recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Photographing the environment with a mobile phone camera. The display of the mobile phone shows a live display of the image.
A **picture**, also called an **image**, is a group of coloured points on a flat surface that looks the same as something else. For example, a picture can look the same as an object or a person. Pictures can also be drawings, paintings or photographs. People who make such pictures are called artists, photographers or painters. Pictures are very helpful. Sometimes people say pictures are worth a thousand words. Pictures and diagrams can be used to explain how to do things, and thus a picture is a kind of tool. A moment captured in an image.

  



The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***picture***.

  

An **image** is something that can be seen, but it is not physically there. It can be a photograph, a painting, or a picture on a television or computer screen. A lens can make an image of an object appear somewhere else. Cameras use this to make the image that becomes a photograph.

Making Pictures
---------------

Drawing of a painter showing his picture
Most pictures today are 'photographs'. Photographs are made with cameras. A camera makes a picture that looks very real.

When there were no cameras, people made pictures by using paint, brushes, pencils, crayons, pens, and other things that people can write or draw with. Pictures made with paint and brush are called 'paintings'. Before cameras, some artists were able to make very real looking pictures with just paint. Sometimes pictures made with pencil or pen are called 'sketches', if they are made quickly and only look a little bit like the real thing.

Usually pictures are put on paper. Pictures made with paint are usually put on a strong, rough fabric called 'canvas'. Sometimes pictures can be put on walls or other things, even glass.

Picture of a Galaxy made from radio waves (red) and X-rays (blue)
Some places, such as churches have pictures on windows made out of colored pieces of glass. These are called *stained glass*.

Special types of Pictures
-------------------------

If people take a lot of pictures, and show them one at a time, very fast, they can make a picture that looks like it is moving. This is called a "moving picture", or a movie. A television shows people a moving picture by using light. 

A slide show is a series of pictures arranged to tell a story, for example to illustrate a narrative. 

A projector shines light from a light bulb through a kind of transparent picture. When light shines through this kind of picture onto a screen or another flat place, the picture can be seen on that flat place. This is often used to show movies and slide shows to an audience.

Some people make pictures that do not look flat, by taking two regular flat pictures at the same time. People have to move their eyes in a special way or use a stereoscope so they can see both pictures together. When they look at the pictures using their binocular vision correctly, the picture does not look flat. This is called '3D' or 'three dimensional'.

cutaway of a star
Cutaway pictures show what is inside of something, that cannot actually be seen.
**Municipal elections** were held in **Toronto**, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1923. Charles A. Maguire was re-elected as Mayor of Toronto.

Toronto mayor
-------------

Charles A. Maguire had been re-elected as mayor in 1922 without any opposition. The 1923 campaign's main issue was Sir Adam Beck's plan for an electrical radial railway (an system of streetcars running between towns and cities) along the Toronto waterfront and into the neighbouring cities. Maguire was in favour of the controversial plan. His main opponent was R.J. Fleming who was against the plan. Fleming had previously been mayor several decades before. The radial plan was defeated in a referendum that happened at the same time as the election, but Maguire was re-elected mayor.

Results
**Charles A. Maguire** - 46,362
R.J. Fleming - 38,961

Board of Control
----------------

One new member was elected to the Board of Control: Alderman Joseph Singer.

Results
**Thomas Foster** (incumbent) - 36,040
**Joseph Gibbons** (incumbent) - 33,740
**Wesley Hiltz** (incumbent) - 32,551
**Joseph Singer** - 32,033
Sam McBride - 30,606
A.R. Nesbitt (incumbent) - 29,947
Alfred Burgess - 24,876
J.R.I. Starr - 25,931

City council
------------

Other than Ward plus number, the names are not official, and given here only as a guide to current-day places.

Ward 1 (Riverdale)
**W.A. Summerville** (incumbent) - 5,236
**William D. Robbins** - 4,987
**Robert Luxton** (incumbent) - 3,916
F.M. Johnston (incumbent) - 3,682
James Burry - 2,743
William Varley - 2,063
Ward 2 (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)
**J.R. Beamish** (incumbent) - 4,939
**Charles A. Risk** (incumbent) - 4,249
**W.H. Shaw** - 4,173
Bert Wemp - 3,503
John Winnett (incumbent) - 3,281
Herbert Henry Ball - 3,080
Wallace - 208
Ward 3 (Central Business District and The Ward)
**Frank Stollery** - 5,786
**Andrew Carrick** - 5,190
**H.G. Stanton** - 4,942
Harry W. Hunt (incumbent) - 3,537
C.A. Reed (incumbent) - 3,086
F.W. Johnston - 3,662
William Harper - 587
Ward 4 (Kensington Market and Garment District)
**Ethel Small** (incumbent) - 4,878
**R.H. Cameron** - 3,879
**Claude Pearce** - 3,382
John Cowan (incumbent) - 2,608
John McMulkin - 2,305
Harry Winberg - 1,947
E.B. Westwood - 1,878
P.W. Benner - 458
Ward 5 (Trinity-Bellwoods)
**Clifford Blackburn** - 5,540
**A.E. Hacker** (incumbent) - 5,391
**Wesley Benson** (incumbent) - 5,061
James Phinnemore - 4,107
C.W. Mogridge - 2,915
William Faragher - 2,909
Abraham Goldberg - 1,061
Ward 6 (Brockton and Parkdale)
**Fred McBrien** - 8,637
**D.C. MacGregor** (incumbent) - 7,738
**George Birdsall** (incumbent) - 6,942
Brook Sykes (incumbent) - 6,684
Edmund Atkinson - 5,783
W.H. Price - 5,222
Ward 7 (West Toronto Junction)
**Frank Whetter** (incumbent) - 2,937
**H.M Davy** (incumbent) - 2,762
**Samuel Ryding** (incumbent) - 2,546
W.A. Baird - 2,536
Hain - 2,410
Ward 8 (East Toronto)
**Robert Baker** (incumbent) - 4,337
**George S. Shields** - 3,992
**Francis Maxwell** (incumbent) - 3,392
William Miskelly - 3,266
Walter Brown - 2,571
Isaac Pimblett - 1,481
Results taken from the January 1, 1923 *Toronto Daily Star* and might not exactly match final tallies.
In computer science, an **instruction** is a single operation of a processor defined by the processor instruction set.

The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very long instruction word (VLIW) systems. Most modern processors used in personal computers, mainframes, and supercomputers have instruction sizes between 16 and 64 bits. In some architectures, especially Reduced instruction set computers, instructions are of fixed length, typically corresponding with that architecture's word size.

On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode specifying the operation to be performed, such as "add contents of memory to register", and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields.

In VLIW architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous operations and operands are specified in a single instruction.

Instructions are rarely specified using their machine code form; they may be specified by programmers using an assembly language or, more commonly, may be generated by compilers.

There is another more general definition for an "instruction" not only related to the processor instruction set, which is: An "instruction" may be any representation of an element of an executable computer program.

Related pages
-------------

* Machine language
**Kristen Jaymes Stewart** (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress working in television and movies. She is known for roles in the films *Catch That Kid*, *Panic Room*, *Zathura*, *In the Land of Women*, *Adventureland*, *Into the Wild*, *The Messengers*, *Twilight*, *The Twilight Saga: New Moon* and *The Twilight Saga: Eclipse*. In 2021, she played Princess Diana of Wales in the biopic drama *Spencer* and the role earned her her first Academy Award nomination.

Early life
----------

Kristen Jaymes Stewart was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her father, John Stewart works as a stage manager and television producer. Kristen's mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is a script supervisor and was born in Australia. Kristen has an older brother, Cameron Stewart.

Career
------

Kristen started acting when she was eight years old, after an agent saw her perform at her school's Christmas event. Her first minor roles were in programs such as *The Thirteenth Year* and *The Safety Of Objects* and her first major role was in a movie called *Panic Room*. Since then, Kristen has appeared in films such as *Cold Creek Manor*, *Catch That Kid*, *Undertow* and *Speak*.

She won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2010.

Other websites
--------------

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* Kristen Stewart Breaks Down Her Career, Vanity Fair, published by YouTube July 30, 2019

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***Cheers*** is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

* Format: Sitcom
* Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
* Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
* Producers: David Angell

Characters and actors who portrayed them
----------------------------------------

* Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
* Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
* Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
* Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
* Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
* Cliff Calvin (John Ratzenberger)
* Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
* Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
* Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
* Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

Setting
-------

*Cheers* was set in a Boston bar. This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.

The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (*Frasier*) the season after *Cheers* ended. Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in *Frasier*.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.

The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

Ratings
-------

It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows). But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.

Other websites
--------------

* *Cheers* on IMDb
**Bhim Acharya** (Nepali: भिम आचार्य) secretary of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), is the former Chief minister of Province No. 1. Governor Somnath Adhikari appointed him as the chief minister as per Article 168 (1) of the Constitution of Nepal after He was unanimously elected parliamentary party leader of the CPN (UML) on 26 August 2021, following the resignation of outgoing chief minister Sher Dhan Rai as both the parliamentary party leader and chief minister.

Political career
----------------

Acharya joined students movement in 1975. He joined Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) in 1979.

He won the 2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election from Sunsari-6 constituency with 15,606 votes defeating Narendra Bahadur Basnet of Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). He was appointed as the Chief Whip of the Parliamentary Party of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist).

Bhim Acharya was elected as the leader of the CPN-UML's state-1 parliamentary party on 26 August 2021.
A **rearrangement reaction** is an organic reaction where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:

General scheme rearrangementGeneral scheme rearrangement
Intermolecular rearrangements also take place. 

Isochorismate Pyruvate Lyase converts Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate
Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction. Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams. But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

Isoborneol Camphene Conversion
In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. The curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction. Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements
------------------

A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. Moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

Wagner-Meerwein

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

Beckmann rearrangement

Pericyclic reactions
--------------------

A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

Sigmatropic Hydride Shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

Claisen rearrangement

Olefin metathesis
-----------------

Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

General mechanism olefin metathesis
**Elie Yaffa** (born December 9, 1976), better known under his stage name **Booba** (French pronunciation: ​[buˈba]) is a French rapper. After a brief stint as a break dancer in the early 1990s, Booba partnered with his friend Ali to form Lunatic. The duo released a critically acclaimed album in 2000 and disbanded in 2003. Booba has since embarked on a successful solo career, selling more than 10 million discs over his career and becoming the most legally downloaded artist in French history. Booba is praised for the quality of his flow and beats but often criticized because of controversial nature of his lyrics. He has also established the rap label Tallac Records, and developed a line of jewellery. He is also Francophone

Life and career
---------------

Elie Yaffa was born on December 9, 1976, in the outskirts of Paris in Sèvres. His father is Senegalese and his mother is French.

With his friend Ali they formed the duo Lunatic in 1994. Unable to secure a record deal from a major label because of their controversial lyrics, they created their own independent record label 45 Scientific in 1999. The following year, Lunatic released its first and only album entitled *Mauvais œil*.

In 2002, Booba released his debut solo album *Temps mort*. He followed this up with four further albums: *Pantheon*, *Ouest Side* (the most successful), *0.9* and *Lunatic*. In late 2012, he released his sixth solo album *Futur*. In whole, Booba has ten certification discs, six Disques d'Or (Golden album), three Disques de platine (Platinum album) and one Double disque de platine (Double-Platinum album). In 2011, Booba won the competition MyYoutubes, ahead of popular artists like Rihanna, Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Jay-Z, Sexion D'Assaut, Shakira, Stromae,...

Musical style
-------------

Booba was influenced by the American hip-hop stage of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s--Mobb Deep, Wu-Tang Clan, 2Pac, and Biggie Smalls. The dark melodies accompanied with raw texts, typical of the rap from New York, are present on every album of his. He is often criticized for making the apology of easy money and murder. Booba advocates a reduction in the taxes and claims himself in support of individual freedom. Racism is a recurring topic of his songs (see for example "Couleur ébène", "Pitbull", "Ma Couleur"), although he sometimes deliberately advocates communitarian positions.

Other websites
--------------

* Booba on Twitter Edit this at Wikidata
Masada National Park
Natural warm water pool at Gan HaShlosha
Nitzanim Sand Dune Park, Ashdod
The **national parks of Israel** are historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated by the National Nature and Parks Authority. In 2015, Israel had 81 national parks and more than 400 nature reserves.

Some of the country's most notable parks are located at sites such as Tel Megiddo, Jerusalem and Ashkelon. These include the "Alexander stream" and "Mount Carmel National Park". Several parks and nature reserves have camping options, such as tent grounds and bungalows, open to small groups or campers. The main idea behind these parks and reserves is to guard the values of nature, landscape, heritage, and species.

Following the drying of Lake Hula, the Hula Reserve was established in 1964 and became the first declared nature reserve in Israel. It is a major stopover for birds migrating between Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1963 the Israeli parliament approved the "National parks and nature reserves act", and as a result, two authorities were established: the National Parks Authority and the Nature Reserves Authority. In 1998 the two authorities were merged into one body - Israel Nature and Parks Authority.

In Israel, the difference between national parks and nature reserves is often hard to make. National parks are in most cases centered around archaeological sites, but sometimes include protected nature as well. The nature reserves often contain not just protected flowers, trees and animals, but also archaeological sites of importance.

Other websites
--------------

* Israel Nature and Parks Authority
For administrators on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Administrators.
**Administrators** or **admins** are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called "administration". The administrators are part of the "management".

An administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.

Administrators in life
----------------------

In real life, administrators manage and control business to make sure it runs correctly. In business, Administrators are usually in-charge of handling disputes, work related issues, and keeping the office or place in working order. The admin usually supervise around the office of businesses and make sure that all tasks or requests are filled.

Administrators on the internet
------------------------------

Administrators on the internet usually manage and control a website. On websites that need it such as forums, they have moderation tools that ban them, warn them, etc. from the website to prevent bad and inappropriate content.
**Heusenstamm** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography
---------

Heusenstamm is in the *rhein main region* 20 kilometres (12 miles) southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 19.03 square kilometres (7.35 square miles) large and is 130 metres (430 feet) above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of 2 urban districts, the town of Heusenstamm and the former independent village, *Rembrücken*, which became on 1th of January 1977 part of Heusenstamm.

The neighbours of Heusenstamm are: 

* in the north Offenbach,
* in the east Obertshausen and Rodgau,
* in the south Dietzenbach and
* in the west Dreieich.

Heusenstamm has 18,227 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

The local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is spoken in the south of Hesse, named *hessisch*. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History
-------

In the 13th century the names of Heusenstamm and Rembrücken were written down in documents for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Heusenstamm area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the rhein main region got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities
--------------

* France Saint-Savin, France
* United Kingdom Tonbridge, England
* Belgium Malle, Belgium
* Italy Ladispoli, Italy

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Heusenstamm at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website of Heusenstamm
* Heusenstamm at the Open Directory Project
**Sassi Punnu** or **Sassui Punnhun** ( Punjabi: سسوئی پنہو‎ (Shahmukhi), ਸਸੁਈ ਪੁੰਨਹੁ (Gurmukhi)) is a well known Sindhi, Balochi and Punjabi folktale. It is one of the seven popular tragic romances of Sindh. It is one of the most popular folktales in Balochistan. The story is about a faithful lover who will suffer any difficulty to find her beloved husband who was separated from her by enemies.

Origin
------

The tale was first introduced in the texts of Qazi Qadan. Later, it was retold by Hashim Shah in Punjabi.

Story
-----

According to the legend, Sassui was a beautiful girl who belonged to a wealthy family. Punnu, on the other hand, was a poor musician who played the flute and sang for a living. Despite their social differences, the two fell deeply in love and decided to get married.

However, Sassui’s family did not approve of their relationship and forbade her from seeing Punnu. They even went to the extent of forcing Sassui to marry someone else. Devastated, Punnu went in search of his beloved, and after wandering in the desert for days, he finally arrived at the place where Sassui was being held captive.
The couple met again, and this time, they decided to elope and start a new life together. They left their families behind and embarked on a long journey through the desert, hoping to find a place where they could live happily ever after.
However, their journey was not without its challenges. They faced numerous obstacles along the way, including harsh weather conditions, hunger, and thirst. But despite everything, they persevered and finally arrived at a beautiful oasis, where they decided to make their home.

Unfortunately, their happiness was short-lived. Sassui’s family eventually found out where they were living and sent a group of men to retrieve her. Punnu fought valiantly to protect his wife, but he was outnumbered and eventually killed in the struggle.

Heartbroken, Sassui threw herself into Punnu’s funeral pyre, choosing to die rather than live without her beloved. The tragic story of Sassui and Punnu has become a symbol of true love and sacrifice in the Sindh region and is still remembered and celebrated to this day.
In business, a **financial statement** is an organized document that has financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organization who the financial statement is about), like whether or not to invest in a company and at what price.

Basic financial statements
--------------------------

A financial statement can be written in many forms, but in most countries there are four (4) basic financial statements that are standard. They are:

### Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)

A **Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)** is a financial statement that includes everything the business owns (called assets) and the business owes (called liabilities, which also include debts) as at a particular date. The amount the business owes to its owner is called equity (also represents the amount of investment of the owner into the business). 

For a private individual (a person not in business), an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards. 

The Statement of Financial Position is a snapshot of the financial health of a business at specific dates. 

### Statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement / Profit or Loss Account)

A **Statement of Profit or Loss** (or Income Statement) shows the profit or loss made during the year by taking into consideration the revenues generated during the year (whether payment is received or not) less any costs incurred during the year (whether such costs have been settled or not).

### Statement of Changes in Equity

A **statement of owner's equity** shows the movement of the owner's investment in the business. In the case of a company, this separates the investment amount from the amounts included in Capital and Revenue Reserves. 

### Statement of Cash Flows

A **Statement of Cash Flows** is a financial statement that shows the transactions involving cash during the year categorized by Operating, Investing and Financing Activities, thus explaining the movement in Cash and Cash Equivalents during the year.
*Artemia salina*
**Brine shrimp** are small shrimp that live in salt water. Brine shrimp are ***Artemia***, a genus of aquatic crustacea which has changed little (externally) since the Triassic period. They can often be found in saltwater ponds and marshes, and cannot live very long in fresh water. *Artemia* avoid most types of predators, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high salinity: (25 parts per thousand). The optimum for *Artemia* is 100 to 150 parts per thousand. The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long. Females tend to be larger than males.

Brine shrimp circulatory and respiratory systems work together to remove extra salt from their body and distribute oxygen. They breathe through gills on their feet. The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream. The heart pumps the blood around the body. Brine shrimp have a protein called hemoglobin in their blood. This helps the oxygen to be more efficiently transported to cells around the body. They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water. Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body. Additional salt is pumped out through exocrine glands.

The brine shrimp's body has a head, thorax, and abdomen. A hard exoskeleton covers the entire body. Inside this exoskeleton, which is made of chitin, is where the brine shrimp’s muscles are located. Their muscles are attached internally. They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body.

Reproduction
------------

Males differ from females by having the second antennae enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating.

Adult female brine shrimp ovulate about every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. But in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs inside cysts. They are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of liquid air (−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours.
Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year

Other websites
--------------

* "Brine Shrimp." Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program. State of Utah, n.d. 18 April 2012.
* Carolina Biological Supply Company[*permanent dead link*]
**Anne Bancroft** (September 17, 1931 - June 6, 2005) was an American actress. She was born Anna Maria Louisa Italiano in the Bronx, New York City. She had Italian grandparents and was raised Roman Catholic.

Career
------

She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1962 movie *The Miracle Worker*. She also won three BAFTA Awards, an Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards and two Tony Awards. She is best known for her role as Mrs Robinson in *The Graduate*.

Relationships
-------------

Her first marriage ended in divorce. Her second marriage was to actor-filmmaker Mel Brooks. It lasted from 1964 until her death in Mount Sinai Hospital, Manhattan, New York City, from uterine cancer. Their son, writer Max Brooks (born 1972), is her only child.

Other websites
--------------

* Anne Bancroft on IMDb

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* IdRef

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An **Investment Bank** is a business that helps other businesses (and also governments) borrow money and/or allow businesses to partially or fully sell themselves to other people and businesses. Unlike a regular bank, they do not typically lend their own money or use their own money to buy part or all of a business. They help to match the business financing need to investors who are seeking to earn money by either lending to the business or owning part of the business.

In the mid 20th century, certain investment banks started to help their business clients to sell their business entirely to other businesses instead of to investors, as well as to help businesses decide what other business they should buy, with a fee based on the sale price of the business. This is called Mergers and Acquisitions. There are many small investment banks that only offer this activity, and do not help businesses to borrow money or sell ownership in the business. 

An investment bank helps businesses to borrow money using a contract known as a bond, and to sell ownership in the company using a contract known as stock**.** Most countries have government rules about these processes. The business must operate and disclose their financial results in a certain manner. They can then borrow money using bonds and sell ownership using stock to the public. People can sell bonds and stock without being responsible for the operation and financial disclosures of the business. 

Some reasons that a business might choose to borrow money from investors instead of a bank may include:

* The for lower interest rates
* An interest rate that is fixed (cannot changed) for a longer time than most banks would normally allow
* Investors might be more willing to lend to a company more at risk at not being able to pay than a bank would be willing to do

Some reasons that a business owner would agree to use an investment bank to sell part or all of their business to other investors include:

* To earn a profit on the amount they initially invested in the business (because there might be a larger number of buyers willing to buy businesses that are publicly traded, the price received for the business might be higher than if the owner sold the business to another individual)
* To raise money that the business can use to further grow
* To raise funds to pay back money that was borrowed for the business that the business owner might not be able to otherwise pay back

Investment Banks work with two kinds of customers, one being the businesses/governments which desire to borrow funds or sell ownership, and the individuals and other businesses who want to earn a profit on their money by lending to or owning other businesses.
The flag of the Grand Duchy.
The location of the Grand Duchy as shown within the borders of modern Germany.
The *Schloss Karlsruhe* the palace of the Grand Duke and his family.
The **Grand Duchy of Baden** was a former monarchy in Europe. It is now part of modern Germany. The Grand Duchy of Baden (German: *Großherzogtum Baden*) was a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the east bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and 1918, the capitol was the city of Karlsruhe.

Originally the grand ducal family were entitled to the style of *Highness*. The heir to the throne was usually known as the **Hereditary Prince** with the higher style of *Royal Highness*. 

The state was abolished in 1918 after the German Revolution where several monarchies ended.

List of Grand Dukes 1806–1918
-----------------------------

* Charles Frederick 1806–1811
* Charles 1811–1818
* Louis I 1818–1830
* Leopold 1830–1852
* Louis II 1852–1856
* Frederick I 1856–1907
* Frederick II 1907–1918
**James Weldon Johnson** (June 17, 1871 – June 26, 1938) was an American writer and civil rights activist. He was married to civil rights activist Grace Nail Johnson. Johnson was a leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He started working there in 1917. In 1920, he was the first African American to be the executive secretary of the organization. This made him the person in charge. Johnson held that position from 1920 to 1930. As a writer, he was known during the Harlem Renaissance for his poems and his novel. He also has a collection of both poems and spirituals of black culture. He wrote the lyrics for "Lift Every Voice and Sing". This was later known as the Negro National Anthem. The music for the song was written by his younger brother, composer J. Rosamond Johnson.

Johnson was the U.S. consul in Venezuela and Nicaragua for most of the period from 1906 to 1913. In 1934. he was the first African-American professor to be hired at New York University. Further on in life, he was a professor at Fisk University, a historically black university.

Related pages
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* List of poets from North America
**Hamsters** are rodents belonging to the subfamily **Cricetinae**. The subfamily contains about 25 species in six or seven genera. They have become established as popular small house pets. They are a bit like a mouse. Wild hamsters live in the desert, but people all over the world keep domesticated hamsters as pets.

In the wild, hamsters are crepuscular and stay underground during the day. They feed on seeds, fruits, and vegetation, and occasionally eat burrowing insects. Hamsters are distinguished by their large cheek pouches, and relatively short tail. They use their long cheek pouches (extending to their shoulders) to carry food back to their burrows.

Even though the Syrian hamster or golden hamster (*Mesocricetus auratus*) was first described scientifically by George Robert Waterhouse in 1839, researchers were not able to successfully breed and domesticate hamsters until 1939.

Hamsters as pets
----------------

There are six main types of domestic hamsters: the Syrian hamster (the kind most people have as pets), winter whites, campbells, the Russian dwarf hamster (a hybrid of winter white and Campbell's dwarf hamsters), the Chinese hamster, and the Roborovski hamster. Unlike other species, the Chinese hamster has a long tail. All Syrian hamsters are the descendants of 12 baby hamsters found in Syria in 1930.

Pet hamsters should live in cages with wood shavings or recycled newspaper (pine or cedar shavings are toxic to hamsters). Plain toilet paper is also a cheap, safe option, but straw should only be given in small amounts. Hamsters eat mostly hamster food sold at a pet shop, but they can also eat many vegetables and fruits in small portions. Hamsters store food in natural pouches in the sides of their mouths.

Because they are rodents, hamster incisors grow constantly. They need wooden blocks and hard food to wear the teeth down and prevent them from getting too long. Most hamsters also have a wheel to run on for exercise. A 6-inch (15 cm) wheel is recommended for most dwarf hamsters, and at least an eight-inch (20 cm) wheel for Syrians. If the wheel is too small, the hamster's spine can become bent. Some people get other kinds of exercise equipment for their hamsters, like a "hamster ball" in which the hamster can roll around the floor (though these are not recommended by some animal welfare groups), or a long network of tubes with air holes for hamsters to crawl through. They should live in a tank or cage. Hamsters are not recommended for young children.
***18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker*** or ***18 Wheeler*** (*EitīnHoīrā*, *Eitīn Hoīra*) in Japan is an arcade vehicle simulator video game,developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega. The game was released first on arcades in 2000, then later ported to the Dreamcast console in 2001. One year later, the game was also released in PlayStation 2 and GameCube (published by Accalim Entertainment). The game was followed by sequel, called *The King of Route 66*. Released on Arcade in 2002, one year later, the game was ported to the PlayStation 2 in 2003.

Gameplay
--------

The gameplay in *18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker* is to make it to the finish line with the truck cargo. Players are given a set amount of time limit, but player can ram into special vans that added an extra times in 3 seconds. There are several character to choose from, with unique truckes and attributes.

Player can starts out in New York City, New York and players can able travel across the United States of America, and the end in the San Francisco, California. After passed Stage 1, the games which gives a players to get a choice of trailer. One trailer is harder to haul, but provides a bigger payoff when the other choices is easier to provides a small payoff.

Other websites
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* *18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker* at MobyGames
* 18 Wheeler: American Pro Thunder at Killer List of Videogames
**John Dunstaple** or **Dunstable** (born about 1390; died 24 December 1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century. He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent. He helped poo develop the style of the Burgundian School.

The spelling **"Dunstaple"** is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable".

Life
----

Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436. He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester.

Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey. He was probably married.
During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.

He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.

Music and influence
-------------------

We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music. England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling. Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy. This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe. He influenced Dufay and Binchois. The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England.

Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as *cantus firmus.* He wrote many carols (religious songs), but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them. He wrote secular music, but it has been lost.
The **strike zone** is the area over home plate through which a pitch must pass to be called a strike, roughly between the batter's armpits and knees. The Strike Zone shall be determined from the batter's stance as the batter is prepared to swing at a pitched ball. The strike zone in baseball is a tricky subject as the strike zone changes with each batter. Accordingly, there is no "automatic" strike zone and much of what is a strike or not a strike is left to the judgement of the home plate umpire.

In short, the strike zone extends from the batters' knees to the letters across the front of his uniform. To be called a strike, the pitcher must throw the baseball across home plate, an area 17 inches wide (0.4318 meters), and between the knees and letters as indicated. In professional baseball, a player who stands 5' 6" tall (1.67 meters), for example, will have a much smaller strike zone that will a 6' 4" (1.93 meters) homerun hitter. Moreover, the focus is not on where the ball is caught by the catcher, but rather where the ball is as it passes the front of home plate.

Related pages
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* At bat
**Sports for the disabled**, also called **parasports** are sports played by people with a disability, including physical and intellectual disabilities. Some are adapted from existing able-bodied sports. Some have been made for persons with a disability and do not have an able-bodied equivalent. There are four categories: physical, mental, permanent and temporary. In competitions disability sport classifications enable fair competition between people with different types of disabilities.

Much like with other sports, there are sports for everyday people, and sports for people who do this professionally.

These sports started in the nineteenth century. The "Cripples Olympiad" was held in the U.S.A. in 1911. The first deaf sport games - the 'Paris Silent Games' - was in 1924. This led to the modern Deaflympics. After the end of World War II there were many soldiers and civilians disabled. Sport was used as method of treatment and rehabilitation. Ludwig Guttmann, a leading German neurologist set up the first Stoke Mandeville Games on July 28th 1948, the same day as the Opening Ceremony of the 1948 Olympic Games in London. This was for wheelchair athletes. The first Paralympic Games were in Rome in 1960. Games people with intellectual disabilities started in the 1960s. The first Special Olympics were held in Chicago in 1968. In 1986, the International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability (INAS-FID) was formed to support competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The International Paralympic Committee was set up in 1989 in Düsseldorf. At the London 2012 Paralympic Games there were 23 parasports.

Disability sport classification
-------------------------------

There are many different sorts of disabilities. The International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) was created in 1964. At first the classifications were medical, so people who had polio were put together. They were very different in how they were affected. Functional classification systems were developed, as they were better at putting people with similar abilities together. They have been used since the 1980s.

There are six big specific disability sport organizations governing classification:

* Cerebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association for cerebral palsy and head injuries,
* International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation for spinal cord injuries,
* International Sports Organization for the Disabled for orthopaedic conditions and amputees,
* International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability for people with intellectual disabilities,
* International Blind Sports Federation for blind and vision impaired athletes.

As members of the International Paralympic Committee, they have to comply with classification code spelled out by the IPC on how to establish and maintain a classification system.

The International Sports Federations are in charge of classification for some disability types in athletics, alpine skiing, wheelchair rugby and lawn bowls.