recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Investiture** means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia". The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.

In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal. The lord *invested* the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office. From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in canon law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.

United Kingdom
--------------

In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family. A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.

Investiture Controversy
-----------------------

The question who should invest (appoint) whom was the subject of a conflict between the Catholic church (mainly the papacy) and state (mainly the Holy Roman Empire) in the Middle Ages during the so-called lay investiture controversy.
Heliodor Píka as a French legionnaire during World War I
General **Heliodor Píka** (July 3, 1897 Štítina – June 21, 1949 Plzeň ) was a Czechoslovakian army officer. He is also well known as representative of Czechoslovakian anti-Nazi resistance and a victim of communism.

Early life
----------

Heliodor Píka was born on July 3,1897 in Štítina near Opava. His father was Ignác Píka, who was a wheelwright. In 1915 he graduated from the Gymnasium in Opava. Originally, he wanted to study Pharmacy. In 1916 he was sent to the Galician front. On July 28, 1916, he was captured by Russian units in Berestechko. Later he joined Czechoslovakian legion.

Czechoslovak Army
-----------------

In 1917 he was sent to the Western front in France. In Le Havre he went through intensive military training. He fought there until 1919.

In 1920 he graduated from École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. He became a teacher at the Military academy in Hranice. In the 1930s, Píka acted as a military attaché to Romania and Turkey.

 In 1941 he cooperated with Czechoslovakian units in USSR. They were supported by Czechoslovakian government in exile. He also attended the ceremonial signing of the Czechoslovak-Soviet treaty. In 1943 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. After the war, he was promoted to major general and served as Deputy Chief of Staff.

Memorial plaque on the left side of the main entrance to the historic building of the General Staff of the Army of the Czech Republic

Execution
---------

At the time of the February coup, General Píka was ill. In March 1948, he had to stay at the military hospital in Prague. While he was recovering, General Reicin ordered him to be arrested and interrogated. He was falsely accused of spying and of High treason. In January 26 to 28, 1948 he was tried and sentenced to death. The execution took place in the prison in Plzeň on June 21, 1948.

Rehabilitation
--------------

Thanks to Milan Píka, who was Píkas son, his case was reviewed. A military court proved that there is no single piece of evidence, which would convict him. On December 13, 1968 he was cleared of all charges and fully rehabilitated.
**Lanai** (or **Lānaʻi**) is sixth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is also known as the "Pineapple Island". The island is almost a circle in shape and is 18 miles wide in the longest direction. The land area is 140 sq. miles (367 km2). It is separated from the island of Moloka'i by the Kalohi Channel to the north.

History
-------

Lana'i was first seen by Europeans on 25 February 1779 by Captain Clerke, with *HMS Resolution* on the James Cook Pacific Ocean trip. Clerke took command of the ship after Capt. Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific. 

In 1922, Jim Dole, the president of Dole Pineapple Company, bought the island of Lana'i. He made a large part of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.

Tourism
-------

Tourism on Lana'i started not long ago. That was when the growing of pineapple was slowly coming to an end in the Islands. On Lana'i, you can be with nature and feel the mood of the Hawaiian countryside. Not like nearby O'ahu, the only town (Lana'i City) is small. It has no traffic or shopping centers. Tourists come mainly to relax.

There are three hotels on Lana'i and several golf courses.

| * v
* t
* e
State of Hawaii |
| --- |
| **Honolulu** (capital) |
| Topics | 
* Geography
	+ Seamount
* Government
* ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
	+ USS *Arizona*

 | Seal of Hawaii |
| Society | 
* Culture
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education

 |
| Main islands | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Kahoʻolawe
* Kauaʻi
* Lānaʻi
* Maui
* Molokaʻi
* Niʻihau
* Oʻahu

 |
| Communities | 
* Hilo
* Honolulu
* Kahului
* Līhuʻe

 |
| Counties | 
* Hawaiʻi
* Honolulu
* Kalawao
* Kauaʻi
* Maui

 |
**KWord** is a free word processor, a part of the KOffice project and of the K Desktop Environment.

The text-layout scheme in KWord is based on frames, making it look like Adobe FrameMaker. These can be placed anywhere on the page, and can include text, graphics and embedded objects. Each new page is a new frame, but the text is able to flow through KWord’s ability to link frames together. The use of frames means that complex graphical layouts can be achieved easily in KWord.

History
-------

KWord was created as part of the KOffice project in 1998 using some ideas from FrameMaker such as the frames approach. The first author said that the application and its code were not the best since it was his first object-oriented application.

In 2000 the KWord application was created in a way that made it very hard to fix problems and nobody was working on the problems anymore. There had not been any official release of the application in all this time. In the same year a new maintainer started working on the application and over the duration of 2000 and the beginning of 2001 they worked to fix any problems in the code of the application.[*source?*]

Related pages
-------------

* KOffice

Other websites
--------------

* Project Homepage Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* KWord user manual
* koffice.org/filters - List of supported file formats in KWord Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
* KWord in Windows Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
Jesse Carmichael
***Jesse Royal Carmichael*** (born 2 April 1979) is an American musician, guitarist & keyboardist. He is best known as the secondary guitar player and keyboardist for the Grammy Award winning band *Maroon 5*. In 1994, he joined with Maroon 5 frontman Adam Levine and Mickey Madden, current bassist, and formed Kara's Flowers. He recorded the debut album *Songs About Jane* with the rest of the band Levine, Madden, James Valentine, and Ryan Dusick.

Personal life
-------------

Carmichael was born in Boulder, Colorado, United States on April 2, 1979. He went to Five Towns College with the rest of his band mates. While he was in college he began getting interested in playing the piano and keyboards. He then joined Kara's Flowers and released the album *The Fourth World* in 1998. Kara's Flowers then disbanded and re connected years later in 2002 and began recording material with Maroon 5.

1863
----

As a solo artist, Carmichael uses a stage name **1863**. He released his debut EP album *Five Songs* on June 4, 2012 digitally. 

| * v
* t
* e
Maroon 5 |
| --- |
| 
**Adam Levine** •  **Jesse Carmichael** •  **Michael Madden** •  **James Valentine** •  **Matt Flynn**Ryan Dusick |
| Studio albums | 
*Songs About Jane* •  *It Won't Be Soon Before Long* •  *Hands All Over* •  *Overexposed* |
| Live albums | 
*1.22.03.Acoustic* •  *Live – Friday the 13th* •  *Live from SoHo* •  *Live from Le Cabaret* •  *iTunes Sessions*  |
| Compilations | 
*The B-Side Collection* •  *Call and Response: The Remix Album* •  *Hit 3 Pack* •  *Love Songs EP* • *V*  |
| Singles | 
"Harder to Breathe" •  "This Love" •  "She Will Be Loved" •  "Sunday Morning" •  "Must Get Out" •  "Makes Me Wonder" •  "Wake Up Call" •  "Won't Go Home Without You" •  "If I Never See Your Face Again" •  "Goodnight Goodnight" •  "Misery" •  "Give a Little More" •  "Hands All Over" •  "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" •  "Moves Like Jagger" •  "Payphone"  •  "One More Night"  •  "Daylight"  •  "Love Somebody" •  "Maps"  •  "Animals" •  "Sugar" |
| Other songs | 
"Stutter" •  "Is Anybody Out There" |
***Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa*** is an 2015 Indian Hindi-language animated television film. It was directed by Deepak Naidu. It released on April 25, 2015. It is the sequel to *Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia* and is the final film in the *Kid Krrish franchise*.

Plot
----

An alien Gozonian tribe conspires to destroy planet Earth and rule over the entire universe. The Gozonian tribe was destroyed earlier by the inter-galactic council. However, they rose to power after the invention of a powerful weapon that can possibly increase the human race intelligence. The tribe's evil leader takes back the bionic body from Dr Para for his extreme lust for power. A giant robotic dinosaur creates havoc under Ru Bonda's command. But Kid Krrish successfully destroys it, thus infuriating him. The Gozonian leader approaches Ru Bonda for his help in obtaining a rare Blue Diamond which is present in South Africa's lion crown mountain. On the other hand, Krrish also finds out about Gozonian's plan from his father's diary which he finds in Dr Para's hideout. He along with Mengue travels to South Africa's lion crown mountain. He cleverly sneaks in behind Ru Bonda with the help of the animals. Eventually, Krrish successfully defeats the Gozonian tribe and rescues the entire human race from annihilation.
The **Hôtel Ritz** is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom *en suite*, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, *Bar Hemingway*, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the *Suite Impériale* is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

*L'Espadon* is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's *Tender Is The Night* and Hemingway's *The Sun Also Rises*),
a play (Noël Coward's *Semi-Monde*), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy *Love in the Afternoon* and William Wyler's 1966 comedy *How to Steal a Million*).
**James Barry** (born c. 1789 – 25 July 1865) was a military surgeon in the British Army. He is seen as a pioneer in hospital reform and hygiene.

Barry was originally from the city of Cork in Ireland. He received a medical degree from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, then served in Cape Town (South Africa) and in many other parts of the British Empire. Before he retired, Barry had risen to the second-highest medical office in the British Army. Everywhere he served, improvements were made to sanitary conditions and to the diet and conditions of common soldiers as well as native inhabitants. This helped improve the rates of patient survival and pushed forward the field of surgery. He performed the first recorded caesarean section by a European in Africa in which both the mother and child survived the operation.

Although Barry lived his entire adult life as a man, it is now believed that he was known as female in childhood, and disguised his sex all his adult life. Barry's work, which saved, and helped thousands of lives by improving treatment of wounds to stop amputations, would not have been possible as a woman, because women could not attended medical school or enter the army. Barry's biological sex only became known to the public and to his military colleagues after his death, when his body was examined.
The **Liverpool Overhead Railway** (known locally as the **Dockers' Umbrella**) was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks. It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units. The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847. Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution. The railway had a number of world firsts:

* first electric elevated railway,
* first to use automatic signalling,
* first to use electric colour light signals
* first to use electric multiple units
* had one of the first passenger escalators at a railway station.

It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world. The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway. In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree. Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn. Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.

In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford. The railway closed at the end of 1956. Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.
Publicity photo of the *I Love Lucy* cast: William Frawley (Fred Mertz), Desi Arnaz (Ricky Ricardo), Vivian Vance (Ethel Mertz), Lucille Ball (Lucy Ricardo)
***I Love Lucy*** is an American sitcom. It stars Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. It was written by television writer Bob Schiller. The black-and-white series first ran from 15 October 1951 to 6 May 1957 on CBS. Even after the series ended in 1957, it continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials. This show ran from 1957 to 1960. It was known first as *The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show* and later in reruns as *The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour*.

The series is about two married couples living in New York City: Ricky and Lucy Ricardo, and oldsters Fred and Ethel Mertz. They all live in the same apartment building. Ricky is a nightclub band leader. Lucy is a housewife. Many episodes revolve around Lucy's attempts to get into Ricky's show. She often pulls Fred and Ethel into her schemes. In one episode, Lucy and Ethel are assembly line workers in a candy factory. They cannot keep up with packaging the candy so they eat it. In another episode, Lucy gets drunk on a health tonic while shooting a television commercial. Four or five episodes follow the couples on trips to Italy and to Hollywood. Ball and Arnaz were real-life husband and wife. They became the parents of a boy during the run of the series. This event was woven into the series. A child actor played their son "Little Ricky". Eventually they would all move to a rural area in Connecticut.

*I Love Lucy* was the most watched series in the United States in four of its six seasons. It was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings. *I Love Lucy* is still syndicated in dozens of languages around the world. The series was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35 mm film in front of a studio audience. The show won five Emmy Awards, and received numerous nominations. In 2002, it ranked second on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2007, it was listed as one of *Time* magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-*TIME*." *I Love Lucy* remains very popular today. It is still seen by 40 million Americans each year.

Other websites
--------------

* *I Love Lucy* on IMDb
John Adams
**John Coolidge Adams** is an American composer. He was born in 1947. He was born in Worchester, Massachusetts. His music often uses minimalism with large orchestras and lots of different sounds. He was named after John Adams, the 2nd President of the United States.

Life
----

He studied music at Harvard University. After he graduated from Harvard, he went to California. Soon, he became part of the musical community of San Francisco. He listened to the music of minimalist composers like John Cage, Terry Riley and Morton Feldman. By the mid-1980s he was working as composer and conductor. The piece that made him famous was called *Harmonium*. *Harmonium* is made to sound like a harmonium, but the title also refers to "harmony". This shows that he is writing tonal music, unlike some composers at the time whose music was getting more difficult to understand because it was not in any key.

Adams wrote several short pieces such as *Short Ride in a Fast Machine* and *The Chairman Dances*. This last piece is music from his opera *Nixon in China.* It was performed many times, but made some people angry because the Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung are shown in it as human beings who deserve sympathy.

Adam's Violin Concerto has been performed over 100 times by many of the world's famous violinists. Adam's song, *The Chairman Dances*, was put in the game Civilization IV.
White kingBlack king

The **king** is the most valuable chess piece in a game of chess. It can move left, right, up, down or diagonally. It can only move one square at a time. When recording chess games, king is shortened to K.

The object of the game is to checkmate (capture the king). If a player's king is attacked by an opponent's piece, it is called check. The player with the attacked king *must* move so that the king is no longer in check. If the king cannot do this, it is in checkmate, and that side loses the game.

Castling
--------

With a rook, the king may make a special move called 'castling'. This is when the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the other side of the king. Castling consists of moving the king two squares on its first rank toward either one of the first rooks, then moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed. Castling is only allowed when the king nor the castling rook has moved already, when no squares between them are occupied, when the king is not in check, and when the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that puts the king in check.

Check and Checkmate
-------------------

If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is *in check*, and the player in check is made to stop the attack. There are three possible ways to remove the king from check:

* Moving the king to an adjacent non-threatened square
* Blocking the check with another piece between the king in check and the attacking piece in order to break the line of threat (not possible when the attacking piece is a knight, or when in double check).
* Capturing the attacking piece (not possible in double check, unless the king captures)

If none of these three ways are possible, the player's king has been *checkmated* and the player with the checkmated king loses the game.

### Stalemate

A stalemate is when the player to move has no legal move, but is not in check.

Advice
------

In the opening and middlegame, the king will mostly not play an active role in the development of an attacking or defensive position. Instead, a player will usually castle and find safety on the edge of the board behind pawns. In the endgame, however, the king may comes out of hiding to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as helping in the promotion of their remaining pawns.
James A. Michener
**James Albert Michener** (/ˈmɪtʃənər/ or /ˈmɪtʃnər/; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American writer. His books include *Tales of the South Pacific*, *Hawaii*, *The Drifters*, *Texas*, and *Poland*. Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book *The World is My Home* and *Sports in America*.

Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University. 

His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for *Tales of the South Pacific*, his first book. This book was the basis for the musical *South Pacific*.

Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel *Sayonara* is autobiographical.

On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.

In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas, where he died of kidney failure on October 16, 1997 at the age of 90.

Books by James A. Michener
--------------------------

* *Alaska*
* *The Bridge at Andau*
* *The Bridges at Toko-Ri*
* *Caravans*
* *Caribbean*
* *Centennial*
* *A Century of Sonnets*
* *Chesapeake*
* *Collectors, Forgers - And A Writer: A Memoir*
* *The Covenant*
* *Creatures of the Kingdom*
* *The Drifters*
* *The Eagle and The Raven*
* *The Fires of Spring*
* *The Floating World*
* *Hawaii*
* *Iberia*
* *Japanese Prints*
* *Journey*
* *Kent State: What Happened and Why*
* *Legacy*
* *Literary Reflections*
* *Mexico*
* *Miracle in Seville*
* *The Novel*
* *Pilgrimage: A Memoir of Poland and Rome*
* *Poland*
* *Presidential Lottery*
* *The Quality of Life*
* *Rascals in Paradise*
* *Recessional*
* *Return to Paradise*
* *Sayonara*
* *Six Days in Havana*
* *The Source*
* *Space*
* *Sports in America*
* *Tales of the South Pacific*
* *Texas*
* *The World is My Home*
* *This Noble Land*
* *Ventures in Editing*
* *The Voice of Asia*
* *Years of Infamy*
**Initiative for RECOM** (Albanian: *Nisma për KOMRA*; Bosnian/ Croatian: *Inicijativa za REKOM*; English: *Initiative for RECOM*; Macedonian/ Serbian: *Иницијатива за РЕКОМ*; Slovenian: *Pobuda za REKOM*), full name **Initiative for the establishment of a Regional Commission tasked with establishing the facts about all victims of war crimes and other serious human rights violations committed on the territory of the former SFR Yugoslavia in the period from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 2001**, was an initiative to establish a regional commission for truth by agreement between the states of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The Initiative for RECOM is represented in public through the **RECOM Reconciliation Network** (until 2019, **Coalition for RECOM**), which is the largest network of non-governmental organizations (more than 2,200 members) in the countries of the former SFR Yugoslavia. In 2019, RECOM Reconciliation Network gave up further insistence on the successor states of the SFRY to establish an intergovernmental commission. On that occasion, it took care and responsibility to make a list of victims of the wars caused by the disintegration of SFR Yugoslavia. The coordinator of the RECOM Reconciliation Network is Nataša Kandić.

Other websites
--------------

* RECOM Reconciliation Network

*
**IC 10** is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. 

It was discovered in 1887. Edwin Hubble suspected it might belong to the Local Group of galaxies, but this was uncertain for decades. The radial velocity of IC 10 was measured in 1962. It is approaching the Milky Way at about 350 km/s. This strengthened the evidence for its being in the Local Group. Its membership in the group was finally confirmed in 1996 by measurements of its distance by observations of Cepheids. Despite its closeness, the galaxy is rather difficult to study because it lies near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. It is heavily obscured by interstellar matter.

The apparent distance between IC 10 and the Andromeda Galaxy is about the same as the apparent distance between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, which suggests that IC 10 may belong to the M31 subgroup.

IC 10 is the only known starburst galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies. It has many more Wolf-Rayet stars per square kiloparsec (5.1 stars/kpc²) than the Large Magellanic Cloud (2.0 stars/kpc²) or the Small Magellanic Cloud (0.9 stars/kpc²). Although the galaxy has a luminosity similar to the SMC, it is much smaller. The evolutionary status of the Wolf-Rayet stars suggests they all formed in a relatively short period. The galaxy produces stars at the rate of 0.04–0.08 solar masses per year, which means that the gas supply in the galaxy can last for a few billion years longer.

Observations of IC 10 in the far-infrared show that the dust in this mild starburst galaxy is deficient in small grains. Perhaps small grains were destroyed by strong ultraviolet radiation in the areas around the hot luminous stars.

The galaxy has a huge envelope of hydrogen gas, with an apparent size measuring 68′ × 80′, which is far larger than the apparent size of the galaxy in visible light (5.5′ × 7.0′). IC 10 is also unusual in the respect that the visible part of the galaxy seems to rotate in a different direction than the outer envelope. It has an H II nucleus.
Coordinates: 31°37′33″N 7°59′22″W﻿ / ﻿31.62583°N 7.98944°W﻿ / 31.62583; -7.98944

a view after the 2011 bombing
**Jemaa el-Fnaa** (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء  *saaHat jamaaʻ al-fanâʼ*, also **Jamaa el Fna**, **Djema el-Fna** or **Djemaa el-Fnaa**) is a famous square in Old city of Marrakesh, Morocco.

2011 bombings
-------------

On April 28, 2011 an explosion originated at the cafe "Aragana" in the square. 17 people were killed while 25 were wounded in the blast. According to local media reports, one source of the blast was a gas pipe.

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
*

Panorama
--------

*Panoramic view of Jemaa el-Fnaa*
*Panoramic view of Jemaa el-Fnaa*
*Panoramic view of Jemaa el-Fnaa*

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jamaa El Fna***.

* The Time Machine | Photography portfolio about Jamaa El-Fna Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* BBC news about preserving intangible patrimony
* A Night at Jamaa El-Fna - article in English with many high-quality pictures
* Torture to the beat of Jamaa al Fna drums Archived 2012-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
An **inherent vowel** is a vowel that must be spoken, even if it is not written down. Inherent vowels exist in abugidas, or alphabets centered around consonants. Most words in abugidas have consonants and vowels written in them, but even if a word if written without any vowels, a vowel must still be spoken.

For example, the word for "ant" in Thai มด would be written as *md* in the Roman alphabet, but it must be said as *mót*, with *ó* being the inherent, unwritten vowel in the word.

An example of a word in Thai with two or more syllables an an inherent vowel is สวัสดี, which would be written as *swàtdee* without spaces and *s-wàt-dee* with spaces, but it must be pronounced as *sà-wàt-dee* because even though the first syllable is only written as *s*, in must be spoken as *sà* because consonants may not be spoken without any vowels. 

The names of Thai letters show how inherent vowels are used. In Thai, each letter's name has at least two syllables, with the first being the consonant with the inherent vowel and the second syllable being the word where the consonant is used. The letter ก is named ก ไก่, or *gaw gài.* The letter itself, the first syllable, is always pronounced with -*aw* after the consonant.

Writing systems with inherent vowels often use a special marking to silence the inherent vowel so that only a consonant is spoken, such as the *virama* found in many South Asian scripts. Other systems rely on the reader's knowledge of the language to know the difference between a consonant with the inherent vowel from a pure consonant (Hindi, Old Persian cuneiform) or to know a particular vowel-marked form from a pure consonant (Ge'ez and related scripts).

For example, the Hindi word कष is pronounced *kaṣa*, but क्‌ष is pronounced *kṣa*, because the virama symbol ् silences the inherent vowel in क *ka.*
**Lasse Lindh** (born 27 March 1974) is a Swedish indie pop musician. His first album, *Bra*, came out on EMI in 1998. It had three singles which made the charts in Sweden. Lindh began singing in English for his second album, *You Wake Up at Sea Tac*. The title is a reference to a line in *Fight Club*. The album was released in 2002. Lindh's relationship with South Korea dates back to 2006. His songs "The Stuff" and "C'mon Through" were used in the MBC TV series *Soulmate*. In 2014, his song "Run to You" was used in the SBS drama *Angel Eyes.* In 2016-2017, his song "Hush" was used in the Korean drama *Guardian: The Lonely and Great God*. His most recent album is in Swedish. Lindh has sang on the recordings of Club 8.

His most recent album is *Sparks*. It was released in 2009.

Albums
------

* Bra (1998)
* You Wake Up at Sea Tac (2002)
* Lasse Lindh (2005)
* Attica EP (2006)
* Jag Tyckte Jag Var Glad (2007)
* When You Grow Old... Your Heart Dies (2007)
* Pool (2008)
* Sparks (2009)

Singles
-------

* Svenska hjärtan (2005)
* Sommarens sista smak (2005)
* Radion spelar aldrig våran sång (2006)
* Du skär (2006)
* Varje litet steg (2007)
* Ingen vind kan blåsa omkull oss nu (2007)
* Du behöver aldrig mer vara rädd (2008)
* Kom kampsång (with Timo Räisänen) (2008)
* 
* 
*

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* MySpace.com Blog[*permanent dead link*]
***Itadaki Street: Gorgeous King*** is a Miscellaneous game, developed by Tomcat System and published by Enix Corporation, which was released in Japan in 1998.

Gameplay
--------

The games are similar to Monopoly: players roll one die to advance around a board, purchase unowned property they land on and earn money when opponents land on the player's property, and draw cards when they land on certain spaces. The games' also differ from Monopoly in that players can buy and sell stocks of a block, affecting the value of block's stock by buying or selling that block's stock or by developing a player owned property of that block which increases the value per share of stock for that block.

It is not necessary to own the entire block to develop a property, though controlling more than one property of a block allows the player to develop their properties to larger buildings and collect more from opponents. Players must collect a set of four suits to level up and collect additional gold when the pass the starting position/bank. In most versions, up to four players can compete to win each board. To win a player must make it back to the bank with the board's required amount, which includes the total value of the player's stocks, property value, and gold on hand.

Development
-----------

After Enix bought the license of the Itadaki SS games for NES & SNES this one was the first (and the only) release of the saga for PlayStation.

Itadaki Street is a computer board game series originally created by Dragon Quest designer Yuji Horii. The first game was released in Japan on Nintendo's Famicom in 1991. Since then, sequels have been released for the Super Famicom and Sony's PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and the Nintendo DS. They are all exclusive to Japan.

Description
-----------

Itadaki Street: Gorgeous King was released on the PlayStation in 1998. It was published by Enix. As of December 2004, the game has sold over 281,000 copies.

 **Manufacturer's description:**

Itadaki Street board game that we have been very popular home is a gorgeous! Leave traditional fun of a variety of upgrade points! Recorded a total of 22 maps, new modes "Parcheesi Town" also doubles the fun element! Maneuvering, cornering the market, make money! Dice 1 Ri Gare in one program!

 **Features:**

* Third person perspective.
* 2D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Fantasy theme.
The **Italian Plague of 1629-1631** was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the **Great Plague of Milan**, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.

German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people. 

In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people. It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. 

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.
Eye liner on Barbra Streisand shows the general effect
A Varanasi food seller with his granddaughter wearing kohl
**Kohl** is an ancient eye cosmetic, traditionally made by grinding stibnite (Sb2S3). It is widely used in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia as eye liner, to contour and/or darken the eyelids, and as mascara for the eyelashes. It is worn mostly by women, but also by some men and children.

Kohl is very ancient, and is seen in depictions of high status women and godesses in Ancient Egypt. It has also been used in India as a cosmetic for a long time. 

The content of kohl and the recipes to prepare it vary greatly. In North Africa and Middle East, homemade kohl is often made by grinding galena (lead sulfide). In the west, soot or organic charcoal may be used instead of lead. Plant oils and the soot from various nuts, seeds, and gum resins are often added to the carbon powder. Unfortunately, the non-lead products do not give such a good result as the older, traditional varieties. Handmade, lead-based kohl continues to be popular.
Karolina Bock.
**Karolina Sofia Bock**, (1792-1872), was a Swedish dancer, actor and singer. She also became principal for the famous theatre-school, Dramatens elevskola.

Birth
-----

Karolina Bock was born as Karolina Richter. She was a student at the theatrical school Dramatens elevskola in Stockholm between 1806 and 1809, were she was instructed by the principal Sofia Lovisa Gråå. Many of the girls graduating from the school between 1804 and 1812, when Gråå was principal, became famous in Sweden, and were called "the girls of Gråå".

Works
-----

Karolina worked at the theatres Djurgårdsteatern and Nya Komiska Teatern before she was hired at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 1814. She worked there for fifty years, and became one of the most popular actors there. But she never became a star because of the parts she played; she always played old women in comedys, never heroines and main parts. She was very well used and never lacked parts to play, but she was not given main parts. It was said, that she had a rare quality; she knew her limitations.

Her most popular parts were in the plays *Min tante Aurore*, *Bildhuggaren*, *Brodertvisten*, *Syrsan*, *Preciosa*, *Jane Eyre* and *Mäster Smith*.

She was principal for Dramatens elevskola two times; the first time from 1831 to 1834, and the second time from 1841 to 1856. She was also teatcher in declamation there. She was the third woman to be principal for the famous school. Anne Marie Milan Desguillons had ben the first in 1793-1800, but she was principal together with her husband. Sofia Lovisa Gråå had ben the first woman who was principal of this school alone, and she was principal in 1804-1812. Karolina Bock was a good teacher, but unlike her own teacher, Sofia Lovisa Gråå, she was very strict and firm with her students, so strict that her students rebelled and had her deposed from her position as principal. But she continued to work as an actor until 1863.

Mariage
-------

Karolina Bock was married two times. In 1813, she married J.G. Svanberg, who played violin in the royal chapel, and in 1826 she married K.F. Bock, who played the flute in the royal chapel. She had a daughter, Bertha Tammelin, who became an actor, singer, composer, musician and a teacher at Dramatens elevskola.

Karolina Bock was rewarded with the medal Litteris et Artibus in 1857.

Sources
-------

* Nordisk familjebok
* Österberg, Carin et al. *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare*. Lund: Signum 1990. (ISBN 91-87896-03-6)
*
***Left Hand Path*** is a term used in occultism for one kind of spiritual path. It is the opposite of the ***Right Hand Path***, which is what most people think of when they think of religion or spirituality.

The use of this term in occultism came from a term used in Hindu Tantra, *Vama marga* in Sanskrit. This ancient form of tantra used the breaking of rules (taboos) as part of the practice. Rules about diet and sex were broken on purpose. For example, rules against eating meat and drinking alcohol might be broken. Such a practice might require eating meat and drinking alcohol while having sex in a graveyard or cremation ground.

People who follow the Left Hand Path in the West are not interested in giving up pleasure or the world in order to be spiritual. They are not interested in worshiping God or following rules made up by others. They seek to gain power and freedom by breaking through taboos, fears and restrictions.

Many people link this term with Satanism and black magic, but they are not the same. The Left Hand Path is sometimes described as *amoral*.

Related pages
-------------

* Thelema
* The Satanic Bible
Cognac Hennessy XO
**Jas Hennessy & Co.** is a company that makes cognac. Its headquarters are in Cognac, France. The company sells more than 50 million bottles a year worldwide. It is the world's largest Cognac maker. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%).

History
-------

Hennessy was established in 1765 by Irishman Richard Hennessy. His son James created the brand Hennessy and named the company Jas Hennessy & Co. He greatly expanded his father's business. While an Irishman, he served in the French Navy. He set up the distillery on the Charent River in Cognac.

The company has been run by eight generations of Hennessys. Their master distillers have been seven generations of the Fillioux family. In 1971 in a merger with champagne  maker Moet et Chandon, Kilian Hennessy changed the company name to Moet Hennessy.

International sales
-------------------

In 1795 they sold theory cognac in North America. In 1840 Hennessy set up an agency in London for their products. In 1868 they exported to Japan followed by China in 1872. In 1992 Hennessy celebrated their 200th anniversary. They chartered a sailing ship and named it the "Spirit of Hennessy".
In 2009 Hennessy produced a limited edition of Hennessy VS in honor of US President Barack Obama. In gold lettering the bottles are marked "In Honour of the 44th President". Currently their biggest market is China.

Other websites
--------------

* Hennessy
* About Hennessy Cognac

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Piano
A musical keyboard
A **keyboard instrument** is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard. In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.

The ways in which the sound is made varies a lot:

* In the piano, hammers hit the strings.
* In the organ, air is sent through pipes.
* In the electronic organ or synthesizer, sound is made electronically.
* In the harpsichord, the strings are plucked by quills or "jacks".
* In the clavichord, the strings are hit by a metal "tangent".

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the word *Clavier* was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument. Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same. 

A modern harpsichord with two manuals (keyboards). It is a copy of a Baroque instrument.
The development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the ondes Martenot and the synthesizer.

Nowadays, people often talk about a *keyboard* meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. "He plays the keyboard"). The plural form of the word is "keyboards".

Yamaha have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 a year

Types of keyboards
------------------

Keyboard types include:

* Arranger keyboards
* Digital workstation keyboard

Arranger keyboard
-----------------

Arrangers are mainly aimed at performers. Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic accompaniment styles. They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band. Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable. The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback. Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank. Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic drum styles that match with the tempo and style the musician developed.

The top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide.

Workstation keyboard
--------------------

A keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard. Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations. It also allows for mixing sounds. 

Top brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide.
**Joan Bauer** is an American author. She was born on July 12, 1951 in River Forest, Illinois. She was the oldest of four sisters with a teacher for a mother and a salesman for a father. In her teen years, her grandmother got Alzheimer's disease. Soon after this, her father committed suicide. Bauer said her teenage experiences influenced her stories. As a teen, Bauer was a waitress, an assistant, typing teacher, and a freelance writer. Bauer currently lives in Brooklyn, with her husband Evan Bauer, her daughter Jean, and dog Max. She’s working on another book, which is due to be published in early 2016.

Career
------

In her twenties, Bauer had a career in advertising sales. After ten years, Bauer realized she did not like being a saleswoman and decided to quit to become a journalist. Joan Bauer made her writing debut with the book, *Squashed*, which earned many positive reviews.

Books
-----

* *Close To Famous*
* *Tell Me*
* *Almost Home*
* *Peeled*
* *Rules of the Road*
* *Best Foot Forward*
* *Stand Tall*
* *Hope Was Here*
* *Backwater*
* *Sticks*
* *Thwonk*
* *Squashed*

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Hudhud** is a tradition of narrative songs from the Ifugao region of the northern Philippine island of Luzón. Ifugao is known for its terraced rice fields in the mountains. This tradition is practiced during rice planting, as well as in funerals and funeral rituals. The hudhud probably dates from before the seventh century and consists of over 200 stories of 40 episodes each. The full recitation lasts several days.

Cultural importance
-------------------

As Ifugao has a matrilineal culture, it is usually the wife who leads in these stories, and her brother occupies a higher position than her husband. Thus, the hudhud has value as an anthropological document. The language of stories, rich in figurative expressions and repetitions, uses metonymies, metaphors and onomatopoeias, which makes transcription very difficult. There are very few written documents of this tradition. The stories evoke ancient heroes, religious beliefs, traditional practices, and reflect the importance of rice cultivation. The narrators, especially the older women, occupy important positions in the community, as priestesses and as holders of history. The hudhud epics are alternately sung by the first reciter and the choir.

Attempts to keep Hudhud alive
-----------------------------

Ifugao's conversion to Catholicism weakened his traditional culture. The hudhud has been associated with manual rice harvesting, and this task is now mechanized.The terraced rice fields are inscribed on the World Heritage List under the name "Terraced Rice Fields of the Philippine Ranges ", the number of farmers is constantly falling. The last reciters are already very old and need support in their efforts to transmit their knowledge and sensitize young people. But with support from organizations including the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the hudhud is increasingly being appreciated by the younger Ifugaos today.

In 2008 UNESCO integrated the "Hudhud, sung accounts of the Ifugao" into the representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

To encourage the involvement of the community and to ensure the continuous practice of the hudhud in its social-cultural context, the Hudhud Perpetual Award was created and launched in 2006. The annual award encourages the chanting of the stories during harvests, wakes, and bone washing (bogwa) occasions in the participating municipalities.