recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
This article is about the bird. For the chess piece, see Rook (chess).

*Corvus frugilegus* 

  

The **rook** (*Corvus frugilegus*) is a member of the Crow family. The crows are a family in the Passerine order. 

The rook is similar in size to the crow. It has black feathers, which show a blue or bluish-purple sheen (glint) in bright sunlight. The feathers on the head, neck and shoulders are dense and silky. The legs and feet are generally black, and the bill (beak) is grey-black. 

Rooks differs from the crow by the bare grey-white skin around the base of the adult's bill, in front of the eyes. The feathering around the legs look shaggier and laxer than the Carrion Crow. The young bird looks just like a crow because it lacks the bare patch at the base of the bill.

Its food is mostly earthworms and insect larvae, which the bird finds by probing the ground with its strong bill. It also eats cultivated cereal grain, smaller amounts of fruit, small mammals, acorns, small birds, their eggs and young and carrion. 

*Rooks always nest together*, usually in the very tops of the trees. Branches and twigs are broken off trees for the nests. There may be any number of nests together in a group of trees: twenty or thirty are often seen in the *rookery*. This is why rooks are sometimes described as colonial birds.
Bedford shale
Shale fragments from the Grube Messel fossil pit
**Shale** is a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from mud. The mud is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other minerals is variable. Shale has breaks along thin laminae (plates) or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter in thickness, called "fissility" (~splitting). Mudstones, on the other hand, are similar, though they do not show the tendency to split (fissility).

Shales and mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales form in anoxic (without oxygen) conditions. They contain free carbon and iron sulfides such as pyrite. This produces the black colouration.

Formation of shale
------------------

Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore from beach sands. They can also be deposited on the continental shelf, in relatively deep, quiet water. This process could have taken millions of years to complete.

'Black shales' are dark, and are especially rich in unoxidized carbon. Black shales are deposited in anoxic or low oxygen environments, such as in stagnant water. They are common in some Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata. Some black shales have heavy metals such as molybdenum, uranium. vanadium, and zinc. The heavy metals may have got there by slow accumulation.

Related pages
-------------

* Shale gas
White phosphorous bomb used in the Vietnam war, 1966
**White phosphoros bombs** use one of the allotropes of phosphorous. They are used as incendiary weapons. White phosphorous is very reactive, and will ignite, when it comes in contact with the oxygen in the air. It will burn with a white flame, and heat up to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). Burning white phosproous will also produce a lot of toxic white smoke. While the fire can be extingished with water, the phosphorous will soon re-ignite. For this reason, sand should be used to extinguish it.

Health effects
--------------

Anyone coming in contact will suffer third-degree burns, and wounds which will take a very long time to heal. If they are not treated soon, injured people will die a slow and painful death.

Use is banned
-------------

The UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons of 1980 prohibits the use of weapons which cause a lot of injury or whose effects are indiscriminate. This means that white phosphorous ammunition is banned under this converion. Some people think that because it is highly toxic, white phosphorous bombs may be a chemical weapon. This means that they would be banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
**Ronny Lynn Jackson** (born May 4, 1967) is an American politician and medical doctor. He is the U.S. Representative from Texas since 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party.

He was the Physician to the President, and United States Navy Rear admiral. Jackson was first appointed to the role of physician to the President on July 25, 2013, by Barack Obama, he was re-hired by Donald Trump after his election in 2016. He stepped down from the position on April 28, 2018.

On March 28, 2018, President Trump announced his plans to nominate Jackson as United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs, replacing David Shulkin. On April 26, 2018, Jackson withdrew his nomination as Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

In December 2019, he announced his plans to run for the United States House of Representatives in Texas during the 2020 election. He won the election in November 2020.

Early life
----------

Jackson was born Levelland, Texas. He studied at Texas A&M University and at the University of Texas Medical Branch.

Career
------

Jackson began his active duty naval service in 1995 at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, where he completed his internship in Transitional Medicine. 

In 2001, Jackson returned to Portsmouth Naval Medical Center to begin his residency in emergency medicine, finishing at the top of his class and receiving the honor graduate designation.

In 2006, while in Iraq, Jackson was selected as a White House physician. Since arriving at the White House, he has directed the Executive Health Care for the President’s Cabinet and Senior Staff, served as physician supervisor for the Camp David Presidential Retreat, held the position of physician to the White House and led the White House Medical Unit as its director.

In July 2013, President Barack Obama hired Jackson to be his personal physician. In 2016, President-elect Donald Trump said he would re-hire Jackson to remain as his personal physician as well. He was nominated to the rank of rear admiral (upper half) on March 23, 2018. He resigned from the position on April 28, 2018.

United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs nomination
------------------------------------------------------

On March 28, 2018, Trump fired Secretary David Shulkin and Jackson was selected by Trump as Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

On April 26, 2018, Jackson withdrew his nomination as Secretary of Veterans Affairs amidst widely publicized allegations of misconduct and mismanagement while serving in the White House.

2020 congressional campaign
---------------------------

On December 9, he filed to run as a Republican for Congress in Texas's 13th congressional district. He won the Republican primary and eventually won the November 2020 election.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Ronny L. Jackson at Wikimedia Commons
* Appearances on C-SPAN
**Richmond station** is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 

The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:

* Frankston
* Glen Waverley
* Pakenham
* Sandringham,
* Cranbourne
* Belgrave
* Lilydale
* Alamein

The station is 2.4 km (1 mi) from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.

Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 

Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.

History
-------

Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.

In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 

By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.

Proposed redevelopment
----------------------

The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a bleak appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.

Movie
-----

The opening scene of the movie *Romper Stomper* was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

| <Station Navigation |
| --- |
| <Metropolitan service |
| "City Loop" |
| Previous Station*Anti - Clockwise* | Parliament | **|** | Flinders Street | Previous Station*Clockwise* |
| Alamein, Belgrave, Glen Waverley & Lilydale lines |
| Previous Station | Refer to City Loop | **|** | East Richmond | Next Station |
| Cranbourne, Frankston, Pakenham & Sandringham lines |
| Previous Station | Refer to City Loop | **|** | South Yarra | Next Station |
| <Regional service |
| Bairnsdale line |
| Previous Station | Flinders Street → | **|** | → Caulfield | Next Station |
| <**Entire metropolitan network** |
| < **Entire regional network** |
|
A **meme coin** (also spelled memecoin) is a cryptocurrency that becomes an Internet meme or other joke. It may be used in the wade sense like a critique of the cryptocurrency market etc. This term is often used in a humorous tone. Compared to real cryptocurrencies, they are not significant. Supporters, on the other hand, say that some meme coins have reached high market capitalizations.

In late 2013, Dogecoin was created as a joke on the Doge meme by software engineers. This started the creation of several next meme coins. In October 2021, there were about 124 meme coins circulating in the market. Notable examples is Dogecoin and Shiba Inu.

Some countries start to regulate meme coins. In early 2021, Thailand Securities and Exchange Commission banned meme coins as part of an end to digital goods with "no clear objective".

Meme coins became popular since Elon Musk validated the use of Dogecoin, one of the first meme coins. He continues to post tweets about Dogecoin in 2022.

Moreover there are **meme tokens**. Tokens differs from coins as the first ones does not have their own blockchain and work in blockchains of other coins (e.g. Shiba Inu).
Specialist rank insignia (U.S. Army)
**Specialist** (abbreviated "**SPC**") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. It is just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs).

Specialist
----------

| E9 | E8 | E7 | E6 | E5 | E4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Specialist 9 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 8 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 7 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 6 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 5 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 4 rank insignia (U.S. Army) |
| SP9 | SP8 | SP7 | SP6 | SP5 | SP4 |

On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established. The first was Specialist Three (E-4). It is the only one that still exists. It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958. Specialist Two (E-5), Specialist One (E-6), and Master Specialist (E-7) were also created in 1955. These were all eventually replaced with other titles. In 1958 the DoD added two more pay grades. This gave enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career. These were Specialist Eight (E-8) and Specialist Nine (E-9) which were abolished in 1968. All except SP4 were abolished in 1984 when SP4 was renamed as "Specialist" and abbreviated as "SPC".

Other websites
--------------

* U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images Archived 2007-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Short History of the Specialist Rank by Daniel K. Elder, CSM (Ret), USA
Purple Heart
The **Purple Heart** is a United States military decoration. It is awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed, while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. It is the successor to the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth. The Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.

History
-------

RibbonThe original Purple Heart, called the "Badge of Military Merit", was established by George Washington in 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers. If any more had been awarded, any records of being given that award have been lost. The badge was never abolished, it was just forgotten about until after World War I.

In 1932 General Douglas MacArthur urged the revival of the Purple Heart medal and he was awarded the first one. The War Department authorized the medal under General Order Number 3. The award was "to be awarded to persons who, while serving in the Army of the United States perform any singular meritorious act of extraordinary fidelity or essential service."

With the establishment of the Legion of Merit award, the Purple Heart was no longer awarded for meritorious service. By Executive Order 9277, dated December 3, 1942, the award was to only be given for wounds received. Additional Executive orders added circumstances where the award can be given. In 1962 it was ordered the medal could be given posthumously (after the person died). A 1984 change allowed the award to be given for wounds received as a result of terrorist attacks or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force. In 1986 public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result of friendly fire.

Because the medal was given out during many conflicts, the exact number of Purple Hearts awarded is not known.

Order of Precedence
-------------------

The Purple Heart medal is worn on the uniform after the Bronze Star Medal. It is to be worn before the Defense Meritorious Service Medal. In the Army and Air Force when a second or more Purple Heart is awarded, oak leaf clusters are used. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard use 5/16 inch stars to show multiple awards.

Other websites
--------------

* Military Order of the Purple Heart
* The Purple Heart, US Department of Veterans Affairs
* The Pyramid Of Honor; Order of Precedence of Military Awards
A person's **next of kin** (NOK) is that person's closest living blood relative or relatives. Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal definition of "next of kin". In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, "next of kin" may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all.

In some legal systems, rights regarding inheritance (which imply a decision-making capacity such as in a medical emergency in which no clear will or instructions have been given, and the person has no spouse) flow to the closest relative (regardless of the age, with a representative appointed if a minor), usually a child, a parent or a sibling. However, there are people without any close adult relatives and, in such a case, decision-making power often flows to a niece or nephew, first cousin, aunt or uncle, or grandparent.

For example, if a person dies intestate, the laws of some jurisdictions require distribution of the estate to the deceased's spouse or children. However, if there are none of them, the estate can often be distributed to the next closest group of living relatives, whether they are parents, grandparents, first cousins, aunts and uncles, or second cousins in extreme cases. If a person dies intestate with no identifiable next of kin, the person's estate generally escheats (i.e. legally reverts) to the government.

In cases of medical emergency, if a person is incapable (because of age or mental infirmity, or they are unconscious) of making decisions for themselves and they have no spouse or children, the next of kin may participate in medical decisions made by medical personnel, subject to the specific laws of the jurisdiction.

The inability of persons who are not in a legal marriage to make decisions with respect to the care of a live-in partner has resulted in many jurisdictions giving live-in partners rights equivalent to a spouse in such situations, even though most jurisdictions still do not require non-spouses to be made beneficiaries of estates (it is improper in most jurisdictions to disinherit a spouse). The inability of same-sex partners to have rights with respect to a partner's medical care or funeral arrangements over and above those of the next-of-kin is one of the main reasons behind litigation to require same-sex marriage or its equivalent.

For the purposes of next of kin, adopted children are treated as blood relatives. However, relatives by marriage are never considered next of kin.
**Sakurajima (桜島)** is active volcano in Japan, Kagoshima Prefecture. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It's 1117 meters tall. It has a population of 4766 (in 2005).

History
-------

The eruptions of this mountain have been recorded many times in history. The Great Taisho (大正) eruption in 1914 connected this island to a peninsula. 58 people were killed and 112 people were injured. These days, we can see a lot of eruptions.

| Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Times | 80 | 755 | 1026 | 1355 | 1007 | 1197 |

Living
------

The information about which way the wind blows is important to know if ash is falling or not. So, the Kagoshima weather forecast reports it. People in Sakurajima take a drill to escape from the island. Japan Meteorological Agency watches this mountain all days. We can see the latest picture from these cameras at JMA's website.

Related pages
-------------

* Japan Meteorological Agency

Other websites
--------------

* Kagoshima Meteorological Office (鹿児島地方気象台)
* Kagoshima City (鹿児島市) Archived 2015-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Sakanoue*.*
**Sakanoue no Tamuramaro** (坂上 田村麻呂, 758 – June 17, 811) was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.

Military career
---------------

Emperor Kammu gave Tamuramaro the title of shogun. He was given the task of conquering the Ezo tribes, also known as the Emishi (蝦夷征伐, *Emishi seibatsu*). This were the population who lived in the northern part of Honshū

After Emperor Kammu's death, the general continued to serve Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga as Major Counselor (大納言, **dainagon**) and Minister of War (兵部卿, **Hyōbu-kyō**).

Tamuramaro was only the second warrior to receive the title of shogun. The first to receive this title was Ōtomo no Otomaro.

Tamuramaro's military successes are commemorated today in local festivals in the Tohoku region.

Tamuramaro's name is linked with payments for construction projects at Kiyomizu Temple (*Kiyomizu-dera*) in the late 8th century.

* **811** (*Kōnin 2, 3rd month*): Tamuramaro died at age 54.

### After his death

The warrior is buried at Shogun-zuka which is east of Kyoto. His bow, arrows, quiver and sword were buried with him by order of the Emperor.
***The Goon Show*** was a British radio comedy programme, produced and broadcast by the BBC Home Service from 1951 to 1960. Occasional repeats were on the BBC Light Programme. The first series was broadcast from 28 May to 20 September 1951. It was titled ***Crazy People***; later series had the title *The Goon Show*.

The show's chief creator and main writer was Spike Milligan. 
The show was acted by Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Milligan. Michael Bentine was also a member until 1953.

Each of the actors played several stock characters, a regular pattern in radio and theatrical comedy. By "stock characters" is meant characters whose idiosyncracies (peculiaririties) is well understood by the listening audience. This was also a feature of much music hall entertainment.

The scripts mixed ludicrous plots with surreal humour, puns, catchphrases and an array of bizarre sound effects. Some of the later episodes had electronic effects devised by the fledgling BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Many of these ideas were reused by other shows for decades. Elements of the show satirised life in Britain, parodying aspects of show business, commerce, industry, art, politics, diplomacy, the police, the military, education, class structure, literature and films.

The show was preceded by Ted Ray's *Ray's a Laugh* as the key comedy programme on BBC radio.

The *Goon Show* had an influence on the later BBC television series *Monty Python*. Both were absurdist comedies.
Geological map of the Hebridean Terrane showing distribution of Torridonian sediments
Mountains made of Torridonian sandstone
Exposed Torridonian sandstone
The **Torridonian** is a sedimentary sandstone which sits on top of the earliest rocks in Scotland. The map shows the sandstone as orange: it is on the western edge of the mainland, and on part of Skye. Geographically, this is part of the district of Wester Ross.

The sandstone is the earliest sedimentary rock in this part of the world. Under it lies much older gneiss known as the Lewisian complex. All the rock under the sandstone is igneous and metamorphosed igneous rock. 

The sandstones are red beds laid down by rivers and lakes in a landscape of low rocky hills. A great thickness of red sandstone, brought in by rivers, buried the old hills. This took place in the Proterozoic, 1,200 to 544 million years ago (mya). There are older and younger sandstone groups, with a long period between them. The lower sandstone is a breccia, with broken fragments of earlier rocks.

As a result of later periods of rifting and mountain-building, some of the Torridian sandstone lies under the sea, and some of it is uplifted into mountains.
The **Westvleteren Brewery (Brouwerij Westvleteren)** is a Belgian brewery. It was formed in 1838 inside the Trappist Abbey of Saint Sixtus of Westvleteren in the Belgian municipality of Vleteren. The brewery and its beers are usually called *Westvleteren*. The brewery's three beers have an international reputation for taste and quality. They also have a limited availability.

In 1931, the abbey began selling beer to the general public. Before, they only served beer to guests and visitors.

It is the only Trappist brewery where the monks still do all of the brewing. Of the 26 Cistercians who live in the abbey, five monks run the brewery, with an additional five who assist during bottling (putting the beer in bottles).

Commercial orientations
-----------------------

Westvleteren Visitor's Center
As with all other Trappist breweries, the beer is only sold in order to financially support the monastery and other good causes. There is no advertising except for a small sign outside the abbey. The monks have repeatedly said that they only brew enough beer to run the monastery. They will make no more than they need to sell, regardless of demand. During World War II, the brewery stopped supplying wholesalers. Since then they only sell to individual buyers in person at the brewery or the visitor's centre.

Beers
-----

The Westvleteren beers. In the glass is the 12°
The brewery currently brews three beers:

* Westvleteren Blonde (green cap), 5.8% ABV, introduced on 10 June 1999.
* Westvleteren 8 (blue cap) (formerly *Extra*), 8% ABV.
* Westvleteren 12 (yellow cap) (formerly *Abt*), a 10.2% ABV, introduced in 1940.

Until 1999, the brewery also made a 6.2% ABV dark beer and a lighter 4° which was the monks' table beer. The 8 and 12 are bottle conditioned. They have a long shelf life. Some drinkers prefer the taste when the beers have been stored for several years. The ingredients are yeast, hops, malt, sugar, caramel and water.

The bottles have been sold without labels since 1945. All of the legally required information is printed on the crown tops. Because of this lack of space, Westvleteren beers are the only Trappist beers that do not have the official Trappist logo on the bottle. The logo is only printed on the wooden crates.

International reputation
------------------------

Many beer drinkers rank Westvleteren 12 among their favourite beers. The 8 and the Blonde also rank highly on beer-rating websites.

Despite the popularity, the monks have continued to decline almost all interview. Non-monastic visitors to the abbey are usually turned away.
A hamster
**Wet-tail** or **proliferative ileitis**, is a disease in rodents kept in cages, mainly hamsters, but can include rabbits, gerbils, rats, and mice. It is caused by stress. Even with treatment, the animal can die within 24–48 hours. Baby hamsters are much more likely to get the disease than older hamsters. It commonly is found when the hamster is being weaned at about four weeks of age.

Causes
------

Wet-tail is a disease in the animal's intestines caused by the bacteria, *Lawsonia intracellularis*. Wet-tail is stress related. The stress can be caused by:

* Too much handling
* Change in environment
* Change in diet
* Inadequate cage cleaning
* Being away from mother and/or siblings
* Death of a mate

Symptoms
--------

The symptoms may not appear for several days. The main symptom is the animal has a wet tail, matted with faeces. Other signs of the disease are:

* Smell/ foul odor
* Diarrhoea
* Lethargy
* Lack of appetite
* Excess sleeping
* Walking with a hunched back

Treatment
---------

There are drugs to treat wet-tail which can be bought from pet shops. A vet may choose to give the animal other drugs. The sick animal should be kept in a cage by itself so that others do not catch the disease.
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***thixotropy***.

**Thixotropy** is the property of certain gels or fluids that are viscous (thick) under normal conditions, but flow (become thin, less viscous) when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.

In more technical language:
some Non-Newtonian fluids show a change in viscosity; the longer the fluid undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity. A thixotropic fluid is a fluid which takes a finite time to attain equilibrium viscosity when introduced to a step change in shear rate. Many gels and colloids are thixotropic materials, exhibiting a stable form at rest but becoming fluid when agitated. 

Some fluids are anti-thixotropic: constant shear stress for a time causes an increase in viscosity or even solidification. Constant shear stress can be applied by shaking or mixing. They are much less common.

Natural examples
----------------

It is a common experience walking on sand that in places it liquifies as one walks on it. This is a thixotropic response to pressure. In extremes, a quicksand may be danger to people and animals.

Some clays are thixotropic, and their behaviour is of great importance in structural and geotechnical engineering. Landslides, such as those common in the cliffs around Lyme Regis, Dorset and in the Aberfan disaster in Wales are evidence of this. Similarly, a lahar is a mass of earth liquefied by a volcanic event, which rapidly solidifies once coming to rest. 

Drilling muds used in geotechnical applications can be thixotropic. Honey from honey bees may also exhibit this property under certain conditions.(Heather honey). 

Another example of a thixotropic fluid is the synovial fluid found in joints between some bones.

Some clay deposits found in the process of exploring caves exhibit thixotropism: an initially solid-seeming mudbank will turn soupy and yield up moisture when dug into or otherwise disturbed. These clays were deposited in the past by low-velocity streams which tend to deposit fine-grained sediment.

These properties are often used in commercial products which are applied to surfaces, such as paint or toothpaste. With paint, the fluidity vanishes quickly and the surface sets permanently as water (or oil) evaporates.
China has one time zone.
It is officially called **China Standard Time (CST)**.
It is 8 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+08:00).
There is no daylight saving time.

Use
---

The capital of China is Beijing.
It is at about 116° east.
The visual sun time for Beijing is UTC+7:45:32.
The time zone UTC+08:00 matches the visual sun time for 120° east.
The complete hour UTC+08:00 is a compromise to be compatible to other time zones on earth.

Because Beijing is the capital, and the UTC+08:00 time zone is about right for the capital’s location, people usually call China Standard Time, 北京时间; *Běijīng Shíjiān*; "northern capital time", in English **Beijing Standard Time (BJT)**.

Xinjiang (East Turkestan) unofficially uses UTC+06:00.
Many locations north and south of Xinjiang use this time zone.
However, the main population, the Uyghur people, also use the time zone as a political statement, to express disagreement with the central government in Beijing.

The UTC+08:00 time zone is also used in Taiwan.
However, because of political reasons it is usually called *Taipei Time* or *Taiwan Time*.
Similarly, in Hong Kong the time zone is called *Hong Kong Time*.

Changes
-------

Time zones used in the Republic of China (1912–1949).
* China was founded in 1949. Before 1949 there were 5 time zones. Geographically, China is in almost 5 time zones.
* Daylight saving time was removed in 1992.

Criticism
---------

Some people say that (except for 112 – 128° E) the usage of UTC+08:00 was harmful.
China should have five time zones.
The country’s west, especially in Xinjiang, see sunrise as late as 10 a.m. CST, making children go to school in the dark, and sunsets in the summer as late as midnight.

Sources
-------

1. 1 2 3 4 5  "China - The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
2. ↑  "China profile - Timeline". British Broadcasting Corporation. July 29, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
3. 1 2  Willyard, Cassandra (March 16, 2012). "One Time Zone for the World?". *Smithsonian Magazine*. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
For Wikipedia's policy on the use of tertiary sources, see WP:PSTS.
Encyclopædia Britannica 11th Edition 1911 Volume 27 pages 788-789 "URALSK-URBAN"
A **tertiary source** (also called thirdhand) is an index or a summary of primary and secondary sources. In research, tertiary sources are used as a guide to help find primary and secondary sources of information. Tertiary sources are very useful to find search terms for online literary searches. While tertiary sources are easy to find they are usually not considered useful for college-level research projects.

Examples
--------

Some examples of tertiary sources are encyclopedias, dictionaries, newspapers and Magazines. Encyclopedias are useful to gain a general overview of a subject. At best they are a starting point in doing research. They are useful to gain an immediate understanding of otherwise unfamiliar subjects. Encyclopedias, however, are not usually a reliable source for the details of a subject. As your research progresses they should be replaced with secondary or primary sources. Newspapers and magazines should be used with some caution. Some are reliable but many tend to misrepresent or oversimplify research reported in secondary sources.

Secondary or tertiary?
----------------------

The distinction between sources can be relative to a specific field of study. In some academic disciplines the distinction between a secondary and tertiary source can sometimes be confusing. Almanacs, fact books and handbooks can at times be considered tertiary while at other times secondary sources. Some manuals and textbooks would be considered tertiary sources while others would be secondary sources. Many of these sources have to be evaluated or vetted to determine which they are. Another view taken by the Purdue University guide (*Writing a research paper*, 2010) refers to the "distance" a source is from the original research. A primary source *is* the research; the raw data. A secondary source reports on primary sources and includes interpretation (or explanations), analysis and commentary. A tertiary source is the furthest from the original research. In most cases their purpose is to provide a general introduction to a topic. In many scholarly fields, tertiary sources are not used for research.

Related pages
-------------

* Primary source
* Secondary source
* Research
* Source text
**The Brunts Academy** is a secondary school in Mansfield, England. It is a performing arts college. The school teaches in drama, music and dance. It used to be a grammar School and a technical school. The school started by Samuel Brunts in 1709. One of its former students, Rebecca Addlington, won two gold medals in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

History
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The Brunts Academy started as primary/first school in 1687. It had funds of 100 pounds. This was a large amount of money at the time. In 1709, Samuel Brunts' will said that he wanted the local children to "learn an Honest Trade" and get a good job. This led to the Brunts' estate having up with 40 boys and girls learning reading, writing and maths by 1831. The girls also learned knitting and sewing. 60 years later, the estate and the school were combined. In 1891, the school was called Brunts Technical School.

In 1830 "Brunts Charity" owned buildings and land in East Bridgford, Nottingham's marketplace and at Claypool in Lincolnshire. It was the richest of all the charitable organisations in Mansfield in 1832. 

A new building was built in 1891. In 1976, Brunts Grammar School became a secondary/second school.

In 2012, the name changed to The Brunts Academy.

Today
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The school's students come from several schools known as 'the family of schools'. They include King Edward School, Sutton Road School, St Peter's (C of E) School, High Oakham School and Newgate Primary School.

The school's uniform has a green blazer/jacket. The school colours are green and gold. Its logo is a griffin with its back two legs inside a shield. The shield has *Nil Mortalibus Ardui Est* around the logo. This is the school's Latin motto. It means "nothing is impossible for humankind".

In 2002, there were nearly 1500 students in the school. Only a small number of the students were aged 16 years or below. The school gained 57% A-C passes. Only a small amount of the students did not pass. This was 5% higher than the England average and 10% better than the United Kingdom average.

The school is known for having a large number of white students compared with the national average. Nearly all of its students are from England. 

### Alumni

* Rebecca Adlington, won two Gold Medals in the 2008 Olympic Games
* Arthur Bown (1921-1924) Conductor
* Mark Bryant - cartoonist/Artist
* Sir Richard Leese - Leader of Manchester City Council
* Nigel Francis Lightfoot, (1945-) Microbiologist
* Jim McGrath, Television commentator
* Adrian Metcalfe (1942-) Athlete. Won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics
When talking about cars, a **tuner** is a car with many parts changed so the car can go very fast. The word "tune" here means "to adjust" or "to change". Typically, people call any vehicle that has been modified for performance reasons a tuner car regardless of make or model.

When people want to drive fast cars but don't want to buy a very expensive car, they change some parts for an ordinary car to make it go faster.

Making a tuner
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For basic tuning, the engine intake and exhaust are changed, which means the process that takes air into the engine and out of the engine happens faster. People can also make the frame of the car stronger, to help it go around corners better. A spoiler or wing helps air push the car down onto the ground, which means more grip.

Some types of tuned cars
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* A **hot rod** is a classic American car with lots of engine upgrades to help it go fast in a straight line.
* A **lowrider** is a very low car, often with fancy paint and decals. Lowriders are popular in the United States.
* **JDM** means "Japanese domestic market" and is used for cars that are made for Japan before being brought into other countries.

Related pages
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* Auto racing
*Les Parques* ("The Parcae," ca. 1885) by Alfred Agache
In Roman mythology, the **Parcae** (singular: **Parca**) were the female personifications of destiny. They are often called the **Fates** in English. Their Greek equivalents were the **Moirai**. They controlled the "thread of life" of every mortal and immortal. Even the gods feared the Parcae.

The names of the three Parcae were:

* **Nona** (Greek equivalent *Clotho*), who spun the thread of life on her spindle;
* **Decima** (Greek *Lachesis*), who measured the thread of life;
* **Morta** (Greek *Atropos*), who cut the thread of life and chose the way a person would die.

The earliest known documents about these deities are three small stelae *(cippi)*. They were found near ancient Lavinium shortly after World War II. They have the inscription:

> 
> *Neuna fata, Neuna dono, Parca Maurtia dono*
> 
> 
> 

The names of two of the three Roman Parcae are recorded (*Neuna* = Nona, *Maurtia* = Morta) and connected to the concept of *fata*.

*The Three Parcae Spinning the Fate of Marie de' Medici* (1622-1625) by Peter Paul Rubens
One of the sources for the Parcae is *Metamorphoses* by Ovid, II 654, V 532, VIII 452, XV 781.

Related pages
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* Norns, equivalent of the Fates in Norse mythology
Traditionally, tennis is played between two people in a Singles match, or four players in a Doubles match. However, popular variations allowing play between three players (of which two or three are on the court at any one time) have emerged.

Singlesin tennis is the body of competition that features individual players competing one-on-one. There are separate singles competitions for men and women. The singles competition exists in counterdistinction to doubles.
Doublesone team of two players on each side (four players in total). In this version, gender does not matter. Doubles utilizes a wider court than singles matches.
The Wimbledon mixed doubles champions of 1886
Mixed doublessimilar to the doubles game, but this version requires one man and one woman to be a team.
American doubles(from the UK) is generally used in training, and plays one player (playing with a singles court layout) versus two players (playing with a doubles court layout). Often the court rotates game by game taking it in turns to play on your own.
Jordache[*source?*] tennisis a game played between three players. A normal tennis game takes place between two of the three contestants. Players are awarded 5 points for a game win and the loser is awarded points based on the score achieved: 3 for deuce, 2 for 30 and 1 for 15. The winner remains in. The player replacing the loser gets to choose who serves. The first to 50 wins. Scoring is calculated continuously, so if a player is currently on 49 points at the start of a game they only have to win one point for the game to end. There is a variation invented in 2005, called "mini-Jordache", where the winner is the first to 25.
Wheelchair tennishas the same thing as both singles and doubles, however, the ball may bounce twice before hitting it, the second bounce may even be outside the field.
Australian Doublesis played when one player is significantly better than 2 others. Two players on one side hitting into the singles court while the better player is alone hitting into the doubles court.
Canadian Doublesis similar to Australian Doubles, however the single player does not have to be significantly better than the double team.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tennis***.

* Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
**Protactinium** is a very radioactive chemical element with the symbol **Pa** and atomic number 91. The density of this element is 231.04

Notable characteristics
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Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.

Applications
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Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.

Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.

History
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Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name *Brevium* (Latin *brevis*, brief, short); the name was changed to *Protoactinium* in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to *Protactinium* in 1949.

In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.

Precautions
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Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Protactinium***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***protactinium***.

* ANL factsheet Archived 2008-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
* WebElements.com – Protactinium
* It's Elemental – Protactinium
* InfoHaunter

| * v
* t
* e
Periodic table |
| --- |
| H |   | He |
| Li | Be |   | B | C | N | O | F | Ne |
| Na | Mg |   | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca |   | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr |   | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alkali metals | Alkaline earth metals | Lanthanides | Actinides | Transition metals | Poor metals | Metalloids | Other nonmetals | Halogens | Noble gases |

 |
**Traunsee** is a lake in the Salzkammergut area in Austria. It is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long. The lake is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide and 191 metres (627 ft) deep. This depth makes it the deepest lake in Austria. It also is the second largest lake in Upper Austria.

At the north end of the lake is Gmunden, the capital of the Gmunden district. At the south end of the lake is Ebensee. The other two towns around the lake are Altmünster and Traunkirchen. At the east side of the lake is the mountain Traunstein. It is 1,619 metres (5,312 ft) high.

History
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The first settlements around the lake go back to the fifth century. The Romans later called the Lake *Lacus Felix* (the happy lake). The first time the lake was mentioned in a document was in 909 AD. Then it was called *Trunseo*.

Tourism
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The Traunsee is a popular destination for tourists. It is possible to swim in the traunsee. The water quality is very good. The average water temperature in August reaches 19 °C (66 °F). Other water sports are also possible: Sailing, Surfing and Diving. 

Schloss Ort
On a small island in Gmunden is the *Schloss Ort*. It is a small, medieval Castle built in 1080.
The **ossicles** are the three smallest bones in the human body. They may be called ear bones or auditory ossicles. They are in the auditory system of all mammals. 

They are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would cause moderate-to-severe deafness.

Anatomy
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The **ossicles** are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep), the **malleus**, **incus**, and **stapes**. The terms mean hammer, anvil, and stirrup. 

* The malleus (hammer) connects with the incus and is attached to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), from which vibrational sound pressure motion is passed.
* The incus (anvil) is connected to both the other bones.
* The stapes (stirrup) connects with the incus and is attached to the membrane of the *fenestra ovalis*, the elliptical or oval window or opening between the middle ear and the inner ear.

Development
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Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the lower jaw. These are ossified (turned into bone) portions of cartilage -- called Meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in earlier land vertebrates.
*This article is about the Protectionist Party of 1889-1909.*

The **Protectionist Party** was an Australian political party from 1889 until 1909. Its policies were based on protectionism. It argued that Australia needed protective tariffs to allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most important leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime pinisters of Australia.

The Protectionist Party formed government Australia's first government with the support of the Labor Party. They agreed to put in place social reforms that were Labor policy. Labor's program, however, was often too radical for the Protectionists, and compromises had to be made. Several changes of minority governments occurred.

The Protectionist vote had dropped by the 1906 federal election. Labor formed its first government in 1904 and its second in 1908 under Andrew Fisher. Many people believed an anti-socialist group was needed to oppose the Labor Party. Deakin and Anti-Socialist Party leader Joseph Cook, began talks to join their parties together. The more liberal Protectionists, such as Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins, opposed a merger. The Protection Party was split by this issue. Most members, including Deakin, joined with the Anti-Socialist Party to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party. This became known as "the Fusion,". The more liberal Protectionists supported Labor. The Fusion would form another minority government before Fisher and Labor achieved Australia's first federal majority government, and the first Senate majority, at the 1910 election.

In 2007, a new political party, the Australian Protectionist Party was set up.

Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia 1901-1903Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia 1903-1904, 1905-1908, 1909-1910