recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Satyajit Ray** (audio speaker icon*Shottojit Rae* (help·info)) (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was a Bengali Indian movie director. Many people consider him as one of the greatest film-makers of 20th century movie business.
He was born in the city of Kolkata. His Bengali family was prominent in arts and letters. Ray studied at Presidency College and at the Visva-Bharati University. He started his career as a commercial artist. Ray was interested in filmmaking by meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and seeing the Italian movie *Bicycle Thieves* during a visit to London.

Ray directed thirty-seven movies. These include feature movies, documentaries and shorts. Ray's first movie, *Pather Panchali*, won eleven international prizes, including *Best Human Document* at Cannes Film Festival. This movie along with *Aparajito* and *Apur Sansar* form the *Apu trilogy*. Ray did scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction, editing and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and movie critic. Ray won an Academy Award in 1992.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Satyajit Ray at Wikimedia Commons  

 Quotations related to Satyajit Ray at Wikiquote

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**Mount Pico** (Portuguese: *Montanha do Pico*) is a composite volcano (or stratovolcano); it is the highest point of the Portuguese island of Pico in the Azores. With an altitude of 2,351 m (7,713 ft) above sea level, it is more than twice the elevation of any other peak in the Azores, and the tallest mountain in Portugal.

Description
-----------

A view of Mount Pico at sunset
Mount Pico
Mount Pico is at the eastern end of Pico Island. On the top of the mountain, there is round crater about 500 m (1,600 ft) in diameter and 300 m (980 ft) deep. Inside this crater (Portuguese: *Pico Alto*) there is a small elevation produced by a recent, in geological terms, eruption that is known with the name of **Pico Pequeno** or **Piquinho**, which is about 70 metres (230 ft) high. From the base of Pico Pequeno, volcanic smoke gets out with a strong odor of sulfur.

In winter, the top of the mountain is covered with snow. Rains are frequent the whole year.

Reserve and hiking
------------------

Mount Pico was made a *Natural Reserve* in 1982 to protect the mountain. The reserve (Portuguese: *Reserva Natural da Montanha do Pico*) has an area of about 1,500 hectares (15 km2) and is from about 1,200 m (3,937 ft) high to the top of the mountain.

There are trails for hiking and it is possible, for persons in good conditions and depending on weather, to get to the top of the mountain in around two to four hours from the beginning of the trail.

In the lower part of its slopes is the *Paisagem da Cultura da Vinha da Ilha do Pico* (*Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture*), classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage.

Other websites
--------------

* Active Tectonics and First Paleoseismological Results in Faial, Pico and S. Jorge Islands (Azores, Portugal)
* Pico - A Ilha Montanha Atlantica - Flickr Group
* Photo Gallery
The **Siege of Odessa** was a siege battle during World War II. It was part of the Eastern Front area of operations in 1941. It was done by Romanian forces and the German Army's (*Wehrmacht Heer*) 11th Army (*11. Armee*). They attacked the city of Odessa in the Soviet Union.

Due to the strong fighting of the 9th Independent Army (initially) and the Separate Coastal Army, and the Black Sea Fleet forces in Odessa, it took the Romanian army 73 days of siege and four attacks to capture the city. They had 93,000 casualties. The Red Army had 41,000 casualties. Some historians say the Red Army had 60,000 casualties.

Before the battle
-----------------

About 38,000 Soviet personnel were awarded the Medal "For the Defence of Odessa" from 22 December 1942.
On 27 July 1941, Hitler sent a letter to General Antonescu asking for Romanian troops.

On 8 August, the Romanians ordered the 4th Army to capture Odessa.
They thought the city would surrender quickly. However, Odessa was a heavily fortified city. It had trenches, anti-tank ditches, pillboxes and other defences.

Overall, the Red Army had some 34,500 men and 240 artillery pieces in the area. Airplanes included two seaplane squadrons and one bomber squadron.

The Romanian 4th Army planned to attack Odessa. The 5th Corps would go north then turn south.

Battle
------

On 9 August, the 4th Dorobanti Regiment defeated the Soviet forces in the Bakalovy area. The 30th Dorobanţi Regiment captured the village of Ponyatovka.

The 1st Armored Division defeated the Soviet forces at Bolschaya Buzhalyk, breaking through Odessa's first line of defense.

The 10th Dorobanţi Regiment beat the Soviet forces at Lozovaya. The 4th Army surrounded Odessa.

On 17 August, Romanian troops capturing Odessa's water reservoirs. The Soviet forces fought hard. There were many losses on both sides.

By 24 August, the Romanians were stopped at the Soviets' main line of defense. The 4th Army already 
had 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed.

On 28 August, the Romanians attacked again. They had help from a German assault battalion and ten heavy artillery battalions.

A German force came to help the Romanians. The Soviets also received 15,000 men and ammunition. 
Then the 157th Rifle Division arrived with 12,600 troops. Also, 18 Soviet companies were brought in from Novorossiysk.
A **Structured settlement** is an insurance or financial arrangement that is negotiated to end a lawsuit. It is a legal agreement through which an insurance company agrees to make regular payments to a specific individual over a period of time.

Structured settlements created as a way for insurance companies to payout settlements in installments as opposed to large lump sums. Structured settlements may benefit injured people whose settlements might result in their owing taxes, by allowing them to reduce or delay tax payments. They may also benefit younger people or disabled people by providing periodic payments of money over an extended period of time.

Structured settlements require the paper holder (a name for the person who receives payments from the settlement) to wait before they will get money, by spreading payments over a number of years. However there are companies offering to buy such a structured settlement for upfront money. For example, a company might offer to buy a settlement that would be paid in 20 yearly payments for a one-time payment of lower value. Such financing may need to be approved by judge and the insurance company.

In the United States, the sale of a structured settlement may result in tax liability under the Internal Revenue Code.
Woodwind mouthpiece (top facing downward)
The **mouthpiece** of a woodwind instrument is the part which the player blows into.

Single-reed instruments
-----------------------

On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge. The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip. This area is called the *table*. When the player blows, the reed vibrates. This is then made louder by the instrument.

The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much. The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.

Parts of a woodwind mouthpieceThe space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the *tip opening*.

The *facing* (or *lay*) is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece. The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.

The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece. Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature. Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic. Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.

Related pages
-------------

* Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments.
Demountable walls
If it is necessary to divide a space in two or more parts, this is done by **movable walls**. These consist of panels that are sometimes hung from overhead rails. 

The panels reduce transmission of sound. This is essential for preventing noise passing to nearby spaces. Together with active earmuffs, panels help keep the workplace or home noise from interfering with the kind of activities which require thought and attention.

Applications include hotel function rooms, schools, conference centres, religious and sports facilities, business companies and private homes. 

In private homes they can help with some tricky problems, such as a family outgrowing the home, but not able to move to larger premises.

Portable partitions
-------------------

Japanese building
Decorative screen (China)
**Portable partitions** are temporary walls used to divide rooms instead of permanent walls. They may be joined together section by section, or stand as one unit. Portable walls may be fixed, or on casters for rolling, while others may be folding room dividers.

In Japanese homes and buildings, sliding panels called *fusuma* are widely used.

Folding screens have been used in China for over two thousand years.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Earmuffs***.

* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Hearing Protector Device Compendium
* "Mallock-Armstrong Ear Defender" a 1925 *Flight* article
**Potassium manganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2MnO4. It contains potassium and manganate ions.

Properties
----------

Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.

Uses
----

Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.

Safety
------

Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.

Related pages
-------------

* Permanganate
* Manganese(VII) oxide
The **polydnaviruses** (PDV) are a family of insect viruses. There are two genera: ichnoviruses (IV) and bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses in braconid wasps. 

The genome of the virus is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded DNA packed in capsid proteins and a double or single layer envelope. The sequences are quite different between BV and IV, suggesting that the two types evolved independently.

Biology
-------

Diagram of a PDV host association
These viruses are part of a unique biological system with three parts: a parasitoid wasp, an insect (usually lepidopteran) larva, and the virus. The full genome of the virus is integrated into the genome of the wasp and the virus only replicates in a particular part of the ovary of pupal and adult female wasps. 

The virus is injected with the wasp egg into the body cavity of a host caterpillar and infects cells of the caterpillar. The infection does not lead to replication of new viruses, rather it affects the caterpillar's immune system. Without the virus infection, phagocytic haemocytes (blood cells) will kill the wasp egg. The immune suppression caused by the virus allows the wasp egg to survive. It hatches and develops in the caterpillar. Also, genes from the polydnavirus in the host alter host development and metabolism to be good for the growth and survival of the parasitoid larva. Thus the virus and wasp have a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship.
**Patty Aubery** is an American author from California. She wrote some books like *Chicken Soup for the Soul* series, including *Chicken Soup for the Christian Soul.*

A leader of women's rights, Aubery wrote a book for women only, *Chicken Soup for the Christian Woman's Soul.* The book tells stories of women facing challenges, difficult times and renewing faith. The chapters contain Faith, Family Love, God's Healing Power, Friendship, Making a Difference, Challenges and Wonders. 

She was on the program *"Wake!"* on TV in 2015.  In 2017 she was also in the movie *Soul of Success.*  Her writings drew attention within the self-help genre. She is a contributor to several books in the area of self-help, mind and body, training, life struggle,  money, success, and innovation. Author Lisa Nichols wrote that Aubery "was a force for possibility".  Many people think her books are important to to read..

Bibliography
------------

**Chicken Soup for the Christian Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery, ISBN-10: 1558745017

**Chicken Soup for the Christian Woman's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery, ISBN-10: 9781623610432

**Chicken Soup for the New Mom's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: ‎1623610583

**Chicken Soup for the Sister's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610044

**Chicken Soup for the Beach Lover's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610591

**Chicken Soup for the Father & Daughter Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610265

**Chicken Soup for the Christian Teenage Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610109

**Chicken Soup for the Expectant Mother's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610931

**Chicken Soup for the Cancer Survivor's Soul** by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and Patty Aubery ISBN-10: 1623610397

**Chicken Soup for the Surviving Soul** by Jack Canfield, Bernie S. Siegel, and Patty Aubery. ISBN-10: 8187671130

**Permission Granted** by Kate Butler Cpsc and Patty Aubery. ISBN-10: 1948927152

**Capture Your Power** by Patty Aubery and Mark Mirkovich. ISBN-10: 1732470308
Thai street food market
**Thai street food** is a market place in Thailand where vendors set up stalls to sell food and people buy to enjoy on the go or directly on nearby tables. This event is set up throughout the day with many different Thai cuisines and desserts such as popular dishes like "Som Tam," which is a salad made from shredded green papayas topped with tomatoes, lime, peanuts, garlic, and chili peppers and "Pad Thai" which is known as the country’s famous stir-fried noodles with any kind of meat such as pork, beef, chicken, or shrimp. They also have popular desserts such as "Khao Niao Mamuang" or mango sticky rice made with a bed of sticky rice at the bottom with a fresh mango cut into slices on top and finished off with a drizzle of sweet coconut milk; these foods are usually served as a small portion, just enough for one at a very low price.

Foods
-----

Massaman Curry
There are many Thai cuisines displayed from noodles to curries, soups to salad, and many sweet desserts. One popular noodle soup, "Guay Teow," is made from rice noodles or egg noodles with beef, pork, and chicken stock. Sometimes vendors add wantons, which are small dumplings or meat balls, to the broth. The Thai version of spaghetti and meatballs is called "Pad See Eiw." It's a noodle dish made from wide and thick rice noodles that is stir fried in dark soy sauce with either pork, chicken, or beef and Chinese broccoli or cabbage. It's a great substitute from pad thai because it's not spicy, although some ask for dried chili flakes on the side. Those who enjoy food can also add vinegar to liven the dish. Another unique street food dish is "Massaman Gai," which is a curry that comes from Persia. This dish is flavored with Cinnamon, Tamarind sauce, and sugar, topped with roasted peanuts and bay leaves, it's made with coconut milk, potatoes, and chicken or tofu for vegetarians.

Desserts
--------

Coconut Ice Cream
Thai street also has desserts. These can be wrapped or serve in other unique ways. "Khao Lam" which is Bamboo sticky rice, is served inside a bamboo stick roasted in charcoal. The inside can have white sticky rice or black sticky rice filled with black beans or sesame. The bamboo gives this dessert a unique taste. Diners crack open the top and then pull down each bamboo strip like a flower until the sticky rice is reached. This dessert's price range is from 14 cents (US) to as much as $2. Thai desserts also include ice cream. Being one of the hottest places in the world, there are a lot of stalls that sell many ice cream desserts like "Itim Kati" or coconut ice cream. This dessert is made out of coconut milk with a soft texture, a blend between creamy and icy. It's served in a coconut shell and is as cheap as 57 to 86 cents (US). There is also a unique dessert that can be found in Thai street markets called "Bua Loy Nam King" or Black sesame dumplings in ginger soup. This street dessert is originally from China. It is filled with warm spicy Ginger soup with rice flour dumplings that have black sesame paste on the inside, it’s texture is soft and chewy.
**Murray Hamilton** (March 24, 1923 – September 1, 1986) was an American stage, screen, and television actor who appeared in such memorable films as *The Hustler*, *The Graduate*, and *Jaws*.

Early life
----------

Born in Washington, North Carolina in Beaufort County, North Carolina in eastern North Carolina, Hamilton displayed an early interest in performing during his days at Washington High School just before the outbreak of World War II. Bad hearing kept him from enlisting, so he moved to New York City as a 19-year-old to find a career on stage.

Career
------

His most famous movie roles is perhaps as the obdurate Amity Island mayor Larry Vaughn in the Steven Spielberg shark thriller *Jaws*. Hamilton also appeared in its sequel *Jaws 2* and was signed on to reprise the role of Mayor Vaughn in a cameo for *Jaws: The Revenge*, but died before filming began.

In two of his most distinctive performances, Hamilton appeared with Paul Newman in *The Hustler* (1961), playing Findley, a wealthy billiards player who gambles for high stakes, (1965-1966) *The Fugitive* and in *The Graduate* (1967) as Mr. Robinson, husband of Anne Bancroft's Mrs. Robinson.

In 1975, Hamilton starred again with Newman in *The Drowning Pool*. He also worked with Robert Redford in a pair of films, 1973's *The Way We Were* and the 1980 prison drama *Brubaker*.

For many years both before and during his movie career, Hamilton was a prominent dramatic actor, earning a Tony Award nomination for his role in the 1965 production of *Absence of a Cello*.

Death
-----

He died from cancer and is interred at Oakdale Cemetery in Washington, North Carolina.

Other websites
--------------

* Murray Hamilton on IMDb
* Murray Hamilton at Find a Grave
* Murray Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database
"**Summer Sucks**" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American animated television series *South Park*. The 20th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 24, 1998. Trey Parker wrote the episode with Nancy M. Pimental. Parker also directed it. In this episode, the South Park boys try to have a fun summer but cannot because there is no snow.

Plot
----

The school year ends and the boys leave school for summer vacation. But because the snow has melted, there is nothing fun to do in their town. They try to play winter games: They make a snowman out of dirt and push a sled down a grassy hill. But these games do not work without snow, and the boys are bored. The only fun thing to do is fireworks, but the government of Colorado has made them illegal.

The mayor of South Park notices that a mild firework called a "snake" is still legal. She plans to set off the biggest snake ever for the fourth of July Independence Day party. But this giant snake gives off smoke and noise. Everyone hides in their houses. The ash turns everyone's skin black.

When Chef returns to South Park, he thinks all the white people are wearing blackface. He tells them to line up so he can punish them.

Other parts of the episode show Eric Cartman trying to take swimming lessons and Mr. Garrison trying to get therapy from Dr. Katz.

Production
----------

*South Park*'s co-creator Trey Parker wrote the episode with Nancy M. Pimental, and Parker co-directed it with fellow co-creator Matt Stone. Stone was in charge of animating the episode (not credited).

Other websites
--------------

* IMDB
**Murrurundi** is a small country town in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Murrurundi is 193 km (120 mi) by road from Newcastle and 309 km (192 mi) km from Sydney. In 2006 there were 2162 people (ABS 2006) living in Murrurundi. The town is circled by mountains of the Liverpool Range. It is on the Pages River, which flows into the Hunter River. The name *Murrurundi* is from an Aboriginal word meaning "Five fingers". This is the name given to a group of rocks at the north end of the town.

History
-------

The first people to live in the Murrurundi area were the Australian aboriginal people, the Wanaruah and the Kamilaroi. European settlement of the area began in the 1820s. Benjamin Hall, the father of bushranger Ben Hall started a cattle farm in the area in 1839. The town was started by the New South Wales government in 1840. In the same year, a local land owner - Thomas Haydon - started his own town called Haydonton. Benjamin Hall opened a butcher's shop in Haydonton in 1842. Ben Hall lived here until the age of 13. In 1913, the two towns were joined together to make the modern-day town of Murrurundi.

Mining
------

Kerosene shale was first mined at Mount Temi, 11 km (7 mi) north of Murrurundi in 1886. The mine was reopened in 1910. The shale was moved 10 km (6 mi) from the mine on a rope system known as an aerial ropeway. It was then loaded onto trains at a railway built at Temple Court, just west of Murrurundi. The mine closed in the First World War.

Sport
-----

Every year there is a rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman (cowboy) contest. Other sports played in the town include rugby, touch football, swimming, and cricket.

Railway station
---------------

Murrurundi railway station is on the Main North railway line, 352 km (219 mi) from Sydney. The station opened in 1872. There is a large brick station-house, a passing loop and goods yard.
There is a train to and from Sydney and Armidale/Moree every day.
The **sulfur cycle** is the way sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems.

Sulfur (S) is an element important to ecosystems and the climate. The majority of sulfur is stored underground, for example under the ocean or in rocks. It also occurs naturally in places like swamps (where organisms have decomposed) and volcanoes. Humans add excess sulfur into this cycle, usually through atmospheric pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion.

Steps of the sulfur cycle
-------------------------

* As rocks are worn down by erosion they release sulfur that was once stored, becoming SO4 once it touches the air
* Plants absorb this sulfur through photosynthesis and make this sulfur organic
* Animals, specifically herbivores and omnivores consume the sulfur when they eat the plants
* Sulfur moves through the food chain as secondary consumers and tertiary consumers eat the primary consumers
* When animals and plants die, the sulfur dissipates into the atmosphere as sulfate and also through the body of the decomposers
* The sulfur in the atmosphere is returned to the soil and water cycle when it rains

Sulfur can also be naturally released when volcanoes explode. The hydrological cycle plays a critical role in moving sulfur around.

Human Impact on the sulfur cycle
--------------------------------

Humans are responsible for 1/3 of the sulfur in the atmosphere. Sulfur is released by the combustion of fossil fuels, as mentioned above, and is most prevalent as sulfur dioxide. Sulfur is one of the root causes of acid rain along with nitrogen and carbon which negatively affects the environment. Acid rain is created when the H2O falls and combines with the Sulfur trioxide to create Sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is also used in most fertilizers and so can be introduced into the water cycle from runoff off of nearby farms into rivers and lakes. This causes eutrophication and algal blooms, and so reduced the Dissolved oxygen and biodiversity in that water system. Sulfur in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide also absorbs radiation, however which keeps the earth's surface cooler and combats some of the effects of global warming.
A consequence of the Theorema Egregium is that the Earth cannot be displayed on a map without distortion. The Mercator projection, shown here, preserves angles but changes the area. As an example, Antarctica is shown much bigger than it really is. 
Gauss's **Theorema Egregium** (Latin for "**Remarkable Theorem**") is a major result of differential geometry proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The theorem is about the curvature of surfaces. The theorem states that curvature can be determined by measuring angles, distances and their rates on a surface alone. There is no need to talk about the particular manner in which the surface is embedded in the surrounding three-dimensional Euclidean space. In other words, the Gaussian curvature of a surface does not change if one bends the surface without stretching it. 

Gauss presented the theorem in this manner (translated from Latin):

For this reason the formula of the preceding article leads itself to the remarkable Theorem. If a curved surface is developed on any other surface whatever, the measure of curvature in each point remains unchanged.
The theorem is "remarkable" because the starting *definition* of Gaussian curvature makes direct use of the position of the surface in space. So it is quite surprising that the result does *not* depend on its embedding in spite of all bending and twisting deformations undergone.

Related pages
-------------

* Map projection
***Primal*** is an action-adventure video game, developed by SCE Campbridge Studio, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. Originally released on PlayStation 2 home console, then later ported to the PlayStation Network in 2012, and ***Primal Remastered*** for PlayStation 4 in 2016 worldwide. It tells the story of Jennifer Tate, a 21-year-old woman where searching for her boy friend, through the series of demonic-realms. As the story of develops, more is revealed about Jen's past and her relationship with her boy friend, as well as the nature of demon worlds.

Demonic Forms
-------------

### Ferai

The first of Jen's form, wich offer increases stamina, strength, agillity and focuses on melee punches for a melee combat.

### Undine

The second form obtain by Jen, the Undine form is usless above water, prolonged how use of which will reduce Jen's demonic health, where she can be killed in one strike. While in underwater, her health replenished backand she gains energy tentacles to strike the enemies on distance.

### Wraith

### Djinn

Other websites
--------------

* *Primal* at MobyGames
Tchaikovsky in 1893
***The Queen of Spades*** (Russian: Пиковая дама, pronounced *Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma*) is an opera by Tchaikovsky. It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin. Sometimes it is known by its German title *Pique Dame*. 

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera *Carmen*. He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate. The idea of fate is important to the opera *Carmen* and also to Tchaikovsky’s *The Queen of Spades*. Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera. Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart. In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

The story of the opera
----------------------

Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though he does not know her. His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young. He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing: he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money. Then he will be able to marry Lisa. He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom. When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards. She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.

Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace. Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win. Lisa drowns herself in a river. Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death". The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades. The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann. Hermann kills himself.

The writing of the opera
------------------------

Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera. They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music. They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table. This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.

Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly. It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas). Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks. 

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character. At other times it can sound very Russian. In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.
**Persistence hunting** is important because it is thought to have been important in earlier human societies. It is practiced today by the San people and by the Rarámari (Tarahumara) people of northwest Mexico.

Many animals on grassland move faster than humans. However, humans have endurance and can jog-trot for long distances. Their loss of hair allows them to sweat easily, and their spears give them a way to kill prey at the end of the hunting. 

A group of about four men start out on a search. Finding a suitable antelope, they move towards it, and the animal runs away. They check the signs, such as broken blades of grass, and follow it more slowly, but persistently. Eventually the animal has to stop to eat grass. Grass has so little nutrient that continual eating during the day is essential for their survival. If the antelope runs off into the far distance, one of the younger men is chosen to run after it while the others jog along behind. The runner comes back to say where the animal has gone. In this way younger members with endurance and older men with experience have their roles in the hunt. Eventually the men catch up while the animal can run no further without digesting grass (which is its 'fuel').

There is an alternative explanation as to why the animal eventually stops running, and that relates to its lesser ability to reduce its temperature by sweating, because its coat of fur is so much denser than the human hair covering. This may indeed play a part, but primarily the cause of fatigue is what is called 'metabolic fatigue', such as the shortage of fuel within the muscles.

The San people and their hunting methods were presented on television by David Attenborough in the documentary *The Life of Mammals, Program 10 Food for thought*.
In this illustration by Milo Winter of Aesop's fable, *The North Wind and the Sun*, a personified North Wind tries to strip the cloak off of a traveler.
Personification of arithmetic
**Personification** is a figure of speech where non-living objects are described to seem like people.

In the arts, personification means representing a non-human thing as if it were human. Personification gives human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, gestures and speech, often by way of a metaphor.

Personification is much used in visual arts. Examples in writing are "the leaves waved in the wind", "the ocean heaved a sigh" or "the Sun smiled at us". In easy language personification is just giving an example of a living being for a non-living thing. "The wind shouted". In these examples, the nonhuman subjects are given human characteristics.

Another commonly used personification is found in stories where animals and legendary creatures are attributed labels for recognition. This is called anthropomorphism.

Related pages
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* Anthropomorphism
* Death (personification)
* Gaia (mythology)
* Helios
* National personification

Other websites
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* Examples of personification in poetry
**Pricing** is the creation of a price. In a market economy the price is made by supply and demand. The suppliers would like to get the price as high as possible and the consumers would like to pay as few as possible. Prices will be built if consumers and salesmen make an agreement of the exchange of goods.

Type of market
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### Oligopoly

There are many consumers but only a few suppliers.

### Monopoly

There are many consumers but only one supplier.

### Polypoly

Many suppliers are compared to many consumers. By the low market share of the individual supplier you call it "atomize market structure". You also call this market form competitive market.

Very important factors for
--------------------------

### Suppliers

* Cost of production
* Amount of the market price
* Speculation
* Production facilities
* Market position of the suppliers
* engineering progress
* national sanctions
* quantity demanded

### Consumers

* Cost of production
* Necessity
* Available income
* Quality of the product
* Price of substitute (compensating) goods
* Price of complementary (additional) goods
* Quantity of supply

Law of supply
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The supplier will offer more goods, if the market price is rising. (and backwards)

Law of demand
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The consumer will demand more goods, if the market price drops. (and backwards)
**Silence** is a German rock - heavy metal band. It was founded in 1995 in Bavaria, Germany. Its founding members were Stefan Mueller (guitar), Holger Kronester (drums), and the brothers Bernd (guitar) and Marco Wolf (bass). They played a mix of rock and metal music. Their music always had a dark, depressive side.

The band's first successful album was *Enola*. It was listed as "Album of the month" in German Metal-Hammer. The album was released in 2000. Three years later they recorded *the p/o/u/r letters*. It got very good reviews all over Germany and Europe. In 2007 they released their 5 track EP *The Badtime Stories*. With this album they got a record deal with the German record label Biohazzard Records, a sublabel of Danse macabre.

In 2010 they released the follow-up full-length album to *the p/o/u/r letters*. It was titled *Life: Failed*. 

The today's members of the band consists of Stefan (singer), Bernd (guitar), Sebastian (keyboard), Bastian (guitar), Oliver (bass) and Bastian (drums).

Discography
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* 1996 *Empty Souls* (Demo)
* 2000 *Enola*
* 2003 *The p/o/u/r letters*
* 2007 *The Badtime Stories*
* 2010 *Life: Failed*

Other websites
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* Official website Archived 2018-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Myspace-Site
**Silas Hite** (born March 30, 1980) is an American composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and visual artist.

Early life
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Hite was born in Scottsdale, Arizona to Patrick Hite and Amy Mothersbaugh.

Career
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Influences
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Hite's influences include Calexico, Bob Dylan, Peter Bernstein, Gustavo Santaolalla, Lalo Schifrin, Chris Mancini, David Newman, Jean-Michel Jarre, Bernard Herrmann, Joel Goldsmith, Joseph Williams, Danny Elfman, Alexandre Desplat, Ryan Shore, Hervé Legrand, John Barry, Mychael Danna, James Horner, Rolfe Kent, Andrea Morricone, Alan Silvestri, Kevin Kiner, Michael Kamen, John Powell, Hans Zimmer, James Newton Howard, David Arnold, Carter Burwell, Harry Gregson-Williams, Alberto Iglesias, John Debney, Georges Delerue, Brian Tyler, Klaus Badelt, Teddy Castellucci, Mark Isham, Bear McCreary, Basil Poledouris and George S. Clinton.

Visual arts
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Filmography
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### Films

### Television

### Video games

Other websites
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* Official website
* Silas Hite on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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* ISNI
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| National | 
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The **Preamble to the Constitution of India** is a preliminary statement or introduction. It guides the people of the nation and presents the principles of the constitution. The hopes and aspirations of the people are drawn in it. The preamble can be related to the introduction which highlights the entire constitution.

The Indian preamble states that - "Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. ... The objectives stated by the preamble are to secure justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity of the nation".

It was approved on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26 January 1950, celebrated as the Republic day in India.

The Preamble is based on "Objective Resolution", of Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru proposed an objective resolution and that is when Dr BR Ambedkar designed the text of the constitution and preamble.

The objectives of the preamble are explained in brief here. For a word by word explanation of the preamble, refer to this.
In Information technology, a packet is a collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other, usually as part of a  network. Some computers and networks do not use packets to communicate. But most currently do, including nearly all computers on the Internet. Packets allow many computers on a  network to communicate more quickly and easily.

Structure
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A packet consists of two kinds of data: packet information and packet *data* (or *payload*). If you think of a packet like a letter in the mail, the *control information* is like the outside of the envelope. There's an address that says where to send the letter, and a stamp that says how to send it (fast or slow). Similarly, the computer uses the *control information* in the packet to decide where, and how, to send the data. People aren't usually interested in the control information.

The *user data* is like the inside of the envelope. It is the actual information the computer is trying to send. This might be any kind of digital data, such as words, pictures, music, or computer programs. It's generally for people or computers to use, but not for the packet system to use. 

Different communication protocols put the control information and user information in different places, or make it look different. But they still do the same thing.

Problems
--------

Sometimes the computers make mistakes while transmitting data, or have trouble "hearing" each other. So many packets use a checksum or cyclic redundancy check to make sure they have the right information. This is usually one component of the control information. This helps to make sure the packets themselves have the right information. But then computers also need to get the right packets.

Designing computer networks can be difficult. Even though today's computers are very advanced, sometimes information doesn't arrive where it's supposed to. Sometimes computers try to fix this and end up sending it twice. And sometimes the information doesn't arrive in the right order. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, was invented to fix these problems. But since it is complex, some computers use the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, instead.
A **mousebird** is one of a small group of birds. They are not closely related to other groups of birds. Though they and the parrots and cockatoos (Psittaciformes) may be closer to each other than to other birds. The mousebirds are given order status as **Coliiformes**. This group only lives in sub-Saharan Africa. They had a wider range in prehistoric times and apparently evolved in Europe.

Description
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They are slender greyish or brown birds with soft, hairlike body feathers. They are typically about 10 cm in body length. They have a long, thin, tail a further 20–24 cm in length. They weigh 45–55 grams. They are arboreal and scurry through the leaves like rodents, in search of berries, fruit and buds. This habit, and their legs, is the reason for the group's English name. They can feed upside down. They have crests and stubby bills.

Mousebirds are very talkative. They are found in bands of about twenty in lightly wooded country.

These birds build cup-shaped twig nests in trees, which are lined with grasses. 2–4 eggs are typically laid.
**Prequel** is a term in drama and literature: it is a fusion of the words 'precursor' and 'sequel'. 

When a story is told in several stages, it is natural to tell it in order of time. For example, a series of books on the Second World War started with the 1930s and ended up in 1946.

For various reasons, this does not always happen. In the movie series *Star Wars*, the first movie was *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope* (1977). It was followed by three prequels, which were *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace* (1999); *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones* (2002) and *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith* (2005).

For correct use, the term 'prequel' is only applied when work is part of a series, and when the later publication refers to an earlier time. It is an old idea, but one which is often used today for drama on movie and television. The *Cypria*, a work of Ancient Greek literature, is a prequel to Homer's *Iliad*. A related idea is the back-story, which is the background story of a main story or character.
**Shifa Gardi** (Kurdish:Şîfa Gerdî, Arabic:شفاء كردي)(July 1, 1986 - February 25, 2017) also known as Shifa Zikri Ibrahim, was a Kurdish journalist for the Kurdish Rudaw Media Network in Iraq. She died in a roadside bomb explosion while reporting on the Iraqi advance into Mosul. When she died, Gardi was speaking to Shiite commander Hashd al-Shaabi beside a huge hole where ISIS militants dumped the bodies of people they killed. Al-Shaabi's feet caught in a wire, which made the bomb explode. Gardi, commander al-Shaabi, and four fighters were killed. Gardi's cameraman Younis Mustafa and seven fighters were wounded.

Ranja Jamal, a Rudaw journalist who is embedded with the Iraqi army was with Gardi when she died. He said she was looking for the deep hole called "Mosul’s Valley of Death", or Al Khafsa, where ISIS threw hundreds of people. The hole is in a valley south of the Mosul near a village called Al Athba. According to the Islamic State's doctrine, Muslims who oppose the group or fighters who leave the group cannot be buried in Muslim cemeteries. Al Athba is 20 kilometers south of Mosul and five kilometers from the main Baghdad-Mosul road. Gardi had information about the valley but she was not able to find it. On her way back, she met a Popular Mobilization Forces or Al-Hashd Al-Sha'abi group, and they took her to the place.

Life
----

Gardi was born a refugee in 1986 in the town of Urmia Zêwe, Iran. In 2006, she graduated from Computer Technical Institute. In 2013, she graduated from the media department at Salahaddin University. In 2006, she started her career in media and worked as a teacher. From 2007 to 2010 she worked as a journalist. Gerdi was with the Rûdaw Media Group from its beginning. At the beginning of the Mosul offensive she started a program titled "Focus Mosul". Gerdi followed the events of the war by going to the front as a war correspondent. Gerdi once brought a rabbit back to her office, because it was malnourished. 

The President of Kurdistan, Massoud Barzani, sent his condolences. Mesud Tek, the General Secretary Socialist Party of Kurdistan in Turkey also sent condolences. Marie-Claude Bibeau, the Canadian Minister for international development, Dr. Najmaldin Karim, the governor of Kirkuk, and Falah Mustafa, head of Department of Foreign Relations of Kurdistan Regional Government all expressed their condolences.

Other websites
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* List of news articles written by Gerdi from Rojname Kurdish News.[*permanent dead link*]
A **shield** is the name used to refer to any object or force used to block something.

Two wooden round shields from Thorsberg moor (3rd century A.D.)

History
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The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows. The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.

### Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, Kite shields were commonly used. The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite. Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons. The Buckler was a shield with a round shape. It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.

### Modern Shields

Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons. the shield is still used by police and army forces today. Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics. Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.

Future
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The future of shields have varied from multiple ideas and fiction, usually force fields and energy shields.