recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Khas people are also called Paharis (yellow) are widely found throughout Nepal
**Khas people** (Nepali: खस जाति) are people of Indo-Iranian ethno-linguistic group. They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language (*Khas Kura*; translit.Khas speech) which is an Indo-Iranian language. Khas people have been referred as *Parbatiya* and *Pahari* or *Gorkhali*. Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal. They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials. The word "Khas" is little used in modern times. Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.

History
-------

Khas people have been described as of Indo-Iraian genes thus unrelated to darker Indic people of India.. Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people. Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.

Modern day
----------

a Khas Jhakri (shaman)
Khas people continue Hindu religion with some ancestral deity called Masto gods.

Khas family names
-----------------

### Bahun, Chhetri & Thakuri

Acharya, Adhikari, Arya, Aryal, Bam, Badola, Saun (Saud or Samant), Bagadwal, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Barmola, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Bhatta, Bhetwal, Budhathoki, Chand, Chauhan, Chaulagain, Chhetri, Dahal, Dabral, Devkota, Dhakal, Dimri, Dhungel, Dobhal/Doval, Dobriyal, Dulal, Gautam, Gusain, Ghimire, Joshi, Kalauni, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Kandari, Kukreti, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C. Koirala, Kunwar , Lamsal, Lohani, Oli, Mainali, Negi, Nautiyal, Nouni, Pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Mamgain Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokhrel\Pokharel, Rana, Raut, Ranabhat, Rawat, Rautela, Raturi, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Semwal, Sharma, Singh, Thakur/Thakuri, Thapa, Thapliyal, Upreti, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, Air, Aidi, Kandwal, khadayat, kathayat, pela, bhat, ter, bohra, pali, budal, chaisir, danga, rawal, pujara, mahat, mahra etc.

### (Dasnami)

Puri, Saraswati, Bharati: Bhaveswa
Tirtha, Ashram: Adhigata
Ban, Aranya: Kashyap
Giri, Parvat, Sagar :Bhrigu

### Khas Dalits

Badi, Bishwakarma/B.K. Damai, Dholi, Gandharbha, Kami, Nagarchi, Pariyar, Ranapaheli, Sarki, Sundas, etc.
Germany has a health care system paid for partly by statutory health insurance (*Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung*) and partly by private health insurance (*Private Krankenversicherung*). Patients are allowed to seek almost any type of care they wish whenever they want it. People with high incomes can just have private insurance, which is provided by 41 insurance companies. This also covers civil servants and the military. The statutory health insurance schemes, 110 of them, are mostly paid for by taxes paid by workers and their employers. Rich people who dont have jobs dont contribute. 

It is the world's oldest national social health insurance system, set up by Otto von Bismarck in 1883.

The system is decentralized with private practice doctors providing care in the community, and independent, mostly non-profit, hospitals doing most of the care in hospitals. Adults in hospital have to pay €10-15 per day, up to a maximum of 28 days in a year.

Germany spent just under 13% of its gross domestic product on health in 2021. In 2022 that was **€**5879 per person. there were about 12 nurses for each 1000 people and three times as many hospital beds per person as in the United Kingdom.
**Cashtown** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community was part of the Cashtown-McKnightstown CDP, until it was split into two separate CDPs for the 2020 census. As of 2020, the population of Cashtown was 453.

History
-------

During the American Civil War, Cashtown was occupied by the Confederate States Army twice. Once in October 1862 when Confederate cavalry led by General J.E.B. Stuart occupied the town briefly. On June 28, 1863, General Robert E. Lee had invaded Pennsylvania a second time and was on his way to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. When he received word that the Union Army of the Potomac was coming, he ordered his divisions to assemble at Cashtown. On June 30 Confederate General Henry Heth had his divisions at Cashtown and sent a division to nearby Gettysburg to forage for supplies. Without any reconnaissance to see what was ahead of them, the Confederates blundered into a Union cavalry commanded by General John Buford. This started the Battle of Gettysburg.

Geography
---------

Cashtown is 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Gettysburg in western Adams County. U.S. Route 30 bypasses the center of the community. It forms the northern edge of the CDP. Old U.S. 30, the original Lincoln Highway, is the main street of Cashtown. McKnightstown is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east.

Other websites
--------------

* Cashtown Community Fire Dept.
**The Bercian Association in Defense of the Leonese Language "El Toralín"** (*Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín*, in Leonese language) was a Leonese association from El Bierzo that promoted Leonese language in that shire, born in 2006.

Activities
----------

This association developed two Leonese language courses in Ponferrada (Province of Llión), and some campaigns for promoting the knwoledge of Leonese language in the shire. They also participated in other activities as Leonese Language Day, Mother Language Day, and collaborated in publcations like "Cuentos del Sil", where writers from the shire wrote a collective book with simple stories in Leonese language.

Related pages
-------------

* Leonese language
* Cuentos del Sil
* APMLL

Other websites
--------------

* Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
* Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
* Top Level Domain for Leonese Language Archived 2009-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Cuentos del Sil, Collective Leonese language book Archived 2012-07-28[Timestamp length] at Archive.today
**Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar** (Persian: آغا محمد خان قاجار, romanized: *Âqâ Mohammad Xân-e Qâjâr*; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of **Agha Mohammad Shah** (آقا محمد شاه), played a significant role in Iranian history as the founder of the Qajar dynasty. He ruled as Shah from 1789 to 1797, leading Iran through a period marked by both centralized power and military conquests.

Originally part of the *Quwanlu* branch of the 
Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan became the king of Iran in 1789. However, his official coronation didn't take place until March 1796. His rise to power involved the deposition of *Lotf Ali Khan* from the Zand dynasty in 1794.

Notably, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar endured a challenging personal journey, having been castrated as a young adult when captured by Adel Shah Afshar. This left him childless, and he adopted the regnal name Agha Mohammad Shah upon ascending the throne.

Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is marked by significant achievements and actions. One of his notable accomplishments was the reunification of a centralized Iran, bringing about a sense of unity. He also played a crucial role in moving the capital to Tehran, a decision that still impacts the country today.

Despite his achievements, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar is remembered for his ruthless behavior during military campaigns, particularly in Georgia and Kerman. His cruelty and rapacious actions earned him a reputation that, while negative, also highlights his effectiveness as a military and political leader.

However, historical perspectives on Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar are not one-sided. Many view him as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd leader who made strategic decisions for the benefit of Iran. His reign, though relatively short-lived, left a lasting impact on the country's political landscape.

Tragically, Agha Mohammad Khan's life was cut short when he was assassinated on 17 June 1797. Following his death, his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, succeeded him as the ruler of Iran.

summary
-------

In summary, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's legacy is complex, marked by achievements in unifying Iran and establishing Tehran as the capital, as well as criticisms for his ruthless actions during military campaigns. His reign, though relatively brief, laid the foundation for the Qajar dynasty, leaving an indelible mark on Iranian history.
The note E-flat on the treble clef and bass clef
In music, **flat**, or ***Bemolle***, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, **flat** means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol (♭). The Unicode character '♭' (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is &#9837;.

Under twelve tone equal temperament, *C flat* is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, *B natural*, and *G flat* is the same as *F sharp*.

**Double flats** also exist, which look like double flat and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.

A **triple flat** can be found, but it is very rare. It lowers a note three semitones. 

The note *A flat* is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with *A double flat*. audio speaker iconAn A and an A flat (help·info)

In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.

A **half flat**, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign. A **three-quarter flat** is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.

Related pages
-------------

* Accidental
* Sharp
* Natural symbol (music)
* Electronic tuner
**Frank Vincent Zappa** (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American musician and composer. He was known for his strange style of music, which was often weird and funny. He made various types of music and many albums. Zappa worked with many other musicans, most notably his 1960s group The Mothers of Invention and his friend and blues singer Captain Beefheart. Some people think he is the best composer in popular music or even any non-classical music.

Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but spent most of his life in Southern California. He grew up in Baltimore, in Florida, and in Monterey, Claremont and El Cajon, California. His mother was of French and Italian descent; his father was an immigrant from Sicily. Zappa had four children with his wife Gail. They gave them all very unusual names: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet, and Diva.

Zappa was openly against drugs, Televangelism, and censoring music. He often tried to see what he could get away with.

Zappa died from prostate cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites
--------------

* Zappa.com
* Zappanale
* Frank Zappa on IMDb
Summary of Particle Detectors
A **particle detector**, also known as a **radiation detector**, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

Description
-----------

Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called *counters* when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).

### Examples and types

Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

### Applications

Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.

Detectors have also been used in archaeology. Muon detectors can "see" through solid material such as stone and concrete. Used this way, archaeologists and physicists discovered a room (a burial chamber) behind a wall underground in Naples, Italy. 

Cloud chamber with visible tracks from ionizing radiation (short, thick: α-particles; long, thin: β-particles)
Recording of a bubble chamber at CERN

Related pages
-------------

* Subatomic particle

Further reading
---------------

Movie instruction media
* "*Radiation detectors*". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y. Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.

General Information
* Grupen, C. (June 28 – July 10, 1999). "Physics of Particle Detection". *AIP Conference Proceedings, Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics, VIII*. Vol. 536. Istanbul: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp. 3–34. doi:10.1063/1.1361756.
**Paul Biya** (born **Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo**; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician. He is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). 

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

Other websites
--------------

* bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
* Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election) Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97[*permanent dead link*]
**Benjamin Šeško** (born 31 May 2003) is a Slovenian professional footballer. He plays as a forward for Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg and the Slovenia national team.

Career
------

He started at his hometown club NK Radeče. He then played for Rudar Trbovlje and then returned to Radeče where he played for the under-15s and under-17s. In the 2017–18 season, he scored 59 goals in 23 matches for the under-15s. In 2018 he went to Domžale. 

2019 Sesko signed a contract with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.  After the signing he went on loan to the farmteam FC Liefering in the Austrian Second League. For Liefering he scored in the 2020-21 season 21 goals in 29 matches, 13 of them in the last seven rounds.

He played his first match with Red Bull Salzburg in a 3–0 Austrian Football Bundesliga win over TSV Hartberg on 30 January 2021. He came in in minute 87 for Patson Daka.

International career
--------------------

Sesko played for Slovenia at U15, U16, U17 and U19 level. In June 2021 he debuted for the national team versus North Macrdonia. He was 18 years and 1 day old and became the youngest player of the national team. On 8 October 2021 he scored his first goal for Slovenia in against Malta, becoming Slovenia's youngest ever goalscorer at the age of 18 years, 4 months and 8 days.

Shortly after the start of the 2022/23 season, it became known in August 2022 that Šeško was leaving Salzburg after the end of the season and moving to Germany to RB Leipzig. He signed a contract that ran until June 2028.

Honours
-------

* Austrian Champion: 2021, 2022, 2023
* Austrian Cup: 2021, 2022
* Slovanian Youth Player of the Year:2021


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Benjamin Šeško***.
The she-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus
**Romulus and Remus** were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth
---------------

Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber river as punishment, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The twins were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them. they were raised as shepherds, herding sheep, not knowing of their true bloodline. Over many years, the twins became natural leaders in their shared village. they eventually learned their past by a fight with Amulius, which saw Amulius killed in action. they had their grandfather Numitor reinstated as king.

The Founding of Rome
--------------------

Once they were grown, they led a band of young men to go build a city. Romulus and Remus would build the city of Rome. However, the twins and men argued about where to start in Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill for defense in an attack, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill, which was better placed for easy trading of goods. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill and made religious offerings. Remus saw six vultures fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve land on his hill. Vultures are a symbol of Mars, their father. Romulus said that twelve vultures came, However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Romulus then said that the birds had landed on his hill, making a clear sign. Remus went over to his hill to check, and there were twelve vultures on Romulus's hill. Remus and his group argued, rejected, and went to his hill. Nonetheless, Romulus and his group started to build a wall around his city by digging a trench first for his wall to be built. Remus saw this and jumped over the trench as an insult to his brother. he fought Romulus through words about this trench. These words within minutes became a full-on hand to hand fight. Angered at his brother's words, Romulus killed Remus in the fight. He was dismayed and he regretted his brother's death, so he took Remus's body to Amulius's old palace and buried him there. Romulus invented the hamburger

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Romulus and Remus at Wikimedia Commons

Refrences
---------

"Romulus and Remus." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 Aug. 2023, .
**William Dodd Hathaway** (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

Early life
----------

Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

Career
------

A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith. In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.

Personal life
-------------

Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996.

### Death

Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.
**Simon Goodell Griffin** (August 9, 1824 – January 14, 1902) was an American soldier during the American Civil War. He was also a farmer, teacher, lawyer, writer and politician.

Early years and career
----------------------

Simon G. Griffin was born in Nelson, New Hampshire on August 9, 1824. Later, Griffin was a farmer and a teacher. Even later, he represented his town in the State legislature and was admitted to the bar in 1860.

Military career
---------------

During the American Civil War, Griffin was a captain in the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry from June 1, 1861 to October 31, 1861. He was the lieutenant colonel of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry from November 28, 1861 to April 22, 1862. Griffin became the colonel of the 6th New Hampshire Infantry on April 22, 1862. Griffin led the regiment in the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam and the Battle of Fredericksburg. Griffin led first brigade second division for a short time during the winter of 1862–1863. Griffin's regiment was sent west with Major General Ambrose Burnside, where Griffin alternately served as regimental and brigade commander. He served under Major General Ulysses S. Grant during the Siege of Vicksburg when Major General John G. Parke took IX Corps to Mississippi. IX Corps served for the most time during the Vicksburg campaign with Major General William T. Sherman, preventing Confederate reinforcements from reaching Vicksburg. Next Colonel Griffin participated in Sherman's Meridian and Yazoo River Expeditions in Mississippi in February 1864, which culminated in the Battle of Meridian. Griffin was promoted to brigadier general on May 30, 1864.

Later years and death
---------------------

General Griffin was mustered out of the military on August 24, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Griffin to be brevetted major general of volunteers, and the United States Senate allowed it on March 12, 1866.

After the war, Griffin returned to New Hampshire and was a manufacturer at Harrisville, New Hampshire. He was elected five times as a member of the New Hampshire Legislature, and in the last two terms he was a Speaker. Griffin died in Keene, New Hampshire on January 14, 1902. He was buried in Keene at the Woodland Cemetery.
A plant tissue research center
**Biotechnology** is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.

Examples
--------

An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.

Usage
-----

Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century. However, the term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.

Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.

Related pages
-------------

* Bioinformatics
* Genetic engineering
* Genetically modified food
* Nanotechnology
The **Spitzer Space Telescope** is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2003. It is the fourth telescope in the Great Observatories program (the Hubble Space Telescope was the first). The Hubble Space Telescope takes pictures of visible light, and the Spitzer Space Telescope takes pictures of infrared light. Unlike Hubble, Spitzer orbits the Sun instead of the Earth.

The Spitzer Space Telescope is named after the scientist Lyman Spitzer. It was planned to last for 2.5 years, but it actually lasted until 2009 when it exhausted its supply of coolant. Some parts of the telescope can work even when they are warm, and are still working.

Discoveries
-----------

The Spitzer Space Telescope was able to see very good detail. Spitzer was the first telescope that could see light from extrasolar planets (planets outside the Solar System.) It was also able to see some of the first stars in the universe, believed to be only 100 million years after the Big Bang.

A picture of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) taken by Spitzer in 2004.

Further reading
---------------

* Spitzer Space Telescope website at NASA.
* Spitzer Space Telescope website at Caltech.
**Georgism** is a way of thinking about economics and land use. It is based on the ideas of Henry George, an American economist and social philosopher. Georgists believe that people should have equal access to the benefits of land, which is a natural resource. They argue that the value of land comes from the community, and that this value should be shared equally among all members of society.

Georgism proposes a system of taxation that is based on the value of land. This is called a "land value tax" or "single tax". The idea is that people should pay a tax on the value of the land they own, but not on any improvements they make to the land. This would discourage land speculation and encourage the efficient use of land. Georgists believe that this would also promote social justice, by reducing inequality and poverty.

Georgism has been influential in many areas of economics and social policy. It has been used to support environmental conservation, urban planning, and social welfare programs. Georgists have also been involved in political movements, such as the Progressive movement in the United States and the Social Credit movement in Canada.

Critics of Georgism argue that it would be difficult to implement in practice, and that it could lead to unintended consequences, such as a reduction in the supply of land for productive use. They also question the idea that the value of land is created solely by the community, and suggest that individuals also play a role in creating value.

Despite its critics, Georgism remains an important idea in economics and social policy. It continues to be studied and debated by scholars and policymakers around the world, as they search for ways to create a more just and equitable society.
***2001: A Space Odyssey*** is a 1968 science fiction movie. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. The movie deals with human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life. The science aspects in the movie seem very real. It had new special effects. It used images and sound to show meaning and did not use much talking. The music at the beginning is the start of a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss called "Also Sprach Zarathustra".

It received some good and some bad reviews when it was released. Now *2001: A Space Odyssey* is recognized by critics as one of the greatest movies ever made; a sample of critics in 2002 placed it among the top ten movies of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and it was given an award for visual effects. In 1991, it was thought to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" (i.e. important for culture, history and aesthetics) by the United States Library of Congress and was chosen to be kept in their National Film Registry.
**Flickr** is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

Service
-------

Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.

Tools
-----

Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.

Other websites
--------------

* Flickr
* FlickrBlog Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Ludicorp corporate website Archived 2005-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools
**LiveJournal** (often called **LJ**) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.

LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.

Features
--------

LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.

LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called *userpics*, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.

Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.
A **student loan** is money given to students to pay for their education. The student must return this money later, usually with interest. This loan may pay for tuition fees, books, supplies, or living expenses.

In some countries, college or university education is free, but in others, the price is very high. This means student loans are much more important in some countries than others. 

If a student cannot pay for their education, they may either get a scholarship or a student loan.

Student loans may be given by state-owned or private companies. State-owned companies will sometimes pay all interest while the student is in school. This is called a "subsidized" loan.

The simplest type of loan is **time based repayment**, meaning a person must pay the same amount of money each month. Another type is **income contingent loans**, in which the amount of money to be paid depends on the person's income. This benefits the recipient if they have no job, or their job doesn't pay enough. 

Student debt is the money owed from student loans.
***Tron*** is a 1982 American science fiction movie released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Clu), Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley (and Tron) and Cindy Morgan as Lora (and Yori). David Warner plays the villain, Dillinger (and Sark, as well as the voice of the "Master Control Program"). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. One of the first movies to use computer animations extensively, *Tron* has a distinctive visual style.

The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.

Even though it got mixed success soon after its debut, *Tron* has gained a cult following thanks to its computer-generated imagery (CGI) and hero story. Several video games have been based on it.

A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for a sequel. The sequel was called *Tron Legacy* and was released in 2010. It tells the story of Flynn's son Sam.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tron (film)***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Tron***

* *Tron* on IMDb
**Naver** is a brand of South Korea’s Internet portal service. 

Naver Corporation stated working since 1999 and it is considered as popular search portal in South Korea, which holds a market share of over 70% since 2011. "Naver" is a combination of the words "navigate" and the suffix, "-er". It means ‘a human’ who navigate Internet. Also, it is similar to the English "neighbor". Naver Corporation listed on KOSDAQ (Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) in September 2002 and transferred to KOSPI (Korea Composite Stock Price Index) in November 2008.

History
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Naver was launched in June 1999 by the Naver Corporation. In August 2000, Naver serviced the "Comprehensive Search". In July 2000, Naver Corporation was merged with Hangame which is an online game portal. So they changed their name to NHN. It means "Next Human Network". They still used the brand name of portal service, which is Naver. In 2002, Naver serviced "Knowledge Search". This service had a great vogue among Korean Internet users. In 2005, Naver added a blog service. In August 2013, NHN was undergone split off Naver Corporation and NHN Entertainment (formerly ‘Hangame’). Since then, Naver Corporation has managed ‘Naver’.

Services
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Naver provides not only a search service but also various other services. The popular services are ‘Junior Naver’, which is a portal site aimed at children and ‘Happy Bean’, which is an online donation portal. Also Naver has acquired many Internet service companies. In 2006, Naver acquired a search company ‘1noon’. They acquired ‘me2day’, a micro blog website and ‘Wingbus’, a tour guide website in 2009. Also they established some subsidiary companies. In 2007, they established NHN Japan. It was changed to LINE Corporation in April 2013. Also they established ‘Camp Mobile’, the mobile exclusive affiliated company in March 2013.

Other websites
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* Naver.com
* Junior Naver
* Happy bean
* Hangame
* Line
* Naver Webtoon
**Fate** or **destiny** is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them). Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being "predetermined" (fixed in advance).

People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it. This is called being "fatalistic". Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to "overcome" fate by improving themselves and their lives.

In Greek mythology there were three Fates. They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die. Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to "read" their fate (know what would happen to them). Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology). In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman. The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.

There are lots of references to fate in literature from almost every country and period, from Greek tragedy (e.g. Oedipus Rex) to Shakespeare (e.g. Macbeth) and Russian literature.

Composers may express fate in music. Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.

See also:

* Ananke
* Determinism
* Fatalism
* Superstition
* Moirae
* Norns
* Fate (opera)
**Anna Komnene** (sometimes spelled Comnena; Greek: Άννα Κομνηνή, *Anna Komnēnē*) was a Greek princess, scholar, and doctor. She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium and Irene Doukaina. 

  

Komnene was born in the Porphyra, the purple room of the Byzantine royal palace in Constantinople, on December 2nd, 1083. For some time, the emperor did not have a son, so Komnene who was originally engaged to Constantine Ducas, became an heir to the throne. While they were engaged, Anna went to live with Ducas’s mother, Maria of Alania, where Komnena got an education in mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. Anna’s future changed significantly when her brother John was born in 1087 and became the heir to the throne. This sparked Komnene’s jealousy and hatred for her brother for the rest of her life. Unfortunately, Constantine Ducas died young and Anna married Nicephorus Bryennius in 1097 AD. 

  

Anna began to plot a plan for her husband to inherit the throne, with the help of her grandmother, Anna Dalassene. Anna’s mother, Irene, also helped Anna try to persuade her father while on his death bed, to give Brynnius the throne. The plan failed, mainly because of Nicephorus’s loyalty to the heir of the throne, John. At her father’s funeral, Anne is thought by many historians to have attempted an assassination of John, before he could claim the throne, but failed yet again. 

  

John II Komnenos took the throne in 1188. Anna is supposed to have continued plotting against her brother, even though her husband refused to help her. Once her antics were discovered, Anna’s lands were taken, and she was prohibited from entering the royal palace ever again. When Bryennius, her husband, died, Anna moved into a convent and began her work as a historian. 

  

While she lived there, Anna wrote her book, *The Alexiad*. "The Alexiad" is a lengthy biography of her father’s reign and the Byzantine Empire. It provides a picture of religious and intellectual activities within the empire. Anna writes about the faults and flaws in her father’s reign as well as the successes and accomplishments. The 15 books of *The Alexiad* are written solely in Greek. Anne is the only female historian who wrote in Greek before the 19th century. She is also one of very few female authors and historians from Byzantium and was viewed as lesser by many. Her book is still important because Anna had access to the royal archives and had an inside view of politics. Her book remains one of the essential primary sources for Byzantine history and is a common read for those studying the time period. 

  

Anna may have spent a large part of her life in a convent, but she did in fact become a nun until shortly before she died. She is thought to have died in 1153 however the exact date is unknown. 

1. 1 2 3 4 5  Cartwright, Mark. "Anna Komnene". *World History Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
2. 1 2 3  "Anna Comnena | Byzantine princess | Britannica". *www.britannica.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
3. 1 2 3  Medievalists.net (2022-04-10). "Anna Komnene: The Purple-Born Historian". *Medievalists.net*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
Tar can be produced from corn stalks by heating in a microwave. This process is known as pyrolysis.
A New Method of Macarony Making As Practiced at Boston. Date made: 1830 Maker: Pendleton's Lithography; Johnston, David Claypoole Place: Boston, Massachusetts Description: Black and white print; outdoor scene of three men standing in front of a gallows with a broken rope hanging from the gallows. One man is tarred and feathered from from the neck down and has the other half of the broken rope around his neck.
**Tar** is a sticky black liquid made of thick oil (aidan is stoopid). It is a natural substance, oozing out of the ground in places like the La Brea tar pits. Usually it is made by heating coal inside a chemical apparatus.

Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. The "destructive distillation" of a ton of coal can produce 700 kg of coke, 100 litres of liquor ammonia, 50 litres of coal tar and 400 m3 of coal gas.

It used to be one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic. It causes cancer because of its high benzene content. In low concentrations, however, tar is used as a medicine on the skin.

**Tar kilns** are dry distillation ovens, used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole, to allow the tar to come out. The wood is split to dimensions of a finger and stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss to stop air entering. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out, and continues to do so for a few days.

Uses
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Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. Tar is a general disinfectant. Petroleum tar was also used in ancient Egyptian mummification circa 1000 BC.

Tar was a vital component of the first sealed, or "tarmac", roads. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. It was also used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well painting exterior walls of log buildings.

Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint can be used to protect wood from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.

Related pages
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* Asphalt
Road construction in Turkey
A road made of gravel A **road** is a piece of land which connects two or more places. Usually, a road has been made easy to travel on. For example, by removing trees and stones so the ground is more level. Although, many roads are made of gravel and dirt, some are paved with concrete or bricks or stones. All roads are notable.

People have been making roads for a long time. Roman roads in Britain and the Inca road system are famous. Transport by boats on waterways was usually easier and faster than transport by road. In the industrial revolution, the railway was invented. A railway is a special type of road, using railway tracks. Roads are now usually made for wheeled vehicles, like cars, to travel on.

When traffic congestion becomes a frequent problem, the road may be made wider or other roads built.

Road building and care is usually paid for by taxes. Some roads are toll roads, where people pay to use the road.

Other kinds of road
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Road***.

* Bicycle path
* Tracks
* Trails
* Freeways
* Highways

| * v
* t
* e
Civil engineering |
| --- |
| American Society of Civil Engineers **·**  Bicycle path **·**  Building **·**  Bridge **·**  Construction **·**  Dam **·**  Earthquake engineering **·**  Explosion protection **·**  Foundation **·**  Highway **·**  Infrastructure **·**  Roads **·**  Structural engineering **·**  Tunnel |  |

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Overview: Turner Syndrome is a Genetic Disorder Caused Only In Females when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical problems with developing, being at a short height, failure of the ovaries to develop, and heart issues. 

Before birth: 
Turner syndrome may be suspected prenatally based on prenatal cell-free DNA screening — a method to screen for certain chromosomal abnormalities in a developing baby using a blood sample from the mother — or prenatal ultrasound. Prenatal ultrasound of a baby with Turner syndrome may show:

Large fluid collection on the back of the neck or other Odd fluid collections (edema)
Heart oddites 
Odd kidneys

  

At birth or during time of being a baby
Signs of Turner syndrome at birth or during infancy may include:

Wide or weblike neck
ears lower from where they are supposed to be
Broad chest with spaced-out nipples
High, narrow roof of the mouth (palate)
Arms that turn outside at the elbows
Fingernails and toenails that are narrow and turned upward
Swelling of the hands and feet, it happens at birth most of the time
Slightly smaller than average height at birth
Slowed growth
Heart defects
Low hairline at the back of the head
farther away from the normal positon looking jaw or small lower jaw
Short fingers and toes

n childhood, teens and adulthood
The most common signs in almost all girls, teenagers and young women with Turner syndrome are shorter then the natural height and things relating to the ovaries insufficient due to things relating to the ovaries fail. Failure of the ovaries to develop may occur at birth or gradually during childhood, the teen years or young adulthood. Signs and symptoms of these include:

Slowed growth
No growth spurts at expected times in childhood
Adult height significantly less than might be expected for a female member of the family
Failure to begin sexual changes expected during puberty
Sexual development that "stalls" during teenage years
Early end to menstrual cycles not due to pregnancy
For most females with Turner syndrome, they can't conceive a child without fertility treatment