recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers.
A **quantum computer** is a model of how to build a computer. The idea is that quantum computers can use certain ideas from quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on it. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer.

The idea of quantum computing is still very new. Experiments have been done. In these, a very small number of operations were done on qubits (**qu**antum **bit**). Both practical (meaning in the real world) and theoretical (meaning just thinking) research continues with interest, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and military purposes, such as cryptanalysis, or breaking codes.

Today's computers, called "classical" computers, store information in binary; each bit is either on or off. Quantum computation use qubits, which, in addition to being possibly on or off, can be both on and off, which is a way of describing superposition, until a measurement is made. The state of a piece of data on a normal computer is known with certainty, but quantum computation uses probabilities. Only very simple quantum computers have been built, although larger designs have been invented. Quantum computation uses a special type of physics, quantum physics.

If large-scale quantum computers can be built, they will be able to solve some problems much more quickly than any computer that exists today (such as Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers are different from other computers such as DNA computers and traditional computers based on transistors. Some computing architectures such as optical computers may use classical superposition of electromagnetic waves. Without quantum mechanical resources such as entanglement, people think that an exponential advantage over classical computers is not possible. Quantum computers cannot perform functions that are not theoretically computable by classical computers, in other words they do not alter the Church-Turing thesis. They would, however, be able to do many things much more quickly and efficiently.

Other websites
--------------

* Qubit.org (Centre for Quantum Computation)
* Institute for Quantum Computing
* QubitNews Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
* TechTudumArchived 2022-01-19 at the Wayback Machine (What is quantum computing?)
* Articles about quantum physics (free access)

| * v
* t
* e
Emerging technologies |
| --- |
***Doctor Zhivago*** is a 1965 epic romantic drama movie. The movie is about life in Russia before and during World War I and during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922. The movie is based on a novel of the same name. It was written by Boris Pasternak. The movie was banned in the Soviet Union. It could not be made there and also could not be shown in theatres after it was released. It was first shown in Russia in 1994. The movie was directed by David Lean.

Critics complained when the movie was released because its running time was over three hours. Also, critics thought that the history in the movie was not told correctly. Over time, opinions changed. Now it is thought by the public to be one of David Lean's best movies. It was ranked by the American Film Institute in 1998 as the 39th greatest American movie of all time.

The movie won five Academy Awards. It was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
----

* Omar Sharif – Dr. Yuri Zhivago
* Julie Christie – Lara Antipov
* Rod Steiger – Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky
* Alec Guinness – General Yevgraf Zhivago
* Geraldine Chaplin – Tonya Gromeko
* Tom Courtenay – Pasha Antipov / "Strelnikov"
* Rita Tushingham – Tanya Komarova / "The Girl"
* Jeffrey Rockland – Sasha

Geraldine Chaplin with Omar Sharif in *Doctor Zhivago*

Background
----------

The *Doctor Zhivago* novel was published in 1957 outside Russia, in Western countries. The book caused both praise and controversy. Some of Boris Pasternak's story had been available in Samizdat for some time after World War II. But the novel did not get written until 1956.

The book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union, because their government banned it for its views against Communism. It was taken by a trusted friend to an Italian publisher who printed and released it. Many people heard about the book because of the Soviet Union actions taken against the novel. It became very popular in the non-communist world. It spent 26 weeks at the top of the *New York Times* best-seller list.

A great poet who wrote about how he felt, Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature. Even though the award was given for his poetry, it was known that the prize was mainly for *Doctor Zhivago*. The Soviet Union saw this Nobel Prize as a personal attack against their government itself. Pasternak was said to be a traitor by their leaders, so he refused to accept the Prize. The public now thought Pasternak was a Cold War symbol of rebellion against Soviet communism.

The movie plot was the same as the novel in some ways, but some changes were made. Many critics said that the movie gave too much attention to the love story between Zhivago and Lara. This downplayed the events of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that it caused.
**Charge CCCV LLC**, also known as **C4V**, is an American lithium-ion battery technology company headquartered in New York with expertise in battery performance and in gigafactory design.

History
-------

C4V was founded in 2012 by Shailesh Upreti and Robert Dobbs. In 2017, the company won a clean energy business competition, 76West, earning a $500,000 cash prize.

In 2017, C4V along with Magnis Energy Technologies, Primet, BEI and C&D Assembly started the United States' largest home-grown gigafactory. In one the battery safety testing program company outperform the safety of its BMLMP Technology.

In 2018, C4V got its first strategic investment from Magnis Energy Technologies, an Australian Securities Exchange-listed company with assets in mining; Magnis took a 10% holding in CV4.

In January 2022, C4V introduced LiSER (Lithium Slim Energy Reserve), a patented in-house cell technology platform with fast charge and discharge capabilities.

C4V's American gigafactory, the first home-grown factory in north America, started commercial production in August 2022.

In February 2023, C4V and its gigafactory partner Recharge Industries bought the UK-based Britishvolt out of administration, planned to resume gigafactory construction in late 2023 and initially focus on batteries for energy storage before manufacturing products for sports cars. C4V technology would enter UK and Europe market via this strategic acquisition.

Partnerships
------------

In 2021, C4V partnered with Omega Seiki Mobility to provide its cobalt- and nickel-free lithium-ion batteries to be integrated in India’s last mile delivery segment.

In 2022, C4V further extended its partnership with Simple Energy in India to support growing demand for the company's electric scooters.

Through a subsidiary (Celgard, itself a subsidiary of Polypore International), Japan's Asahi Kasei signed a global strategic partnership agreement with C4V to foster high voltage battery separators. Asahi Kasei would also work with C4V to deploy large scale manufacturing gigafactories in different global locations.

In July 2023, Trot Solutions, a UAE-based company specialising in comprehensive infrastructure solutions for ports, shipping, and logistics, has signed a memorandum of understanding with C4V to collaborate on developing green, self-sustainable ports in India.
**Merve Safa Kavakçı** (born 19 August 1968, Ankara) is Turkish politician, who was elected as a Virtue Party deputy for Istanbul on April 18, 1999.

Works
-----

Kavakci is the Director of Postcolonial Studies Research Center (PAMER) at Uskudar University. She is also an Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations. Kavakçı is a Hafiz-al Qur'an. She received her master's degree from Harvard University and her PhD from Howard University. Kavakçı is currently a professor at George Washington University and Howard University in Washington D.C. She is the mother of two, Fatima Abushanab, 21 and Mariam Kavakci, 20.
Kavakçı is a consultant for U.S. Congress on the Muslim world and a columnist for Turkish conservative daily *Yeni Akit* newspaper.

She is the author of Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading, and five other books some of which are translated to Arabic and Persian. She is the editor author of International Relations in the Global Village: Changing Interdependencies.
Her most recent book is The Unnamed Coup at Scarfless Democarcy (Basortusuz Demokrasi’de Adi Konmamis Darbe). A book on her political life The Day Turkey Stood Still: Merve Kavakci's Walk in to the Turkish Parliament authored by American author Richard Peres was recently released.

Awards
------

Kavakçı is recognized among the World's Most Influential 500 Muslims. She was recognized among "Women of Excellence" by NAACP and GWU in 2004. She was awarded the Public Service Award in Tribute and in Recognition of efforts for the advancement of human rights and Muslim Women's empowerment by International Association for Women and Children in 2000. She was awarded Service to Humanity Award by Haus Der Kulturellen Aktivität und Toleranz in Vienna, Austria in 1999. She was granted Mother of the Year Award by Capital Platform of Ankara and National Youth Organization in 1999.

Family
------

She is married and has two children.

Other websites
--------------

* Muslim Girl Style[*permanent dead link*]

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Netherlands

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

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**Adolphe Dugléré** (born Bordeaux, June 3, 1805 - died Paris April 4, 1884) was a French chef and a pupil of Carême.

Les Frères Provençaux
---------------------

Dugléré was a *chef de cuisine* to the Rothschild family until 1848, and was manager at the restaurant *Les Frères Provençaux* at the Palais-Royal from 1848 to 1866 which was owned by three men from Provence named Barthélémy, Maneille and Simonas (who were, in reality, not brothers).

Café Anglais
------------

In 1866 he became the head chef of the which was the most famous Paris restaurant of the 19th century and where he is believed to have created the dish *Pommes Anna*.

Dinner of the Three Emperors
----------------------------

La Tour d'Argent
It was at the Café Anglais in 1867 that Dugléré served a famous meal that became known as the  ***Dîner des trois empereurs***, (English: Dinner of the Three Emperors) for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, his son the tsarevitch (who later became Tsar Alexander III) and King William I of Prussia, as well as Prince Otto von Bismarck who were in Paris for *L'Exposition Universelle*. The table service used for this meal is on display to this day at the oldest existing restaurant in Paris, *La Tour d'Argent* which is owned by the descendants of Claudius Burdel, the last owner of Café Anglais which was demolished in 1913.

The evening of 7 June 1867 is reputed to have been the most magnificent ever to have occurred in any restaurant in the world. The three emperors and Prince Bismarck had requested of Dugléré a meal that would live in their memories and the *maître de cave*, Claudius Burdel, was instructed to accompany the dishes with the greatest wines in the world.

Dishes
------

Pommes AnnaTournedos Rossini
The most famous dish attributed to Dugléré is almost certainly *Pommes Anna*. Other dishes created by Dugléré include *Potage Germiny*, a sorrel soup created for the Count of Germiny, governor of the Bank of France, *Poularde Albufera*, dedicated to Maréchal Suchet, Duke of Albufera, *Soufflé à l'anglaise*, *Sole Dugléré* and *Culotte de bœuf Salomon*, (dedicated to Salomon de Rothschild)  and *Barbue à la Dugléré* (brill in tomato and parsley sauce).

He is also credited with inventing *Tournedos Rossini*, but this dish has also been credited to both Escoffier as well as Carême (although not the title itself). It was composer Gioachino Rossini who dubbed Dugléré *Le Mozart de la cuisine* (The Mozart of the Kitchen). It was a title he used on the menu for the Dinner of the Three Emperors.
**Bartholomew Henry ''Barry'' Allen** is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a speedster and the second superhero known as **The Flash**. In his secret identity he is a police officer working in Central City as a forensics specialist. His legacy is the Flash Family, he was inspired by Jay Garrick of the Justice Society and has been succeeded by Kid Flash (Wally West) and Impulse (Bart Allen). Barry's running generates the Speed Force, an enigmatic source of energy that all other speedsters tap into throughout time. There is an ever-present danger that as fast as he runs, he might lose himself as he approaches speeds closer to light, but his lightning rod is his wife Iris West. Although he died sacrificing himself to save the universe during *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, he was resurrected during *Final Crisis* and is now working alongside the full Flash Family as of *Rebirth*. He was also a founding member of the Justice League of America.

*Barry Allen* was created by Robert Kanigher, John Broome and Carmine Infantino, first appearing in *Showcase* #4 (1956).

Barry Allen has been featured in several media, first appearing in animated form in the 1967 *The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure* and then in the related *Super Friends* program. Since then he has appeared in several DC Universe Animated Original Movies. Actor John Wesley Shipp portrayed the character in the live-action 1990s television show *The Flash* and the Arrowverse. The character was portrayed by Grant Gustin in the Arrowverse shows in a main capacity, especially the 2014 television series *The Flash*, while Ezra Miller portrayed the character in the DC Extended Universe movies *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*, *Suicide Squad*, *Justice League*, the director's cut *Zack Snyder's Justice League*, the Arrowverse event *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, the HBO Max series *Peacemaker*, and the 2023 movie *The Flash*.
**Beoncy Laishram**, formerly known as **Boboi Laishram**, is the first trans woman from North East India to become a doctor. As of 2021, she is the only transgender doctor from Manipur state. Trans women in Manipur see her as a symbol of hope. In Manipur, there is a lot of discrimination against trans women. Laishram is a post-operative trans woman. She had sex reassignment surgery in Puducherry.

Laishram is a Resident Medical Officer (RMO) at the Shija Hospitals and Research Institute in Imphal.

Early life and career
---------------------

Beoncy Laishram is the youngest of the three siblings. Her father was a bus driver. When Laishram was in Class 8 at Human Resource Development (HRD) School in Imphal, she began to understand that she was trans and not cisgender. She did not tell anyone she had a female gender identity until she was in her third year of MBBS. Instead, she lived as a man. In 2013, when her family learned about her real gender identity, they were upset. Her father tried to kill himself. In the same year, she changed her name from the masculine *"Boboi"* to feminine *"Beoncy"'*. She did this so she could be in the beauty contest "Miss Trans Queen North East" in 2013.

Laishram said:

> 
> "Friends were abusive, they taunted at me wherever I went. I withdrew into my closet to avoid the mental torture. It was a continuous struggle to establish my identity and make people accept it. "
> 
> 
> 

She started taking classes at MBBS in 2011 and finished in 2015. In 2016, she realised that she could not live as a man any longer. She openly told people she was a transgender woman (Meitei: Nupi Maanbi).

After working for some time in the Babu Jagjivanram Memorial Hospital in New Delhi, she worked in the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS) in Shillong as a junior resident doctor for one year. Later, she joined at the Shija Hospital and Research Center in Imphal as a Resident Medical Officer (RMO).

She was the first transgender doctor from North East India. She said:

> 
> "I look like a woman now. So, no one realise I am a trans person until they hear my voice. Some people are startled, but that is it. I have been working here since November 2019. "
> 
> 
> 

Being a former student in the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, she always helps disadvantaged transgender people (Meitei: Nupi Manbi) to find proper health care.

She is taking a post-graduate program in plastic surgery. She is also fighting the COVID-19 pandemic as a doctor.
**Housing Benefit** is a means tested social security benefit in the United Kingdom that is intended to help with the costs of rent. 

Rent rebates, as they were called, started in the 1930s when council houses were built to clear slums. The rents were often to high for the poor people who had lived in the slums. Local councils made their own arrangements. The first national system started in 1972. It covered rates as well as rent. For people in private housing it was called rent allowance. People who got Supplementary Benefit had all their rent paid. People who had more money than that still got some help. By 1983 about 30% of the population were getting Housing Benefit. After 1986 it was lined up with the rules for Income Support. 

The cost of housing for low-income households has risen a lot. The cost of Housing Benefit rose from 0.2% of GDP in 1980-81 to 1.0% in 2012-13.

Local Housing Allowance
-----------------------

People can only claim for a rent up the level of the Local Housing Allowance where they live. This is based on private market rents being paid by tenants in a Broad Rental Market Area. Local Housing Allowance started in 2008. There are rules about number of bedrooms a household can claim for. They do not apply to pensioners. 

From April 2011 claimants could only claim a rent based on the 30th percentile of rent in their area. Single people under 35 could only claim for the cost of a shared room. care leavers aged under 22, some people who have a disability and over 25s who have spent at least three months living in hostel accommodation, can sometimes claim for a self-contained one bedroom flat. The maximum payable under LHA was also set to £400 per week, or £20,800 per annum.

From 2019 housing benefit was moved into Universal Credit except for people above State Pension age and people living in supported, sheltered or temporary housing.

in 2022 2 million private renting households, 38% of the total, were getting help with rent from either Universal Credit or Housing Benefit.
The **Government of the United Kingdom**, formally referred to as **His Majesty's Government**, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is also commonly referred to as simply the **British Government** or the **UK Government**.

Leader
------

The Government is led by the Prime Minister, who chooses the other Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most powerful Ministers belong to a group known as the Cabinet, who are the most important decision makers in the Government. These ministers are all members of Parliament (MPs). Laws are made by MPs voting in Parliament, which is called 'legislative authority'. These laws make what is called primary legislation. 

The Prime Minister now is Rishi Sunak, the present leader of the Conservative Party. Liz Truss, the former leader, was only Prime Minister for a short time and had succeeded Boris Johnson, who had been Prime Minister from 2019 until his resignation in 2022.

Election
--------

The government is chosen by the people indirectly. The people of the United Kingdom vote in a general election, appointing representatives to the Parliament, at least once every five years. The monarch must select as Prime Minister the person who is likely to have the support of Parliament. By convention, that is normally the leader of the party that has the most MPs in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister leads the government and exercises executive power on behalf of the monarch, in accordance with the laws set by Parliament, including appointing Ministers to the executive branches of government. 

Under the British constitution, laws are made or unmade by Parliament. The policy and administration of the laws is done by the direction of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. This is called executive authority. The monarch is obliged to follow the advice of the government and has not refused to do so since the 17th century. The Cabinet members advise the monarch as part of a group called Privy Council. They also use their power directly as leaders of the Government departments. 

The British kind of government is sometimes called parliamentary government.

Local governments
-----------------

There are separate governments in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, each responsible to their own local parliament. These parliaments have certain limits decided by the main parliament in Westminster. There is no separate English Parliament.
**Broadcasting House** is the headquarters and registered office of the BBC in Portland Place and Langham Place, London.

Current use
-----------

Broadcasting House is home to BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra and also houses the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes (typically comedy for BBC Radio 4) are recorded in front of a studio audience. It is also the headquarters of the BBC itself and contains the offices of key figures within the organisation, such as the Director General.

Construction
------------

The Original Construction of Broadcasting House took place in 1932, and opened on the 14 May 1932, 8 years after the corporation was created and was built as a housing for all their current operations, of offices and radio operations. Architect George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M T Tudsbery. The original interiors were the work of the Australian-Irish architect Raymond McGrath. He set up and directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style. It was later said of his efforts that "the designs for the BBC gave the first real fillip to industrial design in England".

The building was designed with the radio elements, such as the studios, in a central location constructed of Portland stone. The remainder of the building was steel framed and faced with Portland stone on the outside. These areas housed the offices, so that they could be both away from the noise of the radio operations, and have access to daylight. Issues with local residents also caused the structure to be changed: The east side of the building blocked out the light to local residents, and after complaints and seeking the right of ancient lights, the building was changed so that the East side of the building had a sloped roof. The building also faced issues with the fact that both the Bakerloo and the Victoria lines of the London Underground, as well as sewers 100 years old ran under the site.

The building also incorporated other elements, the ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to rent out the ground floor as a retail unit. This however never occurred, as the Corporation expanded so quickly the space was needed by the BBC.
**Hyatt Hotels Corporation** is an international chain of state-of-the-art hotels with its headquarters in Chicago. The network was founded in 1957. According to Hoovers, the network is owned by the Pritzker family.

History
-------

The Hyatt Corporation came into being upon purchase of the Hyatt House, at Los Angeles International Airport, on September 27, 1957. In 1969, Hyatt began expanding internationally. Hyatt has grown by developing new properties and through acquisitions, with the biggest growth coming from the acquisition of AmeriSuites (later rebranded Hyatt Place) in 2004, Summerfield Suites (later rebranded Hyatt House) in 2005, and Two Roads Hospitality in 2018. As of May 30, 2021, Hyatt has over 100,000 employees worldwide servicing nearly 1050 properties across 20 brands in 68 countries across six continents.

Activity
--------

As of September 30, 2014, the network includes 573 hotels in 48 countries. They work under the following brands:

* Park Hyatt
* Andaz
* Grand Hyatt
* Hyatt Hotels
* Hyatt Regency
* Hyatt Place
* Hyatt House
* Hyatt Zilara
* Hyatt Ziva
* Hyatt Residence Club
**Akilathirattu Ammanai** (Tamil: அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை; from *akilam* (world) + *thirattu* (collection) + *ammanai* (ballad)), also called **Thiru Edu** (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism. The title is shortened as Akilam. This is the largest Ammanai work.

History
-------

According to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1841 CE). The author says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said. Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves. Then in 1939 it was given printed form.

According to the author, the book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam. This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics). It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi.

Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, as per him, he did not know any thing about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he did not know what he had written the day before.

As soon as Ayya Vaikundar attained Vaikundam, the tied-up palm leaf text, which was until then not opened. It was there the regulations of Ayyavazhi contains. As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the Citars far and wide.
The **European Severe Storms Laboratory** (**ESSL**) is a scientific organisation that conducts research on severe convective storms, tornadoes, intense precipitation events, and avalanches across Europe and the Mediterranean. It operates the widely cited European Severe Weather Database (ESWD). ESSL is also responsible for leading the creation of the International Fujita scale in 2018 to replace the Fujita scale.

History and purpose of the ESSL
-------------------------------

The European Severe Storms Laboratory started as an informal network of European scientists with the goal to advance research on severe convective storms and extreme weather events on a European level. It was initiated in 2002 by Nikolai Dotzek and became a non-profit organization with charitable status in 2006.

The ESSL focuses on research questions concerning convective storms and other extreme weather phenomena which can be treated more efficiently on a pan-European scale. It can be seen as roughly the European counterpart to the US's National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL).[*source?*] Some members of ESSL participate in the European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX) which issues daily forecasts of severe convective storms. It can be seen as the operational counterpart to the US Storm Prediction Center (SPC) akin to ESSL being the research counterpart to NSSL, although both European organizations currently lack the institutional support enjoyed by the US organisations which are government entities.

The purposes of the ESSL are:

* to advance research on severe convective storms and extreme weather events on a European level
* to operate and extend the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD)
* to support or organize the European Conferences on Severe Storms

Other websites
--------------

* European Severe Storms Laboratory's website
* European Severe Weather Database
* European Conference on Severe Storms
* TorDACH
Sulfuric acid chemical structure
Concentrated sulfuric acid burning tissue paper
**Sulfuric acid**, also known as **sulphuric acid**, is a strong acid. It is also a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SO4. It was known as "Oil of Vitriol" in ancient times....

Properties
----------

It is a dense (thick), clear, corrosive liquid that can dissolve in water. It can also melt through some weak substances.

History
-------

It was once known as "oil of vitriol". This name was created by Jabir ibn Hayyan, the person who discovered it. It used to be prepared by the reaction of potassium nitrate with sulfur. This reaction would produce sulfur trioxide which would dissolve in steam to produce sulfuric acid. Then this reaction was done in lead containers. The contact process, the most common process, was invented in 1831 and is still used today.

Production
----------

It is made by reacting sulfur trioxide with sulfuric acid to produce oleum. Then oleum is dissolved in water to produce more sulfuric acid. The sulfur trioxide is produced by burning sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide, which was then oxidized to sulfur trioxide with a catalyst. This process is called the contact process.

Uses
----

Sulfuric acid has many uses. World production in 2001 was 165 million tons, worth about $8 billion US dollars. Uses include ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, lead acid batteries, and combining chemicals for scientific reasons. For example, phosphate rocks are reacted with sulfuric acid to produce soluble phosphates, useful in fertilizers. This reaction is also used to make phosphoric acid, useful in soda. Potassium compounds are dissolved in sulfuric acid to produce potassium sulfate, useful in fertilizers. Ammonia is also reacted with sulfuric acid to produce ammonium sulfate. These three chemicals are solids and provide the three main minerals needed in plants. Lead acid batteries use sulfuric acid as their electrolyte.

Reactions and safety
--------------------

Sulfuric acid is very poisonous because of its acidity and corrosiveness. When it is mixed with sugar, it turns it into carbon. When it is dissolved in water, it becomes less harmful (does not make things black) but is still corrosive like normal acids. It reacts with metals to produce hydrogen and the metal sulfate. Some metals, such as tin, make sulfur dioxide and tin(II) sulfate. It reacts with sodium chloride to make hydrogen chloride.

Related pages
-------------

* Sulfurous acid
* Hydrogen sulfide
|  |
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| Part of a series of articles on**Sports** |
| 

Sports
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Olympic fencing in 2004
*This is about the sport. You may be wanting to read about a fence.*

**Fencing** is a sport that includes two people with swords. The aim is to score hits. There is also a referee.
In the olden times when two people argued they fenced the first one to draw blood was wrong and the person would be dead, so the person that won would claim the dead person's house and belongings.

pictogram for Fencing at the Olympics

Weapons
-------

### Foil

A foil fencer. Valid target is in red.
The foil is a light and easy to bend weapon, first made in mid 17th century as a weapon for practice. 'Hits' can only be scored by hitting the target area with the point of the sword. The target area is the torso.

### Épée

An Épée fencer. Valid target is in red.
The épée is the heaviest of the three weapons. To score a hit, the push-button on the end of the weapon must remain fully down for 2-10 milliseconds, and must arrive (hit) with a force of at least 7.35 newtons. The target area for Épée is the entire body. This includes the feet and the head.

### Sabre

A sabre fencer. Valid target is in red.
The sabre is the "cutting" weapon, with a curved guard (to protect the hand) and a triangular blade. However, in modern electric scoring, a touch with any part of the sabre, (point, flat or edge, as long as it is on target) will count as a hit. The target area in sabre is everything from the waist up, except for the hands.

Uniform
-------

Fencers wear a uniform to avoid injury. They wear a mask of black mesh with a bib. Also, a jacket, short pants and a sort of half-a-shirt (called an underarm protector or plastron), all of white fabric. They must also wear socks that cover their legs. Women must wear a chest protector. These are collectively called "whites."

Related pages
-------------

* *Kendo*
* Swordsmanship

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Fencing***.

* Fédération Internationale d'Escrime The organisation responsible for all international fencing

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**Kápolnásnyék** is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

History
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The excavations in the surroundings revealed Bronze-Age artefacts, proving that the area was already populated in ancient times.

The name of the settlement originates from the name of the Nyék tribe (coming to Hungary during the settlement of Hungarian tribes). The first residents probably belonged to a subgroup of the tribe. When István I. defeated Koppány, Nyék became a land of the queen. The name of the settlement is mentioned first in 1193 as Neck. Later the names Kápolnás Nyék, Káposztás Nyék, and Fertőfő Nyék are used to mention this rather insignificant place located between Buda and Fehérvár, which is south of the commercial route. As a border village Kápolnásnyék suffered from double taxation during the Turkish occupation (both Hungary and the Turkish Empire collected taxes). Therefore the population of the village decreased considerably and it even became uninhabited during the Turkish campaign of 1543. The inhabitants returned to the village in 1772. 

During the 19th century Upper and Lower Nyék were differentiated, even after 1861, when the Southem Railway was built. It is mentioned as an independent village first in 1871, to which Pettend was attached in 1898. Mihály Vörösmarty was born here.

The present appearance of the village was formed in the 1930s, when it became a commercial and service background for the booming tourism of Lake Velencei. The phone system, the gendarme patrol, local medical care, the railway station and the mill were established in this period. The settlement suffered serious injuries in World War II, when the majority of the population also died. The village was also behind in development, compared to other settlements of the region and became a part of Velence by the 1970s.
Kápolnásnyék declared its independence in 1990 and has gone though considerable development since then. It once again became the background for the tourism of Lake Velencei, where commercial service facilities are established and the infrastructure is developing rapidly.

Other websites
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* Kápolnásnyék.hu

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**Badarkhali** is a city in southeastern Bangladesh. It is an Union Parishad. It is on the banks of the Moheshkhali Channel. it has a population of over 47,000. It is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) south of Chittagong and in Cox's Bazar District. The modern Badarkhali derives its name from Badar Shah. In 1340 Badar Shah and the twelve Awlias, along with the Sufi general Syed Nasiruddin defeated King Achak Narayan of Tungachal and established Muslim rule there.

Geography and climate
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Badarkhali is located at 21.7193635 °N, 91.9499643 °E. It has 5,000 household units and total area about 9 square kilometers. The main river flowing on Badarkhali is Moheshkhali channel.

It is surrounded by Dorbeshkhata on the north, and Moheshkhali Channel on the south, east and west.

Economy
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Badarakhali Union's economy depends mainly on agriculture and fisheries.

Local administration
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A view of Badarkhali in 2023
**Badarkhali Union Parisad** consists of a chairman and twelve members, including three seats reserved exclusively for women. Union Parishads are formed under the *Local Government (Union Parishads) Act, 2009*. The boundary of each Union is demarcated by the Deputy Commissioner of Cox's Bazar District. Union Council is the body primarily responsible for agricultural, industrial and community development within the local limits of the union.
James Gillray
The Prince of Wales at table: *A Voluptuary under the horrors of Digestion (1792)*
*L'Assemblée Nationale* (1804) was called "the most talented caricature that has ever appeared". The Prince of Wales paid a large sum of money to have it suppressed and its plate destroyed.
**James Gillray** (13 August 1756 or 1757 – 1 June 1815) was a British caricaturist and printmaker. He was famous for his cartoons. They were etched political and social satires, mainly published between 1792 and 1810.

Gillray has been called "the father of the political cartoon". He satirized George III, prime ministers and generals. He was one of the two most influential cartoonists of that time: the other was William Hogarth. Gillray's wit and humour, knowledge of life, and fine drawing, gave him the first place among caricaturists.

The name of Gillray's publisher and print seller was Miss Hannah Humphrey. Her shop is always associated with the caricaturist. Gillray lived with Miss (often called Mrs) Humphrey for the entire period of his fame.

Although he satirized George III as "Farmer George", his main target was the gluttonous Prince of Wales (later George IV). Napoleon was another favourite target. Gillray was especially hard on the rich, the famous and the most powerful people.

Many of his prints were sent to Germany and reprinted in the magasine London und Paris.

The world being carved up into spheres of influence between Pitt and Napoleon — "probably the most famous political cartoon of all time, it has been stolen over and over and over again by cartoonists ever since".
Solar energy absorbing panels on the sound barrier next to the Munich airport.
A **solar power plant** is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using *concentrated solar power* (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished), and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.

The solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As the use of solar energy has been increased nowadays. Not only we save the electricity with the help of a solar power plant but it also contributes towards the environment. It converts solar energy into electricity either directly using photovoltaics. 

It is in great use as it is least expensive and provides electricity with sunlight. The utilization of these products is increasing day by day after knowing the importance of solar energy use. the government is also taking initiatives to aware the people about solar products by introducing incentive schemes. 

Installing solar power plant is quite beneficial in every aspect not only your pocket but the entire globe. This solar equipment is used in an active manner and converts the solar energy into a useable form which can be used for powering all sort of appliances. 

Concentrated solar power system use mirrors, lenses and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The photoelectric effect coverts the light into electric current. All the countries all over the globe have decided to bring the solar products into great use. 

As everyone is aware nowadays to contribute towards the globe, our environment with the help of solar energy. Apart from this, it is a one-time investment and there will no longer need to spend on heavy electricity cost again and again.

Related pages
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* Nuclear power plant
* Solar thermal energy
* Wave power
In Sanskrit, **Itihasa** means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidence are slowly beginning to prove these Indian epics as actual history. 

The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History.It means ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’. One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. He defines Itihaasa, in the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;

Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are called Itihaasah. History in this definition takes on the meaning of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to include political science and History as we use them today. 

The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance: 

History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation.
**James Scott "Jim" Brady** (August 29, 1940 – August 4, 2014) was an American journalist, politician, and activist. He was an assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

Early life
----------

Brady was born in Centralia, Illinois on August 29, 1940 to Harold J. Brady and to Dorothy (née Davidson). He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Career
------

Brady became Ronald Reagan's White House Press Secretary in 1981.

### Near death

Brady was nearly killed a few weeks after becoming Press Secretary. On March 30, 1981 John Hinckley tried to assassinate President Reagan with a gun. Brady was shot in the head and became disabled. 

### Gun control

After Brady's near death, he and his wife, Sarah, became a supporter of gun control. He was also an activist for gun control.

Together with his wife, Sarah, who was Chair of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence (formerly known as Handgun Control, Inc.), co-founded by N.T. Pete Shields, Brady quickly fought for handgun control and assault weapon restrictions. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, also known simply as "the Brady Bill", was named in his honor.

### James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

In 2000, the Press Briefing Room at the White House was renamed after Brady as the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

Personal life
-------------

Brady married Sue Beh in 1961. That marriage ended in divorce in 1968. Brady married Sarah, in 1973; the couple had two children, Scott and Melissa.

### Death

Brady died on August 4, 2014 in Alexandria, Virginia, aged 73. His death has been said to be a homicide caused by the gunshot wound he received in 1981, about 33 years before.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to James Brady at Wikimedia Commons

* *Without Warning: The James Brady Story* on IMDb





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**Radiation protection** is the protection of people from the unhealthy side effects of radiation. Radiation effects can be inside or outside the body. Ionizing radiation is used frequently in medicine and industry, and can be very dangerous. There are two types of effects of ionizing radiation. At high level exposure, there are "tissue" effects. These effects cause clear, direct harm to the body, such as acute radiation syndrome. At low levels, the danger of someone getting cancer increases. There aren't clear signs of damage at low doses. One important part of radiation protection is to shorten time spent around radioactive material. There are certain apparatuses used to measure how much radiation someone gets, so they are exposed to as little as possible. These can measure exposure on both the inside and outside. In order to put a stop to unhealthy side effects, people will wear personal protective equipment. There are also certain apparatuses that can placed in order to keep track of radiation levels, so people are safe. Some of these are portable, so they can be taken place to place.