recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Walsh in July 2008
**Colonel Walter Rudolph Walsh** (May 4, 1907 – April 29, 2014) was an American FBI agent, United States Marine Corps shooting teacher and Olympic shooter. Walsh joined the FBI in 1934. He was there during the public enemy era. He was known for capturing Arthur Barker and for killing Al Brady.

Walsh was the oldest retired FBI agent. He competed as a shooter at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was the oldest surviving Olympic competitor until his death in 2014.

Walsh received awards for his marksmanship. He was the coach of the Olympic shooting team until 2000. At age 100, he was present at a re-enactment of the Al Brady shootout in Bangor, Maine. At this event, he was presented with a plaque and the key to the city.

Walsh was born in Union City, New Jersey. He studied at Rutgers Law School. He joined the National Guard in 1928.

Walsh had three daughters and two sons. His wife died before him. He died in his home in Virginia from natural causes. His death was less than a week before his 107th birthday.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Walter Walsh at Wikimedia Commons
A **barrel organ** plays music by using turning a barrel, with notes decided by an arrangement of pins. It is very similar to a simple music box where the pins pluck a metal harp. With a barrel organ, the pins in the barrel lift "keys" that open valves that let air from the bellows to play the pipes. 

The barrel organ is sometimes wrongly called a hurdy gurdy, which is a string instrument. Barrel organs come in many different sizes from hand carried ones to large sizes carried on a wagon or trailer. Usually each barrel had a number of tunes on it, and the tune could be changed to different selection by lifting an indexing pin and sliding the barrel to the next index position. Even a small hand carried organ could play six or eight tunes. Stationary barrel organs, built into large houses or churches, were larger pipe organs, and could play longer, and more serious music. Some had different barrels or revolving barrel changers, which meant they did not need an organist to play them, and had a larger selection of music. Organs built in a church, allowed people to sing, accompanied by organ. Some of the only organ music composed by Mozart, was supposedly written for a barrel organ built into a clock.

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Other websites
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 Media related to Barrel organs at Wikimedia Commons
Large sewage works in Germany
**Sewage treatment** is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system.

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out. This protects the machines in later stages. 
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage. Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top. Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment.

Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

Importance of oxygen
--------------------

Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to *run the sewage through oxygenated water*. It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria. Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on. Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.
**Candiru** (**candirú**) (Spanish, also known as **canero** or **toothpick fish**) are parasitic freshwater catfish and a member of the Trichomycteridae family. They can be found in the Amazon River and to the people who live there, they are the most feared fish in its waters, even over the piranha. They are eel-shaped and translucent, making them very difficult to see in the water. Some species have been known to grow to a size of 6 inches (~15 cm) in length.

The area that has the most of these fish is at the section between the Amazon River and the Rio Negro, near Brazil's inland city of Manaus.

Parasitism and food
-------------------

Candiru are parasites. Their ability to find breath currents in the water allows them to swim into the gill openings of other aquatic species, where they feed on their prey's blood.

While the fish in the subfamily Vandelliinae feed on blood, fish in Stegophilinae may feed on scales, mucus, or carrion.

To hunt for its prey, the Candirú lies at the bottom of the river testing and sniffing the water for certain chemicals, such as urea and ammonia from the gills of other fish. Once they have found a fish nearby they rush with a burst of speed to the gill cavity and attaches itself with its spines. Then, it begins to gnaw a hole towards a major blood vessel and stuffs itself for no more than a few minutes, which usually causes the victim to die. It will then release itself and sink back to the river bed in order to digest its food and wait for its next meal. 

### Attacks on people

These smaller species are known for being thought to invade and make use of a person's urethra. Even with reports as old as the 1800s, the first written case of the removal of a candiru from a person did not occur until 1997, and even that incident is not believed by everyone. The idea that the fish are attracted by urine appears to be not right. The fish actually hunt by sight and do not like urine at all.

Other websites
--------------

* Article on removal of candiru from a male patient with pictures Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine.
* Youtube Video of Animal Planet documentary detailing infestation by and surgical removal of candiru from penis.
* The Candiru, cat fish Brazil vampire myth or reality Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
**Kolkhoz** (Russian: колхо́з, IPA: [kɐlˈxos] (audio speaker iconlisten), a contraction of **коллективное хозяйство**, "collective ownership", **kollektivnoye khozaystvo**) is the name given to large farms that existed in the Soviet Union, and that were organised as a cooperative. A group of people would run these farms; they also owned the means of production (like the machines they needed), but not the land, which was owned by the state. 

The state also ran farms during that time, which were known as Sovkhoz. These farms existed from about 1917, the date of the October Revolution, to 1991, when the Soviet Union was disbanded. In a Sovkhoz, people were employed, and did not own any means of production. 

As a collective farm, a *kolkhoz* was legally organized as a production cooperative. The Standard Charter of a kolkhoz is a model of cooperative principles in print. It speaks of the kolkhoz as a "form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of joint agricultural production based on [...] collective labor". It asserts that "the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy, and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning all aspects of internal life".

They imposed detailed work programs and nominated their preferred managerial candidates. Since the mid-1930s, the kolkhozes had been in effect an offshoot of the state sector (although notionally they continued to be owned by their members). Nevertheless, in locations with particularly good land or if it happened to have capable management, some kolkhozes accumulated substantial sums of money in their bank accounts. As a result, many kolkhozes were formally nationalized by changing their status to *sovkhozes*. The faint dividing lines between collective and state farms were obliterated almost totally in the late 1960s, when Khrushchev's administration authorized a guaranteed wage to kolkhoz members, similarly to sovkhoz employees. Essentially, his administration recognized their status as hired hands rather than authentic cooperative members. The guaranteed wage provision was incorporated in the 1969 version of the Standard Charter.
The *Washington National Cathedral* at night
President Ronald Reagan's funeral at the cathedral
The **Washington National Cathedral** is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Located in Washington, D.C. the capital of the United States, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world and second largest in the United States. It was built between 1907 and 1990.

On Tuesday, August 23, 2011, the central tower on the Cathedral was damaged by an earthquake. A 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck northern Virginia, about 135 km (84 mi) from Washington D.C. The earthquake knocked off some of the cross-shaped finial stones. Finials are the decorative top of the pinnacles or towers. One pinnacle is leaning to the side. The inside of the cathedral did not receive any serious damage from the earthquake.

Officials have stated that it will cost millions of dollars to repair the damage. The cost of repairs will not be covered by insurance. There are many cracks in the limestone exterior. There was concern that the landfall of hurricane Irene would cause more damage. The hurricane did not cause any additional damage to the cathedral.

State funerals for four American Presidents have been held at the cathedral:

* Dwight Eisenhower (1969): Eisenhower was lying in repose at the cathedral before lying in state
* Ronald Reagan (2004)
* Gerald Ford (2007)
* George H.W. Bush (2018)

Memorial services were also held for presidents Warren G. Harding, William Taft, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman, and Richard M. Nixon.
The extent of Mercia during the Mercian Supremacy, showing the line of Offa's Dyke (red)
Schematic cross-section of Offa's Dyke, showing the design intended to protect Mercia against attacks/raids from Powys.
Offa's Dyke near Presteigne in the Welsh Marches
**Offa's Dyke** (Welsh: *Clawdd Offa*) is a large earthwork that roughly follows the current border between England and Wales. 

The structure is named after Offa, the 8th century king of Mercia. He is believed to have ordered its construction. Its original purpose is not known for sure. It followed the border between Anglian Mercia and the Welsh kingdom of Powys. The dyke was up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its flanking ditch) and 8 feet (2.4 m) high. It ran over low ground, hills and rivers. Today the earthwork is protected as a scheduled monument. 

**Offa's Dyke Path** is a 177 mile (283 km) footpath which runs between Prestatyn in the north (Liverpool Bay) and Sedbury, near Chepstow (the Severn Estuary) in the south. This is from north of Offa's Dyke to south of it, and runs near the dyke in its central part. It is also thought to be constructed under the orders of Offa. It is a British National Trail.

Some sections of the dyke are defined as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Most of the line of Offa's Dyke is designated as a Public Right of Way, including those sections which form part of the Offa's Dyke Path.

In August 2013, a 45 m (148 ft) section of the dyke, between Chirk and Llangollen, was destroyed by a local landowner. The destruction of the dyke to build a stables was said to be like "driving a road through Stonehenge".
Even when mountains are worn down, the evidence is there in the remaining rocks. Millook, Cornwall
**Millook** is a place on the north coast of Cornwall. It has these remarkable cliffs. The cliffs at Millook are so famous they were voted by the Geological Society as one of Britain's top 10 geological sites. They came top of the "folding and faulting" category.

The cliffs have a series of horizontal chevron folds. The rocks were once sedimentary rocks laid down in deep water during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. We know this because they still contain brachiopod fossils of a type which lived in the late Devonian period. Later they were altered by heat from granite during mountain building in the English counties of Devon and Cornwall.

The Variscan orogeny caused the intrusion of the hot granite. The subsequent contact with the sandstones created the metamorphic rocks seen today. This also put intense pressure on the sediments causing them to be folded and faulted. What we see is a small part of a huge mountain system caused by a continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana. This formed the supercontinent of Pangaea.
**Irène Dubettier** also written as **Irène Dubetier** (8 September 1921 - 10 September 2015) was a French swimmer. She was specialized in the freestyle. She was a member of Cercle des nageurs de Villefranche-sur-Saône. She died serving the army in World War I.

Biography
---------

### Swimming career

In 1934 she competed at the France-Hungary international meeting. In 1935, she won a 1500 metre race in Lac du Bourget. She became in 1936 and 1937 junior French champion in the 100 metre freestyle. In 1936 she also became national champion in the 200 metre breaststroke in a time of 3:27.2. She was named in the media as a "wonder child", because her time was close to the record of 3:25.4 at the time. She wins the silver medal in at the 1937 national championships in the 100 metre freestyle and 400 metre freestyle.

In 1938 she competed at the France-Germany international meeting. In July she became national champion in the 100 metre freestyle and won the bronze medal in the 400 metre freestyle. The next year in 1939 she won the silver medal in the 100 metre freestyle at the national championships.

### Personal life

Dubetier was born in Lyon in 1921. Her father was Louis Dubetier, a conductor at the Compagnie des omnibuses et tramways de Lyon. Her mother was furrier Hélène Marie Joséphine Beltramo. The family lived in Trévoux. She married in 1942 in Villefranche-sur-Saône. Dubetier died in 2015 in Le Muy, two days after her 94th birthday.
About various theories of the birth place of polo

See also: Ningthou Kangba
Despite innumerable claims from various nations and kingdoms for the origin place of the world famous game of polo, Ancient Manipur has the earliest history of the sports, right from 3100 BC. Next to it, the earliest history is followed by that of Persia in 525 BC.

Manipur Polo Players in 1875
Sagol Kangjei (Traditional Polo) in Manipur, India
The fact that Manipur is the birth place of polo is already supported by the Guinness World Records, by a declaration in the year 1991, as:

> "Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state **c. 3100 BC**, when it was played as Sagol Kangjei."
> 
> 

\_Guinness World Records, 1991, page no. 706.

Imphal Polo Ground, the world's oldest polo ground, in Manipur.
Notably, it is worth mentioning that the Imphal Polo Ground is the oldest polo ground in the world.

History
-------

See the main article: Ancient Manipur

The game of polo (Sagol Kangjei) was invented during the reign of King Kangba (1405 BC-1359BC), the successor of Tangja Leela Pakhangba. This remarkable achievement was recorded in many ancient scriptures including the Kangbalon and the Kangjeirol.

An ancient polo ground inside the Kangla.

Mythology
---------

See the main article: Meitei mythology
Marjing, the deity invented the game of polo according to Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology). He rides on Samadon Ayangba, the flying winged horse, created by Sanamahi, from the moon land. 
It is Marjing, who laid on the rules and regulations for the game of polo according to Meitei religion (Sanamahism). Interestingly, it is notable that Marjing is the only god in the world, who is associated with the polo. No other religions of the world have the god of polo except Meitei religion.

Acclamation
-----------

The International Museum of the Horse unveiled an exhibition on Manipur's history of polo and polo pony, in the Kentucky Horse Park, in Lexington, USA.

Controversies and debates
-------------------------

After continuous debates regarding the origin of the polo, an Italian author Fulvio Cinquinni settled the doubt once and for all. For these, he visited Imphal to collect adequate historical documents and materials for book on the game.
The outside of St. Michael's Church
**St. Michael's Church** (German: *Michaelerkirche*) is a church in Vienna, Austria. It is a Roman Catholic church and is one of the oldest churches in the city. The church is named after Saint Michael, an important angel for Roman Catholics. It was built between 1220 and 1240 in the Romanesque style. 

Many changes have been made to the church over the years, both inside and outside. The steeple was added in the 16th century. The church's facade (the outside front of the building) was changed to a neo-classical style in 1792. The facade has not changed since then.

Notable items
-------------

There is a large statue of St. Michael on top of the front door of the church. Inside the church, the altarpiece has a large sculpture by Lorenzo Mattielli (1688 – 1748). The sculpture shows Saint Michael sending the bad angels out of Heaven. Below the sculpture, there are statues of two angels holding a picture of the Virgin Mary.

This church is very near to the Hofburg Palace, the palace of the Holy Roman Emperors. St. Michael's was the parish church of the Emperors and their families. Many famous people are buried in the church. One of them is the Italian poet, Pietro Metastasio. The church has a very large pipe organ. Parts of the organ are covered with gilt (thin sheets of gold). The famous composer, Joseph Haydn, played this organ when he was a very young man. In 1791, parts of Mozart's *Requiem* (music set to the words of the Requiem Mass) were performed for the very first time in St. Michael's Church. They were performed in memory of Mozart by the singers and musicians who worked with him in Vienna.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of St. Michael's Church
* Media related to St. Michael's Church, Vienna at Wikimedia Commons
Freight train
**Land transport** or **Land transportation** is the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another on land. Today this is usually by rail or road transport.

Roads
-----

Early civilizations utilized human power to move goods. The ancient Greeks preferred to travel and move goods by sea. But they did have a respectable road system to move heavy loads by cart. The Romans built all-weather roads throughout the Roman Empire. They were an improvement over Etruscan roads. They were to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies. It was also important for trade and the transport of goods. Roman roads were well drained, relatively smooth and straight wherever possible. The Romans built bridges to cross water and causeways to cross marshes. They were well built but needed constant maintenance.

By the 16th century roads were used by coaches (public transport) and heavy wagons. Wagon building became an important business. Special horses were bred to pull the heavy loads. For longer distances, teams of horses were changed several times as they became tired. Inns sprang up in countries like England to take care of travelers. But the heavy traffic of large wagons and coaches were making roads difficult to maintain. 

In the 20th century motor cars and trucks became the main traffic of roads. A new kind of Controlled-access highway was invented for them.

Rail systems
------------

The early 18th century saw the use of plateways, trams and horse drawn rail cars. In the 19th century the steam engine in locomotives moved entire trains of rail cars. Rail transport across countries and continents became relatively cheap.
The Wild Weasel logo. Note the "YGBSM" means "You've gotta be shitting me"
An F-4G carrying weapons, from nearest to farthest, AGM-88 HARM, AGM-65 Maverick, ALQ-119 ECM pod, AGM-78 Standard ARM and AGM-45 Shrike, circa 1981.
A **Wild Weasel** is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is supposed to destroy enemy anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-air missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out with radar and destroying them with missiles.

History
-------

The idea was first thought of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.

After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F4-G  and not theF-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16CJ does this. They were being used in the Iraq War.

Weapons used
------------

In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.
The dome of the Pantheon seen from the hill of Janiculum.
The **Pantheon** (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome. It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian's reign. Today, it is not known what gods were included.

The Pantheon is the best preserved of all Roman buildings. Since it was built, it has always been used. The design of the current building is sometimes credited to Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus, but it may also been Emperor Hadrian's architects who designed it. Scholars now agree that it was not Hadrian himself who built it. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Roman Catholic church. The Pantheon is the oldest standing domed structure in Rome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft).

The Pantheon dome is the largest dome made mainly of unreinforced concrete. It does, however, contain other materials. According to the Jutland Archaeological Society investigations, the lower section of the dome is made of concrete with alternating layers of bricks and volcanic ash (tuff). The spaces between the bricks and ash were filled with mortar.

The term *pantheon* is sometimes used for a building where well-known dead people are buried.
The restored ceremonial helmet is one of the most iconic finds from Sutton Hoo.
A ghostly impression of the buried ship was revealed during excavations in 1939. Much later a plaster cast was taken, from which a fibre-glass shape was produced.
**Sutton Hoo** is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dating to the 6th and early 7th centuries CE that is located near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, which are now held in the British Museum in London. Other sites had produced significant finds, but had previously been looted.

The ship-burial, probably dating from the early 7th century and excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, its meaning, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual itself.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Sutton Hoo at Wikimedia Commons
**The Dice snake** (*Natrix tessellata*) is a European non-venomous snake belonging to the family of Colubridae, subfamily Natricinae.

The Dice snake lives a lot in eastern Europe and western Asia, though not as much as the grass snake. Only one species, *N.t.heinrothi*, is recognized, from the island of Serpilor (Osrov Zminyi) in the Black Sea. Dice snakes are better in water and they have a more slender body. They are mostly able to see easily in a woodland or desert, and sometimes in mountain streams. They usually eat fish, and sometimes they may also eat amphibians. The dice snake is a bit shy. They may grow up to 90 cm long, and has a brown or grey colouring. Although Dice snakes can be seen in Asia, they do not live a lot on Crete. Dice snakes do not have any venom. They can let out a very bad smell, however, for defense. Another thing they use for defending themselves is playing dead. Dice snakes go into dry holes next to the water, and sleep from October to April. This is called hibernating.

Distribution
------------

The Dice snake lives in Europe and Asia:
Lebanon, Palestine, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Pakistan, and China.
The ring with Loch of Harray beyond
The **Ring of Brodgar** is a Neolithic henge and stone circle on Mainland, the largest island in Orkney, Scotland. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The stone circle is 104 metres (341 ft) in diameter, and the third largest in the British Isles. The ring originally comprised 60 stones, of which only 27 remained standing at the end of the 20th century. The tallest stones stand at the south and west of the ring.

The stones are set in a circular ditch up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep, 9 metres (30 ft) wide and 380 metres (1,250 ft) in circumference that was carved out of the solid sandstone bedrock by the ancient residents. Technically, this ditch does not constitute a true henge as there is no sign of an encircling bank of earth and rock. However, many archaeologists refer to this structure as a henge. Aubrey Burl classifies the ditch as a Class II henge; one that has two opposing entrances, in this case on the north-west and south-east.

The Ring is in a significant ritual landscape. Within 2 square miles (5.2 km2) there are the two circle-henges, four chambered tombs, groups of standing stones, single stones, barrows, cairns, and mounds. A number of flint arrowheads and broken stone mace-heads were found nearby. They seem to date from the Bronze Age. The nearby Standing Stones of Stenness and its Maeshowe tomb help to make the Ring of Brodgar a site of major importance.

The Ring of Brodgar
**Marguerite Anglessy-Mahieux** was a French competitive swimmer from Marseille in the 1920s and 1930s. She was a member of CN Marseille, and from 1934 of Chevalier Roze Sport de Marseille. She became four times winner of the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr] and France long distance freestyle swimming championships [fr].

Career
------

Her earliest main competition was the "Coupe de Noël de Marseille" on 25 December 1925. In 1926 she won with her team the bronze medal at the national championships in the 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay. In August she finished second in the crossing of the port of Marseille. She competed for the first time in the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], an open water competition in Paris. She competed from then every year at the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr] until 1934. The race she competed in was also the France long distance freestyle swimming championships [fr]. After finishing fourth in 1927, she won the women's race in 1929, 1930, 1931 and 1932; and so she became four times French national champion. In later years she finished third in 1933 and second in 1932. She won with her team the team event the "Petit Parisien Cup" in 1929, 1930, 1932 and 1933 after they finished second in 1928.

In 1932, 1933 and 1934 she won the bronze medal at the France 400m freestyle swimming championships [fr].

Personal life
-------------

She married to M. Anglessy in 1932 or 1933.
**N. van Driel** was a Dutch track and field athlete representing athletics club R.S. Rozenburg in the early 1920s. She also played korball with the same club.

Van Driel was the only women who was able in 1921 to beat Annie van de Blankevoort in the 80 metres event, who was was named in the media "the invincible" that year. She beated her at the seasons’ first 1921 South Holland competition meeting.

At the 1921 Dutch Athletics Championships was the first national championships that included women’s events. Van Driel became the first female Dutch national champion in the 4x 100 metres relay event with Rozenburg. She won also the bronze medal in the 80 metres as part of these national championships a week later.

Achievements
------------

1921
5 May - Competition of South Holland - 1st meeting (Rotterdam)
2nd: long jump
2nd: 100 metres
1st: 80 metres
2nd: bal throw
1st: high jump
22 May - National competition (H.V.V.) 
3rd 80 metres
1st 4x 100 metres mixed relay
5 June - Competition of South Holland
1st: 100 metres
1st: high jump
2nd: long jump
2nd: bal throwing
12 June - 1st: 80 metres - ZHAB national competition
2nd 80 metres
1 4x 100 metres relay (1921 Dutch Athletics Championships)
19 June - 3  80 metres - 1921 Dutch Athletics Championships (Zeist)
3 July - 2nd: 80 metres - Pro Partia international competition (Sparta)
31 July - Philips athletics competition (Eindhoven)
2nd 80 metres
1st high jump
7 August - 2nd: 80 metres - ODI competition
14 August - athletics certificate for korfball players

Other websites
--------------

* Image, after becoming 1921 National Champion.
*Sentinel*, by Tim Tolkien
***Sentinel*** (grid reference SP13789065) is a 16m high sculpture by Tim Tolkien. It is on Spitfire Island, a roundabout at the intersection of the Chester Road and the A47 Fort Parkway at the entrance to the Castle Vale estate in Birmingham.

It is near Junction 5 of the M6 motorway and the Jaguar car factory. This used to be the Castle Bromwich aircraft factory. It shows three Spitfires peeling off up into the air in different directions. The half-scale Spitfires are made of aluminium, with curving steel supporting beams which act as vapour trails. It captures the dynamics of the Spitfire in flight and commemorates the nearby Castle Bromwich factory where most of Britain's wartime Spitfires were built.

History
-------

The project began in 1997. The project has won awards. The project was part of the regeneration of the Castle Vale estate. It was funded by the National Lottery. Tolkien was appointed as artist in residence. He consulted local residents about an art feature. They liked the area's links to World War II aircraft. They would like a sculpture with Spitfires. The sculpture was opened on 14 November 2000. The sculptor is the great-nephew of J. R. R. Tolkien who was the author of *The Lord of the Rings,* and who grew up in Birmingham.

The main commercial sponsors of the spitfire sculpture were from Jaguar, Rubery Owen Holdings and Cincinnati. Both Cincinnati and Rubery Owen Holdings made parts for the Spitfires. They were put together at the Castle Bromwich Spitfire and Avro Lancaster bomber factory. This is the factory where Jaguar cars are now made. 

The Castle Bromwich Aerodrome Factory was built in 1940 to produce planes for the war effort. About 12,000 Spitfires were made there from 1940 to 1945. Over 37,000 test flights were made from Castle Bromwich Aerodrome. The completed planes were towed across the road from the factory to the Aerodrome. The sculpture was unveiled by Alex Henshaw. He was the Chief Test Pilot for spitfires.

The aerodrome site is now the Castle Vale estate.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sentinel (Tim Tolkien)***.

* *Sentinel* Spitfire website
* *Sentinel* - a Spitfire sculpture
* Google Maps Street View of the Sculpture

Coordinates: 52°30′48″N 1°47′53″W﻿ / ﻿52.5134°N 1.7981°W﻿ / 52.5134; -1.7981
***Französischer Dom*** (German for: **French Cathedral**) is the colloquial naming for the *French Church of Friedrichstadt* (French: *Temple de la Friedrichstadt*, German: *Französische Friedrichstadtkirche*) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (*German Cathedral*), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.

The first parts of the actual *French Church* were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community. At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population. The *French Church* was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.

Französischer Dom during Winter, 2009: the domed tower on the right, and the red-roofed actual church building on the left, the marble monument for Friedrich Schiller in the foreground.
In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design. 

The church is not a cathedral in the strict sense of the word because it has never been the seat of a bishop.

The domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of Berlin. A restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall. The tower also contains the Huguenot museum of Berlin.

Other websites
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 Media related to Französischer Dom at Wikimedia Commons
The upper chapel of La Sainte-Chapelle
The **Sainte-Chapelle** (English: The Holy Chapel) is a Gothic chapel found on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. This chapel is an example of the *rayonnante* period of Gothic architecture. The chapel was designed by architect, Pierre de Montereau.

La Sainte-Chapelle was built in six years (1242-1248). It was consecrated in 1248. The building was designed to house the relics of the Passion, especially the Crown of Thorns. King Louis IX had acquired this Crown from Emperor Baudouin II in 1239. The possession of this relic put France in the forefront of Latin Christendom.

Other relics were brought from Byzantium over the next two years. These relics were kept in the Saint-Nicholas Chapel until a more appropriate place could be prepared. During the French Revolution, the choir stalls and the rood screen of Sainte Chapelle were destroyed. The spire was torn down and the relics sent elsewhere. Restoration of the chapel was undertaken in 1846. The chapel was returned to its former splendor with this restoration.

The stained glass windows of the chapel are its chief glory. They tell the story of humankind from the Creation to the Redemption of the world through Jesus Christ. These windows contain 6,458 sq. ft of glass. Two thirds of the glass are original. Each window is divided into lancets. These lancets must be read from left to right, working from the bottom up. They were restored in the 19th century.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sainte-Chapelle***.

* L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama Archived 2006-09-22 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
* Informative Article From 1921 On Sainte Chapelle
* Information of the windows of St. James Chapel, replica of the Sainte Chapelle

Coordinates: 48°51′20″N 2°20′41″E﻿ / ﻿48.85556°N 2.34472°E﻿ / 48.85556; 2.34472
The **Veiled Christ** (Italian: *Cristo velato*) is a statue made of marble. It was made by Giuseppe Sanmartino. It is in Cappella Sansevero, Naples.

The sculpture, made in 1753, is considered one of the world's masterpieces. Antonio Canova who once tried to acquire the work declared that he would willingly give up ten years of his own life to produce a similar masterpiece.

History and description
-----------------------

The order for the Veiled Christ was given to Antonio Corradini. However, he died a short time later.

Sanmartino took over the work. He decided to place the Christ figure on a couch, covered by a veil. It was to show the suffering that Christ has undergone.

At the sculpture's feet, finally, the artist also carves the instruments of his torture: the crown of thorns, pliers, and some shackles.

Legend of the veil
------------------

Raimondo di Sangro
An analysis shows that the work is completely made in marble. A receipt of payment to Sanmartino dated 16 December 1752, signed by the prince, is preserved in the historical archive of the Bank of Naples. It states:

> 
> 
> |  |  |  |
> | --- | --- | --- |
> | Italian: *E per me gli suddetti ducati cinquanta gli pagarete al Magnifico Giuseppe Sanmartino in conto della statua di Nostro Signore morto coperta da un velo ancor di marmo.* |  | 
> English: And you will pay the aforementioned fifty ducats to the Magnificent Giuseppe Sanmartino on my behalf, for the statue of Our Lord in death covered by a veil also of marble. |
> 
> — Raimondo di Sangro

Other websites
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* Official website of the Museum of the Cappella Sansevero
The **Singapore's National Pledge** was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

The pledge
----------

These are the words of the pledge:

We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation
### Malay original

Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau agama, berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang berdemokratik, berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan, kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami.
### Chinese translation

|  | Pinyin |
| --- | --- |
| 我們是新加坡公民，
誓愿不分种族、言语、宗教， 
团结一致， 
建设公正平等的民主社会， 
并为实现国家之幸福、繁荣与进步， 
共同努力。 | Wǒmen shì Xīn jia po gōngmín, 
shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, 
tuánjié yīzhì, 
jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, 
bìng wèi shíxiàn guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, 
gòngtóng nǔlì.  |

### Tamil translation

சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமக்களாகிய நாம் இனம், மொழி, மதம் ஆகிய வேற்றுமைகளை மறந்து ஒன்றுபட்டு, நம் நாடு மகிழ்ச்சி, வளம், முன்னேற்றம் ஆகியவற்றை அடையும், வண்ணம் சமத்துவத்தையும் நீதியையும் அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஜனாயக சமுதாயத்தை உருவாக்குவதற்கு உறுதி மேற்கொள்வோமாக.

Rules for using the Pledge
--------------------------

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

1. We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
2. Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
3. We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.
The **Cathedral of Cefalù** (Italian: *Duomo di Cefalù*) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Cefalù, Sicily. It is one of nine structures included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale.

The cathedral was built in 1131 in the Norman architectural style. The island of Sicily had been conquered by the Normans in 1091. According to tradition, the king of Sicily, Roger II, made a vow to build a cathedral, after he escaped from a storm to land on the city's beach. The building has a fortress-like character and dominates the skyline of the surrounding medieval town. It made a powerful statement of the Norman presence.

History
-------

Cefalù Cathedral within the town
The cathedral was built in an area, where peopke had lived for a long time. Today, a Roman road and aearly Christian mosaic show this. Construction began in 1131, the apse mosaics were begun in 1145, and the sarcophagi that Roger II provided for his tomb and that of his wife were put in place the same year. After 1172 the church suffered a period of decline. In 1215 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen moved the two sarcophagi to the Cathedral of Palermo. Construction of the cathedral was resumed soon after, the façade ws completed in 1240. The cathedral was consecrated in 1267 by Rodolphe de Chevriêres, Bishop of Albano.

In 1472 a portico, by Ambrogio da Como, was added between the two towers of the facade.
The front of Michaelskirche
**St. Michael's Church**, also known as the **Michaelskirche** (**Church of St Michael**), is a church in Bamberg. It was built in the 12th century. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael’s Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.

The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.

History
-------

View of Michaelskirche seen from the Rose Garden by the Neue Residenz, opposite the cathedral
Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.

In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.

The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.

Church of Saint Michael in Bamberg Germany

Inside the church
-----------------

The nave
Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.

The roof of the nave has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.

In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds.

The roof of the nave with painting of plants
***Nude Study***  (also known as ***Studio di nudo virile***) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1876, in Brescia, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 988).

Description
-----------

The work is part of six other nude studies, preserved in the Civic Museums of Brescia and carried out by Filippini, during his transition from the Brescia drawing school to the Brera Academy in Milan.

This virile study was carried out by Filippini who had to make a copy of a painting from "Academia" to participate in the competition for the prize of the legate Brozzoni, which he needed to move to the Brera Academy in Milan.

Prize
-----

* Legato Brozzoni, 19 september 1876

Related pages
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* Francesco Filippini

Bibliography
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* *Francesco Filippini*, un protagonista del Naturalismo, Ed. Skira, 1999
* Gaetano Panazza, 1964, p. 62
* Luciano Anelli, 1984, p. 86
* Renata Stradiotti, 1989, p. 192
Two girls playing
**Leisure** (or **free time**) is when a person can choose what to do. During a person's leisure time, they do not have an obligation to be at school or work at a job. During leisure time, people can do fun activities, family activities, or other non-work activities, such as hobbies. 

Common forms of recreation or leisure are:

* Playing sports such as football or hockey
* Playing games such as chess or cards
* Exercising such as running or lifting weights
* Watching television and movies
* Listening to music
* Hobbies such as playing piano or guitar, knitting, or sewing
* Travelling
* Reading
* Drawing
* Painting

A vacation or holiday is the setting aside of time specifically for leisure. During their vacation, some people travel to a different region or country, and stay at a hotel so that they can do things they could not do near home. Other people prefer to spend their vacation time at home in their own community.

In rich industrialized countries such as the US and Canada, as well as in most European countries, workers are allowed to stay home on the weekend (usually Saturday and Sunday), and use it as leisure time. People in poorer developing countries usually have less leisure time, as they have to work longer hours and more days per year.
A painting that tries to copy *Guernica*. (This copy was not made by Pablo Picasso.)
***Guernica*** is a world-famous painting by Pablo Picasso. It is one of the world's greatest anti-war paintings. It is a very large painting (a mural) which shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.

The Spanish Republican government asked Pablo Picasso to paint a large mural for an art exhibition in Paris. It shows how people, as well as animals, all suffer because of the tragedies of war. The painting soon became so famous that it was seen as a world symbol for peace. The fame of the painting helped to bring the Spanish Civil War to an end.

*Guernica* is navy blue, black and white, 3.5 metre (11 ft) tall and 7.8 metre (25.6 ft) wide, a mural-size canvas painted in oil. It hangs in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid.

Description of the painting
---------------------------

*Guernica* shows a large, open room with people and animals who are suffering. A bull stands over a woman crying over a dead child in her arms. A horse falls in terrible pain as it dies after being run through with a spear. A dead soldier lies under the horse, his arm has been chopped off, but the hand grasps a shattered sword from which a flower grows. A light bulb shines strongly like an evil eye (the Spanish word for "light bulb" is "bombilla" which sounds like "bomb"). A female figure floats in, holding a lamp which is a symbol of hope. There are many other smaller details in the painting.

History of the painting
-----------------------

The painting soon travelled to many countries. It was seen in several towns in the United States during the 1940s and early 1950s. The Spanish dictator Francisco Franco wanted it to come to Spain, but Picasso said that he would not allow it to go to Spain until Spain became a democratic country. Picasso died in 1973. Franco died in 1975 and Spain became a democratic country. The painting went to Spain in 1981 and it now hangs in an art gallery, the Museo Reina Sofía, in Madrid.

Other websites
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* Image of the painting