recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Southwest Papua** is a new province planned in West Papua. The Governor of West Papua, Dominggus Mandacan has stated that Southwest Papua is ready to be made a new province. According to the expectations of the people of the Sorong Raya region because the expansion of the new autonomous regions of Southwest Papua is to shorten service distances and encourage development for the welfare of the community.

Background
----------

Southwest Papua has been striving to become a separate province since 2004, Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world consisting of thousands of islands. One of them is the island of Papua which is rich in natural potential and tourism potential, beautiful like pearls that radiate from eastern Indonesia. Papua Island consists of the provinces of Papua and West Papua provinces. Along with the rapid development of the region from the east, Papua is planned to be divided into 5 large provinces, the current 2 provinces namely Papua Province (Jayapura) and West Papua Province (Manokwari) plus the planned new provinces are Southwest Papua Province, the capital city of Sorong, Central Papua in Nabire and The capital city of South Papua Province is Merauke.

Administrative area
-------------------

The candidate for the provincial capital is City of Sorong. Districts that may join this province include:

* Sorong City (expansion plan)
* Raja Ampat Regency
* Sorong Regency
* South Sorong Regency
* Maybrat District
* Tambrauw Regency
Alley of Chestnuts in Bucharest Botanical Garden
The **Bucharest Botanical Garden** (Romanian: *Grădina Botanică din Bucureşti*) is a park in the Cotroceni neighbourhood of Bucharest, Romania. It has a surface area of 17.5 hectares (including 4,000 m² of greenhouses), and has more than 10,000 species of plants.

The first botanical garden in Bucharest was founded in 1860 near the Medicine Faculty by Carol Davila. Its first director was the botanist Ulrich Hoffmann, followed six years later by Dimitrie Grecescu. The garden was eventually moved to its current location in 1884 by Dimitrie Brândză, a Romanian botanist, and Fuchs, a Belgian landscape architect. The gardens were opened in 1891, when the building of the greenhouses finished. The garden was damaged during World War I, when it was used by the German occupation troops, and during World War II when it was hit by Anglo-American bombardments.

In the Garden there is a Botanical Museum in a building of the Brâncovenesc style, located near the entrance gate, where more than 5,000 plant species are displayed, including 1,000 exotic plants.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Bucharest Botanical Garden at Wikimedia Commons

44°26′16.44″N 26°3′49.13″E﻿ / ﻿44.4379000°N 26.0636472°E﻿ / 44.4379000; 26.0636472
**Lissa Explains it All** is a website. It teaches beginners and children HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa "Lissa" Daniels (born 1986) in 1998.

History
-------

### How *Lissa Explains* Began

Lissa did not plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.

### Changes

A year later, so many people went on *Lissa Explains* that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to *Lissa Explains it All*. Soon, even more people went on *Lissa Explains*, and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.

*Lissa Explains* was a popular website that had a lot of visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their advertisements on her website, *Lissa Explains*. The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts *Lissa Explains* now is Dreamhost.

Now, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from this to this, the way it looks right now.

### Problems

Lissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, Lissaexplainsitall.com Archived 2020-03-10 at the Wayback Machine has a URL that is almost the same as *Lissa Explains*, and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.

Services
--------

Other than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.

### LissaMail

In April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.

### Postcards

Lissa has postcards that users can send to their friends. 

### Color Tools

Lissa's Color Slider lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a color wheel for people who have Internet Explorer. 

### HTML Editor

Lissa's HTML Editor converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.

### Meta Tag Generator

At Lissa's Meta Tag generator, users can get the HTML code to make META tags.

Other websites
--------------

* Lissa Explains it All
* The Original Lissa Explains Website (Old Page)
The cast signs autographs after filming one of the shows.
***Monk*** is an American comedy-drama detective mystery television series. It was written for TV by Andy Breckman. It stars Tony Shalhoub. The show was on the air from July 2002 to December 2009. The last episode before the series was cancelled was one of the most-watched in cable television history. Other actors in the show were Bitty Schram, Jason Gray-scale yy, Ted Levine and Traylor Howard.

Storyline
---------

Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) had been a good detective for the San Francisco police department. After his wife Trudy was killed by a car bomb, Monk had a nervous breakdown. He was too upset and afraid to work. He was then let go by the police department.

After that he stayed inside his house for many years. He finally began to go outside his house; but only with the help of his nurse, Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram). He could only go places when she went with him to protect him from his fears. This let him do some work as a private detective. He still has a severe case of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sometimes, the obsessive-compulsive disorder helps him figure out the answers to clues in cases. He has a great memory for details. Since he was a child, Monk has been able to notice small things that others miss.

Monk has to have everything clean and spends a lot of his day cleaning over and over. He also has a fear of germs. He cleans his toothbrush with boiling water. He vacuums his walls and ceilings in his home.

Captain Leland Stottlemeyer (Ted Levine) and Lieutenant Randall "Randy" Disher (Jason Gray-Stanford) ask Monk for detective help when they can't figure out a crime scene. Stottlemeyer is usually frustrated by Monk's idiosyncrasies. But he respects Monk's amazing crime solving abilities.

When Monk is not working, he tries to solve his wife's murder. He often works on cases that involve women or bombs, because it reminds him of his wife.

In the middle of Season 3, Monk's nurse, Sharona Fleming, decides to move back to New Jersey. Monk then hires another assistant. Her name is Natalie Teeger (played by Traylor Howard). Natalie has a daughter named Julie Teeger. Her husband was in the United States Navy and was killed in combat years earlier.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2014-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Monk on IMDb
The **Night of Terror** refers to November 14, 1917 when several women were arrested for protesting in front of the White House for women's rights. This event is most known for the brutal torture of women in the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia. The 300 plus activists involved were fighting against President Woodrow Wilson for the right to vote. Thirty-three women were thrown in jail and these women were the ones who experienced the night of terror. Lucy Burns, one of the founders of the National Woman's Party was chained to her cell with her arms in the air. The women declared a hunger strike and in response, they were force-fed by being held down on a chair and having a long tube shoved down their throats. The jailers attached a funnel to the tube, and poured in mushed up raw eggs and milk for protein until they threw up. During the Night of Terror, Burns was beaten for calling out to other inmates, and her arms handcuffed above her head in her cell. Police officers hurled Dora Lewis into her cell, smashing her head against an iron bar. Her cellmate Alice Cosu thought she was dead, and suffered a heart attack. One woman was stabbed between the eyes with the broken staff of her banner at the Workhouse.
**Staff sergeant** is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

United States
-------------

U.S. Army Staff Sergeant's arm badge  

Staff Sergeant insignia  

U.S. Army

U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant's arm badge  

Staff Sergeant insignia  

U.S. Marine Corps

U.S. Air Force Staff Sergeant's arm badge  

Staff Sergeant insignia  

U.S. Air Force

**Staff Sergeant** (**SSG**) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a **Staff Sergeant** (**SSgt**) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

Other websites
--------------

* United States Army Staff Sergeant duties Archived 2004-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
* U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images Archived 2007-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Enlisted rank insignia
**Zeeshan** (*Zîşan*) is a Arabic name which comes from the words "Zee" *(someone who has)* and "Shan" *(splendor)*. It means a high-resolve (high standard of following what one plans to do) or a standard of high-status.

It may be written in Arabic as ذيشان or ذي شان. Both are valid forms. The first one is a compound word Zeeshan, and the second one is two words *Zee* and *Shan*.

The word 'Zeeshan' in Arabic is often used in poetry as an adjective, usually suggesting a meaning of *magnificent*, or *possessor of high status*. This name is often given to males in Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Kashmir, Iran, and among the Indian Muslims, & other Asian countries of the Greater Middle East region.

This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People
------

* Zeeshan Ali Rehman (born 1999) Philosopher Doctor in Pakistan
* Zeeshan Abbasi (born 1982), Pakistani blind cricketer
* Zeeshan Ali (born 1970), Indian tennis player
* Zeeshan Ashraf (born 1977), Pakistani hockey player
* Zeeshan Khan (cricketer, born 1976), Pakistani cricketer
* Zeeshan Khan (cricketer, born 1992), Pakistani cricketer
Jaa in 2006
**Tatchakorn Yeerum** (Thai: ทัชชกร ยีรัมย์, RTGS: *Thatchakon Yiram*, pronounced [tʰát.t͡ɕʰā.kɔ̄ːn jīː.rām]; formerly **Phanom Yeerum** (Thai: พนม ยีรัมย์, [pʰā.nōm jīː.rām]); born 5 February 1976), better known internationally as **Tony Jaa** and in Thailand as **Jaa Phanom** (Thai: จา พนม, RTGS: *Cha Phanom*, [t͡ɕāː pʰā.nōm]), is a Thai martial artist, actor, action choreographer, stuntman, director, and traceur. His martial arts films are credited with helping to showcase the combat systems of Muay Thai, Muay Boran, and *"Muay Kotchasaan"* (a fighting style Jaa and his mentor Panna Rittikrai developed). Jaa’s most famous works include films such as *Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior* (2003), *Tom-Yum-Goong* (2005), *Ong Bak 2: The Beginning* (2008), *Ong Bak 3* (2010), *Tom Yum Goong 2* (2013), *Furious 7* (2015), and *SPL II: A Time for Consequences* (2015).

Growing up, Tony Jaa was inspired by Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li. His early martial arts experience included Taekwondo, Muay Thai, Muay Boran, and Krabi-Krabong, with an emphasis on gymnastics and acrobatics. His films have showcased various other martial arts styles, such as Kung-fu, Silat, and Jiu Jitsu.
**GameSpot** is a website that was created in June 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein.

History
-------

In the beginning the website was mainly about PC games. Another similar site, videogamespot.com was created in December of the same year to talk about console video game systems. In 1997, videogamespot.com became videogames.com for a short time. Afterward in 1998, videogames.com and GameSpot.com joined together to become a single site.

GameSpot makes video game and PC reviews, previews, downloads, news, and information. It is known as one of the biggest game websites on the Internet. ZDNet bought GameSpot later on. However ZDNet was later bought by CNET Networks, who were then bought by CBS Corporation in March 2008.  CBS Interactive are the owned GameSpot until they sold it in 2020 to Red Ventures. Fandom purchased GameSpot in 2022.

On October 3, 2005, GameSpot changed how the website looked, making it similar to what TV.com looks like.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
***Penny Arcade*** is a webcomic about video games. It was created by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik. The comic debuted in 1998. Now, the comic has its own website which also hosts other comic strips. In addition, the site has information about Child's Play, a children's charity, and PAX, a gaming convention. Both are by Holkins and Krahulik.

The Comic Strip
---------------

The comic strip is about two characters who are based on the creators of the comic strip. John "Gabe" Gabriel is based Mike Krahulik, and Tycho Brahe is based on Jerry Holkins. Gabrial is happier, but can become very angry. Tycho Brahe (named after the astronomer Tycho Brahe) is unhappy and serious. The characters go through the same events their creators do, but react differently. Most of the comic strips involve the two characters commenting on nerd culture, usually video games. The strip has large amounts of cursing and has been known to offend people.

Other Media
-----------

Krahulik and Holkins have released podcasts called *Downloadable Content* since March 20, 2006. A series of four video games loosely based on the comic strip titled *Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness* began on May 21, 2008. Tycho appeared in the game *Poker Night at the Inventory* alongside characters from *Team Fortress 2*, *Strong Bad* and *Sam & Max*. *Penny Arade: The Series* is a reality televesion show about the strip and the Penny Arcade company that began on February 20, 2010.

Other websites
--------------

* loonygames.com Archived 1999-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
* penny-arcade.com
***Kuni no miyatsuko*** (国造), also read as ***kokuzō*** or ***kunitsuko***, were people in ancient Japan during the Yamato period who governed provinces called *kuni*.

*Kuni no miyatsuko* governed provinces called *kuni* (国). At first *Kuni no miyatsuko* were appointed by the Emperor, but later the position was passed down from father to son. *Kuni no miyatsuko* had noble titles, usually kimi (君) or *atae* (直). But the important ones had the title *omi* (臣).

The position was abolished in the Taika refoms and replaced with the position of Kokushi. The old *kuni no miyatsuko* were given the position of gunji (郡司) instead.

  

Gunji was a religious position responsible for Shinto in each province. These religious officials became known as shin-kokuzō (新国造), or "new" *kuni no miyatsuko*. The Gunji often supported the rights of peasants, so the position was abolished by the Emperor. A few *kuni no miyatsuko* families stayed powerful such as the Izumo no Kuni no Miyatsuko [ja] (出雲国造) of Izumo Province in present-day eastern Shimane Prefecture.
**Succession to the Brazilian throne** is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy and religion. The Brazilian monarchy came to an end on November 15, 1889, following a military coup which overthrew Emperor Pedro II and established a republic. According to the Imperial Constitution (1824), the Brazilian monarchy was hereditary according to male-preference primogeniture among the dynastic descendants of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, and the crown could only be inherited by one who held Brazilian nationality. The Imperial constitution also states that the monarch and the first in line should be Catholic, and the marriage of a female heir presumptive required consent of the emperor or the Assembly.

Prince Bertrand of Brazil is the de jure Emperor of Brazil, and his heir presumptive is his brother, Antônio, Prince Imperial of Brazil. Antônio's two youngest children are next in order of birth: Rafael, Prince of Grão-Pará, Princess Maria Gabriela of Orléans-Braganza. Fourth in line is Princess Eleonora of Brazil, Princess of Ligne, the Emperor's sister de jure; the fifth is Eleonora's youngest son, Henri Antoine, Hereditary Prince of Ligne.

Current line of succession
--------------------------

### Line of succession (Vassouras)

* *Emperor Pedro II (1825–1891)*
	+ *Isabel, Princess Imperial and Countess of Eu (1846–1921)*
		- *Luís, Prince Imperial of Brazil (1878–1920)*
			* *Prince Pedro Henrique of Brazil (1909–1981)*
				+ *Prince Luiz of Brazil (1938–2022)*
				+ **Prince Bertrand of Brazil** (b. 1941)
				+ **(1)** Antônio, Prince Imperial of Brazil (b. 1950)
					- **(2)** Rafael, Prince of Grão-Pará (b. 1986)
					- **(3)** Princess Maria Gabriela of Orléans-Braganza (b. 1989)
				+ **(4)** Eleonora, Princess of Ligne (b. 1953)
					- **(5)** Henri Antoine, Hereditary Prince of Ligne (b. 1989)
Painting from 1779 of a councilor to the Sultan of Egypt during Mamluk rule.
The **Sultan of Egypt** was a title given to the leaders of Egypt after the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin began ruling in 1174. This continued until Egypt was taken over by the Ottomans in 1517. 

The extent of the Egyptian Sultan's power changed over time, but it usually included areas like Sham and Hejaz. Because of this, the Ayyubid and later Mamluk sultans were also seen as the rulers of Syria. From 1914, the title was used again by the leaders of the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt and Sudan. Later, in 1922, it was changed to the title of King of Egypt and Sudan.

Ayyubid dynasty
---------------

See the main article: Ayyubid dynasty
Before Saladin became powerful, Egypt was the main place for the Shia Fatimid Caliphate. This was the only time in Islamic history when the Shia branch of Islam ruled a caliphate. The Fatimids had wanted to replace the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq for a long time. Like the Abbasid group, they also called themselves Caliphs. This showed they thought they were at the highest level in Islam.

But when Saladin became strong in 1169, Egypt changed back to being Sunni and following the Abbasid Caliphate. Saladin saw the Abbasid Caliph as his leader in theory. In 1174, Saladin became a Sultan instead of a Caliph. From this time until the Ottoman takeover, the highest power in the caliphate was with the Sultan of Egypt.
**Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa** (c. 63 BC – 12 BC) was a general of the Roman Empire and a statesman. He was a close friend and brother-in-law of Augustus.

Agrippa's place of birth is not known for sure. It may have been the city of Arpinum. His father was callled Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa (we know this from an inscription on the Pantheon). He had an elder brother, and a sister named Vipsania Polla. The family had not been prominent in Roman public life.

Wives and children
------------------

Agrippa first married Caecilia Attica, the daughter of Cicero's friend T. Pomponius Atticus. They a daughter – Vipsania Agrippina, and perhaps another: 'Vipsania Minor'. Vipsania Agrippina became the wife of Tiberius.

By his second marriage to Claudia Marcella (oldest daughter of Octavia) he probably had a single surviving daughter. 

His third wife, Julia (daughter of Augustus) bore him three sons and two daughters: Gaius (born 20 BC), Julia the Younger, Lucius (born 17 BC), Agrippina the Elder (born ca. 15 BC), and Postumus Agrippa. The last child was born in 12 BC after the death of Agrippa. Agrippa died in March 12 BC. Agrippa's more famous descendents stem from his daughter Agrippina: they include his grandson Caligula and great-grandson Nero.

Career
------

Agrippa fought in Caesar's Civil War (49–45 BC), giving help to Octavian against Lucius Antonius. 
Later services include his defeat of Sextus Pompey at Naolochus, Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, and the fall of Egypt. Later he completed of the conquest of Spain and fought in the North and East. For his valuable services he held three consulships (37, 28, 27 BC). He became Tribune of the plebs in 18 BC and renewed in 13, making him Augustus' unofficial co-emperor. He died at the height of his power in March 12 BC.
**Rincewind** is a fictional character created by Terry Pratchett for his *Discworld* series. He is the protagonist of the early books.

The Colour of Magic
-------------------

In the first *Discworld* book, *The Colour of Magic*, Rincewind was once a student at a magic university. He was very bad at being a wizard. His friends dared him to look in a dangerous forbidden spellbook called The Octavo. When Rincewind looked in the book, one of its eight spells jumped into his head. Because of this,he could never learn any new spells. It also made him forget all the spells he already knew. After this, Rincewind was banished from Unseen University. He started to earn money as a translator. He pretended to be a wizard who became a tour guide for Twoflower, the deuteragonist of the book.

The Light Fantastic
-------------------

In the sequel *The Light Fantastic*, Rincewind has to stop an evil wizard named Trymon and save the Discworld from being destroyed.

Mort
----

Rincewind is in the book Mort but is not an important character.

Sourcery
--------

Rincewind is the protagonist of the book *Sourcery*. In the book, he teams up with a warrior woman and a man who has no idea how to be a hero. They join together to stop the Discworld from being destroyed.

Eric
----

In the book, Eric which is a parody of Faust, Eric tries to raise a demon from Hell but gets Rincewind instead.

Interesting Times
-----------------

In the book *Interesting Times*, Rincewind meets Twoflower again. Rincewind accidentally gets involved in a revolution on Twoflower’s home continent.

The Last Continent
------------------

In the book The Last Continent, Rincewind accidentally ends up in the Discworld version of Australia while the other wizards are looking for him.

The Last Hero
-------------

In the novel, The Last Hero, Rincewind and Carrot are the characters who try to keep Cohen the Barbarian from giving fire back to the gods to keep the world from ending.

Unseen Academicals
------------------

In the book Unseen Academicals, Rincewind is a minor character, He is on the Unseen University soccer team.

Raising Steam
-------------

In the book *Raising Steam*, the second to last Discworld book, Rincewind is in a footnote.
An oboe (without the reed)
Oboe reeds
An **oboe** is a woodwind instrument with a double reed. It looks very similar to the clarinet, and may be confused with it. While the clarinet's shape remains cylindrical, the oboe's body is conical. The sounds produced by clarinets and oboes are very different. An oboe's sound is produced by blowing air through the double reed at the upper end of the instrument which forces the two reeds to vibrate together which produces the sound. The oboe has four parts: the bell, lower joint, upper joint, and the reed. A person that plays the oboe is called an oboist. A typical orchestra employs between two and four oboists, one of which also plays the cor anglais which sounds a fifth lower than the oboe. The oboe is part of a family of double reed instruments that includes the piccolo oboe, oboe d'amore, Cor anglais, bass oboe, and heckelphone. 

The oboe came from the shawm which was a medieval and Renaissance instrument. It became popular in the Baroque period. Bach and Handel both used it in most of their orchestral music. Many Italian composers such as Antonio Vivaldi wrote concertos for the instrument, and it is used in a lot of chamber music. At this time it hardly had any keys, but over time more keys were added which made it easier to play the sharps and flats.

Later composers to write for the oboe as a solo instrument include Mozart, Weber, Richard Strauss, Vaughan Williams and Francis Poulenc.

The principal oboist in an orchestra to plays the pitch A for the rest of the orchestra to tune their instruments to before a performances 

The name *oboe* comes from French language *hautbois*, meaning "high wood", a high-pitched woodwind instrument.
**Yoko Moriwaki** (Japanese: 森脇 横; *Moriwaki Yōko*; June 1932 – (1945-08-06)6 August 1945) was a Japanese student who wrote a diary in Hiroshima during World War II. Yoko's diary was first published as a book in 1996. It was first published in English by HarperCollins in 2013 under the book title *Yoko's Diary*.

Biography
---------

Yoko Moriwaki was born and raised into a Japanese family in Hiroshima, Empire of Japan (modern-day Japan). On 7 December 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in the Hawaii territory (modern-day Hawaii), in the United States, in a surprise attack, thus marking the beginning of the Pacific War, and also the atrocities and sufferings of Japanese civilians. The situation of the country worsened in 1945, with the bombings of most Japanese cities, in addition to hunger and forced labor for children. In April 1945, Yoko, then 12, began writing a diary. The first entry in her diary is dated 6 April 1945. Shortly after the first entry in her diary, Yoko entered the seventh grade at the Hiroshima Prefectural Girls' HS #1 School (schools in Japan begin in April). In addition to writing about her daily life and feelings, she also wrote about her education in school, and about American war planes flying over Japanese cities. The last entry in her diary is dated 5 August 1945. The next day on the morning hours of 6 August, the United States dropped a atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, to convince the Japanese to surrender and end World War II. 60% of the city's population had died in the bombing. Only 40% survived. Yoko Moriwaki died that same day on the evening hours of (1945-08-06)6 August 1945 at the age of 13, whilst hospitalized as a result of her severe wounds.
Yoko Moriwaki died as a result of her severe wounds, in possible addition to exposure to the atomic bomb. 

Her half-brother, Koji Hosokawa, who survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, made her diary available for publication.

Related pages
-------------

* Anne Frank, a Jewish girl who kept a diary in German-occupied Netherlands, in the capital city of Amsterdam.
* Zlata Filipović, a Bosnian girl who kept a diary during the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War.
* Sadako Sasaki, a Japanese girl and atomic bomb victim, who folded more than 1000 origami cranes in the hope that she will get better.
The **Gare de l'Est** (pronounced [ɡaʁ də lɛst]; English: "Station of the East" or "East station"), officially **Paris Est**, is one of the seven large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It is in the 10th arrondissement, not far southeast from the Gare du Nord.

Opened in 1849, it is currently the fifth-busiest of the six main railway stations in Paris before the Gare d'Austerlitz. The Gare de l'Est is the western terminus of the Paris–Strasbourg railway and Paris–Mulhouse railway which goes to Basel, Switzerland.

History
-------

View of the entrance foyer
The Gare de l'Est was opened in 1849 by the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer de Paris à Strasbourg (Paris–Strasbourg Railway Company) under the name "Strasbourg platform" (*Embarcadère de Strasbourg*); an official inauguration with President Louis Napoléon Bonaparte took place the next year. The platform corresponds today with the hall for main-line trains. Designed by architect François Duquesnay, it was renamed the "Gare de l'Est" in 1854, after the expansion of service to Mulhouse.
***Triantha occidentalis*** is a species of carnivorous plant which grows in the Pacific Northwest. It catches and digests insects with sticky hairs on its stems. There are three different kinds, or subspecies, of *T. occidentalis*: those with thinner seeds and stickier hairs are the subspecies (written subsp.) *montana*, those with groups of flowers in a spherical shape are subsp. *occidentalis*, and those with groups of flowers in a pill shape, occurring more inland, are subsp. *brevistyla*.

Description
-----------

*T. occidentalis* only grows a few leaves, as many as three and as few as none. These leaves grow in tufts from the ground, and can be up to 80 cm (31 in) long. During its flowering season, stems grow from the bases of these tufts, and flowers grow at the ends of these stems. The stems have sticky hairs to catch and digest insects. It can have as many as 45 white or yellowish flowers, which grow in round clumps called an inflorescence. Within this clump, flowers often grow in groups of 3. The flowers have long stamens, the part which holds the pollen, and a noticeable style, the part which accepts the pollen to create reddish-brown seeds. The seeds are contained in an inflated, white coating with a tail-like part at either end.

Distribution and habitat
------------------------

*T. occidentalis* grows in boggy, wet areas of Northwestern America where soils contain a lot of calcium carbonate, or chalk. It grows along the coast of the Pacific ocean, from Alaska down to California, and as far inland as Alberta, Wyoming, and Idaho.

Carnivory
---------

Since *T. occidentalis* grows in nutrient-poor soil, it absorbs additional nutrients by capturing and digesting insects in a unique way. Its sticky hairs capture the insects, and the hairs on the stems produce a digestive enzyme called phosphatase, a common digestive agent in plant carnivores, to eat the insects. *T. occidentalis* is unique among other plants in its class, the monocots: all other carnivorous plants in this class create a trap by gathering water for insects to drown in. *T. occidentalis* is also unique among other plants that use sticky hairs to capture insects, like the sundew, since its sticky hairs grow all along the stems which carry the flowers. Most carnivorous plants avoid this, since it might cause pollinating insects visiting the flowers to be accidentally captured instead of prey insects. However, most pollinators are larger and strong enough to escape the sticky hairs, while prey insects are too small and weak to escape. The scientists who discovered that this plant is carnivorous believe that other plants in its genus *Triantha* could also be carnivorous, but it is still unknown.
**Nitrogen-15 tracing**, also known as **15N tracing** or the **δ15N method**, is a technique used to follow how nitrogen enters an ecosystem or organism. There are two common isotopes of nitrogen: 14N (also called Nitrogen-14), which makes up 99.6% of naturally occurring nitrogen, and the heavier 15N (Nitrogen-15), which makes up the rest. Since 15N is so much more rare in nature, scientists can introduce 15N into an ecosystem in order to follow how nitrogen is absorbed by organisms. For example, if a fertilizer containing a very high amount of 15N is used to grow a plant, then a high level of 15N in that plant most likely means that it absorbed nitrogen from the fertilizer.

Overview
--------

δ15N is related to how much more 15N something contains than is normal
To measure whether an ecosystem or organism contains a high level of the rare 15N (Nitrogen-15), scientists need to establish a normal level of 15N. Often, this is the amount of 15N found in the atmosphere, or how much is commonly found in whatever organism is being studied. Scientists measure δ15N, which is similar to how much more 15N is measured than is normal. If scientists introduce 15N to an ecosystem, a high δ15N in an organism probably means that the organism absorbed this introduced 15N.

Applications
------------

Nitrogen is necessary to life, so nitrogen flows through an ecosystem in a process called the nitrogen cycle. Scientists can follow this flow of nitrogen in an ecosystem or follow how nitrogen moves in a single organism with 15N tracing. For example, if insects containing a high amount of 15N come into contact with a plant, scientists can measure whether the plant absorbed nutrients from those insects by measuring δ15N in the plant, or how much the plant's 15N is higher than normal. In 2020, scientists used this method to test whether *Triantha occidentalis* is a carnivorous plant, meaning it absorbs nutrients from organisms it traps. They tested whether *T. occidentalis* is carnivorous by answering the question, "does *T. occidentalis* absorb nitrogen from insects it traps?" Scientists taped flies containing large amounts of 15N to three plants: *Erigeron peregrinus*, a control plant which is not carnivorous, *Drosera rotundifolia*, a plant which is known to be carnivorous, and *T. occidentalis*. After two weeks, they measured the δ15N in each. The δ15N of *E. peregrinus* was about 0, meaning it absorbed no nitrogen from the flies, but the δ15N of *D. rotundifolia* and *T. occidentalis* were very high, meaning they both absorbed nitrogen from the flies. By tracing Nitrogen-15, the scientists had verified that *T. occidentalis* absorbed nitrogen from flies, meaning that they discovered a new carnivorous plant.
Juan Lopez the first President of Panama 
This is a list of head of state of Panama.

Free state of the isthmus
-------------------------

Juan Lopez 1840-1841

Tomás de Herrera November 18, 1840 – December 31, 1841

Republic of Panama (1903–present)
---------------------------------

Demetrio H. Brid 1903 

José Agustín Arango 1903-1904 

Manuel Amador Guerrero 20 February 1904 – 1 October 1908 

José Domingo de Obaldía 1 October 1908 – 1 March 1910 

**Belisario Porras Barahona 1 October 1912 – 1 October 1916**

Ramón Maximiliano Valdés 1 October 1916 – 3 June 1918 

Rodolfo Chiari 1 October 1924 – 1 October 1928 

Florencio Harmodio Arosemena 1 October 1928 – 3 January 1931 

Ricardo J. Alfaro 16 January 1931 – 5 June 1932 

**Harmodio Arias Madrid 5 June 1932 – 1 October 1936**

Juan Demóstenes Arosemena 1 October 1936 – 16 December 1939 

Arnulfo Arias 1 October 1940 – 9 October 1941 

Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango 9 October 1941 – 15 June 1945 

Domingo Díaz Arosemena 7 August 1948 – 28 July 1949 

Ricardo Arias 29 March 1955 – 1 October 1956 

**Demetrio B. Lakas December 19, 1969 – October 11, 1978**

Aristides Royo 11 October 1978 – 31 July 1982 

Ricardo de la Espriella 31 July 1982 – 13 February 1984 

Jorge Illueca February 13, 1984 – October 11, 1984 

**Nicolás Ardito Barletta 11 October 1984 – 28 September 1985**

Guillermo Endara December 20, 1989 – August 31, 1994 

Ernesto Pérez Balladares September 1, 1994 – September 1, 1999 

Mireya Moscoso September 1, 1999 – September 1, 2004 

**Martín Torrijos September 1, 2004 – July 1, 2009**

Ricardo Martinelli July 1, 2009 – July 1, 2014 

Juan Carlos Varela 1 July 2014 – 1 July 2019 

Laurentino Cortizo 1 July 2019- 

he is currently the president

He’s currently president
•see: List of caudillos **of Panama**
**National Foundation Day** (建国記念の日, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi) is a national holiday in Japan celebrated annually on 11 February. It celebrates the legendary foundation of Japan, and the accession of its first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, at Kashihara gū.

History
-------

According to Shinto tradition, Emperor Jimmu ascended the throne in 660 BC. During the Meiji period, historians said this was 11 February 660 BC.

The holiday was celebrated for the first time in 1873 AD. They called it the National Empire Day. Historians believe that the Meiji government did this to make the Meiji Emperor look like a successor of Emperor Jimmu. The Meiji-era constitution was announced on February 11 1889.

After the occupation ended, nationalist groups in Japan tried to convince the government to bring back the holiday. After a few years, they did. They called it National Foundation Day instead of National Empire Day and removed most of the imperial imagery.

Today, some groups in Japan like National Foundation Day and other groups protest it because they think it is too close to the actions that led up to World War II.

Related pages
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* Japanese imperial year
* National Day
**Forsyth** is a city in Taney County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,730 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Taney County. It was incorporated as a village on 15 December 1890. Forsyth is located on what was the White River, now Lake Taneycomo.

History
-------

At the beginning of the American Civil War, Forsyth was occupied by Confederate forces. On 22 July 1861, Brigadier General Sweeney and 1,200 Union troops with artillery forced the Rebels out. Rebel forces withdrew from Forsyth but returned as soon as the Union troops left. In January 1863, the Union Army moved back into Forsyth, where they remained for several months. It took the ferry on the White River eight days to carry all the troops, supplies, horses and wagons across the river. Because of the Confederate threat, Union troops used logs from the town's houses to fortify their defenses. On 22 April 1863 Union forces left Forsyth, but set the town on fire to make sure that their fortifications did not fall into Rebel hands. When the fires died out all that remained of Forsyth was the burned-out shell of the big brick courthouse. The courthouse was eventually rebuilt. On 19 December 1885 the courthouse was totally destroyed along with all official records of the county and those of the only county newspaper. A new Taney County courthouse would not be constructed until 1890. On 15 December 1890 the village of Forsyth was incorporated. On 4 November 1891 the county court leased a room in the new courthouse to the first bank in Taney County, the new Taney County Bank, for the sum of $2.00 per month. 

In the late 1940s plans were being made in Washington, D.C. that would directly affect Forsyth. A dam (Bull Shoals) was to be built on the White River, approximately 80 miles below Forsyth. Two choices were left for the town; it could move to a new location or cease to exist. The city limits of Forsyth were extended 2 miles west of the old town site (now called Shadow Rock Park) to an area that had once been a golf course. In the early 1950s the town of Forsyth was moved to this location.
A Japanese spider crab at the Manila Ocean Park 
The **Japanese spider crab** (*Macrocheira kaempferi*) is a species of marine crab, and is the only member in the genus ***Macrocheira***. It is found only in the waters around Japan. The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 41 pounds (19 kg).

Description
-----------

The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.7 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 19 kg (41 pounds), but the actual body of the Japanese spider crab is only 38 cm (15 inches) long. The Japanese spider crab has 8 legs and 2 arms used for feeding. Each feeding arm is 1.5 meters (5 ft) long. The Japanese spider crab is different from other crab species because the first pleopods (legs which help them swim, catch food, hold their eggs, and sometimes has gills on it) of the males are twisted, and its larvae are not very complicated organisms unlike other crab species larvae. It is orange in colour, with white spots on its legs. Although the Japanese spider crab has some ferocious appearances, it is actually known to be very gentle towards others.

Habitat and distribution
------------------------

The Japanese spider crab is found in the Pacific side of the Japanese islands, Konshu and Kyushu, usually at a latitude between 30 and 40 degrees North. They are found usually in the Sagami, Suruga, and Tosa bays, as well as off the coast of the Kii peninsula. However, a Japanese spider crab was once found as far south as Su-ao, in eastern Taiwan. This is most likely a one time event; it is possible a fishing trawler or extreme weather may have carried this individual much further south than its home range.  The Japanese spider crab is found up to the depths of 2,500 feet (750 meters).

Life cycle
----------

The Japanese spider crab is a scavenger, meaning it feeds mostly on dead animals, but it also feeds on shellfish, opening the shells with its giant claws to feed on them. After molting, these crabs will eat their own shell to get some important nutrients.  It is one of the longest living creatures in the world, living up to 100 years.
**Rail Baltica** is a rail infrastructure project that is intended to link the Baltic states to the European rail network. The plan is to improve rail connections between Central and Northern Europe southeast of the Baltic Sea. The plan is for a continuous rail link from Tallinn (Estonia) to Warsaw (Poland), going through Riga (Latvia), Kaunas, and Vilnius (Lithuania). Its total length in the Baltic States is 870 kilometres (540 mi), with 213 kilometres (132 mi) in Estonia, 265 kilometres (165 mi) in Latvia, and 392 kilometres (244 mi) in Lithuania. Rail Baltica is one of the priority projects of the European Union. 

Rail Baltica will be the first large-scale mainline standard gauge railway in the area. The rail networks in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are mainly in Russian gauge (1,520 mm). These countries' first railways were built in the second half of the 19th century while they were part of the Russian Empire. 

The benefits to Baltic society and business may be €16.2 billion, according to a study produced by Ernst & Young. At the end of April 2021, governments of Estonia and Finland promised to cooperate in the area of transport.

Overview
--------

### Proposed environmental impact

Rail Baltica will be an electric railway, which will reduce carbon emissions. The railway has been planned to avoid Natura 2000 protected areas, and minimising impacts on other environmentally sensitive protected areas. Noise protection barriers will be installed. Special animal passages will be built through the embankment.

### Stations

The railway project will enable transportation of freight through two or more methods of transportation. Rail Baltica includes plans for three multimodal freight terminals in Muuga Harbour (Estonia), Salaspils (Latvia), and Kaunas (Lithuania). There will be seven international passenger stations—in Tallinn, Pärnu, Riga, Riga Airport, Panevežys, Kaunas, and Vilnius. There could be regional stations and connections to airports and seaports. Riga Central Railway Hub will become the largest passenger terminal in the Baltics.

The section from Helsinki to Tallinn will be operated by existing commercial ferries. In the future, a proposed Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel could provide a rail link between the two cities.
The **Victorian era** of the United Kingdom was a time of Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901. This time was very prosperous for the British people. Trade was at its best. A well educated middle class ruled the country and the British Empire. Other countries also prospered but Britain became the greatest great power.

The Industrial Revolution continued to increase productivity and prosperity, especially in the middle and later parts of Victoria's reign. Making iron and steel was a basic industry. The furnaces were fired with coal. Shipbuilding was a major industry. Canals and steam railways connected all parts of the country, and British steamships connected the world. Cotton and wool were made into cloth and exported. Ceramics were also a major industry.

One important change in the Victorian era was the creation of the sewage system in London. In 1829 photography was invented. Gas lighting was important too. Streetlights became common first, followed by lights in public buildings and home. In the 1880s people began making power stations and distribution systems to feed the new electric lightbulbs.

Economic changes
----------------

Britain began ruling its trading colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The British Empire now extended all over the world. It used new technologies like the railways and electric telegraph to communicate across these regions. Many British citizens moved to the colonies to make their fortune.

Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class. They were not aristocrats and landowners, but on the other hand they were not unskilled workers. They were the people who created, managed and ran the new industrial factories.

Social changes
--------------

In the Victorian era, the middle class people owned their own houses. The family home often included three generations. The concept of "privacy" became a mark of the middle class life. What went on in those homes was the themes of many mid-century novelists.

The printing press became faster in the nineteenth century and paper was cheaper too. The "taxes on knowledge" on newspapers and printed advertisements were lifted. This made magazines and newspapers cheaper. The government tried to improve literacy rates by starting schools for the poor. More books were written for, and read by, the newly educated middle classes.

Entertainment
-------------

More theatres opened in London. Orchestras and symphonies played, and operas were widely attended. Gambling at cards and new casinos became popular during the period. In the middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showed the greatest creations of the century.

Related pages
-------------

* Imperialism
* Colonialism
A historical writing system called ***Anga Lipi*** existed. The Buddhist scripture "**Lalitvistar**" mentions the Anga Lipi, stating that it was one of the 64 scripts that Lord Buddha was aware of.

History and Etymology
---------------------

An old Sanskrit Buddhist text called the "Lalitvistar" makes reference to the Anga Script and lists Anga Lipi very early among the 64 scripts that the Buddha is known to have known. While some of the sixty-four letters listed in "Lalitvistar" were believed to be legendary by Arthur Coke Burnell, he believed that several, such as Dravid, Anga, and Banga, were real despite not emerging as separate alphabets until the ninth or tenth century CE.[3] (Burnell considered this section to be an afterthought.)

Qualities and contrast
----------------------

Bengali and Anga Lipi scripts may have sprung from Brahmic, but with certain regional traits.This lends credence to the theory that local traits were still being developed in alphabets from previous times

It shows how regional variations of Indian alphabets were first developed.

Relationship with Angika
------------------------

It is said to be the ancient writing system or script for Angika which was than known by its historical name Aangi. Various sources were gathered by Archaelogical Survey of India (ASI) during excavation in Banka and Bhagalpur.