recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Chitetsu Watanabe** (渡邉智哲; *Watanabe Chitetsu*, 5 March 1907 – 23 February 2020) was a Japanese farmer and supercentenarian.

Chitetsu Watanabe (before 1945)
Born on 5 March 1907 in the village of Uragawara, which now is Joetsu, in Niigata Prefecture, Japan to farmers, Watanabe studied at Niigata Prefectural Takada Agricultural High School before moving to Taiwan where he lived and worked for the sugarcane company Dai-Nippon Sugar Company though until the end of World War II when he returned to Jōetsu. He lived with his son's family until 2015 when he aged 108 got infected by influenza and moved to a retirement home. He had in total 5 children, 12 grandchildren, 16 great-grandchildren and one great-great-grandchild, who was born on 15 January 2019, just five days before 113-year-old Hokkaido man Masazō Nonaka's death, upon which Watanabe became the oldest living man, although German World War II-veteran Gustav Gerneth (15 October 1905? – 22 October 2019) and Mexican Domingo Villa Avisencio (26 August 1906? – 3 November 2019) claimed to be older. He was officially recognized by Guinness World Records as the oldest living man on 12 February 2020, and believed the secret to a long life was laughing often, forgetting bad things and avoiding to get angry, and said on his 112th birthday in early March 2019 that he wanted to try his best to eat delicious healthy food until age 120 and might eat his own food except hard food and liked sweet food.

Watanabe died 11:10 p.m. the late evening of 23 February 2020, just eleven days before his 113th birthday, and was succeeded as the oldest living man by Englishman Robert Weighton.
The Cockatiel - an example of a crested bird species
The **crest**, in some cases called a **crown**, of a bird, is a group of feathers that some species of birds have on top of the head. The feathers of these crests can move up and down or be permanently up, depending of the species. For example, the crests of cockatoos and the hoopoe could be up or down but the feathers in the crest of the grey crowned crane are always up.

Crests on birds are generally used for display purposes. Birds with crests often use them to communicate with others and as a part of their courtship. They also tend to display their crests when they are frightened or ready to fight because the birds may appear larger than they really are.

Cockatoos and their smaller cousins, cockatiels, are part of the Cacatuidae family of parrots found in Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Philippines, and are probably the most recognizable birds to feature crests. Cockatoos and cockatiels possess crests which may be raised or lowered at will. Their crests are used to communicate with fellow members of their species, or as a form of defense to frighten away other species that approach too closely, making the bird appear larger when the crest is suddenly and unexpectedly raised.

Gallery of birds with crest
---------------------------

* Citron-crested Cockatoo crest feathers (on 1 cm grid)Citron-crested Cockatoo crest feathers (on 1 cm grid)
* Umbrella Cockatoo displayingUmbrella Cockatoo displaying
* Major Mitchell's CockatooMajor Mitchell's Cockatoo
* Northern LapwingNorthern Lapwing
* Victoria Crowned PigeonVictoria Crowned Pigeon
* Hoopoe displayingHoopoe displaying
* Macaroni PenguinMacaroni Penguin
* Gray crowned craneGray crowned crane

Related pages
-------------

* Feather
**Darkhan** (Mongolian: Дархан) is a city in Mongolia. It is in a province with the same name. It is the third largest city in the country. In 2010, the population was 74,738.

Name
----

Darkhan means blacksmith in Mongolian.

Economy
-------

The city's economy is mostly industrial. Education is also an important sector of the city's economy.

History
-------

Darkhan is a new city. It was begun on October 17, 1961.

Climate
-------

Darkhan has a borderline humid continental climate (Dwb), close to the more typical subarctic climate (Dwc) of northern Mongolia, which is found in higher areas near the city, and only marginally wet enough to avoid qualifying as a semi-arid climate (BSk). This area has extremely cold and dry winters; however the summers are warmer and more humid.


| Climate data for Darkhan |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −16(3) | −12(10) | 1(34) | 11(52) | 19(66) | 24(75) | 26(79) | 24(75) | 18(64) | 9(48) | −3(27) | −13(9) | 7.3(45.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −28(−18) | −26(−15) | −15(5) | −4(25) | 3(37) | 10(50) | 13(55) | 12(54) | 3(37) | −5(23) | −16(3) | −25(−13) | −6.5(20.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5(0.2) | 4(0.2) | 6(0.2) | 13(0.5) | 22(0.9) | 63(2.5) | 92(3.6) | 82(3.2) | 41(1.6) | 15(0.6) | 8(0.3) | 6(0.2) | 357(14.1) |
| Average precipitation days | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 92 |
| [*source?*] |

Education
---------

There are ten colleges in Darkhan. Many students come to Darkhan to study. There are also the Institute of Management and Development, the Regional Business Development Center and the Plant Science and Agricultural Training Research Institute.

Culture
-------

The city has a monument to the horse-head fiddle (morinkhuur), the national instrument of Mongolia.

There is a Buddhist monastery Kharagiin monastery in a pretty log cabin in the older part of the town.

The Museum of Darkhan-Uul is the Traditional Museum of Folk Art. It has a collection of archaeological findings, traditional clothing, religious artifacts, and taxidermy.
A Chinatown in Ottawa, Canada.
Philadelphia, USA.
**Chinatown** is the name used for neighborhood in any city outside of China where many Chinese immigrants came to live together. Chinatowns became common in cities around the world after China lost the first Opium War with the British Empire. After China lost, many Chinese people became poor, especially people living in Guangdong province. That was where most of the fighting took place. People from Guangdong went outside of China to look for work. They moved to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the United States. When Chinese people moved to these places, they usually lived close together in the city they were staying. These became Chinatowns.

Famous Chinatowns around the world include those in San Francisco, New York City, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

Most early immigrants came from provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China. The common languages there are Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hokkien. So, these are common languages in many Chinatowns. Also, since most Chinatowns were created before the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China, most Chinatowns use traditional Chinese characters. However, both simplified and traditional characters are often seen in Chinatowns in Malaysia.
**Sir Christopher Anthony Woodhead** (20 October 1946 – 23 June 2015) was a British educator. He was head of Ofsted, the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills, from 1994 to 2000. Ofsted is a non-ministerial department of the UK government. The head of Ofsted is also Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England, which is a crown appointment.

Career
------

Woodhead graduated in English at the University of Bristol, where he also took a PGCE. He obtained a Master of Arts in English from Keele University in 1974.

In 1976, he left teaching, allegedly as the result of an affair with a sixth-form pupil, something he always denied. Later, he moved into teacher education.

Woodhead was one of the most controversial figures in debates on the direction of English education policy. Woodhead advocated "traditional teaching methods". He took a scornful view of "progressive educational theories" introduced into English schools from the 1960s onwards.

He was Chairman of Cognita, a company dedicated to fostering private education, from 2004 to 2013.

Death
-----

Woodhead died after a nine-year battle with motor neurone disease, aged 68.

Books
-----

* 1984. *Nineteenth and twentieth century verse: an anthology of sixteen poets*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198312475
* 2002. *Class War: the state of British education*. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316859974
* 2009. *A desolation of learning: is this the education our children deserve?*. Harriman House. ISBN 9780956257307

Other websites
--------------

* His departure as seen by *The Guardian* in November 2000
* The public view on his departure in 2000
* *Telegraph* 2001 article[*permanent dead link*]
* TV appearances
**Data loss** is an event that happens when a file, program, or a piece of information is lost. When data is updated, it may change, and this may not be data loss. Data loss also does not occur when the data is unavailable for some time only, for example because the server it is stored on cannot be reached. When this server can be reached again, the data will again be there. There are some common causes to data loss. Data loss can sometimes be prevented by creating a backup copy. A backup copy may contain an older version of a file, which can make data loss less severe. If certain information used by the system is lost, the system may stop working. Getting the system working again and restoring the data from a backup copy may take a long time.

Causes
------

### Accidental

#### Accidental deletion

Sometimes a file or folder is accidentally (not meant to be done) deleted. Most of the time users have a special "recycling" bin to recover from, but the loss of system files can stop the system from working.

#### Accidental corruption

##### System

Sometimes the system could have run low on battery power and shut off automatically while saving or loading data, corrupting it.

##### Self

Sometimes the system is accidentally unplugged, causing a corruption.

### Consented

#### Shutdown

The user can shut the system off by themselves to corrupt unwanted data.

#### Unplug

At any time a computer user can unplug the system and corrupt unwanted data.
The **Kansas Governor's Residence**, also known as **Cedar Crest**, is the official residence of the governor of Kansas. It was built in 1928, and it was given to the state in 1955. It became the governor's house in 1962.

History
-------

Kansas did not have an official governor's residence. This changed in 1901 when the state bought 801 Buchanan Street (a house built in 1887). The house was sold in 1963, and the building was destroyed in 1964. Parts of the building including bay windows, an oak staircase and balcony were used in the downtown Ramada Inn. That was built in another part of Topeka in 1964.

Cedar Crest is on top of a hill in western Topeka. The Kansas River can be seen. It was designed by the architectural firm of Wight and Wight in 1928. They built it for *Topeka State Journal* and *Emporia News* newspaper publisher Frank P. MacLennan. MacLennan died in 1933; when his widow died in 1955, she gave *Cedar Crest* to the state of Kansas. She said she would give it to the state only if it is used as a home for the governor of Kansas. The gift included 244 acres (99 ha) of land near it to be used as a park (now known as MacLennan Park). Since 1962 it has been used as the governor's house.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

During the 1990s, the mansion had a $4.4 million improvement program.

The current residents are Kansas governor Laura Kelly and her husband.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| * v
* t
* e
United States governors' residences |
| --- |
| 
* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona†
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho†
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts†
* Michigan
	+ Summer
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island†
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* Virgin Islands

 |
| 
* † - No official residence

 |
There is a low rate of **crime in Bahrain**. Some petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag snatching are reported especially in the old market areas (souks). Violent crime is uncommon, but increasing. Much of the crime in the nation is committed by the large South Asian population of guest workers. Though small in size, there is a growing underground drug market in the country. According to Emile Nakhleh, about 65% of violent crime and theft are done by foreign citizens living in Bahrain.

Charisse Tia Maria Coston and Freda Adler wrote a book about the reasons behind the low crime rate in Bahrain. The society of Bahrain follows the teachings of the Qur'an; the Qur'an influences political, economic and social environment. Islam, which is most important in the structure of Bahraini society, teaches wrongdoings will result in downfall of societies.

Bahrain is a destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation. Men and women from Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia cine to Bahrain to work as laborers or domestic servants. Some are placed in involuntary servitude such as unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on movements, non-payment of wages, threats and physical or sexual abuse. Women from Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asian country like Thailand and North African nation like Morocco are trafficked to Bahrain for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation.

Threat of terrorist attack is a matter of concern. The Government of Australia advised travelers "to exercise a high degree of caution in Bahrain" due to high threat of terrorism.

In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, Bahrain was ranked 46th out of 179 countries for corruption.
**Christopher Eugene "Chris" Schenkel** (August 21, 1923 – September 11, 2005) was an American sportscaster. 

In 1947, he called the first American football game ever broadcast on television. It was a Harvard-Army game. In 1952 he began calling New York Giants games. In 1956, he began to also call boxing, the Triple Crown horse racing, and The Masters golf tournament, and other events. Along with Chuck Thompson, Schenkel called the 1958 NFL Championship Game. 

ABC Sports hired Schenkel in 1965. There he broadcast college football, Major League Baseball, NBA basketball, golf and tennis tournaments, boxing, auto racing, and the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. He also had a long-term assignment covering professional bowling, mainly for the Professional Bowlers Association.

Schenkel was named National Sportscaster of the Year four times. In 1992 he received a lifetime achievement Emmy. Also in 1992, the Pro Football Hall of Fame gave Schenkel its Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award. In 1999, he received the Jim Thorpe Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1999, the Professional Bowlers Association named the Player of the Year award after Schenkel.
Civilian photo technicians (in back of jeep) working for Counter Intelligence Corps are accounted for at a checkpoint in Potsdam, Germany (July 14, 1945)
A rare photograph:The Tsar's counter-intelligence group Okhrana, taken in St Petersburg 1905
**Counterintelligence** is an activity to protect a state against spies and other activities of a foreign intelligence service.

It includes "protecting an agency's intelligence program against an opposition's intelligence service". It refers to information gathered and steps taken to counter espionage. Other intelligence activities are taken to prevent sabotage, or assassinations by foreign powers, organizations or persons. Activities are taken against international terrorist groups and personnel. Work is done on physical, document or communications security programs.

Often counterintelligence at home is done by a different department from gathering intelligence abroad. For example, in the United Kingdom, there is a distinction between the Security Service (MI5) and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police. Arrests and interrogation is done by Special Branch. Gathering intelligence abroad is done by MI6, the Secret Intelligence Service.

In theory, the USA has a similar division between foreign activities and homeland activities. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a domestic security service. The CIA has no law enforcement function and does overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic intelligence collection. In practice, the set-up is much more complex, and ever-changing. For one thing, the career of James Angleton and also the Watergate scandal shows how the CIA has been involved in mainland USA. The addition of the United States Department of Homeland Security was a recognition that the United States was itself a potential target of attack by its various enemies.

Russia may have been the first country to set up an official counterintelligence organisation: the Okhrana was set up in 1880. Its title 'Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order'. sounds very modern. There was an even earlier Russian security department called the 'Department on Protecting the Order and Public Peace'. It was founded in 1866. It would be fair to say that these Russian organisations were not directed towards foreign intelligence services, but against internal threats to public order. They were part of the MVD (Ministry of the Interior).
For other uses, see Crescent (disambiguation).
An example of an artistically exaggerated crescent — in this case a large circle with a smaller one removed, as on the Turkish flag.
An astronomically correct crescent shape (in dark grey), complemented by a *gibbous* shape (in light grey).
Statue of the Crescent in one of the squares.
In art and symbolism, a **crescent** is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points (usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle). 

The crescent was long used as the symbol of Byzantium. Now it is the main symbol for the religion Islam.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Crescent (shape)***.

English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***crescent***

* The origin of the Islamic crescent
* MathWorld article on geometric "Lune"
* Worldwide Moon Sighting Reports
***Choro-Q Advance*** (Japanese: **チョロＱアドバンス** *Choro-kyū Adobansu*) (localized as ***Gadget Racers*** in the United States and ***Penny Racers*** in Europe) is the first of two *Choro-Q* video games to be released on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance.

Gameplay
--------

*Choro-Q Advance* is described as a "CarPG". The main goal of the game is to advance across five sections of a world map, completing several events along the way in several categories (such as a simple race, a speed test, a single lap dash, a drag race or a braking test). Wins earn money and parts, with the player's stats being able to be upgraded through the use of new parts, and also visual customisation of the player's car, spedometer and changing their horn.

There were also other types of races - battle races where players would shoot eachother with weapons equipped to their cars, and races across water that would require floats. These two types would carry onto the sequel.

The game uses a graphical system similar to other GameBoy Advance racing games at the time, with Mode-7 styled ground effects with billboarded sprites intended to give the impression of 3D graphics.

This game allows players to share "bottle racers" with other players that would appear in the races of the players that received said bottle racers. This was included along with a traditional link-play mode via the Game Boy Advance Link Cable.

Trivia
------

* The Japanese version of the game featured a mail system that would inform you of specific things on your journey through the events. This was removed from all other versions of the game.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* 
* 
*
Construction work on the Siena Cathedral stopped in 1348.
**Counting the cost** is the name of a pair of parables Jesus told. The two parables are written in the New Testament in Luke 14:25-33.

What Jesus said
---------------

Large crowds were travelling with Jesus, and turning to them he said:

> If anyone comes to me and does not hate his father and mother, his wife and children, his brothers and sisters— yes, even his own life— he cannot be my disciple. And anyone who does not carry his cross and follow me cannot be my disciple. Suppose one of you wants to build a tower. Will he not first sit down and estimate the cost to see if he has enough money to complete it? For if he lays the foundation and is not able to finish it, everyone who sees it will ridicule him, saying, 'This fellow began to build and was not able to finish.' Or suppose a king is about to go to war against another king. Will he not first sit down and consider whether he is able with ten thousand men to oppose the one coming against him with twenty thousand? If he is not able, he will send a delegation while the other is still a long way off and will ask for terms of peace. In the same way, any of you who does not give up everything he has cannot be my disciple.
> 
> — Luke 14:25-33

What it means
-------------

The disciples of Jesus gave up everything they had for the kingdom of God, even their lives. To follow "God's salvific aim" meant to put family and possessions in second place. Christians believe the cost of being a disciple is worth the promised rewards.
**Caspar Wessel** (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of *candidatus juris*, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, *Om directionens analytiske betegning*, (*On the Analytical Representation of Direction*) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's *Om directionens analytiske betegning* was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "*On the analytic representation of direction*" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.
**Casper Platt** (June 6, 1892 – September 16, 1965) was a United States federal judge.

Born in Danville, Illinois, Platt received a B.A. from the University of Illinois in 1914 and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1916. He was in private practice in Danville, Illinois from 1916 to 1917. He was in the United States Army during World War I, from 1917 to 1918. After the war, he returned to private practice in Danville until 1933, also working as a city attorney for Danville from 1927 to 1928. He was a judge on the Fifth Circuit Court of Illinois from 1933 to 1949. 

On September 15, 1949, President Harry S Truman nominated Platt to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. Platt was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12, 1949, and received his commission on October 13, 1949. He served as chief judge from 1956 until his death in 1965.

The University of Chicago Law School named the **Casper Platt Award** for the best student paper in his honor. Danville Area Community College also named a scholarship after him.

Sources
-------

* 

* Casper Platt at the *Biographical Directory of Federal Judges*, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

  


| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Platt, Casper |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | United States federal judge |
| Date of birth | June 6, 1892 |
| Place of birth | Danville, Illinois |
| Date of death | September 16, 1965 |
| Place of death |  |
**Cymmer** is a village in the Rhondda Valley Wales. Cymmer is in the lower Rhondda Valley about half way between Treorchy and Pontypridd.

History
-------

Cymmer, which is now seen as a part of Porth takes its name from the old Welsh word that describes a spot where two rivers of the same name join.
Before coal mining, not many people lived in Cymmer. Cymmer was one of the first villages within the Rhondda Valley. The Lewis colliery had many examples of the pithead gear in South Wales Rhondda Heritage Park now has the only pithead gear in the Rhondda. In 1847 George Insole opened his first mine in Cymmer. In 1855 he opened a second pit in Cymmer near the old pit.

### The Cymmer Mining Explosion 1856

Tuesday 15th July 1856 at the Old Pit in Cymmer, there was an explosion which was Britain’s largest mining accident at that time. One hundred and sixty men and boys lowered down the shaft to begin their shift when the explosion took place. 114 people were killed. The explosion was caused by miners carrying open flames which lit pockets of gas.

Important Buildings in Cymmer
-----------------------------

Cymmer chapel The earliest independent Chapel in the Rhondda appointed its first Minister in 1752. Little is known of its earlier history although it is known to have been made in 1740.

St John Church is in a prominent position on the hillside above the earlier settlement of Cymmer centred round the Cymmer Chapel.

Transport
---------

Cymmer is on the A4119 road half a mile from its junction with the A4058 road.
***Cedar Rapids*** is a 2011 comedy movie. It is about an insurance agent from Wisconsin who travels to Cedar Rapids, Iowa for reasons of promotion. In this movie are Anne Heche and Sigourney Weaver. The movie received positive reviews by the critics.

Plot
----

Naive insurance agent Tim Lippe welcomes his former teacher into his home. He has sex with her. He goes over his experience as a student.

In his position as an insurance agent, he is sent to represent his company, the Brownstar Insurance in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He does this as a replacement for his co-worker, Roger Lemke. Lemke died in an auto-erotic asphyxiation accident. Tim idolized Roger. He believes Roger's death was just an unfortunate accident.

Tim's boss, Bill, pressures him to win again to make sure they keep the company on top. At the conference, Lippe meets fellow insurance agents Ronald Wilkes, Dean Ziegler and Joan Ostrowski-Fox. He also meets Bree, a sex worker who works the parking lot near a hotel. She calls him "Butterscotch" when he offers her candy. 

Tim is paired with Joan. When they win, they become drunk with Dean in the hotel's swimming pool. Tim and Joan's sexual tension builds to a head. They make out in the pool. They have sex in Joan's hotel room.

Tim runs into Dean. He lets slip about Lemke's bribery. As his friend, Dean agrees to not tell anyone. Tim later comes across Bree. he takes her to a party, then starts a fight. Ron, Dean and Joan come just in time to rescue him and Bree. Bree says she's in love with Tim.

Cast
----

* Ed Helms as Tim Lippe
* John C. Reilly as Dean Ziegler
* Anne Heche as Joan Ostrowski-Fox
* Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Ronald Wilkes
* Stephen Root as Bill Krogstad
* Kurtwood Smith as Orin Helgesson
* Alia Shawkat as Bree
* Rob Corddry as Gary
* Mike O'Malley as Mike Pyle
* Sigourney Weaver as Macy Vanderhei
* Thomas Lennon as Roger Lemke
* Inga R. Wilson as Gwen Lemke
* Welker White as Diane Krogstad
* Steve Blackwood as Lindy
* Lise Lacasse as Lila
* Mike Birbiglia as Trent

Production
----------

The movie was shot in and around Ann Arbor, Michigan rather than Cedar Rapids, Iowa itself because of the failure of an Iowa movie production tax credit.

Reception
---------

*Cedar Rapids* has an 86% rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 160 critics.
|  |
| --- |
| Deciduous forest in autumn |
| Deciduous forest in winter |
| Mixed deciduous forest in spring |

Deciduous plants in mid- to high latitudes shed their leaves as temperatures drop in autumn.
**Deciduous** means "temporary" or "tending to fall off" (deriving from the Latin word *decidere*, to fall off).
When talking about plants this means that the plant loses its leaves, usually in autumn. The leaves will then grow again in spring.

When referring to teeth, it means the teeth at the front of the mouth that grow and fall out and are replaced in childhood. They are called  deciduous teeth.

In botany and horticulture, **deciduous plants** are trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials which lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This is called abscission. Leaf loss happens in winter in temperate or polar climates.

With evergreens, foliage is shed differently from deciduous trees. They seem green year round. Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous; they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, keeping some in winter or dry periods. Some trees, including a few species of oak, have desiccated leaves that stay on the tree through winter. These persistent dry leaves are dropped in the spring as new growth begins.

Many deciduous plants flower during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of pollination. Not having leaves also improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to insects in insect-pollinated plants.
The **Chinchorro mummies** are mummified remains of people from the South American Chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru. They are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains. The oldest are 7,000 years old. The mummies continued to be made until about 1800 B.C.

They were first studied by the Andean archaeologist Max Uhle in 1914. Today, over 280 mummies have been found. About 120 of them are kept at the University of Tarapaca museum. Recently, scientist saw that some of the mummies are melting. This is because the increased humidity due to climate change has let microbes attack the skin. 

Shell mounds and bone chemistry suggest that 90% of the diet of these people was seafood.

Techniques
----------

Uhle categorized the types of mummification he saw into three categories: simple treatment, complex treatment, and mud-coated mummies. Since then, other archaeologists refined his classification and now mostly use the following classification of Chinchorro mummification: natural, black, red, mud-coated and bandage mummies. The two most common techniques used in Chinchorro mummification were the black mummies and the red mummies.

Other websites
--------------

* Chinchorro Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Archaeological site in Chile
* "Making the Dead Beautiful: Mummies as Art" *Archaeology Magazine*
* Chinchorro and other mummies
* Cultura Chinchorro Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Momias Chinchorro
A **chromosphere** ("sphere of color") is the second layer of a star's atmosphere. It is located above the photosphere and below the solar transition region and corona. The term usually refers to the Sun's chromosphere, but not only.

The chromosphere gives off electromagnetic radiation in the *H*α spectral line, allowing for it to be viewed using special filters.
In the Sun's atmosphere, the chromosphere is about 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers (1,900 to 3,100 miles) in height, or a little more than 1% of the Sun's radius at maximum thickness. It possesses a homogeneous layer at the border with the photosphere. Hair-like jets of plasma, called spicules, rise from this homogeneous area and through the chromosphere, extending up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi) into the corona above.

The chromosphere has a usual and expected red color due to electromagnetic emissions in the *H*α spectral line. Information about the chromosphere is mostly received by analysis of its given-off electromagnetic radiation.

Chromospheres have also been followed on stars other than the Sun. On large stars, chromospheres sometimes make up a significant proportion of the whole star. For example, the chromosphere of supergiant star Antares has been found to be about 2.5 times larger in thickness than the star's radius.
A pericentric inversion is an inversion which includes the centromere.
An inversion loop in a chromosome
An **inversion** is a chromosome rearrangement out of mutation. In chromosome inversion, a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion is when the chromosome breaks at two points in a chromosome (or at the end) and does a 180 degree flip. The genes inside the inversion are in the reverse of the original order.

Consequences
------------

What matters is whether the inversion interferes with crossing-over during meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division which produces sex cells (gametes).

### Both chromosomes the same

If both chromosomes of a pair have the same inversion, and there is no extra or missing genes, then there is no problem with meiosis.

### Inversion on one chromosome only

When the homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis, the genes on the chromosomes pair up. The only way this can happen after an inversion is if the homologous pairs form a loop. If a cross-over occurs within this inversion loop, it can lead to loss or gain of DNA. For this reason, people with inversions in their germ cells often have lower fertility. This is because the gametes are damaged.

Families that are carriers of inversions may be offered genetic counselling and testing.
**Cooking Channel** is an Anerican television channel It replaced Fine Living Network from May 31, 2010. The channel is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. It is a spinoff of Food Network which is also owned by SNI. The channel focuses more on instructional programs than "reality style" and competitions that Food Network is now geared towards. The original plan was to make the change in the fall of 2010. It was later announced that the switch would be made on May 31, 2010 to happen with Memorial Day in the United States. Cooking Channel launched a high-definition channel on June 30, 2010. The channel has also announced it eventually will offer an on demand version.

Programming
-----------

Many of Food Network's top chefs and celebrities had new programs on the channel starting in the fall of 2010. These included - Emeril Lagasse, Rachael Ray and Bobby Flay. Lagasse's program, *Emeril's Fresh Food Fast*, showed viewers how fresh food can be prepared in a short amount of time without the lose of authentic taste. Flay's program, *Bruch @ Bobby's* focused on Weekend bruches/ Ray's program, *Week In a Day* showedviewers how to plan a week's menu by cooking them all in a single day.

The channel also carried the new "post-game" show for *The Next Food Network Star*. It also aried replays of programs from cooks in Canada and Great Britain, These include Food Network Canada host David Rocco's *David Rocco's Dolce Vita* and Irish chef Rachel Allen's *Rachel Allen: Bake!*.

Other websites
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* Official website
* Cooking Channel Fan Page on Facebook
* Cooking Channel Chat Page on Twitter
**Belgium** is considered a mostly safe country compared to its neighbouring countries. Brussels had the fourth highest number of recorded crimes of European capitals (behind Stockholm, Amsterdam, and Berlin). Brussels had a rate of 10 murders or violent deaths per 100,000 citizens. Belgium's second largest city, Antwerp, has crime rates about 20% below those of Brussels. Liège and Charleroi, industrial cities with high unemployment rates, saw higher crime rates than the less industrialized cities of Ghent and Bruges. The rural areas are generally very safe.

History
-------

Marc Dutroux did many serious crimes and is likely Belgium's worst criminal. He is in prison. 

In November 2005, Brussels was very minorly affected by the spread of the French riots. There has been a steep increase in violent armed robberies carried out by minors. Cybercrime is also growing.

In 2011, a man killed six people, then himself, in Liege.

Gangs in Belgium
----------------

In the 1990s and early 2000s, attacks were made on vans used to move. They often killed the security agents in charge. The country had several large-scale crime scandals, such as those of the Brabant Wallon killers, the Scarface gang and the Belgian Mafia. More recently, some scandals have been about corruption and misuse of public resources. In addition, petty crimes such as street thefts, purse snatchings, and pickpocketing are in the main city centers. There are not very many of these crimes. Car theft used to happen often. There have been less in the last decade.

### Belgian Mafia

The known groups in the mafia in Belgium are:

* Belgian mafia
* Nijvel gang
* Haemers gang
* Bonnot Gang
* Scarface gang
***Crime Crackers 2*** is a video game developed by Media Vision and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation's Japanese 1997 video game.

Gameplay
--------

*Crime Crackers 2* is a first-person shooter with role-playing elements.

Description
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Team Guppy are a group of what are known as "Crackers" -- skilled bounty hunters who make a living fighting against space pirates under contract from the Galactic Police. Team Guppy haven't been around long, and aren't particularly famous, so they don't get a whole lot of work. One day, they get a request from the Galactic Police to respond to a pirate attack on Jack Station, and they jump at the chance.

*Crime Crackers 2* is the sequel to Crime Crackers, and is again a first-person action game in a similar style. It takes place two years after the original, following a team of Crackers who got into the business after being inspired by Team Pink Dolphin, the heroes of the first game. Just like the previous title, the player must explore each area, defeating enemies and collecting items until they find and defeat the boss.

There are several changes to the system since the first title. The most significant is the elimination of action mode: The player can now always attack forward, giving the game a faster pace than its predecessor, but still more deliberate than, say, Doom. The team size has increased to four, and again each member has their own specific abilities, as well as their own life and weapon energy meters.

The game is otherwise quite similar to the first game. The story is driven through communication from the support team during missions, as well as in animated cutscenes between them. There is also the option to buy and sell items between missions. The game also features a branching storyline with numerous endings, and will even keep track of which branches the player has played through.
an example of CavingSpelunkers at work
**Caving** (or **spelunking**) is the hobby of exploring caves. People who explore caves are called **spelunkers**.

Spelunkers and their equipment
------------------------------

Wise spelunkers explore in groups, to prevent being lost or stranded in a cave. Spelunkers need reliable equipment, because the descent into a cave is like mountain climbing in the opposite direction. Basic spelunking equipment is similar to what mountain climbers use. Strong ropes make climbing possible and special tools attach ropes to cave walls. Special footwear makes it easier to explore hard-to-reach places, and hard hats protect spelunkers from falling rocks above. Caves are extremely dark, so spelunkers have to carry light sources (like torches and flares). One torch attaches to a spelunker's helmet so it is with him or her at all times. Caves are also very cold, so most spelunkers wear warm clothing.

Spelunkers tie their ropes with different kinds of knots, like the *farmer's hitch knot* and the *alpine butterfly knot*. Spelunkers choose different knots for different purposes. Some knots work well to hold people as they climb. Other knots are best for tying ropes together.

Modern caving
-------------

Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Others are interested in gathering hard data about caves (called speleology). Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.

Caves can generally be explored during any season of the year. Most caves remain at the same temperature all year round. The common rules of thumb apply:

* Always wear protective headgear.
* Always check to be sure there is no danger of flooding while you plan to be in the cave.
* Never go alone. A minimum of three cavers is best.
* Always make sure someone on the surface knows where you are caving.
* Carry a minimum of three light sources per person.
* The cave environment is more fragile than people realize. And, since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution will wind up in someone's drinking water and can seriously affect the surface environment as well.
* Remember the cavers motto: Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time.

Other websites
--------------

* The National Speleological Society American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
* Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS) Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
* The latest news from the caving scene. Archived 2011-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Photos of caving in the UK
* Caving Photos Archived 2010-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Caving at the Open Directory Project
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>  | Donald J. Trump  | Twitter |
> | @realDonaldTrump |
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>  Despite the constant negative press covfefe
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>  May 30, 2017
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**Covfefe** is a word that was spelt wrong by then-President of the US Donald Trump in a viral internet meme. It was sent in a tweet that said "Despite the constant negative press covfefe". It was widely suggested by the media that Donald Trump meant to write "coverage". However, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer said that it was not a misspelling, with him saying "I think the president and a small group of people know exactly what he meant."

Influence
---------

Protester holding a 'Truth not "Covfefe"' sign.A protester holding a 'Truth not "Covfefe"' sign.
The tweet would remain used in internet culture and by the media for much time afterwards. When writing for *The Atlantic*, journalist Adrienne LaFrance said that "Covfefe remains the tweet that best illustrates Trump's most preternatural gift: He knows how to captivate people, how to command, and divert the attention of the masses." This media story suggested that Donald Trump was very good at getting attention and fascinate people.

### In language

The Urban Dictionary would soon add a page on "covfefe", with the page saying that: "It literally means covfefe."

Dictionary.com would also say that "covfefe" was at the top of their list of 'unmatched queries' in October 2017 and would continue to have the largest amount of user searches for words without a page.

### In law

U.S. Representative Mike Quigley started H.R.2884, "The Communications Over Various Feeds Electronically for Engagement Act (COVFEFE Act)" on June 12, 2017. The act suggested that national archives should need to store social media posts by the President of the United States. The bill went to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on the same day but saw no further congressional action. Despite this, Donald Trump's tweets and other posts were stored as said in the Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014.
**Cephalocarida** is a class inside the subphylum Crustacea that has only twelve shrimp-like benthic species. They were discovered in 1955, and are commonly referred to as **horseshoe shrimps**.

All cephalocaridans are in just one family: **Hutchinsoniellidae**. Even though there is no fossil record of cephalocaridans, most specialists believe them to be basal (primitive) among crustaceans.

Description and anatomy
-----------------------

These crustaceans are from 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) in length, with a long body. They have no eyes, and live in a muddy natural habitat.

The structural and functional similarity between the maxillae and the legs may be a sign of primitive organization; the maxillae are not specialized, as they are in other crustaceans.

The thorax consists of 10 segments, and the abdomen bears a telson but no other appendages.

Ecology
-------

Cephalocaridans are found from the intertidal zone down to a depth of 1500 metres, in all kinds of sediments. They feed on marine detritus. To bring in food particles, they make water currents with the thoracic appendages like the branchiopods and the malacostracans. Food particles are passed forward along a ventral groove, leading to the mouthparts.
Eastern Phoebe nest, with one Brown-headed Cowbird egg looking very different from the host eggs
**Cowbirds** are birds of the genus *Molothrus*. They are brood parasites, similar in life-style to the Cuckoo. The entire family Icteridae is limited to the New World.

They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The birds whose nest is used by the cowbird is tricked into raising the young cowbirds.

These birds feed on insects, including those stirred up by cattle. They lay their eggs in other birds' nests. This means that the birds can more easily stay with the herd.

The Brown-headed Cowbird has over 220 hosts. The other cowbird species have fewer known hosts, but all the species are generalists when it comes to choosing a host. This means that the eggs may look very different from the hosts' eggs.

Mafia-type behaviour
--------------------

It seems that Brown-headed Cowbirds periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed 'mafia behaviour'. Cowbirds may penalise hosts which remove the cowbird egg: they often destroy the eggs or nestlings of those hosts.

"Central to the persistence of mafia-type behavior in brood parasites and acceptance in hosts is the fact that hosts produce significantly more offspring by accepting parasitism rather than ejecting parasitic eggs".