recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Mosque of Yunis in Mosul, destroyed by the Islamic State on July 24, 2014.
**Samira Salih al-Nuaimi** (also **Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi**, **Sameera Salih Ali al-Nuaimy**, or سميرة صالح النعيمي in Arabic) (1963 – 22 September 2014) was an Iraqi lawyer and human rights activist. 

She had criticized Islamic State on Twitter because they destroyed mosques, churches, and shrines. She was then kidnapped by men in masks. She was tortured for five days and then was killed by Islamic State (ISIS or Daish).

The United Nations spoke out strongly against the killing.

Work
----

Samiraa al-Nuaimi was a lawyer. According to the Gulf Centre For Human Rights, she worked on detainee rights and poverty.  She worked as a volunteer for women's rights.  She was one of the leading activists in Iraq, especially in the defense of people in jail, and in helping families with little money. 

Samira lived in the northeastern part of Mosul with her husband and three children.  On September 17, 2014, when she was at home with her husband and children, the ISIL group took Samira from her home. They said she was guilty of apotasy under Sharia law. They tortured her for 5 days. Then they killed her.  Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein, the United Nations human rights commissioner, said her familiy was not permitted to give her a funeral. 

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq said she was arrested because of her Facebook messages. She posted criticism of ISIL's destruction of religious places in Mosul. After her death, the Facebook page was removed.

International reaction
----------------------

The United States Department of State condemned Samira's murder. They said she was brave because she helped people when she was in danger. 

The Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Iraq (SRSG), Mr. Nickolay Mladenov, also spoke strongly against the killing of al-Nuaimi. He said it was a "sickening crime committed against the people of Iraq".  United Nations Commissioner Prince Zeid bin Raad, from the High Commissioner office in Geneva and New York, said Samira's death was terrible. He said she had courage because she defended the human rights of others.
The castle, seen from the north,from Rouffiac-des-Corbières.
**Peyrepertuse Castle** is a castle in France. It is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is Aude, in Occitanie. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.

When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.

Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby.

Images
------

* The lower part of Peyrepertuse castleThe lower part of Peyrepertuse castle
* Peyrepertuse castle, with walls as it looks todayPeyrepertuse castle, with walls as it looks today
* Old dungeon of the castle, seen from the westOld dungeon of the castle, seen from the west
* The remains of the chapelThe remains of the chapel

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the castle (French)
* Peyrepertuse on cathares.org (French)
* Images of climbers (French)
* Article with photos on Peyrepertuse (French)


Map of Cathar castles| Carte des châteaux cathares
**Lastours**
**City of**
**Carcassonne**
**Puilaurens**
**Montségur castle**
**Puivert**
**Arques**
**Termes**
**Villerouge-**
**Termenès**
**Peyrepertuse**
**Quéribus**
**Aguilar**
Toulouse
Carcassonne
Foix
Minerve
Narbonne
*to*
*Montpellier*
*to*
*Perpignan*
*Mediterranean*
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The globular cluster M80. Stars in globular clusters are mainly older metal-poor members of Population II stars.
**Metallicity** is a term in astronomy. It means the amount of elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. 

Most of the normal physical matter in the Universe is either hydrogen or helium. Astronomers use the word *"metals"* as a convenient short term for *"all elements except hydrogen and helium"*. This is different from the usual chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting solid. 

Stars and nebulae with plenty of heavier elements are called "metal-rich", even though many of those elements are non-metals in chemistry.

The heavier elements come from stellar nucleosynthesis. Most elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the Universe ("metals") are formed in the cores of stars. Over time, stellar winds and supernovae put the metals into the surrounding environment, enriching the interstellar medium. There it is material for the birth of new stars. Older generations of stars, which formed in the metal-poor early Universe, generally have lower metallicities than those of younger generations, which formed in a more metal-rich Universe.
***The Event*** was an American television show on NBC. It is in the genre of science fiction. It is about a group of aliens who come to Earth. 97 of these aliens are being held by the United States government. They were held held for 66 years until they escaped. The show will have 22 episodes for the first season. On May 13, 2011, NBC announced that the show will end after one season due to declining ratings. However the producers said that Netflix or Syfy may pick it up.

Plot
----

At the end of World War II the aliens crash into Alaska. Some of them are taken by the United States. Others get away. They stay hidden taking normal jobs. Some of them are helping the aliens get back home. President Elias Martinez decides to release the aliens. However as he is holding a press conference the an airplane attempts to kill him. It does not work because the Aliens transport the plane to a desert in Arizona. The aliens that were being held told him that they were the only ones. However that was not true. Soon they escape the prison and attempt to kill the president. They have the Vice-President help with this. They save him.

### Ratings

*The Event* reached 10,800,000 people watching it for the first episode. However after that the ratings went down slowly to 4,000,000 for episode 14.

### Reception

Before the show premiered, it was a mixture of *24*, *Lost* and *The 4400*. However many viewers found this show confusing and hard to follow. This was because of constant flashbacks and time jumps. The show soon went on a hiatus and came back with no more flashbacks.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Rudolf Anderson Jr.** (September 15, 1927 – October 27, 1962), was a pilot and commissioned officer in the United States Air Force.

Rudolf Anderson Jr. was the only person killed by enemy fire during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Anderson died when his U-2 spy aircraft was shot down over Cuba.

On October 27, Anderson took off in a U-2F (AF Serial Number *56-6676*, former CIA Article 343) from a forward operating location at McCoy Air Force Base in Orlando, Florida. A few hours into his mission, he was shot down by a Soviet-supplied S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile near Banes, Cuba. "The loss of the U-2 over Banes was probably caused by intercept by an SA-2 from the Banes site, or pilot hypoxia, with the former appearing more likely on the basis of present information," stated a CIA document dated 0200 hrs, October 28, 1962. Anderson was killed when shrapnel from the exploding proximity warhead punctured his pressure suit, causing it to decompress at high altitude.
A **metal detector** is a tool a person can use to help find metal nearby. It is useful for finding metal within other objects, or for finding metal underground. Most metal detectors will make a sound or have a needle move on a sensor in order to show where objects are. This tells how close you are to an object - for example, by making a higher-pitched sound when you are closer to an object.

History of the metal detector
-----------------------------

Alexander Graham Bell invented a kind of metal detector in 1881 when he was trying to find the bullet in President James Garfield's body after he had been shot. The metal detector worked but it was confused between the bullet and a coiled bed-spring on which the President lay. 

Gerhard Fischer made a better version in the 1920s but the detector got confused when someone was approaching ore-bearing rocks. He was given a patent in 1925. A businessman named Shirl Herr had earlier tried to get a patent for a metal detector but was not given one until 1928.

Uses
----

A metal detector can be used by archaeologists for finding things like metallic coins, bullets, and jewellery underneath or inside a surface.
The House of the Seven Gables

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***House of the Seven Gables***.

The **House of the Seven Gables** (also known as the **Turner House** or **Turner-Ingersoll Mansion**) is a historic house in Salem, Massachusetts. It was built for Captain John Turner. It remained in the Turner family for three generations. The earliest section of the house was built in 1668. It faced south towards Salem Harbor. It was a two-room, 2 1⁄2-story house. It had cross-gables and a huge central chimney. This portion now forms the middle of the house. The house was remodelled over the years. It was eventually acquired by the Ingersoll family. Nathaniel Hawthorne often visited his cousin Susannah at the house. He wrote a novel called *The House of the Seven Gables*. The book uses the house as background. The house was restored between 1908 and 1910. A "cent-shop" and a secret staircase were added. This was done to please visitors who expected the house to resemble the one in Hawthorne's book. The House of the Seven Gables is the oldest *surviving* mansion house in continental North America. It has 17 rooms and over 8,000 square feet. The house is now a non-profit museum.

Other websites
--------------

* House of the Seven Gables
* Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
***Queen Kong*** is a 1976 German-Italian-British parody giant monster horror musical film directed by Frank Angrama produced by Dexter Film London and Harmony Gold and distributed by Constantin Film in December 10, 1976 and DVD by Retromedia was released in United States from April 22, 2003 and United Kingdom was not yet released until in August 12, 2015. an gender-flip spoof mockbuster of King Kong.

Plot
----

Ray Fay travels an island from Africa in a giant gorilla named Queenie when taken Ray, then escaped. Queenie fights off an gigantic Tyrannosaurus Rex and a hook on the Pterodactyl's leg, then captured by gas bombs, then carried off London. then went the presentation of Queenie in the stage later went jealousy while Luce, then and attacked by Queenie angrily, letting escaped and goes on berserk on the city. in the middle of the night, Queenie stalks with buildings also holds an phone booth, inside the building and saw her by a attacked the airplane swats down an building explodes. then punches the window, Ray reunited Queenie and climbs an gigantic Big Ben, then the British police calls an Royal Air Force to destroy the ape, then top an roof hangs an Queenie holds an helicopter, letting down. Ray protesting does not shoot to kill the giant ape and bring back to Africa.

Cast
----

* Robin Askwith as Ray Fay
* Rula Lenska as Luce Habit
* Jon Rees as Queenie stunt
* Charlie Simmons as Tyrannosaurus stunt
* Roger Hammond as Woolf
* Linda Hayden as Singing Nun
* Valerie Leon as Queen of Nabongas

Release
-------

the film was cancelled in United Kingdom due to legal action by Paramount, but later until August 12, 2015. outside of the film's released other countries in United States by DVD on April 22, 2003, Germany in December 10, 1976, Italy in April 29, 1977, Japan in September 22, 2001 and Philippines in March 10, 2004.
**Piet van der Veer** (20 October 1896 — 3 December 1948) was a Dutch boxer from Rotterdam. He competed in the heavyweight category. He competed at international competitions and fought between 1918 and 1930. In 1962 he was described as the best Dutch heavyweight boxer ever. It has been stated that Van der Veer had feelings of inferiority and that was he was mentally unable during matches to get everything out of himself.

Career
------

Van der Veer made his debut on 23 November 1918 in Rotterdam against A. Lamberts and won (KO). During his career he had 55 fights, winning 34 of them (12 losses, 7 draws). Van der Veer was a strong person, and was strong enough to lift a horse and turn the horse around. Van der Veer became for the first time national champion in 1920 and became many times champion until 1926. He had good fights in international matches and got a lot of attention. Van der Veer was even invited to come to the United States, but didn't go. Van der Veer had learned a lot of boxer Battling Siki during his stay in the Netherlands. Van der Veen fought twice against European Champion Erminio Spalla but lost both times on points after 20 rounds of 3 minutes. The defeat had a negative impact on his career. He started training less and his fears increased. During a fight in 1926 against Riccardo Bertazzolo, his heart started to hurt and was stopped by the doctor from fighting. After the fight against Belgian Pierre Charles in July 1930 he deciced to retire from boxing.

Personal life
-------------

Van der Veen worked as a blacksmith at a brewery in Rotterdam. In his last years he struggled with health problems. He died on 3 December 1948 in Rotterdam at the age of 52.

Other websites
--------------

* Dutch newspaper articles — via Delpher

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data

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**Queen Mary's Peak** is the summit of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in the South Atlantic Ocean. The top of it is 2,062 metres (6,765 feet) above sea level. It is named after Mary of Teck, the Queen consort of King George V. It is the highest point of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

The mountain is the peak of the large shield volcano which forms the island. The crater at the top is 300 metres (1,000 feet) wide, with a heart-shaped lake. This lake is normally frozen during the winter, and the upper slopes of the volcano are covered in snow.

The only recorded historical eruption occurred in 1961 from a small crater on the north shore of the island. The island community had to be evacuated.

Queen Mary's Peak was used by sailors on the route from Europe to the Indian Ocean and beyond as a navigational aid. In the 17th century the East India Company instructed captains to sail via Tristan.

Climbing the peak
-----------------

The first known attempt to go up to the peak was in 1793 by the French naturalist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars. He could not get to the top. However, he collected hundreds of plants. Today, Queen Mary's Peak makes a wonderful but steep climbing route. Climbing it can take 5 to 10 hours, depending on the ability of the walker. Visitors are required to use a local guide if they want to go to *The Peak*.

Other websites
--------------

* Queen Mary's Peak in SummitPost.org
* Queen Mary's Peak in Peakbagger.com
The New Art Gallery Walsall
**The New Art Gallery Walsall** is an art gallery. It is in Walsall, England. It displays modern art.

The gallery cost £21 million. That includes £15.75 million which was donated by the UK National Lottery. It also includes money from the European Regional Development Fund.

The Gallery is funded by Walsall Council and Arts Council England,. It also gets money from grants and from its shop. Admission is free. Its first Director was Peter Jenkinson. In May 2005, Stephen Snoddy was appointed as Director.

Architecture
------------

The building was designed by the architects Caruso St John. It opened in January 2000. Before that, the artworks were in the town's old gallery The New Art Gallery's building won several architectural awards. Over 237,000 people visited it in its first year. In 2000 the gallery was shortlisted for the Sterling Architecture Prize.

Collections
-----------

Vincent van Gogh - Sorrow 
The Gallery is home to the Garman Ryan Collection of sculptures and paintings by modern masters. These include a large selection of work by Jacob Epstein. It also includes many significant works by European artists including Van Gogh, Monet, Turner, Corot, Renoir and Constable. There are prints, sketches, drawings, paintings and sculptures. The collection was donated to the people of Walsall in 1973 by Epstein's wife Kathleen Garman (Lady Epstein) and her friend Sally Ryan.

In 2006 the gallery bought the Epstein Archive. The archive is a collection of photographs, documents and sketches by Jacob Epstein. It also includes letters between Jacob and his family and friends. There are letters between Epstein and the people who bought and sold his work.

The gallery also has works by more recent artists. These include Gavin Turk, Hew Locke, Mike Nelson, Yoshihiro Suda, Dorothy Cross, Laura Ford, Darren Lago, Estelle Thompson, Richard Woods, Yinka Shonibare and Rose Finn-Kelcey.

It also holds exhibitions of work borrowed from other galleries. Those exhibitions are temporary.

Other facilities
----------------

The Art Library
The New Art Gallery has Wi-Fi in every room. Visitors can use this Wi-Fi for free.

The Gallery has an Art Library. Anyone can visit the library. In the library, people can read books about art history.

There is a Costa Coffee on the ground floor.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***The New Art Gallery Walsall***.

* New Art Gallery Walsall

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* BnF data
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| Academics | 
* CiNii

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| Other | 
* IdRef

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***Nanny McPhee*** is a 2005 British fantasy movie. It was directed by Kirk Jones. The stars of Nanny McPhee are Emma Thompson and Colin Firth. Thompson also wrote the script for the movie. The script is based on Christianna Brand's Nurse Matilda books.

Plot
----

*Nanny McPhee* is about a nanny called who had magic, and used it to help naughty children be good. The family in this movie has seven children, and all of them are naughty. Nanny McPhee taught them 5 lessons. The first lesson was to ‘sleep when they should sleep’. The second was to ‘get up when they are told’, the third lesson was ‘to get dress when they are told’, the fourth lesson was ‘to listen’ and the fifth and final lesson was to ‘completely obey parents' commands’.
Cedric Brown (Colin Firth)'s wife died, leaving behind seven children. Cedric was very busy at work and he had to take care of his children when he went home. Therefore, Cedric had already found 16 nannies. However, none could cope with the children. 

A woman who looked extremely ugly appeared on his doorstep. The woman told Cedric that her name is Nanny

McPhee, and she would like to be the children's nanny. McPhee had magical powers. The children become nicer day by day, and Cedric's situation is improved a lot.

Cast
----

* Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee
* Colin Firth as Cedric Brown
* Kelly Macdonald as Evangeline
* Angela Lansbury as Great Aunt Adelaide
* Celia Imrie as Mrs. Selma Quickly
* Imelda Staunton as Mrs. Blatherwick
* Derek Jacobi as Mr. Wheen
* Patrick Barlow as Mr. Jowls
* Thomas Sangster as Simon Brown
* Eliza Bennett as Tora Brown
* Jennifer Rae Daykin as Lily Brown
* Raphaël Coleman as Eric Brown
* Samuel Honywood as Sebastian Brown
* Holly Gibbs as Christianna Brown
* Hebe and Zinnia Barnes as Agatha (Aggie) Brown

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Nanny McPhee***

* Official website
* *Nanny McPhee* on IMDb
* *Nanny McPhee* at Box Office Mojo
* *Nanny McPhee* at Rotten Tomatoes
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles use hydrogen gas as a source of fuel to generate electricity. They are one of the cleanest forms of transportation. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles use a fuel cell stack in order to convert the chemical energy that’s being stored in hydrogen into electrical energy, which will be used to power an electric motor. A Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle starts with Hydrogen gas being stored inside a high pressure tank located within the vehicle. Then the hydrogen is given to the fuel cell stack, which is made of an Anode, Cathode, and an Electrolyte. Hydrogen molecules from the storage tanks are then introduced into the anode compartment of each fuel cell. The Hydrogen molecules then usually encounter a catalyst which makes the electrochemical reaction. The Electrochemical reaction is done with the help of the catalyst, which helps split the hydrogen molecules into protons, labeled "H+" and electrons which are labeled "e-". Once this step is done, the protons move through the proton exchange membrane, while the electrons are forced to use an external circuit because the proton exchange membrane is very selective. While the electrons flow through the external circuit, this creates an electrical current, and this will power the electric motor found in the vehicle. On the other hand, Oxygen is provided to the cathode inside the fuel cell stack, which has the electrons that have taken the external path, and the protons. While inside, they are all mixed to create water (H2O), which will be the only thing the car will leave behind. Using this technology, we are able to assure that Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles will not produce anything that will harm the environment nor use any non-renewable resources aside from the transportation of the Hydrogen needed to power the vehicle. There are some issues with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles. One of those issues is that it lacks a proper infrastructure. The reason is because one hydrogen fueling stations costs more than one million dollars to make. Another issue is that Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles are also really expensive, as the technology revolving around using hydrogen as fuel is still a fairly new concept, therefore it is also extremely expensive. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles usually get great range, much more than gas and electric vehicles. Some examples of Hydrogen Vehicles are the Hyundai Nexo, Honda Insight, and the Toyota Mirai.

| * v
* t
* e
Emerging technologies |
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**The National Museum of Computing** is a museum in the United Kingdom dedicated to collecting and restoring old computer systems. The museum is based at Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. It opened in 2007. The building — *Block H* — was built in 1944. At the end of World War II it housed six Colossus computers. It is the first computer centre in the world.

The museum has a rebuilt Colossus computer. It also has an exhibition of the most complex code cracking activities that were performed at Bletchley Park during World War II. More modern computers can be seen. They show the history of the development of computing from the 1940s to the present day. The museum tries to have these machines in working order.

Although located on the Bletchley Park "campus", The National Museum of Computing is an entirely separate charity. It receives no public funding. It relies on the generosity of donors and supporters. Tickets for admission to the museum are separate from those for the other museum on the site.
***Qianzhousaurus*** is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. So far only one species has been named: the type species *Qianzhousaurus sinensis*. Nicknamed 'Pinocchio rex' for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs, it was discovered in southern China and first published in the journal *Nature Communications* in May 2014.

Apart from its signature snout, it also had long, narrow teeth, while *T. rex* had thick teeth and powerful, deep-set jaws. This suggest its feeding method and probably its life-style were quite different from *Tyrannosaurus*. The thinner teeth and lighter skeleton of *Qianzhousaurus* suggest it hunted smaller creatures, such as lizards and feathered dinosaurs.

The bones were discovered by workmen at a construction site near the city of Ganzhou, who then took them to a local museum.

The discovery of *Qianzhousaurus*, and *Alioramus* from Mongolia, shows that the long-snouted tyrannosaurids were widespread in Asia. Although we are only starting to learn about them, they were apparently one of the main groups of predatory dinosaurs in Asia. Their existence was previously suspected because of various scattered fossil finds. An expert says the find "tells us pretty unequivocally that these long-snouted tyrannosaurs were a real thing. They were a different breed, living right to the end of the age of dinosaurs".
***The Naked and the Dead*** is a novel written by an American author named Norman Mailer. It was published in 1948. The novel was based on Mailer's experience as a cook while he was stationed in the Philippines. It is about the experiences about one platoon during World War II as they fight in the South Pacific.

It became very popular. It was turned into a film in 1958.

Plot
----

The story takes place on the fictional island of Anopopei in the South Pacific and is about American soldiers trying to drive off the Japanese so that they can advance into the Philippines.

### Part 1- Wave

Staff Sergeant Sam Croft, Woodrow Wilson, and Roy Gallagher are playing cards the night before a scheduled attack. They are members of a recon platoon fighting on Anopopei. The next morning, as the platoon takes boats to the island, they are nervous. Sgt. William Brown and Cpl. Stanley talk about women and the other men in their squad. The assault begins, and as the platoon waits for their turn to come to the island, they nervously joke among themselves. Once the squad reaches the beach, they dig foxholes. Stanley picks a fight with Oscar Ridges and Red Valsen, but ultimately Red knows the time is not right for a fight, and he backs down. Croft leaves to find his commanding officer. Once they’ve begun to settle in on the beach, the Japanese attack. The squad splits up. Cpl. Toglio, Hennessey, and Ridges have completed their foxholes, so they stay on the beach. Brown, Gallagher, Wilson, Red, Stanley, and Sgt. Julio Martinez run after Croft. As the beach is shelled, Hennessey panics and soils himself. He runs down the beach to try to clean his pants, but he is killed.

### Part 2- Argil and Mold

Croft pleads with higher officers to give him more men to replace those lost. He ultimately earns an extra replacement man, bringing the squad up to fourteen. Roth and Goldstein, two of the new men in the platoon, become friends because they are both Jewish.

### Part 3- Plant and Phantom

### Part 4- Wake

Characters
----------

* **Hennessey** is a newer member of the platoon. He is very cautious as to not get killed. When they arrive at the beach of Anopopei, he defecates in his pants out of fear. He has a mental breakdown and runs down the beach in hopes of getting new pants. He is killed soon after by shrapnel from an exploding mortar shell.

Writing
-------

### "Fug"

The publisher would not let the word "fuck" be in the novel, so Mailer used the word "fug" to replace it.
**Johannes "John" van Vliet** was a Dutch professional boxer from Overschie. He competed in the heavyweight category and was 85 kg. He competed at professional international competitions in Europe between 1929 and 1932.

Career
------

Van Vliet made his debut on 15 June 1929 in Chatelineau against Gustave Limousin. He lost as a result of corner retirement. The same year he also lost from the later German Olympian Ernst Pistulla in Bockbrauerei.

In 1930 he fought against Paul Hofman (in Rotterdam), Canadian Larry Gains (in Leicester) and Emil Stich (in Saarbruecken).

Van Vliet had a fight in 22 April 1931 in the Royal Albert Hall in London (UK). He lost the 10-rounds fight against the British John Pettifer. The referee stopped the fight in the third round because the eye of Van Vliet was serious injured. The revenue of the fight was for war blind people.

On 13 May 1931, Van Vliet had a fight in Aken against the German Hans Blaschek. It was a fight of three thirty seconds rounds. Van Vliet was stonger during the fight. In the second round Blaschek was down for nine seconds, in the second round twice and in the last round three times nine seconds. However, 20 seconds before the end of the fight his eye injury opened again and started blooding (the injury from the fight against Pettifer) and the referee had to stop the fight.

Van Vliet had a fight on 29 September 1931 in Antwerp (Belgium). He lost this fight from Berr Melsow on points.

On 25 January 1932 he went knock out in a fight against French Maurice Griselle. On 7 November 1932 there was a scheduled fight of Van Vliet against Belgian Harry Staal during the international boxing competition in Rotterdam. However, the fight didn’t take place because Van Vliet retired from boxing.
The **Quirinal Palace** (known in Italian as the **Palazzo del Quirinale** or simply **Quirinale**) is a historical building in Rome, Italy. It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic. 

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

History
-------

The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the *Via del Quirinale* and facing onto the *Piazza del Quirinale*, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.

In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Quirinal Palace***.

* Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
* Satellite image of the palace and its garden

Panoramic view of the Piazza del Quirinale with the palace on the left side.
Tagliatelle with bolognese sauce.
**Bolognese sauce** is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called *Ragù alla bolognese* in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with *tagliatelle*, a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.

Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes
--------------------------------

Spaghetti alla Bolognese.
In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added.

Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.

However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.

References and further reading
------------------------------

* Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) *The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food*, Morrow Cookbooks. ISBN 0-688-08963-1.

Other websites
--------------


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Spaghetti with Bolognese meat sauce***
*This is a Chinese name; the family name is* Qi*.*

**Qi Yuwu** (Chinese: **戚玉武**; pinyin: **Qī Yùwǔ**; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.

Early life
----------

Qi was a Physical Education major graduate. He was the winner the *China Round* of Asian Star Search 1999, Singapore's regional talent search contest. He also won "Mr. Personality". Before signing to MediaCorp Studios, he was a model. He had also played the lead part in a Guangzhou television serial.

Career
------

### Television

In 2004, 2005 and 2006, Qi was selected as one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Male Artists" on the annual Star Awards. He was also nominated for the "Best Actor" award in Star Awards 2004 for the drama series, *Room In My Heart* and Star Awards 2006 for the drama series, *C.I.D*.

In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in *C.I.D* but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.[*source?*]

A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, *Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng*. This was followed by *Dare To Strike*, another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.

### Movies

Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many fans and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.

His notable roles were in *My Genie* as Zhang Tai Ping, *The Champion* as Lu Kai Wei, *C.I.D* as Tang Si Wei and *The Peak* as Chen Tian Jun.

In 2007, Qi starred in the movies *The Leap Years* (also called *Leap of Love*) with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; *The Home Song Stories*, again with Joan Chen; and *881* by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie *Protege*, acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.

He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.
*Le Bateleur*, "The Mountebank," the first trump in the Tarot of Marseille.

The **Tarot** (often **Tarot cards**) are a set of seventy-eight cards, comprising twenty-two Тrump cards, and four suits of fourteen cards each with four Face cards. In the English speaking world, Tarot cards are mostly used for divination. Tarot cards are also used in many European countries for playing trick taking card games. Cartomancy is to use Tarot cards for divination.

Tarot decks did not come before decks having four suits of the same length. They were invented not for occult purposes but purely for gaming. In 1781, Court de Gébelin published an essay associating the cards with ancient wisdom. This idea was later disproved by Dummett. Tarot cards have been used for cartomancy and divination as well as gaming. Nowadays fortune-tellers tend to use specially-developed tarot decks rather than those used for games. Not just the cards but now there are several websites available online where people go to get their answers. They simply put the data on the lucky wheel and it starts spinning. When it stops, the people know what's written in the cards for them. 

Many websites offer tarot definitions.

Other websites
--------------

* Tarocchi History at Trionfi.com
* Card Games: Tarot Games at Pagat.com
Example of the Hydrogen atom: it has one electron shell and one electron.
An **electron shell**, or main energy level, is the part of an atom where electrons are found orbiting the atom's nucleus.

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. All atoms have one or more electron shell(s), all of which have varying numbers of electrons. 

Each electron shell has one or more electron sub-shells, or sub-levels. Electron shells make up the electron configuration of an atom. The number of electrons that can be in a certain shell is equal to {\displaystyle 2n^{2}}, where n is the number of a shell.

The name for electron shells came from the Bohr model, which states that electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances so that their orbits form "shells". This term was presented by Niels Henrik David Bohr.

Valence shell
-------------

The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom in its neutral state. The valence shell contains the electrons most likely to be involved in reactions. 

In a noble gas, an atom tends to have eight electrons in its outer shell (except helium, which is only able to fill its shell with two electrons). Noble gases serve as the model for the octet rule, which states that atoms tend to form bonds or create ions so that they can have eight electrons in their outermost shell. This is mostly applicable to the main-group elements of the second and third periods.

For coordination complexes containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of 18 electrons. This is referred to as the *eighteen electron rule*.

Possible number of electrons in shells 1-7| Shell | Electrons |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 |
| 2 | 8 |
| 3 | 18 |
| 4 | 32 |
| 5 | 32 |
| 6 | 18 |
| 7 | 8 |
|

Sub-shells
----------

Electron sub-shells are identified by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i, etc. corresponding to the azimuth quantum numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. Each shell is able to hold 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 electrons respectively.
The Nordertor, a town gate, in winter
The **Nordertor** (Danish: *Nørreport*) is an old town gate of the city of Flensburg. The gate was built around 1595. Today, the little landmark is in use as a symbol for the German town Flensburg.

History
-------

In 1345 the town of Flensburg began to build its town wall. A gate was built on the north side of the town. It was called *Norder Porte*. It was replaced by a building in the 16th century called the Nordertor. This marked the northern boundary of the town. It was a checkpoint that was closed in the night.

On the north side of the gate are two plaques. The left one shows the royal coat of arms of King Christian IV, 1577-1648 and the Latin words: „Regna Firmat Pietas" — Piety strengthens the Realms. The right one shows the coat of arms of Flensburg with the German words: „Friede ernährt, Unfrieden verzehrt" — Peace nurtures, strife devours. There is also a date- 1767. This means that the town gate was restored in the time of Christian VII, 1749-1808.

After 1796 the town grew beyond the town wall. There had been a ban on building outside the wall before then. The Neustadt (*Newtown*), in the neighborhood of the Nordertor was built. In 1913 and 1914 it was restored by the architect Paul Ziegler. The Nordertor got a clock. In 1966 the Deutsche Bundespost made a stamp with a picture of the gate on it. It was a 30 Pfennig stamp, used to send letters within Germany. The Nordertor stamps were sold over 3 billion times. In the 1990s the gate was again restored and the clock was removed. In 2004 the gate was licensed as a venue for civil weddings, so that the weddings could be performed since then directly above the archway of the gate.

* Look from the original place of the Norder Porte to the Nordertor todayLook from the original place of the *Norder Porte* to the Nordertor today
* The Coats of arms and the wise wordsThe Coats of arms and the wise words
* The Nordertor 1972The Nordertor 1972
* Flensburgs street railway in front of the Nordertor in 1972Flensburgs street railway in front of the Nordertor in 1972
Hexham Abbey
another view
Inside Hexham Abbey
**Hexham Abbey** is an Anglican church in the town of Hexham, Northumberland, dedicated to St Andrew. Since the Dissolution of the monasteries in 1537, the Abbey has been the parish church of Hexham.

The Abbey, which was a cathedral in Saxon times, is part of the Diocese of Newcastle. The diocese is based in Newcastle upon Tyne, and includes the historic county of Northumberland in northeast England.

History
-------

There has been a church on this site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria, made a grant of lands c.674. The Benedictine abbey was built almost entirely of stones from nearby Roman ruins. The Saxon crypt still remains; as does a *frith* stool, a 7th/8th century 'cathedra' or throne.

In the year 875 Halfdene the Dane ravaged the whole of Tyneside and Hexham Church was plundered and burnt to the ground.

About 1050 one Eilaf was put in charge of Hexham, although as treasurer of Durham, he probably never came there. Eilaf was instructed to rebuild Hexham Church which then lay in utter ruin. His son Eilaf II completed the work probably building in the Norman style.

In Norman times, the old abbey was replaced by an Augustinian priory. The present church is from that period (c.1170–1250), in the Early English (Gothic) style of architecture. The choir, north and south transepts and the cloisters date from this period.

The east end was rebuilt in 1860, and the rest of the Abbey was largely rebuilt around 1900. This mammoth project involved re-building the nave, whose walls include some of the earlier church. The nave was re-consecrated in 1908. In 1996 an additional chapel was created at the east end of the north choir aisle. Named *St Wilfrid's Chapel*, it offers a place for prayer or quiet reflection.
**Shrewsbury Castle** is a medieval castle located in the county town of Shrewsbury in Shropshire, England. It is built out of red sandstone and stands on a hill in the neck of the meander of the River Severn. It is directly above Shrewsbury railway station and is a Grade I listed building.

History
-------

William the Conqueror gave orders to build a castle in Shrewsbury in around 1067. It was greatly extended under Roger de Montgomery in around 1070 as a base for operations into Wales, an administrative centre and as a defensive fortification for the town, which was otherwise protected by the loop of the River Severn. The castle later had town walls added; some of the town walls still remain today. The castle was briefly held by Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Wales, in 1215.

On 25 August 1992, the castle's regimental museum was attacked by the Provisional IRA. Extensive damage was done to the museum's collection and to some of the castle. The museum was officially re-opened by Princess Alexandra on 2 May 1995.

Gallery
-------

* 
* The castle viewed from Laura's TowerThe castle viewed from Laura's Tower
* The castle viewed from the groundsThe castle viewed from the grounds
**Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)** are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels. This means they can become bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry. SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

History
-------

The W3C published SVG in September 2001. As of 2018 SVG is widely supported in all modern browsers.

The normal Filename extension is *.svg* and the MIME-Type is `image/svg+xml`.

Structure
---------

SVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML). So it has a definition of the document type.

```
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
 xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events"
 version="1.1" baseProfile="full"
 width="800mm" height="600mm">
 
 <!-- content of the file -->
 
 </svg>

```

Difference between bitmap and vector images
-------------------------------------------

This image illustrates the difference between bitmap and vector
images. The vector image can be scaled indefinitely, while the bitmap cannot.

This image shows the difference between bitmap and vector
images. The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can not.

Other websites
--------------

* VectorMagic Online raster to SVG converter
Europe after the Congress of Berlin.
The **Treaty of Berlin** was a part of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). In it, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano.

Problems
--------

### Bulgaria

The most important problem in the treaty was deciding what would happen to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria should not be mentioned in the treaty. The Treaty of San Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state, which was just what the United Kings and Austria-Hungary did not want since Russia would become too powerful.

### Independence

The treaty stated that Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was to be occupied by Austria-Hungary.

The three newly-independent states soon declared themselves to be kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary officially took over Bosnia in 1908, which caused a major European crisis.
**Echizen Ono Castle** is a Japanese castle that is in Ono City, Fukui Prefecture. Until the Meiji period, the administrative headquarters of the Ono Domain region was established. In 2017, it was included in "Second series Top 100 Japanese Castle". The castle which appears every conditions are met in the morning, is called "castle in the sky (天空の城)".

In 1575, Nagachika Kanamori began to build a castle on Kameyama mountain, a small mountain in Ono County. It took several years to build the castle. After the Kazunori Aoki’s era, the Echizen Matsudaira family became a shogunal property, and the castle owner changed many times until the Doi family got it. The castle burned down in 1775 and was rebuilt in 1795 with the exception of the castle tower, but it was destroyed again after the Meiji Restoration. The castle tower today was built in the Shōwa period (1968).

Castle tower
------------

Echizen Ono Castle had a large watchtower on the second and third floors with an observation tower in the main area and another smaller watchtower on the second floor. It also had multiple *Kuruwa*--districts limited by water, fence, or anything else. These districts were the secondary area of a castle (二ノ丸, Ninomaru) and the furthest outer area (三ノ丸, Sannomaru) at the beginning of the Kameyama mountain, connecting a canal and a river to protect the castle tower. Protecting the castle tower was important role for Echizen Ono castle.

Stone wall
----------

Echizen Ono Castle has a stone wall (石垣, ishigaki) which is a wall or fence made by assembling stones, with a construction method called Nozura-zumi (野面積み), which is an old style stone wall piled up without processing natural stone. Nozura-zumi has a good drainage, which are resistant to weathering. This is nowadays a valuable historic site.

Nozura-zumi（野面積み）

Lords of Echizen Ono Castle
---------------------------

Castle in the sky
In the history of Echizen Ono Castle, 19 different feudal lords have changed (大名, daimyo), until the time in which the castle was sold in 1872. In addition to Nagachika Kanamori, the castle owners of the Azuchi-Momoyama period included Kazunori Aoki, who is said to be related to Hideyoshi Toyotomi, and Hideo Oda, the grandson of Nobunaga Oda.

* Nagachika Kanamori (金森 長近)
* Hidekazu Hasegawa (長谷川 秀一)
* Kazunori Aoki (青木 一矩)
* Hidekatsu Oda (織田 秀雄)
* Masaaki Tsutsiya (土屋 正明)
* Tadatsugu tsuchiya (土屋 忠次)
* Masakatsu Oguri (小栗 正勝)
* Naomasa Matsudaira (松平 直政)
* Naomoto Matsudaira (松平 直基)
* Naoyoshi Matsudaira (松平 直良)
* Naoaki Matsudaira (松平 直明)
* Toshifusa Doi (土井 利房)
* Toshimoto Doi (土井 利知)
* Toshihiro Doi (土井 利寛)
* Toshisada Doi (土井 利貞)
* Toshinori Doi (土井 利義)
* Toshikata Doi (土井 利器)
* Toshitada Doi (土井 利忠)
* Toshitsune Doi (土井 利恒)

Books used
----------

* 吉田純一『福井の城ー福井・丸岡・大野・小浜・鯖江城』フェニックス出版、(1994)
* 吉田純一『福井の城あれこれ話』FUT福井城郭研究所、(2015)