recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Position of Canopus
**Canopus**, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system, is the brightest star in its constellation (Carina) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.

Canopus is quite unusual, because its distance from Earth was not known until the 1990s. Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years. Hipparcos established Canopus as lying 310 light years (96 parsecs) from our solar system.

The difficulty in measuring Canopus' distance stemmed from its being a "less luminous supergiant". Such stars are rare and poorly understood. They are stars that can be either in the process of evolving to or away from red giant status. This in turn made it difficult to know how intrinsically bright Canopus is, and therefore how far away it might be. Direct measurement was the only way to solve the problem. Canopus is too far away for Earth-based parallax observations to be made, so the star's distance was not known with certainty until the early 1990s.

Canopus is 13,600 times more luminous than the Sun and the most intrinsically bright star within about 700 light years. In fact, from 1 astronomical unit, Canopus would have an apparent magnitude of -37. Canopus appears less bright than Sirius in our sky only because Sirius is much closer to the Earth (8.6 light years).

The surface temperature of Canopus is 7350 ± 30 K. Its diameter has been measured at 0.6 astronomical units (the measured angular diameter being 0.006 arcseconds), 65 times that of the Sun. If it were placed at the centre of the solar system, it would extend three-quarters of the way to Mercury. An Earth-like planet would have to lie three times the distance of Pluto for its star to appear the same size in the sky as our own sun. Canopus is a strong source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to around 15 million K.

Canopus is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, a group of stars which share similar origins.
**Mabel Cañada Zorrilla** (b. 1952) is a Spanish environmentalist. She is an antimilitarist and pacifist. She is the founder of the ecovillage of Lakabe. It is a town recovered in Navarra 40 years ago and united into the *Iberian Ecovillage Network*.

Life story
----------

Mabel Cañada was born in the Santutxu neighborhood of Bilbao in 1952. She is a daughter of Ángel, a Burgos glassmaker and Isabel, a Balmasedana. She stopped studying nursing to take care of her father. She is the second child of the five sisters and two brothers. She is a mother of 4 children. She is active in groups such as the Conscientious Objection Movement (MOC). It is the feminist movement. She is also active in groups against large infrastructures like nuclear power plants or the Itoiz reservoir in Navarra.

She was one of the founders of the community of Lakabe (Navarra) in 1980. It is an unpopulated town that was later recovered. In the place, coexistence is based on self-management, self-sufficiency, self-consumption, mutual help and team work.

Welcome to Lakabe sign
Cañada has been trained in many ways to create collectivity. She is taught to express oneself in a group, to live in community, to organise structures allowing horizontal decision-making, in process facilitation, experimental education and non-violent communication. It has also been formed in other communities such as Findhorn.

Lakabe, Navarra
Since 2004, she has been providing many changes to the processes, performances from many situations for social groups. She has accompanied them in their own processes. She has taught them the courses and workshops.
The **Banque National De Paris** is a bank.

History
-------

In 1966, the French government combined two of the four state-owned banks, Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris (CNEP) and the Banque Nationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (BNCI), into the new Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP). 

In 1993, the French government privatized Banque Nationale de Paris.

In early 1999, Paribas agreed to a 15-billion (USD $17-billion) buyout offer from Société Générale. Not wanting to be left behind, however, rival Banque Nationale de Paris made a hostile USD $21-billion counter-offer for Paribas, and an unimaginable, separate USD 19.6-billion offer for Societe Generale (SocGen). BNP’s three-way merger proposal would have created the world's largest bank.

Share stock
-----------

Uncertainties surrounding BNP’s insane ambition resulted in a drop of its share price, reducing the combined value of the offers for Paribas and SocGen to USD $38.0 billion. For months, all three banks engaged in a public relations battle in an attempt to win support from the public, shareholders, and the French banking regulator. In the end, BNP succeeded in breaking SocGen and Paribas' merger plan, and acquired Paribas to form BNP Paribas. However, it could only secure 31.5% of SocGen's shares. The French banking regulator eventually vetoed BNP's merger plan to acquire Societe Generale.
A **military uniform** is a set of clothes worn by people in the armed forces. A uniform makes it easy to see that a person is in the forces, and which side they are on. A uniform may be made to impress people, or to frighten them. 

In Hannibal's army there were soldiers who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. The Roman armies had uniforms. Their commanders had white cloaks and feathers on their helmets. The centurions had special helmets, and chest ornaments a bit like modern medals 

The normal 18th century military uniform in Europe was a three sided hat, long-skirted coat, waistcoat and breeches. Uniforms got more colourful after the Napoleonic Wars. British soldiers had red clothing and were called "Redcoats". By the time of the First World War most uniforms were much duller, and less expensive, because the armies were very large. Grey, khaki and blue were the common colours. Steel helmets became very common. 

By World War II plain and practical combat dress had replaced the colourful uniforms, except for parades. Now almost all armies wear some sort of camouflage.

There may be different uniforms for different activities. There may be a dress code. For actual fighting there may now be camouflage. In the past there was often armour. People who have won medals or awards may put them on their uniform or be given special uniform for a parade.
***Isurus***, commonly known as the **mako sharks**, is a genus of fast-swimming sharks in the family Lamnidae. They are in fact the fastest-swimming shark. This is in the same family as the great white shark. *Isurus* ranges in length from 2.5 to 4.5 metres (8 to 15 ft), and can grow to about 800 kilograms (1,760 lb). The genus has a long fossil history.

There are two living species in this genus: the common shortfin mako shark and the rare longfin mako shark.

Species
-------

### Shortfin mako shark

The shortfin mako shark, as the name suggests, has smaller pectoral fins to the Longfin mako shark. The shortfin mako shark also has smaller eyes. It is smaller than the Longfin mako shark, reaching a maximum length of 3.8 metres, but weighs more, with the heaviest shortfin mako shark found weighing 506 kg (1116 pounds). 

The shortfin mako has a wide distribution, being found in tropical and temperate waters throughout the world's oceans. It is a true pelagic species, but it inhabits the cooler, deeper water of tropical regions. The shortfin mako shark has been recorded at depths of up to 740 metres. 

The shortfin mako is the fastest species of shark known, reaching speeds of up to 32 km/h (20 mph),  and with bursts of up to 74 kilometres per hour (46 mph). Its great speed helps it to capture other fast swimming animals on which it preys. The shortfin mako shark feeds on pelagic fish such as swordfish, tunas, and other sharks, as well as squid.  The shortfin mako holds the record for the longest distance travel: about 2,130 kilometres (1,320 mi) in 37 days. This is an average of about 58 kilometres (36 mi) per day.

Shortfin mako often leap in sets of three. The third leap is usually the highest. It can reach as high as 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) above the surface. This high-leaping fish is a highly sought-after game fish worldwide. There are cases when an angry shortfin jumped into a boat after it was hooked.

### Longfin mako shark

The longfin mako shark has longer pectoral fins and larger eyes than the shortfin shark. It is longer than the shortfin, reaching a maximum length of 4.2 metres. However, it weighs less than the shortfin, weighing up to only 70 kg (154 pounds).

The longfin mako is a pelagic species, and is found in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Ocean. It is common in the western Atlantic and central Pacific, but elsewhere it is rare. It is thought to be a bottom-dwelling shark, living in tropical and warm temperate waters, but this is uncertain.

Not a lot is known about the Longfin mako shark's feeding habits, but it is thought to feed on schooling fish and pelagic cephalopods.
Marine ecosystems, including oceans, coral reefs, and marine life, play a vital role in our planet's health. However, the effects of global climate change pose significant threats to these delicate environments. This article explores how climate change impacts marine ecosystems, relying on credible sources such as scientific research, international organizations, and trusted news reports.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ocean Impact
-----------------------------------------

Climate change leads to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Much of these emissions are absorbed by the oceans, resulting in a process known as ocean acidification. This change in acidity levels can harm coral reefs, mollusks, and other marine life sensitive to pH alterations.

Rising Temperatures and Sea Level
---------------------------------

Changing climate also affects water temperatures and sea levels. Warming oceans can cause shifts in marine habitats and trigger the migration of species. Rising sea levels pose a serious threat to coastal ecosystems and populations worldwide.

Conservation Efforts and Marine Ecosystem Preservation
------------------------------------------------------

In response to these challenges, governments and global organizations are implementing strategies to conserve marine ecosystems. Efforts include reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing measures to protect ocean health.

Insights from Experts and Studies
---------------------------------

Reputable studies and reports extensively highlight the consequences of climate change on marine ecosystems. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discuss how electric vehicles produce fewer emissions compared to traditional vehicles. However, their impact depends on the environmental cleanliness of the electricity grid. Additionally, credible news sources discuss how automakers and governments are addressing environmental concerns related to electric vehicle battery production.
**Tjuntjuntjara** is a remote Aboriginal community in the southeast of Western Australia. It is located in the Great Victoria Desert, inside the Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve. It is about 700 kilometres (430 mi) east of Kalgoorlie. The nearest place with more people is the town of Laverton, 460 km (290 mi). Tjuntjuntjara is connected to Irrunytju in the north by a dirt track.

There are about 160 people living at Tjuntjuntjara. They speak a southern variety of the Pitjantjatjara language. They identify as belonging to a group of people known as **pilanguṟu** (meaning "from the spinifex plains"). This group of people are among those that were removed from their homelands in the 1950s and 1960s due to nuclear weapons testing at Woomera Test Range. Most of the people now living at Tjuntjuntjara were previously living at Cundeelee, then a Christian mission, further to the west. Other communities of **pilanguṟu** people include Oak Valley and Yalata, over the border in South Australia.

Tjuntjuntjara was founded in the late 1980s. Cundeelee was being closed, so a group of elders led members back east to their homelands to set up a new community. The first choice for a location was Yakadunya (about 160 km or 99 mi of Tjuntjuntjara). A water bore was drilled and a temporary camp was formed, but there was not enough water in the ground. The community moved northward to what is now Tjuntjuntjara.

Tjuntjuntjara has since grown into a large community. It acts as a service centre for several outstations. These outstations are occupied at certain times of the year for hunting and gathering and ceremonies. The community is governed by a local council. Facilities and services are managed by the Paupiyala Tjarutja Aboriginal Corporation, a non-profit organisation. The community has its own health clinic. The community school, Tjuntjuntjara Remote Community School, was opened in 2008. Both the clinic and the school are helped by the federal government. Mail is flown in by plane once per week. A truck delivers food supplies to the community once every two weeks. There is no police station.

The Spinifex Arts Project was set up in 1997 for the community to create artworks.

The community is growing. There were about 40 living at Tjuntjuntjara during the 1980s. In the 2006 census, there were 150 people, and in the 2011 census there were 162 people living in 17 houses.

Other websites
--------------

* Tjuntjuntjara Community Resource Centre Archived 2013-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Profile Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine from the Ngaanyatjarra Council website
* Spinifex Arts Project Archived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
Traditional mud brick "beehive" houses in the village of Harran, Turkey.
**Harran**, also known as **Carrhae**, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.

Harran is an ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center. It is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.

Carrhae is an ancient town on the site that doesn't exist anymore. It gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.

Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951.

Other websites
--------------

* Pictures of the city
* More pictures Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Harran Guide and Photo Album
* Livius.org: Harran (Carrhae) Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 36°52′N 39°02′E﻿ / ﻿36.867°N 39.033°E﻿ / 36.867; 39.033
Mimas, with the Herschel crater clearly seen. Image made of six images taken by Cassini on February 13, 2010, when Cassini was 9,500 km away.
**Mimas** (from the Greek *Μίμᾱς*) is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called **Saturn I**. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from *Star Wars*. The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.

Discovery and naming
--------------------

Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.

Surface
-------

Mimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
Mimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.

Exploration
-----------

Mimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts.

* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Cassini

Mimas from Cassini in January 2005
**Avaneeswaram** is a small village located on Kunnicode-Pathanapuram road in Kollam district, Kerala. It is about 7 kilometers south of Pathanapuram town and 36 kilometers from Kollam. It is a part of Vilakkudy panchayat. Avaneeswaram has a FCI (Food corporation of India) storage facility. Economy of this village primarily is agricultural. Most common farm produce includes coconut, tapioca, areca, and cashews. Some rice cultivation is also seen.

Transport
---------

The roads to Thalavoor and Pattazhy pass through Avaneesaram. Avaneeswaram is connected to Kollam city by Kollam-Punalur Broad gauge railway line. Avaneeshwaram railway station *(Code: AVS)* falls under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone. It is a 'D-Class' Adersh Station.

Worship centers
---------------

There are so many worship centers in Avaneeswaram. *Thanniyappankavu Sree Mahadevar Temple*, *St. Mary's Orthodox Church*, *Emmanuel Marthoma church*, *St.Mary's Malankara Catholic church*, *Avaneeswaram Juma Ath* etc. are some of them
A sunbed, with lights off
A **tanning bed** is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker). Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long. There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

History
-------

Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979. He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc. SCA, Sun Industries, Inc. Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd. another pioneer in the tanning industry.

Design
------

Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light. Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp. The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps. Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through. Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot. All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light. After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.

Benefits and risks
------------------

Unlike the sun, tanning beds do not help the body produce vitamin D as their bulbs emit mostly UVA light. The human body needs UVB light to produce vitamin D. Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long. Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly. There is a lot of controversy due to the risks. Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds.
**Cephalosporins** are a type of group of antibiotics, which come from a fungus of the genus Acremonium. Since their discovery, they have been frequently used in medicine as an effective treatment for a wide range of bacterial infections.

History
-------

Cephalosporins were first developed from a fungus, *Cephalosporin acremonium*, found in 1945.

Giuseppe Brotzu, a pharmacologist working in Cagliari, Italy, found the fungus while trying to make a map of places affected by the disease typhoid fever. This fungus appeared in sewage water from locations where fewer people were becoming ill from the disease.

Scientists at the University of Oxford were able to extract molecules from the fungus, to research and develop the first generation of these antibiotics during the late 1940s and the 1950s. These first became commercially available in 1964.

Structure and characterization
------------------------------

The first cephalosporins antibiotics were produced from a molecule called 'cephalosporin C', obtained from the *Cephalosporin acremonium* fungus. The molecule consists of two rings, each with a chain.

Second-generation cephalosporins were developed from first-generation cephalosporins, because of a need for more effective treatments against the increasing number of bacteria developing resistance to other antibiotics.

Third-generation cephalosporins are improved versions of the second-generation, as they are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used against bacteria with or without protective membranes.

Mechanism
---------

Cephalosporins work by attaching themselves to specific enzymes after the bacteria divide and duplicate. These enzymes are known as 'penicillin binding proteins' and are responsible for repairing the cell wall of bacteria. This leaves a gap in the bacterial cell wall, and results in the osmotic pressure inside a bacterium to build up. Bacteria can no longer survive if the osmotic pressure becomes too high.

Medical and scientific use
--------------------------

Cephalosporins are an effective treatment against bacteria which are Gram-positive. Some examples of Gram-positive bacterial infections are meningitis and pneumonia. Third-generation cephalosporins play an important role in treating such illnesses.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, cephalosporins played a particularly significant role in US hospitals. They were used to treat patients affected by bacteria infections after operations, and this rate of infection was cut down by over 50%.
**Tao Chunxiao** (b. 1937) is one of the most important clarinet players in China. Tao has been central to developing clarinet playing in China. She was the first female clarinet player in China. She was also the first female clarinetist from China to win an award in an international competition. She is a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, China. She used to perform the clarinet all over the world and became well known. She has been to many famous clarinet competitions and festivals. She is also a very successful clarinet teacher. Many of her students have become professors, won awards, or are important members of orchestras.

Early Life and Education
------------------------

Tao Chunxiao was born in 1937 in Chongqing, China.

The Military Band of the Chinese People's Liberation Army hired her. They assigned her the clarinet. She went to the Southwest Conservatory of Music in 1953 (now called the Sichuan Conservatory of Music). In 1956 Tao moved to the Czech Republic to study at the Prague Conservatory of Music. She graduated in 1961. She returned to China after graduation.

Career
------

Tao won the third place in the Seventh World Youth Festival Wind Music Competition in 1959. This award made her the first Chinese woman to win an international clarinet prize.

### Jobs

Tao is a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, China. The Ministry of Education awarded Tao the "Baosteel Excellent Teacher Award" in 2002.

She has held many jobs that promote music in China. She was the Director of the Orchestral Instruments Department at Central Conservatory of Music, the President of the Chinese Clarinet Association, a Member of the Committee on Arts Education at Ministry of Education of China, and the Director of the Education and Technology Department at Ministry of Culture of China. Tao helps check the quality of the orchestra for the Chinese National Opera House each year.

### Judging

Tao judges competitions in China and internationally. She was a judge for the 36th International Clarinet Competition in 1987 in Munich, Germany. She was also the clarinet judge 43rd Czech "Prague Spring" International Music Competition. She was the chair of the organizing committee and judges for the "98th International Clarinet Music Festival." In China, she was chair of the judges for the first and second "National Youth Clarinet Playing Competitions." 

### Major publications

Tao edited "Clarinet Playing Course", "Classic Clarinet Songs", "Learn Clarinet with Me", "Clarinet Playing and Teaching", "European Music Art History". She co-authored "Introduction to the Physics of Music". In 2003 she published a book entitled: *Clarinet Fundamentals Tutorial*.

She also has many recordings.

### Famous students

She taught influential clarinetist who have won awards, become professors, and performed with orchestras worldwide. She taught Ma Yue, Yuan Yuanis, Huang Yuanfu, Yin Bo, Fan Lei, and Yuan Yuan.

In 2017, the International Clarinet Association published a special article called "A Chinese Clarinet Legend," to recognize Tao's contribution to the development of clarinet in China and worldwide.
The **Kafkania pebble** is a pebble, small in size, and round in shape, found on 1 April 1994, near a river in Kafkania, north of Olympia. The pebble contains some Mycenaean Greek words, including a image of a labrys. The text and image on the pebble is suggested to have come from the 17th century BC. If the pebble is truly a ancient artifact, it would have been the earliest writing to come from Greece, and by far the earliest document written in Mycenaean Greek. However, it is most likely a modern-day hoax.

Inscription
-----------

There is an short inscription consisting of three words written on the pebble, probably reading as:

> A-so-na / qo-ro-qa / qa-jo
> 
> 

On the other side of the pebble, there is a image of a labrys.

Some believe that the inscription is written in Mycenaean Greek, but it is disputed.

G. Owens suggested that the inscription is written in Minoan, rather than Mycenaean Greek. Then, a Minoan could have written the text for a Mycenaean. No evidence exists that the Mycenaeans wrote text before the 14th century BC.
The brilliant iridescent colours of the male Peacock's tail feathers are created by structural coloration, as first noted by Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke.
**Structural coloration** is a coloring that results from the special structure of the surface. Sometimes structural coloration is combined with pigments: for example, peacock tail feathers are pigmented brown, but their structure makes them appear blue, turquoise, and green, and often they appear iridescent.

English scientists Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton were the first who observed structural coloration. Thomas Young described its principle a century later and called it wave interference. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from several surfaces of thin films, combined with refraction as light enters and leaves such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces adds (interferes constructively), while at other angles, the light subtracts. As a result, different colors appear at different angles.
This article is about a kind of military aircraft. For small armed watercraft, see gunboat.
An AC-130H gunship from the 16th Special Operations Squadron
A **gunship** (not to be confused with a gunboat) is a military aircraft armed with heavy aircraft guns, primarily intended for attacking ground targets either as airstrike or as close air support.

In modern usage the term "gunship" refers to fixed-wing aircraft having laterally-mounted heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.  The term "gunship" originated in the mid-19th century as a synonym for gunboat and also referred to the heavily armed ironclad steamships used during the American Civil War.

The term **helicopter gunship** is commonly used to describe armed helicopters.

World War II aviation
---------------------

The B-25 bomber was heavily armed with 75mm and .50 caliber machine guns.

### Attack aircraft

During World War II, the urgent need for hard-hitting attack aircraft led to the development of the heavily armed gunship versions of the North American B-25 Mitchell.

The B-25 bomber was heavily armed with 75mm and .50 caliber machine guns.

Post–World War II aviation
--------------------------

### Fixed-wing aircraft

The AC-47 provided CAS with three port side mounted 7.62 mm miniguns.
In the more modern, post-World War II fixed-wing aircraft category, a gunship is an aircraft having laterally-mounted heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.

 
The Douglas AC-47 Spooky was the first notable modern gunship.

  

### Helicopter gunships

The Mil Mi-24 was one of the first dedicated gunship helicopters.
**Innocent Linda Buthelezi** (born 28 June 1969) is a South African former footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a midfielder. Buthelezi played club football for Jomo Cosmos, Kaizer Chiefs, Karabükspor, Orlando Pirates, Mamelodi Sundowns and SuperSport United. He went on unsuccessful trials at South Korean Pohang Atoms. Buthelezi was regarded to be one of the best South African players of the 1990s, he was renowned to be a strong midfielder with his tough tackling ability, he was a incredible dribbler and passer and stood up for his speed.

Club career
-----------

Buthelezi began his career in 1986 for Jomo Cosmos. In 1990, he won the South African Cup with the club. In 1991 he moved to Kaizer Chiefs. He won the South African Championship twice (1991, 1992) and the South African Cup once (1992). In 1993 he became a player of the Turkish Karabükspor. In the 1993–94 season, he played there 6 matches in the first Turkish league.

After that, Buthelezi returned to South Africa, where he became a player of the Orlando Pirates. In 1994, he won the South African Championship. In 1995 he moved to Mamelodi Sundowns. In the 1997–98 season, he won the championship and the South African Cup. In 1998 he left for Supersport United, in the 1998–99 season he also won the national cup. In 1999, he ended his career.

International career
--------------------

Buthelezi was selected to play for South Africa in 1994 against Madagascar with 1-0 victory. He participated the 1996 African Cup of Nations in his home country. In the final the Bafana Bafana beated their opponents Tunisia without fear with 2-0. He made an unwanted international headlines in 1997 against England losing 2-1, when a tackle on Paul Gascoigne saw the English midfielder stretchered off. He was not selected to be playing for South African national team during the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup in Saudi Arabia and the Bafana Bafana team did not perform well and eliminated in the group stage. He turned down a chance to play for the 1998 African Cup of Nations where South Africa finished as runners-up against Egypt with 2-0 defeat. Buthelezi was left out to prepare for the 1998 FIFA World Cup along with Eric Tinkler, Neil Tovey, Mark Williams, Sizwe Motaung and John Moeti.

Other websites
--------------

* Linda Buthelezi at National-Football-Teams.com

| South Africa squads |
| --- |
| 

| * v
* t
* e
South Africa squad – 1996 African Cup of Nations winners (1st title) |
| --- |
| 
* GK Arendse
* GK De Sá
* GK Tlale
* DF Fish
* DF Motale
* DF Motaung
* DF Nyathi
* DF Radebe
* DF Tovey
* DF Tucker
* MF Buthelezi
* MF Khumalo
* MF Makalakalane
* MF Mkhalele
* MF Moeti
* MF Moosa
* MF Moshoeu
* MF Tinkler
* FW Bartlett
* FW Masinga
* FW Mudau
* FW Williams
* Coach: Barker

 | South Africa |

 |
Church of St. Adalbert
**Ratibořské Hory** is a village and municipality. It is in the Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

The municipality is 21.13 square kilometres (8.16 sq mi). As of 2 October 2006, there were 747 people living there.

Description
-----------

Village Ratibořské Hory is 9 miles northeast of Tabor in the direction of Kutna Hora.

The village currently has about 740 inhabitants and consists of five parts - Ratibořské Hory, Vresce, Dub, Podoli and Ratiborice. There already begins Moravian Highlands with the occurrence of minerals and ores containing silver.

In 1526 King Louis Jagelonsky granted brothers Medencum of Ratiborice and Podoli right to extract minerals in a half miles in circumference around Ratiborice. The king reserved the preferential right to purchase precious metals, gold and lot for two stacks and talent of silver for three and a half stack.

This privilege started extensive mining activity area Ratiborice, which enriched the local landscape of picturesque islands heaps especially with forest vegetation. It is these heaps, vivid evidence of mining, are a wonderful adornment of the landscape, we can observe the dominant height, from Adam's Hill, whose summit is at an altitude of 611 meters, or from the top of the loaf, which is above the natural park Polanka and its altitude is 666 m.

Through this cycle, called the results "silver eight" that showcases the very beautiful natural scenery with twelve ponds that are surrounded by meadow vegetation in protected plants - such as "Menyanthes trifoliata" which is an herb that has known its share in it drink, which has a great success both at home and abroad and is known for Becherovka.
From cultural attractions dominate renovated churches St. Bartholomew in Ratiborice and St. Adalbert in Ratiborske Hory.

The development of the municipality contributes to school, post office, health center, public library, grocery store and last but not least, the local association Sokol, volunteer firefighters, SK Ratiborske Hory and hunting associations.

Tourists, who can also use the regular bus lines from the district town, offering a pleasant rest and two restaurants on the square of Ratiborske Hory.

### History

The town Ratibořské Hory (Bergstadtl), founded four hundred eighty years ago in the northeast of Tabor, was for several centuries dependent on mining.
The boom in mining caused a much greater concentration of population in Ratibořské Hory than the corresponding options of agricultural production in the town and its surroundings.

Fundamental change in character fit in well with the renewal of mining in the district of Ratiborice sometime early 16 century. Already from 1515, was preserved record of the smelting of silver ore from Ratiborice and Vresce in Rosenberg's steelworks in the Czech Krumlov. The Rosenbergs invested in these mines large amounts of money, called the new professionals who are in Ratibořice Mountains focused primarily on large construction pit the Three Kings. At that time Ratibořské Hory with the surroundings at the peak of its prosperity, which was mined today in nearly all known mines.
**Kolding** is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (*Region of Southern Denmark*). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.

With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.

Evangelical Lutheran church in Kolding

History
-------

### Battles of Kolding

Battle of Kolding, 1658
#### 1658

In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

#### 1849

A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.

The fireworks accident in Seest
-------------------------------

See the main article: Seest fireworks disaster
On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.

Important places in Kolding
---------------------------

* The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city. It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
* The Trapholt art museum.
* The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design

Sister cities
-------------

The following cities are sisters of Kolding:

* Japan Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
* Germany Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
* Norway Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
* Spain Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
* Finland Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
* Lithuania Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
* Italy Pisa, Italy (since 2007) Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Iceland Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
* Hungary Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
* Sweden Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kolding***.

* Official English homepage of Kolding municipality Archived 2006-09-25 at Archive.today
* Official site of Koldinghus castle
* Kolding Museum Archived 2012-07-28 at the Wayback Machine

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For other uses, see Wizard (disambiguation).
Odin the WandererAn image of Odin the Wanderer, with large hat, flowing beard, cloak and staff.
An illustration of Albus Dumbledore, a character from the *Harry Potter* series
A **wizard**, **magician**, **sorceror** or **sorceress** is a fictional or mythical person who uses magic. This ability to use magic may be due to innate ability, training, or both. Wizards are often depicted as having a special connection to supernatural beings, such as gods or fairies, or as such supernatural beings themselves.

Merlin from the Arthurian legends is one of the most well-known wizard characters.

Wizards have been portrayed as both evil and good. Dumbledore (from the *Harry Potter* series) and Gandalf (from Tolkien's Middle Earth) are fictional examples of "good" wizards. Voldemort and Saruman are corresponding examples of "evil" wizards.

Appearance
----------

Wizards are often depicted as old men with long, flowing beards, and wearing a large-brimmed hat, a thick cloak and holding a staff. This may be due to descriptions of Odin the Wanderer, a god from Norse mythology who often disguised himself thus, in order to pass through the lands of men unnoticed.

Wizards, when they are named thus, are almost always portrayed as male, but some fictional or mythical female characters seem to play the same role, sometimes as a foil character to a male wizard or other character. Notable examples include Morgan le Fay from Arthurian legends, and Circe from Greek mythology.

Nowadays, the term "wizard" is also used for someone whose accomplishments are due to unusual skill or creativity. Thomas Edison, the noted American inventor, was nicknamed "the Wizard of Menlo Park."

Related pages
-------------

* Witch
* Witchcraft
Johnnie Johnson in 1996.
Musical artist
**Johnnie Clyde Johnson** (July 8, 1924 – April 13, 2005) was an American pianist. He played jazz, blues and rock and roll. His work with Chuck Berry led to his induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 

He was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for breaking racial barriers in the military.

Career
------

Johnson began playing the piano in 1928. He joined the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He became a member of Bobby Troup's all-serviceman jazz orchestra, the Barracudas. .

Over the next 20 years, the two collaborated on many of Berry's songs, including "School Days", "Roll Over Beethoven", "Carol", and "Nadine". The song "Johnny B. Goode" was reportedly a tribute to Johnson, with the title referring to Johnson's behavior when he was drinking.

Johnson received little recognition until the Chuck Berry concert documentary, *Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll*, was released in 1987. The experience forged a permanent bond between him, Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, and Steve Jordan. Although Johnson had been supporting himself as a bus driver in St. Louis, the exposure and experience of the film helped him return to headlining.

In 2005, he played piano on Styx's re-recording of "Blue Collar Man", entitled "Blue Collar Man @ 2120", for their album *Big Bang Theory*. It was recorded at Chess Studios, on the 46th anniversary of the recording of "Johnnie B. Goode" at the same studio.

Death
-----

Johnson died at the age of 80 from a kidney ailment and pneumonia in St. Louis on April 13, 2005. He was buried in the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Stewart, Shirley L. (July 8, 2020). "Johnnie Johnson". *e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia*.
2. 1 2  Ratliff, Ben (April 14, 2005). "Johnnie Johnson, 80, Dies; Inspired 'Johnny B. Goode'". *The New York Times*.
3. ↑  McDermott, Kevin. "Marine and bluesman Johnnie Johnson posthumously awarded Congressional Gold Medal". *Stars and Stripes*. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
4. ↑  Fricke, David (May 5, 2005). "Johnnie Johnson". *Rolling Stone*. p. 26.
5. ↑  Zolten, Jerry (2003). "Movin' the Mountains: An Overview of Rhythm and Blues and Its Presence in Appalachia". *Black Music Research Journal*. **23** (1/2): 67–89. doi:10.2307/3593209. JSTOR 3593209.
6. 1 2 3  Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). *The Guinness Who's Who of Blues* (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 0-85112-673-1.
7. ↑  "STYX: Notes from the Band Archive 4-26-04". Styxtoury.com. Retrieved 2013-02-15.

Other websites
--------------

* Johnnie Johnson. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
* Johnnie Johnson Blues & Jazz Society, Fairmont, West Virginia.
* St. Louis Walk of Fame.

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Shillong
**Shillong** (Khasi: Shillong, Hindi: शिलांग) is a city in India. Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya. The East Khasi Hills district is in Shillong. In 2001, the city had a population of 260,520. Shillong is a major place in north-east India for education, because it has many schools and universities.

Demographics
------------

As of the 2001 India census, Shillong had a population of 232,946. Males and females are both 50% of the population. About 80% of people in Shillong can read, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. 83% of males can read, and 78% of women can read. In Shillong, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Khasis make up most of the population. However, the percentage of Khasi people is decreasing because many other people are moving there. People of all the other northeast Indian tribes live in Shillong. Many Bengali, Nepali, Assamese, Biharis and Marwaris also live there.

Christianity is the main religion in the city. Protestants make up 75% of the Christian population of Shillong and Catholics make up the remaining 25%. A lot of people in Shillong follow the original Khasi religion. There are also many other religions in the city.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shillong***.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: ***Shillong***

* Muslims in Shillong struggling to make their presence felt - TCN News
* Eastern Panorama - Oldest Magazine of North East India
* Meghalaya State Government Portal
* Shillong.com
* Shillong Online
* Resubelpara[*permanent dead link*]
* The Shillong Times - North East India Second Oldest English Daily
Hugh Beaumont as Ward, Tony Dow as Wally, Barabara Billingsley as June, and Jerry Mathers as Beaver
***Leave It to Beaver*** is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 7, 1957 to June 20, 1963. The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children. In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.

Various critics and television viewers adored the series, with *Variety* comparing the series to *Tom Sawyer*. Websites like Time and Bravo placed the series at the top of their "best of television" lists. In 1999, *TV Guide* ranked Eddie Haskell number 20 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list. In 1997, a movie based on *Leave It to Beaver* opened in theaters, of the same name.
**Catherine Isabel "Cath" Kidston** (born 6 November 1958) is a British fashion designer, businesswoman and writer.

She owns the company Cath Kidston Limited. The company sells home furnishings and other goods. They sell in shops, online and by mail order. The company was valued at £75000000 in February 2010.

Kidston is known for designing floral patterns. She has written several books.

Personal life
-------------

Kidston grew up in Hampshire. She went to a boarding school. When she was 18, she moved to London. She worked for the socialite Nicky Haslam. She later set up an interior design business with a friend. Next, she opened her own shop.

Kidston is related to nobility. Her uncle is Charles Allsop, the 6th Baron Hindlip. He used to be chairman of Christie's. His daughters are The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp and The Hon. Sofie Allsopp. They work as television presenters. They are Kidston's cousins. Both of her parents died of cancer,. Kidston had breast cancer when she was 37 and has since recovered. Kidston's partner is record producer Hugh Padgham,. They met when she worked as his decorator. They have a home beside the Thames in West London and another home in Gloucestershire. She has a step-daughter. She is dyslexic.

Shops
-----

Kidston opened her first shop after recovering from breast cancer. It was in London's Holland Park. It opened in 1993. The shop sold hand-embroidered teatowels and brightly renovated furniture. Kidston later described it as a "glorified junk shop". As of April 2011, she has 41 shops and concessions in the United Kingdom. There are two more in Ireland, eleven in Japan are three in Korea. More shops are due to open in Japan and Korea.

Kidston was on BBC Radio 4's *Desert Island Discs* programme.

Other websites
--------------

* Cath Kidston Limited
* Flickr group with `pictures of Cath Kidston products
**Okara** (Urdu: اوكاڑا) is the capital city of Okara District, Punjab, Pakistan. The name Okara comes from *Okaan*, the name of a of tree. The city is located southwest of the city of Lahore and Faisalabad is 100 km by passing away Ravi River. It is famous for its and cotton mills. The nearest major city to Okara is Sahiwal. The population of Okara is 326,801. The Multan road connects Okara City with Lahore.

History
-------

The Depalpur Tehsil, in the Okara District is older than Mohenjo-daro. It is officially the largest tehsil in Pakistan. Pakpattan near Okara City is also very old. During the British rule in the 19th century, there was a forest of Okaan trees where city is built. During British rule, Okara was considered part of Pakpattan. It was a city many famous fighters and soldiers who came here or passed the city. This includes Alexander the Great (Sikandar-e-Azam), Changez Khan, etc.

Geography
---------

River Sutlej is to the east and River Ravi is to the west of Okara. That is why it is famous for agriculture. It is the biggest producer of milk in the country. The nearest major city to Okara is Sahiwal. Other cities include Depalpur, and Phool Nagar. The land is flat with livestock and agriculture fields. The Okara Army Cantonement is 141 kilometers away from the city. Okara has some shops and markets. Towns and colonies in the cities are Sahfiq Town, Fateh Town, Aamir Colony, Rehman Colony and others.