recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Chandel** or **Chandela** is a Rajput
clan from India. Families belonging to this clan ruled several kingdoms in north India and held various feudal estates. The most notable of these were the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti, who ruled the Bundelkhand region.

History
-------

During 10th to 13th century CE, the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled the Bundelkhand region in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Chandel claim Chandravansh lineage, Historians Such as CV Vaidya and GS Ojha consider these Chandela Rajput to be of Pure Lunar(Chandravansh) lineage. Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity. According to him, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.

  

### Gidhaur zamindari

See the main article: Gidhaur chieftaincy
Gidhaur palace
The zamindari estate of Gidhaur in Munger district, present-day Bihar was controlled by a branch of the Chandel  They are considered to be one of the oldest ruling families in Bihar. It was established by Bir Bikram Shah whose ancestors came from Mahoba in Bundelkhand but were driven into Bihar during the 12th century following various Muslim incursions. They managed to gain control of Gidhaur after expelling the various aboriginal chiefs from the region. Bir Bikram Shah slowly started to expand his chieftaincy to encompass the surrounding areas. Other rulers belonging to this lineage include Sukhdev Singh, Ram Naranjan Singh and Darp Narayan Singh.

### Chandels of Mirzapur

Bijaigarh in modern Mirzapur district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the Bhumihars of Benares state and for participating in the Indian rebellion of 1857.

### Bilaspur Princely State

The Princely family of Bilaspur State are Chandel claiming descent from Shishupala, who reigned in Chanderi in southern Palputana. But according to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh
Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Birchand in 697 AD who claims its descent from Chandervanshi Rajputs who reigned at Chanderi in the Chedi to northern Mahasmati region, but this is not completely true, Harihar Chand (71st king of Chanderi) made his son Govind Chand the king of Chanderi and in old age came north with Bir Chand.

### Zaildari

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the zaildaris of Ghund, Madhan, and Theog in present-day Himachal Pradesh. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from Chanderi to Bilaspur. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the Garhwal region. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the Shimla region. The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.
**Magnus Carlsen** (born Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen, 30 November 1990) was the World Chess Champion (2013-2023). He became World Champion on 22 November 2013, by defeating Viswanathan Anand by 6½ to 3½. Carlsen also won the return match in 2014 by 6½–4½. He also won the match against Sergey Karjakin in 2016, against Fabiano Caruana in 2018, and against Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2021.

A Norwegian chess grandmaster and chess prodigy, Carlsen is the highest rated player in the world, and the highest rated player in the history of chess. His peak rating of 2882 is higher than even Kasparov achieved. Kasparov's highest rating was 2851.

On 26 April 2004, Carlsen became a grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 148 days. This made him the third-youngest grandmaster in history. He played at the Nanjing Pearl Spring tournament in September–October 2009. This lifted him to an Elo rating of 2801. This made him second in the world. He is the fifth player to have a rating over 2800. He was 18 years old when he got this rating. This made him the youngest person to have a rating above 2800. 

On 1 January 2010, the new FIDE rating list was published. He was 19 years and 32 days old when he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world number one. He broke the previous record held by Vladimir Kramnik.

In London, March 2013, Carlsen won the 2013 Candidates tournament and qualified to challenge Anand for the World Chess Championship.

Carlsen has won the World Championship matches in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2021. In 2023, Magnus announced, that he would not take part in World chess Championship 2023. Ding Liren won. The coming of chess databases and strong chess-playing engines makes it difficult to compare his achievements with previous world champions. However, he is thought to be one of the best.

A lawsuit against Carlsen, was rejected (2023) by the U.S. federal court system. Hans Niemann was the plaintiff.

Sponsorship
-----------

When Carlsen became the fourth-best player in the world he reached an agreement with a public relations (PR) expert in early 2009. This arrangement has borne fruit. Carlsen now has two sponsors, each of which provides 100,000 Euros a year. One is a stockbroker, the other a law firm. With this money, Carlsen is able to travel, and spend time on training. His coach is Garry Kasparov, a former World chess champion.

In return for the sponsorship, Carlsen wears the names of the sponsors on his jackets. This is called 'logo exposure'. He attends meetings, and gives talks. His image helps the companies to hire 'high achievers' to their staff. Put simply, companies of that type are keen to hire intelligent people. Carlsen's overall business manager is his father, Henrik.

Norway held the 2014 Chess Olympiad, and the Norwegian Government gave 70 million kroner (~8.5 million euros) in support of the event.

Other websites
--------------

* Magnus Carlsen on Chessgames.com
**Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz** (born February 20, 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997.

As President, Abdalá Bucaram was nicknamed **"El Loco"** ("the crazy one"). During his presidency, Bucaram didn't fix anything in Ecuador. This led to many people saying that he was not a good leader. Many members of congress thought he was crazy. Almost six months into his presidency, Bucaram was removed from office after being declared mentally unfit to rule by the National Congress of Ecuador.

Early life
----------

Bucaram was born on February 20, 1952 into a tough neighborhood in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Presidency
----------

Abdalá Bucaram was President from August 10, 1996 to February 6, 1997. His cabinet was put together by the Vice President Rosalía Arteaga. Within months, Bucaram was accused of stealing millions of dollars of public funds.

After he took office, Bucaram tried to fix the state, which included trying to fix the stock process started by Osvaldo Hurtado (1980, Popular Democracy Party), and supported by the next three presidents: León Febres Cordero (1984, PSC), Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1988, Democratic Left) and Sixto Durán Ballén (1992, ex-PSC).

In 1996, he invited Lorena Bobbitt who had been acquitted of crimes relating to her cutting her husband's penis in the United States, to an official dinner. The two later became godparents to each other's children.

The constitutional court said the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court decision and continued to confirm Fabian Alarcon as acting president.

Personal life
-------------

He was exiled from Ecuador as a punishment for his crimes in Ecuador.

Other websites
--------------

* Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation Archived 2006-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History[*permanent dead link*]
* Dalo y Gaby Asambleistas,PRE la nueva Era Archived 2009-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
Damage by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
A **natural disaster** is a major event caused by the natural processes of the Earth. Examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions. 

Human activities may be the cause causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and deforestation.

The damage disasters do to humans and their property counts most. There is a saying: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".

If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can take years to repair.

Volcanoes
---------

A **volcanic eruption** occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* 
* Archived 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Countess Ahlefeldt-Laurvig-Bille (Alexandra Rosemarie Ingrid Benedikte; born 20 November 1970), is the first daughter and second of three children of Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berlrburg and Princess Benedikte of Denmark. Under the succession rules set by King Frederik IX, since Princess Benedikte and her children, including Princess Alexandra, have not taken up permanent residence in Denmark, they have effectively waived their place in the line of succession to the Danish throne. Since 19 May 1998, Alexandra has been a Danish citizen.

First Marriage and Children 

Alexandra was married on 6 June 1998 at Grasten Palace to Count Jefferson Pfeil Klein-Ellguth. Jefferson and Alexandra are distantly related, as both have descended from Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau. The couple has two children:

-Count Friedrich Richard Oscar Jefferson Pfeil Klein-Ellguth (born 14 September 1999 at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen)

-Countess Ingrid Alexandra Irma Astrid Benedikte Pfeil Klein-Ellguth (born 16 August 2003 at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen)

The family lived in Paris, where Count Jefferson was a managing director of the local branch of the bank Sal. 

Oppenheim and where she worked at UNESCO's World Heritage Centre. Beginning in 2013, the couple lived in Heidesheim Castle, Germany, Ahlefeldt of German and Danish descent. They live at Egeskov Castle, ancestral home of Counts of Ahlefeldt. 

Career 

Princess Alexandra worked for UNESCO World Heritage Centre until 2013, in charge of preserving the cultural heritage of countries in the Middle East and South Asia. 

Titles and Styles

20 November 1970-6 June 1998 Her Highness Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 

6 June 1998-2017 Her Highness Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Countess of Pfeil-Ellguth

2017-18 May 2019 Her Highness Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 

18 May 2019 Her Highness Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Countess of Ahlefeldt-Laurvig-Bille

House: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (by birth), Ahlefeldt (by marriage)
**Brothers of Italy** (Italian: *Fratelli d'Italia*, pronounced [fra.ˈtɛl.li di.ˈtaː.lja]; ***FdI***) is a right-wing political party in Italy. It is led by Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who became Italy's first female Prime Minister after the party won the 2022 general election. It is part of the Centre-right coalition. It is named after the first line of the Italian national anthem, Il Canto degli Italiani.

The party's logo is a tri-color flame in the colours of the Italian flag which was originally the logo of the post war neo-fascist, Italian Social Movement (MSI) Party.

Meloni and other party members describe the party as being "mainstream conservative". It has been described as national conservative, right-wing populist, social conservative and nationalist. The party is also Eurosceptic (anti-European Union), but also Atlantist (pro-NATO). The party is against abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage and high levels of immigration. The party used to have links to the far-right and neofascist movements, though the party says they are not far-right, fascist or neo-Nazi. The party once supported closer ties with Russia, but after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the party has condemned Russia and supported Ukraine.
**Kakyen**, also known as **Kakyen Mingamba** or **Kakyel Meengamba**, was a big man-eating bird mentioned in Meitei mythology, folklore and history of Kangleipak (Manipur). According to legends, it used to serve King Kangba. It used to eat dead bodies thrown at the water bodies, especially a river near Heibok Ching. It was best known for having a fight with two Meitei princes, Taothingmang and Yoimongba. It was later killed by the two brothers.

According to the *Sakok Lamlen Ahanba*, Kakyen was mentioned as the king of the birds and was named as *"Thilpai Ngamba Thinungkhak"*.

Story
-----

Once Kakyen started killing many people and destroying many villages (including Lokha Haokha area) in ancient Kangleipak. The people requested Taothingmang and Yoimongba, the two sons of Khuyoi Tompok, the then King of Kangleipak, to kill the bird to save them. So, the two royal brothers worshipped goddess Leimarel (Leimalel). The goddess blessed the two men with a divine bow (along with a quiver full of arrows) and a divine sword.
Later, they met the bird. Yoimongba held the sword and Taothingmang held the bow and arrows (in the quiver). Kakyen swallowed prince Yoimongba. Taothingmang shot his arrows to the bird. The bird flew away. Inside its body, Yoimongba cut the bird using his sword. Later, the bird was killed. One of its wings was chopped off.

In another version of the story, goddess Leimarel suggested the brothers to worship goddess Panthoibi to get the weapons. And the boys did so.

Naming of places
----------------

One of the Kakyen bird's chopped off wings was used to stop the flow of water as a dam. That place was later known as "Ithing". The place where the bird was beheaded was called "Kaklou".

The place where Kakyen was killed was also known as *"Kakyen Phabi"*.

Festival
--------

The killing of the Kakyen was celebrated as a part the festival of Mera Chaorel Houba (including the Mera Hou Chongba) by the Meitei people and the tribal people of Kangleipak (present day Manipur). The body of the Kakyen was cut into pieces and cooked by the people. Both Meitei people and the tribal people of Kangleipak together had a big feast of the Kakyen meat. However, as there would be no more Kakyen, but they still wanted to celebrate the festival next year, they collectively decided to have a feast on cattle meat instead from the coming years. For the event, they annually sacrificed seven big cattle animals to the gods, and later ate the meat. The ceremony was known as *"mera santuba"*.

Related articles
----------------

* Keibu Keioiba

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kakyen***.
Template:بطاقة عامة

 Location of the Upper Galilee region and Mount Amel (in blue).

  

33°01′46″N 35°19′45″E﻿ / ﻿33.02939°N 35.32928°E﻿ / 33.02939; 35.32928

  

  

  

**Upper Galilee** (**الجليل الأعلى**) is the northern part of the Galilee (الجليل) region in northern Palestine. Today most of it is within the borders of Israel. Its highlands merge to the north with the Jabal Amel (جبل عامل) massif in Lebanon, and its northern border is the Litani River (نهر الليطاني). The mass of the mountains of Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee, located to the south, are separated by the course of the Shaghur stream (مجرى سيل الشاغور), the course of the Majd al-Krum stream (مجرى سيل مجد الكروم), and the Ramah Plain (سهل الرامة), one of the western tributaries of Wadi Amoud (وادي عمود) in the east. To the west, the highlands gradually descend to reach the coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea, while in the east and southeast, its cliffs and slopes are steep in the direction of Hula Valley (وادي الحولة) and Jordan Valley(وادي الأردن).

Upper Galilee is a high mountain massif cut by valleys and steep slopes. It has high peaks, including the summit of Mount Jarmaq (جبل الجرمق) - aka Mount Meron - which is 1,208m high; the highest in the Galilee (الجليل).

### Borders

The Upper Galilee is bordered to the south by the Majd al-Krum Plain (سهل مجد الكروم), through which the Akka-Safad Street (شارع عكا-صفد) passes, to the east it is bordered by the Jordan Valley, and to the north it is bordered by the Lebanese border. On the western side, the upper Galilee mountain ranges descend to the seashore, leaving a narrow beach.

Villages
--------

original 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * كفر ياسيف
* جولس
* أبو سنان
* جت
 | * يانوح
* كفر سميع
* كسرى
* يركا
 | * حُرفيش
* بيت جن
* البقيعة
* دير الأسد
* البعنة
 | [*source?*]* نحف
* مجد الكروم (يقسمها الجليلين)
* الرامة
* ساجور
 | * معليا
* الجش
* فسوطة
* بيت جن
 |

yandex

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Kafr Yasif
* Jules
* Abu Sinan
* Jet
 | * Yanoh
* Kafr Samy
* Fractional
* Yerka
 | * Crafts
* House of Jinn
* The spot
* Deir al-Assad
* The curse
 | * Thin
* Chrome glory (Divided by the Galileans)
* Ramah
* Sagor
 | * High school
* Greed
* A whip
* House of Jinn
 |

google 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Kafr Yasif
* Jules
* Abu Sinan
* Jet
 | * Oh, Noah
* Hearing blasphemy
* fractional
* Yarka
 | * Harfish
* Jinn's house
* Peki'in
* Monastery of the Lion
* Curse
 | * Slim
* Majd al-Krum (divided by the two Galileans)
* Ramah
* Sagor
 | * Malia
* Jish
* Fasouta
* Jinn's house
 |
Not to be confused with Provence.
A **province** is a subdivision of a country. It is a kind of local government.

Some countries are divided into **provinces**. The word "province" comes from the Latin word *provincia*.

South Africa, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, and Denmark are examples of countries that are divided into provinces.

In some countries, provinces have different names:

* Département: France
* Canton: Switzerland
* State: United States, Mexico, Brazil, Australia
* Bundesland: Germany and Austria
* Voivodeship: Poland
* District: Serbia (*okrug*), Belize, Bhutan
* Prefectures (県): Japan
* Estados: Venezuela
* County: United Kingdom
* Suba: Pakistan
* Praant: Although *Pradesh* is the Hindi word for states: Republic of India
* Fylke: Norway
* Parish: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

Departments usually have less power than provinces. States, Bundesländer and autonomous communities have more power than provinces.

Small countries like Singapore or Monaco are not divided.
In India in 2006, Ramli performing the Odissi dance
**Datuk Ramli bin Ibrahim** (born 20 May, 1953) is a Malaysian choreographer and a classical ballet dancer. In 2018, the Government of India gave him the Padma Shri for his contribution to the Odissi dance form. He founded the Sutra Dance Theatre and Sutra Foundation to encourage people in learning traditional dance forms.

Personal life
-------------

Ramli Ibrahim was born in Kajang, Selangor in May, 1953, to Encik Ibrahim Bin Hj Mohmmad Amin, who was a teacher, and Kamariah, who was a secretary of the Kaum Ibu (women's association) of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). He grew up in a liberal Muslim family. In an interview to ‘The Hindu’ in 2016 he also claimed to be a singer.

He studied mechanical engineering in the University of Western Australia. Over there, he joined the Australian Ballet School in Melbourne. At around the same time he met Chandrabhanu (Zamin Haroon), another Malaysian Muslim classical dancer who had adopted a Hindu name, Chandrabhanu. He who was studying Bharadhanatyam under Adyar Lakshman, another renowned artist, who taught Ibrahim the art form. Later, he would move to Chennai to learn under Lakshman. He would be taught along with other famous dancers like Radha Anjali and Swapnasundari.

It was under the famous Odissi guru, Deba Prasad Das, who was settled in New Delhi, that Ramli Ibrahim started learning Odissi.

Career
------

After going to back to Malaysia in the year 1983, he had setup the Sutra Dance Theatre in Kuala Lumpur. The theatre focused on Malaysian art scene and strives to promote Malaysian art forms both nationally and internationally. It mainly associates itself with the Odissi dance form which originated in the Indian state of Odisha. In 2007 he setup the Sutra foundation in Malaysia.

Padma Shri Award
----------------

He was awarded with the Padma Shri, one of the highest civilian awards for artists and others, by the Indian government in the year 2018 for his contributions to Odissi and Bharadhanatyam for over 40 years.

Other Awards
------------

Fulbright Distinguished Artist Award (1999)

Angarag Lifetime Achievement Award (2006)

Purush Award (2009)

Ram Gopal Best Male Dancer Award (2011)

Snageet Natak Academy Award

Distinguished International Artist Award (2011)
The **Liberal Party** (Portuguese: *Partido Liberal*; abbreviated **PL**),[21] formerly known as the **Party of the Republic** (Portuguese: *Partido da República*; abbreviated **PR**), is a right-wing to far-right Brazilian political party founded and officially registered in 2006. PL was founded as a merge of the Party of the National Order Reconstruction and the Liberal Party. Currently, the party has the largest group of Federal Deputies and also has the second largest group of Senators in the National Congress.

The party is socially conservative and populist, with its base of support coming mainly from Evangelicals, supporters of military intervention (like the one that led to the military dictatorship), and Jair Bolsonaro voters. It supports gun ownership and reduction of the age of criminal responsibility. It opposes abortion, drug decriminalization, and the LGBT+ and feminist movements. Economically, advocates for economic liberalism, privatizations, lower taxes, reduction of the public deficit, pension and labour reform.

While called the Party of the Republic, as a member of the clientelist group of parties called *centrão*, the party was at the base of Jair Bolsonaro's government, as well as in the past it was at the base of the first two governments of President Lula, and the governments of former Presidents Dilma Rousseff and Michel Temer.

In 2022, the party had 754,316 members, being the eighth biggest Brazilian political party in terms of membership. Since 2023, it is the main opposition to the third Lula government.


1. ↑  "Aprovada alteração do nome do Partido da República (PR) para Partido Liberal (PL)". *Electoral Justice* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-16.
2. ↑  "PARTIDO DA REPUBLICA (PR)". *CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-16.
3. ↑  Costa, João; Piltcher, Antonio (2020-12-08). "Partidos em números: PP e PL". *Pindograma*. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
4. ↑  "'Vocês votaram num cara do Centrão', diz Bolsonaro sobre críticas por ingresso no PL". *O Globo* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
5. ↑  "Basômetro: acompanhe o governismo na Câmara". *Estadão* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-16.
6. ↑  "Filiação Partidária da Eleição | Estatística de Filiação" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
7. ↑  Scardoelli, Anderson (2023-07-11). "Em carta, presidente do PL reforça: partido é oposição a Lula". *Revista Oeste* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-16.
Confederate States of AmericaApartheid South AfricaRepublic of RhodesiaThe Confederate States of America (flag, top; 1861–1865), Apartheid South Africa (flag, middle; 1948–1994), and Rhodesia (flag, bottom; 1965–1979) are considered typical examples of *Herrenvolk democracy*. Elections were generally free, but voting suffrage was restricted based on race, with governance that reflected the interests of the politically dominant racial group.
**Herrenvolk democracy** is a form of government with elections in which only one ethnic group or racial group has the right to vote, the right to run for political office and the right to be employed in the bureaucracy, while other groups are disenfranchised. Herrenvolk democracy is a subtype of ethnocracy, which means any form of government where one ethnic group controls the state, with or without elections. The German term *Herrenvolk*, meaning "master race", was used in 19th century ideology that justified colonialism with the supposed racial superiority of Europeans.

Characteristics
---------------

This elitist form of government is typically used by one ethnic group or racial group to keep control and power within the system. It is often accompanied with a false pretense of egalitarianism. As people of the dominant ethnic group or racial group gain freedom and liberty and egalitarian principles are advanced within that ethnic group or racial group, other ethnic groups are oppressed and prevented from being involved in the government and from having economic power. This can be seen in the development of the United States (especially the Southern states), Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Related pages
-------------

* Nationalism
* Racism
* Segregation
* Racial segregation
* Religious segregation
* Jim Crow laws
* Apartheid
A typical analog 12-hour clock
The **12-hour clock** is a way of dividing the 24 hours of the day into two sections. The two halves are called ***ante meridiem*** (***a.m.***) and ***post meridiem*** (***p.m.***). Both names are from Latin and **ante meridiem**, means "before midday" and **post meridiem** means "after midday".

Each period has 12 hours and are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Time from midnight to noon is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock.

| 24-hour clock | 12-hour clock |
| --- | --- |
| 00:00 | 12:00 AM, midnight
(start of day) |
| 01:00 | 1:00 AM |
| 02:00 | 2:00 AM |
| 03:00 | 3:00 AM |
| 04:00 | 4:00 AM |
| 05:00 | 5:00 AM |
| 06:00 | 6:00 AM |
| 07:00 | 7:00 AM |
| 08:00 | 8:00 AM |
| 09:00 | 9:00 AM |
| 10:00 | 10:00 AM |
| 11:00 | 11:00 AM |
| 12:00 | 12:00 PM (noon) |
| 13:00 | 1:00 PM |
| 14:00 | 2:00 PM |
| 15:00 | 3:00 PM |
| 16:00 | 4:00 PM |
| 17:00 | 5:00 PM |
| 18:00 | 6:00 PM |
| 19:00 | 7:00 PM |
| 20:00 | 8:00 PM |
| 21:00 | 9:00 PM |
| 22:00 | 10:00 PM |
| 23:00 | 11:00 PM |
| 24:00 | 12:00 AM, midnight
(end of day) |
|

World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries  24-hour  24-hour (12-hour orally)  Both in common use  12-hour
The 12-hour time is common in several English-speaking countries and former British colonies (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the English speaking parts of Canada or India), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12 p.m." means 12 o'clock noon, while "12 a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.
**Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu** is an Indian Bengali language soap opera. It aired on Star Jalsha. The series told the story of an abandoned girl, Minu. She had a natural talent for sculpting. Minu wanted to be famous for being a sculpter. The series was made by Agnidev Chatterjee Productions. Its screenplay and the dialogues were written by Sudipa Chatterjee. Supriti Ghosh sang the title song of the series. The series starred Shyamoupti Mudly and Sanjeev Dasgupta. It was directed by Agnidev Chatterjee.

Plot
----

On the shore of the Ganges River, a famous sculptor named Kalikrishna found a young girl. She was trying to make a small statue of Lord Shiva out of clay. He saw that she had a natural talent in sculpting. Kalikrishna helped the girl make the statue. He learned that Minu had been separated from her mother. He took to his home and let her live with him. Kalikrishna told her that Maa Durga was looking over her in the absence of her mother. The story showed how Minu grew up to become amaster the art of idol-making.

Cast
----

* Shyamoupti Mudly as Minu
* Sanjeev Dasgupta as Kalikrishna
* Rahul Dev Bose as Somnath
**UTC+07:00** is the timezone in places below. The time is 7 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. This timezone is also known as **I**ndo**c**hina **T**ime (**ICT**).

As standard time (all year round)
---------------------------------

* Australia
	+ Christmas Island
* Cambodia
* Indonesia (Western)
	+ Central Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, West Kalimantan

* Mongolia (Far Western)
	+ Khovd, Uvs, and Bayan-Ölgii

* Laos
* Thailand
* Vietnam
* Russia - Omsk Time
	+ Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast.

East Asia
---------

It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia.

Discrepancies between official UTC+07 and geographical UTC+07
-------------------------------------------------------------

Although usually time zones are made based on longitude, there are some differences.

### Areas located within UTC+07 longitudes using other time zones

* Many parts of China, including for example Guangxi Province and Hainan Island
* Most of central [[Mongolia] including the capital
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching
* Singapore

### Areas located outside UTC+07 longitudes using UTC+07 time

#### Areas between 82°30′ W and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06)

* The westernmost part of Indonesia including Banda Aceh.

#### Areas between 102°30′ W and 117°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08)

* The easternmost part of Java including Surabaya, Malang, and Banyuwangi.
The Not **True Jesus Church** is a Christian church. It was started during the early 20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The Pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.

This group practices faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism by putting a person completely under water, feet washing and the Saturday Sabbath. By 1949 they claimed 120,000 members; those members met in 700 churches.

The True Jesus Church was banned in the People's Republic of China in 1958 along with all the other Christian churches, but they were allowed to reopen in 1985. Since then, they have grown quickly and have spread across the whole country. They are strongest in Jiangsu, Hunan and Fujian provinces.

They say that daily prayer is very important, both private and public. They engage in vigorous evangelism.

Currently their churches are found in forty eight countries and six continents. Followers of the Church believe that God has only a divine nature, so they therefore reject the idea of the Trinity.

Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Christmas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.
***Lark Rise to Candleford*** is a British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD. Its cast includes actors from other late 2007 and early 2008 BBC costume dramas such as *Sense and Sensibility* and *Cranford*.

The story set in Oxfordshire. It is about Laura Timmins, a teenage girl from the village of Lark Rise who is sent by her parents to work as an assistant at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford. The post office is run by Miss Dorcas Lane, who is a cousin of Laura's mother. Laura's father, the stonemason Robert Timmins, at first misses her but later becomes proud of her for doing well in her new job. Laura's friend Alf Arless is in love with her, but, as Laura becomes used to life in Candleford, he realises that she will never return his feelings.

The other post office workers are the postman, Thomas Brown, a very religious man who tries not to get involved in any kind of mischief or fun; the maid Zillah, who has been with Miss Lane for many years and considers herself in charge of the household; and Mrs Macey, the senior assistant who decides to leave when other people find out that her husband has been in prison.

A second series began in January 2009, introducing some new characters. These include a new maid, Minnie, and a rich hotel-owner, James Dowland, who falls in love with Dorcas Lane.

In the end, the series had a four season run. The BBC stopped a fifth season, because the team felt that after four seasons, the time was right to bring in new dramas. It was said they hoped viewers would love the new programmes in the same way. The last episode on BBC was in early 2011.

Changes from source material
----------------------------

The Debtors Act of 1869 abolished putting people in prison for debt they could not pay. The series makes much of Mrs Arless', played by Dawn French, imprisonment for debt. In the novels the events are played out in the 1880s and later. So imprisonment for debt would therefore be a mistake in the chronology of time.

Other websites
--------------

* *Lark Rise to Candleford* at bbc.co.uk
* *Lark Rise to Candleford* on IMDb
* Lark Rise Visited  Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine The Soundtrack from the TV show.
**Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham** (born November 9, 1936) is a retired American politician. He was a well known member of the Democratic Party.

Graham has never lost an election. His career started with being a state legislator (Representative 1966-1969, and Senator 1971-1979).

Career
------

### Early career

In 1978 he was elected Governor of Florida. His Lt. Governor was Wayne Mixson. Graham was reelected in 1982, when he won 65% over a Republican candidate, Skip Bafalis.

He was a popular Governor. He did much to protect the environment. He also oversaw restart of state executions (as first time since 1964), when 16 people were electrocuted. The first of them, John Spenkelink, was the first to die in the electric chair since 1966 in the United States. He was the second to be executed since 1967 (after Gary Gilmore in Utah in January 1977).

### Later career

Graham was elected to the United States Senate in 1986, defeating sitting Senator Paula Hawkins. He served as Senator from 1985 to 2005, when he retired. He resigned from governorship on January 3, 1985, three days before the swearing-in of the governor-elect, Republican Robert Martinez. For this time Mixson assumed his duties, making him the shortest serving governor in Florida history.

From 2001 to 2003 Graham was a chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

### Later career

In early 2003 he decided to run for President but, after poor results in an opinion polls, he resigned and later supported John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination. He was regarded as possible Kerry Vice Presidential candidate, but Kerry chose John Edwards.

Graham voted in 2002 against intervention in Iraq.

Death
-----

Graham died on April 16, 2024 in a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida from problems caused by a stroke, aged 87.

Personal
--------

* He was born in Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)
* He married Adele Khoury in 1959

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Came before**:Reubin Askew | **Governor of Florida**1979-1987 | **Came after**:Wayne Mixson |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Came before**:Paula Hawkins | **U.S. Senator from Florida**1987-2004 | **Came after**:Mel Martinez |



1. ↑  "Bob Graham, former Florida governor and U.S. senator with a common touch, dies at 87". *Tallahassee Democrat*. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
***Homotherium*** is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber–toothed cats. Their teeth are longer than a modern tiger, but shorter than *Smilodon*. Therefore, they are sometimes called "scimitar-toothed cats".

*Homotherium* was widespread in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (5 million years ago – 10,000 years ago).

It first became extinct in Africa some 1.5 million years ago. In Eurasia it survived until about 30,000 years ago. In South America it is only known from a few remains in the northern (Venezuela), in the mid-Pleistocene. The last scimitar cat could have survived in North America until 10,000 years ago.

Palaeobiology
-------------

*Homotherium crenatidens* skull Paleozoological Museum of China
What we have of evidence comes from the skeletons. From its teeth, its killing method would have been somewhat different from *Smilodon*. The canines look like they were used for a stabbing action rather than slashing. The build of the body is much stronger at the front and heavier than modern cats, which suggests an ambush strategy. That in turn suggests cover in woodlands, which were very common in the Pliocene and much of the Pleistocene.

The skull has noteworthy features. The incisors at the front were proportionately much bigger than modern cats, and stood proud in front of the canines. They must have played a role in holding and pulling the prey. The meat-slicing molars at the back were huge. The legs were fairly long, with the front legs longer than the hind legs. The short tail and short lumbar region of the spine completes the picture of a very strong animal, capable of wrestling with large prey. A reasonable summary is that *Homotherium* had features combinbing those of hyaenas and modern big cats. It was capable of ambush hunting, but also long-distance chases at moderate speeds. It would operate in open woodland.

Possibly all these sabretooths operated by jumping onto the prey's neck, hanging on with their strong front limbs, and digging into the prey's neck with their teeth. Their canines could penetrate the hide of large mammals, unlike modern lions, which have to suffocate their prey.

*Homotherium* skeletons have been found in association with those of mammoths, mastodons and rhinoceros. The implication is that juvenile elephants might have been on their menu.
**The Mighty Mighty Bosstones** (informally known as **The Bosstones**) are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts which formed in 1983. The Bosstones are widely credited as one of the originators of the genre of ska punk, a style which mixes the rhythms of ska music with the fast tempo and distortion of punk rock and hardcore punk.
 Their music is recognized for its prominent use of brass instruments as well as the deep, raspy voice of their lead singer Dicky Barrett. Their concerts are also notable for the presence of Ben Carr, a non-musician member of the Bosstones who dances onstage during the band's performances.

First becoming notable in the underground music scene, the Bosstones steadily grew in popularity throughout the mid-1990s. Their fourth album, 1994's *Question the Answers*, sold over 500,000 copies and became a gold record. In 1995, they appeared in the hit movie *Clueless* and in 1997, the band released their most successful album, *Let's Face It*, which sold over one million copies and spawned the hit single "The Impression That I Get", which charted at #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Songs and entered the top 20 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Although none of the Bosstones' future albums or singles were able to meet with the same kind of success, the band has kept a loyal following and continue to tour and record.

The Bosstones briefly disbanded in 2003, though reunited in 2007 to continue touring and recording. The band has released nine studio albums, three EPs and a live album.

Band members
------------

Current members
* Dicky Barrett - vocals (1983-present)
* Joe Gittleman - bass guitar (1983-present)
* Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton - tenor saxophone (1983-present)
* Ben Carr - dancer (1983-present)
* Joe Sirois - drums (1991-present)
* Kevin Lenear - alto and baritone saxophones (1991-1998, 2008-present)
* Lawrence Katz - guitar (2000-present)
* Chris Rhodes - trombone (2000-present)
* John Goetchius - keyboards (2008-present)

Former members
* Nate Albert - guitar (1983-2000)
* Tim Bridewell - trombone (1983-1991)
* Josh Dalsimer - drums (1983-1991)
* Roman Fleysher - saxophone (1998-2008)
* Dennis Brockenborough - trombone (1991-2000)

Discography
-----------

* *Devil's Night Out* (1989)
* *More Noise and Other Disturbances* (1992)
* *Don't Know How to Party* (1993)
* *Question the Answers* (1994)
* *Let's Face It* (1997)
* *Pay Attention* (2000)
* *A Jackknife to a Swan* (2002)
* *Pin Points and Gin Joints* (2009)
* *The Magic of Youth* (2011)
Restoration of *Hypsocormus insignis*
***Hypsocormus*** (from Greek: ῠ̔́ψος *húpsos*, 'height' and Greek: κορμός *kormós* 'timber log') is a genus of pachycormiform from the Jurassic with fossils being found in Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The two species are ***H. insignis*** and ***H. posterodorsalis***.

Description
-----------

*Hypsocormus* was about 1 m (3.3 ft) long, with a caudal fin just like a mackerel. It had a dorsal fin, long pectoral fins and tiny pelvic fins.

Classification
--------------

### Discovery

In 1860, Johann Andreas Wagner discovered the type species, *H. insignis*. The species was then placed into this genus. For a long time, it has been considered to be the only species of *Hypsocormus*. However, in 2020, Maxwell and others described a new species, *H. posterodorsalis*. There are currently two species in this genus.

### Species

* †*Hypsocormus* *insignis* Wagner, 1860 (type species)
* †*Hypsocormus posterodorsalis* Maxwell et al. 2020

Image gallery
-------------

Fossil of *Hypsocormus insignis*
*Hypsocormus insignis* and *Hypsocormus posterodorsalis*

Related pages
-------------

* Ohmdenia
* Synapturanus zombie
* Pseudoasthenocormus
**Ćevapčići** (plural form of **ćevapčić**) or **ćevapi** (pronounced [ʨɛ'va:pi]) is a skinless meat sausage from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. it can be found in the countries of what was Yugoslavia. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria and the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia. Ćevapčići are served on a plate or in a flatbread (*lepinja* or *somun*). Chopped onions, sour cream, kaymak, ajvar, cottage cheese, and similar sauces are often added.

Bosnian Ćevapčići
Macedonian ***ќебапчиња/ḱebapčinja;*** from Skopje are made of equal parts of beef and pork, minced together, seasoned, grilled and served on a plate with fries and fresh minced onions, accompanied with sour cream and spices. It can also be served in a thin bun called *lepinja*, similar to the Turkish Pide. The traditional, and preferred, way of grilling *ćevapčići* is to use glowing coals beneath a grill. The expressions *ćevapčići* or *Kebapi* are both common in parts of North Macedonia, whereas in Skopje, the capital, from where ćevapčići spread all over the world, ćevapčići is the only traditional expression. Although *ćevapčići* is a formal diminutive, ćevapčići from Leskovac are longer (10–12 cm) than Bosnian ćevapi (5–8 cm). The Leskovac recipe was the one that became popular in Belgrade during the 19th century and then spread all over Yugoslavia, Europe and United States.

Bosnian ***ćevapi*** from the Baščaršija district of Sarajevo and Banja Luka is probably the most famous *ćevapi*. Travnik and Tuzla are known for their ćevapi made of beef stewed with spices. This dish is very popular in some parts of what was formerly Yugoslavia as well. Banja Luka is known for ćevapi which are multiple rolls (usually four) joined together. Bosnian ćevapi are made from two types of minced beef meat, hand mixed and formed with a funnel. Once they are formed, ćevapi are grilled. Bulgarian ***ḱebapi*** are made of both pork and beef. A serving usually consists of 5-10 pieces, served with white bread, minced red pepper, salt and onions.

In Romania, the ćevapčići are called mititei.

In Czech Republic/Slovakia čevapčiči is generally served with mustard, raw onions and potatoes.

* Mujo's ćevapi in Banja LukaMujo's ćevapi in Banja Luka
* Mujo's ćevapiMujo's ćevapi
* Ćevapčići with French fries in MontenegroĆevapčići with French fries in Montenegro

Etymology
---------

The word comes from the Arabic **kebab**, sometimes with the South Slavic diminutive ending *-čići* (Serbian: Ћевапчићи/Ћевапи, *ćevapčići/ćevapi*; Macedonian: Ќебапи, *ḱebapi*; Slovene: *čevapčiči*, Croatian, Bosnian: ***ćevapčići/ćevapi***; Czech: *čevapčiči/čevabčiči*). For more on the word's history, see the etymology section of *kebab*.

Other websites
--------------

* An essay on ćevapi in BH Dani Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Bosnian)
* Branislav Nušić (1864-1938) on ćevapčići-culture in Belgrade and former Yugoslavia  Archived 2008-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Recipe for ćevapi Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
Rock flour flowing into Peyto Lake
The river Muru flowing into Gjende lake in Norway
**Rock flour**, or **glacial flour**, is a kind of flour which consists of clay-sized particles of rock, generated by glacial erosion or by artificial grinding to a similar size. Because the material is very small, it is suspended in river water making the water appear cloudy. If the river flows into a glacial lake, the lake may appear turquoise in color as a result. Examples of this are Lake Louise, Canada and Gjende lake in Norway.

Agricultural use
----------------

Some agronomists believe that rock flour has a powerful effect in restoring trace minerals to soil. An early experimeter was the German miller Julius Hensel, author of *Bread from Stones*, who reported successful results with *steinmehl* (stonemeal) in the 1890s. His ideas were not taken up through technical limitations and, according to proponents of his method, opposition from the champions of conventional fertilisers.

Other websites
--------------

* On a Fad Diet of Rock Dust, How the Garden Does Grow Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine Henry Homeyer, June 24, 2004, *New York Times*.
* Remineralize the Earth - "non-profit organization incorporated to disseminate ideas and practice about soil remineralization".
* Soil remineralization: a future market for aggregate industry fines Archived 2005-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, Robert J. Able, June 1995, *Pit & Quarry*.
* Julius Hensel Archived 2005-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Downloadable document on co-utilisation of mineral fines and composts Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
For the deadly sin in Christianity, see Sloth (deadly sin).

**Sloths** are Xenarthran mammals from Central and South America. They are part of the order Pilosa. There are two families of sloths: two-toed sloth and three-toed sloth. Most scientists call these two families the **Folivora**, while some call them the **Phyllophaga**. They live in trees, but in the past there were giant ground sloths.

The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa is still unclear, but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Tertiary, about 60 million years ago. The presence of these animals in Central America is explained by the Great American Interchange.

Physical description
--------------------

Sloths are active at night and sleep curled up with their head placed between the arms and the feet drawn close together, or hanging upside down with the help of their hook- like claws. This disguises them as part of a tree so that its enemies like the jaguar do not see them. Sloths are a very popular dish when you cook the fingers correctly. Sloths rarely climb down from the trees, and when they are on the ground they can only crawl awkwardly. However, when there is a forest flood, they are very good swimmers. Sloths can live for up to 30 years. They mostly just eat leaves and flowers, which take a very long time to digest. Sloths move slowly; their name comes from the word "slow".

Related pages
-------------

* Megatherium
* Ground sloth