recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Jack Dempsey
**William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey** (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926 Known as "The Manassa Mauler", Dempsey was a tremendous puncher famous for his exciting fights, many of which set financial and attendance records.

He won the title by beating Jess Willard on July 4, 1919. He defended the title six times before losing it to Gene Tunney in 1926. They had a rematch in 1927 and Tunney again beat Dempsey. It was during this fight where the "Long Count" took place. Dempsey knocked Tunney down in the seventh round. The referee would not start counting until Dempsey went to a neutral corner, so it is estimated that Tunney had as many as fourteen seconds to rise (instead of the usual ten).

Dempsey retired in 1928. He fought exhibitions after his retirement, served as a commander in the Coast Guard during World War II, and opened a restaurant in New York City.

Dempsey died in 1983.

|
|  |
| Preceded byJess Willard |  **World Heavyweight Champion**July 4, 1919 – September 23, 1926 | Succeeded byGene Tunney |

Other websites
--------------

* Boxing record[*permanent dead link*]
Jeetendra at Colors Indian Telly Awards
**Jeetendra** (**Ravi Kapoor**; 07 April 1942) is an Indian actor and producer. Famous for his dancing,he was called "Jumping Jack". He was awarded a Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003 and the Screen Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. He was frequently cast opposite Sridevi and Jaya Prada. He is one of the most successful film stars in the Bollywood film industry. He is the chairman of the Balaji Telefilms, Balaji Motion Pictures.He has acted in nearly 200 films as the main lead.

Early Life
----------

Jeetendra was born in Amritsar, Punjab, to Amarnath and Krishna Kapoor. His father had business of imitation jewellery, supplied to film industry. He attended St. Sebastian's Goan High School in Girgaum, Mumbai with his friend Rajesh Khanna. While supplying jewellery to V. Shantaram, he was cast as Sandhya's character's double in the 1959 movie *Navrang*.

Career
------

Jeetendra's started acting in 1960s He acted as lead hero for 30 years. Jeetendra's first movie was V. Shantaram's Geet Gaya Patharon Ne (1964) and then Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti (1967). *Farz* (1967) was his first successful movie. Jeetendra's popular co-stars were Sridevi,Jaya Prada,Rekha,Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Moushumi Chatterjee, Reena Roy, Neetu Singh, Sulakshana Pandit and Bindiya Goswami.
**Mary-Louise Parker** (born August 2, 1964) is an American television and movie actress.

Early life
----------

Parker was born in 1964 in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Her mother was Swedish and her father was a judge and served in the United States Army. They lived in Thailand where she attended the International School Bangkok. Parker studied drama at the North Carolina School of the Arts. Her first job in television was a small part on the soap opera *Ryan's Hope* in 1975. In the late 1980s, she moved to New York, where she got a job measuring feet at ECCO (a shoe shop). After a few small roles, she had her first part in a Broadway play in 1990. The play was called *Prelude to a Kiss* and she played the main character called Rita. She won the Clarence Derwent Award for this play and was nominated for a Tony Award. Parker dated her co-star Timothy Hutton for a short time. 

That same year, Parker was noticed by critics when she appeared in a movie called *Longtime Companion*. It was one of the first movies about AIDS. After that, she acted in 1991's *Grand Canyon*, which also starred Mary McDonnell, Danny Glover, Alfre Woodard and Kevin Kline. Parker's next film was *Fried Green Tomatoes*, with Jessica Tandy, Mary Stuart Masterson, Kathy Bates and Cicely Tyson.

Movies
------

* 1990: *Longtime Companion* as Lisa
* 1991: *Grand Canyon* as Dee
* 1991: *Fried Green Tomatoes* as Ruth Jamison
* 1993: *Mr. Wonderful* as Rita
* 1994: *The Client* as Dianne Sway
* 1994: *Bullets Over Broadway* as Ellen
* 1995: *Boys on the Side*
* 1996: *The Portrait of a Lady* as Henrietta Stackpole
* 1998: *Goodbye Lover* as Peggy Blane
* 1999: *Let the Devil Wear Black* as Julia Hirsch
* 2002: *Red Dragon* as Molly Graham
* 2004: *Saved!* as Lillian
* 2005: *Romance & Cigarettes* as Constance
* 2007: *The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford* as Zee James
* 2008: *The Spiderwick Chronicles* as Helen Grace
* 2009: *Solitary Man* as Jordan

Television
----------

* 1975: *Ryan's Hope*
* 2001–2006: *The West Wing* as Amy Gardner (23 episodes)
* 2003: *Angels in America* as Harper Pitt (six episodes)
* 2005–2009: *Weeds* as Nancy Botwin (61 episodes)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mary-Louise Parker***.

* Mary-Louise Parker on IMDb
**Kallang MRT Station (EW10)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Kallang, Singapore. It is painted in yellow livery and located next to the Kallang River, which is famous for its water sports. This is the last above-ground station westbound until Redhill. Westward of the station towards Lavender, the tracks lose elevation until they level out when sufficiently underground. This is because of space limitations in the Central Business District.

The station is within the vicinity of Boon Keng MRT station on the North East Line, Stadium MRT station on the Circle Line and Geylang Bahru MRT station on the Downtown Line. Kallang station is located next to the Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal and within walking distance to the Kallang Riverside Park located at Kampong Bugis.

When Stadium MRT Station was under construction, Kallang station would be crowded when either the Singapore Indoor Stadium or the National Stadium hosted an event. After the opening of the Singapore Sports Hub, a sheltered walkway was built to connect Kallang station to the Singapore Sports Hub to ease overcrowding on Stadium station which only caters to 3-car trains.

It was formerly E3, before 2001.
**LANSA Flight 508** was a plane crash that occurred on December 24, 1971 over the Peruvian Amazon jungle with a balance of 91 dead and with only one young survivor, Juliane Kopcke.

Approximate flight path of OB-R-941
It is the deadliest lightning strike disaster in history.

Accident
--------

Flight 508 took off late around noon heading to Pucallpa and then continued to the city of Iquitos in the middle of the Peruvian jungle. 

It crossed the Peruvian Andes at 7000 m in good weather, having made its last report when it flew over Oyón in the Sierra de Lima, entering 40 minutes after takeoff in Amazonian skies where a bad weather front was germinating. The plane lost height to 6,000 m and began to shake, causing concern among the passengers. 

The developing storm was a Cumulonimbus type with intense electrical activity and the aircraft was subjected to turbulent air currents. 

The voice of a Flight attendant was heard over the loudspeakers: 

>  Passengers, we inform you that the area of ​​turbulence we are going through is due to a major storm over the Amazon jungle. Fasten seat belts
> 
> 

The shakes became more and more violent and the carry-on luggage spilled out of their cubicles. The plane descended about 4,000 m and the pilot was looking for denser air to make an emergency landing. 

At about 12:36 p.m. a lightning bolt is said to have struck the plane over the right wing and set fire to the fuel tank (a fact that was never actually proven with certainty), the fire causing general structural failure. that departed the aircraft at tail level: 

> The plane split in two just in front of me a few rows from the tail, at times the weightlessness accompanied the feeling of vertigo of an abyss visible around us.  My mother forcefully unclasped her hand from mine so that I would never touch her alive again.
> 
> 

Juliane Koepcke, the only survivor, fell from an altitude of 2,000 meters, next to the burning wreckage of the plane, into the jungle.
**Mary Brewster** (ca. 1569 - 17 April 1627) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620 when the ship sailed from England to the New World. She was probably born in England, but her exact birthdate, birthplace, and birth surname are not known with certainty. She married William Brewster about 1592, and bore him six children. 

She lived in The Netherlands several years before emigrating to North America with her family. She survived her first harsh winter of 1620 in the New World, and was one of the four women still alive in 1621 to observe the first Thanksgiving. She died in Plymouth Colony in 1627.

Early life and marriage
-----------------------

View of Scrooby, about 1911
Mary was born in England about 1569, probably in Doncaster, Yorkshire or Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Her maiden name is not known with certainty. Wentworth, Wyrall, Stubbe, Love and others have all been proposed, but none have been proven to be her surname.

She married William Brewster about 1592. It is not known if she was Brewster's first or second wife. She bore him six children: Jonathan, Patience, Fear, an unnamed child who died young, Love, and Wrestling.

The Netherlands
---------------

Mary's husband was the leader of a Separatist congregation near Scrooby. The law required Englishmen to attend the Church of England, but these people secretly met in the Brewster home to worship in their own way. 

The authorities persecuted them for their unconventional religious beliefs and for flouting the law. In 1608, Mary Brewster and her family went to Leiden, The Netherlands to escape the persecution and to practice their religion in peace.

Plymouth Colony
---------------

Unhappy with life in Leiden, the Brewster family decided to emigrate to North America. Mary sailed on the *Mayflower* in 1620 with her husband and her two youngest children, Love and Wrestling. Son Jonathan arrived in Plymouth in November 1621, and daughters Patience and Fear in 1623.

Last years and death
--------------------

Mary Brewster was one of only five women to survive the first winter in the New World, and one of only four women who were still alive for the first Thanksgiving in 1621. She died on 17 April 1627 at Plymouth. Her resting place has not been found.
The tribes of the Andaman Islands – the Jarawa, Great Andamanese, Onge and Sentinelese – are believed to have lived in their Indian Ocean home for up to 55,000 years.

They are now vastly outnumbered by several hundred thousand Indians, who have settled on the islands in recent decades.

Today, approximately 400 members of the nomadic Jarawa tribe live in groups of 40-50 people in chaddhas – as they call their homes.

Like most tribal peoples who live self-sufficiently on their ancestral lands, the Jarawa continue to thrive, and their numbers are steadily growing.

They hunt pig and turtle and fish with bows and arrows in the coral-fringed reefs for crabs and fish, including striped catfish-eel and the toothed pony fish. They also gather fruits, wild roots, tubers and honey. The bows are made from the chooi wood, which does not grow throughout the Jarawa territory. The Jarawa often have to travel long distances to Baratang Island to collect it.

Both Jarawa men and women collect wild honey from lofty trees. During the honey collection the members of the group will sing songs to express their delight. The honey-collector will chew the sap of leaves of a bee-repellant plant, such as Ooyekwalin, which they will then spray with their mouths at the bees to keep them away. Once the bees have gone the Jarawa can cut the bee’s nest, which they will put in a wooden bucket on their back. The Jarawa always bathe after consuming honey.A study of their nutrition and health found their ‘nutritional status’ was ‘optimal’. They have detailed knowledge of more than 150 plant and 350 animal species.
Junot Díaz
**Junot Díaz** (born December 31, 1968) is a Dominican-American writer. His first novel *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* was published in September 2007. In 2008 it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It also won the John Sargent Sr. First Novel Prize. His next novel has not been published yet. It is called *Monstro*.

Early life
----------

Díaz was born in Villa Juana, a neighborhood in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In December 1974 he moved to New Jersey.

Personal life
-------------

He lives with Marjorie Liu.

Work
----

Díaz's first collection of short stories, *Drown*, was published in 1996. His first novel, *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* was published in 2007. It is about a Dominican boy called Oscar Wao, who is growing up in New Jersey. It took him 11 years to write. The book uses both English and Spanish. In 2012 Díaz released a collection of short stories called *This Is How You Lose Her*. He was given the $500,000 MacArthur "Genius grant" award. In 2013 he won the £30,000 Sunday Times EFG Private Bank short story prize. Díaz joins other Hispanic-American writers such as Gloria Anzaldúa, Sandra Cisneros, and Giannina Braschi who use Spanglish phrases in their stories. Spanglish is a mix of English words and Spanish words.

Other websites
--------------

* Facebook page
**Laura Ruth Sadler** (25 December 1980 – 19 June 2003) was an English actress best known for her role as nurse Sandy Harper in the BBC One hospital drama series *Holby City*.

TV career
---------

Sadler was born in Ascot, Berkshire, and took up television acting as a young girl. She was spotted as a future talent at the age of 6 by Dustin Hoffman, who had seen her in a play. After the play had finished Hoffman asked to meet the young actress. Before joining the cast of *Holby City*, her best-known role had been as the character Judi Jeffreys in the children's television series *Grange Hill* from 1997 to 1999. In a tragic coincidence, her *Grange Hill* character was killed after slipping and falling out of a burning building, paralleling her real life death 4 years later. Laura also then played the part of Skirty Marm in a new BBC1 children's comedy, Belfry Witches. Skirty Marm and her friend Old Noshie (Lucy Davis) were teenage witches banished to earth from Witch Island; settling in a sleepy village where they caused mischief.

In 1996 she starred in the feature movie *Intimate Relations* alongside Julie Walters, where she played a Lolita-like girl with a crush on her mother's adulterous lover. She joined the cast of *Holby City*, a spin-off series from the long-running BBC medical drama series *Casualty*, in the show's third series.

Death
-----

In the early hours of 15 June 2003, she fell 40 feet (12 metres) from the balcony of the Holland Park flat of her boyfriend and *Holby City* co-star George Calil after having taken alcohol and cocaine. She suffered severe head injuries, and never regained consciousness. Her family decided to remove her from life support on 18 June 2003 and she died at Charing Cross Hospital a day later. 

Her boyfriend, Calil, then aged 30, who played her character's drug-dealing boyfriend Sean Hunt in *Holby City*, was arrested for questioning before being released on bail. On 26 June police announced that the death was being treated as accidental and no further action would be taken.

Laura continued to feature in pre-recorded episodes of *Holby City* after her death. Laura's mother took part in writing her daughter's character Sandy out of *Holby City*; in the episode, which was broadcast in September 2003, her character won the lottery and subsequently emigrated to Australia.

Other websites
--------------

* Laura Sadler on IMDb
* Laura Sadler at Find a Grave
* BBC News - Holby actor speaks of shock
* BBC News - Actress Laura Sadler dies

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* United States

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Italian Concerto, movement 1

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Italian Concerto, movement 2

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Italian Concerto, movement 3

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*Problems playing these files? See media help.*

The **"Italian" Concerto** (or, Concerto in the Italian style) is a piece of music for harpsichord composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was published in 1735 with the *French Overture* in the second volume of Bach's *Clavier-Übung* (English: "Keyboard Practice"). Both pieces are Bach's interpretations of popular musical forms of the day. The *Italian Concerto* is a three-movement composition written specifically for a two-manual harpsichord (see image).

The first movement is written in F major. It has a time signature of 2/4, but has no tempo marking. It is always played Allegro (fast). The second movement is written in D minor. Its time signature is 3/4, and its tempo marking is Andante (slow). The third movement is written in F major. Its time signature is cut-time (2/2), and its tempo is marked Presto (very fast). The first and third movements are composed in *ritornello* style. This means a theme particular to the movement returns time and again. The second movement is a very florid arioso-like piece.

An orchestral Italian concerto relies upon contrasts between the full orchestra and a small group of instruments which act as soloists. Bach achieves this effect by using the lower manual on the harpsichord as the "full orchestra" and the upper manual as the "small group of instruments".
**Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design** (**LEED**) is a certification program for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings since 2002. This mark of excellence is known across the world and there are four levels of excellence. There are 100 possible base points distributed across five major credit categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, plus an additional six points for Innovation in Design and an additional four points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification.

A LEED construction
LEED is not a standard but an evaluation grid. LEED is a way to think up and realise art projects in a durable way. LEED only applies to buildings and not to products. It is not a prize but a certification that is delivered by the CaGBC (Canada Green Building Consil). They are the ones who will make sure that all the points are well applied and respected.

So, LEED is a grid that helps us obtain a maximum gain of money, health conditions and restrictions on earth pollution. If there is a house to build in Canada, we must do the excavation and that earth is usually brought to a landfill. But, if you want to stay within LEED standards, that earth must be left on the site. Also, if you have to demolish a building, you must use and demonstrate that you recycled all materials in the construction. Also, that you used the maximum quantity of material possible from the old building to the one being built.

Certification
-------------

| Certification | Points |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | 40–49 points |  |
| **Gold** | 60–79 points |  |
| **Platinum** | 80 points and above |  |

Certified: 40–49 points,
Silver: 50–59 points,
Gold: 60–79 points,
Platinum: 80 points and above

Benefits and disadvantages
--------------------------

There are several benefits but there are also disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is the amount of money it takes to start a project. At first, it may seem expensive. If you look at it as a long term investment, though, a LEED project can save a good amount of money.

A 2008 white paper by the Leonardo Academy compared LEED-EB buildings to data from BOMA's Experience Exchange Report in 2007. This showed that LEED-EB certified buildings had better operating cost savings, in 63% of the buildings surveyed. It ranged from $4.94 to $15.59 per square foot of floor space, with an average valuation of $6.68 and a median valuation of $6.07.
Lanhydrock House
**Lanhydrock** is a parish centred on a country estate and mansion in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The parish lies south of the town of Bodmin and is bounded to the north by Bodmin parish, to the south by Lanlivery parish and to the west by Lanivet parish. The population was 171 in the 2001 census.

The parish is in the Diocese of Truro. The parish church is dedicated to St Hydrock and stands in the grounds of Lanhydrock House. Parts date back to the late 15th century and the church has a chancel, nave, north and south aisles and three-stage battlemented tower with one bell.

Lanhydrock House
----------------

The great house stands in extensive grounds above the River Fowey and is has been owned and managed by the National Trust since 1953. Much of the present house dates back to Victorian times but some sections date from the 1620s. It is a Grade I listed building and is set in gardens with formal areas. The hill behind the house is planted with a fine selection of shrubs and trees.

In 1620 the rich merchant Sir Richard Robartes acquired the estate and began building Lanhydrock House, designed to a four-sided layout around a central courtyard. Robartes died in 1624 but work on the building was continued by his son John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor. During the 18th century the east wing of the house was demolished leaving the U-shaped plan seen today. In 1881 a major fire destroyed the south wing and caused much damage to the central section. Of the main house only the north wing, with its 29 metre Long Gallery, and the front porch building survived intact, though the original gatehouse also dates back to the mid 17th century.
**Leptospirosis** (also known as **Weil's disease**, **canicola fever**, **canefield fever**, **nanukayami fever** or **seven day fever**) is a bacterial disease. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus *Leptospira*. This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, *Leptospira*-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice.

Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes. 

It usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. The disease causes little concern, as it is quite rare

Except for tropical areas, Leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the months August to September, in the Northern Hemisphere.
**LAPA Flight 3142** was a domestic scheduled passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-204C registration LV-WRZ. On August 31, 1999, it caused the fourth most serious accident in the history of Argentine aviation. 65 people were killed.

Background
----------

It was to leave from the Jorge Newbery Airport in the city of Buenos Aires at 8:36 p.m. on that day. It was bound for the Ingeniero Taravella Airport in the city of Córdoba. They were carrying 98 passengers and 5 crew members. Due to some inconveniences in engine no. 1, 4 take-off positions were lost while the mechanics checked it and finally it was located at the head of the runway. 

At 8:54 p.m. (local time), during the takeoff operation, the aircraft did not take off and continued its flight beyond the limits of the airport. It crossed the "Avenida Costanera Rafael Obligado" Street. The plane dragged a car that was circulating. It finally collided with road machines, an embankment and a gas regulating plant. The loss of fuel and the gas expelled by the rupture of the plant caused a fire that killed most of the passengers who had survived the crash.

Investigation
-------------

The Argentinean Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Board (JIAAC) established that the "immediate cause" of the accident was the pilot Gustavo Weigel's failure to extend the flaps to increase the aircraft's lift. In addition, the alarm that alerted about the wrong position of the flaps were ignored for 52 seconds. The pilots continued to taxi, and let the aircraft exceed V1 speed or decision speed, which once reached made it impossible to stop the takeoff. 

The report found that there was serious negligence on the part of the captain Gustavo Weigel and first officer Luis Etcheverry, who died in the accident, as well as a series of shortcomings on the part of the airline.

Other websites
--------------

* "Final accident report." (Archive) *Junta de Investigaciones de Accidentes de Aviación Civil* (in Spanish) – Available on Wikisource

* Service history of the airplane
* Website for the film *Whisky Romeo Zulu* (Archive)
A Chinese kite in flight.

Kiteboarding in Oahu, Hawaii.
*For the bird, see kite (bird)*
A **kite** is a flying object that is attached to the ground by a rope, or ropes. Kites can be flown for fun, or in competitions. In India, people fly kites on Makar Sankranti.

History
-------

Kites come in all shapes and sizes. Kites were created in China about 2,800 years ago. Later they spread into other Asian countries, like (India), Japan and Korea. However, the kite only appeared in Europe around the year 1600

The first kites had sails made of paper or light fabrics such as silk. The poles were made from bamboo sticks, or other strong but flexible woods. The kite line was made from string, or twine.

Modern kites are made from synthetic materials, such as ripstop nylon or more exotic fabrics on the sails. They have fiberglass or carbon fiber poles, and use dacron or dyneema for the kite lines. 

Today, there are different types of kites. Some are large and are made to look good. Some are smaller and are made for speed, children and competitions.

Also, there are many different types of kites. The most important types of kite are stunt kites and parafoil kites. However, they can come in a variety of sizes, types and designs.

Inflatable kites are made in an inflatable shape, animal or other design. The inflatable kite is one the few modern inventions in the world of kite design. 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kites***.

Though the exact origin of **kites** are not known, it is known that they were flown in China and the Malay Archipelago two to three thousand years ago. The earliest written accounts of **kite** flying were the exploits of the Chinese general Han Hsin, Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.).
Lagrange points, for 2 objects
**Lagrange points** are stable positions near large bodies in orbit. When two large bodies are in orbit around each other, there are places that a third body can occupy. Lagrange points are found in the orbits of Earth and the Sun, or the Moon and the Earth. The most well-known natural occupants of Lagrange points are Trojan asteroids.

The points are *five places where a small object (such as a man-made satellite) can orbit*. At those points, the gravitational forces of the two large bodies and forces due to motion all balance up. So, at those places, a small object keeps more or less in a stable position. Dust clouds, asteroids, and man-made satellites are found in those points.

This effect is named after the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who wrote a paper on this in 1772 (long before we put satellites into orbit). 

The five places are called L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. The first three (L1, L2, L3) are called metastable because if a satellite gets a bit out of place, it will fall away from that point, and not come back without using fuel. L4 and L5 are considered stable - if a satellite gets a bit out of place, it will be pulled back into place by the gravity and centripetal forces, and oscillate around the Lagrange point. This can result in very wide swings around L4 and L5, sometimes called by such names as "tadpole" and "horseshoe" orbits.

NASA has inserted satellites into two Lagrange points of the Sun-Earth system. The L1 point (between the Earth and the sun) is used for satellites in a halo orbit to watch the sun, looking for solar flares. The L2 point (beyond the Earth) is used for space telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope launched on 25 December 2021. It is a million miles (about 1.5 million kilometers) from Earth.

Lagrangian points with gravity wells
Because L4 and L5 are stable, they have attracted dust clouds. The Earth-Sun system has attracted a few asteroids and the bigger planets have more and larger ones. These asteroids are called *Trojan asteroids*.
**Liseberg** is an amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden. Liseberg is one of the most visited amusement parks in Scandinavia.

History
-------

Liseberg opened on 8 May 1923. In 2005, Liseberg was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world by *Forbes Magazine*. In 2010 Liseberg was Sweden's most popular point of interest. Many famous people have been to Liseberg, including Michael Jackson in 1988.

Season
------

Liseberg attracts about 3 million visitors each year. It is open for the summer season from April til the middle of October. In the winter it's open from November til the end of December.

Attractions
-----------

The park has 41 attractions.

**Atmosfear** is the tallest free fall attraction in Europe. The tower is 116 metres high. The top is 146 meters above sea level. It takes about 90 seconds to reach the top. In the beginning it was an elevator that gave you a view of Gothenburg. In 2010 it was rebuilt to be a free fall attraction. There is only one other attraction in the world that can be compared with Atmosfear, the Giant drop in Australia.

**Balder** is the biggest and most famous roller coaster. Balder is built of wood. Many times it has been voted the world’s best wooden roller coaster. Balder is 36 meters high an 1070 meters long.

**FlumeRide** is another very popular ride. It’s a water ride and you go in logs. The ride opened in 1973. In the summer season of 2002 they had a contest to see who could go in the ride longest time. After 9 days, 7 hours and 42 minutes they had a winner. The ride is 610 meters long.

**Kanonen** is the only roller coaster on Liseberg with a loop. It was built in 2005. You reach the top speed 75 km/h after 1.84 seconds. The ride is 50 seconds and 440 meters long.

**"Helix"** is a roller coaster coming for 2014. It will be 130 seconds and 1,381 meters long. The top speed is about 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph).

Other attractions include:

* Bushållplatsen
* Cyklonen
* Drakbåtarna
* Evert Taubes Värld
* Farfars Bil
* Fisketuren
* Flygande elefanter
* Flygis
* Hanghai
* Hissningen
* Hoppalång
* Höjdskräcken
* JukeBox
* Kaffekopparna
* Kaninlandet (Small children's area with attractions)
* Kaninlandsbanan
* Kaninresan
* Kristallsalongen
* Kållerado
* Lilla Lots
* Lisebergsbanan
* Lisebergshjulet
* Pariserhjulet
* Ponnykarusellen
* Rabalder
* Radiobilarna
* Sagoslottet
* Skepp o´ skoj
* Slänggungan
* SpinRock
* Spökhotellet Gasten
* Stampbanan
* Tuta & Kör
* Uppskjutet
* Uppswinget
* Virvelvinden

Slogan
------

Swedish: *I Nordens största nöjespark är det lätt att skaffa minnen som värmer hela året.*
English: In the Nordic region's largest amusement park, it's easy to create memories that warm the entire year.
**Kristine Sutherland** (born **Kristine Young** on April 17, 1955, in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series *Buffy The Vampire Slayer*.

Early life
----------

Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky. After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky.

Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland.

Career
------

Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie *Honey, I Shrunk the Kids*. In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on *New Amsterdam*.

Personal life
-------------

Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on *Mad About You*. They have one daughter named Eleanore.

Filmography
-----------

* 1986 *Legal Eagles*
* 1989 *Honey, I Shrunk the Kids*
* 2002 *The Cat Returns*
* 2012 *The Perfect Wedding*

Other websites
--------------

* Kristine Sutherland on IMDb

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Sutherland, Kristine |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | April 17, 1955 |
| Place of birth | Boise, Idaho, U.S. |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
In paleontology, a **Lazarus taxon** (plural *taxa*) is a taxon that disappears from one or more periods of the fossil record, only to appear again later. The term refers to the Gospel of John, in which Jesus is claimed to have raised Lazarus from the dead. Lazarus taxa occur either because of (local) extinction, later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The fossil record is imperfect (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon becomes very low.

The concept was developed in palaeontology where, after a major extinction event, some groups reappear after millions of years. The usual explanation is that numbers were driven so low that their chance of fossilisation were extremely low. Then, gradually, their numbers revived.

History of the idea
-------------------

In 1974 Batten pointed out that the Lower Triassic record lacked genera and species which had been present in the Permian, but which reappeared 20 million years later in the Middle Triassic. Jablonski later coined the term 'Lazarus taxon' for species and genera which disappear from the fossil record, only to reappear later when conditions return to normal.

Living examples
---------------

There are some well-known examples of it happening to present-day species.

Some well-known examples:

Coelacanth *Latimeria chalumnae*.
* A complete clade of lobe-finned fish, the sub-class Coelacanthimorpha, was thought to have gone extinct 80 million years ago. Then a Coelacanth (*Latimeria*), was found in 1938.
* The Monoplacophora, a class of molluscs were believed to have gone extinct in the middle Devonian (~380 million years ago) until living members were discovered in deep water off Costa Rica in 1952.
* Dawn Redwood or *Metasequoia*, a genus of conifer, was first described as a fossil from the Mesozoic era by Shigeru Miki in 1941, but in 1944 a small stand was discovered in Modaoxi, China.
* Mountain Pygmy Possum (*Burramys parvus*), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, known originally from the fossil record, was discovered in 1966.
The Turkic people geographical distribution. In dark blue the countries with Latin alphabet.
The **Latin alphabet in Turkic countries** is the common alphabet officially used in most countries with Turkic languages. Turkic languages can also be written in Arabic, Persian and Cyrillic.

History
-------

After World War I, many Turkic countries implemented a policy of westernization, centered even on the use of the Latin alphabet.
The first was Turkey in 1928, where Kemal Atatürk substituted the Arab alphabet with the Roman alphabet after ordering the end of the Ottoman Empire.

Soon all the Turkic-speaking countries of the Soviet Central Asia did the same and used the so-called "unified Turkish Latin alphabet" based on the one of Atatürk's Turkey, but during WWII, Stalin ordered a Russification process in his Soviet Union and the Latin alphabet was replaced again by the Cyrillic alphabet.

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of the newly independent Turkic Asian countries put back the Latin alphabet. There are small differences between each country's alphabet.

List of Turkic countries with Roman (Latin) alphabet
----------------------------------------------------

* Turkey. Officially using only the Roman since 1928.
* Azerbaijan. Officially using only the Roman since 1991.
* Turkmenistan. Officially using only the Roman since 1999.
* Uzbekistan. Officially using only the Roman since 2005, but still using the Cyrillic.
* Kazakhstan. Using both Roman and Cyrillic.
* Kyrgyzstan. Using both Roman and Cyrillic.

Letters of Latin alphabet
-------------------------

The Turkish alphabet used in Turkey, based on Latin capital and lower case letters, has 29 letters (but other countries like Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have more letters). Unusual among languages that use the Latin alphabet, Turkish has both a dotted and dotless version of the letter "I".

Of these 29 letters in the Latin alphabet of Turkey, 8 are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the 21 others are consonants. The letters Q, W, and X of the English alphabet do not occur in this Turkish Latin alphabet, and, in fact, were once illegal in Turkey.

|  |
| --- |
| **Capital letters** |
| A | B | C | Ç | D | E | F | G | Ğ | H | I | İ | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ö | P | R | S | Ş | T | U | Ü | V | Y | Z |
| **Lower case letters** |
| a | b | c | ç | d | e | f | g | ğ | h | ı | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | ö | p | r | s | ş | t | u | ü | v | y | z |

The Turkish alphabet used in other Turkic countries, like Kazakhstan, when using Latin alphabet like in the case of Qazaqsa, has some different letters.

For example, the Qazaqsa Latin alphabet has 38 letters:

**Qazaqsa alphabet**  
| A a | Ä ä | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g | Ğ ğ |
| H h | X x | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | Q q | L l | M m | N n |
| Ñ ñ | O o | Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü |
| V v | W w | Y y | Z z | É é | Ï ï | Yu yu | Ya ya |

Bibliography
------------

* Johanson, Lars & Csató, Éva Agnes 1998. *The Turkic languages*. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-08200-5
* Lewis, Geoffrey 2002. *The Turkish language reform: a catastrophic success*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925669-1
Jan Kubelík
**Jan Kubelík** (July 5, 1880 – December 5, 1940) was a Czech violinist and composer

His father discovered his talent when he was five years old, and sent him to study with Karel Weber and Karel Ondříček. When he was eight, he began to study at the Prague Conservatory, and his professor was Otakar Ševčík. After 1898 he toured as a soloist and soon became known for his virtuosity, impeccable intonation and his full and noble tone.

He achieved great success with his debuts in Vienna and London, and toured in the USA for the first time in 1901. Later, in the 1901-02 season, Kubelik made his first appearance with the Royal Philharmonic Society of London. In 1902 he was awarded the Society's Gold Medal (succeeding Eugène Ysaÿe).

In 1903 he married Countess Anna Julie Marie Széll von Bessenyö, niece of the former Prime Minister of Hungary, Kálmán Széll. They had eight children together; among their children is the conductor and composer Rafael Kubelík.

Kubelík played a Stradivarius violin from 1715.

He died in Prague on December 5, 1940 at the age of 60.
Jan Hus burned at the stake
**Jan Hus**, or John Huss (c.1370 - 6 July 1415) was born in Husinec, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). He was a Bohemian religious thinker and reformer who started a religious movement that was strongly influenced by the beliefs of the English scholar John Wycliffe.

Hus studied at the University of Prague. Around 1400, he became a Catholic priest and soon accepted a position of preaching in Czech, the language that is spoken in Bohemia. While preaching, he studied Wycliffe’s writings and came to agree with them, especially because of how real they were.

In 1403, Hus asked the church to undo the ban on Wycliffe's writings, and hé translated them into Czech. The church, led by Rchbishop Zbynek Zajíc, refused. In 1410, Zajíc ordered for Hus's writings be burned and foe Hus and his followers, the **Hussites**, to be forced out of the church. Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415 in Konstanz, Germany.

When Hus was killed, his followers revolted and fought against the Catholics but were defeated in 1431.

Hus' teachings
--------------

* The (Catholic) Church is made of all those meant to be saved (*ecclesia est universitas praedestinatorum*). It is not made of the hierarchy of priests.
* Christ is the head of the Church, not the Pope. It is therefore not necessary to obey the pope to be saved.

Many of his teachings were later taken up by Martin Luther.
This article is about the unit of length. For other meanings, see League.
A **league** is an old unit of length. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.

In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556 km) at sea. However, in writing the word *league* often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.

Ancient Rome
------------

The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being ​1 1⁄2 Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22 km). The origin is the "leuga gallica"  *(also: leu**c**a Gallica)*, the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.

Argentina
---------

In Argentina a league is a distance of 5 km.

Brazil
------

In Brazil the league was 6 km but it is not used anymore.

France
------

The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The French league was three nautical miles.

Mexico
------

In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.

Spain
-----

The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2 km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).
Coordinates: 51°29′40″N 0°07′23″W﻿ / ﻿51.49444°N 0.12306°W﻿ / 51.49444; -0.12306

Lambeth Bridge with Vauxhall Bridge in the distance as seen from London Eye.
**Lambeth Bridge** is a road traffic and footbridge crossing the River Thames in an east-west direction in central London, England.

On the east side of the bridge is the London Borough of Lambeth and Lambeth Palace which is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. On the west side of the bridge is the City of Westminster and Thames House, which is the headquarters of MI5). The Palace of Westminster is a short walk downstream to the north through the Victoria Tower Garden.

The river flows north at the crossing point. Downstream, the next bridge is Westminster Bridge. Upstream the next is Vauxhall Bridge.

History
-------

The first crossing at this site was a suspension bridge which was built in 1862. The current bridge opened in 1932

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages
-------------

* List of crossings of the River Thames

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lambeth Bridge***.

* Survey of London entry Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Lambeth Bridge (1862) at *Structurae*
* Lambeth Bridge (1932) at *Structurae*
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
	+ Original Lambeth Bridge, looking south-east from Millbank, 1923
	+ Southern Approach to original bridge showing its narrowness, 1923

| Crossings of River Thames |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **West:**Vauxhall Bridge | **Lambeth Bridge** | **East:**Westminster Bridge |

 |

| * v
* t
* e
Bridges of Central London (west to east) |
| --- |
| Grosvenor **·**  Vauxhall **·**  Lambeth **·**  Westminster **·**  Hungerford Bridge **·**  Waterloo **·**  Blackfriars **·**  Blackfriars Railway **·**  Millennium **·**  Southwark **·**  Cannon Street **·**  London **·**  Tower |
| Crossings of the River Thames **·**  Bridges in the United Kingdom |
The **Jeju language** (Jeju: 제주말, *Jeju-mal*) is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.

History
-------

The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.

Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.

Usage
-----

UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70. Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.

Dialect or language
-------------------

Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it. Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.

Related pages
-------------

* Jeju-do, the island where Jeju language is spoken
* South Korea
A USAF sniper team
**Long range shooting** is a relative term generally meaning accurate shooting at distances ordinary shooters with ordinary rifles could not hit. For example, Daniel Boone, using a flintlock rifle could probably hit a target at up to 100 yards (91 m). Today, expert marksmen are hitting targets well over 1 mile (1.6 km) away. Modern long range shooting is more than just using modern machined actions and precision gun barrels. These produce a rifle that a decent shooter can hit targets at about 250 yards, ranges that were unheard of by black powder shooters.

Calculations
------------

The ability to hit a target at 1,000 yards (910 m) (or 10 football fields away) requires the shooter to become an expert in ballistics. First, the shooter has to know exactly how far away target is. They have to be able to compensate for windage (the effects of wind on a bullet). Next, the shooter has to compute the "elevation". This is how far *above* the target the shooter must aim to compensate for the force of gravity on the bullet at a given distance. Shooters have to compensate also for shots uphill or downhill from their position.

Other factors include "bullet Drift". This means a bullet that fired out of the barrel with a muzzle velocity (speed at the muzzle) of 2800 FPS that exits a barrel with 1:12 rifling is spinning at 168,000 RPMs. At just 1,000 yards (910 m) the bullet will drift about 10 inches (250 mm) in the direction it was spinning. If the rifle has a right-hand twist, the bullet will go to the right of the target.

Spotter
-------

Long range shooters, and especially snipers, operate as a team. As difficult as long range shooting is, it would be even harder without a spotter. Spotters are also trained snipers or long range shooters. The spotter has a number of jobs. He helps locate the target. He does most of the calculations for elevation, windage, and hitting a moving target. With several targets, the spotter decides which to hit first. Spotters also measure the humidity, temperature, and the angle of the shot. He then tells the sniper/shooter what adjustments to make to the rifle scope. Finally, the spotter tells the shooter where the round hit—on target or a miss—and what adjustments to make to get back on-target.

Other websites
--------------

* New long range shooting record - 3720 yards: YouTube
* Shooting Fundamentals - Long Range Shooting Technique; YouTube