recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**The Authors Guild** is America's oldest and largest professional organization for writers. It works to protect free expression and copyright. It started in 1912 as the **Authors League of America.** Notable authors of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry have been board members. It has over 9,000 members. These members get legal advice and guidance on contracts with publishers as well as insurance and help with licensing and royalties.

Conflict with Google
--------------------

On September 20, 2005, the Authors Guild, together with Herbert Mitgang, Betty Miles and Daniel Hoffman, sued Google for its Book Search project. The Authors Guild said Google was breaking the law by making digital copies of books that were still in copyright. (Google countered that their use was fair according to US copyright law.)

On October 28, 2008, the Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, and Google announced an agreement. Google would pay $125 million, $45 million to rightsholders whose books were scanned without permission. The Google Book Search Settlement Agreement allowed for legal protection for Google's scanning project. But both sides still said the other was wrong about copyright law. The Settlement also would have started a new regulatory organization, the Book Rights Registry, which would decide how fees from Google went to rightsholders.

The settlement between the Authors guild and Google was rejected in 2011 by a judge at the district court level. The judge thought the settlement was not good for the authors.

In October 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit sided with Google. The court said that scanning and posting parts of works online was Fair Use and did not harm the authors.

In late December 2015, the Authors Guild filed a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court against Google over copyright laws. which in April 2016 did not review the case, leaving the lower court's decision as correct.

Other websites
--------------

* The Authors Guild website
* "Press release re suing Google". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007.
* Authors sue Google over book plan
Swift Parrot perched in eucalypt foliageThe forests provide important feeding habitat for migratory Swift Parrots in autumn and winter
**Box-Ironbark forest** is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

History
-------

Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas. After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.

Description
-----------

Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm. About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves. About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development. Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.

### Vegetation

Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses. The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark. In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy. The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include *Cheiranthera cyanaea*, *Philotheca verrucosa*, *Xerochrysum viscosum*, *Pultenaea largiflorens*, *Acacia williamsonii* and *Stuartina muelleri*.

### Animals

The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets. The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.

Further reading
---------------

* Tzaros, Chris. (2005). *Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country*. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-643-06967-1
The right brachial plexus with its short branches, viewed from in front.
The **brachial plexus** is a group of nerves. It runs from the vertebral column to the arm.

Structure
---------

The brachial plexus is divided into five *roots*, three *trunks*, six *divisions*, three *cords*, and five *branches*. 

### Roots

The five **roots** come out of the spinal cord. They are each named after the part of the spinal cord they come out of: C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.

### Trunks

These roots join to form three **trunks**:

* "upper" (C5-C6)
* "middle" (C7)
* "lower" (C8-T1)

### Divisions

Each trunk then splits into two **divisions**:

* anterior (front) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks
* posterior (back) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks

### Cords

These six divisions join up again to become the three **cords**. 

* The *posterior cord* is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks (C5-C8,T1)
* The *lateral cord* is formed from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)
* The *medial cord* is simply a continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk (C8,T1)

### Diagram

Drawing of the brachial plexus using colour to show where all the different nerves come fromThe brachial plexus

### Nerves

The nerves that come out of the brachial plexus include:

* Radial nerve
* Axillary nerve
* Musculocutaneous nerve
* Median nerve
* Ulnar nerve

Related pages
-------------

* Brachial artery
Auction of a helmet at Christie's. 
Melburne tea auction, print from 1885. Also shows tea being weighed and tasted.An auction of fresh tuna, in Japan
"Grasmere" on Ferry Road awaiting sale by auction. The auctioneers website says: "A detached Victorian property in need of complete renovation set in open countryside with surrounding grass paddock extending to 8.11 acres. Guide Price: £150,000 - £200,000."
An **auction** is a method by which goods or services can be sold and bought. In an auction, the price of an item is not fixed in advance. People wanting to buy the item say how much they are willing to pay for it. This is called their *bid*. In each round, the bids are evaluated. If certain criteria are met, the auction is stopped and one bidder will buy the item at the specified price. Alternatively, the auction can continue for another round. If certain conditions are met, the auction will stop, and the item will not be sold. There are different kinds of auctions, with different rules.

Auctions usually happen within a given timeframe. When the time expires, the bid that best matches will win, or the item will not be sold.

There are companies that specialize in doing auctions. These companies will charge fees for doing the auction; they may also get a commission that depends on the price the item is sold at.

Auctions can be done online, or they can be done offline. Sometimes, bids are placed by telephone, or over the internet.

Most common kinds of auction
----------------------------

The most common kinds of auction are:

* *English auction*: the highest bidder wins. The auction starts at the lowest price the seller is willing to sell at, and the price goes up as long as someone is willing to pay a higher price.
* A *Dutch auction* goes the other way round: The auction starts at a high price, and goes down until someone is willing to buy. Before the auction, the seller sets the lowest price they'll sell the item for, and if the auction reaches that price without anyone buying, the auction is stopped without selling the item.
* *Sealed first-bid auction*: All the bids are submitted at the same time, without any of the bidders knowing each other's bids. The bidder with the highest bid wins.
* *Vickrey auction* (or *sealed-bid second-price auction)* : This kind of auction works the same as the sealed first-bid auction, but the bidder only pays the second-highest price. This kind of auction is very important in economic theory, but isn't used as much in real life.

The mechanisms why auctions work
--------------------------------

Auctions work because of information asymmetry: The seller wants to sell at the highest possible price, and the buyers want to pay as little as possible.But the seller does not know the prices the buyers are willing to pay: Setting a price that is too hight means that there will be no sale, setting a price that is too low means that there will be less profit. Each buyer knows how much he is willing to pay, but does not know the price the other buyers are willing to pay. So buyers influence each other. The theory that models these phenomena is called auction theory. It is based on game theory and microeconomics.
***Australopithecus anamensis*** is a species of *Australopithecus*. The first fossilized specimen of the species, though not recognized as such at the time, was a single arm bone found in Pliocene strata in the Kanapoi region of East Lake Turkana by a Harvard University research team in 1965. The specimen was tentatively assigned at the time to *Australopithecus* and dated about four million years old. Little additional information was uncovered until 1987, when Canadian archaeologist Allan Morton (with Harvard University's Koobi Fora Field School) discovered fragments of a specimen sticking out of a partially eroded hillside east of Allia Bay, near Lake Turkana, Kenya. 

Six years later the London-born Kenyan paleoanthropologist Meave Leakey and archaeologist Alan Walker excavated the Allia Bay site and uncovered several additional fragments of the hominid, including one complete lower jaw bone which closely resembles that of a common chimpanzee (*Pan troglodytes*) but whose teeth are much more similar to those of a human. In 1995, Meave Leakey and her associates, taking note of differences between *Australopithecus afarensis* and the new finds, assigned them to a new species, *A. anamensis*, deriving its name from the Turkana word anam, meaning "lake".
The **Bradshaw Trail**, nicknamed the **Gold Road** at one time, is a historic trail which used to be a stagecoach route in Southern California.

This road used to connect San Bernardino, California to gold fields in La Paz, Arizona, known today as Ehrenberg. It was the first road connecting Riverside County to the Colorado River.

The part which remains today is a graded dirt road which crosses southeastern Riverside County and a part of Imperial County, beginning roughly 12 miles/19km east of North Shore and ending about 14 miles/23km southwest of Blythe for a total of 70 miles/113km.

History
-------

The trail is named for trailblazer William David Bradshaw who first crossed the area in 1862. A former forty-niner, Bradshaw knew that the northern gold mines were rapidly emptying and that miners and other people leaving the area would need a more direct trail from the south across the desert to the new gold strike at La Paz. Without a direct trail, they would have to travel a great distance southeast to Yuma, then north up the river to La Paz. Bradshaw was a smart man; he knew there were lots of chances to make money in a gold boomtown.

Originally 180 miles/290km long, the western end of the trail began east of San Bernardino in the San Gorgonio Pass. Bradshaw and his party travelled southeast to the northern tip of the Salton Sink, turning due east to the foothills of the Orocopia Mountains and an existing stage stop called "Dos Palmas."

Leaving Dos Palmas, the men continued eastward between the Orocopia and Chocolate mountain ranges, briefly passing by the southern end of the Chuckwalla range and ending at the Palo Verde Valley. Once they crossed the Colorado River, the party rode upstream for about four miles to the gold fields. Despite the fact that the trail crossed mostly barren desert, there was lots of water to be found at water holes found at roughly thirty-mile/48km intervals.

Between 1862 and 1877, the Bradshaw Trail was the main route between Southern California and the La Paz gold fields.

The trail today
---------------

The remaining part of the Bradshaw Trail mostly crosses public land. The extreme eastern end of the trail at Ripley does not. Use of a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended to travel across the trail. There are no services on the trail itself.

Another fact to consider is the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range which borders a part of the Bradshaw Trail to the south. This is a live bombing range and is clearly marked.

*See also: Wiley's Well*

Other websites
--------------

* BLM page on the Bradshaw Trail outlining recreational activities and access information Archived 2008-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Bradshaw Trail history at desertusa.com

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w:en:Template:Attached KML/Bradshaw TrailKML is from Wikidata
The lower concorse links the bus and railway stations above
**Bradford Interchange** is one of two main railway stations in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The other is Bradford Forster Square. It is a transport interchange in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It consists of a railway station and combined bus and coach station adjacent. The Interchange was designed in 1962. At the time it was hailed as a showpiece of European design when it opened in 1971. It is served by the majority of bus services in the city centre. It is also served by National Express. The railway station, which is one of two in the city centre, is served by Northern Rail. It is also the terminus for Grand Central services to Kings Cross railway station.

History
-------

The station opened as part of the Leeds and Bradford railway in 1850 as *Bradford Exchange* It has been rebuilt since. The latest part to be rebuilt is the bus station in the 1990s.

Layout
------

The station has an unusual layout with a concourse on the ground floor and both the bus and train stations on the first floor. They are accessed by escalators. The railway station is a terminus station.

Services
--------

### Rail

The train platforms
The station has services to Leeds, Halifax and Manchester Victoria. For most long distance trains passengers change at Leeds. Grand Central Trains run a service to London King's Cross.

### Bus and coach

Inside the bus and coach station
The Interchange is the city's main bus and coach station. Buses run by First Bradford run throughout the city from the Interchange and National Express coaches to other cities do too.

Other websites
--------------

* Bradford Interchange, Metro Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Bradford Interchange Map
The main firing wall of the Bradleys Head Fortification Complex.
Gun emplacement overlooking Sydney Harbour
The **Bradleys Head Fortification Complex** is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.

History
-------

They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps.

In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period.
The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.

Gallery
-------

* The only entrance to the battery constructed in 1871.The only entrance to the battery constructed in 1871.
* A feature inside the onsite barracks.A feature inside the onsite barracks.
* One of the barrack hallways with an entry point to the innermost chamber on the right hand side.One of the barrack hallways with an entry point to the innermost chamber on the right hand side.
* The innermost chamber of the barracksThe innermost chamber of the barracks
* Trenches leading to gun emplacements and into the underground chambers on site.Trenches leading to gun emplacements and into the underground chambers on site.
* Large gun emplacement constructed 1840-42Large gun emplacement constructed 1840-42
* Cannon and gun emplacement constructed 1871Cannon and gun emplacement constructed 1871
* Empty gun emplacement constructed 1871Empty gun emplacement constructed 1871
A venturi showing Bernoulli's principle. The water on the right is lower due to the higher pressure in the big tube
**Bernoulli's principle** is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases. The photo on the right shows this happening. The air in the wide part of the tube has a higher static pressure than the thin part. For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must increase. 

When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure". A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid toward lower pressure. So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force). Bernoulli saw that while the fluid moved more quickly in the smaller part of the tube, the pressure became less. Please note that this refers to changes in speed and pressure along a single path of flow and does not apply to two different flows at different speeds.

The full version of Bernoulli's principle includes both the work by the pressure and by the changes in potential energy from changes in height. In this form, the principle says the total of the pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is a constant. (Bernoulli does not consider viscosity or compressibility.)
**Atrax** is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.

Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.

There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.
**Brandon Sanderson** (born December 19, 1975) is an American fantasy and science fiction writer. He is best known for the Cosmere universe, where most of his fantasy books are set; and for finishing Robert Jordan's fantasy series *The Wheel of Time*.

Sanderson was raised in Lincoln, Nebraska. He studied at Brigham Young University, where he received degrees in English literature and creative writing. In 2008, Sanderson started a podcast with author Dan Wells and cartoonist Howard Tayler called *Writing Excuses* with topics about creating and producing genre writing and webcomics.

In 2016, the American media company DMG Entertainment bought the movie rights to Sanderson's entire Cosmere universe.

Life and career
---------------

Brandon Sanderson was born on December 19, 1975, in Lincoln, Nebraska. As a teenager, he loved reading high fantasy novels and tried writing his own stories. After graduating from high school in 1994, he enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU) as a biochemistry major. He took a two-year leave of absence from 1995 to 1997 to work as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and was assigned to serve in South Korea.

After completing his missionary work, Sanderson returned to BYU and changed his major to English literature. While an undergraduate, Sanderson took a job as a night desk clerk at a local hotel in Provo, Utah, because it allowed him to write while working. After earning a B.A. in English, Sanderson entered BYU's creative writing graduate program and received an M.F.A. degree in 2005. During his graduate work at BYU, Sanderson was on the staff of *Leading Edge*, a semi-professional speculative fiction magazine published by the university.

Sanderson in 2007
Sanderson wrote regularly throughout his undergraduate and graduate studies, and by 2003 he had written twelve novels, all unpublished. While in the middle of a graduate program at BYU, Tor Books editor Moshe Feder contacted him to say that he wanted to get one of his books. Sanderson had sent the manuscript of his sixth novel, *Elantris*, a year and a half earlier. *Elantris* was published by Tor Books on April 21, 2005, to generally positive reviews. This was followed in 2006 by *Mistborn: The Final Empire*, the first book in his *Mistborn* fantasy trilogy.

In 2006, Sanderson married Emily Bushman. She was also an English major and teacher. She became his business manager. They have three children and live in American Fork, Utah.
**Brett Sutton** (born 16 May 1959) is an Australian triathlon coach and a former professional boxer, boxing coach, greyhound trainer, racehorse trainer and swimming coach, who is the head coach of Trisutto.com. Before setting up Trisutto.com, he was head coach of the triathlon team teamTBB.

He has coached many World and Olympic champions, including Ironman world record holder Chrissie Wellington and Olympic champions Nicola Spirig and Emma Snowsill. He is known for his forthright views on training methods and strong criticism of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) and its officials.

In 1999, he pleaded guilty in an Australian court to five sexual offences committed in the late 1980s against a teenage girl swimmer whom he was coaching. After the trial, in which he was given a suspended sentence, he was banned for life from coaching in Australia, and Sutton's marriage ended in divorce. Sutton later remarried, and is now based in Leysin, Switzerland, where he lives with his Swiss wife Fiona and their two daughters.

He has been described as "the coach with the most formidable résumé in triathlon", "widely recognised as one of the best triathlon coaches", and "widely considered to be the best and most unorthodox coach in the sport".

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Official website of *teamTBB*
The **Australian magpie** (*Gymnorhina tibicen*) is a large black-and-white bird. It lives in most parts of Australia and in a small part of New Guinea. It is not closely related to the European magpie: they just look rather similar.

Australian magpies are related to butcherbirds and currawongs. They are in the family Artamidae.

The Australian magpie is in its own genus *Gymnorhina* and is related to the black butcherbird (*Melloria quoyi*). They live in bush land and in cities near people.

Description
-----------

Australian magpies are from 37 to 43 cm long. They do not have very long tails like European magpies. 
An adult magpie has red eyes, black legs, and a white beak with black tip. 

There are nine kinds of magpies (subspecies or races) in different parts of the country. Some subspecies have black backs and some have white.

Behaviour
---------

They walk on the ground where they look for insects and lizards to eat. Many other birds hop (move with small jumps), but magpies walk. When they are not looking for food, they stand or perch by holding on with their feet while they stand or crouch in trees or on man-made structures. 

When magpies have baby chicks in their nests, the adults will "swoop" at nearby people – flying at their heads – to chase them away.

Some people feed magpies by throwing small pieces of meat to them. Magpies can learn to come near humans for food. They do not usually let people touch them.
Map showing the location of **Bradley Land** sighted by Frederick Cook and Crocker Land sighted by Robert Peary.
Photo of Cook's 1909 expedition, with alleged Bradley Land in background
**Bradley Land** is the name of a landmass Frederick Cook claimed to have seen during a expedition in 1909. He said, the land between positions (84°20′N 102°0′W﻿ / ﻿84.333°N 102.000°W﻿ / 84.333; -102.000) and (85°11′N 102°0′W﻿ / ﻿85.183°N 102.000°W﻿ / 85.183; -102.000). He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between. The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.

Cook published two photographs of the land and described it as follows: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice."

It is now known there is no land at that location. Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication. Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.
*Marrella*, the most abundant Burgess Shale organism
*Ottoia*, a soft-bodied worm, abundant in the Burgess Shale
The first complete *Anomalocaris* fossil found
The **Burgess Shale Formation** in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia is one of the world's most celebrated fossil sites, the best of its kind. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. It is ~505 million years old (Middle Cambrian), one of the earliest soft-parts fossil beds.

The rock unit is a black shale, and crops out at a number of localities near the town of Field in the Yoho National Park.

The Burgess Shale was discovered by palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909, towards the end of the season's fieldwork. He returned in 1910 with his sons, and established a quarry on the flanks of Fossil Ridge. The fact that fossils were of soft-bodied forms, and the range of organisms new to science, led him to return to the quarry almost every year until 1924. At this point, aged 74, he had got over 65,000 specimens.

Describing the fossils is a vast task, pursued by Walcott until his death in 1927, and continued into the 21st century. Walcott, led by scientific opinion at the time, attempted to categorise all fossils into living taxa. As a result, the fossils were regarded as little more than curiosities at the time. It was not until 1962 that a first-hand reinvestigation of the fossils was attempted, by Alberto Simonetta. This led scientists to recognise that Walcott had barely scratched the surface of information available in the Burgess Shale.

A second quarry (in the same geological formation) was opened. A thorough reassessment of the Burgess Shale showed that the fauna were much more varied and unusual than Walcott had realised. The Royal Ontario Museum now has the largest collection of Burgess Shale material in the world with over 150,000 specimens. Many of the animals present had bizarre anatomical features and only the slightest resemblance to other known animals. Examples include *Opabinia*, with five eyes and a snout like a vacuum cleaner hose; *Nectocaris*, and *Hallucigenia*. This last was originally reconstructed upside down, walking on its spines.

The Burgess Shale was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. It became part of the Canada Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site in 1984.

Related pages
-------------

* *Cambroraster falcatus*
* Lagerstätten
**Berowra Valley National Park** is a national park, about 39 kilometres north of Sydney CBD in New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the greater Sydney area. The Parramatta suburb is around 17 kilometres away.

Location
--------

The 38.76 km² Berowra Valley National Park lies between the suburbs of Hornsby Heights, Thornleigh, Galston, Pennant Hills and Cherrybrook. The Berowra River Regional Park connects to the south. To the east is the Ku-ring-gai-Chase National Park and to the north is the Marramarra National Park .

Landscape and recreational opportunities
----------------------------------------

The national park is criss-crossed by valleys with bushes in which eucalyptus and banksia grow. There are 70 in the national park kilometres of hiking trails. The *Great North Way*, which can be hiked 250 kilometres from Sydney to Newcastle, runs 25 kilometres through the national park. Boats and canoes can be launched and fishing is available in Berowra Creek, which runs through the park.

Fauna
-----

Owls, white-tailed eagles, wedge-tailed eagles, kookaburra, gray-backed lily- tail, gray-headed fruit bat, swamp wallaby and the protected frog *Pseudophryne australis* can be seen in the national park.

Aboriginals
-----------

Berowra Valley National Park is a traditional Aboriginal land. It was where the Guringai lived in the east of Berowra Creek and the Dharug in the west. In the area there are several important places for the indigenous population, such as campfires, clam gathering and also artefacts.

Web links
---------

* Official website of the national park
**Boomerang** is a coaster type made by Vekoma, named after the original boomerang. The first Boomerang began operation in 1984 at Rafaela Padilla in Puebla, México (which has since been moved to Six Flags México), and it has become one of the most repeated roller coaster designs in the world, with 41 Boomerangs operating as of 2011, another two "Standing but not operating" or in storage, and one currently under construction.

Information
-----------

Boomerang track layout
The Boomerang operates with one train with 7 cars, each capable of carrying 4 people (28 people per train). The ride starts with the train being pulled backwards out of the station, up a lift hill by a catch-car. When the catch-car reaches the end of the lift hill, it releases the train, which rolls down through the station, then into a cobra roll. After the cobra roll, it goes through a loop after which it clicks onto a chain on the second lift hill. When the train reaches the end of the second lift hill, the chain is moved down, which causes the train to roll down (as it is not attached to the chain anymore) and do the same track backwards.

Problems
--------

Boomerang coasters have sometimes stalled, often in the cobra Roll element. As a precaution, many Boomerang coasters, are built with an access platform just under the cobra roll. Also, sometimes the train gets stuck on the second lift hill.

Other websites
--------------

* Boomerang page on the Vekoma website
* Listing of Boomerang roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
* Listing of Invertigo roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
* Listing of Giant Inverted Boomerang roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
* Detailed Technical Article about Boomerang Roller Coasters
**Bryant Reeves** (born June 8, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played six seasons with the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was nicknamed **Big Country** by his college teammate Byron Houston after he was amazed through his first cross-country flight over the United States, having grown up in the small town of Gans, Oklahoma.

Reeves played college basketball at the Oklahoma State University–Stillwater with the Cowboys. During his time with the Cowboys, Reeves led the team to the 1995 Final Four and averaged 21.5 points per game as a senior player.

He was selected 6th overall by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the 1996 NBA Draft. He was the Grizzlies' first-ever draft choice. During his six seasons with the Grizzlies, he had averaged 13.3 points per game in his rookie season and he averaged 16.2 points per game in 1997. On July 8, 1997, Reeves was given a six-year, $61.8 million contract extension. Reeves' best season came in 1997-98, when averaged 16.3 points, 7.9 rebounds, 1.08 blocked shots per game, and scored a career-high 41 points against the Boston Celtics.

After 1998, he began suffering from both weight-control problems and injuries. His production numbers had fell off severely. The Grizzlies were still using Reeves as their starting center but both his minutes per game dropped and his field goal percentage had dropped. When the Grizzlies were moved to Memphis in 2001, Reeves had to start the season on the injured list because of continuing back pain and he was never able to play another game after only playing two preseason games with Memphis. Reeves retired from playing professional basketball on January 29, 2002.

Since retiring, Reeves moved back to Gans, Oklahoma where he owns a large cattle ranch just outside of Gans and lives with his wife and three children.

Other websites
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* NBA profile[*permanent dead link*]
People celebrating the **Great Parade** (January 6)
**Blacks and Whites' Carnival** (*Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos*) is a carnival in the Colombian city of Pasto, and was proclaimed by UNESCO as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The carnival happens each year, from January 2 to January 7. Many tourists visit it.

Stages
------

It has two stages: **pre-carnival** with *Fool's Day* and *New Year's Eve Puppets* (parade and burning); and the **carnival** itself with four celebration days: *Colonies Day*, *Carnavalito* (Children's Carnival), the *Arrival of the Castañeda Family*, *Blacks' Day* and *Whites' Day* with the *Grand Parade* (this being the most important day for its beauty).

**Colonies Day** was added as an official day into the traditional Carnival programing, with several new acts: Tribute to the Virgin of Mercy, Colonies Parade, and Rock Day. 

**Carnavalito** (Children's Carnival) began in 1966, as a copy of the adults' carnival, originally with little floats, accompanied by child musicians and dancing girls.

The **Arrival of the Castañeda Family** began in 1929 as a salute to the settlers in the east of the country.

**Blacks' Day** originally commemorated the day in which the African slaves had a free day, after the 1607 slave rebellion in the Colombian town of *Remedios*. It is said that when news reached Popayan, the African population there went to the streets and danced, and blackened all the white walls of that city with coal. In Pasto the celebration has probably taken place since 1857, when white people began to paint their faces black.

**Whites' Day** (and the modern carnival) began in 1912 as a new way to celebrate the Epiphany. The people began to paint their faces white with cosmetics and powder. In 1926 the **Great Parade** began, full of colorful and giant floats, and people began playing with streamers and confetti.

**Carnival Remate** (Finish) happens by celebrating "Cuy's day", when locals and tourists delight in the typical dish of the region.

Today the carnival is very important for tourism. People use costumes and masks, and still play with black cosmetics and white powder.

Related pages
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* Carnival

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Blacks and Whites' Carnival***.

* *"Corpocarnaval" – Corporación oficial del carnaval de Negros y Blancos* (in Spanish).
* *Periódico de la UN: El carnaval de Pasto: oxígeno de una identidad* (in Spanish) Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine.
* *Colombia turismo, Carnaval de Negros y Blancos* (in Spanish).
* *Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity*.
For the rugby league player, see Brian Johnson (rugby league).
Johnson in November 2008
**Brian Johnson** (born 5 October 1947 in Dunston, Gateshead, England) is an English singer and songwriter. He is best known as the singer for Australian hard rock band AC/DC.

Biography
---------

Johnson's father, Allan, was in the British Army's light infantry. His mother, Esther, came from Italy. Johnson has two children from his first marriage. That marriage ended in divorce just before he joined AC/DC in 1980.

### Before AC/DC

Johnson was in the Newcastle glam-rock band Geordie in 1972. The band split up in 1978 but Johnson put it back together in 1980. Just after a record contract had been signed, Johnson was asked to audition for AC/DC.

### Joining AC/DC

Johnson joined AC/DC in 1980, after the death of the band's former lead singer Bon Scott. He was the band's first choice. A fan in Cleveland, Ohio had sent a Geordie album to AC/DC after Bon Scott's death. The fan had asked them to consider Johnson. Years earlier, Bon Scott had also praised Johnson's singing and performance style.

Johnson co-wrote all[*source?*] of AC/DC's songs with the Young brothers for ten years.

Other websites
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* AC/DC profile page by Albert Music Archived 2001-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
* AC/DC profile page by Atlantic Records Archived 2006-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
* AC/DC profile page by Epic Records Archived 2006-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
* AC/DC Fan Page Archived 2006-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
The character Osono, from the play *Hade Sugata Onna Maiginu* (艶容女舞衣), in a performance by the Tonda Puppet Troupe of Nagahama, Shiga Prefecture.
Close-up of a male puppet's head with mechanical eyes. This particular puppet is a head used in *sanbaso* performances.
National Bunraku Theatre in Osaka
***Bunraku***, also known as *Ningyō jōruri*, is a Japanese puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in the 17th century. It was mainly related to kabuki from Genroku period. Bunraku developed in Edo period combining puppet art with *joruri*. Bunraku has the narrator with puppets and the action is accompained by a game on the shamisen. 

The most famous Japanese bunraku playwright is Chikamatsu Mozaemon. His most famous work is *The Love Suicides at Sonezaki*.

History
-------

Originally the term bunraku referred to theatre founded in Osaka in 1805. 

In Edo period, male pupeteers were hidden from the audience by the curtain while they held pupepts. The narrator and musician were also hidden. In 1703, pupeteers apperead in full view of the audience. In 1728, the narrator and musician were given their own stage.

Related pages
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* Kabuki
Br'er Rabbit's dream, from *Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings: The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation*, 1881.
**Br'er Rabbit** (also spelled **Bre'r Rabbit** or **Brer Rabbit** or **Bruh Rabbit**, with the title "Br'er" pronounced /ˈbrɛər/) is an important character in the Uncle Remus stories in the Southern United States. He is a tricky character, and usually wins or escapes because he is clever, not because he is strong.

Br'er Rabbit came from both African and Cherokee cultures. Disney later used the character for their *The Song of the South*.

In a Cherokee story, "the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit quickly escapes." There was a "melding (mixing) of the Cherokee rabbit-trickster ... into the culture of African slaves." "In fact, most of the Br'er Rabbit stories originated in (came from) Cherokee myths."

Other websites
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Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Uncle Remus’ Br'er Rabbit stories**

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Br'er Rabbit***.

* Brer-Rabbit.com Archived 2010-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Brer Rabbit Stories at AmericanFolklore.net
The Suwanee River
A swamp-fed stream in northern Florida, showing tannin-stained undisturbed blackwater.
A **blackwater river** is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Its colour is caused by the decaying vegetation. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, looking like tea or coffee.

Most rivers in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States are blackwater rivers. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black soil, are black due to the color of the soil. These rivers are *black mud rivers* or estuaries.

Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater. The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers.

The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear and whitewater was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1853.
"**Bart on the Road**" is the 20th episode of the 7th season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on television on March 31, 1996. In the episode, Bart gets a fake driver's license and takes his friends to Knoxville, Tennessee. However, Bart's car gets destroyed and Homer must use a courier to get Bart and his friends back to Springfield. 

The episode makes references to the movie *Naked Lunch*, singer Andy Williams, and the *Look* magazine.

Story
-----

Principal Skinner closes the Springfield Elementary School and tells his students to go to work with your parents. Bart wants to stay at home with Marge, but he is told that housecleaning is not a real job. Instead, Bart goes to Patty and Selma's job at the DMV (department of motor vehicles). Lisa goes to Homer's job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Bart makes a fake driver's license at the DMV and rents a car with Nelson, Milhouse, and Martin.

Bart and his friends tell their parents that they are going to Canada for a grammar competition. They instead use the rented car for a road trip to the 1982 World's Fair at Knoxville, Tennessee. However, the world fair happened 14 years ago and only a wig shop is still there. They all buy wigs and Martin uses the last money they have on a doll of Al Gore. Nelson knocks down the Sunsphere, which destroys their car. They are left being stuck in Knoxville.

Lisa uses her time during spring break at the power plant. Bart places a collect call on Lisa to help him and his friends return home without having Homer and Marge know. Bart becomes a courier but does not get enough money to go home. Principal Skinner sees Bart in Hong Kong while being a courier. Lisa makes Homer promise that he will not get angry about Bart, so she tells Homer where Bart is. Homer orders a new console for the power plant from Oak Ridge so Bart can get home. He gets it shipped near Knoxville, where Bart is still a courier. Nelson, Milhouse, and Martin hide in a crate.

Marge does not know about any of this and gets confused when she gets phone calls on what Bart has done.

Reception
---------

John Thorpe of *Central Michigan Life* called it the 8th best episode of *The Simpsons*. Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of B+ and thought that the best part of the episode was Patty and Selma telling Bart about their job, saying "Somedays we don't let the line move at all. We call those weekdays." Robert Canning of IGN calls the episode "outstanding" and says that "it's the way everything comes together that really makes it memorable." Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said that he loved the children at their parents' jobs and said "when they head out of town, the fun continues."

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***"Bart on the Road"***

* "Bart on the Road episode capsule". *The Simpsons Archive*.
* "Bart on the Road" at the Internet Movie Database
* "Bart on the Road" at TV.com
The **Baldwin apple** is a bright red winter apple, very good in quality, and easily shipped. It was for many years the most popular apple in New England, New York, and for export from America.

History
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According to local tradition, the apple was found near Wood Hill by William Butters (1665-1746), son of Will Butter, first white settler in what is now Wilmington, Massachusetts. William Butters raised the tree in his yard, near the present Baldwin Apple Monument *(pictured)*.

Monument to the Baldwin Apple at the site where it was discovered, Wilmington, Massachusetts
According to S. A. Beach's *Apples of New York*, the Baldwin originated soon after 1740 as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. John Ball of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and for about 40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighborhood. The farm eventually came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who gave the name *Woodpecker* to the apple because the tree was frequented by woodpeckers. The apple was long known locally as the *Woodpecker* or *Pecker*. It was also called the *Butters*. Deacon Samuel Thompson, a surveyor of Woburn, Massachusetts, brought it to the attention of Col. Loammi Baldwin of the same town. Baldwin grew the apple and spread it across eastern Massachusetts. From Col. Baldwin's interest in the variety it came to be called the Baldwin.

A monument to the Baldwin apple now marks the location (on today's Chestnut street in Wilmington). The monument's inscription reads: *This monument marks the site of the first Baldwin Apple Tree found growing wild near here. It fell in the gale of 1815. The apple first known as the Butters, Woodpecker or Pecker apple was named after Col. Loammi Baldwin of Woburn. Erected in 1895 by the Rumford Historical Association.*

A harsh winter in 1934 wiped out many of the Baldwin apple orchards in New England. Its popularity as an eating apple waned, but some orchards were preserved for many years due to its desirability as a mixing apple for cider. However, the orchards have not been replaced when they played out. Baldwin Apples, unlike many apples, have long been prized for the making of hard cider. "West County Cider" makes Baldwin Cider from trees planted in the early 1900s. It is their most popular cider.
The apple is noted for its particularly small to medium size (ca. 6–8 cm), when compared to other apples like the Macintosh. It is an exceptionally hard apple and would remain remarkably free from blemishes and other blights with few pesticides being needed. Because of its hardness it shipped well without bruising and for a time was prized for this quality. Aside from cider making it was also known as an exceptionally good pie apple and due to its hardness would maintain more crispness through the baking than other apples would.