recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
William Whewell
**William Whewell** (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He influenced the great scientists of his day: John Herschel, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell and Michael Faraday. He invented many terms we use today, such as *scientist* (in 1837).

The son of a carpenter, Whewell rose to the top. For 28 years he was a Professor, and for 25 years he was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was one of the founding members and a president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and President of the Geological Society. It was the Prime Minister himself, Robert Peel, who recommended his appointment as Master of Trinity.

Whewell had wide interests. He researched ocean tides (for which he won the Royal Medal). He published work in mechanics, physics, geology, astronomy, and economics. He composed poetry, wrote books, translated the works of Goethe, and wrote sermons and theological tracts.

History & philosophy of science
-------------------------------

Whewell's five volumes of the *History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences* are his major work. Science was then still a novel activity. The scientists themselves held differing views as to how best to go about their work. Whewell provided a theoretical framework, and the framework provoked a great deal of debate. There was also a long-running discussion with John Stuart Mill about social and economic philosophy.

### Words he coined

* Scientist
* Physicist
* Anode
* Cathode
* Uniformitarianism: the same laws and processes that operate now have always operated in the past and apply everywhere. It is often said as 'the present is the key to the past'. Similar to *gradualism*, the idea that small continual changes add up to huge effects.
* Catastrophism: the idea that Earth has had sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
* Consilience: the unity of knowledge, literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge.

Books
-----

* *History of the inductive sciences*. 3 vols. Editions: 1837; 1847; 1857.
* *Philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history*. 2 vols. Editions: 1840; 1847; 1858–1860
Dr. Donald Adamson giving an after-dinner speech at Skinners' Hall
**Donald Adamson** (born 30 March 1939 at Culcheth, Lancashire) is a British historian, philosophical writer and literary critic.

He is the author of *Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist and Thinker about God* (1995), a book detailing the concept of the existence of God and a study of Pascal’s *Wager*.

Adamson has written on French history, and histories of the City of London, a ducal family, travel, finance, and art. He also wrote about the novels of Honoré de Balzac. He has translated many short stories of Guy de Maupassant into English. 

Adamson aids the cause of museums and libraries in the UK. From 1983 to 1992 he served as a Justice of the Peace for the City of London.

Adamson studied at the University of Oxford. He taught at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, as well as Paris and London Universities. He also is a member of a Cambridge College where he conducts research.

2012-13 Donald Adamson was Master of the Curriers’ Company, a London Livery Company. He established a Curriers' Co. biennial award for graduates of British universities to write an essay on the history of London, as well as sixteen annual prizes in mathematics and history for pupils aged 14 to 15 at four London Academies.

Fellowships and honours
-----------------------

* Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
* Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
* Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London

* Chevalier, Ordre des Palmes académiques
* Knight of Justice, Order of St John of Jerusalem
* Service Medal, Order of St John (with Bar)
* Cross of Merit, Order Pro Merito Melitensi

* JP for the City of London, later Cornwall.
The **2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck** was the largest single rail disaster in history (by death toll). It was caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

Train
-----

Train #50, the *Matara Express,* also known as the "Queen of the Sea" line, was a regular train between the Sri Lankan capital Colombo and Matara. The train, overcrowded with 1800+ passengers, left Colombo on 26 December 2004.

Tsunami strikes the train
-------------------------

At 9:30 am in the village of Peraliya gigantic waves arrived at the beach. The first wave flooded the carriages and caused panic among the passengers. The next wave arrived after 10 minutes. It was huge and washed away the train and smashed it against trees and houses which were nearby.

Casualties
----------

The huge waves of tsunami destroyed the train and only 150 passengers out of more than 1800 survived. About 1700 were reported dead, even though only 900 bodies were recovered. The Sri Lankan authorities did not know where the train was washed to. After 4 pm, Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa's helicopter identified it. Even though there were rescue operations not more than 150 people survived and the village was also washed away by the waves.
The **West African Senior School Certificate Examination** (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia

The exams
---------

There are two different types of the exam:

**The WASSCE (November/December):** students from government and private schools are able to take this exam. Uniforms are not needed, but other rules must be obeyed by the students. This exam is only taken in the fall season(November/December), and the grades are available by December. Its old name is the G.C.E. (General Certificate Examinations).
**The WASSCE (May/June):** This exam is ideally made for students who go to government schools. Students from private schools, that are well known in the country, can only sit for this exam in any government schools. They must also wear a type of uniforms as the teachers want them to wear. This exam is only taken in the spring season, and the grades are usually available on or before August of the same year. Its old name is the S.S.C.E. (Senior School Certificate Examinations).

The grades
----------

The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.

| Grade | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| A1 | Excellent |
| B2 | Very good |
| B3 | Good |
| C4 | Credit |
| C5 | Credit |
| C6 | Credit |
| D7 | Pass |
| E8 | Pass |
| F9 | Fail |
Feather variations
This picture shows the parts of a vaned feather.
When hiding the bittern holds its head vertical so its pattern matches the reeds more closely.
The *train feathers* of a Blue peacock are an example of display.
Flamingos
**Feathers** are the things which cover birds. They help keep birds warm. Feathers also protect them from injury. In most kinds of birds, wing feathers help them to fly. These are called flight feathers. 
Some people have their pet birds clipped. This is a procedure where a vet or a groomer cuts a certain amount of feathers to prevent the bird from flying away or simply for medical reasons.

Vaned feathers
--------------

The main feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called *vaned feathers*. Vaned feathers have a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs. The center is called a *quill*. This type of feather is called ***pennaceous*** (= like a pen).

Down feathers
-------------

Young birds have small feathers, called *down*, which keep them warm, but cannot be used for flying. Down is very soft. Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down. Down is also used in blankets. Down feathers are just one example of ***plumaceous*** feathers (the word means 'fluffy'). Another example is the feathers on flightless birds such as the ostrich.

Moulting
--------

Birds lose their feathers at certain times. This is called *moulting*. By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones. Many birds moult once every year.

Colour
------

Feathers give birds colour. The function of colour in birds is extremely important. It includes:

1. Camouflage: it hides the bird in its natural environment, especially when it is stationary in the nest. Camouflage is often backed up with behaviour: see the bittern on its nest.
2. Display: birds carry display colours when they need to be noticed by other birds. Often the male of a pair will do the display and wear colours, while the female is camouflaged. Display is usually backed up by behaviour, especially bird song. The main functions are:
	1. To attract a mate
	2. To signal and defend their territory.

Use by people
-------------

People use feathers for many purposes. In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats. Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down. Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.
**Amy Lou Adams** (born on August 20, 1974) is an American actress and singer and former dancer. She was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, in 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2013, and four Oscars, in 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2013.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Adams was born in Vicenza, Italy to military parents Richard and Kathryn (née Hicken) Adams. She has four brothers and two sisters.

### Career

She started her career as a dancer in 1995. In 1999, she started acting. Her first movie role was Leslie Miller in *Drop Dead Gorgeous*.

In 2005 she played Ashley Johnsten in *Junebug* and was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for an Oscar but lost to Rachel Weisz.

In 2008, she played Sister James in *Doubt* and was nomimated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for a Golden Globe and an Oscar, but lost to Kate Winslet. In 2010 she played Charlene Fleming in *The Fighter*.

She again was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for Golden Globe and Oscar but lost to Melissa Leo. She also played Lois Lane in the 2013 movie *Man of Steel* and the 2016 movie *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*. She reprised her role as Lois Lane in *Justice League*.

### Personal life

In 2002, Adams started a relationship with Darren Le Gallo. They married in 2008. Their daughter, Aviana Olea Le Gallo, was born on May 15, 2010.

She currently lives with her family in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Amy Adams***.

* Amy Adams on IMDb

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In this Japanese name, the family name is  *Kizuna*.

**This article contains Japanese text.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.

**Kizuna AI** (Japanese: キズナアイ, Hepburn: *Kizuna Ai*) is a Japanese virtual YouTuber. She has around 5 million followers on YouTube and Bilibili. Kizuna AI posted her first YouTube video on her "A.I. Channel" on 29 November 2016. She opened a second channel, "A.I.Games" on 29 November 2016, and a third channel, "A.I.Channel China" in June 2019 for people in China.

Kizuna says that she is the world's first virtual YouTuber. However the first channel to use a character made with computer graphics on YouTube was Ami Yamato. Kizuna’s videos are similar to many other YouTubers. She does discussions, Q&A videos, and "Let’s Play" videos. Kizuna only speaks Japanese, so fans write translations for her videos. Kizuna has performed at anime gatherings and has also worked with game companies.

Kizuna AI was made by a company called Activ8 in 2016. She is part of a project called "Project A.I.". In 2018, the project was moved to an in-house agency called "upd8". On 24 April 2020, the project was moved to a new company called Kizuna AI Inc. At the same time, Nozomi Kasuga, a Japanese voice actress, announced that she was the voice of Kizuna AI. Kasuga is also the advisor of the new company. Kizuna AI Inc. started business on 11 May 2020. The CEO is Eriko Matsumoto.

Production
----------

Kizuna is an online virtual character made with software. The people behind Kizuna, such as video animators, producers, video editors, and players of games are unknown. Kizuna’s videos are made by Activ8 in Tokyo.

Personality
-----------

Kizuna knows that she is a virtual character and says that she is a self-thinking artificial intelligence.

Kizuna introduces herself in her first video. Her name, "AI" is related to the kanji "愛" meaning love. Her surname "Kizuna" means to connect. Kizuna is designed as a young animated girl.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kizuna AI***.
**Arson in royal dockyards** was a crime in the United Kingdom and the British Empire. It was one of the last crimes that were punishable by execution in the United Kingdom. The crime was made by the **Dockyards etc. Protection Act 1772** (12 Geo. 3 c.24) passed by the Parliament of Great Britain and was made to protect Royal Dockyards and ships from arson attacks.

It remained one of the few crimes punished with death after reform of the death penalty in 1861, and stayed in effect even after the death penalty was stopped for murder in 1969. However, the crime was then removed from law by the Criminal Damage Act 1971.

Case of John the Painter
------------------------

John the Painter, hanged for committing arson in a royal dockyard in 1777.
Only one prosecution was brought under the Act. In that case, the Scottish saboteur John the Painter (also known as James Hill or John Aitken) was prosecuted and executed in 1777 for setting the rope house at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard on fire. He was hanged from the mizzenmast of the frigate HMS *Arethusa*, the highest gallows erected in British history. It was set up at Portsmouth Royal Dockyards in view of the damage he had caused. The crowd of witnesses numbered some 20,000.
English Renaissance drama is sometimes called **Elizabethan drama**, since its most significant developments started when Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649). Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James. When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term **Jacobean drama**; plays from Charles I's reign are called **Caroline drama**. (These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.) But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.

The year 1576 was a key date in this subject, since that is when the first permanent theatre building was built in London. It was called simply The Theatre, because it was the only place of its kind in England at the time. Before 1576, plays were acted in public halls and large houses, and in inns and public squares and courtyards and other open spaces, by troops of actors that mostly travelled around the countryside between cities and towns. Once the actors had a permanent place to act plays, they could develop their art without the constant need to travel. The Theatre was followed by other theatres in the London area; there were the Curtain, The Rose, the Swan, the Globe, and others too. More plays were written by more playwrights to fill these theatres.

Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Shakespeare's *Richard III* and Marlowe's *Edward II* are two examples of this type of English history play. Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse. Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.

English Renaissance drama grew and developed until 1642, when it suddenly stopped. In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it. The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral. On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660. Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open. In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called **Restoration drama** or **Restoration theatre**.

Some important English Renaissance playwrights
----------------------------------------------

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * William Shakespeare
* Ben Jonson
* Christopher Marlowe
* John Lyly
* Robert Greene
* Thomas Dekker

  | * John Fletcher
* Thomas Middleton
* John Ford
* Philip Massinger
* James Shirley
* John Webster
 |
**Monitor lizards**, the genus ***Varanus***, are also known as **biawak** or **goannas**. They are members of the family Varanidae. Their closest living relatives are the anguid and *Heloderma* lizards.

*Varanus* is a genus of largely carnivorous lizards. There are about 60 species in 10 subgenera. The species cover a vast area, occurring through Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, to China, down Southeast Asia to Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia and islands of the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea. A large concentration of monitor lizards occurs on Tioman Island in the Malaysian state of Pahang. Some are now found in South Florida, particularly in the Everglades.

Monitor lizards have long necks, powerful tails and claws, and well-developed limbs. The species include the largest living lizard, the Komodo dragon, and the crocodile monitor. 

Most species are terrestrial, but arboreal and semi-aquatic monitors are also known. International trade in five species is banned, and all the others are threatened species.

Species
-------

Subgenus *Empagusia*:

* Bengal monitor
* Black roughneck monitor
* Clouded monitor
* Dumeril's monitor
* Golden monitor

Related pages
-------------

* Savannah monitor
Location of Beedsar in Sikar district 6 km west of Nawalgarh
**Bidsar (बीदसर)** or **Beedsar** is a village in the Laxmangarh tehsil of the Sikar district of Rajasthan state in India.

History
-------

Before independence, the village was inhabited by Garhwal Jats.It is considered that a person, name **Bida** established Bidsar. The village was dominated by Garhwal Jats.

Location
--------

Location of Bidsar in Sikar District.
The village is 21 kilometres (13 miles) east of Laxmangarh and 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Nawalgarh. The borders villages and towns including Birodi Bari, Bidasar, Mirzwash, Dundlod and Nawalgarh. On the road into the village there is a well that supplies water to the village next to an abandoned well. On the left side of the road is a common area for Holi celebrations. There are many houses and a few shops to the left of the same road in village common area. One Banyan tree is planted by late **Shree Ramu Ram Garhwal**. The village school is on the right of the road to Laxmangarh leads to the Government Secondary School.

| Places next to Bidsar |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mirzwas (मिर्जवास), | Shankhu (सान्खु), | Dundlod (डुन्डलोद), |
| Mirzwas (मिर्जवास), | 
**Bidsar (बीदसर),**
 | Mata Ji Ki Dhani (माता जी की ढान्णी), |
| Bidasar (बीदासर), | Birodi (बिड़ोदी), | Nawalgarh (नवलगढ), |

 |

### Economy

About 80% (1500) of the population are engaged in farming. Village agriculture is dependent on the monsoon rains although today many farms use artesian wells for irrigation.

### Transportation

Bidsar is connected by a two lane asphalt road to Laxmangarh and Nawalgarh. Nawalgarh Railway station 8 km from Bidsar, is the nearest railway station, which is well connected from Jaipur, Delhi and other cities.

### Education

The villagers claim to be fully literate while all children now attend school. However, many women remain illiterate, although literacy rates are improving. Many students of the village have obtained admission to pioneering engineering institutes as well as into medical colleges.

### Religion

Villagers follow the Hindu religion. Jats, Harijans, Brahmins live in the village. They celebrate all major Hindu festivals.

### Religious places

* **Hari Baba Ashram, Bidsar** (Chatarana Johra)
* Bala Giri Baba (Bhisrana Johra)
* Ganesh Ji Mandir (Kumana Johra)
* Shiv Mandir (Bidsar Bus Stand)

Other websites
--------------

* Details of Sarpanch in Sikar
* List of all villages of Rajasthan with their Panchayat Samiti Archived 2015-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Sikar District Official Web Page Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
***Smoke*** is an American independent movie released in 1995. It was produced by Hisami Kuroiwa, Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein. It was directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. Auster also wrote the screenplay.

Actors
------

Harvey Keitel, Snoop Dogg, William Hurt, Victor Argo, Forest Whitaker, Ashley Judd, Stockard Channing and Harold Perrineau Jr. all appear in the movie.

Story
-----

The movie follows the lives of several characters. Their lives are connected because they are all customers at a small tobacco shop in Brooklyn, New York. The store manager is the main character, Auggie (Harvey Keitel). In the movie, the Brooklyn Cigar Co. was on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.

Sequel
------

*Blue in the Face* was the next movie by the same directors. It follows the lives of some of the same characters and new characters join the story.

Awards
------

**Won**

* Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
* Danish Film Critics Bodil Award for Best American Film, 1995
* German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
* Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

**Nominated**

* Stockard Channing – Best Supporting Actress – Screen Actors Guild

Other websites
--------------

* *Smoke* on IMDb
In law, a **legacy** is something that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will. In historical terms, a **legacy** is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time. Often it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.

In loose terms, it is sometimes said that countries or civilization can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s) which were about individual people.

Buddha Confucius and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies. 

More than 2,000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called *Elements*. Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also owe inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its legacy rather than those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.

In Athens, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.

Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation. These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies. It may have to do with a person or many people. Individuals can leave a historical legacy.

Legacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to our future generations. Usually, *heritage* refers to material and economical inheritance, while *legacy* refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.

When software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code.
Klemen Andersen "Skipper Clement" (Around 1484 – 9 September 1536) was a Danish merchant, captain, privateer. He was also the leader of the peasant rebellion that was part of the civil war known as the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde).

Background
----------

Clement was born to a farmer family in Aaby parish (Aaby Sogn in Kjer Herred) in the district of Vendsyssel in North Jutland. He became a merchant in Aalborg and later captain and vice admiral in the navy of King Christian II of Denmark.

Count's Feud
------------

On 16 October 1534 the peasant army of Clement, re-enforced with professional soldiers from Count Christoffer, met the army of the Jutland nobility that had been sent to crush the revolt. King Christian III of Denmark made a separate peace with Count Christoffer and his general Johan Rantzau was freed to fight the peasant revolt. In December 1534, the army of Johan Rantzau defeated the peasant army which had retreated to Aalborg and strengthened the defences of the city. After a hard battle, Rantzau's army overcame the defences and killed as many as 2,000 people.

Evaluation
----------

As the last active, and maybe most famous and important peasant rebel in Danish history he might be viewed as a Danish parallel of Wat Tyler in England, Thomas Muntzer in Germany and Yemelyan Pugachev in Russia.
In mathematics, two things are **equal** if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, **equality**. The statement "*x* = *y*" means that *x* and *y* are equal.

Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols {\displaystyle \sim } or {\displaystyle \equiv }.

A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.

An equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.

Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not *equal* as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.

In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called *similar* instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol {\displaystyle \cong }, while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol {\displaystyle \sim }.

In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written *==* (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as *=*, or *:=*). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and *a == b* will be false in this case.

For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called *equals*). This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.

In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

Related pages
-------------

* Equals sign
* Equation
* Inequality
* Logical equality
* Congruence
Rain falling
Rainy day
**Rain** is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.

Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process.

Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.

A **rainstorm** is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.
I LOVE CHILDREN!

Convectional rain
-----------------

When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.

Relief rain
-----------

**Relief rain** usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain. On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. The rainiest places in the world are places that have relief rainfall.

Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain
--------------------------

Diagram of a cold front causing rain
**Frontal rain** happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front. The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

Collection
----------

Some people collect rain in a rainwater tank. People use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.

Related pages
-------------

* Water cycle

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rain***.
rain water drink

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Rain***

* BBC article on rain-making.
**Co-education** is the education of males and females in the same schools. The practice has been different in different countries and at different times.

Most primary schools have been co-educational for a long time since it was believed that there is no reason to educate females separately from males before the age of puberty. Also, the curriculum in primary schools is not controversial since it emphasizes reading, writing, and arithmetic, with some elementary knowledge of geography and history. In some countries, it includes some religious and cultural education.

However, before the mid-19th century, girls were often educated at home or not educated at all. On that point, there were great differences in different parts of the world. In England and Wales, universal primary education was set up by the Elementary Education Act of 1870, and attendance from the ages of 5 to 10 was compulsory. That was extended in another Act of 1880. Since then. almost all primary education in the United Kingdom has been co-educational, as it is in many other countries.

With secondary education, children go through the process of puberty, and there is no general agreement as to whether both sexes should be educated together. People make arguments both for and against the idea. At one extreme is the United States in which both sexes are usually educated together at all stages. At the other extreme are certain traditional societies in which girls do not get a secondary education at all. The tendency has been for more countries to move to co-education as the standard at every level of education. An exception would be the Islamic world, where girls are educated separately from boys or even not educated at all.

The world's oldest co-educational school may be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon. It was established in 1714 in what in Surrey but is now in South London. It has admitted both boys and girls since its opening. It has always been a day school only and is thought that to be the oldest surviving mixed-sex school in the world.

Related pages
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* Gender equality
A **centimeter**(the American spelling is **centimeter**, symbol **cm**) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) measurement system. It is equal to one hundredth of a metre. Centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. The centimeter is the base unit of length in the old centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units.

The centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetre but too small for metres. A centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail.

Similarities to other units of length
-------------------------------------

A carpenters' ruler with centimetre markings
1 centimetre is *equal* to:

* 10 millimetres
* 0.01 metre (1 metre is equal to 100 centimetres)
* about 0.393700787401575 inch (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres)

1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the SI system of units.

Uses of centimetre
------------------

The centimetre is also used:

* sometimes, to measure how much rain has fallen into a rain gauge;
* for heights of people, especially athletes, in metric nations;
* in maps, centimetres are used to change from map scale to real-world scale of landscapes (kilometres).

I got herpes

Unicode symbols
---------------

The centimetre has Unicode symbols so it can be written in Mandarin Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters. 

* centimetre (㎝) - code 339D
* square centimetre (㎠) - code 33A0
* cubic centimetre (㎤) - code 33A4

They are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with East Asian fonts.
**Zerah Colburn** (born Cabot, Vermont, 1804; died 1839) was a child prodigy. He became famous when he was a little boy because he could do unbelievably difficult sums very easily. However, he wasted his talent and never became a useful mathematician.

Zerah’s father was a carpenter. He and his wife had six children, and they had very little money.

When he was five he started to go to school. After six weeks his father heard him doing multiplication sums. His father asked him what 13 times 97 was. The boy immediately said "1261".

His father took him to Boston to show him to famous people. They asked the boy questions: what is 1449 times 1449? The boy said "2,099,601". Someone else asked him how many seconds there were in 2000 years. He said "63,072,000,000".

His father looked for rich people who would pay for the boy’s education. In Boston $5000 was raised so that he did not have to be shown off in public all the time. Nevertheless, his father took him to Europe. In London people asked him more questions, e.g. is 4,294,967,297 a prime number? The boy said "No, it can be divided by 641".

People wanted the boy to explain how he did these calculations, but he could not say how he did it. He became famous. Napoleon was going to meet him, but he lost the Battle of Waterloo and was not able to make the visit. He went to school in Paris and then in London, but by the time he was 15 people were not interested in helping him any more. He joined a touring group of actors and got the part of Richard III in the play by Shakespeare. He met William Rowan Hamilton who was also a prodigy and who did become a famous mathematician. Zerah soon got fed up with mathematics and became a Methodist minister. He taught languages at Norwich University in Vermont. He wrote an autobiography in which he tried to explain how he did his calculations.

When he died most people had forgotten about him.

His nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a famous locomotive designer.

Trivia
------

Zerah, like his father, had 12 fingers and 12 toes.

Other websites
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* Famous Americans: article on him and his nephew
* Account of his life Archived 2007-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
Bathers in the Blue Lagoon
The main visitors' building of the Blue Lagoon
The Blue Lagoon pools in front of the Svartsengi geothermal power station.
The **Blue Lagoon** (Icelandic: *Bláa lónið* [ˈplauːa ˈlouːnɪθ]) is a geothermal spa in southwestern Iceland. The spa is located in a lava field 5 km (3.1 mi) from Grindavík and in front of Mount Þorbjörn on the Reykjanes Peninsula, in a location favorable for geothermal power, and is supplied by water used in the nearby Svartsengi geothermal power station. The Blue Lagoon is approximately 20 km (12 mi) from Keflavík International Airport, and is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Iceland.

The Blue Lagoon is man-made. The water is a byproduct from the nearby geothermal power station Svartsengi where heated water is transported from the ground near a lava flow and used to run steam turbines that produces electricity. After going through the turbines, the steam and hot water passes through pipes to provide heat for the settlements. Then the water is fed into the Blue Lagoon.

The water temperature in the bathing and swimming area of the Blue Lagoon averages 37–39 °C (99–102 °F).

The water's light blue color is due to its high silica content. The silica forms soft white mud on the bottom of the lake which bathers rub on themselves. The water is also rich in salts and algae.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Blue Lagoon***.

* Official website (in Icelandic) (in English)
* Information from Reykjavik's tourist organization (in English)

Coordinates: 63°52′48″N 22°26′53″W﻿ / ﻿63.88000°N 22.44806°W﻿ / 63.88000; -22.44806
Marine microfossils: (diatom, ostracod, radiolarian, sponge spicule, radiolarian, planktonic foraminiferan (two), coccolith)
**Micropaleontology** (also sometimes spelled as **micropalaeontology**) is the branch of paleontology that studies **microfossils**. Microfossils are fossils generally not larger than four millimeters, and commonly smaller than one millimeter. A microscope is used to study them. Every kingdom of organisms is represented in the microfossil record. Microfossils can provide important information about the ecology in the past.

People who study micropaleontology are called **micropaleontologists**. Taxonomy and statistics are important parts of micropaleontology. 

Microfossils are most common in sediment that forms beneath water, particularly ocean water or lake water. Very old microfossils may be found in rock. Special techniques are used to separate microfossils from rock. For example, the shells of diatoms and some other organisms are made of silica; other materials in the rock can sometimes be removed with acid, leaving just the silica shells.

Micropaleontology can be divided into four areas of study. The different areas of study use different techniques to separate the microfossils. This is because the microfossils are made of different minerals: 

* Silicon dioxide, for example in the shells of diatoms,
* Chalk, for example in the shells of coccoliths and foraminifera,
* Phosphate, for example in bones of vertebrates,
* Organic compounds, for example in pollen and spores.

The area of study for pollen and spores, including fossils, is called palynology.

A light microscope image of a fossil pollen grain. Pollen grains are used to identify which plants lived in the area when the sediments were laid down.
**Letter case** is the difference between uppercase/capital letters and lowercase letters for certain writing systems. The name comes from letters on a printing press, where uppercase letters were stored on top of the lowercase letters in a drawer. Their formal names are "majuscule" and "minuscule" in the same order. Writing systems that have letter case include the Latin alphabet, the Greek alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet.

When the first alphabets were made, they only had capital letters. Overtime, especially during the Middle Ages, lowercase letters were made to write more quickly. Other than Greek and Latin, European languages made no clear differences between capital and lowercase letters until the year 1300.

Different languages have different rules for when to capitalize or not to capitalize letters. For example, German always capitalizes nouns, while English only capitalizes proper nouns, so while German would write "the automobile" as "das Auto", English would not do the same. However, nearly all languages with letter case capitalize the first letter of the first word of every sentence.
***Bowers v. Hardwick*** was a 1986 United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) case that said that the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution does not mean there is a constitutional right for two people of the same gender to have sex. The case was about two men, so the exact words they used were "homosexual sodomy."

The Supreme Court said that gay sex is not a deeply rooted right in American history and that it would not be possible for SCOTUS to create such a right without also creating a constitutional right to both adult incest and adultery. The majority opinion was written by Justice Byron White. The other justices who agreed were Chief Justice Warren Earl Burger and Justices Lewis Powell, William Rehnquist, and Sandra Day O'Connor. In a brief separate opinion, Chief Justice Burger said gay sex had been called bad for thousands of years, with William Blackstone calling gay sex worse than rape. The dissenting opinion came from Justices Harry Blackmun, John Paul Stevens, William Brennan, and Thurgood Marshall. They disagreed with the majority opinion. Justice Blackmun said that the 14th amendment could create a constitutional right to have sex with another person of the same gender because of the right to privacy. He said that people have a right to be left alone and that saying this about gay sex did not mean people would be legally allowed to commit adult incest or adultery.

Seventeen years later, the Supreme Court made the opposite decision. *Bowers v. Hardwick* was in the 2003 SCOTUS case *Lawrence v. Texas*.
For other uses, see Boomerang (disambiguation).
Australian Aboriginal boomerangs
Modern sports boomerangs
A **boomerang** is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.

Despite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.

History
-------

Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation.

Technical aspects
-----------------

Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand.

Throwing instructions
---------------------

A boomerang is **not** thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.

Clubs
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There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.

Other websites
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* Illustrated throwing instructions Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
* International Federation of Boomerang Associations
* United States Boomerang Association
* British Boomerang Society Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
The **Burmese cat** is a breed of cat. Burmese are divided into two groups, British Burmese and American Burmese. Life expectancy of Burmese can reach 16-18 years.

History
-------

In the early 1930s, Dr. Joseph Thompson of San Francisco imported a dark brown female cat from Burma named Wong Mau. At that time in the United States, there was no cat breed similar to Wong Mau. Eventually, Wong Mau was crossed with Siamese. Subsequently, new breed kittens were born that had characteristics like Siamese. This crossbreed type was later developed as the Tonkinese.

Appearance
----------

Burmese is medium-bodied, heavy and muscular cat, weighing around 4-6 kg. The Burmese has a round, curved head and medium-sized, wide, pointed ears. The eyes are round and wide, with a golden yellow eye color. The tail is straight and of medium length. The coat is short, soft and glossy.

Behavior
--------

Burmese are less aggressive, kind, friendly and adaptable cats. Burmese are also easy to train, and can live with other pets. Burmese have a voice similar to Siamese, but Burmese are softer and sweeter. Burmese always want to get carried away with human activities. Burmese are not happy if left alone in the house for long periods of time. According to CFA research, Burmese that are often left in the house alone will become disobedient to their owners.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Burmese cats***.

* Taylor, David (1989). *The Ultimate Cat Book*. Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-86318-371-9. 4th printing
* National Alliance of Burmese Breeders, a CFA-affiliated Burmese Club
* Burmese pedigree database
* Burmese-Burmilla pedigree database
* New Zealand Burmese Cat Club Archived 2019-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
* UK Burmese Cat Association
* The Burmese Cat Club
* Burmese Brown Cat Breeds Characteristics and more also read about another brown cat breed York Chocolate
* UK Burmese Cat Society
* United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) a non-affiliated global Burmese Cat Club