recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Peter Anthony Rodger** (born 6 April 1965) is a British filmmaker and photographer. He makes movies and takes professional photos. He is also known for directing commercials. Rodger is famous for his documentary film *Oh My God* released in 2009 and for helping to direct parts of *The Hunger Games* movie in 2012. He has won several awards for his work, including prizes from the Houston International Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, the Telly Awards, the Mobius Awards, and the US International Film and Video Festival.

Background
----------

In 1999, Rodger's ex-wife asked for more money for child support. She said their oldest son Elliot Rodger was a "high-functioning autistic child" and needed extra money because of his special needs. Rodger's father disagreed. He brought in a doctor who said the autism diagnosis might not be accurate. He suggested that the first diagnosis might have overlooked other issues like depression or anxiety. The doctor recommended that their son should see a child psychiatrist for a more accurate diagnosis and the right treatment.

The September 11 attacks made the commercial directing business very difficult, which badly affected Rodger's career. To try something new, he decided to make a documentary called *Oh My God*. For the project, Rodger traveled to more than 23 countries over two and a half years to ask famous people like Hugh Jackman and Ringo Starr about their thoughts on God. When the documentary was released in November 2009, it did not do well. It made very little money, costing Rodger about $200,000. He had used the value of his house to fund this project, which led to him going into debt and stopping payments for child support. Rodger told a judge that his business had not made money for over a year, and he had no income while looking for new work. He wanted to lower his child support payments for his two children from $2,000 a month. Rodger's ex-wife agreed to stop child support payments for a year.

On May 23, 2014, Rodger's son, Elliot, killed six people and injured 14 others in Isla Vista, California. He then killed himself with a gunshot to the head. After the killings, Rodger spoke in several interviews. He talked about the incident and shared information about his son's life and how he was raised.
**Gagan Malik** is an Indian actor and Hindu activist, renowned for his portrayal of Lord Rama in the popular television series *Ramayan*. Born and raised in Delhi, India, Malik has made significant contributions to the entertainment industry and has also been recognized for his commitment to promoting Hinduism. He became a Buddhist in 2014 and spent some time in a monastery.

Early Life and Modelling Career
-------------------------------

Malik was born into a Jat family in Delhi, India, where he received his education at Hansraj School Central. Growing up, his mother read the epic Ramayana to him He got interested in Hindu mythology. During his childhood, Malik actively participated in his colony's Ramleela, playing the character of Ram. Before acting, Malik had a career in cricket, in the Ranji Trophy team in Delhi. After twelve years in cricket, he changed to acting, gaining experience in TV commercials, music videos, modeling, and designer shows. In 2004, he won the title of *Mr. Photogenic* in the national male beauty pageant, *Mr. India*.

Career
------

Gagan Malik's acting career took off with the television series *Kumkum* on Star Plus. He then played a lead role in Zee TV's *Saath Saath Banayenge Ek Aashiyaan* and appeared in Star One's TV serial *Shakuntala*. In 2012, Malik played Lord Rama in the television series *Ramayan.* It was very popular in Indonesia.

In 2013, Malik made his international film debut with the Sri Lankan Sinhala language film *Sri Siddhartha Gautama,* where he played the title character. The film, inspired by the spiritual odyssey of The Buddha, won awards at the Delhi International Film Festival in India and the United Nations Buddhist Film Festival in Vietnam.

Gagan Malik is also part of the celebrity cricket team *Jaipur Raj Joshiley* for the Indian sport-reality entertainment show *Box Cricket League* season 2. He still plays Lord Rama in the television series *Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman* on Sony TV.

In 2016, Malik confirmed his involvement in an international film based on the Buddha, which is reported to be the most expensive movie ever made on the subject. The pre-production phase is underway, with the team planning to shoot the teaser in July or August.
Since the show started in 1964, there were various songs and arrangements that were used as the show's main theme. Most of these were composed by Merv Griffin. The best known theme song is "Think!". It has served as the countdown music for the Final Jeopardy! round since 1964.a[›]

Between 1964 and 1975, a jazz tune called "Take Ten", composed by Julian Griffin, served as the main theme. When the series was revived in 1978, "January, February, March" served as the opening theme, and "Frisco Disco" served as the closing theme, both of which were composed by Merv Griffin himself. "January, February, March" was also used in the first pilot of the syndicated version.b[›]

Beginning with the Alex Trebek hosted syndicated version in September 1984, a rendition of "Think!" served as the show's main theme. The original version of the main theme consisted of saxophones and synthesizers along with the original recording of "Think!" retained for the final segment. A swooshing sound effect was added during the show's introduction.

In 1992, the main theme was remixed to include congas. It was used for tournaments in Season 8, and then it was put permanently into use in Season 9. In 1997, both the main theme and "Think!" music were rearranged by Steve Kaplan.c[›] They both involved a more piano-driven, orchestral, jazzy sound. In 2001, the 1997 theme was rearranged, and its tempo increased.d[›] In 2008, Chris Bell Music & Sound Design overhauled the *Jeopardy!* music package for the show’s 25th anniversary. And in 2021, Bleeding Fingers Music rearranged the 2008 theme.
***Sonic Advance*** is a platform video game for the Game Boy Advance game console. It was developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega in Japan, by THQ in North America, and by Infogrammes in Europe and Australia. It was released in Japan on December 20, 2001, in North America on February 4, 2002, and in Europe on March 23, 2002. It is the first *Sonic the Hedgehog* game on the Game Boy Advance, and the second on a Nintendo console. A version titled ***Sonic N*** was later released for the N-Gage on October 7, 2003.

The game follows Sonic and his friends as they try to stop Dr. Eggman from taking over South Island. Four characters are playable in the game: Sonic, Tails, Knuckles, and Amy. Each character has their own special ability: Sonic can defeat enemies with a shield attack, Tails can fly, Knuckles can glide and climb on walls, and Amy can attack enemies with her hammer (the other characters defeat enemies by jumping on them). The game marks the first appearance of Amy in a 2D *Sonic* game.

Also featured in the game is the Tiny Chao Garden. Here, players raise a creature called a Chao as a digital pet. Rings that players collect in the main game can be used to buy things such as fruit and toys.

Other websites
--------------

* *Sonic Advance* at MobyGames
* *Sonic Advance* at GameFAQs
Linda Thelenius
**Linda Thelenius** (born **Linda Maria Elisabeth Gedin** later *Linda Rosing* 21 January 1974 in Västerås, Sweden) is a model and was a participant in the 2003 edition of *Big Brother* in Sweden. In the Big Brother house, she and another participant, Micke, became involved in a relationship which was followed closely by the producers. During the show, she had sex on live TV, making her an instant tabloid celebrity.

Thelenius released her debut single, "Summer Love", in 2004. In 2006, she released her autobiography, *Den nakna sanningen* ("The naked truth"), written together with journalist and television host Daniel Nyhlén.

In the summer of 2006, Thelenius became the leader of a new political party, 'Unika Partiet', or 'The Unique Party'. This is a so-called non-registered party, meaning that there is no official record of the party. Thelenius was listed as the only candidate for the party, listed as an author on the party ballot. She received 222 votes out of more than 5.6 million votes cast in the election. Thelenius is also famous for her many plastic surgery operations. She has breast implants, has had a facelift, and uses botox injections.
**Caroline Lee Radziwiłł** (née **Bouvier'**; March 3, 1933 – February 15, 2019) was an American socialite. She was the younger sister of former US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.

Life
----

Radziwill was born Caroline Lee Bouvier at Doctors Hospital in New York, New She was the second daughter of wealthy stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. Her older sister was Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-1994), future First Lady of the United States. She also had a step-sister and a step-brother, Janet (1945-1985) and James Auchincloss (b. 1947). They were the children of her mother by her second husband Hugh D. Auchincloss.

She has been known as "Lee" since childhood. Like her older sister, she was educated at selective schools for high society girls. She graduated from Miss Porter's in 1951.

Radziwill married three times. Her first husband was Michael Canfield, a publishing executive. They married on April 18, 1953, and moved to London, England. They divorced in 1958. She married Prince Stanislas Radziwill on March 19, 1959. They had two children; Anthony (1959-1999) and Christina (b. 1960). They divorced in 1974. She then moved back to the United States, where she married film director Herbert Ross, on September 23, 1988. They divorced in 2001 shortly before Ross's death.

In March 1962, Radziwill went with her sister Jacqueline Kennedy, then First Lady, on a goodwill tour of India and Pakistan.

In the 1960s, Radziwill tried a career as an actress. She was unsuccessful. She later tried interior decoration with some success.

Her son Anthony died of cancer in August 1999, one month after the death in a plane crash of her nephew John F. Kennedy Jr..

She lived in Paris, France. Radziwill died on February 15, 2019 in New York City, aged 85.
**Southern Europe** is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.
Most importantly, in a European Union context, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia and Slovenia officially belong to the Group of the South.

Geographical definition
-----------------------

Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

Geopolitical definition of the United Nations
---------------------------------------------

The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations.
For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions. Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian South Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy.

Climatical definition
---------------------

The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

Linguistic and cultural definition
----------------------------------

Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy, Spain and Portugal. 
Greece, Malta and Cyprus are also associated with the concept of Southern Europe, even though Cyprus is geographically in Asia.

List of countries
-----------------

Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:

* Iberian Peninsula
	+ Portugal
		- Azores
		- Madeira
	+ Spain
		- Balearic Islands
		- Canary Islands
		- Ceuta
		- Melilla
	+ Andorra
	+ Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
* Italian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean islands
	+ Italy
		- Sicily
		- Sardinia
	+ Corsica (France)
	+ Vatican City
	+ San Marino
	+ Monaco
	+ Malta
	+ Croatia
* Balkans and Aegean islands
	+ Greece
		- Ionian Islands
		- Aegean Islands
		- Crete
	+ Montenegro
	+ Albania
	+ Serbia
	+ Slovenia
	+ North Macedonia
	+ Romania
	+ Kosovo
	+ Bosnia and Herzegovina
	+ Bulgaria
	+ Turkey
**Salihu Mustafa,** FNSE, FAENG, FNAHS, FAS, (born 1948), is a Nigerian academic, engineer and former Vice-Chancellor of Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY), Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Education
---------

Mustafa went to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna where he graduated with B.Eng (Civil Engineering) degree. He also obtained an M.Sc. degree in civil engineering with specialization in Water Resources Technology from University of Birmingham in the UK and Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the University of Strathclyde, Scotland.

Career
------

Mustafa began his career at Ahmadu Bello University’s Department of Civil Engineering Zaria, Kaduna as Assistant Lecturer. He spent Fourteen years where he rose to the rank of Associate Professor of Civil Engineering and was appointed full Professor of Civil Engineering at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU). He was appointed the Vice-Chancellor of Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY). He was the Chairman Planning Committee for the establishment of Adamawa State University, Mubi and Chairman, Planning and Implementation Committee for the establishment of American University of Nigeria.
**Paul Erdős**, also **Pál Erdős**, in English **Paul Erdos** or **Paul Erdös** (March 26, 1913 – September 20, 1996), was a famous Hungarian-born mathematician. Throughout his career, he worked on and produced many mathematical conjectures and is known as one of the most productive mathematicians of the 20th century. Erdős worked on and put forward several problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. Much of his work was with discrete mathematics. He solved many unsolved problems. He challenged and worked on Ramsey theory, a part of mathematics that is about the requirements for order to appear. His work involved solving open problems rather than developing new kinds of mathematics.

Erdős published almost 1,500 articles in his life, the most of any mathematicianHe believed very strongly that mathematics was something you do with other people. He lived a life where he would travel from place to place without a set home, with his only aim of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians. He was known for his way of doing mathematics with other people, which caused him to work with around 500 people and also his strange way of living. Times magazine called him "The Oddball's Oddball".He spent lots of time for mathematics, even as he got older. He died at a mathematics gathering in Warsaw

Since Erdős worked with so many other mathematicians, the Erdős number was created, which is the number of steps for any mathematicians and Paul Erdős himself in terms of working together on an article. Erdős has a number of 0 (for being himself), and anyone who worked on an article with him was given the number 1. Anyone who worked with someone who worked with Erdős is given a number two, and so on.

Life
----

Paul Erdős was born on 26 March 1913, in Budapest, Austria-Hungary He was the only living child of his parents Anna (née Wilhelm) and Lajos Erdős (né Engländer). A few days before he was born his two sisters died because of scarlet fever.

Other websites
--------------

* Erdős number project Archived 2006-08-06 at the Wayback Machine

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The **Poaceae** or **Gramineae** are the "true" grasses. They are a large family of monocot flowering plants. There are about 12,000 species and 780 genera. 
They are one of most ecologically and economically important of all plant families. Rushes and sedges fall outside this family, but they are related.

Grasslands are about 20% of the vegetation cover of the Earth. Poaceae also live in many other habitats, including wetlands, forests, and tundra. Bamboos are part of this huge family of plants.

Domesticated poaceous cereal crops (maize (corn), wheat, millets, and rice) are eaten around the world. The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family in modern times. They are used for forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch) and fuel (ethanol), as well as food.

Grasses include some of the most useful plant life-forms. They became widespread towards the end of the Cretaceous period. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found with phytoliths of grasses which are related to rice and bamboo. Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats. They are at present the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for wildlife as well as humans.
The **saddleback toads** are the family Brachycephalidae in the order Anura. The family has just one genus, *Brachycephalus*. It has 28 species.

These tiny, often yellow frogs live in the cool cloud Atlantic forests of south-eastern Brazil. These mountainous areas have even more species (per square km) than the Amazon basin. Each small mountain has its own species.

"For animals like the *Bracycephalus* frogs that are particularly sensitive to their environment, even the temperature change from mountain to valley forms a barrier. That leaves the population on each mountain top to slowly develop into a separate species".
The saddleback toads are very small frogs. They are mostly about 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in length. They include the smallest frog in the southern hemisphere, the Brazilian golden frog (*Brachycephalus didactylus*). They have only three toes on each foot, and two fingers on each hand. This is different than the usual five toes and four fingers of most frogs. 

The saddleback toads are active during the day. They live in the leaf litter on forest floors. The eggs hatch into miniature frogs. There is no tadpole stage. The eggs are laid on the ground. They are covered in soil to protect from the heat and predators. 

One of these frogs, *Brachycepalus pulex*, is reputed to be the smallest vertebrate in the world.
The **Sous region** (also spelt Sus, Suss, Souss or Sousse) is a historical part of Morocco, which is part of the administration of Souss-Massa and Guelmim-Oued Noun. The region is known for the argan tree (which has become a symbol of Souss) as well as for being the capital of the Shilha Berber ethnic group. It is a big commercial and tourist region of the Kingdom. Vegetable production, shared between very big farms and small producers, helps the economic development of the region. The Souss plain produces 40% of Moroccan citrus fruits, and 60% of the production of early vegetables. It was historically a big part of trans-Saharan trade.

History
-------

Medieval Arab geographers split the Sous region into two sub-regions: ***al-Sūs al-Aqṣā***, or "farther Sus", and ***al-Sūs al-Adnā***, or "nearer Sus". Sus al-Aqsa was the southern/western part, and Sus al-Adna was the northern/eastern part; however, there were never any exact boundaries between the two. The capital of the Sous was at Igli. There was also a ribat at Massa near the Atlantic coast.

Other websites
--------------

* Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Suss in Year 1600
An improvised nuclear device (IND) is a concept of a nuclear bomb made by people outside of a military.These people could be terrorists or just criminals.A IND would likely be a gun-type bomb because it is simple to make.It is hard to make one and no IND's have been made so far.This is because having a nuclear weapon is against the law in many country's.Country's with these weapons consider them to be important and that they have a need to be safe.Because of this the "fuel" of nuclear weapons is too safe for people to take them.This is very true for nuclear missile silo's and uranium enrichment plants.it is important to keep uranium and other nuclear fuel safe because besides them a gun type bomb can be as crude and simple as seen below.

Gun type weapons as complicated at the atomic level but simple to make
Detonating mechanism (can be as simple as a lit cord)

Explosive for firing first piece of uranium at the second(can be as simple as using fertilizer)

Metal casing(can be made with welding pipes and adding more steel)

Additional uranium enrichment(Can be as simple as putting uranium in boiling water and taking the top layer off)

If a IND is made it could be used be terrorists to attack civilian targets like towns,city's or monuments.A attack with a IND could start a nuclear war if the country that was attacked thought the IND was missile fired by a other country.

A IND would be low yield and fired close to ground level like the trinity test
Logo
**Team Penske** is a auto racing team the IndyCar Series and NASCAR. The team is owned by Roger Penske. Penske Racing has one Indy Racing League championship and several more in other forms of open wheel racing

IndyCar
-------

Team Penske joined the IndyCar circuit in 1968 with driver Mark Donahue, who won the team's first race at Indianapolis in 1972. By the late 1980s, the team had become one of the highest rated in IndyCar, and hired drivers like Emerson Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, and Al Unser Jr. to name three. In the early 1990s, Penske won many races and has continued to be a force in the series ever since. In 2003, they switched to the Indy Racing League, now known as the IndyCar Series, and hired Sam Hornish Jr. and Gil de Ferran to drive. Both won championships. Even though Penske has not won a championship since 2006, the team is always one of the fastest in the series. In 2014, their drivers will be Juan Pablo Montoya who left NASCAR to move to open wheel racing, three time Indy 500 winner Hélio Castroneves, and top ranked Australian driver Will Power. The team's headquarters are in Mooresville, North Carolina.

NASCAR
------

Team Penske also runs a NASCAR team, which used to be called Penske Racing South until last year. Although this team has not been as successful as Penske's IndyCar program, it has had some big wins. Ryan Newman won the Daytona 500 for Penske in 2008 and Brad Keselowski won a Sprint Cup title while driving for the team in 2012. Keselowski will be joined by Joey Logano at the team in 2014.In 2018 Ryan Blaney joins in the 3rd car the 12. Joey Logano won the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Championship in 2018.

Other Motorsport Activities
---------------------------

Penske was involved in Formula 1 in the 1970s, with John Watson as their most famous driver. Penske also had a highly successful sports car program in the 2000s. This team ran Porsche sports cars with great success. Their drivers included Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas, and Sacha Maassen. Penske stopped running this team in 2009.

### Drivers

* Juan Pablo Montoya
* Hélio Castroneves
* Will Power
* Brad Keselowski
* Joey Logano
Students take place in a tornado drill, lining up along an inside wall and covering their heads.
A **tornado drill** is something people do to practice what they would do if there were a tornado. It is usually done in a building such as a school or office. It starts with a signal such as an alarm or a spoken message over an intercom. After they hear the signal, people go to a certain part of the building. This is usually a room deep inside the building (probably near the middle), or a hallway with no windows. They then get into a safe position. This might include kneeling on the ground with their hands over their heads.

In some places, schools have to have tornado drills, but usually not as often as fire drills. Tornado drills happen more in places where there are more tornadoes, such as in the Tornado Alley of the Midwestern United States.

Statewide drills
----------------

In the United States, most states in the Midwest and South have a statewide tornado drill in late winter or early spring to get ready for the severe weather season. During these drills, the National Weather Service gives out test tornado warnings, and local Emergency Alert Systems and/or NOAA Weather Radio (normally as a weekly or monthly test) are sounded, along with outdoor warning sirens. Schools and businesses may also have a tornado drill.

Related pages
-------------

* Fire drill
* Tornado
* Tornado Alley

Other websites
--------------

* Tornado Safety Rules in Schools Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
* My Hazardous Statewide Guide
**John M. Laviter** is an American businessman known as the founder and previous CEO of Northpoint Asset Management, Inc.

Early life and education
------------------------

Laviter received his bachelor's degree in Marketing and Advertising Communications with Academic Honors from Brigham Young University in 2004. Later in 2010, he received his MBA degree from the International School of Management in Paris, France and alumni status from Harvard Business School after completing the 3-year O.P.M. diploma program.

Career
------

Laviter started his career as a research intern for FMV Opinions, Inc. in 2004. Later, he started working as a financial analyst for Kunz Investments, LLC, before promotion to an asset manager.

In 2006, Laviter founded Northpoint Asset Management, Inc. a Utah-based real estate management and investment firm. Laviter received nationwide recognition when Northpoint Asset Management, Inc. was ranked on the INC 5000 list in 2022.

As of 2023, Northpoint held operations in 44 cities in 23 U.S. states with $178 million in sales and $5 billion in assets managed.  In December 2023, Laviter stepped down as CEO and sold his shares of the company through the disposition of Northpoint Asset Management, Inc. to LP First Capital.
**Jay V. Surgent** (born January 31, 1946) is an American criminal defense attorney. He is known for representing high profile, controversial and notorious clients such as Martin Taccetta, the alleged crime boss of the Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction.

Early life and education
------------------------

Surgent graduated from South Texas College of Law Houston in 1973 and admitted to the New Jersey State Bar Association in 1976.

Career
------

Surgent is known for his work in the area of white collar criminal defense. In 2004, Surgent represented two murderers and unsuccessfully tried to get first-degree murder charges dropped. In 2014, Surgent represented a Miami-Dade police officer accused of working on behalf of a drug trafficking organization from New Jersey.

In 2015, Surgent represented Martin Taccetta, the alleged boss of the Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction. Surgent suggested that Taccetta had only participated in illegal gambling and money laundering to constitute a racketeering charge. Surgent stated that Taccetta had no role in drug trafficking or violence.

Surgent was selected to the Super Lawyers publication for 2006-2008. In 2022, he successfully negotiated a plea deal representing Albee Al The Gladiator a New Jersey rapper involved in a non-fatal shooting.

Personal life
-------------

Surgent is the son of John W. Surgent Sr. an oral surgeon and former mayor of Clifton, New Jersey.
**Seven Deadly Enemies of Man**, also known as the **Seven Deadly Sins**, are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Fawcett Comics and currently by DC Comics. They are seven powerful demons that represent the seven deadly sins of Judeo-Christian religions, and are enemies of the superhero **Captain Marvel** (a.k.a. **Shazam**). Each of these demons represents a different sin, and is named accordingly: Lust, Sloth, Pride, Wrath, Gluttony, Greed, and Envy. They were adapted by C. C. Beck and Bill Parker, first appearing in *Whiz Comics* #2 (1940).

The Sons of Trigon also represent the seven sins. They were created by Judd Winick and Julian Lopez, first appearing in *Titans* (Volume 2) #3 (2008).

History
-------

The demons can take control of people's bodies and force them to follow their base desires. The Sins were captured by the wizard Shazam many years ago and encased in seven mocking stone statues which were placed in the Rock of Eternity. Currently the Enemies remain imprisoned, but they escaped on at least one occasion the destruction of the Rock of Eternity at the hands of the Spectre; however, Captain Marvel managed to trap them once again. The demons have escaped their prisons several times to cause havoc, usually freed by another villain. King Kull released them, planning to make Sin bombs and destroy the world along with turning Billy Batson to stone, but he is defeated and the Sins again imprisoned.

The Seven Deadly Sins identify themselves by their traditional theological versions (Pride, Envy, Greed, Wrath, Sloth, Gluttony, and Lust). When the Spectre destroyed the Rock of Eternity and killed Shazam, the Sins were released. When the Rock was rebuilt, the Sins were again captured, although they try and torment Marvel as he can hear their thoughts, and they are implied to have caused trouble at a full moon. It is claimed that Pride is the rudest and dangerous.

Members
-------

* **Pride**: The most powerful and dangerous of all the Enemies, according to Captain Marvel. It represents the desire of one to be more important or attractive than others.
* **Envy**: It represents one's jealousy over others and a desire to deprive a man of something he loves.
* **Greed**: It represents insatiable ambition and the desire to possess more than one needs.
* **Wrath**: It represents uncontrollable feelings of hatred and violence.
* **Sloth**: It represents laziness and apathy.
* **Gluttony**: It represents overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste.
* **Lust**: It represents excessive desires or thoughts of sexual nature, or desire in general.

Adaptations
-----------

The characters made their live-action cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe movie *Shazam!* (2019).
**Ricardo Alberto Darín** (born January 16, 1957) is an Argentine actor, film producer and film director, whose career began in the industry in the late 1960s and, since then, has acted in different roles, he is considered one of the best and most prolific actors of Argentine cinema.

Biography
---------

Ricardo Darín comes from a family closely linked to the world of entertainment, since both parents, Ricardo Darín and Renée Roxana, were actors. His family is of Italian and Lebanese descent. His grandfather, the son of an Italian immigrant, became a theater owner. He has a younger sister named Alejandra Darín who is also an actress. His parents separated when Ricardo was twelve years old. His father died of cancer in 1989.

Regarding his training, he did his primary studies at the Mariano Moreno School in the town of Wilde. At the age of ten he debuted in theater with his parents, although he did not develop an academic training in theater.

In 2006 the government of Spain granted him Spanish nationality by letter of nature that falls on foreigners who "come in exceptional circumstances", in his case for his acting merits in Spanish-speaking cinema.

In 2022, the Uruguayan government granted him Uruguayan citizenship due to the prolonged stays that he maintains in the country every year to spend the summer with his family, a clause contemplated as "nearness" by the National Constitution to access citizenship.

Other websites
--------------

* Ricardo Darín on IMDb
This article is about the city of Rio de Janeiro. For the Brazilian state, see Rio de Janeiro (state).
Rio de Janeiro's flag
The Coat of Arms of Rio de Janeiro
**Rio de Janeiro** is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2. In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.

The city of Rio de Janeiro, viewed from Corcovado mountain
Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, *Pão de Açúcar*), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, *Cristo Redentor*), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.

Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.

The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as *Via Dutra*). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, *bairro*) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, *bonde*) from central Rio de Janeiro (near *Largo da Carioca* subway station), crossing over the *Arcos da Lapa*, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.

Sister cities
-------------

* Warsaw, Poland

Other websites
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* Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with **www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com** Archived 2012-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws. (in Portuguese)
* Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage

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A map of the Guinea Coast, of 1725. It shows the different names
A map of Gold Coast, of 1750
**Gold Coast** was the name of a region in West Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea. In Portuguese, it was called **Costa do Ouro**. Today, it corresponds more or less to the coast of Ghana. It was part of the region of Guinea. The region was discovered and colonized in the 15th century. The names of the countries or colonies show the products that the Europeans would expect to trade there. For the whole region this was Pepper coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. In 1957, Gold Coast, together with Ashanti, Northern Territories of the Gold Coast and British Togoland became independent, and where named Ghana. The French- part of Togoland became independent as Togo in 1960. In British Togoland, there was a vote, if they wanted to unite with the others. While a majority was in favor, mostly the Ewe people were against it, as they wanted to unite with French Togoland, where other Ewe lived.

The so-called Pepper Coast became independent, and formed the stares Liberia , Sierra Leone and parts of Senegal. Ivory coast became independent as Cote d'Ivoire (soometimes still called Ivory Coast). Slave Coast became independent as Togo, Benin and the western part of Nigeria.
Oksana Grichuk and Evgeny Platov at the 1994 European championships
**Oksana Vladimirovna Grishuk** (born March 17, 1972 in Odesa, Ukraine) is a Russian retired ice dancer. She and her partner, Evgeny Platov, won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships.

Grishuk began training in skating at the age of four. She moved to Moscow in 1986, and studied at the Sport University from 1988 to 1992.

After they won the gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov decided to skate as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, so Grishuk began skating professionally alone.

Amateur competitions
--------------------

* World Championships: first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
* Olympics: gold medal in 1994 and 1998
* European Championships: first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Oksana Grishuk***.

* The largest fansite about Oksana Grishuk, AKA Pasha Archived 2020-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Oksana Grishuk's official website Archived 2007-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Platov and Usova site
The **Cheongyang chili pepper** is one of the hottest chili pepper species (*Capsicum annum*). It is grown in Korea. It is a genetically improved strain of Thai and Jeju-do chili peppers. It was developed by Dr.Il-ung Yoo in 1983. Cheongyang chili peppers have 10,000~23,000 Scoville heat units in average.

Chungyang Red Pepper(unripe)
The name Cheongyang comes from the name of the county, Cheongsong and Yeongyang.

Plant property
--------------

Red pepper grows well in high temperature. Proper temperature to grow is 25~28 °C during the day and 18~22 °C during the night. It's better not to drop the temperature under 13 °C. When temperature stabilizes in 20~25 °C it is the best time for plants to bear fruits. If the temperature drops under 15 °C or rise over 30 °C, fertility of the plant is seriously damaged resulting in windfall and malformed fruit.

Even though red pepper requires high temperature, it does not require that much of a sunlight. However, the deficit of sunlight in long-term can result in poor quality and number of the produce, so it is better to give adequate amount of sunlight. Light saturation point is 30,000 lx, which is lower than other typical vegetables.

Cultivation
-----------

Most Cheongyang chili peppers are cultivated outdoors and some of them are cultivated indoors.

### Outdoor cultivation

Normally, farmers harvest peppers that are cultivated outdoors in late July. It ripens from the bottom and peppers placed closer to a root are more likely to ripen well and have more vivid red color. It can be harvested until we have the first frost and till then, we can harvest five times from one root in average. The quality of produce is affected by how many times have peppers being harvested. For example, if the root can bear fruits five times, then the first produce will have more thicker fruit skin and also the taste of it is better because the first one has strong sweet flavor and hot flavor at the same time in harmony. However, the color is little bit darker and less in red than the second or third one, so it is easy to be mistaken as worse produce than later produce.

Cultivating Cheongyang chili peppers indoors
### Indoor cultivation

Technically through indoor cultivation, farmers can harvest through out the year. There is no quality difference between the first produce and the last one like the case mentioned in outdoor cultivation. The one raised in this environment has taller stem body and bears more fruits than the one raised outdoors. Especially, because it stays always indoors, it doesn't get wet, so can block all kinds of diseases caused by excessive humidity. Because of these advantages, more and more farmers cultivate Cheongyang chili peppers indoors.
Köstritzer Schwarzbier
***Schwarzbier*** (German: [ˈʃvaʁt͡sˌbiːɐ̯] (audio speaker iconlisten)lit. 'black beer') is a dark lager that originated in Germany. It has a very dark color, which is almost black. Usually, these beers have about 5 percent alcohol by volume. Often, there is a hint of choolate or coffee in the flavour. Like stout, it is also made from roasted malt, which gives it its dark colour.

Characteristics
---------------

Schwarzbiers are made using a cool fermentation method. This classes them as lager. In the past, warm fermentation was used. The alcohol content usually i between 4.4% and 5.4%. They get their dark colour from the use of particularly dark malts or roast malt extract in brewing. The malt, in turn, gets its colour during the roasting procedure. Its flavour may vary between bitter and slightly sweet.

History
-------

German Schwarzbier
Schwarzbier was first brewed in Thuringia and Saxony. The oldest known black beer is *Braunschweiger Mumme*, ("Brunswick Mum") brewed since the Middle Ages (the first documented mention is from 1390 in Braunschweig. The earliest documented mention in Thuringia is of Köstritzer brewery from 1543, a brewery which later started producing Schwarzbier and still produces it today. Present-day eastern Germany has many unique varieties of this style from regional breweries.

Examples
--------

Czech Black Lager
Modern Schwarzbiers include 
Köstritzer, Sprecher Black Bavarian, Samuel Adams Black Lager, New Belgium 1554 Black Lager, Shiner Black, and Xingu Black.

Dark Czech lagers range from dark to black beers (Czech *tmavé* and *černé*).
**Sarah Chang** (born December 10, 1980) is a Korean American violinist.

Biography
---------

Chang was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her mother was a composer and her father was a violinist. She started at the Julliard School at age five. Her mentor was the violinist Isaac Stern. 

Chang can be viewed as a child prodigy due to her abilities.

She began working with the New York Philharmonic at age 8 under Zubin Mehta. She made her first album *Debut* in 1991, which was a classical best-seller. Since then she become famous and performed in concert halls worldwide.

In 2002, Chang gave a performance in North Korea. She has also been a cultural ambassador for the U.S.

Chang's discography includes about a dozen CDs. Her repertoire includes works by Pablo de Sarasate, Edward Elgar, Nicolo Paganini, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Camille Saint-Saëns: Felix Mendelssohn, Jean Sibelius, Richard Strauss, Dmitri Shostakovich, Antonio Vivaldi, Max Bruch and others.

Instruments
-----------

Chang plays several violins and owns the 1717 Guarneri del Gesu by the Cremonese luthier, Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.

Awards
------

* 1992: Avery Fisher Career Grant
* 1993: Gramophone Magazine Young Artist of the Year (1993)
* 1993: Newcomer of the Year for "Echo" (Germany)
* 1993: Nan Pa (South Korea)
* 1994: Newcomer of the Year at the International Classical Music Awards
* 1999: Avery Fisher Prize
* 2004: Hollywood Bowl's Hall of Fame
* 2005: Premio Internazionale Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, Italy
**Schuyler Bailar** is Korean American and the first openly transgender swimmer in NCAA Division I History. Bailar and Katie Ledecky set the U.S. record for the high school women's 400 yard relay. Harvard women’s swimming and diving coach asked Bailar to study and swim at Harvard University. Bailar decided to swim on the men’s team.  He graduated from Harvard in May, 2019.

Early life
----------

Bailar was born in Virginia, USA. He started swimming by himself when he was one year old. He joined a summer swim team when he was four.

### Elementary and Middle

Bailar was called a tomboy. He acted and dressed like a boy. He challenged his male classmates in fifth grade to arm wrestling. He won against all but one of the boys.

### High school

Bailar attended Georgetown Day School in Washington, D.C. He had a lot of pressure in high school to look feminine and a girl. Bailar did not feel comfortable presenting himself as a girl. He was bullied throughout the entirety of high school for his difference between him and the other girls. He graduated in 2014.

He made the physical gender transition from female to male in a gap year between high school and college. Bailar gave up his high rank as a female swimmer. He chose to be true to himself. Bailar’s Korean identity is important to him. Telling some family members that he is transgender was scary. But his family supported him.

### College

Bailar was recruited by Harvard University. He was recruited for the women's team. Both the women's coach and the men's coach supported Bailar's transition. They let him pick which Harvard swim team to join. Bailar swam on the men's team.

Bailar studied psychology and cognitive neuroscience at Harvard. He graduated on May 30, 2019. At graduation he won the Harvard Director’s Award, given only when a student who is an athlete does something very important. He was the seventh person to ever receive this award.

After graduating, Bailar went on a speaking tour to fifteen states. Bailar now works at a financial services company in Seattle, WA. He teaches the employees interpersonal skills.

Swimming
--------

Bailar started swimming in competitive meets at age seven. First, he swam with the Sea Devil Swimming team. A few years later he competed in the Junior Olympics. Bailar qualified for his first national meet when he was 13.

During freshman year of high school Bailar joined the Nation’s Capital Swim Club. He ranked in the top 20 breastrokers in the U.S. in the age group of 15. He had the first back to back All American finishes in the 100-yard breaststroke in 2012.

Bailar qualified for his first national meet when he was 13. He qualified for the U.S. Open Swimming Championships in 2013. He qualified for the U.S. Open swimming championships (the top U.S. meet when it is not an Olympics year) that year. He was part of a relay team that set the National Age Group Record in the women’s 400 yard medley relay. Bailar’s relay team, consisting of Janet Hu (NCAA Champion), Kylie Jordan (NCAA Qualifier), Katie Ledecky (Gold Medalist Olympian) and himself. They set a U.S. national record for the 400 yard medley relay.  They were all aged 15-18.