recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
German stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of Jochum's birth
**Eugen Jochum** (German: [ˈɔʏ̯ɡeːn ˈjɔxʊm]; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) is an German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany. He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight. He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach. He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities. Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper. He stayed there until 1949. He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor. 

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949. He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate. 

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth. The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's *Tristan und Isolde.*

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies. He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff. 

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.
John Henry Newman
The church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, 1859: its design was influenced by the ideas of the Oxford Movement
The **Oxford Movement** was a religious movement within the Church of England, based at the University of Oxford, which began in 1833. Members of this movement were known as 'Tractarians' (from *Tracts for the Times*, a collection of books, pamphlets and essays that described their beliefs). Opponents of the movement called them Newmanites (before 1845) and Puseyites (from 1845), after John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey, two leading Tractarians. The members of the movement tried to bring back Catholic doctrine and forms of service into the Church of England. The Oxford Movement wanted to make services more like a Catholic Mass. They also believed the Anglican church was an 'apostolic' church, connected directly to the Church of Saint Peter and the other Apostles. John Keble was another leader of the movement.

After publishing ninety Tracts, Newman decided, in Tract 90, that the Branch Theory (that the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Churches were all part of the one Church) was not enough, and he converted to Catholicism, and later became a Cardinal. Enemies of the Movement thought this proved that they were trying to reunify with Rome. Others followed Newman to Rome (Henry Edward Manning, another important Tractarian, converted in 1851) while others, such as Pusey and John Keble, remained in the Anglican Church to continue the work of reforming it.

Today, it is represented in the 'Anglo-Catholic' or High Church (more Catholic, as opposed to Low Church, more Protestant) part of the Anglican Church, the smaller, conservative part. Recently, with the Anglican Church debating if female clergymen should be allowed, some Anglo-Catholics, such as Bishop Burnham, Bishop Newton and sixty priests left the Church and converted to Rome in protest, as they do not believe female bishops or female priests should be allowed.

More information
----------------

* Michael Chandler *An Introduction to the Oxford Movement*. New York: Church Publishing, 2003

Other websites
--------------

* *Tracts for the Times*
* *Tractarianism* (*Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge*)
***Der Spiegel*** is a weekly political magazine in Germany.
It was set up in 1947 as a copy of *Time magazine*. It is now one of Europe's largest weekly magazines.

Der Spiegel is a liberal magazine. It has long, detailed articles.
It has a circulation of more than one million per week. It now has an on-line version, *Spiegel Online*.

History
-------

The first edition of the Spiegel magazine was published in Hanover on 4 January 1947. Later it was published in Hamburg.
Rudolf Augstein was the publisher from the very first issue until his death in 2002.

There was an affair which became known as the "Spiegel affair" in the early 1960s, when Defense Secretary Franz-Josef Strauß arrested writers and publishers of the Spiegel, because he was angry about a critical report on the Germany army (the Bundeswehr).

Many political affairs in Germany were first made known by Der Spiegel, e.g. the Flick affair. "The magazine is renowned for its aggressive, vigorous, and well-written exposes of government malpractice and scandals".

Other websites
--------------

* Spiegel.de, the magazine's online version (in German)
* Spiegel.mobi[*permanent dead link*], the magazine's mobile online version (in German) - Click twice for .mobi page
* Spiegel.de International (in English)
* Spiegel cover gallery
**Patrick Vaughn Stump** (born **Patrick Martin Stump** on April 27th, 1984) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer, guitarist and composer of the American rock band Fall Out Boy. With the band he achieved widespread popularity and success. On January 2010 he announced he was working on a solo album after his band took a break in late 2009. He released his first solo song "Spotlight (song)" in two versions, "Spotlight (Oh Nostalgia)" and "Spotlight (New Regrets)" on November 29, 2010. On February 22, 2011, he released his first EP, *Truant Wave*. He released his debut album called *Soul Punk* on October 18, 2011, of which he wrote every song, played every note, self-produced, and funded by himself. 

On May 6, 2011 he leaked a track off his album *Soul Punk* called "Explode", uploading it to his YouTube channel. On July 26, 2011 he released the first single "This City" featuring Lupe Fiasco on iTunes.

Fall Out Boy
------------

Fall Out Boy formed in 2001. They released their mini-album *Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend* in 2003 and *Take This to Your Grave* in the same year.
In 2003, Stump and his band mates went on to sign with Island Records, and released the acoustic-based EP *My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue* CD and DVD in 2004. This was followed with their third studio album, *From Under the Cork Tree*, which went double-platinum in 2005 and reached the top ten of the US chart, going on to sell over three million copies around the world. Their fourth studio album, *Infinity on High*, was released in 2007 to continued commercial success. It started at number one on the US music album chart and in the top five around the world. Fall Out Boy's most recent album, *Folie à Deux*, was released on December 23 and 16, 2008 in the United States/worldwide, respectively.

On February 6, 2010, E! Online reported that bassist Pete Wentz had told them "We're just on a break," and that he is more focused on being a father right now than he is on Fall Out Boy. Pete lastly added, "...I think I'll be OK. It's too soon to say that we'll be back. We just got burned out."

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *Soul Punk* (2011)

### Extended plays

* *Truant Wave* (2011)

### Singles

* "This City" (2011)

| * v
* t
* e
Patrick Stump |
| --- |
| **Studio albums** | *Soul Punk* |
| **EP's** | *Truant Wave* |
| **Singles** | "Spotlight (Oh Nostalgia)" **·**  "Porcelain" **·**  "This City" |
| **Other songs** | "Spotlight (New Regrets)" **·**  "Explode" |
| **Related articles** | Fall Out Boy **·**  Island Def Jam |
The Temple of Jupiter with Mount Vesuvius in the background.
The **Temple of Jupiter**, **Capitolium**, or **Temple of the Capitoline Triad** was a temple in the Roman city of Pompeii in Italy. At the beginning this temple was dedicated to Jupiter alone, it was built in the mid 2nd century BC at the same time as the temple of Apollo was being worked on - this was the era at which Roman influence over Pompeii was at its height and so Roman Jupiter beat out the Greek Apollo and Jupiter(, Juno, and Minerva) in towns newly taken over by the Romans. This was also true for Pompeii, where the Temple of Jupiter that was already there was enlarged and made more Roman when the Romans took over.

Map of the Forum at Pompeii, with the Temple of Jupiter or Capitolium (H) at its north end (top centre)
Bust of Jupiter at north end of Temple

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)***.

Pompeii was taken over by the Romans beginning in 310 BC. It was still allowed to mostly run itself, however, until the Italic Revolt against Rome at the beginning of the 1st century BC.

The building style of the town was largely borrowed from the Greeks, but Roman rule would soon lead to changes in this style. As opposed to the previous Samnite rulers of Pompeii, the Romans thought that the building style was very important in religious as well as everyday life. Pompeii was changed into a much more public and open place. Public buildings and spaces would eventually be able to be found all over the city. 

The temple had been built in 150 BC to be a very noticeable part of the forum, and it became Pompeii's main temple after Rome took over. The inside of the temple housed the main room of the temple, which held the statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and which only the priests were allowed to enter.

In 62 an earthquake shook the city of Pompeii, destroying much of the Temple of Jupiter. After this, the much smaller Temple of Jupiter Meilichios became the main place of worship to Jupiter and his group of three (triad). The first Temple of Jupiter was still waiting to be fixed when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79, burying the town of Pompeii under lava and ash. The hollow temple can still be seen in Pompeii today. 

References 

* "Jupiter." Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Matthew Bunson. Facts on File, Inc. 1994. Page 221.
* "Pompeii." The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition Revised. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Anton Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 2003. Pages 1214-1215.
* Description and Analysis of Roman Cities - Pompeii Archived 2010-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Temples of Pompeii, including photographs of excavated temples
* Temples and Buildings of Pompeii, including rough map of Pompeii Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Photograph and Mapped Location of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
* More photographed views of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
***Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder*** is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh. It was first published in 1945. The novel deals with subjects such as religion, especially Catholicism, and the love of God. It tells the story of a family called Flyte. They are an aristocratic family. The story is told by a narrator called Charles Ryder.

*Brideshead Revisited* was made into a television serial for ITV, produced by Granada Television, in 1981. A movie of the book was made in 2008. The movie makes several changes to the story of the book. The movie is mostly about the relationship between Charles and Julia.

Plot
----

Charles Ryder, who tells the story, is a student at the University of Oxford. He makes friends with Sebastian Flyte, the younger son of an aristocratic family. Sebastian, who comes from a very rich family, takes Charles to his family's home, Brideshead Castle. Charles meets his family, including Sebastian's sister, Julia.

During the holiday Charles goes back to his home, where he lives with his father. During the holiday Sebastian has a small injury and Charles goes back to him. Sebastian and Charles spend the rest of the summer together.

Sebastian's family is Catholic. His father, Lord Marchmain, had been an Anglican, but he had converted to Roman Catholicism, his wife's religion. The family talk a lot about religion which surprises Charles, who had always thought that Christianity was not an important subject. Lady Marchmain, Sebastian's mother, is a very strict Catholic. She tries to control others by making them feel guilty. Sebastian finds comfort by drinking alcohol. He often gets drunk, and over a period of two years he has less and less to do with the Flyte family.

However, Charles is fated to meet the Flyte family again, and he falls in love with Julia, who by that time is married to a rich Canadian, Rex Mottram.

Charles's own wife has been unfaithful, so he plans to divorce her so that he and Julia can marry. However, Julia decides for religious reasons that it would not be right for her to marry Charles. As Lord Marchmain lay dying, he had received the sacrament of Extreme Unction. This act had also influenced Charles, who had been "in search of love in those days" when he first met Sebastian, "that low door in the wall...which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden,", an important metaphor in the book. 

Charles became an architect. During the Second World War becomes an army officer. By chance he is billeted at Brideshead. It seems to him that builders do a useful job, even if there are problems sometimes.
**Janaki Ammal** was the first Indian female botanist.  She was the first to receive her masters in science. She was the first-known woman to get a Ph.D. in Botany in the United States. She was the first to receive the Padma Shri award. Ammal was also known as the sugar cane queen. She worked on developing sweeter sugar cane varieties.

Birth
-----

Janaki Ammal was born in 1897.  She was born in a Thalassery Kerala in India. She was the tenth person in her family.  She had 19 brothers and 19 sisters.  Her father was a judge.  He also took care of the garden.  This sparked Ammal’s love for botany.

Early Career
------------

Ammal taught for three years at a Women’s Christian College.  Then she was invited to the University of Michigan.  She joined the botany division.  She was an immigrant.  She was held at Ellis Island.  She earned her masters in science.  6 years later she received her doctorate.  Ammal was the first woman to ever receive her doctorate degree in botany in the US.

Research
--------

Ammal worked at the Sugar Cane Breeding Institute.  Ammal helped the institute to create and support sweeter sugar cane.  This was significant because they no longer had to rely on imports from other countries.  Ammal moved to Norfolk, England.  She worked at the John Innes Institute.  She and C.D. Darlington co-authored Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants.  Ammal was recommended to work at the Royal Horticulture Society.  She became a paid cytologist.  She worked on a medication that doubles a plant’s chromosomes.  This makes the plant grow quicker and larger.  One shrub was named after her.  The shrub was called *Mongolia Kobus Janaki Ammal*.

Return to India
---------------

Ammal returned to India. She did so at the request of the prime minister.  She worked on improving India’s agriculture and preserving indigenous plants.

Late Career
-----------

She focused on helping Save Silent Valley. Ammal’s efforts were successful. The forest was no longer going to be flooded. Ammal died months earlier. She died at the age of 87.
Khuman Khamba and Moirang Thoibi performing a devotional dance before the pantheon of Lord Ebudhou Thangjing Temple in Ancient Moirang.
**Ancient Moirang**, also known as **Keke Moirang**, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the southern plains of the present day Manipur, India. The Keke Kangla served as the capital city of the kingdom since time immemorial. The major body of accounts related to the history, literature, mythology of the kingdom are collectively called Moirang Kangleirol.

History
-------

The kingdom flourished about the same time as the Chinese Golden Ages. The period started from 52 BC in Moirang and 208 BC in China.

### Genealogy of ancient rulers

See the main article: List of rulers of Moirang kingdom
The Moirang Ningthourol (genealogy of the ancient rulers) were calculated with reference to many ancient texts, including the Cheitharol Kumpapa.

### Administration and Commerce

The Iwang Puriklai (ruler of Moirang) was the absolute monarch of the kingdom. For a smooth and sound administration, the kingdom was divided into eight leikais (wards or sectors). Along with this division, there were also nine organized marketplaces. There were various institutions of the Phamnaiba Loishangs (Offices hold by Scholars), for smooth and proper conduct of the Thangjing Haraoba in the kingdom.

### Religion

The ancient people worshipped Lord Thangjing, the presiding deity, as the founder of the kingdom.

Related pages
-------------

* Moirang
* Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang
* Ancient Manipur
The **Yasin Valley** is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

History
-------

Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, a collateral line of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral. The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but this house eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

### British era

Although not highly or densely populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Thus, Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

People
------

The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

The majority of the people in Yasin are Ismailies who lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like, Sunni, Shia also live in Yasin. 

Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin; however, there are the migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and even from outside the country like Central Asia.

Passes
------

The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral whilst the Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral and Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which discriminately has been labelled as restricted zone by Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of Communication between oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Local and Foreign Tourism love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen valley.

36°21′56″N 73°20′15″E﻿ / ﻿36.36556°N 73.33750°E﻿ / 36.36556; 73.33750
**Stockport** is a large town in Greater Manchester, North West England. Seven miles (10 km) south east of the city of Manchester, it is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester, and has a population of 136,083 (2001 Census), with the borough as a whole having 281,000. This makes the borough 23rd most populated district in England.

The River Mersey begins in Stockport, at the meeting point of the Rivers Goyt and Tame. Until 1974 the area was part of Cheshire.

Geography and administration
----------------------------

The town lies in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport which is in Greater Manchester.

* The Stockport railway viaduct over the MerseyThe Stockport railway viaduct over the Mersey
* Stockport PyramidStockport Pyramid
* Stockport Town HallStockport Town Hall

Twin Cities
-----------

The town of Stockport is twinned with the following towns:

* Germany - Heilbronn, Germany. since 1999
* France - Beziers, France, since 1972
* Scotland - Paisley, Scotland, since 2006

Paisley is not officially twinned with Stockport but the entry is probably a mark of friendship.

Other websites
--------------

* Stockport Council
* HatWorks Museum
* Stockport County Football Club
* Stockport Rugby Union Football Club
* The Stockport Express
* The National Library for the Blind
* National Trust
* Stockport Harriers and Athletics Club
* Stockport Grammar School - an independent school near Manchester, England
* Stockport College
* Merseyway Shopping Centre
Portrait of E. Allan Lightner (1907-1990)Portrait of E. Allan Lightner (1907-1990)
**Edwin Allan Lightner** (December 7, 1907 - September 15, 1990) is US embassy official and employee of the United States Department of State. He served as Ambassador to Libya from 1963 to 1965. In 1961 while serving as assistant chief of the U.S. Mission in Berlin, Lightner was detained twice by East German border guards in October 1961 when he crossed into East Berlin to underscore the United States' determination to have unrestricted access to all occupation zones in Berlin. He also participated in the Berlin exchange of Francis Gary Powers, the American U-2 pilot shot down during a reconnaissance flight over the Soviet Union in 1960.

Early life
----------

Lightner was born on December 7, 1907, in New York City, New York and graduated from Princeton University in 1930.

Working for the State Department
--------------------------------

In 1930, Lightner joined the United States Department of State. He was primarily active overseas, visiting a total of 18 countries in Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia until his retirement in 1970. He became Assistant Director for the Central European Division from 1945 to 1947; Deputy Director of the Central European Division from 1947 to 1948; Deputy Political Director for the High Commission in Frankfurt from 1949 to 1951. He then became charge d'affaires of the U.S. Embassy in South Korea (March 1, 1951 to February 1953), Consul General in Munich from 1953 to 1956, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs from May 14, 1956 to June 1959. Lightner also became assistant chief of the U.S. Mission in West Berlin from 1960 to May 1963. While stationed in Berlin, he witnessed the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Lightner had unrestricted access to all occupied areas within the city and occasionally entered East Berlin at the direction of the American government. Lightner was detained twice by East German border guards in October 1961. 

In February 1962, he was present at the prisoner exchange at the Glienicke Bridge between American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, who had been captured by KGB, and Rudolf Abel, a Soviet intelligence officer who had been captured by the FBI. After the incident, Lightner became an Ambassador to Libya from May 27, 1963 to June 30, 1965. He assisted in negotiations between the United States and the Libyan government regarding the Wheelus Air Base in Tripoli, which asked what they could use for their base.

Later years
-----------

Lightner served as vice provost for international affairs at the National Defense University from 1967 to 1970. He died of congestive heart failure on, September 15, 1990, at his home in Hancock County, Maine at the age of 82 and was buried in Section 2 of Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C..
**News Corporation** stylized as **News Corp** is a mass media and publishing company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was formed on June 28, 2013, following a spin-off of the media outlets of the original News Corporation as 21st Century Fox (21CF). Operating across digital real estate information, news media, book publishing, and cable television, News Corp's notable assets include Dow Jones & Company (publisher of The Wall Street Journal), News UK (publisher of The Sun and The Times), News Corp Australia, REA Group (operator of realestate.com.au), Realtor.com, and book publisher HarperCollins. 

It is one of two companies that succeeded the original News Corp. alongside 21st Century Fox, which consisted of broadcasting and media properties such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21CF was the legal continuation of the original News Corp. with the new News Corp being a new company formed by a stock split. Since March 19, 2019, Fox Corporation (which holds 21CF's national broadcasting, news and sports assets due to 21CF's sale to Disney the next day) is the sister company of News Corp under the Murdoch family's control.

In September 2023, Rupert Murdoch announced he would step down as News Corp's chairman by November.
The *Haeundae Beach* is at the southeast end of the city of Busan which is in South Korea. Along the 12 km of coastline is Busan's most popular beach, and one of the most famous beaches in South Korea. "Haeundae" was so named by scholar Choi Chi-Won (857~?) of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57~AD 935). When he was walking past Dongbaekdo Island, he was fascinated by it and carved the words "Hae Un Dae" on a stone wall on the island. Haeundae is 1.5 km long, 30~50m wide, and spans an area of 58,400㎡. The white sand is rough and is rather sticky. The sand of this beach is composed of sand that comes from Chuncheon Stream and shells that have been naturally eroded by the wind over time. 

Haeundae used to be isolated from the large communities in Busan and Busanjin. However hotels, shopping centers and other tourist facilities have been built on the beach front area since the mid-1990s, and Haendae is now an rich beach front area. Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990 and another development project, Centum City, started in early 2000 and is now a major feature of Busan. In Centum City there is the world's largest department store, Shinsegae Department Store and BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Convention Center) has become a popular venue for international conventions and exhibitions. Nearby Marine City is built on land reclaimed from the sea, and has several huge, high-rise apartment blocks. 

Haeundae is one of the host venues for the annual Pusan International Film Festival. The 2005 APEC Conference was held on Haeundae's Dongbeak Island. Haeundae is one of the most popular spots in Busan to view the first sunrise of the year on January 1. Also, one of the most famous beach events happens in the first week of January when the temperature is around 0°C, the "Polar Bear Club", held by Choseon Beach Hotel since 1988. 

Dongbaek Island, at the south end of the beach, has a view of the sea by car and its coastline is famous for fishing. Oryuk Islets, a symbol of Busan to many Koreans, can be seen in the distance from Dongbaek Island. During the hot summer months, Haeundae beach becomes very crowded with thousands of people and parasols. People visit the beach from all over South Korea, as well as outside of Korea.
Evangeline Lilly plays Hope van Dyne / The Wasp.
**Hope van Dyne** is a fictional character played by Canadian actress Evangeline Lilly in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movie franchise, loosely based of the Marvel Comics character Hope Pym. She is the daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne, and a former chairwoman of the board of Pym Technologies. When Darren Cross attempted to create and sell a new weapon based on her father's Ant-Man Suit, van Dyne reunited with her father and, along with Scott Lang who succeeded Hank as Ant-Man, was able to defeat Cross. After these events, Pym found the possibility of saving his wife due to Lang's first experience in the Quantum Realm, from which van Dyne was finally being offered by her father a suit that belonged to her mother, therefore taking on the name of **Wasp**.

Over the course of another year, van Dyne would train alongside Lang, while forming a romantic relationship with him, until she broke up because Lang's actions during the Clash of the Avengers resulted in her and her father being wanted by the FBI. Two years later, van Dyne, Pym, and Lang successfully managed to retrieve her mother from the Quantum Realm and also faced Ava Starr when she became a threat to their plan of rescue. Van Dyne also reconciled with Lang and resumed their relationship.

Alongside her parents, van Dyne was among the half the population who turned to dust following Thanos' Snap. Five years later, during the Battle of Earth, van Dyne was resurrected, where she aided the Avengers in defeating Thanos and his army. After Thanos' army was disintegrated, van Dyne attended Tony Stark's funeral with Lang and her parents and later returned home to San Francisco to celebrate their victory with Cassie Lang.
**Ahmed Rushdi**, (Urdu: احمد رشدی; April 24, 1934 – April 11, 1983) was a legendary Pakistani playback singer. He was "an important contributor to the *Golden age* of Pakistani movie music." Rushdi is acclaimed as one of the greatest singers ever lived in south Asia. He is considered to be one of the most famous and versatile singers of the subcontinent. He is also considered to be the first regular pop singer of south Asia. and credited as having sung the "first-ever South asian" pop song. In 1954, he recorded the official National anthem of Pakistan with several other singers. Rushdi has recorded the highest number of movie songs in the history of *Pakistani cinema* in many languages. He suffered from poor health during the latter part of his life and died of a heart attack at the age of 48, after recording approximately five thousand movie songs for 583 released movies. Besides popular music, Rushdi also helped popularize the ghazals of Naseer Turabi. In 2003, 20 years after his death, Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf awarded him the *Sitara-e-Imtiaz*.

Popularity
----------

Many of his contemporaries compared his music with that of classically trained singers, although Rushdi never had any influences from any classical singer. He is famously known as *Magician of voice* and his popularity also turned traditional classical singers against him but did not affect his fame and his death is termed as irreparable loss to the industry. Actor *Waheed Murad* declared Rushdi's song, "Bhooli hui hoon daastan", his favorite song. Music directors like M.Ashraf and Nisar Bazmi also hold centaury partnerships with Ahmed Rushdi and they have composed hundreds of songs for him. According to complete songography, M.Ashraf composed 734 songs in 211 movies for Rushdi but available figures indicate a composition of 132 songs in 100 movies for him. The first movie of this pair was *Speran* in 1961 and the last was *Hero* in 1983. Ahmed Rushdi influenced many singers in music industry.

Death
-----

Since 1976, Ahmed Rushdi was a heart patient and his doctors advised him to abstain from singing but Rushdi refused by saying that music was his life. When he had a second heart attack in 1981, he was composing a musical album in the voice of singer *Mujeeb Aalam*. On the night of April 11, 1983, he had a third heart attack. He was immediately taken to the hospital but pronounced dead by the doctors. He was 48. Rushdi was buried at Sakhi Hassan Graveyard, Karachi. His last non movie song was "Aaney walo suno" which was a duet with *Mehnaz*.

Awards
------

**Nigar Awards**

* 1961 - Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Chand Sa Mukhra Gora Badan" in movie *Saperan*
* 1962 - Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Gol Gappey Wala" in movie *Mehtaab*
* 1963 - Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Kisi Chaman Mei Raho" in movie *Anchal*
* 1966 - Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Akeley Na Jana" in movie *Armaan*
* 1970 - Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Aey Abr-e-Karam" in movie *Naseeb Apna Apna*
* 2004 - Life Time Achievement Award
**Zhangzhung** (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom of western China (Tibet) and northern India before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung is Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.

We are still trying to learn more about them.

Location
--------

Kingdoms in 565
Zhang Zhung had three different regions:

1. sGob-ba, the outer; Western Tibet, from Gilgit in the west to Dangs-ra khyung-rdzong in the east, next to lake gNam-mtsho, and from Khotan, Xinjiang in the north to Chu-mig brgyad-cu rtsa-gnyis in the south.
2. Phug-pa, the inner; The inner region is said to be sTag-gzig (Tazig) [often identified with Bactria, Central Asia]
3. and Bar-ba, the middle, not yet identified.

It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet.

The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.

History
-------

### Iron Age

Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.

### Unification of Tibet

Zhangzhung and its capital Kyunglung under the Tibetan Empire
The *Tang Annals* say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng.

Language
--------

There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language.

The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from a North Indian script. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.

A modern Kinnauri language of the same name (pronounced Jangshung) is spoken by 2,000 people in the Sutlej Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. They claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.

Zhangzhung's influence in India
-------------------------------

Bonpo religion was founded by a Buddha-like person named Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Tonpa's teachings are very similar to Gautama Buddha. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring (modern Tajikstan) or Shambhala.

The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the Indian subcontinent and helped develop the Vedic religion (Hinduism).

An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is Mount Kailash, the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.
**Jack H. McDonald** (June 28, 1932 – August 17, 2022) was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan who served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973.

Biography
---------

McDonald was born in Detroit and was educated in White Lake Township and Detroit. He attended Wayne State University and served as supervisor of census for Wayne County with the Bureau of the Census in 1960. He was elected supervisor of Redford Township in 1961 and 1963, reelected in 1964. He was elected chairman of the Wayne County Board of Supervisors in 1965. He was appointed to Republican Task Force on Urban Affairs in 1967.

### Congress

In 1966, he was the Republican Party candidate in Michigan's 19th congressional district. He defeated incumbent Democrat Billie S. Farnum, one of the "Five Fluke Freshmen", to be elected to the 90th Congress and to the two succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1973. In 1972, after redistricting, he ran in the same district as veteran Republican Representative William S. Broomfield. McDonald lost to Broomfield in the Republican primary elections.

### Later career and death

After leaving Congress, he became a consultant and lobbyist with law firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand. He was a resident of Outer Banks, North Carolina.

He died on August 17, 2022, at the age of 90.
Pace count beads
**Pace count beads** or **ranger beads** are a manual counting tool used to keep track of distance travelled through a pace count. It is used in military land navigation or orienteering. A typical example for military use is keeping track of distance travelled during a foot patrol.

Description
-----------

The tool is usually constructed using a set of 13 beads on a length of cord. The beads are divided into two sections, separated by a knot. Nine beads are used in the lower section, and four or more beads are used in the upper section. There is often a loop in the upper end, making it possible to attach the tool to the user's gear with a simple Larks head hitch (knot).

Usage
-----

The beads can be used to count paces or a distance calculated from the number of paces. Both methods require the user to know the relationship between the paces walked, and the distance travelled. There are two main ways to use the beads. One is to represent the distance a person has walked, and the other is to represent the distance they need to walk. In the latter, beads may be used to count down the distance to a destination. 

### Counting paces

As users walk, they typically slide one bead on the cord for every ten paces taken. On the tenth pace, the user slides a bead in the lower section towards the knot. After the 90th pace, all nine beads are against the knot. On the 100th pace, all nine beads in the lower section are returned away from the knot, and a bead from the upper section is slid upwards, away from the knot.

In this manner, the user calculates the distance travelled by keeping track of the paces taken. To use this method, the user must know the length of their pace to calculate the distance accurately travelled. Also, the number of paces to be walked must be precalculated (example: 2,112 paces= one mile, based on a 30-inch pace), and then the distance travelled has to be calculated from the walked paces.

### Distance walked

For every 100 meters the user walks, one of the lower beads is pulled down. When the ninth of the lower beads is pulled, the user has walked 900 meters. When the user has walked 1000 meters, one of the upper beads is pulled down, and all the lower beads are pulled back up.

Using this method, the user must know the number of paces walked in 100 meters. An experienced user can also adapt the pace count for each hundred meter depending on the terrain. When using this method, the user does not have to calculate distance from the number of paces.

This method can, of course, be used for non-metric distances as well, though with the beads arranged in a different manner.
**Fish measurement** is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies (their body forms), for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fishery biology.

Overall length
--------------

**Standard length** (**SL**) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the back end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. This measurement excludes the length of the caudal (tail) fin.

**Total length** (**TL**) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the end tail fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body.

Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys) and usually Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes.

Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations.

Fishery biologists often use a third measure in fishes with forked tails, called **Fork length** (**FL**), the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays, and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends.

Fin lengths and eye diameter
----------------------------

Other possible measurements include the lengths of various fins, the lengths of fin bases and the diameter of the eye.

Abyssal grenadier

* Black drumBlack drum
* Red snapperRed snapper

Related pages
-------------

* Ichthyology terms
* Standard weight in fish

Other websites
--------------

* Diagram of fish measurements - Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
**Almedin Hota** (born 22 July 1976 in Sarajevo) is a Bosnian retired professional footballer.

Career
------

Hota began his career at FK Željezničar Sarajevo. His next club was NK Olimpik. In Bosnia he played also for NK Bosna and FK Sarajevo. In 2000 he went to FC Kärnten in Austria. In the 2000/01 season they were promoted to the Bundesliga and also won the ÖFB-Cup against FC Tirol Innsbruck and the Supercup. In the summer of 2006 Almedin Hota moved to LASK Linz. In September 2008 he went to FC Admira Wacker Mödling.

He then moved to Aluminum Hormozgan in Iran in January 2010. In the summer of 2010 he left Asia again. In January 2011 Hota returned to Austria and joined fourth-tier FC Welzenegg. For the 2011–12 season he moved to regional league club SK Austria Klagenfurt. For the 2012/13 season he joined SVG Bleiburg. For the 2013–14 season he returned to Klagenfurt and joined the fourth-rate Annabichler SV. With the Annabichlers he was promoted to the regional league in 2015, from which the club was relegated directly at the end of the 2015–16 season. After Klagenfurt was relegated from the state league in 2018, Hota left the club.

He then moved to the sixth-rate SK Kühnsdorf for the 2018–19 season. After 14 matches he returned to Klagenfurt again during the winter break. He joined the fifth-class ASK Klagenfurt.

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in a May 1998 friendly match away against Argentina and has earned a total of 22 caps, scoring 3 goals. His final international was an October 2002 friendly against Germany.

Honours
-------

### Player

**Bosna Visoko**

* Bosnian Cup: 1999

**Kärnten**

* Austrian Football Second League: 2001
* Austrian Cup: 2001
* Austrian Supercup: 2001

**LASK**

* Austrian Football Second League: 2006–07

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Almedin Hota***.

* Almedin Hota at National-Football-Teams.com
Ramses III was the second Pharaoh of the 20th dynasty in Ancient Egypt. He has ruled from 26 March 1186 to 15 April 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great King of the New kingdom. 

He later fought with the sea people and won against them in a battle known as Battle of the Delta which is considered one of his best achievements He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age; however, the damage of the invasions took a role in Egypt.

Family
------

Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Tiy-Merenese. Tiy-merenese. He had a number of wives, including Isis, Titi and Tiy, as well as a number of sons including the next three rulers of Egypt, Ramesses IV ,Vand VI. We only know of one possible daughter named Titi. He was killed in the Harem conspiracy led by his wife Tiye and her eldest son Pentawere.

Reign
-----

In the fifth year of his rule, some Libyan tribes came to the western part of the Nile River delta and said that the pharaoh was causing trouble for their leader. But really, the Libyans had been taking land that belonged to Egypt for a long time. The Egyptians defeated them in a battle in the western delta after two years of peace.

Later, a group of people from North and the Mediterranean islands known as Sea people attacked Egypt by land and sea. Ramses' soldiers stopped them in southern Palestine, and the ships got stuck in the waterways of the deltla, where Egyptians led by Ramses III won against them. Some of these people moved to the coast of Palestine between Gaza and Mount Carmel. This ended Egypt's control over Syria and Palestine.

Two more years passed, and another group of Libyan tribes came to the western delta. Ramses defeated them and captured their leader. After this, Ramses finished building a big temple, palace, and town in western Thebes. He also added to a big temple in Thebes and sent a ship to get things from a place called Punt. The Egyptians also mined copper in Sinai and possibly gold in Nubia, which is in the south.

Death
-----

At the end of Ramses' life, one of his wives who wasn't the main one wanted her son to become king. She planned to kill Ramses to make this happen. The sources we have say that the plan failed and the people who tried it were put on trial. We didn't know for sure if Ramses was hurt in the attack, because his mummy didn't have any obvious wounds. People talked about this for a long time. In 2012, researchers said that a CT scan showed a deep knife wound in Ramses' throat. This means that he was really killed by the people who tried to make his wife's son the king. Ramses died in Thebes in the 32nd year of his reign, and his son Ramses IV became the new king.
This article is about cubed ice. For the American rapper and actor, see Ice Cube.
Ice cubes can be stacked
**Ice cubes** are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

First artificial ice cubes
--------------------------

Gorrie's ice machine.Indian king and scientist Harsh Vardhan He was the first person to make ice in  590–647 CE for the **first time.** His daughter was a high feverist and he was a chemist. The first time they made ice and Treated his daughter.

Also some person clamed that.

American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

Ice cube tray
-------------

Ice cubes in a tray
Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.

Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called **ice tubes**. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them. After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.