**Nestor Ivanovych Makhno** (1888–1934) was a Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary. He was the leader of the Makhnovshchina ("Makhno movement") and the Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.

Makhno was born in a poor family in Huliaipole, in the south of Ukraine. He was put in prison because of his anarchist activism. During the Russian Revolution, he was set free and returned to his home town. He took property from the rich and gave it to poor farmers. When civil war broke out, he joined the side of the Bolsheviks. Together with the Red Army, Makhno's anarchist forces fought against the White Army and the Central Powers. After he beat them in battle, he attempted to establish anarchist communism in Ukraine. But the Bolsheviks turned against Makhno and attacked the Insurgent Army. Makhno withdrew from Ukraine and went into exile. He settled in Paris, where he wrote his memoirs and articles about anarchism. He argued a lot with other anarchists and was accused of antisemitism. He died from tuberculosis at the age of 45.

Early life
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Nestor Makhno was born on 7 November 1888. His family were poor peasants and they lived in Huliaipole, in the south of Ukraine. Makhno had four brothers and his parents were former serfs. His father died while he was still very young. Growing up, Makhno was often absent from school and went to work on a farm at an early age. Makhno hated working for property owners and rebelled against them. He worked a number of different jobs to support his family.

In 1905, Makhno joined the local anarchist group in Huliaipole. The group robbed local businesspeople and attacked the police. By 1909, Makhno was arrested. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. In prison, Makhno was frequently kept in solitary confinement and became ill with tuberculosis. He was given an education by another prisoner, Peter Arshinov. But he also came to dislike intellectuals. From his prison cell, Makhno opposed the Russian Empire joining World War I. He was freed from prison during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and returned home to Huliaipole.

Revolutionary leadership
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### Activism in Huliaipole

When he arrived in Huliaipole, he was welcomed by local peasants and members of his old anarchist group. Makhno wanted the anarchists to take leadership over the peasants, but the anarchist group would not help him. By himself, Makhno formed a trade union for local peasants. He was elected as the union's chairperson. Led by Makhno, peasants and anarchists soon took control of the local government. Makhno led strike actions against employers and workers took control of the town's industry. He also took property from landlords and gave it to poor peasants. By October 1917, Makhno had disarmed Huliaipole's law enforcement and established an armed peasant militia. When civil war broke out, Makhno's anarchist forces took the side of the Bolsheviks against the White Army.

### Travels in Russia

In February 1918, the Central Powers invaded Ukraine. Makhno tried to resist but Huliaipole was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Makhno retreated to Taganrog and made plans to take back Huliaipole. He then travelled along the Volga to Moscow, the capital of Soviet Russia. In Moscow, he reunited with Peter Arshinov and met the famous anarchist Peter Kropotkin. He also met the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. The Bolsheviks supplied him with a false passport so he could return to Ukraine.

Military command
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### Return to Ukraine

Makhno crossed the Russia-Ukraine border in disguise. He discovered that his house was destroyed and his oldest brother was executed by the Austro-Hungarian Army. He returned to Huliaipole in secret and planned an insurgency against the military occupation.

Makhno's forces took over Huliaipole for a short time in September 1918. They then withdrew north to Dibrivka forest. They were surrounded by the Austro-Hungarian Army but beat them in a surprise attack. For their victory, Makhno's followers gave him the title of *Bat'ko* (Ukrainian for "father"). The Austro-Hungarians set fire to the nearby village. Makhno's forces took revenge against supporters of the occupation, such as local Mennonites.

Makhno's forces finally captured Huliaipole in November 1918. They were then reorganized into the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, with Makhno as its Commander-in-Chief. At this time, the Central Powers withdrew from Ukraine. The Red Army invaded Ukraine from the north and the White Army attacked from the south.

### In the Red Army

In January 1919, Makhno's Insurgent Army decided to join the Red Army. Makhno became the commander of a Red brigade. He disliked his own commanders in the Red Army. His commanding officer banned him from holding regional congresses in Huliaipole. In May 1919, Nykyfor Hryhoriv rebelled against the Red Army. The Bolshevik politician Lev Kamenev demanded that Makhno condemn Hryhoriv. Makhno condemned Hryhoriv's antisemitism but also blamed the Bolsheviks for causing the rebellion. Makhno's relationship with his Red Army commanders got worse.

By June, the Bolsheviks had declared Makhno to be an outlaw and demanded his arrest. Leon Trotsky also criticised Makhno for being an anarchist. At this time, White Cossacks captured Huliaipole and Makhno retreated. He then resigned from the Red Army. The Cheka tried to arrest him but were unsuccessful. Makhno's small group retreated west and linked up with Hryhoriv's forces in July 1919. But their agreement fell apart because of Hryhoriv's antisemitism. Hryhoriv was killed by Makhno's adjutant.

### Independent command

In September 1919, the Red Army withdrew from Ukraine. Makhno's forces then fought against the White Army by themselves. The Whites forced the Insurgent Army to retreat further. Makhno agreed a truce with the nationalist leader Symon Petliura. Makhno's forces then regrouped and beat the White Army in battle. The Insurgent Army then captured most of the south of Ukraine. This broke the supply line of the White Army, which stopped attacking Moscow. The Whites instead attacked Katerynoslav and the Insurgents retreated from the city. In Oleksandrivsk, Makhno and his forces caught epidemic typhus.

In January 1920, the Red Army arrived at Oleksandrivsk. They asked Makhno to go west to fight against Poland. He refused and the Bolsheviks declared him to be an outlaw. The Red Army and the Insurgent army started to fight against each other. Makhno's typhus got worse and he fell into a coma. While he was unconscious, local peasants hid him from the Cheka. When he recovered, he started to fight guerrilla warfare against the Cheka and the Red Army. But by August 1920, they agreed to stop fighting and formed an alliance against the White Army. Makhno didn't trust the Bolsheviks but hoped they would honor the agreement. In October 1920, the Insurgent Army captured Huliaipole from the Whites. Some of his forces went to Crimea to finish off the White Army. Makhno stayed behind.

While the Insurgent Army attacked the White Army, the Bolsheviks planned to betray the insurgents. After the White Army was beaten in Crimea, the Bolsheviks turned against Makhno. They claimed that Makhno had refused orders. On 26 November 1920, the Red Army surprise attacked Huliaipole. Makhno's forces fled the town. Makhno reunited with the insurgent forces from Crimea. They retook Huliaipole, one week later. In December 1920, the Insurgent Army took more towns from the Red Army. But Makhno's forces were surrounded. They separated into small groups and started to fight guerrilla warfare against the Red Army. Makhno went north. He was wounded in battle.

Exile
-----

### In Eastern Europe

By August 1921, many of Makhno's friends were dead and he was badly wounded. He decided to withdraw from Ukraine and seek medical treatment. Makhno's unit fled to Romania. After a short stay in a concentration camp, he recovered from his wounds in Bucharest. The Bolsheviks demanded the extradition of Makhno but the Romanian government refused. Makhno tried to form an alliance with Ukrainian nationalists in Romania, but was not successful.

He moved to Poland in April 1922. There he was held in another concentration camp. He and his wife Halyna Kuzmenko were then put in prison, under suspicion of planning an anti-Polish insurgency. Kuzmenko gave birth to their daughter in prison. Their trial resulted in their acquittal. In July 1924, they moved to Danzig. Makhno was again put in prison but escaped to Berlin, in Germany.

### In Paris

In April 1925, he moved to Paris, the capital of France. He was reunited with his family and they found a new home. Makhno's health problems kept him out of work and forced his family to move to a different house. During this time, Makhno co-wrote the *Platform*, which called for the anarchist movement to be more organized. The *Platform* was criticized by other anarchists, who called it "authoritarian". He was also concerned with the assassination of Symon Petliura by Sholem Schwarzbard. Makhno himself was later accused of antisemitism, which he denied. Makhno's health got worse. He also became isolated from other Ukrainian emigrants. He and Kuzmenko frequently separated. He often argued with the editors of his memoirs. By the 1930s, Peter Arshinov had defected to the Soviet Union. Makhno's tuberculosis was made worse by malnutrition. He spent the final months of his life in hospital and died on 25 July 1934. His body was cremated and the ashes kept in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Makhno's widow and daughter were deported to Nazi Germany during World War II. They were then arrested by the Soviet Union and exiled to Kazakhstan, where they spent the rest of their lives. After the independence of Ukraine, Makhno became a local hero in Huliaipole.

Bibliography
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* Darch, Colin (2020). *Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917–1921*. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1786805263. OCLC 1225942343.
* Malet, Michael (1982). *Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War*. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-25969-6. OCLC 8514426.
* Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. *Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921*. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland, California: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5. OCLC 60602979.