recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
See also: E-flat minor

**D-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on **D ♯**. For the harmonic minor, the C♯ is raised to Cdouble sharp. Its key signature has six sharps.

E-flat minor is its enharmonic equivalent. Its relative major is F-sharp major, and its parallel major is D-sharp major. This is usually replaced by E-flat major, because D-sharp major's two double sharps make it impractical to use.

  

Since D-sharp minor and its enharmonic equivalent both have key signatures of six accidentals, neither one is clearly used instead of the other. For example, using the melodic minor version of D-sharp minor on the harp is very difficult. The B-pedal can be set to the sharp position, but there is no double-sharp position to set the C-pedal at. In Book I of *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, Bach chose to write the eighth prelude in E-flat minor but the accompanying fugue in D-sharp minor. (In Book II, Bach wrote both the eighth Prelude and Fugue in D-sharp minor.)

Music written in this key is considered very difficult to read, which means that little music was written mainly in this key in the Classical era. E-flat minor is easier for many brass instruments and woodwinds.

The most famous work in this key is Scriabin's famous Etude Op. 8, No. 12. Russian composer Lyapunov must also have liked the key because he wrote the second etude of his Op. 11 set in the key, and also fifteen years later his Variations on a Russian Theme, Op. 49. His early Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 4 was also in the enharmonic key of E-flat minor.

In a few scores, 6-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line. This is not done often, because it is different from the treble clef.

This key is not used often in orchestral music, but is used more in keyboard music. When arranging this piano music for orchestra, some people recommend transposing the music to D minor or E minor. If D-sharp minor must be used, B-flat wind instruments should have their parts written in F minor, rather than E-sharp minor.

Scales and keys
---------------

| * v
* t
* e
Diatonic Scales and Keys |
| --- |
| Circle of fifthsCircle of fifths | 

|  | Flats | Sharps |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Major | minor | Major | minor |
| 0 | **C**, **a** |
| 1 | **F** | **d** | **G** | **e** |
| 2 | **B♭** | **g** | **D** | **b** |
| 3 | **E♭** | **c** | **A** | **f♯** |
| 4 | **A♭** | **f** | **E** | **c♯** |
| 5 | **D♭** | **b♭** | **B** | **g♯** |
| 6 | **G♭** | **e♭** | **F♯** | **d♯** |
| 7 | **C♭** | **a♭** | **C♯** | **a♯** |
| 8 | **F♭** | **d♭** | **G♯** | **e♯** |

 |
| The table shows the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. |
The **Cercopithecinae** are an important subfamily of Old World monkeys. There are 12 genera and about 71 species. the baboons, the macaques and the vervet monkeys.

Most of then live in sub-Saharan Africa, but the macaques range from the far eastern parts of Asia through northern Africa, and Gibraltar.

Characteristics
---------------

The various species are adapted to the different terrains they inhabit. Tree-dwelling (arboreal) species are slim, delicate and have a long tail. Ground-dwelling species are heavier, and their tail may be small or nonexistent. All species have well-developed thumbs.

Like many Old World monkeys, they have pads on their bottoms. These are called *ischial callosities*. They let the monkeys sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators, without falling off. In some species, these pads change their colour during the mating period.

These monkeys are active in the daytime, and live together in social groups. They live in all types of terrain and climate, from cool mountains to rain forests, savannah, bald rocky areas or even snowy mountains, as does the Japanese macaque.

Most species are omnivorous, with diets ranging from fruits, leaves, seeds, buds, and mushrooms to insects and spiders to smaller vertebrates. All species have cheek pouches in which they can store food.

Gestation lasts approximately six to seven months. Young are weaned after three to 12 months and are fully mature within three to five years. The life expectancy of some species can be as long as 50 years.

Related pages
-------------

* *Macaca*
* *Papio*
* *Mandrillus*
*Cephalaspis whitei, C. lyelli, C. poweri* and *C. magnificans*
***Cephalaspis*** (meaning 'head shield') is a genus of armoured fish in the early Devonian about 400 million years ago (mya).
It was one of the jawless fishes, or ostracoderms, which were common at the time. 

They were discovered in the first half of the 19th century in the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Louis Agassiz named it in 1835. He had been to Scotland, and seen Hugh Miller's collection. Miller described his collecting later, in a popular work on the rocks and fossils of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland. Agassoz' single species has now been split into more species, some of which have been moved into a different genus.

Lifestyle
---------

*Cephalaspis* was a medium-sized fish that lived in freshwater streams and estuaries of the early Devonian. Some of the fossils are well-preserved, and so we know quite a bit about its anatomy. Its armour was on the dorsal side, and its mouth on the ventral side. Therefore, it is likely that it was a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and from sense organs and muscles in the head region.

Its pineal opening between its eyes was probably a light-sensitive organ. On its skull are three areas which obviously had a special function. Many modern fish which live in muddy rivers use both pressure-sensitive lateral lines, and also electrical fields to sense movement. *Cephalaspis* had no lateral lines, but the three fields on its skull were no doubt sensory, for sensing pressure change or electrical fields.

The animal had semi-circular canals to sense balance (one of the functions of our own semi-circular canals). They were capable of sustained swimming, and short rapid bursts. Almost all the fossils are found in strata laid down in freshwater conditions, so the various species live in rivers, streams connected with lakes and estuaries.

Sansom decided that *Cephalaspis* was the sister-taxon of cornuate osteostracans, which have defined corners on the head-shields.
**Charm quarks** or **c quarks** are the third most massive of the six quarks. Like all quarks, they are thought to be so small that they can not be divided. (They are called elementary particles for this reason). Similar to up quarks, charm quarks have a charge of +2/3. Although charm quarks are not extremely common, they can be found in particles created by particle accelerators (which smash atoms together at extremely high speeds), such as J/ψ mesons, D mesons, and other charmed particles. Since they are fermions (particles that can not have more than one of that particle at the same place at the same time), charm quarks have a spin of 1/2. 

The discovery of charm quarks – and J/ψ mesons – led to a rapid series of scientific breakthroughs. These events are known as the November revolution.

| * v
* t
* e
Particles in physics |
| --- |
| Elementary | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fermions | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Quarks | 
* up
* down
* charm
* strange
* top
* bottom

 |
| Leptons | 
* Electron
* Positron
* Muon
* Tau
* Neutrinos

 |

 |
| Bosons | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Gauge | 
* Photon
* Gluon
* W and Z bosons

 |
| Scalar | 
* Higgs boson

 |

 |

 |
| Composite | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hadrons | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Baryons /Hyperons | 
* Nucleon
	+ Proton
	+ Neutron
* Delta baryon
* Lambda baryon
* Sigma baryon
* Xi baryon
* Omega baryon

 |
| Mesons /Quarkonia | 
* Pion
* Rho meson
* Eta meson
* Eta prime
* Phi meson
* Omega meson
* J/ψ
* Upsilon meson
* Theta meson
* Kaon

 |

 |
| Others | 
* Atomic nuclei
* Atoms
* Diquarks
* Exotic atoms
	+ Positronium
	+ Muonium
	+ Tauonium
	+ Onia
* Superatoms
* Molecules

 |

 |
| Hypothetical | 
* Gravitino
* Gluino
* Axino
* Chargino
* Higgsino
* Neutralino
* Sfermion
* Axion
* Dilaton
* Graviton
* Majoron
* Majorana fermion
* Magnetic monopole
* Tachyon
* Sterile neutrino

 |
Broad-leaved cotton-grass (*Eriophorum latifolium*)
The family **Cyperaceae**, or the **sedges**, is a taxon of flowering plants. They look like grasses or rushes, but are not. They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family.

The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. The largest is the *Carex* genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.

Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (*Eleocharis dulcis*) and papyrus sedge (*Cyperus papyrus*). These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America. Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments. Many are wetlands, or have poor soils. Ecological communities dominated by sedges are known as sedgelands.

Members of the sedge family have stems with triangular cross-sections (there are occasional exceptions). Their leaves are spirally arranged in three ranks (grasses have alternate leaves forming two ranks).
The **Davidson Institute for Talented Development**, also known as just the **Davidson Institute**, is a non-profit organization hosted nationwide. It supports profoundly gifted children.

Programs
--------

### Davidson Young Scholars

The DYS is a program helping the gifted people between 5 and 17.

### Davidson Academy of Nevada

The organization itself has an academy in Nevada.

### Genius Denied

***Genius Denied*** is a book written by the Davidson company. It explains how smart children often see the world.

### Davidson Fellows

Children under 18 can also create pieces of work and earn money off of them. These are Davidson Fellows and make good contributions to society.

### Davidson Database

The organization owns a database which gives many tools for gifted children. It has a website which contains a forum, a blog and a calendar of events.

Background
----------

The Davidson Academy was founded by Bob and Jan Davidson. In 1997 when they sold the company Davidson & Associates their focus went to philanthropy in gifted children.

Related pages
-------------

* SAT
* IQ
"David and Jonathan" by Gustave Doré.
**David and Jonathan** were, according to the Hebrew Bible's Books of Samuel, heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant, taking a mutual oath.

Jonathan [en] was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin. David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah. David became king after Jonathan, but because of their covenant, David seated Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal table instead of getting rid of the former king Saul's line.

The Bible does not explicitly depict the nature of the relationship between David and Jonathan. The traditional and mainstream religious interpretation of the relationship has been one of platonic love and an example of homosociality. Some later Medieval and Renaissance literature drew upon the story to underline strong personal friendships between men.

In modern times, some scholars, writers, and activists have emphasized what they see as elements of homoeroticism in the story.

Related pages
-------------

* Homosexuality and religion
***Cymbospondylus*** (meaning "boat vertebrae") was a large, primitive Triassic ichthyosaur of the Middle and Upper Triassic. It had a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.

*Cymbospondylus* is known from both Germany and Nevada. No doubt, like other large marine reptiles and present-day aquatic mammals, it had a wide oceanic distribution.

Palaeobiology
-------------

Restoration
*Cymbospondylus* was one of the largest ichthyosaurs. Fossils ranging from 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft) long. It was also one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail. It did, however, have an elongated snout like other ichthyosaurs.

The one metre long head of *Cymbospondylus*, with large jaws, contained rows of teeth adapted for catching and holding on to fish, belemnites, and cephalopods such as ammonites. The long tail would have been excellent for swimming, and allowed *Cymbospondylus* to move at fast speeds and efficiently hunt down shoals of swimming fish.

Adult *Cymbospondylus* probably spent much of their time hunting in deep offshore water, only coming into shallow water to breed or to catch seasonally available prey. Like other ichthyosaurs, *Cymbospondylus* probably gave birth to live young, as it had no way to lay eggs. These, on reaching adult size, probably had few, if any, predators that could harm them.

The eel-like tail of *Cymbospondylus* made up almost half the total body length, and it is possible that the tail was used as a primary swimming mechanism. Like present day sea snakes, *Cymbospondylus* probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side.
**Ceolwulf** (5 March 561 - 22 April 611) was the King of Wessex from 5 June 597 to 22 April 611.

Birth & Early Life
------------------

Ceolwulf was born on 5 March 561 in Winchester, Wessex. He was the son of Cutha who was the son of Cynric, grandson of Cerdic and the younger brother of Ceawlin. Ceolwulf was also the younger brother of his predecessor, Ceol. Not much was known in Ceolwulf's early life but we do know that he grew up in Winchester & lived in the Castle at that time since he was of course a part of the royal family at that time.

Becoming King of Wessex
-----------------------

On 5 June 597, Ceol died due to poisoning & since his son, Cynegils was too young to rule, Ceolwulf became King instead. His coronation was five days after becoming King.

Death & Burial
--------------

On 15 April 611, Ceolwulf traveled to Wales for a nine day trip. On the third day of his trip, Ceolwulf was assassinated. The trip was canceled & Ceolwulf returned to Wessex where he died just 4 days later because the wound became more & more infected in his body. He was succeeded by his older brother Ceol's son, that is Cynegils. He was buried 3 days later in a secret & private valut under the Castle.

Other websites
--------------

* 

Britannia: Kings of Wessex Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Ceolwulf I** was the King of Mercia, East Anglia and Kent from 821 to 823. He succeeded his brother Coenwulf of Mercia. There was a great deal of disagreement among his noblemen during his short reign. He was deposed and exiled from Mercia by Beornwulf of Mercia who claimed the throne himself.

King of Mercia
--------------

He was the son Cuthbert, a Mercian nobleman. His brother Coenwulf ruled Mercia before him. At his brother's death the Mercians were attacking Wales. Ceolwulf continued where Coenwulf left off. The *Annales Cambriae* for the year 822 said the 'Saxons' attacked and destroyed the fortress at Deganwy and then controlled Powys. Welsh poems of the time confirm Mercia was attacking Powys. On 17 September 822 he was consecrated king by Archbishop Wulfred. In charters issued by Ceolwulf he styled himself Latin: *rex Merciorum vel etiam Contwariorum.* This shows he had authority in Kent. But his rule in Mercia was marked by discord among his noblemen. He was removed from the throne in 823. After being deposed Ceolwulf left Mercia for Rome. By this time he was older, probably in his fifties. He was the last of the Iclingas dynasty who had ruled Mercia for over three centuries. Beornwulf who replaced him was from a family little is known about.

Other websites
--------------

* The Kings of Mercia Archived 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
***Cymothoa exigua***, or the **tongue-eating louse**, is a crustacean, a parasitic isopod. 

This parasite enters fish through the gills, and then attaches itself. The female attaches to the fish's tongue, and the male attaches on the gill arches beneath and behind the female. The female parasite destroys the fish's tongue. Then it attaches itself to the stub of what was once the tongue and becomes the fish's new tongue.

Behavior
--------

*Cymothoa exigua* gets blood through the claws on its front, causing the tongue to atrophy (wither) from lack of blood. The parasite then replaces the fish's tongue by attaching its own body to the muscles of the tongue stub. 

The fish is able to use the parasite just like a normal tongue. It appears that the parasite does not cause any other damage to the host fish. Once *C. exigua* replaces the tongue, some feed on the host's blood and many others feed on fish mucus. This is the only known case of a parasite replacing the function of a host organ. There are many species of *Cymothoa*, but only *C. exigua* is known to consume and replace its host's tongue.
**Chris Ivory** (born March 22, 1988) is an American football running back for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. He was signed as a free agent by the Saints on May 3, 2010. He played college football at Washington State and at Tiffin University in Ohio.

Early years
-----------

Ivory played both football and track and field in high school at Longview High School in Longview, Texas.

College career
--------------

Ivory played three years for Washington State. Because of injuries, he did not get to play as much as he could have. In 22 games, he rushed 91 times for 534 yards and 4 touchdowns. He also had 23 kickoff returns, averaging 22.8 yards. In August 2009, Ivory was kicked off the Washington State team.

Ivory then went to Tiffin, a Division II school in Tiffin, Ohio, whose team was coached by Dave Walkosky. Walkosky had been a Washington State assistant coach. In Ivory's final year of college football, he had 39 rushes for 223 yards in five games before hurting his knee, which ended his season. Walkosky tried to get a medical redshirt exemption for Ivory, which would have let Ivory play another year, but he did not get one. Even though he did not play much at Tiffin, some NFL scouts saw Ivory's performance and speed, and some people thought he could become the first Tiffin player to be picked in the NFL Draft. However, this did not happen.

Professional career
-------------------

### New Orleans Saints

Ivory was not drafted, but he reached a deal with the Saints immediately after the draft, and signed as a free agent on May 3, 2010. He played well in training camp and preseason games. This included a good game against the San Diego Chargers that included a 76-yard touchdown on a swing pass. Chris Ivory made the Saints 53 man roster after beating out Ladell Betts for the last running back position with a great preseason performance.

Other websites
--------------

* New Orleans Saints bio page Archived 2010-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Washington State Cougars bio page Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
The **Catherine Palace** is a former Russian residence of the 
Russian Imperial family. It is in the town of Pushkin, Saint Petersburg. 

The Palace's town was called Tsarskoye Selo which means Tsar's village in English. In 1918 the Bolsheviks changed the name to Detskoye Selo. In 1937 the town was renamed to Pushkin to honor Alexander Pushkin.

History
-------

Catherine I of Russia began the building of the palace in 1717. She hired the German architect Johann-Friedrich Braunstein to create the summer palace. In 1733, Empress Anna added to the palace. Then in 1752 Empress Elizabeth had the palace torn down. It was rebuilt in a Rococo style. More than 100 kilograms of gold were used. Many statues on the roof were covered in gold. 

Catherine the Great thought the palace was old-fashioned. She employed Scottish architect Charles Cameron. He made one wing into the Neo-Palladian style. He also changed the personal apartments of the Empress.

After Catherine's death the imperial family began using Pavlovsk Palace and Alexander Palace. The palace was destroyed during World War II. Restoration began soon after the German forces left. Now the palace is mostly restored and is open for tours.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Catherine Palace at Wikimedia Commons
A **cargo aircraft** is an aircraft that can carry cargo. In some cases, it may also carry passengers.

FedEx plane Memphis TN 2012-04-21 006

Civilian aircraft
-----------------

Oversized **cargo aircraft** Boeing 747LCF.
Civilian **cargo aircraft** carry cargo or mail. This is generally a kind of airliner, designed for passengers but modified for cargo. Some civilians cargo aircraft are specially equipped for carrying oversized cargo  such as aircraft wings, tank-trucks, rocket pieces, or sometimes military heavy trucks and tanks.

### Examples

* Airbus A300-600ST,
* Antonov An-225,
* Boeing 747LCF,

Military aircraft
-----------------

**Cargo aircraft** Transall C.160 of the French Air Force.
Military transport aircraft can carry cargo and passengers. Passengers are usually troops, including paratroopers. The seats are usually simple. These aircraft typically have a sloping loading door at the rear of the fuselage for quick loading and unloading. Some use turbojets, others use turboprop engines.

### Examples

* Airbus A400M,
* Antonov An-26,
* Boeing C-17 Globemaster III,
* Casa C-295,
* Douglas C-47 Skytrain,
* Lockheed C-5 Galaxy,
* Short 330UTT,
* Transall C.160.

Bibliography
------------

* Frawley, Gerard, *The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003*. London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
* Gaillard, Pierre, *Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui* Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999. ISBN 2-907051-24-5.
* Kaminsky, Tom, *The United States Military Aviation Directory*, London : Airtime Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-880588-29-3.
* Wilson, Stuart, *Airliners of the world*, London: Aerospace Publication, 1999. ISBN 1-875671-44-7.
The **Centre national d'études spatiales** (**CNES**) is an independent agency of France that deals with space exploration and aeronautics. It is located in the center of Paris and are under the supervision of the French Ministries of Defense and Research.

It operates from the Toulouse Space Center and the Kourou Space Center, but also has payloads launched from space centers operated by other countries. The president of CNES is Philippe Baptiste. CNES is a member of the Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies. It is the largest and most important national organization of space in Europe.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***CNES***.

Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Centre national d'études spatiales**

* cnes.fr - official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
	+ 2
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* United States
* Sweden

 |
Diagram of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles:  
 
(1) nucleolus  
 
(2) nucleus  
 
(3) ribosomes (little dots)  
 
(4) vesicle  
 
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)  
 
(6) Golgi apparatus  
 
(7) Cytoskeleton  
 
(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)
  
 
(9) mitochondria  
 
(10) vacuole  
 
(11) cytoplasm  
 
(12) lysosome  
 
(13) centrioles within centrosome
In cell biology, the **centrosome** is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two. 

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.

The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

Roles of the centrosome
-----------------------

The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. 

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, *they are needed for survival of the organism*. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.
**Charles of France, Duke of Berry,** (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France. The Duke of Berry was seven years heir presumptive to the throne of Spain (1700–1707) when his brother Philip V of Spain was childless.

Born at the Palace of Versailles, Charles was the youngest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, "*le Grand Dauphin*", and of Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. 

The Duchess of Orléans proposed he marry her daughter Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. All agreed, the marriage with Marie Louise Élisabeth took place on 6 July 1710. It was an unhappy marriage, and after a miscarriage which ended her first pregnancy, Marie Louise Élisabeth never gave birth to a child that lived for more than a few days. Once a widow, Madame de Berry became ill-famous for her debauched lifeways. She hid several pregnancies and died at 23 a few weeks after suffering a harrowing clandestine childbirth. Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess Dowager of Orléans and the grandmother of Berry's wife, nicknamed him "*Berry-Bon Cœur*" ("Berry Good Heart").

Issue
-----

* Na (not baptized) d'Alençon, Granddaughter of France (Fontainebleau, 21 July 1711)
* Charles d'Alençon, Grandson of France, Duke of Alençon (Versailles, 26 March 1713 – Versailles, 16 April 1713)
* Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon, Granddaughter of France (Versailles, 16 June 1714 – Versailles, 17 June 1714)

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **31 July 1686 - 5 May 1714** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Berry
**Charlecote Park** is a house and park owned by the National Trust. It is located 4 miles east of Stratford-upon-Avon, and 6 miles south of Warwick on the B4086 Stratford/Banbury road. The house and park were owned by the Lucy family from the 13th century to 1945, when they were presented to the National Trust.

Sir Thomas Lucy tore down an earlier structure to make way for the present house in 1558. He was a man of wealth. He entertained Queen Elizabeth I at breakfast in 1572 as she made her way to Kenilworth. Lucy is better known for having fined the young William Shakespeare over a poaching incident in 1583. This incident prompted Shakespeare to flee Warwickshire for London.

Charlecote was inherited in the direct male line until George Lucy died in 1786. This man improved the house. He hired Capability Brown to improve the park about 1769. In the early years of the 19th century, another George Lucy continued improvements, leaving little unchanged except for the gatehouse.

Gallery
-------

* GatehouseGatehouse
* ViewView
* ViewView
* ViewView
Severance Hall, the home of the Cleveland Orchestra
**The Cleveland Orchestra** is an American orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio. Their conductor is Franz Welser-Möst. 

The orchestra was started in 1918 with Nikolai Sokoloff as conductor. In 1931 a new concert hall called the Severance Hall was opened. It has been the orchestra's concert hall ever since.

The conductor George Szell made them into one of the world's best orchestras. When he started conducting them after World War II he told twelve of the players that they had to leave. Another twelve musicians were so angry that they left as well. Szell then improved the orchestra during the 24 years he was with them. Even now the orchestra is so good because of what Szell did for them. 

Today's conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Franz Welser-Möst, continues to conduct the orchestra in Cleveland as well as touring with them all over the world. They perform regularly in the summer at the Blossom Festival in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and also in Miami, Florida, and in the Musikverein, Vienna.

Conductors
----------

* 1918-1933 Nikolai Sokoloff
* 1933-1943 Artur Rodziński
* 1943-1944 Erich Leinsdorf
* 1946-1970 George Szell
* 1970-1972 Pierre Boulez
* 1972-1982 Lorin Maazel
* 1984-2002 Christoph von Dohnányi
* 2002-present Franz Welser-Möst

Other websites
--------------

* The Cleveland Orchestra Official website
**Czechoslovak Television (ČST)** was a television network. It was the main broadcaster of Czechoslovakia. It closed in 1993 because Czechoslovakia became two new countries, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

In the Czech language, it was called *Československá televize.*

In the Slovak language, it was called *Československá televízia* until 1990. In 1990, they changed the Slovak name to *Česko-slovenská televízia*.

History
-------

**Czechoslovak Television** started on 1st May 1953. It was just one television programme, which was a few hours long.

Czechoslovak Television was heavily censored by the communist government. In 1968, the government allowed Czechoslovak Television to mention the Prague Spring protests for a few days. However, in 1969, the government started to censor **ČST** heavily again.

### Launch of a second channel

On May 10, 1970, Czechoslovak Television made a second television channel, *ČST TV2*.

### Colour Television

On May 9, 1973, Czechoslovak Television started to show television programmes in colour on ČSTTV2. Two years later, they started colour television programmes on the first channel too.

In 1979, a studio was opened in the Kavci mountains, which became the home of Czechoslovak Television's news department.

### ČST TV2 is split into two separate channels

In November 1989, Czechoslovak Television renamed the first channel *F1*, with the *'F'* meaning the *federal district* of Czechoslovakia. The second channel was replaced by two new channels: ČTV, which was in the Czech language and S1, which was in the Slovak language.

They also created a new third channel in Czech on 14 May 1990, called *OK3*, using technology which used to broadcast Soviet television. Another new third channel was created in Slovak and called *TA 3,* on 6 June 1991.

### Velvet Revolution

During the Velvet Revolution, when protests occurred in Czechoslovakia, the people who worked at Czechoslovak Television helped the protesters to spread their messages.

Velvet divorce ends Czechoslovak Television
-------------------------------------------

Czechoslovakia became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia on the 31st December 1992. This split is known as the *'Velvet Divorce'*. Because of it, Czechoslovak Television was no longer needed. In the Czech Republic, a new television network called Czech television took over, and in Slovakia Slovenská televízia was created.

Directors of Czechoslovak Television
------------------------------------

* 1953 – 1958 Karel Kohout
* 1958 – 1959 Milan Krejčí
* 1959 – 1963 Adolf Hradecký
* 1963 – 1968 Jiří Pelikán
* 1968 Bohumil Švec
* 1968 – 1969 Josef Šmídmajer
* 1969 – 1989 Jan Zelenka
* 1989 Libor Bátrla
* 1989 – 1990 Miroslav Pavel
* 1990 Jindřich Fairaizl
* 1990 – 1992 Jiří Kantůrek
The **count of Champagne** was the ruler of the County of Champagne from 950 to 1316. Champagne evolved from the County of Troyes in the late eleventh century and Hugh I was the first to officially use the title count of Champagne.

Counts and dukes of Champagne, Troyes, Meaux and Blois
------------------------------------------------------

### Dukes of Champagne

In Merovingian and Carolingian times, several dukes of Champagne (or *Campania*) are known. The duchy appears to have been created by combining the *civitates* of Reims, Châlons-en-Champagne. Laon, and Troyes. In the late seventh and early eighth centuries, Champagne was controlled by the Pippinids; first by Drogo, son of Pippin of Herstal, and then by Drogo's son Arnulf.

### Counts of Champagne

* Hugh (1102–1125)
* Theobald II (1125–1152)
* Henry I (1152–1181)
* Henry II (1181–1197), also King of Jerusalem as Henry I
* Theobald III (1197–1201)

* Theobald IV, also King of Navarre as Theobald I (1201–1253)
* Theobald V, also King of Navarre as Theobald II (1253–1270)
* Henry III, also King of Navarre as Henry I (1270–1274)
* Joan (1274–1305), also Queen of Navarre

* Philip (co-ruler of Joan), also King of France as Philip IV
* Louis (1305–1316), also King of Navarre, became King of France in 1314, after which the title merged into the royal domain
The **chain pickerel** (*Esox niger*) is a species of fish that has a number of nicknames such as the **grass pickerel**, **jack**, **pickerel**, **common pickerel**, and **eastern pickerel**. It is a freshwater game fish and the smallest member of the Esocidae family. They are native to Atlantic and Gulf Coast tributaries. 

Chain pickerel have been introduced into the Lakes Ontario and Erie drainages as well as other places. 

They are found in shallow pools of lakes, streams, and tidal and non-tidal rivers. They are ambush feeders that will strike at anything that swims near them. They feed mainly during daylight hours.

Physical description
--------------------

Chain pickerel has the same torpedo-like shape of the Muskellunge and Northern pike. They have different markings than either of their family members. They have a chain-like pattern of dark markings on a yellowish to greenish body. This pattern is what they were named for. Like other pike they have a forked tail fin and a long pointed head. Chain pickerel have a dark bar underneath each eye. The eye color is yellow or yellowish. They can live up to 10 years.

Habitat and forage
------------------

In waters not shared with Northern pike or Muskies, Chain pickerel can be abundant. They prefer shallow weedy pools and submerged trees, limbs or man-made structures. These can be dock pilings, or riprap. Pickerel ambush their prey. They eat other fish, frogs, crayfish and small mammals. Young pickerel eat aquatic insects and small Crustacea. During the winter months the adult fish move to deeper water.

Spawning begins when water temperatures approach 50°F. Unlike others in the pike family, Chain pickerel eggs are sticky and ribbons of eggs stick to underwater weeds. Females lay up to 50,000 eggs. Unlike other fish, Chain pickerel do not remain to guard their young fry.

Angling
-------

Chain pickerel are not as popular as other game fish. A good number are caught by accident while fishing for other fish. But they are popular with ice fishermen in the winter. Chain pickerel are a very good fighting fish. Anyone hooking one is in for an exciting fight. They will attack a live minnow or any lure that resembles one. In Canada, Walleyes are called 'pickerel' which sometimes confuses identification. But a walleye and a pike are very different in appearance.

The world record for a chain pickerel is 9 pounds 6 ounces. It was caught in Georgia in 1961. Chain pickerel rarely grow longer than 36 inches.
Cytochrome *c* with heme *c*.
**Cytochromes** are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g. cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

History
-------

Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or "cellular pigments", and classified them as haem proteins.

Types
-----

Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.
**Dermot Joseph Kennedy** (born 13 December 1991) is a musician and singer-songwriter from the Republic of Ireland. He is most famous for his 2019 single "Outnumbered".

Personal life
-------------

Kennedy was born in Rathcoole, a village in County Dublin. He is a big fan of football and supports English club Manchester United.

His auntie is TV personality Mary Kennedy.

Music career
------------

He started playing guitar when he was 10 years old and started writing songs when he was 14. When he was 17, he began busking in Dublin. He also used to travel to Boston in the United States to perform. As a teenager, Kennedy was invited to open for Glen Hansard, an Irish folk singer.

Kennedy didn't become a well known artist until he was in his mid-20s. He reached fame with his single "Outnumbered", released in 2019, which reached number 6 in the UK Singles Chart.

Some of his other well known songs include:

* *Power Over Me* (2018)
* *Giants* (2020)

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* *Without Fear* (2019)

### Compilation albums

* *Dermot Kennedy* (2019)

### EPs

* *Doves & Ravens* (2017)
* *Mike Dean Presents: Dermot Kennedy* (2018)
* *Lost in the Soft Light* (2020)
**Princess Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi of Monaco** (19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess. Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.

Life
----

  

Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. Styled as "*Mademoiselle de Monaco*", she was known as *either* Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.

She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Mademoiselle de Monaco at Wikimedia Commons
**Diplomatic immunity** is a special law that covers people who work in embassies or consulates. The people are called diplomats. The **diplomatic immunity** means that although they live and work as a visitor inside a "host country", they are not ruled by the law of that country. They are only ruled by the law of their home country. 

A diplomat can work without interference from the police and government of the country where he/she works. Diplomatic immunity means that a diplomat can keep the secrets of his own country's government, without the government of the host country being able to find out about them.

Police from the host country cannot arrest a diplomat, or search a diplomat's house or office. They cannot even give a diplomat's car a parking ticket without the permission of the diplomat's government.

Honorary consuls only work part-time as diplomats, so only have diplomatic immunity when working as diplomats. Police may search their offices, but not the part where they keep their diplomatic work.


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

 |
**Charmin** (/ˈʃɑːrmɪn/) is a brand of toilet paper. It is made by Procter & Gamble.

History
-------

The Charmin name was first created in 1928 by the Hoberg Paper Company in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 1950, Hoberg changed its name to Charmin Paper Company and kept making toilet paper, paper napkins, and other paper products. Procter & Gamble (P&G) bought Charmin Paper Company in 1957, but sold the right to make and sell it in Europe (where it is now called *Cushelle*) to SCA in 2008.

Advertising
-----------

Older American adverts had actor Dick Wilson in them. He played the fake grocer Mr. George Whipple. He told customers "Please don't squeeze the Charmin!" in more than 500 commercials between 1964 and 1985.

The Charmin Bear began being used in 2000. This happened at the same time that Charmin became available in Canada. The Charmin Bear is now the mascot for Charmin Ultra Strong and Charmin Ultra Soft.

European name change to "Cushelle"
----------------------------------

From February 2010, Charmin's European name was changed to Cushelle by SCA.
There is also a new mascot, Koala which is a koala. Cushelle adverts are voiced-over by Robert Webb.

Environment
-----------

In February 2009, Greenpeace asked people not to use Charmin toilet paper. They said that it does not use recycled paper and uses ECF bleaching.

German rename to Zewa
---------------------

In 2008, Charmin was renamed to Zewa in Germany. There was no mascot in the adverts. However, in the first Zewa advert, the Charmin Bear was seen.

Other websites
--------------

* Charmin website
* Cushelle website
Statue of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. Renge-in Tanjō-ji, Tamana, Japan

**Dhritarashtra** (Sanskrit: धृतराष्ट्र, *Dhṛtarāṣṭra*) or Dhatarattha (Pali: धतरट्ठ *Dhataraṭṭha*) is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and an important person in Buddhism.

Name
----

The name Dhṛtarāṣṭra comes from two Sanskrit words: "dhṛta" (possessing; bearing) and "rāṣṭra" (kingdom; territory).

Character
---------

Dhṛtarāṣṭra is the guardian god of the East. He lives on the eastern part of Mount Sumeru. He is leader of the gandharvas and the pishacas.

He is often shown in art playing a stringed instrument.

Theravada
---------

In the Pāli writings of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, Dhṛtarāṣṭra is called *Dhataraṭṭha*. Dhataraṭṭha is one of the Four Great Kings, each one of which rules over a direction. Vessavaṇa's direction is the eastern quarter of the world. 

He has many sons called "Indra." He also has a daughter named *Sirī*.

Japan
-----

In Japan, **Jikokuten** (持国天) is often shown wearing a suit of armor. He usually holds a sword and a trident while standing on top of a demon called a *jaki*.

Related pages
-------------

* Four Heavenly Kings
* Vaishravana
**Charlotte Rampling** (born 5 February 1946) is an English actress. She has appeared in English language, French and Italian cinema. She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2001 and received France's Legion of Honour in 2002.

Rampling's film career began in 1965. Her films include *Georgy Girl* (1966), Visconti's *The Damned* (1969), *The Night Porter* (1974), *Farewell My Lovely* (1975), Woody Allen's *Stardust Memories* (1980), Sidney Lumet's *The Verdict* (1982), *Angel Heart* (1987), *The Duchess* (2008) and Fred Schepisi's *The Eye of the Storm* (2011). She has been nominated four times for a Cesar Award, for *On ne meurt que 2 fois* (1985), *Sous le sable* (2000), *Swimming Pool* (2003) and *Lemming* (2005) and received an Honorary Cesar in 2001. On television, she starred in the 2012 BBC miniseries *Restless*, for which she received an Emmy Award nomination.

Early life
----------

Bisset was born in Sturmer, Essex, England. Her birth name is **Tessa Charlotte Rampling**. She is the daughter of Isabelle Anne and Godfrey Rampling, a olympic gold medalist. She had one sister, Sarah, who committed suicide in 1966 at the age of 23.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Charlotte Rampling***.

* Charlotte Rampling on IMDb
**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease** (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a collection of diseases which make breathing gradually more difficult.

Symptoms of COPD include difficulty breathing and cough, in particular coughing up lots of phlegm. It is usually caused by smoking cigarettes, and around half of people who smoke for their whole lives will develop COPD. Air pollution can be another cause, particularly in countries where indoor fires are used without ventilation.

At the beginning of the disease, the difficulty breathing is only noticeable when exercising, but over many years it gradually becomes worse, until there is difficulty breathing even when sitting or lying down. It can also lead to infections of the lung, which may be serious enough to cause death. 

The most important step in treating COPD is to stop smoking. Exercise and medications can also help. The most commonly used medications are called bronchodilators, which help to open up the airways and allow more air into the lungs.

3% of all disability is related to COPD. People can die from COPD. The World Health Organization predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. It is thought that more people will die from it in the future.

Types of COPD
-------------

* Emphysema
* Chronic bronchitis
* Bronchiectasis
Roadcut where I-70 cuts through Dinosaur Ridge at Highway 26 exit. The strata are almost vertical, so the Morrison Formation (right) underlies the Dakota Formation (left).
Tracks on Dinosaur Ridge
**Dinosaur Ridge** is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including *Apatosaurus*, *Diplodocus*, *Stegosaurus*, and *Allosaurus*. 

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the **Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark** by the National Park Service. In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation. When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints. These were found to include mostly *Iguanodon*-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

Other websites
--------------

* Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
* Photos Archived 2009-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Dinosaur Ridge Information Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 39°40′33″N 105°11′36″W﻿ / ﻿39.6757°N 105.1934°W﻿ / 39.6757; -105.1934