recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Christopher Paul Lee** (19 January 1950) was a British musician, author, broadcaster, lecturer, writer and actor from Manchester, England.

Biography
---------

Lee was born in Didsbury, south Manchester. He was a writer, broadcaster, lecturer and performer who started playing in the North West folk and beat clubs of the 1960s with his band Greasy Bear and became a linchpin of the punk rock and new wave explosion with his next band Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias (other members included Jimmy Hibbert, Bruce Mitchell, Les Prior, Bob Harding, Simon White, Ray "Mongo" Hughes, Tony Bowers, John Scott, Ged Green and Captain Mog). In 1977 Lee wrote the "snuff-rock" musical *Sleak*, which ran for several months in London's Royal Court Theatre and the Roundhouse. It subsequently had a run at Privates in New York City in 1980, directed by Des McAnuff, he meeting with Oingo Boingo, Joan Jett and Pete Shelley, when they saw their show. They funded by The Police, The Clash and Queen. Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias split up in 1983 after releasing three albums. Lee then wrote and performed a tribute show of routines by Lord Buckley, first in Manchester and later in other places including Amsterdam, New York, Los Angeles, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Manama, Paris, Rome, Munich, Toronto, Montreal, Calgary and London. He also worked as a music journalist.

In July 1979, Lee and John Scott released their debut album as "Gerry & the Holograms". The title track is claimed by some to be have been ripped off by New Order's "Blue Monday".

In April 1980, Gerry and the Holograms released their second single, "Dolphin Song". The title track is claimed by some to have been ripped off by The Cure's "The Caterpillar".

*When We Were Thin* (published August 2008) is a personal memoir in which Lee recounts how he produced one side of the first Factory Records release, ate muffins with Danny Elfman, drove a table with Wreckless Eric, Elvis Costello and Lene Lovich for a day.

Lee's other works included books about Bob Dylan, one of which, *Like The Night (Revisited)*, focuses on the shout of 'Judas' aimed at Dylan at his Manchester Free Trade Hall performance in 1966, which was the climax of Martin Scorsese's documentary of Dylan, *No Direction Home*. Another book, *Shake, Rattle & Rain*, is adapted from his PhD thesis on Manchester music-making.

CP Lee retired after being a course leader in film studies and senior lecturer at the University of Salford, and continued writing and presenting talks, as well as documentaries for BBC Radio and TV.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website for CP Lee
* *CP Lee* discography at Discogs

* Academic profile for Chris Lee
**Groundbreaking**, also known as **cutting**, **sod-cutting**, **turning the first sod** or a **sod-turning ceremony**, is a ceremony to mark the first day of building a building or other construction project. A specific person picks up a special shovel and lifts the first shovelful of dirt. Important people such as politicians and businesspeople come to groundbreaking ceremonies and often take part. The actual shovel used during the groundbreaking can be a special ceremonial shovel, sometimes colored in gold or have words carved on it so it can be shown in the actual building, in a museum or at home. In other groundbreaking ceremonies, people use a bulldozer instead of a shovel. In some groundbreaking ceremonies, both the shovel and the bulldozer are used to mark the first day of construction.

* Groundbreaking ceremony with shovels, marking the start of construction of the new Städel Museum in Frankfurt am Main on September 6, 2009.Groundbreaking ceremony with shovels, marking the start of construction of the new Städel Museum in Frankfurt am Main on September 6, 2009.
* Engraved shovel prepared for the groundbreaking ceremony of the new Städel Museum.Engraved shovel prepared for the groundbreaking ceremony of the new Städel Museum.
* Groundbreaking ceremony with a bulldozer, marking the start of construction of the new Line 6 of the Santiago Metro on September 13, 2012, in which President Sebastián Piñera (fourth from left) took part.Groundbreaking ceremony with a bulldozer, marking the start of construction of the new Line 6 of the Santiago Metro on September 13, 2012, in which President Sebastián Piñera (fourth from left) took part.
A **noble gas compound** is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in it. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.

History
-------

For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.

Oxidizing Helium or Neon takes a lot of engergy. No chemical substance is known to have enough power to oxidize Helium or Neon. Two Helium comopounds have been predicted; they would hoever need a very high pressure to be stable.

Fullerene properties
--------------------

An endohedral fullerene
Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.
**Aspiration** is a feature in languages where saying a consonant gives out a puff of air. For example, if you dangle a piece of paper in front of your mouth, you will see it move if you say an **aspirated,** or breathy, consonant. If the paper does not move, then it is **unaspirated**, or not breathy. In English, voiceless stops and fricatives that happen at the beginning of a word are aspirated, which are the sounds 'p', 't', 'k', and 'ch' (which are written as /p/, /t/, /k/, /t͡ʃ/ in IPA in the same order). In IPA, aspirated sounds can be written with an ʰ symbol afterwards, as in /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/, and /t͡ʃʰ/. For example, the first sound in the words "pick", "tick", "kick", and "chick" are all aspirated. In IPA, they are written as /pʰɪk/, /tʰɪk/, /kʰɪk/, and /t͡ʃʰɪk/ in the same order. However, voiceless stops and fricatives that appear after the first sound are unaspirated. For example, while the /p/ in "pit" is aspirated, the /p/ in "spit" and the /p/ in "tip" are not, so they would not be marked with an ʰ symbol afterwards. Below are more examples of aspiration.

Words where /p/ is aspirated| English word | IPA form |
| --- | --- |
| pit | /pʰɪt/ |
| place | /pʰleɪs/ |
| prize | /pʰraɪz/ |

Words where /p/ is unaspirated| English word | IPA form |
| --- | --- |
| spit | /spɪt/ |
| tip | /tʰɪp/ |
| lips | /lɪps/ |

English has no aspirated voiced sounds, but Hindi does. They are normally written with an 'h' after the consonant letter. An example of this is the name Bhattacharya, in which 'bh' is an aspirated 'b' sound, so it would be written as /bʱ/ in IPA.

In Mandarin Chinese, there are no voiced stops, fricatives, or affricates, so the only way to tell them apart is by aspiration. In Pinyin, aspirated sounds are written like voiceless sounds in English, so the sounds /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and /kʰ/ are written as 'p', 't', and 'k' in the same order, but unaspirated sounds are written like voiced sounds in English, so the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/ are written as 'b', 'd', and 'g' respectively. For example, the word "Gaokao" would be written in IPA as /kau̯.kʰau̯/. In Wade-Giles spelling, aspirated stops, fricatives, or affricates are written with an apostrophe after the letter instead of using a different letter like in Pinyin, so "Gaokao" would be written as "Kaok'ao" in Wade-Giles.
*The Abduction of Psyche* by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
**Psyche** (pronounced: SY-kee) is a former mortal woman and goddess of the soul in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Eros (Cupid) and the mother of Hedone. Today, Psyche is known from a story called *The Golden Ass*, written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.

Mythology
---------

### Early life

Psyche was the youngest daughter of a Greek king and queen. She had two older sisters. She was very beautiful. Many people said she was more beautiful than Aphrodite. People started worshipping Psyche instead of Aphrodite. This made the goddess angry. As a punishment, she sent her son, Eros, to make Psyche fall in love with an ugly person. However, Eros fell in love with Psyche. He decided to save her from his mother's anger.

Psyche's sisters were jealous of her beauty. They eventually married kings and left to be with their husbands. Nobody asked to marry Psyche. She was left alone. Her father decided to ask the Oracle of Delphi for help.

### Marriage to Eros

*Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss* by Antonio Canova
Apollo, spoke to Psyche's father through the Oracle. He told her father that Psyche would marry a monster that even the gods were afraid of. Apollo said to dress Psyche in funeral clothes, take her to the tallest rock in the kingdom, and leave her there. The king sadly obeyed Apollo.

Psyche waited for the monster. When it did not come, she jumped from the rock. Zephyrus, the Greek lord of west wind, held her up to save her from death. He took her to Eros's palace. When Eros returned, he talked to Psyche in the dark. He said that she must not try to see him. He said that it would ruin everything if he told her his name. The first few weeks of Psyche's life in the palace were good. But soon her sisters convinced her to see what her husband looked like. 

*Psyche surprising sleeping Cupid* by Louis Jean Francois Lagrenée
Psyche sneaked into her husband's room with an oil lamp. Psyche shone the light on her husband's face. A small drop of hot oil fell onto his shoulder. That burned him and woke him up. Eros felt betrayed by his wife's actions. He left Psyche.

Psyche was very unhappy after learning what she had done. Aphrodite found her and made her do four things. 

* The first thing was to sort a huge pile of seeds. An ant colony helped Psyche do this.
* The second thing was to gather wool from a dangerous sheep. A river god helped her by teaching her to collect pieces of wool from bushes.
* The third thing was to collect water from the underworld. The eagle of Zeus collected the water for her.
* The last thing was the most difficult. She had to bring back some of Persephone's beauty for Aphrodite. Persephone gave Psyche some of her beauty. When she was on her way back to Olympus, Psyche opened the box of Persephone's beauty. The only thing inside was death. Psyche died. Her husband, Eros, forgave her. He took her to Olympus.

Psyche was made the goddess of the soul. Psyche and Eros had a daughter, Hedone. Their daughter was the goddess of physical joy.

Related pages
-------------

* 16 Psyche
The **Pax airship disaster** occurred on May 12, 1902, in Paris. It resulted in the tragic deaths of Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and French mechanic Georges Saché. The Pax airship, designed by Augusto Severo, was 30 meters long, had a capacity of 2,000 cubic meters, and weighed 2,000 kilograms. Severo, a dedicated aeronautics student for 20 years, invested his fortune in the Pax airship, originally planned with an electric motor but later switched to gasoline engines.

It was completed two weeks before the accident, the Pax underwent successful Earth-tethered experiments in Vaugirard park. Unfavorable weather conditions delayed further tests, but on May 12, Severo began filling the balloon at midnight and completed it by 5 a.m. Before the flight, Severo shared plans for a larger airship called Jesus. To save weight, he flew with only mechanic Georges Saché, leaving Alvaro Reis on the ground.

Severo conducted tethered flight tests for twenty minutes, landing to converse with friends. At 5:25 a.m. he resumed the flight without tethering. Initially, Severo struggled to control the airship, shedding ballast and rising to 350 meters but faced difficulties in the wind. Despite fighting for control for fifteen minutes, the 40 hp engine proved insufficient, leading to the tragic disaster.

History
-------

The Pax airship exploded at 5:40 a.m. on May 12, 1902, crashing down on Maine Avenue, causing the death of both occupants.

Flames burst from the engine, engulfing the entire aircraft. The wreckage fell onto Maine Avenue, with the nacelle crashing through a house's ceiling, landing in a bedroom. Fortunately, the residents' bed was on the other side, saving their lives.

Experts had different opinions about the cause. Colonel Rénard believed the combustion engine was to blame, while Henri Lachambre thought twisted mechanical parts and a fire path from the carburetor caused the disaster. Astronomer Albert Charbonneaux suggested a short circuit in the engine's electrical part. Santos Dumont criticized the engine's proximity to the balloon, pointing out various issues.

Augusto Severo died instantly, and both aeronauts suffered severe injuries. Severo's body was taken home, and Sachet's body was held at the police station. The wreckage attracted spectators, and Commander Rénard brought the remains back to the hangar. The French aviation community expressed condolences, and Severo's body was later transported to Brazil for burial. The hangar in Paris changed ownership.
**Jessica Ellen Cornish** (born 27 March 1988), better known by her stage name **Jessie J**, is an English singer and songwriter. She was born and raised in London where she studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records.

Jessie J became better known after the release of her debut single "Do It Like a Dude" which peaked at number two in the UK. She achieved her first number one in the UK, France, Ireland and New Zealand with the song "Price Tag". After those two singles, she released her debut album *Who You Are* in 2011. The album charted at number two in the UK. Other singles from the album included "Nobody's Perfect", "Who's Laughing Now" and "Who You Are" which charted within the top 20 in the UK but the release of fifth single "Domino" became international chart success, peaking at number 6 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and becoming her second UK number one. She is the first British female artist to have six top ten singles on one album.

Jessie J has written songs for other singers such as Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus.

Jessie J is recognized for an unconventional musical and performing style. It mixes her soul voice with contemporary R&B, pop music and hip-hop influences. She has several awards and nominations. These include the 2011 Critics' Choice BRIT Award and the BBC's Sound of 2011. As of April 2012, Jessie has sold over 11 million singles and 2.5 million albums worldwide.

On 4 October 2011, Jessie said that she will be one of four coaches for new BBC program, *The Voice UK*. The other coaches are will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), Tom Jones and Danny O'Donoghue (of The Script).

Personal life
-------------

Asked about her bisexuality in an interview on the "In Demand" radio show on 3 March 2011, Jessie J stated, "I've never denied it. Whoopie doo guys, yes, I've dated girls and I've dated boys – get over it." According to *The Guardian*, Jessie J's sexuality is valuable to young teens, especially for young girls unsure of themselves because of their sexuality and identity, to feel "that this does happen and this is normal." In April 2014, Jessie J renounced her bisexuality in an interview with *Daily Mirror*'s "3am" celebrity tabloid; "For me, it was a phase. But I'm not saying bisexuality is a phase for everybody", she said.

On 12 June 2011, at the Capital Radio Summertime Ball, Jessie ruptured several tendons in her foot during rehearsals. She performed for several weeks while sitting on a gilded throne.

She has a son, Sky Safir Cornish Colman (born May 12, 2023) with her current boyfriend, Danish-Israeli basketball player, Chanan Colman.

Discography
-----------

* *Who You Are* (2011)
* *Alive* (2013)
* *Sweet Talker* (2014)
* *R.O.S.E.* (2018)

Other websites
--------------

* **Jessie J** – official website


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jessie J***.
**Hot Club de Paris** are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album *Drop It 'Til It Pops* in October 2006. Their second album, *Live at Dead Lake*, was released in June 2008.

History
-------

The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME. 

They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc.) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record. 

They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.[*source?*]

They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who. 

They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Holland and India.

They recorded their second album (*Live at Dead Lake*) in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse. It was released in 2008.

They released two EPs in 2010: *With Days Like This As Cheap As Chewing Gum, Why Would Anyone Want To Work?* and *The Rise And Inevitable Fall Of The High School Suicide Cluster Band*. Tracks from these EPs were released on the album *Free The Pterodactyl Three* in 2011.

### Singles

* "Sometimesitsbetternottostickbitsofeachotherineachotherforeachother" (2006) UK #57
* "Everyeveryeverything" (2006) UK #67
* "Shipwreck" (2007) UK #38
* "Clockwork Toy/You can call me Al" (2007) UK #88
* "Will You Still Be In Love With Me Next Year?" (2007)
* "Hey! Housebrick" (2008) UK #81
* "My Little Haunting" (2008)

### Compilation contributions

Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including *Can You Hear Me Clearly?*, on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release *Munkyfest v7.0*, released by the organisers of the *Munkyfest* festival.

Sources
-------

* Interview Archived 2006-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* BBC gig review Archived 2008-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Article on gigwise

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2008-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Interview on www.krugermagazine.com Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Official hotclubdeparis myspace
* HCdP page Archived 2008-01-12 at the Wayback Machine on Moshi Moshi Records web site
* album review on This is Fake DIY
**Rita Sahatçiu Ora** (born 26 November 1990) is an Albanian singer-songwriter and actress based in the United Kingdom.

Career
------

### Acting

In 2004, Ora appeared in the British movie *Spivs*. Ora played Mia Grey in the 2015 movie *Fifty Shades of Grey*. In 2019, she will appeared in the movie *Pokémon: Detective Pikachu*.

### Music

In 2009, She auditioned for *Eurovision: Your Country Needs You* on BBC One to be the British contestant for the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. She later withdrew from the competition after a few episodes, as she did not feel ready. The same year, Ora made a cameo on Jay-Z's video for "Young Forever" and "Over" by Drake. Ora caught the attention of Jay-Z and he signed her to Roc Nation, for which she was featured in a commercial for Roc Nation + Skullcandy Aviator Headphones.

Her first album *Ora* was released in August 2012 and entered the charts at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. Four singles have been released which appear on the album. "Hot Right Now" featured Rita Ora's vocals and entered at number one in the UK in March 2012. Rita was the lead artist on "R.I.P" and "How We Do (Party)", which also entered the UK charts at number one. Her single "I Will Never Let You Down" also reached number one in 2014.

So far in the UK she became the first artist to appear on four top 10 singles in 2012.

### Television

Rita Ora performing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023
In 2012, Rita Ora was a guest judge on *The X Factor.* She returned to the show in 2016 as a permanent judge for that year's season. She has also been one of the four celebrity panellists on the UK version of *Masked Singer*. She was also a coach on *The Voice*. Ora was also an interval act in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.

Personal life
-------------

Rita Ora was born in 1990 in Pristina, Kosovo to Albanian parents and moved to London in the same year.

In 2012, Ora dated Rob Kardashian. From 2013 to 2014, Ora dated Calvin Harris. The artist is currently married to Taika Waititi.

Discography
-----------

Albums
* *Ora* (2012)
* *Phoenix* (2018)
* *You & I* (2023)

Singles
*As featured artist*

* *Hot Right Now* (2012)
* *Black Widow* (2014)

*As main artist*

* *R.I.P.* (2012)
* *How We Do (Party)* (2012)
* *Shine Ya Light* (2012)
* *Radioactive* (2013)
* *I Will Never Let You Down* (2014)
* *Poison* (2015)
* *Body on Me* (2015)
* *Champagne Lights (2020)*
* *Seaside* (2021)
* *Follow Me* (2021)
**Continental Airlines Flight 1713** crashed while taking off during a snow storm from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado on November 15, 1987. The Douglas DC-9-14 was operated by Continental Airlines and was a scheduled flight to Boise, Idaho. Twenty-five passengers and three crew members died in the accident.

Accident
--------

Flight 1713 was scheduled to depart Denver at 12:25 PM, but many flights out of Denver had been delayed due to inclement weather. The flight was cleared to take off at 2 :14 PM local time.

As the plane was taking off, it began to veer violently; the plane descended and the left wing hit the ground, causing the wing to sever. The left side of the plane and the flight deck hit the ground afterward and the plane continued to roll upside down. Of the 82 occupants on board (77 passengers and 5 crew), 28 died while 54 survived. Most of the passengers who died were in the midsection of the plane. When the plane left, the left side tilted until it touched the tail when it was inverted; this caused the midsection of the plane to dent and crush many of the passengers on board. Fitzsimmons' Army Medical Facility sent its personnel to assist in triaging the wounded. Of the passengers who died, sixteen did so from some kind of trauma and twelve died from mechanical asphyxiation.

Of the passengers who survived, twenty-four suffered minor injuries and twenty-seven suffered serious injuries.

Other websites
--------------

* The haunting memories of Continental 1713, editorial by a former Continental passenger service agent
* "Carolyn Holly reports on 1987 Denver-Boise crash". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. original video news broadcast of crash in 1987.
* Pre-crash photos of the airliner at airliners.net
A **Plasma window** is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.

As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.

History
-------

The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.

Plasma Valve
------------

The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.

Properties
----------

A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.

Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

Other websites
--------------

* Official article by Ady Hershcovitch Archived 2006-12-22 at the Wayback Machine - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
* BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW" Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
* News on the Plasma Window Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Plasma Valve Patent[*permanent dead link*]

| * v
* t
* e
Emerging technologies |
| --- |
Atomic bomb explosion.A **nuclear explosion** is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with *mushroom clouds*, although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The nuclear weapon was first detonated in combat on 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second and last use of a nuclear weapon in combat occurred three days later when United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation. 

Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nuclear explosion physics***.

Other websites
--------------

* Videos and other media on nuclear explosion
* Images of nuclear explosion

| * v
* t
* e
Nuclear energy |
| --- |
| Basic concepts | Cold fusion **·**  Containment building **·**  Cooling tower **·**  International Atomic Energy Agency **·**  Nuclear disasters **·**  Nuclear energy **·**  Nuclear energy policy **·**  Nuclear engineering **·**  Nuclear explosion **·**  Nuclear fallout **·**  Nuclear fission **·**  Nuclear fuel **·**  Nuclear fusion **·**  Nuclear meltdown **·**  Nuclear physics **·**  Nuclear reaction **·**  Nuclear reactor **·**  Nuclear weapon |
| Nuclear accidents | Chernobyl disaster **·**  Fukushima nuclear disaster **·**  Mayak accident **·**  Nuclear accidents in Japan **·**  Three Mile Island accident **·**  Tokaimura nuclear accident **·**  Windscale fire |
| Nuclear  power plants | Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant **·**  Zwentendorf power plant |
| Books and Movies | Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power **·**  In Mortal Hands **·**  Nuclear Nebraska **·**  Nuclear or Not? **·**  World Nuclear Industry Status Report **·**  The China Syndrome **·**  Chernobyl (HBO) |
In quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, a **matter wave** is when you think of matter as a wave. The concept of matter waves was first introduced by Louis de Broglie. Matter waves are hard to visualize, because we are used to thinking of matter as a physical object. De Broglie revolutionized quantum mechanics by producing the equation for matter waves.

Wavelength of Matter
--------------------

As experiments on light revealed that photons possessed both wavelike and particular properties, they were considered at the time to have a dual nature as both particles and waves. De Broglie showed that matter might exhibit such a 'wave-particle duality' as well. Basing his formula on earlier formulas, he arrived at the equation below. 

{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{mv}}}

Where λ is the wavelength of the object, *h* is Planck's constant, *m* is the mass of the object, and *v* is the velocity of the object. An alternate and also correct version of this formula is

{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}}

Where *p* is the momentum. (Momentum is equal to mass times velocity). These equations merely say that matter exhibits a particle-like nature in some circumstances, and a wave-like characteristic at other times. Erwin Schrödinger created an advanced equation based on this formula and the Bohr model, known as the Schrödinger equation.

Related pages
-------------

* Quantum mechanics
* Wave-particle duality
Statue of an unknown Cynic philosopher from the Capitoline Museum in Rome. This statue is a Roman-era copy of an earlier Greek statue from the 3rd century BCE. The scroll in his right hand is an 18th century restoration.
The **Cynics** (Greek: Κυνικοί, Latin: *Cynici*) were an important group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy taught that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all the usual desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a life free from all possessions. People are reasoning creatures. They could therefore gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.

The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens, took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christians.
A glass tube filled with radioluminescent tritium that is being used as a light source.
**Radioluminescence** is a way that some radioactive materials produce light. It is seen around some very strong sources of radiation. Radioluminescent paint is used for clock hands and signs to make them easier to see in the dark.

How it works
------------

Radioluminescence happens when an atom or molecule gets energy from ionizing radiation. The energy is released as a photon of light. A chemical that releases one type of light when it gets energy from ionizing radiation is called a phosphor. Radioluminescent materials are made by mixing something radioactive with a phosphor.

Uses
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A clock from the 1950s with radium paint. Ultraviolet light makes the colors brighter.An exit sign that uses tritium as a light source.
Radioluminescence is mostly used to make things visible in the dark. Most radioluminescent paint has radium, promethium, or tritium.

### Radium

Radium was the first element used in radioluminescent paint. It was first used in 1908. The green light was made by mixing radium with zinc sulfide and copper. Other metals such as manganese and silver were used to make different colors of paint. Radium stopped being used in paint in the 1960s.

### Promethium

The isotope promethium-147 replaced radium in radioluminescent paint after the 1960s. It is less dangerous than radium. However, promethium-147 has a half-life of 2.62 years, so it does not last as long as radium or tritium.

### Tritium

Most radioluminescent materials now use tritium, which is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It is also less dangerous than radium, but it is a gas, so it cannot be mixed in paint. Tritium is put inside of glass tubes that have phosphor on the inside.
Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers.
Old book bindings at a library
**Literature** is a group of works of art that are made of words. Most are written, but some are shared by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups by their language, historical time, place of origin, genre, and subject. The word "literature" comes from the Latin word "literatura," which means "writing formed with letters."

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia. *Ramayana* and *Mahabharta*, two Indian epics, are still read today. The Iliad and *Odyssey* are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were shared over time through speaking and memory and were written down around the 9th or 8th century BCE.

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is read for its artistic value.

Related pages
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* English literature
* French literature
* Italian literature
* German literature
* Japanese literature
* American literature
* Spanish literature
* Modernist literature
***I Could Go On Singing*** is a 1963 movie starring Judy Garland and Dirk Bogarde. It was Garland's last movie. It was not a huge box office success, but it won Garland much praise for her performance. In Bogarde's autobiographies and in the 2004 biography, it is written that Judy Garland's lines were substantially rewritten by Bogarde (with Garland's consent).

Plot
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Judy Garland plays a superstar singer named Jenny Bowman. She had met a man 15–16 years before. He is now a prominent physician, played by British actor Dirk Bogarde. They had a child whom she let his father raise in England. Jenny wants to finally see him, but in the end is left to her true home, the stage. Originally titled *The Lonely Stage*, it was renamed *I Could Go On Singing*, so that audiences would know it was the first time Garland sang in a movie since *A Star Is Born* in 1954.

Cast
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* Judy Garland as Jenny Bowman
* Dirk Bogarde as David Donne
* Jack Klugman as George Kogan
* Gregory Phillips as Matt
* Aline MacMahon as Ida
* Pauline Jameson as Miss Plimpton
* Jeremy Burnham as Hospital surgeon
* Lorna Luft as girl on boat
* Joey Luft as boy on boat

Music
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All songs performed by Judy Garland.

* *I Am the Monarch of the Sea* (Judy Garland and Boys) from *H.M.S. Pinafore* by Gilbert and Sullivan
* *Hello Bluebird*, words and music by Cliff Friend
* *It Never Was You*, Kurt Weill and Maxwell Anderson
* *By Myself*, Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz
* *I Could Go On Singing*, Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg

Movie reviews
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"Either you are or you aren't - a Judy Garland fan that is. And if you aren't, forget about her new movie, *I Could Go On Singing*, and leave the discussion to us devotees. You'll see her in close-up...in beautiful, glowing Technicolor and striking staging in a vibrant, vital performance that gets to the essence of her mystique as a superb entertainer. Miss Garland is - as always - real, the voice throbbing, the eyes aglow, the delicate features yielding to the demands of the years - the legs still long and lovely. Certainly the role of a top-rank singer beset by the loneliness and emotional hungers of her personal life is not an alien one to her..."
- *Judith Crist*, *The New York Herald Tribune*

"3 stars...Judy Garland is back on screen in a role that might have been custom-tailored for her particular talents. A new song, *I Could Go On Singing*, provides her with a little clowning, a chance to be gay, a time for wistfulness, an occasion for tears. She and Dirk Bogarde play wonderfully well together, even though the script itself insists on their being mismatched..."
- *Dorothy Masters*, *The New York Daily News*

Soundtrack and video/DVD releases
---------------------------------

It was released on video in 1989, and on DVD in 2004. The soundtrack album was released at the time of the original movie release, and appeared on CD in 2002 along with the Garland album *That's Entertainment!*

Other websites
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* The Judy Garland Online Discography "I Could Go On Singing" pages.

* *I Could Go On Singing* on IMDb
The United States has a military presence around the world which some say is neocolonial
**Neocolonialism** is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

Related pages
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* Imperialism

Sources
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1. ↑  Cope, Zak (2012). *Divided World Divided Class: Global Political Economy and the Stratification of Labour Under Capitalism*. Kersplebedeb. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-894946-41-4.
2. ↑  "Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah". *www.marxists.org*. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
"**Brian: Portrait of a Dog**" is the seventh episode and the season finale of the first season of the animated comedy series *Family Guy*. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16, 1999. It was written by Gary Janetti. Michael Dante DiMartino is the director of the episode.

Story
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Due to an unusual heat wave striking Quahog, the Griffin family is very hot and need money to get an air conditioner. Peter Griffin wants to put his dog Brian in a dog show with a prize of $500. Brian does not want to be in the dog show, but Peter makes him go anyway. Brian does some tricks at the dog show. He gets tired of being the "stereotype of the 'good dog'". He gets angry and leaves the show. 

When they get home, Peter has to pay a fine for not putting Brian on a leash. Brian gets very angry at Peter and leaves the family. The people of Quahog act bad to Brian. He tries to sleep at a bus stop but is told to leave. The Griffin family replaces Brian with a cat. The cat is very violent and causes trouble to the family. Brian is not allowed to go in restaurants or shops. He tries to run from the police after using a drinking fountain. He attacks a man and is taken by the police.

Brian is put in an animal shelter and will get a lethal injection. Peter starts making an appeal for him. Brian learns as many facts about the law as he can. He tries to defend himself, but the council thinks that it is foolish to listen to a dog. Peter tries to say his appeal, but instead bribes the council and gives everyone $20. Brian is now respected by the town of Quahog.

Production
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"Brian: Portrait of a Dog" was written by Gary Janetti and directed by Michael Dante DiMartino. It is the first episode that Janetti wrote. Mary Scheer, Dick Van Patten, Joey Slotnick, Rachael MacFarlane, Lori Alan, Butch Hartman, and Wally Wingert are guest stars in the episode.

Reception
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Ahsan Haque from IGN said that the episode was made very well. He thought the jokes were great and that this was one of the best episodes of *Family Guy*. Robin Pierson of *The TV Critic* thought that the episode was different from the other episode of the first season. He said that the story is more serious and that it was surprising to see more of Brian as a character.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***"Brian: Portrait of a Dog"***

* "Brian: Portrait of a Dog" at the Internet Movie Database
* "Brian: Portrait of a Dog" at TV.com
**Rudolf Zöhrer** (28 March 1911 – 12 February 2000) was an Austrian football goalkeeper. He played three matches for Austria. Zöhrer also played for SK Admira Wien and FK Austria Wien, Wiener AC, SK Donaufeld Wien and Floridsdorfer AC.

Career
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Rudi Zöhrer began his career as a soccer player at SC Nord-Wien 1912. In 1930 he moved to Admira. His first season as a regular goalie was in 1932. With the club he won championship and the cup. Rudi Zöhrer was able to repeat this success in 1934. He had to hand over his position to Peter Platzer before the end of the season. After that he moved to Austria Wien. He played for the team until the end of his career. With Austria he won the Mitropacup, the forerunner of today's European Cup and one Austrian Cup.

International
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Zöhrer played three matches for the Austrian national football team. His first match was in a 4-3 win against Sweden on 17 July 1932. He did not get good reviews. Hugo Meisl did not call him for that for a long time. With the team, he managed to qualify for the World Cup against Latvia on 5 October 1937. He was unable to take part after the annexation of Austria by the German Reich.<ref>ÖFB Players profile

Honours
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* 1 × Mitropacup: 1936
* 2 × Austrian champion: 1932, 1934 (Admira)
* 4 × Austrian Cup: 1932, 1934 (Admira), 1935, 1936 (Austria)
* In 2006 the Rudolf-Zöhrer-Weg in Wien-Floridsdorf (21st district) was named after him.

Other websites
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* Austria Wien Archiv Rudolf Zöhrer
**Franz Oberacher** (born 24 March 1954 in Natters) is a former Austrian football player. In Austria he played as striker mainly for SSW Innsbruck and Austria Klagenfurt. He also played for the Austria national football team.

Career
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Oberacher began his football career at WSG Swarowski Wattens, which was merged with Wacker Innsbruck to form SSW Innsbruck. With Innsbruck he became Austrian champion in 1975 and 1977. In 1975, 1978 and 1979 he won the ÖFB Cup with Innsbruck. He played 147 league games for Innsbruck between 1973 and 1979. In 1979 he moved to Germany to 1. FC Nürnberg in the 2.Bundesliga. For the club he made 31 appearances and 12 goals in the 2nd Bundesliga and 25 appearances and after promotion 9 goals in the 1.Bundesliga. In total he scored 21 goals in 56 games.

In 1981 he went to AZ Alkmaar in the Netherlands, where he scored 5 goals in 26 games in the Eredivisie. With Alkmaar he also became Dutch champion in 1982. In his second season in Alkmaar he was hardly used. So he returned to Austria in the 1982–83 season and played for Austria Klagenfurt. For the Carinthians he scored 21 goals in 102 games over 5 seasons. In 1987 he went to his hometown club SV Natters, for whom he played for one season. In the 1988–89 season he signed to Rapid Lienz in the Carinthian regional league, and in the 1989–90 season he played for SV Axams.

International career
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He played 8 international matches for the Austria national football team. He made his debut on 28 April 28 in a 1-0 win in Vienna against the Sweden national team. On 30 January 1979 he scored the winning goal in a 1-0 win in Tel Aviv in a friendly against Israel.This was his only goal for the national team. He played his last international match on 17 April 1985 in the 3-0 defeat in the World Cup qualifier against the Hungarian national football team in Vienna.
Branko Mikasinovich
**Branko Mikasinovich** (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited *Introduction to Yugoslav Literature* (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; *Five Modern Yugoslav Plays* (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; *Modern Yugoslav Satire* (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; *Yugoslav Fantastic Prose* (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and *Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration* (Plyroma Publishing Co. 1994).

He received his B.A. from Roosevelt University in Chicago (1965), M.A. from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. (1967), and Ph.D from the University of Belgrade (1984). He has taught Russian language and Slavic Literature at Tulane University and the University of New Orleans, and was president of the Louisiana Association of Professors of Slavic and Eastern European languages. He has appeared as a panelist on Yugoslav press on ABC's "Press International" in Chicago and PBS's "International Dateline" in New Orleans. He also appears on "Voice of America" Serbian Service television program, "Open Studio."

Baron Mihailo Mikasinovich, who was instrumental in opening Serbian schools in Krajina in the 18th century, Stefan Mikasinovich, a teacher of Dositej Obradovic, a prime mover of the Serbian cultural rebirth in the period of Enlightenment, and his father Sava Mikasinovich inspired, to a large extent, the author's scholarly activities.
A **dvaravati shila** is a type of coral stone (*shaligrama*) discovered from the Gomti river in Dwarka in Gujarat, India. In ancient Sanskrit literature, Dvaraka was called Dvarawati and was listed as one of the seven prehistoric (oldest) cities in the country. The Sila stones found at the mouth of the Gomti river is called the Dvaravati Sila and is used in worship.

Dvaraka Silas are coral with chakra (wheel) markings. The chakra-mark is the most noticable feature of these stones, and this is why they are called ‘chakrankita-sila’.

Aniconic representation of God is by a symbol rather than an image. Indian art likes the iconic image, but some aniconism does happen in folk worship, in early Hinduism in the form of Vishnu's Saligrama Sila (murthi) (fossil stone), Dvaravati Sila (coral stone), Govardhana Sila (stone from the Govardhan hill), etc. They have solar significance (importance of the sun), and their use in worship is very common among all groups of Vaishnavites of Hindu religion.