recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
bro this has been turned into cahos now EDIT IT WHEN U SEE it new thing to do also lettuce

so yeah uh ikhiohdohfophqofwihoeiwfhoi amogus:{

Shorthand is where a word is written in a shorter way because it is quicker and easier to type. It is also done to fit more text into a limited space.

Internet slang uses many acronyms because they are quicker and easier to type. They are often shorthand for common phrases and idioms, but they can show somebody's emotions and their certainty.

Leet speak
----------

Leet speak (written as: L33T or 1337) is the most common language on MMORPGs because rude words are not stopped by filters. This language is changing all the time because new words are made and used. A lot of the words use numbers instead of letters but some were made because of typing errors which are now done on purpose. Also, some suffixes are used, such as *-age* and *-ness*.

Some of the numbers and symbols used instead of letters are in the table below.

| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  `4  /\  @  /-\  ^  aye  ∂`  |  `8  6  13  |3  ß  P>  |:  !3  (3  /3  )3  ∞`  |  `[  ¢  <  (  {  ©`  |  `)  |o  [)  I>  |>  ?  T)  |)  0  ð`  |  `3  &  €  £  ë  [-  |=-`  |  `|=  ƒ  |#  ph  /=`  |  `6  &  (_+  9  C-  gee  (γ,`  |  `#  /-/  [-]  ]-[  )-(  (-)  :-:  |~|  |-|  ]~[  }{  ?  }-{`  |  `1  !  |  eye  3y3  ]`  |  `_|  _/  ¿  </  (/  ʝ`  |  `X  |<  |{  ɮ`  |  `1  £  7  1_  |  |_  lJ`  |  `|v|  ]V[  {V}  |\/|  /\/\  (u)  (V)  (\/)  /|\  ^^  /|/|  //.  .\\  /^^\`  |  `^/  |\|  /\/  [\]  <\>  {\}  []\  // []  /V  ₪`  |  `0  ()  oh  []  ¤  􏿿  Ω`  |  `|*  |o  |º  |^(o)  |>  |"  9  []D  |̊  |7  þ`  |  `(_,)  ()_  0_  <|`  |  `2  |?  /2  |^  lz  ®  [z  12  l2  Я  |2  ʁ`  |  `5  $  z  §  ehs  es`  |  `7  +  -|-  1  ']['  †`  |  `(_)  |_|  v  L|`  |  `\/`  |  `\/\/  vv  '//  \\'  \^/  (n)  \V/  \X/  \|/  \_|_/  \_:_/  Ш  ɰ`  | `%  ><  Ж  }{  ecks  ×  )(`  |  `j  `/  Ψ  φ  λ  Ч  7  ¥`  |  `2  ~/_  %  >_  ʒ  7_` |
Odo, detail from Bayeux Tapestry
**Odo, Earl of Kent** (ca 1030 – 1097) and Bishop of Bayeux, was the half-brother of William the Conqueror. For a time he was second in power after William became King of England.

Career
------

### Early life

Odo was born about 1030. He was the son of William the Conqueror's mother Herleva and Herluin de Conteville. Count Robert of Mortain was his younger brother.

### Norman Conquest and after

Although he was an ordained Christian cleric, he is best known as a warrior and greedy nobleman. He provided 100 ships for his brother's invasion of England. Odo is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror, known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He probably commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry. In 1067, Odo became the Earl of Kent. For several years he was a trusted royal minister. On some occasions when William was absent (back in Normandy), he served as the *de facto* regent of England. At times he led the royal forces against rebellions. There are also other occasions when he accompanied William back to Normandy. During this time Odo acquired vast estates in England. He held land in twenty-three counties, mainly in the southeast and in East Anglia.

### Character

As the Earl of Kent he became infamous for being greedy, ruthless and a tyrant. Odo obtained a large fortune in land and gold by plundering the landowners of Kent. One chronicler, Thomas of Marlborough, called him a "ravening wolf". Orderic Vitalis, writing nearly a century after Odo's death, he showed him to be a very complex man. On the one hand Odo had great ambition. He was the perfect example of Norman oppression on a conquered England. Yet he was deeply religious and contributed to the ecclesiastical growth of England. Orderic wrote of him:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| in this man, it seems to me, vices were mingled with virtues, but he was more given to worldly affairs than to spiritual contemplation.(He was) frivolous and ambitious, devoted both to delights of the flesh and to deeds of great cruelty. (He was) the greatest oppressor of the people and the destroyer of monasteries. | "|

Fall from grace
---------------

In 1076 Odo was placed on trial. He was accused of defrauding the Crown and the Diocese of Canterbury. At the conclusion of the trial he was forced to return a number of properties he had taken. Most of his wealth was redistributed.

In 1082, he was suddenly disgraced and put in prison. This time it was for having planned a military expedition to Italy. He wanted to crown himself the Pope. His brother, the king, disapproved of the plan and put a stop to it. Odo spent the next five years in prison in Rouen. His English estates were taken back by the king, as was his office as Earl of Kent. He was allowed to remain the Bishop of Bayeux, however. Odo was released from prison after William died. In 1096 Odo set off on the First Crusade with his nephew, Robert Curthose. He died in Palermo while wintering there in early 1097. He was buried in the Cathedral there.
The **Rhombozoa**, or **Dicyemida**, are a group of tiny parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods.

Classification is controversial. They are probably a new phylum. Traditionally, dicyemids have been grouped with the Orthonectida in the Mesozoa. However, molecular phylogeny indicates that dicyemids may be more closely related to the roundworms.

Anatomy
-------

Adult dicyemids range in length from 0.5 to 7 millimetres (0.020 to 0.276 in), and they can be seen through a light microscope. They have eutely: each adult individual of a given species has the same number of cells. Cell number is a useful identifying character. 

The organism's structure is simple: a single axial cell is surrounded by a jacket of twenty to thirty ciliated cells.

Life cycle
----------

Dicyemids exist in both asexual and sexual forms. The asexual forms are found in juvenile and immature hosts; and the sexual forms in mature hosts. 

The asexual stage is termed a *nematogen*; it produces *vermiform* (worm-like) larvae in the axial cell. These mature through direct development to form more nematogens. Nematogens proliferate in young cephalopods, filling the kidneys. Later, as the hosts mature, sexual forms called *rhombogens* are formed. They are hermaphrodites, with gonads of both sexes. The rhombogens self-fertilise, and later release larvae.
Steinem in 1972
**Gloria Marie Steinem** (born March 25, 1934) is an American radical feminist and writer. She founded *Ms.* magazine, and also wrote for several other magazines. Steinem is Jewish and is from Toledo, Ohio.

Steinem started the Women's Media Centre with Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan in 2005. 

In 2013 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for her support of abortion rights.

Personal life
-------------

Steinem was married to David Bale (1941-2003) from September 3, 2000 until his death.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities
* WorldCat Entities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
* Sweden
* Latvia
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
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* Netherlands
* Poland

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

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| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

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* Germany
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 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
Blue Spotted Ray
The **stingrays** are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder **Myliobatoidei** of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.

Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used *only* for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.

Lifestyle
---------

Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.

Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.

### Reproduction

Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.

At the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

Like all fish, stingrays get little parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.

Families
--------

There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:

1. Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray),
2. Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray),
3. Urolophidae (stingarees),
4. Urotrygonidae (round rays),
5. Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays),
6. Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays),
7. Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and
8. Myliobatidae (eagle rays).
**Nell** is a South Korean rock band. They formed in 1999. It consists of Kim Jong-wan, who sings and plays guitar and keyboard; Lee-Jae-kyung on guitar; Lee Jung-hun on bass; and Jung Jae-won on drums. The band's name comes from a 1994 movie of the same name. Nell is one of the few rock bands who gained mainstream popularity in South Korea. They also have been nominated for several musical awards.

History
-------

Nell was formed in 1999. They began playing at live clubs around Hongik University, and were spotted by Seo tai ji, who signed them to his private record company. In July 2006, Nell left Seo Tai Ji Company and joined Woolim Entertainment.

Nell is one of the few rock bands that have achieved mainstream success in the country. Their 2007 'Welcome Home' tour sold out in two minutes. Nell has also participated in the annual ETPFEST in 2002, and the Myspace Secret Show November 28th, 2008.

The band stopped performing after their nomination at the Golden Disk Awards on December 11th, 2008, because of the members' departure for the compulsory South Korean military service. The band got back together with "Slip Away" when their term was over.

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

#### Indie

* *Reflection of* - (Jan 2001)
* *Speechless* - (Sept 2001)

#### Major

* *Let It Rain* - (2003)
* *Walk Through Me* - (2004)
* *Healing Process* - (2006)
* *Separation Anxiety* - (2008)
* *Slip Away* - (2012)

### EP

* *Let's Take a Walk* - (2007)

### Omnibus

* *The Trace* - (2008)

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website(Korean) Archived 2009-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Official Fansite(Korean)
* Official Myspace
**Sayyida al-Hurra** (Arabic: السيدة الحرة‎), real name **Lalla Aicha bint Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami**, Hakimat Titwan (Arabic: عائشة بنت علي بن رشيد العلمي‎) (1485 – 14 July 1561) was a pirate queen.

Biography
---------

Al-Hurra lived in the early 1500’s. She managed to control the Western half of the Mediterranean for well over 30 years. She was born into a wealthy Muslim family. Her birth name was believed to be Aicha. Her family was chased out of Granada to Morocco during the Spanish Reconquista. She and her family then settled in Tetouán. Her first husband was the Sultan Al-Mandri. She had herself immediately named governer of Tetouán, after he died. She was bestowed the title Al-Hurra. This was a symbol of respect and power. She then married the King of Morocco. This was the only time in Islamic history a king traveled outside his country for his wedding. Spain and Portugal were worried about this. It seemed like a threat, as this alliance would be extremely strong. Iberians attacked Al-Hurra’s land. She became a pirate to defend her country and stop them. She made an alliance with the dreaded pirate Barabarossa, or Red Beard. He used his fleet to ferry refugees away from the fighting. Al-Hurra terrorized Spanish and Portuguese ships. She became known and feared across the Mediterranean. She was known for taking hostages and being extremely merciless. The Spanish feared her and prayed for a miracle. The Portuguese "prayed for God to allow them to see her hanged from a ship’s mast". She was categorized as aggressive and bad-tempered. Al-Hurra became one of the richer pirates of her time. She still managed to maintain a consistent alliance with Red Beard. Her demise came after over 30 years of sailing. Her son-in-law usurped her power and throne. He also stole her wealth. She lived in her childhood home in Morocco until her death. She died at age 75. Sayyida Al-Hurra’s legacy lives on today. In European writing she is known as the fearsome Pirate Queen of the Mediterranean.
The **Vancouver Whitecaps** are a Canadian soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Vancouver, British Columbia.

The team plays their home games at BC Place in Vancouver, British Columbia. Other teams named "Whitecaps" have played Association footballin Vancouver since 1974 in the old North American Soccer League, the Canadian Soccer League, and the USL.

History
-------

The original Vancouver Whitecaps were founded on December 11, 1973. During the 1970s and 1980s, they played in the North American Soccer League (NASL), a soccer league that no longer exists. The Whitecaps achieved success, winning the 1979 Soccer Bowl.

It was during this short time that soccer became popular in Vancouver. The Whitecaps crowds at Empire Stadium grew to sell out crowds, at 32,000 fans per match.

After playing at Vancouver's 32,000-seat Empire Stadium for most of their early years, the team moved into the new 60,000-seat BC Place Stadium in 1983. However, the end of the NASL in 1984 meant the Whitecaps could not longer play in the NASL.

Whitecaps did not play in 1985, but they joined the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) the next year and changed their name to the 86ers. They joined the United Soccer Leagues in 1990, and renamed themselves back to the Whitecaps and then to "Vancouver Whitecaps FC". For the next twenty years, they played in the second level of soccer in Canada, finally ending in 2010.

Now they play in Major League Soccer, which they started playing in during 2011. On October 21, 2012, the Whitecaps became the first Canadian team to make it into the MLS Cup Playoffs. The team was eliminated in the knockout round by the LA Galaxy.

League position
---------------

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | League | Position |
| 1974 | NASL | 4th / West |
| 1975 | NASL | 4th / Pacific |
| 1976 | NASL | Playoff First round |
| 1977 | NASL | Playoff First round |
| 1978 | NASL | Quarterfinal |
| 1979 | NASL | Champions |
| 1980 | NASL | Playoff First round |
| 1981 | NASL | Playoff First round |
| 1982 | NASL | Quarterfinal |
| 1983 | NASL | Quarterfinal |
| 1984 | NASL | Semifinal |
| 1986 | NASL | Playoff First round |
| 1987 | NASL | Quarterfinal |
| 1988 | NASL | Quarterfinal |
| 1989 | NASL | Semifinal |

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Fitzgerald Theatre, Saint Paul
The **Fitzgerald Theater** is the oldest active theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is the home of American Public Media's *A Prairie Home Companion*. The theater is owned by Minnesota Public Radio. The Fitzgerald was also the location for the 2006 film of the same name.

History
-------

It was built in 1910 at a cost of $165,000. It had a sandstone front and was of concrete and steel construction. The theatre had several very modern features for its time. It had 2,000 electric light bulbs. The stage could be lowered and raised by two feet. It had 16 dressing rooms and a side entrance for those arriving in automobiles. It was one of many theaters built by the Shubert Theatre Corporation. It was originally named the Sam S. Shubert Theater. The theatre was designed by the noted Chicago architectural firm of Marshall and Fox.

By 1933 it had fallen on hard times. Even the Broadway shows that played there could not make it profitable. That same year it was remodeled in the Art Deco style and renamed the World Theatre. It became a movie theatre and specialized in showing foreign films. By 1978 it was scheduled to be torn down. Minnesota Public Radio was looking for a new home for one of it's programs, A Prairie Home Companion. They were able to lease the theatre for a very reasonable price. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the Sam S. Shubert Theatre and Shubert Building. In 1985 it was decided the building was unsafe and was in danger of closing permanently. After raising nearly two million dollars, the building was once again renovated. In 1994 it was renamed after St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Movie location
--------------

Interior of the Fitzgerald Theater
In 2005, the theater was used for filming the movie *A Prairie Home Companion*, directed by Robert Altman. Garrison Keillor, the star of the radio show also starred in the movie. He was instrumental in getting Hollywood stars such as Meryl Streep and Lily Tomlin for the movie.

The movie was shot digitally which allowed the cast and crew to fit into the small building. Even the theatre's basement was used for movie sets. With all the actors, technicians, electricians and carpenters squeezed into a small space, it was "as crowded as an ant farm". A Hollywood-style premiere was held at the Fitzgerald on 3 May 2006. A parade led from Rice Park to the theatre and the red carpet was laid out for the stars who arrived in white horse-drawn carriages.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Fitzgerald Theater at Wikimedia Commons

* The Fitzgerald Theater
* MPR: Coleman, Mondale debate
Kittens nursing
Lactation of pigs
Woman breatfeeding baby
**Lactation** describes the secretion of milk from the breasts when a mother feeds her young. It occurs with almost all female mammals after the birth of their young. In humans the process is also called *breastfeeding* or *nursing*.

In most species, milk comes out of the mother's nipples. The platypus (which is a monotreme mammal) releases milk through ducts in its abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat, is milk production a normal male function.

Milk contains fat, lactose, and protein, as well and vitamins and minerals.

Apart from food nutrients, mothers' milk contains a range of antibodies which protect the baby until it develops its own immune system. When born, a baby has IgG antibodies from across the mother's placenta. Its own immunoglobulin production takes about six months to develop after birth, so meantime the mother's milk supplies IgA as a stop-gap protection.

Milk production requires the hormones prolactin and oxytocin.

The evolution of milk production made use of a feature which was present before modern mammals. The cells which produce milk were developed from the apocrine glands in the skin: 

"The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument".
Meaning: since the skin of synapsids had glands in it, the development of milk production was possible.
Typewriter
"**The Typewriter**" is a short piece of light music by American composer Leroy Anderson. It uses a typewriter as a percussion instrument.

Composition
-----------

Anderson completed "The Typewriter" on October 9, 1950 in Woodbury, Connecticut. "The Typewriter" was first performed on September 8, 1953 during a recording Anderson and the Boston Pops Orchestra made in New York City for Decca Records. Anderson composed the melody for symphony and pops orchestras; William Zinn and Floyd Werle arranged it for string orchestras and wind bands.

Bell structure
It is named "The typewriter" because a real typewriter is needed to perform the piece. It uses three basic sounds of a typewriter: that of typing, the "bell" that indicates the end of a line, and the sound the typewriter makes when jumping to the next line. A bell is sometimes used for the end-of-line sound, the sound of the typewriter’s carriage returning is made by a musical gourd, flute, string or other instrument.

The typewriter for the performance was modified so that only two keys work to prevent the keys from jamming. According to the composer himself, as well as other musicians, the typewriter part is difficult because of how fast the typing speed is: even professional stenographers cannot do it, and only professional drummers have the necessary wrist flexibility.

The composition has been called one of "the wittiest and most clever pieces in the orchestral repertoire". Author Steve Metcalf has written that "Despite the almost total disappearance of typewriters in everyday life, the statistics show that "The Typewriter" is still a favorite Anderson item."

The typewriter is considered a percussion instrument. The typewriter part is usually performed by a percussionist or drummer, or rarely by the conductor.

Other websites
--------------

* The Typewriter played by Spanish percussionist Alfredo Anaya and Hamburg Symphony Orchestra directed by Miguel Roa.
Kids busy in skills training .
Training camp for elephants.
**Training** means learning to *do* something. It includes practicing skills. The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.

Examples:

* training for the armed forces
* apprenticeships
* learning how to play a game, such as contract bridge or chess
	+ or sport such as football. Such trainers are often called coaches.
* professional development in law, medicine, management, etc.

Training means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods. Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed. Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.

Exercise may or may not be part of training. When it is, it is called physical training. It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g. strength training or flexibility training.

Related pages
-------------

* Training camp

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Training***.

* Training Within Industry Archived 2019-08-30 at the Wayback Machine - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
* Fitness training for kids
* Fitness training for seniors
Man flying in a jet pack
A Jetpack in Space, pictuere of 1984.
A **jet pack** is a device that allows a single person to fly short distances. The device is also called **jetpack**, **rocket belt**, **rocket pack** or **flight pack**. 

The idea has been present in science fiction literature for over a cerntory. First prototypes, and working devices have been built from about the 1960s. 

There are a few different designs. Despite this, their use is limited. The main drawbacks come from things like the Earth's athmosphere gravity and the human body not being adapted to flight, Also, special fuels need to be used. These fuels are hazardous to handle.

For this reason, jetpacks are mainly used for stunts today. 

In space, things are different: there is very little friction, and very little to no athmosphere. A special combination of a jetpack and a spacesuit is used if astronauts need to do things outside their spaceship. This comination is called jet suit. 

As of 2024, technology usually allows for 20-30 seconds of flight (some models: up to 9-10 minutes). They are also inefficient, with a hight fuel consumption, and loud.
**Groupe BPCE** is a French banking group, formed by the 2009 merger of CNCE (Caisse Nationale des Caisses d'Epargne) and BFBP (Banque Federale des Banques Populaires), has more than 8,200 branches nationwide under their respective brand names serving nearly 40 million customers. Through its subsidiaries (including Natixis), it provides banking, financial, and real estate financing services to individuals, professionals, small and medium enterprises, large enterprises, and institutions in France and internationally. It provides various deposit and loan products to small and medium enterprises, craftspeople, franchisees, and franchisers; savings collection and management, credit, payment, and wealth management services; and real estate financing and corporate banking services. The company also offers bancassurance products, including life assurance and pensions that comprise automobile and home insurance, legal protection, the guarantee of life accidents, the supplementary health care insurance, welfare professionals and the collective retirement pensions and health, as well as credit insurance and guarantees to individuals, professionals, real estate professionals, and businesses.

Groupe Banque Populaire
-----------------------

**Groupe Banque Populaire** is a French group of cooperative banks. The federal union is controlled by 15 independent regional banks and also operates under the CASDEN and the Credit Cooperatif subsidiaries. In 2006, Groupe Banque Populaire created Natixis with another French cooperative banking group, Groupe Caisse d'Epargne. This new Investment Bank is the result of the spin-off of the two former Investment Banks of both groups : Banque Populaire's Natexis and Caisse d'Epargne's IXIS Corporate and Investment Bank. Then in 2009, Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne groups decided to fully merge into a single company, BPCE, which became the 2nd largest banking group in France.

Groupe Caisse d'Epargne
-----------------------

**Groupe Caisse d'Epargne** is a French semi-cooperative banking group, founded in 1818, with around 4700 branches in the country. The group is active in retail and private banking, as well as holding a significant stake in the publicly traded investment bank Natixis.
Standard question mark
The **question mark** (**?**) is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.

The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.

Another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.

  

Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.

Computing
---------

In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F.

Examples of the question mark being used
----------------------------------------

* "What time is it?"
* "How are you doing?"
* "Why did that happen?"

Sources
-------

* Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, "Period styles: a punctuated history", in *The Norton Reader* 11th edition, ed. Linda H. Peterson, Norton, 2003 Online excerpt (at least) Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Parkes, M.B. *Pause and Effect: an Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West*, University of California Press, 1993
* Truss, Lynne, *Eats, Shoots & Leaves* Gotham Books, NY, p. 139
This article is about the company. For the operating system, see Palm OS.
A Palm phone showing the current Palm Logo.
**Palm, Inc.** is an American computer company. It makes small handheld computers. Most of their computers have a handwriting recognition function called *Graffiti*. This is a part of the screen that can understand what is written on it. Palm computers can store contacts, addresses, notes, and many other things. Another feature, called *Hotsync*, allows the user to have their personnal computer and Palm connect to each other and be updated. 
On April 28, 2010, Hewlett-Packard announced that it had agreed to buy Palm for $1.4 billion.

Name changes
------------

Palm, Inc. has had its name changed several times. When they started out, they were called **Palm Computing Inc**. Later, in 2000, they changed their name to Palm, Inc. In 2004, Palm changed their name to **PalmOne**, but later in 2005 they switched back to Palm, Inc.

Other websites
--------------

* Palm's Website
"TSN" redirects here. For other uses, see TSN (disambiguation).
**The Sports Network** (commonly known as **TSN**) is a Canadian English language cable television specialty channel and is Canada's first English language sports television channel. TSN started in 1984, in the second group of Canadian specialty cable channels. TSN is owned by CTV Speciality Television Inc; a division of Bell Media (80%) and ESPN (20%).

Programming
-----------

**TSN features a variety of live sports programming, such as**:

* NHL hockey
* CFL football
* NFL football
* Curling
* NBA basketball
* IIHF Hockey Events
* Olympics
* NASCAR, along with other automobile competitions
* PGA Tour
* NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, along with other NCAA basketball
* NCAA and CIS football
* Miscellaneous soccer

**TSN also features original TV shows about sports, including:**

* *SportsCentre* *(not to be confused with ESPN's SportsCenter)*
* *Off the Record*
* *That's Hockey*
* *That's Hockey 2nite*

**TSN also airs non-original TV shows centred around sports, including**

* ESPN's *Pardon the Interruption*
* ESPN's *Around The Horn*
**Gender selection** (or **sex selection**) is the attempt to control the gender of human offspring. It can be done either before or after the fertilisation of the  egg. It has been promoted by the term **family balancing**. In certain countries, particularly China, Nepal and India, sons are often preferred to daughters. In the United States, slightly more Americans preferred boys to girls.

The methods used for gender selection are of two main types. One occurs before fertilisation by making sure there are more sperms with a Y chromosome (which produce a male). The other acts after fertilisation by selecting only male embryos to develop.

Methods
-------

The Ericsson method uses the extra weight of sperms carrying the X chromosome. They swim slower than the lighter sperms with the Y chromosome. This test tube method increases the chance of having a boy from just over 50% to just over 70%. The method is called 'sperm sorting'.

The *in-vitro* fertilisation uses ovarian stimulation to cause the mother to produce a number of eggs. The eggs are fertilised in the laboratory by the father's sperm. Then the sex of embryos is discovered by taking a single cell from the ball of cells which has divided after fertilisation. One or more male embryos are then implanted in the mother's womb so they will develop.

Probably the most common method uses selective abortion. The sex of an embryo can be found by amniocentesis: cells are taken from the fluid surrounding the embryo. This is regularly done to identify genetic defects in the embryo. The procedure gives the information about sex early enough for abortion to be a safe practice.

Legality
--------

Sex selection has only recently become available. Sex selections are legal in most of the world. It is practiced mostly in Western countries, though more limited for Eastern countries, such as China and India. There is fertility tourism from the United Kingdom or Canada. That’s because preimplantation genetic diagnosis (a potential expansion of in-vitro fertilization that can be used for gender selection) is not allowed in Canada or the United Kingdom.

Other websites
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* 
*
Bose-Einstein condensate - representative image of **thermal physics**.
**Thermal physics** is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students. It gives a general introduction to each of the three core heat-related subjects. Some people define thermal physics loosely as only thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

Overview
--------

Thermal physics is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energy perspective. Starting with heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate. In addition, the concept of entropy is studied via quantum theory.

A central topic in thermal physics is the canonical probability distribution. The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common. Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory.

Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum nature of an ideal gas, i.e. in terms of fermions and bosons, Bose-Einstein condensation, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, the equipartition theorem, entropy at absolute zero, and transport processes as mean free path, viscosity, and conduction.

Thermodynamic instruments
-------------------------

There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. The zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure.

A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when brought into contact with the test system.

It is important that these two types of instruments are distinct. A meter does not perform its task accurately if it behaves like a reservoir of the state variable it is trying to measure. If, for example, a thermometer, were to act as a temperature reservoir it would alter the temperature of the system being measured, and the reading would be incorrect. Ideal meters have no effect on the state variables of the system they are measuring.

Related pages
-------------

* Thermodynamics

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Chang Lee, Joon (2001). *Thermal Physics – Entropy and Free Energies*. World Scientific. ISBN 9810248741.
2. ↑  Ralph, R. (1999). *Thermal Physics.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521658381

Other websites
--------------

* Thermal Physics Links on the Web
Work in progress: one of the early versions
**Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev** (born 8 February (O.S. 27 January) 1834 near Tobolsk – 2 February (O.S. 20 January 20) 1907 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements. Many of the predictions made in his periodic table (such as the properties of elements undiscovered at the time) were later proved correct by experiments. Chemical element 101 was named Mendelevium.

Life
----

Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia,to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a priest of Russian Orthodox Church from the Tver region. Ivan, with his brothers and sisters, got new family names while attending theological seminary. Later in life, he invented the periodic table of elements.

Mendeleev is thought to be the youngest of 14 siblings, but the exact number differs between sources. At the age of 13, after the death of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.

In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family went to Saint Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduation, tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became a science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to Saint Petersburg in 1857.

Periodic Table
--------------

Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table
Others in the 1860s suggested that elements group together. For example, John Newlands, published his Law of Octaves in 1865. The lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticized and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Neither attempted to predict new elements. In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one each year.

Other achievements
------------------

Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev called him "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy". Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
A coyote in Death Valley.
The **coyote** (*Canis latrans*) is a canid. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.

The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word ***cóyotl***.

Appearance
----------

Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

Range
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Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.

Life
----

The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.

Mythology
---------

The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of *vagina dentata* or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark. 

Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.
**Toki Air**, officially **TOKI AIR Co. ltd.** (トキエア株式会社, *Tōke-ea Kabushiki-gaisha*), is a Japanese low-cost, regional airline based at Niigata Airport. It was founded on July 29, 2020 and is expected to start operations in late 2023.

History
-------

Toki Air was made in July 29, 2020 in order to connect regional and stray areas across the country. The company signed a agreement with the NAC for two ATR 72-600s. The company also signed a ten-year GMA with ATR for its two ordered 72-600s. Toki Air also plans to introduce the ATR 42-600S variant which is currently under development by ATR. Toki Air, is expected to have its first ATR 42-600S in early 2025. The cost of the airplane will make the company the first Japanese airline to operate this type of aircraft.

Toki Air took delivery of its first ATR 72 on October 10, 2022. The airplane arrived at its hub at Niigata Airport on November 5, 2022.

The government of Niigata Prefecture extended 1.16 billion yen in financing to Toki on October 31, 2022.

Toki formally signed up for an air operator's award on November 30, 2022, which was approved by the East Japan Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism on March 31, 2023. Toki would be the first new locally-owned Japanese airline in 14 years (after Fuji Dream Airlines).

On August 28, 2023, a 66-year-old former worker of Oriental Air Bridge, who was the boss of the safety zone, was continued after it was discovered that the employee had illegally downloaded and transferred secret documents from the airline on November 25, 2022. The worker retired from the airplane business in December 2022 and later joined Toki Air. The employee told the truth and stated that "I took these (the papers), because I thought it would be useful my next company's work." Toki Air stated that they had lowered the rank of the employee and reported the incident to the Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. Oriental Air Bridge in an talk stated that there was no impact of flight safety and the airline would work to prevent such incident from happening again.

Fleet
-----

JA02QQ, Toki Air's second aircraft
### Current fleet

The Toki Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of October 2022):

**Toki Air Fleet**| Aircraft | In Fleet | Orders | Passengers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ATR 72-600 | 2 | 0 | 70 | First aircraft delivered in 2022. |
| ATR 42-600S | 0 | 4 | 48 | Delivery planned in early 2025 |
|

Toki Air is one of several airlines advising Heart Aerospace on its proposed ES-30 electric airliner.

Other websites
--------------

* TOKI AIR
* TOKI Aviation Capital
The intermediate claystone layer contains 1000 times more iridium than the upper and lower layers. It is the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods. The rock is from Wyoming, USA.
This image of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula show a subtle, but unmistakable, indication of the Chicxulub impact crater. Most scientists agree that this impact was the main cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
Deccan Plateau
The **Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event**, now called the **Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event**, was about 65.5 million years ago. It may be called the **K/T extinction event** or **K/Pg event** for short. This is the famous event which killed most of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.

It was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species. The event marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cainozoic era.

Effects
-------

Dinosaur fossils are only found below the K/T boundary. This shows they became extinct before, or during the event. Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and many species of plants and invertebrates also became extinct.

Mammalian and bird groups got through the event with some extinctions. Those that survived became widespread and varied during their later evolutionary radiation.

Causes
------

The K/T extinctions were so sudden and far-reaching that they must have been caused by something sudden and powerful. One or more massive asteroid or meteor impacts, and increased volcanic activity have been suggested.

How quickly animals died out around the world is an important clue. Patterns in rocks also suggest causes. There are several impact craters and massive volcanic activity in the Deccan Traps in India dated to about the same time as the extinctions. Those impacts and volcanoes would have reduced sunlight and hindered photosynthesis, disrupting Earth's ecology.

The best supported theory is that the meteorite strike in the Yucatan was the main cause of the extinction at the end of the Mesozoic era.

### Craters

There were several impact events across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, such as the Chicxulub crater in Mexico, Boltysh crater in Ukraine, Silverpit crater in North Sea, and the Shiva crater offshore western India. 
The Shiva crater is a sea floor structure under the continental shelf in the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India. It was named by paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction and renewal.

Related pages
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* List of extinction events
* Chicxulub