recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
First issue of *Nature*
***Nature*** is a scientific journal. It was first published on 4 November 1869. It is the world's most cited scientific journal. That means that, when scientists write formal reports of their experiments, they list all the earlier studies that they read in their reference section. They list studies from *Nature* in their reference sections more than studies from any other journal. It is also the longest continuously published scientific weekly.

Most scientific journals are now specific to just one kind of science, for example only biochemistry or only mining science. *Nature* is one of the few journals which still publish original research articles across the whole range of science. Important new advances and original scientific research is published as articles or letters in *Nature*. *Nature* also prints surveys and reviews of important research fields.

Research scientists are the primary audience for the journal, but ordinary people read it as well. Because of this, articles are written and edited to make them understandable to scientists in other fields and any educated person. 

In the first pages of each issue are editorials, news and feature articles on issues of general interest to scientist. Topics include current affairs, science funding, business, scientific ethics and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books and arts. Because of limits on the length of articles, often the printed text is a summary of the work in question. Details may be put in *supplementary material* on the journal's website.

Nature has spun off a series of more specialised journals which publish longer, more technical articles which would be unsuitable for Nature's wider readership.
Mill Ends Park, the smallest park in the world, summer 2007
**Mill Ends Park** (sometimes called **Mill's End Park**) is a small urban park. It is located in the median strip of SW Naito Parkway, approaching esplanade along the Willamentte Rivera near SW Taylor Street in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The park is a small circle 2 ft (0.61 m) across. It has a total area of 452 sq in (0.292 m2). It is the smallest park in the world. This fact was included in the *Guinness Book of Records* in 1971.

History
-------

The park in summer 2004 (before remodeling)
The park was dedicated on St. Patrick's Day 1948, as "the only leprechaun colony west of Ireland". It was created by Dick Fagan. In 1948 the site that would become Mill Ends Park was supposed to be the site for a light pole. The pole did not work and weeds began to grow. Fagan, writer for the *Oregon Journal*, planted flowers in the hole. He named it "Mill Ends", after his column. Fagan died of cancer in 1968. It was named the official city park in 1976. The small circle has featured many unusual items since its creation. These include, a swimming pool for butterflies (complete with a diving board), a horseshoe, a piece of the *Oregon Journal* building, and a small Ferris wheel.

On St. Patrick's Day, 2001, the park was decorated with leprechauns. The park continues to be the site of St. Patrick's Day festivities. The events held there include concerts by Clan Macleay Pipe Band, picnics, and rose plantings by the Junior Rose Festival Court. In March 2013, the park's tree was stolen. Law enforcement planted a replacement tree. The next day, a passerby found the original tree lying next to the new one.

Other websites
--------------

* A photo of the park


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mill Ends Park***.

Coordinates: 45°30′58″N 122°40′24″W﻿ / ﻿45.516194°N 122.673226°W﻿ / 45.516194; -122.673226
A **surfactant** is a chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid. Less surface tension lets the liquid soak into things better, and can also let bubbles form easier. A liquid that bubbles and soaks into things is better at cleaning, so surfactants are used in soap.

Uses
----

Every year, 15 million tons of surfactants are made. Half of them are used in soap; the rest are used in many different ways including making toothpaste and concrete.

One popular surfactant is sodium laurel sulfate, also called sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS. SDS is a cheap, commonly used surfactant that is used in almost every toothpaste and many shampoos, body washes, and shaving creams.

Safety and environment
----------------------

Small amounts of most common surfactants are usually not harmful to people or animals, although if they get into eyes they can be painful. Very large amounts of surfactants can kill animals, but the amount varies depending on the surfactant.

Larger amounts of surfactants can be a problem in the environment, where they let the soil hold more water than usual, but this problem usually goes away in a few days.
***The Best American Poetry*** series consists of annual poetry anthologies, each containing seventy-five poems.Each year, this series presents essential American verse and the poets. The best American poetry has appeared in this venerable collection for over twenty-five years."*Best American Poetry* remains one of the most popular and best-selling poetry books published each year."

History
-------

The series, begun by David Lehman in 1988, has a different guest editor every year. Lehman, each year contributes a foreword focusing on the state of contemporary poetry. The book titles in the series always follow the format of the first, changing only the year.

A compendium for the first decade of the series has also been published, *The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988–1997.* It has seventy-five best poems from the previous ten anthologies. In 2013,It published "*The Best of the Best American Poetry: 25th Anniversary Edition (2013)"* which have 100 poems from the series' history.

Selection Process
-----------------

In 1988,the rules for the selection of the poems were laid down by Lehman. 

* Lehman would select a guest editor each year. Guest editor would make the final selection of poems
* Each year's anthology would have poems from the previous year
* There would be seventy-five poems in each annual anthology maximum three poems by an individual poet
* Foreign poets residing in the United States, "especially in cases where the poet has come to seem a vital presence in a particular American community", would be eligible to appear, and so John Ash, Seamus Heaney, and Derek Walcott all made it into the 1988 edition.
The **greenhouse effect** occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (the air around the Earth) trap infrared radiation. This makes the planet become warmer, similar to the way a greenhouse becomes warmer.

The most important greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2), and methane. When there is more greenhouse gas in the air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse gases cause climate change and global warming.

The greenhouse effect is natural. It is important for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average temperature would be around –18 or –19 degrees Celsius (0 or 1 degree Fahrenheit). Earth would be locked in an ice age. Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth's actual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius (57 degrees Fahrenheit). 

The problem is that recently, the greenhouse effect has become stronger. This is because humans have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.

 The greenhouse effect and its impact on climate were succinctly described in this 1912 *Popular Mechanics* article.
About 10,000 years ago, before people started burning large amounts of fossil fuels, there were 260 to 280 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, but now there is over 400 ppm. Most scientists say that having 350 ppm or less is safe for the environment and that species on the planet can adapt to this level. Higher levels can make severe problems for animal and marine life that are already being seen today, such as ocean acidification.

The greenhouse effect was first proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824. Mars, Venus and other planets with atmospheres also have greenhouse effects. The effect on Venus is especially strong because Venus has so much CO2. This is why Venus is hotter than Mercury, even though Mercury is closer to the sun. The first person to predict that carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels (and other combustion processes) could cause global warming was Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius.

Related pages
-------------

* Greenhouse gas
* Greenhouse gas emissions
* Global warming

Other websites
--------------

* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the greenhouse effect
* *Study of Ice Age bolsters carbon and warming link* February 28, 2013 The New York Times
* Rutgers University: Earth Radiation Budget Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Greenhouse effect -Citizendium
This article is about businesses. For cultivated land plants, see Cultivar § Trade designations and selling names. For pharmaceuticals, see Drug nomenclature § Trade names. For other products and services, see Brand name.
A **trade name**, **trading name**, or **business name** is a pseudonym used by companies that do not operate under their registered company name. The term for this type of alternative name is a "fictitious" business name. Registering the fictitious name with a relevant government body is often required.

In a number of countries, the phrase "**trading as**" (abbreviated to **t/a**) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States, the phrase "**doing business as**" (abbreviated to DBA, dba, d.b.a. or **d/b/a**) is used, among others, such as **assumed business name** or **fictitious business name**. In Canada, "**operating as**" (abbreviated to o/a) and "trading as" are used, although "doing business as" is also sometimes used.

A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered.

Legal agreements (such as contracts) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of the corporate veil.

In English, trade names are generally treated as proper nouns.
Al-Hasakah governorate with its districts, was what was affected most by the project.
The **Arab Belt** (Arabic: الحزام العربي, romanized: *al-hizam al-‘arabi*) was the Syrian Baath government's project of Arabization of the north of the Al-Hasakah Governorate to change the demographics of the Kurdish regions of Syria in favor of the Arabs. The process was meant to increase the Arab population in those lands that were once Arab majority, before the Kurdish influx into the region after the collapse of the Ottoman empire in the 1920s.

Background
----------

The regions in the "Arab Belt" are rich in oil deposits and good agricultural land. About 50 to 60 percent of the Syrian petroleum caves are estimated to be located in the district of Al-Malikiyah.

Planning
--------

The Baath party came to power in 1963 in Syria and decided in 1965 to build the 350 km long and 10-15 km wide Arabian belt along the Syria–Turkey border. The Belt stretched from the Iraqi border in the east to Ras al-Ayn (Kurdish: *Serê Kaniyê*) in the west. After another coup within the Baath party, Hafez al-Assad succeeded in becoming the head of Syria in 1970 and began to act on the plan in 1973. The project's name was officially changed to "Plan for the establishment of state model farms in the Jazira province".

Displacement
------------

41 Arab villages were built during the project, and all the Kurdish village names of the area were replaced by Arabic names. About 4,000 Arab families from the provinces of Al-Raqqa and Aleppo, where they had previously lost their houses by the construction of the Tabqa dam, were housed in the new villages. These Arabs are named Maghmurin (مغمورين Maġmūrīn, which is affected by flooding). As a result, about 2,000,000 hectares (20,000 km2) of Kurdish cultivated land were taken away and given to the newly settled Arabs. The original plan would also forcibly send about 140,000 Kurds to the southern deserts at Al-Raad. Although the government took away the Kurds' right to live in the area, the Kurds refused to move away and give up their houses. Those Kurds who had been declared foreigners were not allowed to have property, to repair houses, or to build new houses.
The **Combo XLR/TRS socket** or **Neutrik NCJ6FI-S**, is a type of female socket connector capable of supporting two types of jack connectors: the XLR connector, known as the "Canon Plug", used to connect microphones and mixers, and the TRS plug for stereo (TRS:Tip-ring-sleeve) or TS plug for mono (TS:Tip-Sleeve), also known as: Banana Plug, or P10 plug, which are used in musical instruments like guitars, keyboards, bass, etc...

History
-------

At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, the Tyrolean acoustics engineer Bernhard Weingartner noticed that the sound tended to decrease. The reason for this was that the DIN audio connectors used by Austrian television failed under the influence of bad weather.. Weingartner began in 1974, initially on his own, with the development of an inexpensive but high-quality version of the XLR connector.  Over the following years, the Neutrik company became the world leader in the XLR audio connector market. Neutrik connectors have been standardized to the stage and studio standard as standard IEC 61076-2-103.

Characteristics
---------------

 Synthesizer with 2 Combo XLR + TRS jacks
Because amplifier and mixer equipment often requires inputs for both TRS phone jacks and XLR connectors, Neutrik and Amphenol offer several combo connector models that accept both XLR 6.5 mm (0.26 in) jacks like TS or TRS phone jacks. 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Pin | function |
| 1 | Chassis ground (cable shield) |
| 2 | Positive polarity terminal for balanced (known as: "hot") audio circuits |
| 3 | Negative polarity terminal for balanced circuits (known as: "cold")  |

Awards
------

NEUTRIK won the 2011 EMEA+ InAVation Award in the category "Most Innovative Commercial AV Accessory 2011". The award was presented at Integrated Systems Europe 2011 in Amsterdam.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Neutrik***.

* Official website
**Idempotence** is a property that an operation in mathematics or computer science may have. It roughly means that the operation can be carried out again and again without changing the result.

The word idempotence was made by Benjamin Peirce because he saw the concept when studying algebra.

The meaning is different if we are talking about different kinds of operations. It can also be used to describe elements than an operation can take:

* For a unary operation (or function), that we label *f*, we say that *f* is idempotent if for any *x* in the domain of *f* it is true that: *f(f(x)) = f(x)*. For example, the absolute value: *abs(abs(x)) = abs(x)*.

We say that an element *c* in the domain of *f* is an idempotent element if *f(f(c)) = f(c)*. This means that *f* is idempotent if every element of its domain is an idempotent element.

* For a binary operation, that we label *\**, we say that *\** is idempotent if for any *x* which the binary operation can take the following is true: *x \* x = x*.

We say that an element *c* which *\** can take is an idempotent element for *\** if *c \* c = c*. For example, the number *1* is an idempotent element for multiplication because *1* times *1* is *1*.

Examples in the real world
--------------------------

If a call button inside an elevator is pressed then the elevator will go to the floor that is on the button. If it is pressed again then it will do the same thing. This means that the operation of pressing a button to make the elevator change floors is an idempotent operation.

If we mix two pots which have the same liquid in them into a new pot then we will have the same liquid in that pot. If we only care about *what* kind of liquid is in the pot (not how much) then mixing liquids is an idempotent binary operation.

The face of a clock looks the same if 12 hours have passed. So for the operation of "letting time pass on a clock" we see that letting 12 hours pass is an idempotent element (this is also true for all multiples of 12 like 24, 36, 48, ...).
**Polytonality** is the use in music of several keys at the same time. Music such as this is called **polytonal**.

**Bitonality** is the use in music of two keys at the same time. Music such as this is called **bitonal**.

Most traditional music is "in a particular key" e.g. in "C major" or in "D major" or in "D minor". Music that is in C major uses the notes of a C major scale.

In 20th century some composers sometimes wrote music which is in more than one key at once. A well-known example is the beginning of the second tableau of Igor Stravinsky's ballet, *Petrushka*. The first clarinet plays a melody that uses the notes of the C major chord, while the second clarinet plays a different version of the same melody using the notes of the F sharp major chord.

Composers who have used bitonality or polytonality include Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Béla Bartók, Charles Ives and many others.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * v
* t
* e
Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

 |
Map of Pomerania. Poland and Germany are seen, Pomerania is marked by a yellow line.
Pomerania Beach *(Darss)*
**Pomerania** (*Pommern* in German, *Pomorze* in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.

Prehistoric tribes
------------------

20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area.

See also: Balts, East Germanic tribes, Lusatian culture, Pomeranian culture, Wielbark Culture, Goths, Rugians, and Kashubians

Conquest and rule
-----------------

Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156. 

The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806. 

1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula
**Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg** (*Polyxena Christina Johanna*; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Biography
---------

Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names *Polyxena Christina Johanna*. King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724. The happy marriage produced six children.

Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the *Villa della Regina*, the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She popularised *chinoiserie*. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin. Originally buried at the *Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista*, she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Issue
-----

1. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) married Maria Antonia of Spain and had issue.
2. Princess Eleonora of Savoy (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781) unmarried.
3. Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (25 March 1729 – 22 June 1767) unmarried.
4. Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801) unmarried.
5. Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735) Duke of Aosta.
6. Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733) Duke of Chablais.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* **21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724** *Her Serene Highness* Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg.
* **23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730** *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Piedmont.
* **3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735** *Her Majesty* the Queen.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg at Wikimedia Commons
"R.E.M." redirects here. For the band, see R.E.M. (band).
In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. This is called REM-sleep (from **rapid eye movement**). Most dreams take place in this phase. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night. The periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. REM-sleep was first discovered in 1952–53. The function of REM sleep is not well understood.

Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams in 1953. REM sleep was further described by researchers including William Dement and Michel Jouvet.

The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes stages III and IV are combined and called stage III.

Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be four or five of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), stage II and REM.

The fact that birds and mammals both show REM and NREM sleep suggests that the trait evolved before the two groups diverged in their evolution. That suggests that the REM/NREM feature is both early and important in the evolution of land vertebrates.

REM and dreams
--------------

Rapid eye movement sleep is associated with dreaming. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common way to get dream reports. 80% of typical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing. They estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep. The mental events which occur during REM usually have dream 'hallmarks' including narrative structure, convincingness (like waking life), and instinctual themes.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder (more specifically a parasomnia) in which people act out their dreams.

Apart from its present distribution, nothing is known about the evolution of this brain feature, and its function is not exactly known. Experiments on humans suggests they need rem sleep or they get obvious mental deterioration.
**Wheelchair curling** is a type of curling. It is for people with physical disabilities.

History
-------

Curling started to be at the Olympic Games in 1998. Wheelchair curling was introduced to the Winter Paralympics program in 2002. People from 16 countries played wheelchair curling in 2017.

Rules
-----

Wheelchair curling is governed by the World Curling Federation. Wheelchair curlers play on teams of four people. One person on the team throws a 19.96 kilogram granite stone across an ice track. The track is 45 meter long. At the end of the track is a big circle. It has 4 rings. The diameter is 183 centimeters. There is a dot in the center. A team tries to get their stones the closest to the center. After each team throws ten stones, the team with the most stones closest to the center wins.

The person who throws the stone sits in their chair on a rubber mat. They use a special stick to assist in throwing the stone.

Eligibility
-----------

People who can play wheelchair curling have to have a disability. There are several eligible types of disabilities. They include paraplegics, people with cerebral palsy, people with amputations of the lower limbs, and people with multiple sclerosis.
**Tracy Reiner** (born **Tracy Henry**; July 7, 1964) is an American actress, known for her roles in *When Harry Met Sally...*, *Masque of the Red Death*, *A League of Their Own*, and *Apollo 13*.

Reiner was born Tracy Henry in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Penny Marshall and Michael Henry. She is filmmaker Garry Marshall's niece. Her mother was married for 10 years to Rob Reiner, who adopted her and raised her as his own. Her mother is of Italian, English, German and Scottish descent.[*source?*] Reiner's adoptive paternal grandparents are Carl Reiner (1922–2020) and Estelle Reiner (1914–2008). Growing up, 15 of Reiner's relatives were employed at labs run by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

Reiner is married and has five children.

Further reading
---------------

* Edwin, Bruce (2011). "Hollywood Royalty: Tracy Reiner". *The Hollywood Sentinel*. Retrieved September 14, 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* Tracy Reiner on IMDb

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
A right of **veto** means that somebody can stop decisions or legislation. 

For example, the President of the United States has veto power over the USA's Congress. This can stop legislation from being passed. If the President vetoes a bill passed by the Congress, it only becomes a law if Congress passes it again, this time with at least twice as many members of each of the two houses voting for it than voting against it.

Similarly, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the United States of America, the United Kingdom, China, Russia and France) each has veto power. Using this, they can stop the Security Council's decisions from being passed and becoming resolutions unless they all agree to them. These vetoes cannot be overturned by any more voting on that resolution; if there is a need to address the same issue again in the future, a new and separate resolution must be written, passed, and not vetoed.

The veto was invented in ancient times for the Roman tribunes so they could protect the people from bad laws made by the Roman Senate.

Related pages
-------------

* Line-item veto

Other websites
--------------

* Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview (report) by Kevin R. Kosar
* Senate Reference Webpage on Vetoes, which includes lists of vetoes from 1789 to the current day.
Goebel performs a hydroblading maneuver, one of his signature moves, in 2003.
**Timothy Goebel** (born September 10, 1980 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American figure skater. He is Catholic and was adopted as an infant.

Goebel is the first skater to perform a quadruple salchow jump and the first American skater to perform a quadruple jump of any kind. Goebel is also the first skater to perform three quadruple jumps in one program. At the 2002 Olympics, he became the first skater to land a quadruple salchow jump in combination at the Olympics. He is the first and so far only skater to land 6 quadruple jumps in one competition.

He has landed 76 career quadruple jumps, the most of any skater.

Because of these things, he was nicknamed the *Quad King*. However, after the 2003-2004, Goebel began having problems with the quad. He did not land it correctly at all in the 2005-2006 season.

Goebel won the bronze medal at the 2002 Olympics. It was a close call for the silver between him and World Champion Evgeni Plushenko. That would happen again at the 2003 World Championships where Plushenko beat Goebel out for the gold.

Goebel dealt with injuries in later seasons. An injury forced him to not finish competing at the 2004 Nationals and give up on the rest of the season. At the 2005 Nationals, the mother of Angela Nikodinov, a good friend of Goebel, died in a car crash. Goebel spent much of time at that competition in mourning. With Nikodinov watching, Goebel started crying partly through his free skate. He finished the performance in tears. He placed 2nd.

Goebel was not able to qualify for the 2006 Olympic team. He retired from competitive skating after the 2006 Nationals. In May 2010, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Columbia University's School of General Studies. He works as a technical specialist, the person who watches a skating program and tells the judges what each move was and how difficult it was.

During his career, Goebel was known mainly as a "jumping bean", a skater whose skating is mostly jumps. But Goebel worked hard to change this. His free skate in the 2002 season was the best of his career and led Goebel to a different kind of artistry.

Goebel was also known for his hydroblading maneuvers. He was one of the skaters who popularized this move in the United States.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Timothy Goebel***.

* U.S. Figure Skating biography Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
* International skating union biography Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
* USOC Bio Page - US Olympic Committee Biography
* USFSA News Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine - Goebel retires from competitive skating
**Phyllis St. Felix Thaxter** (November 20, 1921 – August 14, 2012) was an American stage and movie actress. She was known for playing Superman's mother in the 1978 movie *Superman*, and as Ellen Lawson in *Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo*.

Early life
----------

Thaxter was born on November 20, in 1921. in Portland, Maine to Sidney Thaxter and to his wife.

Career
------

She had worked a lot on Broadway since 1940. When Dorothy McGuire went to Hollywood, Phyllis replaced her in the play Claudia. In 1944, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Her first movie was with Van Johnson in the wartime movie *Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo*. Thaxter played Joan Alris Ellis, a woman suffering from split personality in the movie *Bewitched* in 1945. In 1948, she played a cattle owner's daughter alongside Barbara Bel Geddes in *Blood on the Moon*. 

At MGM, she routinely portrayed the ever-patient wife to a number of leading men. She moved to Warner Brothers in the 1950s, but usually played the same type of roles.

Thaxter's career ended for a while after being ill of polio in 1952. She made a comeback on the television series in *Rawhide*. She would later appear on other television programs such as; *Wagon Train*, *The Twilight Zone*, and *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*. In 1978, Thaxter was cast along with Glenn Ford as Ma and Pa Kent in *Superman*.

Personal life
-------------

Thaxter was married to James Thomas Aubrey, Jr. from 1944 until they divorced in 1962. They had a son and a daughter. She was married to Gilbert Lea from 1962 until his death in 2008.

### Death

Thaxter died on August 14, 2012 in her home in Longwood, Florida from Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. She had the disease for eight years. She was cremated and her ashes were thrown to the sea.

Movies
------

* *Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo* (1944)
* *Bewitched* (1945)
* *Week-End at the Waldorf* (1945)
* *Tenth Avenue Angel* (1946)
* *The Sea of Grass* (1947)
* *Living in a Big Way* (1947)
* *Blood on the Moon* (1948)
* *Act of Violence* (1948)
* *No Man of Her Own* (1950)
* *The Breaking Point* (1950)
* *Jim Thorpe -- All-American* (1951)
* *Fort Worth* (1951)
* *Springfield Rifle* (1952)
* *Wagon Train* (1959)
* *Women's Prison* (1955)
* *The World of Henry Orien* (1964)
* *The Invaders* (TV series), Season 2/21, Episode: "The Peacemaker" (1968)
* *Superman* (1978)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Phyllis Thaxter***.

* Phyllis Thaxter on IMDb
* Phyllis Thaxter at the Internet Broadway Database
* Phyllis Thaxter at Find a Grave
**The Lonely Island** is an American comedy trio including Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer. They are from Berkeley, California, but are now based in New York City. They work for *Saturday Night Live*. They are known for songs such as "I'm On A Boat", "Like a Boss", "Jizz in My Pants", "Dick in a Box", and "Lazy Sunday". They have three albums called *Incredibad*, *Turtleneck and Chain and The Wack Album.*

Background
----------

The three members of the Lonely Island (Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, and Jorma Taccone) all grew up in Berkeley, California, and met in junior high school. The three friends moved to Los Angeles and rented an apartment, which they called the Lonely Island.

*Saturday Night Live*
---------------------

With increasing recognition, the trio was invited to write parts of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, which Jimmy Fallon was hosting. Impressed with their material, he brought them to the attention of Lorne Michaels, the producer of *Saturday Night Live*, who agreed to see them. 

Samberg auditioned for the show. He was the only member of TLI who had also been doing stand-up comedy in his free time He was called back for a second audition a few weeks later and was invited to be a cast member; Schaffer and Taccone were invited to join the writing staff based on their work in the trio. Since their arrival on *SNL*, the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent *SNL* history, most notably, the *SNL* Digital Shorts. 

### MacGruber

The group also made the skit "MacGruber", in which Will Forte plays a MacGyver parody as the main character. In every episode, MacGruber is trapped with his helpers, played by Kristen Wiig (originally Maya Rudolph) and a third person, usually the episode's host and occasionally Richard Dean Anderson as MacGyver, in a room with a bomb that is about to explode. 

MacGruber starts asking for simple objects to make something to stop the bomb, but he is later distracted by something (usually involving his personal life) that makes him run out of time. Every skit ends with the bomb and place where they are in exploding. All of the skits are directed by Taccone (except for 2 episodes which were directed by writer John Solomon).

*Incredibad*
------------

Main article: Incredibad
The Lonely Island released their first album, *Incredibad*, on February 10, 2009, on Universal Republic Records. Many of the songs on the album debuted on *Saturday Night Live* as SNL Digital Shorts. The album also includes a DVD featuring some of the digital shorts. 

Collaborators on the album include T-Pain, Norah Jones, Jack Black, E-40, Julian Casablancas of The Strokes, Sly & Robbie, DJ Nu-Mark, J-Zone, Natalie Portman, Chris Parnell, and Justin Timberlake.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website
This article is about the Phrygian headgear. For the medical term, see Phrygian cap (anatomy).

Head of Attis wearing a Phrygian cap (Parian marble, 2nd century AD).
The **Phrygian cap** (/ˈfrɪdʒ(iː)ən/) or **liberty cap** is a soft cap, in the shape of a cone, with the apex bent over, which people in antiquity thought had to do with many different peoples in Eastern Europe and Anatolia, including Phrygia, Dacia, and the Balkans. During the French Revolution it came to mean freedom and the pursuit of liberty, but Phrygian caps did not originally have this meaning. The original cap of liberty was the Roman *pileus*, the felt cap of freed slaves of ancient Rome, which also had to do with Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman icons of liberty were used again in emblem books and coin studying handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually shown with a *pileus*. The most common use of a headgear as a symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the Roman iconography was commonly used again was in the Netherlands, where the cap of liberty was used in the form of a hat of that time. In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was often used in English prints and from 1789 on in French prints, too; but it was not until the early 1790s, that the French cap of liberty was most often used in the Phrygian form.

It is used in the coats of arms of some republics in the place where in a monarchy a crown would be used. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of the republican form of government. A number of national personifications, most commonly France's Marianne, are usually depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. 

| 20 centime with Marianne on obverse |
| --- |
|  |
| **Obverse**: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty. | **Reverse**: Face value and French motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". |
| This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001. |
A low-temperature oxidation catalyst used to convert carbon monoxide to non-toxic carbon dioxide at room temperature. It can also remove formaldehyde from the air.
**Catalysis** is the process of change in rate (speed) of a chemical reaction due to the help of a catalyst. Unlike other chemicals which take part in the reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in many chemical reactions. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow the reaction are called negative catalysts, or inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.

in Chemistry
------------

A **catalyst** is something which changes the rate of a chemical reaction. An example is when manganese oxide (MnO2) is added to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydrogen peroxide starts to break up into water and oxygen. Catalysts are either of natural or synthetic origin. Catalysts are useful because they leave no residue in the solution they have sped up. A catalyst can also be used in a reaction again and again as it is not used up. There are many catalysts in our body which play an important part in many biochemical reactions. These are called enzymes. Most catalysts work by lowering the 'activation energy' of a reaction. This allows less energy to be used, thus speeding up the reaction. The opposite of a catalyst is an *inhibitor*. Inhibitors slow down reactions. Some of them are found in snake venom and are dangerous for our nervous system or heart.

Related pages
-------------

* Enzymes are biological catalysts


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***catalysis***.
**Urban morphology** is the field of research, study, study, and design of the form of human settlement and the process of their formation and change. This study seeks to understand the spatial structure and nature of: "metropolis, city, town, neighborhood, compound, or agricultural locality" of any kind, by examining the patterns of the component parts Its and the ownership or control and given of the form of land uses. Usually the analysis of the physical form focuses on the pattern of the street, the plot (or for example in UK "the plot") and the building patterns. Land use analysis specifically is usually conducted using cartographic sources and the development process is derived from a comparison of historical maps. Special attention is paid to how the physical shape of a city changes over time and how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this research profession deals with the study of the social forms that are expressed in the physical arrangement of a city, and vice versa, how the physical form produces or recreates various social forms.

Related pages
-------------

* Urban design

Other websites
--------------

* International Seminar on Urban Form
* Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute, Paris
* Urban Morphology Research Group, Birmingham
* Urban Morpohology Institute
14. The urethral sponge

The **urethral sponge** is a spongy cushion of tissue, found in the lower genital area of females, that sits against both the pubic bone and the vaginal wall, and is around the urethra.

Functions
---------

The urethral sponge is made of erectile tissue; during arousal, it becomes swollen with blood, and squeezes the urethra, helping to stop urination during sexual activity[*source?*] (along with the pubococcygeus muscle).

### Female ejaculation

See the main article: Female ejaculation
Also, the urethral sponge has the Skene's glands, which might be used in female ejaculation.

### Sexual stimulation

The urethral sponge is around sensitive nerve endings, and can be stimulated through the front wall of the vagina. Some women have had strong pleasure from stimulation of the urethral sponge, but others have found the feeling to be not good, as irritating. The urethral sponge is around the clitoral nerve, and since the two are so closely inter-connected, stimulation of the clitoris may stimulate the nerve endings of the urethral sponge and vice versa. Some women enjoy the rear-entry position of sexual intercourse for this reason, because the penis is often angled slightly downward and can stimulate the front wall of the vagina, and then also the urethral sponge.

### Relation with the G-spot

See the main article: G-spot
The urethral sponge is an area in which the G-spot (Gräfenberg Spot) may be found. Although the G-spot may exist, it has been doubted by some researchers. A team at The King's College of London, in a big study on the G-spot's existence in recent years, and having 1,800 women, found no proof that the G-spot exists. The authors of the study had stated that the "G-spot" may be a figment (thought) of people's imagination, which has been encouraged by magazines, sex therapists and suggestive therapeutics. However, some other studies, using ultrasound, have found physiological evidence of the G-spot in women who report having orgasms during intercourse.

Other websites
--------------

* 3D Animation of Female Prostate Gland 1 360 Degree Vertical Rotation
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only US president to be elected four times. In 1951 the 22nd Amendment limited the US presidency to two terms
A **term limit** is a law that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential systems, they act as a method to reduce the potential for monopoly. This is when a leader effectively becomes a "president for life". Term limits are intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms an officeholder can serve. In other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive (one directly following the other) terms.

History
-------

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, two early civilizations which had elected offices, both imposed limits on some positions. In the ancient Athenian democracy, only offices selected by sortition were subject to terms limits. They included one term of one year for each office, except members of the Council of Five Hundred, where the council was changed every year.

In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor. The annual magistrates - tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor, praetor, and consul—were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. Also there was a term limit of 6 months for a dictator.

In the United States
--------------------

The United States Constitution and many state constitutions have term limits for certain offices. The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the office of President of the United States. It states that "no person may be elected more than twice". It adds, "no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once." In addition, 23 states passed laws on term limits for their representatives in Congress. These laws are no longer enforceable, however. In 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned congressional term limits in *U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton*. They ruled that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.
An eye turns photons into nerve impulses: the brain's visual cortex turns the impulses into information which the brain can handle. Subjectively, we feel we see the world 'directly'. Actually, the brain has constructed what we see from data given to it by our eyes.
The **sensory system** is the way animals find out about their nearby environment and their bodies. To do this they have special devices for collecting data called sense organs. The sense organs act as transducers: they turn energy from the outside or inside of the body into nerve signals. The signals are then very rapidly processed by the brain. The whole arrangement is the sensory system.

It is usual to say the sensory system has five senses:

1. Hearing is the sense of sound. Ears hear sounds.
2. Sight is the sense of seeing. Eyes see.
3. Touch is the sense of feeling. Sense organs feel.
4. Taste is the sense of the flavor. Tongues taste.
5. Smell is the sense of scent or odor. Noses smell.

There are other senses. For example, we have a sense of equilibrioception which checks our balance, and proprioception which is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. Fishes have a sense system which no land animal has. It is called the lateral line system. This senses movement and vibration in the water pressure and other functions. Some fish can sense patterns of electrical current in the water.

Handling the data
-----------------

A huge amount of data comes in from the sensory system. About 11 million pieces of information *per second* is one estimation, of which ten million comes from our eyes. Of this huge number we only handle about 40 in our conscious mind. The rest is handled non-consciously.