recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
*For the area of dry land see **desert**.*
Creamy fruit cake
A Donut
Chocolate truffle balls
A **dessert** is a type of food that is eaten after lunch or dinner, and sometimes after a light meal or snack. It is usually a sweet food, like ice cream, cookies, and cakes. In some countries, cheeses such as Brie cheese and fruit are served as dessert. Some desserts are made from natural resources like fruit juice used in sherbet. Others are simple, like pudding and birthday cake. Many desserts are baked (cooked in an oven). Some desserts are served with whipped cream as a topping.

The term *dessert* can apply to many confections, such as biscuits, cakes, cookies, custards, gelatin's, ice creams, pastries, pies, puddings, sweet soups, and tarts. Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness. Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savoury to create desserts.

Types of desserts
-----------------

### Baked desserts

Baked desserts are made by putting the ingredients in a hot oven. Baked desserts include **cakes** and muffins (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); **sweet breads** such as banana bread and raisin bread (a mixture of flour, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); **cookies** such as chocolate chip cookies (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, and flavorings). **Puddings** and **custards** (a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, and flavorings) can be made in the oven. 

### Fried desserts

Fried desserts are made using a cooking process called deep frying. To deep-fry food, a large pot filled with oil is heated, and then the food is placed into the pot. Deep-fried desserts include **doughnuts.**

### Frozen desserts

Frozen desserts are made by blending the ingredients in a freezer. Frozen desserts include **ice cream** (a mixture of cream, milk, sugar, and flavorings), **milk shakes** (a mixture of ice cream, milk, and flavorings), and **sherbet** (also spelled "sorbet") (a mixture of water, sugar, and flavorings).

### Chilled desserts

Some desserts are made without using the oven or the freezer. **Trifle** is an English dessert made by soaking ladyfinger biscuits in sherry, covering them with whipped cream, and then letting it chill in the refrigerator. Some types of **instant pudding** and instant mousse desserts can be made without cooking; a person simply mixes the instant pudding powder with milk and chills it in the refrigerator.

Popular desserts from around the world
--------------------------------------

* France: Crème Brûlée
* America: Apple Pie
* United Kingdom: Sticky toffee pudding
* Middle East: Baklava
* Greece: Galaktoboureko
* Italy: Tiramisu
* Peru: Picarones
* Russia/Australia: Pavlova
* Spain: Tarta de Santiago
* Turkey: Turkish delight/Lokum
* Japan: Mochi
* Belgium: Belgian waffle
* India: Gulab Jamun
* Bangladesh: Kheer
**Inbreeding** is a term in genetics, meaning the crossing (mating) of closely related animals or plants. Self-fertilisation in plants is the most extreme kind of inbreeding. It is quite widespread in plants which carry both male and female flowers on the same plant. Inbreeding is the opposite of outcrossing, which is the mating of unrelated members of the same species. The combination of inbreeding and outcrossing is a standard method of artificial selection.

Other terms are **inbred strain**, a group of organisms so inbred that they have little or no genetic variation, and **inbreeding depression**, which is the decreased fitness (usually lack of fertility and early illness and death) brought about by inbreeding.

Inbred strains, for example of mice or drosophila, are often used in biology as model organisms when genetic uniformity makes them useful in investigation of such things as drugs and cancer.

For human beings, inbreeding is destructive, and almost all cultures have an incest taboo. For example, many prohibit marriage between first cousins, and most prohibit it for closer family members.

Loss of genetic variation
-------------------------

Loss of genetic variation means that many gene loci that were heterozygous are now homozygous. The result of both genes at a locus being mutant can be serious. 

The most intense form of inbreeding is the self-fertilisation in an hermaphrodite, in which the proportion of heterozygotes is halved in each generation.p139 Aa x Aa (100%) gives 1 AA: 2 Aa; 1 aa (50%), and so on. A similar effect takes twice as long with brother-sister mating, and longer still with mating in very small isolated groups. The latter situation is famous because Sewall Wright did his calculations for just such groups, and he called the process genetic drift. Genetic drift and inbreeding are closely related concepts.

The degree of inbreeding can be measured in various ways. A simple test for mammals is the exchange of skin grafts. If the grafts are not rejected, the animals must be nearly identical genetically. Skin grafts can be successfully exchanged between rats in standard laboratory strains, and between cheetahs caught in the wild.

Discussion
----------

Why is it that inbreeding brings about a loss of viability? There are two answers, and both seem to be true. The first is that a group with little genetic variation is vulnerable to environmental challenges: infections, sudden climate events, predators. Small groups are vulnerable to chance events in any case, but with no heritable variability they are even more vulnerable.

The second explanation is genetic. Some of the homozygous genes will be *deleterious recessives* which would normally be shielded by a dominant allele. Also, there are some loci where the heterozygote is inherently fitter than either homozygote. If so, inbreeding will automatically cause a loss of vigour.p103

Many plant species do self-pollination in the wild, but the great majority have occasional outcrossing. This provides them with sufficient variety for their survival.
Epicurus was a main hedonist philosopher from ancient Greece
**Hedonism** is the view that pleasure and suffering are the basis for what is good or bad. It is a philosophical position that first appeared in ancient philosophy. "*Hēdonē*" is the ancient Greek word for "pleasure". There are many different beliefs in hedonism. But in all forms of hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. They also think avoiding suffering is good. Some people think pain is the opposite of pleasure, but others do not. Some forms of hedonism say it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible. Others say that the quality of the pleasure matters.

Hedonism is often wrongly said to be related to sex. Sex can be a very pleasurable experience, but when philosophers talk about hedonism, they think more about the pleasure of reading a good book, listening to classical music, or discussing with other philosophers.

Two main types of hedonism are Cyrenaicism and Epicureanism. Cyrenaicism is where people make themselves happy in the fastest amount of time. Epicureanism is where people like to be happy but they do so slowly so that they cause less pain to themselves. They also look more into the future and go for the higher pleasures in life. On the other hand, Maslowism is the term for when you combine the concepts of utilitarianism and hedonism.

Related pages
-------------

* Egoism
* Utilitarianism
The **azuki bean** is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled **adzuki**. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world. Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes.

History and origin
------------------

*Azuki* beans are very famous red beans in Japan. Excavations suggest that people have been eating *Azuki* beans since the Jomon period. At that time, *Azuki* beans were called "*shozu*". 

*Azuki* beans have been grown since the *Yayoi* period. The first time the word "*Azuki*" was used was in the book "*Koziki*". Old Japanese said "*Aka*" for red. And *Azuki* beans were called "*zuki*" because  *Azuki* beans get soft when they are boiled. "*Aka*" plus "*zuki*" is "*Azuki*" and this is the origin of *Azuki* bean's name. Another *Azuki* beans has many origins.

*Azuki* beans are red, so many old people believed *Azuki* beans were a good luck charm. *Azuki* beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea. In the *Edo* period, people made rice mixed with *Azuki* 
beans. This was called sekihan and many people gave *sekihan* at ceremonies. *Azuki* beans were used as medicine, because *Azuki* beans are nutritious. Now many people eat *sekihan* when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition *Azuki* beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use *Azuki* raw materials for the taste and colour. So *Azuki* beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.

Azuki bean jam
--------------

Azuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.

### Recipe

First, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added. The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.

Azuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese.
***Westlothiana lizziae*** is an early tetrapod. It is a transitional fossil, with a mixture of amphibian and early amniote characters.282 Its body shape had a superficial resemblance to modern-day lizards. It lived during the Carboniferous period, about 350 million years ago. 

The type specimen was discovered in East Kirkton Quarry, Bathgate, Scotland, in 1984. It was named after the County of West Lothian where it was found.

*Westlothiania* in life
-----------------------

This species probably lived near a freshwater lake, probably hunting for other small creatures that lived in the same habitat. It was a slender animal, with rather small legs and a long tail. 

Together with *Casineria*, another transitional fossil found in Scotland, it is one of the smallest terapods known, being a mere 20 cm in adult length. 

The small size has made it a key fossil in the search for the earliest amniote, as amniote eggs are thought to have evolved in very small animals. There are derived (advanced) features which tie it in with the amniotes rather than amphibians. These are: unfused ankle bones, lack of labyrinthodont infolding of the dentine in teeth, a lack of an otic notch and a generally small skull.

The long body and small legs were a possible adaptation to burrowing, similar to that seen in modern skinks.

Phylogeny
---------

Ideas of how *Westlothiana* should be classified has varied from basal amniote to an amphibian Lepospondyl. The actual phylogenetic position of *Westlothiania* is uncertain.

Other websites
--------------

* *Westlothiana lizziae* from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland, and the amniote stem
Kinzie Street Bridge (front), the location of the incident
On August 8, 2004, a tour bus belonging to the Dave Matthews Band dumped about 800 pounds (360 kg) of human waste from the bus's blackwater tank through the Kinzie Street Bridge in Chicago onto a passenger sightseeing boat sailing in the Chicago River below.

As part of a 2005 legal settlement, the band agreed to pay $200,000 to environmental protection and other projects. The band also donated $100,000 to two groups that protect the river and the surrounding area. The band's bus driver, Stefan Wohl, pleaded guilty to dumping the waste in April 2005.

Dumping
-------

On August 8, 2004, at 1:18 p.m. Stefan Wohl, the band's tour bus driver, was alone in the bus and driving to a downtown hotel when he emptied the bus' blackwater tank as it crossed the metal grates of the Kinzie Street bridge.

According to Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan, passengers aboard included persons with disabilities, elderly, a pregnant woman, a small child, and an infant. She described the incident:

> The liquid waste was brownish yellow in color, and had a foul, offensive odor. The liquid human waste went into passengers' eyes, mouths, hair, and onto clothing and personal belongings, many of which were soaked. Some of the passengers suffered nausea and vomiting as a result of exposure to the human waste.
> 
>

Aftermath
---------

In March 2005, Wohl pleaded guilty to reckless conduct and discharging contaminants to cause water pollution. The Dave Matthews Band did not immediately apologize after supporting Wohl. He was sentenced to 150 hours of community service, fined $10,000 to be paid to Friends of the Chicago River, an environmental organization, and received 18 months probation. The Dave Matthews Band donated $50,000 to the Chicago Park District, $50,000 to Friends of the Chicago River, and paid the State of Illinois $200,000 in settlement.
**Elizabeth Anne Velásquez** (/ˈlɪzi vəˈlæskɛz/; born March 13, 1989) is an American woman whose rare medical condition has led her to become an author and public speaker.

Early life and background
-------------------------

She was born on 13 March 1989. Her age was reported as 23 in September 2012, a time when she was near to finishing college from Texas State University majoring in communication studies. Her birth weight was only 2 pounds 11 ounces. She was raised by her mother Rita and father Guadalupe as their first child.She 2 younger sisters.  She is from Austin, Texas.

Living with NPS
---------------

Only two other people in the world are known to have the condition she is living with. The oldest woman is called Amanda and lives in England, and the youngest Abigail in the same city as Lizzie (Austin,Texas). Lizzie has no body fat, and weighs only 61 pounds. She is blind in her right eye, and has limited vision in the left eye. Her condition is like some others, especially progeria. She has some symptoms seen in progeria, like the pointy nose and aging skin, but she has more medical problems as well but it is not expected to cause her to die. Doctors and experts at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center have named it as a neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS) which has allowed her healthy bones, organs and teeth. She should be able to bear her own children who will not live with any of the conditions she has.

Being bullied and speaking out
------------------------------

At times she was left out and/or insulted by her peers, and has grown up to experience online bullying. Very often she has been stared at in public. It has not always been easy for her to deal with it. She wants people to know about her condition, and her motto is "Stop Staring, Start Learning." 

She has spoken at over 200 events as a motivational speaker, something she enjoys and wants to continue to do.

Books she wrote
---------------

The first book she wrote was her own life story up to 2010. Her mother and Cynthia Lee were its co-writers.

Her second book, *Be Beautiful, Be You* came out in September 2012. It urges people to learn that it is not appearance which matters the most, and that people should love themselves for who they are.

Other websites
--------------

* Her official YouTube channel

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Velasquez, Lizzie |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | author |
| Date of birth | March 13, 1989 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
***Labyrinth*** is a 1986 musical fantasy film directed by Jim Henson with George Lucas as executive producer. The film was written by Terry Jones. *Labyrinth* is well-known because many of its characters are strange monsters portrayed by puppets.

Plot
----

A 16-year old girl named Sarah must babysit her infant half-brother. She doesn't enjoy babysitting him and wishes that he disappeared. Then, the Goblin King arrives and takes the baby away. He says that Sarah will get her brother back if she manages to navigate through his labyrinth and make it to his castle before her brother is turned into a goblin,

While in the labyrinth, Sarah encounters many creatures and monsters that she becomes friends with, including Hoggle (a dwarf), Ludo (a large beast), Sir Didymus (a anthropomorphic fox). During the movie, it is revealed that Hoggle is working for the Goblin King and has been tasked with leading Sarah back to the beginning of the labyrinth. Hoggle eventually turns good and helps Sarah and the others on their journey.

When they finally arrive at the castle. Sarah confronts the Goblin King and manages to defeat him at the last second. Her baby brother is returned and she is transported back home.

Cast
----

* Jennifer Connelly as **Sarah**, a 16-year old girl who searches through the labyrinth to find her baby brother
* David Bowie as **Jareth**, the king of the goblins and ruler of the labyrinth
* Christopher Malcolm as **Sarah's father**
* Shelley Thompson as **Sarah's mother**

### Creatures

| Character | Role | Puppeteer | Voice |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hoggle | A dwarf who Sarah meets in the Labyrinth | Shari Weiser | Brian Henson |
| Ludo | A large beast who becomes Sarah's friend | Rob Mills | Ron Mueck |
| Sir Didymus | An anthropomorphic fox | Dave Goelz | David Shaughnessy |
| The Worm | A talking worm | Karen Prell | Timothy Bateson |
| The Wiseman | Creature in the Labyrinth | Frank Oz | Michael Hordern |
| The Hat | A talking bird | David Goelz | David Shaughnessy |
| The Junk Lady | A villain who tries to stop Sarah | Karen Prell | Denise Bryer |
As of 2009, there is a controversy in Switzerland about the construction of minarets. A minaret is a tower-like structure belonging to a mosque. Its main use is to call the worshippers to prayer, much like a belltower of a Christian church. On 1st May 2007, the Swiss People's Party and the Federal Democratic Union launched a popular referendum. They want to ban the construction of minarets in Switzerland. The Swiss people voted in favor of the issue on November 29, 2009.

Background
----------

There are two disputes that form the basis of the controversy:

* Local associations of Muslims wanted to build minarets in different Swiss communes; in some there was opposition to this plan.
* There is a broad discussion about whether it should be possible to build minarets, and how building minarets might be bad for the country.

Building minarets
-----------------

Mosque in Winterthur
The Swiss Minaret controversy started in the Eastern part of Switerland, in 2005. A Turkish cultural association applied for the permit to build a six metre high tower (a minaret) on the roof of the center where they met. The residents around it did not like the idea. They therefore formed an association to oppose it. The people in this association were biased, they had strong (Christian) religious views. Some of the members of the association were also in the committee that had to assess the building plans. As a matter of course, the plans were rejected. The matter was taken to Court, and the Islamic community lost the case. In 2009, the tower was built despite the previous loss.

There are other communes where similar scenes happened.

Political discussion
--------------------

The two parties (UDC,FDU) tried several motions at the cantonal level to ban minaret-building. This never came to the vote, though, because all cantonal parliaments found the motions unconstitutional.

In 2007, the parties launched a motion at the federal level. Unlike at the cantonal level, intitiatives at the federal level cannot be reviewed, and found unconstitutional. The motion wants to ban the building of minarets in Switzerland. The committee’s proposition reads: "The building of minarets is prohibited". If it became law, it would be written into Article 72 (Section 3) of the Swiss Federal Constitution.
The **Perciformes**  is the largest order of vertebrates. They have about 40% of all bony fish.p151

*Perciformes* means *perch-like*. They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and have over 7,000 species in almost all aquatic environments.

They have the widest range of sizes of any order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7 mm *Schindleria brevipinguis* to the 5 metre *Makaira* species. They first appeared and diversified in the Upper Cretaceous.

Some well-known members of this group are angelfish, barracuda, bass, blenny, cichlids, damselfish, filefish, goby, grouper, remora, swordfish, mackerel, pufferfish, tilefish, tuna, whiting, and of course perch.

Characteristics
---------------

*Palaeoperca*
The dorsal and anal fins are divided into front spiny and back soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. 

The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough-edged).

Taxonomy
--------

They are grouped as in the text *Fishes of the World*. The order is probably polyphyletic, and changes may occur in this and other teleost orders.

Recent morphological and DNA sequence analysis has shown that several of the higher-level groupings of teleosts are evolutionary grades rather than clades. Examples of demonstrably paraphyletic groups include the Perciformes.
Mary Akrami in 2007.
**Mary Akrami** is an activist from Afghanistan. She started the Afghan Women Skills Development Center, a women's shelter in Kabul. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Akrami grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan. During the war with the Taliban, her family left Afghanistan and went to live in Pakistan. Akrami got a BBA degree in Administration and Economy from Peshawar in Pakistan.

Work
----

Akrami worked with a group of women to start classes in English and computer literacy for Afghan women in refugee camps. They got help from the Aurat Foundation (an NGO in Pakistan) and the Afghan Women Skills Development Center (AWSDC).

In 2001, Akrami went to the Afghan Civil Society meeting in Bonn, Germany. After the war, she went back to 
Afghanistan and started an economic development project for women in the small village of Ghazni. In April, she started a women's shelter with the help of Norwegian church Aid (NCA). The shelter provides psychological counseling and legal aid.

To promote human rights for women, they started a peace building program in the Parwan province. They started 12 peace committees 6 and 1 central Shura in each district. Women have 50% representation in the peace committees.
**Wahida Amiri** (born in 1990) is an Afghan librarian and an activist for women’s rights.  Amiri runs a library. Since 2017, her library of over 5,000 books is open in Kabul to motivate women to read. But in August 2021, Amiri returned to Kabul to see the Taliban stopping girls and women from going to work and school. She gathered a group of women and started a movement called "*Spontaneous Movement of Afghan Women Fighters*".  In December 2021, Amiri made it on BBC’s list of the 100 most inspiring women.

Early Life
----------

Amiri was born and raised in Kabul, Afghanistan and temporarily moved to Pakistan and came back to Kabul at 15. When she moved to Pakistan she had to do many of the chores like cooking, cleaning, and scrubbing the floors. After the Taliban was defeated, Amiri returned home. Women and girls could now go to school and work. Even though education was important to Amiri, her family thought taking care of the house and guests was more important.  Five years later, she was able to enroll into school with the help of her cousin.

Career
------

Amiri didn’t learn how to read until she was 20 years old.  She took her exams while taking care of her home.  She took them over and over until she finally passed.  Finally, she was welcomed into a university where she studied law.  Amiri discovered the English author Virginia Woolf and finally realized she held power in her voice.  When the Taliban took power again in Afghanistan, Amiri lost her job.

Activism
--------

The Taliban said girls cannot go to school. They said women cannot have jobs. Amiri organized women to protest.
Odysseus gives wine to Polyphemos
**Polyphemos** (or **Polyphemus**) is a Cyclops in Greek mythology. He is the son of the god Poseidon and Thoosa. Polyphemos is a creature of strength and immense stupidity who broke the cardinal rule of hospitality in Ancient Greece. He lived in a cave on an island, and he had sheep. On the island also lived several other Kyklopes.

Polyphemos appears in Homer's *Odyssey*. On his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of Polyphemos. They come to the cave where Polyphemos lives. Polyphemos comes back and he traps them in his cave placing a boulder in front of the entrance, also eating some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus then thinks of a plan to get away. He tells Polyphemos that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink. When he is sleeping, Odysseus and his men take a log from the fire and shape the end of it to a point and drive it into the Kyklops', Polyphemos, only eye, so he could not see them anymore. In agony he cries out to the other Kyklopes for help. When they ask what has happened, he says that "Nobody" hurt him, so the Kyklopes leave him. The next morning Polyphemos lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them. But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out. When Polyphemos realizes that Odysseus got away, he cries out to the other Kyklopes again. They asked him what happened, and he said "Nobody hurt me.", and so the other Kyklopes went away again. When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out in rage to Polyphemos saying that he, Odysseus was the one who had destroyed his eye. As Odysseus went away he mocked Polyphemos. This is hubris. Polyphemos was very angry and threw a rock at them, but it missed the ship. Then he pled with his father, Poseidon, for revenge that all of Odysseus' men should die and that Odysseus should only come home to Ithaca after ten years. All of it comes true, as is told in the *Odyssey*.
The logo for the Unification or Death
**Black Hand** or **Crna Ruka**, officially **Ujedinjenje ili Smrt** ("Unification or Death") was a secret group of Serbian nationalists (Pan-Serbians). It was founded in 1911 in Serbia. 

Their aim was to create a country from other countries where Serbs lived, including Bosnia-Herzegovina which was a part of Austria-Hungary since 1908.

Killing of Franz Ferdinand
--------------------------

See the main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Five members of The Black Hand were in Sarajevo, Serbia, on 28 June, 1914 where Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary, visited with his wife. Ferdinand was driven through the city in a convertible car. The members of the Black Hand attempted to kill Ferdinand by throwing grenades at his car. One of the grenades bounced off his car and exploded under the car following Ferdinand's. One of the members swallowed cyanide and attempted to jump into the river, however the cyanide was old, and the river was shallow, so he was arrested. One of the men, a Bosnian student called Gavrilo Princip, went to a cafe after failing to kill Ferdinand. 

The Archduke and his wife decided to go and visit the people who were injured in the explosion in hospital, however the driver took a wrong turn and stopped outside the cafe where Princip was eating. Princip saw this and went outside. He took out a gun and shot at Ferdinand; two bullets hit the archduke, one hit his wife, and the other hit the car. Both Ferdinand and his wife died shortly after.

Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination. Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia, and Russia joined the war on Serbia's side because the people of Serbia were Slavic, like Russia, and the Slavic countries had agreed to help each other if they were attacked. Since Russia is a large country it had to move soldiers closer to the war, but Germany feared that Russia's soldiers would also attack Germany. Russia did not like Germany because of things Germany had done in the past to become stronger. Germany declared war on Russia, and used a plan to attack Russia that had been created before the war, but it also involved attacking France and Belgium. France and Great Britain joined the war because Great Britain had agreed to help Belgium if it were ever attacked by someone else.

This quickly led to a full-scale war. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Both country's allies became involved in the war, and soon most of Europe became involved.

The Black Hand also killed Alexander I of Serbia and Draga Mašin.
***The Seventh Seal*** (Swedish: ***Det sjunde inseglet***) is a 1957 Swedish fantasy drama movie directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was based his own play. It stars Max von Sydow, Gunnar Björnstrand, Bengt Ekerot, Nils Poppe, Inga Landgré, Bibi Andersson, Åke Fridell, Inga Gill.

The theme of the film is a knight's return to his country at the time of the Black Death, that is, the plague in Europe of the Middle Ages. As he lands on the shore he meets the figure of Death in person. This is the scene of a famous chess-playing episode where the two play for the knight's soul. The game is unfinished. After bargaining with Death for a while, the knight sets out on his travels. The travels show the damage done by the plague to all aspects of life in the country. To some critics, the film is typical of the existentialist films of the mid-20th century. 

The knight is the gaunt figure of Max von Sydow at the start of his long film career. He was one of the actors whose career started with working for the film's producer Ingmar Bergman.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Seventh Seal* on IMDb
* *The Seventh Seal* at AllMovie
Heidi Cruz in The Woodlands, Texas on February 27, 2016.
**Heidi Suzanne Cruz** (née **Nelson**; born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs. She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.

Personal life
-------------

Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family. Cruz's interest in politics began when she traveled to Washington, D.C. with her parents when she was 8.

She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994. She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection. In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management in Brussels, Belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001. Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz. Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.

Career
------

In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003. She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.

Cruz has worked for three investment banks, JP Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, and Goldman Sachs.

In 2005, she joined Goldman Sachs, serving as a private wealth manager and is currently the Region Head for the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs in Houston.

### 2016 presidential election

Ted Cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children. She changed her mind after listening to a CD from her sister-in-law.

Cruz was involved in her husband's run for president. She made a few public appearances without him to help with the campaign. She also ran a lunch for Republican women in Reno, Nevada a few days before the Nevada primary.
**Hand2Mouth Theatre** is a theater group in Portland, Oregon. The group works together to create their performances. They decide all languages, movements and designs themselves, instead of working from a script.

Influences
----------

Hand2Mouth Theatre is influenced by the work of Forced Entertainment  Elevator Repair Service, and Jerzy Grotowski.

History
-------

Jonathan Walters founded Hand2Mouth in 2000. He had trained with street theatre troupe Teatr Biuro Podrozy in Poland. As of 2009, Hand2Mouth had created 15 original performances. The group had grown to include a core of company members and associate artists. Company members have traveled and studied in London, New York, Poland, Denmark and Mexico City.

Performance History
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2002 - Blue Mountain Community College, Pendelton, OR (*Jerusalem*)

2003 - River Theatre, Astoria, OR (Posture Queen)

2004 - Open Theatre International Festival, Katowice, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2004 - Pablo Neruda Centenary Festival, Portland State University, Portland, OR (*Slender* with Carpetbag Brigade)

2004 - PuppetLove! Festival, San Francisco, CA (*The Wild Child*)

2004 - River Theatre, Astoria, OR (*Thirst*)

2005 - Festival Malta, Poznan, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2005 - Kalisz Theatre Festival, Kalisz, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2005 - Edmonds Community College, Seattle, WA (*The Wild Child*)

2005 - Willamette University, Salem, OR (*The Wild Child*)

2006 - Just Add Water Festival, Portland Center Stage, Portland, OR (*After Hours*)

2007 - On the Boards, Seattle, WA (Repeat After Me)

2007 - Time-Based Art Festival, Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, Portland, OR (*Repeat After Me*)

2007 - Northwest New Works Festival, On the Boards, Seattle, WA (*Repeat After Me* - excerpt)

2008 - Myrna Loy Center, Helena, MT (*Repeat After Me*)

2008 - Bumbershoot Arts Festival, Seattle, WA (*Project X: You Are Here*)

2008 - NW New Works Festival, Seattle, WA (*Undine*)

2008 - 10 Tiny Dances, Portland, OR (*Project X: You Are Here*)

2009 - Fury Festival, Fury Factory, San Francisco, CA (*Repeat After Me*)

2013 - The Left Hand of Darkness, Portland, Oregon.

2015 - Time, A Fair Hustler*,* Fertile Ground Festival, Portland, OR.

Other websites
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* Official website Archived 2019-04-28 at the Wayback Machine - www.hand2mouththeatre.org
* Portland Mercury feature article on *Repeat After Me*
* Seattle PI review of *Repeat After Me*
* Oregonian review of *Project X: You Are Here*
* Portland Mercury review of *Undine*
* Oregonian review of *Everyone Who Looks Like You*
**Saints Cyril and Methodius** were brothers and 9th century Christian missionaries. They Christianized the Slavic peoples of the Danube. They influenced the culture and religion of all Slavic peoples. They received the title "Apostles to the Slavs".

Secular lives
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The brothers were both born in Thessalonica. Methodios was born c. 815 or 826 and died in 885. Cyril was born c. 826 and died (under his adopted name Constantine) in 869. Cyril was educated at the university at Constantinople under Photios I of Constantinople. He later taught there when he replaced Photios. Methodios became governor of the province of Opsikion at about the same time.

Missionaries
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In 861 the Byzantine Emperor Michael III sent the two brothers to convert the Khazars to Christianity. They continued their religious conversion of the Tatars along the Black Sea for two years. Afterwards the Emperor Michael sent them to Moravia as missionaries. They taught in the Slavic languages and translated the Scriptures into Slavonic. Cyril invented an alphabet called the Glagolitic alphabet. This became the basis for the Cyrillic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic was written in Cyrillic and Glagolitic.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Glagolitic alphabet***.
**Mindroling Monastery** is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet. It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676. Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the *Nyo* lineage. *Mindroling* in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom". It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.

Mindroling was damaged in 1718 by the Dzungar Mongols from East Turkistan.
It was built again during the life of the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso (1708-1757).

Mindroling Monastery has a university. Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there. The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine. Monks studied thirteen major *sutra* and *tantra* texts of the Nyingma. They also learned from found teachings called *terma*. The head of the school was very important in Tibet. 

At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling. In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden. Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt .

In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India. It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.

Related pages
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* List of Tibetan monasteries

Other websites
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* Website of the new Mindroling Monastery in India Archived 2007-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910
1914 half sovereign from the Sydney mint: the St George and the dragon image was often used on British coins
A **gold coin** is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

History
-------

### Antiquity

People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey) then in Roman Empire (*aureus*). Gold coins were also used in China.

### Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins.

### Modern History

Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

Coin collecting
---------------

Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

Investing
---------

When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called *Bullion coins*. These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.
Augusta Savage posing with her sculpture *Realization*, created as part of the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project.
**Augusta Savage** (1892-1962) was an American sculptor. She made clay sculptures and was involved in the Harlem Renaissance.

Savage was born on February 29, 1892 in Green Cove Springs, Florida. She was the daughter of a Methodist minister. As a young woman she moved to Harlem. In 1921 she began studying art at the Cooper Union School of Art. Her tuition was paid by a scholarship she earned because of her talent. Around that time Savage also won a place in a summer class at the Fontainebleau School of Fine Arts in France. She travelled to France but when the teachers at the school saw Savage was black they told her she could not attend.

Savage returned to New York and began creating clay busts of important black people. She made portraits of W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. In 1929 she made a portrait of her nephew and titled it *Gamin*. Many people admired this sculpture. It helped her win awards to study in Paris and to travel in Europe.

In 1937 Savage made the sculpture *Lift Every Voice and Sing* for the 1939 New York World's Fair.

In 1938 the Works Progress Administration started the Harlem Community Art Center. Savage was the director.

Savage died on March 26, 1962 in New York City.

Savage was married three times and had one child.

Savage's work is in the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and the New-York Historical Society. In 2019 the New-York Historical Society held a retrospective exhibition of her work. It was called *Augusta Savage: Renaissance Woman*. It had more than 50 items of her art on display.

Other websites
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* Media related to Augusta Savage at Wikimedia Commons
* Augusta Savage sculpting, in an excerpt from A Study of Negro Artists video
* Augusta Savage STORYTIME! African-American Harlem Renaissance Artist
* Activist Art on a World Stage

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For other uses, see Knot (disambiguation).
A knot from a blue and red string
A **knot** is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Knots***.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***knot***.

* List of knots

More reading
------------

* Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "The Five Knots Every Boy Should Know". *The Dangerous Book for Boys*. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0061243585.
**Christopher Morad Salmanpour** (born 1977) is a British-Iranian screenwriter of movie and television. He is best known for the action-thriller Retribution (2023 film), starring Liam Neeson. Salmanpour is also a winner of The BlackList annual writers competition, securing script deals with industry giants Warner Bros and StudioCanal.

Early life and education
------------------------

Salmanpour was born in Iran and raised in London. He attended L’Ecole Lycee-Francais and Highgate Secondary School. Inspired by his family’s experience escaping their home country after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, he studied International Affairs at  Warwick University and later pursued a Masters degree from UCLA Film School.

Career
------

Prior to his screenwriting career, he had a 17-year executive career in the tech industry including 7 years at  Microsoft from 2006-2012. In 2001, Salmanpour was cast as an Arab voice-over artist in a comedy-drama *Room to Rent (2001)*.

After his grandfather’s death, Salmanpour wrote The Promise in 2016 – a screenplay about his grandfather’s escape from the notorious Ervin Prison in Tehran. This script earned the distinction as the first-ever double winner of The Black List Writers competition, taking home two out of the three contests that secured script deals with Warner Brothers and StudioCanal. According to Hollywood Reporter, "Salmanpour was selected for the deal in accordance with the partnership formed last February between StudioCanal, The Black List, and The Picture Company to find a new voice among European Union writers for a blind script deal. His talent was showcased in his sample script The Promise."

In 2023, Salmanpour’s feature film Retribution (2023 film) directed by Nimrod Antal and produced by StudioCanal and The Picture Company, premiered on August 25, 2023, starring Liam Neeson, Matthew Modine, Arian Moayed, Noma Dumezweni, and Embeth Davidtz. Retribution was released worldwide for theatrical distribution, including in the United States, Canada, and India by Lionsgate Films.

Personal Life
-------------

Salmanpour lives with his wife and two children in London.

Filmography
-----------

**Film**

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | *Retribution (2023 film)* | Nimród Antal | Action thriller film |

**Television**

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | *FBI: Most Wanted* | 2 episodes (4.11, 4.19) |

Other websites
--------------

* Christopher Salmanpour at IMDb
Hand-made marbles from West Africa
Different glass marbles from a glass-mill
**Marbles** is a game played with small, round glass balls called marbles. 

The balls vary in size. Usually they are about 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.6 cm) in diameter, but they may range from less than 1/30 inch (0.111 cm) to over 3 inches (7.75 cm).

As the photographs show, the little glass balls can be most attractive, and they are often collected by children. In the North of England the objects and the game are sometimes called 'taws'.

The games has been played in many countries, but the rules are made up by the players, and there are many variations. One standard idea is to have a target marble. Players flick their marbles with their thumbnail, and try to hit the target. Another version is where players try to hit each other's marbles out of a target zone.

Marbles were found in the ancient civilisations of Mohenjo-daro, Ancient Egypt and Rome.

Tinsley Green
-------------

Marbles has been played in Tinsley Green, West Sussex, England for many centuries: *TIME* magazine traces its origins to 1588.

The British and World Marbles Championship have been held at Tinsley Green every year since 1932. The first championship in 1932 was won by a team from the Black Horse public house in nearby Charlwood.

Traditionally, the marbles-playing season started on Ash Wednesday and lasted until midday on Good Friday: it was thought playing after that brought bad luck. More than 20 teams from around the world take part in the championship each Good Friday. German teams have been successful several times since 2000. Often, local teams from Crawley, Copthorne and other Sussex and Surrey villages also take part.

More reading
------------

* Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "Marbles". *The Dangerous Book for Boys*. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0061243585.