recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Sarcosuchus*** is an extinct genus of giant crocodile. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous of what is now Africa 135 to 112 million years ago. 

*Sarcosuchus* was one of the largest giant crocodiks that ever lived. It was almost twice as long as the modern saltwater crocodile and weighed about 8 tonnes. 

Until recently, all that was known of it was a few fossilised teeth and armour scutes, which were discovered in the Sahara Desert in the 1940s or 1950s. 

In 1997 and 2000, Paul Sereno discovered half a dozen new specimens, including one with about half the skeleton intact and most of the spine. All of the other giant crocodiles are known only from a few partial skulls, so which is actually the biggest is an open question.

Palaeobiology
-------------

Unlike other giant crocodiles, *Sarcosuchus* was a river predator. As the overhanging jaw and stout teeth are designed for grabbing and crushing, its primary prey may have been large animals and smaller dinosaurs, which it ambushed, dragged into the water, crushed, drowned and then tore apart.

However, the long, thin snout of *Sarcosuchus* was very similar to the thin snouts of the modern gharial, the false gharial and the slender-snouted crocodile, all of which are nearly exclusive fish-eaters and incapable of tackling large prey. This can be contrasted to both the modern Nile crocodile and the extinct *Deinosuchus*, both of which have very broad, heavy skulls, suitable for dealing with large prey. This, coupled with the abundance of large, lobe-finned fish in its environment, leads many to suggest that, far from being a dinosaur killer, Sarcosuchus was simply a large piscivore, a scaled-up version of the modern gharial.

Environment
-----------

110 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous, the Sahara was still a great tropical plain, dotted with lakes and crossed by rivers and streams that were lined with vegetation. Based on the number of fossils discovered, the aquatic *Sarcosuchus* was probably plentiful in these warm, shallow, freshwater habitats.

Unlike modern true crocodiles, which are very similar in size and shape to one another and tend to live in different areas; *Sarcosuchus* was just one of many Crocodyliformes, of different sizes and shapes, all living in the same area. Four other species of extinct Crocodyliformes were also discovered in the same rock formation along with the *Sarcosuchus*, including a dwarf crocodile with a tiny, 8 cm (3 in) long skull. They filled a diverse variety of ecological niches, instead of competing with each other for resources.
A typical parallel-scale nomogram. This example calculates the value of T when S = 7.30 and R = 1.17 are substituted into the equation. The isopleth crosses the scale for T at just under 4.65.
Components of a parallel-scale nomogram
Chi-squared distribution nomogram
A **nomogram**, **alignment chart** or **abaque** is a graph for calculation. It is a two-dimensional diagram which gives a computation of a mathematical function. 

The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by the French engineer Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne (1862–1938). It was used for many years to provide engineers with fast graphical calculations of complicated formulas. Nomograms use a parallel coordinate system invented by d'Ocagne rather than standard Cartesian coordinates.

A nomogram consists of a set of n scales, one for each variable in an equation. Knowing the values of n-1 variables, the value of the unknown variable can be found, or by fixing the values of some variables, the relationship between the unfixed ones can be studied.

The result is got by laying a straightedge across the known values on the scales and reading the unknown value from where it crosses the scale for that variable. The virtual or drawn line created by the straightedge is called an *index line* or *isopleth*.

Use
---

Nomograms were widely used for about 75 years. They allowed quick and accurate computations before the age of pocket calculators. Results from a nomogram are got quickly and reliably by drawing one or more lines. The user does not have to know how to solve algebraic equations, look up data in tables, use a slide rule, or substitute numbers into equations to obtain results. The user does not even need to know the underlying equation the nomogram represents. 

Nomograms have domain knowledge into their design. For example, to create larger nomograms for greater accuracy the nomographer usually includes only scale ranges that are reasonable and of interest to the problem. Many nomograms include other useful markings such as reference labels and colored regions. All of these provide useful guideposts to the user. 

Like a slide rule, a nomogram is a graphical analog computation device. Like the slide rule, its accuracy is limited by the precision with which physical markings can be drawn, reproduced, viewed, and aligned.A slide rule is a general-purpose calculator, but a nomogram is designed to perform a specific calculation. Nomograms can still be used to check an answer from another, more exact but possibly error-prone calculation.
*Cloudina*, a tiny animal, part of the smally shelly fauna
**Small shelly fossils** (**SSF**), or **small shelly fauna**, are tiny fossils, many only a few millimetres long. They have a record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the early Cambrian period. Almost all are from earlier rocks than more familiar fossils such as trilobites. Most SSFs were preserved by being covered quickly with phosphate. This method of preservation is mainly limited to the later Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods, so the animals that made them may have arisen earlier and continued after this time.

Some of the fossils represent the entire skeletons of small organisms, including the mysterious *Cloudina* and some snail-like molluscs. However, the bulk of the fossils are fragments or parts of larger organisms, including sponges, molluscs, slug-like halkieriids, brachiopods, echinoderms, and onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods.

One of the early explanations for the appearance of the SSFs – and the evolution of mineralized skeletons – is a sudden increase in the ocean's concentration of calcium. However, many SSFs are made of other minerals, such as silica. The first SSFs appear around the same time as organisms first started burrowing to avoid predation, so it is likely that they represent early steps in an evolutionary arms race between predators and increasingly well-defended prey. Nevertheless, it is still true that the animals used minerals that were most easily accessible.

The small size and (usually) broken nature of SSFs makes them difficult to identify and classify. However, they provide evidence for how the main groups of marine invertebrates evolved, and for the pace and pattern of evolution in the Cambrian explosion. They include the earliest known representatives of some modern phyla, and they have the great advantage of presenting a nearly continuous record of early Cambrian organisms whose bodies include hard parts.
A diagram of Usenet servers and clients. The blue, green, and red dots on the servers represent the groups they carry. Arrows between servers show newsgroup group feeds. Arrows between clients and servers show that a user is subscribed to a group and reads or posts articles.
**Usenet** (/ˈjuːznɛt/) is a type of discussion system on computers. It was created from the Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis began the idea in 1979. The system was created in 1980. People read and post messages (called *articles*, *posts*or *news*) to one or more categories. These categories are called newsgroups. Usenet is similar to a bulletin board system (BBS) in many ways. It is the precursor to Internet forums. Discussions are threaded but posts are stored in order of when they were posted.

A main difference between a BBS and Usenet is that usenet has no administrator. Also, the network used to share the messages is not constant. Usenet is spread over a large, constantly changing group of news servers. The servers store and forward messages to one another. Each user reads messages from and posts messages to a local server. The local server can be operated by anyone.

Usenet is important in the networked world. Many well known ideas and terms were either created on usenet or made popular there. These include "FAQ", "flame", sockpuppet, and "spam". In the early 1990s, Usenet connections via Fidonet's dial-up BBS networks made it more common for people to discus things worldwide. They did not need a server, just (local) telephone service.

Refernces
---------

1. ↑  *From Usenet to CoWebs: interacting with social information spaces*, Christopher Lueg, Danyel Fisher, Springer (2003), ISBN 1-85233-532-7, ISBN 978-1-85233-532-8
2. ↑  The jargon file v4.4.7 Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Jargon File Archive.
3. ↑  Chapter 3 - The Social Forces Behind The Development of Usenet Archived August 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Netizens Netbook by Ronda Hauben and Michael Hauben.
4. ↑  "USENET Newsgroup Terms – SPAM". Archived from the original on 2012-09-15.
5. ↑  Pre-Internet; Usenet needing "just **local** telephone service" in most larger towns, depends on the number of local dial-up Fidonet "nodes" operated free of charge by hobbyist "SysOps" (as FidoNet echomail variations or via gateways with the Usenet news hierarchy. This is virtual Usenet or newsgroups access, not true Usenet.) The participating SysOps typically carry 6 - 30 Usenet newsgroups each, and will often add another on request. If a desired newsgroup was not available locally, a user would need to dial to another city to download the desired news and upload one's own posts. In all cases it is desirable to hang up as soon as possible and read/write offline, making "newsreader" software commonly used to automate the process. Fidonet, bbscorner.com  Archived 2022-02-07 at the Wayback Machine   
 fidonet.org, Randy\_Bush.txt
**Operetta** is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun. It is often described as "light opera" ("light" meaning "not serious"). In an opera everything is usually sung. In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this. Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s *The Magic Flute)*.

The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries. It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.

The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious. There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments. Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris. In England such works were often called "comic operas" or "opera comedies". Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna. He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna. Strauss’s operetta *Die Fledermaus* ("The Bat") has been performed more than any other operetta. In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.

Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas. The performers often had to both sing and act very well. Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music. In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.

One of the most popular of all operettas was *Die Lustige Witwe* (*The Merry Widow*) by Franz Léhar. It was produced in 1905 in Vienna. Léhar wrote many other operettas as well. Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition. The most known Romanian operetta is *Crai nou* (*New moon*) by Ciprian Porumbescu. 

In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta. After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta. By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music. These were no longer called "operettas". The word "operetta" continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.
The **Zabulon Skipper** (***Poanes zabulon***) is a North American butterfly. It is sometimes called the **Southern Dimorphic Skipper**.

Description
-----------

Upper side of the female
Underside of the female
This small butterfly triangle-shaped wings. The upper side of the male's wings is mostly orange. The edges of the wings are dark brown. The underside of the male's wings is mainly yellow-orange. The edges of the wings are dark brown. On the hind wing (the bottom wing) there is a brown basal (basal means near where the wings connect to the body) patch with a yellow spot in it. The upper side of the female's wings is dark brown. There are large, glassy spots near the edge of the fore wing (the top wing). The underside of the female's wings is a brownish-purplish color. The hind wing has a white streak on the top edge. The wingspan is 1⅜ to 1⅝ inches.

Similar species
---------------

The only similar species in the Zabulon Skipper's range is the Hobomok Skipper (*Poanes hobomok*).

The Hobomok Skipper has a more northern range. It has a different flight period. They also have more rounded wings. The upper side of the male Hobomok Skipper's wings has thicker dark brown edges. The underside of the male's hind wing does not have the yellow spot in the brown basal patch. While the female Zabulon Skipper has one form, the female Hobomok Skipper has two forms. There is the normal form and the *pocahontas* form. The upper side of the *pocahontas* form has smaller glassy spots.

Distribution
------------

It ranges from Wisconsin east to the East Coast, south to Georgia, Texas, and Panama.

Habitat
-------

The Zabulon Skipper can be found in a variety of habitats such as woodland edges, woodland openings, near roads, and near streams. It can adapt to other habitats including suburban areas, parks, and gardens.

Flight period
-------------

This butterfly can be seen from March to April and again in August to October in the southern part of its range. In the northern part of its range, it is seen from May to July and again in August to September.

Life cycle
----------

Courtship takes place in the afternoon. However, it will sometimes happen as early as 8:20 A.M. Females lay their eggs singly on the underside of host plant leaves. The caterpillar is either brown or green. It sometimes has a pinkish hue. It is often impossible to tell the difference between closely related caterpillars. The chrysalis is often formed inside a leaf shelter. It is brown. The abdomen is a lighter brown with small black dots. The hibernating stage is unknown. The Zabulon Skipper has 2 broods per year.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the Zabulon Skipper caterpillar feed on:

* *Agrostis* sp.
* *Dactylis* sp.
* *Elytrigia* sp.
* *Eragrostis* sp.
* *Leymus* sp.
* *Poa* sp.
* *Puccinellia* sp.
* *Tridens* sp.

Other websites
--------------

* Zabulon Skipper diagnostic photographs
* USGS:Butterflies of North America
* Zabulon Skipper, Butterflies of North Carolina Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
The **Na'vi** are a fictional indigenous species that live on the fictional world of Pandora in the movie Avatar. They look like humans. They have two eyes, ears, arms, and legs. They also have a nose, a mouth, and expressions that are similar to humans. The Na'vi are different because they have blue skin, pointed ears, huge eyes, and tails. They are also taller than humans. They have a smaller body frame. At the beginning, the Na'vi were meant to be more alien in their looks. Director James Cameron said that in the first drawing of the main character, "Neytiri", she had fins, gills, and cat-like features. The species was changed to look more like humans. This was so audiences could relate (feel closer and empathise) to them better. Cameron said that *Avatar* was more "science fantasy" than true science fiction. He said that he would explain in the novel why the Na'vi look like humans.

According to *Entertainment Weekly*, "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their ponytails into the creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a creature known as Ikran." The Na'vi also use this system to mate with a "life partner". They make a bond that cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime.

The Na'vi language is a constructed language. It was made for the movie to be spoken by the actors when they played Na'vi characters. The Na'vi language was made by linguistics professor Paul Former of the University of Southern California. Frommer made the language so it could be spoken by human actors. It uses syntax and grammar from real languages. The professor made up over 1,000 words for the Na'vi language. He taught the actors who played Na'vi characters to speak it for the movie.

Related pages
-------------

* Avatar
* Na'vi language
* Fictional universe in Avatar
**NWA Wildside** was an American professional wrestling company based in Cornelia, Georgia. It operated between September 1999 and April 2005. While in operation, NWA Wildside was one of the main associates of the National Wrestling Alliance and was one of the most-watched wrestling companies in the United States. Wildside was at first named National Championship Wrestling in 1997 and was owned by Steve Martin. In December 1999 NCW merged with NWA Georgia to form NWA Wildside under the ownership of Bill Behrens.

World Championship Wrestling hired NWA Wildside to be its development territory, and sent their training wrestlers like Shannon Moore, Jamie Noble, Sean O'Haire, Mark Jindrak and Elix Skipper to compete there. Soon, World Championship Wrestling hired some NWA Wildside wrestlers for their shows including A.J. Styles, Frank Paris, Onyx, David Young and Rick Michaels appearing on World Wrestling Federation.

With Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, some NWA Wildside stars such as Styles, Abyss, Young, Onyx, Slim J, Hotstuff Hernandez, Jason Cross, Jimmy Rave, Altar Boy Luke, Matt Sydal, Delirious and Tony Mamaluke appeared for the company. Wildside's weekly wrestling show aired nationally in the U.S. and was available to as much as 40% of the United States.

In 2004, Wildside was shown by The Wrestling Channel in the United Kingdom giving them a bigger audience. Two of the main sellers of Wildside were the fact that their wrestlers were allowed to be more creative in the ring, and the announcers gave a correct showing to the product rather than treating it as a joke.

NWA Wildside closed down after 300 weeks of television because owner Behrens accepted a job with WWE. He then worked with Jody Hamilton, the owner of DSW, a former WWE developmental territory in McDonough, Georgia. Behrens left DSW after getting the promotion ready to show TV but before TV production began due to creative differences with Hamilton, and was employed by TNA as Director of Third Party Bookings.
**Yulia** (full name **Yulia MacLean**) is a Russian-born New Zealand crossover singer. Her first Solo Album 'Into The West' went platinum in its first week of sales in New Zealand, achieving four times platinum sales. She won 2 NZ Music Awards; 'Best female solo artist' and '42Below Best selling album in New Zealand'. She has supported Amici and Russell Watson with 2 sold-out tours in Tokyo. Yulia's albums "Into the West" and "Montage" had three top 40 radio hits in New Zealand, "Into the West", "Angel" & "We're All Alone". Yulia is known for her amazing contralto singing voice. 
She was also the lead singer in a pop duo with her husband Glyn MacLean, called the MacLeaNZ.

Life
----

Yulia moved to New Zealand to live, from Russia in 2002. 

Within two years Yulia learned to speak English, passed all of her senior high school exams at Cashmere High School in Christchurch and signed a recording deal with Sony Music New Zealand. She was taught by Cashmere High School's music department head Gary Thin and teacher Noeleen Penter.

Her first ever concert was in Christchurch with Ivan Rebroff where she received a standing ovation for her version of *Ave Maria*.

She was first discovered on regional television as a last minute subject for a ten minute segment on *Good Living With Kerry Pierson* on Christchurch's local television station CTV.

Gray Bartlett, co-director and owner of the Auckland-based promotion company Pacific Entertainment Limited, signed her to a 6 year worldwide sole agency deal but was ended early by Yulia and she was managed temporarily by Michael Glading, ex head of Sony NZ.

In 2007 Yulia met Glyn MacLean, 17 years her senior, director and owner of Oikos Music Group and signed to a management and music publishing deal. On Feb 10th 2008, Yulia married Glyn.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* Into The West Special Christmas Edition (2004)
* Into The West (2004) #1 NZ (4x Platinum - 60,000+)
* Montage (2006) #1 NZ (2x Platinum - 30,000+)

Other websites
--------------

* Official site Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
* / MySpace
* / YouTube
* / Facebook

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
Tymoshenko in 2019
Yulia Tymoshenko, November 2009
**Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko** (Ukrainian: Юлія Володимирівна Тимошенко, born 27 November 1960), is a Ukrainian politician. Tymoshenko is a member of the Verkhovna Rada since 2014. She is the leader of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc political party. She was the Prime Minister of Ukraine for two separate terms in 2005 and again from 2007 until 2010.

Political career
----------------

Her first term as Prime Minister was from 24 January to 8 September 2005. She was re-elected on 18 December 2007 but was removed by the Ukrainian Parliament on 3 March 2010 after the government with her own political party and the political party of Viktor Yushchenko (former President of Ukraine) Our Ukraine and the small Lytvyn Bloc lost a no-confidence vote.

While they were once strong allies, today there is a lot of political rivalry between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko. When Viktor Yushchenko lost the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, and his followers argued that the election had been corrupt, she was his main ally and one of the leaders of the Orange Revolution.

### Presidential campaigns

In February 2010 Tymoshenko lost the presidential election to Viktor Yanukovych; with a 3.48% difference, she said Yanukovych won because of fraud. She has promised to make life for the new President as difficult as possible.

She was an unsuccessful candidate for President of Ukraine in the 2019 presidential election.

Yulia Tymoshenko meeting with the United States President George W. Bush on 1 April 2008

Criminal charges
----------------

On 11 October 2011 a Ukrainian judge sentenced Tymoshenko to seven years in prison for misusing her powers as Prime Minister when she signed a natural gas deal with Russia in 2009. She had been in prison for improper behaviour in court since 5 August 2011. Tymoshenko appealed against the sentence on 24 October 2011; she said the sentence was an act of revenge by Viktor Yanukovych (he has said it is not). The European Union and Russia protested against the sentence.

Personal life
-------------

Tymoshenko was born in Dnipro, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. She studied at Dnipro Polytechnic, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University and Kyiv National Economic University.

Tymoshenko's first name is sometimes spelled Yuliya, Yulia, Iulia, or Julia. In 1979, she married businessman Oleksandr Tymoshenko. They have a daughter, businesswoman Eugenia.

Other websites
--------------

* Yulia Tymoshenko personal site Archived 2006-04-12 at the Wayback Machine Official personal site of Yulia Tymoshenko


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Юлія Тимошенко***.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
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* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland

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| People | 
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**YAML** (**YAML Ain't Markup Language**) is a human-readable data serialization format that is commonly used for configuration files and data exchange between programming languages. It is often used in conjunction with web development frameworks and other systems that need to share data.

YAML was first released in 2001 by Ingy döt Net, Brian Ingerson, and Oren Ben-Kiki. It was designed to be a more user-friendly alternative to other markup languages like XML and JSON. YAML's syntax is designed to be easy to read and write, using whitespace and indentation to organize data.

YAML is often used for configuration files, such as those used by web development frameworks like Ruby on Rails and Django. It is also commonly used for data exchange between programming languages, especially in systems that use different programming languages for different components.

One of the key features of YAML is that it is designed to be easy for humans to read and write, while still being machine-readable. This makes it a popular choice for configuration files, as it allows developers to easily modify settings without needing to understand complex markup languages.

YAML is a superset of JSON, meaning that any valid JSON document is also a valid YAML document. However, YAML adds additional features, such as support for comments, anchors and aliases, and complex data types like maps and lists.

YAML has been implemented in many programming languages, including Python, Ruby, Java, and Perl. It is also supported by many text editors and IDEs, which can provide syntax highlighting and other features to make working with YAML easier.

Overall, YAML is a flexible and user-friendly data serialization format that is widely used in web development, system configuration, and other areas where data needs to be exchanged between different components.

Syntax
------

YAML's syntax is designed to be simple and easy to read. It uses indentation and whitespace to organize data, rather than relying on explicit tags or markup. Here is an example of a YAML document:

```
name: John Smith
age: 35

```
In this example, the document contains three key-value pairs, where the keys are `name`, `age`, and `email`, and the values are `John Smith`, `35` , respectively.

```
- name: John Smith
 age: 35
 email: john AT example.com
- name: Jane Doe
 age: 28
 email: jane AT example.com

```
YAML also supports more complex data structures, like maps and lists. Here is an example of a YAML document that contains a map and a list:
Steel wire rope (right hand lay)
Wire rope construction
This image of a fraying wire rope shows some individual wires.
RHOL wire rope terminated in a loop with a thimble and ferrule
**Wire rope** consists of several strands laid (or 'twisted') together like a helix. Each strand is likewise made of metal wires laid together like a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.

History & materials
-------------------

Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it was better than ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.

Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.

In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.

Construction & specification
----------------------------

The specification of a wire rope type, including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope, are is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, with abbreviations. For example, the rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated:

**6x19 FC RH OL FSWR**  


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **6** | Number of strands that make up the rope |
| **19** | Number of wires that make up each strand |
| **FC** | Fibre core |
| **RH** | Right hand lay |
| **OL** | Ordinary lay |
| **FSWR** | Flexible steel wire rope |

Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.

| Abbr. | Description |
| --- | --- |
| FC | Fibre core |
| FSWR | Flexible steel wire rope |
| FW | Filler wire |
| IWR | Independent wire rope |
| IWRC | Independent wire rope core |
| J | Jute (fibre) |
| LH | Left hand lay |
| LL | Lang's lay |
| NR | Non-rotating |
| OL | Ordinary lay |
| RH | Right hand lay |
| S | Seale |
| SF | Seale filler wire |
| SW | Seale Warrington |
| SWL | Safe working load |
| TS | Triangular strand |
| W | Warrington |
| WF | Warriflex |
| WLL | Working load limit |
| WS | Warrington Seale |

Other websites
--------------

* Modern history of wire rope
**UTC+10:00** means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. 

The **UTC+10** time zone covers the following the east coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and parts of Russia. The map shows the time zone. There are differences with Daylight saving time:

In Australia UTC+10 is called Australian Eastern Standard Time or AEST.

As standard time (all year round)
---------------------------------

* Australia (AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time)
	+ Queensland
* Federated States of Micronesia
	+ Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area
* Papua New Guinea
* United States (Chamorro Time Zone)
	+ Guam (territory)
	+ Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth)

Southern Hemisphere - as standard time (winter)
-----------------------------------------------

* Australia (AEST—Australian Eastern Standard Time)
	+ Australian Capital Territory
	+ New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island)
	+ Tasmania
	+ Victoria

Northern Hemisphere - as standard time (winter)
-----------------------------------------------

* Russia
	+ Primorsky Krai (including Vladivostok)
	+ Sakhalin Island
	+ Khabarovsk Krai
	+ Sakha Republic (central portion)

Northern Hemisphere - as daylight saving time
---------------------------------------------

* Russia
	+ Amur Oblast
	+ Chita Oblast
	+ Sakha Republic (western portion, incl. Yakutsk)

Other websites
--------------

* Find cities currently in UTC+10:00
***Magnificent Obsession*** is a 1954 romantic drama movie. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on the book *Magnificent Obsession* by Lloyd C. Douglas. The movie was produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal Pictures. Critic Howard Thompson wrote, "[The movie] is unquestionably a handsome one. Better still, generally restrained performances at least dignify a moist text, which may seem inspiration to some, pure corn to others."

Story
-----

Spoiled playboy Robert Merrick loses control of his speed boat. Rescuers send for a resuscitator in Dr. Phillips's house on the other side of the lake. While the resuscitator is being used to save Merrick's life, Dr. Phillips has a heart attack and dies. Merrick ends up at Dr. Phillips's clinic. The doctors and nurses blame him for Dr. Phillips's death. He tries to run away but collapses in front of Helen Phillip's car. Helen is Dr. Phillips's widow. She does not know Merrick. Merrick ends up back at the clinic. After his discharge, he resumes his playboy life. He makes advances to Helen. She runs away, and steps into the path of an oncoming car. She is blinded by the accident. Merrick commits to becoming a doctor. He has fallen in love with Helen. He helps her adjust to her blindness by posing as a poor medical student, "Robby".

Merrick secretly arranges for Helen to travel to Europe to consult the best eye surgeons in the world. They tell Helen there is no hope for recovery. Right after this, "Robby" shows up at her hotel to provide emotional support. He confesses to being Merrick. Helen has already guessed this. Merrick asks Helen to marry him. Helen realizes she will be a burden to him. She runs away. Many years pass. Merrick is now a dedicated brain surgeon. He searches for Helen. He learns she is possibly dying in a small hospital. He goes to the hospital and discovers Helen needs complex brain surgery to save her life. Merrick operates. Helen awakens in the morning and discovers she can see.
*Scylacosaurus*
**Theriodonts**  are a major group of therapsids. They are a clade which include not only the traditional theriodonts, but also their descendants the mammals as well (in the same way that theropod dinosaurs include the birds as a sub-clade).

They can be defined in traditional terms as a suborder of Synapsida that lived from the Middle Permian to the Middle Cretaceous. Theriodonts appeared about 265 million years ago, in the Middle Permian. Even these early theriodonts were more mammal-like than their relatives. 

Theriodonts fall into three main groups: Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia and Cynodontia. Early theriodonts may have been warm-blooded. Early forms were carnivorous, but several later groups became herbivorous during the Triassic. 

Theriodont jaws were more mammal-like than was the case of other therapsids, because their dentary (lower jaw) was larger, which gave them more efficient chewing. Several other bones that were previously on the lower jaw, moved into the ears, allowing the theriodonts to hear better and their mouths to open wider. This made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids. 

**Eutheriodonts** refer to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians (the most primitive group). They included the therocephalians, cynodonts and their descendants – the mammals. The name means "true beast tooth". The eutheriodonts have larger skulls, accommodating larger brains and improved jaw muscles. 

The theriodonts (eutheriodonts) are one of the two synapsid survivors of the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, the other being the dicynodonts. Therocephalians included both carnivorous and herbivorous forms; both died out after the Lower Triassic. 

The remaining theriodonts, the cynodonts, also included carrnivores such as *Cynognathus*, as well as newly evolved herbivorous Traversodonts. While Traversodonts for the most part remained medium-sized to reasonably large (length of largest species up to 2 meters), the carnivorous forms became progressively smaller as the Triassic progressed. 

By the Upper Triassic the small cynodonts included the rodent-like tritylodonts (possibly related to or descended from travsersodonts), and the tiny, shrew-like, trithelodonts, which evolved into the first mammals. The trithelodonts died out during the Jurassic, and the tritylodonts survived in the Cretaceous, but the mammals continued to evolve. Many mammal groups managed to survive the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, allowing the mammals to diversify and dominate the Earth.
A **means test** is a check that people are poor enough to get help. Social security, education and healthcare are often free only to people who can show that they are poor.

Poverty is generally judged in a family or household. The members are expected to support each other. There may be tests both of regular income and of capital. People who are thought to be deserving are more likely to be helped without a means test. 

Means testing can be found in ancient Rome, where 200,000 adult male citizens who passed the test were given cheap grain. 

The English Poor Laws gave relief to people who were destitute. Destitution was not defined in the law.  In workhouses the rule was that conditions in workhouses had to be worse than conditions available outside. This was to stop people choosing not to help themselves. The National Assistance Act 1948 gave help to people over 16, not in full time work, "who are without resources to meet their requirements, or whose resources must be supplemented in order to meet their requirements." The National Assistance Board made rules about resources and requirements but they were not public. From 1966 there was Supplementary Benefit. The rules were very detailed and public. From 1966 there was Income Support, which was simpler but still public. All these benefits were stopped if a person did more than a very small amount of work.

The development of National Insurance meant that fewer people had to claim means tested benefits. Means testing can be seen as rewarding people for being poor. More recently various ideas have been suggested to reward people for working, even if they cannot do much work. Basic income is one. 

In the United Kingdom there has been a shift towards more means-tested benefits and away from those based on National Insurance.
**Meadow "Meadowlark" Lemon III** (April 25, 1932 – December 27, 2015) was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister. For 22 years, Lemon was known as the "Clown Prince" of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team.

Lemon played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and is a 2003 inductee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.

He studied at a historically black college, Florida A&M University in 1952, but was drafted into the US Army before he could finish. The Globetrotters first became aware of Lemon in 1954 while he was in Austria in the army and they were touring Europe.

Lemon died on December 27, 2015 in Scottsdale, Arizona, aged 83.

The White House
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Lemon visited the White House to meet President Gerald Ford and First Lady, Betty Ford in 1974.

Lemon says: "I was also a good friend of the Reagan's *[sic]* because I'm also an actor. I worked closely with Nancy Reagan on her 'Just say no to drugs' program." This was a program started by First Lady Reagan to discourage illegal drug use by young people.

Later life
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A born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in San Diego, California, in 1988.

In 2009, Lemon became a part-owner of the Smoky Mountain Jam of the American Basketball Association. This was a semi-professional men's basketball league that was formed in 1999.

Meadowlark Lemon (left) meeting Betty Ford, during a 1974 visit to the White House. The basketball was autographed by Harlem Globetrotters members.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Meadowlark Lemon***.

* Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers: Biography for Meadowlark Lemon Archived 2009-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
* Meadowlark Lemon at IMDb
Defined broadly, a **visionary**, is one who can envision the future. For some groups, this can involve the supernatural or use of mind-altering drugs.

A visionary state can be achieved via meditation, drugs, lucid dreams, daydreams, or art. One example is Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century artist/visionary and Catholic saint. Other visionaries in religion are Mohammed (who had a vision of and communed with the Angel Gabriel), St. Bernadette (who had a vision of contact with the Blessed Virgin), and Joseph Smith (who had a vision of contact with the Angel Moroni).

Extended meanings
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A *vision* can be political, religious, environmental, social, or technological in nature. By extension, a *visionary* can also be a person with a clear, distinctive and specific (in some details) vision of the future, usually connected with advances in technology or social/political arrangements. For example, Ted Nelson or U.S. Vice President Al Gore is referred to as a visionary in connection with the Internet.

Other visionaries simply imagine what does not yet exist but might some day, as some forms of *visioning* (or gazing) can provide a glimpse into the possible future. Therefore, visioning can mean seeing in a utopian way what does not yet exist on earth, but might exist in another realm, such as the ideal or perfect realm as imagined or thought. Examples are Buckminster Fuller in architecture and design, and some of the pioneers of personal computing such as Steve Wozniak. Some people use mathematics to make visionary discoveries in the nature of the universe. In that sense, a visionary may also function as a secular prophet. Some visionaries emphasize communication, and some assume a figurehead role in organizing a social group.

In art
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Artists may produce work loosely categorized as **visionary art** for its luminous content and/or for its use of artistic techniques that call for the use of extended powers of perception in the viewer: (e.g. Gustave Moreau, Samuel Palmer, Jean Delville, Ernst Fuchs, the French Symbolist Odilon Redon, Brion Gysin, Max Ernst, Stanley Spencer, Edward Burne Jones, Adolf Wolfli, Fred Sandback, William Blake, Hieronymus Bosch, and Henry Darger).

Visionary art can be incorrectly defined as a category of primitive art (art of those not formally trained) rather than describing people who have used their visions (or dreams) to create their paintings. Salvador Dali is one artist who would exemplify visionary art that is neither religious nor primitive.
Prince William Sound, on the south coast of Alaska
**Prince William Sound** is a body of water in the Gulf of Alaska. A sound is a small body of water that comes in from the ocean. Prince William Sound is on the south side of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its biggest port is Valdez, at the south end of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other towns on the sound include Cordova and Whittier.

James Cook went in Prince William Sound in 1778. He named it Sandwich Sound, after the Earl of Sandwich. The Sound's name was changed in the same year. It was then named after George III's third son Prince William Henry. Prince William was then 13 years old. He was in the Royal Navy.

Most of the land near Prince William Sound is part of the Chugach National Forest. Chugach is the second largest U.S. National Forest. Prince William Sound is ringed by the Chugach Mountains. These mountains are steep. The coast is complex. It has many islands and fjords. It also has some glaciers.

In 1964, a tsunami hit the sound. It was caused by the Good Friday earthquake. It killed many people in the town of Chenega. It destroyed the town of Valdez.

In 1989, the oil tanker *Exxon Valdez* ran aground. It caused a large oil spill, which damaged the environment. It killed around 250,000 seabirds, nearly 3,000 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles and up to 22 killer whales.
Coat of arms of the Prince of Condé showing the coronet of a prince of the blood.
The title of **Prince of Condé** was a title used in France while the country was a monarchy For example prior to 1793. The holder of the title was a member of the extended royal family and therefore held the rank and further title of prince of the blood and the style of **Serene Highness** but the style was only used when in writing. The holder of the title also held the important further rank of First Prince of the blood. The heir was usually given the title of Duke of Bourbon and at other times the Duke of Enghien. The title was *only* to be inherited by the male line as females were expelled from to succeeding to titles. The title existed for almost two centuries and during that time the prince was one of the highest ranking prince behind that of the actual royal family.

Over the years the princes were used to make political and financial marriages with member of the wealthy French nobility as well as princesses of other European ruling houses. The prince was a member of the French House of Bourbon.

1. Louis de Bourbon *(1546-1569)* Founder of the line and a younger son of a Queen of Navarre and from which the Count of Soissons line descends.
2. Henri de Bourbon *(1569–1588)* A Lieutenant General of New France (Modern day Canada)
3. Henri de Bourbon *(1588–1646)* It is from him that the Princes of Conti descend.
4. Louis, Grand Condé *(1646–1686)* famous military man during the reign of Louis XIV.
5. Henri Jules de Bourbon *(1686–1709)* famous for his madness.
6. Louis de Bourbon *(1709–1710)* forced to make a marriage with an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.
7. Louis Henri de Bourbon *(1710–1740)* known better as the **Duke of Bourbon**. He was also a Prime Minister of France during the reign of Louis XV
8. Louis Joseph *(1740–1818)*
9. Louis Henri *(1818–1830)*. Last Bourbon Prince of Condé
10. Prince Louis of Orléans *(1845–1866)*. A son of Louis Philippe I and given the title by courtesy. Not due to male line descent.

Small note
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Princes and princesses of this line of the House of Bourbon are often *incorrectly* surnamed as "Bourbon-Condé". Which is **incorrect**. Their surname was just "de Bourbon".

Related pages
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* Princes of Conti another cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, itself descending from the Condé line.
* The title was similar to the Savoyard title of Prince of Carignan.
A **zero-knowledge proof** or **zero-knowledge protocol** is a protocol used in cryptography. In such a protocol, two parties are communicating. The task of one party is to convince the other that it knows some secret, but without revealing the secret.

Example
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There is a well-known story showing some of the ideas of zero-knowledge proofs. Usually, the two parties in a zero-knowledge proof are called Peggy (the **p**rover of the statement) and Victor (the **v**erifier of the statement).

In this story, Peggy has uncovered the secret word used to open a magic door in a cave. The cave is shaped like a circle, with the entrance on one side and the magic door blocking the opposite side. Victor says he'll pay her for the secret, but not until he's sure that she really knows it. Peggy says she'll tell him the secret, but not until she receives the money. They devise a scheme by which Peggy can prove that she knows the word without telling it to Victor.

First, Victor waits outside the cave as Peggy goes in. They label the left and right paths from the entrance A and B. Peggy randomly takes either path A or B. Then, Victor enters the cave and shouts the name of the path he wants her to use to return, either A or B, chosen at random. Providing she really does know the magic word, this is easy: she opens the door, if necessary, and returns along the desired path. Note that Victor does not know which path she has gone down.

However, suppose she did not know the word. Then, she would only be able to return by the named path if Victor were to give the name of the same path that she had entered by. Since Victor would choose A or B at random, he would have a 50% chance of guessing correctly. If they were to repeat this trick many times, say 20 times in a row, her chance of successfully anticipating all of Victor's requests would become very small. 

For this reason, if Peggy reliably appears at the exit Victor names, he can conclude that she is very likely to know the secret word.