recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Jack Harbaugh
**Jack Harbaugh** (born June 28, 1939 in Crestline, Ohio, United States) is a former American Football high school football  and college football coach and player.

Early life
----------

Harbaugh played for the Bowling Green Falcons from 1957 to 1960 and won the Mid-American Conference championship in 1959 with the team. As a coach, Harbaugh was the head coach for Eaton High School from 1964 to 1965. After going to Morehead State from 1966 to 1967, Harbaugh returned to Bowling Green from 1968 to 1970 as an assistant. He also became an assistant for the Iowa Hawkeyes (1971-1973), the defensive backs coach for the Michigan Wolverines (1973-1979), the DBs coach for the Stanford Cardinals (1981-1982), Western Michigan Broncos (1982-1986), an assistant for the Pittsburgh Panthers (1987-1988), a Western Kentucky Hilltoppers head coach (1989-2002), a San Diego Toreros head coach (2004-2009), and, after a three-year retirement, Jack Harbaugh returned to the Stanford Cardinals as a runningbacks coach in 2009." Jack (and his son, Jim) often use the following Harbaugh chant: *Whoo's* got it better than us?" Answer: *Nooobody!* This was also used by Jack's wife.

However, Jack Harbaugh most famous for his spot in the Harbaugh coaching tree. His sons, John Harbaugh and Jim Harbaugh are currently NFL head coaches, who face each other in the 2013 Super Bowl. Jack is married to Jackie.

Other websites
--------------

* Stanford bio Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
**Jovita Idár Vivero** (September 7, 1885 – June 15, 1946) was a Mexican American teacher, writer, and activist.  She fought for the right to education, the right for women to vote, and for the rights of Mexican-Americans.

She became a teacher in 1903 but quit to write for *La Crónica* (a newspaper owned by her father). In October, 1911 she founded *La Liga Feminil Mexicaista* (the League of Mexican Women). The League of Mexican Women allowed Mexican-American students get access to education. In 1914, she wrote an editorial in *El Progreso* (The Progress) newspaper which criticized the US army interfering in the Mexican Revolution.  She also wrote an editorial supporting women's suffrage. The Texas Rangers tried to shut the newspaper down, but when they came to *El Progreso*’s office, Jovita Idár stood in the doorway so they had to turn back. The officers shut it down the next day when she was not there.  However, she continued to use *La Crónica* to voice her opinions.  Eventually, she and her brothers took it over. For the rest of her life, she used the freedom of the press to keep arguing for civil rights.
The azure kingfisher
**Kingfishers** are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.

Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.

Classification
--------------

Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:

* River kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
* Tree kingfishers (Halcyonidae )
* Water kingfishers (Cerylidae)

Habitat
-------

Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.

Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.

History
-------

Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).

Conservation
------------

Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.
***Last of the Conquerors*** is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).

*Last of the Conquerors* shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.

The novel begins on a homecoming US troopship, as the Statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary, resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why? They are "colored" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial prejudice was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a (now hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience.
A rod-shaped species of lactobacillus, under the microscope. Magnification is about 1000 times
**Lactic acid bacteria** are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy. 

The bacteria are the order *Lactobacillales.* Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products. 

Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases.

Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt.

Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). *Lactase persistence* is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, *most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent*. They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is *Velasco* and the second or maternal family name is *Ibarra*.
**José María Velasco Ibarra** (March 19, 1893 – March 30, 1979) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was seen by many to be a dictator,  He was elected five times to the post of president of Ecuador: 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968–1972. But only once (1952–1956) did he complete the constitutional mandate.

Early life
----------

Ibarra was born on March 19, 1893 in Quito, Ecuador. He studied at Central University of Ecuador. Ibarra was married to Corina Parral de Velasco Ibarra until his death in 1979.

Presidency
----------

In 1933, he stood in the Ecuadorian presidential election and received 80% of the votes cast, the highest in Ecuadorian history. Velasco Ibarra traveled through several Latin American countries, including Peru, and restored Ecuador's global image. His first presidency began on September 1, 1934, but he was ousted in August 1935 by the military.

In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor.

In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359 km of roads were constructed, and 1057 km more were improved.

In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, including Paquisha in 1981 and the War of El Cenepa in 1995.

Finally, in 1968 Velasco Ibarra won the presidency for a fifth time. This government ended abruptly on February 15, 1972, when once more he was deposed in a bloodless coup, which brought General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to power. In total, Velasco Ibarra governed nearly 13 years, making him the longest-serving president in Ecuadorian history.

Death
-----

Ibarra fell of a bus in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He returned to Quito where he died from complications of his injuries on March 30, 1979, aged 86.
A **hunting dog** is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs. The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Types of hunting dogs
---------------------

The Beagle is a scent hound.
### Hounds

There are two types of hounds, *sight hounds* and *scent hounds*. The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.

### Gun dog

These dogs are also called **bird dogs**. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals. Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are *retriever*s, *flushing spaniels*, and *pointing breeds*.

The Golden Retriever is a retriever.
### Retrievers

The main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.

### Flushing spaniels

Flushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.

### Pointers

Pointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird.

The Airedale Terrier is a terrier.
### Terriers

These dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals. Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger.

### Cur types

Curs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals
Capture Of King Phillips FortCapture Of King Phillips Fort
King Phillips MemorialKing Phillips Memorial
**King Philip's War** (**Metacom's War**) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.

When the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians. As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it. Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes. His father had made a treaty with the English.

The English began to fear the power of the natives. The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war. John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader. He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them. When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry. Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements. The resulting war was large. The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss. Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict. When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth. 500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves.
A lathe
A **lathe** is a type of machine used to shape things. Various kinds of work such as woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, spin welding and glassworking use lathes. A lathe works by turning an object on an axis and applying a tool to shape it. Most lathes turn the workpiece on a horizontal axis; the potter's wheel uses a vertical axis. There are various types of lathe machine but horizontal lathes are used widely. 

CNC (Computer numerical control) lathes can perform the same jobs more accurately than manual lathes. Lathes work by using accessories such as cutting tools and rests. 

Examples of objects that can be made using a lathe are, candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks and baseball bats.

Wood lathes
-----------

The lathe is driven by a motor that rotates a blank of wood between two centres – the fork centre and the centre – that hold it in place. The machine rotates the wood and the user uses a variety of chisels to shape the wood by moving the chisels along a tool rest.

### Tools

Lathes feature the following kinds of tools: -

* **Gouge** – scooped in shaped and is used for removing material and rough cutting of the material
* **Parting** – used for creating inserts, notches or grooves in the workpiece
* **Scraper** – used to smooth the shape before finishing. These can be either square or round
* **Skew** – used to create more detailed shapes and grooves

Metal lathes
------------

A metal lathe is like the wood lathe in the type of shapes it can produce but for designed to work on metals. Due to the material the machine is more controlled. The machine is driven by motor that rotates a blank of metal on chuck. The machine rotates the metal and cutting tool moves in different directions to shape metal.

How metal lathes work
Types of processes involved in metal lathe manufacturing: -

* **Facing off** – this when the end of a metal bar is cut level so the end is flat
* **Parallel** – this when the cutting tool cuts parallel to the centre to reduce the outside diameter
* **Chamfer** – this is when the cutting tool cuts an angle or taper
* **Parting** – this is when the cutting tool cuts a notch or groove or can completely cut through the work piece to separate it from the rest

Referenes
---------

1. ↑  "Lathes - Practical guide: Using machine tools - National 5 Design and manufacture Revision". *BBC Bitesize*. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
**Laura D'Andrea Tyson** (born June 28, 1947) is an American economist. She was Chair of the US President's Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration. She also worked as Director of the National Economic Council. She is a professor at the Haas School of Business of the University of California, Berkeley.

Early life and education
------------------------

Tyson was born **Laura D'Andrea** in New Jersey. Tyson graduated *summa cum laude* with a B.A. in Economics from Smith College in 1969. She earned her Ph.D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974.

Career
------

Tyson joined the faculty of the economics department at Princeton University in 1974. In 1977 when she became a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley. She was appointed a professor of business administration in 1990.

In addition to her professorship at UC Berkeley, Tyson is also a member of the Board of Trustees at UC Berkeley's Blum Center for Developing Economies. The Center is focused on finding solutions to address the crisis of extreme poverty and disease in the developing world.

Since 2012, Tyson has written monthly columns for international media organization Project Syndicate.

In November 2013, Tyson founded the Institute for Business and Social Impact at the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Laura Tyson***.

* Haas School of Business Bio.
* Tyson's profile at LittleSis

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**Jonathan R. Bass** (November 25, 1830 - September 13, 1892) was an American sideshow attraction. His stage name was The Ossified Man. He was born in New York State. Rheumatism led to the ossification of his joints, tendons, and muscles in his teen years. His sideshow career began in 1887 at Niagara Falls. He toured the United States. He died in New York City in 1892.

Early years
-----------

Bass was born in Cambria in western New York State. He was the eldest of three brothers. He appeared perfectly normal in his very early years. As a child and a teenager however, a series of rheumatism attacks left him unable to walk without crutches and canes.

Middle years
------------

Eventually, Bass became completely ossified. The rheumatism led to ankylosis of his joints, tendons, and muscles. They turned to bone. Things got worse. In 1869, he lost his eyesight. He had to eat by sucking food up and swallowing it whole. When his mother died in 1872, a brother began taking care of him.

In 1887, Bass began his show biz career at Niagara Falls. He then worked his way across the United States. In spite of his disabilities, Bass remained cheerful. He parted with his manager after a dispute about his cut of the take.

Last years and death
--------------------

Bass died of a fever and pneumonia while performing in Huber's Museum in New York City. The family refused an autopsy. Bass was buried in an ironclad vault to deter grave robbers from making off with the body.

An article in a 1908 issue of *Scientific American* accused a careless museum attendant of causing Bass's death by letting the man fall to the pavement while being lifted from a carriage.
Loxahatchee River inside the park
**Jonathan Dickinson State Park** is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.

History
-------

The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.

A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the *Wildman of the Loxahatchee*. After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park. 

The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.

Recreational activities
-----------------------

The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the **Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center**, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history. The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

Gallery
-------

* Yellow-crowned Night Heron on Kitching CreekYellow-crowned Night Heron on Kitching Creek
* Ibis on the LoxahatcheeIbis on the Loxahatchee
* Pileated Woodpecker on Kitching CreekPileated Woodpecker on Kitching Creek
* Great Blue Heron on the LoxahatcheeGreat Blue Heron on the Loxahatchee

Other websites
--------------

* Jonathan Dickinson State Park Archived 2005-12-21 at the Wayback Machine – official site
* Jonathan Dickinson State Park at State Parks of the United States
* Jonathan Dickinson State Park Archived 2011-04-21 at the Wayback Machine at Absolutely Florida
**Laura Marling** (born 1 February 1990) is a British folk singer-songwriter. Marling won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.

Early life
----------

Marling was born in Hampshire. She went to Leighton Park School. When she was 16 she moved to London.

Career
------

Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him in 2010 after he attended her second-ever gig.

She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
 Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine 
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also performed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent [*permanent dead link*].

Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records. 

She appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song *New Romantic*. Marling's first album "Alas I Cannot Swim" was released on 4 February 2008. Her single Ghosts was out on 15 January 2008.

Marling's second album *I Speak Because I Can* was released in 2010.

In 2011 her third album *A Creature I Don't Know* was released.

In 2013 Marling's fourth album *Once I Was An Eagle* was released. It got good reviews. It reached number three in the UK Album Chart. Marling was nominated for Best British Female at the 2014 Brit Awards.

Singles
-------

* My Manic and I
* New Romantic
* Ghosts
* Cross Your Fingers
* Night Terror
* Goodbye England (Covered in Snow)
* Devil's Spoke
* Rambling Man
* Blues Run the Game
* Sophia
* The Beast
* Master Hunter

EPs
---

* London Town EP
* My Manic and I EP
* iTunes Live: London Sessions
* Cross Your Fingers

Albums
------

* Alas I Cannot Swim
* I Speak Because I Can
* A Creature I Don't Know
* Once I Was An Eagle

Other websites
--------------

* MySpace page
* Official website
* BBC London article
* Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling perform My Manic and I Archived 2007-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling interview, Nov 2007 Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
**La Fayette Grover** (b. November 29, 1823 – d. May 10, 1911) was a Democratic representative and senator from Oregon, USA.

Grover was born in Bethel, Maine. He was educated at Bethel's Gould’s Academy and Brunswick's Bowdoin College. Studying law and passing the bar in Philadelphia in 1850, he moved to Oregon in 1851 and set up practice in Salem.

The Oregon Territorial legislature elected him prosecuting attorney for Oregon second judicial district and auditor of public accounts for the Oregon Territory. From 1853 to 1855 he was elected to the territorial house of representatives. In 1854 he was appointed by the Department of the Interior to audit the claims out of the Rogue River Indian War. He then was appointed by the Secretary of War in 1856 to a board of commissioners to audit the Indian war expenses of Oregon and Washington.

In 1857 he was a delegate to the Oregon constitution convention and upon admission of Oregon as a state was elected as a Democratic representative to the Thirty-fifth United States Congress serving from February 15, 1859, to March 3, 1859. He did not run for reelection in 1858, instead resuming his law practice and the manufacture of woolens.

He was elected Governor of Oregon in 1871 and served until 1877 when he resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate. Grover served from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1883 serving in the Forty-sixth United States Congress as the chairman of the Senate Committee on Manufactures. Not a candidate for reelection in 1883, instead he resumed the practice of law and retired from public life. Grover died in Portland, Oregon, on May 10, 1911 and was interned in Riverview Cemetery.
Johnny Weissmuller in c. 1940s
**Johnny Weissmuller** (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a German-American swimmer and actor. He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents.

He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s. He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics.

He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star. This made him a character actor. He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.

Death
-----

On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema. He was 79. He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died. At his funeral, a sound recording of the *Tarzan yell* he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Johnny Weissmuller***.

* Johnny Weissmuller on IMDb
***I Can Hear Your Voice*** (Hangul: 너의 목소리가 들려) is a 2013 South Korean television series. It stars Lee Bo-young, Lee Jong-suk, and Yoon Sang-hyun. It was shown on Seoul Broadcasting System from June 5 to August 1, 2013. There were 16 episodes originally, but 2 more episodes were aired, making it 18 episodes in total.

Plot
----

The series is a mixed genre drama.

Park Soo-ha (played by Lee Jong-suk) is a high school boy who can read other people's minds. He got this ability at the age of 9 after he saw his father's death in a car crash. The crash was caused on purpose by the character Min Joon-guk (played by Jung Woong-in). Jang Hye-sung, (played by Lee Bo-young) an 18-year-old high school girl, was a witness of the murder and testified in court. The killer had warned her not to testify. Min Joon-guk is sent to prison. He tells Jang Hye-sung that as soon as he gets out of jail, she will be killed.

After 10 years passed Hye-sung has become a public defender. Soo-ha's first love is Jang Hye-sung. Soo-ha finds Hye-sung after searching for 10 years.

However, after meeting Soo-ha and Cha Gwan-Woo, (played by Yoon sang-hyun) Hye-sung's attitude changes. With their help, Hye-sung solves many court cases. Meanwhile, they change each others' lives.

Characters
----------

* Jang Hye-sung (played by Lee Bo-young and Kim So-hyun (when 18-years-old))
* Park Soo-ha (played by Lee Jong-suk and Goo Seung-yun (when a 9 year old))
* Cha Gwan-woo (played by Yoon Sang-hyun)
* Seo Do-yeon (played by Lee Da-hee and Jung Min-ah (when 18 years old)
* Min Joon-guk (played by Jung Woong-in)

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**IZArc** is a file archiver for Microsoft Windows developed by Bulgarian programmer Ivan Zahariev. The program is freeware, but not open source. IZarc can open the most commonly used archive formats, like zip, rar, gzip, tar.gz, bzip2, and 7z, and others many less common formats (48 in total). IZarc has an integration in Windows Explorer and has an Virus Scan feature. IZarc can also do CD image conversions.

Formats
-------

IZArc (as of version 3.81) can support and open the following file formats: 7z, A, ACE, ARC, ARJ, B64, BH,
BIN, BZ2, BZA, C2D, CAB, CDI, CPIO, DEB, ENC, GCA, GZ, GZA, HA, IMG, ISO, IZE, JAR, LHA, LIB, LZH, MBF, MDF,
MIM, NRG, PAK, PDI, PK3, RAR, RPM, TAR, TAZ, TBZ, TGZ, TZ, UUE, WAR, XXE, YZ1, Z, ZIP, ZOO.

Problems
--------

IZArc does not support ISO editing and does not support Unicode.

Portable version
----------------

IZArc is also available as a portable application called IZArc2Go. It includes all features and functions of the permanently installed version, except explorer "shell-menu" and the ability to associate file types with it.

Awards
------

It has been awarded by several well-known download sites, such as FileTransit, SnapFiles, SoftNews, Softpedia, WebAttack, because is a software user friendly and can open many formats.

Related pages
-------------

* Comparison of file archivers

Other websites
--------------

* IZSoftware
Jack Layton
**John Gilbert "Jack" Layton** PC MSC (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and the Leader of the Official Opposition. He was the leader of the New Democratic Party from 2003 to 2011, and previously sat on Toronto City Council. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.

He was a son of Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Robert Layton (1925-2002). He was born in Montreal and raised in Hudson, Quebec. He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics where he campaigned tirelessly for the needs of ordinary citizens and for environmental issues. Eventually, he became head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, and the NDP almost doubled its popular vote in the 2004 election.

Thirty seven NDP MPs were elected under Layton in the 2008 election. In the 2011 federal election, he led the NDP to a historic total of 103 seats and formed the Official Opposition. Although recovering from illness, Layton campaigned tirelessly, and inspired many people. Importantly, the NDP had increased its number of Quebec MPs from one to fifty-nine seats, almost eliminating the previous Bloc Québécois MPs. 

Layton died at his home in Toronto on August 22, 2011, aged 61, after suffering from cancer of unknown primary origin. Layton's body had a lying-in-state before a state funeral was held in Toronto. He was married to fellow MP Olivia Chow.

Other websites
--------------

* 

* Jack Layton – Parliament of Canada biography
The **law of the United States** is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law. The most important these is the United States Constitution. This established the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law. This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns. Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution. States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law. This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure. American law also borrows ideas from civil law.
**Ian Nepomniachtchi**  (born 14 July 1990) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former Russian chess champion. 

He won the European Youth Chess Championship three times, in 2000 in the U10 class and in 2001 and 2002 in the U12 class. In 2002 he also won the World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 class. By winning the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2008, he qualified for the 2008 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting. In 2010, in Rijeka, he won the European Individual Chess Championship with 9/11. In the same year, in Moscow, he won the Russian Chess Championship; he defeated Sergey Karjakin in a playoff.  In 2019, Nepomniachtchi played in the FIDE Grand Prix. He finished second in this tournament. Nepomniachtchi's second place finish qualified him to play in the Candidates Tournament 2020–21.  On 26 April 2021 Nepomniachtchi won the Candidates tournament. Winning the Candidates tournamet qualifies Neopmniachtchi to play in the World Chess Championship 2021 match against the current World Chess Champion, Magnus Carlsen. He lost the World Chess Championship match 2021 in Dubai to Magnus. In 2022, he won the Canddates Match again.
**Lee Stephen Mason** (born 29 October 1971) is the English professional referee who was video assistant referee primarily in the Premier League. He was born in Sunderland. He was sacked as video assistant referee after incorrectly allowed Ivan Toney's goal in the Premier League match on 11th February 2023 and it was Arsenal versus Brentford.

Mason is a former chairman of Sunderland’s Referees' Society and is associated with the North East County Football Association.

Education and family
--------------------

He attended Thornleigh College in Bolton and then the Liverpool Institute of Higher Education between 1990 and 1993, living in Newman Hall, where he gained his degree. Whilst there he played for his college football team as well as being a regular compere, hosting a variety of social events at a students' union club.

Mason's younger brother, Andy, is a former professional footballer who was a trainee at Bolton Wanderers, and played professionally for Hull City, among others, before ending up playing in Non-League.

He retired from on-field duties at the end of the 2020–21 season, but will become the league's first dedicated Video Assistant Referee from the 2021—22 season.
For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation).
**Lima** is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima. 
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America.

It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru. Lima is city in constant urban growth. It has a large population. Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport. Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings). It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú. And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.

In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people. They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.

Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy. Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.

Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language. Lima Province has 43 districts, including:

1 - Cercado de Lima

3 - Ate

4 - Barranco

5 - Brena

7 - Comas

9 - Chorrillos

10 - El Agustino

11 - Jesus Maria

12 - La Molina

13 - La Victoria

14 - Lince

17 - Magdalena del Mar

18 - Miraflores

21 - Pueblo Libre

22 - Puente Piedra

25 - Rimac

27 - San Isidro

28 - Independence

29 - San Juan de Miraflores

30 - San Luis

31 - San Martin de Porres

32 - San Miguel

33 - Santiago de Surco

34 - Surquillo

35 - Villa María del Triunfo

36 - San Juan de Lurigancho

38 - Santa Rosa

39 - Los Olivos

41 - San Borja

42 - Villa El Savador

43 - Santa Anita
**John Joe O'Reilly** was born at the Derries, Killeshandra, County Cavan. After early successes with St Patrick’s College and his club, Cornafean, he captained the Cavan team, which won All-Ireland Senior Football Championships in 1947 (at the New York Polo Grounds) and 1948, having also played on three losing sides in the final. He won 11 Ulster senior football medals, as Cavan took the title each year from 1937 until 1949, except two. He won a National Football League medal and four Railway Cup medals, in 1942 and 1943 (when he was the first ever Cavan captain), 1947 and as captain again in 1950. John Joe O'Reilly was one of only seven men to have had the honour of being presented with the Sam Maguire twice as captain. O'Reilly's father also played in goal for Cavan and his brother, Tom O’Reilly, played on the 1947 All-Ireland winning team and also won Railway Cup medals for Ulster in 1943 and 1944.

A Commandant in the army, John Joe O'Reilly died unexpectedly at the Curragh Military Hospital on November 22, 1952. He was named at centre half-back on the Gaelic Athletic Association's "Team of the Millennium" in 1999.
Kalevis son by Oskar Kallis
**Kaleva** or **Kalevi** and his sons are people or creatures in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian stories. However many things about them are forgotten.

History
-------

### Estonian history

The name of Estonian national Epos Kalevipoeg means "Sons of Kalevi" and the name of Finnish national epos Kalevala means "Land of Kaleva".

In Estonian stories sons of Kaleva are sons of King. 

### Finnish history

Finnish people called Sirius *Kalevantähti* which means "Star of Kaleva". Belt of Orion was called Kalevas sword.

  

In Finnish stories they are more often giants. People told that some things in nature, like big or weird stones, are made by Kalevas sons. Stories tells that while people became Christians, they started to hate Kaleva's sons who remained pagans. Soon Kaleva's sons had to go away. All the time Christian people took more land, Kaleva's sons had to go farther away. At one island they staid and did not want to leave. Priests came and they cursed Kaleva's sons until they took a big stone and sailed with it away. They have not been seen since that, but sometimes they come at night and hits crop or even forest down.

Other creatures
---------------

Almost the same thing happened to Hiisi people who resembles trolls. Christian humans made them to flee also.
A formidable weapon: the *Iguanodon'*s thumb.
*Iguanodon* skull from the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Skeletal restoration of *I. bernissartensis* by O.C. Marsh, 1896
***Iguanodon*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).

Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, *Iguanodon* was the second dinosaur formally named, after *Megalosaurus*. Together with *Megalosaurus* and *Hylaeosaurus*, it was one of the three genera originally used to define the Dinosauria.

A large, bulky herbivore, *Iguanodon* is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.

Scientific understanding of *Iguanodon* has evolved over time. New information is got from the fossils. Researchers have made suggestions about the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, *Iguanodon* is well known.

Species
-------

There are at least two species recognised:

* *I. bernissartensis*, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in a coal mine in Bernissart, Belgium in 1878. The coal dates to the earliest Cretaceous period. 36 adult skeletons were excavated at this site, a coal mine. This is by far the largest find of this species. The species is large and strong.
* *I. galvensis*, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in deposits in Teruel, Spain, dating to about 126 mya.

Posture and movement
--------------------

Because its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal. As it happens, it probably used both modes. Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs. Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton). It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.

Eating
------

The teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser. it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, *Iguanodon* had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth.
**Irene Natividad** works on helping women around the world.

Early life
----------

Natividad was born in 1948 in the Philippines. In Natividad’s early life, she and her family spent a lot of time moving. She traveled to Japan, Iran, Greece, and India and learned many languages, including Spanish, French, Tagalong, Farsi, Italian and Greek. By traveling, she saw how women were treated all over. Her mother never had a job because she was not allowed to work. Her mother told her to become a great student so she could get a job, unlike her.

Education
---------

Natividad went to many different schools as a child. The schools were all around the world. Her high school was in Greece. She went to Long Island University after high school. Then she went to Columbia University. She was given two degrees there. The degrees were for Philosophy and American Literature. Natividad also went to Marymount College

Career
------

Natividad led the National Women's Political Caucus. She often writes and talks about her opinion on many topics. In 1992 she became leader of the Global Forum for Women. The Global Forum for Women comes up with ideas to try and help issues with women. She joined other people to start *Project Vote Smart.* They try to get more votes for education. She became the chair of the *Women’s Votes ‘96.*

Awards
------

Asian American Quarterly (1994): "Power Brokers: The 25 Most Influential People in Asian America"

Campaigns and Elections Magazine (1993) "Seventy-four Women Who Are Changing American Politics"

The National Conference for College Women Student Leaders (1989) "Women of Distinction Award"

Ladies’ Home Journal (1989) "100 Most Powerful Women in America"

Women’s Funding Coalition (1987) "Innovator for Women$hare Award"

Americans by Choice (1986) "Honored Americans Award"

Women’s Congressional Caucus  (1985) "Women Making History Award

Personal life
-------------

Natividad now lives in Washington DC. She is married to Andres Cortese. They have one son. His name is Carlo Natividad-Cortese.
**Líneas Aéreas Nacionales S.A** (LANSA) was a Peruvian airline based in Lima. It was established in 1963. After its last Lockheed Electra crashed on Christmas Eve 1971, LANSA stopped operations on January 4, 1972.

History
-------

Its base was the Jorge Chávez International Airport. It operated flights inside and outside the country. Within the country it made itinerary flights, beginning its operations with Lockheed 749 Constellation aircrafts.

### Accidents

The airline is sadly remembered for the series of accidents that they had. They were caused by bad maintenance/operations of aircrafts. 

#### 1966 accident

It had its first accident on April 27, 1966, during a flight from Lima to Cuzco. The ship crashed against Mount Talsula, in Sierra de Yauyos, Lima. 49 occupants were killed. This was due to an error by an American pilot. 

#### 1970 accident

Later, on August 9, 1970, another fatal accident occurred. It was a Lockheed L-188A Electra. It took off from the Velasco Astete airport in the city of Cuzco in the afternoon. They caused the failure of engine number 3 -an Allison turboprop- while trying to take off. The captain of the aircraft continued with this operation. But they failed to maintain the speed necessary for the ascent, a fact that was aggravated by retracting the flaps with the consequent loss of lift, causing the aircraft to lean to the left. Finally it hit the ground in the San Jerónimo sector. As a result of this accident, 99 of the 100 occupants on plane and 2 farmers on ground at the time of impact have died. 

### Disestablishment

In 1972, they stopped operations. Their remaining fleet just had only one Lockheed L-188 Electra. This is because others had already been lost.
**James Orson "Jim" Bakker** (born January 2, 1940) is an American televangelist, former Assemblies of God minister and former host of *The PTL Club*. PTL stood for "Praise the Lord".

Bakker is known for building the Heritage USA in Fort Mill, South Carolina. The Heritage USA was an amusement park which opened in 1978. It closed in 1989.

Criminal charges were made against Bakker when *The PTL Club'*s fundraising activities between 1984 and 1987 were reported by *The Charlotte Observer*. Bakker and his PTL associates sold $1,000 "lifetime memberships". That gave buyers a chance to an annual three-night-stay at a luxury hotel at the Heritage USA.

Jessica Hahn, a former model said Bakker and pastor John Wesley Fletcher had raped her. A $279,000 payoff was made for Hahn's silence. The payoff was made with PTL funds by Bakker's associate Roe Messner.

Bakker was indicted in 1988 on eight counts of mail fraud, 15 counts of wire fraud and one count of conspiracy. In 1989 he was found guilty on all 24 counts. He was sentenced to 45 years in prison. He was paroled in July 1994.

Bakker was born in Muskegon, Michigan.