recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Photo of two French women, about 1900.
Model with veil and amazing hat. Manish Arora design at London Fashion Week 2007.
'Veil' is also used figuratively. This is a telescopic photograph of the Veil Nebula in the constellation of Cygnus. It is the remains of a supernova.
A **veil** is a soft covering of all or part of the face. It has often been used by women in many cultures. It is often used by brides on their wedding day. It may have religious meaning, or it may be used for pleasure or dance. It is different from a mask because a mask is close-fitting, and often firm or hard, while a veil is soft and may fit loosely.

Veils as communication
----------------------

Veils are a kind of non-verbal communication. They always have some kind of unspoken message.

Some kinds of veil include a hood which covers the entire head, like a hijab. The point of covering the head entirely is to cover all parts which have any sexual meaning. A woman's hair is one of her secondary sexual characteristics, and acts (with her face, body and personality) to attract the opposite sex. Some religious groups believe that female sexuality should not be shown in public.

The most important part of the head (for the viewer) is the face, because the human face takes part in communication. Covering it says, in effect, 'this person is not available'. That is why it has been used so often by women. Because it is of soft material, the veil may be lifted back over the head or unclipped from one side. This is also a signal. It says 'now I am available'. So brides lift their veil at the point when they are married.

Veils may be, and often are, partly transparent. This adds ambiguity and mystery to the 'message' it offers the viewer; it is a 'fashion statement'. The raising or dropping of veils is a sign of intimacy: the wearer, who was covered, is now in the open. In an extreme example, the idea of a "Dance of the Seven Veils" originates with the 1893 English translation of Oscar Wilde's 1891 French play Salome in the stage direction.

Related pages
-------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Veils***.

* Mask
* Make-up
Takahiko Kozuka in 2010
**Takahiko Kozuka** (小塚 崇彦, *Kozuka Takahiko*, born February 27, 1989) is a Japanese figure skater.

Personal life
-------------

Kozuka was born in Nagoya. His grandfather, father, mother and aunt were figure skater so he was called "thoroughbred". He studied sports education at Chukyo University. His coach is Nobuo Sato and Kumiko Sato. He has very good skating skills. He is in good terms with Mao Asada, Miki Ando, Daisuke Takahashi and so on. He likes karaoke and goes to karaoke with Mao Asada frequently. His favorite food is grilled meet.

Program
-------

### 2012-2013

**SP** Exodus
**FS** Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso(Saint-Saëns's)
### 2011-2012

**SP** Inner Urge
**FS** Fantasia for NAUSICAA
### 2010-2011

**SP** Soul Man Medley
**FS** Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)
### 2009-2010

**SP** Bold as Love(Jimi Hendrix)
**FS** GUITAR CONCERTO(Michael Kamen)
### 2008-2009

**SP** Take Five
**FS** Romeo and Juliet (Nino Rota)

Career
------

In 2006, he won the gold medal at the Junior World Figure Skating Championships. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2011, he was the Japanese national champion. He won the silver medal (in 2008) and the bronze medal (in 2010) at Grand Prix Final. He won a silver medal at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Takahiko Kozuka at Wikimedia Commons

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Kozuka, Takahiko |
| Alternative names | 小塚崇彦 |
| Short description | Japanese figure skater |
| Date of birth | 1989-02-27 |
| Place of birth | Nagoya |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
The main religions in China are Buddhism, Chinese folklore, Taoism and Confucianism among many others

Abrahamic religions are also practised. There is a Kaifeng Jewish community living in China. Also, Islam has been historically popular, introduced since the Tang Dynasty. The Hui people and Uyghur people are Muslims.

Buddhism
--------

See also: Han Buddhism and Tibetan BuddhismThere are three main existing branches of buddhism: Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Theravada. The first two are in China. They come from the Mahayana.they also practise other religions and also fall under the Hindu religion

Folk Religion
-------------

See also: Major world religions
Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practised in China for thousands of years. There are at least 800,000,000 followers of Chinese folk religion worldwide (estimate). Most if not all of these followers are also followers of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, as these three philosophy-religions are major influences of China's folk religion. The influence from and to these three philosophy-religions goes to the extent that some mythical figures from folk culture have merged into those philosophy-religions and vice versa.

Chinese folk religion is made up of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianism, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of the Sun, Moon, Earth, Heaven and various stars, as well as communication with animals. It has been practised alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years.

Taoism in China
---------------

See also: Daoism
Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophy-religion that is at least 2,500 years old. It originated from China and is now widely practised in Korea.

道 Dao, also Romanized as Tao, is the "Force" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. It is very mysterious, and instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Some important Taoists are:

* 老子 Lao Zi. Some say he wrote Dào Dé Jīng.
* 庄子 Zhuangzi. He wrote a book with stories that talk about Taoism.
* 黄帝 Huang Di the Yellow Emperor. People say he was one of the first Taoists, but it is disputed whether he even existed or not.
The **relational model** for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic. Edgar F. Codd proposed it in 1969. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is called relational database.

Diagram of an example database according to the Relational model.
In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key".
The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it. The structure in which the data is stored, and the task of responding to users' requests and retrieving the data is left to the database system, and is not visible to the user.

Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model. A *table* in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates. Today, many database systems are different from the original model. Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.
**Relativism** is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:

* "That's true for you but not for me."
* "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
* "You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."

There are many forms of relativism.
The term often refers to *truth relativism*, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e. that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

As *moral relativism*, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.

There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

Various applications
--------------------

People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty. 

The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of *adequatio rei et intellectus*, the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.

The denial of an absolute reference, of an *axis mundi,* denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.
Statue of Ralph Vaughan Williams in Dorking, England
**Ralph Vaughan Williams** (b. Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, 12 October 1872; d. London, 26 August 1958) was the most important English composer of his generation.

Vaughan Williams always pronounced his first name "Rafe" - ("Vaughan" rhymes with "born"). His father was a rector. Ralph was very young when his father died. The family moved to Dorking near London. He went to Charterhouse School and played the viola in the school orchestra. He studied at the University of Cambridge and at the Royal College of Music where Hubert Parry was his teacher.

Early career
------------

Vaughan Williams wanted to be a good composer, so he went abroad to study with famous composers like Max Bruch in Berlin and Maurice Ravel in Paris. Yet he knew that he must not simply imitate these composers, so he also studied English folk song. He became good friends with the composer Gustav Holst. The two men always showed one another the music they were writing so that they could help one another by offering criticism.

In 1910 he wrote a work which became one of his best-known pieces of music: the *Fantasia on a theme of Thomas Tallis*. The piece is for a string orchestra divided into two sections. It uses a theme by the famous 16th century composer Tallis. He also wrote hymn tunes for the English Hymnal. One of his most popular hymn tunes is the one called *Sine Nomine* sung to the words "For all the saints". Another lovely work is *The Lark Ascending*. This is a short work for solo violin and orchestra. The violin sounds like a skylark singing in the sky. In 1934 he wrote a short piece for flute, harp and string orchestra called *Fantasia on Greensleeves* which is based on the famous English Renaissance tune *Greensleeves*.

Later works
-----------

During his long life Vaughan Williams wrote nine symphonies, works for the stage, songs, choral music and chamber music. In 1938 he wrote a famous piece called *Serenade to Music* for 16 solo singers and orchestra. It was one of several works he wrote inspired by Shakespeare. The words were from the play *The Merchant of Venice*. It was written for the 50th anniversary of Sir Henry Wood’s career as a conductor. In 1953 he wrote music for Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, including a very short and simple motet *O taste and see* which has remained very popular with church choirs.

In his old age he became quite deaf. This was because of the noise of gunfire he had been exposed to when he was serving as a stretcher bearer in World War I.

His importance in English music
-------------------------------

Some of Vaughan Williams’s best works are those where he makes his music sound like folk song. He loved the poetry of Housman and used some of the poems in a song cycle called *On Wenlock Edge* for tenor, piano and string quartet. His music always sounds English. He was born in the 19th century which was a time when people thought English musicians were not very good. Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar (who was a little older) made people realise that it was possible for an Englishman to write beautiful, moving music.
A **separating funnel** (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory equipment. It is usually made of glass, and is used to separate two liquids, for example, oil and water. They always separate out, and this is how to remove one from the other:

Uses
----

For this example, oil and water will be used:

A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again. The liquid with higher density, (in this case water), goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because it is heavier than oil). When this is done, the bottom of the separating funnel is opened and the water flows out, leaving only the oil.

Structure
---------

A separating funnel
A separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top. It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom. The size of one can be between 50 millilitres and 3 litres.

Related pages
-------------

* Static mixer

Other websites
--------------

* Use of a separatory funnel or "How to do an upscale extraction", UCLA

| Laboratory equipment |
| --- |
| Equipment | 
Agar plate  •  Aspirator • Bunsen burner • Calorimeter • Colorimeter • Centrifuge • Condenser •  Fume hood • Microscope • Microtiter plate • Plate reader • Rotary evaporator •  Spectrophotometer • Thermometer • Vortex mixer • Static mixer |
| Flasks | 
Erlenmeyer flask • Florence flask • Volumetric flask • Büchner flask |
| OtherGlassware | 
Beaker • Boiling tube • Büchner funnel • Burette • Conical measure • Crucible • Cuvette • Gas syringe • Graduated cylinder • Pipette • Petri dish • Separating funnel • Soxhlet extractor • Test tube • Thistle tube • Watch glass |
**Vassily Ivanchuk**, born 18 March 1969, is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.

Chucky, as he is affectionately known, has been a leading player in the world since 1988, at times reaching the second spot on the FIDE list, but has never won the World Chess Championship. Ivanchuk has often had erratic results. Since 2007 his world ranking has ranged from twelfth to second, before dropping to 30th in July 2009.

He was the 2007–2008 World Blitz Chess champion.
He won Amber blindfold and rapid chess championship in 1992 and 2010.

Character
---------

GM Ivanchuk
Chucky has been described by Viswanathan Anand as the most eccentric player in the chess world. Anand gave his view on Ivanchuk like this:

"He's someone who is very intelligent ... but you never know which mood he is going to be in. Some days he will treat you like his long-lost brother. The next day he ignores you completely.
The players have a word for him. They say he lives on 'Planet Ivanchuk'. (Laughs) ... I have seen him totally drunk and singing Ukrainian poetry and then the next day I have seen him give an impressive talk.
For a while he was trying to learn Turkish. Don’t ask me why ... Every day is a surprise with him".
When he plays, Ivanchuk rarely looks at the board. Instead he stares at the ceiling and at the walls with a blank stare (although this is not uncommon with top players who calculate without looking at the board). His playing style is unpredictable and highly original, making him a threat to any chess player, although it sometimes also leads to quick losses.

After a string of unsuccessful games culminated in his elimination at the early stages of the 2009 Chess World Cup, Ivanchuk announced, in a highly emotional interview, his retirement from professional chess. However, he soon recanted this decision.
This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a patronymic or matronymic, not a family name; this person is properly referred to by the given name "Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson".
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson in 2011
**Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson** (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. 

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. 

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.
The **Études** by Polish composer Frédéric Chopin are three sets of études for piano.

Composition
-----------

"In all my life I have never again been able to find such a beautiful melody." -Chopin, on Op. 10, No. 3
Chopin's *Études* (studies) are some of the hardest pieces of all the works in concert piano repertoire. Because of this, the music remain famous and are often played at concerts. Some of them have been given nicknames (but not by Chopin himself) - for example, the last *Étude* from Op. 10 has been called the *Revolutionary* because it was inspired by the November 1830 Uprising, when the Poles were defeated by the Russian Empire.

All twenty-seven *Études* were published during Chopin's lifetime; Opus 10, the first group of twelve were written between 1829 and 1832, and were published in 1833, in France, Germany, and England. The twelve *Études* of Opus 25 were composed at various times between 1832 and 1836, and were published in the same countries in 1837. The final three, part of a series called "Méthode des méthodes de piano" compiled by Moscheles and Fétis, were composed in 1839 but with no opus number.

The first *Études* of the Opus 10 set were written when Chopin was still in his teens. Chopin's *Études* elevated the musical form from purely utilitarian exercises to great artistic masterpieces. At a concert in which Chopin performed his opus 25, Robert Schumann said "*À la Chopin*".

List of *Études*
----------------

### *Études* Op. 10

| Name | Key | Name | Key |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 1*** | C major | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 7*** | C major |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 2*** | A minor | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 8*** | F major |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 3*** | E major | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 9*** | F minor |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 4*** | C-sharp minor | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 10*** | A-flat major |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 5*** | G-flat major | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 11*** | E-flat major |
| ***Étude Op. 10, No. 6*** | E-flat minor | ***Étude Op. 10, No. 12*** | C minor |

### *Études* Op. 25

| Name | Key | Name | Key |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 1*** | A-flat major | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 7*** | C-sharp minor |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 2*** | F minor | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 8*** | D-flat major |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 3*** | F major | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 9*** | G-flat major |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 4*** | A minor | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 10*** | B minor |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 5*** | E minor | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 11*** | A minor |
| ***Étude Op. 25, No. 6*** | G-sharp minor | ***Étude Op. 25, No. 12*** | C minor |

### Trois nouvelles études

| Name | Key |
| --- | --- |
| ***Étude No. 1*** | F minor |
| ***Étude No. 2*** | A-flat major |
| ***Étude No. 3*** | D-flat major |
Lake steamer at Howtown Pier, Ullswater, circa 1895
**Ullswater** is the second largest lake in the English Lake District. It is about nine miles (14.5 kilometres) long and 0.75 miles (1,200 m), wide with a maximum depth of slightly more than 60 metres (197 ft).

Many regard Ullswater as the most beautiful of the English lakes, it has been compared to Lake Lucerne in Switzerland. 

It is a typical Lake District narrow "ribbon lake" formed after the last ice age when a glacier scooped out the valley floor. When the glacier retreated, the deepened section became a lake.Three separate glaciers formed the lake. The surrounding mountains give Ullswater the shape of a stretched 'Z' with three distinct segments (or 'reaches') that wend their way through the surrounding hills.

For much of its length Ullswater forms the border between the ancient counties of Cumberland and Westmorland.

The village of Glenridding, at the southern end of the lake, is popular with tourists of all kinds. For mountain walkers, England's third highest mountain, Helvellyn and other challenging peaks are near the lake. The village has ample accommodation including two Youth Hostels and camp sites. The village of Pooley Bridge is at the northern end of the lake. Its narrow 16th-century bridge straddles the River Eamont as it flows out of Ullswater; it is overlooked by Dunmallard Hill, which was the site of an Iron Age fort. On the western side of the lake is Aira force waterfall. Near there the Brackenrigg Inn overlooks sweeping views of the dramatic landscape.
A **releaser** is a stimulus from one animal to another, which causes a particular response. The releaser, or **sign stimulus** triggers an **innate releasing mechanism** in the receiver. The receiver then does its response, the **fixed action pattern** (FAP).

This kind of system is inherited by both animals. Example: a fledgling bird does its releaser, say it squawks and opens its beak wide, showing bright red inside throat. This triggers the adult to cough up food stored in its gullet. Both 'partners' are behaving instinctually with inherited behaviours: these are not learnt during life. A FAP can truly be said to be 'hard-wired': a specific stimulus nearly always results in the same behavioral response.

Another behavious system is the 'dances' of water birds such as the Great Crested Grebe. They pair for life, and 'dance' whenever a pair meet up after an absence, and on other occasions. The dances are quite complex, and were first described fully by Julian Huxley. Here the meeting is the releaser, and both partners do the fixed action pattern. The function of the system is a little unclear, but it has something to do with reinforcing the pair's bond.

It is not necessary for both partners to benefit, nor to be of the same species. Some moths instantly fold their wings and drop to the ground if they encounter bat ultrasonic signals. This helps helps the moths, but obviously not the bats. In turn, some bats turn off the sound blips when they hear a moth, and glide in the last few feet. This also is an inherited behaviour. This example may be better described as a reflex action.
The **North Atlantic Treaty** is the treaty that founded NATO. It was signed in Washington, DC on April 4, 1949.

Members
-------

The original twelve nations that signed it and thus became the founding members of NATO were the following:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* Iceland
* Italy
 | * Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* United Kingdom
* United States
 |

Later the following nations joined:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Bulgaria  (2004)
* Czech Republic  (1999)
* Estonia  (2004)
* West Germany  (1955)
* Greece  (1952)
* Hungary  (1999)
* Latvia  (2004)
 | * Lithuania  (2004)
* Poland  (1999)
* Romania  (2004)
* Slovakia  (2004)
* Slovenia  (2004)
* Spain  (1982)
* Turkey  (1952)
 |

When Germany was reunified in 1990, the country as a whole became a member of NATO.

Article V
---------

The key section of the treaty was Article V which says that each member state has to consider an armed attack against one state to be an armed attack against all states. The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, but the mutual self-defense clause was never used during the Cold War. It was used for the first time in 2001 when the September 11, 2001 attacks against the World Trade Center and The Pentagon had taken place.

US-NATO relation
----------------

In the United States, the treaty was approved by the Senate in a vote of 82 to 13 on July 21, 1949.

Related pages
-------------

* NATO
* Warsaw Pact

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**North Atlantic Treaty**

* Text of the North Atlantic Treaty Archived 1998-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
Peters in May 1954
**Roberta Peters** (May 4, 1930 – January 18, 2017) is an American soprano. She had a long and successful career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She was particularly associated with light coloratura roles in Italian, French and German operas.

Life and career
---------------

Born **Roberta Peterman** in New York City, she began vocal study at the age of 13 with William Herman, encouraged by tenor Jan Peerce, a family friend. 

She made her unscheduled debut (as an emergency replacement) at the Metropolitan Opera, on November 17, 1950, as Zerlina in *Don Giovanni*, aged only 20 and having no previous stage experience. The success was immediate. Her well schooled voice, good looks and charming personality quickly made her a great favorite of this theatre where she was to sing regularly for 35 seasons.

Some of her most performed roles include; Susanna (*Le nozze di Figaro*), Despina (*Cosi fan tutte*), The Queen of the Night (*The Magic Flute*), Rosina (*Il barbiere di Siviglia*), Adina (*L'elisir d'amore*), Norina (*Don Pasquale*), Lucia (*Lucia di Lammermoor*), Gilda (*Rigoletto*), Oscar (*Un ballo in maschera*), Nanetta (*Falstaff*), Olympia (*Les contes d'Hoffmann*), Sophie (*Der Rosenkavalier*), Zerbinetta (*Ariadne auf Naxos*), etc.

She also appeared abroad, notably at the Royal Opera House in London in 1951, as Arline in *The Bohemian Girl*, and later appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Bolshoi in Moscow. She also made several appearances on television, notably on *The Ed Sullivan Show*. 

Roberta Peters retired from the stage in 1985, but continued to give recital until recent years. She was briefly married to baritone Robert Merrill.

Peters died from Parkinson's disease on January 18, 2017 in Rye, New York. She was 86.
River Humber estuary and Humber bridge
The **River Humber** is a large deep water estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed by the River Ouse and the River Trent coming together. From here to the North Sea (about 40 miles) it forms part of the border between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north side and Lincolnshire on the south side. The Humber's only modern crossing is the Humber Bridge. At one time it the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world. Now it is the fifth longest. Before the bridge was built in 1981, paddle steamers were used to cross the mile long span.

History
-------

In the middle ages the tides of the Humber kept armies from crossing. At that time it was thought to be an arm of the ocean. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the Humber was a major boundary, separating Northumbria from the southern kingdoms. The name Northumbria came from Old English *Northanhymbre* meaning "the people north of the Humber". The Vikings used the Humber and its two tributaries, the Ouse and Trent, with their shallow-draft Longships to raid all over northeastern England.

### Fortresses

Entrance to the Fort Paull Heritage Museum
Fort Paull was a Napoleonic era fort built in 1542 to protect the port there. The site dates back to 910 when it was a lookout for Viking raiders. The current fort is designed as a pentagon and was built from 1861–1864. It was disarmed at the beginning of the First World War and replaced by two nearby forts. One was on Sunk Island; the other was at Stallingborough. In 1960 the fort was finally closed down. But in 1964 a group of volunteers took over the fort and made it into a Museum.

Other websites
--------------

* The Humber Estuary
* Fort Paull Museum Archived 2013-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
Students working on a test.
A **test** is a way of checking something to see if it is true, or false, or if it is edible or not. If something can be tested, or finishes the tests correctly, it is testable. The *Concise Oxford English Dictionary* defines a test as: "a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something".

A test is different from an experiment: Before a test is done, there is an expected result. The test is performed, to show this result. In an experiment, the outcome is open. Very often, tests are performed as part of an experiment.

Products
--------

Products are usually tested for quality, so customers will get good products.

In software engineering, a test is used to see if the software system can do what it should. Software is tested before it is released. *Alpha* testing is where software developers check the software for bugs. Software can also be checked for quality and usability. *Beta* testing is done by groups of users.

Tests of cars and other vehicles include a **crash test**. The car is put under severe conditions to see what will make it fail, or deliberately crashed to measure the damage. Other machines can also be crash tested. Crash test dummies can be used instead of humans. They are placed in the car seat to see if a human in the crash would have been injured or killed.

People
------

Testing someone for diabetes
People are tested to see what they have learned. This is often called an assessment or examination. In learning, a test item is a question, or set of questions.

Many people think tests are valuable. They believe tests:

* are a quick and fair way of judging a test taker's performance
* enable predictions about test takers to be made
* allow selection
* improve performance by highlighting areas that need work.

However, academic tests are not perfect measures. Tests could only partly measure a student’s memory and maybe their understanding. The test would only be about a small part of the subject, and only at that moment in time. 

People, animals and plants can also be tested for illnesses. For example, a blood test can be used to check for disease.

Science
-------

In science, tests can done to check for a presence of a substance, or to check the quality of something.

Other websites
--------------

* Tests and Experiments: Similarities and Differences Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
Scutes on an alligator foot
A **scute** is a bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodiles or the feet of some birds.

Properties
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Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. 

The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called **osteoderms**. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles.

The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fish, such as sturgeon.
***The Baltimore Sun*** is a newspaper from the U.S. state of Maryland. It is the largest general-circulation newspaper in the state. *The Sun* is printed daily, and it has information and news about local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries.

The newspaper was started by Arunah Sheperdson Abell, a printer. Abell and two others founded the newspaper on May 17, 1837. The Abell family owned the paper until 1910. In 1911, the Black family was able to get a controlling interest in the paper. In 1986, the newspaper was sold to the Times-Mirror Company of Los Angeles.

*The Sun* is a legacy newspaper. Legacy newspapers in the United States have been doing poorly in recent years. *The Sun* has seen fewer readers and a smaller newsroom. Also a new free daily newspaper, *The Baltimore Examiner*, hurt *The Sun'*s business. (*The Examiner* is no longer being printed.) In 2000, the Tribune Company of Chicago bought the Times-Mirror company.

As of 2010[update], there were 195,561 people who had the daily edition of *The Sun* delivered. There were 343,552 subscribers to the Sunday edition. On April 29, 2009, the Tribune Company announced that it would lay off 61 of the 205 staff members in the *Sun* newsroom. Starting on October 10, 2011, the news on *The Sun'*s website stopped being available for free.

*The Baltimore Sun* is part of the Baltimore Sun Media Group (BSMG). This group also produces the *b* free daily newspaper and more than 30 other Baltimore metropolitan-area community newspapers, magazines and Web sites. BSMG's content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week. The group is the region's most widely read source of news.

Sources
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1. 1 2  Mirabella, Lorraine; "Archived 2010-08-26 at the Wayback Machine *BaltimoreSun.com*, April 28, 2009
2. ↑  "(Baltimore) The Sun". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
3. ↑  "TRIBUNE CO. ANNOUNCES PLANS TO LAYOFF [sic] 27 PERCENT OF THE BALTIMORE SUN'S NEWSROOM STAFF, INCLUDING FOUR COLUMNISTS". Poynter. May 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
4. ↑  Shin, Annys (October 18, 2007). "Examiner Plans Baltimore Edition". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
5. ↑  "Updated: Baltimore Sun to put up paywall next month". Archived from the original on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
6. ↑  "(Baltimore) The Sun". *The Baltimore Sun*.[*dead link*]
**Test matches** in cricket are the orignal and main form of international competition. They last five days, and are thought to be the highest standard of play.

Test matches were invented in the 19th century as a competition between England and Australia. The first officially recognised Test match took place on 15–19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). Australia won by 45 runs. A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne on 12–17 March 1977, in which Australia beat England by 45 runs—the same margin as that first Test. That first tour match was followed by a second test match, which was won by England. There were also a few games played against local teams, a tradition which continues today.

South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888–89, and there was a long period before other countries played test cricket. The West Indies ('Windies') were the fourth test country: they played against England in London 1928 at Lords cricket ground. New Zealand first played against England in 1930 in Christchurch. The first Indian test side played England in 1932 in London at Lords.

When British India was partitioned, the new nation Pakistan was given test status in 1952, on the recommendation of India. Their first test match was against India in Delhi. They were followed by Sri Lanka in 1982.

There are also four more countries who have full test status: Zimbabwe (1992), Bangladesh (2000), Ireland – the Irish team represents both parts of Ireland – (2018), and Afghanistan (2018). Of these only Bangladesh has played regularly against the longer-established nations. There is a real gulf in playing standards between the top teams and the newcomers. This explains why there have been no test series between the stronger test countries and the weaker countries. A test series must be competitive for it to be commercially viable. Television rights need to be sold, and spectators attracted to the matches. Also, a country must be able to keep some cricket grounds to test standards.

It is clear that the sport of cricket spread mostly to countries of the former British Empire, with the notable exception of Canada (where cricket is just a minor sport). On the other hand, it is a truly international sport, played by nations in Europe, Africa (parts of), the Caribbean, the Indian subcontinent and Oceania.
In case law, a **test case** is a legal action whose purpose is to set a precedent. An example of a test case might be a person who files a lawsuit in order to see if the court considers a certain law or a certain legal precedent applies in certain circumstances. This is useful, for example, in order to later file similar lawsuits in similar circumstances. Sometimes, lawyers delay filing a lawsuit to wait and see how a test case is decided. Test cases are sometimes used to challenge a law to have it possibly overturned. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases in order to confirm or expand their powers. The decision in a test case may be a landmark decision.

Examples
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Examples of influential test cases include:

1. *Plessy v. Ferguson* (1896)
2. *Scopes v. Tennessee* (1925)
3. *United States v. One Book Called Ulysses* (1933)
4. *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954)
5. *Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965)
6. *Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida County* (1974)
7. *Adams v Cape Industries plc* (1990)
8. *Mabo v Queensland (No 2)* (1992)
9. *National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Limited* (2005)
10. *District of Columbia v. Heller* (2008)
**Tetney** is a small village in Lincolnshire, England.

Places
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The village has a primary school, a pub called the Plough Inn, a fish and chip shop, a small village shop, a golf club, a garden centre, two churches and a village hall.

The village hall is on the site of the playing fields which includes a cricket pitch, football pitch and, several years ago, a grass tennis court.

Sports
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Many successful local sports teams have played home games at the fields, namely Tetney United Football Club. 

The club had a tradition of using mainly Tetney based (or formerly Tetney based) players and was formed for this reason as Tetney Rovers FC were using many players from the towns and other villages. Players of note for the club included John "Digger" Shone, Stuart "Wally" Woods, Mick Foston (aka The White Feather), Lee "Blinky" Coulbeck and Andy "Blade" Glover. 

In later years the team was held together by the likes of Liam and Nick Carter, Paul & Oliver Genney, Neil "Snowy" Garton and Daniel "Fat Pie" Walker. The team also had seasons veterans such as Dave Whitehead and Paul 'Hamilton Stanbury' Price who were instrumental in the clubs greatest era of success winning several league titles and cups. Unfortunately the team was uncerimoniously disbanded several years ago. This was due to unfounded accusations by the local football authority. No football team has played from the village since.

Marconi Beam Station
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On the edge of the village is the site of a Marconi Beam Station from where telegrams were sent to Australia and India. When built it was state of the art. It is important in the history of telecommunications. Only the bases for the masts remain. The original administration buildings which are now a small industrial complex.

Other websites
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* Tetney Beam Station
**Waltari** is an alternative metal band from Finland. The band was formed in Helsinki in 1986. The original members were Kärtsy Hatakka, Sale Suomalainen and Jariot Lehtinen. Their name is a reference to popular Finish writer Mika Waltari – a favorite author of band’s guitarist Jariot Lethinen. 

Waltari is more famous in the rest of Europe than in Finland and the band members have very positive relationships to Czech Republic. They’ve collaborated with Czech punk rock band Wohnout and Kärtsy is a good friend of Lenka Dusilová. The band has collaborated with many other artists. They’ve made albums with Finnish ethno band Angelit, they hosted on Apocalyptica’s album and Tarja Turunen from Nightwish was a part of Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! live performance.

Musicial style
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Waltari's music is well known for it’s destruction of rock and metal genre boundaries. Their heavy sound is often combined with elements of electronic music, pop, rap, disco, funk, grindcore and bits of many other genres and creates a fusion which can be described as avant-garde. The lead singer and bass guitarist, Kärtsy Hattaka, delivers very distinctive vocal part to their music and makes Waltari's sound even more unique and easily recognizable.

Lyrics
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Waltari’s lyrics are as diverse as their music. They’re about various range of topics including everyday misery, personal struggles, science fiction motives, and music industry philosophical questions. They have one thing in common – heavy irony, self-irony and sarcasm.

Albums
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Waltari started their musical career with demo records. The longest one was *Monk Punk*. This album presents an interesting mixture of punk and funk music, but the first release which provided the band more positive reviews was the album called *Torcha!* and it was also the first one which combined bits of many musical genres. It also includes the cover of Madonna’s song "Vogue".

Next two albums, *So Fine* and *Big Bang* were also very successful. They mainly concentrate on mixing heavy metal with techno, which was something fresh and innovative. Their biggest success among death metal fans yet came with the *Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die!* album, which is mixture of death metal and classical music. It also has a musical feeling to it, because it’s kind of an epic story from future sung in dialogues of various characters. 

Next album *Space Avenue* is more electronic and it has some pop feeling to it. Another one called *Radium Round* goes even further in that. It’s almost a pop/disco album with some metal elements. Waltari returned to more rock sound with albums like *Rare Species* and very successful *Blood Sample*. Last two albums – *Release Date* and *Below Zero* are mainly focused on heavy sound with bits of progressive rock. 

* Monk-Punk - 1991
* Torcha! - 1992
* So Fine! - 1994
* Big Bang - 1995
* Space Avenue - 1997
* Radium Round - 1999
* Rare Species - 2004
* Blood Sample - 2005
* Release Date - 2007
* Below Zero - 2009
* Covers All - The 25th Anniversary Album - 2011
Tanjore District was one of the districts in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam and the Aranthangi taluk of Pudukkottai District in Tamil Nadu.Thanjavur was a centre of Chola cultural heritage and one of the richest and most prosperous districts in Madras Presidency.

**Tanjore district** was constituted in 1799 when the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II ceded most of his kingdom to the British East India Company in return for his restitution on the throne. Tanjore district, which is situated on the Cauvery Delta, is one of the richest rice-growing regions in South India. It was scarcely affected by famines such as the Great Famine of 1876–78.

Demographics
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Tanjore District covered a total area of 9,600 square kilometres (3,710 sq mi). It had a population of 2,245,029 in 1901. The population density was 234 inhabitants per square kilometre (605/sq mi). As per the 1901 census statistics, Tanjore was the fifth most populous district in the Madras Presidency and the second most densely populated after Madras city.

According to the 1901 census, 91 percent of the population was Hindu, 5 percent Muslim and 4 percent Christian. Among Hindus, Paraiyars (310,391), Vanniyars (235,406), Vellalars (212,168), Kallars (188,463), Pallars (159,855), Valaiyars (137,216), and Brahmins (118,882) were the most numerous. Kallars were mainly found in the western part of Tanjore and Pattukkottai taluks. Tanjore had the third highest Brahmin population in the Madras Presidency (more than 6%) after South Canara and Ganjam and the highest among the Tamil-speaking districts. Most of the Muslims were Marakkayars or Labbais and concentrated in Kumbakonam taluk where they formed the majority in the towns of Ayyampettai, Rajagiri and Pandaravadai apart from Koothanallur in Mannargudi taluk. They were also found in large numbers in the Negapatam and Pattukkottai taluks. More than a third of the total Christian population of the district lived in Tanjore taluk. There were a total of about 600 Jains chiefly concentrated in the Tanjore and Mannargudi taluks.The chief Muslim places of worship were located in Tanjore and Muttupet apart from the Nagore dargah.

Tamil was spoken as mother tongue by an overwhelming majority of the population while Telugu was spoken by about 3%. Other languages spoken include Marathi (13,651) and Saurashtrian or Patnuli.
**The Osmonds** are an American family singing group. They have had a long and varied career. They sung barbershop music as children, got success as teen-music idols, produced a hit television show. They have continued as solo and group performers.

The Osmonds are Mormons: devout members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Their religious values have influenced their careers. The Osmonds children are (from the oldest to the youngest), Virl, Tom, Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie, and Jimmy Osmond. 

Virl and Tom (who are twins born in 1945) were born nearly completely deaf. The two took up tap-dancing to perform in the group to make up for the fact that they could not sing. Tom eventually did perform as a full-time member of the Osmonds, however, Virl did not and Virl is the only non-performing Osmond child.

Donny and Marie Osmond once hosted a show in the 1970s called Donny and Marie. Donny is a former judge on dancing with the stars.

Wayne Osmond is a Cancer activist. Wayne suffered from a Brain tumour during the 1990s and 2000s.
***The Outlaw Josey Wales*** is a 1976 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood (who also stars). It was based on the 1972 novel *The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales* by Forrest Carter. The movie also stars Chief Dan George, Sondra Locke, Bill McKinney, John Vernon, Paula Trueman, Sam Bottoms, Charles Tyner, Doug McGrath, Geraldine Keams and was distributed by Warner Bros. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1977 and was followed up by *The Return of Josey Wales* in 1986.

The movie was a commercial success, earning $31.8 million against a $3.7 million budget. In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It is sometimes said to be a "revisionist western" because it breaks the "long taboo" about the treatment of Missourians by Unionists. This is disputed.

One of the things which made the film "culturally significant" was its use of character actors who could speak in dialects which are now dead or rare. This happened in countries as television spread the standardised type of pronunciation which the media elite use. Dialects can still be detected in regional speech in the U.S.A. but they are not nearly so prominent as they were.

Other websites
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* *The Outlaw Josey Wales* on IMDb
* *The Outlaw Josey Wales*  at the TCM Movie Database
* *The Outlaw Josey Wales* at AllMovie