recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Laugh-In*** was an American television series, which ran on NBC from 1968 until 1974. Its hosts were comedians Dan Rowan and Dick Martin. The show's name came from a trend of naming public events with an "-In", such as the Human Be-In of 1967.

Begun as a one-time television 
special
, the first *Laugh-In* was so popular that it became a regular show in 1968. Hosts Rowan and Martin dressed in tuxedos, and played 
straight men
 to the other performers on the show. Radio host Gary Owens played the show's 
announcer
. Producers George Schlatter and Ed Friendly worked behind the scenes, and did not appear on camera.

*Laugh-In* featured "
topical
 humor", with most of its comedy based on current events. The show mocked contemporary trends and fashions, and imitated popular styles of the time. Regular features were "the Party", where performers told 
one-liners
 about current issues in a party setting, "*Laugh-In* Looks at the News", a mock news broadcast, and the "Joke Wall", where the cast ran from door to door in a specially-built wall, and told old jokes. The show also used 
catchphrases
, including "Sock it to me!", "You bet your bippy!" and "Look that up in your 
Funk and Wagnall
!"

The show featured a large cast of performers, including many who were new to television. These included Goldie Hawn, Arte Johnson, Lily Tomlin, Henry Gibson, Ruth Buzzi, Dave Madden, Joanne Worley, Alan Sues, Chelsea Brown, Judy Carne and others. Several of the performers went on to longtime comedy and acting careers. British actor Jeremy Lloyd and *Hogan's Heroes* cast members Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis also appeared on the show for a time.

Guests on *Laugh-In* included Tiny Tim, The Monkees, Ringo Starr, and other famous singers and actors. Some were veterans of 
show business
, while others were newly famous, or became famous partly through appearing on the show. Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham, an African-American comedian not known to white audiences, was first imitated on the show by Sammy Davis, Jr. then appeared himself, becoming a surprise hit with the same Judge routine he had played for years on the "chitlin' circuit". ("Here come the Judge!" became another show catchphrase.) Richard M. Nixon appeared in a short segment on the show, when he was campaigning for President of the United States, and some people believed this helped him get elected.

The series became less popular as time went on, and ended in 1974, with the show's producers explaining that they had "run out of things to parody" (make fun of). A reunion special in 1979 led to a short revival of the show as a "summer replacement" series, featuring guests like Robin Williams.
In Hinduism, a **murti** (also spelled murthi or murthy) usually means an image in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ('murta'). Hindus call the presence of God into the image so that they can communicate with him and receive his blessings.Hindus don't worship the murti or statue itself but the god who is present in their minds and souls. It can also be set up any where

Role of murtis in worship
-------------------------

In Hinduism, a devotee looks within and beyond the bronze Siva image to call on God in His spiritual body of light.Murtis sometimes are abstract, but almost always stone or metal images of God in a human-like form like Shiva or Ganesha, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali. Murtis are made according to strict prescriptions and then installed by highly trained priests through a ceremony. The priests can then call on God in the image daily.

Murtis in Hindu  temples and shrines are a mystical form of communication with God and devas. This is similar to our ability to communicate with others through the telephone. One does not talk to the telephone; rather the telephone is a way to interact with another person. Without the telephone, one could not have a conversation across long distances; and without the sanctified image in the temple, one cannot easily talk with the Deity.

Going beyond murtis in Hinduism
-------------------------------

The image or murti of worship is a focus for prayers, although Hindus can see God is in all things, in stone and water, fire, air and ether, in the enlightened person of a satguru and inside their own soul. Some temples do not have any murti in the sanctum but a symbolic diagram. Some Hindu branches reject the worship of images.

In Hinduism, one of the highest achievements is when one goes beyond the need of all form and symbol. This is the yogi’s goal obtained through meditation.  Hinduism is also one of the religions that uses more symbols to represent God in preparation for getting beyond them.

Sacred images in other religions
--------------------------------

Image worship appears to be an intelligent, mystical practice shared by all of the world’s great religions. All religions have their symbols of holiness: the Christian cross, or statues of Mother Mary and Saint Theresa, the holy Kaaba in Mecca, the Sikh Adi Granth enshrined in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Arc and Torah of the Jews, the image of a meditating Buddha, the totems of indigenous and Pagan faiths, and the artifacts of the holy men and women of all religions. Any Christian respects the Bible and considers it sacred. His book and the Hindu’s murtis are similar in this way. 

Critics of image worship consider this practice "idolatry". People who practice idolatry believe that God is the material object itself. Instead, Hindus worship murtis to call on the presence of the spiritual God and then communicate with him.
The **Royal High School** (RHS) of Edinburgh is today a co-educational school. It is owned and run by the City of Edinburgh Council. The school was founded in 1128 and is one of the oldest schools in Scotland.

Until modern times it was only a school for boys. It is one of the oldest schools in the world. It dates from the 12th century AD. It was first the seminary of Holyrood Abbey, founded for Alwin and the Augustinian canons by David I in 1128.

In 1505 the school was described as a "high school", the first recorded use of this term in either Scotland or England.

The Romantic era at the turn of the 19th century caused an influx of foreign students, among them French princes. "Walter Scott stood head and shoulders above other writers". By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, an old scholar remembered, 'there were boys from Russia, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Demerara, the East Indies, besides England and Ireland'. The Royal High School was used as a model for the first public high school in the United States, the English High School of Boston, in 1821.

The Royal High School moved to its current site at Barnton in 1968, leaving the Old Royal High School buildings. 

In 1973 it became a co-educational state comprehensive. This means it has no entrance qualifications, and accepts pupils of all intellectual standards, and both boys and girls. That is what the word "comprehensive" means in this context.

The school's premises underwent extensive refurbishment between 2001 and 2003, funded by a £10 million public-private partnership project with Amey plc.
Two rowers with one oar eachA sweep boat (coxless pair)Two rowers with two oars eachA sculling boat (double sculls)
**Rowing** is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports because the oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks. Paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower has two oars—one in each hand. In sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes for competitions. Single sculls are just one person in a small boat. Shells with eight rowers and a coxswain are called eights. There are many types of racing, but most high level racing is on calm water courses 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long with several lanes marked using buoys.

The first rowing races were on the River Thames in London, in the early 17th century. In the 18th century British public schools set up boat clubs. Later clubs were started at universities in England and America and public rowing clubs started. 

Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. It was on the programme for the 1896 games but the race did not happen because of bad weather. Since then Male rowers have competed in all the Olympics. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics. 150 countries now have rowing federations. The World Rowing Federation, holds annual World Rowing Championships with twenty-two boat classes.
The **origin of water on Earth** is only barely known. All life on Earth needs water, and most types of life started in the sea. Earth is the only planet known with liquid water on its surface. The water on Earth may have come from the Solar System as it formed, or it may have formed on Earth. Both are possible. We do know that hydrogen and oxygen, the elements that constitute water come from stars. Oxygen is created through fusion of helium and carbon atoms inside the core of red giants.

Earth is in the habitable zone, it is not so far from the Sun that all water freezes, and not so close to the Sun that all water evaporates. This is why liquid water, important for all life, still exists on the surface of Earth. 

A long time ago, scientists thought that water on Earth did not come from the planet’s region of the protoplanetary disk. Instead, it was thought water must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. However, recent research suggests that hydrogen inside the Earth played a role in the formation of the ocean. The two ideas are not mutually exclusive: there is evidence water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid belt.

One problem that hasn't been solved is that the noble gas isotope ratios of Earth's atmosphere are different than those of its mantle. This might mean they were created from different sources.
***Paris, France*** is a 1994 Canadian comedy and drama movie. It was set and filmed in Toronto, Ontario. The movie began showing in the United States in February 1995.

Plot
----

A novelist and publisher named Lucy, her husband Michael, and business partner William are the owners of a small Toronto publishing company. The stability of their lives is thrown into an emotional storm when a former boxer turned writer named Sloan arrives. His first book is about to be published by the company.

Sloan gets in over his head when he goes into a steamy affair with the sexually attracted and frustrated Lucy. Lucy wants to recreate her S&M filled days in Paris, France gone by. Lucy has writer's block, which she wonders whether a weekend of sexual passion can cure.

Sloan, who is bisexual, has an affair with the openly gay William. That leads to sexual confusion for the writer.

Cast
----

* Leslie Hope as Lucy
* Peter Outerbridge as Sloan
* Victor Ertmanis as Michael
* Dan Lett as William
* Raoul Trujillo as Minter
* Patricia Ciccoritti as Voice of Lucy's mother

Rating
------

*Paris, France* is rated NC-17 because of explicit sexual content and foul language.

Reception
---------

*Paris, France* has a 73% rating from the Rotten Tomatoes. *Variety* called the movie "silly"

Awards
------

The film was nominated for two Genie Awards:

* Best Achievement in Cinematography: Barry Stone
* Best Achievement in Film Editing: Roushell Goldstein
Monzón's castle

**Monzón** is a city in Aragón, in Spain. It is about 60 km east of the capital of the province (Huesca). As of the 2010 census, 17,115 people lived there.

The city has a long history. In it, the James I of Aragon was trained in its castle by the knights templar, being a strategic spot between Segre and Cinca valleys. Furthermore, the city owned the Aragonese corts in many times.

Cardinal Richelieu and Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares signed a treaty here, ending the conflict over Valtelline in 1626.

In the present, Monzón has a sporty tradition, with its slogan *Monzón, cuna de deportistas* (Monzón, birthplace of sportmen). Among them are Conchita Martínez, the only Spanish woman to win the most important and ancient tournament in tennis, Wimbledon, and Eliseo Martín, bronze medal winner in the 3000m steeplechase in the Paris World Championships (2003) - the only non African athlete to get a medal in those Champìonships since 1993.

But Monzon has also been home to Olympic athletes, including Javier Moracho (110 m hurdles) - Spanish record holder for almost 20 years - the decathlete Álvaro Burrell, and the renowned pole vaulter Javier Gazol.
**Photorefractive keratectomy** (PRK) is a type of laser eye surgery. PRK uses an ultraviolet laser to reshape the cornea (outer surface of the eye). PRK can correct astigmatism, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. Unlike LASIK, PRK does not create a flap in the eye. Although no surgery is completely safe, PRK has less complications or side effects than LASIK. Some patients who can not have LASIK may be able to get PRK. PRK is especially preferred over LASIK for people with high prescriptions, thin corneas, and people who are more likely to get eye injuries, such as athletes or police officers. Potential side effects or complications include seeing haloes, starbursts, or glare, corneal haze, dry eye, infection, blurry vision, double vision, and the continued need for glasses or contact lenses. Side effects are more likely if an old or obsolete laser is used, which many clinics still use. Side effects are usually temporary but may become permanent. Some temporary side effects may be caused by the eye drops used, and not the surgery itself.

Procedure
---------

The surgeon gives anesthetic drops in each eye, to prevent the patient from feeling pain. The epithelium (outer layer of the cornea) is brushed off, and the surgeon uses a laser to remove small amounts of the cornea, changing its shape. Mitomycin C is then applied to the eye, which helps prevent corneal haze. A bandage contact lens is then placed over the eye, and the epithelium grows back behind the contact lens. Vision will be blurry for a few days, and there will be some pain and discomfort. The recovery period is longer and more painful than LASIK. Several sets of eye drops, applied several times each day, are necessary for at least a week or longer. After about a week, the epithelium has grown back, and the surgeon removes the contact lens. The patient must sleep with a protective shield over the eyes until the contact lens is removed.
Hindu priest doing a religious rite
Roman Catholic priest from the Belgian Congo.
A **priest** or **priestess** is a person who is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the **priesthood**, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules. 

See also: Clergy

In Christianity
---------------

A **priest** is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish.

* Catholic priests are ordained (put in place) by the Pope (or in his absence: a bishop).
* Orthodox priests are ordained by the Patriarch
* Anglican priests are ordained by their bishop.
* Most Protestant groups do not ordain priests.

To become a Catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy.

Catholic priests are not allowed to marry meaning that they have to be celibate. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest.

The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, some Anglican Churches allow women to be priests.

Higher priests are called Bishops and Archbishops in the Anglican Church. John Sentamua and Rowan Williams are the archbishops of York and Canterbury. In some denominations only men can become priests.

The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope, Pope Tawadras.

### Protestantism

Many Protestant churches have ministers or pastors instead of priests.

Japan
-----

In Japan there are Buddhist priests and nuns, Shinto priests and priestesses (*kannushi*) as well as clergy in the Christian traditions.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Priests at Wikimedia Commons
Percy Bysshe Shelley
**Percy Bysshe Shelley** (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet of the early nineteenth century. He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature. Some of his poems, like *Ozymandias* and *Ode to the West Wind*, are among the most famous in English.

Shelley was born in Horsham, Sussex. He was the son of a member of Parliament. He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist. In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct. He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin. After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel *Frankenstein*. 

Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy. He became a close friend of poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of sexual controversy at home. Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama *The Cenci* and long poems like *Alastor* and *Adonais*, as well as many shorter poems.

About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy. He was one of three important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats.
**Ryan James Howard** (born November 19, 1979), nicknamed "**The Big Piece**", is an American former professional baseball first baseman. Howard spent his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Philadelphia Phillies, from 2004 to 2016. He is known for being the fastest player in baseball history to reach 1,000 RBIs, 100 home runs, and 200 home runs. Howard also holds numerous Phillies franchise records.

Ryan Howard with the Philadelphia Phillies
Howard made his MLB debut in 2004. He won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award in 2005 and the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in 2006. Howard was a three-time NL All-Star (2006, 2009, 2010), and won the Silver Slugger Award, Hank Aaron Award, and the NL Championship Series MVP Award in 2009. Known for his power, Howard is a member of the 50 home run club. He was a two-time NL home run champion (2006, 2008), and became the fastest player to reach both the 100 and 200 home run milestones in MLB history, passing the marks in 2007 and 2009, respectively. He is also tied with Sammy Sosa for the most National League 140 RBI seasons at 3 and the most National League 130 RBI seasons at 4.
Historical revolving door, in one of the baths in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic
Diagram of a revolving door viewed from above
A one-way High Entrance / Exit Turnstile
A **revolving door** is a way to enter or exit a building. In a revolving door, several panels are fixed on a central axis. The panel can then be rotated to enter or exit the building. Buildings are usually fitted with revolving doors to save energy: Revolving doors can be made to hinder airflow. This means that less heat is lost. The first to develop revolving doors was H. Bockhacker. In 1881, he registered a patent in Germany for a "door without airflow". Theophilus Van Kannel registered a patent for what he called "storm door", in 1888.

Revolving doors also have problems: Once they start spinning, they force the people to keep a certain walking speed. People who cannot keep up the walking speed may fall and hurt themselves. People in a wheelchair cannot use revolving doors. The same probably applies to blind people. Revolving doors cannot be used in an emergency: They cannot be passed at a fast speed. For all these reasons, many countries have rules that buildings must also have other doors. In hotels and public buildings, is usual to find "push" doors either side of a revolving door.

Turnstiles
----------

Turnstile exit-only doors are often used at large sports stadia (stadiums), theme parks, and other such venues. They let people exit freely, but stop entry without payment. These doors usually work mechanically, with the door panels constructed of horizontal bars which pass through a "wall" of interlacing (interdigitated) bars. This blocks people from entering illegally through the exit.
**Mis-Teeq** were an English R&B and UK garage girl group. The members were lead singer Sabrina Washington, rapper Alesha Dixon and backing vocalist Su-Elise Nash. A fourth member, Zena McNally, performed on only one song, "Why" (the group's first song). She left soon after to start a solo career.

The group only released two studio albums, *Lickin' on Both Sides* and *Eye Candy*. They released a self titled album in the United States in 2004. That album had songs from the group's first two albums. There was also a greatest hits album released in 2005. The group broke up in 2005 after their label went out of business. All of the group's singles reached the UK top 40.

Ever since the group broke up in 2005, there have been rumors about the group releasing more music. On 9 February 2011, it was reported that the group were in talks to do a comeback tour. This was denied by Dixon. Two years later, Dixon said that she would never rule out a reunion.

Discography
-----------

* *Lickin' on Both Sides* (2001)
* *Eye Candy* (2003)
* *Mis-Teeq* (2004)
* *Greatest Hits* (2005)
**Rabiu Afolabi** (born 18 April 1980 in Osogbo, Nigeria) is a Nigerian soccer player. He plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender.

Career
------

After playing good in the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup in 1997 he went to Europe and played for Standard Liège. He signed 2000 for SSC Napoli in the Seria A but had no breakthrough. So he went back to Belgium. 2003 till 2005 the played the first time in Austria for FK Austria Wien. After his time in France( FC Sochaux 2005-2009) he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. 2011 he his in AS Monaco now playing in the League 2 in France

International
-------------

He started with the team of Nigeria in the 1999 African Youth Championship. The he was captain of the Nigerian team at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. On 17 June 2000, he made his first match in the senior team in a 2002 World Cup qualifing match against Sierra Leone. Rabiu Afolabi was member of the Nigerian team for the 2002 and 2010 World Cups.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website Archived 2010-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Players profile Official Website FC Red Bull Salzburg
* Guardian football stats-Rabiu Afolabi Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rabiu Afolabi***.
Coordinates: 52°17′29.62″N 1°32′8.57″W﻿ / ﻿52.2915611°N 1.5357139°W﻿ / 52.2915611; -1.5357139

**Royal Leamington Spa** (or *Leamington Spa*) is a town in Warwickshire, UK. In 2001 it had a population of 45,300. Until 1784 it was not a town but a village. It was in this year that two local men called Benjamin Satchwell and William Abbott discovered a spring in the village. The two men, and others from the town, began to use the water for treatment of illnesses, which was a common practice in those times. The town quickly developed into a spa town with many rich people visiting to 'take the waters'. Because of this the town grew quickly. The town soon became famous and a popular holiday resort. When spa water stopped being fashionable fewer people came on holiday to the town, but rich people still went to live there when they were old. In modern times Leamington does not treat many people with the water but it is still known as a pleasant place to live. It is also popular for shopping.

The town is built by a river called the River Leam which flows through the middle of the town from east to west. The town is now connected to another town called Warwick. Other nearby settlements include Kenilworth (about six miles away), Rugby (about sixteen miles away) and Coventry (about ten miles away).

Architecture
------------

The Parade (main street) and surrounding streets feature large Regency town houses which are normally white coloured, vertical sliding windows and high ceilings. Most of the buildings in the centre are protected by the government from being changed or replaced.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Royal Leamington Spa at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

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Orto botanico di Pisa, general view.
Botanical school.
Old institute building.
The **Orto botanico di Pisa**, also known as the **Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa**, is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it.

The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy.

Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.

Related pages
-------------

* List of botanical gardens in Italy
* List of botanical gardens

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Orto botanico di Pisa***.

* University of Pisa website for the Orto botanico di Pisa Archived 2006-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
The **Paridae** is a family of tiny birds, the **tits** (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus *Parus*, which has now been split up.

These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.

These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.

Behaviour
---------

The tits are active, noisy, social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season. The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.

### Vocalisations

A great tit calling in Finland.
The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus *Poecile*. The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.

### Diet and feeding

Hammer-holding is a common way for the family to deal with food items
Blue tit with prey item
The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars. They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter. A typical activity is *hanging*, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed.

In areas with several species of tit, the different species will forage (search) in different parts of a tree. Larger species search on the ground, medium sized species search on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches. If they get larger prey or seeds, tits will do 'hold-hammering'. They hold the item with one foot, and hammer it with their bill (beak) until it is open. In this way they can open hazelnuts in 20 minutes. 

Many birds store food in a cache or hiding place. They hoard supplies of food for the winter. These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.

Related pages
-------------

* Black-capped chickadee
The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.
The **Millennium Development Goals** (**MDGs**) are the eight targets of the United Nations. They were decided in 2000. All 189 United Nations member states (there are 193 now), and at least 23 international organizations, said they would try to help achieve the goals by 2015:

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development.

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for reaching those targets. To help progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by poor countries. This was to allow them to use resources for improving health, education and reducing poverty.

Developed countries' aid for the MDGs rose during the period. More than half went for debt relief. Much of the rest went towards natural disaster relief and military aid, instead of development.
Medical treatment is free in the National Health Service but there are some charges and costs. The Low Income Scheme is to help with these costs. 

There are charges for prescriptions, wigs and fabric supports (only in England), dentistry, sight tests, glasses and contact lenses. It often costs money to travel to a hospital. 

People who get means tested benefits mostly are exempt from these charges. People who have to pay can get a certificate. An HC2 means they dont have to pay anything. An HC3 means they get some help. 

People who have more than £16,000 (£23,250 for people who live in a care home) cannot get a certificate. 

People who have a certificate, or are exempt from charges, can claim the cost of their travel to a hospital if they are sent there by a doctor. They normally claim at the hospital. They can get the cost of someone to come with them if they cannot travel alone. They can claim the cost of coming by car or taxi if they need one. They can claim a refund for what they paid for up to 3 months.Healthwatch England asked 2000 people in December 2022 about health costs. 10% said the increased cost of living meant they did not get their prescription. 15% did not go to the dentist.
**Nicole Gale Anderson** (born August 29, 1990 in Rochester, Indiana) is an American actress.

Biography
---------

Nicole has been performing and acting since she was younger. She had enrolled in gymnastics at 3-years-old, after 10 years of gymnastics, she took state championships and one national championship.

Nicole had won a scholarship to the Barbizon modeling school in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 13. She had several printing ads and commercials such as: "Mary Kate and Ashley Online Clothing", "Every Girl", "Stand Up", and "Bratz-Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures".

Later on, Nicole had a few roles in TV shows as: *Unfabulous*, *Zoey 101*, *Nobody*, *Hannah Montana*, *iCarly*, *Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!*, the ABC Family "Make It Or Break It", and the ABC Family movie *Princess*. She did co-star in the Jonas Brothers' Disney Channel Original Series *JONAS* playing "Macy Misa", the brothers' #1 fan.

Trivia
------

* Her ethnicity is Spanish and Filipino
* She has two siblings, a brother name Kenn and a sister name Nadine.
* She's a psychology major in college.

Television
----------

* *JONAS* (2009) - Macy Misa
* *Make It or Break It* (2009) -Kelly Parker

### Guest appearances

* *Unfabulous* (2005) - Cheerleader #3.
* *Hannah Montana* (2007) - Marrissa Hughes.
* *Zoey 101* (2007) - Maria.
* *iCarly* (2007) - Tasha (2 episodes).
* *Beauty & the Beast* (2012) - Heather Chandler (3 episodes)

Filmography
-----------

* *Nobody* (2007) - Leila.
* *Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!* (2008) - Dana.
* *Princess* (2008) - Jitterbug/Calliope.

Other websites
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* Nicole Anderson on IMDb
**SC Germania Schwechat** was an Austrian football club from Lower Austria. Today the club is playing under the name *SV Schwechat* in the Wiener Stadtliga (4th level).

History
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The club was founded in 1907. Then *ASK Schwechat* (founded 1903) and *SK Graphia Wien* (founded 1899) decided to play together as SC Germania Schwechat. SC Germania Schwechat soon developed into a sought-after playing partner of the Viennese teams. After the end of the First World War Schwechat participated in Viennas championship and was classified into the 2nd class. In their first season 1919-20 they became runner-up behind SC Hakoah Wien. The next few seasons they each failed to be promoted to the highest league. Therefore some players left the club to play in a First League club which weakened the club. In the 1926-27 season the club was relegated and most players went to *SK Neukettenhof* wich was seen as successor club of Germania.

Name History
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* ASK Schwechat (1903–1907) and SK Graphia Wien (1899–1907)
* SC Germania Schwechat (1907–1927)
* SK Neukettenhof (1927–1934)
* SC Germania Schwechat and Phönix Schwechat (1934–1945)
* 1. Schwechater SC (1945–1979)
* SV Schwechat (1979– )
**S.H.E** is a Taiwanese girl group with three people: Selina Ren, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The group's name comes from the first letter of each person's name. A record label called HIM International Music created S.H.E after they organized a singing competition in 2000. 

At first, there was supposed to be only one winner; that person was Selina Ren. But then the record label thought that the other two girls, Hebe Tien and Ella Chen, were good singers too, so they put the three girls together. Since the release of *Girls Dorm*, S.H.E's first album, in 2001, the group has released a total of 11 albums, and sold over 4.5 million copies. However, some people do not like S.H.E because they often sing songs that other people had sung before. In addition to music, the trio has acted in many TV dramas, and sang many theme songs for them. Because of S.H.E's success, some Taiwanese companies are now trying to create girl groups of their own.

Other websites
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 Media related to S.H.E at Wikimedia Commons
**Richard Cordley** (September 6, 1829 – July 11, 1904) was an abolitionist (someone who wanted slavery to end) and a Protestant. Cordley was one of the first people to live in Lawrence, Kansas. He lived through the Lawrence Massacre and the Sack of Lawrence. He wrote about the history of Lawrence. He also wrote about the history of Kansas. He got the first degree from the University of Kansas in 1874.

Life
----

The Plymouth Congregational "Brick Church", shortly after being built, c. 1870. During this time, Cordley was the church's pastor.
Cordley was born on September 6, 1829, in Nottingham, England. When he was four years old, he moved to Livingston County, Michigan. He started going to school when he was nine years old. He got degrees from the University of Michigan in 1854 and Andover Theological Seminary in 1857. He also got the first degree from the University of Kansas in 1874.

In 1857, he became the pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence, Kansas, and continued being the pastor until 1875. From that later year until 1884, he served in Flint, Michigan, and Emporia, Kansas. Then, in 1884, he came back to Lawrence and continued being the pastor at Plymouth Congregational Church.

He died on July 11, 1904. He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Lawrence.

More reading
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* *History of Lawrence, Kansas: from the First Settlement to the close of the Rebellion*; Richard Cordley; E.F. Caldwell; 360 pages; 1895. (Download 20 MB PDF eBook)
The term "piano trio" can also be used in jazz. This article is about the piano trio in classical music.
A **piano trio** is a group of three instruments including a piano. Usually it is a piano, a violin and a cello. This combination of instruments has been a very popular form of chamber music from the Classical music period onwards. A **piano trio** can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play.

Other combinations of piano with two instruments are often called by the featuring wind instrument. For example: Mozart wrote a trio for piano, clarinet and viola which is usually called a "clarinet trio". Brahms wrote a trio for piano, violin and French horn which is usually called a "horn trio".

Music for three people to play at one piano is called music for piano six hands.

Famous music for piano trio
---------------------------

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote several piano trios for the traditional combination of piano, violin and cello. Beethoven’s last piano trio has the nickname *Archduke* because it was written for the Archduke Rudolph. Franz Schubert wrote two beautiful piano trios.

In the Romantic period some of the best piano trios were written by Felix Mendelssohn, Antonín Dvořák, César Franck and Pyotr Tchaikovsky.

In the 20th century Maurice Ravel and Dmitri Shostakovich each wrote a famous piano trio.

Famous piano trios
------------------

Alfred Cortot, Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals were world famous musicians who played and recorded piano trios in the early 20th century.
During the second half of the 20th century the Beaux Arts Trio were the best known group. Today there are many young musicians who play piano trios, including three Japanese sisters called the Fujita Piano Trio who play a lot of their music all from memory.
**Richard David Briers**, CBE (14 January 1934 - 17 February 2013) was an English actor whose career has contained theatre, television, film and radio. Briers was born in Raynes Park, Surrey, England.

In 1961, Briers got the lead male role in *Marriage Lines* in the 1960s. It was in the next decade when he played Tom Good in the BBC sitcom *The Good Life* that he made a household name. In the 1980s he starred in *Ever Decreasing Circles*. He from 2000 to 2002 came back to the spotlight with a leading role in *Monarch of the Glen*. Briers was the first narrator and voice actor for the show Enid Blyton's *Noddy*.

Richard Briers was made OBE in 1989, and CBE in 2003.

Briers was a heavy smoker until he quit in 2003. He was diagnosed with emphysema in 2008.

Other websites
--------------

* Richard Briers on IMDb
* Richard Briers Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine at the BBC Comedy Guide
* Richard Briers at BFI ScreenOnline

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Briers, Richard |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | British actor |
| Date of birth | 14 January 1934 |
| Place of birth | Raynes Park, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | 17 February 2013 |
| Place of death | London, England |
**Nerva** (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.
**Oscar Hertwig** (21 April 1849, Friedberg, Hesse – 25 October 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist, anatomist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution over 55 years after Charles Darwin's *The Origin of Species*. 

Oscar Hertwig was a leader in the field of embryology. He discovered fertilization of sea urchins, he recognized the role of the cell nucleus during inheritance and chromosome reduction during meiosis. In 1876, he found that fertilization includes the penetration of a spermatozoon into an egg cell. He thought, correctly, that the vectors of hereditary traits resided in the nuclei of the egg and sperm.

His work on the development of sea urchin eggs was fundamental and lasting; his work on evolution was not. He was opposed to 'chance', as he thought was Charles Darwin's theory. He wrote: *Das Werden der Organismen, eine Widerlegung der Darwinschen Zufallslehre* (Jena, 1916) (translation: "The Origin of Organisms: a refutation of Darwin's theory of chance").

Hertwig was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903.
**Milatjari Pumani** (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.

Life
----

Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.

Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks. She would teach her methods to younger workers. She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old. She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku. Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition. She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist. She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide. In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria.

Artwork
-------

Milatjari paints the *Maku Tjukurpa*, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (*maku*) while her father and brothers went hunting. *Antara* and *Ngura Walytja* (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.

Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the *Maku Tjukurpa* using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.
A picture of root rot of sugarbeet, a disease of sugarbeet caused by Rhizoctonia solani.
**Rhizoctonia** is a type of fungi. They have long filaments called mycelia and a root like structure consisting of food reserves, called sclerotia. Rhizoctonia species eat through a process called saprotrophic nutrition, as the filaments (mycelia) absorb decayed organic matter through the cell wall. The species may resort to plant pathogeny, meaning that it can sometimes cause crop diseases. Some Rhizoctonia species live on the roots of orchid plants and exhibit a mutually beneficial relationship with them during orchid germination.

The term Rhizoctonia (meaning "root killer") was first used by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle to describe the species Rhizoctonia crocorum, which causes violet root rot in carrots. It was found that Rhizoctonia solani also causes significant plant diseases, affecting grass, seeds, potatoes, cereals, sugar beet, cucumber, rice and many others.

Disease
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When this type of fungus begins to grow on a plant the infected area decays rapidly, leading to brown and red lesions below the soil-line. If the disease develops, these lesions enlarge to form sunken cankers that can cut through the plant root and stem. Other symptoms include plants wilting in the middle of the day and damping off.

Characterisation
----------------

Since *Rhizoctonia* don't produce many spores, they are characterised by their hyphae. The hyphae are responsible for producing branch filaments at right and acute angles. Some hyphae are specialised with compact cells called miliolid cells. These cells form strong structures called sclerotia, this strength allows these fungi to survive extreme conditions.

There are two groups of classification based on the number of nuclei (cell compartment storing genetic material) within the hyphae cells. The two groups are binucleate (two nuclei) and multinucleate (more than two nuclei) *Rhizoctonia*.

A further classification into groups is based on the ability of hyphae to fuse together, by a process called Anastomosis.