recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An AH-64
Missiles and rockets on an AH-64
The AH-64's gun
The **AH-64 Apache** is an attack helicopter that first flew in 1975 and has been produced since 1984. It was designed by Hughes Helicopters, but that later became McDonnell Douglas, which later became Boeing. It is designed to attack things on the ground to help soldiers. To do this, it can carry 16 AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, along with rocket pods, and a 30mm chain gun that can fire 625 rounds per minute. It can carry 1,200 bullets. It can also carry missiles like the AIM-9 Sidewinder to shoot down things in the air if it is attacked by fighter aircraft or other helicopters.

AH-64 details
-------------

The AH-64 is 49.11 feet (14.97 meters) long, 17.16 feet (5.23 meters) wide, and 16.24 feet (4.95 meters) tall. Without anything, it weighs 11,799 pounds (5,352 kilograms). Full, it weighs 22,282 pounds (10,107 kilograms). It is powered by 2 General Electric T700-GE-701C engines. It can go 162 miles per hour (261 kilometers per hour), can fly 1,181 miles (1,900 kilometers) without refueling, can fly 9,478 feet (2,889 meters) high, and can climb 2,415 feet a minute (736 meters a minute).

The AH-64's users
-----------------

The AH-64 has been used by the United States. It was first used in Operation Just Cause. It has also been used by Israel, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Singapore.

Concept and Building History
----------------------------

The need of a new and highly secure helicopter was first felt in the beginning of the 1990s. The great military power, the British Army, identified this need and by February 1993 they finalised the need with an invitation to bid for the design, construction and trial of the new concept.

Among the bidding companies were: Boeing and Sikorsky with the RAH-66 Comanche, Agusta with the A129 Mangusta, British Aerospace and Eurocopter with the Tiger, GEC Marconi and Bell Helicopter the Cobra Venom, and Westland and McDonnell Douglas with the AH-64 Apache. The decision was taken later in July in 2005 and the winning aircraft builder was Westland and McDonnell Douglas with the Apache. One year later in 2006 the tow Parties signed a contract for 67 helicopters. This is how the WAH-64D Apache era started.

The 67 WAH-64D Apache attack helicopters were built by the merged companies Boeing and McDonnell Douglas (1997) and Westland between 1999 and 2004. The first aircraft was built by Boeing and delivered to the Army in March 1999, followed by the Westland, who built their first aircraft in 2000 and delivered in July 2000. The last aircraft was built and delivered in July 2004.
.
An **appellate court**, commonly called an ***appeals court***, ***court of appeals*** (American English), ***appeal court*** (British English), ***court of second instance*** or ***second instance court***, is any court of law that hears an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels. The trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case. There is at least one intermediate appellate court. The top level is a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A jurisdiction's supreme court is that jurisdiction's highest appellate court. Appellate courts nationwide can operate by varying rules.

The authority of appellate courts to review decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another. In some places, the appellate court has limited powers of review. "Generally speaking, an appellate court's judgment provides 'the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed, setting out with specificity the court's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed, reversed, remanded or modified'".
***Benefits Street*** is a documentary series on the British television channel Channel 4. It started on 6 January 2014. Five episodes will be shown. It is about some of the people who live on James Turner Street in Birmingham. 90% of the people on the street claim benefits. 4.3 million people watched the first episode. It was Channel 4's most-watched shown in more than a year. It shows some people who claim benefits (claimants) doing crimes.

Criticism
---------

Almost 300 complaints were made to Ofcom after the first episode was shown. Dee Roberts complained that she had been tricked into being on the programme. She said that the people on the programme thought the show was about a working class community, but that instead they had been portrayed as "complete scum". Almost 10,000 people signed a petition asking Channel 4 to show no more episodes of the show. Steve Haywood, a friend of an alcoholic in the programme known as Fungi, said that Channel 4 gave Fungi beer so that he would be on the show.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
***Baryonyx*** was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and also in northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian stage of the Lower Cretaceous period, between 130 to 125 million years ago.

It was first discovered in 1983 by the amateur fossil hunter William Walker. A group of scientists lead by Alan Charig and Angela Milner of the Natural History Museum of London examined the skeleton and named the animal *Baryonyx* (meaning 'heavy claw'), and the species name *walkeri* after the man who discovered it. Other good skeletons were discovered in England and in Spain, which gave scientists a good idea of what the dinosaur was like.

*Baryonyx* grew up to between 7.5 and 10 metres (25 and 33 feet) long and weighed 1.2 and 1.7 t (1.3 and 1.9 short tons). It had long arms which were probably used for holding on to prey, the claw on the first finger was 31 centimeters (12 in) long. It ate mostly fish, like a grizzly bear would; for this it had a long snout like a gharial, and straight, cone-like teeth perfect for fishing. It had a triangle-shaped crest on the top of its skull.

* Reconstruction of Baryonyx with a fish in its jawsReconstruction of *Baryonyx* with a fish in its jaws
* Baryonyx (in yellow, second from left) compared in size to a human and other spinosaurid dinosaurs*Baryonyx* (in yellow, second from left) compared in size to a human and other spinosaurid dinosaurs
Coordinates: 32°1′36.93″N 34°49′26.71″E﻿ / ﻿32.0269250°N 34.8240861°E﻿ / 32.0269250; 34.8240861

Ayalon River in the planned park
Hiria dump and the recycle park from above
**Ariel Sharon Park** (also called: **Ayalon Park**) is a big public urban park that is planned to be built in the south of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, around some of the floodplains of the Ayalon River. The Azor River and the Kofer River are connected to the river in the park area. Road 1 and Road 44 run through the planned area of the park. The park is planned to be opened in the year 2020 in southern Tel Aviv and also between the cities of Holon, Azor and Ramat Gan. The park is planned to be connected to the Menachem Begin Park (South Park) in southern Tel Aviv and the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Holon. the park is going to be one of the largest park in Israel and one of the largest in the Middle East.

There are already trails for bicycles in the park.

The park is named after the former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon.

Old Bnei Brak
-------------

In the area of the park is the Old City of Bnei Brak, which is mentioned in the Haggadah book in the Jewish holiday of Passover.

Recycling park
--------------

Between the years 1952 and 1998, the area was used a garbage dump called Hiriya. In 2002, the Israeli governmant decided to rehabilitate the site and build a big park around the dump with a recycling center. In 2004, a German landscape architect won the job for the new design of the site. In 2007, the Ecological Study Center opened in the recycling park. In 2010, the recycling park won a prize from the European Center of Architecture in the category of "Landscape Architecture" for the best green design for that year.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ariel Sharon Park***.

* Ariel Sharon Park Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Hiriya website Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump, a Test Case

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Israel
* United States

 |
**Avian influenza** (**bird flu**, or **grippe of the birds**), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called *influenza A* or *type A*, usually lives in birds. Sometimes it infects mammals, including humans. 

There are many types of influenza A, which was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called *Spanish flu*, killed 50 to 100 million people in 1918/1920. Another type, called *Asian Flu* killed one million in 1957, and another one, called *Hong Kong Flu*, also killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called *H5N1*, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. It might create a human flu pandemic. Governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities.
A **Bloom filter** is a data structure that allows computers to see if a given element occurs in a set. Bloom filters use hash functions to do this. For each element that is added, a hash value is calculated. When a new element is added, its hash value is compared to that of the other elements in the set. A Bloom filter is a probabilistic data structure. It is possible to get a false positive, but not to get a false negative. In other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". Elements can be added to the set, but not removed. For each added element, the probability of getting a false positive grows.

Edward Bloom proposed the Bloom filter in 1970. In the article, Bloom supposes there is an algorithm to hyphenate words at the end of a line. According to the example, most words have simple hyphenation patterns. But about 10% of the words require time-consuming lookups to fetch the correct rule. His case was that of hyphenating about 500,000 words. He saw that using the "normal" error-free hashing techniques, storing the hyphenation patterns, would require a lot of memory. He found that using his technique, he could eliminate most lookups. For example, a hash area only 15% of the size needed by an ideal error-free hash still eliminates 85% of the disk accesses.

More generally, fewer than 10 bits per element are required for a 1% false positive probability, independent of the size or number of elements in the set.
Bird cage
A **bird cage** (sometimes **birdcage**) is a cage to hold a bird. Bird cages are used in the home to contain a pet bird, such as a parakeet or a canary. Bird cages used in the home are made of metal wire. A bird cage usually has seed and water dishes, a cuttle bone, and toys such as little bells and mirrors. However, the best ones available are shredding and foraging toys, which are more expensive than the "classic" bird accessories. These keep the birds engaged and prevent boredom. There are perches for the bird to sit on. A cage may be hung from a ceiling or a floor stand. The floor of the cage is usually lined with some sort of paper to absorb the bird's droppings, water spills, etc.

When a bird cage is round, tall and narrow or made of galvanized metal it should be avoided. Round cages confuse the birds and cause behavioral issues due to their shape, narrow and tall cages don't let the bird fly properly and any type of galvanized metal can potentially cause a lethal heavy metal intoxication.

Size
----

Bird cages should be at least 18x18x18 inches when it comes to small birds. For bigger species an aviary can be the best option.
Breeding birds will need a very big cage and a nest box. 
If a bird is going to be caged many hours everyday it will need at least a small aviary with a lot of shredding and foraging toys to not develop behavioral issues such as feather plucking.
The bower of the satin bowerbird
**Bowerbirds** are the bird family **Ptilonorhynchidae**. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.

The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at 22 centimetres (8.7 in) and 70 grams (2.5 oz) to the great bowerbird at 40 centimetres (16 in) and 230 grams (8.1 oz). Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.
**Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren** (born **Astrid Ericsson**; November 14, 1907 – January 28, 2002) was a famous Swedish writer. She wrote many books for children. She had a son named Lars.

Biography
---------

Astrid Lindgren in 1924
Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories. However, Pippi Longstocking, her most famous character, was invented for her daughter Karin, who was, at the time, ill and had to stay in the bed.

Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Johnsson. She had two sisters. Her brother, Gunnar Ericsson, was a member of the Swedish parliament. She finished the school and took a job with the a local newspaper in Vimmerby. When she became pregnant with the chief editor's child in 1926, he proposed marriage. She did not accept, and moved to Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer. There she gave birth to her son Lars in Copenhagen and left him with another family to care for him.

Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars; often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm. In 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898-1952). Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who later became a translator. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Astrid lived until her death.

Astrid Lindgren died in 2002, at the age of 94.

Politics
--------

Astrid Lindgren, in 1994, receives the Alternative Nobel Prize (Right Livelihood Award) in the Swedish parliament. On the table the Award and a program of the German musical about her book "Ronia the Robber's Daughter (composer: Axel Bergstedt), which had been given for the first time in the same month." In 1976, they had a scandal in Sweden when Lindgren's had to pay taxes 102% of her income. This is known as the "Pomperipossa effect" from a story, which she published in *Expressen*  Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine on 3 March 1976. 

Astrid Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights, and for her opposition to corporal punishment. In 1994, she received the Right Livelihood Award (also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), "...For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."

Books
-----

Some of her books include:

* The *Pippi Longstocking* series (Pippi Långstrump)
* *The Six Bullerby Children* (Barnen i Bullerbyn)
* *Mio, my Mio* (also known as Mio, my Son) (Mio, min Mio)
* *Karlsson-on-the-Roof*
* *Madicken*
* *Emil of Lönneberga*
* *The Brothers Lionheart* (Bröderna Lejonhjärta)
* *Ronia the Robber's Daughter* (Ronja rövardotter)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Swedish-language writers
Catholic Bishop of Yola Diocese, Stephen Mamza, in Michika, Nigeria
A bishop's mitre
**Bishop** is a type of clergy in some Christian churches. The bishop is the leader of the Christians and the Christian priests in each diocese. The diocese which a bishop governs is called a **bishopric**. **Episcopal** is the adjective for bishops. A cathedral is the church building where the bishop has an episcopal throne. The cathedral is the main church of the diocese and the bishop's see. A bishop may be given the rank of archbishop in an archdiocese.

Christian priests in some denominations must be made priests by bishops. In these denominations, bishops are above parish priests in the hierarchy of the church's organization. However, some Protestant denominations have no bishops or archbishops. The Presbyterianism is an example. The leader of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator. The General Assembly elects the Moderator of the Church of Scotland each year. Other Christian movements have neither bishops nor priests: Quakers are one example.

In the Catholic church, the Pope is chosen by all the cardinals from amongst their number. According to church law, this does not have to be the case: any male, unmarried, baptized Christian who is judged fit for the office can become pope. However, the last pope who was not a bishop was Urban VI (elected in 1378).

The pope is also 'the Bishop of Rome'. In fact he rules an independent state within Rome, called the Vatican. All Roman Catholic bishops answer to the pope (or to patriarchs in some orthodox churches). In the Anglican church, bishops are governed by Archbishops.

Usually a bishop can be identified by a special hat, called a mitre.

Other websites
--------------

* Bishop Citizendium
The Astrakhan Tatars (Tatar: Əsterxan tatarları, Әsterhan tatarlary) are a Muslim Tatars population of about 80,000 people in the Astrakhan Oblast, Russia.

They are descended from the nomadic Kypchaks, Volga Bulgarians and Khazars]]. After the breakup of the Golden Horde, they founded the Khanate of Astrakhan (1459-1556) on the Lower Volga. The related Nogai also lived here, by whom they were strongly influenced. The Volga Bulgarians also had trading settlements in the area, and the so-called Agryzjan Tatars, were the Muslim descendants of 51 Indian Hindu traders from India, who settled in Astrakhan in 1649 and married local Muslim Astrakhan Tatar women. 
The families lived in the Agryzjan suburb in Astrakhan and the descendants were named after this suburb. 

Since the 17th century there was an increasing influence of the also Muslim Volga Tatars, who lived in the middle course of the river.

During the Soviet period, the Astrakhan Tatars were counted among the Volga Tatars. In the 2010 census, most simply listed themselves as "Tatars". A large number of Volga Tatars also live in the oblast, and the differences between them are gradually disappearing.

Astrakhan Tatar is a mixed dialect. Around 43,000 speakers have assimilated to the much more widely spoken Kazan Tatar language.

Sources
-------

* DM Iskhakov Astrakhan Tatars, ethnic settlement and population dynamics in the XVIII - beginning of XX century. / / Astrakhan Tatars. - Kazan, 1992. - S. 5-33.
* The Tartars. The people of Russia. Encyclopedia. - M. 1994. - S. 320–321.
The **barred owl** is a large owl commonly found in eastern North America.

Description
-----------

The barred owl grow 43 to 61 centimeters (17 to 21 in) with a wingspan of 102 to 127 centimeters (40 to 50 in) at full length. The average male weigh 630 grams (22 oz) and female weigh 800 grams (28 oz). It has a round head with dark brown eyes while most owls in the eastern United States have yellow eyes. The barred owl lives about 10 to 12 years in the wild.

Habitat
-------

The barred owl lives in the woods across the eastern United States, southern Canada and Alaska. They sometimes migrate to Central America in the winter. The great horned owl is the only predator of the barred owl.

Reproduction
------------

The barred owl makes nests on tree limbs and are usually near ponds or lakes. They may use nests that have been left by other animals. They can lay 1 to 5 eggs. Eggs hatch in 28 days and the young begin to fly 42 days later.

Diet
----

The barred owl eats rabbits, squirrels, bats, snakes, and small insects. They are able to find food from a far distance from its great hearing sense. They can also hunt fish.
Green (from chlorophyll) fronds of a maidenhair fern: a photoautotroph
Flowchart
An **autotroph** (from Greek *autos* = self and *trophe* = nutrition) is an organism that makes organic compounds from simple molecules.

Uses
----

Autotrophs are needed in every food chain in all ecosystems. They take energy from the environment (sun light or inorganic sources) and use it to make other organic molecules that are used to carry out various biological functions such as cell growth or repairing broken tissue.

Types
-----

Plants and other organisms that carry out photosynthesis are phototrophs (or photoautotrophs). Bacteria that use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus or iron are called chemoautotrophs. Other organisms, called heterotrophs, eat autotrophs. 

There are some species that need organic compounds as a source of food, but are able to use light as a source of energy. These are not autotrophic, but heterotrophic. A mixotroph is a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.
**Bisexual pornography** is a genre of pornography which generally shows one woman and two men, all perform sex acts with each other. Bisexual pornography is separate from threesome pornography, which shows one man and two women.

As most pornography is marketed to men, most bisexual porn is advertised to straight or bisexual men. Very few customers of bi-porn say they are gay. Producers who use the term "bisexual porn" are usually showing what a bisexual or bi-curious man might wish to see. Sex acts between a man and a woman, as well as between two men. A common way that these are shown in a single scene is with one woman and two men performing together.

Pornographic movie industry
---------------------------

Images and videos showing male bisexuality have been more popular since the start of internet pornography. However the area is still a very small grouping of the pornographic DVD market. For example, at porn seller HotMovies.com, there are only 655 bisexual movies out of a showing of more than 90,000 movies. Bisexual DVDs sell much better online than in adult video stores. This may be because customers in stores feel embarrassed to buy them. Most bisexual porn is made by small companies rather than the major studios. Actors are mostly new at porn. Any well-known actors in bisexual porn usually are from the gay pornography industry, although they may not be gay or even bisexual in their personal life.

Heterosexual actors and actresses who have appeared in bisexual porn, for example Kurt Lockwood, have had their sexual orientation doubted, and have been accused by the gay community of being in denial about their homosexuality.

Sex acts depicted
-----------------

Bisexual pornography may include any of the following:

* The female performer may encourage the two men to engage in sex acts together. She may do this by talking to them, or by masturbating as she watches them. In some videos, the woman may demand that her "straight" husband or boyfriend do sex acts with the other man as "punishment" for cheating (see Cuckold). Usually the "husband" performs oral sex on the other man, or receives anal sex from him.
* The performers may create a "daisy chain," in which all three participants perform and receive oral sex at the same time.
* A man and woman have vaginal intercourse (from behind or reverse cowgirl), while a third person performs oral sex on the woman and/or on the man.
* The two men may perform anal sex, with the woman masturbating or sucking the receiving man.
* The two men may perform anal sex, with the woman receiving cunnilingus from one or both of them.
* The two men may perform anal sex, while the bottom man has vaginal intercourse with the woman. The man in the middle is referred to with the slang term "Lucky Pierre".
* The woman may perform anal sex on one of the men using a strap-on, while the other man receives anal from that man, or performs frot with him, or performs anal on the woman.
* Two of the performers may engage in intercourse, while the third urinates on them.
Model of the road-mobile "M-Gerät" (M-device) version. The model can be seen at the Paris Army Museum
Gamma-Gerät (Gamma-device)- the railway-transported, concrete-emplaced predecessor to the Big Bertha
**Big Bertha**  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun, 42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Name
----

Bertha's official name was the L/12 (the barrel was 12 calibre in length), or the M-Device.

Many sources say that *Bertha* is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. However, not all accept this. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. 'Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is *only* applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.

Origin
------

Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.

In use
------

Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas. Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.

A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war. This figure does not include additional barrels.

As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition. Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.
Spain is divided in 17 parts called **autonomous communities**. *Autonomous* means that each of these autonomous communities has its own executive, legislative judicial powers. These are similar to, but *not* the same as, states in the United States of America, for example.

Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities. 
Before then, some of these provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic communities": Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia and Andalusia.

The Spanish language is the sole official language in every autonomous community but six, where Spanish is co-official with other languages, as follows:

* Catalonia: Catalan and Occitan
* Valencian Community: Catalan (also called Valencian there)
* Balearic Islands: Catalan
* Galicia: Galician
* Basque Country: Basque
* Navarre: Basque (only in the north and near the border with the Basque County)

List of the autonomous communities, with their Capital city (the place where the government has its offices):

* Andalusia (its capital is Sevilla)
* Aragon (its capital is Zaragoza)
* Asturias (its capital is Oviedo)
* Balearic Islands (its capital is Palma de Mallorca)
* Basque Country (its capital is Vitoria)
* Canary Islands (they have two capitals - Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
* Cantabria (its capital is Santander)
* Castile-La Mancha (its capital is Toledo)
* Castile and León (its capital is Valladolid)
* Catalonia (its capital is Barcelona)
* Extremadura (its capital is Mérida)
* Galicia (its capital is Santiago de Compostela)
* La Rioja (its capital is Logroño)
* Community of Madrid (its capital is Madrid)
* Region of Murcia (its capital is Murcia)
* Navarre (its capital is Pamplona)
* Valencian Community (its capital is Valencia)

Spain also has two cities on the north coast of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. They are called "autonomous cities" and have simultaneously the majority of the power of an autonomous community and also power of provinces and power of municipalities.
**Barbados** is a dansband from Sweden. It was formed in 1992. They have had several successes in the Swedish record charts. The band's original lead singer was Magnus Carlsson. They became widely known after winning second place in Melodifestivalen contest in 2000. The band has replaced their lead singer three times. Carlsson left the group in 2002 and later became a member of the group Alcazar. Mathias Holmgren, a former Fame Factory student, replaced Carlsson. He was forced to leave the band in 2004. Chris Lindh replaced him, before leaving the band in 2007. The current lead singer is Björn Lagerström.

The band won its first Grammis Award in February of the year 2000.

Melodifestivalen
----------------

The band has participated in the Melodifestivalen music contest four times:

* 2000: *Se mig*, placed second
* 2001: *Allt som jag ser*, placed second
* 2002: *Världen utanför*, placed fourth
* 2003: *Bye, Bye*, placed tenth and last

Both lead singer Mathias Holmgren and Magnus Carlsson have participated in Melodifestivalen as solo singers.

Discography
-----------

### With Magnus Carlsson

* 1994: *Barbados*
* 1997: *The Lion Sleeps Tonight*
* 1998: *Nu kommer flickorna*
* 1999: *Belinda*
* 1999: *Rosalita*
* 2000: *Kom hem*
* 2000: *When the Summer is Gone*
* 2002: *Världen utanför*

### With Mathias Holmgren

* 2003: *Hela himlen*

### With Chris Lindh

* 2005: *Stolt*

### Collections

* 2001: *Collection 1994-2001*
* 2003: *Rewinder*
* 2005: *The Best of Barbados*
* 2009: *Upp til dans* (Expressen)

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

|
|  |
| Preceded byFinland Anna Eriksson |  **OGAE Second Chance Contest winner**2001 | Succeeded bySpain David Bisbal |
'**Basal'** is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to **derived** species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

'**Derived'** is the correct term in biology for *specialised* or *advanced*. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A **derived trait** is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist *Entamoeba histolytica* is a result of their secondary loss.

General view –
* Basal group
	+ Derived group
	+ Derived group
	+ Derived group

Example –
* Early primates
	+ Monkeys
		- Apes
			* *Homo*

In the last example, note that apes are *derived* from monkeys but *basal* with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

Other terms
-----------

See also Wiley *et al.* 1991.

* Ancestral taxon = basal group
* Characters or attributes:
	+ Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
	+ Apomorphy = trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
	+ Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.
**Arthur Liebehenschel** (audio speaker iconlisten (help·info); 25 November 1901 – 24 January 1948) was a main officer at the Auschwitz and Majdanek concentration camps in World War II. He was guilty of doing war crimes during the war. He was executed by the Polish government in 1948, after the war ended.

SS career
---------

Liebehenschel was born in Posen, a city that was a part of the German Empire. He studied economics and politics when he was in school. Because he was too young to be a soldier in World War I, he joined the German volunteer military in 1919. He was a sergeant major in the German army afterwards. In 1932, he joined the Nazi Party, and in 1934 he joined the SS. In the SS, he was a member of the concentration camp branch, which controlled and regulated the death camps. Liebehenschel was an assistant at the Lichtenburg concentration camp, and two years later became an inspector of camps in Berlin. In 1942, he was put in command of the central office for concentration camps.[*source?*]

On 1 December 1943 Liebehenschel was made leader of the Auschwitz concentration camp. He continued mass killings, and "improved" the camp by removing prisoner cells for standing, and stopping regular prisoners from going to gas chambers.

Criminal arrest
---------------

At end of the war, Liebehenschel was arrested by the U.S. Army and was given to Poland. After being found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków, he was sentenced to death and was executed by hanging on 24 January 1948.
**Blest Pair of Sirens** is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry. It was composed in 1887. It is a setting of an ode called *At a solemn Musick* by John Milton.

*Blest Pair of Sirens* was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford. At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: *The Glories of Our Blood and State*. However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations. The words of *The Glories of Our Blood and State* were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion. George Grove suggested Milton’s *Ode at a Solemn Music* would be a good poem for Parry to set.

The first performance of *Blest Pair of Sirens* at St James’s Hall took place on 17 May 1887. It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton’s powerful words. The choir divides into eight parts. The words are about man’s desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011. It was performed during the signing of the register.
In the vertebrate example, **4** represents the **blind spot**, which is notably absent from the octopus eye. In vertebrates (*left*) **1** represents the retina and **2** is the nerve fibers, including the optic nerve (**3**), whereas in the octopus eye (*right*) **1** and **2** represent the nerve fibers and retina respectively.
A **blind spot** is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from. It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina. Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived. The brain fills in with surrounding detail with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.

Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.

The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.

Blind spot test
---------------

| Demonstration of the blind spot
  |
| --- |
|  |
| **O** |  | **X** |  |
|  |
| *Instructions:* Your face should be a few fingers away from the screen. Close the right eye and focus the left eye on the **X**. Now move away from the screen slowly, and at one point the **O** will disappear. This will happen approx. when the screen is about 25cm away (3x the width of this diagram). As you move further away, the **O** will reappear. If you close your left eye and look at the **O**, the X will disappear over a similar range. |

Not seeing the blind spot
-------------------------

As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories. One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain. The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas. Perception theorists have generally favoured this second hypothesis. The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.

Vertebrate eye and cephalopod eye
---------------------------------

These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates. Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem. The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.

This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.
The **Arros** is a river in southwestern France that flows through the Hautes-Pyrénées and Gers departments, in the Occitanie region. The Arros is a right tributary of the Adour river.

The valleys of the Arros and of the Adour rivers were part of the *Comté de Bigorre* ("County of Bigorre"). The valley of the Arros was called the *Rivière-Haute* ("Upper River") and the valley of the Adour was called the *Rivière-Basse* ("Lower River").

Geography
---------

The Arros river has a length of 130.2 km (80.9 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 1,283 km2 (495 sq mi).

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 6.92 m3/s (244 cu ft/s) at Juillac in the Gers department.


|  |
| --- |
|  |
| **Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Juillac (51 years)** |

### Course

The Arros river starts, an altitude of 586 m (1,922.6 ft), in the *Forêt des Baronnies*, southeast of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, in the Esparros *commune*. It then flows from south to north through the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It passes through the towns of Bourg-de-Bigorre, Tournay and Chelle-Debat. It gets in the Gers department and passes through the towns of Montégut-Arros and Villecomtal-sur-Arros.

About 4 km (2.5 mi) from Plaisance, the Arros joins, by its right side, the Adour river at an altitude of 113 m (370.7 ft).

The Arros flows through 55 *communes* and two of them, both in the Gers department, have the name of the river: Montégut-Arros and Villecomtal-sur-Arros.

Main tributaries
----------------

Most of the tributaries of the Arros are small streams; the only important tributaries are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributary**:* Arrêt-Darré - 25.5 km

  |   | **Right tributary**:* Bouès - 63 km
 |

Gallery
-------

* Near the source of the Arros.Near the source of the Arros.
* The upper Arros in a very humid valley.The upper Arros in a very humid valley.
* The Arros in Villecomtal-sur-Arros.The Arros in Villecomtal-sur-Arros.
* The Arros in Plaisance.The Arros in Plaisance.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
The giant Irish Elk, at the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
Velvet covers a growing antler and provides it with blood, supplying oxygen and nutrients.
**Antlers** are usually large, branching structures, made of bone, which grow on the heads of deer and similar animals.

With deer, only males have antlers. Only reindeer (caribou) have antlers on the females, and these are normally smaller than those of the males.

Growth of antlers
-----------------

While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone.

Antlers are one of the most striking cases of male secondary sex characteristics in the animal kingdom. They grow faster than any other mammal bones. Growth occurs at the tip, and is initially cartilage, which is mineralized to become bone. Once the antler has achieved its full size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. The antlers fall off at some point.

To re-grow antlers each year uses up nutrition, so they are honest signals of food gathering capability.

Sexual selection
----------------

The principle means of evolution of antlers is sexual selection, which operates by two mechanisms: Male–male competition (behaviorally, physiologically) and female mate choice.

Male–male competition can take place in two forms. First, they can compete when males use their antlers as weapons to compete for mates; second, they can compete where males present their antlers to display their strength and fertility. Males with the largest antlers are more likely to obtain mates and achieve fertilization success.

Related pages
-------------

* Horn (anatomy), a structure similar to antlers, but made of keratin instead of bone
***At Play Vol. 3*** is a compilation album. It is from the Canadian progressive house musician deadmau5. It is also the third of the *At Play* series. 

The description of the album says "After bursting onto the scene in 2006, his rise to the top was swift and well deserved, grabbing the producer of the year accolade and accumulating a wave of Beatport number ones quickly turned a lot of heads through the industry, and it wasn't long before his in demand work was being licensed to the biggest compilations & labels in the business". Like the previous *At Play* albums, this album consists of "10 Full Length DJ Friendly Tracks" as it says on the sleeve. 

It can be noted that half of the tracks are from his 2006 album *Vexillology* and the last two are singles from 2007.

Track listing
-------------

| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cyclic Redundancy"   | deadmau5 | 6:36 |
| 2. | "Apply Overnight"   | deadmau5 | 5:12 |
| 3. | "Plus"   | deadmau5 | 7:27 |
| 4. | "Lai"   | deadmau5 | 7:37 |
| 5. | "TL7"   | deadmau5 | 4:30 |
| 6. | "Bounce"   | deadmau5 | 5:40 |
| 7. | "Full Bloom"   | deadmau5 | 5:54 |
| 8. | "Templar"   | deadmau5 | 6:21 |
| 9. | "Stereo Fidelity"   | deadmau5 | 6:48 |
| 10. | "Whispers (Remix)"   | Melleefresh vs. deadmau5 | 5:55 |
| **Total length:** | **62:00** |
***Bloons*** is a video game series. It is made by Ninja Kiwi.

Making
------

The first *Bloons* game was made by Stephen and Chris Harris, who are two brothers from New Zealand. Before working on *Bloons*, the brothers had released *Cash Sprint*, which was a racing game. After *Cash Sprint* proved to be successful, the brothers made their own website for flash games. However, the site wasn’t successful. The brothers decided to focus on making their own games, and made a website called Ninja Kiwi, which had five games when it opened. The site was a success, and this led to the brothers’ work on *Bloons*.

The basic concept for *Bloons* came from Stephen's wife. When Stephen asked her what would be fun in a new game, she talked about carnival games with darts and balloons. The first version of *Bloons* was developed quickly, and the game was released in April 2007. It proved popular, and soon reached nearly 100,000 players per day. By 2011, *Bloons* had been played over 3 billion times.

Other websites
--------------

* Ninja Kiwi official website
A **bloomery** is a type of furnace that was once widely used for smelting oxides. Bloomeries were the first smelters able to smelt iron. The result of using a bloomery is a mass of iron and slag called a bloom. This is called sponge iron, because it is porous like a sponge. Sponge iron is usually refined into wrought iron. Bloomeries are no longer used in smelting, because blast furnaces are better.

Process
-------

A bloomery consists of a chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, pipes (made of clay or metal) enter through the side walls. The pipes allow air to enter.

To use a bloomery, charcoal is inserted into the chimney, then heated. Then roughly the same volume of iron is inserted. A common product of this process is fayalite, which occurs when iron mixes with slag.

History
-------

Iron began to be used around 1200 BC.

China appeared to not use bloomeries, seemingly skipping to blast furnaces. However, bloomeries have been found in China, though these were likely only brought from other locations, and not built in China.

Bloomeries had been used in Sub-Saharan Africa before 500 BC.

European Bloomeries started very small, smelting about 1kg of iron with each use, but got larger over time, smelting about 14kg on average in the fourteenth century.