recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A vibraphone with mallets.
The **vibraphone** is a percussion instrument. It looks like a xylophone but the bars are made of aluminium instead of wood. Like the xylophone, the bars are arranged in a similar way to a piano keyboard so that tunes can be played. An alternate form is the 6-plus-6-system, where each row has the bars in a whole-tone distance and both rows are in a half-tone distance. The player uses mallets (beaters), either one or two in each hand. There are tubes underneath each bar. These are called "resonators". They make the sound louder. There is also an electric motor which can be switched on by a pedal. This makes fans go round and round in the ventilators and makes a very strong, vibrating sound. This is why the instrument has its name. Sometimes people call a vibraphone **vibes**.

Vibraphones were first made in the United States in 1921.

The mallets are beaters with a rubber ball at the end. Yarn or a hard cord is wound tightly round these balls. Vibraphone mallets are usually slightly harder than the ones ones used for the marimba. They usually consist of a rubber ball core wrapped in yarn or cord and attached to a narrow dowel, most commonly made of rattan or birch (other materials, such as nylon, are sometimes used). Mallets suitable for the vibraphone are also generally suitable for the marimba. There are different ways of holding them. A common way is to hold them between the thumb and index finger, using the other fingers to help control the sticks. Playing with four mallets is harder, but allows the player to play harmony (chord with four notes).

Sometimes special techniques are used such as "pitch bending". This is done by sliding one of the mallets along a bar in a special way. Occasionally players are asked to use a bow such as cello or double bass bow, and bow across the edge of a bar.

The vibraphone is used in the orchestra in Alban Berg's opera *Lulu*. It is also used in works by Olivier Messiaen, Leonard Bernstein, Benjamin Britten and Vaughan Williams (opening of Symphony no 8). Vibraphones are commonly heard in jazz, especially in combos.

Related pages
-------------

* Glockenspiel
* Xylophone
* Marimba
* Tubular bells
**Pharrell Lanscilo Williams** (/fəˈrɛl/; born April 5, 1973) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper and record producer. Williams and Chad Hugo are members of The Neptunes. They produce hip hop, pop and R&B music. He is also the lead vocalist of the band N\*E\*R\*D. He formed the band with Hugo and childhood friend Shay Haley. He released his first single "Frontin'" in 2003. His first studio album *In My Mind* was released in 2006.

As part of the Neptunes, Williams has produced many singles for various musicians. These artists include Jay-Z, Backstreet Boys, Blackstreet, Ludacris, Rage Against the Machine, Britney Spears, Busta Rhymes, Garbage, Mary J. Blige, and Usher. The two have earned three Grammy Awards in ten nominations. He is also the co-founder of the streetwear brands Billionaire Boys Club and Ice Cream footwear.

Williams became more well-known worldwide during 2013 and 2014, when he was featured on Robin Thicke's single "Blurred Lines" with T.I. (which he produced) and released his own single, "Happy", for the movie *Despicable Me 2*. Both songs reached number one in several countries around the world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. He was also featured on Daft Punk's single "Get Lucky", another international chart-topper.

Personal life
-------------

Williams and model/designer Helen Lasichanh have a son, Rocket Williams (born in 2008). The couple married on October 12, 2013. In January 2017, the couple welcomed triplets.

Discography
-----------

### Solo albums

* *In My Mind* (2006)
* *Girl* (2014)
Cosplayers playing Green Arrow and Roy Harper.
**Roy Harper** is a fictional character and superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Mort Weisinger and Paul Norris. He first appeared in *More Fun Comics* #73, as **Speedy**, Green Arrow's sidekick. It was in *The New Titans #99,* written by Marv Wolfman, that he debuted as **Arsenal**, and then **Red Arrow**.

Roy's father, a Forest Ranger, died in a forest fire on an Navajo reservation when Roy was very young. Roy was then taken in by a Navajo medicine man named Brave Bow, because Roy's father had saved his life. Brave Bow taught Roy archery and marksmanship.

As Roy grew he came to idolize the Green Arrow, a modern day Robin Hood and superhero. In order to prove to himself that he was a worthy archer, young Roy entered an archery contest. Although he ultimately lost, the Green Arrow took notice at the young boy and decided to make him his partner helping in Roy's development as an archer. He adopted the name Speedy for the fact that he was faster than Green Arrow himself. Eventually, Roy became Oliver Queen's ward, after Brave Bow's death. It was later revealed that Roy's uncle, James Harper, is a superhero called the Guardian. Since then, he has joined the superhero team the Justice League. In addition to continuing to serve on occasion as one of the Titans, Roy has had leading roles in the superhero groups the Seven Soldiers of Victory, the Outsiders, Checkmate, the Justice League, and the Outlaws.

Adaptations
-----------

The character has been adapted for video games and animation several times, and was portrayed in live action by actor Colton Haynes on the Arrowverse television series *Arrow*.
The **Tarantula hawk** is a type of spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larvae. The Tarantula hawk is any type of spider wasp which is in the genera *Pepsis* and *Hemipepsis* in the family Pompilidae (spider wasps).

Description
-----------

Most species of Tarantula hawks are around 5 cm (2 inches) long, making it the largest type of wasp. They usually have a blue-black body and reddish-orange wings, but some have black wings. The color on their wings tells predators that they are dangerous (aposematism). They have long legs which have hooked claws that are used for grabbing their prey. The sting of a female Tarantula hawk can be as long as 7 mm long; the stinger is said to be the second most painful insect sting in the world.

Behavior
--------

When a female Tarantula hawk finds a tarantula it stings and paralyzes the tarantula. Then the wasp drags the tarantula to her burrow or takes it to a specially made nest, where it lays a single egg on the tarantula's abdomen. Once the egg hatches the larva makes a hole in the tarantula's abdomen. It then crawls into the tarantula and feeds on the insides. After a few weeks the larva pupates. After a while the wasp turns into an adult and comes out of the tarantula's abdomen. Tarantula hawks are also nectarivores, meaning they eat the nectar of flowers. Unlike the females, males do not hunt at tarantulas. Instead they feed on the nectar of flowers of milkweeds, western soapberry trees, or mesquite trees, which the females also feed on.

Where they live
---------------

Tarantula hawks are found in India, southeast Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. In the Americas they can be found as far north as Salt Lake City, Utah in the U.S.A to as far south as Argentina in South America. 250 species are found in South America, while many other species have been found in deserts of southwestern U.S.A.

Sting
-----

The sting of this wasp is said to be the most painful insect sting in the world, but the pain only lasts for a few minutes. Not many people have been stung by a Tarantula hawk but people who have say that it is so painful that they can not think of doing anything but scream. Not many animals eat them, but one that can is the roadrunner. Many animals avoid Tarantula hawks because of their sting, so some insects mimic their looks. Many types of wasps, bees, flies, moths and beetles mimic the looks of the Tarantula hawk.
For the "family" in taxonomy, see Family (biology).

A **family** is a group of people who, in most cases, live together. They share their money and food and are supposed to take care of one another. Its members are either genetically related (like brother and sister) or legally bound to each other, for example by marriage. In many cultures, the members of a family have the same or a similar surname.

The family in accordance to the Catholic doctrine is treated in many articles of the Catechism of the Catholic Church starting from the article 2201. 

A family is said to be society's smallest unit, its nucleus. Family life is more private and intimate than public life. But in most countries there are laws for it. For example, there are restrictions for marrying within the family and bans for having a sexual relationship with relatives, especially with children.

Family Groups
-------------

* Parents - Father, Mother

* Children - Son, Daughter

* Siblings - Brother, Sister

* Niblings - Nephew, Niece, Cousin

* Piblings - Uncle, Aunt

* Grandchildren - Grandson, Granddaughter

* Grandparents - Grandfather, Grandmother

* Grandniblings - Greatnephew, Greatniece, Greatcousin

* Grandpiblings - Greataunt, Greatuncle

* Stepparents - Stepfather, Stepmother

* Stepchildren - Stepson, Stepmother

* Stepsiblings - Stepbrother, Stepsister

* Stepniblings - Stepnephew, Stepniece, Stepcousin

* Steppiblings - Stepuncle, Stepaunt

* Step-grandparents - Step-grandfather, Step-grandmother

* Step-grandchildren - Step-grandson, Step-granddaughter

* Step-grandniblings - Step-Greatnephew, Step-Greatniece, Step-Greatcousin

* Step-grandpiblings - Step-Greatuncle, Step-Greataunt

Types of families
-----------------

Three types of family on the basic of size

are: *nuclear family*, *single-parent family* and *extended family*.

1. A **nuclear family** is made up of parents and one or more children living together.
2. A **single-parent family** is one where there is one parent and one or more children.
3. **An extended family** or **joint families** means father, mother, daughters, sons, grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews. In many countries including China, Pakistan and India, extended or joint families traditionally live together.

Both the "nuclear family" and the "single-parent family" are also called the "immediate family". 

Foster families are families where a child lives with and is cared for by people who are not his or her biological parents.

Related pages
-------------

* Kinship
* Affinity
* Consanguinity
**Taskmaster**, better known as **Anthony "Tony" Masters**, is an antagonist in Marvel Comics. Created by writer David Michelinie and artist George Pérez, the character made his debut in *The Avengers* #195 (May 1980). He is a character who possesses the power to copy any fighting style or move that he observes. He is an extremely skilled mercenary, capable with virtually any weapon known to man. He most often carries a sword, shield, and bow and arrows, but also carries knives, guns, and many other weapons.

After he masters a fighting style, he sells it, teaching it to anyone for the right price. He most often gets his "merchandise" by watching videos of combatants, and copies them photogenically. He cannot, however, perform skills that require superhuman abilities, such as lifting a car or firing energy blasts. If he watches a fighting video in fast-motion, he can copy it at the same speed, granting him semi-superspeed in that instance.

Taskmaster serves as the archenemy of Ant-Man (Scott Lang) and a frequent opponent of Captain America, Black Widow, Spider-Man, and Deadpool, the latter of whom is the only person whose fighting maneuvers Taskmaster cannot replicate, due to his unpredictability.

Adaptations
-----------

The character has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including several animated television series and video games. A female version of Taskmaster named **Antonia Dreykov** appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Black Widow* (2021), portrayed by Olga Kurylenko. Kurylenko will reprise the role in the upcoming movie *Thunderbolts* (2025).
**5 Seconds of Summer** (abbreviated **5SOS**) is a pop-rock band from Quakers Hill, a Western suburb of Sydney, Australia. The band has 4 members: Calum Hood (bass guitar, vocals), Michael Clifford (guitar, vocals), Luke Hemmings (lead vocals, guitar), and Ashton Irwin (drums, vocals). Luke, Calum, and Michael all attended Norwest Christian College in Riverstone, NSW. Ashton, however, attended Richmond High School in Richmond, NSW. Michael came up with the name '5 Seconds of Summer'. Calum writes most of their music and they often sing about love or according to Ashton, life. The band have talked about being heavily influenced by famous rock bands such as Green Day, All Time Low, Blink-182, and Nirvana. In an interview, they stated that their music was "Basically the love child of all their favorite bands". They have also said that their hero is Billie Joe Armstrong, the lead singer of Green Day. They supported Hot Chelle Rae on their 2012 "Whatever" tour. They toured with One Direction for their TMH and WWA tours and gained international fame. They now have their own tour "Rock Out With Your Socks Out" (ROWYSO). Their second headline tour started in February 2016, "Sounds Live Feels Live" (SLFL). The band has released four albums, 5 Seconds of Summer, Sounds Good Feel Good, Youngblood and Calm, in that order.

Career
------

5 Seconds of Summer started out with Luke Hemming making covers on YouTube and, then he invited Calum and Michael to the band as well, where they were quickly getting recognition. Later on, they were in need of a drummer which led them to Ashton Irwin on Facebook from a mutual friend, and they officially became a band on December 3 ,2011. Louis Tomlinson and Niall Horan from One Direction later directed their attention toward them. Over the years 5SOS released EP's like *Somewhere New (2012), Unplugged (2012), Don't Stop (2014), Good Girls (2014), Amnesia (2014), and She's Kinda Hot (2015).* They proceeded to release their first album *"5 Seconds of Summer"* on June 27, 2014 which got recognition from fans worldwide and resulted in their first headlining tour "Rock Out With Your Socks Out". Their second album "Sounds Good Feels Good" was released on October 23, 2015, followed by their second headlining world tour "Sounds Live Feels Live". The band released their 3rd album, *Youngblood*, on the 15th June, 2018, after returning from their 3-year hiatus. Since then, the band has featured on The Chainsmokers' single "Who Do You Love", and joined The Chainsmokers on their tour, World War Joy. They went on the No Shame tour and will be featuring the famous rock band, All Time Low. The band has just finished their latest album. It’s called 5SOS5 and features songs like Bad Omens(2022), Easy For You To Say (2022) and Me, Myself And I (2022). They are also going on their 12th headlining tour to promote the record, playing in counrties like Argentina, Portugal, and the United States.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "5 Seconds of Summer | Interscope Records". *Interscope Records*. United States. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
2. ↑  "Trendy Artists of the Week: Post Malone, Slipknot, 5 Seconds of Summer, Bad Bunny, Sefo". *Concerty.com*.
**eMedicine** is an online research tool for clinical studies. It was founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely. The website is searchable by keyword. It has about 6,800 articles, each of which is associated with one of 62 clinical subspecialty textbooks. Pediatrics, for example, consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks (endocrinology, genetics, cardiology, pulmonology, etc.). For example, 750 articles are the textbook on emergency medicine. Each article is authored by board-certified specialists in the subspecialty to which the article belongs. The article's authors are identified with their current jobs. Each article is updated yearly and the date is published on the article.[*source?*]

History
-------

It was sold to WebMD in January 2006.

The site is free to use, requiring only registration. More than 10,000 contributors from several countries participated in the creation of the articles. It is operated as an e-book, the articles can be downloaded into a palm top device.

It was originally conceived in 1996 as an emergency medicine textbook but its content has expanded a lot since then to include allergy and immunology, cardiology, clinical procedures, critical care, dermatology, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology. genomic medicine, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, oncology, pathology, perioperative care, physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, pulmonology, radiology, rheumatology, and sports medicine. Surgical subspecialties include neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, (ENT) and facial plastic surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, transplantation, Trauma, urology, and vascular surgery.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------

* eMedicine website
* Online Pharmacy USA
Palm Islands, aerial view
The Palm Jumeirah seen from the International Space Station
**Palm Jumeirah** is an artificial island on the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Nakheel is the real estate developer of this artificial island. It is the site of numerous private residences and hotels. From the air, the archipelago resembles a stylized palm tree within a circle. The creation of the island started in 2001 ending around 2006/2007 and was financed mainly from Dubai's income from petroleum. By 2009, 28 hotels were opened on the site. The Atlantis is the largest hotel currently constructed on Palm Jumeirah. There are currently over 18,000 thousand living on the island.  It was built entirely from sand and rocks, no concrete or steel was used to build the island. This was done in accordance with the order of the Ruler of Dubai, who came up with the idea and the design.

Purpose
-------

Dubai built the Island to increase the coastline for tourists. Dubai is known for its sunny weather and beaches, but the existing 72 Km coastline was not enough to accommodate the goal of tripling the number of tourists to 15 million annually. The solution was to construct a massive island shaped like a Palm Tree, which upon completion in 2006, would add 56 Km to the coastline. The island was designed to be a city within itself, featuring shopping centers, restaurants, hotels, and residential properties.
The **Summer Sonic Festival** is a music festival in Japan. It is in Chiba and Osaka for three days in summer. It is planned and run by Creativeman Production.

History
-------

In 2000, Creativeman Production planned a music festival at its 10th year anniversary of the company. They named it "Summer Sonic Festival," and held it at Yamanashi and Osaka. In 2001, they changed the event site, Yamanashi, to Chiba, because it was difficult to make a big stage in Yamanashi. In 2003, all of the tickets were sold out for the first time. It is considered to be the reason why all of the tickets were sold out is that famous UK bands, Blur and Radiohead, performed that year. In 2009, the festival was held for three days for the first time to celebrate its 10th festival. In addition, the number of artists who participated became approximately 180, and it was the most ever since the festival was held. On August 26 and 27, 2017, The festival was held in Shanghai for the first time. In 2020, the festival was cancelled because Tokyo Olympics and paralympics were going to be held at Makuhari Messe. However, the festival was held online as SUMMER SONIC 2020 ARCHIVE FESTIVAL. Moreover, on 19 to 21, September Super Sonic was going to be held as an alternative event, but no one knows when artists will be able to enter Japan due to COVID-19, so it was postponed to 2020.

Place
-----

In 2000, the festival was held in SOUNDCONIFER229, Fuji-Q Highland, Yamanashi, and WTC Openair stadium, Osaka. Ever since 2001, the team running the festival changed the event site, Yamanashi, to Makuhari Messe and Chiba Marine Stadium, Chiba.

Attendance figures
------------------

In 2000, approximately 68 thousand people participated in the festival. In 2009, approximately 246 thousand participated in the festival. This is the most attendance figures ever since the festival was held. The number of attendance figures increased gradually since 2000, and reached a peak in 2009. it tends to decline a little since 2014, but still many people are participating in this festival.

Artists
-------

The first headliners of Summer Sonic Festival are The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion(JSBX) and Green Day. In 2003, Blur and Radiohead. In 2009, My Chemical Romance , Linkin Park and Beyonce. In 2014, Queen + Adam Lambert, and Chemical Brothers. In 2017, LUNA SEA and Travis. Actually, Placebo, a UK band, was going to perform, but they could not come to Japan. So Travis performed instead of Placebo. In 2019, Red Hot Chili Peppers, B’z, and The Chainsmokers.
Expo 2020 is an ongoing World Expo that is hosted by Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. However, Expo 2020 couldn't work in 2020 because of the Covid-19 Pandemic and so was delayed and postponed it to 1 October 2021 - 31 March 2022. Despite it being postponed, the organizers chose to keep the same name for convenience. There has been 191 countries participating in this event. It is also the first in Expo History to have all the building of the countries that were participating in the event. It also has futuristic pavillions

Expo 2020 Dubai is said to be the largest event taking place in the UAE. It is going to be celebration of human brilliance and accomplishment. Dubai Expo 2020 is a chance for people to connect from different corners of the globe, to experience the best art, culture, science, innovation, and invention, and to set into motion a huge number of new ideas and concepts. With shopping avenues, Dubai is coming up with amazing attractions to enhance tourism, particularly throughout Dubai Expo 2020. For example:

* Deira Islands
* Museum Of The Future
* Al Wasl Plaza
* Aladdin City
* Jewel Of the Creek
* Dubai Frame
* Dubai Water Canal Project

Dubai Opportunity to host Expo.
-------------------------------

Dubai won the bid to host an Expo. Originally there were 4 cities, each from different countries which were

* Sao Paulo in Brazil
* Izmir in Turkey
* Yekaterinburg in Russia
* Dubai in UAE

Sao Paulo lost in the first round, then Izmir in the second round. Finally Yekaterinburg lost to Dubai in holding an Expo.

Dubai
-----

UAE selected the theme: "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future". The subthemes were Opportunity, Mobility, Sustainability. It was expecting for more than 250,000 jobs and 25 million visitors to spectate the event. Green Chargers will be installed to serve electric vehicles.Talabat, a mobile food ordering app will also be used to serve food.
**Lenno** is a small village on the shores of Lake Como in northern Italy, with Lierna, Varenna, Menaggio, and Bellagio, it is part of the Central Lake Como area. It is located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Como. Lenno is on a small bay of Lake Como called the *Golfo di Venere* (Bay of Venus).

Ancient Romans started the village. Julius Ceasar invited 500 Greeks to come live in the village. The Greeks planted olive trees all around Lenno. The historian Paolo Giovio (1483-1552) and the geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) wrote that Pliny the Younger had a villa in Lenno. It was called the Comedy villa.

Today, the village is popular with tourists. It has mansions, hotels, restaurants, and a small harbor. In 2014, Lenno was joined with three other nearby villages (Mezzegra, Ossuccio and Tremezzo) to make a single municipality called Comune di Tremezzina.

Real estate market
------------------

The highly coveted luxury locale is the central region of Lake Como, offering breathtaking views from the iconic tip of Bellagio to the picturesque expanses encompassing Tremezzo, Griante, Menaggio, Lierna, Fiumelatte, and Varenna.

Apartments in this sought-after area command prices ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 euros per square meter, with select penthouses fetching as much as 25,000 euros per meter. Non-independent villas typically range between 10,000 and 15,000 euros, while independent villas with lake views can exceed 25,000 euros per square meter. For rentals, a space of 80 square meters may incur costs of up to 7,500 euros per month, excluding condominium fees.

Lake Como has evolved today into a super-exclusive neighborhood of Milan, embodying opulence and sophistication in its real estate landscape.

Twin towns
----------

Lenno was twinned with:

* Greece Lemnos, Greece
Logo of the game
**SCP – Containment Breach** is a horror video game created by Joonas "Regalis" Rikkonen, based on fictional stories from the SCP Foundation wiki. The player is a human test subject, imprisoned in an underground testing facility which is used for containing and studying entities known as SCPs. The goal of the game is to escape from the facility during a breach of these anomalies while also avoiding security teams that are sent in to contain them. The game's map is randomly generated, and features multiple entities from the SCP wiki.

The game was released on April 15, 2012, and was supported with digital content updates until its most recent update 1.3.11 on July 29, 2018.

Gameplay
--------

Screenshot of the game showing the monster SCP-096. The blink and sprint meters are in the lower left corner.
The player controls a prisoner named D-9341 as they attempt to escape an underground research facility during a breach of its contained entities, known as SCPs. During gameplay, the player walks around the facility collecting items in order to escape, while also being chased by multiple SCPs and armed enemies, which must be avoided or else the player will be killed.

The game is set in a first-person perspective with the player in full control of D-9341, and is able to walk and sprint in any direction. Sprinting too long causes the player’s sprint meter to empty, and they must wait for it to recharge. One of the important game mechanics is the blink meter. During the entire gameplay, the blink meter will slowly decrease and eventually force the player to blink, but the player can also blink by pressing the space bar. This mechanic is in the game because of SCP-173, who moves and attacks based on whether or not the player can see them. The player can save and load games depending on difficulty, with the game's medium difficulty only allowing saving at certain points in the game, and the game's hardest difficulty not allowing saving at all.
People need a **medical card** in the Republic of Ireland to get free or reduced-rate medical treatment. The cards come from the Health Service Executive.. They are meanstested. Older people - over 66 and over 70 - have higher limits. The weekly income limit for a single person living alone under 66 is €184 after tax, Universal Social Charge and Pay Related Social Insurance. For people over 70 the limit is €550 for a single person. 

There are also allowances for housing costs and the costs of travelling to work. Savings, investments or property of more than €36,000 for a single person gives a weekly income for each €1,000.

The card entitles the holder to free visits to general practitioners, free or very reduced-price hospital and dental treatment, and prescribed medicine for a charge of €1.50 per item.

People who dont have a medical card may be able to get a GP visit card. This lets them visit a participating family doctor (GP) for free. This has higher income limits. All children under the age of 6 and people getting get Carer’s Benefit or Carer’s Allowance get one free.

300,000 fewer people had medical cards in 2021 than in 2011 but 86,000 more had GP visit cards.
Umbrella dance performance at the Indonesian umbrella festival at Prambanan Temple.
The **Payung dance** (Jawi: **تاري ڤايوڠ**) is a traditional dance of the Minangkabau and Malay people from Sumatra, Indonesia. It is similar to other dances from Sumatra but with a Minangkabau touch. In this dance, dancers use umbrellas called "payung." It is usually done by three or four dancers and shows the love and connections between young people. The dance comes from the Western Sumatra region of Indonesia.

People perform the Payung dance during different events like shows, exhibitions, parties, and weddings. It is a important part of Minangkabau culture. Men use umbrellas while women use shawls in the dance. The umbrella represents protection, showing how men protect their families. Women's shawls symbolize love and loyalty in marriage. This is shown when the woman's shawl is placed on the man's shoulder.

Name
----

In the Indonesian and Minangkabau languages, "payung" or "payuang" means "umbrella" or "parasol." This word comes from old Sundanese. The dance is called Payung dance because it uses umbrellas as the main props. The umbrellas represent safety and protection in marriage.

History
-------

The use of umbrellas as part of Javanese processional performing arts is depicted on the 13th-century reliefs of Jawi Temple in East Java, Indonesia.
The umbrella dance is a big part of the Minangkabau tribe's culture. It is mostly done by young Minangkabau people. But it's more than just entertainment. It also shows how couples should act in a loving relationship, following Islamic religious and traditional Minangkabau rules.

Long ago, during the time when the Dutch were in charge, there were plays that people watched for fun. These plays sometimes included the umbrella dance. At first, the umbrella dance was just something extra in the plays, mainly for fun. But in the 1920s, it became really popular, and people liked it a lot.

In the 1960s, the umbrella dance was one of the most liked dances among the Minangkabau people. Some of them had never seen a Minangkabau dance before watching the umbrella dance. It often showed up in dance shows, either by itself or with other dances.

In the 2000s, a dancer and teacher named *Syofiyani Yusaf* from Bukittinggi worked on it and improved it, keeping its Minangkabau style but making it easier for anyone to learn.

Today, umbrella dance is performed at a lot of events, both in and outside of West Sumatra. Many students, from elementary to high school, learn the umbrella dance. They join art clubs in different places in West Sumatra. Some schools, like *Vocational High School 7 Padang* and the *Padangpanjang Indonesian Arts Institute*, even teach the umbrella dance as part of their classes.

Dress
-----

In Payung dance, female dancers wear traditional Malay clothes like kebaya tops, songket bottoms, hair in a bun, and a low, golden crown-like headdress called "suntiang." Male dancers wear long-sleeved shirts called "bay belanga" with a "cekak musang" collar, matching trousers, a side cloth made from songket, and a typical Minang head covering or black kopiah (peci).
**Masakaki** (真榊) is an object used in Shinto rituals. It is put on both sides of a table where the event takes place. Masakaki is made with branches of a tree called Sakaki. These branches are attached to the top of colorful cloth banners. The banners are in five colors: green, yellow, red, white, and blue.

Special treasures are hung on these branches. On the left side, a sword is hung. On the right side, a mirror and a special bead are hung. Sometimes, people call the whole setup by a special name, Masakaki-dai.

The idea of Masakaki comes from old Japanese stories about gods. It is also written about in old history books. A long time ago, when a new emperor named Meiji started ruling, Masakaki was used to decorate Shinto shrines in many places in Japan. At Izumo Taisha, they put long branches on sticks. On the right side branch, they hang a gem, a mirror, and colorful cloth. On the left side branch, they hang a sword and colorful cloth.

The five colors of the cloth stand for the five elements. These elements are wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. At funerals, Masakaki with yellow and white banners is used.

Other websites
--------------

* "Masakaki Image". Archived from the original on 2007-03-19.
* "荘厳". Retrieved 2024-03-15.
Marie Antoinette's execution on 16 October 1793
The **guillotine** is a machine used to execute people by decapitation (chopping off their heads). 

A guillotine is made of a heavy blade attached to a rack, which moves up and down on a vertical frame. When the executioner releases the rack, itm, km will fall down and the blade will cut the convict's head off.

History
-------

Machines like the guillotine were first invented in the Middle Ages, and were used throughout Europe. For example, Scotland used a machine called the "Scottish Maiden".

Such machines were not used in France, until the French Revolution of 1789. Instead, aristocrats were executed by beheading and ordinary criminals by hanging. The guillotine became the only legal way to execute someone in France. The guillotine was used because it caused a quick death. Everyone, rich or poor, died the same way, no matter what social class. 

The guillotine was commonly used in France (including France's colonies), Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Austria. It was also used in Sweden. Today, all of these countries have abolished (legally stopped) the death penalty. The guillotine is no longer used.

The invention of the guillotine
-------------------------------

### Joseph Guillotin

Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814)
The guillotine is named after a French medical doctor, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin. Guillotin was against the death penalty. Realising he could not stop the death penalty, Guillotin instead tried to think of a quicker, less painful way of executing people. On October 10, 1789, he suggested using a machine to do all the executions. 

The actual guillotine was designed by another doctor, Antoine Louis. Guillotin did not help much with the design, but his name went down in history. Against Guillotin's wishes, the new machine quickly became known as the *Guillotine*. Guillotin regretted this until death in 1814.

### Design

The design for a quick, painless, decapitation machine was given to Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer. Schmidt built the first guillotine and tested it, on animals at first, but later on dead humans. It was made of two fourteen-foot uprights joined by a crossbar, whose inside edges were grooved and greased with tallow; the weighted blade was either straight, or curved like an axe. The system was started by a rope and pulley, while the whole construction was set up on a platform. The first execution was in 1792.

Later use
---------

Guillotine, design 1872, built around 1890. The man on the right is the owner, Fernand Meyssonnier. He was a helper of the executioner during the epoch of French Algeria.
The guillotine was still the only legal way to execute a person in France until 1979, when France stopped using the death penalty. In Nazi Germany, the guillotine was used to kill prisoners sentenced for serious crimes like murder, treason, or conspiracy against the government. 

A guillotine was last used in West Germany in 1949 and East Germany in 1961. The last person guillotined was the Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi in 1977.
*Bobasatrania canadensis* restoration
***Bobasatrania*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Triassic. It’s best known from beds of Changhsingian to Ladinian age. It was named after Bobasatrana (near Ambilobe) in northeast Madagascar. It is one of the most famous survivors of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. *Bobasatrania* originated during the Lopingian epoch.

Description
-----------

*Bobasatrania* had a unique diamond-shaped body. It had a forked tail. It did not exceed 30 cm in length. The pectoral fins were thin and elongated. It had large eyes and a small mouth.

Species
-------

* †*Bobasatrania antiqua* Accordi, 1955
* †*Bobasatrania canadensis* Lambe, 1914
* †*Bobasatrania ceresiensis* Bürgin, 1992
* †*Bobasatrania groenlandica* Stensiö, 1932
* †*Bobasatrania ladina* Accordi, 1955
* †*Bobasatrania mahavavica* White, 1932 (type species)
* †*Bobasatrania nathorsti* Stensiö, 1921
* †*Bobasatrania scutata* Gervais, 1852

Gallery
-------

*Bobasatrania canadensis* fossil
*Bobasatrania mahavavica*
Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called **income tax**es. There are many other sorts of taxes on businesses and property.

Now most countries have some sort of income tax. It is usually only for people who live in the country. How it is done varies a great deal both between countries and over time. Income tax can only work in a money economy, with reasonably accurate accounts and in an orderly society with reliable records. Income tax is generally worked out a percentage of a persons income. There may be an amount of income which is not taxed. The rate may be higher for people who have income above a set amount. It is usually worked out on a yearly basis. 

For people who are employed the income tax is generally taken out of their pay by their employer who pays it to the government. People who run their own business have to produce accounts.

History
-------

William Pitt the Younger introduced a progressive income tax in 1798.
The first modern income tax was started in 1799 in Great Britain by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in his budget of December 1798, to pay for weapons and equipment for the French Revolutionary War. Pitt's income tax began at 2 old pence in the pound (​1⁄120) on incomes over £60 (worth about £5,500 2019), up to 2 shillings in the pound (10%) on incomes of over £200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise £10 million a year, but in1799 it only raised a little over £6 million.
Not to be confused with Spanish America or Spanish Americans.
Map of countries that make up Hispanic America
The region known as **Hispanic America** (in Spanish called *Hispanoamérica* or *América Hispana*) and historically as Spanish America (*América Española*) during the Spanish colonization, is the part of the Americas that includes the Spanish-speaking countries and territories of North and South America. (It does not include the Portuguese-speaking country of Brazil and the French-speaking countries and territories of Haiti, French Guiana and of the Caribbean, which along with Hispanic America, make up Latin America.) In all of these countries, Spanish is the official language, sometimes sharing official status with one or more indigenous languages (such as Guaraní, Quechua, Aymara, or Mayan) or English (in Puerto Rico), and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.

Countries and territories that make up Hispanic America
-------------------------------------------------------

* Argentina Argentina
* Bolivia Bolivia
* Chile Chile
* Colombia Colombia
* Costa Rica Costa Rica
* Cuba Cuba
* Dominican Republic Dominican Republic
* Ecuador Ecuador
* El Salvador El Salvador
* Guatemala Guatemala
* Honduras Honduras
* Mexico Mexico
* Nicaragua Nicaragua
* Panama Panama
* Paraguay Paraguay
* Peru Peru
* Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
* Uruguay Uruguay
* Venezuela Venezuela

Related pages
-------------

* Latin America (includes all Spanish, Portuguese and French-speaking countries and territories of North America and South America)
Red Wrong
One of the two clocks shows the wrong time. This is an error. From the image, it cannot be determined if it is simply switched off, or if it is malfunctioning.
An ***error*** is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.

In arithmetic
-------------

Elementary errrs in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.

This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.

In statistics
-------------

A statistical error is *the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value*. The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.

A tricky point is this:

* The difference between a value in the *sample* and the (unobservable) population mean is a *statistical error*
* The difference between a value in the sample and the observable sample mean is a *residual*.

Computer programming
--------------------

The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A *syntax error* is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A *logic error* is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output. 

An error may also be an *exception*, which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.

A command panel with errors

Catastrophes
------------

In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.
The **Stockton and Darlington Railway** was a railway company in north-east England from 1825 to 1863. It was the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, its first line connected collieries near Shildon with Darlington and Stockton in County Durham. It was opened on 27 September 1825. The movement of coal to ships was profitable. The line was soon extended to a new port at Middlesbrough. Coal waggons were hauled by steam locomotives from the start, passengers were carried in coaches drawn by horses until carriages hauled by steam locomotives were introduced in 1833.

It was involved in building the East Coast Main Line between York and Darlington, but its main expansion was at Middlesbrough Docks and west into Weardale and east to Redcar. It suffered severe financial difficulties at the end of the 1840s and was nearly taken over by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, before the discovery of iron ore in Cleveland and the subsequent increase in income meant it could pay its debts. At the beginning of the 1860s it took over railways that had crossed the Pennines to join the West Coast Main Line at Tebay and Clifton, near Penrith.

The company was taken over by the North Eastern Railway in 1863, transferring 200 route miles (320 route kilometres) of line and about 160 locomotives, but it continued to operate independently as the Darlington Section until 1876. The anniversary was celebrated in 1875, 1925 and 1975. Much of the original route is now served by the Tees Valley Line, operated by Northern.
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This article is about the snakes. For other uses, see Anaconda (disambiguation).

The **Anaconda** or **green anaconda** (*Eunectes murinus*) is one of the largest snakes in the world.

It is a non-venomous boa species from South America. It is the thickest, heaviest, and second longest known living snake (behind the reticulated python). The term "anaconda" usually means this species.

Habitat
-------

The anaconda is also called the water boa. It lives in swampy areas of tropical South America. The snake spends a lot of time in shallow water. This hides it from unsuspecting prey. Anacondas give birth to live young. Twenty to forty baby snakes are born at one time. The largest specimens measured 17.1 ft (5.2 m) long and weighed 215 lb (98 kg)

Hunting and diet
----------------

Green anaconda slithering in the grass
All snakes are carnivores (meat-eaters). Anaconda eat 4 to 5 times each year. This is because it takes them 3 to 4 months to digest their food. Anacondas normally hunt at night. Anacondas kill by constricting (squeezing) the prey until it can no longer breathe. They may also drown their prey. Like all snakes, they swallow the prey whole. They swallow it head first. The anaconda's top and bottom jaws are attached to each other with stretchy ligaments/b This lets let the snake swallow animals wider than itself. Snakes do not chew their food. They digest it with strong acids in their stomach. Anacondas eat pigs, deer, caiman (a type of crocodilia), birds, fish, rodents (like the capybara and agouti) and other animals. After eating a large animal, the anaconda does not needs food for a long time/ It will rest for weeks after eating. The young (called neonates) can care for themselves soon after birth. This includes hunting. At this age, they are mostly defenseless against large predators. They eat small rodents (like rats and mice), baby birds, frogs and small fish.

Other species
-------------

There are four species in the genus *Eunectes*:

| Species | Taxon author | Subspecies
other than nominate  | Common name | Geographic range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *E. beniensis* | Dirksen, 2002 | 0 | Bolivian anaconda | South America in the Departments of Beni and Pando in Bolivia. |
| *E. deschauenseei* | Dunn and Conant, 1936 | 0 | Dark-spotted anaconda | South America in northeastern Brazil and coastal French Guiana. |
| *E. murinus* | (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | Green anaconda | South America in countries east of the Andes, including Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and on the island of Trinidad. |
| *E. notaeus* | Cope, 1862 | 0 | Yellow anaconda | South America in eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. |