recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Boleskine House** is a house on the south side of Loch Ness. It is in the Scottish Highlands. It is best known for having been the home of two famous people. First was the writer and occultist Aleister Crowley. Then later, it was the home of Jimmy Page, the guitarist for Led Zeppelin.

The house was mostly burned down by fire in December 2015. Boleskine House is a Category B listed building in the United Kingdom, along with the stables and a small lodge (cottage). This means it has historical and cultural importance.

History
-------

Boleskine House is 21 miles south of Inverness and close to the village of Foyers. The house was built in the 18th century as a hunting cottage or lodge. The house is right next to a graveyard. The graveyard was already thought to have ghosts and supernatural happenings, even before Crowley bought it.

Aleister Crowley
----------------

Crowley bought Boleskine House from the Archibald Fraser family in 1899. There were rumors of him using black magic and rituals while he lived at the house. His housekeeper had bad things happen while living there, including the death of his two children. Crowley later said that he had used too much black magic. He sold the house in 1913, because he was running out of money.

Jimmy Page
----------

Page was already collecting things about Aleister Crowley. He was reading about him and was interested in his ideas. He bought the house and land in 1970. He thought it would be a good spooky place to help him write songs. At the time it was in bad shape and needed repairs. But, even though he had the house fixed up; he did not spend much time there. Page sold the house in 1992. He actually lived there for less than six weeks.

A fantasy scene for Page that was shown in Led Zeppelin's movie *The Song Remains the Same* was made around Boleskin House. It was made during a full moon in December, 1973. Page is climbing a mountain in the moonlight.

Later history
-------------

After Page sold it, the house was run as a guest-house. In 2009, the house and land were put up for sale. The sale also included 140 feet of shoreline of Loch Ness. The new Dutch owners, who are not known, were using it as a holiday home. It is now owned by the Boleskine House Foundation and will open to the public after it has been restored.

Fire
----

On the afternoon of 23 December 2015, a motorist passing by saw flames and smoke coming from Boleskine House. By the time fire crews arrived, almost 60 percent of the home was already burned. Flames were rising up to 20 feet high. The firefighters tried to save the west wing of the house, as the rest of the building had been too badly damaged. The fire was thought to have started in the kitchen, but no one was home.

It is not known how much of Boleskine House is still standing since the fire. A former owner said that the damage is so bad it "is unlikely it will ever be rebuilt unless there is someone out there with an interest in the occult wanting to spend a lot of money."

Other websites
--------------

* Aleister Crowley at Boleskine House
* Boleskine House Foundation official website https://www.boleskinehouse.org
C major chord on a piano
A **chord** in music is when two or more notes are played together (some text books say that it is when *three* or more notes are played).

A chord which is built up of the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of a scale is called a "tonic triad". If it is made from a major scale, it is a major chord. If it is made from a minor scale it is a minor chord. However, any combination of notes played simultaneously is considered a chord.

When only two notes are played together, it’s more often called "double stops" (referring to the different banks of pipes on a pipe organ, controlled by valves called "stops").

Chords can be played on instruments such as piano, keyboard, organ, harp, guitar, harmonica, ukulele and xylophone. Chords with two notes can be played on string instruments by bowing on two strings together. By bowing on two strings and then quickly on the other two strings a violinist can sound as if he is playing a four-part chord. Some players of wind instruments are able to make chords by playing two or more harmonics together.

Related pages
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* Harmony
* Interval (music)

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Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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**Carshalton** is a suburb of London.

Muschamp Primary School
-----------------------

Muschamp primary school is an eco school because it recycles, and also waters the plants.  On the roof of the school, there are solar panels which turn off the lights in order to save energy. This means they are sustainable energy. All of the classes at the school are named after capital cities, for example Nairobi, Kampala, Valletta.

History of Carshalton
---------------------

Carshalton was first called Cressalton. In the middle ages, most of the land in the village was farmland. Each farmer would own several land strips according to their wealth. In the early 17th century, there were only three mills along the river. Carshalton was also known for its springs which gave the place its name.

Things to do
------------

There are many things to do in Carshalton like going to the Cryer Theatre and watching theatre shows. Also you can go to Grove Park and feed ducks. The David Weir leisure centre has lots of exciting things to do like gymnastics, a track, and soft play.

Parks in Carshalton
-------------------

In Carshalton Park there are lots of different wildlife for example, foxes, squirrels, ducks and birds.

Carshalton Park has a pond with lots of ducks that you can feed them bread and it’s  also by a road. It has lots of grass and lots of ponds.

Westcroft Leisure Centre
------------------------

* There are a variety of clubs to choose from including swimming lessons and gym clubs
* There is a café where you can enjoy food and drinks whilst watching the swimmers
* Annually there are swimming galas.
* Parties/discos
* There are two swimming pools
* There is a deep pool
* There is a baby pool
* You can schedule a birthday
**Cassandra "Cassie" Ainsworth** is a fictional character on the British television series *Skins*. She is played by Hannah Murray.

Personality
-----------

Cassie is a very complicated character. She suffers from anorexia nervosa, self harm, and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." She also drinks alcohol and takes drugs. In the episode "Tony" she is seen sorting food, a common occurrence shown by people with anorexia. Despite Cassie's many "problems", she is a very gentle, caring,kind, and loving person. Written on her "about me" section of the *Skins* website, she talks about how much she loves her baby brother, Reuben. Cassie will even act positive to bad news so that she will not offend.

Character history
-----------------

### Series 1

Cassie is released from a clinic, where she received treatment for her eating disorder. In the first episode, called "Tony", she stays with Sid and offers to have sex so he can lose his virginity, but she passes out before anything happens. In the second episode "Cassie", it is shown that she is not better and is still sick. She has also developed a crush on Sid. In "Sid", the fifth episode of the season, Cassie tries to kill herself after Sid cancels a date they planned, so that he could be with Michelle Richardson. In "Michelle", Michelle takes Sid to see Cassie, but Cassie is dating someone called Simon, a patient in the hospital she is currently in. In the last episode of the season, Cassie says she is moving to Scotland with her family, away from Bristol. Cassie writes Sid a letter and leaves it at his house after sneaking out the hospital. She is also given a letter Sid wrote to her from Tony Stonem. In the last moment of the season, Sid finds Cassie and they sit together and hold hands.

### Series 2

Cassie and Sid are in a serious romantic long distance relationship. In "Sid", the third episode, Sid thinks Cassie is cheating on him and becomes angry at her. Cassie is also angry, but because Sid does not trust her. At the end of the episode Cassie takes a train from where she lives in Scotland to Bristol, to visit Sid. She waits in his bedroom for him, but when Sid enters the bedroom he is kissing Michelle (not noticing that Cassie is also there). In "Chris", the fifth episode, Cassie bitterly tells her friends that Sid is together with Michelle. She copes with her feelings by having sex with almost anyone, doing drugs, and partying. In "Effy" Sid finally confronts Cassie and her bad behavior. The two get back together, but in "Cassie", it is clear that Cassie is still angry towards Michelle. After Cassie's roommate and friend Chris Miles dies, she runs away to New York City, where she is taken care of by a boy called Adam. In the finale "Everyone", in the last moment of the episode, Sid looks for Cassie in New York, and stops in front of the diner she works in.
This article is about the musical composition. For a singing group (sometimes called chorale), see choir.
A **chorale** (pronounce: "Ko-RAHL") is a hymn which is sung in a Lutheran church by all the people. Chorales developed during the late Renaissance and early Baroque period. Most of them were written at that time.

Martin Luther thought that the congregation (people worshipping in church) should have music to sing that was not too difficult. He thought that the words should be in German instead of Latin so that everybody would understand what they were singing about. Luther wrote the words of many chorales himself. He even composed some of melodies himself, such as *Ein' feste Burg* (*A Mighty Fortress*). Sometimes he used the traditional Gregorian Chant melodies from the Catholic worship and added new German words to it, for example *Christ lag in Todesbanden* (*Christ lay in Death's Dark Bonds*).

The words of a chorale have a rhyming pattern. Most of the melodies have an AAB shape (the melody of the first part sung twice, then the second part). This shape is called "Bar form" in German.

Johann Sebastian Bach used many chorale tunes, usually adding harmony of his own. He used these in his cantatas. Many of these chorales in four-part harmonies are sung as hymns today in German Protestant churches, and some of the tunes are used in English-speaking countries as well.

Chorale tunes also appear in chorale preludes, pieces for the organ. These would usually have been played during the church services before the chorale was sung.

Chorales were used by many later composers in their compositions, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn, Anton Bruckner and Max Reger.
Sir **Charles Drummond Ellis** (b.Hampstead, 11 August 1895; died Cookham 10 January 1980) was a physicist and scientific administrator. His work helped scientists to understand nuclear structure better.

Education and internment
------------------------

Ellis's father was a general manager of the Metropolitan Railway in London. He went to Harrow School where he was very good at all subjects as well as sport. In 1913 he become a cadet in the Royal Military Academy. He wanted to join the Royal Engineers. 

He was on holiday in Germany the next summer when World War I broke out. All British people who were in Germany were sent to the Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin. The place where the detainees (prisoners of war) were held had been a horse racecourse. There were lots of stables, and in each stable there were 27 horse boxes which became the detainees' home during the war. The detainees were allowed to do lots of things to keep themselves busy. They could get books, and Ellis made good use of his time to study. Another detainee in the camp was the scientist James Chadwick. Chadwick taught Ellis a lot and together they made a laboratory in one of the horse stables where they made scientific experiments on the photochemical process.

Career after the war
--------------------

After the war Ellis decided to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduating in 1920 he did research work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. The director there was Sir Ernest Rutherford. Chadwick also worked there. In 1921 Ellis had become a fellow of Trinity College and was made assistant lecturer in natural science. In 1925 he married the daughter of a rich Polish shipbuilder. In 1929 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1930 Rutherford, Chadwick and Ellis wrote a famous book together called *Radiations from Radioactive Substances*.

Discovery of the neutrino
-------------------------

During the early 1930s Ellis worked with N.F.Mott on energy relations in beta decay. He discovered the neutrino and worked with W.J.Henderson on the energy distribution of positrons in artificial radioactivity. He became professor at the University of London.

During World War II he worked on the possibility of using nuclear fission to develop new weapons. He became scientific adviser to the army council from 1943-1946. He was knighted in 1946 for his war service.

Later career
------------

After World War II Ellis had other jobs which were not related to nuclear weapons. He gave scientific advice to the National Coal Board and to the British American Tobacco Company. This was at a time when people were just starting to realize that smoking might be bad for the health.

Ellis died in 1980 in a nursing home in Cookham after a short illness.
A chimeric mouse with its offspring
During pregnancy, a two-way traffic of immune cells may occur through the placenta. Exchanged cells can multiply and may be immunologically active long after birth.
A **chimaera** or **chimera** in biology is a single organism (usually an animal) made of two genetically distinct cells. The two types of cells may come from separate fertilised eggs or zygotes.

Chimeras that originate from distinct fertilised eggs fused together are called dispermic chimeras. When, on the other hand, the genetically distinct cell types originate from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic.

Dispermic chimaeras are formed from at least two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together. Each population of cells keeps its own phenotype and the resulting organism is a mixture of the two phenotypes.

Microchimerism is a form of chimerism in which a host harbors a small set of genetically distinct cells. This often happens with blood transfusion or transplants, but also during pregnancy due to the two-way cell trafficking between the mother and the foetus.

Recently, epigenetic chimeras have been discovered in mouse models.

Germline chimerism
------------------

Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells) of an organism are not genetically identical to its own.

Marmosets almost always give birth to fraternal twins. They may have the reproductive cells of their (fraternal) twin siblings. Placental fusion during development in the womb is what causes this.

Related pages
-------------

* Mosaic (genetics)
Cable is a way to provide internet services to homes and businesses through a coaxial cable. Because cable internet uses existing cable TV wires, it can service large areas without building new wires, especially in the United States.

A cable modem

Modem
-----

*Main article: Cable Modem*

When you subscribe to cable internet service they will send you a modem, the modem is like a translator, taking an analog signal and turning it into a digital signal that your computer can understand.

Speed
-----

What speeds you will get depends on many things, such as the company or the speed package you subscribe to, but the general rule is, cable internet has a maximum speed of 1000 megabits per second.

Phone service
-------------

*Main article: Telephone*

Cable internet can also carry phone calls through the internet, this is called VoIP which stands for 'Voice over Internet protocol' this is, however different than calls over a smart phone.

Cable Internet Providers
------------------------

Major internet providers in the United States are: Charter Communications, Comcast, Cox, Mediacom, and Suddenlink.
**Chimaeras** are cartilaginous fish in the order **Chimaeriformes**. They are sometimes known informally as 'ghost sharks'.

They may be the "oldest and most enigmatic groups of fishes alive today". Their closest living relatives are sharks, though in evolutionary terms they branched off from sharks nearly 400 million years ago and have remained isolated ever since.

At one time they were a diverse and abundant group, as shown by the fossil record. They are now found mainly to deep water. There are fifty living species in six genera and three families. Studying the evolution of these species has been problematic because there are few good fossils. DNA sequences have become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.

The order appeared about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The three living families seem to have diverged during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170–120 million years ago.

Features
--------

They do not have shark-like skin or teeth. They have smooth scales on their bodies, and three pairs of grinding tooth plates. They have a poisonous spine on their backs between the head and the dorsal fin.

Otherwise, they are rather like other Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons are made of cartilage. They use claspers for internal fertilization of females. They lay eggs with leathery cases. They use electroreception to find their prey, which is also common in rays.
The **Borodin Quartet** is a string quartet that was founded in 1945 in what was then the Soviet Union. The four players have not always been the same people: there have been some changes to the group, but it is one of the world's longest lasting string quartets. In 2005 they celebrated their 60th anniversary. Until he retired in 2007 the cellist Valentin Berlinsky had almost always been the cellist of the quartet.

When they started they were known as the Moscow Philharmonic Quartet. In 1955 the quartet changed its name to Borodin Quartet, named after the composer Alexander Borodin who composed two famous string quartets.

They often got invitations to play in the West, but the Soviet communist government would not allow them to travel out of their country. The quartet had to accept the concerts that their government allowed them to do. They played at the funerals of the dictator Stalin and the composer Sergei Prokofiev which were on the same day (both men died on 5 March 1953. However, they were not paid anything for either event.

The quartet knew the composer Dmitri Shostakovich very well. They performed his quartets, and Shostakovich often listened to them practising and discussed with them the way he wanted them to be played. The quartet often played piano quintets with the pianist Sviatoslav Richter.

When they started in 1945 their cellist was Mstislav Rostropovich. Rudolf Barshai was their viola player. Very soon afterwards Rostropovich found he had too many other engagements, so he got Valentin Berlinsky to be their cellist. The four men who then formed the quartet signed an oath in their own blood that they would be faithful and stay together as a group. They stayed together for 20 years. Then Rostislav Dubinsky, the first violinist, defected to the West and the second violinist, Jaroslav Alexandrov, retired because of bad health. With two new players, the quartet spend two years practising together before they performed again in public.

When Communism collapsed and the Soviet Union broke up, the quartet still continued to be very famous. They travelled abroad a lot, performing in places such as London. 

They have made many recordings including all Shostakovich's string quartets and all Beethoven quartets.

Other websites
--------------

* The Borodin Quartet Official Website
**British Shooting** is the governing body for ISSF shooting sports in the United Kingdom. The organisation looks after Britain's shooting teams for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games.

History
-------

In 2007 British Shooting replaced another organisation called the GB Target Shooting Federation. British Shooting is not a membership organisation, which is unusual for a governing body. Because there are lots of organisations managing different sorts of shooting sports in the UK, British Shooting brings the rifle, pistol and shotgun shooters together from all those other shooting organisations.

World Class Performance
-----------------------

Since 2007, British Shooting's teams have won several medals at the Olympic Games and Shooting World Championships.

At the 2012 London Olympics, Peter Wilson won a Gold medal in the Men's Double Trap.

At the 2016 Olympic Games, British Shooting delivered two Bronze medals for Team GB - Edward Ling in the Men's Trap and Steven Scott in the Men's Double Trap.

At the 2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships, Seonaid McIntosh became world champion in the Women's 50Metre Prone Rifle. In 2019, Seonaid won three World Cup medals, including the first World Cup Gold medal ever won by a British woman. At the 2019 European Shooting Championships she became the European Champion in the 300 Metre Prone Rifle event.

At the 2020 Olympics, Matthew Coward-Holley won Team GB's only shooting medal in the Men's Trap.

Related pages
-------------

* Clay Pigeon Shooting Association
* National Rifle Association (of the United Kingdom)
* National Smallbore Rifle Association

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
* British International Clay Target Shooting Federation Archived 2022-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
* British Shooting Sports Council
A **claque** (pronounce: ‘clack’) is a small group of people in an opera house who deliberately either clapped loudly (applauded) or shouted boo for a particular singer. Usually it means an *organised* group who know in advance what they are going to do.

In the 19th century there was very often a claque at performances of an opera. Someone who liked one of the singers and wanted them to have lots of applause would pay a group of people to sit near the back of the opera house and to clap and shout enthusiastically whenever that singer had finished a song. This would encourage the rest of the audience to clap loudly too. Sometimes the claque would be paid to do the opposite: they would be told to hiss and boo when the singer had sung.

Very often a singer would have to pay some money to the claque so that they would applaud him (or her). If the singer did not pay, the claque would hiss and boo. This was, of course, a nasty form of blackmail. In the early 20th century, when the world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso refused to pay the claque in Naples a bribe, they hissed during his singing of the great aria *Una furtiva lagrima*.

Groups of supporters at football ('soccer') matches do much the same thing without being paid. Abuse of match officials is also quite common. Abuse between rival groups of fans is also common. Clubs are required to keep away fans in different sections from home fans.
Elmside House, a building of Clare Hall
Not to be confused with Clare College, Cambridge.
**Clare Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1966. It has about 145 postgraduate students (students that already have a degree). It allows both men and women but no undergraduate students. It is one of the smallest colleges but has 125 Fellows (teachers), making the ratio fellows/students very high. 

The college was built by Clare College to make it easier for people who are not students anymore to come back to university and do further education. This is why the college has many facilities for families and for sports.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

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Colleges of the University of Cambridge |
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| Christ's • Churchill • Clare • Clare Hall • Corpus Christi • Darwin • Downing • Emmanuel • Fitzwilliam • Girton • Gonville and Caius • Homerton • Huges Hall • Jesus • King's • Lucy Cavendish • Magdalene • Murray Edwards • Newnham • Pembroke • Peterhouse • Queens' • Robinson • St Catharine's • St Edmund's • St John's • Selwyn • Sidney Sussex • Trinity • Trinity Hall • Wolfson |
The **British War Medal** was a medal given to people who had fought in the First World War. The medal was originally meant to be for people who had fought in the war between 5th August 1914 and 11th November 1918, but this was later changed to the years between 1914 and 1920. This was because a lot of people still lost their lives in the armed forces even after the war had ended, because they were clearing landmines or mines at sea.

The British War Medal (often shortened to BWM) was awarded to both officers and men of the Royal Marines, Royal Navy, the Army and also the Dominion and Colonial Forces. The Dominion and Colonial Forces were the armed forces for the rest of the British Empire. To qualify for (be allowed to have) the medal, a member of the fighting forces had to have left his native country in any part of the British Empire whilst on military duty.

There were over six and a half million British War Medals given out. Most of them are made of silver, but some rarer ones are made of bronze instead. They are all circular, and have different designs on each side. Each side of a medal is called a *face*. The face that usually has a picture of the side view of a person's head on it is called the *obverse*, and the other side of the medal is called the *reverse*. The picture of the person's head is more commonly known as a *bust*, which is a type of statue that only shows the head, neck and tops of the shoulders of the person it is meant to be.

The *obverse* side of the medal shows a bust of King George V (V is a Roman numeral. Here it means 'the fifth'). The picture shows him facing left. There is also lettering around the picture of the King, which reads 'GEORGIVS V BRITT : OMN : REX ET IND : IMP :'. The 'V' in 'GEORGIVS' is actually read as a 'U'. The whole message is abbreviated, or shortened, and is supposed to read 'Georgius V Britanniarum Omnium; Rex Et Indiae; Imperator'. The message is written in Latin, but in English it says 'George 5th of all the Britons (British people); King of India; Emperor'.

The *reverse* side of the medal shows a man riding on a rearing horse. The man shown is Saint George, the patron saint of England. He is shown naked, and is holding a short sword. This was supposed to symbolise the mental and physical strength that was needed to win the First World War. The horse is trampling a shield that showns the emblem of Prussia and the Central Powers, which were the enemies the British and other Allies were fighting during World War One (the First World War). The horse is also trampling on a skull and cross-bones, and the rising sun, known as the Victory Sun can be seen by St. George's head. The dates '1914' and '1918' are on the left and right sides of his head.

The name of the soldier whose medal it was had his name, regiment and armed forces identification number put around the rim (edge) of the medal. The medal also came with a ribbon made of silk. It had a thick line of golden-yellow down the middle of it, with stripes on either side of it that were white, then black, then Royal blue on the outside edges of the ribbon.
The reforms started in Cluny abbey. This picture was taken in 2004.
The **Cluniac (Clunian) Reform** was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor. 

The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.

The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery. However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought. William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance. 

During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.
**Charles Emmanuel II** (20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine Marie of France until 1663. He was also the claimant king of Cyprus and Jerusalem. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne of Savoy acted as Regent for their eleven-year-old son.

Biography
---------

He was born in Turin to Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy and Christine Marie of France. In 1638 at the death of his older brother Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel succeeded to the duchy of Savoy at the age of 4. His mother governed in his place, and even after reaching adulthood, Charles Emmanuel continued a life of pleasure, far away from the affairs of state.

Only after the death of his mother in 1663, he really assumed power.

But he greatly improved commerce and wealth in the Duchy, developing the port of Nice and building a road through the Alps towards France. He also reformed the army by forming five Piedmontese regiments and recreated cavalry, as well as introducing uniforms. He also restored fortifications. He constructed many beautiful buildings in Turin, for instance the Palazzo Reale where he died. He is buried at Turin Cathedral.

Marriages
---------

Charles Emmanuel married twice.

1. Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (1648-d.1664) daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans on 4 March 1663.
2. Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1644-1724) daughter of Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours on 20 May 1665.

Issue
-----

* Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, future King of Sicily and later Sardinia married Anne Marie d'Orléans and had issue.
* Charles Emmanuel II also had a number of illegitimate children.
**Charles Felix** (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia. He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria. He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.

Biography
---------

### Early life

*Carlo Felice* was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796. He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri. He had a very closed character. 

### Marriage

He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of *Marie Antoinette*. 

### Succession

He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne. However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802. Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821. As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne. He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years. He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna.

Legacy
------

The Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa was named after him as well as the main road of the island of Sardinia, the Strada statale 131 Charles Felix, that connects the towns of Cagliari and Sassari-Porto Torres, realised in 19th century, is entitled to him.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **6 April 1765 – 12 March 1821** *His Royal Highness* the Duke of Genoa
* **12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831** *His Majesty* the King of Sardinia
Vineyard in the Napa Valley
People have made **wine** in the American state of California for a long time. California has become recognized as making some of the world's best wine. California makes most of the wine that is made in America.

History
-------

People first made wine in California in 1769. Missionaries from Mexico brought their wine plants to produce wine for the mass. Later, people coming from Europe improved the making of wine. They had brought their own kinds of wine plants.

Before 1920, there was more wine made every year. Then Prohibition began. During Prohibition, it was not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States. It almost ended the making of wine in California. Californian wine-making took a long time to recover.

In 1990, the USA sent less than five percent of its wine to other countries. After that, exports of wine from California increased. Today, the USA is one of the big wine industries.

Wines
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Grapes of Cabernet-Sauvignon
Wine comes in different colors. Most wines are called "red" or "white". White wine is not really white, it just has a very light color. 54 percent of the Californian wines are white wines. Some examples of white wines are Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. Some examples of red wines are Zinfandel, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir.

Cool climate viticulture
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Grapes for wine used to need warm weather. People wanted to grow more grapes, so they learned how to grow them where the weather was not as warm. That way of growing grapes is called "cool climate viticulture". Vines are now planted in colder places, up to 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. Monterey County was the first place where that was done.

Wine regions
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Wine cellar.
In California, there are more than 800 wine cellars. Wine cellars are big rooms were wine is stored. They are part of a winery, the place where wine is produced.

Two of the most famous growing areas for wine in California are Napa County and Sonoma County. The wines from those places are some of the best in the world. Some examples of the wines made there are Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.

Other known wineries are in Mendocino, in the Lake Counties, Santa Maria and Santa Barbara.

Other websites
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* 3000 word report - Comprehensive overview Pinot Noir Wine Archived 2006-11-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Chuck Connors** (April 10, 1921 – November 10, 1992) was an American actor, and athlete.

Connors died in 1992 in Los Angeles at Cedars Sinai Medical Center. The cause of death was lung cancer and pneumonia. He was 71 year old.

Sports
------

In his early years he was a basketball and baseball player, playing for teams such as the Boston Celtics. 
Then he was a baseball player, where he started playing in the minor leagues. In 1949, he debuted at the Los Angeles Dodgers, playing only one match for them. On the Chicago Cubs, he playing 66 games at first base.

Actor career
------------

Chuck Connors did both low-budget movies and big Hollywood productions. These included *South Sea Woman* (1953), with Burt Lancaster, and directed by Arthur Lubin, and William Wyler's western, *The Big Country* (1958), with Gregory Peck.

Among his best performances is the Indian warrior Geronimo, in *Geronimo* (1962). Other classic movies he was in are *Flipper* (1963), *Captain Nemo and the Underwater City* (1969), *Soylent Green* (1973), with Charlton Heston, and directed by Richard Fleischer, *99 44/100% Dead* (1974).

Television
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His television career was very successful. he is remembered for playing the role of a widower Lucas McCain, in the ABC series *The Rifleman* (1958-1962). *The Rifleman* told the story of a widower and his son who live on a ranch in the Wild West. Connors played the role of Lucas McCain in 168 episodes of the series. 

Another of his successes was the western TV series *Branded* (1965-1966). He played Jason McCord, an army official being falsely accused of cowardice.

He also starred in a crime series *Arrest and Trial* (1962-1964), as attorney John Egan, and the adventure series *Cowboy in Africa* (1967-1968).
**Buddy Holly** (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singer–songwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.

Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.

Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.

Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson.

In popular culture
------------------

Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."

Other websites
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* Official website
* Buddy Holly Online
* International Buddy Site
* Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles
The **Carnation Revolution**, also known as the **25 April**, was a coup on 25 April 1974 in Lisbon that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, this caused social, economic, territorial, demographic and political changes through 1974 to 1975. Carnation Revolution resulted in the Portuguese transition to democracy and the end of the Portuguese Colonial War.

The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement, made up of military officers who opposed the dictatorship regime, they also joined forces with an popular civil resistance movements in Portuguese colonies. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of many Portuguese colonies. These events caused a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's former territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees.

The carnation revolution got its name from the fact that almost no shots were fired and from restaurant worker Celeste Caeiro offering carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship, with other demonstrators following suit and carnations placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: *Dia da Liberdade*, Freedom Day) that commemorates the revolution.
The **cinnabar moth** (***Tyria jacobaeae***) is a brightly colored arctiid moth. It is found in Europe and western and central Asia. It has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia and North America to control poisonous ragwort. This is because the larvae feeding on the ragwort. The moth is named after the red mineral cinnabar because of the red patches on its mostly black wings. Cinnabar moths are about 20mm long and have a wingspan of 32–42 mm (1.3-1.7 in).

Cinnabar moths are day-flying insects. Like many other brightly colored moths, it cannot be eaten. The larvae use members of the genus *Senecio* as foodplants. Newly hatched larvae feed from under the ragwort leaves to the area of their old eggs. The larvae absorb toxic and bitter tasting alkaloid substances from the foodplants. This makes them unable to be eaten themselves. The bright colors of both the larvae and the moths act as warning signs. Partly due to this they are seldom eaten by predators. An exception is among different species of Cuckoo which eat hairy and poisonous caterpillars including cinnabar moth larvae.

Like several other Arctiidae moth larvae, the cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic. This can be due to lack of food. Sometimes they can eat other cinnabar larvae for no apparent reason.[*source?*] Females lay up to 300 eggs and usually in clusters of 30 to 60. The larvae start out as a pale yellow. Later larval stages develop the jet black and orange/yellow striped coloring. They can grow up to 30mm, and are voracious eaters; large populations can strip entire patches of ragwort clean, a result of their low predation.

Many do not survive to the pupal stage. This is mainly due to them completely consuming the food source before reaching maturity. This could be a possible explanation for their tendency to engage in seemingly random cannibalistic behaviour. It is common for them to die from starvation.[*source?*]

The moth has proven to be successful as a biocontrol agent for ragwort when used in conjunction with the ragwort flea beetle in the western United States.

* PupaPupa
* Adult showing hindwingsAdult showing hindwings
* MatingMating
* Illustration from John Curtis's British Entomology Volume 5Illustration from John Curtis's British Entomology Volume 5


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tyria jacobaeae***.
Bois de la Cambre
Trees in Bois de la Cambre
**Bois de la Cambre** (Dutch: *Ter Kamerenbos*) is a forest in Brussels. It used to be part of the Sonian Forest but now it is separate.

The main road around the lake has been closed to traffic on Saturdays and Sundays since the 1990s.

In 1815, on the eve of the Battle of Waterloo, the British soldiers played cricket on land that is now part of the Bois de la Cambre.

There is a park that includes horse rides, an ice rink, boating activities and fishing are organized. Bois de la Cambre is connected to the Sonian Forest as in the past it used to be part of it. Three entries are from the Avenue Franklin Roosevelt.

The Chalet Robinson
-------------------

In the 1990s the Chalet Robinson was built on the an island on the lake. The restaurant was destroyed by a fire in 1991. The decision was made in 2006 to rebuild it and it reopened to the public in September 2009. An electrical boat has been made so you can pass from the shore to the island.

Events
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Two days per year there is a race, *24 hours race Bois de la Cambre* that is played by the young scouts other activities are also organized for the young scouts. In 2013 the 24 hours race was canceled because of the cold, wind and rain. Other smaller events are also organized in the park.
Sometimes, sports demonstrations, outdoor concerts, processions coupling, theaters animation or games for children are held during the summer. In the last week-end of August the Fiesta Latina is organized witch includes Latin food and concerts. In September an Eat festival was organized but the first two days were ruined because of the rain.

Other websites
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 Media related to Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos at Wikimedia Commons
*The Bookworm* is a painting done by Carl Spitzweg around 1850
Pages riddled with bookworm damage
Larva of a book louse
Adult book louse
**Bookworm** is a term for any kind of insect which supposedly chews through books.

This behaviour is uncommon. Both the larvae of the deathwatch beatle (*Xestobium rufovillosum*) and the common furniture beetle (*Anobium punctatum*) will go through wood and if paper is nearby they will pass into that.

A major book-feeding insect is the booklouse (or book louse). It is a tiny (under 1 mm), soft-bodied wingless *psocoptera* (usually *Trogium pulsatorium*). The insect actually eats molds and other plants found in books that were not kept clean and safe, but they will also attack bindings and other parts. It is also not a true louse.

Many other insects, like the silverfish (*Lepisma saccharina*) or cockroach (various *Blattodea*), will eat these molds, including rotten paper or the starch-based binding pastes – warmth and moisture or high humidity are needed, so damage is more common in the tropics. Modern glues and paper are less attractive to insects.

By the twentieth century, modern bookbinding materials prevented much of the damage done to books by book-boring insects.

Related pages
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* Woodworm
* Books

1. ↑  Murray, Stuart (2009). *The Library: An Illustrated History*. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 198.
In computer science, a **Boolean expression** is an expression used in programming languages that produces either **true** or **false** when evaluated.
Boolean expressions are often used by conditionals in computer programs to decide which code to run.

Most Boolean expressions will contain at least one variable (`X > 3`), and often more (`X > Y`) so that the expression can be useful for various values of X and Y.

Boolean operators
-----------------

Boolean operators may be represented by words such as
OR, AND and *NOT*.

Some programming languages use symbols such as
"||" (double pipe character) for OR, "&&" (double ampersand) for AND, and "!" for NOT.
Other programming languages may use other symbols.

Other Boolean operators may be available, too, for example XOR (exclusive OR).

Boolean expressions can also be represented as Logic gates in electronic circuit diagrams.

See Truth tables for a summary of the effects of common Boolean operators.

Examples
--------

* The expression `5 > 3` evaluates as `true`.
* The expression `3 > 5` evaluates as `false`.
* The expression `(X > 3) AND (X < 5)` evaluates as `true` for any value of X between 3 and 5.
* The expression `(X <= 3) OR (X >= 5)` evaluates as `true` for any value of X which less than or equal to 3 or is greater than or equal to 5, in other words any value of X which is *not* between 3 and 5.
* The English language expression "any value of X which is *not* between 3 and 5" can be represented as `NOT ((X > 3) AND (X < 5))`.

An exercise for the reader
--------------------------

* Try evaluating `NOT ((X > 3) AND (X < 5))` using X=4 and again using X=6.
	+ For X=6, it is `true` that X is not between 3 and 5.
	+ For X=4, it is `false` that X is *not* between 3 and 5 because 4 *is* between 3 and 5.

Other websites
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* The Calculus of Logic, by George Boole, Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal Vol. III (1848), pp. 183–98.