recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The pink arrow at the star on left labelled α indicates Betelgeuse in Orion
Image showing Betelgeuse (top left) and the dense nebulae of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex (Rogelio Bernal Andreo)
**Betelgeuse** (from Arabic: إبط الجوزاء Ibṭ al-Jauzā’, meaning "the armpit of Orion") is a large red supergiant star in the Orion constellation. It is usually the ninth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest in Orion.

Betelgeuse is a semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude varies between 0.2 and 1.2. This is the widest range of any first-magnitude star.

It is also one of the largest and most luminous observable stars. It has a radius between around 640 times wider than the Sun's radius. This means it is around 900 million kilometers in diameter. Betelgeuse was the first star other than the Sun whose size was known. The star's distance from Earth is between 400 and 500 light-years. Its average absolute magnitude is about −6.02.

Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old. It evolves rapidly because of its high mass. It is moving through the interstellar medium at a speed of 30 km/s, creating a shock wave over 4 light-years wide.

Betelgeuse is now in a later stage of stellar evolution. It will rapidly go through its life cycle before exploding as a type II supernova sometime in the next million years. Betelgeuse was once a yellow supergiant, which was observed by humans thousands of years ago.

An observation by the Herschel Space Observatory in January 2013 showed that the star's winds are crashing against the surrounding interstellar medium.
Betelgeuse is one of the red supergiant stars to have a bow shock: others are Mu Cephei and IRC-10414. Betelgeuse can be seen at the upper left in Orion.

Betelgeuse's mass and minimum age of social media user| Minimum age of social media user | Betelgeuse's mass | Supernovae Type | Remnant of Betelgeuse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18 years | 10 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 17 years | 11 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 16 years | 12 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 15 years | 14 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 14 years | 16 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 13 years | 19 solar mass | Type II supernova | Neutron star |
| 12 years | 21 solar mass | Type II supernova | Black hole |
| 11 years | 23 solar mass | Type II supernova | Black hole |
| 10 years or below | 25 solar mass | Type Ib supernova | Black hole |

Alternate names
---------------

Betelgeuse is also called **Alpha Orionis** (**α Orionis**, abbreviated **Alpha Ori**, **α Ori**).

Related pages
-------------

* Orion (constellation)
* Rigel
* 119 Tauri, Antares, and Mu Cephei, other similar red supergiant stars
A **blind** or **blinded experiment** is a test or experiment in 
where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a **double-blind trial**.

Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product. Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms **blind** (adjective) or **to blind** (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

Examples
--------

Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings. In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot. A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

Double-blind trials
-------------------

**Double-blind** describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects *and* conductors.

In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group. Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.
**Dame Julie Andrews** DBE (born **Julia Elizabeth Wells**; 1 October 1935) is a British movie and stage actress, singer, theatre director, dancer, and writer. She was born in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. Andrews was a child actress and singer. She appeared on the West End in 1948. She made her Broadway debut in *The Boy Friend* in 1954. She starred in the stage musicals *My Fair Lady* and *Camelot* with real success. In 1957, she appeared on television in the musical *Cinderella*. She has also been author to two of her own memoirs.

Andrews made her movie debut in *Mary Poppins* in 1964. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for this performance. She appeared in *The Sound of Music* in 1965. Between 1964 and 1967, Andrews appeared in *The Americanization of Emily*, *Hawaii*, *Torn Curtain*, and *Thoroughly Modern Millie*. In the 1970s, Andrews had a few commercial disappointments before appearing successfully in *10* (1979) and *Victor/Victoria* (1982). Her career sagged in the 1990s. Her voice was damaged by a throat operation in 1997.

Andrews appeared successfully in dramatic roles in *The Princess Diaries* in 2001, and its sequel *The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement* in 2004. She had voice roles in the *Shrek* animated movies. In 2003 and again in 2005, Andrews directed revivals of her first Broadway hit, *The Boy Friend*, in New York and Connecticut. Andrews has also written children's books. In 2008, she published her autobiography, *Home: A Memoir of My Early Years*. Andrews has received many awards during her career including an Academy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, and Screen Actors Guild honors. In 2000, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) by Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts.

Movie list
----------

* *Mary Poppins* (1964)
* *The Americanization of Emily* (1964)
* *The Sound of Music* (1965)
* *Hawaii* (1966)
* *Torn Curtain* (1966)
* *Thoroughly Modern Millie* (1967)
* *Star!* (1968)
* *Darling Lili* (1970)
* *The Tamarind Seed* (1974)
* *10* (1979)
* *Little Miss Marker* (1980)
* *S.O.B.* (1981)
* *Viktor/Viktoria* (1982)
* *The Princess Diaries* (2001)
* *Shrek 2* (2003)
* *The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement* (2004)
* *Shrek the Third* (2007)
* *Enchanted* (2007)
* *Despicable Me* (2010)

Other websites
--------------

* Julie Andrews on IMDb

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**Concepción** is a district and city in northern Paraguay and capital of the Concepción Department. It is next to the Paraguay River.

The city is at about 400 km (250 mi) to the north of Asunción, the capital of Paraguay.

History
-------

The Spanish Governor of Paraguay, Agustín Fernado de Pinedo, founded Concepción in 1773 with the name of *Villa Real de Concepción*. The town prospered in the early years of the 20th century, as a centre for the north of the country, the *Gran Chaco*, and a river port. The town was also the initial centre for the Paraguayan civil war of 1947.

Geography
---------

The city of Concepción is in the southwest of the Concepción department, in the north of the *Oriental* region. The district has an area of 944.11 km2 (365 sq mi) and an estimated population in 2015 of 80,622 for a population density of 85.4 inhabitants/km2.

### Climate

Concepcion has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : **Aw**) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is 1,341.8 mm (52.8 in). Most rains fall during summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 163.5 mm (6.4 in) of rainfall, followed by November with 161.8 mm (6.4 in).

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of 42.6 mm (1.7 in) and the second is August with 55.8 mm (2.2 in).

Concepción is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is 23.5 °C (74 °F). The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of 27.6 °C (81.7 °F). The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F).

Related pages
-------------

* List of cities in Paraguay
**Lake Balkhash** (Kazakh: Балқаш Көлі, *Balqash kóli*) is located in Kazakhstan. It is one of the largest lakes in Asia and 15th largest in the world (en).

It belongs to a Central Asian endorheic basin shared by Kazakhstan, China, and Kyrgyzstan. Water moves from the basin to Balqash via seven rivers. The most important one is the Ili River. Water in the Ili River comes from melted snow from the mountains of China's Xinjiang.

The name of Lake Balkhash is the word balkaš, which in Turkic languages means "swampy area" (or marshland).

History
-------

The first Europeans to receive information about the lake were William of Rubruk (en) and Pian del Carpine (en) in the 13th century.

In 1886, Russian researcher Ivan Mushketov (en) wrote the book "Turkestan", in which he wrote all the known information about Lake Balkhash.

In 1903-1904, the Russian Geographical Society (en) explored the lake, the leader of the study was Lev Berg (en).

Geography
---------

Lake Balkhash is a large, closed, and slightly saline lake. It is located in the arid (dry) zone of Central Asia on
southeast of Kazakhstan.

Saryesik peninsula,
located in the middle of the lake divides it into two parts that are different from each other.

Its length is 605 km, its width varies from 9 to 19 km in the east
parts and up to 74 km - in the western.

The lake borders four
regions: Almaty Region, the southeastern part of
Karaganda Region, southwestern part of East Kazakhstan Region and
eastern - Zhambyl Region, as well as the northwestern part of the province
Xinjiang of China.

**Climate**

The climate in the lake area is semi-desert. The average temperature in July is about 24 °C (75.2 °F), in January about -8 °C. Precipitation averages 120 mm per year. Relative air humidity is 55-60%.

The average annual wind speed is about 4.5-4.8 meters per second. The surface water temperature ranges from 0 °C (32 °F) in December to 28 °C (82.4 °F) in July; at depth it changes little (temperature difference is no more than 3.3 °C). The lake freezes every year; the ice usually lasts from November to March-April.
Claude Bernard
**Claude Bernard** (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term *milieu interieur*, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Claude Bernard***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Claude Bernard***

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Author:Claude Bernard**

* "Works by Bernard, Claude in French". *laphilosophie.fr*. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2010.

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**Moral hazard** is a term used in economics. Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. 

Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft. After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car. If so, this is a kind of moral hazard. The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company. Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?
"Moral hazard" is a kind of reverse incentive (perverse incentive).

History
-------

The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century. The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective". It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

Related pages
-------------

* Conflict of interest
* Feedback
* Game theory
* Unintended consequences

Other websites
--------------

* PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"

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Female Black-faced Impala at water hole
Male impala lock horns in mating-season fight
The **impala** (*Aepyceros melampus*) is a medium-sized African antelope. The name "impala" comes from the Zulu language. Impala belong in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata and class Mammalia. Along with cattle, antelopes, sheep, goats, buffalo and bison, they belong to the family Bovidae.

Description
-----------

The impala is reddish-brown with white hair inside the ears, over each eye and on the chin, upper throat, underparts and buttocks. A narrow black line runs along the middle of the lower back to the tail, and a vertical black stripe appears on the back of each thigh. Impalas have unique brushlike tufts of black hair that cover a scent gland located just above the heel on each hind leg.

The impala can jump more than 10 meters distance and 3 meters high, and can reach running speeds of about 80 to 90 km/h, to escape from predators.

Female impala, called ewes, have no horns. But males, the rams, grow curved horns with a notable twisted appearance due to ridges. These horns are black and grow as long as 36 inches.

Habitat
-------

Impalas are found at grassland and woodland edges, usually very close by water. In Africa, these animals still live throughout Kenya, Botswana, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zaire and Tanzania.
The **2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum** was held on Saturday, 14 October 2023. Voters were asked whether or not the Australian Constitution should be changed so that a body called the Indigenous Voice to Parliament can be created and so that Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people) are recognised in the Constitution. This is something that has been called for in the *Uluru Statement from the Heart*, which was published in 2017. The referendum was defeated nationally and in all six states (plus the Northern Territory). The Australian Capital Territory was the only state or territory where the referendum passed, while the state with the highest No vote was Queensland.

The referendum was held under the federal centrist Labor government of Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, who promised to voters that he would hold a referendum on the issue if elected. Labor won the 2022 federal election and he announced on election night that he would hold a referendum in late 2023.
69°34′33″N 18°21′59″E﻿ / ﻿69.5759°N 18.3665°E﻿ / 69.5759; 18.3665

For other islands in Norway named Kvaløya, see Kvaløya (disambiguation).

**Kvaløya** is a large and mountainous island located in Tromsø Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. With a total area of 737-square-kilometre (285 sq mi), it is the fifth largest island in mainland Norway. The island is connected to neighboring islands and the mainland by bridges and tunnels.

Geography
---------

Kvaløya is home to at least ten mountains higher than 700 metres and three that are over 1,000 metres, including Store Blåmann, the highest peak on the island at 1,044 metres. The island is also characterized by several small fjords, including Kaldfjorden, Ersfjorden, and Kattfjorden, which almost divide the island into two or three parts.

The Rystraumen, a tidal current in the Straumsfjorden strait separating Kvaløya from the mainland, is a popular recreation area for fishing and is home to Ryøya, an island that was formerly home to a small population of musk oxen. The island is also home to Straumhella, a popular recreational area near the current.

Statistics
----------

Approximately 13,000 people live on Kvaløya, with most residing on the eastern side near Kvaløysletta, which is a suburban area of the city of Tromsø, located near the Sandnessund Bridge.

The west coast of Kvaløya, facing the open ocean, is the warmest part of Tromsø municipality, with the weather station at Sommarøy recording 24-hour averages of -1.9°C in January and 11.9°C in July, and a mean annual temperature of 3.9°C. Annual precipitation on the west coast of Kvaløya is approximately 940 millimetres.
69°36′16.79″N 19°08′22.80″E﻿ / ﻿69.6046639°N 19.1396667°E﻿ / 69.6046639; 19.1396667

**Tromsdalstinden** is a mountain in Tromsø Municipality in Norway, with an elevation of 1,238 meters. The mountain is located at the southern end of the Tromsdalen valley, just southeast of the city of Tromsø. The Norwegian name Tromsdalstinden means "the peak above Tromsdalen," while the Sámi name is made up from the parts Sálaš and Oaivi, with the first word meaning a good hunting area, and the second meaning a rounded mountain without jagged peaks.

The mountain is a popular hiking destination and can be summited from the suburb Tromsdalen or from Ramfjorden. The slopes up are not technically difficult, though fog and rain can make the ascent complicated for those not familiar with the terrain. Skiers usually take the Fjellheisen aerial tramway to Mount Storsteinen and begin their ascent from there.

In 2003, plans to build an alpine skiing facility on the slopes of Tromsdalstinden for the 2014 Winter Olympics were proposed. However, this sparked immediate protests from some Sámi activists who claimed that Tromsdalstinden has been a Sámi sacred mountain since ancient times. The Sami Parliament enacted a resolution declaring it a holy mountain in 2004, and the plans were discontinued.

While some argue that Tromsdalstinden was made a holy mountain in recent times as part of Sámi identity politics, others believe that it has been sacred at one point before Christianization. The mountain bears the significant feature of a traditional sacred mountain, dominating the landscape due to its shape and/or height. Although the classic Sámi religion is dead, the mountain remains of cultural significance to modern Sámi, and their commitment to preserving it displays its intense cultural significance to their ancestors.
**Richard Louis Proenneke**, born on May 4, 1916, was an American self-taught naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer. From around the age of 51 until 1998, he lived alone in the Alaskan mountains, building his own log cabin near Twin Lakes. Proenneke sourced much of his own food through hunting and fishing, documented his experiences in journals and on film, and left his cabin to the National Park Service upon his death. His cabin is now a popular attraction in Lake Clark National Park.

Proenneke's early life included growing up with three sisters and four brothers. Though he left high school after two years, he worked on Iowa family farms until 1939, enjoying motorcycles as a teen. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as a carpenter, but after contracting rheumatic fever and recovering, he was discharged in 1945.

After leaving the Navy, Proenneke trained as a diesel mechanic but later followed his passion for nature, working on an Oregon sheep ranch and eventually moving to Shuyak Island, Alaska, in 1950. He worked as a heavy equipment operator, repairman, salmon fisherman, and diesel technician throughout Alaska, earning a reputation for his skills. Proenneke's dedication to nature and self-sufficiency led him to spend nearly three decades living independently in the Alaskan wilderness.
The South Indian state of Karnataka experienced heavy floods on 18 August 2020 continuing till late October due to heavy rainfall. This was added trouble to the existing problem of pandemic caused by the virus, COVID19. Even before flood hit the areas, the Karnataka State Natural Disaster Management Centre Archived 2021-04-29 at the Wayback Machine predicted floods in the month of June itself, basing the observation on destruction caused in 2019 floods of the state. The flood fury was seen in 23 districts of the state, out of which the Malenadu region and all the districts of Coastal Karnataka were declared in flood zones. The districts like Belagavi, Kalburgi, Raichur and Bagalkot in northern part of the state received rainfall almost touching the highest of 21cms, which in normal conditions is as low as, below 10cms.  The Malenadu regions like Bhagamandala, Aiyamageri received 647mm of rainfall on an average in the year 2020.

Causes
------

Apart from increased downpour in the state,  many different reasons have been reported regionally. The capital of the state, Bengaluru is known to have more rainfall on an average, but in the last decade flood instances have cropped up time and again, it is attributed to amplified urbanisation causing stress on the natural resources, encroachment of flood plains, loss of vegetation and biodiversity, improper city planning leading to reckless constructions of sites and buildings. Along with these reasons, change in the river course of movement, deforestation and land modifications to accommodate tourists have been  the reasons for recurring floods and landslides in Malenadu region of the state. In northern Karnataka, heavy discharge of water from the Dams in Maharashtra and Karnataka, also aggravated the situation. Release of water from Ujjani Dam built on the river Bhima in Maharashtra rooted for flooding of 400 villages in Vijaypura, Kalburgi and Yadgir district. The Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra, Almatti and Narayanapura, reservoirs were filled to the brim affecting Yadgir, Raichur, Ballari, Bidar, Vijayapura, Bagalkot, Belagavi, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Gadag, Koppal, Haveri and Dharwad districts in north Karnataka.

### Humanitarian response

The Karnataka Civil Administration called for a humanitarian response towards the destruction caused due to the floods. Twenty flood relief and ten Engineering Task force from Madras Engineering Group, Maratha Light Infantry Centre and Bison Division from Hyderabad were also employed to provide assistance in Yadgir, Gadag districts. More than two thousand crore rupees from State Relief Natural Disaster Fund was demanded for rebuilding houses, reestablishment of the lost livestock and creation of jobs. There was also a demand for extension of work days under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Scheme by the state government in the light of fractured employment system due to the spread of COVID19 and loss of agrarian activities in floods.
**Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sr.** FRS (August 8, 1857 – November 6, 1935) was an American paleontologist, and geologist. He was the president of the American Museum of Natural History for 25 years.

Osborn was one of the great dinosaur fossil hunters of the late 19th century, and a eugenist. 

Osborn got a Sc.D. in paleontology from Princeton, and was Professor of Comparative Anatomy there from 1883–1890. In 1891, Osborn was hired by Columbia University as a professor of zoology. At the same time, he got a position at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. He served there as the curator of the newly formed Department of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Osborn led the American Museum expedition to Mongolia in 1922–25. 

Osborn named and wrote the first descriptions of *Tyrannosaurus rex* and *Velociraptor*, and many other dinosaurs. The historian Edward J. Larson described Osborn as "a first-rate science administrator and a third-rate scientist." This seems rather an extreme view: some of the problems he faced are still problems today. For example, he studied *Struthiomimus*, which is a lightweight running dinosaur. Its lifestyle is still not very clear today.

Under his leadership, staff of the American Museum of Natural History worked on displays. The museum became one of the top exhibitions in the early twentieth century. As a result, the murals, habitat dioramas, and dinosaur mounts attracted millions of visitors, and inspired other museums to imitate. His decision to invest heavily in exhibitions angered curators who hoped to spend more time on their own research.
The **king cobra** (***Ophiophagus hannah***) is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult king cobra can grow up to 18 feet (5.5 m), though most are less than 12 ft (3.7 m). It is endemic to Asia. 

The king cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The king cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again.

The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the king cobra but may not attack them much.

Venom
-----

The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite. The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

There are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

Parenting
---------

Unlike many snakes, the female king cobra is a very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs.  The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby king cobras are 18–22 inches (460–560 mm) and have venom as strong as adults.

Growling hiss
-------------

The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.

Other websites
--------------

* Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
The **L'Atalante basin** is a very salty 'lake' at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

35°11′N 21°25′E﻿ / ﻿35.18°N 21.41°E﻿ / 35.18; 21.41

It is about 190 km (~120 miles) west of the island of Crete. It is called a 'lake' because, though it is under more than two miles of water, it is almost completely separate from the sea above it. Its huge salt content prevents the waters mixing. Sometimes these lakes are called *brine pools*. They are found in many oceans; there is one in the Gulf of Mexico.

How it formed
-------------

L'Atalante is only one of several such lakes underneath the normal waters of the Mediterranean. When the Strait of Gibraltar was closed, about six million years ago, the Mediterranean dried up and became a huge salt lake, rather like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake are today. Then it dried out completely, leaving an enormous amount of salt. When the Straight of Gibraltar opened again about five million years ago, water from the Atlantic Ocean rushed in to form the Mediterranean we see today. Even today, the Atlantic feeds the Mediterranean with water, because the evaporation from the 'Med' is greater than is provided by its rivers. With its huge supply of salt underneath, and the constant evaporation, the Med is a high salt sea compared with the Atlantic.

The L'Atalanta lake and its neighbours the **Urania** and **Discovery** lakes are about 35,000 years old. They were formed by salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in deep depressions at the bottom of the Med. L'Atalante is the smallest of the three. Its surface begins at about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) below sea level.

### Salt content

L'Atalante's salinity (salt content) is near saturation, at 36.5%, about eight times more than seawater. This prevents the water in the brine pool from mixing with the 'normal' seawater above. Without mixing, oxygen from above can't get into the brine pool. The basin's water is completely anoxic: it has no oxygen.

Between the normal water and the brine is a short (1.5 metres) boundary zone called a **halocline**. The salt content rises sharply there, and oxygen reduces towards zero. This halocline between the seawater above and the brine below has many bacterial and archaeal cells: they are chemoautotrophs, which feed on ammonia from the brine but cannot function without some oxygen. Certain methane oxidizers and haloarchaea are found only in the halocline.

Life without oxygen
-------------------

Below, in the brine, the number of cells is much lower than in the halocline. Extremophiles are most common, including some of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, mostly ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).p360–381

The dark grey anoxic sediments at the bottom of L'Atalante lake are covered with a 1 cm (0.4 in) loose black layer. Microbes found in the sediments are almost all (90%) various species of *Bacillus*. In 2010, three metazoan species, all in the Loricifera phylum, were discovered living in the sediment, the first multicellular lifeforms known to live entirely without oxygen.
**Arabesque** was a disco girl group. It was created in 1977 in Frankfurt, West Germany. When the trio formed in 1977, it had members: Karen Ann Tepperis, Mary Ann Nagel and Michaela Rose. They released a single called, "Hello Mr. Monkey". It became very successful in Asia, especially Japan and Korea.

Shortly after the release, Mary Ann Nagel decided to leave the group.Her spot was taken by Heike Rimbeau. In 1978, they released the successful album, *Friday Night*. Karen Ann Tepperis had a son in 1978 and left the group. A former gymnast named Jasmin Vetter replaced her. Heike left the group in 1979 due to her pregnancy. A country singer named Elke Brückheimer replaced Heike for a few months. Finally in June 1979, Sandra Ann Lauer was accepted into the group. The trio had members Michaela, Jasmin and Sandra from 1979, until they split.

The first album they released with Sandra was *City Cats*. In 1980, they released their most successful album, *Marigot Bay*. Apart from it being popular in Asia, it was the first album that was successful in their native country. That same year they released *Midnight Dancer*. In 1981, "In For A Penny, In For A Pound" was released. *Caballero* was released in 1982. Their last 3 albums had different musical genres than just disco. *Why No Reply*, *Dance Dance Dance* and *Time To Say Goodbye* were not as successful as their previous albums. Two songs from their last album, "Ecstasy" and "Time to Say Goodbye" became very popular in the 1980s.

Arabesque split up in 1984 because Sandra wanted to sing by herself. Jasmin and Michaela formed their own group called "Rouge". It lasted until 1988.
Physical appearance of Liu Bei

**Liu Bei** (Chinese: 劉備; 161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.

Early life
----------

He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion rebellion in 184, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. 

After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.

Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.

Death
-----

From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.

After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.

When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title *Emperor of Wu* for himself.

Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's (a Wu general) great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.
The **Sunshine Coast** (population 312,908) is a coastal region in South East Queensland, north of the Queensland capital of Brisbane. On 15 March 2008, the former Councils of Noosa Shire, Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City combined to form the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.

The Sunshine Coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east, and extends to the local government boundaries beyond the Blackall Range to the west. Sometimes, the towns of Gympie, which is 30 minutes' drive north of Noosa Heads, and Caboolture, 30 minutes' drive south of Caloundra, have been included in a broader definition of the Sunshine Coast region.

History
-------

The Glass House Mountains, located south-west of Caloundra, were first sighted by James Cook from the deck of the HM Bark Endeavour in 1770.

The Sunshine Coast's first white inhabitants were three castaways who shared the life of the aborigines for eight months. Later it became the home of many runaway convicts. It was also the scene of some of the most bitter skirmishes of Australia's Black War.

Timber-getters used its rivers and lakes as seaways to float out logs of cedar, and prospectors climbed its mountains to reach the Gympie gold. With the coming of the railway line to Gympie, the coastal towns, which were founded as ports for the early river trade, were bypassed. The Sunshine Coast later grew into a holiday destination, which was further expanded in the development boom of the 1960s and 1970s.

Tourism
-------

The Sunshine Coast is a centre for tourism. The attractions include: Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo, UnderWater World marine park, Aussie World with the Ettamogah Pub, The Buderim Ginger Factory, The Big Pineapple and the Majestic Theatre at Pomona.

Environment
-----------

The Sunshine Coast contains many beaches. Many well-known beaches within the Sunshine Coast region are located at Noosa Heads, Alexandra Headland, Mooloolaba (the spit), Coolum, Maroochydore and Kings Beach in Caloundra.

The region is also home to more national parks than any other region in Queensland. The natural variety of the area has been protected by five separate parks in both coastal and inland regions, including Mapleton Falls National Park, Kondalilla National Park, The Glasshouse Mountains National Park, Noosa National Park, and the Great Sandy National Park, which includes sections on Fraser Island and in Cooloola near Rainbow Beach.
Map of the Great Western main line. Branch lines are not shown
The **Great Western main line** is a main line railway in England, that runs westwards from London Paddington to Bristol Temple Meads. It opened in 1841 and was the original route of the old Great Western Railway. In 1948 it became the Western Region of British Railways. It is now part of the national rail system managed by Network Rail.

Electrification
---------------

The line was electrified from Paddington to Heathrow Airport in the late 1990s. Work to electrify the rest of the route started in 2011. The aim was to complete the work all the way to Bristol by 2016. Parts of the programme have been deferred because costs have tripled. The four sections deferred are: Didcot to Oxford, Bristol Parkway to Bristol Temple Meads, Royal Wootton Bassett Junction to Bristol Temple Meads and the Thames Valley branches to Henley-on-Thames and Windsor.

Train services
--------------

Most trains are operated by Great Western Railway.
Size and major sites of the Indus Valley civilization
So-called "Priest King" statue, Mohenjo-Daro, late Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan.
Seals found at sites of the Indus Valley civilization
Mohenjodaro Sindh
The **Indus Valley civilization** or the **Harrapan civilization** (3300–1300 BC; mature period 2700–1700 BC) was a Bronze Age civilization around the Indus river in Pakistan. It is among the four oldest civilisations in the world and also the earliest known urban culture of South Asia. It also covered some areas of western India and had a trading colony in Afghanistan. It was discovered by archaeologists in the 1880s. It developed along the Indus and the Ghaggar-Hakra rivers.It is one of the world’s three earliest civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

The civilization started during the Bronze Age and the height of its development was between 2500 BC and 1500 BC. Including the civilizations directly before and after, it may have lasted from the 3rd to the 14th century BC. Its two large cities are Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan’s Punjab and Sindh provinces. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

The Indus Valley civilization covered a large area – from most of modern Pakistan to small parts of western India. The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was Harappa in Punjab, Pakistan and so this civilization is also called the 'Harappan Civilization'.

They were good builders. The ruins of the site shows skillful design. Their buildings had two or sometimes more stories. The bathrooms were attached to the rooms. One of the unique features of the city was its elaborate drainage system. A brick-lined drainage channel flowed alongside every street. Removable bricks were placed at regular intervals for easy cleaning and inspection.

The Harappan traders used seals on the knots of the sacks to be transported to make sure that they were not opened during the journey. Nobody knows how to read their writing system.

In 1842 Charles Masson wrote a book that mentioned the sites of Indus Valley Civilisation. Few people paid attention. Later, in 1921/22, John Marshall organised the first archaeological dig at Harappa.
The **Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire** was a fire that happened on March 25, 1911. The fire happened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. This factory was on the higher floors of the Asch Building in Manhattan, New York City. The fire stopped after 20 minutes. 146 workers died.

A horse-drawn fire engine going to the burning factory
The Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory March 25, 1911 
The Asch Building in 2011
The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, survived the fire by going to the building's roof when the fire started. They were indicted on charges of first and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April. Their trial began on December 4, 1911. Max Steuer was the lawyer for the defendants. He asked one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, to repeat her testimony many times. She repeated it without changing what she said. Steuer told the jury that Alterman and other witnesses had been told what to say by their lawyer. The prosecution said that Blanck and Harris knew the factory doors were locked during the fire. Detectives found that the locks were locked while people were working. The defense said that the prosecution failed to prove that the owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men of first- and second-degree manslaughter. They were found liable of wrongful death during a civil suit in 1913. In this suit, plaintiffs were given $75 per person that died in the fire. An insurance company paid Blanck and Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses. This was about $400 per dead person. In 1913, Blanck was once again arrested for locking the door in his factory while people were working. He was fined $20. This was the smallest amount of money the fine could be. Because of the lax labor laws at the time, this tragedy led to the rise of factory workers safety protections and the formation of workers Unions such as the International Ladies Garment Union.

* Max Steuer died on August 21, 1940 in Jackson, New Hamsphire.

* Max Blanck also called Norman Max Blanc died July 10, 1942 in Califrnia.
* Isaac Harris died 1954 in California

* Asch building's internal staircaseAsch building's internal staircase
* The building's 9th floorThe building's 9th floor
* The building's 10th floorThe building's 10th floor
* 62 people jumped or fell from windows62 people jumped or fell from windows
* Bodies on the streetBodies on the street
* Policemen search for signs of life and collect personnel items from victiumsPolicemen search for signs of life and collect personnel items from victiums
* Firemen search for bodiesFiremen search for bodies
* Bodies on the streetBodies on the street
* Bodies of the victims being placed in coffins on the sidewalkBodies of the victims being placed in coffins on the sidewalk
* The twisted fire escapeThe twisted fire escape
* Exterior of the BuildingExterior of the Building
* Exterior and Interior of the BuildingExterior and Interior of the Building
* Max Blanck and Isaac HarrisMax Blanck and Isaac Harris
* 
*
Not to be confused with Googolplex.

**Googleplex** is the head office of Google, Inc. The office is located at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California, United States, near San Jose.

The original complex has 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of office space. It is the company's second largest building. The Bay View addition to the building was added in 2015. This made it part of the biggest collection of Google buildings. It has 3,100,000 square feet (290,000 m2) of space.

Facilities and history
----------------------

### Original campus

#### SGI Campus

The place was owned by Silicon Graphics in the past. The office space and corporate campus is in a bigger 26-acre (110,000 m2) site. The place also includes Charleston Park and better connection to Permanente Creek, as well as roads that connect to Shoreline Park and the Bay Trail. The project was started in 1994. It was built on the site of one of the working farms in the area.The city owned it at the time.

#### Google Campus

Google got the facilities in early 2003. Clive Wilkinson Architects redesigned the inside in 2005. Google bought some of Silicon Graphics' properties in June 2006 for $319 million.

The buildings are not tall, but the complex covers a large area of land. The inside of the headquarters has items like shade lamps and giant rubber balls for decoration. The lobby has a piano and a projection of current live Google searches. There are also facilities like free laundry rooms, two small swimming pools, volleyball courts, and eighteen cafeterias with different menus. Google has also put in models of SpaceShipOne and a dinosaur skeleton.

Since 2007 the place has a set of solar panels covering the roofs of eight buildings and two solar carports. These can produce 1.6 megawatts of electricity. 30% of the peak electricity demand comes from the panels in their solar-powered buildings.

### Bay view addition

In 2013 construction started on a new 1.1 million square foot headquarters campus called "Bay View". This was next to the original campus on 42 acres (170,000 m2) leased from NASA. The estimated cost of the project is $120 million with a target opening date of 2015.

NBBJ is the architect of the addition. This is also the first time Google has designed its own buildings.

The addition is close to northeast corner of the complex. Google tried to get permission from the city to build bridges over Stevens Creek before announcing its construction. Google's 2012 year-end annual report says that it can expand only 7 acres (28,000 m2) of the 42-acre (170,000 m2) site.

In popular culture
------------------

The Googleplex was featured in the 2013 film *The Internship*, with the Georgia Tech campus standing in as a double. It was also the inspiration for the fictional Hooli headquarters in the HBO TV series *Silicon Valley*.