recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Objectivism** is a philosophy that was started by Ayn Rand. It has four main ideas:

1. Everything that exists has an identity. This identity does not depend on how people think about it or talk about it. This is also true for things like feelings or ideas. It says that a thing is the thing which it is, or "A is A." What people learn about the things that exist comes both from the identity of the things themselves and from the way that people observe (see) and think about what they have observed.

2. Reason is how a person knows that what he thinks or believes is true. A person cannot make something true just by wanting it to be true or by mysticism. Only rational, logical thinking can produce the best outcome. This means recognizing that a thing is the thing it is, and to not confuse it with things which it is not.

3. It is good to be happy, and it is good for a person to try to be happy. People should always try to improve their lives and be happy in the long term, so that they are happy now and in the future. People should not hurt others to try to be happy, but they also should not hurt themselves to try to make other people happy. People should also not make themselves less happy to help something like God. Ayn Rand called this "rational self-interest".

4. If governments or criminals take things away from people, or try to make people do things they do not want to do, it does damage to everybody. Ayn Rand thought that governments should only be able to protect people from violence, theft, fraud, and other actions that go against people's rights. This includes laissez-faire capitalism and is sometimes called libertarianism.

She first told people these ideas in her novels *The Fountainhead* and *Atlas Shrugged*. She talked about them more in *The Objectivist Newsletter*, *The Objectivist*, *The Ayn Rand Letter*, *Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology* and *The Virtue of Selfishness*.
Location of the valley in the Theban Hills, west of the Nile, October 1988 (red arrow shows location)
The **Valley of the Kings** (Arabic: وادي الملوك **Wādī al Mulūk**) is a valley in Egypt. From the 16th to 11th centuries BC, tombs were built there for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles.

The valley is on the west bank of the Nile across from Luxor. Some of the people buried there are:

* Thutmose I
* Hatshepsut
* Thutmose III
* Tutankhamun
* Seti I
* Ramesses II

The valley is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In 1979 it became a World Heritage Site, with the rest of the Theban Necropolis. Exploration, excavation and conservation continues in the valley, and a new tourist centre has recently been opened.

Panorama of the valley, looking north

Geology and climate
-------------------

Stratigraphy of the valley
There is little year-round rain in this part of Egypt, but there are rare flash floods that hit the valley. These tons of debris into the open tombs.

Further reading
---------------

* Siliotti, Alberto (1997). *Guide to the Valley of the Kings*. Barnes and Noble. ISBN 88-8095-496-2. – A good introduction to the valley and surroundings
**North Queensland** or the **Northern Region** is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital.[*source?*] The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

Geography
---------

There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

Suburbs of Townsville around Castle Hill
North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport.

State of North Queensland
-------------------------

There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.
The term "trial by media" gained popularity in the late 20th and early **21st centuries**, referring to the influence of television and newspaper coverage on an individual's reputation, creating a widespread perception of guilt or innocence even before a verdict is reached in a court of law. This phenomenon is especially pertinent in cases involving high-profile individuals facing trial, as there is a concern that the impartiality of the jury may be compromised due to the exposure to extraneous information. As a result, the due process of law may be disrupted, leading to the possibility of an unfair trial.

Description
-----------

The criminal jurisprudence practiced in India is founded on the principle that an accused person has the right to a fair trial and is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. However, in cases of extensive media coverage, the media often plays a significant role in covering and publishing interviews with **witnesses**, victim's relatives, and comments from members of the legal community. Unfortunately, this extensive coverage can potentially prejudice the trial proceedings, including the impartiality of the judicial mind.

India, a sovereign nation, stands proudly as a thriving democracy. Its journey towards independence and establishment as a democratic nation was shaped by four fundamental pillars that laid the groundwork for its governance and progress. These pillars are:

* Legislature
* Executive
* Judiciary
* Media

The four pillars of democracy in India efficiently carry out their designated roles. Among these pillars, the fourth pillar, the media, plays a crucial role as a bridge between the three branches of government and the common people of society.

An accountable media serves as a supportive ally to effective judicial administration. It goes beyond merely disseminating information about cases and trials; instead, it subjects every aspect of the justice system, including the police, prosecutors, lawyers, judges, and courts, to public scrutiny. Through free and robust reporting, criticism, and open debate, the media contributes to public comprehension of the rule of law and fosters a better understanding of the entire justice system.

Media Trials
------------

As per Choudhary (2015), the term "media trial" or '**Trial by Media**' emerged in the early 1980s to describe the influence of media coverage (including print, electronic, and online media) on an ongoing legal trial, shaping public perceptions of right or wrong. It can be seen as a form of public protest through the media.

In simple terms, media trial refers to the impact of television and newspaper coverage on an individual's or an institution's reputation, creating a widespread perception of guilt or innocence even before the court of law reaches a verdict. In certain cases, media trials may continue even after the verdict is announced, especially when the public is dissatisfied with the judgment.

Related pages
-------------

* Supreme Court of India
* R. Venkataraman
* Court of public opinion
* Femme fatale
* Trial by ordeal
Door
A **door** is a hard, flat object a person can open and close so that person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages.

The reasons for a door are:

* for people, animals, and objects to go through; some doors are for emergencies only (emergency exit)
* to keep cold or hot air outside (or inside, such as the door on a refrigerator)
* so that people cannot see or hear what happens on the other side (privacy and stopping noise)
* so that people do not fall out of the car or other vehicle
* so a person can decide who to let in—many doors have a lock

Types of doors
--------------

A **revolving door** is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in.

A **blind door** is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice.

An **up-and-over door** is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening.

A **fire door** is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel.

A **doggie door** is a small door for dogs or other small pets. They are usually on the bottom of people-sized doors.

* 200-year-old door in Tajhat Palace, Rangpur, Bangladesh200-year-old door in Tajhat Palace, Rangpur, Bangladesh
* 200-year-old wooden door in Tajhat Landlord's Palace200-year-old wooden door in Tajhat Landlord's Palace
the Merkava Tank
The **Merkava** is a main battle tank. It is developed and produced in Israel for the Israel Defense Forces. The tank was first introduced in 1978 and first used in combat during the 1982 Lebanon War. Four main versions have been developed. These are called Merkava Mark I – Mark IV.

When designing the Merkava tank, everything was subordinated to the survival aspect of the crew, the engine is placed in front of the tank and thus serves as an additional component of ballistic protection, while the crew can escape from the damaged Merkava door at the rear of the tank. The thick armor and high mobility make it one of the best protected tanks in the world. The design team that developed the first version of this tank, led by commander of the Israeli armored corps, Israel Tal.

General characteristics
-----------------------

### Merkava Mark I

The Mark I weighed 63 tons. It had 900 horsepowers and the maximum speed was 46 km/h. It was armed with a 105-millimeter M64 main gun, and the M68 was later installed. Coaxially with the main gun, a 7.62 mm machine gun was mounted; the turret featured two more 7.62 mm machine guns as well as a 60 mm mortar mounted externally.

### Merkava Mark II

The Mark II was almost the same as the Mark I. The main differences were the internal mortar, better mobility and better resistance.

### Merkava Mark III

The Mark III weighed 65 tons. It had 1200 horsepowers and the maximum speed was 60 km/h. It was armed with a 120-millimeter MG251 main gun. Other equipment was almost same as the Mark II. The Mark III was longer and had better armor than the Mark II, and some new systems such as fire-control system were added.

### Merkava Mark IV

The Mark IV weighs 65 tons. It has 1500 horsepowers and the maximum speed is over 60 km/h. The Mark IV is armed with a 120-millimeter MG253 main gun using an electrical semi-automatic revolving magazine for 10 rounds. Coaxially with the main gun, a machine gun was mounted; on the turret, there is one more machine gun operated from inside the tank, in addition to an internally mounted 60-mm mortar. Mark IV has a new fire-control system that allows for shooting down helicopters; upgraded tracks; a digital battlefield management system; etc.

Museum exhibits
---------------

One tank (Mark I) was donated to the Prague Military Technical Museum (Czech Republic), the only such exhibit in the world outside Israel.
**Appendicitis** is the inflammation of a person's appendix. The appendix is a pouch at the start of the large intestine. Symptoms usually include a sharp pain in the lower right abdomen. Also, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite are common. However, about 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. If the appendix ruptures (splits) the result is painful peritonitis, and sepsis. Therefore immediate treatment in hospital is needed for appendicitis. Usually the infected appendix is taken out.

The function of the appendix in apes is the digestion of vegetable matter such as leaves. Humans do not digest leaves, but we inherited some of the apes' vegetarian apparatus. Our appendix is much smaller than that of present-day apes, and for some reason our immune system does not serve it well. An infection there is not eliminated as it might be elsewhere in the body.

The causes of appendicitis include blocking in the appendix, or bacterial infections. If it is not treated, it may lead to peritonitis and shock. Most serious appendicitis happens to younger children and elder adults. Appendicitis is common between the ages of ten and fourteen for males, and fifteen and nineteen for females. The most usual treatment is an appendectomy which means removing the appendix. Sometimes, it gets better without surgery. Some people think that eating vegetables will help, but no chances should be taken. *Seek medical advice* if in doubt.

Reginald Fitz first described acute appendicitis in 1886. It is one of the leading causes worldwide of "pain in the abdomen", a term used in medicine and surgery to cover a wide range of causes.
*Nelumbo nucifera*
***Nelumbo nucifera***, also known as the **Egyptian bean**, **sacred lotus**, **Indian lotus**, or simply **lotus**, is a species of plant in the genus *Nelumbo* sometimes colloquially called a water lily. They float on the surface of the water.

Classification
--------------

The lotus is often confused with the true water lilies of the genus *Nymphaea*.

Botany
------

### Flowers

The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the leaves. Some cultivated varieties have extraordinary numbers of petals.

### Seeds

A fertilized lotus flower bears fruit that contains a cluster of 10 to 30 seeds. Each seed is ovoid 1–2.5 cm wide by 1–1.5 cm long with a brownish coat.

Cultivation
-----------

### Planting

*Nelumbo nucifera* seed head
These plants require a nutrient-rich and loamy soil. The first step is to plough the dry field. One round of manure is applied after ten days, just before flooding the field.

### Harvest

Two to three months after planting, the stolon is now ready to harvest. It must be harvested before flowering.

Related pages
-------------

* Nelumbo

Other websites
--------------

* Nelumbo nucifera on English Wikipedia

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | * Wikidata: Q16528
 |

*
**Pedro Antonio Marín**, (1930-2008) known by his pseudonym, **Manuel Marulanda Vélez**, and nicknamed by his comrades "**Tirofijo**" (English: Sureshot), apparently because of a reputed ability to accurately aim firearms. He was the main leader of the FARC-EP ("*Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo*"). He was born on May 13, 1930 (a date that has been disputed), in a coffee-growing region of west-central Colombia in the Quindío Department, to a peasant family politically aligned with the Liberal Party during La Violencia.

Marulanda himself changed his political and ideological inclinations to the Communist Party (PCC) sometime during the period of "La Violencia" (roughly 1948 to 1958) that followed the assassination of the Liberal Party's leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.

He has been considered to be seriously ill, and his death has been reported several times throughout his long career as a guerrilla, but the status of his health remains uncertain.

In March 2006, Alberto Gonzales, the Attorney General of the United States, announced in conjunction with DEA and Department of Justice officials that the State Department had placed a $5 million dollar reward on Tirofijo's head, or for information leading to his capture. 

According to a Brazilian journal, he seems to have sufffered from some form of cancer. There also seem to have been disputes on leadership (of the FARC) in January 2008.

His death has been reported several times; He seems to have died of a heart attack in May 2008 This has now been confirmed.

A Colombian newspaper published an interview with the defense minister of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos on the 24th of May, 2008. In it, Santos said, that Colombian intelligence agents thought, that Manuel Marulanda had died on the 26th of March 2008, either of natural causes, or through a heart attack. FARC commander ‘Timochenko’ confirmed on May 25 Telesur that ‘Manuel Marulanda’ died of a heart attack, as announced earlier by the Colombian government and the Colombian armed forces

This information was confirmed on the 25th of May: Marulanda had died of a heart attack.
**Vedaranyam** (Tamil: [ʋeːdaːɾaɳjam]) (also known as **Vedaraniam** and **Vedaranniyam**) is a town in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India. The town is named after the deity, or god of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple. The known history of Vedaranyam is from the old Chola period in the 800s. It has also been ruled by the Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire and the British Empire. While India was fighting for independence, the freedom for India to be ruled by itself, C. Rajagopalachari, who would later become independent India's first Governor-General, started a salt walk in Vedaranyam that was similar to the Dandi March started by Gandhi in 1930 to fight against the sales tax forced on getting salt from the sea.

Vedaranyam is in the Vedaranyam assembly constituency which selects a person to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. It is a part of the Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency) which selects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is ruled by the Vedaranyam municipality, which rules an area of 36.26 km2 (14.00 sq mi). The town had a population of 34,266 people in 2011. Vedaranyam was a part of Thanjavur District up to 1991. The town is a part of the Cauvery delta region which is very good for farming. Most people work to raise prawn and finding salt inside the sea. Roads are the most used way of movement to Vedaranyam. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport and it is 135 km (84 mi) from the town. On 17 November 2018 Vedaranyam was was badly hurt by cyclone Gaja.

Origin of word
--------------

Vetharanyam is named after Vedaranyeswarar, the main deity, or god of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple. It is a Hindu temple that was created for Shiva. The place was also known as "Tirumaraikadu", this means that the oldest Hindu writing, or Vedas came from. The Saiva music work *Tevaram* by Appar and Tirugnanasambandar names the place as "Tirumaraikadu". Hindu writing says the Vedas practiced Shiva in this place and gave the name "Vedaranyam" to the place.
**Manú National Park** is a biosphere reserve in Peru.

Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it. The park is fairly inaccessible by road to this day. In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site.

It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328 km². The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570 km², and a further 914 km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811 km².

The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres. Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world.

Overall, more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, and up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare.

The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds. This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America.

The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests.
**Onam** is the most popular festival in the state of Kerala, India. Onam is the official state festival of Kerala. It is celebrated with joy and enthusiasm all over the state by Malayalees regardless of religion, caste or creed. According to a popular legend, the festival is celebrated to welcome King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit Kerala in the time of Onam. It also is hindu festival but there is no inequality among cast all cast celebrate it together 

  

Onam is a 10 day long festival celebrated in the beginning of the month of Chingam, the first month of the Malayalam Calendar (Kollavarsham). This corresponds with the month of August to September according to the Gregorian Calendar. Of the 10 days, the first day, Atham and tenth day, Thiruvonam are most important of all.

Origin
------

The legend is of King Asura (popularly known as Maveli), a mythical king who ruled over Kerala. He was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, and extremely generous. Everybody was happy in his kingdom. There was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. Rich and poor were treated equally. There was neither crime, nor corruption. Due to his popularity, the Gods became extremely concerned and jealous. They felt threatened and decided to end his reign. They asked Lord Vishnu to go to earth in the form of a dwarf Brahmin. Disguised as Vamana, Vishnu requested Mahabali for 3 feet of land. Kind Mahabali granted him the land, Vamana began to expand and eventually increased himself to the size of cosmic proportions. With his first step, the Brahmin boy covered the whole of earth and with the other step he covered the whole of the skies. He then asked the King where is the space for him to keep the third foot. King Mahabali with folded hands bowed before Vamana and asked him to place his last step on his head so that he could keep the promise. The brahmin placed his foot on the head of the King and trampled Mahabali to the netherworld. There, the King requested Lord Vishnu to be allowed to visit his land and people once a year, and Vishnu granted him his wish. It is the day of the visit of King Mahabali to Kerala that is celebrated as Onam every year. The origin of Onam is beliefs from the Thrikakkara Vamana Moorthi Temple in Ernakulam district of Kerala.

Celebration
-----------

Athapookkalam
Sadhya
Elaborate feasts known as sadhya, folk songs, elegant dances, energetic games, elephants, boat race (Vallam Kali) and concentric floral decorations (Athapookkalam) are all part of this dynamic festival. Malayalees make all the efforts to celebrate the festival in a grand way and impress their beloved King that they are happy and to wish him well. People buy new clothes and sweets during the celebration of Onam. Popularity and presentation of rich culture of the state during the festival made Onam the official State Festival of Kerala in 1961.

Tourism
-------

The government promotes Onam internationally in a big way and celebrates 'Tourist Week' for Kerala during Onam celebrations. Thousands of domestic and foreign tourists visit Kerala to be a part of Onam every year.
**Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack** (January 19, 1954 – October 23, 1966) was an Ojibwe boy who was famous for running away from a residential school. He died while trying to walk 600 km back home. After Wenjack's death, the Canadian government started to investigate residential schools.

Life
----

Chanie Wenjack was born at Ogoki Post on the Marten Falls Reserve.

When Wenjack was 9, he and his two sisters were sent to the Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School in Kenora, Ontario. He was known for being funny and for being the first one to understand jokes.

On October 16, 1966, Wenjack ran away from the school with two friends, Ralph and Jackie MacDonald. They stayed with the MacDonalds' uncle, Charley Kelley, at Redditt, which is 31 km from Kenora. Wenjack decided to go back to Ogoki Post by following railroad tracks.

Death
-----

Wenjack walked for 36 hours. He was wearing a windbreaker. The temperature was −6 °C. Bruises on Wenjack's body showed that he fell several times.

A CN railway engineer found Wenjack's body on October 23 at 11:20AM and called the Ontario Provincial Police. The coroner determined the cause of death to be hunger and exposure.

Wenjack was buried at the reserve on October 27, 1966.

Investigation
-------------

The Canadian government started an investigation into Wenjack's death. It concluded the investigation, saying that:

> The Indian education system causes tremendous emotional & adjustment problems for these children.
> 
> — Coroner's jury

Legacy
------

Chanie Wenjack is a symbol of how students at these schools stood up to the abuses and suffering they experienced there. A lecture at Trent University was named after Wenjack after Indigenous students asked for a building to be named in his honor.

Pop culture
-----------

In 2016, a video was made about Wenjack's life. His sister Pearl was featured in it. 

The Canadian artist Gord Downie released an album with songs about Wenjack.
**People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals** (**PETA**) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food. 

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals***.

* PETA (General)
* PETA (UK)
* YouTube profile
* PETA UK on YouTube
**José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer** (September 25, 1906 – June 8, 1990) was president of Costa Rica three times. He was also the rebel leader during the Costa Rican civil war.

Early years
-----------

Also known as **Don Pepe**, José Figueres Ferrer was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. His parents were from Cataluña, Spain: Mariano Rodríguez Borges and Francisca Ferrer Mendiola. Figueres entered the Primary Boys School in San Ramón of Alajuela in 1913. He got in Costa Rica’s Lyceum finishing his Secondary studies in 1920. He went to Boston, United States to travel and study. He returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a coffee farm.

Civil war
---------

In 1942, Figueres made a speech on Latin America Radio. In this speech, he objected to the situation in Costa Rica under president Rafael Ángel Calderón. Because of this speech, he was arrested and forced to leave the country. Figueres return to Costa Rica in 1944. He started a political party, the Democratic Party. A main goal of the party was to go against Calderon's party, the National Republican Party. In 1948, supporters of Calderón caused problems with an election for president in which Calderón lost to Otilio Ulate. Because of this, the results of the election were not used. This led to the start of the civil war in 1948. In March 11, 1948, Don Pepe began a war to support the peoples decision at the previous election. Figueres and his troops won.

President of Costa Rica
-----------------------

In the same year, José Figueres Ferrer became president of the Second Republic Founder Assembly. He became president of Costa Rica for the first time and eliminated the Costa Rica army. He became President of Costa Rica for the second time in 1953 winning the election with 65% of the votes. In 1970, he became Costa Rica’s President for the third time. Figueres died June 8, 1990. Five months later he was declared Benemérito de la Patria.

Achievements
------------

In the 1953-1958 administration, very important institutions are created. These included:

* Living and Urbanism National Institute (INVU).
* Costarrican Turism Institute (ICT).
* He promulgated the Production National Council Organism Law (CNP).

During his last administration (1970-1974) a lot of institutes were created such as:

* Municipal Foment and Consultancy Institute (IFAM).
* Costa Rica’s Technological Institute (ITCR).
* Costa Rica’s National College.
* Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry.
**Lumbini** was a zone of Nepal. It was in the Western Development Region. It is the birth place of Gautama Buddha, who became the founder of Buddhism.

Significance of Lumbini
-----------------------

Lumbini is one of the holiest place of Buddhists. The original name of Gautama Buddha was Sidhhartha Gautama. Lumbini is in the Terai region of Nepal. Lumbini has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also a significant pilgrimage for Buddhists.

Interesting Places
------------------

Mayadevi
The most sacred place to go in Lumbini is the Mayadevi Temple (Mayadevi is the name of Lord Buddha’s mother). One can also see the inscriptions on the Ashoka Pillar which say that the Buddha was born in Lumbini. Other than that, there are many other stupas built by countries like China, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Germany and so on. There is also a museum where people can see and learn about the ancient history of Lumbini and Gautama Budhha. There are many other fascinating sites in Lumbini which makes it one of the important districts of Nepal. It is also a touristic site as many tourists come and visit there. Lumbini is most visited by Buddhists from all over the world. Many monks do their prayers everyday.

Related pages
-------------

* Development Regions of Nepal
* Zones of Nepal
**Ché Wolton Grant** (born 4 March 1994), more commonly known by his stage name **AJ Tracey**, is an English rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer from Ladbroke Grove, London.

He rose to fame in 2016. He was listed in *The Guardian'*s list of *"best new acts to catch at festivals in 2016"*.

Music career
------------

Tracey's 2017 EP, *Secure the Bag!* entered the UK Albums Chart at number 13. In 2018, Tracey released the single *"Butterflies"* featuring English singer Not3s which acted as his breakthrough, reaching the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart. His 2019 album *"AJ Tracey"*, which was released by Warner Records, peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart and featured his highest-charting song *"Ladbroke Grove"*, which peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart.

Personal life
-------------

Grant's father is of Trinidadian origin and his mother is a Welsh former jungle DJ. He is a loyal supporter of football club Tottenham Hotspur. He is the cousin of fellow rapper Big Zuu.
Tteokbokki
**Tteokbokki** (Korean: 떡볶이) is a Korean traditional food which has sticks of rounded rice cake as the main ingredient. ' *tteok* ' is the Korean word for rice cake and 'bokki' is the Korean word for something fried.

Tteokbokki is divided into gungjung tteokbokki and general tteokbokki as one of Korean street foods.

Types
-----

### Gungjung tteokbokki

**Gungjung tteokbokki** (Korean: 궁중떡볶이) is made by frying beef and rice cake with soy sauce. It was developed in *gungjung* which means a Korean court.

General **tteokbokki** is cooked with seasoning using gochujang with starch syrup or sugar for the sweet taste. Generally gungjung tteokbokki uses beef and vegetable because it was cooked at court but general tteokbokki uses fish cake, green onions and boiled egg.

### jja-jang tteokbokki

**jja-jang tteokbokki** (Korean: 짜장떡복이) is a stir-fried dish with jjajang.

History
-------

In a cook book named 'Siuijeonseo' which was written in late 1800s, there is a record of tteokbokki. However, tteokbokki might have existed before the late 1800s because the main ingredient is rice cake and there were rice cakes during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.
Gungjung tteokbokki is different from tteokbokki because there were no red peppers in Joseon Dynasty so they made gungjung tteokbokki with vegetables and meats. Modern tteokbokki was first made by Mabokrim who has sold tteokbokki with gochujang since 1953.
**The Strokes** are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr. Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, *Is This It* is their most famous.

Band history
------------

Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as *The Modern Age* EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the *NME*. Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.

Discography
-----------

* *Is This It* (2001)
* *Room on Fire* (2003)
* *First Impressions of Earth* (2006)
* *Angles* (2011)
* *Comedown Machine* (2013)
* *The New Abnormal*

 *(2020)*

Other websites
--------------

* The Strokes Official Website
* The Strokes on imeem
* The Strokes Official MySpace
* NME Artist page
* Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001
**The To Give Welfare Foundation Dasbien** is a Peruvian non-profit foundation. It was registered in the Electronic Record No. 14167810 of the Registry of Legal Entities of Peru - SUNARP, founded in 2000, but legalized in 2018. It is a non-profit legal entity that watches over the care, promotion and sustainability of natural resources. 

It also promotes education, culture and human development through educational activities and programs, training, research, professional updating, organizational relations in Peru. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru.

It also promotes native languages such as Quechua, Aymara and Awajun in Latin American countries such as Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile.

History
-------

Since 2000, the To Give Welfare Foundation has been promoting the development of training and professionalization activities for teachers in the educational system of the Piura Region, Northern Peru; activities such as trainings, congresses, lectures, courses, publications, formation of organizations, among other regional education programs. 

These activities have been sponsored by the municipal and regional government, the Regional Directorate of Education of Piura, Local Educational Management Units, Educational Institutions of the locality, the Social Organizations in the area, the Trade Union Organizations such as SUTEP, by a team of professionals in education and psychology, and by the private sector, especially Derrama Magisterial.

Through its courses, seminars, workshops and conferences, the Foundation has trained close to 460,000 participants in free programs, 100,000 participants with minimal costs.

On the other hand, the Foundation has graduated approximately 5,000 participants in its diploma programs and specialized more than 700.

Currently, the Foundation has developed technical careers on behalf of the Peruvian Ministry of Education, through its Centro de Educación Técnica Productiva T&T CECITEL, to train qualified personnel.
**Anne-Marie Osawemwenze Ore-Ofe Imafidon** is a British mathematician and computer scientist. She was awarded an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 2017. Anna-Marie Imafidon is the co-founder of Outbox and Stemettes. Stemettes is an organization dedicated to help relieve the gender gap in studying the STEM field. Outbox is the first technology incubator for young girls. Her companies have brought over 40,000 women to experience STEM mentoring programs, workshops, and more.

Education
---------

Growing up in the UK, Imafidon was a genius from a young age. She passed two GCSE’s in mathematics and information technology at 10 years old. She passed her A-level computing at age 11. She was the youngest person to ever pass that A-level exam. Imafidon became a student at Oxford University at age 15. At age 19 she completed her Master's degree. She is the youngest person to ever complete a Master's degree from Oxford. Outside of her academic life, she participated in a fashion show and played Netball in college.

Career
------

When she was 16, she began receiving offers from top financial companies. She worked for Goldman Sachs, Hewlett Packard and Deutschebank. She started the Stemettes while working at Deutschebank. Her work focuses on teaching girls to create technology. She wants technology to become better because the engineers who create it are more diverse than the are today.

Family
------

Imafidon is from Stratford in East London. Her father came to the United Kingdom from Nigeria.

Imafidon isn’t the only notable person from her family. Her younger siblings are Peter and Paula - also known as the "Wonder Twins." They passed an Advanced Level mathematics exam at the age of 7. By passing that exam, Peter and Paula broke the United Kingdom's record. They were the youngest to ever pass A-levels. When they were nine years old, both of them broke another record by passing the Cambridge University Mathematics test. Another of Imafidon’s younger sisters, Christina, was accepted to enter the United Kingdom University at 11. Her other sister, Samantha, passed 2 high school exams at 6 years old.
**Illegal immigration** is the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country. An **illegal immigrant** is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country. 

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.

In the United States
--------------------

Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president.
Ravichandran Ashwin
**Ravichandran Ashwin** (born 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu) is an Indian cricketer playing for the international team. He is a right arm spin bowler. But he bats too well in Test cricket.Ashwin is a right hand batsman. He is a 6 ft 2 inch tall cricketer.

Cricket statistics
------------------

Ravichandran Ashwin had played for Indian international cricket team, Chennai Super Kings (IPL), Rising Pune Supergiants (IPL), Tamil Nadu (Ranji trophy) etc. teams.

### Test cricket

Ashwin scored 2 centuries in Test cricket, 124 and 103 both vs West Indies cricket team. His best bowling figure in Test cricket is 12/85 vs Australia in Hyderabad. Ashwin is the fastest Indian bowler to reach 100 wickets in 18th Test match and 5th fastest bowler in the world. He became the first Indian to hit a century and take 5 wickets in the same match. The third Indian to receive Man of the Match award on debut. He took 28 wickets in a single series against Australia beating Anil Kumble's world record. He totally picked up 176 wickets and scored 1204 runs in 32 Matches.

### One day Internationals

Ravichandran Ashwin scored 658 runs and picked up 142 wickets in 102 matches. His best bowling figure in ODI is 4/25 vs U.A.E in World Cup 2015. He is appreciated in One day Internationals for his economy rate while bowling and different variations. His highest batting score is 65 vs New Zealand.
The **Galactic Empire** is the government that rules the Star Wars galaxy in the Star Wars series. They are the main villains in the first three Star Wars movies. It is ruled by Darth Sidious and enforced by his apprentice, Darth Vader. The Empire rules the galaxy by creating fear and using violence. It is a totalitarian government, which means it controls every part of the people's lives. It uses its military to kill or silence anyone who does not agree with its rule.

The Empire was created because Darth Sidious overthrew the Galactic Republic by starting the Clone Wars. Before the war started, many planets and star systems left the Republic to create their own government and army, the Separatists. Many people in the Republic were scared of the Separatists, so they voted to give emergency powers to Supreme Chancellor Palpatine, the public identity of Darth Sidious. This was because he was well-liked and they believed he was a strong leader. By the end of he war, Sidious could create any law he wanted. The only ones who could stop him were the Jedi, a very old group of knights who swore to protect the Republic. They tried to arrest him, but they failed. Sidious used this as an excuse to create a government with much more security. He made the Republic into the Empire, and made himself Emperor.

The Empire killed many people and aliens. Paying its large military made the galaxy poor. It took away almost all freedoms and rights people had under the Republic. It had a lot of corruption. Life was so terrible under the Empire that some of its governors and officials tried to talk to the Empire's leaders, but they were threatened. 

Therefore, many people and aliens joined the Rebel Alliance to destroy the Empire and bring back the Republic.

After the deaths of both Darth Vader and the Emperor and the Empire's loss on the Battle of Jakku, the Empire surrendered to the Rebel Alliance. The Rebels then created the New Republic. The Empire may have surrendered, but some of the Empire's leaders who were still alive created a new military based on the Empire, the First Order. They rebuilt by buying weapons and spaceships from greedy merchants in the Outer Rim and taking over planets with many resources they could use to buy more weapons. They also kidnapped many babies and forced them to become stormtroopers. They secretly built a superweapon called Starkiller Base. They used the weapon to blow up the capital of the New Republic, Hosnian Prime.

Now that the New Republic is gone, the First Order wants to create the Empire again.
William Shakespeare, one of the most acclaimed dramtists of history.
A **playwright** is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is *drama*, another word for this person is **dramatist**. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called *closet dramas*.

The word *wright* does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a *wheelwright* makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.

History
-------

The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, *Kiss Me, Kate* is based on Shakespeare's *The Taming of the Shrew*, and his *Romeo and Juliet* has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead* in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of *Hamlet*.

Modern playwrights
------------------

Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.
A *byte order mark* (BOM) is a sequence of bytes used to indicate the Unicode encoding style of a text file. The encoding dictates how text is serialized into a sequence of bytes. If the least significant byte is placed in the initial position, this is referred to as "little-endian," whereas if the most significant byte is placed in the initial position, the method is known as "big-endian."

In addition to indicating the byte order, a BOM can also be used as a file signature to identify the encoding of a text file. The UTF-8 file signature (commonly also referred to as a "BOM") identifies the encoding format rather than the byte order of the document. UTF-8 is a linear sequence of bytes (not a sequence of 2-byte or 4-byte units where the byte order is important as in UTF-16 and UTF-32). The following table shows the byte-order marks for various encodings.

| Byte Order Mark (BOM) | Encoding Form |
| --- | --- |
| EF BB BF | UTF-8 |
| FE FF | UTF-16, big-endian |
| FF FE | UTF-16, little-endian |
| 00 00 FE FF | UTF-32, big-endian |
| FF FE 00 00 | UTF-32, little-endian |

BOM use is optional. If used, it must be at the very beginning of the text. The BOM gives the producer of the text a way to describe the encoding such as UTF-8 or UTF-16, and in the case of UTF-16 and UTF-32, its endianness. The BOM is important for text interchange, when files move between systems that use different byte orders or different encodings, rather than in normal text handling in a closed environment.

As UTF-8 has become the most common text encoding, `EFBBBF` (shown here as three hexadecimal values) is the most commonly occurring BOM form, also known as the *UTF-8 signature*. HTML5 browsers are required to recognize the UTF-8 BOM and use it to detect the encoding of the page. Software may alternatively recognize UTF-8 encoding by looking for bytes with the high order bit set (values `0x80` through `0xFF`) followed by bytes that define valid UTF-8 sequences.

The Unicode Standard neither requires nor recommends the use of the BOM for UTF-8, but warns that it may be encountered at the start of a file.

Most modern software applications recognize a BOM and may insert it when saving a text file with UTF encoding. The presence of the UTF-8 BOM may cause problems with some software, especially legacy software not designed to handle UTF-8, in which case it may appear as the characters "ï»¿".
The **Oriental Longhair** is a breed of cat. It is similar to the Oriental Shorthair. It is a member of the Siamese cat family. The Oriental Longhair was first named the **British Angora**. In 2002, British cat fanciers renamed it. This was so the cat would not be confused with the Turkish Angora.

Appearance
----------

Oriental Longhairs have a long body and a long silky coat of fur. Their coat colors can be black, blue, chocolate, lilac, cinnamon, caramel, fawn, red, cream, silver, white, and apricot. They also can have tortoiseshell or tabby patterns. The eyes are almond shaped. The preferred eye color for Oriental Longhairs is green. The white colored cats may have either green or blue eyes, or have two different colored eyes.

Behavior
--------

The Oriental Longhairs are active cats that like to play a lot. If there is no one around to play with, they can play with toys by themselves. They enjoy jumping up on furniture and high places. They are intelligent, social and loyal to their owners. They get along well with other cats, especially if they are of the same breed. These cats remain playful even after they are grown. These cats like active people and they get along well with other cats, children and dogs.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Oriental Longhair at Wikimedia Commons
* Iams website: Oriental Longhair cat Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine