recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam** (born 18 July 1975 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name **M.I.A.** Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music. 

M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output. 

M.I.A. with partner Ben Bronfman and Twitter founders Jack Dorsey and Evan WilliamsIn 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album *The Menace,* by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of *Arular* on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album *Arular*.

One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making *Piracy Funds Terrorism,* a mash-up mixtape of *Arular* tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

*Arular*
--------

in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, *Arular*, which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

*Kala*
------

*Kala* is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:

* *Bamboo Banga*
* *Bird Flu*
* *Boyz*
* *Jimmy*
* *$20*
* *Mango Pickle Down River*
* *World Town*
* *Paper Planes*
* *Come Around*

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Norway
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States
* Poland

 |
| Artists | 
* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
**Sue Ko Lee** (March 9, 1920 – May 15, 1996) was a labor organizer with the Chinese Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Association. 

In 1938, she joined the longest strike in San Francisco’s Chinatown's (at the time) history. This strike was a fifteen week long strike against the National Dollar Stores factory. Lee and the other workers who striked were tired of the low wages and poor working conditions they were given. They did not have many job options to choose from, so were forced to take the work they could get at the National Dollar Stores factory. This was because many white owned businesses would not hire them due to the fact that they were Chinese American. She helped organize and lead the strike and delivered speeches. The Dollar Store Strike was successful, in part due to her efforts. The workers got a 5 percent raise, and the conditions in which they were working also started to improve. This strike directly impacted the workers at the National Dollar Stores factories. In addition, after the company closed, more companies, even those that were previously made up of only white people, were willing to hire Chinese Americans. After the strike, Lee also became a leader of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union.

Personal Life
-------------

Lee was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 9, 1920. She moved to Watsonville, California, as a child. She was the oldest of ten children. At eighteen, she married Lee Jew Hing. He was an immigrant from China. He worked as a bookkeeper for National Dollar Stores, causing Lee to eventually work at the same factory. Sue Ko Lee and Lee Jew Hing had two children together. Lee saved all of her memories, documents, and items from the strike in a scrapbook, and participated in an interview before she died. The interview and scrapbook helped give much of the currently known information about the strike. Lee died in El Cerrito, California on May 15, 1996.
***A Clockwork Orange*** is an English dystopian novella written by Anthony Burgess and published in 1962.

Through the actions and experiences of the teenaged, charming but sociopathic, Alex, it explores mankind's violent nature. The novel is set in a not-so-distant future society with a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence. It satirizes trends in youth culture that were around in the 1960s in the West, and to some extent still present today. The dramatic events throw a light on human free will to choose between good or evil, and the weakness of free will as a solution to evil. Alex and his three goons (friends who do bad things) do various crimes, mainly assaulting everyone: brutally for the men, and sexually for the women. He is sent to prison for murdering a woman whilst burgling her house.

Burgess experiments with language by writing in a Russian-influenced argot (slang) called "Nadsat" which is used by the novel’s teenage anti-hero in his first-person narrative, and the younger characters. According to Burgess, the novel was a *jeu d'esprit* written in just three weeks.

In 2005, *A Clockwork Orange* was included on *Time* magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book was bought by McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1971.

The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 movie *A Clockwork Orange* by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled *Vinyl* was also an adaptation of Burgess' novel.

Awards
------

* 2008 - Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)
***House of Cards*** is a novella by Baron Michael Dobbs. Dobbs was in the British House of Lords in the 1980s. 

After an argument with Margaret Thatcher, Dobbs decided to write a book whose protagonist was an evil politician with the initials F.U. So he made a fictional character named Francis Uruqhart.

Plot
----

In the book, Uruqhart finds out that a man named Roger O’Neal is addicted to cocaine and blackmails O’Neal into helping him while Uruqhart has an affair with a female journalist named Mattie Storin so she will write the stories that he wants her to write. 

Then Roger O’Neal’s girlfriend breaks up with him so he has a nervous breakdown. He is angry with Uruqhart so Uruqhart gets O’Neal drunk until he falls asleep and puts rat poison in O’Neal’s cocaine to kill him and make the murder look like a suicide. Uruqhart feels guilty about that so when Mattie asks him if he killed Roger O’Neal he kills himself by jumping off a balcony.

BBC TV show
-----------

The BBC made a television miniseries created by Andrew Davies based on the book and called it House of Cards. In it, Francis Uruqhart was played by Ian Richardson. The show changed the ending to Uruqhart killing Mattie Storin so that he could become Prime Minister of Great Britain. After the show was a success, Dobbs wrote two books as sequels to it called "To Play the King" and "The Final Cut" both of which were adapted into the show.

US version
----------

In 2013, Netflix made an American version of the television series *House of Cards* created by Beau Willimon starring Kevin Spacey as Frank Underwood.
William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Fraternal Love
**Kinship** is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Kinship
-------

Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history. Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for "economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs" (J.Hendry, 1999).

History
-------

The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

Types
-----

There are two main types of kinship.

**Consanguinity** means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people. For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married. It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will. Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

**Affinity** means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

Descent
-------

There are two types of descent involved in kinship. *Patrilineal* are the relations that come from the father’s blood line. *Matrilineal* are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

Examples of kinship
-------------------

* parent (father or mother)
* child (son or daughter)
* sibling (brother or sister)
* grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
* grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
* uncle or aunt
* nibling (nephew or niece)
* cousin
* ancestor
* descendant
* Friend (someone who you feel you are like or was related to you in another life (in the past or the future).
**Foot odor** (or **foot odour**) is a type of body odor that affects the feet of humans. Some people think it is an unpleasant smell. Others may enjoy it when they have a foot fetish or olfactophilia (being attracted to certain smells). A 1994 study found that 45% of people with a foot fetish were also aroused by smelly socks and/or feet.

Causes
------

The main cause of foot odor is foot sweat. Sweat itself does not smell a lot, but some bacteria can grow better in a sweaty environment, which then cause the odor. These bacteria are normally on our skin and are not harmful. 

The front part of the foot produces the most sweat.

Sweating on the feet can be increased by wearing closed shoes or boots. Especially thick materials such as leather or rubber will hold the sweat in them and can increase the odor intensity. Certain types of socks can also make the smell stronger.

Odor qualities
--------------

The quality (aroma) of foot odor is often described as thick and smelling like cheese. This is because some of the bacteria that create foot odor (like *Brevibacteria*) are also used in the production of cheese. They produce the chemical *3-Methylbutanoic acid,* which is a main part that is responsible for the odor. This chemical is also often used to make perfumes.

Because of acids in the foot sweat, the odor may also be sour, similar to that of vinegar.

Other things that can influence foot smell are the type of socks and shoes a person wears, how long they are worn at a time, and many individual factors, for example if the person does a lot of sports or other physical activities. Because men sweat more than women, they generally have smellier feet.

Prevention
----------

The best method for preventing food odor is to maintain a good foot hygiene. Regular cleaning of the feet removes dead skin cells from the feet, along with sebum (a type of body oil). This reduces the opportunities for bacteria to cause smelly feet. By regularly cleaning feet properly, feet will not have a strong foot odor. A foot file or pumice stone can be used to remove dead skin cells.
**Social studies** is the name of a course or set of courses taught in primary and secondary schools or elementary, middle, and high schools, but is also sometimes the study of parts of human society at 
tertiary
 schools around the world.

At primary school, social studies is usually about the local community and family. By middle and high school, social studies includes many subjects about past and current human behavior and 
interactions
. Usually, social studies taught in middle and high school is in the form of history, civics, economics and geography.

Social studies is a little different than social science, though many of the social sciences are covered in social studies.

The meaning of social studies is taken by understanding and the observing of the Great thinkers and scholars therefore teachers who teach social studies provide and understanding and acquisition of knowledge to learn as by giving them the full knowledge of the world they live in and in this provide an understanding of social and cultural Dynamics that shape and the influence human behaviour institution and norms
***Deltora Quest*** is three series of books for children by Emily Rodda. It has 15 books overall: the first series *Deltora Quest* has eight books, the second series *Deltora Shadowlands* has three books, and the third series *Dragons of Deltora* has four books. They are all about a group of three friends who try to defeat the evil Shadow Lord and his friends.

Characters
----------

### Lief

Lief is the son of King Endon and Sharn, who went into hiding disguised as Jarred and Anna before their son was born. Lief was raised as a blacksmith's son in the run-down city of Del after the invasion. On his 16th birthday he set off on the Deltora Quest to find the seven gems of Deltora. In the ends he finds out that he is the heir to the throne and becomes the King of Deltora. At the end of the third series he marries Jasmine and has three children.

### Barda

Barda is a strong bearded man. Before the invasion of the Shadow Lord, he was a guard of the Palace, but then he fled because his mother Min was killed, so he made friends with Endon and Sharn, and pretended to be a beggar for sixteen years, and always guarded Lief when he was in trouble. He accompanied Lief to find the seven gems of the Belt of Deltora. At the end of the last series he married Linden of Broome.

### Jasmine

Jasmine is the daughter of Jarred (Doom) and Anna. She was born in the Forests of Silence, but when she was 7, her parents got taken away by Grey Guards. She lived as an orphan, with Kree and Filli for company. She met Lief and Barda in the Forests of Silence, and helped them get the first jewel, the topaz. After that, her mother Anna appeared to her in spirit form (because the topaz lets you come into contact with the dead)and told Jasmine to travel with Lief and Barda to find the jewels. At the end of the third series she married Lief and had three children.

### Kree

Kree is a raven who used to live in Thaegan's territory, but Thaegen killed his parents so he fled to the Forests of Silence where he met Jasmine. He is very affectionate to Jasmine. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests, warning others of danger by flying ahead. He later became and official messenger bird for the Palace.

### Filli

Filli is a furry grey small creature who Jasmine found in the Forests of Silence. Like, Kree, he loves Jasmine a lot. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests.

### Veritas

Veritas is the amethyst dragon who is very truthful. He helped to destroy the Sister of the West, and he brought up the baby Diamond Dragon, Forta.

Deltora Quest 1
---------------

### Forests of Silence

In the first half of this book, it follows Jarred and Endon, how the King of Deltora died, then Endon became King, Jarred fled from the castle, married Anna, and the Shadow Lord invaded. In the second half of the book, it follows Lief, how on his 16th birthday, he set out on the Deltora Quest to find the gems of Deltora, with Barda, and got paralysed by Wenn, saved by Jasmine, and got the topaz from Gorl.
***Bulworth*** is a 1998 American political comedy movie. Warren Beatty plays the title character. Halle Berry plays Nina. Don Cheadle plays L.D.. Paul Sorvino plays Graham Crockett. Christine Baranski plays Constance Bulworth.

Plot
----

In the movie, California Senator Jay Bulworth is losing his bid for re-election to a fiery young populist. His socialist views, formed in the 1960s and 1970s, have lost favor with voters. He has changed to more conservative politics. He also accepts donations from big corporations. Furthermore, he and his wife have been having affairs for years, with each other's knowledge.

Bulworth is tired of politics. He is also unhappy with his life in general and planning to commit suicide. He negotiates a $10 million life insurance policy with his daughter as the beneficiary. Knowing that a suicide will void his daughter's inheritance, he plans to have himself murdered in two days' time.

Bulworth turns up in California extremely drunk. He also smokes marijuana and raps in public. His frank and offensive remarks make him an instant media darling and re-energize his campaign. Along the way he becomes romantically involved with a young black activist named Nina. Nina tags along with him on his campaign stops. As the movie progresses, he gets pursued by paparazzi, his insurance company and the public.

Cast
----

* Warren Beatty as Senator Jay Billington Bulworth
* Halle Berry as Nina
* Oliver Platt as Dennis Murphy
* Don Cheadle as L.D.
* Paul Sorvino as Graham Crockett
* Jack Warden as Eddie Davers
* Isaiah Washington as Darnell
* Christine Baranski as Constance Bulworth
* Amiri Baraka as Rastaman
* Joshua Malina as Bill Feldman
* Sean Astin as Gary
* Barry Shabaka Henley as the bartender
* Helen Martin as Momma Doll

Cameos
* William Baldwin as Constance's lover
* Larry King as himself
* Michael Clarke Duncan as Bouncer
* George Hamilton as himself

Reception
---------

*Bulworth* made a great deal of controversy. However, it received a positive reception from movie critics. It has a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Box office
----------

The movie was released on May 15, 1998. It did extremely well in limited release. It took in more than $29 million in the box office.
Sexual aggression, engraving by Martin van Maele, of 1905
**Sexual assault** is a term from law. It means that two people have a sexual relation, but that one of the two does not want this. In most countries, this is a crime. There are different forms of sexual assault, including:

* Rape is forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, or who is unable to consent.
* Domestic violence can include a sexual element
* Child sexual abuse- this includes abusing people who cannot consent
* Elder abuse
* Groping - touching people in ways they don't want.

Very often, cases of sexual assault are not reported, because there is a stigma associated with it. In certain countries, there are laws that will punish the victim, for example for "seducing" someone.

Statistics
----------

As many as 90-99% of people with developmental disabilities are sexually exploited before they are 18 years old.

A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives. In 66% of cases no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble. 50% said that their victim was completely to blame. 2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.
**Eva Vik (b.** May 5th, 1991 as **Eva Doležalová**) is a Czech director, screenwriter and producer. She is represented by Ridley Scott's Creative Group worldwide. She was born in Prague, Czech Republic. 

When she was 10 years old, Eva Vik started working in Czech movies and on stage as an actress, dancer and co-writer.  
 At 18, she went to London to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.  
 Eva also worked on movies with famous directors like Mike Figgis and Shane Black.

After finishing her studies, she went to Paris where she began to find her own style. While she was there, she realized her long time dream for filmmaking, In Paris, started developing her writing and directing skills.

Career
------

Vik's movies have starred Sean Penn, Suki Waterhouse, Jack Kilmer, Dylan Sprouse and Barbara Palvin. They have been broadcast on Mubi, Nowness, Dazed, Amazon Prime Video and Vogue and screened at the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Eva Vik has been recognized with many awards and nominations at well known film festivals such as Tribeca Film Festival.

Her latest work includes a sci-fi body-horror, *Serpentine.* It is about the birth of a new interspecies. The movie was first shown at Tribeca. It was nominated for the X Award and won Best Genre Short Film, The movie was later released by Nowness. She also made the short, *Raven.* It is about a relationship between extraterrestrial intelligence and humanity. It was released by Vogue magazine.

Eva Vik directed two projects with Bulgari, *Serpentine* and a Bulgari Omnia campaign starring Cailee Spaeny.

Eva speaks 5 languages. She is an ambassador for the White Ribbon USA, a global movement working to end violence against women and children.

Filmography
-----------

### As a Screenwriter

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Sound of Sun* |
| 2017 | *Somnio* |
| 2018 | Good Looking by Suki Waterhouse |
| 2018 | Les Inconnus: Escape |
| 2019 | Butcher Boy |
| 2019 | Carte Blanche |
| 2019 | Samice |
| 2020 | Maestro |
| 2021 | Anima Us |
| 2022 | Raven |
| 2022 | Oblivion |
| 2022 | Fletcher: Better Version |
| 2022 | Broken |
| 2023 | Serpentine |
| 2023 | Bulgari Omnia |

### As Producer

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Sound of Sun* |
| 2017 | *Somnio* |
| 2018 | Good Looking by Suki Waterhouse |
| 2018 | Les Inconnus: Escape |
| 2019 | Butcher Boy |
| 2019 | Carte Blanche |
| 2019 | Samice |
| 2020 | Maestro |
| 2021 | Anima Us |
| 2022 | Raven |
| 2022 | Oblivion |
| 2022 | Fletcher: Better Version |
| 2022 | Broken |
| 2023 | Serpentine |
| 2023 | Bulgari Omnia |

### As Director

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Sound of Sun* |
| 2017 | *Somnio* |
| 2018 | Good Looking by Suki Waterhouse |
| 2018 | Les Inconnus: Escape |
| 2019 | Butcher Boy |
| 2019 | Carte Blanche |
| 2019 | Samice |
| 2020 | Maestro |
| 2021 | Anima Us |
| 2022 | Raven |
| 2022 | Oblivion |
| 2022 | Fletcher: Better Version |
| 2022 | Broken |
| 2023 | Serpentine |
| 2023 | Bulgari Omnia |

Other websites
--------------

* Eva Vik on IMDb
***Almayer's Folly*** is Joseph Conrad's first novel. It was published in 1895. Set in the late 19th century, it centers on the life of the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer in the Borneo jungle and his relationship to his half-caste daughter Nina.

Plot
----

Kaspar Almayer is a young Dutch trader cared for by rich Captain Lingard. Hoping to gain Lingard's wealth, Almayer agrees to a loveless marriage to Lingard's adopted Malay child and to running his trading post in Sambir in the Borneo jungle. Lingard loses much of his fortune searching for a hidden treasure. Meanwhile, Almayer's ventures constantly fail, most notably an expensive trading house, the "Almayer's Folly," that no one trades in. He did seem to enjoy dancing.

A daughter named Nina was born to Almayer and his wife. The rest of the novel concerns Almayer's conflicting wishes: his love for Nina, his effort at keeping her from her mother's Malay influence, and his desire for money and self-redemption.

Dain, a Malay prince, arrives at Sambir. Almayer tries to enlist Dain's help to find the treasure long sought by Lingard. Instead, Dain marries Nina and leaves Sambir with her, against Almayer's wishes. The loss of Nina and any prospect of wealth stuns Almayer. He spends the rest of his days in the empty trading house as his sanity slips away.

Criticism
---------

As Conrad's earliest novel, *Almayer's Folly* is often seen by critics as inferior to the author's later work because of its repetitive and at times awkward language. However, recent critics have paid more attention to Conrad's depiction of Nina as a self-determined female non-European character along with Aissa from Joseph Conrad's second novel, *An Outcast of the Islands*.

Movie
-----

See the main article: Almayer's Folly (movie)
Filming started in November 2010 for a French-Belgian adaptation by Chantal Akerman.

Sources
-------

* Joseph Conrad, *Almayer's Folly: A Story of an Eastern River*, Random House, 1996.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Almayer's Folly**

* *Almayer's Folly* at Project Gutenberg
**Humboldt's Gift** is a 1975 novel by Canadian-American author Saul Bellow. He won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In the same year, Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Plot
----

The novel, which Bellow originally conceived as a short story, is the story of Bellow's friendship with the poet Delmore Schwartz. He explores the changing relationship of art and power in materialistic America. This theme is addressed through the opposing careers of two writers, von Humboldt Fleischer and his protégé Charlie Citrine (to some extent a version of Bellow himself). Fleischer seeks to uplift American society through the arts, but fails. In contrast, Charlie Citrine makes a lot of money from his writings, especially Broadway plays and films about a character named Von Trenk, a character modeled after Fleischer. 

Another notable character in the book is Rinaldo Cantabile, a copycat Chicago gangster who tries to get Citrine to make friends. Because his career advice to Citrine is commercially tied, it is in stark contrast to that of Citrine's former mentor, Humboldt Fleischer, who prioritizes artistic integrity.

Perception
----------

Humboldt's Gift won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1976, Bellow's first entry after three previous entries were finalists. In the novel, Humboldt says, and Citrine agrees, that the prize is "a fictitious newspaper advertising award given by swindlers and illiterates". When asked about the description after receiving the prize, Bellow laughed and said he would accept the award "in dignified silence."
**Aiguille de Chambeyron** is a French mountain near the border with Italy, just west of the main chain of the Alps that separates the basin of the Rhône river, to the west, and the basin of the Po river, to the east.

It is the highest peak in the Alps south of Monte Viso.

Geography
---------

The Chambeyron Massif, with Aiguille de chambeyron near left
Aiguille de Chambeyron is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (commune of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

With an elevation of 3,412 m (11,194 ft) above sea level, it is the highest point of the department and of the historical region of Provence.

The mountain is in the *Chambeyron Massif* of the Cottian Alps. It has two summits, with the west one being the slightly higher.

On the north side of the mountain are 2 small and quite dead glaciers, filled with rocks: *Chauvet* Glacier and *Marinet* Glacier.

### Geologie

The lower part of the mountain is made of Triassic limestone but the highest part is made of Jurassic limestone (more solid).

History
-------

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made by W.A.B. Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States, and Christian Almer and his son, from Switzerland, in 1879.

Route
-----

The more easy climbing route is by the south side of the mountain, from the Chambeyron Hut, a place where is possible to eat and with beds, at an altitude of 2,626 m (8,615 ft).

The route to the Chambeyron Hut is, starting from the city of Barcelonette:

Barcelonette > Jausier > La Condamine-Châtelard > Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye >> Fouillouse >> Chambeyron Hut
It is possible to get to the hamlet of Fouillouse by car; here there is parking lot.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aiguille de Chambeyron***.

* Géologie de l'Aiguille de Chambeyron - GeoAlp website (in French)
* Aiguille de Chambeyron - peakery
In mathematics, a problem is called **well-posed**, if all of the following conditions are met:

* There is a solution to the problem
* The solution of the problem is unique
* The solution continuously depends on the input parameters

If at least one of the conditions is not met, the problem is called ill-posed. Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963), a French mathematician, first studied these problems. He believed that mathematical models of physical phenomena should have the properties listed above.

  

Examples of well-posed problems include the Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation, and the heat equation with specified initial conditions. These might be regarded as 'natural' problems, because they model there are physical processes.

Problems that are not well-posed in the sense of Hadamard are termed **ill-posed**. Inverse problems are often ill-posed. For example, the inverse heat equation, deducing a previous distribution of temperature from final data, is not well-posed in that the solution is highly sensitive to changes in the final data.

Continuum models must often be discretized in order to obtain a numerical solution. While solutions may be continuous with respect to the initial conditions, they may suffer from numerical instability when solved with finite precision, or with errors in the data. Even if a problem is well-posed, it may still be **ill-conditioned**, meaning that a small error in the initial data can result in much larger errors in the answers. Problems in nonlinear complex systems (so-called chaotic systems) provide well-known examples of instability. An ill-conditioned problem is indicated by a large condition number.

If the problem is well-posed, then it stands a good chance of solution on a computer using a stable algorithm. If it is not well-posed, it needs to be re-formulated for numerical treatment. Typically this involves including additional assumptions, such as smoothness of solution. This process is known as *regularization*. Tikhonov regularization is one of the most commonly used for regularization of linear ill-posed problems.
The **Barre des Écrins** is a mountain in the French Alps. It is the highest peak of the *Massif des Écrins* and of the Dauphiné Alps mountain range. It is in the Écrins National Park (French: *Parc national des Écrins*), one of the ten French national parks.

It is the only mountain 4,000 m (13,123 ft) or higher in France that is outside the Mont Blanc Massif. Before the annexation of Savoy, that was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860, it was the highest mountain in France.

Geography
---------

The south side of Barre des Écrins
Barre des Écrins is in the northeast of the Hautes-Alpes department (commune of Pelvoux), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

The south side of the mountain is rocky while the soil of the north side is covered with ice because here starts a glacier, the *Glacier Blanc*.

Barre des Écrins is surrounded by four glaciers:

1. *Glacier Blanc*, on the north side. It is 5 km (3.1 mi) long.
2. *Glacier Noir*; its northern part is on the southwestern side of the mountain. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) long.
3. *Glacier de la Pilatte*, or *Glacier du Vallon de la Pillate*, on the western side. It is short, 1.5 km (0.9 mi) long, and divided now in three parts.
4. *Glacier de Bonne Pierre*, to the northwest of the mountain. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) long.

History
-------

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 25 June 1864 by the Englishmen Adolphus Warburton Moore, Horace Walker and Edward Whymper, guided by Michel Croz from Chamonix and Christian Almer from Switzerland.

William Auguste Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States made the first direct climb up the north side of the Barre des Ecrins in July 1870.

The Barre des Écrins and the *Glacier Blanc*

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Barre des Écrins***.

* Barre des Écrins at Altituderando.com (in French)
**Eliza Gladys Dean** (2 February 1912 – 31 May 2009), known as **Millvina Dean**, was a British civil servant, cartographer, and the last living survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912. At two months old, she was also the youngest passenger aboard.

She was two months old when she went on the Titanic with her mother, father, and brother. When the Titanic hit an iceberg, her father felt it and told his wife to get her children dressed and go to the deck, or front, of the ship. Dean, her mother, and her brother all got into a lifeboat and got away from the sinking Titanic. Her father did not survive.

Dean started to take part in Titanic-related activities when she was in her seventies, and did not like it when forms of entertainment use the Titanic. The only Titanic movie she watched was *A Night to Remember*, and she hated it as it was too painful for her to watch.

She became the last living Titanic survivor when Barbara West died on 16 October 2007. West, unlike Dean, did not want any publicity from the Titanic.

Other websites
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* Millvina Dean Criticizes the BBC
* Titanic Survivor gets Mayoral Tribute
* Barbara Dainton, 96, Among Last From Titanic, Is Dead

|
|  |
| Preceded byBarbara Dainton |  **Oldest living survivor of the RMS *Titanic***16 October 2007 – present | Succeeded bylast living survivor |
***A Clergyman's Daughter*** is a novel by George Orwell. It was published in 1935. It tells the story of a young woman called Dorothy Hare who loses her memory and finds herself lost in London.

Background
----------

George Orwell spent some time living rough on the streets and working in fields in Kent so that he could understand what life was like for poor people. These experiences gave Orwell some of the ideas he used for the book.

After the book was released, Orwell said that he did not like it and he did not want it to be published again whilst he was alive. He did say that it could be published again if his family needed money after he died.

Plot
----

The story has five chapters which are each written in a different style.

### Chapter 1

Dorothy Hare is a young woman who lives with her father, a clergyman. He is very strict and treats Dorothy badly. She spends her days working hard for her father with no time for herself. One evening, she is invited to dinner by a male friend, Mr. Warbuton, who sexually assaults her. Afterwards, she stays up late to finish some work for the church.

### Chapter 2

Dorothy is now in London with no memory of the past eight days. She meets a group of young people who bring her to Kent to work in the fields with them. When she returns to London, it is difficult for her to find a place to stay and after a while she is homeless and has to sleep in Trafalgar Square.

### Chapter 3

Dorothy spends a night outdoors in Trafalgar Square. She is arrested and spends 12 hours in prison.

### Chapter 4

Dorothy's father sends a letter to his cousin who helps Dorothy to get a job as a school teacher. The owner of the school is only interested in making money but Dorothy tries to make the classes more interesting for the students. The owner of the school does not like this and after a while she tells Dorothy to leave the school and Dorothy loses her job.

### Chapter 5

As Dorothy leaves the school, Mr. Warbuton arrives. He tells Dorothy that someone had spread rumours about her behaving badly but nobody believed them anymore and it was safe for Dorothy to return home. Mr. Warbuton asks Dorothy to marry him but she says no and ends up back in her old routine.
A dip pen
Sharpening a quill
A cheap ballpoint pen
A **pen** (Latin: *pinna*, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.

*Reed pens* are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.

*Quill pens* are one of the oldest type of pens. A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose. The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.

Reed and quill pens are *dip pens* because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.

*Fountain pens* are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge. 

A *ballpoint pen* is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.

A *stylus* is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen.

The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a *real* letter."

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pens***.

* Pencil
* Ink
* Paper
The **Borealis Basin,** or the **North Polar Basin,** is a large depression or basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars. The North Polar Basin takes up 40% of the Martian surface. It has a diameter of about 9,500 km (5,900 miles), but is slightly stretched, or elliptical, meaning its true size is closer to 10,600 km (6,600 mi) by 8,500 km (5,300 mi).

An explanation for the basin's low, flat and relatively crater-free structure is that the basin was formed by a single large impact.

Simulations suggest that a body of about 0.02 Mars masses (~0.002 Earth masses, about the size of Pluto) can produce a sizable debris disk in Martian orbit, on the order of 500 quadrillion tonnes, with much of the material remaining close to Mars. Scientists think this could have formed Phobos and Deimos.

Analysis of Mars Global Surveyor data found mineral deposits similar to terminal moraines on Earth along the southern rim of the northern low land, giving evidence that an asteroid caused a tsunami in the basin.

Even though it's so large, the basin is not yet called an impact basin by the IAU because scientists aren't sure if it's actually the site of an impact. The basin is one of the flattest areas in the Solar System. The landing site of the Viking 1 lander is a bay that opens into the basin.
A spectacular head-on collision between two galaxies is seen in this NASA Hubble Space Telescope true-color image of the Cartwheel Galaxy.
The Cartwheel galaxy in different spectra (X-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared). The image combines data from four different space-based observatories: the Chandra X-ray Observatory (purple), the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (ultraviolet/blue), the Hubble Space Telescope (visible/green), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared/red).
The **Cartwheel galaxy** (also known as *ESO 350-40*) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.

It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way. It has a mass of about 2.9–4.8 × 109 solar masses, and rotates at 217 km/s.

It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".

The Cartwheel galaxy shows radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.

Evolution
---------

The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago. When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy. Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust. This made a starburst around the galaxy's center. This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section. It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.

There are other possible explanations of the ring-like appearance.

Other websites
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* Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy
Flag of Anglesey
Anglesey within Wales
**Anglesey** (Welsh: *Ynys Môn*) is an island and county in Wales. There is a town there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

Culture and people
------------------

Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

Places and sights
-----------------

Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

Other websites
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* Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Anglesey Tourist Information
* Anglesey Today
* Anglesey History
* Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn Archived 2008-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information Archived 2018-11-29 at the Wayback Machine

  


| * v
* t
* e
Counties of Wales |
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| Anglesey  • Brecknockshire  • Caernarfonshire  • Cardiganshire  • Carmarthenshire  • Denbighshire  • Flintshire  • Glamorgan  • Merionethshire  • Monmouthshire  • Montgomeryshire  • Pembrokeshire  • Radnorshire |

| * v
* t
* e
Local government in Wales |
| --- |
| Anglesey  • Blaenau Gwent  • Bridgend  • Caerphilly  • Cardiff  • Carmarthenshire  • Ceredigion  • Conwy  • Denbighshire  • Flintshire  • Gwynedd  • Merthyr Tydfil  • Monmouthshire  • Neath Port Talbot  • Newport  • Pembrokeshire  • Powys  • Rhondda Cynon Taf  • Swansea  • Torfaen  • Vale of Glamorgan  • Wrexham |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
	+ 2
* WorldCat Identities
	+ 2

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area
* Pleiades

 |
**Cubit** is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples and is among the first recorded units of length.

The cubit is based on measuring by comparing – especially rope and textiles, but also for timber and stone – to one's forearm length. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the unit shows this symbol. It was used through antiquity, the Middle Ages up to early modern times.

The distance between thumb and another finger to the elbow on an average person is about 24 digits or 6 palms or 1½ feet (45.72 cm or 18 inches). This so-called "natural cubit" of 1½ feet is used in the Roman system of measures and in different Greek systems.

Over time, units similar in type to the cubit have measured:

* 6 palms  =  24 digits, i.e. ~45.0 cm or 18 inches (1.50 ft)
* 7 palms  =  28 digits, i.e. ~52.5 cm or 21 inches (1.75 ft)
* 8 palms  =  32 digits, i.e. ~60.0 cm or 24 inches (2.00 ft)
* 9 palms  =  36 digits, i.e. ~67.5 cm or 27 inches (2.25 ft)

From late antiquity, the Roman *ulna*, a four-feet-cubit (about 120 cm) is also known. This is the measure from a man's hip to the fingers of the outstretched opposite arm.

The English yard has a long legal history, but its origin is not known. The English ell is essentially a kind of great cubit of 15 palms, 114 cm, or 45 inches (3.75 ft).

Related pages
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* Units of measurement

Other websites
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* Measurements of the Nippur Ell, now in a museum in Istanbul (Turkey).
**Richard W. Lariviere** was President of the University of Oregon (OU) from 2009 to 2011. He is a Life Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
He became president of OU in 2009. Lariviere's contract was not renewed in 2011 amid a racketeering scandal in the OU Dean of Students office. 

Lariviere has stated that he will remain at OU as a tenured faculty member.

Biography
---------

Lariviere was Visiting Lecturer in the South Asia Regional Studies Department of the University of Pennsylvania from 1978-79. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa from 1980-1982. Lariviere was dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin from 1999 to 2006. He was executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of Kansas from 2006 to 2009.

As OU president, Lariviere answered to a number of different groups. He ran into two problems: OU salaries and OU governance. Before Lariviere arrived at OU, salaries were frozen for several years. OU could not compete with other colleges. In February 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber asked all the public universities in Oregon to limit payroll increases to six percent. But Lariviere found OU money that did not come from Oregon to give bigger pay increases to faculty and staff. This caused the unions to demand a pay increase from OU for their members.

All seven public colleges in Oregon are run by a single Oregon state board of higher education. Lariviere agreed to work with other public colleges to seek more independence in a plan that resulted in Senate Bill 242. Governor Kitzhaber signed that law on July 20, 2011 to give public college more control over how they spend money. At the same time, OU developed a separate legislative proposal (the "New Partnership") to start a separate 15-person board of trustees for OU and a $800 million state bond issue to match private donations to a new OU endowment fund. The governor and state board asked Lariviere to delay pushing for the OU legislation while Senate Bill 242 went through the legislature first. Because Lariviere and OU seemed to be working separately from the Governor and state board, the board voted to fire him on November 28, 2011. He was given 30 days to leave his office. The board hired Robert M. Berdahl as interim president.

Education
---------

* **Ph.D.** Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1978
* **B.A.** History of Religion, University of Iowa, 1972

Other websites
--------------

* Presidential website
* vitae Archived 2011-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
* OU biography

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Lariviere, Richard W. |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Faculty at the University of Oregon |
| Date of birth | 1950 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |