recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Spiny mouse at the Leipzig Zoo
The term **spiny mouse** refers to any species of rodent within the genus ***Acomys***. They are usually called spiny mice in English. They look like mice of the genus *Mus*. Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails. Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the *spiny mouse*.

Even though they look like members of the genus *Mus*, scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.

Spiny mice as exotic pets
-------------------------

African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice. Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate. The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.

Housing
-------

Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Fahrenheit. These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible. As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.

Reproduction
------------

Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days. Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter. Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups. Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age. Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks. A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year. Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.

Other websites
--------------

* Asia Minor spiny mouse  from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all

* List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names Archived 2005-10-27 at the Wayback Machine - Includes several species of African spiny mouse
**Social cognitive theory** (**SCT**) says that a part of a person's knowledge acquisition comes from observing others. This is done through actions with other people, experiences, and the effects of the media. The theory is used in psychology, education and communication. It was advanced by Albert Bandura. The theory is a part of his social learning theory. The theory say that when people see someone doing something and the consequences of that action, they remember what happened and use this information to guide their own actions. Watching a person do something can also cause the viewer to act in a way they have already learned. In other words, people do not learn new behaviors only by trying them and either succeeding or failing. The survival of humanity sometimes depends on taking the actions other people took. When people are rewarded or punished for their behavior, the outcome of the behavior helps people choose to do the same thing or not. Media is a source of many things for people to watch and see these actions take place.

History
-------

The basis for social cognitive theory come from Edwin B. Holt and Harold Chapman Brown's 1931 book. It says that all animal action is based on needs of "feeling, emotion, and desire". The most notable part of this theory is that it saya a person cannot learn to imitate until they are imitated.

In 1941, a book by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard had a new version of Holt's theory. They said four things affect learning: drives, cues, responses, and rewards. One driver is social motivation, It includes imitativeness, the process of matching an action to a cue of where and when to perform the action. If a behavior is imitated depends on if the person doing it gets a positive or negative response. Miller and Dollard said that if a person were motivated to learn a particular behavior, then that behavior would be learned through watching. By imitating these actions a person would learned the action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement.

SCT has been used to many areas of human life. These include career choice, learning and achievement.

Further reading
---------------

* Bandura, Albert (1976). *Social Learning Theory*. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0138167448
* Bandura, Albert (1985). *Social Foundations of Thought and Action*. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0138156145
* Berg, Insoo Kim; Miller, Scott D. (1992). *Working with the Problem Drinker: A Solution-focused Approach* (pp. 733–735). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0393701340
* Pajares, Frank; Prestin, Abby; Chen, Jason; Nabi, L. Robin. "Social Cognitive Theory and Media Effects". In Nabi, Robin L.; Oliver, Mary Beth, *The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects*. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2009. 283-297. ISBN 978-1412959964
* Bandura, Albert (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. *Annual Review of Psychology*.

Other websites
--------------

* "Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment: Modelling of Aggression." *YouTube*
* "Albert Bandura speaking at Everett M. Rogers Award Colloquium 2007" *YouTube*, (1h33)
**Thompson** is a Croatian ethno band, founded by Marko Perković aka "Thompson", often thought of as the same as the band itself. "Thompson" is Perković's stage name. He is the songwriter and lead vocalist. The members of the band, aside from him, are Tomislav Mandarić, Ivan Ivanković, Duje Ivić, and Ivica Bilić Ike.

The band name originates from the Thompson submachine gun, a nickname given to Perković while he fought in the Croatian War of Independence. Although mostly formed in Čavoglave, Thompson is currently based in Zagreb. Thompson came to be popular during the Croatian war in 1991, with the release of the first single "Bojna Čavoglave", which is about the Croatian participation in the Yugoslav Wars and was included in the compilation album *Rock za Hrvatsku*. This song, with slightly different lyrics, named "Branitelji Sarajeva", was sung by the BiH Army during the Siege of Sarajevo (*Sarajevo zaboravit neće nikada*). During the 1990s Thompson became popular in Croatia with the release of the first album *Moli mala* in 1992. They later became popular again with the hit "Prijatelji" in 1998. [*source?*]

In 2002, Thompson started their first major tour to promote the album *E, moj narode*. This tour continued on and off until 2005, and included concerts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre and Melbourne's Vodafone Arena. In May 2005, the album was declared a Diamond Record with more than 60,000 copies sold. Touring continued in 2006 with *Bilo jednom u Hrvatskoj*, again performing internationally with concerts in Germany, Sweden, Australia, Canada, and the United States.

Thompson features annually at the Homeland Victory celebrations in their hometown of Čavoglave. These performances are attended by as many as 60,000 to 100,000 viewers, and feature Croatian singers like Mate Bulić, Dražen Zečić, Ivan Mikulić, and Baruni. The band has became controversial for its alleged praise of the World War Two Nazi-affiliated Ustaše regime in their songs and concerts.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Thompson (band)***.

* (in Croatian) Official website
* "Rocking The Boat", *Washington Post*, 5 November 2007
* Voinovich urges cancellation of concert in Cleveland, Ohio by Croatian rock star Thompson
* Coverage of Thompson, thestar.com
* "A Croatian rock star flirts with the Nazi past", *International Herald Tribune*, 1 July 2007
A roll cage
A **roll cage** is a specially designed protective frame built in (or sometimes around) the passenger compartment of a vehicle. Generally made of welded steel tubing, a roll cage is a safety feature in the event of a rollover or crash. Roll cages are used mainly in auto racing and off-road sports such as rockcrawling. The roll cage also stiffens and adds strength to the vehicle which improves handling. When the cage is constructed on the outside of a vehicle it is usually called an "exo-cage".

Designs
-------

 a Mercedes-Benz Unimog truck with a roll cage in the 2006 Dakar Rally
There are many different roll cage designs depending on the application. Different racing organizations have differing requirements and regulations for roll cages. A **roll bar** is a single bar behind the driver that provides some protection. Due to the lack of a protective top, some modern convertibles use a strong windshield frame which acts as a roll bar. Also, a roll hoop may be placed behind both front headrests.

A newer form of rollover protection, pioneered on the Mercedes-Benz R129 in 1989, are hidden roll hoops. When sensors detect the vehicle is about to roll over, the roll hoops quickly extend and lock in place. Cars that have this kind of "deployable rollover protection" system include the Peugeot 307 CC, Volvo C70, Mercedes-Benz SL 500, and Jaguar XK.

Roll bars are also used historically on row crop tractors, and roll cages are common as part of the cab on modern tractors.

Construction
------------

A roll cage is not just steel tubing welded together. It must be designed to hold the weight of the vehicle should it roll over or land upside down. A basic roll bar usually has 4 points of contact with the vehicle chassis. A typical roll cage may be an 8-point or more design. In many cases a roll cage designed for a particular car or truck may be purchased from a professional roll cage manufacturer. Kits are available which are easier to transport and must be welded together inside the vehicle.

Other websites
--------------

* Roll Cage Installation, YouTube
* Designing a Roll Cage, YouTube
A **shape** is a geometric figure that can be made with mathematics. Shapes are sorted into kinds based on how the shape looks, and what the shape is made of. For example, shapes can be classified by how many dimensions they use.

Two-dimensional shapes will fit into a flat plane. Three-dimensional objects will not fit inside a plane, because they are not flat. Shapes made from other shapes of any dimension are called polytopes.

Two shapes are said to be equal, if one can be changed into the other by turning, moving, growing, shrinking, or more than one of these at once. Geometry is a section of mathematics which involves many shapes and sizes of different figures and their properties.

2D shapes
---------

These are two-dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes. Their sides are made of straight or curved lines. They can have any number of sides. Plane figures made of lines are called polygons. Triangles and squares are examples of polygons.

* circle
* polygon
	+ triangle
	+ quadrilateral
		- square
		- rectangle

3D shapes
---------

These are three-dimensional shapes. Their sides are made of flat or curved surfaces. 3D shapes are most often made of polygon faces. These 3D shapes are called polyhedra.

* sphere
* tetrahedron
* cube
* cone
* pyramid
* hemisphere
* cuboid
* cylinder
* prism

4D shapes
---------

Four-dimensional shapes made of polyhedra are called polychorons. These shapes cannot be fully shown in the real world, but they are important ideas in geometry.
**Minimax** is a traditional machine learning algorithm that is used by computers to play strategic games. This simple logical algorithm is extremely powerful and since it uses the power of the recursive function of the computer, this algorithm is absolutely unbeatable. It is primarily used in games like chess, tic-tac-toe, Go, etc. However, in comparison to modern Neural Networks, and Deep Neural Networks, Minimax shows poor performance in big games like chess. However, in small games like tic-tac-toe, Minimax eventually outperforms the best AI.

Origin
------

The word "Minimax" comes from the abbreviated form of Minimizer-Maximizer. It is because, the algorithm uses 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer- to predict a game move.

Working
-------

The working of Minimax is divided into 2 parts- Minimizer and the Maximizer. 

In abstract, this algorithm calculates all possible combination of moves a player can play in a certain state of the game, and chooses the best possible move by simply calculating the winning potential of the each move which is based on no. of moves, no. of wins and no. of loses.

The algorithm has a recursive approach, which means it creates a tree of combination of moves based on the rules of the game.

Now, to calculate the best move in a given game state, the algorithm puts 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer to play against each other. Both these agents play based on calculating the best possible move. The Minimizer tries to make Maximizer lose and vice versa. In this way, the Minimizer and Maximizer simulates an entire game, which is then repeated for all sets of possible moves in the given game state. After the algorithm does all the simulation, it then chooses the move which created highest probability of win with lowest no. of moves. Hence it returns the next best move. And then the computer plays the move.

Advantages
----------

This algorithm is completely unbeatable because it calculates all possible combinations of moves in a game. As a result, when playing against a minimax algorithm, the Computer either wins or draws.

1. Minimax Algorithms are more accurate than neural networks.
2. It is very simple to engineer by coding.
3. This algorithm uses the computer's processing speed and memory efficiently, so it is potentially better than humans at playing.

Disadvantages
-------------

1. It is extremely slow for big games like chess, as the possible number of combinations increases.
2. Cannot play every type of games. For ex, Minimax algorithm cannot play Rock, Paper, Scissors.
**The Bad Girls Club season 2** is the second season of *The Bad Girls Club*. It aired on Oxygen on December 4, 2007.

About this season
-----------------

Season 2 had an average of 600,000 viewers per episode. The first season had 330,000 viewers per episode. The second season reunion was hosted by Star Jones. After the show, Tanisha Thomas became the host for Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too. She also had done a lot of talk shows. She is regarded as the "godmother of the Bad Girls". She also had done two talk shows for the Bad Girls Club. She later married in early 2011. Hanna started acting on broadway after the show. This was the last time 30 minute episodes would air.

Cast members
------------

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Location | Age |  |
| Cordelia Carlisle | Wallingford, CT | 22 |
| Darlen Escobar | Austin, TX | 24 |
| Hanna Thompson | Brooklyn, NY | 22 |
| Jennavecia Russo | Las Vegas, NV | 26 |
| Melissa "Lyric" Greene | Phoenix, AZ | 22 |
| Neveen Ismail | Portland, OR | 24 |
| Tanisha Thomas | Brooklyn, NY | 21 |
|

### Replacements

| Name | Location | Replaced | Age |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Andrea Sharples | Portland, OR | *Lyric* |  |
|
Henry Walter Bates in the Amazon
HMS Rattlesnake  
In the 19th century, naturalists travelled on ships like this! Thomas Henry Huxley went round the world on this ship. He found his wife in Sydney, Australia
**Natural history** is the study of plants and animals in the wild, and the environments they live in. This includes the geology of the places in which they live.

The work of naturalists is observation, interpretation, collecting and classification, rather than experiments. People who study natural history are called **naturalists**. They were among the first to explore the world. They were the first to study the Amazon and other tropical places. Naturalists find new species and classify plants and animals. They study ecology.

Naturalists developed some theoretical ideas which were valuable. They noticed that living things fitted the lives they led. This was adaptation. They noticed a struggle for existence between animals. They thought they could see a chain of being from lower animals to higher, which they thought was the work of God. The idea that such things might happen by natural means began to surface in the 18th century, and become the majority view in time of Charles Darwin.

Before Darwin, most naturalists did not think of themselves as scientists. When they looked at nature, perhaps as explorers, they looked at everything. They looked at the land, the people, the plants and animals. After Darwin, they did see themselves as scientists. Early on, Darwin called himself a geologist. Thomas Henry Huxley was an anatomist. Joseph Dalton Hooker was a botanist. Charles Lyell was a geologist. They changed the way in which they were educated as well. They often took degrees in science. That sort of education was rare before Darwin.

Naturalists were educated amateurs; scientists are trained professionals. The change happened slowly, during the 19th century. The very word *scientist* was invented in 1837 by William Whewell. Before then, the term was *natural philosopher* (for the physical sciences) or *natural historian* (for the biological sciences and geology). *Naturalist* is short for *natural historian*.

Important naturalists
---------------------

Some of the people who are important because they were interested in natural history are:

* Aristotle
* Pliny the Elder
* Conrad Gessner
* John Ray
* Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
* Gilbert White
* Alexander von Humboldt
* Charles Darwin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
The **Saimaa ringed seal** (*Pusa hispida saimensis*) is a subspecies of ringed seal (*Pusa hispida*). Usually seals live in the sea, but Saimaa ringed seals live in Lake Saimaa in Finland. There are only 320 Saimaa ringed seals in the world. They are among the most endangered seals in the world.

After the last ice age was over, dry land was rising slowly. This isolated Lake Saimaa from the sea. Some seals were also isolated in Saimaa. Their successors become Saimaa ringed seals.

Appearance
----------

A stuffed Saimaa ringed seal at the Finnish Museum of Natural History.
An adult Saimaa ringed seal is between 130 and 145 centimetres (4.27 and 4.76 ft) long and weighs between 50 and 90 kilograms (110 and 200 lb). Usually male seals are larger than females. Their colour is dark gray, with circular white ring patterns.

Reproduction
------------

Saimaa ringed seals give birth towards the end of February. They dig a nest in snow on top of lake ice. Snow nest gives shelter for young seal pups. If there is not enough snow, young seals do not survive. In 2010s, volunteers help seals by building artificial piles of snow on lake ice. Studies by the University of Eastern Finland showed the ringed seals would nest in man-made snowdrifts the same as natural snowdrifts.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Pusa hispida saimensis at Wikimedia Commons  

 Data related to Pusa hispida saimensis at Wikispecies
**Mohammed Rafi** (Hindi: मोहम्मद रफ़ी, Urdu: محمد رفیع, December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was an Indian playback singer who primarily sang in Hindi for the Bollywood industry. In a career of over 40 years, Rafi sang more than 26,000 songs in the national languages of India and sometimes in other languages.

Career
------

In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai. Rafi appeared in two movies. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in the film *Laila Majnu*. He sang a number of songs as part of the chorus, including with K. L. Saigal from the movie *Shahjahan* (1946). Rafi sang in Mehboob Khan's *Anmol Ghadi* (1946). He had a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film *Jugnu*, "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay in India. Noor Jehan migrated to Pakistan and made a pair with playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.

In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad, Shyam Sunder, and Husnalal Bhagatram.

In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan.

In the early 1970s, Rafi recorded fewer songs. He made a comeback as a leading singer in 1974.

Death
-----

On Thursday, July 31, 1980, Rafi died at 10:50 p.m. following a massive heart attack. He had four sons (Saeed Rafi, Khalid Rafi, Hamid Rafi, Shahid Rafi), three daughters (Parveen, Nasreen, Yasmin) and 18 grandchildren.

Other websites
--------------

* Mohammed Rafi on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
***Shaft*** is a 1971 crime drama movie. It was directed by Gordon Parks.

Plot
----

John Shaft, a private detective, is warned that some gangsters are looking for him. Police Lieutenant Vic Androzzi meets with Shaft. Androzzi unsuccessfully tries to get some information on the gangsters. When Androzzi leaves, Shaft sees one of the men waiting for him in his office building. He brings the first gangster into the office. The second gangster is waiting there. After a quick fight, Shaft avoids one of the gangsters, who goes out the window. The other gangster surrenders and tells Shaft that a man named Bumpy Jonas wanted a meeting between him and Shaft. Jonas is the leader of a Harlem-based organized crime family,

Shaft meets with Bumpy. Shaft learns that Bumpy's daughter, Marcy Jonas, has been kidnapped. Bumpy asks Shaft to make sure that Marcy is returned safely.

Shaft tracks down a man named Ben Buford. A big shootout takes place. After the shooting, Shaft is told by Vic that *he* (Shaft) was the target, and not Ben. But the view is black against white, according to the general public.

Vic shows Shaft two pictures of the Mafia men who arrived in New York City. 

Shaft suspects that gangsters are watching his place from a local bar. He pretends being a bartender. He calls the police to have the gangsters arrested. He later goes to the police station and sets up a meeting. The meeting is about where Bumpy's daughter is being held.

Cast
----

* Richard Roundtree as John Shaft
* Moses Gunn as Bumpy Jonas
* Charles Cioffi as Lt. Vic Androzzi
* Christopher St. John as Ben Buford
* Gwenn Mitchell as Ellie Moore
* Lawrence Pressman as Tom Hannon
* Victor Arnold as Charlie
* Sherri Brewer as Marcy Jonas
* Rex Robbins as Rollie
* Camille Yarbrough as Dina Greene
* Margaret Warncke as Linda
* Joseph Leon as Byron Leibowitz
* Arnold Johnson as Cul

Awards
------

The "Theme from *Shaft*" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The *Shaft* soundtrack album won a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album. It also won a Grammy for Best Original Score, and two other awards

Reception
---------

The movie was one of only three profitable movies in 1971 for MGM.

*Shaft* was very successful. It helped pull a then-struggling MGM out of danger of bankruptcy.

The critics reviews on the movie were mixed. Roger Ebert gave the movie 2½ stars. Rotten Tomatoes rated this movie at 89%.

Themes
------

*Shaft* spawned several years of 'blaxploitation' crime movies.
Shafiqa Quraishi in 2010
**Shafiqa Quraishi** is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban.

Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work.

Work
----

Shafiqa Quraishi speaks to a police conference in 2010
In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan.

In 2011, Quraishi became Afghanistan's most senior policewoman.

Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy. The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior.

She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years.

Awards
------

In 2010, Quraishi won the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shafiqa Quraishi***.

* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
A **tyrant** (pronounce: *tie*-rant) is a person who rules with absolute power. In its Greek origin the word has no negative meaning: we translate *Oedipus Tyrannus* as 'Oedipus the King'. A tyrant usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.

Later, the word came to mean someone who ruled with cruelty and injustice. The rule of a tyrant is called **tyranny**. The adjective is **tyrannical**.

A dictator or despot is someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It now has the same meaning as 'tyrant', whereas before, 'tyrant' meant something like 'ruler' or 'king'.

In the 10th and 9th centuries BC, Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century BC, they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.

Around 650 BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth. There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece. Cypselus’s son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died.

| * v
* t
* e
Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government |
| --- |
| Forms | 
* Absolute monarchy
* Autocracy
* Constitutional dictatorship
* Communist state
* Dictatorship
* Dominant-party system
* Mafia state
* Military dictatorship
* One-party state
* Oligarchy
* Theocracy

 |
| Concepts | 
* Authoritarian capitalism
* Authoritarian democracy
* Authoritarian socialism
* Fascism
* Illiberal democracy
* Imperialism
* Inverted totalitarianism
* Nazism
* Right-wing authoritarianism
* Social engineering
* Soft tyranny
* Marxism–Leninism
* Third Position
* Tyranny

 |
**Marsha M. Linehan** (born May 5, 1943) is an American psychologist and writer. She made a new kind of psychotherapy called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Linehan is a Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Early life
----------

Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia in March 1961 at The Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. She was an inpatient there for 2 years and 2 months. She was given thorazine and lithium as treatment. She believes that she was misdiagnosed and that she actually had borderline personality disorder.

In 1971 Linehan was given her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Loyola University Chicago.

Career
------

After she left university, Linehan did an internship at The Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service in Buffalo, New York from 1971 to 1972. During that time Linehan was also an assistant professor at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

In 1973 Linehan went back to Loyola University to work as a professor for two years. In 1977 Linehan became an assistant professor in the Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences department of the University of Washington.
The **marsh crake** or **koitareke** (*Porzana pusilla affinis*) is a bird in the family Gruiformes. It is a subspecies of Baillon's crake. It lives in New Zealand.

Appearance
----------

The marsh crake is about half the size of a blackbird. It is about 15-18 cm long and it weighs 30 to 40 grams. It has a short tail and long legs. The feathers on its back are deep brown with black and white marks. The feathers on its belly are gray and white. Its eyes are bright red. Its beak and legs are green. The young birds have brown bellies instead of gray and white.

Habitat and food
----------------

Marsh crakes live in wetlands, for example marshes. They also live among the reed plants in places where rivers meet the ocean. They can live on wet pastures and willow tree forests too. There are more marsh crakes on New Zealand's South Island than on North Island.

Scientists do not know much about what the marsh crake does. They think it might migrate like other Baillon's crakes do, but they are not sure.

The marsh crake eats animals without bones but it also eats the seeds of water plants.

Breeding
--------

Marsh crakes form one-on-one pairs to lay eggs. The males fly courtship flights to impress the females. They build nests out of dry plants and hide them in sedge. The female lays 5-7 eggs at a time. Both the male and female crake sit on the eggs. The eggs take 16-20 days to hatch. The chicks have black and brown feathers.

Threats
-------

The marsh crake is declining, which means there are fewer of them than there were, and the numbers are still going down. This is because human beings drain their marshes to turn them into dry land.

Also, human beings brought cats, dogs, weasel-like animals, rats to New Zealand. All of these animals can kill the birds, their eggs, and their chicks.

Less often, a marsh crake will be hit by a car or fly into a power line. If human beings make too much noise near a nest, the parent birds will run away and the eggs will die.
**Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45**, or **Southampton 45**, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton. A normal sized tram would not have been able to have passed underneath the arch.

The tramcar operated from 1903 until the Southampton system closed in 1949. At an enthusiasts' tour of the system, the Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League bought the tram for £10. This price included a refurbished truck and a full repaint. This act began the entire preservation movement of British tramways.

After it had been purchased the tram travelled the country as there was not yet a museum set up that could store the tram. By 1955 the tram was being stored at Marton depot in Blackpool. It was soon given to the Tramway Museum Society (TMS) and moved to the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. It was placed next to Newcastle 102, another preserved tramcar. Both of the trams were in an open-air display.

The tram moved to Crich Tramway Village in October 1960, and has been there ever since. It is in regular use during the summer months and is the museum's only operational open-top tramcar.
**Oakley Kwon** is an Australian actress of Vietnamese and Chinese descent. She stars in the SBS series *Hungry Ghosts*.

Professional Career
-------------------

After commencing her acting career in 2017, Kwon has appeared in several Australian productions, including *Homecoming Queens*, *Harrow*, *Neighbours* and *Danger Close: Battle of Long Tan*. Oakley’s portrayal of Diane Tran in *Hungry Ghosts* is her first major supporting role in a television miniseries.

Kwon was nominated for, and won an award in the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Mini-Series/Telemovie category at the 11th Annual Equity Ensemble Awards, for her role in *Hungry Ghosts*. The awards were judged by the MEAA Equity National Performers’ Committee. 

She Won *Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Mini-Series/Telemovie* or Television Category at the 11th Annual Equity Ensemble Awards.

Early life
----------

Oakley Kwon fled Vietnam at the age of two with her parents by boat. Along the way, the boat engine stopped working.
The **southeastern myotis** (*Myotis austroriparius*) is a small species of bat. It found throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Lower Mississippi alluvial plain of the southeastern United States.

Description
-----------

Hibernating southeastern myotis
Photo of *Myotis austroriparius* captured in early April while harp trapping a cave
The southeastern myotis weighs 5–8 g. It eats mainly insects. The southeastern bat, rests by day and look for food at night. The southeastern bat has a wingspan of about 9-11 inches. Pelage varies from gray to bright orange-brown. The females are generally more brightly colored than the males.

This species is sometimes seen roosting with Rafinesque's big-eared bats.

Distribution and Habitat
------------------------

The range of this species includes southern Illinois and Indiana in the north, westward into southeastern Oklahoma, western Tennessee and Arkansas, and northeastern Texas, and eastward to the southern part of North Carolina.

The southeastern myotis lives in bottomland hardwood forests. It roosts and looks for food near water. Bottomland hardwood forests usually contain bald cypress and water tupelo which are common roosting trees of bottomland bats. Good habitats are made up of trees of sufficient size and maturity sufficient for tree cavities to form. They are also known to roost in caves, cisterns, abandoned buildings, and under bridges.

Ecology
-------

Southeastern myotis are an important source of food for barred owls, particularly in the nesting season. They are less important as a source of food outside of the nesting season.
Gordon England is "sworn in" as Secretary for the Navy in 2001.
An **oath** (from Anglo-Saxon *āð*) is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath". Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath". 

A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." 

When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.

Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: 

* A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
* A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
* A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
* When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.

Other meanings
--------------

The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible. 

Volunteers "take the oath" as members of the Peace Corps in Mauritania.

Related pages
-------------

* Confirmation
* Society
* Institution
* Contract
* Law
* Government

Other websites
--------------

English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***oath***


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Oaths***.

* Courtroom oaths Archived 2007-09-11 at the Wayback Machine from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
* Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and *A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services* covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
* North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* for comments about *John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office*.
**Mongolia** sent people to compete at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Ganbold Batmunkh (Mongolian: Б.Ганболд) will compete in para-Nordic skiing. He qualified by competing at the Para Nordic Skiing World Cup.

Team
----

In November 2017, Ganbold Batmunkh (Mongolian: Б.Ганболд) was invited to go to the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Mongolia") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

Team Mongolia| Name | Sport | Gender | Classification | Events | ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ganbold Batmunkh (Mongolian: Б.Ганболд) | para-Nordic skiing | male | standing | cross country skiing |  |

Russian doping scandal
----------------------

15 National Paralympic Committees and the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation signed a letter expressing support for the National Paralympic Committee of Russia in August 2017.  The countries included Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Montenegro, and South Korea.  They asked the IPC Governing Board to consider letting Russia compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  The letter was signed weeks before the IPC Governing Board met in Abu Dhabi. In September 2017, this decision was reviewed and upheld. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) still had concerns about doping in Russian sport. All the conditions the IPC required of the Russians were not met.

Para-Nordic skiing
------------------

Batmunkh competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics.  His best finish was fourteenth.  This was in the 20km Classic Style - Standing race.  He had a time of 1:11:08.3.  His best finish at the World Championships was in 2017.  He finished ninth in the 20km - Standing.  He had a result of 1:02:15.4.  In September 2017, Batmunkh went to a World Cup in Germany. He already had 130 World Cup points. Fifth of those points were in the 2017/2018 season. These points made it possible for him to go to the Paralympics. Batmunkh is coached by J. Dondo (Mongolian: Ж.Дондогийн) .
Tornado damage in Huntsville, Alabama.
The **November 1989 tornado outbreak** was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

A wall cloud spotted over Huntsville.

Notable tornadoes
-----------------

### Huntsville, Alabama

During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m. the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m. the rotation picked up again.

The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an **F4** on the Fujita Scale.

### Newburgh, New York

A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m. blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a **F1** tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.

A wall cloud over the Huntsville Police Academy which was damaged and left two officers injured.
***The Music Man*** is a 1957 musical written by Meridith Willson. It won a Tony Award for Best Musical. In its original run, it starred Robert Preston, Barbara Cook, David Burns, Pert Kelton and Iggie Wolfington. Two movies have been made of it, in 1962 and 2003. It was also revived several times.

Plot
----

Harold Hill, a con man, goes to River City, Iowa and tries to make money by starting a boy's band. He is helped by sidekick Marcellus Washburne. Most of the town is taken in by him, including Winthrop Paroo, a boy with a lisp. Hill also forms the school board into a barbershop quartet and organizes a lady's dance society led by town busybody Eulalie Shinn. However, some people are suspicious of him. One of these people is Mayor Shinn, who owns the pool hall that Hill blames for the serious trouble River City is in. The other is music teach and librarian Marian Paroo. Hill tries to woo Marian, but has no luck.

In the second act, it's looking good for Hill. He is actually getting somewhere with Marian, and it looks as though he will be able to collect his money and get out of town. However, anvil salesman Charlie Cowell shows up and exposes him during the summer sociable. Hill tries to leave, but he cannot because he is too in love with Marian. Hill is arrested and is almost tarred and feathered before being forced to conduct the band. Though the band is not very good, the townspeople are still very proud of it and let Hill go.

Musical numbers
---------------

These are the order the musical numbers appear in the musical:

 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Act One*** "Overture"
* "Rock Island"
* "Iowa Stubborn"
* "Ya Got Trouble"
* "Piano Lesson/If You Don't Mind Me Saying So"
* "Goodnight My Someone"
* "Columbia, Gem of the Ocean"
* "Seventy-Six Trombones"
* "Sincere"
* "The Sadder But Wiser Girl"
* "Pick a Little, Talk a Little/Goodnight Ladies"
* "Marian the Librarian"
* "My White Knight"
* "Wells Fargo Wagon"

  | **Act Two*** "It's You"
* "Shipoopi"
* "Pick a Little, Talk a Little" (reprise)
* "Lida Rose/Will I Ever Tell You"
* "Gary, Indiana"
* "'Till There Was You"
* "Goodnight My Someone/Seventy-Six Trombones"
* "Finale"
 |

1962 movie
----------

In the 1962 movie, Preston reprised his role as Harold Hill (this after Cary Grant turned it down). It also had Shirley Jones as Marian, Buddy Hackett as Marcellus, Hermione Gingold as Eulalie, Paul Ford as Mayor Shinn, and Ron Howard as Winthrop. The movie is very similar to the musical, except that it replaces the song "My White Knight" with "Being in Love".

2003 movie
----------

In 2003, a movie version of the musical was made starring Matthew Broderick as Harold Hill and Kristin Chenoweth as Marian Paroo.
"**The Musk Who Fell to Earth**" is the 12th episode of the 26th season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on the Fox network on January 25, 2015. Elon Musk is a guest star in the episode.

Story
-----

Elon Musk lands a Dragon 2 in the Simpson family's backyard. Elon tells the family that he is looking for ideas. Homer takes Elon to the power plant he works at. Elon thinks that Homer is able to give him many new ideas. Elon goes to Mr. Burns, the owner of the power plant. He talks to him about adding a machine to the power plant so it can be environmentally friendly. Burns goes through with the idea and tells their town about it. 
Elon makes many new machines around the town to save or make electrical energy, for example, a Hyperloop and self-driving cars. However, Burns learns that the town will lose $50 million every three months because of the machines. Burns must fire some of his employees at the power plant. Homer is sad because Musk's machines made his friends fired. On the next day, Burns tries to assassinate Elon. Elon stops a bullet from hitting him or hitting Homer. Homer thanks him but says to him that they should not be friends anymore. Elon agrees and starts to go in a rocket. He gives Lisa a birdhouse so that she does not have to be sad. Elon starts the rocket and goes back to outer space.

Production
----------

"The Musk Who Fell to Earth" was written by Neil Campbell. Matthew Nastuk is the director of the episode. Elon Musk said that he was a fan of the show. He watched it many times while he was at the University of Pennsylvania. The episode was made after Elon had a meeting with James L. Brooks. Brooks said he wanted to see Elon in fiction.

Reception
---------

3.29 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. Dennis Perkins from *The A.V. Club* said that the episode is "more like a love letter to Musk than a proper Simpsons episode." He sees the episode as if the writers learned that Elon is a fan of the show and agreed to make an episode about him.

Other websites
--------------

* "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" at the Internet Movie Database
* "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" at TV.com
**Stan Laurel** (16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965), was an English comic actor, writer, and director.

Short films
-----------

Stan Laurel in *Mud and Sand* (1922 short)
Laurel was born in Lancashire, England. He began his career in the late 1910s, to work with Charles Chaplin. Among his first works in this silent comedy short, *Nuts in May* (1917), *Phoney Photos* (1918), *Just Rambling Along* (1918) and *Do You Love Your Wife?* (1919), by Hal Roach, *Mud and Sand* (1922), *When Knights Were Cold* (1923), *Smithy* (1924), *Postage Due* (1924), *Monsieur Don't Care* (1924), and many more.

Stan and Oliver
---------------

In 1918 he starred with Oliver Hardy, in the short silent movie *The Lucky Dog*. That was the beginning of the famous duo, together again years later to form Laurel and Hardy. His first Hal Roach short with Hardy was *Duck Soup* (1927), followed by *Slipping Wives* (1927), *Love 'Em and Weep* (1927), *Why Girls Love Sailors* (1927), *The Second 100 Years* (1927), *Call of the Cuckoo* (1927), *The Battle of the Century* (1927). Short were a great success and catapulted the duo to stardom. They continued in short movies until 1931, his first feature film *Pardon Us*, by James Parrott. His biggest movies were *The Devil's Brother* (1933), *Sons of the Desert* (1934), *Way Out West* (1937), *The Flying Deuces* (1939).

His last film was *Utopia* (1951).

Television
----------

Stan Laurel also did some work in television as NBC live program *This is your Life*, together with Oliver Hardy. He also made ​​appearances on the BBC, *Grand Order of Water Rats* (1955), where they performed a show reliving the old days of Laurel and Hardy.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Stan Laurel at Wikimedia Commons

* The Laurel and Hardy Forum Archived 2018-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
* The Laurel and Hardy Magazine
* The Official Laurel and Hardy website
* Stan Laurel on IMDb
* Laurel and Hardy Museum, Ulverston
* Laurel and Hardy site
* The Britannia Music Hall in Glasgow where Stan Laurel made his professional debut in July 1906 Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* The Charlie Hall Picture Archive
* The Nutty Nut News Network
* Information on his statue in North Shields Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* The Stan Laurel Correspondence Archive Project
* Audio interview August, 1957
* Stan Laurel at Find a Grave
* Stan Laurel's Eulogy Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Stan's tempestuous love life
* Newsreel footage of Stan Laurel funeral