recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Guiguinto**, officially the **Municipality of Guiguinto** (Filipino: *Bayan ng Guiguinto*), is a municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 113,415 people.

Guiguinto is one of the fast-growing municipalities. From a predominating agricultural economy, it gradually urbanized and developed. Guiguinto is 34 kilometers (21 mi) from Manila and 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) from Malolos.

It is the birthplace of composer Constancio De Guzman, known for writing songs like Maalaala Mo Kaya. It also houses the Immaculate Conception Seminary, a Diocesan Seminary of the Diocese of Malolos located in barangay Tabe. The appellation "Guiguinto" literally translates to "Gold" (ginto for Tagalog, gintu for Kapampangan) for the early conquistadores came and saw this town on a harvest season when it lushes in golden rice stalks against the sun.

| * v
* t
* e
 Province of Bulacan |
| --- |
| Municipalities | 
* Angat
* Balagtas
* Baliuag
* Bocaue
* Bulakan
* Bustos
* Calumpit
* Doña Remedios Trinidad
* Guiguinto
* Hagonoy
* Marilao
* Norzagaray
* Obando
* Pandi
* Paombong
* Plaridel
* Pulilan
* San Ildefonso
* San Miguel
* San Rafael
* Santa Maria

 |
| Cities | 
* Malolos
* Meycauayan
* San Jose del Monte

 |

Editor note: simplify words, and delete when you simplify.
East London
**East London** is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London.

It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin.

The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City. 

The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration. 

Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century. In Tower Hamlets the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population.

Many famous places like Spitalfields, Brick Lane and Shoreditch are in East London.

  


| Borough | Barking and Dagenham | Hackney | Havering | Newham | Redbridge | Tower Hamlets | Waltham Forest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Location |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Population (2001) | 165,700 | 207,200 | 224,700 | 249,500 | 241,900 | 201,100 | 222,000 |
| Population (1901) | 25,080 | 374,132 | 24,853 | 338,506 | 77,621 | 578,143 | 154,146 |
| Population (1801) | 1,937 | 14,609 | 6,370 | 8,875 | 4,909 | 130,871 | 6,500 |
| Population peak | 168,724 (1951) | 379,120 (1911) | 248,107 (1971) | 454,096 (1931) | 270,876 (1951) | 584,936 (1891) | 280,094 (1931) |
**Sir Edward Rosling** (4 December 1863 - 19 January 1946) was a Ceylonese tea planter and politician.

Edward Rosling was born 4 December 1863 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He was the eldest son of his parents. His father Joseph Rosling (1830 - 1890) was a timber merchant in Nutfield. His mother's name was Julia Victoria née Black (1838 - 1927). He had two half siblings: Mary (b.1858) and Katherine (b.1859) from his father's first marriage. He had three sisters: Margaret (b. 1866), Ethel (b.1869) and Josephine (b.1872) and one brother, Percy (b.1867).

Rosling was educated at Queenwood College, Hampshire. In 1886, at the age of 23, he travelled to Ceylon. He was apprenticed as a "creeper" in Ceylon on a tea plantation in Ambagamuwa. In late 1888 he took up a position as a manager on a tea estate in Nanu Oya. He worked as a tea planter for 27 years. He served as the chairman of the Anglo-Ceylon and General Estates Company Limited. In 1899, he was elected as the president of the Hill Club in Nuwara Eliya. In 1900, he was elected as the chairman of the Planter's Association. After serving for a year, he was re-elected as chairman between 1909 and 1911. In November 1902, Rosling was appointed as an unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and a Justice of the Peace. He served on the Council for ten years. He was retired from the Council in 1913. His position on the Council was later filled by William Duff Gibbon.

He married to Isabella Graham White (1866-1958) on 28 June 1888 at Duncairn Church in Belfast, Ireland. They had seven children: Josephine (b.1890), Alfred (b.1892), Edward (b.1895), Isobel Phyllis (b.1898), Percy Campbell (b.1902), Edward (b.1904) and Hugh Patrick (b.1910).

Rosling was knighted in June 1913 for his services on the Legislative Council of Ceylon. After retirement, he returned to England and became the chairman of the Ceylon Association in London between 1914 and 1915.

He died on 19 January 1946 in Weybridge, Surrey, England. He is buried in the cemetery at St. Peter's church in Hersham, Surrey.
Muggia, the only Italian city of contemporary Istria
**Istrian Italians** are one of the ethnic groups of Istria. The others are Croatians, Slovenians and Istrorumanians.

History
-------

The Istrian Italians are the descendants of the romanized Illyrian population of Istria during the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages they were under domination of many political states, like the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. But most of the time they were under the Republic of Venice, especially during the Renaissance.

The Istrian Italians enjoyed a huge cultural development in the centuries under Venice: Pola and Capodistria were important centers of art and culture during the Italian Renaissance. Personalities like Pier Paolo Vergerio (a famous "Humanist") and Santorius Santorio (a physician who discovered the medical thermometer) are renowned worldwide.

In the last two centuries, the Istrian Italians, who were the majority of the population of Istria under Napoleon, have been in continuous ethnic fighting with the Slavs of Istria. As a consequence, they have been reduced to a small minority, who have survived the Istrian exodus and the Foibe massacres during and after WWII.

Data
----

According to the Italian Census done in 1936, in the peninsula of Istria there were 294,000 residents; most were Istrian Italians. Here, there are the percentages for all the Istrian cities/districts:

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **District** | **Italians** | **Slovenians** | **Croatians** |
| Pola | 68% | - | 32% |
| Pisino (Province of Pola) | 28% | 2% | 70% |
| Capodistria (Province of Pola) | 50% | 35% | 15% |
| Lussino (Province of Pola) | 57% | - | 43% |
| Parenzo (Province of Pola) | 72% | 4% | 24% |
| Fiume | 81% | 3% | 16% |
| Abbazia (Province of Fiume) | 24% | 30% | 46% |

Currently, there are nearly 50,000 Istrian Italians; a small minority of the Istria peninsula population. They are mainly divided between Croatia and Slovenia, but a few thousand still live in Italy (in the coastal city of Muggia near Trieste).

Indeed, in various municipalities in actual Croatia and Slovenia, census data shows that there are still significant numbers of Italians living in Istria, such as 51% of the population of Grožnjan/Grisignana, 37% at Brtonigla/Verteneglio and nearly 30% in Buje/Buie.

Related pages
-------------

* Dalmatian Italians
* Istria
* Italian irredentism in Istria

Bibliography
------------

* Benussi, Bernardo. *L'Istria nei suoi due millenni di storia*. Treves-Zanichelli. Trieste 1924.
Khoisan lanuages in Africa are shown in yellow.
**Khoisan languages** is the name for a group of languages that are spoken in Southern Africa. All of these languages have click consonants, and they are not part of the Niger–Congo languages, the Nilo-Saharan languages, or the Afroasiatic languages. These languages are not in one common language family, there are at least three such families. There are also some language isolates on the territory where Khoisan languages can be found. It is not possible to construct or find a language that is the common ancestor of the other languages.

The San, Khoekhoe, Damara, Nama, as well as the Hadza and Sandawe are all speakers of Khoisan languages.

Many of these languages only have very few speakers, or they have become extinct. Many are only spoken, and not written. The only widespread Khoisan language is Khoekhoe (also known as Khoekhoegowab, Nàmá or Damara) of Namibia, Botswana and South Africa, with a quarter of a million speakers; Sandawe in Tanzania is second in number with some 40–80,000, some monolingual; and the ǃKung language of the northern Kalahari spoken by some 16,000 or so people. Language use is quite strong among the 20,000 speakers of Naro, in Botswana and in eastern Namibia, half of whom speak it as a second language.
Copy of the Westcar Papyrus in the Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin
**Egyptian literature** is some of the earliest known literature. The Egyptians were the first culture to develop the book.

Ancient Egyptian literature
---------------------------

Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine
The ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus. They also wrote on walls, tombs, pyramids, obelisks, and more. A well-known example of ancient Egyptian literature is the Story of Sinuhe;

Christian Egyptian literature
-----------------------------

Alexandria became an important center of early Christianity from around the 1st to 4th century CE. Writing by Coptic Christians was important to Christian literature at that time.The Nag Hammadi library protected some books from being lost or destroyed.

Islamic Egyptian literature
---------------------------

Muslim Arabs controlled Egypt by the eighth century. Libraries and literature were important in Arab Egypt. Several important changes for writers happened at this time. Cloth paper replaced papyrus. Writers began using calligraphy. Also, writers began to write mostly about Islam. The earliest novel written in Egypt was Ibn al-Nafis' *Theologus Autodidactus*. It was an early science fiction and religious novel.

Modern Egyptian literature
--------------------------

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced a cultural change like the Renaissance. This was called al-Nahda movement. It touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important people from this time was Naguib Mahfouz. He was first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another important modern writer was Muhammad Husayn Haykal. He wrote *Zaynab* in 1914. It is an Islamic novel and is called the first modern Egyptian novel.

Notable Egyptian writers
------------------------

* Taha Husayn
* Yūsuf Idrīs
* Sonallah Ibrahim
* Tawfiq al-Hakim
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Naguib Mahfouz
* Nawal El Saadawi
* Bahaa Taher
* Alaa Al Aswany
* Abdel Hakim Qasem
* Miral al-Tahawy

Related pages
-------------

* Wisdom literature
* Culture of Egypt
* Music of Egypt
* Cairo Geniza

Other websites
--------------

* Literature in Ancient Egypt
The Venus flytrap: shows reaction to the second touch.
The **Venus flytrap** (*Dionaea muscipula*) is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats.

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes *only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch*. The two-touch trigger means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food.

Appearance
----------

The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect

Nutrition
---------

The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths.
First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body.

The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids.

House plants
------------

Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.

Other websites
--------------

* Information about the Venus flytrap from the Botanical Society of America website
* website with information about the Carnivorous Plants of the world


Wikispecies has information on: ***Dionaea muscipula***.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | 
* Wikidata: Q155825
* Wikispecies: Dionaea muscipula
* AoFP: 1651
* APA: 5519
* ARKive: dionaea-muscipula
* EoL: 584643
* EPPO: DJOMU
* FNA: 220004158
* GBIF: 5421410
* GRIN: 405268
* iNaturalist: 52666
* IPNI: 275898-2
* IRMNG: 11196344
* ITIS: 22008
* IUCN: 39636
* MoBotPF: 279896
* NCBI: 4362
* NZOR: 3c414fbe-7822-41d3-9c5f-fd6439fd5477
* PalDat: Dionaea\_muscipula
* Plant List: kew-62109
* PLANTS: DIMU4
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:275898-2
* Species+: 21371
* Tropicos: 11400032
* WCSP: 62109

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Japan

 |
**Anthony Oluwafemi Olaseni Joshua**, (born 15 October 1989) is a British boxer. He is the former unified world heavyweight champion, having held the IBF, WBA (Super), IBO and WBO titles until 2019. At regional level he held the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles from 2014 to 2016. As an amateur competing in the super-heavyweight division, Joshua represented England at the 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships, winning a silver medal; he also represented Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics at the 2012 Olympics, winning gold. In 2014, a year after turning professional, *The Ring* magazine named him their Prospect of the Year.

As of June 2019, Joshua is ranked as the world's third best active heavyweight. His knockout-to-win ratio stands at 91%. Joshua is the second British boxer, after James DeGale, to win both a gold medal at the Olympics and a world title by a major professional sanctioning body, as well as being the first British heavyweight to do so. He is also the second boxer, after Joe Frazier, to win a world heavyweight title whilst still reigning as Olympic champion at the top weight.

Joshua lost his world titles after an upset defeat to the American Andy Ruiz Jr.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of Anthony Joshua

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a political group in the United Kingdom. It started in 1932 and was led by Oswald Mosley. They wanted to have a strong government with a lot of power and did not like democracy.

What the BUF believed in
------------------------

1. Fascism: The BUF believed in fascism, which is a type of government that is very strict and powerful. They thought that this kind of government would bring the country together.
2. Uniforms and Marches: People in the BUF wore black uniforms and had big marches. This made them stand out in the crowd.
3. Anti-Semitism: The BUF was known for not liking Jewish people. They said that Jewish people were the reason for many problems in the country.

What happened
-------------

The BUF was not liked by many people. They got into fights with others who did not agree with them. In 1936, the British government made laws to stop them from doing some things.

End of the BUF
--------------

When World War II started, the BUF stopped being active. The government put Mosley and other important BUF members in jail because they thought they might help the enemy. After the war, the BUF disappeared, and most people did not like their ideas anymore.

Legacy
------

The BUF is remembered as a group that believed in strict and powerful government, and for not liking Jewish people. Many people today think that their ideas were wrong.

In movies and books
-------------------

The BUF has appeared in movies, books, and TV shows. These stories show how the BUF was seen during their time.

Related pages
-------------

* Anti-semitism
* Oswald Mosley
* Fascism
* Far-right politics
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Lee*.
Lee Kyu-wan, 1930
**Lee Kyu-wan** (Hangul: 이규완; Hanja: 李圭完, 1862 – 1946) was a Korean military leader and a politician during the Joseon dynasty. He was involved in the Gapsin Coup, He was a follower of Park Young-hyo and Seo Jae-pil.

Life
----

Lee Kyu-wan was born in Kwangju or Paju. His family was 16th generation descended from Sejong the Great and Queen Soheon, but they were of a disgraced line. He lived off the benefits of Park Young-hyo, who was the son-in-law of Emperor Choljong of Joseon.

In 1883, Lee went to study in Japan, with the support of Park Young-hyo and Seo Jae-pil. He graduated in August 1884, and returned to Korea. On 4 December, he participated in the Gapsin Coup. he was Killing to Han Kyu-jik other some Senior officials But the coup lasted only three days, and then failed. Lee escaped by boat to Japan. In 1894, he was given a royal pardon and returned to Korea.

In June 1895, Lee was accused of being involved in Park Young-hyo's attempted assassination of Queen Myongseong. He again escaped to Japan, with Park. In 1907, he was given another royal pardon and returned to Korea. He was appointed a vice-member of the Privy Council. In November, he was made Governor of Gangwon Province. He was reappointed as governor in 1910 after the Japanese military took over Korea. In 1917, he was appointed governor of South Hangyong. He resigned in 1924.

Related pages
-------------

* Gapsin coup
* Park Young-hyo
* Seo Kwang-pum
* Seo Jae-pil
* Yun Chi-ho
Regina Spektor on stage in 2006
**Regina Spektor** (born February 18, 1980) is a Russian-American singer-songwriter and pianist. She was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to The Bronx in New York City as a child.

She has released eight studio albums. She released her first album *11:11* in 2001. In 2002 she released her second album *Songs*. Spektor's third album *Soviet Kitsch* was her first album to be released on a record label. Three singles were released from the album. In 2009 Spektor released her fourth album *Far*. *What We Saw from the Cheap Seats* was released in 2012. 

She usually sings in English but has used other languages in her songs including Latin, French, and Russian.

Spektor sings the theme song of Orange is the New Black, "You've Got Time". The song was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards.

Personal life
-------------

Spektor married Jack Dishel in 2011.

She gave birth to a baby boy in 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Tharoor at 2009.**Shashi Tharoor** (born 9 March 1956) is an Indian politician. He is also a writer and retired international diplomat. He has been Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, since 2009. He used to be Under-Secretary General of the United Nations. He also tried to become Secretary-General in 2006, but lost to Ban Ki Moon.

Early life and career
---------------------

He was born in London, UK. He has raised in India. Tharoor graduated from St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 1975. He got a doctorate in 1978 in International Relations and Affairs from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. At the age of 22, he was the youngest person at the time to get this honour from the Fletcher School. From 1978 to 2007, Tharoor was a career official at the United Nations, rising to the rank of Under-Secretary General for Communications and Public Information in 2001. He announced his retirement after completing second in the 2006 selection for U.N. Secretary-General to Ban Ki-moon. In 2009, Tharoor began his political career by joining the Indian National Congress. He successfully represented the party from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala by winning in the Lok Sabha elections. He became a member of parliament at 2009. During the Congress-led UPA Government rule (2004–2014), Tharoor served as Minister of State for External Affairs (2009–2010). He also served as Minister of Human Resource Development (2012–2014).

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shashi Tharoor***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Shashi Tharoor***

* Official website
* Dr Shashi Tharoor *Official bio-data at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India*
* Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh *Prime Ministers Office, Archieved*
* Shashi Tharoor at United Nations
* Shashi Tharoor collected news and commentary at *The New York Times*
* Shashi Tharoor collected news and commentary at *The Times of India*
* "Why in the PM Narenda Modi 'The Paradoxial Prime Minister'?" Interview with ET Now
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Shashi Tharoor on IMDb
* Works by or about Shashi Tharoor in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

| Lok Sabha |
| --- |
| Preceded byPannyan Raveendran |  **Member of Parliamentfor Thiruvananthapuram**2009 | **Incumbent** |
| Diplomatic posts
 |
| Preceded byPost created |  **Under Secretary General of the United Nations for Communications and Public Information**2001–2007 | Succeeded byKiyotaka Akasaka |
The **Dâmboviţa River** is a river in Romania. It starts at the joining of the headwaters Valea Vladului and Boarcăşu. The source of the river is in the Făgăraş Mountains. It flows south. It passes through Bucharest and flows into the Argeş River 258 kilometers from its source. This is near Budeşti, which is in Călăraşi County. The Romanian county of Dâmboviţa County is named after this river.

Settlements
-----------

These are the communes, towns and cities that the Dâmboviţa River flows through: 

* Dragoslavele
* Malu cu Flori
* Cândeşti
* Vulcana-Băi
* Voineşti
* Măneşti
* Dragomireşti
* Lucieni
* Nucet
* Conteşti
* Lunguleţu
* Bucharest (city)
* Plătăreşti
* Vasilaţi
* Budeşti (town)

Tributaries
-----------

These are the tributaries of the Dâmboviţa River:

Left: Valea Vladului, Berevoescu, Luţele Mari, Luţele Mici, Valea lui Aron, Valea Comisului, Valea Nemţoaicelor, Răchita, Valea lui Stanciu, Valea Turcilor, Tămaşul, Valea Dragoslăvenilor, Valea lui Ivan, Valea Largă, Valea Seacă, Valea Speriatei, Valea Gruiului, Berila, Dâmbovicioara, Valea Orăţiilor, Cheia, Ghimbav, Valea Luncii, Valea Caselor, Valea Hotarului, Olăneasca, Valea Runcului, Valea Jocii, Bădeni, Valea Grecului, Pârâul lui Coman, Valea Chiliilor, Valea Pleşei, Valea Măgurii, Valea Vlazilor, Valea Ulmului, Valea Largă, Râul Alb, Valea Satului, Ilfov, Colentina, Pasărea

Right: Boarcăşu, Colţii lui Andrei, Izvorul Foişorului, Valea Barbului, Izvorul Hotarului, Valea lui Aron, Bălţatul, Dracsin, Cascue, Râul Căciulelor, Valea Şaului, Clăbucet, Oncioaia, Valea Jugii, Valea Arşiţei, Râuşorul, Frasinu, Stoeneasca, Valea Cheii, Muscel, Aninoasa, Grui

Gallery
-------

* Dâmboviţa in Bucharest.Dâmboviţa in Bucharest.
* Sistematization of Dâmboviţa in Bucharest.Sistematization of Dâmboviţa in Bucharest.
* Dâmboviţa in Bucharest, an aquarelle by Amedeo Preziosi.Dâmboviţa in Bucharest, an aquarelle by Amedeo Preziosi.
Rekha at the Society Achievers Awards 2018Rekha
**Rekha** (Bhanurekha Ganesan,born 10 October 1954) is a Indian actress. She has acted in 182 movies. She has a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards. In 2010, she got Padma Shri. Her first Hindi movie was *Sawan Bhadon* (1970). Rekha became a member of the Rajya Sabha in 2012. Her first Hindi movie was Sawan Bhadon (1970). She was one of the leading stars in 1980s and early 1990s.

Early life
----------

Rekha born in Madras (presen Chennai)South Indian actors Gemini Ganesan and Pushpavalli, when the couple were unmarried. Rekha did not reveal her family background until mid-1970.Her mother was busy in movies, Rekha stayed with her grandmother. Asked in an interview by Simi Garewal about her father, Rekha believed he was never even aware of his father existence.

Early career
------------

Her first movie Sawan Bhadon(1970) was successful. Other movies like *Raampur Ka Lakshman* (1972), *Kahani Kismat Ki* (1973), and *Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye* (1974) and Dharmatma (1975) were also became hit. Rekha's first good role was with Amitabh Bachchan's in *Do Anjaane(1976)*.
***The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction*** is a collection of essays written by Ursula K. Le Guin. Susan Wood edited the book. It was first published in 1979. A new and different edition was published in 1992. The 24 essays in the book come from many sources, including journals, book introductions, and award-acceptance speeches. Le Guin was well known as a fantasy and science fiction author. But her criticism was not easy to find before this collection. *The Language of the Night* has [Le Guin]'s most important ideas about writing.  It is about topics such as Americans' attitudes towards fantasy fiction, the strengths and weaknesses of science fiction, and how children's literature is special. She also discusses the background of her major works such as *A Wizard of Earthsea* and *The Left Hand of Darkness*. However, some critics complained that *The Language of the Night* has both more important and less important writing. The collection was nominated for a Hugo for Best Related Non-Fiction Book category in 1980. The title comes from Le Guin's description of fantasy literature. She said, "We like to think we live in daylight, but half the world is always dark; and fantasy, like poetry, speaks the language of the night."
***Why I Am Not a Christian*** is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell. It describes the reasons why Russell does not believe in God and doubts religion.

History
-------

At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, *Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects* (ISBN 0-671-20323-1).

Related works by other authors
------------------------------

* *Why I Am Not a Muslim*, by Ibn Warraq, is also critical of the religion in which the author was brought up — in this case, Islam. The author mentions *Why I Am Not a Christian* towards the end of the first chapter, stating that many of its arguments also apply to Islam.
* *Why I Am Not a Hindu*, a 1996 book in a similar vein by Kancha Ilaiah, an activist opposed to the Indian caste system.
* *Why I Am Still a Christian* is a book by Catholic theologian Hans Küng, published in 1987.

Other websites
--------------

* Complete text with annotations
***Scarface*** is a 1983 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie *Scarface*. The movie made $85 million.

Story
-----

Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.

Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alejandro Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.

Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony kills a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. Tony plants a bomb on the target's car, but sees the journalist's family inside it, and does not make the bomb go off. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.
**Muthuvel Karunanidhi Alagiri** commonly known as **M. K. Alagiri**, is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He was the former Cabinet Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers from 13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013.

Birth
-----

Alagiri was born on 30 January 1951. He was the second son of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi. He was born to M. Karunanidhi and his second wife Dayalu Ammal. Azhagiri after his marriage on 10 December 1972, settled in Madurai. His wife is Kanthi Azhagiri.

Controversies (quarrel and fights)
----------------------------------

M. Karunanidhi always wanted his son M. K. Stalin to be his successor as the leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. Alagiri didn't hold any post in DMK party. But he had the command in Madurai region. Alagiri was the important person who made DMK win in 2008 by-elections. After these victories, he was appointed as the organizing secretary of DMK in southern Tamil Nadu districts. Following this Alagiri was given the ticket for Madurai Lok Sabha Constituency in 2009 general election. He won it and became a Cabinet Minister.

There were lots of publicly held fights between the supporters of Stalin and Alagiri. This reached its peak when the Dinakaran daily's office were bombed by Alagiri supporters.Dinakaran is a part of the Sun TV group owned by Kalanidhi Maran (son of Murasoli Maran), the grand-nephew of Karunanidhi. This was because the daily published the result of a opinion polls. The poll was about people's wish of who will become the next leader of DMK. The results said that 70% of the people support Stalin while only 2% support Alagiri. In this attack case, 3 were dead .

He was removed from the DMK party as member and as Secretary of South Zone on 24 January 2014.
**Multi Criteria Analysis** or **Multi Criteria Decision Analysis** is a field of decision theory. It is about taking a decision when there are several criteria to take into account. It is often classified as a part of operations research. Conflicting criteria are typical for many situations. 

In their daily lives, people usually weigh multiple criteria implicitly and may be comfortable with the consequences of such decisions that are made based on only intuition. On the other hand, when stakes are high, it is important to properly structure the problem and explicitly evaluate multiple criteria. Suppose a decision must be taken about a nuclear power plant: should it be built, and if so, where? These issues are very complex and deciding needs to take multiple criteria into account. Many people will be affected by the decision and it's consequences.

Structuring complex problems well and considering multiple criteria explicitly leads to more informed and better decisions. There have been important advances in this field since the start of the modern multiple-criteria decision-making discipline in the early 1960s. A variety of approaches and methods, many implemented by specialized decision-making software, have been developed for their application in an array of disciplines, ranging from politics and business to the environment and energy.

Two of the earliest ones were ÉLECTRE, and PROMETHEE. ELECTRE works by assigning a weight to eacch criterion, for each option. It then vboils down to calculating a weighted sum. Promethee was developed in the 1980s, and offers more choices.
a plaque with a picture of Agatha Christie
**Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie** DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories. Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world. Only William Shakespeare has sold more books. Also, her books are in more languages than any other writer's books. People can read them in 103 different languages. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them. It is hard to find that person. There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person. People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too. Reading these books is like playing a game. The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone. People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person. She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder. Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence. The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.

Christie also wrote plays. One of them is called *The Mousetrap*, and it started over 60 years ago. It remains the world's longest-running play.

Christie was born in Torquay in Devon, England. She did not go to school. She had lessons from her mother at home. Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old. But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four. She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer. She later became a very good pianist and singer, too. She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks. She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays. They were very successful too. In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.

The *Guinness Book of World Records* ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever. Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies. Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible. Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. Christie's best-selling novel is *And Then There Were None*. It has sold 100 million copies. It is the world's best-selling mystery novel.
Wood barrels
**Barrel** is an old English word for a big holder of liquids, such as petrol, beer, wine or oil. Barrels are most commonly made of either wood or metal but many are plastic

Barrels are used to age wine, and other beverages such as whisky and beer. Most of those are made of oak wood.

A barrel is also used to measure liquids. One barrel of oil is 158.987 litres (42 US gallons). It is shortened as "bbl". This use may have come from the early Pennsylvanian oil fields where wooden barrels were used to store and move oil around. In 1866, the people of West Virginia started using it regularly. At this time, the amount was set to 42 American gallons. It was later world-wide for measuring amounts of oil and pricing it. Today, oil is rarely stored or transported in actual barrels, but the term "barrel" is still used to mean a 42-gallon measurement.

A barrel can also be used to measure dry goods. For example, a barrel can mean 196 pounds (about 89 kilograms) of flour.

Different sizes
---------------

The size of some standard barrels is not the same in all countries. Some countries have different sizes for different liquids.

* In the United Kingdom, there is a standard barrel for beer. It is 36 imperial gallons (163.659 litres).
* In the United States, a standard barrel for liquids is 31.5 US gallons (about 119.2 litres). For beer, the standard barrel is 31 US gallons (117.348 litres), because of tax laws.
* A physical metal barrel for oil or chemicals usually holds 55 US gallons (208.198 litres), but the word "barrel" used as a measurement refers to a 42-gallon measurement.

History
-------

The first people to start using barrels were the Celts about 350 BC. The Roman Empire started using barrels after trading with the Celts. Barrels remained popular for shipping items until the 20th century.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Barrels***.
For other uses of "Timiş", see Timiş (disambiguation).

Flood in Jaša Tomić in 2005
The **Timiş** or **Tamiš** (Romanian: *Timiş*; Serbian: Тамиш or *Tamiš*; German: *Temesch*; Hungarian: *Temes*) is a 359-kilometre (223-mile) long river coming up from the Semenic Mountains, the southern part of the Carpathian Mountains, in Caraş-Severin County, Romania. It flows through the Banat region and into the Danube near Pančevo, in the northern part of Serbia.

Characteristics
---------------

The Timiş River's drainage area covers 13.085 square kilometres (5.052 square miles). This includes 8.085 square kilometres (3.122 square miles) in Romania and 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 square miles) in Serbia. 

The river starts at the joining of the headwaters Brebu, Grădiştea and Semenic in Lake Trei Ape.

Tributaries
-----------

The river flows through Romania for 241 kilometres (150 miles).

These are the tributaries of the Timiş River: Râul Rece, Slatina, Valea Mare, Măcicaş River, Pârâul Lung, Armeniş River, Sebeş, Bistra, Şurgani River, Timişana, Pogăniş River, Timişul Mort River and Vena Mare. In its 118-kilometre (73-mile) course through Serbia, it has only one tributary, Brzava, which is the longest one.

Settlements
-----------

### Romania

Big cities in the rivers Romanian flow are Caransebeş and Lugoj.

These are the smaller smaller towns and cities along the Timiş River:

* Căvăran
* Rudna
* Teregova
* Armeniş
* Sadova Veche
* Slatina-Timiş
* Bucoşniţa
* Petroşniţa
* Valea Timişului
* Prisian
* Buchin
* Jupa
* Zăgujeni
* Prisaca
* Căvăran (Constantin Daicoviciu)
* Sacu
* Jean
* Gavojdia
* Lugojel
* Coştei
* Bazoş
* Uliuc
* Urseni
* Şag
* Parţa
* Cebza
* Crai Nou, TimişCrai Nou
* Gad
* Grănicerii

One of the big Romanian cities, Timişoara, though the name makes it seem like it, is not settled on the river. Although, the name comes from the river, when about 800 years ago the region was a swampy one and the Timiş had a very large flow area. In 1728 when the rivers Timiş and Bega were canalized, Timiş stopped to flow through the city.

### Serbia

* Jaša Tomić
* Šurjan
* Boka
* Sečanj
* Neuzina
* Banatski Despotovac
* Botoš
* Tomaševac
* Orlovat
* Idvor
* Farkaždin
* Sakule
* Čenta
* Baranda
* Opovo
* Sefkerin
* Glogonj
* Jabuka
* Pančevo
The **Government of the Philippines** is similar to the Government of the United States of America. The President of the Philippines works as the head of state, the head of government, and the commander in chief of the Military of the Philippines and the armed forces. The president is elected by direct election just as in America. He stays as the president for six years. He is the leader of the cabinet. The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected once, the president cannot. 

The bicameral Philippine legislature, the Congress of the Philippines, consists of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Members of both are elected by popular vote. There are 24 senators serving six years in the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of no more than 250 congressmen each serving three-year terms.

The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all appointed by the president.

The Philippines is a founding and prominent member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is also an active participant of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), a member of the Group of 24 and one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations on October 24, 1945.
**Chitti** is a fictional character and the primary protagonist and antagonist of the Enthiran franchise. The character was portrayed by Rajinikanth in Enthiran and 2.0. Chitti was created and written by S. Shankar.

Design
------

The visual appearance of Chitti was based on the G.I. Joe action figures. For Chitti's 2.0 version look, its hair was spiked and brown coloured lenses were used for its eyes, whereas for its "good robot" look, green coloured lenses were used. The wig used for Chitti's 2.0 look had a silver streak in the middle, made out of Yak hair, while its leather jacket was designed by Vogt. To make Vaseegaran look mature, the team made Rajinikanth sport an Oakley beard. Suits made of copper were used for Chitti's costumes.

Appearances
-----------

In the first film, He is an android robot created by Dr. Vaseegaran, also portrayed by Rajinikanth. Dr. Vaseegaran who is specialised in robotics, created Chitti after a decade of intensive research. Chitti was first created without emotions however in order for the robot to understand human behaviour, Vaseegaran taught the robot about them. But then the robot fell in love with the scientist's fiancée, Sana and thus it caused conflict between them. Angered by the robot, Vaseegaran literally chopped the robot into pieces. He was found by Dr. Bohra and upgrade into 2.0 because of a red chip. He converting it into a ruthless killer and turned into an evil destructive killing machine and killed Bohra. He then weent after Vaseegaran and Sana and crashed their wedding. He showed numerous other powerful abilities including shape shifting as well as duplicating. He caused so much damage and destruction to the city. However, Vaseegaran managed to defeat and stop Chitti. Since Chitti caused so much damage and destruction to the city, he was de-activated and dismantled. His body parts were then displayed in the museum in the year 2030 as the most advanced humanoid robot ever built.

In upcoming film 2.0, Chitti will be forced to reassemble by Dr. Vaseegaran and Indian Army in order to stop the cellphones winged monster, which will be control by Dr. Richard.

Chitti reappeared in the film Ra.One and communicated with G.One. Chitti appeared in a special appearance.

Further reading
---------------

* Meenakshi Shedde (19 October 2010). "Chitti - The Robot from Enthiran". Screen Daily. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
Paul Bunyan in Akeley, Minnesota.
**Paul Bunyan** is a fictional giant lumberjack. James MacGillivray wrote about Bunyan in 1910, which is the earliest writing about Bunyan that we know about. A few years later, in 1916, William Laughead was writing an advertisement, and decided to use Bunyan in what he was writing, and decided to make him a giant.

Origin of Paul Bunyan
---------------------

The National Register of Historic Places-listed Paul Bunyan Statue in Portland, Oregon.
James Stevens wrote a book called *Paul Bunyan* in 1925. This book said that French Canadians people made up the Paul Bunyan stories during the Papineau Rebellion of 1837, when they were fighting against England. This would explain why Paul Bunyan's last name is "Bunyan", because "Bunyan" sounds like the French-Canadian slang word "Bonyenne", which is something that they might say when they are surprised, like how people who speak English might say "Good Grief" or "My Goodness". People told other people stories about Bunyan, and the stories would change a little bit as they spread from person to person. Often, Paul Bunyan is shown in pictures with a giant blue ox named Babe. Historians think that Babe was not created until the 20th century for advertising. Other theories is that the Paul Bunyan was based on the legendry "Big Joe Mufferaw" [aka French-Canadian lumberjack Joseph Montferrand [1802-1864]. or on a French-Canadain lumberjack in Michigan named Fabian "Joe" Fournier [1845-1875]

Legends about Paul Bunyan
-------------------------

According to legend, when Bunyan was born, it took three storks to carry him. (In some stories storks carry babies and drop them off at their parents' houses.). When he became older, he broke every window in the house when he clapped or laughed. When he was seven months old, he sawed the legs off his parent's bed in the middle of the night. Paul and his friend, Babe the Blue Ox, dug the Grand Canyon when Paul was carrying his axe with a blade made from a locomotive and dragging it behind him. Babe, Bunyan's friend, was a large and very strong animal.

Many different towns say that they are the "home" of Bunyan. Some of these towns are in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, although there are towns in other states, too.

In the town of Kelliher, Minnesota, there is a park called Paul Bunyan Memorial Park, where there is a grave site that says that Paul Bunyan is buried there.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Paul Bunyan***.

* "The Story of Paul Bunyan", Paul Bunyan Trail
* *Paul Bunyan: How A Terrible Timber Feller Became the Legend* Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, History of the Paul Bunyan Legend
* Roadside statues and other tributes to the Great Tree-Biter, Paul Bunyan Archived 2014-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, Roadside America
* Animated stories of Paul Bunyan