recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An **exotic atom** is an atom that has a particle replaced by a particle of the same charge. For example, Positronium, an exotic atom, contains an electron and a positron. The positron (which is the antiparticle of the electron) replaces a proton which would normally be found in that atom. Most exotic atoms are hard to discover, because they decay very quickly. Positronium on average has a half-life (how long until half of the object is gone via decay) of 0.125 nanoseconds. There are a few types of exotic atom.

Muonic atom
-----------

A muonic atom is an exotic atom that has a muon, instead of an electron, orbiting the nucleus. Because a muon is much more massive than an electron, the muon orbits much closer to the nucleus.

Hadronic atom
-------------

A hadronic atom is an exotic atom that has an electron replaced by a negatively charged hadron. The hadron could be a meson (such as a pion or a kaon, creating a pionic atom or a kaonic atom, respectively). Another hadronic atom is an antiproton (antiparticle of the proton) atom, that has an antiproton replacing an electron. This is known as an antiprotonic atom.

Onium
-----

An onium is an exotic atom that has a particle bound to its antiparticle. A good example is Positronium, which is an electron bound to a positron.

Hypernuclear atom
-----------------

A hypernuclear atom is an exotic atom that contains strange particles (a particle that is made of a strange quark) called hyperons.

Related pages
-------------

* Positronium
* Antimatter
* Atom
* Hadron
* Meson
Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk in Ostend (Belgium), built between 1899 and 1908
The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Savannah (Georgia, United States)
The college chapel, Keble College, University of Oxford
**Gothic Revival architecture** is architecture that has been made to look as if it is from medieval times, but is really much later. This architectural style began in the late 1740s in England. Its momentum grew in the early 19th century. Serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture.

The Gothic style of architecture was built in Europe between about 1140 and about 1550. Beginning in late 18th century Europe, through the 19th century and into the early 20th century in Europe and elsewhere there was a fashion to build in the Gothic style. In this period architects and their patrons had various different styles to choose from. There were also revivals of Classical and Renaissance styles. Since medieval Gothic buildings vary so much, some architects often copied selectively from medieval buildings and some adapted the style to the needs of their own period. The "Gothic Revival" style was most commonly used for churches, cathedrals, universities, town halls and sometimes houses. 

Gothic Revival buildings have features that are like real Gothic buildings. They often have: 

* Pointed arches round the doors and windows
* Arched stoned roofs called "vaults"
* Towers and sometimes also spires on top of towers
* Many stone-carvings around the doors and fireplaces
* Stained glass windows

Famous Gothic Revival examples
------------------------------

* *Strawberry Hill* at Twickenham, near London, was one of the first houses designed in the Gothic Revival style.
* The Houses of Parliament, London
* Sydney University
* São Paulo Cathedral, Brazil
* The campus of Yale University and the University of Chicago

Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill House
St Pancras station, London.
***Hylonomus*** is an extinct stem tetrapod which lived 312 million years ago (mya) during the Pennsylvanian.
The lack of skull openings behind the eyes makes it difficult to decide whether or not it is a sauropsid. *Westlothiana* is older, but may have been an amphibian, and *Casineria* is rather fragmentary. 

*Hylonomus* was 20 centimetres (8 in) long (including the tail) and probably would have looked rather similar to modern lizards. It had small sharp teeth and likely ate small invertebrates such as millipedes or early insects.

Fossils of *Hylonomus* have been found in the remains of fossilized club moss stumps in Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada. The theory is that, after harsh weather, the club mosses would crash down. The stumps eventually hollow out. Small animals such as *Hylonomus*, seeking shelter, might enter and become trapped, starving to death. Fossils of the basal pelycosaur *Archaeothyris* and the basal diapsid *Petrolacosaurus* are also found in the same region of Nova Scotia, higher up, dated about 6 million years later.

Some fossilized footprints, from about 315 mya, have been found in New Brunswick. They are attributed to *Hylonomus*.
**Funk metal** is a subgenre of funk rock that fuses elements of heavy metal and funk. AllMusic has said that "Funk metal evolved in the mid-'80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Faith No More, Infectious Grooves, Mordred and Fishbone began playing the hybrid with a stronger funk underpinning than metal". Faith No More have also been described as funk metal that dabbled in rap-metal. Rage Against the Machine's mix of funk and metal not only included rap, but also elements of punk rock. Primus, a band that has never had a clear genre, have been called things such as "thrash metal-funk meets Don Knotts, Jr." Living Colour have been cited by *Rolling Stone* as "Black-funk-metal pioneers."

Certain bands not from an alternative background, such as Bang Tango and Extreme, have also put funk into their musical style many times.

Notable funk metal artists
--------------------------

* 24-7 Spyz
* Bang Tango
* Bootsauce
* Buckethead
* Clutch
* Electric Boys
* Extreme
* Fishbone
* Faith No More
* Family Force 5
* Follow for Now
* Gargamel!
* Hoobustank
* I Mother Earth
* Incubus
* Infectious Grooves
* Jimmie's Chicken Shack
* Kid Rock (Early)
* King's X
* LAPD
* Limp Bizkit
* Living Colour
* Lucy Brown
* Maximum the Hormone
* Mind Funk
* Mr. Bungle (early)
* Mordred
* Nuclear Rabbit
* Primus
* Psychefunkapus
* Rage Against the Machine
* Red Hot Chili Peppers
* Royal Crescent Mob
* Siam Shade
* Stevie Salas
* Suicidal Tendencies
* T.M. Stevens
* Urban Dance Squad
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
**Giovanni Battista Pergolesi** (January 4, 1710 – March 16, 1736) was an Italian baroque composer, violinist, and organist. His career only lasted six years before he died. He composed operas, religious music and some instrumental music. His most famous works are his Stabat Mater and *La serva padrona*.

Life
----

Pergolesi was born in Jesi. His family name was "Draghi". His grandfather was from Pergola. So, he was called "Pergolesi" (somebody from Pergola). He studied music in Jesi with Francesco Santi, the *maestro di capella* of the town. He went to study in Naples sometime between 1720 and 1725. He studied with Gaetano Greco, Leonardo Vinci, and Francesco Durante. He played the violin and sang in the music school.

Pergolesi left the music school in 1731. He started his career. He started writing operas. His first opera, *Salustia*, was not successful. He wrote *Il prigioniero superbo* in 1733. The opera celebrates Empress Elisabeth Christine's birthday. The intermezzo of this opera was another opera, *La serva padrona*. The intermezzo became popular after Pergolesi's death.

He became the *maestro di capella* to Prince Ferdinando Colonna of Stigliano in 1732. In that year, the Kingdom of Spain invaded Naples. Charles III, king of Spain, became the new King of Naples. So, Prince Ferdinando ran away to Rome. Pergolesi performed one of his masses in Rome. He became the *maestro di capella* to the Duke of Maddaloni in 1734.

Pergolesi started to become sick in 1735. In 1736 he went to stay in a Franciscan monastery in Pozzuoli. He died there in March 16, 1736. He died because of tuberculosis. One of his last works was the Stabat Mater. It was written to replace Alessandro Scarlatti's setting of the Stabat Mater.

Legacy
------

Pergolesi's operas were popular after his death. His music made people France argue about Italian and French music. This was known as the "quarrel of the buffoons" (French: *Querelle des Bouffons*). *La serva padrona* and his Stabat Mater was praised by many people.

Other websites
--------------

* Giovanni Battista Pergolesi: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project

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**Göppingen** (Swabian: *Gebbenga*, *Gebbeng*, or *Geppenge*) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living there. It is at the bottom of the 684 metres (2,244 feet) high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

History
-------

The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.

A fire on August 25, 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.

### Cooke Barracks

In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr. who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.

In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and United States Army began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991. There was also two Family Housing-Blocks in Donzdorf at the Göppingen (district). In July 2017, they was hold the remembering cooke barracks festival, because the inhabitants in göppingen district loved and liked the US Army who was once stationed in Goppingen.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.

Sport
-----

Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Göppingen at Wikimedia Commons

* Official website
* for people who served at Cooke Barracks Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine
The **Grand Coulee Dam** is a dam on the Columbia River in the United States state of Washington. The dam forms Lake Franklin D. Roosevelt. The dam was built between 1933 and 1942, with a new power plant added between 1997 and 1974. The dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Grand Coulee Dam is 168 metres (551 ft) high and 1,592 metres (5,223 ft) long. The lake behind it can hold more than 12 cubic kilometres (9,700,000 acre⋅ft) of water.

The dam provides water for agriculture in Central Washington. Water is pumped from Lake Roosevelt to Banks Lake, located in the Grand Coulee. From there it runs by gravity to irrigate about 2,700 square kilometres (670,000 acres) of fertile farmland. Incorporated in the late 1940s and early 1950s, this scheme is known as the Columbia Basin Project.

Grand Coulee also produces hydroelectricity. In fact, it is the largest electric-power producing facility in the United States. At full load the dam can produce 6,809 megawatts or enough for 5 million typical American households. The dam was an important source of power for factories during World War II. Today, it provides much of the cheap electric power for the Pacific Northwest.

Among other benefits include flood control for the lower Columbia River and recreational boating and fishing on Lake Roosevelt.

As a consequence of the dam's construction, the reservoir flooded large tracts of Native American lands. Salmon can no longer migrate to the upper Columbia River system.

Other websites
--------------

* Columbia Basin Project Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine – Bureau of Reclamation
* Grand Coulee Dam – Northwest Power and Conservation Council
This print called *Francion 15* by Martin van Maele shows a couple engaging in foreplay outdoors. It was done in 1925.
**Foreplay** is the name for a number of things people do before they have sex. These things do not need to be directly related to having sex. Rather, they are done to sexually arouse people, to make them want each other more, Examples of things that can be used in foreplay differ among people, Most people prefer simple things that make them feel nice such as a person talking softly, a compliment, a Hug, or by being Tickled by a person they like, or even sharing similar hobbies, such as white water rafting, rocky mountain climbing or even how flexible you both are at Yoga,
Not all of these acts are physical, some can also be psychological. Common things done in foreplay include kissing, touching each other, hugging, and stimulating the others erogenous zones.

Foreplay has a well-defined function - it lowers inhibitions and makes people feel better at ease.

Foreplay has been mentioned in historic works. The Ancient Indian work *Kama Sutra* mentions different types of embracing, kissing, and marking with nails and teeth. It also mentions BDSM activities such as slapping and moaning as "play."

Based on age, religious and political background, what people do as foreplay can be quite different. Many people think that women demand more foreplay and require more time to become aroused. Recent scientific research has show that this is false, though. Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in the genital area as the definition of the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal and concluded that, on average, women and men spend almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes.
Coordinates: 48°45′16″N 5°51′06″E﻿ / ﻿48.7544°N 5.8517°E﻿ / 48.7544; 5.8517

**Grand Est** (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɛst] (audio speaker iconlisten); Alsatian: *Grossa Oschta*; Moselle Franconian/Luxembourgish: *Grouss Osten*; Rhine Franconian: *Groß Oschte*; German: *Großer Osten* [ˈɡʁoːsɐ ˈɔstn̩]; English: *Greater East*) is an administrative region in northeastern France. It was made from three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the short-lived name of **Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine** (**ACAL** or **ALCA**) because of territorial reform which had been passed by the French law in 2014. The region sits along three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of 57,433 km2 (22,175 sq mi), the 5th largest in France, and includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, and stands partly within the European Megalopolis. The administrative capital and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg. The East of France has a interesting culture. It is between the Latin and Germanic areas, so many different languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, Lorraine Franconian etc.). Most of today's Grand Est region was thought to be "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it owned the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims , would later play a ceremonial role in French history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played an important part in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine did well in the influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The region is home to traditions (the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine). Alsace-Moselle has to follow local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history as well and its agriculture and tourism (arts, cuisine, sightseeing etc.), the East of France has one of the largest economic production levels in the country.

*Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine* was the old name for the region.
**Genomics** is the part of genetics which studies the genomes of organisms. This includes the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of genes working together. Examples are heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

Genomics applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes. This is the *complete* set of DNA within a single cell of an organism). In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes unless it involves the entire genome.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a somewhat broader definition:

"The term "genomics" encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels".
editorial office in Frankfurt

The ***Frankfurter Rundschau*** is a nationwide newspaper in Germany.

Newspaper
---------

The ''Frankfurter Rundschau is a left-wing liberal newspaper in Germany. Its position is often similar to the positions of the trade unions.
There are 6 newspapers a week.
It has a regional part for Hesse and a local part for Frankfurt am Main, too.
There are about 180,000 newapapers sold daily.
The ''Franfurter Rundschau'' is the first newspaper in Germany in the tabloid format.

History
-------

The Frankfurter Rundschau'' was the second newspaper starting in Germany after the World War II on the 1st of August 1945.
And it was the first newspaper in the U.S. sector.
The licence was handed over to the first team of editors consisting of Emil Carlebach, Hans Etzkorn, Wilhelm Karl Gerst, Otto Grossmann, Wilhelm Knothe, Paul Rodemann and Arno Rudert.
There were social democrats, political katholics and communists, who had spent years in the resistance and nazi concentration camps or in exile.

Other websites
--------------

* Frankfurter Rundschau Online (German)
The **Statue of Herman** (German: ***Hermannsdenkmal***) is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest, in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus. 

The sword has the following inscription:

**Deutsche Einigkeit, meine Stärke - meine Stärke, Deutschlands Macht.**
*German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might.*

History
-------

The statue up close, the sword is 7 metres long and weighs about 550 kg
The monument is 53.46 m (173.39 ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.

Building for the statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia. 

When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries. Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War. The monument was seen as one of those heping to remind people of Germany's history and national pride.

Tourism
-------

The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year. It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside

A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hermannsdenkmal***.

* Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
* Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
* Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
* Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)

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The **Zebra Swallowtail** (*Eurytides marcellus*) is a North American butterfly. It is in the family Papilionidae. Some authors place the species under the genera *Iphiclides*, *Graphium*, and *Papilio*. Its obvious black and white-striped pattern is like the pattern of a zebra. The Zebra Swallowtail is the official state butterfly of Tennessee.

Description
-----------

Summer form
The Zebra Swallowtail has triangle-shaped wings. It has long tails on the hind wings (the bottom wings). It has some black and white markings on its wings. There are some small red and blue markings on the hind wings. There are two seasonal forms. Spring forms are more white. They have small black tails with white tips. Summer forms are more black. They have longer tails with more white in them. The wingspan is 2 2/5 to 3 1/2 inches.

Distribution
------------

This species is found in the eastern and southeastern regions of North America.

Habitat
-------

This butterfly can be found in a variety of habitats near pawpaw trees. Such habitats include open woodlands, grassy fields, savannas, and southern pine woods.

Flight period
-------------

The Zebra Swallowtail can be seen from late March to August in the northern part of its range. In the southern part of its range, it can be seen from February to December.

Life cycle
----------

Zebra Swallowtail eggs. The left egg is 1 day old. The right egg is 3 days old.
A green form caterpillar
A black form caterpillar
 A brown chrysalis
Females lay their eggs singly on pawpaw leaves. They are sometimes laid on the tree trunks. The egg is pale green. After three days it turns an orange-brown color. It turns dark gray just before hatching. The caterpillars are cannibalistic (this means that two individuals of the same species will eat each other). Young caterpillars are black. Older caterpillars have two different color forms. The more common form is green. It has yellow and white stripes. There is a tricolor (meaning it has three colors) band that is bluish-white, black, and yellow. The more rare form is black with white and orange stripes. The caterpillar has a bad smelling, forked gland called an osmeterium. It is found just behind the head. It will use the osmeterium to scare predators. The osmeterium can pull back inside the head when the caterpillar is not using it. The chrysalis is either green or brown. The chrysalis hibernates. It has 1-2 broods per year in the northern part of its range. It has 3-4 broods per year in the southern part of its range.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the Zebra Swallowtail caterpillar feeds on:

* *Asimina incarna*
* *Asimina reticulata*
* *Asimina tetramera* - Four-petal Pawpaw
* *Asimina triloba* - Common Pawpaw

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Eurytides marcellus***.

* Butterflies & Moths of North America Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
* zebra swallowtail on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
The Arch, in 1896
The **Euston Arch** was an archway built at the front of Euston railway station in London. It was built in 1837 by the London and Birmingham Railway. The people in charge of the new and modern railway wanted passengers to have a good feeling about the station. They built the large arch as a gate in front of the station to attract attention. 

Four columns supported the arch. The outside two columns were plain and square. The inside two were circular and decorated in the Doric style. This Doric style gave the arch its common name of "The Doric Arch".

Originally, the words "London and Birmingham Railway" marked the top of the gate. In 1870, the letters EUSTON in gold were carved into the beam across the tops of the four columns. This railway company had joined other companies to form the London and North Western Railway. This new company did not want passengers to use the old name. It changed the name of the arch from the company name to the station name.

Demolition
----------

In 1960s, Britain was modernising the railways. Diesel locomotives were replacing of steam locomotives. Overhead electric wires were added to the important line from Euston Station in London to the North West of England. The old Euston station was also to replaced. The railway added more platforms and more space at the front of the station for cars. By 1961 the Arch had been removed.

Birmingham
----------

The Northern station of the railway was at Curzon Street in Birmingham. That station was decorated with large pillars too and it still stands today. The columns at Curzon Street are Ionic instead of Doric. This means that the columns are plain, not fluted.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Euston Arch***.
The **hourglass tree frog** (*Dendropsophus ebraccatus*) is a frog that lives in Mexico, Colombia, Belize and Nicaragua. Scientists have seen it as high as 1600 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is 23.63 to 26.75 mm long from nose to rear end and the largest adult female frogs are 36.5 mm long. Frogs that live high up in the hills are larger than frogs that live low and close to the ocean. This frog's head is wider than its body. It has yellow skin and a brown pattern on its back that look like an hourglass.

Male frogs sing for females after it rains. The rain creates pools of water that are not there during the dry season. The males sit on plants high above the pools and sing so the females will come to them. There are also "sneaker males" who sit between the pools and the singing males so the females will meet them first.

The females lay 180 to 300 eggs at a time. Most frogs can lay eggs either on land or in water but not both. However, the hourglass tree frog can lay eggs on both. If the pool is in the sun, the female frog will lay her eggs on a piece of plant under the surface of the water so that they don't dry out. If the pool is in the shade, she will lay her eggs near the water so that the tadpoles fall into it after they hatch. For example, she may lay her eggs on a leaf on a branch hanging over the water. If she lays eggs in the water, fish might eat them. If she lays eggs on a leaf, wasps, ants or spiders might eat them.

The tadpoles can be 6.72 to 7.47 mm long when they first hatch and they can grow to 2.9 cm. They eat algae and hide in underwater plants.

The nematode worm parasite *Cosmocerca parva* can infect this frog.

This frog does not get very sick from the chytridiomycosis fungal disease the way many other frogs do. Scientists found that the microbiota of hourglass tree frogs, which is all the bacteria and other microorganisms that live on and in the frog's body, is different from the microbiota of other frogs. Scientists think this might protect the hourglass tree frog from chytridiomycosis but they are not sure.

Scientists and students use the hourglass tree frog as a test animal because it is not endangered and because it can lay eggs on land or in water. Humans also keep these frogs as pets.
New Year's Day fireworks at Seaport Village, California
Preparing fireworks at Sayn Castle
A **firework** is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a **fireworks display**.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

History
-------

Fireworks at the London Eye on New Year's Eve.
The grand finale showing also the jets that produce power. A picture taken from the back so the stars and flowers are not so clearly visible.
Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the *Huolongjing* compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

Further reading
---------------

* Kazuma, Saeki (2004). *Hanabi−no Hon（Fireworks Book）*. Tankosha. ISBN 4-473-03177-2.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***firework***.

* Media related to Firework at Wikimedia Commons
* How Fireworks work
* Illegal Explosive Devices Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
* About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Grupo Telefe** (legally **Television Federal S.A.**) is an Argentine conglomerate dedicated to the production of audiovisual content and the operation of terrestrial television licenses. The company, created in 1989, belongs to the multinational Paramount Global since November 2016.

History
-------

On December 6, 2012, Telefe presented its voluntary adaptation plan before the Argentinean Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services in order to adapt to the Audiovisual Communication Services Law, where it proposed to put Neuquén channels 7 and 9 up for sale in Bahía Blanca. The plan was approved two years later on December 16, 2014, leaving the two channels for sale. On December 29, 2015, changes were made to several articles of the law (among them Article 45, which indicated that the licensee could not cover with its open media more than 35% of the country's population); as a result of the elimination of the limit percentage of national coverage, Telefe would no longer have the obligation to sell the two channels, being able to keep the 8 channels from the interior in its possession. On February 2, 2016, the National Communications Entity (successor to AFSCA) decided to file all adaptation plans (including Telefe's) as a consequence of this, Telefe no longer has the obligation to sell any of its television channels.

On November 3, 2016, it was announced that the US group Viacom had reached an agreement to buy Telefe and its channels for US$345 million. The purchase was finalized on November 15. The **ENACOM** approved the transfer of Telefe and its licenses to Viacom on March 30, 2017.

On August 13, 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom announced that they had reached an agreement to merge their respective business units (including Grupo Telefe) under the umbrella of the former (to be renamed ViacomCBS).The merger was completed on December 4. 

As of February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS was renamed Paramount Global.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
***Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever*** is a television Christmas movie that stars the famous internet celebrity animal, Grumpy Cat. The movie was first shown on the Lifetime network on November 29, 2014. 

It stars Megan Charpentier as a young girl who adopts Grumpy Cat. Then she finds out that she and the cat can really talk with one another.

The voice of Grumpy Cat is spoken by the actress Aubrey Plaza. She did not know about Grumpy Cat before working in the movie. To prepare, she learned all about Grumpy's behavior. The movie had already been made when Aubrey did the cat's voice part. Instead of using her script, she made up most of Grumpy's lines that ended up in the movie.

Plot
----

Grumpy Cat is a lonely cat living in a pet shop in a shopping mall. The pet shop is going to go out of business and be shut down. Grumpy is sad and upset because she is not getting picked to get a new home, while other animals are being adopted. 

Chrystal is a lonely 12-year-old girl who comes into the pet store right before Christmas and falls in love with Grumpy Cat. Grumpy finds out that she can communicate by talking with this girl. Chrystal is also amazed to find out that Grumpy Cat can talk. At first, the two do not get along with one another. While visiting in the pet shop during the Christmas holidays, they slowly become friends. 

Chrystal really likes Grumpy after they have an exciting adventure. A dog that costs a lot of money is about to be dognapped from the pet shop. Even though Grumpy does not like the dog, she stops the theft of the dog from happening.

Cast
----

* Aubrey Plaza does the Grumpy Cat voice
* Daniel Roebuck plays George
* Megan Charpentier plays Chrystal
* Grumpy Cat plays Herself
* Russell Peters plays Santa
* Chris Williams does the voice for Lance the hamster

Reception
---------

Reviews for *Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever* have been both negative and postive. The *AV Club* and *Entertainment Weekly* both did not like the movie. *AV Club* said it was "the largest turd in Lifetime's crap crown of original programming." *The Guardian* and *St. Louis Post Dispatch* were a bit more positive in their reviews. The *St. Louis Post Dispatch* said that although the film was "terrible" they still enjoyed it overall.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever* on IMDb
* *Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever* Rotten Tomatoes
* *Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever* Metacritic
The ball, being used for a Gaelic football match.
**Gaelic Football** (Irish: *Peil*, *Peil Ghaelach* or *Caid* ), commonly referred to as "**football**", or "**Gaelic**", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, *soloing* (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

Diagram of a Gaelic football pitch

Playing field
-------------

The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

Duration
--------

All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes) or elas in a penalties shoot out.

Teams
-----

Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.

The ball
--------

The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.

Other websites
--------------

* Rules Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Official GAA website
* An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged! Archived 2010-04-08 at the Wayback Machine -GAA site with news, views, fun and chat...
* Unofficial GAA Messageboard
**Flora Jane Thompson** (5 December 1876 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, *Lark Rise to Candleford*.

She was born in *Juniper Hill*, a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village *Cottisford* and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was *Fringford*, a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at *Grayshott*, in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903 she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.

Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in *The Ladies Companion* for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.

Her most famous works are the *Lark Rise to Candleford* trilogy, which she sent as essays to *Oxford University Press* in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.

Flora Thompson died in 1947 in *Brixham*, Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

Bibliography
------------

### Verse

* *Bog Myrtle and Peat* (1921)

### Novels

* *Lark Rise* (1939)
* *Over to Candleford* (1941)
* *Candleford Green* (1943)
* *Lark Rise to Candleford* (1945, above three novels published as a trilogy)
* *Still Glides the Stream* (1948, published posthumously)
* *Heatherley* (sequel to Lark Rise to Candleford written c.1944 - published posthumously first in A Country Calendar 1979 along with some *Peverel Papers* and some poems; then as single volume 1998)
* *Gates of Eden* (serialised in *The Peverel Monthly* edited by Flora in the late 1920s but never published as a separate volume)

### Nature articles

* *The Peverel Papers* (1986, published posthumously)

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Flora Thompson***

* Flora Thompson website
* Lark Rise to Candleford website
**Herbert W. Boyer** (born July 10, 1936 in Derry, Pennsylvania) received the 1990 National Medal of Science, and is a co-founder of Genentech. He served as Vice President of Genentech from 1976 until his retirement in 1991.

With Stanley Cohen, he did possibly the first piece of genetic engineering.

Career
------

Boyer was a Professor of Biochemistry from 1976 to 1991, where he discovered that genes from bacteria could be combined with genes from eukaryotes. In 1977, Boyer's laboratory and collaborators described the first-ever synthesis and expression of a peptide-coding gene. In August 1978, he produced synthetic insulin using his new transgenic genetically modified bacteria, followed in 1979 by a growth hormone.

In 1976, Boyer founded Genentech with venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson. Genentech's approach to the first synthesis of insulin beat Walter Gilbert's approach at Biogen which used genes from natural sources. Boyer built his gene from its individual nucleotides. 

In 1990, Boyer and his wife Grace gave the single largest donation ($10,000,000) bestowed on the Yale School of Medicine by an individual. The Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine was named after the Boyer family in 1991.

In 2007, St. Vincent College announced that they had renamed the School of Natural Science, Mathematics, and Computing the Herbert W. Boyer School.

Boyer is on the Board of Scientific Governors of The Scripps Research Institute.

Awards
------

* 1980 the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
* 1989 the National Medal of Technology
* 1990 the National Medal of Science from President George H. W. Bush
* 2009 CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
The **GNU General Public License** (**GPL**) is a computer software copyleft license. This license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain. They can use it, change it, and copy it. They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it. The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license. The GPL was created by Richard Stallman. The current version is version 3, created in 2007, although some software still uses version 2, created in 1991.

There are two main terms to the license. Both apply to giving the program away or selling it. 

* A copy of the source code or written instructions about how to get a copy must be included with the software. If the software is able to be downloaded from the internet, the source code must also be available for downloading.
* The license of the software can not be changed or removed. It must always use the GPL.

If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws. They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they cannot give it away or sell it. They also can not change the license.

Related pages
-------------

* List of software licenses

Other websites
--------------

* GNU General Public License v1.0
* GNU General Public License v2.0
* GNU General Public License v3.0
* GNU website
For the album of the same title by Hem, see Funnel Cloud (album).
A funnel cloud approaching the ground
A **funnel cloud** is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets. They usually appear with a rotating column of air. These extend from the bottom of a cloud that does not touch the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud can usually be seen as a cone or needle shaped cloud that extends out from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds, very often, develop when supercell thunderstorms happen.

If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds. Many funnel clouds that appear do not actually touch the ground, and do not become tornadoes. Tornadoes can only be seen when they pick up stuff off the ground (debris), but one can see them from a distance of many miles.

A funnel cloud that makes contact with water is called a waterspout. 
A funnel cloud that touches the ground in front of a snow squall is called a winter waterspout.

Cold-air funnel clouds
----------------------

Cold-air (or cold-core) funnel clouds are usually short-lived and are usually much weaker in strength than the tornadoes produced by supercells. Cold-air funnel clouds usually do not touch the ground, but here have been reports that it can happen. Then, they become weak tornadoes or waterspouts.

A shear funnel extending from a generic cumulus cloud. Observed in northern Texas by a member of the VORTEX project.
They are a common sight along the Pacific Coast and USA, usually seen in the spring or autumn.

Related pages
-------------

* Tornado
* Waterspout
* Landspout
* Winter waterspout

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Funnel cloud***.

* NOAA FAQ on Tornadoes
* TORRO Tornado FAQ Archived 2005-11-24 at the Wayback Machine
The **Graphics Device Interface** is an API of Microsoft Windows used for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices, such as printers and monitors.

GDI is responsible for tasks such as drawing lines and curves, rendering fonts and handling palettes. It is not directly responsible for drawing windows, menus, etc.; that task is reserved for another subsystem built on top of GDI. Other systems have components that are similar to GDI, for example Macintosh's QuickDraw and GNOME/GTK's GDK/Xlib.

Perhaps the most significant capability of GDI over more direct methods of accessing the hardware is its scaling capabilities, and abstraction of target devices. Using GDI, it is very easy to draw on multiple devices, such as a screen and a printer, and expect proper reproduction in each case. This capability is at the center of all What You See Is What You Get applications for Microsoft Windows.

Simple games that do not require fast graphics rendering use GDI. However, GDI cannot animate properly as it has no notion of synchronizing with the framebuffer, and lacks rasterization for 3D. Modern games usually use DirectX or OpenGL instead, which give programmers the capabilities to use features of modern hardware.
**Grass Roots** is the unreleased debut studio album by American hip hop group A.T.B.A.N. Klann (now known as The Black Eyed Peas). It was planned to be released on October 6, 1992 for Ruthless Records, distributed by Relativity Records and featured production from the mentor of Will 1X, DJ Motiv8; however, the album. Two years later, the group released the first single from the album, "Puddles of H2O", but the album was still not released. The songs from the album later leaked and a cover was made using a photo of apl.de.ap and will.i.am from the *Bridging the Gap* photo-shoot in 2000. This was the only album Atban Klann recorded under that name, as they were dropped from Ruthless in 1995. However, six years later the group, now known as Black Eyed Peas, would release *Behind the Front*.

Track listing
-------------

1. "Open Your Mind (Introduction)"
2. "Goin for a Ride"
3. "Lord of the Flies"
4. "Adidas"
5. "Mountain Top"
6. "Quid Pro Quo"
7. "No Sequel"
8. "World's Gone Mad"
9. "Rain on Me"
10. "Dedicated"
11. "Styles are Critical"
12. "Puddles of H2O"
13. "Focus on You"
14. "Strolling"
15. "La Borio Woman Beater"
16. "Let Me Get Down"
17. "Duet"
18. "Juggling My Nuts"
19. "Unknown"
20. "Yougohdah"