recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A third rail giving electricity to a train
A **third rail** is a metal railway track that is placed on either side of a train track to provide electrical power to trains traveling along the tracks. They are often used on subways and local train services. Before third rails, electricity was carried in overhead wires.

History
-------

In the 19th century engineers found ways to use electricity to power trains. Scottish engineer Robert Davidson designed and built an electric locomotive in 1837 using batteries. Locomotives powered by batteries could not be used on the main railways due to the frequent need to charge them.

German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1879 designed the first reliable electric locomotive to carry passengers. Siemens' design used a 2.2kW electric motor and had a top speed of just over 13 km/h. This new locomotive hauled three passenger cars along a 300 meter circular railway track and carried about 90,000 people in four months during its trail run at the Berlin Industrial Exhibition. Siemens' electric locomotive was the first train to use a third rail and power was provided by a dynamo built for this purpose.

Early electric trains were unable to access a widely available and reliable source of electricity. A network of electricity that went wherever the rail line network went was needed. Whilst many modern long distance trains use an overhead wire system to provide power, the third rail was the first successful means of supplying power. It remains very much in use world-wide today, especially in local and rapid transit systems.

Technical aspects
-----------------

The third rail is usually located outside the two running rails, but occasionally between them. The electricity is transmitted to the train by means of a sliding shoe, which is held in contact with the rail. On many systems an insulating cover is provided above the third rail to protect employees working near the track; sometimes the shoe is designed to contact the side (called side running) or bottom (called bottom running) of the third rail, allowing the protective cover to be mounted directly to its top surface. When the shoe slides on top, it is referred to as top running. When the shoe slides on the bottom it is not affected by the build-up of snow or leaves.

Danger
------

Third rails typically carry hundreds of volts in high amperage current. This makes them very dangerous. In 2005 American James Maki fell onto the third rail at a Boston rail station and suffered extensive and disfiguring injuries. As part of his treatment he became the second American recipient of a face transplant. Many deaths occur around the world each year due to human contact with a third rail. In New York City, there have been multiple cases of people dying because they have urinated on the third rail.

Related pages
-------------

* Subway
* Toronto subway and RT

Other websites
--------------

* MSNBC - Stay alive! Tips to survive a subway emergency
**Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district** is a congressional district in Wisconsin. It has been represented by Democrat Ron Kind since 1997. It is located in western Wisconsin, along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border. The district has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+4, meaning it is roughly four points more conservative than the country. It is one of just seven districts to support Donald Trump in 2020 but also elect a representative from the Democratic Party.

Political characteristics
-------------------------

This district used to favor the Democrats, but has recently begun favoring Republicans slightly. This can be seen by Representative Kind's decreasing margins in recent years: he won 56.5% in 2014, 99.9% in 2016 (he had no opponent), and 59.7% in 2018 - all high percentages - but just 51.3% in 2020, a very narrow victory. The district has also gone from supporting Democrat Barack Obama in 2012, 55-44%, to supporting Republican Donald Trump 49-44% in 2016 and 52-47% in 2020, and the Cook PVI went from even (meaning it was as competitive as the country) to R+4 (meaning it was conservative-leaning). With popular Representative Kind having announced his retirement, some think the district will elect a Republican representative in 2022 for the first time in the 21st century.
Old Melbourne Gaol
The **Old Melbourne Gaol** is a large, historic prison in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bluestone building was the first large prison built in Victoria. It was the location of many executions, including Ned Kelly who was hanged at the prison in 1880. It closed in 1929 and is now a museum.

Melbourne was first settled in 1835 and its first small gaol was built in 1839. A second gaol was built in 1841 next to the Supreme Court buildings. In 1852 work started on a new gaol based on the Pentonville Model Prison design. This had its own outside wall of solid bluestone. A second stage started in 1857, and the wall was extended in 1859. In 1860 the north wing, chapel, central hall and entrance was built. A western wing for female prisoners was started in 1862, and the outside wall was finished in 1864. There were also 17 jailer's houses, a chief warden's house and a hospital. It was built on a high point at the edge of the city. However a report in 1870 said the gaol should be closed and the prisoners moved to a more suitable location. The prison finally closed in 1929.

During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for Australian soldiers. After the war it became a storage building for the Victoria Police. Some of the buildings were pulled down to allow for the building of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, now Victoria University. In 1972 the buildings were taken over by the National Trust as a museum.
Vítězslav Nezval
**Vítězslav Nezval** (26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was a Czech poet.

Biography
---------

Vítězslav Nezval was born in the village of Biskoupky on 26 May 1900. In 1919 started to study law at the University of Brno, but quickly realised that he did not want to be a lawyer. He went to Prague instead and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Prague University. He attended lectures given by František Xaver Šalda, a famous literary critic, there. He was active in the Devětsil literary group. In 1926 he met Františka Řepová, who later became his wife. During the Second World War he was shortly imprisoned. After the war he worked for the Ministry of Information. He died on 6 April 1958 in Prague.

Works
-----

Vítězslav Nezval was a poet, playwright, author of novels, translator and literary critic. He wrote a lot. He was a representative of Poetismus, which was Czech avantgarde. He was also a leading Czech surrealist. His poetry was strongly influenced by modern French literature. He also wrote a book of ballads in the manner of François Villon *52 hořkých balad věčného studenta Roberta Davida*. Nezval's most important works are poems *Edison*, *Signál času*, *Akrobat* and *Podivuhodný kouzelník*. They were collected in the book named *Básně noci*. His novel *Valérie a týden divů* was made into a movie in 1970 by Jaromil Jireš. Many his poems were translated into English. For example Ewald Osers translated *Edison*.

Bibliography
------------

* Vítězslav Nezval, Edison. Báseň o pěti zpěvech. English translation: Ewald Osers, Dvořák, Pelhřimov 2003, ISBN 80-239-0456-6
**Tutu** is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus *Coriaria* (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

*Coriaria arborea*, a **tutu** plant.
Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:

* *Coriaria angustissima*
* *Coriaria arborea*
* *Coriaria lurida*
* *Coriaria plumosa*
* *Coriaria pteridoides*
* *Coriaria sarmentosa*

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (**rimu**). The resulting jelly (**rehia**) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (*Scolypopa australis*) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.
Udon soup with local Japanese style. 
**Udon** (うどん) is a type of thick, wheat-based noodle popular in Japanese cuisine.

Udon is most often served hot as a noodle soup in a mild, salty broth. Its simplest form is called *kake udon*. This consists only of dashi stock, soy sauce (*shōyu*), mirin, and *udon* noodles. Different things can be put on top of the soup as toppings. Often thinly cut scallions are used, along with other common toppings such as kamaboko, prawn or vegetable tempura, some spices, and wakame.

The flavor of the broth and toppings, as well as even noodle texture and thickness, is different from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth made from dark soy sauce (*koikuchi shōyu*) is common in eastern Japan. Light brown broth made from light soy sauce (*usukuchi shōyu*) is common in western Japan. However, many other regional types exist outside of just broth color and mainly vary in toppings used.

Kagawa Prefecture is famous for using udon as a staple food.

Types
-----

* Tempura Udon (topped with tempura such as prawn and squid)
* Tororo Udon (served with grated yam on top)
* Kitsune Udon (topped with deep-fried bean curd)
* Tikara Udon (topped with rice cake)
* Curry Udon (Udon soup is curry,which contains dashi)
* Niku Udon (topped with beef that has been seasoned with mirin and sugar)
* Tanuki Udon (topped with agedama)
* Kamatama Udon (raw egg in boiled udons)
* Bukkake Udon (consists of noodle soup)
* Kamaage Udon (to eat without tighten the boiled noodles)
* Tamagotoji Udon (udon closed with egg)
* Tsukimi Udon (topped with raw egg)
* Nabeyaki Udon (noodles braised in a pan with many toppings)
* Yaki Udon (seasoned baked noodles in a sauce)
* Nabe Udon (to eat with vegetables in a pan)
* Zaru udon (cold udon on zaru)

Definition
----------

According to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), to be udon, a round noodle's diameter has to be over 1.7 mm and a flat noodle's width over 1.7 mm. Udon dough is made from wheat flour and salt.
**Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza** is a Congolese pan-African political activist. He wants to get rid of items in European museums which he says were stolen from the original people of Africa when people from Europe colonised them.

Personal life
-------------

Diyabanza was born in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but fled to France as a political refugee. In 2020, he was 41 years old. He splits his time between France and Togo.

Diyabanza says his family were royalty on his mother's side, since the 15th century, and that his grandfather, governor of Mpangu province in the Kingdom of Kongo, was in charge when the king was not around. He says that when his grandfather was leader, Europeans came and stole artefacts, including a hat made from the skins of different animals, a cane, a copper bracelet, and a leopard skin worn in rituals.

Political activism
------------------

Diyabanza is the head of a pan-Africanist movement called Yanka Nku (*Unité Dignité Courage*, or Unity, Dignity and Courage). He also founded the *Front Multiculturel Anti-Spoliation* (FMAS, or the Multicultural Front Against Pillaging), which tries to give native people items back from European museums. He also campaigns against the use of the CFA franc currency in West and Central Africa.
The **Tirso** (Sardinian: *Tirsu*) is the most important river of Sardinia for its length and the size of its drainage basin. It starts on the mountains of the centre of the island and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

Name
----

The river was known in Sardinia as *riu de Aristanis* ("river of Oristano") or, simply, *riu Mannu* (the "big river"). The name Tirso began to be used in modern times following Ptolemy that named it in ancient times as "Thyrsos" (Greek: Tyrsou potamoũ ekbolái, "mouth of the Tirso river").

Geography
---------

Gusana lake, formed by the Taloro river before joining the Tirso
The Tirso river has a length of 159 km (99 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 3,376 km2 (1,303 sq mi).

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season; its average discharge is 16.6 m3/s (590 cu ft/s) but is very low during summer.

### Course

The Tirso river starts in the Buddusò plateau, on the slopes of *Punta Pianedda*, at an elevation of about 985 m (3,232 ft), to the north of the *comune* of Bitti. From here, the river flows to the southwest.

Finally, after 150 km (93 mi), it flows into the Gulf of Oristano in the Sea of Sardinia (Mediterranean Sea). The river enters the sea at about 6 km (3.7 mi) to the north of the city of Oristano.

The river forms the "Omodeo lake", an artificial lake that is 20 km (12 mi) long and 3 km (1.9 mi) wide; it is one of largest artificial lake in Italy.

It flows through 81 comuni.

Main tributaries
----------------

Most tributaries of the Tirso are small streams; the main tributaries are:

* Taloro, the main tributary, 67.61 km (42.01 mi) long and a drainage basin of 495.02 km2 (191 sq mi); and
* Massari, the second largest tributary, 37.78 km (23.48 mi) long and a drainage basin of 833.73 km2 (322 sq mi).

Both rivers are left tributaries of the Tirso.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
--------------

* Zerphaliu: *Il fiume Tirso*[*permanent dead link*] (in Italian)

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***Sivalinga*** is Tamil mystery horror comedy movie directed by P. Vasu with Raghava Lawrence and Ritika Singh in the leading roles. This movie is a remake of Vasu's earlier 2016 Kannada movie of the same name. The project in Tamil, began production in July 2016.

Roles
-----

1. Raghava Lawrence as Shivalingeswaran
2. Shakthi Vasudevan as Raheem
3. Ritika Singh as Sathyabhama
4. Radharavi as Krishnamoorthy
5. Chalapathi Rao
6. Vadivelu as Pattukunjam
7. Brahmanandam
8. Santhana Bharathi as Raheem's father
9. Ajay Ghosh as Raheem's father
10. Jayaprakash as Mr Viswanatha
11. VTV Ganesh as N.Murali
12. Raghu Babu as N.Murali
13. Urvashi as Arasuvai Annalakshmi
14. Bhanupriya as Sarala
15. Saara Deva as Sangeetha
16. Madhuvanti Arun
17. Bharathi
18. Pradeep Rawat as Baba
19. Zakir Hussain as Pigeon Race Organizer
20. Danny Kuttappa
21. P. Vasu in a brief appearance in the song Saarah Saarah

Plot
----

The story revolves around a ghost who when alive was murdered and the case moves to the CID. The CID who deals the case is Shivalingeshwaran. The ghost captures the body of Sathya who is the wife of Shivalingesh and makes her move in a misbehaving way. Later the ghost asks Shiva to help him get revenge of the murderers.

Commercial success
------------------

This movie became a commercial success in both Tamil and Telugu.
***The Nun*** is a 2018 American horror movie directed by Corin Hardy. The movie stars Demián Bichir, Taissa Farmiga, and Jonas Bloquet. It was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 7, 2018. It is additionally a part of *The Conjuring* movie universe.

Premise
-------

A priest with a haunted past and a novice on the threshold of her final vows are sent by the Vatican to investigate the death of a young nun in Romania and confront a malevolent force in the form of a demonic nun.

Cast
----

* Demián Bichir as Father Burke
* Taissa Farmiga as Sister Irene
* Jonas Bloquet as Frenchie
* Bonnie Aarons as Valac
* Ingrid Bisu as Sister Oana

Release
-------

The movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 7, 2018.

Reception
---------

### Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie holds an approval rating of 27% based on 142 critic reviews with an average rating of 4.5/10. The critical consensus on the site reads "*The Nun* boasts strong performances, spooky atmospherics, and a couple decent set-pieces, but its sins include inconsistent logic and narrative slackness." On Metacritic, the movie has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on 32 critics indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Chelsea Phillips-Carr of *Scene Creek* scored the film a 2/5, and said "Gradually, *The Nun* loses interest in being a horror film".

Bloody Disgusting writer Scott Weinberg praised the film and said that "There's an obvious attempt at delivering something slightly more mature than what we normally see in studio-released horror films." Empire Magazine writer Kim Newman scored the film a 3/5, and stated that "It may be a familiar old dark castle runaround, but Corin Hardy delivers eerie images and nerve-scraping sound effects."

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *The Nun* on IMDb
* *The Nun* at Rotten Tomatoes
* *The Nun* at Metacritic
The arms of the Princes of Carignan
The *Palazzo Carignano* in Turin.
The Princess of Lamballe by Jean Laurent Mosnier. Princess Marie Louise of Savoy was a daughter of Prince Louis Victor who later married a French prince of the blood and later became a great friend of Marie Antoinette and was later killed in the French Revolution.
The title of **Prince of Carignan** is the French form of the Italian title of *Prince of Carignano*. The title is more often than not seen in its French form due to the many ties the Carignans had with French royalty and the minor nobility The title stems from a younger son of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Due to their links with the former Ducal family of Savoy the Prince was entitled to the highest rank at the Savoyard court and should the ruling Duke die without heirs the Prince was entitled to succeed to the Ducal throne. The Princes had a Palace in Turin called the *Palazzo Carignano*. The title is similar to that of Prince of Condé in France.

It was a junior line of the House of Savoy. It was founded by Prince Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince di Carignano 21 December 1596 – 22 January 1656), an Italian military commander. His descendants were accepted as *princes strangers* (Foreign Princes) at the court of France, where some held prominent positions, eventually coming to reign as kings of Sardinia from 1831 to 1861 and as kings of Italy from 1861 until the dynasty's deposition in 1946. The Carignanos also, briefly, supplied a king each to Spain and to Croatia, as well as queens consort to Bulgaria and Portugal.

Following the succession of Charles Albert to the throne the title was not used again the family preferring to use other titles named after Italian cities. The famous Princess Marie Louise of Savoy (*princesse de Lamballe*) was a Savoyard princess of this line.

List of Princes
---------------

1. Thomas Francis (1620-1656). The first Prince and founder of the line. He married Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons and had children.
2. Emmanuel Philibert (1656-1709) Second prince who married Maria Vittoria of Savoy and had children.
3. Victor Amadeus (1709-1741)
4. Louis Victor (1741-1778) married Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg and had children.
5. Victor Amadeus (1778-1780) married Princess Joséphine of Lorraine and also had further children.
6. Charles Emmanuel (1780-1800) married Princess Maria Christina of Saxony.
7. Charles Albert (1800-1831). Later succeeded to the Sardinian throne who married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.

Styles of address
-----------------

Sometimes the style of *Highness* was used but at the Savoyard and French courts the style of *Serene Highness* was more often than not used
The Palisades Sill as seen from the Palisades Interstate Parkway. The Hudson River is the background
The **Palisades Sill** is a Triassic intrusion, formed 200 million years ago. It runs through parts of New York and New Jersey. It is noteworthy for **The Palisades**, cliffs which rise steeply above the western bank of the Hudson River. The visibility of the sill,and its unique features, have got much attention from nature enthusiasts, rock climbers, and geologists.

Location
--------

Location map of the Palisades Sill (red) within the Newark Basin (yellow)
The Palisades rising above the Hudson River
The outcrop of the Palisades Sill is quite recognizable for its prominent cliffs above the Hudson River; it is easily seen from the western portions of Manhattan. The exposure is approximately 80 kilometers (50 mi) long, most of it following the Hudson River. It first emerges in Staten Island in New York City. The sill then crosses the state line into New Jersey, where Hoboken, Jersey City, Union City, Fort Lee, and Englewood Cliffs all lie on it.

Geology
-------

Columnar jointing in the Palisades Sill
The end of the Triassic saw large-scale rifting during the break-up of Pangaea. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa, creating the young Atlantic Ocean. Magma came from decompression melting, and some was pushed into the pre-existing sandstones and arkoses. The magma solidified and, after millions of years, the overlying rocks got uplifted and eroded, exposing the Palisades Sill as we see it.

There is an average stratigraphic thickness of 300 meters (~1000 feet), with the famous cliffs rising 100 meters (300 ft) on average above sea level. The intrusion dips between 10 and 15 degrees westward for most of its length. The sill was intruded at a depth of about 3-5 kilometers. These studies also concluded that the sill was in a position nearly identical to its current one (10-to-15-degree dip); this is further confirmed by the still-vertical orientation of the columnar jointing.

The Watchung basalt flows of the Watchung Mountains are eruptions onto the surface of the same magma that created the Palisades Sill.
Styrene molecule
**Styrene** is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be *styrol*, *vinylbenzene*, *phenylethene*, or *phenylethylene*.

Uses
----

Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer. This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization. 

Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called *copolymers*. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (**A**crylonitrile-**B**utadiene-**S**tyrene).

Production
----------

In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction: 

This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..
***Sudden Strike*** is a computer game about World War II. The game was developed by Russian company Fireglow and published by CDV software of Germany. The games focus on tactics without traditional real-time strategy resource gathering and base development.

*Sudden Strike* had a commercial success, with global sales of roughly 800,000 units by 2002.

Gameplay
--------

The main story features three campaigns (Soviets, Germans, and Allied forces).

*Sudden Strike Forever*
-----------------------

*Sudden Strike Forever* was an official add-on to Sudden Strike which shows more historically correct units and equipment. New terrains are also provided. The expansion also improved the game engine, balanced the damage of certain units, and added a map and scenario editor.

The add-on includes 4 scenarios for each of the campaigns for the Germans, the American, the British and the Soviets. Other units which are added into the add-on includes, but not limited to the Universal Carrier for the British. The supply system has also been tweaked with artillery crews automatically resupplying themselves with ammo crates nearby instead of relying on supply trucks to do the job. The supply trucks would still be needed to repair damages inflicted on these artillery units, however.

Reception
---------

### Sales

In Germany *Sudden Strike* became 1 place on Media Control's sales chart for September 2000. It also awarded by The Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The committee noted that *Sudden Strike* had become an "absolute hit".

Publisher CDV Software reported that *Sudden Strike* sold 292,000 units into stores and foreign publishers during 2000, and that sell-through was "running very positively". 

The title became popular in France, where it was the first game published by Focus Home Interactive. It sold 60,000 units at full price and reached #1 on GfK's charts for the French market, and remained there for multiple weeks. Global sell-through of *Sudden Strike* reached roughly 600,000 units by the end of 2001, and around 800,000 units by the end of 2002. This made it one of CDV's best-selling titles at the time, alongside *Cossacks: European Wars*. According to Focus Home, the game's sales in France alone topped 80,000 units by May 2004, and ultimately totaled 250,000 units.

### Critical reviews

John Lee rated the game by five stars and stated that "You VILL play! You VILL enchoy!"

*Sudden Strike* generally received positive reviews. Sudden Strike holds a 69 Metascore based on 16 critics and an 8.2 user score based on 15 ratings on Metacritic. Sudden Strike Forever holds a 70 Metascore from 5 critics and an 8.8 User Score based on 46 ratings.
The **Sudbury Basin**  is a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second-largest verified impact crater on Earth, as well as one of the oldest.

The basin is on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The Sudbury Basin is referred to locally as "The Valley". The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin.

The Sudbury Basin is near a number of other geological structures. None of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of coming from the same geophysical processes.

Formation
---------

The Sudbury basin was formed by a strike from a bolide about 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter. It occurred 1.849 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.

Image taken from Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984/1985
Debris from the impact was scattered over an area of 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi) and traveled over 800 km (500 mi) away — rock fragments ejected by the impact have been found as far as Minnesota.

With such a large impact, debris was most likely scattered globally, but has since been worn away. Its present size is believed to be a smaller portion of a 250 km (160 mi) round crater that the bolide originally created.

Subsequent geological processes have deformed the crater into the current smaller oval shape. Sudbury Basin would then be the second-largest crater on Earth, after the 300 km (190 mi) Vredefort crater in South Africa, and larger than the 170 km (110 mi) Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico.

Structure
---------

NASA satellite image of the Sudbury area
The full extent of the Sudbury Basin is 62 km (39 mi) long, 30 km (19 mi) wide and 15 km (9.3 mi) deep, although the modern ground surface is much shallower.
A vibraslap

The **vibraslap** is a percussion instrument. It is a modern version of the jawbone. Due to the fragile nature of the jawbone, the vibra-slap was created to provide a stronger alternative with a similar sound. It has been used mainly in popular music. Several rock bands have used this sound for the last decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century. It is also popular in Latin music. 

The vibraslap is made of a cowbell-shaped hollow box (acting as a resonator) and a wooden ball connected by a steel rod. The steel rod is bent in an "L" shape that allows the performer to hold the rod in one hand and strike the ball with the palm of their other hand. The steel rod acts as a sort of spring that vibrates the box on the other end. The box acts as a resonating body for a metal mechanism placed inside with a number of loosely fastened pins or rivets that vibrate and rattle against the box, much like the teeth of the jawbone. The vibraslap is produced in a number of sizes using different materials such as wood, metal or composite materials.

The Vibra-Slap was the first patent granted to the instrument manufacturing company Latin Percussion.
The Vibra-Slap's inventor was Martin Cohen. It is sometimes sold as a "Donkey Call" or "Rattleslap".
**Styx** (formerly known as **S/2012 (134340) 1** and informally as **P5**) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It was discovered on June 26, 2012, using the Hubble Space Telescope. It is the fifth moon of Pluto discovered so far. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Kerberos, discovered in 2011.

Discovery
---------

The moon was discovered using nine sets of images taken between 26 June and 9 July 2012 by Wide Field Camera 3 of the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA announced the discovery on 11 July 2012. The images were taken as part of a Hubble survey searching for potential hazards for the New Horizons mission. The New Horizons space probe is going to Pluto at the moment and will arrive in July 2015. The discovery of the moon has made scientists worried about the mission. Pluto may have more bodies, such as dust or rings, orbiting it which cannot be found. These bodies could damage the New Horizons probe. The current plan for New Horizons is that it will pass just inside the orbit of Charon. But this could change if scientists think that the space probe will be damaged.

Physical properties
-------------------

The moon is 10 to 25 km across. Because of its small size, it is likely to be irregular in shape. The moon is very faint, about one one-hundred-thousandth as bright as Pluto. The moon is likely to be made of water ice.

Orbital properties
------------------

Styx orbits the centre of mass of Pluto and Charon at a distance of around 42,000 km. This is in between the orbits of Charon and Nix. The orbital path of the moon is very nearly circular, like the other moons of Pluto. The moon orbits in the same orbital plane as the other moons. The moon takes around 20 days to orbit Pluto.

Origin
------

The moon system around Pluto may exist because of a collision of Pluto with a large Kuiper belt body a very long time ago. Pluto’s moons may have formed from the scattered pieces of rock left behind after the collision.
Tim Duncan with the Spurs
**Timothy "Tim" Theodore Duncan** (born April 25, 1976) is a former professional basketball player from the US Virgin Islands. He played the power forward and center for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) his entire 19 year career.

Early life
----------

Duncan was a swimmer when he was young. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo destroyed the pool he used to practice swimming, and his mother died a year later. Duncan gave up on swimming after this and began playing basketball.

Basketball career
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Duncan played college basketball for four years at Wake Forest University. After college, the San Antonio Spurs chose him with the first pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. Duncan helped the Spurs win NBA championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the NBA in 2002 and 2003. Duncan was a 15 time All-Star and received the title of NBA All-Star Game co-MVP in 2000. He won his 5th and final title of NBA in 2014, when he was 38. He retired after finishing his 19th season.

Other websites
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* 

* Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com
**Timothy Bain** (born 13 June 1978) is a British-Australian writer. He is known for writing comedy, children's and animated series for television and as the creator and co-executive producer of ABC Kids' action-comedy series Kangaroo Beach.

Bain has also written for comedy series including Aardman Animations Epic Adventures of Morph, The Rubbish World of Dave Spud, Rove and The Wedge. His children's series credits include PJ Masks, Bluey, Bob the Builder, Fireman Sam, Go Jetters, Counterfeit Cat, Boyster, Tooned 50, Digby Dragon, Dennis the Menace and Gnasher, Bottersnikes and Gumbles, The New Adventures of Figaro Pho, Kuu Kuu Harajuku, Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding-Dong and Get Ace.

Acting
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Bain has voiced characters in Go Jetters and in Thomas & Friends series 22–24, playing a variety of humans, trains and buses.

Awards
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Bain won Best Children's Episode at the British Writers Guild Awards 2018 and Best Animation at the Australian Writers Guild Awards 2017 for his Counterfeit Cat script "Room of Panic".

Tooned 50, starring the voices of Alexander Armstrong and Brian Cox, and Formula-1 champions Jenson Button, Emerson Fittipaldi, Mika Häkkinen and Alain Prost, won a Gold Eurobest Award in 2013 and a Gold Lovie Award.

Musicals
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Bain has written several high school musical-comedies, You're History!, Lucky, RetroActive and High School Spoof-ical. They are published by Maverick Musicals and have been performed across Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and South Africa.

Short films
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Bain's short animated films *Arctic Adventure* (2000) and *Kidd* *Kelly* (2003) featured the voices of Eric Bana, Sigrid Thornton, John Clarke, Angus Sampson, Dave Hughes, Kim Gyngell and Judith Lucy. They have screened at festivals including the St Kilda Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Melbourne International Animation Festival and the Massachusetts Children's Film Festival.

Other websites
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* Tim Bain on IMDb
* Official website
* Kangaroo Beach website

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**Muon-catalyzed fusion** (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.

To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.

Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.

Positives and negatives
-----------------------

The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.
The Monaro, near Cooma 
**Monaro** (pronounced "mon-air'-ro") is the name of a region in the south of New South Wales, Australia. It also includes a small area of Victoria near Snowy River National Park. The Australian Capital Territory is often considered part of the region. Most towns in the region have very close links with Canberra.

The Monaro region is a large plateau about 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above sea level. It lies between the valley of the Murrumbidgee River in the north, and the Errinundra Plateau in the south. It drops steeply to the coast on its eastern side. Much of the region is an ancient highland, but there is basaltic bedrock near Cooma and Nimmitabel. This produces the only true chernozems in Australia. These are some of the best soils in the whole country. Elsewhere on the Monaro the granitic soils are very infertile. They supported dry forest vegetation before clearing for farming.

Because it is located east of the Snowy Mountains, the rain-bearing westerly winds drop rain and snow on the mountains leaving the Monaro region in a rain shadow. Annual rainfall ranges from 430 mm (17 in) around Dalgety to 700 mm (28 in) at the eastern edge of the plateau. Occasional storms can produce very heavy rainfall. On one day in June 1975, Nimmitabel received 256 mm (10 in) of rain. Temperatures in summer are warm to very warm. The average maximum temperatures range from 28 °C (82 °F) around Canberra and Queanbeyan to 22 °C (72 °F) on the highest parts of the plateau. Nights in summer can be cool, but in winter the region is the coldest part of mainland Australia outside the Alps The with July minimum temperatures averaging −0.3 °C (31 °F) in Canberra and −1.5 °C (29 °F) in Bombala.

The Monaro region features rolling hills that rise to very rugged peaks in the Tinderry Mountains. There are shallow valleys in the upper Murrumbidgee. The basaltic **Monaro Range** separates the Snowy and Murrumbidgee drainages. Because the climate in the basaltic areas is too cold for crops, the main industry is raising sheep and beef cattle.

The Monaro Highway is the main State highway from Canberra to the Monaro region. The main towns in the region are Cooma and Bombala, others include Berridale, Adaminaby, Delegate, Dalgety, Nimmitabel and Jindabyne.
**Makaton** is a set of simple sign language and black-and-white symbols (pictures) which are used alongside simple talk. Makaton is a sign language that is free to teach other people but it is also sold, taught, guarded and checked up on by the business which started it. Makaton started with simple ordinary English and British Sign Language hand-signs; the pictures were added later. It is now used all over the world and changed for the country it is used in. It uses the same hand-signs as the sign language of the country it is used in but not in the same way. For example, in Britain, Makaton hand-signing is mostly made from BSL (British Sign Language), but the signs are used in a different order alongside the simple spoken words. 

Makaton is mainly taught to children and adults with special needs in speech and language, with or without hearing problems, by teachers, teaching assistants and childcare practitioners, carers or caregivers such as parents, grandparents, foster carers, other friends and family, and specialist clinicians such as speech and language therapists. Makaton is also popular to use with babies - "baby signing".

In British television, Justin Fletcher uses Makaton signing in *Something Special*, a series of television programmes aimed at children with special needs shown on CBeebies. It was also used by Dave Benson Phillips while telling nursery rhymes on BBC children's television years earlier than this. 

In schools and nursery schools and childcare as well as at home Makaton signs and symbols are often used alongside other ways of talking and showing like photographs and "PECS", which are drawn colour pictures of parts of a routine, like washing hands, eating a snack, or using the toilet. This way of using different ways of showing routines and making requests for people with communication problems is sometimes called "total communication".
The Mall, looking northeast towards Admiralty Arch
The Mall, looking southwest towards Buckingham Palace
The Mall: gate to Green Park
Admiralty Arch
The White Ensign, flag of Royal Navy, shown on St George's Day.
**The Mall**  is a short but important road in London. It runs from Buckingham Palace at its western end to Whitehall, right near Trafalgar Square. On the way, it runs through Admiralty Arch. It is closed to traffic on Sundays and public holidays, and on ceremonial occasions. 

The Mall was built as a ceremonial route in the early 20th century. There are similar ceremonial routes in cities such as Berlin, Mexico City, Oslo, Paris, Saint Petersburg, Vienna and Washington, D.C.. These routes are often used for major national ceremonies. When the Mall was built, a new façade (front face) was constructed for Buckingham Palace, and the Victoria Memorial was erected. 

The Queen Victoria Memorial is in front of the gates of the Palace, whilst Admiralty Arch at the far end leads into Trafalgar Square. The length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi). St. James's Park is on the south side of The Mall, opposite Green Park and St James's Palace, on the north side. Running off The Mall at its eastern end is Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held.

The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a giant red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace. This colour was obtained using synthetic iron oxide pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works (Deanox), which was created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell. 

On VE Day – 8 May 1945 – the Palace was the centre of British celebrations. The King, Queen and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret were on the balcony behind them, to the cheers from a vast crowd on The Mall.

During state visits, the monarch and the visiting head of state are escorted in a state carriage up The Mall, and the street is decorated with Union Flags and the flags of the visiting head of state's country. During the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, over one million people packed The Mall to watch the public displays and the appearance of the Royal Family on the palace balcony. These scenes were repeated in 2011 for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, and again in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and the Diamond Jubilee concert.
**William "Will" Mellor** (born 3 April 1976 in Bredbury, Stockport, Greater Manchester) is an English actor and former pop star.

Early life
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Mellor lived as a child in the Bredbury area of Stockport going to Bredbury Green Primary School and later going to Werneth School, Greater Manchester, and was the youngest of the family with four older sisters: Janice, Cheryl, Joanne and Sarah. Joanne was disabled and died in 2013 at the age 44. Mellor acted in a 2006 blood donation advert, where he tells about his sister's heart surgery.

Mellor first started acting in 1990, when he acted as Ben Rowlingson in the children's programme *Children's Ward*. In 1993 tried to play football with Vauxhall Motors FC, and was about to sign a deal with them until he argued with manager Alex Tannin over bootlaces. This helped his decision to become an actor.

Career
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In 1995, Mellor starting acting in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* in which he played (acted as) James 'Jambo' Bolton. He left the show in 1998. Soon after, he made a cover of Leo Sayer's *When I Need You* as a single, which went to number 5 in the British charts, as well as another song called *No Matter What I Do*, which reached number 23. 

He was also in the music video for Boyzone's Comic Relief single "When The Going Gets Tough".

Shortly after, he returned to acting, playing Greg, in *Is Harry on the Boat?*. He also played Jack Vincent in *Casualty* between 2001 and 2003 and has starred (played one of the main actors) as Gaz Wilkinson in the BBC comedy *Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps* since 2001. He also had a small role in a Christmas version of *Hollyoaks*, in which he played the ghost of Jambo (even though Jambo is not dead). Will also stars as "Barmpot" in postal worker drama *Sorted* and has also played DC Jed Griffiths in the second series of *Murder Investigation Team*. In 2004, he was the voice for Georgie (the dog) in the CITV series *Barking*.

Mellor won the first series of the BBC singing contest *Comic Relief does Fame Academy* in 2003. Mellor made his first appearance on *EastEnders* on 20 May 2007 playing salesman Warren Stamp. *EastEnders* bosses were so happy they wanted Will to stay on for a longer time but he said no to the offer because he had other things to do that he had said yes to.

He was a guest star in the BBC fantasy drama *Merlin*.

In October 2008, he starred in *The Prisoner*, a documentary about prison life.

In February 2021, it was announced that Mellor would join the cast of the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as Harvey Gaskell, with his first scenes airing in March.

Personal life
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Mellor used to date former *Coronation Street* actress Angela Griffin. He met his wife, dancer Michelle McSween when they both starred in the stage musical *Oh, What a Night* in 1999. They have two children, Jayden Will born in 2004 in Hammersmith and Fulham, London, and a baby girl Renee born in June 2008. He supports Manchester United.

Other websites
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* Will Mellor on IMDb
* Bio page on Holby.tv