recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**David Filoni** (born June 7, 1974) is an American movie director, writer, and animator.

*Star Wars*
-----------

He is the director of the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* feature movie, and the supervising director of the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* TV series.

Filoni made an appearance at Celebration IV on Sunday, May 28, 2007 with producer Catherine Winder in the Celebration Theater (Room 408AB), to discuss the beginnings of the new television series and reveal how *The Clone Wars* is being created. He will also be writing for the Clone Wars monthly comic.

An avid Plo Koon fan, Filoni dressed up as the Jedi Master for the opening of *Revenge of the Sith*. In February 2009, Filoni was inducted as an Honorary Member of the 501st Legion international costuming organization in recognition of his contributions to the continuing *Star Wars* saga.

Dave Filoni's office, as seen in the extra features on the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* DVD, is filled with Plo Koon paraphernalia. He has a bust of Plo Koon's head, a model of Plo Koon's ship, an autographed portrait by the actor who played Plo Koon, a replica of Plo Koon's lightsaber on his desk, and his personal Plo Koon costume on display. Filoni also has a note book sized planner on his desk with Plo Koon's picture taped to the outside. Filoni also has a small model of the character Appa on his desk, from *Avatar: The Last Airbender*.

Movies he directed
------------------

* *Avatar: The Last Airbender* (2005) (various episodes)
* *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* (movie) (2008)
* *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* (series) (2008)

Other websites
--------------

Dave Filoni on IMDb
Copper(I) iodide
**Copper(I) iodide**, also known as **cuprous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuI. It has copper and iodide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

Copper(I) iodide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It easily turns tan or brown. It is a reducing agent. The iodide easily oxidizes to iodine. Copper does not form a stable copper(II) iodide; copper(II) iodide breaks down right away to make copper(I) iodide and iodine. It dissolves in concentrated iodides like potassium iodide. When it is diluted, it makes copper(I) iodide again.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by reacting iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid. Another way would be to react copper(II) sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which as said before breaks down right away to make iodine and copper(I) iodide.

Uses
----

It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make clouds rain. It is used to make nylon resistant to heat. It can be used to put iodine to foods.

Related pages
-------------

* Copper(I) bromide
* Copper(I) chloride
Male Western dress code
A **dress code** is a rule about what people should, must or mustn't wear. Many times these rules are obvious: they do not need to be written. For example, when walking around a city or going to work one needs to have appropriate clothes. These can change depending on different countries and cultures. At other times a dress code can be a written rule: this can happen for important events. Some private places might also have a dress code that people need to follow to be allowed in - for example churches and nightclubs. Many organizations require a uniform.

The way a person chooses their clothes can be very important in a social environment. Different types of clothes can give an idea of how much money a person has, what religion he follows, marital status, etc.

Western dress codes
-------------------

In the Western world, there are the following dress codes for important events. These can include, for example, State dinners (when important people of different countries meet over dinner), weddings or the Nobel Prize ceremony.

* Casual attire is a relaxed dress for more freedom. Examples of casual garments and accessories include t-shirts, shorts, jeans, baseball caps, most sunglasses
* Ceremonial dress or Court dress: this depends on the country and occasion
* Formal or White tie. Men have a black suit, a white shirt and a white bow tie. Women have a long dress; they can't wear trousers.
* Semi-formal or Black tie. It is similar to a white tie, but the suit is a bit different and the bow tie needs to be black.
* Informal or Business attire. Men have a simple business suit with a shirt of any colour and a tie. Women can wear a short dress or even a business suit if they like.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dress code***.
A mixture of copper(II) carbonate and copper(II) hydroxide
**Copper(II) carbonate**, also known as **cupric carbonate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCO3. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties
----------

Copper(II) carbonate is a blue-green solid. It is made when copper is in air for a long time and turns green. The other part of that coating is copper(II) hydroxide. It dissolves in acids to make carbon dioxide and a copper salt. It breaks down when heated to make carbon dioxide and copper(II) oxide.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by leaving copper(II) hydroxide in air, which makes copper(II) carbonate. It can also be made by reacting copper sulfate and sodium carbonate. This makes sodium sulfate in solution.

Uses
----

Copper(II) carbonate can be used to kill algae. It is also used as a pigment.

Safety
------

It can irritate the skin. It is toxic since it dissolves in stomach acid to make copper ions in solution, which can be absorbed.

Related pages
-------------

* Copper(I) chloride
* Copper(II) chloride
Ernesto Lecuona  
circa 1935
Ernesto Lecuona in 1923
**Ernesto Lecuona y Casado** (August 6, 1895 – November 29, 1963) was a Cuban composer and pianist of worldwide fame. He composed over six hundred pieces, mostly in the Cuban vein, and was a pianist of exceptional skill.

As a child prodigy, he composed his first song at the age of 11. Lecuona graduated from the National Conservatory of Havana with a Gold Medal for interpretation when he was sixteen. He performed in New York in 1916.

Composer
--------

He was a prolific composer of songs and music for stage and film. His works in Afro-Cuban and Cuban rhythms are still very famous. They include *Siboney* (*Canto Siboney*), *Comparsa*, *Malagueña* and *The Breeze And I* (*Andalucía*). In 1942, his great hit, *Always in my heart* (*Siempre en mi Corazon*) was nominated for an Oscar for Best Song. Lecuona wrote music for stage and screen. His own musical stage show, *María la O*, premiered in Havana on March 1, 1930.

Lecuona gave concerts all through his adult life, in Europe and the Americas. They often featured his own compositions. He first travelled to Spain in 1924, and his successful piano recitals in 1928 at Paris coincided with a rise in interest in Cuban music.

Lecuona gave help and the use of his name to the popular touring group, the Lecuona Cuban Boys, but he did not play as a member of the band. He did sometimes play piano solos as the first item on the bill. The Lecuona Cuban Boys were highly successful in the 1930s, and toured Europe every year. They lasted until the Cuban revolution of 1959. Lecuona himself left Cuba and spent his last few years in the United States.
**Daan** is a metro station on the Wenhu Line and Tamsui-Xinyi Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code of the Wenhu line station is **BR09** and the station code of the Tamsui-Xinyi line station is **R05**.

Wenhu line station platform
Tamsui-Xinyi line station platform

Station layout information
--------------------------

### Wenhu line

The station platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.

### Tamsui-Xinyi line

The station platforms are located underground. Platform 1 is for Tamsui or Beitou. Platform 2 is for Xiangshan, which is also used as a termination platform for trains from Beitou during non-rush hours.

Around the station
------------------

* Bureau of National Health Insurance
* American Institute in Taiwan
* Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University
* Taipei Municipal Da-An Vocational High School
* Daan Junior High School
* Taipei Hakka Culture Hall
* Taipei Farmers Association
* Cross-Strait Tourism Exchange Association
* Daan Forest Park
This article is about the river in Western Russia. For other rivers with the same name, see Don River (disambiguation).
The **Don** (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.

From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.

History
-------

In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the **Tanaïs**, and has been a major trading route ever since.

Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes. The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) *Dānu* "river", akin to modern Ossetic *don* "river".

At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

Views of Don River
------------------

* Don River near khutor Kalininsky in Rostov Oblast (photo 2002).Don River near khutor Kalininsky in Rostov Oblast (photo 2002).
* Don River, near YeletsDon River, near Yelets
* Don River in Rostov-on-DonDon River in Rostov-on-Don
* Frozen Don River in winter in Rostov-on-DonFrozen Don River in winter in Rostov-on-Don
* Water transportWater transport
* Map of 1882 showing the River basins of the Don and the Volga riversMap of 1882 showing the River basins of the Don and the Volga rivers
***Diario Frontera*** is a Venezuelan regional newspaper, headquartered in Ejido, in the state of Mérida. Founded in 1978, its slogan is "El diario del occidente del país" (The Daily of the occident of the country).

Features
--------

The newspaper is distributed as standard colored format. It contains regional, national, and international news. It has two supplements, issued every Sunday: *Aquí entre Nos* magazine, and a supplement for children, *Chipilín*. It has special editions for occasions like *Feria del Sol* and *Día del Trabajador*.

History
-------

*Diario Frontera* was founded by José Benedicto Monsalve, along with the writer Rafael Ángel Gallegos, who was the first director, on 12 August 1978. At the beginning, it was printed in black and white using a rotary owned by *Diario Critica*.

In the eighties, *Diario Frontera* became a generalist newspaper, printed in black and white, and with 20 pages. Since 1989, it has printed a page or a section dedicated to the University of the Andes, due to the great number of students and the importance of the University in the life of the city.

In June 2005, it printed an inquiry about a student of the university killed by the police. *Diario* wrote that the student had been hit by the policemen, but also revealed his belonging to an armed political group. The headquarter of the newspaper was attacked by groups of students; it was the beginning of riots that then spread all over the city. The pleas of Reporters Without Borders remained unheard.

In 2008, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary, *Diario* has revamped graphics (logo, typeface).

Directors
---------

* Rafael Ángel Gallegos
* Alcides Monsalve

Related pages
-------------

* List of Venezuelan newspapers
* Mérida, Venezuela

Other websites
--------------

* Diario Frontera website Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
The **Dumont d'Urville Station** (French: *Base antarctique Dumont-d'Urville*) is a French scientific station in Antarctica. It is on Île des Pétrels, archipelago of Pointe-Géologie in Adélie Land. It is named after explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. His expedition landed on Débarquement Rock in the Dumoulin Islands at the northeast end of the archipelago on January 21, 1840. The station is run by the "French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor".

History
-------

The station in 1959
The first French Antarctic research station was at Port Martin, 62 kilometres (39 mi) east of D'Urville. It was destroyed by fire on January 23, 1952. In 1952, a small base called Base Marret, was built on Île des Pétrels to study a rookery of emperor penguins. When the Port Martin station was destroyed, Base Marret was used in the winter of 1952/1953. A new main base, Dumont D'Urville station, was built on the same island and opened on January 12, 1956. This became the centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957/1958. It has remained in active use ever since.

The station allows between 30 and 40 people to come ashore at one time. Ice and strong katabatic winds often prevent landings, either by boat or by helicopter. The station can accommodate about 30 people in winter and 120 during the summer. The icebreaker ship *L'Astrolabe* carries supplies and people to the station from the port of Hobart, Tasmania. It does five trips between November and March.

The Academy Award-winning documentary movie *La Marche de l'empereur*, in English *March of the Penguins*, was filmed in the region around this base.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dumont d'Urville Station***.
| Diastereomers |
| --- |
|  |  |
| D-Threose | D-Erythrose |

**Diastereomers** (also called **diastereoisomers**) are stereoisomers which are not enantiomers. They are molecules which have the same atoms and bonds but different stereochemistry in at least one, but not all, of their chiral centres. Diastereomers can have very different properties even though they look similar. This is different from enantiomers, that have exactly the same properties except when in a chiral environment like the human body.

Every chiral centre in a molecule has two possible ways of putting the groups in space. With only one chiral centre, there are two enantiomers. With two chiral centres, you can form 4 different isomers. When all chiral centres are changed at the same time, two pairs of enantiomers are formed. When only one chiral centre is changed at a time, sets of diastereoisomers are formed. With more chiral centres the possibilities are many more.

Diastereoisomers which are different at only one of more chiral centres are called **epimers**. For example, D-Threose and D-Erythrose (see picture) are diastereomers because they are different at only one of two chiral centres. Because of this they can also be called epimers.
Planetary nebulae, here represented by the Ring Nebula, are examples of emission nebulae.
An **emission nebula** is a cloud of plasma emitting light in many colors. The glowing is caused by a star being near the nebula. There are many types of emission nebula. H II regions are caused when stars are forming and are very hot, causing the plasma to heat up. Planetary nebulae are made when where a dying star has thrown off its outer layers. This causes the core of the star to heat up the plasma.

General information
-------------------

A nebula's color depends on what chemicals are in it, and how ionized it is. Because most of the universe is made of hydrogen, many emission nebulae appear red. Hydrogen glows red when it is hot. If the nebula is very hot, other types of gas will be heated and the it might also glow blue and green. By looking at which colors are glowing in a nebula, one can figure out what it is made of.

Emission nebulae sometimes look like they have dark areas in them. This is because clouds of dust block the light when it is traveling between the nebula and the Earth.

Related pages
-------------

* Reflection nebula
* Planetary nebula
**Duncan Andrew Gwynne Fletcher** is a former Zimbabwe cricketer. He is a left hand batsman and Right arm medium fast bowler. He was born on 27 September 1948 in Salisbury (modern Harare), Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). He was the former coach of India national cricket team. He was also the coach of England cricket team from 1999 to 2007. Fletcher played for Zimbabwe cricket team and took the team for victory in the 1982 ICC Trophy. But he had never played Test cricket.

Under Fletcher, England cricket team achieved famous victories against Sri Lanka national cricket team, Pakistan national cricket team, West Indies cricket team and South Africa national cricket team between 2000 and 2004. He coached the England team to win the Ashes series for 18 years when the team secured 2-1 victory over the Australia national cricket team.India national cricket team won 8 series in a row including the ICC Champions Trophy under Fletcher's coaching from 2011.

Other websites
--------------

* FACEBOOK PAGE OF DUNCAN FLETCHER
* Cricinfo page on Duncan Fletcher
* Duncan Fletcher article, - hero or culprit?
The term ***dyke*** is a slang term. It is used as a noun for lesbians. It is also used as an adjective for things related to lesbianism. It began as a homophobic and misogynistic term on par with the word faggot, Dyke means a masculine or manly girl or woman.

The origin of the term *dyke* is obscure. Many theories have come out. Most theories tell that *dyke* comes off the word *bulldyke*, which has a similar meaning.

From the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, *dike* had been American slang for the well-dressed man. *Diked out* and *out on the dike* meant a young man was in his best clothes.

The word *dyke* was used in the 1950s as a derogatory term for lesbians by straight people. But it was also used by lesbians of higher social status to mean crude and rough-bar lesbians.

Facebook controversy
--------------------

Facebook censored use of the word *dyke* as "abusive content" in June 2017 on its website. The decision triggered a Change.org protest petition created by the *Listening 2 Lesbians* collective. It was signed by 7,247 supporters.

Dyke Marches have become popular gay pride events in the United States and Canada. They also happen in Europe, including London and Berlin, as well as across Mexico.
A toddler wearing a diaper
A **diaper** (or **nappy**) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.

Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are very absorbent.

Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.

Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.

In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.

Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers. This can be for different reasons. Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons. These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists."
PRC and ROC in China
**Cross-strait relations** (simplified Chinese: 海峡两岸关系; traditional Chinese: 海峽兩岸關係; pinyin: *Hǎixiá Liǎng'àn Guānxì*) is the relations between the governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Neither government recognises one another. Both officially use the One-China policy. Under this policy, there is only one legitimate government of China. Both the PRC and the ROC claim to be that government.

Cross-strait relations are not international relations, where matters are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is because both governments claim that each other's territory is part of their country. However, the relations are not purely domestic relations either.

Any interaction by the PRC's government with Taiwan is done by the Association of Relations Across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS). This is under the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC. Any interaction by the ROC's government with Mainland China is done by Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) under the Mainland Affairs Council of the ROC.

Views from each side
--------------------

The PRC's view is that Taiwan is part of PRC under the *One Country, Two Systems* (Chinese: 一国两制) policy. This policy was introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1984. The ROC's view is that Mainland China is part of the ROC under the '*One Country, Two Areas* (Chinese: 一國兩區) policy. This policy was introduced by Wu Po-hsiung in 2012.

However, currently both sides temporarily agree that both countries belong to One China. This was agreed under the *1992 consensus* (Chinese: 九二共识) to facilitate cross-strait matters. The PRC regards Taiwan as part of the PRC, while the ROC regards Mainland China as part of the ROC.
**Dora Herxheimer** with married name **Heidrich** (4 August 1884 - 2 July 1967) was a British swimmer and artist.

Swimming
--------

Herxheimer started swimming when she was around 10 years old in 1894 during a family vacation in St Leonards-on-Sea. She was in 1906 trained by Maurice Richard at the Solférino baths. On 15 July 1906 she took part in the second edition of the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], a main open water swimming competition in Paris. After many test, she had to swim for instance six kilometre in a swimming pool, her participation was accepted. She finished 10th in a time of 4 hours and 58 miutes. She swam the entire race in breaststroke.

Art
---

Herxheimer studied art as a pupil of the German arrist Georg Lührig, probably serving as a model for his work *Âge et Jeunesse*. In 1906 she joined the courses of the sculptor Jacques Marqueste in Paris. She owned a studio in the 14th arrondissement of Paris at Rue Campagne-Première [fr]. She was specialized in sculpture of busts, animal art and female portraits. In August, she became a pupil of Auguste Rodin and meets her secretary, the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke. Between 1906 and 1913 she maintained a correspondence with Rainer Maria Rilke.

Personal life
-------------

Herxheimer was born in London in 1884. She moved in 1901 to Saxony in Germany and from 1905 to Berlin, Paris, Freudenstadt in the Black Forest and Czechoslovakia. She later moved to London and moved to New York in 1954.

Her father Gotthold Herxheimer (1838-1896) was a businessman and her mother was Jaffe Auguste (1853-1937). She had a sister Ella Pauline Herxheimer and a brother Walter. She married in 1911 to an Austrian agent Rudolf Heidrich. She had a daughter in 1919 named Dorethea. As a Jewish person, she had had to wear the yellow star during World War II.
***Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures*** is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star. The game is designed for preschoolers ages 3–6 and is based on the Nick Jr. franchise, *Dora the Explorer*.

Gameplay
--------

The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game.

Reception
---------

The game was met with mainly negative reception from critics. *Electronic Gaming Monthly'*s reviewer Seanbaby stated, "[...] this game is for idiots. I don't care if they're four; if they play this, they're idiots."
In mathematics, **division by two** is when a number is divided by two. Some cultures, like the ancient Egyptians, thought this was a different operation than division. Some mathematicians up until the 16th century (1500-1599) thought this too. Today division by two is handled specially in modern computer programming.

Division by two is also called **halving**, **mediation**, and **dimidiation**.

Binary
------

See the main article: Binary numeral system
In a binary number system, there are only two digits: 0 and 1. All other numbers are represented with those two digits. For example, "one" is 1, "two" is 10, "three" is 11, "four" is 100, and so on. Most of the time people use a number system with ten digits (the numbers 0 through 9.) This is called the decimal number system.

Division by two in binary is very easy. It is done by dropping the last digit on the right of the number. This is called a "bit shift operation." For example, if we performed a bit shift operation on the binary number 100, we'd get 10. Since binary 100 is decimal 4, and binary 10 is decimal 2, this makes sense.

Another example is performing a bit shift operation on 1101. This would leave us with 110, but we dropped a 1 from the end, not a zero. This also makes sense because 1101 in binary is 13 in decimal. If we divide 13 by 2, we get 6 with a remainder of 1 (we have 1 left over.)

### Computers

See also: Bit
Computers use the binary number system to store information. Information is broken up into tiny pieces called *bits*. Each bit is either a 0 or a 1. Because of this, the fastest and easiest way for a computer to do division is by a bit shift operations -- division by two. Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization. (Program optimization is trying to make a program faster and more efficient.)

In computer programming, the symbol `>>` is sometimes used to show a bit shift operation. In Java, we can ask the computer to do the problem {\displaystyle 19\div 2} by writing `19 >> 2`. This is the same as writing `19/2`. Both of these versions will give us the answer `9`. There is a problem when trying to do something a problem like {\displaystyle -4\div 2}. In Java, if we write `-3/2`, the computer will tell us the answer is `-1`. But if we try to do `-3 >> 2`, the computer will say the answer is `-2`. This will happen every time we try to do a bit shift operation with one negative number. The reason for this is complicated, and has to do with the way negative binary numbers are saved by the computer.

Even though it is fastest for computers to do division using bit shift operations, most computer code does not do it this way. This is because programmers want their programs to be *portable* and *readable*. Portable means that a program can be run on many different kinds of computers and operating systems. Readable means that the source code is easy to read and understand. Most of the time, the compiler (a program that changes source code into 0's and 1's that the computer can understand) will change the division into bit shifts automatically.
white kidskin opera glovesLong white gloves wore by Madeleine Malraux and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
**Evening gloves** are long gloves for women's formal wear. These gloves are often worn with evening dress for debutante(ball gown) and wedding dresses. The longest of the evening gloves are called the "**opera gloves**". Opera gloves are very long gloves that go far beyond the elbow.

The appropriate length of the evening gloves is determined by the length of the sleeves of the dress. The shorter the sleeves of the dress, the longer the gloves should be. Evening gloves for formal(white tie) and semi-formal(black tie) wear come in three lengths for women: wrist, elbow, and opera. The opera reaches over the elbow, usually reaching to the biceps but sometimes to the full length of the arm. The "elbow-length or longer" part is the key; gloves which cover a substantial portion of the forearm, up to just below the elbow, can legitimately be called "long gloves" or "evening gloves", but **never** "Opera Gloves". In this case, the term "opera" is the same as "opera length necklace" or "opera length stockings" and refers to the length of the object rather than the type of party.

The most formal fabric for evening gloves is kidskin (young goats leather). The most expensive opera length gloves are custom-made of kidskin. Many other types of leather, most usually soft varieties of cowhide, are used in making full-length gloves; patent leather and suede are especially popular as alternatives to kidskin, and are often more affordable than kidskin. Satin and stretch satin materials are extremely popular, and there are mass-produced varieties as well. More unusual glove materials include leathers made from salmon, python, and stingray.

Related pages
-------------

* Dress code
* Victorian fashion
* White glove
Sediment  Rock   Mantle

A **continental shelf** is the part of the continent that is under water. The shelf was part of the land during the ice ages in the glacial periods, but under water in the interglacial periods. We are at present in an interglacial period.

Every continent is in the sea, like an island. Most of the island is above the water line, and we see it as a continent. Some of it though, is below the water line. Beyond the continental shelf, the bottom goes down to much greater depths.

Western Interior Seaway during the mid-Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago
The continental shelf is a shallow ocean. It varies in depth, up to 140 metres deep. It varies greatly in its width. At the leading edge of a moving continental plate there will be little or no shelf. The western edge of the Americas are an example. The shelf on a passive edge of a plate will be wide and shallow. The widest shelf is the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean: it is 1500 km (930 miles) in width.

Inland seas
-----------

There have been, at some periods, shallow seas *inside* continents. These are called epicontinental seas. Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period. In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway.

Ecology
-------

Phytoplankton bloom off Cornwall, England. The light blue is caused by billions of white coccolithophorid skeletons of *Emiliana huxleyi*.
Continental seas have the richest life of the oceans, more species and greater numbers than anywhere else. This is because it has both sunlight and nutrients for photosynthesis. This causes microscopic algae and cyanobacteria to bloom, and then animals eat the phytoplankton. Most of the nutrients in the oceans are washed down from the continents by rivers. In particular, the continents are almost the only source for some key elements such as iron. The lack of nutrients away from continents explains why so much of the Pacific Ocean is almost barren of life, and why the shelves are so rich in life.

Topography
----------

The shelf usually ends at a point of decreasing slope (called the **shelf break**). The sea floor below the break is the **continental slope**. The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.p43
An **excise** or **excise tax** is an indirect tax charged on certain goods. As an indirect tax, they are charged by the producer or the merchant who then has to pay the government. For the same reason they are also not considered a sales tax. Excise taxes are commonly part of the retail price of a product such as gasoline, alcohol or cigarettes. Excise taxes may be charged by both state and federal governments.

Excise vs sales tax
-------------------

Excise taxes are different from sales tax in two important ways. First, excise is charged only on specific goods. Sales tax can apply to most things a person might buy although certain jurisdictions may exempt food or clothing. Excise taxes are usually applied to luxury goods or products linked to health issues such as tanning salons or cigarettes. Secondly, sales tax is charged as a percentage of the purchase price. An excise tax is usually a fixed amount added to the price. It can be hard to tell how much excise tax a person pays because it is part of the purchase price. Sales tax is added to the price and is usually shown on the receipt.

US excise taxes
---------------

In the United States, excise taxes make up about 4 percent of all federal revenues. This is lower than many other countries. The Constitution refers to excise tax as an indirect tax. Some states in the United States have different names for excise taxes. For example, in the state of Massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".

Other websites
--------------

* Difference Between Tax and Duty
* Seven ways Americans pay taxes
**F major** (or the **key of F**) is a musical major scale starting on F. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. This means that if you want these instruments to sound in F major, you have to write in C major. Most of these sound a perfect fifth lower than written, except the trumpet in F which sounds a perfect fourth higher. (The basset horn also often sounds an octave and a fifth lower.)

  

Of the six Overtures Francesco Maria Veracini wrote for Prince Friedrich Augustus in Dresden, most are in either F major or B-flat major because the prince's orchestra had a lot of wind instruments that played best in these keys.

List of compositions in F Major
-------------------------------

* Brandenburg Concertos Nos 1 & 2 - Johann Sebastian Bach
* Piano Concerto No. 19 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral" - Ludwig van Beethoven
* Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90 - Johannes Brahms
* Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich) - Dimitri Shostakovich
* Concerto No. 3 in F major, Op. 8, RV 293, "L'autunno" - Antonio Vivaldi

Scales and keys
---------------

| * v
* t
* e
Diatonic Scales and Keys |
| --- |
| Circle of fifthsCircle of fifths | 

|  | Flats | Sharps |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Major | minor | Major | minor |
| 0 | **C**, **a** |
| 1 | **F** | **d** | **G** | **e** |
| 2 | **B♭** | **g** | **D** | **b** |
| 3 | **E♭** | **c** | **A** | **f♯** |
| 4 | **A♭** | **f** | **E** | **c♯** |
| 5 | **D♭** | **b♭** | **B** | **g♯** |
| 6 | **G♭** | **e♭** | **F♯** | **d♯** |
| 7 | **C♭** | **a♭** | **C♯** | **a♯** |
| 8 | **F♭** | **d♭** | **G♯** | **e♯** |

 |
| The table shows the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. |


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***F major***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***F major***
In baseball, the **Cy Young Award** is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball. The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues. In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League. The 2021 American League Cy Young Award winner was Robby Ray of the Toronto Blue Jays, and the 2021 National League Cy Young Award winner was Corbin Burnes of the Milwaukee Brewers. 

Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League. Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league. The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where *F* is the number of first place votes, *S* is second place votes, and *T* is third place votes. The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.

The current formula started with the 1970 season. Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

Other websites
--------------

* Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac
* Full Voting Results for the Cy Young Award
The broad picture of the North American Craton
Cratons of West Gondwana, which later became Africa and South America
A **craton** is the oldest part of a continental plate. It is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere. 

After surviving cycles of merging and rifting of continents, cratons are usually found in the interiors of tectonic plates. They are composed of ancient crystalline basement rock, which may be covered by younger sedimentary rock. They have a thick crust and deep roots that extend as much as several hundred kilometers into the Earth's mantle.

*Cratonic lithosphere is much older than oceanic lithosphere* – up to 4 billion years versus 180 million years.

The term *craton* is used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust from regions that are more geologically active and unstable. Cratons can be described as **shields**, in which the basement rock crops out at the surface, and **platforms**, in which the basement is overlain by sediments and sedimentary rock.

Cratons are subdivided geographically into geologic **provinces**. A geologic province is an area with common geologic properties.
**Edmontosaurus** is a basal duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage. It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. It is the same animal as *Anatotitan*. There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past.

*Edmontosaurus* was named from a fossil found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, in Alberta, Canada. Many *Edmontosaurus* fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA. Two mummified *Edmontosaurus* fossils were found in Wyoming.

The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It could move on two legs and on four. Because it is known from several bone beds, *Edmontosaurus* is thought to have lived in groups. It may have been migratory.

Skeleton
--------

Hip bones of *E. regalis*, an ornithischian dinosaur
Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae. This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight. The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress. It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.

Feeding
-------

As a hadrosaurid, *Edmontosaurus* was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping, or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots. *Edmontosaurus* and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth. The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about 4 metres (13 ft) above.

*Edmontosaurus* skulls: a collection of almost all the known specimens
**Edmund Beecher Wilson** (Geneva, Illinois, 19 October 1856 – 3 March 1939) was a pioneering American zoologist and cell biologist. He wrote one of the most famous textbooks in the history of modern biology, *The Cell*.

Career
------

Wilson graduated from Yale in 1878. He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins in 1881. He was a lecturer at Williams College in 1883–84 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884–85. He served as professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1891. 

He spent the balance of his career at Columbia University where he was successively adjunct professor of biology (1891–94), professor of invertebrate zoology (1894–1897), and professor of zoology (from 1897). 

Wilson is credited as America's first cell biologist. In 1898 he used the similarity in embryos to describe evolutionary relationships. By observing spiral cleavage in molluscs, flatworms and annelids he concluded that the same organs came from the same group of cells and concluded that all these organisms must have a common ancestor. 

He also discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905—that males have XY and females XX sex chromosomes. Nettie Stevens independently made the same discovery the same year.

In 1907, he described, for the first time, the additional or supernumerary chromosomes, now called B-chromosomes.

Professor Wilson published many papers on embryology, and served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1913. 

The American Society for Cell Biology annually awards the E.B. Wilson Medal in his honour.

Sutton and Boveri
-----------------

1902–1904: Theodor Boveri (1862–1915), a German biologist, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the *Sutton–Boveri hypothesis*.
**Culture shock** is a feeling that people have when they are in a different place or experiencing a culture that is different from their own. Many times, the feelings that come with culture shock are confusion, feeling out of place, anxiety, and homesickness. These feelings come from adjusting to the new culture or place, which can be very difficult for some people. Adjustment is especially hard when the change of environment and culture is in a foreign country. It is difficult for people to know what is appropriate and what is not in an unfamiliar place.

Signs and symptoms
------------------

* Frustration
* Tiring easily and sleeping a lot

* Feelings of loneliness and not being motivated

* Negative attitude towards host culture

* Extreme homesickness

Dealing with culture shock
--------------------------

It is important to understand and identify the symptoms of culture shock so that it can be worked through. The feelings and symptoms that are a result of culture shock are not always caused by one event alone. Many times, it is more than one event over time that leads to overwhelming feelings and emotions. Sometimes it is difficult to identify feelings and emotions as symptoms of culture shock because they can often be confused with other things. There are some different strategies for coping and working through culture shock. Keeping active, making friends with the host country’s locals, and staying positive are all good methods to improve the ability to deal with culture shock.

Reverse culture shock
---------------------

Reverse culture shock is like culture shock but is experienced when someone returns to their original home after being away for a long period of time. Reverse culture shock can be unexpected because people expect their home to be the same as when they left. This makes it harder for someone to readjust to the change in their home culture and environment. Usually, a longer period of time spent away from home means a longer adjustment period after returning home. Reverse culture shock can be worked through by talking with others, doing things that are a reminder of the foreign place or culture, and staying positive.
**Doctor of Medicine** (**MD**, from the Latin ***Medicinæ Doctor*** meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.

It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.

In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic *research* degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate. In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.

In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.
The **FIFA Futsal World Cup** is the international competition for men's national teams of Futsal, the indoor version of football organized by FIFA. The tournament is held every 4 years, and on the even year between each FIFA World Cup. For example, if the World Cup is in 2018 and 2022, the Futsal World Cup would be held in 2020 between the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.

The first event was held in 1989 in the Netherlands. The current champion is Argentina. They won the 2016 tournament.

Results| # | Year | Host | Winner | Score | Runner-up | # of teams |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1989 |  Netherlands |  Brazil | **2-1** |  Netherlands | 16 |
| 2 | 1992 |  Hong Kong |  Brazil | **4-1** |  United States | 16 |
| 3 | 1996 |  Spain |  Brazil | **6-4** |  Spain | 16 |
| 4 | 2000 |  Guatemala |  Spain | **4-3** |  Brazil | 16 |
| 5 | 2004 |  Chinese Taipei |  Spain | **2-1** |  Italy | 16 |
| 6 | 2008 |  Brazil |  Brazil | **2-2** (extra time)
**4-3** (penalties) |  Spain | 20 |
| 7 | 2012 |  Thailand |  Brazil | **3-2** (extra time) |  Spain | 24 |
| 8 | 2016 |  Colombia |  Argentina | **5-4** |  Russia | 24 |

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