recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Carnaby Street in Soho, London was a centre for fashion and culture during this period
**Swinging London** is a catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene which flourished in London, in the 1960s.

It was a phenomenon which emphasized the young, the new and the modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II hard times had lasted through much of the 1950s. Journalist Christopher Booker, a founder of the satirical magazine *Private Eye*, recalled the "bewitching" character of the swinging sixties: "There seemed to be no one standing outside the bubble, and observing just how odd and shallow and egocentric and even rather horrible it was".

"Swinging London" was defined by *Time* magazine in its issue of 15 April 1966, and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, *Swinging Radio England*, that began shortly afterward. However, "swinging" in the sense of hip or fashionable, had been used since the early 1960s. In 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of *Vogue* magazine, said "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment".

Although *The Beatles* came from Liverpool, *The Rolling Stones*, and the rest of the new culture was London-based. Most of the new fashion designers, models and photographers were young, and packed into a small area in Soho around Carnaby Street, W1. and another area round the King's Road, Chelsea.

Fashion & symbols
-----------------

During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in *Queen* magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant.

The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels. She was the world's highest paid and most photographed model of the time. Shrimpton was called "The face of the '60s", in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London", and the "embodiment of the 1960s". Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, and Twiggy. Twiggy was called "the Queen of Mod", a label she shared with others, such as Cathy McGowan, who hosted the television rock show, *Ready Steady Go!* from 1964 to 1966.

Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and the Kings Road, Chelsea. The fashion was a symbol of youth culture.

The British flag, the Union Flag, became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini car (launched in 1959) was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising which covered their paintwork.
***Twilight*** is a 2008 American teen romantic-fantasy movie. It is based on the novel by Stephenie Meyer. The movie was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and stars Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart, and Taylor Lautner. Stephenie Meyer has a cameo appearance in the movie. The movie is about a teenage girl and a vampire falling in love.

The movie was a huge success. It was released in cinemas on November 21, 2008 and grossed $35.7 million on this day.[*source?*] Since then, it has gone on to gross over $382,133,300 worldwide.[*source?*] The soundtrack for the movie was released on November 4, 2008 and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. The soundtrack contains all of the music from the movie including music created and sung by actor Robert Pattinson, who appeared in the movie.

Plot
----

Bella Swan, who is seventeen years old, moves to Forks, a small town in Washington, to live with her father, Charlie, after her mother remarries. She meets many new friends at High School and they inform her about the Cullen family, and Bella becomes intrigued. Edward Cullen, who is in Bella's Biology class, acts very strangely when he sees her for the first time, which makes Bella confused. A few days later, Bella is almost hit with a blue van in the school parking lot. Edward manages to move extremely quickly by her side and pushes the van away with his hand, leaving a huge pressure mark in the side of the van. Bella did not know how he managed to do this, so she is determined to find out. However, Edward refuses to explain what happened, and warns her not to be friends with him.

After Bella does lots of research, she finds out that Edward Cullen is a vegetarian vampire. Bella and Edward fall in love and Edward introduces her to his family, Carlisle, Esme, Alice, Jasper, Emmett, and Rosalie who are also vampires. They invite Bella to play baseball with them, and she agrees. However, three other vampires called James, Victoria and Laurent arrive and disrupt the game. James, who is a tracker vampire, is intrigued by Edward's protectiveness over a human girl and wants to hunt Bella. Edward and his family risk their lives to protect her, but James gets Bella on her own after lying to her that he was holding her mother hostage. James attacks Bella and bites her wrist, but Edward, along with the other Cullen family members, arrives before he can kill her. James is destroyed, and Edward sucks James's venom from Bella's wrist, preventing her from becoming a vampire. 

A severely injured Bella is taken to a hospital. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their school prom. While there, Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, which Edward ignores. The movie ends with Victoria secretly watching the pair dancing, plotting revenge for her love.

Other websites
--------------

* *Twilight* on IMDb
**The Most Excellent** (Spanish: *Excelentísimo Señor* (male) or *Excelentísima Señora* (female), literally "Most Excellent Sir/Madam") is an honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain people in Spain and certain Spanish-speaking countries. Following Spanish tradition, it is an *ex officio* style (the holder has it as long as they remain in office, in the most important positions of state) and is used in written documents and very formal occasions.

The prefix is similar (but not equal) to that of "His/Her Excellency", but in the 19th century "The Most Excellent" began to replace the former.

The proper use of the prefix Excellency was re-introduced in Francoist Spain by *Generalísimo* Francisco Franco himself, who was formally styled as *Su Excelencia el Jefe del Estado* ("His Excellency The Head of State"), while his ministers and senior government officials continued using the prefix "The Most Excellent".

The prefix "The Most Illustrious" (*Ilustrísimo/a Señor/a)* is the lower version, and is mostly used for non-Grandee titled nobles in Spain and some other officeholders.
For the place in New Jersey that is also called the Pine Barrens, see Pine Barrens (New Jersey).
A pine barren in Pennsylvania.
**Pine barrens** are a type of habitat. It is a place where a few pine trees grow. A pine barren does not have enough trees to be a forest. A pine barren is one type of savannah. There are pine barrens in the eastern half of North America, in the United States and Canada.

Soil and plants
---------------

The soil in a pine barren has a lot of acid and sand in it. Water flows through the soil instead of staying in it. Pine barren soil does not make good farms.

Because pine barrens have fires, droughts, and frost during the growing season, the trees never grow enough to form a canopy. They never form a "roof" that stops the sunlight. That means that sunlight can touch the ground in a pine barren. That means that small plants that need a lot of light can grow there.

The trees in pine barrens can be jack pine, pitch pine, red pine, and some white pine. Northern pin oak, black cherry, and aspen can grow in pine barrens, but these trees do not grow as tall as they do in other places. Many shrubs, grasses, and ferns also grow in pine barrens. For example, there can be blueberries, bracken fern, and reindeer lichen. Most of the plants in the pine barren have some special thing or ability that helps them with fire. For example, the pitch pine has thick bark. Its cones open when they are near fire.

Animals
-------

Many animals without bones live in pine barrens. For example, there are butterflies and grasshoppers. Birds that eat these animals live there too.

Geology
-------

Pine barrens form where the ground is not too steep. For example, they form in glacial plains, outwash plains, and lakeplains.

Damage
------

Human beings can hurt pine barrens by cutting down the pine trees for wood, by bringing plants from other parts of the world there, and by stopping the natural fires. When human beings stop fires, other types of trees can grow in the pine barren, and it becomes a forest instead. Then, the small plants that need a lot of sunlight die.

Related pages
-------------

* Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
**Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach** was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies. It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

Creation
--------

The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

Rulers
------

The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586. This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy. Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.

### Division

Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.


| * v
* t
* e
Ernestine duchies after the Division of Erfurt 1572 |
| --- |
| 
Saxe-Weimar (1572–1806) • 
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach (1572–1596) • 
Saxe-Coburg (1596–1633; 1681–1699) • 
Saxe-Eisenach (1596–1638; 1640–1644; 1672–1806) • 
Saxe-Altenburg (1603–1672; 1826–1918) • 
Saxe-Gotha (1640–1680) • 
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1681–1826) • 
Saxe-Marksuhl (1662–1672) • 
Saxe-Jena (1672–1690) • 
Saxe-Eisenberg (1680–1707) • 
Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680–1826) • 
Saxe-Römhild (1680–1710) • 
Saxe-Saalfeld (1680–1735) • 
Saxe-Meiningen (1681–1918) • 
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735–1826) • 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1806–1918) • 
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918)
 |  |
**Mount Zion** (Hebrew: הר צִיּוֹן, *Har Tsiyyon*; Arabic: جبل صهيون, *Jabel Sahyoun*) is a hill in the south-west corner of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is an extension of Temple Mount. There are a lot of churches and many little Christians and Jewish cemeteries in the area of Mount Zion. Half of the Mount Zion is in the Old City, in the Jewish and Armenian Quarters. The grave of King David is at the top of Mount Zion.

In the past there was a small cable car that connected the mountain to the valley below and the Old City. Today the cable car room is a museum inside an old hospital building.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mount Zion Cable Car***.

* the Mount Zion Cable Car in the Gems in Israel website Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
* the Mount Zion Cable Car in mycountry israel website Archived 2016-05-07 at the Wayback Machine

Gallery
-------

* Zion GateZion Gate
* King David TombKing David Tomb
* CenacleCenacle
* Mount Zion Cable CarMount Zion Cable Car
* Chamber of the HolocaustChamber of the Holocaust
* Sambuski Cemetery - ancient jewish cemeterySambuski Cemetery - ancient jewish cemetery
* Mount Zion Franciscan CemeteryMount Zion Franciscan Cemetery
* Mount Zion Protestant CemeteryMount Zion Protestant Cemetery
* the Pope Roadthe Pope Road

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mount Zion***.

* City of David
The **Savoy Hotel** is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century. 

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.

The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.
**Mountain Standard Time** (MST) is UTC−7
**Mountain Daylight Time** (MDT) is UTC−6
The **Mountain Time Zone** subtracts seven hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−7) and six hours during daylight saving time (UTC−6).

This time zone is called **Mountain Standard Time** (MST) during standard time (Winter). It is called **Mountain Daylight Time** (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called **Mountain Time** (MT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. The largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the largest metro area in the zone.

Places that are in Mountain Time Zone
-------------------------------------

### Canada

In Canada, this time zone includes all of Alberta, the Northwest Territories (except for Tungsten), the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, part of southeastern and northeastern British Columbia, and the area of Saskatchewan around the city of Lloydminster.

### United States

In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana. It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.

### Mexico

These states are part of the Mountain Time Zone: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora.

Mountain Daylight Time
----------------------

Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−6). Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation. These places stay on standard time all year.

Other websites
--------------

* Accurate time for the Mountain Time Zone Archived 2014-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
**Vera Neave** (born 1893) was a British swimmer in the early 20th century. She was multiple times world record holders.

Swimming
--------

### Affiliations

Neave was a member of the Jersey Swimming Club trained by David Billington. Later she was a memver of the Enfield Ladies Club in London, where she was trained by her father.

### Achievements

On 5 August 1911 she won the first women's edition of the open water race in London. Of the 18 participants, 12 finished the course. Neave swam the 15 miles in a time of 4 hours 9:39.6 minutes.

On 18 August 1912 she broke the 1 mile world record. with a time of 31: 41.8. The next year she broke the 2 miles world record with a time of 1 hour 1:15.4 minutes in a swimming pool in Liverpool. In 1915 she finished at the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr] fifth of the twenty participants. In 1918 she holds two more world records. She is the 440 yards record holder with a time of 6:57.8 and the 550 yards world record holder with a time of 7:52. In August 1921 she beated again the 1 mile world record, now with a time of 21:41.8.
Noura Ghazi in 2011.
**Noura Ghazi** (نورة غازي) also **Noura Ghazi al-Safadi** ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born September 30 1981 in Damascus, Syria. She is a Syrian lawyer. Her husband, Bassel disappeared in Syria in 2014.

Life
----

Ghazi's father was an activist for workers. When Ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the Supreme Court of State Security. Noura Ghazi studied law at Damascus University.

Work
----

Ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. She defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in Syria.

Ghazi's husband Bassel Khartabil (Arabic: باسل خرطبيل‎), or Bassel Safadi (Arabic: باسل صفدي‎), a Syrian-Palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on March 15, 2012. They were married at Adra prison on January 7, 2013.

While Bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, Ghazi wrote a book about him called *Waiting*. Bassel translated the book into English.

Other websites
--------------

* Bassel and Noura on the Internet Archive
* "Read the story of Bassel Khartabil, Syrian prisoner who lives and risks dying for a free Internet" on Creative Commons
* Noura Ghazi on Facebook
* Noura Ghazi on Twitter
*Secale cereale*
**Rye** is a type of grass, usually grown as a grain or forage crop (meaning that it is fed to animals). It is a member of the wheat family of plants and is similar to wheat and barley. It is used to make flour, food for animals, and many types of alcoholic drinks.

History
-------

Rye has not always been a plant humans can use. It was originally a wild plant. There are several wild plants in Turkey that are similar to rye.

Rye in a field.
Since the Middle Ages, rye has been used widely in Central and Eastern Europe. In these parts of the world, it is still one of the main ingredients in making bread. However, the number of people and businesses using rye is becoming lower. Rye is usually sold to buyers near to where it is grown.

Science
-------

Rye can be planted to feed animals or can be harvested for hay (dry grass). Rye is a strong plant that can survive in soil with a high or low pH. This means it can survive even if the soil is very acidic or alkaline. Other plants may struggle to survive in these pH levels.

Uses for humans
---------------

Rye has been used to make many foods for humans. It includes rye breads, like pumpernickel, a popular bread in north and east Europe. It has also been used to make some alcoholic drinks, such as rye whiskey.
"**Zangaléwa**" or "**Tsaminamina**" is a 1986 hit song, originally sung by a makossa group from Cameroon called Golden Sounds who were popular throughout Africa for their silly dances and costumes. The song was such a hit for Golden Sounds that they eventually changed their name to Zangaléwa, too. The song pays tribute to African skirmishers (a.k.a tirailleurs) during WW2. Most of the band members were in the Cameroonian Army themselves and used make up, fake belly and fake butt for comic relief.

The song is still used today almost everywhere in Africa by soldiers, policemen, boy scouts, sportsmen and their supporters, usually during training or for rallying. It is also widely used in schools throughout the continent especially in Cameroon as a marching song and the lyrics are well-known among Cameroonians. The song was also popular in Colombia where it was known as "The Military" and brought to the country by West African DJs.

The men in the group often dressed in military uniforms, wearing pith helmets and stuffing their clothes with pillows to appear like they had a swollen buttocks from riding the train and overweight stomachs from eating too much. Music historians say the song, or at least part of it, is a criticism of Black military officers who were in league with Whites to oppress their own people. The rest is Cameroonian slang and jargon from the soldiers during the war.

Translation
-----------

Meaning of the words in Fang language:

1. "Tsaminamina" means: Come.
2. "Waka waka" means: Do it – as in perform a task. Waka is pidgin language meaning walk while working.
3. "Tsaminamina zangalewa" means: where do you come from?.
4. "Wana" means: it is mine.
5. "Zambo" means: wait.

Other websites
--------------

* Youtube Video
**Nautiloids** are a large and varied group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) in the subclass Nautiloidea. They began in the later Cambrian. *Nautilus* is the only surviving genus. 

Nautiloids flourished during the early Palaeozoic era, when they were the main predatory animals. They developed an extraordinary range of shell shapes and forms. Some 2,500 species of fossil nautiloids are known, though only a few species survive today.

Taxonomic relationships
-----------------------

Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as cephalopods. The cephalopods are an advanced class of molluscs. The cephalopods also include ammonoids, Belemnites and modern coleoids such as octopus and squid. 

Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a three-fold division into the nautiloids, ammonoids, and coleoids. This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea *sensu lato*.

Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group united by shared primitive (basal) features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are a evolutionary grade that is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids. They are defined by the exclusion of both those descendent groups. Both ammonoids and coleoids probably descended from bactritids, which in turn arose from straight-shelled orthocerid nautiloids.

The ammonoids (a group which includes the ammonites and the goniatites) are extinct cousins of the nautiloids which evolved early in the Devonian, some 400 million years ago.
The position of the second baseman
**Second base**, or *2B*, is the second of four places on a baseball field which must be touched in order by a base runner before he can score a run for that player's team. A **second baseman** is the baseball player who guards second base. Also called *second bagger*, the second baseman often has quick hands and feet. He needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly. He must be able to make the turn on a double play. Also, shortstops and second basemen are usually right-handed. This makes it easier to turn a double play. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4.

Current second basemen include Chase Utley, Robinson Cano, Dustin Pedroia, Orlando Hudson, Aaron Hill and Ben Zobrist.

Cover of a 1905 how-to booklet

National Baseball Hall of Fame second basemen
---------------------------------------------

The following second basemen have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum:

* Rod Carew \*
* Eddie Collins
* Bobby Doerr
* Johnny Evers
* Nellie Fox
* Frankie Frisch
* Charlie Gehringer
* Joe Gordon
* Frank Grant
* Billy Herman
* Rogers Hornsby
* Nap Lajoie
* Tony Lazzeri
* Bill Mazeroski
* Bid McPhee
* Joe Morgan
* Jackie Robinson \*\*
* Ryne Sandberg
* Red Schoendienst

\* Later played at first base  

\*\* Started his career at first base, then moved to second base
**Samuel Brannan** (March 2, 1819 – May 5, 1889) was an American businessman. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called *The California Star*. He was the first person to tell everyone about the gold in California during the California Gold Rush. He was also the first person millionaire of the Gold Rush

Brannan moved to Yerba Buena, a place in northern California. He talked with the people who lived there and decided that the land by the Sacramento River would be a safe place for the Mormons to live. A lot of people didn't agree with him, so the new city didn't work. Brannan was the first person to do a lot of things there, like building a flour mill (a place that makes bread) and teaching in English.

Brannan started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called *The* *California Star*, on January 9, 1847. Brannan sold the newspaper to a friend, and then it was called *The Daily Alta California*.

In June 1847, Brannan went to Green River, Wyoming, to meet with Brigham Young, who was the head of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Young was leading a group of Mormons to the Great Basin area. Brannan wanted Young to bring the Mormons to California, but Young wanted to stay in Utah. Brannan wasn't happy about that, and went back to California. Brannan was the only church leader in California, so the Mormons paid him their tithes (a small part of their money). But there is no record of Brannan sending the money to his church leaders in Utah, so it's possible that he kept it for himself. Many members stopped paying him and moved to the Salt Lake valley, where most of the other Mormons were.
**Adjo Victoria Climbié** (November 2, 1991 - February 25, 2000), better known as **Anna Climbié** or **Victoria Climbié** was born in Abobo near Abidjan in the Ivory Coast, and when she was aged seven she was sent by her parents to Europe with her great-aunt **Marie Thérèse Kouao** for a chance for an education. They travelled first to France, and then to England. In London, Kouao met bus-driver **Carl Manning**, and she and Victoria moved into his flat in Tottenham in July 1999. Here, Victoria was abused by both Kouao and Manning. She was admitted to casualty on February 24, 2000, unconscious and suffering from hypothermia; she died the next day. The Home Office pathologist noted 128 separate injuries and scars on her body. 

Marie Thérèse Kouao and Carl Manning were charged with child cruelty and murder. During police interviews, both claimed that Victoria was possessed. Their trial ran from November 2000 to January 12, 2001. Both were found guilty, and were sentenced to life imprisonment. 

Victoria's murder led to a public inquiry, chaired by Lord Herbert Laming, who investigated the role of social services, the NHS and police in her death. The Laming report found that on at least 12 occasions care workers could have saved her life. The highly critical report has lead to further reforms of the way child protection measures are implemented in the U.K. including the creation of a database to keep track of every child in Britain in order to better co-ordinate the notes of doctors and social workers.

Related articles
----------------

* Laming report
* child murder
* child abuse
Richard Jantz is an American Anthropologist. He focused on fields such as forensic anthropology, genetics, and also organized existing information in databases. He has written over 100 published articles, and his research has led the fields of physical and forensic anthropology. Jantz is currently a professor for the Department of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee.

Background
----------

Richard Jantz grew up in central Kansas, and went to Kansas University. At school, he found that his strengths lay in statistical analysis.

Research
--------

Jantz's recent research involves measuring the differences in bone size and shape between different Native American tribes. In this research, he challenged work done by Franz Boas, a founder of modern anthropology. The original study, done by Boas in the early 1900s, showed that children born in America had bones closer to other American adults, and children born in Europe had bones closer to those of other Europeans. In 2002, Jantz did his own study to test Boas' findings. He writes that he found no significant difference between the bones of American and European children, but his study receives criticism from many other anthropologists. 

A well-respected anthropologist, Jonathan Marks, said that Jantz's new research "has the ring of desperation to it (if not obfuscation), and has been quickly rebutted by more mainstream biological anthropology." Later, other anthropologists also looked back over Boas' study and found that he was actually correct. 

Richard Jantz has also worked to advance scientific methods of determining sex based on bone shape. He has worked with many Native American remains to organize data in large computer databases. 

Jantz played a large role in the discovery and legal battle over a prehistoric skeleton called the Kennewick Man, suing the government to get more access to it for research. He argued that since the skeleton was radiocarbon dated to about 9,000 years old, no modern-day Native American tribes could really claim the skeletons as their own under the NAGPRA law.

He worked to identify the crew of a confederate shipwreck found near South Carolina, and was part of a reexamination of the Nikumaroro bones to determine if they could have belonged to Amelia Earhart.
Nikki Sixx (2007)
**Nikki Sixx** (Frank Ferrano Jr.), born December 11th, 1958 in San Jose, California. His father (Frank Ferrano), left him and his mother (Deana Richards) when he was the age of two.

Early life
----------

Sixx moved to his grandparents (Jerome Idaho) early on in his life, before being expelled from his school for selling drugs. Sixx attended seven schools in the span 11 years and his grandparents were fed up with his antics. 

Sixx was sent back to live with his mother in Seattle, Washington. Soon enough he attempted to arrest his mother by borrowing a knife from his neighbor, and cutting above his forearm down to the bone. Sixx confessed to the cops that it was him and not Deana. At age 17, Sixx moved to Los Angeles. He changed his name to what he's known as now as *Nikki Sixx*.

Career
------

He auditioned for many bands as the bass player, before getting into the band London with Izzy Stradlin. He was only staying for two years before grouping together people to be in his new band, which now to be known as the popular Motley Crue. For several years he lived with members of Motley Crue (Tommy Lee, Vince Neil) in a small apartment by the Whiskey a Go Go, L.A. 

In 1987 after struggling with substance abuse, Sixx was legally dead for two minutes of a heroin overdose, luckily the paramedic was a Motley Crue fan, and shot him with adrenaline twice before Sixx woke up, only to shoot up once again a day later. When Sixx woke up with a puddle of blood in his palm, he went to rehab with Motley Crue. 

Nikki Sixx has had several spouses including Courtney Sixx (2014), Donna D'Errico (1996-2007), and Brandi Brandt (1989-1996). He has four children Storm Brieanne Sixx, Gunner Nicholas Sixx, Decker Nilsson Sixx, Frankie-Jean Sixx. Many people believe Sixx was only in the popular band Motley Crue. He was also affiliated with six(x ha g e t it) (Sixx:A.M. London, Brides of Destruction, Sister, and 58).

Other websites
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* Nikki Sixx on Twitter
In 1932 the editor Mario Nerbini decided to open a new weekly newspaper for kids, containing illustrated tales with Mickey Mouse. The first issue of *Topolino* was published on December 31, 1932: it contained Mickey's first Italian story drawn by Giove Toppi. In this story, Mickey Mouse was chased by an elephant. However, Nerbini had not correctly secured the publication rights, so when Emmanuel (Disney's representative in Italy) protested, Nerbini changed the title of the comic book with issue #3 into *Topo Lino*(Mouse Lino), replacing Mickey Mouse with *Topo Lino*, another mouse. When Nerbini bought the publication rights from Disney and King Features Syndicate, he changed the title back to *Topolino* with issue #5. Floyd Gottfredson's stories made their debut in *Topolino* #7 with a Sunday page featuring Mickey, his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, and Mickey's nephews Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse. *Topolino* published mainly Mickey Mouse Sunday pages; the daily strips were published in the supplement to the newspaper.
**Physiology** is the study of how living things work. Physiologists can study how organs of an organism work together to make things happen. In human beings, for example, the digestion of food hormones and other chemicals are made by the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Muscle contraction happens because of chemical messages made by nerves of that muscle. By learning how the body functions normally, physiologists and physicians can better understand what happens when organs do not function normally. For example, an understanding of how the thyroid gland functions has helped in treating goitre. Studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system have helped physicians understand and treat such illnesses like heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

The field is usually divided into human physiology, animal physiology, and plant physiology.

Other websites
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* The Physiological Society
* Developmental physiology
* The American Physiological Society

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Zack Greinke
**Donald Zackary "Zack" Greinke** (born October 21, 1983 in Orlando, Florida) is a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks. While pitching for the Kansas City Royals, he won the 2009 American League Cy Young Award, which is an award that goes to the player that is voted as the best pitcher in the league for that year. Greinke has also pitched for the Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Major League career
-------------------

The Royals selected Greinke in the first round of the 2002 MLB Draft with the sixth pick in the draft. Greinke played his first game for the Royals in May 2004. In 2006, he left the team during spring training because of depression and social anxiety disorder. He took some time away from baseball, and also did some pitching in the minor leagues. He returned to the Royals in 2007. In 2009, he had his best season for the Royals, finishing the season with a 16-8 record and a 2.16 ERA, which was the best ERA in Major League Baseball. He won many awards that year, including the Cy Young Award. He also set a Royals team record for the most strikeouts in one game on August 25, 2009, when he struck out 15 batters against the Cleveland Indians.

Greinke became frustrated with the Royals losing so many games, and asked the team to trade him. He was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers in December 2009. Greinke was then traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2012.
*The Curse of a Thousand Kisses* was a short story published in one of Sax Rohmer's collections. It was later republished in a 1948 issue of *Avon Fantasy Reader*
**Sax Rohmer** was **Arthur Henry Ward** (15 February 1883 – 1 June 1959). He was an English novelist born in Birmingham to Irish parents. He is best remembered for his creation of the master criminal Dr Fu Manchu.

After ghostwriting the autobiography of Little Tich, a music hall entertainer, Ward issued the first Fu Manchu novel. This was *The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu*, serialised from October 1912 to June 1913.

It was an immediate success. It had police official Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie facing a worldwide conspiracy led by a mastermind. It reflected the "yellow peril" scares of the times. The phrase yellow peril (sometimes yellow terror or yellow spectre), was coined by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, in the 1890s.

The Fu Manchu stories, and other writing, made Rohmer one of the most successful and well-paid authors of the 1920s and 1930s.
The **Visayas** or **Visayan Islands** (Cebuano and Wáray-Wáray: *Kabisay-an*, Tagalog: *Kabisayaan*, Spanich: *Bisayas*), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines; the other two divisions are Mindanao, to the south, and Luzon, to the north.

People living in this islands are called *Visayans*.

Geography
---------

The Visayas consists of several islands in central Philippines around the Visayan Sea, with the Philippine Sea to the east and the Sulu Sea to the west.

The main islands (and area) are:

* Bohol, 3,269 km2 (1,262 sq mi)
* Cebu, 4,468 km2 (1,725 sq mi)
* Leyte, 7,367.6 km2 (2,844.6 sq mi)
* Negros, 13,328.4 km2 (5,146.1 sq mi)
* Panay, 12,011 km2 (4,637 sq mi)
* Samar, 12,849 km2 (4,961 sq mi)

Regions and provinces
---------------------

A map of the Visayas.
  Central Visayas
  Eastern Visayas
  Western Visayas
The major islands, from west to east, are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar.
Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 3 regions: Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas. Each region is headed by a Regional Director.

The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces, each headed by a governor.

### Western Visayas (Region VI)

Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the western half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 7,102,438. The regional center is Iloilo City. Its provinces are:

* Aklan
* Antique
* Capiz
* Guimaras
* Iloilo
* Negros Occidental

### Central Visayas (Region VII)

Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol and the eastern half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 6,800,180. The regional center is Cebu City. Its provinces are:

* Bohol
* Cebu
* Negros Oriental
* Siquijor

### Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar; it has a population, in 2010, of 4,101,322. The regional center is Tacloban. Its provinces are:

* Biliran
* Leyte
* Southern Leyte
* Eastern Samar
* Northern Samar
* Samar

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Visayas***.

* Die Visayas - Inselwelt in der Mitte der Philippinen (in German)

Coordinates: 11°00′N 123°30′E﻿ / ﻿11.000°N 123.500°E﻿ / 11.000; 123.500
***Saw*** is an American horror franchise distributed by Lionsgate. It is produced by Twisted Pictures and created by James Wan and Leigh Whannell. It is made up of eight movies. In 2003, Wan and Whannell made a short movie to help pitch as a potential feature movie.

The sequels were directed by Darren Lynn Bousman, David Hackl, and Kevin Greutert, and were written by Wan, Whannell, Bousman, Patrick Melton, and Marcus Dunstan. The movies are released every October the Friday before Halloween.

*Saw 3D*, is the final installment of the series. Lionsgate reportedly wanted to continue the franchise in 2012 with a reboot. An eighth movie, *Jigsaw*, was released in October 2017.

The franchise is about John Kramer (played by Tobin Bell), also called the "Jigsaw Killer" or simply "Jigsaw". He traps his victims before killing them through traps.

The franchise has made over $1 billion from box office and retail sales by 2009.

Other characters in the franchise are Billy the Puppet, David Tapp (played by Danny Glover) and Amanda Young (played by Shawnee Smith).

Movies
------

* *Saw* (2004)
* *Saw II* (2005)
* *Saw III* (2006)
* *Saw IV* (2007)
* *Saw V* (2008)
* *Saw VI* (2009)
* *Saw 3D* (2010)
* *Jigsaw* (2017)
* *Spiral* (2021)
**Naïve** (pronounce: "na-EEV") is a French word which is used in English to mean that someone is very simple and does not understand about the dangers around them. Someone who is naïve does not have enough experience of life to know about things he or she ought to know; for example, they may be very trusting, not realizing that some people in the world are evil and that some situations are perilous.

The word is sometimes spelt in English without the French double dot on the letter i, "naive", due to the default settings for typing in English lacking it. It is an adjective. The noun is **naïveté**, but is sometimes spelt naïvety in English. It is similar in meaning to the word "innocent" and is not always a negative quality in that being naïve implies a lack of acquired prejudice.

The word naïve is used in other special ways in the arts and sciences. It often means "lack of experience", but it does not necessarily mean it in a critical way.

* Naïve art is art which is created by people who have not been trained as artists.
* Naïve realism is the way that most people see and understand the world.
* In ecology it can mean animals that have not learned to be afraid of other animals that might attack and eat them.

Related pages
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* Innocent
A pavlova with strawberries, bananas, kiwifruit and cream.
**Pavlova** is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside.

People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions. It is usually served with cream and fruit.

History
-------

Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Holland. Keith Money wrote that a New Zealand chef in a hotel in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited as part of her world tour in 1926.

Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes.  Her book, *The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History*, says that the first Australian pavlova recipe Archived 2016-09-12 at the Wayback Machine was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine *NZ Dairy Exporter Annual* was made in 1929.

The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when *Home Cookery for New Zealand* by E Futter had a recipe for "Meringue with Fruit Filling." The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova. 


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Pavlova***
"**You Suffer**" is a song by the British grindcore band Napalm Death. It is from their first album, *Scum*. The *Guinness Book of Records* has mentioned the song as the shortest recorded song ever. It is precisely 1.316 seconds long.

The song was written by band members Nicholas Bullen and Justin Broadrick. This was during the sessions for the *From Enslavement to Obliteration* demo recording in March 1986. The song is featured on the album *Scum*, released in 1987.

According to Broadrick, "You Suffer" was meant as a joke. He called it "retarded", "ridiculous" but "hilarious". He added that they played the song "in front of 30 local kids, like, every weekend." for about thirty times.

Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht's 1985 song "E!"

Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song, which he describes as the "*shortest* punk song on the subject of suffering (or any subject)" at the conclusion of his memoir *We Did Porn*.

Video
-----

A music video produced by Earache records was released for the song in March 2007. This was on the same day that the *Scum* dualdisc was released.

Other websites
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* "You Suffer" at YouTube
**Premature ejaculation** (also known as **PE**) is a condition affecting many men. It is when during sexual intercourse (sex) the male cannot stop himself from ejaculating after starting sex.  The usual time from starting sex until ejaculation is about 4 to 8 minutes.

Treatment exercises
-------------------

The condition is usually curable, or at least treatable with exercises. (There are more exercises than these, however, these are the most common.)

### Stimulation treatment

One exercise is to create an erection and begin to lose it, then stimulate it again. This exercise is best done alone at first and then with a partner. Thrusting should not be used with a partner until very near the end of treatment. This treatment may take several weeks to fully cure the problem if it is used properly.[*source?*]

### Muscular treatment

Another treatment involves using the muscle which stops urine. To locate the muscle, simply begin urinating and stop quickly before emptying the bladder. Doing that will demonstrate how to use the muscle. Then whenever convenient use the muscle. You do not need to be urinating to use the muscle and it is suggested you are not. After a few weeks of both these treatments, the PE will become more like traditional ejaculation and after about one and a half to two and a half months, it should be absolutely normal.[*source?*]

### Notes

1. ↑  "Web MD: Premature Ejaculation Main Directory".
2. ↑  Strassberg, D. S. & Perelman, M. A. (2009). Sexual dysfunctions. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), *Oxford textbook of psychopathology* (2nd ed.), (pp. 399–430). NY: Oxford University Press.
3. ↑  "Control premature ejaculation: Premature Ejaculation Exercises".
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 - 13 February 1787) was a Croatian polymath and Jesuit from the city of Dubrovnik in the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia). He studied and lived in Italy and France, where he published many of his works.

He produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy. In 1753 he discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon.

*Philosophiae naturalis theoria* (1758)
In Vienna in 1758, he published the first edition of his famous work, *Philosophiæ naturalis theoria redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium* (*Theory of natural philosophy derived to the single law of forces which exist in nature*). It included his atomic theory and his theory of forces. A second edition was published in 1763 in Venice and a third again in Vienna in 1764. In 1922 it was published in London, and in 1966 in the United States. Another edition was published in Zagreb in 1974.

Life
----

Boscovich was born in Dubrovnik as the youngest of seven children. He joined the Jesuit school in Dubrovnik, leaving for Rome in 1725. In Rome he was under the care of 2 Jesuit priests whom introduced him to the Society of Jesus. In 1731, enrolled in college at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. There, he studied mathematics and physics and in 1740 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college.

Boscovich studied the transit of Mercury, the Aurora borealis, the figure of the Earth, the observation of the fixed stars, the inequalities in terrestrial gravitation, the application of mathematics to the theory of the telescope, the limits of certainty in astronomical observations, and various problems in solid geometry and spherical trigonometry.

In 1742 he and other scientists were consulted by Pope Benedict XIV, as to the best way of securing the structure of the dome of St. Peter's, Rome, in which a crack had been discovered. His suggested placing five iron bands and it was accepted. 

In 1758, Roger Joseph Boscovich described a version of atomic theory. He explained the resistance of hard bodies as due to force rather than "hardness". "The primary elements of matter are in my opinion perfectly indivisible & non-extended points".

As a devoted Jesuit, Boscovich spent his life without ever getting married or having children.

Related pages
-------------

* Atomic theory
* John Dalton
Visibility can be poor on foggy days.
*Visibility* is a word used in meteorology. It is used to talk about how far a normal person can see depending on the weather. If there is low visibility, such as in a blizzard, a person will not be able to see far. If there is high visibility, such as on a bright, sunny day, a person will be able to see a long way.

Visibility less than 100 metres (330 ft) is often called zero. When it is this low, roads may be closed, or lights and signs are turned on to warn drivers. These are put in areas that often have very low visibility. Warning lights help stop accidents. Automobile crashes with many cars happen often in places like this if the warning lights and signs are not put up.

Visibility is said to be good when a person can see farther than about 10 kilometers.

An advisory is put out by meteorologists to warn of low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These tell drivers to not travel until the fog leaves. Airport travel sometimes is delayed, or slowed down, by low visibility.