recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ferdinand Tönnies** (German: [ˈtœniːs]; 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a philosopher. He was born in a place called *Oldenswort* in Germany. Ferdinand Tönnies did many things in his life, but he became especially known for his ideas about societies and how people come together.

Background
----------

Ferdinand Tönnies had a brain full of thoughts about how communities work. He liked to study the ways people connect with each other and form groups. Imagine a big puzzle of people, and Tönnies was interested in figuring out how the pieces fit together.

One big idea from Tönnies is the concept of *Gemeinschaft* and *Gesellschaft*. These are just German words for two types of societies. Gemeinschaft is like a small town or a close-knit community where people know each other well, and there's a strong sense of togetherness. On the other hand, Gesellschaft is more like a big city where people might not know each other as much, and relationships are often based on practical reasons.

Tönnies was also a professor, which means he taught students about his smart ideas. He worked at a university in Germany and shared his thoughts on societies with many people. His teachings helped others understand more about how people live and work together.

Ferdinand Tönnies died on April 9, 1936, but his ideas continue to live on. People still read his writings and learn from his thoughts on communities and societies. Even if you haven't heard his name before, Ferdinand Tönnies was a person who spent his life thinking about how we all fit into the big puzzle of society.
Minoan sites on Crete
Copy of a Minoan ship
The **Minoan civilization** was a civilization on Crete called after Minos. It began in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2700 BC. It lasted until about 1450 BC. The Minoan civilization is famous for its sea trading and well-planned cities. The Minoans had an agricultural system which relied mainly on olives and grapes. Their religion worshipped mostly goddesses. The Minoan civilization was later replaced by the Mycenaean culture.

Minoan Architecture
-------------------

Cretans built palaces during their architecture era. In a non-royal palace there were many small rooms with cooler places to sit, because Crete got very hot in the summer. Palaces were used for many things. They were used as government centers, storerooms, stores, and administrative offices. Most palaces were very big. The Cretans might have gotten the money to create these palaces from working for the Egyptians. The royal palace was very different. Everyone had toilets, baths, and running water. The ones for the king and queen were very fancy. Their palace was fancy also. The architecture era was ended by a great fire. This era went from 2000 B.C. to 1450 B.C. Then they were no more.

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Minoan civilization***.

* Archived 2010-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* 
* Minoan civilization -Academic Kids
Françoise Hardy
**Françoise Hardy** is a French singer, actress and model. As a celebrity in various fields, she has been an icon in France.

Early life
----------

Hardy was born on 17 January 1944 in Paris and grew up in rich family. From her childhood, she was so interested in literature that she was attracted to Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. She received a guitar from her mother as a present for her passing baccalaureat at 16. It caused her to get interested in Chanson. Hardy mastered guitar by herself and showed an interest in composing chanson. Trying to be a singer was hard, she failed many times. After entering the University of Sorbonne in Paris, she kept studying a chanson in Petit conservatoire de la chanson, a chanson school founded by Mireille  who was a famous singer at that time.  
Soon, she contracted with the record label Vogue in November 1961.

Success
-------

In June 1962, she made a great debut with her famous chanson *Tous les garçons et les filles* which became a hit all over Europe at her age of 18. The song made the wave of Yé-yé music in France with two million sales. It was when another famous song *Comment te dire adieu* appeared that Hardy estalished her as a singer in 1968. The song received a favorable review from many critics who were indifferent to young singers without precedent. Since then, she has been a cultural iconic figure in France. All of almost her songs were self written, and they have been translated into English, Spanish, Italian and German.  
 As an actress, she appeared in many films - *Château en Suède* (1963), *Une balle au cœur* (1965), *What’s new pussycat?* (1966) *Masculin- Féminin* (1966) and *Grand prix* (1967)

She has a son, Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc. Now, they remain a couple.
Defragmentation happening
**Defragmentation** is a process that happens with digital files. Files are usually stored in one part. When a disk drive fills up, finding an empty space that is large enough becomes more difficult. When this happens, the file is split into different parts, and each part is stored on a different place in the disk. That process is known as fragmentation. Fragmentation happens because different parts of a file are not stored next to each other. When the file is read, the different parts must be assembled. Fragmented files take longer to assemble. Files that are stored in one part can be read faster. Defragmentation reverses fragmentation and puts the file into one piece.

The process
-----------

**Defragmentation** is the process of rearranging the different parts, so that they are stored next to each other. This is usually done by copying them to a different place on the disk. Defragmentation is relevant to file systems on electromechanical disk drives. To read each part, the head of the hard disk needs to reposition itself to the area where the part is stored.

The problem of defragmentation is that it is takes a long time and in some cases, the file system cannot be changed while it is in progress. For that reason, defragmentation should not be done, when it can be avoided.

There are different kinds of files, some of them are modified more often. It is often a good practice to put them on different partitions, as most Unix-like operating systems do. Also, the design of hard drives has changed over time, which makes the effects of defragmentation less visible.

Media that uses flash memory, such as solid-state disks, do not benefit from defragmentation, as there are no moving parts than need to be re-positioned.
A bubble sort illustrated
**Bubble sort** is a simple sorting algorithm. It is simple to understand, so it is usually taught to new students. It is not as efficient as some other sorting algorithms.

Bubble sort's name comes from the fact that each item in the list "bubbles" up to where it should go, like bubbles in water.

Algorithm
---------

An example of bubble sort. Starting from the beginning of the list, compare the next pair. Swap their positions if they are not in the right order (the second one in the pair is smaller than the first one in the pair). After each iteration, one less element (the last one) is needed to be compared until there are no more elements left to be compared.
The algorithm compares pairs of elements in a list. The elements that make up the pairs are next to each other. Starting at one end of the list, the two elements in each pair are compared to each other in order. That means for example, the first and second element are compared, then the second and third element, and then the third and fourth, and so on. If the elements in the current pair are out of order, then the two elements switch places. This process – of comparing two elements – is done over and over again, until the whole list is sorted. The list is sorted, when there are no more pairs that have to be swapped.

In the best case scenario, where the list was already sorted before running the algorithm, the algorithm's complexity is O(n) (Big O notation). In the worst case, where the list starts off as being sorted in reverse, O(n²).

Implementation
--------------

In an imperative programming language, bubble sort can be implemented by using a flag variable and looping through the array's elements:

1. Set the flag `sorted`.
2. Starting at one end, consider every neighbored pair of elements in a vector one after another (in their order).
3. If a pair's elements are out of order, swap them, and clear the flag `sorted`.
4. Repeat the previous steps until `sorted` remains set.

Alternatively, since the greatest value ascends to the highest index within the first iteration and then has reached its final *right* position, two for-loops nested into one another sort the vector, too:

```
for top ≔ high(vector)−1 downto low(vector) do
 for current ≔ low(vector) to top do
 if vector[current] > vector[current+1] then
 exchange(vector, current, current+1)

```

Related pages
-------------

* Insertion sort
* Selection sort
A **network bridge** is a device which connects two parts of a network together at the data link layer (layer 2 of the OSI model). 

Network bridges work similarly to network switches, but the traffic is managed differently. A bridge will only send traffic from one side to the other if it is going to a destination on the other side. This is different to a layer 1 switch which sends all traffic from either side. Sometimes network bridges are called layer 2 switches. 

Since they need to look at the contents of the traffic going into them, they are much more complicated than a hub or repeater.

How is it different to a switch?
--------------------------------

Network Switches and Bridges are both Layer 2 devices. They operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Reference Model. Network Switches and Bridges have many similarities and similar function. But Switches are considered as superior devices than bridges.

Following are the major differences between network switches and bridges.

**•** Packet forwarding in Bridges are performed using software. Packet forwarding in Switches are performed using ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits).

**•** Switches operate comparatively higher speeds that Bridges.

**•** Method of switching of a Bridge is store and forward. Method of switching of a Switch can be store and forward, cut-through or fragment-free.

**•** Normally a Switch has more ports than a Bridge.

**•** Bridges can operate only in half duplex mode, but a Switch can operate both in half duplex or full duplex mode.

**•** Both Bridge and Switch has one collision domain per port, but switches have one broadcast domain per VLAN.

**•** Switches support full-duplex Local Area Network (LAN) communication.

Related pages
-------------

* Shortest Path Bridging
**Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan** (1 June 1934 – 9 October 2021) was twice a former Prime Minister and President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. He was the longest serving Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Early life
----------

Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan was born into a famous political family of Kashmir. He was the son of Sardar Fateh Muhammad Khan Karela vi. Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan graduated from Gordon College (Rawalpindi)in 1956. He then went to the University Law College in Lahore for a law degree in 1958.

Political career
----------------

He returned to Kotli to start a law practice. He joined the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference. He also successfully ran for membership of the local council. He had this position for eight years. During this period he was also elected as President of Bar Association, Kotli. In 1970, he was elected to the Azad Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly.

He has been returned to office from his constituency in every election held in Azad Kashmir between 1970 and 2001, barring the years when he was President of Azad Kashmir. His brother Sardar Muhammad Naeem Khan served as a member from that area during that period.

He was acting President of the Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference in the 1976-78 period. He was elected President in 1978, a position he held until 1988.

In 1985, he was elected Prime Minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. He kept that office for the next five years. He was leader of the opposition in the Assembly during the next two years. Then he was elected President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir for a five-year term in 1991.

He was sworn in as Prime Minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir on July 25, 2001 for the second time. He retired from active politics in July 2006 after completing his second term.

Death
-----

Khan died in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir from heart disease on 9 October 2021, aged 87.

Other websites
--------------

* PakDef E-Reporter Vol. I, Issue 3 - page 20 Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Profile of Sardar Muhammad Naeem Khan, Minister of Revenue, Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Khan, Sikandar Hayat |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Pakistani politician |
| Date of birth | 1 June 1934 |
| Place of birth | Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir |
| Date of death | 9 October 2021 |
| Place of death | Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir |
The **American School of Correspondence** is an American distance education high school in Lansing, Illinois. It was founded in 1897, and is accredited. The school has about 50,000 students. The American School offers its own high school diploma.

The school was in the Hyde Park, Chicago, neighborhood from 1912 to 1996. Then it moved to south suburban Lansing.

Program
-------

The American School is a non-public secondary school and offers its own diploma. It is not a GED program. High school students can complete four years' worth of credits at their own pace, often taking less time than in a traditional high school. All exams in the more than 70 courses offered are hand graded by a qualified staff of full-time and part-time instructors. Additionally, the school works with thousands of public, private, and parochial schools throughout the United States to offer distance learning courses to students who have fallen behind in credits, or are working at a faster rate. The credits for these correspondence courses are then transferred to the student's high school.

Notable alumni
--------------

* Selena
* Jessica Alba
* Tiffany Evans
* The Everly Brothers
* Marie Osmond
* Donny Osmond
* Christopher Paolini
* Andre Agassi
* Bob Feller
* Anna Kournikova
* Travis Pastrana
* Mary Pierce
* Deanna Stellato
* Shulamit Ran
* Jamie Wyeth
* Sho Yano
* Ellen Muth

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Asia Brewery** is a brewery founded in 1982 in Makati City, the Philippines. It is one of only two breweries in the Philippines, and is the smaller of the two, with only 10% market share. It is owned by Lucio Tan, listed by Forbes Magazine as the second richest Filipino in the Philippines, with assets worth $1.5 billion.

Products
--------

It produces malt beverages like beer, shandy, iced tea, bottled water and carbonated soft drinks. Its sister company Tanduay Distillers, Inc. produces hard liquor. It somewhat mimics the structure of its bigger rival San Miguel Corporation, except that ABI has no food and agribusiness divisions.

It offers eight beers in the Philippines with its flagship brand Beer na Beer launched in 1988 as **Beer Pale Pilsen.** It changed its name to **Beer na Beer** after lawsuits by other breweries using the term **pale pilsen**. In 2001, Beer na Beer was reformulated and now has 6.0% alcohol volume.

ABI's seven other beers are sold on a somewhat limited scale, but its Colt 45 brand, launched in 1995, is the biggest among them. This malt liquor's biggest competitor is Red Horse Extra Strong from San Miguel. ABI's other licensed brands are Carlsberg (the brewery's first beer in 1987), Lone Star (launched in 2000), Lone Star Light (2002), Colt Ice (2003), Lone Star ULTRA (the country's first low-carb beer, launched in 2004, Stag (either cancelled or it's just hard to find in the country), and Coors (2008).

The company also offers Absolute distilled drinking water, the second biggest-selling bottled water brand in the market behind SMC's Wilkins, and Summit mineral water. They are both launched in 1992.

In 1995, Q Shandy was launched to compete with SMC's Cali. In 1999, Pacific Sun iced tea was launched. In 2009, Asia Brewery introduced Feelgood, the first juice drink in the Philippines to contain prebiotics. 

Asia Brewery entered the low-priced carbonated soft drinks market by acquiring a license to produce Virgin Cola from Virgin Drinks. They are responsible in distributing products such as Summit Vitaminwater, ZeroCal and 100Plus.

In 2008, Asia Brewery partnered with Cobra International Beverage Holdings, Inc. introduced the Philippine version of **Cobra Energy Drink**, is the ready-to-drink energy drink now in the Philippine market.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Philippine companies
* ABI's Main Competitor, San Miguel Corporation

Other websites
--------------

* Asia Brewery Official Website

14°33′24″N 121°01′17″E﻿ / ﻿14.556575°N 121.021426°E﻿ / 14.556575; 121.021426
The **St-Hilaire train disaster** happened on June 29, 1864 in the town of Otterburn Park, near Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec at approximately 01:20 am EST. It happened after the crew of a train ignored a stop signal and ended up calling through an open bridge. 

In the disaster, 99 people were believed to be dead and 100 were injured. The St-Hilaire train disaster remains to this day, the deadliest rail disaster in Canadian history.

During an investigation into the incident, engineer William Burnie and conductor Thomas Finn had both ignored a stop signal and proceeded to cross the bridge anyways. This was against the safety laws in the country. The train would call through the open bridge and sink 10 feet into the river below. Burnie escaped while 99 other, along with Finn, died.

On July 16, 1864, Burnie was convicted of negligence and a jury sentenced him to 10 years in prison. Full responsibility would be placed on Grand Trunk Railway by a grand jury on October 5, 1864. They said that Grand Trunk Railway was negligent and mainly responsible for the disaster. The company would only be given a reprimand as punishment.
***Diplodocus*** is a huge dinosaur from the same time as the *Allosaurus*. It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.

Size
----

*Diplodocus* was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6 ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the *hallorum*, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now *Amphicoelias*).

Fossils
-------

*Diplodocus* skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.

*Seismosaurus*
--------------

*Seismosaurus* was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of *Diplodocus*. It is now known as *Diplodocus hallorum*.

*Seismosaurus* was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33–36 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other *Diplodocus* species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.
**Zeeboids** is an application that allows avatars to be created. It was developed by Zeebo Interactive Studios in Brazil, and was only released for the Zeebo. Zeeboids works with *Zeebo Football Club* (F.C.) games such as Zeebo F.C. Foot Camp, allowing players to create custom characters ("avatars") and participate in online rankings.

Creating Zeeboids
-----------------

*Zeeboids* has 24 options for customizing the look of the characters, including skin, physique, hairstyles, 12 different uniforms, and more. It keeps track of and rewards avatar accomplishments, allows players to upload scores, take part in online rankings and use their avatars on each other's Zeebo systems.

Compatible games
----------------

| Title | Developer | Publisher | Release date | Genre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Zeebo F.C. Foot Camp* | Zeebo Interactive Studios | Zeebo Inc. | June 2, 2010 | Sports |
| *Zeebo F.C. Super Liga* | Zeebo Interactive Studios | Zeebo Inc. | December 22, 2010 | Sports |
|

Online Tournament in Brazil
---------------------------

From June 11, 2010, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Zeebo Brazil held an online tournament for players with *Foot Camp* and *Zeeboids*. The top scorers in each of the four mini-games, as well as those with the best overall combined scores, earned free Z-Credits.

Related pages
-------------

* Avatar
* Mii
* PlayStation Home

Other websites
--------------

* Official Brazilian Website (Brazilian Portuguese)
* Official Mexican Website[*permanent dead link*] (Spanish)
* Official Zeebo Inc. Blog Posts on *Zeeboids* (English)
The **presidency of Joe Biden** as the 46th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2021. Biden, a Democrat from Delaware who previously served as vice president for two terms under president Barack Obama, took office following his victory in the 2020 over Republican incumbent president Donald Trump. Upon his inauguration, he became the oldest president in American history, breaking the record set by his predecessor Trump. Biden entered office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic crisis, and increased political polarization.

On the first day of his presidency, Biden made an effort to revert President Trump's energy policy by restoring U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement and revoking the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline. He also halted funding for Trump's border wall, an expansion of the Mexican border wall. On his second day, he issued a series of executive orders to reduce the impact of COVID-19, including invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950, and set an early goal of achieving one hundred million COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States in his first 100 days.
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Jung*.


**This article contains Korean text.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or hanja.

**Jung Ji-Hoon** (born June 25, 1982), better known by his stage name **Rain**, is a South Korean singer, recording artist, dancer, actor, model and designer.

In Rain's music career, he produced seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 19 singles and many concert tours around the world. His acting career began in 2003. This was when he won the KBS Best New Actor Award for his role in the drama *Sang Doo! Let's Go To School*. In 2004, Rain won the KBS Excellence in Acting award for his role in the drama *Full House*. After starring in *A Love To Kill*, he acted in his first Korean film, *I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK* (2006), which won the Alfred Bauer Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival. Rain has acted in the American films *Speed Racer* (2008) and *Ninja Assassin* (2009). He was the first Korean to win an MTV award.

In 2007, Rain left the management of JYP Entertainment and started his own company, J. Tune Entertainment. However, he still keeps contact with Park Jin-young.

Early life
----------

Rain spent most of his childhood living with his parents and younger sister near Yonsei University. Rain was a quiet and shy child. He discovered his passion for dance when he performed in a talent show for High School. Rain decided to follow his passion and attended High School of Arts.

Rain lost his mother when she died with diabetes in 2000. In the same year, Rain was picked up to train for JYP Entertainment, led by Park Jin-Young. However, in a CNN interview and also in a Discovery Channel documentary called Discovering Hip Korea, he said he was repeatedly rejected because of his looks. During the early years of training, Rain was a backup dancer.
**Show, don't tell** is a type of writing technique used by authors. Instead of explaining a story, as in a summary, a writer makes the reader feel what is happening. It creates a picture of something in the reader's mind. When the reader gets a clear mental picture the story becomes more interesting. The technique is used in both fiction and non-fiction writing.

Examples of show, don't tell
----------------------------

* **Telling**: "The room was perfect. She saw it and was immediately transported back to her childhood because it had all the elements she remembered."
* **Showing**: "She threw open the wide oak door and stepped into a past from twenty years ago. The bedroom she remembered, down to the last detail. Pink candy-striped walls with white trim. A thick white shag carpet, two plush maroon velvet chairs flanking a silent fireplace."

In the first example, the author is telling what the character feels. In the second example, the author is allowing the reader to picture what the character was experiencing when she opened the door.

Show and tell
-------------

Good writing may involve both showing and telling. A scene shows the reader what is happening. It allows the reader to experience the action and emotions of the people in the story. A summary is often used between scenes to connect them together to create a story. Another use of summaries is in places where a part of the story needs to be brief. Showing takes more words than telling. Less important parts of a story are sometimes mentioned very briefly.
This article is about the candy. For the cherry tree and their blossoms, see Cherry blossom.
**Cherry Blossom** is a type of chocolate sold in Canada and made by Hershey Canada Inc. Hershey used to make it at its Canadian manufacturing facility in Smiths Falls, Ontario.

The candy was made from the 1890s by the Walter M. Lowney Company of Canada until Hershey took it over as a subsidiary brand. The factory in Smiths Falls, which is north-east of Kingston, Ontario, is now closed.

The candy consists of a maraschino cherry and cherry syrup surrounded by a mixture of chocolate, shredded coconut and roasted peanut pieces. The candy is sold in a wrapped 45-gram portion, packaged in a close-fitting cardboard box.

Despite common belief, filling is not injected inside the chocolate. The cherry candy is covered with an enzyme, invertase, that breaks down the solid into a liquid over the next 1 to 2 weeks.

The candy contains 210 calories of food energy, 10g fat (15% daily intake), 29g carbohydrate (10% daily intake), 1g fibre (4% daily intake), 27g sugars and 2g of protein.

UPC number: 0 68000 70227 0

Related pages
-------------

* The Hershey Company

Other websites
--------------

* Hershey Canada
* "Cherry Blossom" - YouTube Video
* "Cherry Blossom TV Commercial" -YouTube Video
***Totally Spies!*** is a French/Canadian animated series produced by Marathon Media and Image Entertainment Corporation. The show was first broadcast on November 3, 2001 on ABC Family in USA. It was also broadcast on TF1 in France and Teletoon in Canada.
Totally Spies! The Movie was released on July 22, 2009 in France. The show had been running since 2001. A sixth season was confirmed by Marathon Media to premiere on September 4, 2013. 156 episodes divided in 6 seasons

Plot
----

The series centers around the adventures of three teenage girls - Sam, Alex and Clover - who live a double life as spies working for the World Organization of Human Protection (WOOHP). The girls are recruited by the organization's leader, Jerry Lewis, to solve crises that arise around the world. Many of their missions involve dealing with disgruntled villains who have been wronged in some form during their past. Several have exacted revenge on the spies by invading their personal lives. The b-stories focus on the girls' daytime lives as high school students, dealing with relationships, school and school rivals.

Episodes
--------

The show premiered a season 1 with 26 episode a second season with 26 episodes a Third season was Co-produced by Image and Teletoon. The show had a third season with 26 episodes, a Fourth season with 26 episodes and a Fifth season with 26 episodes it was going to be canceled but a Sixth season of Totally Spies! was confirmed in 2011 by Marathon Media with 26 episodes to be in production or making in 2012 with TF1 and The Walt Disney company France each episode was 26 minutes long Zodiak Kids licensing to TF1 France, Teletoon Canada, Super DEA Kids Italy, Nickelodeon Central and Eastern Europe, Nickelodeon Germany, Nickelodeon Netherlands and Cartoon Network Latin America

Movie
-----

*Main Article* : Totally Spies! The Movie

Totally Spies! The Movie 2009 film by Marathon Media hit 110 theaters in France and Netherlands. The Film was awarded 2011 kidscreen

Release
-------

### Broadcast

Totally Spies premiered on November 3, 2001 on ABC Family. It later premiered in Europe on channels such as Germany's ProSieben, France's TF1 and the United Kingdom's Channel 4 during the spring of 2002. The show later moved to Cartoon Network, where it attracted 1.6 million viewers (aged 4 – 10) daily and continued airing until 2009. The show has also attracted over one million viewers in France since its debut. It was later re-licensed and its sixith season, along with Totally Spies! The Movie and the show's spin off The Amazing Spiez!. The show aired its sixth season in France and is being broadcast around Europe. The Amazing Spiez! was broadcast in France on TF1, Canada on Teletoon, Japan on NHK, USA on Cartoon Network, Southeast Asia on Disney Channel Asia. The sixth season of Totally Spies! was re-licensed with new and old broadcasters! The sixith season made its debut on its Original network of TF1 in France on September 4, 2013 and Teletoon in Canada on September 7, 2014.

### Home media

Good Times Entertainment released seasons 1-3 was made formated on DVD on Amazon.
Britain in Athelstan's time
**Athelstan** or Æthelstan, (893/4–27 October 939), called **the Glorious**, was the first King of England. He reigned from 924 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder. Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.

Athelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred. His father had also been the King of Mercia. When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England. His brother, Ælfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward. This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.

For Athelstan it was very important to have many allies. A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the Viking King of Northumbria, Sithric. However, Sithric died only a year later, and Athelstan seized Northumbria. This move made him king of more land than any other before him, roughly the same as modern England. Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.

Athelstan died at Gloucester in 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.
**Crows** form the genus ***Corvus*** in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.

The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven. The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands. 

The *Corvus* makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia. The collective name for a group of crows is a *flock* or, more poetically, a *murder*.

= Characteristics
-----------------

Crows will eat just about anything from insects to invertebrates to meat. They also enjoy nuts, worms and vegetables. Crows are known for being shy around humans at first.

Intelligence
------------

Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools. Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds.

They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes. The jackdaw and the European magpie have a *nidopallium* about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.

A story of how a girl fed crows, and in return they brought her tiny gifts, shows what the birds are capable of.
**Socks Clinton** (1989 – February 20, 2009) was the pet cat of U.S. President Bill Clinton and his family while he was in the White House.

Socks was an adopted stray cat and the only pet of the Clintons during the first years of Clinton's presidency. A picture of Socks was always on the children's White House website. After Clinton left office, Socks went to live with Clinton's secretary, Betty Currie and her husband. This was because Socks fought a lot with the Clinton family dog Buddy. Socks never got along with the dog.

Biography
---------

Socks became the pet cat of the Clintons in 1991 after he jumped into Chelsea Clinton's arms at her piano teacher's home in Little Rock, Arkansas. Socks was playing with his sibling, Midnight, who was later adopted by another family.

When Bill Clinton became President, Socks moved with the family from the governor's mansion in Arkansas to the White House. Even though he was the official 'first pet', he shared his food and water with a stray tabby cat, named Slippers. Socks was often taken to schools and hospitals to visit. Children visiting the White House website would be shown around by a cartoon version of Socks.

In December 2002, Socks was part of the Little Rock, Arkansas Christmas parade.

Buddy
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Things changed for the worse for Socks in 1997. The Clintons got a pet dog named Buddy, a Labrador Retriever. Socks hated this dog. Hillary Clinton said Socks "despised Buddy from first sight, instantly and forever." Bill Clinton said, "I did better with ... the Palestinians and the Israelis than I've done with Socks and Buddy." When the Clintons left the White House in 2001, they took Buddy to their new home, but left Socks with Betty Currie. Buddy died within a year, being hit by a car in 2002.

Later life and death
--------------------

In June 2008, Socks was still living with Currie and her husband in Hollywood, Maryland, about 60 miles from Washington. But Socks was losing weight and losing his fur. In December 2008, Socks was again reported to be in failing health from cancer. Socks was euthanized on February 20, 2009, in Hollywood, Maryland. He had cancer in his jaw.

Socks the cat at the podium in the White House Press Briefing Room.

Letters written to Socks
------------------------

First Lady Hillary Clinton wrote a children's book called *Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets* in 1998. It included more than 50 letters written to the First Pets by children. It had more than 80 photos of Socks and Buddy.

A Republican Representative in the United States Congress, Dan Burton once argued against the use of White House employees, postage, and stationery being used to answer mail that was written to the cat.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Socks (cat) at Wikimedia Commons

* Pic - with photographers
* Purr 'n' Fur Famous Felines: Socks Clinton, and other Presidential Felines
* A web-based version of the children's book, *Socks Goes to the White House - A Cats-eye view of the President's house*
A magnified crystal of salt
**Table salt** is a mineral composed mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl). This is a chemical compound, one of many salts. Salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. 

When salt (sodium chloride) is mixed with water, the salt dissolves into the water, creating a saline solution. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%.

Salt can be made by either evaporation or can be mined. To get sea salt, man-made holes are built then filled with sea water. The water evaporates and leaves salt behind.

Inside a salt mine in Romania
Table salt is one of the few minerals that are eaten a lot by humans, but it can be used for other things besides giving food its flavor. Both sodium and chlorine are needed for all living creatures, including humans, but they are not always eaten in the form of salt, where they are found together in large amounts. Some peoples, like the Yanomami tribe in South America, eat very little salt. Salt is used to control the amount of water in the body. Salty flavor is also one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by not having enough minerals, such as sodium chloride, in the body.

Eating too much or too little salt can make health problems more likely to happen, for example hypertension. When food is made, salt was often used as a preservative, to make the food last longer, and as a seasoning, for flavor. Salt is less used as a preservative now as refrigeration is used instead and people are worried that too much salt will make them ill.

There are different ways to get table salt:

* From the sea, using salt evaporation ponds or desalinisation plants.
* From a mountain, or underground, using salt mines.
* From natural brine.
* From your mums house

### Other articles

Salt
The **Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus** is a Roman Catholic, secondary day school, located in Point Cook, a south-western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It a branch of one of Emmanuel College's education facilities.

History
-------

### Establishment & Construction

In 2006, the plans for Emmanuel College and the future school initiated. Construction of the education facility began in 2007 and was completed before the school's opening, ready for the school's first year of education.

### Education

The school only teaches year sevens, but will expand to educating years seven to twelve by the year 2013. It was planned for the school to expand one year level each year, so when the year sevens of 2008 become year eights, the school will teach both years seven and eight, and so on until 2013 when it would have finished this process.

Head Master and Current Staff
-----------------------------

The Notre Dame Campus currently enlists an unknown number of staff.

The incumbent principal is Mr. Christopher Stock (BSc DipEd MEd B.Theol).

Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE)
----------------------------------------

The VCE program will be implemented in 2012 at the Notre Dame Campus when it commences it's year 11 education.

Related pages
-------------

* Emmanuel College, Melbourne
* Emmanuel College: St. Paul's Campus
* List of schools in Victoria

Other websites
--------------

* Emmanuel College Website Archived 2008-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
**ASKÖ-Sportanlage West**, for sponsoring reasons Max Aicher Stadium, is a football stadium in the Maxglan district of Salzburg.

History
-------

### Opening

The stadium was opened in 1999 and was the homeground of ASK Salzburg. In May 2006 the club went bankrupt and in summer 2007 Austria Salzburg took over the ground. The club played in the 6th league. Till 2010 they reached the Regionalliga (3rd level). The telephone company MyPhone Austria bought the naming rights and the stadium was called *MyPhone Austria Stadion.*

### 2010s

2015 the stadium was renovated for licence reasons. It got a new stand behind one goal and a floodlight system. For high security matches the club had to go to Schwanenstadt.

2018 the stadium was renamed in *Erich Misoph Volltreffer Stadion*. Volltreffer.com was the name of the sponsor. Misoph was one of the founding members of the supporter club „1. Anhängerklub Austria Salzburg" in 1972. The club is still active and one of the oldest supporter clubs in Austria.

In 2019 Austria got Max Aicher, a Bavarian business man, as new sponsor. The stadium was renamed and is now the *Max Aicher stadium*.
Jacob Obrecht
**Jacob Obrecht** (born Ghent, 1457 or 1458; died late July, 1505) was a composer from the south Netherlands. He was one of the greatest composers of his time. He is best known for his church music, including many masses as well as motets and songs.

His life
--------

Obrecht's father was a trumpeter. His mother died when he was about 2 years old and his father remarried. We know nothing about Obrecht's musical education. He may have learned to play the trumpet like his father, who worked for the Burgundian court. Perhaps his father introduced him to people at the court, such as the famous composer Antoine Busnois. He certainly must have known Busnois' music.

From 1480 to 1484 he was a choirmaster at Bergen-op-Zoom. Then he got a very good job as choirmaster at Cambrai Cathedral. However, a year later he took another job in Bruges. He wrote a lot of church music during his years in Bruges. He travelled to Italy and went to the town of Ferrara where a lot of famous musicians worked. He stayed there for several months. This may have been the reason why he then lost his job in Bruges. His next job was in Antwerp where he worked from 1492 to 1498. He then got his old job back in Bruges. From 1501 to 1503 he once again worked at Antwerp where he was choirmaster at the church of Our Lady. In 1504 he got the job of maestro di cappella at Ferrara, but the following year he died of the plague.

His reputation
--------------

Obrecht composed extremely quickly. He is supposed to have written one of his masses in one night. This was different to Josquin des Prez who spent a long time composing his pieces and making changes to them before he let anyone have copies. Obrecht was influenced by the music of Busnois and Ockeghem. Obrecht himself was a big influence on Josquin, even though Josquin was older than Obrecht.

In recent years musicologists have studied Obrecht's music a lot and made many discoveries, including the correct dates for many of his works.
**Molara Wood** (born 1967) is a Nigerian creative writer, journalist and critic. Currently lives in Lagos and writes an Arts column for *The Guardian*. She is also a blogger.

Early life
----------

She was born in 1967 in Nigeria. Her life, as she described, was "a fairly peripatetic life". In a 2015 interview with Oyebade Dosunmu for *Aké Review*, Wood said: "Even long before my UK days I had lived in Northern and South-Western Nigeria as well as Los Angeles— all by the age of eleven or twelve. There is a sense in which you’re always out of time, out of place—and the years in Britain merely compounded that. The feeling doesn’t go away with return to Nigeria, it merely mutates, as people remark about me coming across as someone from ‘away’, even when I’m trying to blend in. I am therefore pretty sensitive to the permutations of dislocation and re-integration. London was a huge tableau for me to observe this theatre of human experience as far as Nigerian immigrants were concerned."

Career
------

She was described as "one of the eminent voices in the Arts in Nigeria".

She writes short stories, flash fiction, poetry and essays. Her works were published in a media such as *African Literature Today*, *Chimurenga*, *Farafina Magazine*, *Sentinel Poetry*, *DrumVoices Revue*, *Sable LitMag*, *Eclectica Magazine*, *The New Gong Book of New Nigerian Short Stories* (ed. Adewale Maja-Pearce, 2007), and *One World: A Global Anthology of Short Stories* (ed. Chris Brazier; New Internationalist, 2009).

In 2007 her fiction was highly commended in the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association's Short Story Competition.

In 2008 she won the inaugural John La Rose Memorial Short Story Competition.

Her collection of short stories, *Indigo*, was published in 2013 by Parrésia Publishers. *Indigo* was well received, with *Critical Literature Review* calling it "a reader's pleasure".

As Oyebade Dosunmu writes: "Wood tells stories of people who inhabit in between ‘indigo’ spaces: the borderland of immigration, the no-man's-land of multiculturalism and the frontiers of social mobility. These worlds spiral into one another and their inhabitants spin along, negotiating extremes of human circumstance—barrenness, the (fated) pursuit of glamour, madness, death—struggling, all the while, to plant roots in shifting sand." Many of the stories dealt with the lives of African women negotiating concerns such as barrenness, polygamy and widowhood. Wood has said that "these are the writings of a womanist and a feminist. I have a great empathy, a well of feeling for what women go through. I don’t feel these are given adequate treatment in the writings of male writers, so it’s really up to us, the female writers, to privilege the voices and experiences of women."

Wood was a judge for the 2015 Etisalat Prize for Literature. She is on the Advisory Board of the Aké Arts and Book Festival. She also wa a participant in many literary eventsm such as the Lagos Book & Art Festival.
**BC Transit** is a transit company run by the British Columbian government that gives bus services to many towns and areas in the province.

Before 1979, the power company, BC Hydro, ran the buses. In 1979, the province made the transit company into a separate agency called the **Urban Transit Authority** which became BC Transit in 1983.

BC Transit transit plans the routes and schedules but doesn't run the buses in most of the province. In 1999, a new company called TransLink was made to run the buses, metro, and trains in Vancouver. BC Transit might give more areas to TransLink one day.

History
-------

The logo of the UTA, the old bus company.
A company called the BC Electric Railway was made in 1897 to replace the Consolidated Railway Company, which had run the streetcars in Victoria, Vancouver and New Westminster. Slowly the streetcars and interurban trains were changed to electric trolley and gas-powered buses. The province made BC Hydro in 1962 to take over when the old company ran out of money.

In 1979, the government made the **Urban Transit Authority**, to plan and make rules for public transit; and the **Metro Transit Operating Company**, a separate crown corporation that actually ran the buses. The new structure was meant to provide local governments with more decision-making power and funding of their local systems. BC Transit was in 1982.

In 1999, Vancouver's transit system started to be controlled by a difference company, TransLink.

In 2018, BC Transit started running its first intercity buses in Northern British Columbia after Greyhound Canada stopped running buses in the province. In 2019, drivers got safety doors to stop people from hurting them. During the COVID outbreak in March 2020, BC Transit made buses free everywhere in the province and let people get on in the back door. This lasted until June 1, 2020.

Transit systems
---------------

BC Hydro markings on a 1964 GMC busThe Victoria Regional Transit System, in the capital, is the only system where the buses are run by BC Transit. Outside Victoria, the bus schedules and routes are made by BC Transit but the buses are driven by other companies. In four places (Nanaimo, Nelson, Powell River, and the Sunshine Coast) the towns run the buses.

### HandyDART

BC Transit runs buses for people who have difficulty getting around. These buses are called paratransit and people call for the service to pick them up and drop them off ahead of time.

### Health Connections

Because lots of small towns don't have hospitals and doctors, there are also some buses that run from small towns into big cities. These buses don't run often, but they're still very important.