recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Arrangements of onions and garlic, such as this one are commonly sold at the event.
The **Zibelemärit** (Bernese German dialect; English: Onion market) is an annual market with aspects of a fair in the old town of Bern, Switzerland. It takes place the fourth Monday in November.

A typical stand

History
-------

Historical research indicates that the Zibelemärit originated in the 1850s with marmettes, farmer's wives from around Murten, coming to Bern at around St. Martin's Day to sell their produce. According to a local story, the Zibelemärit is a much older festivity though. According to this legend, the Bernese awarded the people from the nearby city of Fribourg the right to sell onions in the city in reward for their aid after a fire that destroyed much of Bern in 1405.

Customs
-------

As the name indicates, it is mainly onions that are sold on the Zibelemärit. Bernese farmers, who are proud of their decorative onion tresses and onion wreaths, also sell other onion products on the market, including Zwiebelkuchen (onion pie), onion soup and onion sausages. Decorative chains of sugar onions are also popular with children.

The Zibelemärit opens very early in the day, at around 03:00 to 04:00. Later in the morning, the narrow alleys are usually packed tight with people, which is what the Bernese call the Gstungg. A general confetti battle in which mostly children participate ensues at four o'clock in the afternoon, officially ending the market.
The ***Guennol Lioness*** is a 5,000-year-old Mesopotamian statue found near Baghdad, Iraq. It shows the form of a muscular anthropomorphic lioness-woman.

The sculpture sold for $57.2 million at Sotheby's auction house on December 5, 2007. The sculpture was on loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art until it was purchased at auction by an English collector.

The limestone sculpture is just over 8 cm (3.25 in) tall. It was described by Sotheby's as "one of the last known masterworks from the dawn of civilization remaining in private hands". One day before the auction, experts had been estimating that the highest bid would be between $14 million and $18 million.

At the time of its 2007 sale, the price paid at auction for the Guennol Lioness was the highest paid for a sculpture to that date. It easily exceeded the record of Pablo Picasso's *Tete de femme (Dora Maar)*. On 3 February 2010, however, the second edition of the cast of the sculpture *L'Homme qui marche I* (Walking Man I) by Alberto Giacometti sold for £65,001,250 ($104,327,006) and overtook the Guennol Lioness as the most expensive sculpture ever sold at auction.

This lioness-woman sculpture is an Elamite figure believed to have been created about 3000–2800 B.C. Its historical significance is that it was made about the same time as the first known use of the wheel, the development of cuneiform writing, and the emergence of the first cities.

Many ancient Near East deities were represented as anthropomorphic figures. Such images evoked the Mesopotamian belief in attaining power over the physical world by combining the superior physical attributes of various species. It is possible that the nearby Sumerians borrowed this powerful artistic hybrid from the Proto-Elamites. The lioness was the frequent subject of veneration among cultures familiar with the well-coordinated hunting of female lions.
Coordinates: 52°39′19″N 1°54′24″W﻿ / ﻿52.65528°N 1.90667°W﻿ / 52.65528; -1.90667

A selection of highlight pieces from the Staffordshire Hoard, uncleaned by conservators, still showing traces of soil
Gold sword hilt fitted with cloisonné garnet inlay
Cheek piece from a helmet.
The **Staffordshire Hoard** is the largest find of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork in Britain. It was discovered in a field near the village of Hammerwich, Lichfield, in Staffordshire on 5 July 2009. It consists of over 3,500 items.

The objects are nearly all martial (military) in character, and there are no objects which are specifically female. The artefacts are dated as 7th or 8th centuries, at the time of the Kingdom of Mercia. 

The hoard has been described by Leslie Webster, former keeper of the department of prehistory at the British Museum, as "absolutely the metalwork equivalent of finding a new Lindisfarne Gospels or Book of Kells", and "this is going to alter our perceptions of Anglo-Saxon England as radically, if not more so, as the Sutton Hoo discoveries".

Dr Roger Bland, Head of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, said: "It is a fantastically important discovery. It is assumed that the items were buried by their owners at a time of danger with the intention of later coming back and recovering them".

The average quality of the workmanship is extremely high. 
The hoard was valued at £3.285 million, and has now been purchased by the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery.
The ***Allegorical feminine figures of Imperial Palace of Russia*** are paintings on canvas by Giambattista Pittoni, made between 1762 and 1767 and exhibited on the ceilings of the "Chinese Palace" in the Royal Palace Oranienbaum residence of the Romanov Emperors, in Lomonosov, near St Petersburg, Russia.

Description
-----------

The ceiling is decorated with two allegorical figures painted on canvas and applied to decorate the halls of the Palace built by Catherine the Great of Russia, between 1762 and 1768, she commissioning the artworks to the most important Master of the Venetian Academy Giambattista Pittoni. The theme of female allegories was commissioned personally from by Catherine II, where the two figures recall *Perseverance*, who holds a snake in her right hand, and *Magnificence*, who holds an ovate in her left hand.

The figure of the Magnificence stylistically recalls the "Allegory of Music" of Villa Pisani (Venice). A model with "Allegory" in Palace Villa Widmann Foscari in Venice recalls this work whose figure was studied by Pittoni in a drawing of the Villa Widmann of the Gallerie dell'Accademia.

Related pages
-------------

* Catherine the Great
* Giambattista Pittoni
* Oranienbaum, Russia

Bibliography
------------

* F. Zava Boccazzi, Pittoni, Venezia, 1979
* H. Voss, 1933

Other websites
--------------

* Giovanni Battista Pittoni «Figure allegoriche femminili»; "Chinese Palace" in the Oranienbaum Palace of the Romanov Emperors fondazionezeri.unibo.it
* Giovanni Battista Pittoni, Peterhof State Museum Reserve peterhofmuseum.ru
**Rosa Frauendorfer** (born 1886) was an Austrian competitive diver and swimmer from Vienna. She was a member of the Danubia swimming club.

She practiced two hours of swimming every day. She trained sometimes at the military school in Vienna.

Swimming career
---------------

Frauendorfer won a high number of prizes in 1904. In 1905 she wins the international race organized by a women's swimming club in Vienna. It was a 12 kilometre race from Klosterneuburg to Vienna. She swam the distance in stormy weather in 1 hour and 25 minutes. She also won the first prize in diving. The next year in 1906 she the diving event and the backstroke race at the international competition organized by the "Danubia" club. She took part in a lot of long distance swimming races. She took part in the competition from Klosterneuburg to Vienna (12 km in 1h 36 minutes), the race from Grafenstein to Vienna (1 hour 42 minutes). Shed crossed Lake Zurich; 3 km from Wädenswil to Männedorf (1 hour 35 minutes). In Eau Morte she swam 3 kilometre in 1 hour 30 minutes and 5 kilometre in 2 hour 15 minutes.

On 15 July 1096 she participated in the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], a 11.6 km open water swimming race in Paris. She swam the complete race in breaststroke and swam the distance in 3 hours 59:30.4. She was accompanied by Mr. Shmall (correspondent of the newspaper L'Auto in Vienna) and Mrs. Schmall (president of the Danubia club). In 1907 she is approached to participate in the Traversée de Paris à la nage but she refuses the offers of the newspaper. While advertised on advertising posters, she wants to keep her amateur status that she has just regained.

Personal life
-------------

Frauendorfer was born in 1886 and lived in Vienna. She was the daughter of a main annuitant. She was passionate about motoring and drove cars.

Other webistes
--------------

* Image of Frauendorfer (1906)
* Image of Frauendorfer (1906)
* Image of Frauendorfer (1906)
* Image of Frauendorfer (1906)
**Egg of Columbus** is an expression that means an unexpectedly easy way out of a difficult situation.

According to legend, when Christopher Columbus told Cardinal Mendoza about how he discovered land west of the Atlantic ocean, one of the people with them said, "What could be easier than to discover a new land?" To which Columbus offered him a simple task: to put the egg on the table and make it balance on its end. When none of the other people could do it, Columbus took the egg, smashed it from one end, and placed it on the table, showing that it was actually very simple. Seeing this, everyone began to object, saying that they could do the same. To which Columbus replied, "The difference, gentlemen, is that you could do it, when I did."

History
-------

Historians are not sure if Columbus really did this in real life. They think it is likely that people made the story up many years later.

Girolamo Benzoni wrote about this story in *Historia del Mondo Nuovo* in 1565. Historians think Benzoni might have been the first person to tell the story, but they are not sure.

One reason they think so is that almost the exact same story showed up in another book, by painter Giorgio Vasari in 1550. In Vasari's book, it was the builder Filippo Brunelleschi who flattened the egg. This was to explain how he built the heavy done for the Santa Maria del Fiore church.

Uses
----

In English, people use term "egg of Columbus" to describe puzzles.

Writers Mary Shelley, Leo Tolstoy and others have mentioned the story of Columbus and the egg in their books.
Tigran Petrosian (1961)
Tigran Petrosian special issue
**Tigran Petrosian** (Tbilisi, Georgia, 17 June 1929 – Moscow, 13 August 1984) was World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was born to Armenian parents, and brought up in the capital of Armenia, Yerevan.p103 Before his chess career, he was a street cleaner.

Petrosian got the USSR national master title in 1947, and his chess improved rapidly when he moved to Moscow that year. By coming second in the 1951 USSR championship he qualified for the FIDE Interzonal tournament in Stockholm next year. There, he qualified for the World Championship Candidates tournament in Zurich 1953. He came fifth, and was awarded the title of International Grandmaster.p299

Years followed when he made no visible progress, and others had the chance to challenge for the world title. Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal both won the world title, yet lost it back to Botvinnik in return matches. At last, in 1962, Tigran won the Candidates tournament, and became the new challenger to Botvinnik. Petrosian also won the very strong Soviet Championship four times, in 1959 (Tbilisi), 1961 (Moscow), 1969 (Moscow), and 1975 (Yerevan).p118

The World Championship
----------------------

Before the title match started, FIDE changed the rules so that somebody who lost the world championship in a match would not automatically get a return match. The rule that allowed for return matches had been criticised for giving Botvinnik too great an advantage over his rivals.

In the match Petrosian started shakily, losing the first game and just escaping with a draw in the second game. From then on he was in control, and won the match (best of 24 games) by +5 –2 =15. In 1966 he defended the title against Boris Spassky, and won 12½–11½. The victory was rather more emphatic than the score suggests. In 1969 Spassky was again the challenger, and this time Petrosian lost 10½–12½.

Petrosian played in every world championship cycle from 1951 to 1980, when he lost a quarter-final match against his old enemy, Viktor Korchnoi.

Olympiads
---------

Petrosian's record in Chess Olympiads was unsurpassed. He played for the USSR in nine Olympiads, and this is a summary of his overall results: +79 –1 =50.p156–8

Style, personality
------------------

Petrosian was one of those players who set out to stifle the opponent's chances before they take action themselves. He was a student of Nimzovich's ideas of prophylaxis. Capablanca was another such player, but his chess was pure and simple. Petrosian's was profound and complex. He has been much admired by grandmasters, but was not so popular with lesser players. Like Capablanca, he was somewhat lazy, and did not strive to win every game. At his peak, he was the best player in the world at manoeuvring in complex positions, and an outstanding endgame player.p300
***Love Island*** is a British reality television series. It is a revival of an earlier show *Celebrity Love Island*, but this time the contestants were normal people. It began in 2015 and is currently hosted by Maya Jama. Previous hosts include Caroline Flack and Laura Whitmore.

The show is about group of contestants, referred to as Islanders, living in a villa on an island, constantly under video surveillance. On the first day, the Islanders couple up for the first time based on first impressions, but over the duration of the series they must "re-couple" or choose to remain with their current partner.

Any Islander who remains single after the re-coupling is eliminated from the game. Islanders can also be eliminated by the public vote. Sometimes, the Islanders will have to choose which one of them will be leaving. In the final, the public vote towards which couple they want to win the series and therefore take home £50,000.

The series has had very mixed reviews. It is one of the UK's most popular reality TV shows. However, the show has also received criticism from many people for potentially making viewers feel insecure about their bodies. There is also worry about the impacts contestants may face from appearing on the show.

Several contestants have become famous after appearing on the show, including Molly-Mae Hague, Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu, Laura Anderson, Wes Nelson and Gemma Owen.

Overview
--------

| Year | Series | Location | Winners | Islanders | Days | Episodes | Average viewers
(Millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | 1 | Mallorca | Jess Hayes
Max Morley | 23 | 41 | 29 | 0.57 |
| 2016 | 2 | Cara De La Hoyde
Nathan Massey | 26 | 45 | 37 | 1.47 |
| 2017 | 3 | Amber Davies
Kem Cetinay | 32 | 52 | 43 | 2.52 |
| 2018 | 4 | Dani Dyer
Jack Fincham | 38 | 59 | 49 | 3.96 |
| 2019 | 5 | Amber Gill & 
Greg O'Shea | 36 | 58 | 5.61 |
| 2020 | 6 | Cape Town | Finn Tapp 
Paige Turley | 32 | 44 | 36 | 3.96 |
| 2021 | 7 | Mallorca | Liam Reardon
Millie Court | 37 | 58 | 49 | 4.17 |
| 2022 | 8 | Davide Sanclimenti
Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu | 36 | 4.46 |
| 2023 | 9 | Franschhoek | Kai Fagan
Sanam Harrinanan | 35 | TBA |
| 10 | Mallorca | TBA | 32 | TBA |
San Marco, Florence
**Museo Nazionale di San Marco** is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.

History
-------

The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici. The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.

In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.

Treasures
---------

The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.

The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is *The Descent from the Cross*, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.

Another famous fresco is *The Last Supper* painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.

Gallery
-------

* The altarpiece painted by Fra AngelicoThe altarpiece painted by Fra Angelico
* Savonarola, painted by Fra BartolomeoSavonarola, painted by Fra Bartolomeo

Related pages
-------------

* Florence Cathedral
***The Balcony*** is an 1868 oil painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1869. The painting depicts four figures. On the left is Berthe Morisot, who became in 1874 the wife of Manet's brother, Eugène. In the centre is the painter Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet. On the right is Fanny Claus, a violist. The fourth figure in the background is possibly Leon Leenhoff, Manet's stepson. It was sold by Gustave Caillebotte in 1884. It hangs at this time in Paris at the Musée d'Orsay.

Inspiration and description
---------------------------

The painting was inspired by *The Majas at the Balcony* by Francisco Goya. It was created at the same time and with the same purpose as *Luncheon in the studio*. The three characters were all friends of Manet. They seem to be disconnected from each other. Berthe Morisot, on the left, looks like a romantic and inaccessible heroine, the young violinist Fanny Claus and the painter Antoine Guillemet seem to display indifference. The boy in the background is Manet's stepson, Léon. Just behind the railings, there are a hydrangea and a dog with a ball.

A study for *The Balcony*, *The Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus*, is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. The portrait’s subject is Fanny Claus, the closest friend of Manet’s wife Suzanne Leenhoff. This unfinished portrait was painted as a study for the finished picture.

Provenance
----------

Following Manet’s premature death in 1883, the portrait was bought in a studio sale by the artist John Singer Sargent. The portrait had only been seen once in public since it was first painted in 1868. In 2012 the Ashmolean Museum succeeded in raising the funds to acquire it and keep it permanently in a public collection in the United Kingdom.

Reception
---------

This was the first time Berthe Morisot posed for Manet. Manet's *Luncheon in the studio* was the work of an innovator but *The Balcony* was not. Unlike Morisot, the three other figures are pale and undistinguished. Orienti writes, "Guillemet looks pompous and stupid, Jenny Clauss a stereotype, and the painting as a whole seems to suffer from the uneven distribution of the figures." The press considered the painting "discordant". The contrast of colors (the background completely black, the white faces and clothes, the blue tie of the man, and the green railings) contributes to create an atmosphere of "mystery".

Gallery
-------

* The Majas at the balcony, by Francisco Goya*The Majas at the balcony*, by Francisco Goya
* Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus, by Edouard Manet*Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus*, by Edouard Manet
* Luncheon in the studio, Manet*Luncheon in the studio*, Manet
**Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet** (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf. He founded the school in 1817.

History
-------

Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to Yale University. He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808. He wanted to do many things for example, study law or study religion. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher. 

Gallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt. Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people. 

While in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf. Gallaudet studied with Sicard. He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.

Gallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him. The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.
**Lionel Pickens** (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name **Chinx** (formerly **Chinx Drugz**), was an American rapper from Queens, New York. He was a member of French Montana's Coke Boys group and record label. Other members are Cheeze, Flip, and Lil Durk. He was best known for his raps on the *Coke Boys* mixtapes and the *Cocaine Riot* mixtape series. He died from a fatal gunshot wound after a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens on May 17, 2015.

On how he got started rapping, Chinx said: "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound."

Death
-----

On May 17, 2015, New York police officers (NYPD) went, after a 911 call, to Briarwood, Queens at about 4:00 a.m. There, they found Chinx and another victim in a car at Queens Boulevard and 84th Drive. Chinx was rushed to Jamaica Medical Center in Jamaica, Queens with gunshot wounds. There he was pronounced dead, at age 31.

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *Welcome To JFK* (2015)
* *Legends Never Die* (2016)
* *CR6* (2022)
* *Cocaine Riot 7* (2023)

### Extended plays

* *I'll Take It from Here* (2013)
Guerrero with the Baltimore Orioles in 2011.
**Vladimir Alvino Guerrero** (born February 9, 1975), nicknamed **Vlad**, **Vlady** and **Vlad the Impaler**, is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter. He played for the Montreal Expos (1996–2003), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2004–09), Texas Rangers (2010), and Baltimore Orioles (2011).

Guerrero is considered one of the greatest batters of all time, and is widely regarded as the best "bad ball" batter of all time (the ability to hit pitches outside of the strike zone). He was well known for putting the ball into play, and particularly on the first pitch. He had exceptional hands at the plate, and would bat without batting gloves. Guerrero was able to hit for both power and average. In the outfield, Guerrero was sometimes considered a defensive liability, prone to making errors, which resulted in him being a designated hitter in the last stage of his remarkable career, but he was also known to have a very powerful throwing arm that allowed him to make outfield assists on base runners.

Many baseball fans and critics believe Guerrero's career was overshadowed by those of other players due to playing for a small fan base in Montreal, and similarly, many believe that he deserved to win the 2000 National League Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award for his remarkable season, an award which instead was won by Barry Bonds.

Guerrero barely missed being elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on the first ballot (first year of candidacy), but he was admitted in on the second ballot.

One of Guerrero's sons, Vladimir Guerrero Jr. plays in MLB.

  

  



Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Vladimir Guerrero***.

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**Ed Whitlock** (March 6, 1931 – March 13, 2017) was an English-born Canadian long-distance runner. He is the first person over 70 years old to run a marathon in less than three hours with a time of 2:59:10 in 2003.

Early life
----------

Whitlock was born in a suburb of London, England, and later moved to Canada. He wanted to study for an engineering career. He graduated from Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, England.

Running career
--------------

Whitlock, who ran as a teenager and took up the sport again in his forties, first became the oldest person to run a marathon in less than 3 hours in 2000, at the age of 69, with a time of 2:52:47. 

He later extended this record, running a time of 2:58:40 at the age of 74. At 73, he set a world record in the marathon for men 70 to 74, running a 2:54:48, when he was 73, and his fastest time after turning 70. According to an article in *The New York Times*, if age-graded, this time would be equivalent to a 20-year-old running 2:03:57 and which would have been the fastest marathon ever run in 2010. For an explanation of age-graded tables, see masters athletics. At the time of his death, Whitlock he was still the only person over 70 to run a marathon in less than three hours.

Record
------

At age 85, he became the oldest person to run a marathon in less than four hours at 3 hours, 56 minutes 34 seconds at the Toronto Waterfront Marathon in October, 2016.

Death
-----

Whitlock died of prostate cancer on March 13, 2017 in Milton, Ontario, aged 86.

Other websites
--------------

* , "Michael McGowan" (film director), 2001 The prime of the ancient marathoner
* Mike Tymn,*Running Times*, April 2004, Age Group Ace
* *RunnersWeb*, September 27, 2004, Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon
* Archived 2012-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, "Amby Burfoot", 2005, Runners World interview
* , "Marc Bloom", New York Times, February 2005, At73, Marathoner runs as if he has stopped the clock
* Archived 2010-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, "Lawrence Hill", Walrus magazine, April 2005, Marathon man
**Vasca Votiva,** or **Noceto Vasca Votiva,** is an archaeological feature in northern Italy. The archaeologists studying this feature think it is a votive or sacred tank.

Structure
---------

The structure is on the top of a hill, near the town of Noceto in the Po (river) valley. It was found in 2004. Using dendrochrology and radiocarbon dating, archaeologists have calculated that the structure was built in 1432 BC (plus or minus 4 years). The Vasca Votiva was a tank lined with logs and boards. The structure is 12 meters by 7 meters and about 3 meters deep. The scientists know it contained water because there were layers of sediment in it. Because there are no channels for water to flow out, the scientists think it had a ritual, or religious function. The intentional depositing of ceramic vessels supports this interpretation. The period when the structure was built was the Bronze Age. At this time, the culture of this region, the Terramare culture was changing a lot. The society was changing from mostly individual little farms to larger communities. Plowing and irrigation were increasingly used.

There were many artifacts that had been placed in the tank at different times. These were made of stone, wood, other plant material, and fired clay. The archaeologists recovered "about 150 whole vases, 25 miniature vessels, 7 clay figurines, numerous examples of baskets, handles or bands, spindles, shovels and four plows or parts of these made of wood or other vegetal tissue"

Interestingly, there was an older tank underneath. It had been built about ten years earlier. It had collapsed during or shortly after construction. Some of its materials were re-used in the later tank.
A **district of Himachal Pradesh** is an administrative geographical unit.

Administration
--------------

Revenue department is headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other state services.

### Law

A District Judge serves as the head of the Judiciary of the district. Courts subordinate to him include those of the Civil Judges, Senior Civil Judges, and Judicial Magistrates.

A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. He/she is assisted by the local police officials.

### Forests

A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the Forests, environment and wild-life related issues of the district. He/she is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Forest Service, other Himachal Forest officials and Himachal Wild-Life officials.

### Other areas

Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various State Services.

Districts
---------

| S. No. | District | Area in km² | Population (2011) | Headquarters |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bilaspur | 1,167 | 3,82,056 | Bilaspur |
| 2 | Chamba | 6,528 | 5,15,844 | Chamba |
| 3 | Hamirpur | 1,118 | 4,54,293 | Hamirpur |
| 4 | Kangra | 5,739 | 15,07,223 | Dharamsala |
| 5 | Kinnaur | 6,401 | 84,298 | Reckong Peo |
| 6 | Kullu | 5,503 | 4,37,474 | Kullu |
| 7 | Lahaul and Spiti | 13,835 | 31,528 | Keylong |
| 8 | Mandi | 3,950 | 9,99,518 | Mandi |
| 9 | Shimla | 5,131 | 8,13,384 | Shimla |
| 10 | Sirmaur | 2,825 | 5,30,164 | Nahan |
| 11 | Solan | 1,936 | 5,76,670 | Solan |
| 12 | Una | 1,540 | 5,21,057 | Una |
**Manfred Krikke** (23 November 1932 – 4 January 2023) was a Dutch cycling team manager. Krikke was for five years the manager of PDM cycling team.

Biography
---------

Krikke grew up in Eindhoven. He started as a cyclist at a young age, but was not very talented. After his studies he invested in in snack bars and later became co-owner of a construction company. In 1980, Krikke took over the wholesale and importership of cycling articles from the former professional cyclist Piet Rentmeester. The company was based in Valkenswaard and became an main market player in the Benelux. As a co-sponsor of bicycles and clothing, Krikke became involved in the PDM cycling team in 1986 and became the manager in 1987. The team became internationally verry successful, including winning the UCI Road World Cup in 1989 and 1990. Top cyclists on the team were Pedro Delgado, Sean Kelly, Greg LeMond, Raoul Alcala, Erik Breukink, Steven Rooks, Adrie van der Poel, Gert-Jan Theunisse and Rudi Dhaenens. The team was also negative in the news. On 27 February 1990 Johannes Draaijer died in his sleep of heart block; it is presumed, but not proven, that his death was caused by the use of the performance-enhancing drug erythropoietin (EPO). Gert-Jan Theunisse was caught on doping; while Krikke had accused the jury in the Tour de France that their doping controls were not proper. In 1991 the PDM team had a main intralipid affair during the 1991 Tour de France. Krikke left the team at the end of 1991.

In the summer of 1992 he took efforts to start his own professional cycling team.

In 1993, Krikke started sponsoring the American Eagle mountain bike team. Main cyclists of the team were Bart Brentjens, Adrie van der Poel and Richard Groenendaal.

Krikke died in Veere on 4 January 2023, at the age of 90.
**Hendrika Theodora "Riek" Bugter-Jansen** (born 19 June 1896) was a Dutch track and field athlete representing athletics club E.K.V.A. in Arnhem. She also played korfball with the same club.

Bugter-Jansen was a main Dutch athlete in the early 1920s when athletics became an established sport for women in the Netherlands. The first women events at the Dutch national championships were at the 1921 Dutch Athletics Championships. In Zeist, Bugter-Janssen won the silver medal in the 80 metres event behind Annie van de Blankevoort.

In 1921 also the national records for the women’s 80 metres was introduced. In early July 1921 at a record attempt during the international competition organized by UDI, she failed to improve the national record. With a time of 11.3 seconds was slower than the time of Van de Blankevoort set earlier. Later in July Bugter-Janssen won the national athletics competition in Zuthpen in a time of 10.8 seconds. This was 0.4 seconds faster than the national record. It was listed in newspapers as a national record, however the time was never official recognized.

In 1922 she won again the 80 metres event in Eendracht.

Personal life
-------------

Hendrika Theodora Jansen was born on 19 June 1896 in Arnhem. Her father Wilhelmus Johannes Jansen was a butcher and her mother was Hendrika Theodora van Haasteren. On 20 August 1919 she married to cabinet maker Hendrikus Allardus George Bugter in Arnhem.  Between 26 October and 1 November 1923 their first child was born. Eight years later their second child Hans Bugter was born.
The Japanese Footbridge
***Japanese Footbridge*** is an oil painting by Claude Monet. It was painted in 1899. It measures 81.3 x 101.6 cm (32 x 40 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art. 

In 1893, Monet moved to a house in rural Giverny. In 1893 and the years following, he turned a swampy area at Giverny into a water lily pool. It became a source of artistic inspiration. 

In 1899 Monet painted 12 works that centered on the garden and the Japanese Footbridge he constructed. The National Gallery of Art writes: "When Monet exhibited these paintings at Durand–Ruel's gallery in 1900, a number of critics mentioned his debt to Japanese art. More telling, the impenetrable green enclosure—heightened in the National Gallery painting by the placement of the top of the bridge's arch just below the painting's top edge—harkens back to the *hortus conclusus* (closed garden) of medieval images, while also evoking a dreamlike contemplative zone consonant with symbolist literature, especially poems such as "Le Nénuphar blanc" by Stéphane Mallarmé. Gustave Geffroy described this effect in his review of the exhibition (Le Journal, November 26, 1900), speaking of "this minuscule pool where some mysterious corollas blossom," and "a calm pool, immobile, rigid, and deep like a mirror, upon which white water lilies blossom forth, a pool surrounded by soft and hanging greenery which reflects itself in it."
**Anonym[o]us Valesianus** is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II. 

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called **Origo Constantini** talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source

The second text gives a historic overview beginning with the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading *item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera*. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".

Other websites
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* Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Coordinates: 31°31′29″N 35°06′39″E﻿ / ﻿31.5247°N 35.1107°E﻿ / 31.5247; 35.1107

the Cave of the Patriarchs
map of the Cave of the Patriarchs
The **Cave of the Patriarchs**, also called the **Cave of Machpelah** (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה,  *audio speaker iconMe'arat ha-Makhpela (help·info)*, trans. "cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the **Sanctuary of Abraham** or the **Ibrahimi Mosque** (Arabic: الحرم الإبراهيمي, *audio speaker iconal-Haram al-Ibrahimi (help·info)*) is an archaeological site in Hebron, Israel. According to the Jewish tradition it is the site of the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah. These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Israel, and which is now used as a mosque.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cave of the Patriarchs***.

* Official Website (Israeli) Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Cave of the Patriarchs
* The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch Jewish Virtual Library
* Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations
* Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela Archived 2004-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Hebron.org.il
* Aerial Photograph Google Maps
* "Machpelah". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
* Bible Land Library Archived 2008-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela
***Portrait of the mother*** (also known as ***Ritratto della madre***) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1877, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 608).

Umberto Boccioni was inspired by the work "Portrait of the mother'" by Francesco Filippini to create the portrait of his mother Portrait of the mother in 1910, painted in Via Adige 23 in Milan.

Description
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Filippini's mother, The work portrayed Silvia Signoria (1823-1877), mother of Filippini of humble origins, portrayed by Filippini during her studies at the Brera Academy in Milan.

It seems this work was the inspiration for the creation of the "Portrait of the mother" by Umberto Boccioni (oil on canvas 70 x 55.5) of 1916, part of the collection of the Ricci Oddi Gallery of Modern Art. Here too the mother is represented in a frontal position and a total flattening of the volumes made with strong contrasts of chiaroscuro that the lateral light projects on the faces. The brush strokes are made with short and quick strokes typical of Filipinos in the youth period.

Exhibitions
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* 1934, Brescia, p. 56, n. 320
* 1979, Brescia

* 
* Umberto Boccioni, Portrait of the mother1910, Galleria d’Arte Moderna Ricci Oddi, PiacenzaUmberto Boccioni, *Portrait of the mother*  
1910, Galleria d’Arte Moderna Ricci Oddi, Piacenza
* Umberto Boccioni, Portrait of the mother1910Umberto Boccioni, *Portrait of the mother*  
1910

Related pages
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* Portrait of the mother (Boccioni)
* Francesco Filippini

Bibliography
------------

* *Francesco Filippini*, un protagonista del Naturalismo, Ed. Skira, 1999, p. 133
* Gaetano Panazza, 1964, p. 62
* Luciano Anelli, 1984, p. 97
* Renata Stradiotti, 1989, p.192
Church at Altenhohenau convent
Interior of the church
Columba-Jesulein
**Altenhohenau** was a Dominican convent in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the municipality of Griesstätt, near Wasserburg on the Inn river.

History
-------

Dominican nuns from Nürnberg started the community in 1235. Count Konrad von Wasserburg and his wife, Kunigunde were the founders.

### Reform and books

In 1465, the community accepted reform. The reform started in the Schönensteinback convent in Alsace. Ten nuns from Schönensteinback went to St. Catherine's convent in Nuremberg. Before the reform, the library at St. Catherine's had 45 books. After the reform it had 500-600 books. The nuns at St. Catherine's helped other convents with their libraries. The convents needed books for the new prayers and rules of the reform. They helped St. Catherine's convent in St. Gall to copy books. They gave many books to the convents at Fraenaurach and Altenhohenau.

Other websites
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* Video of Altenhohenau from the air at YouTube
**November morning in Ligurno** (also known as ***Mattino di novembre a Ligurno***) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted in 1885, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of Brera Academy and subsequently bought by the Galleria d'arte moderna di Milano (inv. n. 265).

Francesco Filippini's painting *November morning in Ligurno* inspired the work Lombard countryside of the futurist master Umberto Boccioni.

Umberto Boccioni, Lombard Countryside or Country Symphony, cm. 93 x 140, Lugano Chiattone Collection
The work was exhibited at the Exhibition of the Società Promotrice of Fine Arts in Turin of 1885, together with two other paintings by Filippini First Snows and Gray weather.

Other websites
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* Lombard countryside (Boccioni)
* Umberto Boccioni
* Francesco Filippini

Other websites
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* Il torrente. Paesaggio con alberi e torrente, Cultural heritage of the Italian government
* Il Torrente, Cultural heritage of the Italian government
**Samak Sundaravej** (13 June 1935 - 24 November 2009) was the 25th Prime Minister of Thailand, Minister of Defence and also the leader of People’s Power Party. He was named by the mass media as "Uncle Mak" or "Mr. Rose Apple Nose" because of the shape of his nose. He was forced to resign as prime minister because he was also acting as chef on a TV show. The constitutional court in Thailand said he could not have two jobs.

Early life
----------

Sundaravej was the son of Samian Sundaravej and Amphan Jitrakorn. He was born in Bangkok in 1935. He married Lady Surat Sundaravej and they had twins called Kandapha and Kanjanakorn. After finishing university, he began writing articles about politics for ‘Siam government’ and ‘Bangkokian’.

Politics
--------

He started in politics as a member of "Democrat Party" in 1968. He became well–known in 1976 from radio managing which has the information that attack education organization in that age. He also encouraged the people to loathe the education organization. He was the one who gave the command to move the student protest group on 16th October 1976.
At the end of that, he became the Minister of Interior, as well as resigning from the Democrat Party. In 1979, he set up the new party and became the leader of ‘Thai Population Party’.

He was elected to be a Bangkok governor in 2000 with 1,016,096 votes, which was more votes than ever before. The person who came second was Sudarat Keyuraphan (the member from the Thais Love Thailand Party).

Sundaravej took a position of a governor during 2000-2004. But after he passed the office, he’d been suspected to relate with the lawsuit about buying fire engines until now. He decided not to apply for a governor, but applied to be a senator instead.

Until 29th January 2008, the House of Representatives had a resolution to appoint Samak to be Prime Minister. He was agreed to be a Minister of Defence. He was suspected to be Taksin (23rd Prime Minister; the one who was fleeing imprison punishment to foreign country)’s nominee.

On 12th September 2008, Samak resigned from being the leader of the ‘People’s Power Party’ with the reason that he had done his duty, so he wanted to end his political role and let the members decide what to do next.

Death
-----

Sundaravej died at the age of 74 in Bangkok. He died because of liver cancer, which he had been fighting for one year.
Rough positions of the   
Pictish kingdoms
The **Picts** were ancient Celtic people from northern and eastern Scotland. 

They are first mentioned in written records in AD 297, before the Roman conquest of Britain. The name 'Pict' is from the Latin *pictus* meaning 'painted.' This may have been due to reports from the Romans that the Picts tattoos on their bodies, along with reports that ancient Celtic Britons during Roman times would paint themselves various terms that are now translated as "woad", but originally may have meant "glass" and "green" (*vitrum* and *glastum*, respectively). This process is described as staining the skin of battle wounds a dark color, since woad is a powerful astringent. It may also refer to a name they called themselves, that was recorded by the Romans.

They spoke a Pictish language. It was related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons living to the south. Picts were possibly the descendants of the Caledonians and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians.

The area of Scotland called Pictland gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. This formed the kingdom of Alba, later known as Scotland. Alba then expanded, absorbing the British kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian. By the 11th century the Pictish identity had become a part of the Scottish people.
The Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Basalt columns: Am Buchaille on Staffa
Looking west to Balephuil Bay, Tiree across the machair.
Eilean Donan Castle
The **Inner Hebrides** is an archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. 

Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, which enjoy a mild oceanic climate because the Gulf Stream runs past them. 

There are 36 inhabited islands and a further 43 uninhabited Inner Hebrides with an area greater than 30 hectares (74 acres). The main commercial activities are tourism, crofting, fishing, and whisky distilling. 

Combined, the islands have an area of approximately 415,800 hectares (1,605 sq mi), and had a population of 18,257 people in 2001. The population density is therefore a little over 4 persons per km2 (11 persons per square mile).

There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. 

In the historic period the earliest known settlers were Picts to the north and Gaels in the south. The islands became part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles, the *Suðreyjar* kingdom of the Norse. The Norsemen ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. 

Control of the islands was then held by various clan chiefs, principal of which were the Clan MacLeod and Clan MacDonald. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline.

Sea transport is crucial and ferry services operate between the islands and the mainland Britain. The Gaelic language and the Wee Free Church of Scotland remains strong in some areas. The landscapes have inspired a variety of artists, and there is a diversity of wildlife.

Islands
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* Coll
* Colonsay
* Eigg
* Islay
* Jura
* Mull
* Muck
* Raasay
* Rùm
* Skye
* Staffa
* Tiree

Skye, Mull and Islay are the largest islands.

There are also many small, uninhabited islands. One of the uninhabited isles, Staffa, is home to Fingal's Cave and basalt columns.