recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Archimedes' principle** is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, the first to discover this law. When he did, he ran naked out of his bathtub. Archimedes' principle relates buoyancy to displacement.

Principle
---------

Archimedes may have used his principle of buoyancy to determine whether the golden crown was less dense than solid gold.
Archimedes' treatise, *On floating bodies*, proposition five states: 

> Any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid.
> 
> — Archimedes of Syracuse

For more general objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids (i.e. a fluid), Archimedes' principle may be stated thus in terms of forces:

> Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
> 
> — Archimedes of Syracuse

For a sunken object, the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object.

Briefly: **Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.**

Gold
----

To use the principle to tell the difference between gold and another substance, the concept of **mass** (in practice, **weight**) must be added.

Apply this formula to a suitably pure piece of gold:

{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{density of object}}{\text{density of fluid}}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{{\text{weight}}-{\text{apparent immersed weight}}}}\,}
That gives you the density of the gold sample. The only unknown is the *density of the (gold) object*; the density of water is 1.

Repeat for the experimental object (non-gold), when you get a different (and usually lesser) density.

Now you can tell what is gold and what is not, and collect your reward from the King of Syracuse. That is why Archimedes shouted **"*Eureka!*"**

### Second thoughts

We do not actually know if Archimedes used exactly this method. An alternative is to use a scale. On one side put the object to be tested (e.g. the crown). On the other side put gold of *equal weight*. Immerse the scales. The gold will go down, and the crown up (if it is not gold). That is because, being less dense than gold, it occupies a larger volume and receives more buoyancy.

Other sites and pages
---------------------

* Buoyancy
* Theory
For other uses, see Archetype (disambiguation).
In psychology, an **archetype** is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.

In the analysis of personality, the term *archetype* is often broadly used to refer to

1. a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
2. an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.

But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining *example* of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.

Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.

Etymology
---------

The word *archetype* appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun *archetypum* via the Greek noun *arkhetypon* and adjective *arkhetypos*, meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are *arkhe-* ("first" or "original") + *typos* ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

Other websites
--------------

* Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung
*Aularches miliaris*, showing some foam
***Aularches miliaris*** is a grasshopper found in south and southeast Asia. It is protected by powerful chemical defences, and its warning colour signals its foul taste.

When it is disturbed or grabbed, it makes a sharp rasping noise with its thoracic segments. Then, if its thorax is pinched, it gives off a toxic foam. It squirts a clear viscous mucus with unpleasant smell and a bitter taste, faintly alkaline, with many bubbles. This foam comes out as a strong jet from openings in the thorax, and more gently from other openings in the body (ten in total). The foam heaps up around the insect and partly covers it.

Colouring and behaviour
-----------------------

The head and thorax are dark green with a canary-yellow band on the side. The leathery front wings are green with many yellow spots; the legs are blue, with a yellow serrated pattern on the hind legs. The abdomen is black with bright red bands.

Like most noxious animals, it is very visible and slow-moving on vegetation. It pays to advertise, and it does not need to hide.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aularches miliaris***.

* Orthoptera Species File
**Biogas** is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter. The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:

* **swamp gas**
* **marsh gas**
* **landfill gas**
* **digester gas**

Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.

Biogas and anaerobic digestion
------------------------------

See the main article: anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products. The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide. The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.

### Biogas typical composition range

The composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4.

**Biogas composition**| Matter |  % |
| --- | --- |
| Methane, CH4 | 50-75 |
| Carbon dioxide, CO2 | 25-50 |
| Nitrogen, N2 | 0-10\* |
| Hydrogen, H2 | 0-1 |
| Hydrogen sulphide, H2S | 0-3 |
| Oxygen, O2 | 0-2\* |
|

* often 5% of air is introduced to get rid of sulfur microbiologically

Related pages
-------------

* Producer gas

Other websites
--------------

* AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille Archived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
* AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
* University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas
* Biogas in Rural Costa Rica Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Solid Waste Association of North America
* Landfill Gas Symposium Archived 2012-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
Archimedes' screw
An Archimedes screw in Huseby south of Växjö Sweden
Archimedes' screw was operated by hand and could raise water efficiently
**Archimedes' screw** is a machine. It is a type of pump used for raising water up. It is a screw inside a fairly tight-fitting cylinder. With the bottom end in water, the screw lifts water up to the top, where it pours out of a spout. The screw can be turned by hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine. The screw is often used for filling irrigation ditches.

Archimedes wrote about it when he was in Alexandria, Egypt. It is not known for certain whether he did invent it, but it is always attributed to him. The Archimedes screw is still much in use all over the world.

There is also a kind of reverse Archimedes' screw. Water poured in on top turns the screw. The turning drives an electric generator, which makes electricity. It is good for rivers with modest water drops ('low heads'). The reverse screw has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: it can handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of flow, with high efficiency.
See the main article: Engineering
**Biomedical engineering** is the study of medical equipment used in an environment of care or training and how this equipment interfaces with the human body. ***BE applies electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, & other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological systems***

**Monoplace hyperbaric chamber, Serbia.**
***Biomedical engineers* design, test, modify, recommend modification of, and** evaluate all medical equipment used to interface or interact with the human body. In addition to these functions, clinical engineers usually supervise the biomedical equipment maintenance function within an environment of care.

The medical devices include man-made hands, arms, and legs to replace lost ones and, also, Dialysis machines which clean the blood of a person with damaged kidneys.

Other websites
--------------

* BioMedical Engineering OnLine
* The Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program (UCLA) Archived 2012-06-07 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Biomedical engineering***.
The **Bionic Tower** was a visionary vertical city, a very large building designed for human home by Spanish architects Eloy Celaya, María Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez. It would have a main tower 1,228 metres (4,029 ft) high, with 300 stories housing about 100,000 people. The point of the Bionic Tower is to use bionics to solve the world's rising population problems in an eco-friendly way, a very incredibly hard feat to complete.

The Bionic Tower would be exactly 400 meters taller than the now tallest building, Burj Khalifa.

Complexes
---------

The Bionic Tower is composed of two complexes put together. The first complex, Bionic Tower, is made up of twelve vertical neighborhoods, each eighty meters high. The neighborhoods are separated by safety areas to make for easier construction and evacuation in case of an emergency. Each neighborhood has two groups of buildings, one on the interior of the building and one on the exterior. Both groups of buildings are located around large gardens and pools. The second complex, also called the Base Island, is 1,000 meters in diameter, and is made up of many buildings, gardens, pools, and communication equipment. Predicted uses of these complexes include hotels, offices, residential, commerce, cultural, sports and relaxation.

Bionic Vertical Space
---------------------

In 1997, work on the early model Bionic Vertical Space started. This was created by the architects Eloy Celaya, María Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez through the beginning of 2001. However, Eloy Celaya, who studied at Columbia University, is creating an another project almost the same to the Bionic Tower project.

While in office, then-Shanghai mayor Xu Kuangdi expressed an interest in the idea for his city. Hong Kong also reportedly expressed interest in the project.
Drawing of a basophil granulocyte. See animation at 
**Basophils**, or **basophil granulocytes**, are rare granulocytes. If you had 10,000 white blood cells, only 1–30 of them would be basophils.

Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules. When stained, the granules hide the cell nucleus from sight. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has two lobes.

The mast cell, another granulocyte, is similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated. However, they come from different cell lines. Mast cells usually do not circulate in the blood stream, but instead stay in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils go from the blood into a tissue when needed.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e. they are stained by basic dyes, as shown in the illustrations.

How they work is not well understood. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell membrane which binds IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defence and allergy. They are found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, for example, by ticks.
Anthony Weiner
**Anthony David Weiner** (born September 4, 1964) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented the 9th district of the state of New York. Weiner is a member of the Democratic Party.

Early political career
----------------------

After graduating from college at the State University of New York-Plattsburgh in 1985, Weiner began working on the staff of Charles Schumer, who was then a Congressman from New York.

In 1991, Weiner became the youngest person to be elected to the City Council of New York City. Weiner was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1999.

In 2011, Weiner became involved in a scandal after his Twitter account sent a woman a picture of a man with an erection. At first, Weiner said that he had not sent the picture and that somebody must have hacked into his account. However, a few days later, he admitted that he had sent the picture and that he had been having sexual conversations with several women through Twitter.

Because of the scandal, Weiner left the House of Representatives. He quit on June 16. In August 2016, Wiener was again blamed for sending a picture of his manbulge.

Personal life
-------------

Weiner married Huma Abedin in 2010. Their son was born in 2011.

Weiner is Jewish.
Map of Australia with Bass Strait marked in light blue
**Bass Strait** is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria. The strait was named after George Bass who travelled it in 1798.

It is about 240 km wide at its narrowest point and generally around 50 metres deep. It has many islands, with King Island and Flinders Island home to many towns.

The water is very rough, with many ships lost in the 19th century. A lighthouse was built on Deal Island in 1848 to help ships in the eastern part of the Straits. On the west, the Cape Otway Lighthouse was first lit in 1848. Another lighthouse was at Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island in 1861.

Islands
-------

Map of Bass Strait including major island groups
There are over 50 islands in Bass Strait. Major islands include:

Western section:

* King Island
* Three Hummock Island
* Hunter Island
* Robbins Island

South eastern section:

* Furneaux Group
	+ Flinders Island
	+ Cape Barren Island
	+ Clark Island
	+ and several other islands

North eastern section:

* Kent Group
	+ Deal Island
	+ and 3 smaller islands
* Hogan Island
* Curtis Island

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Bass Strait at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 40°S 146°E﻿ / ﻿40°S 146°E﻿ / -40; 146
Ambiga Sreenevasan speaks at the International Women of Courage Awards ceremony in 2009.
**Ambiga Sreenevasan** (born 1956) is a lawyer and human rights advocate from Malaysia. In 2009, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life
----

Sreenevasan went to high school at Convent Bukit Nanasin Kuala Lumpur. in 1979, she got a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Exeter in England. She became a lawyer in 1980. She worked in two London law firms, then she became a member of the Malaysian Bar in 1982. In July 2011, she received an Honorary Doctorate in Law (LLD) from the University of Exeter in England.

Work
----

Sreenevasan was the president of the Malaysian Bar Council from 2007 to 2009. She was also the head of Bersih, an NGO for free and fair elections. 

Because Sreenevasan wanted to help with problems between ethnic groups, she received hate mail and death threats. Hundreds of people from religious groups and conservative members of government protested against Sreenevasan at the Bar Council building and called for her arrest.

In 2008, as President of the Malaysian Bar she helped start LAWASIA, the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute and Transparency International-Malaysia, to study abuses of power.

### Bersih demonstration

Sreenevasan was head of Bersih 2.0, the organisation behind the July 2011 demonstration in Kuala Lumpur. There were 20,000 people at the demonstration. Sreenevasan said the main problems for Malaysia were "unhappiness... in the Sarawak [election], unhappiness about corruption, [and] unhappiness about the lack of independence of our institutions."

Sreenevasan said the problems from the first demonstration in 2007 were not fixed, so there was another demonstration.

Other websites
--------------

* Ambiga Sreenevasan, "Malaysia’s Many Scandals", *The New York Times*, August 20, 2015
**Anthony Bol Madut** (1 January 1941 – 25 August 2019) was a South Sudanese politician who was the governor of Warrap State and  later Tonj State. Madut joined Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) (since renamed Sudan People’s movement, SPLM) in 1983.

Career
------

Madut was a founding member of SPLA and was noted for leading a large number of fighters during the formation of the SPLM/SPLA in 1983. He led the recruits from Bahr el-Ghazal region to the Bilpam and Tonga training camps. He became the Commander of Boma battalion along with Ngachigak Nyachilluk and led assault on the position of the Sudanese army.

After the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the independence of South Sudan, General Madut became the governor of the former Warrap State and later Tonj State.

He rose to the rank of general, before being appointed Tonji State governor by President Salva Kiir. He was fired from the position in January 2019, and replaced with Mathew Mathiang Magordit. Madut was Security Adviser to National Minister of Interior before he was appointed governor.  

He died in 2019.
A patient being prepared for anesthesia.
Sir Humphry Davy's *Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide* (1800), pp. 556 and 557 (right), showing how nitrous oxide relieves pain during surgery.
An **anaesthetic** (**anesthetic**) is a substance that either stops pain, or causes the user to sleep.
There are two types: general anaesthesia causes a reversible loss of consciousness. Local anaesthetic cause a loss of sensitivity (and pain) on a local area. 

Anaesthetics can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection ("shot"), or given as a gas to breathe. Anaesthesia blocks pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "without" and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".

The most famous anaesthetic, ether, may have been made as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anaesthetic importance to be appreciated

The history of modern anaesthetic began with Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs to get the same effects. Modern anaesthesia is complex, with a combination of anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation. These three are known as the "triad of anesthesia".

The most famous anesthetic, ether, may have been synthesized as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anesthetic importance to be appreciated

Related pages
-------------

* Anesthesiologist
* Nitrous oxide
* Sedative

  

  


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

 |
**Archibald William Roach** AM (8 January 1956 – 30 July 2022) was an aboriginal-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist. Roach was born in Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia. His songs are popular in the Australian Aboriginal community.

Early Life
----------

At the age of three or four, Roach was taken from his family by the Australian government. His two sisters were also taken away. After spending time in an orphanage, he was raised in Melbourne, Australia, by a white family, who had moved to Melbourne from Scotland.

As a teenager, Roach ran away from home to look for his biological parents. After running away, while homeless and abusing alcohol, Roach met his wife, musician Ruby Hunter. During the late 1980s, Roach and Hunter created a band named "Altogether" with other Aboriginal musicians.

Health and death
----------------

In mid-2011, Roach was diagnosed with early lung cancer, and had one of his lungs removed. While recovering, he released his hit album "Into the Bloodstream."

Roach died on July 30, 2022 in Warrnambool, Victoria from a long-illness, aged 66.

Awards and achievements
-----------------------

His album *Charcoal Lane* won an ARIA Award as the Best Indigenous Album of the Year. He was given an ARIA Award as the Best New Talent. The Rolling Stone Magazine listed it in the Top 50 Albums of 1992. *Looking for the Butter Boy* won three ARIA Awards in 1998.

In 2013, Roach won a Deadly Award for Album of the Year. He has also won two ARIA awards and a national Human Rights Award for his songs "Took the Child Away" and "Charcoal Lane." Many of his songs talk about his experiences and the difficulties he has faced as an Aboriginal Australian.

In 2015 Roach was made a member of the Order of Australia.

Discography
-----------

* *Koorie* (with Ruby Hunter) (1989)
* *Charcoal Lane* (1990)
* *Jamu Dreaming* (1993)
* *Searching for the Butter Boy* (1997)
* *Sensual Being* (2002)
* *The Tracker* (Movie soundtrack 2002)
* *Journey* (2007)
* *Into the Bloodstream* (2012)

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
* 
* 
* Archived 2014-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
An **athletic shoe** is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name ***trainers*** (British English), ***sandshoes*** (Australian English) ***running shoes*** or ***runners*** (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), ***sneakers*** (American English, Australian English), ***sport shoes***, ***gym shoes***, ***tennis shoes***, ***tennies***, ***sneaks***, ***kicks*** (American English), ***takkies*** (South African English).

They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.

Images
------

* Converse All StarsConverse All Stars
* Football bootFootball boot
* Air JordansAir Jordans
* Soccer shoesSoccer shoes
* Running shoesRunning shoes

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Athletic shoes at Wikimedia Commons
**Anthony Rolfe Johnson,** CBE (born 5 November 1940; died 21 July 2010) was an English operatic tenor. He was especially famous for singing the music of Monteverdi, Mozart and Benjamin Britten. He sang many of the operatic roles which Britten had written for Peter Pears to sing.

Life
----

Anthony Rolfe Johnson was born in Tackley in Oxfordshire. When he was a child he enjoyed singing, but did not think of taking it up as a career. He started to work in farm management. Then, in his late twenties, he decided to study singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He started his singing career by singing in operas in the chorus and in small roles at the Glyndebourne Festival between 1972 and 1976. His first big operatic part was Vaudémont in Tchaikovsky’s *Iolanthe* in 1973 with the English Opera Group. Then he sang the part of Albert Herring in Britten’s opera.

In 1978, he joined English National Opera. He sang several roles in Mozart and Monteverdi operas, then he sang the Male Chorus (a solo part) in Britten’s *The Rape of Lucretia* and Aschenbach in *Death in Venice*. Later he sang the title role in *Peter Grimes*. He sang in opera houses all over the world, including including the English National Opera, Royal Opera House, La Monnaie in Brussels, La Scala, Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Vienna State Opera, and the Paris Opera.

Rolfe Johnson sang other music besides operas. He sang in several oratorios, and he sang the role of Evangelist in J. S. Bach's *St John Passion* and *St Matthew Passion*, as well as in Britten’s *War Requiem*. He also sang on the concert platform, and he gave recitals of Lieder. He helped find a group called "The Songmakers’ Almanac" who sang classical songs. .

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992. 

He died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 July 2010.
**Baucau** (Tetum: **Baukau**), is the name of one of the 13 municipalities of East Timor, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The municipality was the same during colonial times.

The capital is the city of Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar), the second city of East Timor after Dili that is at about 122 km (76 mi) to the west; it lies at about 512 meters above sea level.

Geography
---------

Its north edge is to the Wetar Strait, opposite the island of Wetar; it also borders the municipalities of Lautém to the east, Viqueque to the south, and Manatuto to the west.

The municipality has an area of 1,507.95 km2 (582.22 sq mi). The largest part of the municipality is at an altitude between 100 and 500 m (330 and 1,640 ft). Just right on the coast, the country is falling fast at sea level.

The highest mountain of Baucau, and the third highest in East Timor, is Matebian, with 2,316 m (7,598 ft) high; it is in the Quelicai subdistrict.

The rivers Laleia and Manuleiden, in the west of the district, flow to the north into the Wetar Strait. The rivers Seiçal, Borauai, Lequinamo, Binagua and other small rivers are to the east of the city of Baucau; only the Seiçal has water all year round.

Baucau also has a wide shoreline with sandy beaches that are ideal for swimming and other water sports.

Population
----------

In 2015, about 123,000 people lived in Baucau. The average age is 18.5 years.

Besides the national official languages of Tetum and Portuguese, most of the inhabitants speak the Papuan language Makasae. While most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, a few Muslims also live there.

Subdivisions administratives
----------------------------

It is divided in six administrative posts:Baucau, Laga, and Vemasse with a coastal plain, while Venilale, Quelicai, and Baguia are located inland.

| Subdistrict | Population | Area(km2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Baguia | 12,962 | 213.99 |
| Baucau | 47,294 | 369.53 |
| Laga | 18,359 | 191.99 |
| Quelicai | 17,450 | 206.46 |
| Vemasse | 9,643 | 374.62 |
| Venilale | 17,495 | 151.37 |

Economy
-------

Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples rice and corn, Baucau produces beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, coconuts, candlenut and manioc. It also raises buffalo and goats.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Baucau (Municipality)***.

* Ministry of State Administration Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Bacau District Development Plan 2002/2003 Archived 2009-03-28 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Municipalities of East Timor |
| --- |
| 
* Aileu
* Ainaro
* Baucau
* Bobonaro
* Cova Lima
* Dili
* Ermera
* Lautém
* Liquiçá
* Manatuto
* Manufahi
* Oecusse
* Viqueque

 | Flag of East Timor |
**Alison Lorraine Cronin**, MBE (born September 1966) is the director of Monkey World in Dorset, England, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, from the United States. She is widely accepted to be an international expert in rescuing and rehabilitating such primates, and enforcing international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation.

Alison Cronin and her husband got an MBE in 2006 for Services to Animal Welfare, as well as starting the Endangered Asian Species Trust.

Early life and career
---------------------

Alison Cronin was born in September 1966 as Alison Lorraine Ames in San Diego, California. She studied biological anthropology at Cambridge University. She met Jim Cronin at Monkey World in 1993 while she was living in the UK. They married in 1996. They were joint directors of Monkey World. After her husband died, Cronin continued running the site and working against the illegal transportation of animals.

Alison Cronin became known through the television series *Monkey Business*, which was made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide, which has recorded the frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations all around Europe and Asia. The show began in 1998 with *Monkey Business*, which was then replaced with *Monkey Life* in 2007. It covers the low and high-profile rescues, one of the most dramatic being in January 2008 when Cronin led a huge rescue of 88 Capuchin monkeys from Chile.

In 2008, Alison Cronin led the creation of the Dao Tien Endangered Primate Rescue Centre located in Cát Tiên National Park, Southern Vietnam which is a rescue, rehabilitation, and release centre focusing on golden-cheeked gibbons, black-shanked douc langurs, silvered langurs, and pygmy loris. Alison Cronin has written on primates as well as fought to get legislation changed to protect the primates.

In 2018, Cronin was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University for her work.

Other websites
--------------

* Monkey World
Andijan Region is a region in Uzbekistan. It is in the far-right part of Uzbekistan. It touches the Namangan Region, the Fergana Region and the country Kyrgyzstan. The region is in the lower part of the Fergana Valley. There are about 3,000,000 people living in the Andijan Region which means there are more people living in Andijan Region for every square kilometer than any other region in Uzbekistan. The capital of the Andijan Region is Andijan. The Andijan Region makes up about 1% of all the land area in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan was controlled by the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1991. Religion was made illegal and mosques were closed by the Soviet Union. Regardless, the people are mostly Islamic today.

The Andijan Region has 14 administrative districts, 11 cities and 95 villages. The region's hokim is Shuhratbek Abdurahmonov. The people of the Andijan Reigon speak Uzbek.

In 1902 an earthquake in Andijan killed more than 4000 people.

The Andijan Region has natural resources like petroleum, limestone, and natural gas. The region is famous for its sweet watermelons and melons.

Work
----

Food processing, the chemical industry, and light industry are in the Andijan Region.

The first car construction factory in Central Asia was opened in Asaka in the Andijan Region. Asaka is the capital of the Asaka District in the Andijan Region.

2005 Massacre
-------------

On 13 May 2005, the Uzbek military shot into a large crowd of protestors at the Navoi Square in the city of Andijan. Around 187-700+ people were killed. The people were protesting against the president, Islam Karimov. The military was ordered to shoot the people by Karimov.
**Bioenergetics** is the study of energy transfer within living systems. For living organisms to function, they must transfer energy within their systems and between other organisms. These transfers happen following the Laws of Bioenergetics, which are themselves restatements of laws of thermodynamics. 

Arctic Food Web Showing the Transfer of Energy 
The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy must remain constant. Organisms cannot create energy, merely transform it from one form to another. For instance, plants do not create energy through photosynthesis, they convert energy from the sun into stored energy in food that can the be used to perform life functions. 

Energy is able to move through the systems by undergoing these energy conversion. As an example, energy from the sun is converted from thermal energy into chemical energy by a producer; the producer is then eaten by a consumer; and the energy travels up the food chain. At each level the amount of energy is reduced, following the second law of bioenergetics that states that energy transfer will always proceed in the direction of increased entropy, and the release of "free energy." In this situation, most energy is lost as heat as it travels through the food chain. 

Model of Adenosine Triphosphate
In living organisms, the molecule that is the source of the stored energy used for cell functions comes in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP. The energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates in the ATP. When energy is needed to do work, for instance moving materials across the cell membrane or for chemical reactions, the bonds are broken and energy is released. Cells therefore have to produce the ATP through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
The **Battle of Batibo** was fought during the Anglophone Crisis between Ambazonian separatists and the Cameroon Armed Forces. The battle was fought on March 3, 2018 when Ambazonian rebels attacked Cameroonian units on the Bamenda-Batibo Highway, Batibo Subdivision. At the time, it was reportedly the deadliest confrontation between Cameroonian and Ambazonian forces to date.

Battle
------

Although the circumstances of the battle remain unclear, reports claim that separatist forces ambushed Cameroonian soldiers who were celebrating the recent recapture of most villages in the Batibo subdivision. The number of casualties on both sides remains unclear, but reports on social media claim that 70 Cameroonian soldiers and "hundreds" of separatists died in the battle.

These casualty figures far outweigh the official figures at the time. Two months after the battle, Cameroon admitted to having lost at least 44 soldiers and policemen since the start of the armed conflict, of whom at least 22 had died between February and May.

Aftermath
---------

The mayor of Batibo, Frederick Tanjoh, said that while the number of casualties was high - people on the ground claimed to have seen a military truck carrying a load of dead bodies - no information had been released by the authorities.

After the battle, mass arrests took place in the villages of the Batibo subdivision. The villages of Gurissen and Kwana in Haut Bafang, Tinto were burnt down by unknown persons, while the villages of Korgwe, Effa, Koroko, Ambo and Angie were completely abandoned. In total, over 4,000 people fled their homes after the battle, including the Fons who abandoned their palaces.
**Arawanna**,Ara-Wanna(I҆rwnt). The Hittite-Luwian city-state and historical region of the same name in the south-west of the Armenian Highlands(near modern town of Elbistan, Ablasta in Armenian: Աբլաստա), which existed in the Bronze Age and was mentioned by king Mursili II in his annals, where he writes that when Šuppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites, the Aravanians invaded the land of Kaskians near «Sammahi». Some translators believe that this may be a Late-Hittite pronunciation of «Samuha», comparing Šuppiluliuma of the mid-14th century BC, who managed to subdue Arawanna and other city-states, which had rebelled against his father, with king Šuppiluliuma of the late 13th century BC. However, in other places of the annals Arawanna and Cascia are not connected with Samuha. King Mursili himself in the fifth year of his reign - c. 1317 BC - moved to the city of Zulila in the vicinity of Sammahi to save the Cascians from invasions near Samuha.

Arawanna took part in the coalition of states that rebelled against the Hittite king Tudhaliya III and were supported by the king of Mitanni Shuttarna II.

Arawanna(I҆rwnt) at the Battle of Kadesh
----------------------------------------

Arawanna(I҆rwnt) was one of the allies states who fought on the side of the Hittite empire against Egypt at the Battle of Kadesh

Succession of Arawanna
----------------------

Arawanna(I҆rwnt) was a homeland and personal land domain of the first historically known Armenian royal dynasty Eruandid(Yervanduni,Orontid dynasty).
A map of the Bantustans in South Africa at the end of apartheid.
A **Bantustan** (also known as a **Bantu homeland**, **black homeland**, **black state**, or simply **homeland**) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term *Bantustan* comes from *Bantu* (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and *-stan* (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

* The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
* The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
* Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

List of Bantustans
------------------

### Bantustans in South Africa

* Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
* Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
* Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
* Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
* Gazankulu
* Lebowa
* QwaQwa
* KaNgwane
* KwaNdebele
* KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

### Bantustans in South West Africa

* Bushmanland
* Damaraland
* East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
* Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
* Kaokoland
* Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
* Namaland
* Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
* Rehoboth
* Tswanaland

Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.
A singer who is a **bass** is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's *Don Giovanni* needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's *Magic Flute*.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in *Der Ring des Nibelungen* is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well known for his bass-baritone voice
The **Bass Highway** is a highway in Tasmania, Australia. It is a part of the National Highway, named National Highway 1. It joins the major cities across the north of the state - Burnie, Devonport and Launceston. The Bass Highway is, like Bass Strait, named for explorer George Bass.

The highway connects the following towns:

* Launceston
* Prospect and other Launceston suburbs
* Hadspen
* Carrick
* Hagley
* Westbury
* Exton
* Deloraine
* Elizabeth Town
* Sassafras
* Latrobe
* Devonport
* Forth
* Ulverstone
* Penguin
* Burnie

From Burnie, the Bass Highway is no longer a National Highway, and connects the following towns:

* Somerset
* Wynyard
* Smithton
* Marrawah

As part of the National Highway, there have been many changes to the highway. In the 1980s it was made longer to join the southern exit at Launceston which connects to the Midland Highway. Almost the entire length of the highway has been re-aligned to allow for dual carriageway, overtaking lanes, and the bypass of small towns.

Between Launceston and Deloraine, this had included Carrick and Hadspen in the 1980s and Deloraine in the early 1990s. The longest stretch of highway, the Hagley-Westbury bypass, was completed in 2001. People living in the small towns have been concerned that they no longer get passing trade. The 'old' highway, now known as the Meander Valley Highway, is promoted as a tourist route.

The highway between Latrobe and Somerset has had a similar re-alignment. This section of the highway is more of a commuter highway than a tourist highway, and as such the local economy does not rely on passing tourists.

Coordinates: 41°02′47″S 145°53′41″E﻿ / ﻿41.04639°S 145.89472°E﻿ / -41.04639; 145.89472
The accident of the railway in Mangfall Valley,  
marked with a yellow star in OpenStreetMap
The **Bad Aibling rail accident** was an accident that happened on the railway line in Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, on 9 February 2016. Twelve people were killed and many more injured when two trains collided head-on, along a single-track line.

The line
--------

The accident happened on the line between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim, in Bavaria, southeastern Germany. The whole line only has a single track. Trains usually cross at stations. The line is equipped with a security system that functioned normally at the time of the accident. In addition, it has been equipped with GSM-R, in 2007. In some places on the line, autonomous block signals are used to secure the track. The line is controlled by different human controllers. The control station responsible for the section where the accident happened is in Bad Aibling. The whole infrastructure had been checked a week before the accident, and was found to be without fault.

Crash
-----

One of the trains left Kolbermoor on schedule, and headed towards Holzkirchen, and entered the single track section. The other train was four minutes late. The accident happened because of human error. The person responsible gave the orders to pass by a signal, because he said the signal in question was broken. That meant that both trains were travelling on the same track, and headed towards each other. This was not apparent to the train drivers, because there is a long bend in the track, at that position. The person in charge in Bad Aibling recognised that he had made an error, and issued orders for emergency braking using GSM-R. The first of these was given 36 seconds before the collision. Because he did not use the correct keys, these orders did not reach the train drivers, but other personnel responsible for securing the line. The accident happened at nearly 6:47 local time. Emergency braking was effective only one second before the collision. The trains were running at 52 and 87 km per hour.

Both train drivers were killed in the accident. In total, twelve people were killed, and 87 others injured.

800 people were involved in the rescue. The rescue was very difficult, because the section of track were the accident happened is badly accessible by road. There is a steep hill, on one side, and a canal, with no road access on the other side.

The site of the accident is only 800m from the site where another similar accident had happened in 1945.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to 2016 Bad Aibling rail accident at Wikimedia Commons
The **Battle of Finnburg** was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes. It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and *Beowulf*. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.

Story
-----

According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg. Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes. A battle took place that lasted for three days. The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.

In a passage of *Beowulf*, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named *Freswael*. This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment. While in less detail, the *Beowulf* episode is complete. Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle. The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle. After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader *Hingest* (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.

Sources
-------

* Finnesburg Fragment
* Beowulf
**Andrea Horwath** (born October 24, 1962) is a Canadian politician, MPP and community development coordinator. She currently serves as the Leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party and Leader of the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. She also is a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Hamilton Centre, and was won the leadership of the Ontario New Democrats in the 2009 leadership election.

Provincial politics
-------------------

### By-election

Horwath was first elected in the 2004 by-election of the provincial riding of Hamilton East.

### 2007 election

In the 2007 Ontario election, Horwath ran in the new riding of Hamilton Centre and won it.

### 2009 NDP leadership

On November 7, 2008, Horwath officially launched her campaign to become the leader of the Ontario New Democrats. The leadership election was held March 6–8, 2009 and she won all three election ballots.

### 2011 election

The 2011 provincial election saw a rise for the NDP under Horwath however still in third place. The party was balanced out, with a Dalton McGunity minority government.

### 2014 election

In the 2014 provincial election, the NDP was able to continue its seat count of 21, however the Liberals still won a majority government.

### 2018 election

Horwath running a third time, against the Liberal government led by Kathleen Wynne and a Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario led by Doug Ford. Horwath promised to introduce a provincial dental plan and prescription drugs. She also promised a child care plan and return Hydro One to public ownership by buying back privately held shares. She also promised to close the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station immediately, while the other party leaders have pledged to keep it open until 2024.

The party's support in public opinion polls increased in May 2018, leading to greater media attention and greater scrutiny for Horwath and her party. She ultimately led the party to official opposition status in the Legislature, the second highest number of seats in the party's history.