recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Maximilian "Max" Gold** (born 22 November 1900 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary; died 27 November 1961 in Tehran, Iran) was Austrian football (soccer) right full back He played professionally in Austria and the United States. He also played two matches for the Austria national football team in 1922.

Club career
-----------

Gold began his career with Wiener AF. He won the 1922 with them. In the fall of 1922, Gold went to Hakoah Vienna. In the summer of 1924 he played for Makkabi Tallinn in Estonia. In the fall of 1924 he went back to Hakoah. He won the 1924–1925 league title with them. This was the first professional title, because professionalism was introduced then in the two highest leagues. In 1927 after a Hakoah Vienna tour of the United States Gold moved to the New York Giants of the American Soccer League (ASL) In 1928 Gold returned to Austria and spent the 1928–1929 season with Wiener AC. In August 1929, he moved back to the ASL to play for the Hakoah All-Stars.

An ankle injury ended Maximilian Gold's active career. In the early 1930s he was the owner and manager of the Maccabi Chicago football team. He later worked as a coach in the Baltics for the Lithuanian national team and Bar Kochba Kaunas.

National team
-------------

In 1922, Gold earned two caps with the Austria national football team. The first was a 1–1 tie with Hungary on 30 April. He played his second game on 11 June in a 7–1 victory over Switzerland.

Emigration and flight
---------------------

After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich, he emigrated to Luxembourg with his wife in 1938. After the occupation of Luxembourg by the Wehrmacht, he was used for forced labor. On November 17, 1941, he received an order from the Gestapo according to which he and his family were to be interned in Cinqfontaines. With the help of Luxembourg resistance fighters, they managed to escape to Belgium.

After the war he came back to Austria. He worked as a sports manager in Vienna. Gold died 1961 in Tehran, where he was on tour with the Swedish team Malmö FF, by falling down an elevator shaft.

Honours
-------

* Austrian Champion:1925
* Austrian Cup: 1922

Other websites
--------------

* 1924/25 Hakoah Vienna team photo
* Hakoah-Vienna Club
**YTA TV** (an initialism for its former full name, **Youtoo America**; commonly referred to as just **YTA**) is an American television network which originally launched in February 1985 as a cable channel. Unusual for a network of its type, it has had multiple identities, programming directions, and brandings, along with owners, and after merging with the minor broadcast network America One in 2014, also began to air on free over-the-air television. It is owned by Center Post Media, which also owns Biz Television. It is also on the streaming app Roku.

Carriage
--------

The network is available on Time Warner Cable and Comcast, among other providers. Charter Communications previously carried the channel until November 15, 2011, when the channel was dropped from Charter's lineups; this decision was made before the re-brand of ALN, as the channel received carriage under that provider's "faith and values"/religious tier of networks and no longer carried religious or family-appropriate programming for a majority of the broadcast day. As per an email sent to its subscribers, Verizon FiOS dropped the channel on December 31, 2012 along with MAVTV, and Blue Highways TV.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Moth *Automeris io* shows startle display on its rear wings. Ocelli are usually covered: the insect jinks the front wings forward when startled.
A serval from behind, with ocelli on the back of its ears. Kits can see their mother as she moves in the long grass
An **eye-spot** (or **ocellus**) is an eye-like marking on the body of an animal. They are found on butterflies, reptiles, felids, birds and fish.

Eye-spots may be a form of mimicry: the spot looks like the eye of a larger animal. Its function may be to draw a predator's attention away from the most vulnerable body parts; or to look like an unpleasant or dangerous animal.

In larger animals, eyespots may play a role in intraspecies communication or courtship – the best-known example is probably the eyespots on a peacock's display feathers.

There is evidence that eyespots in butterflies are anti-predator defences. Some are deimatic displays to distract, startle or scare off predators, or at least to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. Butterfly eyespots may also play a role in mate recognition and sexual selection, like the eyespots on larger organisms.
A fight of Thai boxing between young people in Bangkok.
**Thai boxing** (or **Muay Thai**) is a combat sport (martial art) that has been developed in Thailand. It is known also as "the art of eight limbs", because both hands, elbows, knees, and legs can be used to attack an opponent. In the competition, the high kicks in the head can seem to make a stronger effect. In spite of this, the persons with special skills and knowledge of this sport declare that the low kicks, the elbows, and the knees are more effective or forceful for the persons who fight. 

A person, who takes part in the competition, does the long ceremony and the act established by custom before the fight. They exist for religious reasons, and they serve as stretching the muscles and as preparation.

The training for Thai boxing is known for its being strong and its firmness, with modern workouts including both strength and cardio. Strength workouts include weightlifting and dumbbells, while cardio includes running. Some fighters will even train by kicking hard objects such as metal poles. It aims to harden the eight members of the body, so that being hit with the shinbone of the Thai boxer is often compared to being hit with a baseball stick. The Thai boxers usually kick with the shinbone instead of with the foot.

Thai boxing has influenced a lot on developing of kickboxing which afterwards has been created in Japan, in Europe, and in North America and some parts of Africa

Almost every act of moving in Thai boxing use the whole body, while turning the hip to every kick and every blow with the fist. As a result, the attacks and the defense in Thai boxing are slower but more powerful for example than those of boxing or of karate.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Muay Thai***.

* Thai Boxing
* FeelThailand Muay Thai Muay Boran
* world amateur kickboxing organization (W.A.S.K.O. Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine kickboxing & muay thai)
* Thai Boxing Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine at Muay Thai NYC Camp
The **Hayflick limit** (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.

The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.

Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.

The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans*. These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

Related pages
-------------

* Apoptosis
* Ageing
The pressure to the red area is the same, in all three cases, even though the containers are different. This is known as the hydrostatic paradox.
The **hydrostatic paradox** is a phenomenon in fluid mechanics where the pressure at a point in a static fluid is independent of the shape of the container but only depends on the depth of the point below the surface of the fluid. This means that the pressure at a given depth is equal in all directions, regardless of the shape of the container or the location of the point within it. The hydrostatic paradox is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics and has important applications in engineering and physics.

The hydrostatic paradox was first discovered by Blaise Pascal in 1647. He found that pressure in a fluid increases with depth and is transmitted equally in all directions. This principle was later expanded upon by Daniel Bernoulli, who developed Bernoulli’s principle, which states that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases.

The hydrostatic paradox is based on Archimedes’ principle, which states that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. This principle was first described by Archimedes in his work *On Floating Bodies*. 

The hydrostatic paradox has important applications in engineering, particularly in hydraulic systems. According to *Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications* (Print) by Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, hydraulic systems use fluids to transmit power from one location to another. The pressure generated by a hydraulic system is determined by the depth of the fluid and is independent of the shape of the container or the location of the point within it.

The hydrostatic paradox also has important applications in physics. According to *Physics for Scientists and Engineers* by Douglas Giancoli, hydrostatic pressure is used to measure atmospheric pressure and to determine the density of objects.
Cow with mad cow disease, unable to stand and trying to dig a hole
**Mad cow disease** is the common name of **Bovine spongiform encephalopathy**. It's a disease that affects a cow's nervous system and their physical state. It comes from the chemistry structure of prion protein. When cattle get this disease, they have holes forming in their brains. The brain becomes spongy and begins to waste away. The cattle become very violent and show signs of mental disorder and have trouble when they move. It has a long incubation period, about 4 to 5 years. Cattle that are 4 to 5 years old can get the disease very easily.

It was not a common disease, but in 1996 the Minister of Health and Welfare in England said that it could be contracted by humans. Mad cow disease has damaged the cattle industry. Some food was made from cattle that had the disease. In England, the nation that was worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed in an attempt to get rid of the disease.

Korea
-----

In 2012, Korean President Lee's negotiations about the import of beef from the USA made the public angry. Many people went to the square in front of city hall and protested. It caused a lot of trouble, and the approval rating of the president sharply decreased.

India
-----

Only Indian (Desi Cow) cows were able to survive from the disease. Researchers are still trying to figure out why only the Desi Cows can resist succumbing to the disorder. Other countries have started importing Indian cow breeds to their countries.

Related pages
-------------

* Prion disease
	+ Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("mad cow disease" in humans)
	+ Chronic wasting disease (Similar disease in deer)
For the cabaret in Paris, see Crazy Horse (cabaret).

**Crazy Horse** (born about 1838 – died September 5, 1877) was an Oglala Sioux Native American chief. There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota, United States. 

When Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name 'Curly'. When he was young, he had a vision when he was not supposed to and his family did not know where he was. His father found him and was very unhappy at what young Curly had done.
As Crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse. His father then changed his own name to Worm. 

Crazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went into battle. He led his people to the Little Bighorn river in northern Montana to join forces with other Sioux bands like the Hunkpapa and Miniconjou, and with other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arapahos. There they fought General George Armstrong Custer, killing and defeating him and his many horsemen.

Eventually Crazy Horse made a tough decision to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving. Game was scarce and the bison (buffalo) were nearly gone. He had no choice but to leave the Black Hills. When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses. This made him very unhappy. One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and, trying to get away, he was stabbed in his liver and died later that night, thus ending the Great Sioux War.

"Once I moved about like the wind. Now I surrender to you and that is all"
Quote by Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches .

The Sioux Royal Family, the House of Thasunke Witko, are descendants of Crazy Horse. A queen, Queen Wakiyan, was elected Queen of the Kingdom of Lakota (in Sioux, "Oglala Oyanke") and of the Oglala Sioux, and tried to improve the economy at the Pine Ridge Reservation with creativity and imagination, and to bring the Sioux forward into modern times;however, a conspiracy of jealous chieftains who were both male chauvinists opposed to having a female leader and also a corrupt group of men jealous of their own power and who prefer to preside over the poverty of the Sioux People, ruthlessly trumped up false allegations in order to depose this good queen.

According to Frederick Hoxie's 'Encyclopedia of North American Indians' Crazy Horse was the third in his male line of descent to bear the name of Crazy Horse, which in Oglala is Tasunke Witko. Tasunke Witko III was the son of Rattling Blanket Woman and Tasunke Witko II. He married three times: 1st to Black Buffalo Woman, 2nd to Black Shawl, and 3rd to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Only his second wife, Black Shawl, bore him any children: a daughter named They Are Afraid of Her, who died aged three.
**Alpine skiing** at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** had 5 types of races. These included downhill, Super-G, Super Combined, slalom and giant slalom.

Schedule
--------

Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March. Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.

The first event on the para-alpine program is the downhill. It starts on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers will race between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March.  Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions.  Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.

Results
-------

### Downhill

Henrieta Farkasova, guided by Nataly Subrtova, won the first gold medal at the Winter Paralympics. Farkasova won gold in women's downhill vision impaired race. B2 classified skier Millie Knight won silver. Belgian B2 classified skier Eleonor Sana won bronze. Marie Bochet from France won gold in the women's downhill standing.  Andrea Rothfuss from Germany won silver.  Mollie Jepsen from Canada won bronze. Mac Marcoux won gold in the men's visually impaired downhill race.  Jakub Krako of Slovakia won silver.  Giacomo Bertagnolli of Italy won bronze. Theo Gmur won a gold medal in the men's downhill standing race.  Arthur Bauchet of France won silver.  Markus Salcher of Austria won bronze.
An **anvil** is a hard piece of metal which is used as a workbench when making things out of iron or steel. An anvil is used by a blacksmith when he needs to hammer hot iron to bend it into the shape he wants. A blacksmith can make new shoes for horses.

Small anvil
Anvils were known in the Bronze Age and possibly earlier. They were used in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. They are still in use today, although not nearly as much as 100 years ago when there were many more horses. 

Anvils are extremely heavy. They are made in different sizes. The 17th century writer John Bunyan was a tinker (someone who mends pots and pans). He walked around the villages of Bedfordshire with a small anvil and a few tools on his back. His anvil was wedge-shaped, so that he could knock it into the ground when he needed to do a repair. His anvil is now in the John Bunyan museum in Bedford.

Use as a musical instrument
---------------------------

The anvil has sometimes been used as a percussion instrument because it makes a very loud sound when hit by the hammer. Usually musicians use a metal bar mounted on a sound-box. This sounds just as good as a real anvil (which would be very heavy to carry around).

Verdi wrote some famous music called the *Anvil Chorus* in his opera *Il Trovatore*. Wagner asked for 18 anvils in *Das Rheingold* in the scene which takes place below the earth where the Nibelungs are working at their forges. Albert Parlow wrote an *Anvil Polka*, Varèse used an anvil in *Ionisation*, Walton uses an anvil in *Belshazzar’s Feast* and there is an anvil in the orchestra in Howard Shore's music for *The Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy.

Related pages
-------------

* Forge
* Iron
* Steel
* Blacksmith
* Silversmith
The **Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem** is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is partly in Yellowstone National Park. 

Bison grazing near Gibbon River at Madison in Yellowstone National Park
The Greater Yellow Ecosystem (GYE) is a kind of natural laboratory in landscape ecology and geology. It is a world-renowned recreational site, and home to the animals of Yellowstone.

History
-------

The Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 to include all the geothermal basins in the area. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (*Ursus arctos*) range in and near the park became the unofficial minimum boundary of a Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This had at least 16,000 square kilometres (4,000,000 acres). Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as 76,890 square kilometres (19,000,000 acres), while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to 80,000 square kilometres (20,000,000 acres).

In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone. The result was a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service which said that different agencies were not working well together, and the area's essential values were at risk.

There are other areas within the Greater Yellowstone area which are managed by federal authorities. They include the Gallatin, Custer, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests, the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park. The GYE also includes some private lands around those managed by the U.S. Government. 

Outside of Yellowstone National Park, ten wilderness areas have been established in the National Forests since 1966 to get more habitat protection than usual.
The skull and crossbones is a common symbol for toxicity
**Toxicity** is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect. 

Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

Acute toxicity
--------------

**Acute toxicity** describes the bad effects of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be known as *acute* toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14 days of the substance thouching something.

Acute toxicity is different from chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity talks about the bad health effects from many exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer amount of time (months or years).

It is widely thought to be wrong to use humans as **tests** for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be picked up from investigating cases when humans accidentally make contact with the substance (e.g. factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, *in vitro* testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.
**Warren Hastings**
**Warren Hastings** (December 7 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was born at Churchill, Oxfordshire. He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk. In 1757 he was made the British Resident (administrative in charge) of Murshidabad. He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761, but was back in England in 1764. He returned to India in 1769 as a part of the Madras council and was made governor of Bengal in 1772. In 1773, he was appointed the first Governor-General of India.

For ten years Hastings managed to help expand British control across India that had been stated by Robert Clive. Some of his fellow Britons blamed him for not getting victory in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Hastings resigned in 1784 and returned to England, however when he arrived in England he was charged with corruption by Edmund Burke. Burke was encouraged by Sir Philip Francis who had been wounded by Hastings in a duel in India. The trial took seven years and Hastings was acquitted. 

On August 22 1806, the Edinburgh East India Club held a party to honour Hastings, asking for "Prosperity to our settlements in India".

Places named after him
----------------------

The city of Hastings, New Zealand and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were both named after him.

Hastings is a Senior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after colonial-age military figures.
**Diabetes mellitus type 5** (or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder where high levels of blood sugar occur. Left untreated, it can cause heart attacks, strokes, blindness and kidney failure.

Cause
-----

Usually, blood sugar levels are regulated by insulin, but in type 2 diabetes this does not work properly. Insulin is a hormone which tells the muscle and fat cells of the body to take up sugar from the blood. If there is too much sugar in the blood for a long period of time, the muscle and fat cells start to ignore insulin. As a result, sugar stays in the blood and is not taken up, leading to a high blood sugar.

This situation is different from diabetes mellitus type 1. In this case, the islet cells, which make insulin in the pancreas, have been destroyed by the body, and as a result there is no insulin. Diabetes type 1 usually occurs in children or young adults, whilst diabetes type 2 usually occurs in older people. However, recently childhood obesity has led to some young adults and teenagers developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes makes up around 90% of cases of diabetes, while type 1 diabetes and other types of diabetes make up the other 10%.

Type 2 diabetes is a result of both genetics and lifestyle. People who have relatives with diabetes type 2 are at an increased risk. They may develop diabetes if they have other risk factors in their lifestyle, for example obesity, or low amount of exercise.

Complications
-------------

Poorly managed diabetes can lead to heart attacks, strokes, blindness and kidney failure.

Treatment
---------

Type 2 diabetes can often be treated just by losing weight and exercising more, as these increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin. A medicine called Metformin is often prescribed, which works by helping the fat and muscle cells of the body listen to the signal from insulin to take up sugar from the blood.

Reducing carbohydrate consumption could help with managing type 2 diabetes.
Map showing the territories involved in the First and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars
The **Second Anglo-Mysore War** was a conflict that took place on the Indian Subcontinent from 1780 to 1784. The war ended without a clear victory on either side. The Treaty of Mangalore restored the situation to the state before the war broke out. The war involved the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. The Kingdom of Mysore was a large kingdom, in the South of India. It was an ally of the French. The East India Company was on the side of the English.

Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, committed himself to a French alliance to seek revenge against the British. The British had problems with Mysore because it had an alliance with the French. France was already fighting Britain in the American Revolutionary War and helped Mysore to weaken the British.

Hyder Ali And Tipu Sultan
-------------------------

The army of Hyder was one of the largest armies in India. In 1780, his army swept down the Eastern Ghats (mountains) and burnt the villages. Hyder set about forming a confederacy against the British. This included the French, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyder Ali overthrew the government and established his authority over the Mysore state. Hyder Ali tried to made a treaty with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, but both of them decided not to take up arms against the British, so Hyder Ali ended up fighting the war on his own. Hyder died in 1782 but Tipu Sultan proved to be a worthy successor, He introduced many reforms to overhaul and reorganize the administrative machinery. He also modernized the army.

The Treaty
----------

The battle remained indecisive and peace was finally concluded with Tipu on 28 June 1784. The war ended by signing the peace treaty in 1784. The treaty was named as the treaty of Mangalore because the treaty was signed in Mangalore. The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Causes of the war
-----------------

The British had problems with Mysore because it had an alliance with the French. The Marathas attacked Hyder Ali and the British signed a treaty saying that they would help Hyder, but they never cared to show up. Between 1773 and 1779 Hyder Ali was expanding his kingdom. To counter the British threat, Nana Phadnavis, the Maratha chief minister at Pune formed an alliance with the Marathas, Mysore and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
The **Mydoom virus** (also known as a worm and as **Win32.Mydoom.A**) was a very damaging computer virus that affected Microsoft Windows-based computers. The worm was spread through mass emailing, disguised as badly sent email. It spread very quickly.

Design and infection
--------------------

The virus was made to be sent in an email with an attachment that carried the virus. When the attachment was opened, the virus would download itself to the computer. The virus can only affect Windows based computers. The virus came with a package that would spam the SCO Group website. SCO had caused arguments within the Linux community for getting copyrights on some open source software. However, only 25% of the infected computers would launch the attack. After the virus has been downloaded, it leaves the computer open to other malware by leaving a "backdoor" open.

Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B, was made to spam Microsoft. It was first found on January 28, 2004.

History
-------

The virus was found to be a threat on January 26, 2004. The virus quickly spread and proved a threat to the SCO group. To try and get the public to catch the maker of the virus, the SCO group offered $250,000 U.S. dollars as a reward for catching the creator. Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B was found on January 28. Because it was made to attack the Microsoft web site, Microsoft offered a $250,000 U.S. dollar reward if the maker of the virus was caught. This was the third time Microsoft offered a reward for catching a virus creator.

On February 1, 2004, the virus downed the SCO group site with many denial-of-service attacks. On February 3 the virus attacked the Microsoft site and little damage was caused.

Effects
-------

Mydoom caused many problems during its lifespan in 2004. It caused web speeds to slow by about 50%. At the peak of the infection, Mydoom made for one in twelve emails sent.

Related pages
-------------

* Computer virus
**Hyaenas** (sometimes ***Hyenas***) are mammals. They are the family **Hyaenidae**, in the order Carnivora. They live in Africa, and in west and south Asia. In the past they had a much wider distribution. Now there are two subfamilies with four species.

With only four species, it is the fourth-smallest family in the Carnivora, and one of the smallest in the class Mammalia. Despite their low diversity, hyenas are unique and vital components to most African and some Asian ecosystems.

Hyaena walk much like bears because their front legs are longer than their back. Hyaenas are known to have one of the world's strongest bites. Its function is to crush bone.

Relationships
-------------

Hyaenas look much like canids, but they are actually in the Feliformia, with cats and mongooses. Although related to felines and viverrids, their life style is similar to canids. 

Convergent evolution has taken place. Both hyaenas and canids are non-climbing, running hunters which catch prey with their teeth rather than claws. Both eat food quickly and may store it. Their calloused feet have large, blunt, nonretractable nails, good for running and making sharp turns. However, the hyaenas' grooming, scent marking, defecating habits, mating, and parental behaviour are similar to the behaviour of other feliforms. Hyenas are matriarchal. This means that females dominate and males are inferior.

Hunting
-------

Hyaenas were long said to be cowardly scavengers, but they kill as much as 95% of the food they eat (especially spotted hyaenas). They can drive off leopards or lionesses from their kills. Hyenas are mostly nocturnal animals, but may leave their lairs in the early morning. Except for the very social spotted hyaena, hyenas are generally not gregarious animals, though they may live in family groups and come together at kills.

Hyaenas are intelligent creatures. They work together well and are cooperative. They have strategic hunting methods and work to steal and protect food it from other predators. Hyaenas' main targets are zebra and wildebeest. Their main rival is the lion. Whether hyaenas do or do not chase lions off their kills is mostly a matter of numbers.

Taxonomy
--------

* Family **Hyaenidae**
	+ Subfamily **Hyaeninae**
		- Spotted hyaena (*Crocuta crocuta*)
		- Striped hyaena (*Hyaena hyaena*)
		- Brown hyaena, (*Hyaena brunnea*, formerly *Parahyaena brunnea*)
	+ Subfamily **Protelinae**
		- Aardwolf (*Proteles cristatus*)
**Chorizo** is a pork (pig-meat) sausage which people first made in the Iberian Peninsula. It is made with large pieces of fatty pork, chili pepper and paprika. The special taste of this sausage comes from the mild Spanish paprika in it. 

In the western hemisphere, the Mexican and Caribbean types are better known. These types of chorizo are made with smaller pieces of pork and different seasonings and peppers are used.

Cured smoked chorizo is edible and can be eaten without cooking. Fresh chorizo must be cooked before eating. It can be eaten by its self, or as part of meal. It can also be used in place of ground beef or pork.

Chorizo hanging in a traditional Spanish market**Chorizo hanging in a traditional Spanish market**
Chorizo can be fresh. Also it can be dried. It can be spicy or not spicy depending on the recipe. There are many ways to eat chorizo. It can be sliced and eaten as a snack, or cooked. Dishes like stews, soups and rice dishes also use Chorizo. In Spain, chorizo is served as a small plate of food with drinks. In Latin America, chorizo is served with beans and eggs for breakfast. To make chorizo, the pork is cut into small pieces. Then it is mixed with spices and other ingredients. The mixture is then put into a casing. Casing is a thin, tube-like skin. Casing is made from the intestine of a pig. The chorizo is then left to dry for a few weeks. By doing this chorizo gets its special flavor and texture. There are many kinds of chorizo. Recipe of chorizo also different in different countries. In Spain, there are two main kinds of chorizo: chorizo de verdeo, and chorizo de cantimpalo. Chorizo de verdeo made with white wine and chorizo de cantimpalomade with red wine. In Latin America, chorizo is made with a mixture of chili peppers and other spices. It makes chorizo spicy. There are a few different ways to cook with chorizo. One popular way is to slice the chorizo and fry it in a pan until it is crispy. It can then be added to dishes like soups, stews and rice dishes. Chorizo can also be grilled, which gives it a smoky flavor. It can be sliced and added to sandwiches or served as a topping on pizza. Chorizo is a tasty and versatile food that can be enjoyed in many different ways.
The **American crocodile** is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, *Crocodylus acutus*, means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout.

Characteristics
---------------

Adult American crocodile
The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.

The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks[*source?*] Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).

The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).

Biology and behavior
--------------------

American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.[*source?*]

### Feeding

American crocodiles feed mostly on fish, but big ones may prey on bigger animals, such as deer.

American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.

Distribution
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The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida. 

This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.
***Anubias afzelii*** is a plant in the Araceae family. It was first described for science in 1857 by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. That description was based on material collected in Sierra Leone by Adam Afzelius. Schott named the species after him. The genus *Anubias* was described at the same time. Only *A. afzellii* belonged to it. This is therefore the type species of the genus. *A. afzelii* was the first species of this genus known to science.

Where it grows
--------------

The plant is found in West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Mali.

Description
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The plant's leave blades are elongated (long and thin) and leathery. They can be up to 35 cm (14 in) long and 13 cm (5.1 in) wide. The leaf stems are generally shorter than the blade. The leaves are set on a creeping and rooting rhizome. It is 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) thick. The spathe is 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long (sometimes up to 9 cm long). It has a 13–32 cm (5.1–12.6 in) long peduncle. The spadix is 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) long (sometimes up to 12 cm long). It is a little bit longer than the spathe. Therefore, the tip of the spadix sticks a little bit out of the spathe. The upper part of the spadix is covered with male flowers. Their 5-6 stamens are fused. The anthers (also called thecae) are on the sides. The lower part of the spadix is covered with female flowers. These are reduced to the ovary and stigma.

Ecology
-------

The plant grows in wet, shady places. It flowers from the end of March to July. It fruits from April to September. The plant grows above water, but can sometimes be completely under water.

Growing conditions
------------------

This plant grows best when only partly under water and when not crowded by other plants. It is most suited for the paludarium. It can also be used in larger aquariums, where it grows very slowly. It does not need much light. It prefers a temperature range of 22-26 °C. It can be propagated by dividing the rhizome. Propagation by seed is also easy.
**Apoptosis** is the controlled death of a cell. It is an important part of tissue development. For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. The process is quite common until puberty begins. Apoptosis is a regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle. The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.

Discovery
---------

The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.

The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells of which at most only 70 billion die each day. That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.

Sequence of events in apoptosis
-------------------------------

When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed.   

1. Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.  

2. Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.  

3. Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".  

4. Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks. DNA breaks into fragments.  

5. The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.

Controlling the cell cycle
--------------------------

Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall functioning of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body. Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell.

Cancer
------

Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis, which is why they are such a problem. They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore. This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding. This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells. This is a cancerous growth.

Nobel Prize
-----------

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'." Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm *Caenorhabditis elegans*. C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.

Related pages
-------------

* Hayflick limit
***The Spirit of the Laws*** (French: *De l'esprit des lois*, originally spelled *De l'esprit des loix*; also sometimes translated ***The Spirit of Laws***) is a book published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. It is a book about law, comparing different ideas. The Books published by Montesquieu were subject to censorship. For this reason, the book was published anonymously, at first. The work was rapidly translated to other languages. In 1750 Thomas Nugent published the first English translation. In 1751 the Roman Catholic Church added *De l'esprit des lois* to its *Index Librorum Prohibitorum* ("List of Prohibited Books"). Yet Montesquieu's treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably: Catherine the Great, who produced *Nakaz* (*Instruction*); the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution; and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in *Democracy in America*. Macaulay offers us a hint of Montesquieu's importance when he writes in his 1827 essay entitled "Machiavelli" that "Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe."

Montesquieu spent around twenty one years researching and writing *De l'esprit des lois*, covering many topics including law, social life and the study of anthropology, and providing more than 3,000 commendations. In this treatise Montesquieu argued that political institutions needed, for their success, to reflect the social and geographical aspects of the particular community. He pleaded for a constitutional system of government with separation of powers, the preservation of legality and civil liberties, and the end of slavery.
An **automated teller machine** (**ATM**) is a machine that lets people take or deposit money that they have. It can also be used by someone to see how much money they have, or see and do other things with their bank account. In the United Kingdom, ATMs are often called *cash machines*, *cashpoints* or the *hole in the wall*.

ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. They can also be found in other places. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.

People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN). A PIN is a code that lets them get into their account.

There are many scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN. This is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may put a video camera near the ATM to look at people using their PIN number. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.

In Germany, where people still use real money more than electronic money, there have been a lot of robberies from cash machines. 496 cash machines were blown up in 2022, with about €100,000 stolen each time. Most of the thieves are Dutch men, say the German police.

In Japan old people are targeted by people who pretend to be members of their family in trouble. In 2023 the National Police Agency were thinking about stopping people over 65 who had not used a machine for more than a year from using them.
**Kevin Seal** is an American actor, voice artist, musician, improvisational comedian, and television presenter.

Biography
---------

Seal was an MTV VJ in the late 1980s, the host of the pilot of *Club MTV* (according to an MTV special) and one of the hosts of the alternative-music program *120 Minutes*, which started in 1986. After leaving the program, he hosted MTV's *Headbangers Ball* from 1987 to 1988 and *Kevin Seal: Sporting Fool* for which he won a Cable Ace Award in 1990. Since leaving MTV, he made occasional TV and movie appearances, including a starring role in the 1992 interactive cinema film *I'm Your Man*. In 2000, he was the voice for both the lead character and primary antagonist in the Cartoon Network series *Sheep in the Big City* and he did more voices in *Dexter's Laboratory*, *The Powerpuff Girls*, *Johnny Bravo*, *Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones* and *My Life as a Teenage Robot*. Seal was also the host for the pilot episode of the Nickelodeon game show, *Figure it Out* in 1996 before Summer Sanders took over as the series host when the show officially started a year later. After going to school for industrial design, he began designing and building furniture.

Personal life
-------------

Seal lives in Seattle. He was married to director Lynn Shelton. He does voiceover work and is a stay-at-home dad to his son.

Other websites
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* Kevin Seal on IMDb

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