recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Cross section of a male cone of a pine tree. The scales of the cone support microsporangia, which produce a large number of pollen grains
**Pollen** is a powder made of pollen grains, which produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants. The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes.

In flowering plants
-------------------

### Development of pollen grains

The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which produce the male gametes (sperm).

The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the receptive surface of the carpel of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a *pollen tube* and undergoing mitosis to produce two male gametes.

### Pollination

See the main article: Pollination
There are two main kinds of pollination. One kind happens when pollen from a stamen sticks to the pistil of the same plant. That is self-pollination.

a sweet bee!Bees help plants. They spread pollen from flower to flower. Other animals that spread pollen are butterflies, birds, and bats.
The other kind of pollination takes place when pollen from one plant travels to the pistil of another plant. Most plants use this kind of pollination. Plants need help for this kind of pollination, because they cannot move. So, they need another way to move pollen from one plant to another plant.

The wind helps move pollen between plants. The pollen of some plants is very light. Wind blows it from the flowers on one plant to the flowers on another plant. The wind can move pollen a long way before the pollen hits the sticky top of a pistil.

Animals also help move pollen between plants. Many flowers are colourful and their scent attracts some animals. These flowers also make a sweet juice called nectar. Sometimes an animal, such as a bee, sees or smells a flower. Then, it lands on the flower to get nectar. As the bee drinks the nectar, the stamens brush pollen onto its body. Then, the bee flies to another flower that has a pistil. The pollen on the bee's body brushes onto the sticky top of the flower's pistil. The pollen is used as protein for the bee larvae.

The plants help feed the animal. In return, the animal helps the plants by moving pollen from flower to flower. The relationship has evolved together; it is a kind of co-evolution called mutualism or symbiosis.
A tiny mobile house in Olympia, Washington, United States
A **tiny house**, also known as a **tiny home**, is a type of house that is very small (up to 37 square metres or 400 sq ft).

Tiny houses can stand on a fixed place, but they can also be mobile. For example, a tiny house with wheels can be transported. They may also solve other kinds of problems. They may be a way for older children to have independence, yet also stay near their parents. Sometimes the family home is too small for children to have their own bedroom. A tiny house built in the grounds of a regular property may be the solution to allowing independence whilst keeping a degree of parental supervision.

History
-------

The tiny house movement originated in the United States. 

Tiny houses gained more attention after the Great Recession, when houses became very expensive in many places.

Media
-----

The tiny house movement has inspired many reality television series:

* Mighty Tiny Houses (HGTV)
* Terrific Tiny Homes (DIY)
* Tiny House, Big Living (HGTV)
* Tiny House Builders (HGTV)
* Tiny House Hunters (HGTV)
* Tiny House Hunting (FYI)
* Tiny House Nation (FYI and A&E)
* Tiny House World (FYI)
* Tiny Luxury (HGTV)
* Tiny Paradise (HGTV)

Related pages
-------------

* Affordable housing
* Cottage
**Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia** also known as the **Plaza de Toros de Mérida** is a plaza de toros first class located in the city of Mérida, Venezuela being one of the main infrastructure for cultural and artistic events to large scale of the city after the Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano and the fence locations for the bullfights in the frame of the Feria Internacional del Sol.

The Plaza was inaugurated in 1967 to serve as a forum to various events of Ferias del Sol, and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators.

The Arena of the Monumental de Mérida, during the preparations for the election and crowning of the Reina Internacional del Sol 2009
He has received prominent bullfighters like Julian López "El Juli", Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, Juan José "Morante de la Puebla", Miguel Ángel Perera, Enrique Ponce, Francisco Rivera "Paquirrí", Pálomo Lináres, Javier Conde, Manuel Bénitez "El Cordobés", José María Manzanares, Antonio Barrera, Paquito Perlaza, Leonardo Bénitez, Luis Bolivar, David Fandila "El Fandi", Mary Paz Vega, Morenito de Maracay, Nerio Ramirez "El Tovareño", Rafael Orellana, César Vanegas, César Faraco, Eduardo Valenzuela, among others.

Panorama de **Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia**, Mérida
But he has also received several Venezuelan and international artists and singers like Juanes, Maná, Desorden Público, Caramelos de Cianuro, Franco De Vita, Paulina Rubio, Chino y Nacho, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Molotov, Wisin & Yandel, Dalmata, Vos Veis, Los Hombres G, Aterciopelados, Jorge Celedón, Jean Carlos Centeno, L'squadron, Tecupae, Luis Silva, Armando Martínez, among others.

Other websites
--------------

* (in Spanish) Images and references to the Plaza on Portaltaurino.com Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
The *South Saqqara Stone*
The **South Saqqara Stone** is a large piece of stone. Written on the stone is a list of the pharaohs of the 6th dynasty of ancient Egypt. The list includes Teti, Userkare, Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi II. The list finishes with Pepi II which means it was probably written during his rule. The list is a record of the events which took place during each kings rule. However the stone was used later as the lid of sarcophagus. This was for the burial of the ancient Egyptian queen Ankhenespepi. A lot of the writing can not be read any longer.

Discovery
---------

The South Saqqara Stone was discovered in 1932-33 by Gustave Jéquier. It was in a storeroom, south of the pyramid of Queen Iput II. This is part of the pyramid complex of Pepi II at Saqqara. Saqqara was the main burial area for the city of Memphis.

Description
-----------

The stone is a piece of basalt, 2.43 metres by 0.92 metres and 20 centimetres thick. It has writing on both sides, but much of the writing has been removed and is unreadable.

Significance
------------

The writing on the South Saqqara Stone means it is an important object. The list of pharaohs has details about the annual or biannual cattle count. This matches details in other lists such as the Turin King List. This allows archaeologists to work out how long each king ruled. From the information on the stone it can be worked out that Teti ruled for at least 12 years, Userkare 2-4 years, Pepi I 49-50 years and 11-13 years for Merenre.

The Stone is one of the earliest historical documents in existence. It has the names of all the pharaohs known to the people who made it.

Related pages
-------------

* List of pharaohs
* Abydos King List
* Karnak king list
* Saqqara Tablet
* Turin King List
**Three-strikes laws**, or **habitual offender laws**, are laws that impact the punishment for a crime. Under a three-strikes law, if a person was convicted of three serious crimes, they will have to go to prison for life after their third crime. Three-strikes laws are used in many states of the USA. They are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy.

In most states, only crimes at the felony level qualify as serious crimes. In some places, only violent felonies qualify as serious.

The expression "Three strikes and you are out" comes from baseball. If a batter gets three strikes, they strike out.

History
-------

The idea of giving longer prison sentences to repeat criminals is not new. Judges often consider earlier crimes when deciding the punishment. However, in most cases, laws did not require a longer prison sentence. There is a more recent history of mandatory prison sentences for repeat criminals. 

During Prohibition, the state of Michigan made one of the harshest laws against carrying alcohol in the nation. The law required a life sentence for those breaking alcohol laws for the fourth time. In 1928, Etta Mae Miller, a mother of four, was found guilty under this law. People were very angry at the state.

The first true "three-strikes" law was passed in 1993, when Washington voters approved Initiative 593. California passed its own in 1994, when their voters passed Proposition 184, with 72% voting yes and 28% voting no. The initiative proposed to the voters had the title of *Three Strikes and You're Out*. This meant a person would go to prison for life after three violent or serious felonies.

The idea quickly spread to other states, but none of them chose to adopt a law as extensive as California's. By 2004, twenty-six states and the federal government had laws that can be called "three-strikes" laws. Each of these laws said that a third felony conviction brings a sentence of 20 years to life in prison. The person must serve 20 years before they can qualify for parole. A 1997 study found that in California, "the three-strikes law did not decrease serious crime or petty theft rates below the level expected on the basis of preexisting trends."
Barnard's star has visibly moved from 1985 to 2005 because of proper motion
**Proper motion** is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move *relative to each other* when seen from Earth.

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it). 

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.
Bottle of sodium azide
**Sodium azide**, also known as **sodium trinitride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaN3.

Properties
----------

It is a white crystalline solid. It is an explosive. It can be detonated by an electric spark. It contains sodium and azide ions. It reacts with acids to produce hydrazoic acid. It can be destroyed by reacting it with nitrous acid. This reaction produces nitric oxide, nitrogen, and sodium hydroxide. It is a powerful reducing agent, which makes it explosive. It contains nitrogen in its -1/3 oxidation state.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting ammonia with sodium to make sodium amide. The sodium amide then reacts with nitrous oxide to make sodium azide. It can also be made by reacting sodium nitrate with sodium amide. Another process is reacting sodium nitrite with hydrazine.

Uses
----

It is used in airbags. It makes the airbags puff out. A computer detects that the car is crashing and ignites the sodium azide. This makes sodium metal and a lot of nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas inflates the airbag. It can be used to make other explosives, such as lead azide.

Safety
------

Sodium azide is very toxic. It reacts with acids to make the explosive hydrazoic acid, which also is a very toxic gas. It is similar to cyanide poisoning. It attacks the respiratory system and the circulatory system.

Related pages
-------------

* Lithium nitride, Li3N (sodium nitride does not exist)
* Nitrate
* Nitrite
***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords*** is a RPG video game set in the *Star Wars* expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

Description
-----------

Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.
**Sonata form** is a way of organizing a piece of music. It has been used in several pieces since the Classical period (from the middle of the 18th century onwards). Listening to pieces of music in sonata form will help to understand it fully and it is helpful to know something about the different keys.

Sonata form is not just used in sonatas. It can be the form for movements from symphonies, concertos, overtures etc.

In the Baroque period composers like Bach and Handel wrote pieces with dance movements such as minuets. These were in "binary form". This meant that there were two sections. The two sections were often the same length, and were separated by a double bar line which meant that each section was repeated. The music would not be in the same key all the time. The first section could modulate (change key) and then the second section would gradually modulate back again so that it sounded finished at the end.

Domenico Scarlatti wrote sonatas for harpsichord also in binary form, but long and with additional complexity. The first section would start with a theme in the main key, and then modulate to another key for contrast. The second section might be longer than the first second, starting off by modulating to remote keys before arriving back to repeat the main theme. This kind of piece is the beginning of sonata form.

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven developed the idea of sonata form. A movement in sonata form has three sections called: "exposition", "development" and "recapitulation".

* In the **exposition** we hear all the main material: the first tune- or group of tunes - in the main key, then a contrasting tune or tunes in a related key (normally the "dominant" i.e. the key on the 5th note of the scale of the main key, or the relative minor). Or in the case of a first section in a minor key, one might frequently hear the second subject or subjects in the relative major.
* In the **development** section the music is developed, going into several different keys. The music here feels unstable. There is a feeling of tension. The listener wants to get back to the main key.
* In the **recapitulation** the exposition is repeated, but it changes towards the end so that it finishes in the main key. It feels as if the tension has gone and the listener feels happy.

This way of building a piece of music was used by almost every composer from the mid 18th century onwards – well into the 20th century. It gives scope for a very dramatic piece. Of course, composers sometime use it differently. There is often a sense of development during the whole piece, not just during the so-called "development section". The first movement of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony spends all the time developing the famous idea heard at the beginning: the first four notes (short-short-short-long). Even the other three movements carry on developing this idea.
A **proof-of-work (POW) system** is a system where finding a solution to a given problem is difficult and/or expensive, but verifying the solution to the given problem is simple and/or cheap.

Example
-------

Find the positive integer whose sha256 hash value is:

```
c75cb66ae28d8ebc6eded002c28a8ba0d06d3a78c6b5cbf9b2ade051f0775ac4
```

To find this integer, you must compute the sha256 value for every integer starting with zero until you find the right value. While each individual computation is trivial and cheap, cumulatively the work adds up and becomes time consuming and expensive. To successfully reproduce the given hash value, you must do some work.

  

Find some data whose sha256 hash value begins with at least 8 leading zeros:

```
000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f
```

In the first example, the problem required the original value as proof that work had been done. In this example, it does not matter what the data is, only that it produces a hash value with the given constraints. Finding this data is difficult, but once found, it is trivial to verify by running it through sha256.
The **Reno** (Latin: *Rhenus*) is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.

Geography
---------

The Reno river has a length of 211 km (131 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 4,628 km2 (1,787 sq mi).

### Course

The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about 745 m (2,444 ft) above sea level, of two streams: **Reno di Prunetta** (with its source at an altitude of 1,020 metres [3,350 ft]) and the **Reno di Campolungo**.

Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.

In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.
In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)

The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the *Valli di Comacchio*, a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.

The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:

* Province of Bologna
	+ Porretta Terme
	+ Vergato
	+ Marzabotto
	+ Sasso Marconi
	+ Casalecchio di Reno
	+ Bologna
* Province of Ferrara
	+ Cento
	+ Argenta
	+ Comacchio

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Reno river are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Left tributaries:* Silla - 18 km
* Samoggia - 44 km

  |   | Right tributaries:* Limentra di Sambuca- 19.4 km
* Eastern Limentra - 41 km
* Setta - 47 km
* Idice - 80 km
	+ Savena - 54 km, tributary of the Idice
* Sillaro- 66 km
* Santerno - 103 km, the most important by its length and its discharge of 16 m³/s (570 cu ft/s).
* Senio - 92
 |

Gallery
-------

* The Reno near Sasso MarconiThe Reno near Sasso Marconi
* The river near MolinellaThe river near Molinella
* The Reno river in PorrettaThe Reno river in Porretta

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Reno river***.

* Gruppo di Stude Pianura del Reno website (in Italian)
* Biblioteca idraulica italiana (in Italian)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri** (piu [waɭɪmb̥ɪrɪ ɖ̥ɟəb̥əɭɖ̥ɟaːrɪ]; born late 1950s) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He is one of Australia's most well-known indigenous artists.

Early life
----------

See also: Pintupi Nine
Warlimpirrnga was born in the late 1950s. He was born near Lake Mackay, east of where Kiwirrkurra is today. He and his family lived a traditional nomadic way of life on the western side of Lake Mackay. They had never come into contact with European society. Warlimpirrnga's father died when he was a young boy. His mother remarried shortly after. Warlimpirrnga himself married his cousin, Yalti, sometime around 1980. He was a hunter, the family's main provider of food. He hunted with spears, mirru (spear-throwers) and boomerangs.

In 1984, when he was about 25, he finally came into contact people from outside his family. When he saw a white man for the first time, Warlimpirrnga remembers, "I couldn't believe it. I thought he was a devil, a bad spirit. He was the colour of clouds at sunrise." He and his family were settled at Kiwirrkurra. News of this group living nomadically so far into the modern world made headlines internationally.

Painting
--------

Warlimpirrnga started painting in 1987. He did paintings for Papunya Tula. He was taught by the other artists at the company. He finished his first painting for them in April 1987. His first public exhibition was in Melbourne, in 1988. It showed eleven of his paintings. The entire collection was bought for the National Gallery of Victoria. He has since become one of central Australia's most well-known artists.

Warlimpirrnga paints abstract images of sacred dreaming stories and songs. The stories focus around the Tingari, the ancestors of the Pintupi, spirit beings who are believed to have created all living things. His stories are about his country and sacred sites like Marruwa and Kanapilya.

His work is held in public collections across Australia, such as in the National Gallery in Canberra, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the National Gallery of Victoria. He also has work in galleries overseas, such as the Quai Branly Museum in Paris. In 2012, his work was shown as part of the documenta exhibition in Kassel, Germany. As of 2008, the most one of his paintings has sold for is AU$85,000.

Other websites
--------------

* Works by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
* Works by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri at the National Gallery of Victoria
***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic*** is a video game developed by BioWare. It was released in 2003. The game has a sequel, titled *Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords*.

Description
-----------

The game, also known as *KotOR*, is a role-playing game. Developed using BioWare's engine *Aurora*, the game is set in the fictional universe of *Star Wars*. The story takes place four thousand years before the Battle of Yavin, 40 years after the war with Exar Kun (circa 3,956 BBY).

Darth Revan has been killed by his apprentice, Darth Malak, who has taken the mantle of Dark Lord of the Sith. Malak is continuing the war against the Old Republic, using numerous battleships. The Jedi Order sees its hope in Bastila Shan, a young female Jedi who is skilled in the art called *Battle Meditation*. With that power, she can optimize the performance of the Jedi troops and the battleships. Also, an unnamed soldier (the player chooses the name) comes under attention of the Jedi Council.

Since it is a roleplaying game, the player can choose which class he wants to be. He can choose between soldier, scout, and scoundrel. The choice affects the statistics of the character (strength, agility, etc.). Also, the player can choose their character's gender and face.
The player must follow several main objectives, with many other minor missions. The player, while travelling on several planets, will meet some people who join him in his quest. A number up to 8 companions can join the player: Trask Ulgo, Carth Onasi, Bastila Shan, Mission Vao, Zaalbar, Canderous Ordo, Juhani, Jolee Bindo.

The main goal is to find the Star Forge, a powerful battle station that builds an endless fleet, which is used against the Republic. The player also has to kill Darth Malak.

Characters
----------

The main character (the player) is entirely customizable. Face, gender and class can be chosen from a series of menus. One later discovers that they are Darth Reven, but still go by the original own name.
The player will meet some companions (playable characters, or PCs) during the adventure.

* **Carth Onasi** - A Republican soldier, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
* **Bastila Shan** - A young female Jedi, who will look after the player. Class: Jedi Sentinel.
* **Mission Vao** - A young Twi'lek, expert hacker. Class: Scoundrel.
* **Zaalbar** - A Wookiee, friend of Mission. Class: Explorer.
* **Canderous Ordo** - A Mandalorian warrior, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
* **Juhani** - A Cathar (human with cat-like features) female Jedi. Class: Jedi Guardian.
* **Jolee Bindo** - An old human Jedi. Class: Jedi Consular.
* **T3-M4** - An astromech droid. Class: Droid.
* **HK-47** - An assassin droid. Class: Droid.

The player will also meet other minor characters (non-playable characters, or NPCs).

* **Darth Malak** - The Dark Lord of the Sith and true "boss" of the game.
* **Darth Bandon** - Malak's apprentice.
* **Calo Nord** - A short bounty hunter.
* **Jedi Masters** of the council.
**TAT-1** (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland. Two cables were laid between 1955 and 1956. One cable for each direction. It was inaugurated on September 25, 1956. The cable was able to carry 35 simultaneous telephone calls. A 36th channel was used to carry up to 22 telegraph lines.

History
-------

The first transatlantic telegraph cable had been laid in 1858 (see Cyrus West Field). It only operated for a month, but was replaced with a successful connection in 1866. A radio-based transatlantic telephone service was started in 1927. It charged £9 for three minutes. A telephone cable was discussed at that time. But it was not practical until a number of technological advances arrived in the 1940s.

The developments that made TAT-1 possible were coaxial cable, polyethylene insulation, very reliable vacuum tubes for the submerged repeaters and an improvement in carrier equipment. Transistors were not used, being a recent invention of unknown longevity.
Swanage station is decorated with railway memorabilia.
Swanage station
The **Swanage Railway** is a six-mile (10 km) long heritage railway in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England. The railway follows the route of the Purbeck branch line between Norden railway station, Corfe Castle railway station, Harman's Cross railway station, Herston Halt railway station and Swanage. The line was re−connected to the mainline at Wareham, Dorset along a stretch of the branch line. This had previously only remained open to freight traffic until 2005. Trains operate on the Swanage Railway between Swanage and Norden Park & Ride every weekend and Bank Holiday from mid-February to the end of the year. From April to October, they operate all seven days in the week; with Santa Special services in December. The link between the Swanage Railway and the main line at Wareham has been used used for materials deliveries, special excursions. The line has now reopened to its first through traffic from London with occasional special services.
***Playing for Time*** is a made-for-television movie about the Holocaust. Arthur Miller wrote the movie. He based it on Fania Fénelon's true book about her life, called *The Musicians of Auschwitz*. The movie was on television on CBS in 1980.

Story
-----

At the Auschwitz death camp, the Nazis choose women who can sing and play instruments to make music for them. They become the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. The women see the things that happen in the camp and try to stay alive long enough for the war to end.

Name
----

The title comes from the English expression "playing for time" which means to stall or delay something bad from happening and the word "playing" as in playing an instrument. The women in *Playing for Time* are playing music so that the Nazis won't kill them yet.

Critical reception
------------------

Critics said the movie was "the best script [Miller] has written in years." The movie won many Emmys, a Golden Globe and the Peabody Award.

People did not like that directors chose Vanessa Redgrave to be Fania Fénelon. Redgrave did not like Israel and was pro-Palestine. Fénelon herself said that Redgrave was too tall and did not have a good sense of humor, which she said was one way she stayed alive in the camp. She wanted Liza Manelli instead of Redgrave.

Other members of the women's orchestra said that not all of Fénelon's story was true: They said that Alma Rosé had not been as bad as Fénelon said. They said Fénelon's story made it look like she had saved their lives when really Rosé had saved their lives. Some of the women also said they did not like that very private moments in their lives were in a movie for everyone to see.

Cast
----

* Vanessa Redgrave as Fania Fénelon
* Jane Alexander as Alma Rosé
* Marisa Berenson as Elzvieta
* Christine Baranski as Olga
* Shirley Knight Lagerführerin Maria Mandel
* Vivica Lindfors as Frau Schmidt

Adaptation
----------

Arthur Miller also wrote a play *Playing for Time*, but it was after the movie, not before.

Other websites
--------------

* Playing for Time on IMDB
**Quechua**, sometimes written **Quichua** or **Ketchua**, is a language spoken by 8 million people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia. It was also the language of the ancient Inca Empire. It's part of the Quechuan languages family.

It is the most-spoken Native American language in South America. It is also the most widely-spoken indigenous language. A quarter of people in Peru speak Quechua. People who speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by Spanish-speakers. However, the Quechua refer to themselves as *Runa* ("the people") and call their language *Runa Simi*.

Quechua has only three vowel sounds: *a*, *i*, and *u*.

Quechua has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region. **Anqash** is the Quechua word for *blue*, and it is thought that the name refers to the region's blue skies.

Other websites
--------------


 ***Quechua edition*** of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

* A website that teaches Quechua
Beethoven in 1804
**Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68 (Pastorale)** is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. The composer began making sketches for the symphony in 1806. The symphony was completed in 1808 in the village of Heiligenstadt northwest of Vienna. It was first performed in Vienna, Austria on 22 December 1808 in the Theater an der Wien with the premieres of the Symphony No. 5 in C minor, the Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, the "Choral" Fantasy, "Ah! perfido!" (a concert aria composed in 1796), and excerpts from the Mass in C major of 1807.

There are five movements in the symphony. The movements in order are allegro ma non troppo ("Joyful Feelings Upon Arriving in the Country"), andante molto mosso ("By the Brook"), allegro ("Peasant Merrymaking"), allegro ("The Thunderstorm"), and allegretto ("The Shepherd's Song After the Storm"). The first movement is in sonata form. It is placid and cheerful. It depicts the composer's feelings as he arrives in the country. The second movement is in sonata form. Beethoven helpfully identified the bird species in the score: nightingale (flute), quail (oboe) and cuckoo (clarinet). The third movement is the scherzo movement of the symphony. It depicts the country folk dancing and it ends unexpectedly when the country folk notice that raindrops are starting to fall. The fourth movement depicts a violent thunderstorm, starting with just a few drops of rain and building to a climax. There is, of course, thunder, as well as lightning, high winds, and sheets of rain. The finale is in sonata rondo form. The first eight bars form a continuation of the introduction of which the storm was the main part; the finale proper begins in the ninth bar.
The **Théâtre du Châtelet** (French pronunciation: ​[teɑtʁ dy ʃatlɛ]) is a theatre and opera house in Paris seating 2,500 people. It was designed by Gabriel Davioud.

History
-------

It was built between 1860 and 1862. It was named the *Théâtre Impérial du Châtelet*. It was built on a site where a châtelet (small castle) once stood. The theatre has undergone remodeling and name changes over the years. The theatre sits on the Place du Châtelet facing the Théâtre de la Ville. At the centre of the plaza is a fountain is a sphinx fountain, erected in 1808, which celebrates Napoleon's victory in Egypt.

Auditorium, 2008
The Théâtre du Châtelet was originally used for drama performances. In April 1876, the stage version of *Around the World in Eighty Days* began a run spanning sixty-four years and 2195 performances. The theatre was used for operettas, variety and ballet performances, and for concerts. It was also, for a time, a movie theatre. *Petrouchka* premiered in the theatre on 13 June 1911, and *Parade* on 18 May 1917. Tchaikovsky, Mahler, and Richard Strauss made appearances here.

The theatre has been operated by the City of Paris since 1979. It has undergone a major restoration. It re-opened under the name of the *Théâtre Musical de Paris* in 1980. It was acoustically re-modeled again in 1989. It returned to the *Théâtre du Châtelet* name. In 1995, the theatre received additional improvements in acoustics and sightlines. Today, the theatre is mainly used for opera performances and concerts.

Sources
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* Allison, John, ed.(2003). *Great Opera Houses of the World*, supplement to *Opera* Magazine, London.
* Wild, Nicole (1989). *Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique*. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. ISBN 978-0-8288-2586-3. ISBN 978-2-905053-80-0 (paperback).

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Théâtre du Châtelet***.

* Official website
* Floormic Profile Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine

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***The Care Bears Movie*** is a Canadian/American animated movie that came out on March 29, 1985. It was produced by Nelvana Limited of Canada, and was distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. It was the first in a trilogy(or set of three) of big-screen movies that had the Care Bears in lead roles, and the first to be based directly on a toy line. The movie's success led to a spin-off television series that premiered on ABC a year after its release.

There were well-known celebrities among the movie's starring line-up, such as Carole King, who wrote and sung its opening theme. John Sebastian and NRBQ also contributed to its score. The movie also had the voices of Mickey Rooney, Canadian actress Georgia Engel, and voice actress Cree Summer.

It was made as a full-length commercial for the title toys, and had mixed views from critics. But its $23 million gross at the box office made it the biggest animated work outside the Disney market when it came out. It is one of the most profitable releases in the animation industry (its cost was $3 million). The movie saved Nelvana from closing down when *Rock & Rule*, the company's first production, did not do well.

Facts
-----

***The Care Bears Movie*** holds financial records for non-Disney animation (at the time it first came out), for Canadian moviemaking (only rivalled by *Porky's* and, more recently, *The Wild*), and for its distributor Samuel Goldwyn.

Its director, Arna Selznick, was one of three women to ever lead the production for a full-length cartoon. To this day, she is proud of these efforts, though she was aware of the strategy to promote it.

Plot
----

In this movie, an orphanage caretaker named Mr. Cherrywood tells the story of how the Care Bears come to help two children who do not care for anyone (Kim and Jason). The Care Bears live in Care-a-lot, a cloud-filled place up in the sky. As the two of them become friends with the Bears, a carnival magician's helper, Nicholas, turns from good to bad, because of an evil spirit he got from an old book.

When the boy's evil grows more and more, the Care Bears and their Cousins (from the Forest of Feelings), along with Kim and Jason, come back to Earth to end his evil doings. In turn, the carnival and the whole world will be saved.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***The Care Bears Movie***

* *The Care Bears Movie* on IMDb
* Official site at MGM
* *The Care Bears Movie* Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine at the Keyframe - the Animation Resource
* Theatrical trailer Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine at Google Video
* The Care Bear Zone's picture gallery Archived 2006-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Authentic cel from the movie at Toy Archive
* A page with sketches from the film by one of its crew, Kevin Davies
* Soundtrack page at SoundtrackCollector
Flag of the President of Azerbaijan

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The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the **President of Azerbaijan** as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.

The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. The list includes all the presidents that lead the country after it became independent in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed the same year. This is a complete list of the Presidents of Azerbaijan.

Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present)
-------------------------------------------------------

*For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Azerbaijan*

| # | Name | Photo | Term start  | Term end  | Political Party
(at time of appointment) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Ayaz Mütallibov |  | 30 August 1991 | 6 March 1992 | Independent |
| — | Yaqub Mammadov*(acting)* |  | 6 March 1992 | 14 May 1992 | Independent |
| — | Ayaz Mütallibov |  | 14 May 1992 | 18 May 1992 | Independent |
| — | Isa Gambar*(acting)* |  | 19 May 1992 | 16 June 1992 | Azerbaijani Popular Front Party |
| **2** | Abulfaz Elchibey |  | 16 June 1992 | 1 September 1993 | Azerbaijani Popular Front Party |
| **3** | Heydar Aliyev |  | 3 October 1993 | 31 October 2003 | New Azerbaijan Party |
| **4** | Ilham Aliyev |  | 31 October 2003 | Incumbent | New Azerbaijan Party |

Related pages
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* Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

Other websites
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* The President of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani, Russian, and English)


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Presidents of Azerbaijan***.
The **Toro Rosso STR9** is a Formula One racing car designed by Scuderia Toro Rosso to start in the 2014 Formula One season. It was driven by Jean-Éric Vergne and 2013 GP3 Series champion Daniil Kvyat, who replaced Daniel Ricciardo after Ricciardo moved to Red Bull Racing. The STR9 was the first Toro Rosso car to use an engine built by Renault, the Energy F1-2014. The Toro Rosso STR9 was also the first Italian-licensed F1 car to use Renault engines since the Benetton B201 in 2001.

Complete Formula One results
----------------------------

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Engine | Tyres | Drivers | Grands Prix | Points | WCC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AUS | MAL | BHR | CHN | ESP | MON | CAN | AUT | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | SIN | JPN | RUS | USA | BRA | ABU‡ |
| 2014 | Scuderia Toro Rosso | Renault Energy F1-2014 | **P**
 | France Jean-Éric Vergne | 8 | Ret | Ret | 12 | Ret | Ret | 8 | Ret | 10 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 30 | 7th |
| Russia Daniil Kvyat | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 14 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 9 | Ret | 14 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 11 | Ret |

‡ — Teams and drivers scored double points at the 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
The **shooting of Michael Brown** took place on August 9, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri, United States. Brown was an 18-year-old African American male who died after he was shot several times by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white police officer. Several witnesses corroborate the officer’s account of the Michael Brown shooting.  Brown did not have weapons or a criminal record.

There were protests and riots in Ferguson after the shooting. There was a lot of media coverage in the United States. People have been talking about how Brown being killed relates to racism in the United States. They have pointed out that most of the police in Ferguson are white, while most of the people who live in Ferguson are African-American. They have also accused the media of being biased against Brown and the people protesting his killing.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known as the FBI, opened a civil rights investigation into the shooting. President Obama, Rand Paul, Hillary Clinton, Al Sharpton and Bernie Sanders released statements about Brown's death.

A petition asking for a law named after Michael Brown that would require all police to wear a camera has had over 132,000 signatures.

Darren Wilson, the police officer who shot Brown, went on administrative leave. A jury chose not to legally accuse Wilson of the killing. He resigned on November 29, 2014.

Brown's funeral happened at the Friendly Temple Baptist Church on August 25. At the MTV Video Music Awards, Common asked the audience to have a moment of silence "for Mike Brown and for peace in this country and in the world".
**Space Complexity** is a concept in theoretical computer science, specifically Complexity Theory, which is used to measure and describe the efficiency of an algorithm in terms of the amount of memory they will require to store the information they need. Algorithms, when implemented in computer programs, require two main resources when the program is executed: time and memory. Memory, particularly, may be expensive in large quantities. Therefore it is often desirable to make modifications to an algorithm so as to reduce its space complexity, that is, make it use less memory when run.

Space Complexity and Input Size
-------------------------------

As with time complexity, space complexity is usually given in terms of the input size, using Big-O notation. Usually, the input size is given as a number n that refers to an amount of elements that need to be considered to solve a problem. The space complexity is then often given as a function that gets larger as n increases. This function indicates how quickly the memory requirement grows when n is very large. 

**Auxiliary Space Complexity** refers to the amount of storage space that the algorithm will use besides the storage space which is already used for the input data. As the input data for any algorithm will have to be stored in memory, it is often more important to know whether the algorithm can operate "in place", i.e. without a need for memory that will grow as n gets large.

Relationship With Time Complexity
---------------------------------

The other resource that algorithms consume is time. The so-called time complexity of an algorithm is measured in the same way and is more commonly taught first in courses covering algorithms. It is worth noting that there is a relationship between the auxiliary space complexity of an algorithm and its time complexity: since the former measures the amount of data that is created after the algorithm begins, the time complexity is always greater than the auxiliary space complexity.
***Standartenführer*** was a Nazi Party rank that was used in both the S.A. and the S.S.. First started as a rank in 1925, in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as *Standarten* which were between three hundred and five hundred men.

In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was split into two ranks known as *Standartenführer (I)* and *Standartenführer (II)*. This idea was given up in 1930 when both the S.A. and S.S. grew their rank systems to allow for more ranks.

By the start of World War II, Standartenführer was widely used as both an SS rank and a rank of the S.A.. In the Waffen-SS, the rank was considered the equivalent of an *Oberst* (colonel). 

The insignia for Standartenführer was of a single oak leaf worn on both collars and was the first of the S.S. and S.A. ranks to be worn on both collars. From 1938, newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst as well as the oak leaf collar patches.

Related pages
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* Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev - a hero of a popular Russian book series and one of the most famous characters of Russian jokes

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Junior Rank**Obersturmbannführer** | **SS rank** and **SA rank****Standartenführer** | Senior Rank**Oberführer** |
The Main House of Stanbridge Earls School
**Stanbridge Earls School** in Hampshire has a vast history. 

The main house in Audley Stanbridge Earls is a Grade II\* listed building. Its history dates back to Saxon royalty, with links to King Alfred the Great and the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale.

From 1066, numerous families went on to own the estate. However, under ownership by John Fifield in the late 18th century, it fell into decay.

At the end of the 18th century, Florence Nightingale's father, William Nightingale, bought Stanbridge Earls. While being passed down through relatives, new wings were added to the property and it began to transform into the Tudor manor house it is today.

The name "Stanbridge" is of Saxon origin and derived from a bridge crossing on the River Test. There are claims for Stanbridge as the location of the burial in c.857 of King Æthelwulf based on antiquarian accounts from 16th to 18th centuries.

At the time of the Norman conquest an identifiable land holding was already in existence, recorded in the Domesday survey as an unnamed manor that was part of the estates held by Sir Ralph de Mortimer.

From 1942, along with Roke Manor to the south, Stanbridge Earls was used as a rest and recuperation home for USAF personnel. It was photographed in 1943, with images of the gardens, including the Burmese temple.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Stanbridge Earls***.