed over the River Fleet. It was close to setting fire to Charles II's court at Whitehall.

The social and economic problems created from this were very large. Leaving London to go and live elsewhere was strongly encouraged by Charles II. He feared a London rebellion amongst the refugees who had lost their property. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire.

The fire is said to have also helped to get rid of the Great Plague which had hit London in 1665, and killed about 70,000 of the 90,000 population, who may have died in the fire. We are able to know a lot about the great fire of London because Samuel Pepys wrote in his famous diary at the time. When the fire started, he looked out of his window, saw the fire and started writing about it.

Damages
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The damages have been calculated to 13,500 houses, 87 parish churches, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St Paul's Cathedral, the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons, the General Letter Office, and the three western city gates—Ludgate, Newgate, and Aldersgate.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Great Fire of London***.

* BBC history site
* Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire