recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A map of all AONBs
An **Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty** (**AONB**) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government. Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government. The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.

As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi), and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), 2,038 km2 (787 sq mi). The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.

Other websites
--------------

* National Association for AONBs
* Interactive map of AONBs Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
Area code zones in Germany
**Area codes in Germany** (German: *Vorwahl*) for telephones have two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns.

The first digit (after the leading zero) shows the region: 

* (0)2 are found in the west
* (0)3 in the east
* (0)4 in the north
* (0)5 in the north central part of Germany
* (0)6 in the south central part of Germany
* (0)7 in the southwest
* (0)8 in the south and the
* (0)9 in the southeast.

(0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards.
**Astronomical spectroscopy** is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.

The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.

Chemical properties of stars
----------------------------

Continuous spectrum
Emission lines
Absorption lines
Isaac Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.

It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with *dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses*. By comparing the absorption lines of the
Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.
Aswan Low Dam
The **Aswan Low Dam** or **Old Aswan Dam** is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam.

The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.

The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.

The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.

This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) upstream.

The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control. The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.
**Alan Richard Winde** (born 18 March 1965) is a South African politician and businessman. He is the 7th and current Premier of the Western Cape. He is also a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament for the Democratic Alliance. After his party won a majority in the provincial parliament in May 2019, he became the Premier and replaced Helen Zille. Winde held ministerial positions in Zille's provincial cabinet.

Early life
----------

Winde was born on 18 March 1965 in Knysna, Cape Province. He attended Knysna High School. After high school, Winde founded and worked for many businesses in his hometown.

Career
------

He was first elected as an independent councillor of the Outeniqua Rural Council in the early 1990s. He later decided to run for the South Cape District Council and won a seat on the council. He joined the Democratic Party in 1999 after the party had recruited him to be one of their candidates for the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He was elected. The Democratic Party changed to the Democratic Alliance in 2000.

Winde held senior positions in the Democratic Alliance provincial parliamentary group. He was chief whip of the party's caucus before the 2009 election. After the 2009 election, the party became the majority party in the provincial parliament. Helen Zille became Premier and selected Winde to be the Minister for Finance, Economic Development and Tourism. Winde became Minister for Western Cape Minister for Economic Opportunities in May 2014. The Democratic Alliance chose him as their premier candidate for the 2019 election in September 2018. Zille moved him to the Community Safety department in November 2018.

The party kept their majority in the legislature in the May 2019 election. The legislature met on 22 May 2019 to choose a new premier and leadership. Winde was elected as Premier after he got 24 votes compared to 10 for his competitor Cameron Dugmore of the African National Congress.

Personal life
-------------

Winde is married to Tracy and they have two children.

Other websites
--------------

* Alan Winde on People's Assembly
* Alan Winde, Mr – South African Government
* Premier of the Western Cape
**Albert Cornelius Freeman, Jr.** (March 21, 1934 – August 9, 2012) was an American actor and director.

Career
------

Freeman has made appearances in many movies, such as *My Sweet Charlie*, *Finian's Rainbow*, and *Malcolm X*, and television series such as *The Cosby Show*, *Law & Order*, *Homicide: Life on the Street*, *Hot L. Baltimore*, and *The Edge of Night*. He is mostly recognized for his portrayal of Police Captain Ed Hall on the ABC soap opera, *One Life to Live*, a role he played from 1972 through 1987, with recurring roles in 1988 and 2000. He won a Daytime Emmy Award for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for that role in 1979, the first actor from the show as well as the first African American actor to earn the award. He was also a director of *One Life to Live*, and was one of the first African Americans to direct a soap opera.

After leaving *One Life to Live*, Freeman appeared in the motion picture *Down in the Delta*. His Broadway theatre credits include *Look to the Lilies*, *Blues for Mister Charlie*, and *Medea*. His role as Elijah Muhammad in the movie based on Malcolm X *Malcolm X* earned him the 1995 NAACP Image Award for NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. Coincidently, he had previously played Malcolm X in the 1979 miniseries, Roots: The Next Generations.

### Later career

Freeman taught acting at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Freeman, Jr. is not related to actor Morgan Freeman. He died on August 9, 2012 in Washington, D.C. he was 78 years old. A memorial service was held on September 10, 2012.

Some of his movies
------------------

* *Dutchman* (1967)
* *Finian's Rainbow* (1968)
* *My Sweet Charlie* (1970)
* *Malcolm X* (1992)
* *Down in the Delta* (1998)

Other websites
--------------

* Al Freeman, Jr. on IMDb
**Astrometry** is a part of astronomy that has to do with measuring the motion of objects in space such as stars. Two main ways to measure these objects are proper motion and parallax.

Proper motion is an object’s change in position over time when seen from the Earth. Just like anything else that moves, a star's proper motion is measured by looking towards the same place at different times and seeing how far the star has moved. The difference with stars is that, from Earth, they seem to move very slowly so we have to measure in arcseconds per year. When a star has a large proper motion, it usually means that it is nearby. Barnard’s Star, the star with the largest proper motion, only moves 1 degree across the sky (3600 arcseconds) in 348 years.

Parallax is the apparent difference in position of an object when seen from two or more different places. When an object is seen from a new place, there is a new line of sight going from the viewer to the object showing a different background in the distance. Parallax is measured using the angle between two lines of sight.

Parallax can also be used to measure distances to the nearest few thousand stars. These distances are measured in parsecs which are equal to about 3.26 light years.
Brachial plexus. Axillary nerve is visible in gray near center
The suprascapular, axillary, and radial nerves. (Axillary labeled at upper right
The **axillary nerve** is a nerve in the armpit. It comes from the brachial plexus. It has nerve fibers from the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The axillary nerve goes through the quadrangular space. It is sometimes called the **circumflex nerve**.

Function
--------

The axillary nerve sends and receives signals from three muscles in the arm: deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles) and the long head of the triceps brachii.

The axillary nerve sends signals to two muscles in the forearm, and to muscles in the hand. The axillary nerve also sends signals to the brain from the shoulder joint, and from the skin.

Injuries and problems
---------------------

The axillary nerve can get injured from shoulder dislocation, squashing the armpit using a crutch or a broken arm. Injury to the nerve results in:

* Paralysis (meaning it can't move) of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle, resulting in trouble moving the arm. Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles results in flat shoulder deformity.
* Loss of feeling in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.
Ayaan Hirsi Ali in 2016.
**Ayaan Hirsi Ali** (born 13 November 1969) is a Dutch-American activist who was born in Somalia. She is known for being critical of female genital mutilation and Islam. She is the daughter of Somali politician Hirsi Magan Isse. In 2005 Hirsi Ali was in *Time* magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Hirsi Ali became an American citizen in 2013. She is married to British historian and public commentator Niall Ferguson.

Early life
----------

Hirsi Ali was born as **Ayaan Hirsi Magan** in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia. Her father Hirsi Magan Isse was put in prison when Hirsi Ali was a baby. She had female genital mutilation done to her when she was five years old. Hirsi Ali's family moved with her to Saudi Arabia then Ethiopia. In 1980 they moved again to Nairobi, Kenya. Hirsi Ali studied at a Muslim Girls' Secondary School.

Life in the Netherlands and United States
-----------------------------------------

In 1992 Hirsi Ali moved to the Netherlands. Between 1995 and 2001 she worked as a translator. 
She started working as a researcher for the Wiardi Beckman Foundation in 2001.
In 2002 she became an atheist. She became a member of the Dutch parliament in 2003. Hirsi Ali wrote the script for a short film directed by Theo Van Gogh called *Submission*. It was released in 2004. Mohammed Bouyeri killed Van Gogh on 2 November 2004. He left a note on Gogh's body. The note was a death threat to Hirsi Ali. In 2006 Hirsi Ali's second book translated in English, *The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women and Islam*, was published.

In 2013 Hirsi Ali became a naturalized US citizen.

In 2014 Brandeis University decided to give Hirsi Ali an honorary degree. Then she was not given the degree because of a campaign.

Political views
---------------

Hirsi Ali supports Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

AHA Foundation
--------------

In 2007 Hirsi Ali started the AHA Foundation. The foundation is for women's rights.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Dutch women politicians
**Amane Yanagimoto** (born 4 August 1998) is a Japanese wheelchair basketball player. She is a member of the Japan women's national wheelchair basketball team and her club Cocktail. She plays as a forward. In 2021 she competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Life
----

When she was two years old she had an illness that resulted in impairment to her lower limbs. She started playing wheelchair basketball when she was twelve years old, being introcuded by staff of the hospital. She made her debut with the national team at the 2014 Asian Para Games in Incheon winning she silver medal. Four years later she again won with the team the silver medal at the 2018 Asian Para Games in Jakarta. She competed at the 2019 Women's U25 World Championship. and 2019 Asia Oceania Championships. 

She was part of the "All Star Five Player at the 2019 Asia Oceania Championships in Thailand. She received the "All Star Five Award" and the "Three Point Award" at the 2020 Empress's Cup.

She studied Life Science at the Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts in Kyotanabe.

Other websites
--------------

* Amane Yanagimoto (JPN) Wheelchair Basketball : Women's Preliminary match
* "Amane Yanagimoto of Japan competes in the Women's Wheelchair..." *Getty Images*. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
Menotti in 1944
***Amahl and the Night Visitors*** is a one-act opera. The words and music were written by Gian Carlo Menotti. Menotti took inspiration from Hieronymus Bosch's *The Adoration of the Magi*, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

Career
------

It was the first opera written for television. Its first performance was on Christmas Eve 1951 on NBC. It was the first show in the famous *Hallmark Hall of Fame* series. About five million people watched the program. It was the largest audience to ever see an opera on television. *Amahl* was shown every year until 1966. 

Menotti wanted Amahl to always be performed by a boy. He wrote, "It is the express wish of the composer that the role of Amahl should always be performed by a boy. Neither the musical nor the dramatic concept of the opera permits the substitution of a woman costumed as a child."

Story
-----

Bosch's *Adoration*
Amahl is a crippled shepherd boy who uses a crutch. He sees a huge star in the night sky. His mother thinks he is lying and sends him to bed. She worries that they will become beggars. 

There is a knock at the door. Three kings ask for a place to rest. They are on their way to Bethlehem to find a newborn child. Amahl pesters them with many questions. Shepherds arrive to dance for the kings. The kings grow sleepy and the shepherds go home. 

The room is dark and everyone is asleep. The mother tries to steal a piece of gold from the kings. She is caught by their servant. Amahl wakes and beats the servant. He falls exhausted. The kings tell the mother to keep the gold. They tell her the wonderful baby they are seeking has no need for gold because his kingdom is Heaven. 

Amahl offers his crutch to this wonderful baby. He takes a few stumbling steps. A miracle has occurred. He can walk. He leaves with the kings to give his crutch to the baby himself. His mother waves good-bye.
The **Amambay department** (Spanish: *Departamento de Amambay*) is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero. Its ISO 3166-2 code is **PY-13**.

The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" (Spanish: *Cordillera de Amambay*). *Amambay* (or *amambái*) means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.

History
-------

The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country. After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department.

Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, *Punta Porá*, because is near the *Punta Porá* Hill; that name was used by the people that transported yerba mate from Mato Grosso to Concepción. The BrazilIan municipality across the border, Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso do Sul), keeps the name.

Geography
---------

The Amambay department is in the north part of the *Oriental* region. It has an area of 12,933 km2 (4,993 sq mi), with a population of 125,611 for a Population density of 9.7.

Amambay is the highest of the Paraguayan departments, 300–400 m (984–1,312 ft) high, and the *Punta Porá* Hill, 700 m (2,297 ft) high, is one the highest point in the country.

### Limits

* To the north: Brazil, separated by the Apa river and the Amambay Cordillera.
* To the east: Brazil, separated by the Amambay Cordillera.
* To the south: Canindeyú department.
* To the west: Concepción and San Pedro departments.

| Places next to Amambay |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Brazil |  |
| Concepción | 
**Amambay**
 | Brazil |
| San Pedro | Canindeyú |  |

 |

### Rivers

The main rivers in the department are the Apa in the north, and the Ypané and the Aquidabán rivers in the central part of the department.

### Climate

As of 2012[update], the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was 1,800.7 mm (70.9 in). The month with the most precipitation was February with 253.6 mm (10.0 in) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was May with 2.1 mm (0.1 in).

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was 22.5 °C (72.5 °F). The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of 31.8 °C (89.2 °F). The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of 17.1 °C (62.8 °F).

Districts
---------

The department is divided in 5 districts:

| Districts | Area(km²) | Population(2015) | Density |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bella Vista | 3,926 | 15,537 | 4.0 |
| Capitán Bado | 3,276 | 18,712 | 5.7 |
| Pedro Juan Caballero | 2,678 | 113,872 | 42.5 |
| Zanja Pytá | 2,106 | 7,362 | 3.5 |
| Karapaí | 1,274 | 3,780 | 3.0 |

Related pages
-------------

* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Amambay Department***.

* Gobernación de Amambay website (in Spanish)
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
**Agavaceae** is a family of plants. Many of these plants grow in dry, hot climates. Some grow in the desert. Well-known plants of this family are the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree. The family includes about 550-600 species in around 18 genera. It is widespread in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.

It is not quite clear how large the family really is. There are genera which some biologists leave out of the family. This includes for example *Cordyline* and *Dracaena*, which are sometimes separated off into a separate family, Dracaenaceae. Recent research has tended to incorporate these into a larger family Ruscaceae, though. *Nolina*, *Beaucarnea*, and *Dasylirion* are sometimes recognized as Nolinaceae or placed in Ruscaceae. Conversely, data from molecular systematics now suggest that Agavaceae should be broadened to include a number of genera previously classified elsewhere. Among them are *Chlorogalum*, *Camassia* and the family Anthericaceae. This would enlarge the family with anything up to 22 genera. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG II classification places Agavaceae, along with a number of other families (including Ruscaceae) in an expanded family Asparagaceae. However, APG II allows the alternative of keeping some of these families, including Agavaceae, separate. In this case, it recommends expanding the family to include the genera currently classified in Anemarrhenaceae, Anthericaceae (with *Anthericum* and *Paradisea*), Behniaceae and Herreriaceae. Most references have retained Agavaceae (in varying circumscriptions) as a family distinct from Asparagaceae. *Hesperocallis*, sometimes placed in its own family, Hesperocallideaceae, has recently been shown to be closely related and its inclusion in Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).

Some species are succulent. In general, Agavaceae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree. The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.

*Agave* species are used to make pulque and mezcal, while others are valued for their fibres. They are quite popular for xeriscaping, many types having showy flowers.



Wikispecies has information on: ***Agavaceae***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Agavaceae***.

Other websites
--------------

* Agavaceae in Flora of North America.
* Agavaceae Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
Amir Fryszer Guttman
**Amir Fryszer Guttman** (April 25, 1976 – July 23, 2017) was an Israeli singer, musician, choreographer, actor, and theater director. He died from drowning after being swept away in the Mediterranean Sea following his nine-year-old niece, whom he had held above water; his niece survived.

Biography
---------

Amir Fryszer Guttman was born as Amir Feiger in Kiryat Haim to a Romanian-born couple. He shortened his original family name to Fei when his parents divorced and added the surname of his maternal grandfather, Guttman, in honor of family members perished in the Holocaust. Fey Guttman began his career as a young journalist and model. After serving in the Israel Defense Forces, he joined an Eilat hotel's entertainment troupe. 

In 1996 he was selected by Hed Arzi Music to join a new boy band called "Hi-Five". Until it was dismantled in 2000, the band released three albums, all of which reached gold status, and an EP, and won the Festigal twice. He released two solo albums during his career: "Mantra" (2000), and "Honey In Beehives" (2007). He wrote and composed several songs for other artists, including Roni Dalumi, Tal Mosseri, Roni Duani, Eliana Tidhar and Tuval Shafir. He also worked as a choreographer and as a producer for Hamsa (musical group), David D'Or, Miri Mesika and as a director/assistant directors for plays such as the Israeli versions of High School Musical and The Jungle Book, amongst others, that featured many stars, including Tuvia Tzafir, Zachi Noy and many others.
***Battlefield 1*** is a first-person shooter video game made by EA DICE and published by EA. This is the fourteenth battlefield game. The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, on October 21, 2016.

This game is a first-person shooter which is built around teamwork. This game is set in World War I and is based on historic events. The player uses weapons from World War I. DICE changed how melee combat worked and added new weapons. The player can also use many vehicles used in World War I.

The campaign, according to Daniel Berlin the game's designer, is larger with more open environments, with more option in the levels. The player controls multiply people during the game, when the character they play as dies, they will become another.

The game's multiplayer is planned to allow 64 players. The new squad system will allow a group of players to join and leave games together. Multiplayer maps are based on World War I location. The game will launch with nine maps and six game modes.

Classes and Battle pickups
--------------------------

Assault - The demolition man of BF1 uses submachine guns and shotguns and is the best for anti-armor and close range firefights.

Medic - The healer of BF1 uses semi-auto/Fully automatic Rifles] and can revive dead teammates and Healing them

Support - Suppressor of BF1 uses Light/Heavy machine guns] can Resupply people (uses mortars and repair tool and limpet\_mines

Sniper - the heavy hitter of BF1 uses long range/short range rifles] can detect people {uses spot flares and trip wires and k bullets}

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Alan Dershowitz and Jimmy Wales, 2009
**Alan Morton Dershowitz** (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer, professor, and political commentator who is Jewish. He has spent most of his career at Harvard Law School, where he became the youngest full professor of law in its history in 1967, at the age of 28. He has held the Felix Frankfurter professorship there since 1993. He was born in Brooklyn.

Dershowitz is known for his role in several important legal cases and as a commentator on the Arab–Israeli conflict. As a criminal lawyer, he has won 13 of the 15 murder and attempted murder cases he has handled, and has represented many celebrity clients, such as Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, Jeffrey Epstein and Jim Bakker. His most famous cases include his role in 1984 in overturning the conviction of Claus von Bülow for the attempted murder of his wife, Sunny, and as the appellate adviser for the defense in the trial of O.J. Simpson in 1995. In 2020, he was hired by President Donald Trump to defend him during his impeachment trial.

He is a political liberal, and has written several books on politics and law, including *Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case* (1985), the basis of the 1990 film; *Chutzpah* (1991); *Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O.J. Simpson Case* (1996); *The Case for Israel* (2003); *Rights From Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights* (2004) and *The Case for Peace* (2005).

He is also a writer (guest columnist/blogger) for The Huffington Post.
The **bard** probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

Well known bards
----------------

* Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
* Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the *Book of Aneirin*.
* Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
* Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
* Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

Related pages
-------------

* Griot, a similar type of person from West Africa
Avenue Franklin Roosevelt
Avenue Franklin Roosevelt
**Avenue Franklin Roosevelt** is a street in Brussels, Ixelles. It is next parallel to Bois de la Cambre, a forest in Brussels. Many houses there were built in the Second World War. It is known as one of the most beautiful boulevards in Brussels. The Ixelles community opposes that people build shops or hotels and apartment buildings have to be no bigger than 16 meters high. There are many embassies and residences of ambasadors located on Avenue Franklin Roosevelt.

History
-------

The avenue was named "Avenue des Nations" in 1922, after Leopold II came the visit de Universal Exposition from 1910. He said it should be a residential area.

In 1945, de "Avenue des Nations" becomes Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, in honor of the president of America.

Notable buildings
-----------------

* The villa Empain is notable as the Boghossian Foundation is taking place there with different exhibitions.
* The villa Bernheim was occupied by Émile Bernheim, former President of the group À l'Innovation and now is an art gallery.
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty used strands of purified DNA such as this, precipitated from solutions of cell components, to perform bacterial transformations
The **Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment** was reported in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation.

This was the culmination of research in the 1930s and early 1940s at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research to purify and characterize the "transforming principle" responsible for the phenomenon first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928. In this early experiment dead *Streptococcus pneumoniae* of the virulent strain type III-S, when injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci, resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

At that time it was thought protein might be the hereditary material. In their paper in 1944, Avery and his colleagues suggest that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and could be analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was an epoch-making experiment, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist not to receive the Nobel Prize for his work.
***Bad News*** is a free online browser game in which players strive to become a fake news tycoon. The game is classified as a serious game and a newsgame aimed at improving media literacy and social impact. The game was produced by the Dutch media organization "DROG" in collaboration with University of Cambridge scientists Jon Roozenbeek and Sander van der Linden. The game has been described by the media as a "fake news vaccine".

The purpose of the game is to immunize the public against misinformation by letting players take on the role of a fake news producer. In the game, players can earn "badges", each of which correspond to common techniques used in the production of fake news, such as polarization, conspiracy theories, discrediting, trolling, and invoking emotion. The goal is to build your own fake news empire and gain as many followers as possible while maintaining credibility. The game is loosely based on a psychological concept known as inoculation theory, where prior exposure and familiarity with common fake news tactics is thought to help confer resistance or mental immunity against fake news.

Other websites
--------------

* Bad News Game official site
* YouTube CNN Interview with game designer
**Aqaba** is a city in Jordan. It is the only city on Jordan's coast. For this reason, it is a very important port city for the country. It is also the largest city on the Gulf of Aqaba. During World War I, T. E. Lawrence led Arab rebels across the Arabian Desert to attack and capture the city, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire then. This was known as the Battle of Aqaba.

Excavations in Aqaba show that people have lived in Aqaba since 4000 BC. It had a thriving copper production industry. Copper is the main constituent of the alloy bronze, the key metal for making weapons during the bronze age. 

Aqaba is the only coastal city in Jordan. It is the largest city among all the cities of the Gulf of Aqaba. It is located in the far south of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on the coast of the Red Sea, and is the center of the Aqaba Governorate. The city is about 330 kilometers south of the Jordanian capital, Amman. It is the fifth largest city in the Kingdom with population estimations at 150,000 people. The city covers an area of 375 square kilometers (144.8 sq mi). Aqaba plays a major role in the Jordanian economy. 

The port of Aqaba is an important sea crossing port for other countries neighboring Jordan. Because of its strategic location at the top of the northeastern Gulf of Aqaba branching from the Red Sea, which mediates the trade routes between the continents of Asia and Africa; All this has made Aqaba and its sea port an important area for thousands of years. 

Aqaba also has a land border with Haql city in Saudi Arabia just across Al-Durra borderline, and a maritime border with both Egypt and the city of Eilat through the Wadi Araba crossing. Both cities are located at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. 

Aqaba is famous for being an attractive area for divers, with its beaches overlooking the Red Sea. The city includes many important industrial facilities, free trade zones, and King Hussein International Airport. It is an important administrative center in the far south of Jordan area, and only export point of phosphate. .
**Astronomer Royal** is a senior post in the Royal Household of the  Sovereign of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 22 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834. No Catholic or Jew has ever held the position. 

King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, "to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation".

From that time until 1972 the Astronomer Royal was Director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich. As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.

List of Astronomers Royal
-------------------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| John Flamsteed | 1675 – 1719 |
| Edmond Halley | 1720 – 1742 |
| James Bradley | 1742 – 1762 |
| Nathaniel Bliss | 1762 – 1764 |
| Nevil Maskelyne | 1765 – 1811 |
| John Pond | 1811 – 1835 |
|  George Biddell Airy | 1835 – 1881 |
| William Christie | 1881 – 1910 |
| Frank Dyson | 1910 – 1933 |
| Harold Spencer Jones | 1933 – 1955 |
| Richard van der Riet Woolley | 1956 – 1971 |
| Martin Ryle | 1972 – 1982 |
| Francis Graham-Smith | 1982 – 1990 |
| Arnold Wolfendale | 1991 – 1995 |
| Martin Rees | 1995 – |
Amalia Lindegren
**Amalia Euphrosyne Lindegren** (22 May 1814 – 27 December 1891) was a famous Swedish painter.

Life
----

She became an orphan when her mother died in 1817. Then, she was adopted by the widow of Benjamin Sandel. Benjamin Sandel is thought to have been her real father.

Amalia liked to draw and wanted to become an artist. When the artist Qvarnström saw her drawings, he got her a permission to study art at the Swedish Academy of Arts in 1849. They thought she was very promising and had great talent. In 1850, she became the first woman who got a scholarship by the Academy to study art in Paris.

In 1856, she was elected to become a member in to the Swedish Academy of Arts. She showed people her paintings in the exhibitions in Paris in 1867, Philadelphia in 1876, and in Chicago in 1893.

Related pages
-------------

* Lea Ahlborn
* Düsseldorf school of painting

Sources
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* Österberg, Carin et al. *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare*. Lund: Signum 1990. (ISBN 91-87896-03-6)

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* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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* Germany
* Sweden

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* RKD Artists
* ULAN

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**Axial Age** (also **Axis Age**, from German: *Achsenzeit*) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from the 8th and the 3rd century BCE. He says that this time was a turning point in human history.

New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. This all happened in places across Eurasia, without obvious contact between the people of these areas.

What is it
----------

> Confucius and Laozi were living in China, all the schools of Chinese philosophy came into being, including those of Mo Ti, Chuang Tse, Lieh Tzu and a host of others; India produced the Upanishads and Buddha and, like China, ran the whole gamut of philosophical possibilities down to materialism, scepticism and nihilism; in Iran Zarathustra taught a challenging view of the world as a struggle between good and evil; in Palestine the prophets made their appearance from Elijah by way of Isaiah and Jeremiah to Deutero-Isaiah; Greece witnessed the appearance of Homer, of the philosophers – Parmenides, Heraclitus and Plato, – of the tragedians, of Thucydides and Archimedes. Everything implied by these names developed during these few centuries almost simultaneously in China, India and the West.
> 
> — Karl Jaspers, *Origin and Goal of History*, p. 2
Asphalt concrete
**Asphalt concrete** is a composite material. It is commonly used to build roads, parking lots, airports, and embankment dams. Asphalt mixtures have been used in making pavements since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is made up of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt. The process was made by Edward De Smedt.

Asphalt mixtures
----------------

Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is done in one of several ways:

### Hot-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMA)

This is made by heating the asphalt binder to make it less viscous, and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it before mixing it. Mixing is done at about 300 °F (roughly 150 °C) for virgin asphalt and 330 °F (166 °C) for polymer modified asphalt, and the asphalt cement at 200 °F (95 °C). HMA is used on roads with lots of traffic.

### Warm-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as WMA)

This is made by adding either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions, or sometimes even water to the asphalt binder before mixing. It is good for the environment because small amounts of fossil fuels are used to make them. It also releases less carbon dioxide into the air. In 2012, a survey of producers that made asphalt in the US found that nearly 25% of asphalt made was warm mix.

### Cold-mix asphalt concrete

This is made by emulsifying the asphalt in water. It is done with an emulsifying agent before mixing. While it is emulsified, the asphalt is less viscous. The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates from it. Cold mix is commonly used on roads with less traffic.
There are 5 **arrondissements in the Bas-Rhin department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Bas-Rhin are:


Arrondissements of Bas-Rhin| INSEEcode | Arrondissement | Capital | Population(2013) | Area(km²) | Density(Inh./km²) | *Communes* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 672 | Haguenau-Wissembourg | Haguenau | 239,965 | 1,421.9 | 168.8 | 142 |
| 673 | Molsheim | Molsheim | 102,824 | 771.2 | 133.3 | 77 |
| 674 | Saverne | Saverne | 129,344 | 1,243.8 | 104.0 | 165 |
| 675 | Sélestat-Erstein | Sélestat | 154,943 | 980.5 | 158.0 | 101 |
| 678 | Strasbourg | Strasbourg | 482,384 | 337.6 | 1,428.9 | 33 |

History
-------

Bas-Rhin is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in four districts: Haguenau, Benfeld, Strasbourg and Wissembourg, with Strasbourg as is capital. Soon, the district of Sarre-Union was created and the name of the district of Benfeld was changed to Sélestat (in its origins, Schlestadt).

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the five districts were changed into four *arrondissements*: Strasbourg, Barr, Saverne and Wissembourg. The subprefecture of Barr was moved to Schlestadt (Sélestat) in 1806.

The Bas-Rhin department was eliminated in 1871 when the territory became part of Germany.

In 1919, Bas-Rhin is again an department when the territory became part of France with the *arrondissements* Strasbourg-Ville, Strasbourg-Campagne, Erstein, Haguenau, Molsheim, Saverne, Sélestat and Wissembourg.

The *arrondissements* Sélestat and Erstein were combined in 1974 to form the *arrondissement* of Sélestat-Erstein.

In 2015, the *arrondissements* Strasbourg-Campagne and Wissembourg were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining *arrondissements*, and only 5 were kept: Haguenau-Wissembourg, Molsheim, Saverne, Sélestat-Erstein and Strasbourg.

Related pages
-------------

* List of arrondissements of France
Coordinates: 55°44′09″N 46°44′08″E﻿ / ﻿55.7358333433°N 46.7355555656°E﻿ / 55.7358333433; 46.7355555656

**Alikovo** (Russian: Аликово; Chuvash: Элĕк, *Elĕk*) is a locality (a *selo*) and the administrative center of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is 67 kilometers (42 mi) south of Cheboksary, on the Cheboksary—Krasnye Chetai and Cheboksary—Yadrin auto routes. Most of the 2,500 people who live there are Chuvash.[*source?*]

Geography
---------

The Abashyrma River flows near Alikovo; and the closest village is Siner.

History
-------

It was first mentioned in 1486.[*source?*]

Climate
-------

The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is −12.9 °C (8.8 °F); average July temperature is +18.3 °C (64.9 °F). The absolute recorded low was −44 °C (−47 °F) and the record high was +37 °C (99 °F). Annual precipitation is up to 552 millimeters (21.7 in).

Infrastructure
--------------

The facilities include a culture center, a theater, a library, a medical clinic, and stores. There is also a postal office, a stadium, a restaurant and cafés, and several gas stations. A market is open on Thursdays. There are two parks—central and one named after Andriyan Nikolayev.

Education
---------

Educational facilities include a middle school and a music school.

Culture
-------

Cultural facilities include a museum, a people's theater, a people's ensemble, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. International Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (*Vir'yal's pancakes*) is held during summers.

Economy
-------

Industry in Alikovo is represented by a building plant, branches of banks and insurance companies, telecommunication offices, and building companies.

Further reading
---------------

* L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
* "Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A. Yefimov E.L. Ananyev A.A. Terentyev G.K. Cheboksary, 2009, ISBN 978-5-7670-1630-3.
This article is about the defunct political party. For the current branch of the Labor Party, see Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch).

Lang Labor members of the 14th Parliament, Old Parliament House, Canberra, 1935
The **Australian Labor Party (NSW)** was an Australian political party commonly known as **Lang Labor**. It was the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party which broke away from the national party and acted independently from 1931 to 1936.

In 1931 Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales, announced the "Lang Plan". This plan would reduce the effects of the Great Depression. The main feature of the plan was to stop making loan repayments to foreign banks. This was the opposite of the policy of the federal Labor government led by James Scullin. As a result, Lang's supporters, led by Jack Beasley and Eddie Ward, were forced out of the federal Caucus. 

This led to a split between the Federal and State leaders of the Labor party. In 1931 Lang's supporters voted with the United Australia Party Opposition in the House of Representatives to bring down the Scullin government. This caused an early election. The New South Wales Branch ran candidates as the Australian Labor Party (New South Wales). They were known as "Lang Labor" candidates. Supporters of the federal party (led in New South Wales by Ted Theodore and Ben Chifley) were known as Federal Labor candidates. 

The elections were a huge defeat for Labor, but most of the Lang members had safe working class seats and survived. Ward was narrowly defeated in East Sydney. (He was re-elected at a by-election in 1932). Theodore and Chifley were both defeated, and Federal Labor won only three seats in New South Wales. At the 1934 federal elections Federal Labor won only one seat (Newcastle).

In 1935 John Curtin became the new federal Labor leader. In February 1936 he brought about a reconciliation with the New South Wales Branch. At the 1937 elections Labor ran as a united party in New South Wales.