recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Progressive conservatism**  is an ideology that tries to unite conservative and progressive ideas. To deal with poverty, the ideology supports the idea of a social safety net. It also supports a limited redistribution of wealth. The people supporting progressive conservatism want to allow the government to regulate markets in the interests of both consumers and producers. Progressive conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's "One Nation" Toryism.

In the UK, the Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, and David Cameron have been described as progressive conservatives. The Catholic Church's *Rerum Novarum* (1891) advocates a progressive conservative doctrine known as social Catholicism.

In the United States, Theodore Roosevelt has been the main figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand". Some people considered the administration of President William Howard Taft to be progressive conservative. Taft described himself as "a believer in progressive conservatism". President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared himself an advocate of "progressive conservatism". In Germany, Chancellor Leo von Caprivi promoted a progressive conservative agenda called the "New Course". In Canada, a variety of conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with Canada's major conservative movement being officially named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. In Canada, the Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney, and Kim Campbell led progressive conservative federal governments.
"Flying fox" redirects here. For other bats known as flying fox, see Acerodon.

A colony of fruit bats
***Pteropus*** is a genus of large megabats. They are commonly known as **fruit bats** or **flying foxes**. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia: Australia, the Indian subcontinent, East Africa, and some oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

There are at least 60 living species in the genus.
Flying foxes eat fruit and other plant matter, and occasionally insects as well. They find food with their keen sense of smell. Most, but not all, are nocturnal. They navigate with keen eyesight, as they cannot echolocate. They have long lives and low birth rates. Females of most species have only one offspring each year. This slow birth rate makes their populations vulnerable in present-day circumstances.

Like other bats, flying foxes can give deadly diseases to humans. They are the reservoirs of rare but fatal disease agents such as Australian bat lyssavirus (which causes rabies), and Hendra virus. Seven known human deaths have come from these two diseases. Nipah virus is also transmitted by flying foxes—it affects more people, with over 100 fatalities. 

Flying foxes have cultural significance to indigenous people. They appear in traditional art, folklore, and weaponry. Their fur and teeth were used as currency in the past. Some cultures still use their teeth as currency today.
Sugar Ray Robinson
**Sugar Ray Robinson** (born **Walker Smith Jr.**, May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

Early life
----------

Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.

Career
------

He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

Death
-----

Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.

Other websites
--------------

* Boxing record Archived 2006-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
* The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson Archived 2008-04-04 at the Wayback Machine

|
|  |
| Preceded byMarty ServoVacated |  **World Welterweight Champion**20 Dec 1946 – 14 Feb 1951Vacated | Succeeded byJohnny Bratton |
|
| Preceded byJake LaMotta |  **World Middleweight Champion**14 Feb 1951 – 10 Jul 1951 | Succeeded byRandy Turpin |
|
| Preceded byRandy Turpin |  **World Middleweight Champion**12 Sep 1951 – Dec 1952Retired | Succeeded byCarl (Bobo) Olson |
|
| Preceded byCarl (Bobo) Olson |  **World Middleweight Champion**9 Dec 1955 – 2 Jan 1957 | Succeeded byGene Fullmer |
|
| Preceded byGene Fullmer |  **World Middleweight Champion**1 May 1957 – 23 Sep 1957 | Succeeded byCarmen Basilio |
|
| Preceded byCarmen Basilio |  **World Middleweight Champion**25 Mar 1958 – 22 Jan 1960 | Succeeded byPaul Pender |
The Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun: a favourite with law enforcement and the military.
An MP-40 submachine gun: about a million were made in WWII
A **submachine gun** is a type of gun that shoots many bullets, usually pistol bullets, when one holds down the trigger. A submachine gun is smaller than a machine gun and can easily be carried by one person. They are often used where people need to defend themselves in small areas, or people need to fire many bullets quickly. The first submachine guns were invented in the early 1900s. They are often used by the police and counter-terrorism units .

History
-------

In the early 20th century, experiments were made by converting pistols from semi to fully automatic firearms. Automatic weapons with gunstock and firing pistol rounds were developed around the same time during World War I, by Italy, Germany, and the United States. The first dedicated designs were developed in the latter stages of World War I both as improvements on earlier stocked pistols, and to offer an advantage in trench warfare.

They were popularized in the 1920s and '30s as weapon of choice of American gangsters and police, in the form of the famous Thompson submachine gun, commonly referred to as the "Tommy Gun". Submachine guns rose to prominence as a frontline close-quarters combat weapon and commando firearm during World War II. They are now widely used by police SWAT, military commando, paramilitary, and counter-terror team members for a variety of situations. 

Submachine guns are highly effective in close quarters; their lower-powered pistol cartridges make them generally more controllable in fully-automatic fire compared to assault rifles, while their small size and light weight grant maneuverability. However, pistol bullets often are stopped by body armor or cover, and are short-ranged compared to intermediate and rifle cartridges.

### World War II developments

World War II developments were many and interesting. In Germany the development of machine carbines (*Maschinenkarabiner*) was notable. From 1939 onwards the German Army analyzed combat conditions and developed new tactics and equipment requirements. The existing 7.92x57mm rifle cartridge was more powerful and long ranged than needed. Most combat took place at ranges less than 400 m (440 yards). A less powerful round (bullet) could be used. This meant a soldier could carry more ammunition, the weapon could be shorter, lighter and with less recoil. The gun could be an automatic.

Achieving this took time. Work in 1941 and 1942 led at last to a reliable weapon, the StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44) "assault rifle 44". This was then produced in large numbers (over 600,000). It came too late to effect the Second World War, but was later adapted as the Soviet AK 47.

Other websites
--------------

* WW2-era Small Arms
* Submachine gun -Citizendium
The **Tokyo Metro Museum** is a railway museum in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo, Japan. Metro Cultural Foundation is the caretaker of the museum. It is an organization of the Tokyo Metro which does not work for any profit. The museum is 100 meters away from Kasai Station.

Visitors enter the museum through a subway ticket gate. Then they go through a section of an underground line. This line was the first underground line of Tokyo. It was opened in 1927 between Ueno and Asakusa. As of 2021, it is a part of the Ginza Line.

Collection
----------

The museum presents some examples of the rolling stock used in the Tokyo metro system. It displays a car from an Eidan 300 train that ran on the Marunouchi line. It also displays a car from an Eidan 1000 train that ran on the Ginza line.

The museum has seven main exhibit spaces that explain,

* History of the subway;
* Building the subway;
* Keeping the subway safe;
* Passenger services;
* How do trains work?;
* Subways of Japan and the world;
* Subway play land.

Driving simulators are also available for visitors to try.

### Collection details

As soon as visitors enter through a subway automatic ticket gate, they see an exhibit on the relationship between the city and the subway over the years. They also see the reconstruction of the Ueno station, as it is in 1927.
The next exhibit focus upon the construction of the subway tunnels and the safety of the lines. It exhibits details about the anti-flood system, the traffic-control system, power control centres and how the disaster prevention centre work.

The next section of the museum displays a Series 100 subway car. The museum allows visitors to enter the cab and use various car controls including the motors, the brakes and the pantograph. Scale examples show the electrical collection system used by the subway and the third rail. It also shows the working examples of electric motors and brakes. In the next section of the museum, there are real simulators. These simulators are used for the training of metro staff. Visitors can try one of three simulators under the guidance of museum staff.

The museum has a lecture hall and a lounge. It also has a library with a collection of subway-related works.
See the main article: Association of American Universities
**Purdue University**, in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S. is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University System. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university, accepted a donation of land and money from Lafayette businessman John Purdue to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name. The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with three buildings, six instructors, and 39 students. Today, Purdue enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana as well as the second largest international student population of any public university in the United States.

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 major areas of study. Purdue has produced multiple Nobel Prize winners, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and NFL Super Bowl MVPs. The university has been highly influential in America's history of aviation, and Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the highest rated and most competitive in the world. In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology giving rise to Purdue's nickname, *Cradle of Astronauts*.

Purdue's tenured faculty comprises sixty Academic Deans, Associate Deans, and Assistant Deans; 63 Academic Department Heads; 753 Professors; 547 Associate Professors and 447 Assistant Professors. Purdue employs 892 non-tenure-track faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its West Lafayette campus. Purdue employs another 691 tenured and 1,021 Non-Tenure Track Faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its Regional Campuses and Statewide Technology.

Purdue University generated a record $333.4 million in sponsored research funding during the 2007–08 fiscal year with participation from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Purdue University***.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Official athletics website
**Touraine** (French pronunciation: ​[tuʁɛn]) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. In 1790 France changed from being divided into provinces to being divided into departments. Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher and Indre.

Geography
---------

Touraine has a network of rivers. The Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne all make up a part of the Paris river basin. It is well known for its wine. The TGV connects Tours with Paris. The trip takes less than an hour. This has made Touraine a place of residence for people who work in the capital but seek a different quality of life.

History
-------

Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the Tours region about two thousand years ago. 
In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the counts of Anjou. This same dynasty who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154. The castle of Chinon was their great stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a Duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings. The castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.

Famous natives
--------------

* René Descartes
* Honoré de Balzac

Famous non-natives
------------------

* Leonardo da Vinci died in Amboise in 1519
* Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, Duke of Touraine leader of the Army of Scotland in France during the Hundred Years' War.
**Sui generis** (pronounced [ˈs(j)uːaɪ ˈdʒɛnərɪs] or [ˈsuːɪ ˈdʒɛnərɪs]) is a term from Latin. It can be translated to *Of (his/her/its) own kind*. It basically means that something has VERY special characteristics. They are so special, that the thing cannot really be compared to anything else. It is used in various contexts. The term was invented by philosophers. What they originally wanted to say was that an idea is so specific as to be unique, that it cannot really be part of a broader concept.

Law
---

When lawyers talk about something being *sui generis*, they mean that something is unique. It cannot be compared. With intellectual property, a design can be *sui generis*.

Political sciences
------------------

The European Union is something that has come to be in the last few years. In some ways it is like state in others like a confederation of states or an international organisation. It is mostly classified as *sui generis*.

Sociology
---------

In the sociology of Emile Durkheim, *sui generis* is used to illustrate his theories on social existence. He says that society, as it was there before any living individual was born, is independent of all individuals. His *sui generis* (its closest English meaning in this sense being 'independent') society will furthermore continue its existence after the individual ceases to interact with it.

Examples in media
-----------------

Meryl Streep was praised in a *Wall Street Journal* review of *The Devil Wears Prada*: "(her) pitch-perfect portrayal of Miranda is *sui generis*, with a dramatic existence of its own, as unique and memorable as, say, a Bette Davis character."

Martin Kettle in *The Guardian* said about hung parliaments: "Each is *sui generis*, dependent on the particular parliamentary arithmetic, inter-party momentum and surrounding political circumstances."

*Slate* has used the term several times; one article discussed the unique variations of French Rose Champagne: "Grower Champagnes are wines made by small farmers in the Champagne region who, bucking convention, choose to craft their own wines rather than sell their grapes to the major Champagne houses. Typical of farmer fizzes, the grower rosés are utterly *sui generis*—in a few cases almost freakishly so."

A CNN *The Marquee* post said about James Brown, "I can't even begin to talk about his importance. He was *sui generis*."

Political commentator Dick Morris referred to the intense public interest in the 2008 US Presidential race as "clearly sui generis, and anything can happen."
Red-legged crake, *Rallina fasciata*
Water rail, *Rallus aquaticus*
Immature Spotted crake (*Porzana porzana*)
The **rails**, or **Rallidae**, are a large family of small to medium-sized birds. The rails are related to cranes, and both are in the order Gruiformes.

The family is diverse, and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, although the family is found in every terrestrial habitat except dry deserts, polar regions and alpine areas above the snow line. The Rallidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are numerous island species. The most common habitats are marshland or dense forest. They like dense vegetation.<Hor/>

There are many rails on islands, and they are often flightless.

Flight and flightlessness
-------------------------

The wings of all rails are short and rounded. Their flight is not powerful, but can continue for long periods, and many species migrate annually. The weakness of their flight means they are easily blown off course, so they are common vagrants. This has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense shrub or woodland habitats. Some are also flightless at some time during their moult period.

Many island rails are flightless because on a small island without threatening predators they do not need to fly or move long distances. Flight makes intense demands, with the keel and flight muscles taking up to a quarter of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles lowers the metabolic demands, and reduces the flightless rail's energy needs. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. Flightlessness can evolve extremely rapidly in island rails; it took as little as 125,000 years for the Laysan rail to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly.
***Turn*** or ***Turn: Washington's Spies*** is an American television show. It is set during the American Revolutionary War. It is about the spies and the beginning of espionage. It was on television for four seasons. It started in 2014.

Development
-----------

*Turn* is based on the Culper Ring, real spies from the Revolutionary War. The television show was based on the book *Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring*, by Alexander Rose. The book is not fiction. Rose is one of the show's producers and writers.

Story
-----

A cabbage farmer named Abraham Woodhull (Jaime Bell) and his friends become spies for George Washington (Ian Kahn). The story covers the British plan to use counterfeit money, the time Benedict Arnold changed sides, and the execution of John André.

Setting
-------

Much of the story takes place on Long Island in New York. It also shows other parts of the American colonies, including Manhattan, Philadelphia, and West Point.

Accuracy
--------

According to Long Island historian Margo Arceri, the show is "about 70 percent inaccurate."

Results
-------

Because of the television show, more tourists came to Long Island. Many of the buildings where the real Culper Ring spies worked are still there.

Related pages
-------------

* Culper spy ring

Other websites
--------------

* *Turn* on IMDB
Map of the White River in Arkansas and Missouri
The **White River** is a 722-mile (1,162-km) long river that flows through the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri.

Course
------

The source of the White River is in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas, in the Ozark–St. Francis National Forest southeast of Fayetteville. The river flows northwards from its source in northwest Arkansas. It loops up through southwest Missouri into Table Rock Lake at Branson, Missouri. In Branson the river enters Lake Taneycomo, controlled by the Powersite Dam. The Powersite was the first dam on the White River. The flow continues downstream into Bull Shoals Lake. From there it travels back into Arkansas, and then heads generally southeast to where it flows into the Mississippi River. Despite being much shorter than the Arkansas River, it carries nearly as much water—normally more than 20,000 cubic feet per second (570 m3/s), and occasionally more than 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m3/s) during floods.

River modifications
-------------------

Lake Taneycomo was created in 1913 when the Empire District Electric Company built a dam just south of Forsyth, Missouri. Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, and Bull Shoals Lake are man-made lakes or reservoirs created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This was under the authority of the Flood Control Act of 1938. A total of eight dams restrict the upper White River. Six are in Arkansas and two in Missouri. The White River National Wildlife Refuge lies along the lower part of the river. None of the original White River remains in Missouri. It has been replaced by a series of dams that flooded it's valleys. The White River was once known as one of the best Smallmouth bass fisheries in the world. Smallmouth still inhabit the impoundments but trout have replaced the smallmouth in much of the river, as the dams release much colder water.

Tributaries
-----------

The tributaries of the White River include Cache River, Bayou des Arc, Little Red River, Black River, North Fork River, Buffalo River, Kings River, James River, and Roaring River. Some cities that lie on the White River are Newport, Augusta, Calico Rock, and Batesville, all in Arkansas, as well as Branson and Hollister in Missouri.

Angling
-------

Fishing for trout is popular in the upper portions of the river. This ranges from the Beaver Lake tailwaters in northwestern Arkansas, through its course through southwest Missouri(including all of Lake Taneycomo), and back down through Arkansas. This is to the Highway 58 bridge in Guion. The river has long been ranked one of the top trout fisheries in the United States. Fishing is popular in these waters for a number of trout species including rainbow, brown, and cutthroat trout. A number of trout fishing resorts lie on the tailwaters of Bull Shoals Lake and the North Fork River. Fishing for white bass is also popular in these waters.
**Racial profiling** is a term which originated in the United States. The usual context is police stopping and searching citizens on the suspicion that they may have committed a crime. It is controversial because it is usually black citizens who are stopped and searched. In other countries (for example the Middle East) religious and cultural differences may be the basis of police profiling. 

In the USA profiling has been tested in the courts a number of times. *Terry v. Ohio* was the first challenge to racial profiling in the United States in 1968. This case was about African American people who were thought to be stealing. The police officer arrested the three men, searched them and found a gun on two of the three men. One of the men searched was convicted and sentenced to jail. The sentence was challenged on the grounds that the arrest violated the search and seizure clause of the Fourth Amendment. In an 8-1 ruling, the Supreme Court decided that the police officer acted in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable suspicion, under the Fourth Amendment. The decision in this case allowed the police to have discretion in identifying suspicious or illegal activities.
Diagram of a Schwarzschild wormhole
A **wormhole** is a theoretical passage through space creating a shortcut through time and space. It is not known whether or not they exist.

Scientists believe that if wormholes existed they could not be made following any traditional scientific methods. In order to hold a wormhole open, a form of theoretical exotic matter would be needed. Otherwise the wormhole would simply disappear very quickly after its creation. If plotted on a 2-dimensional plane, the wormhole bends the plane, like folding a paper, so that the two ends would be touching (as seen in the picture). The term wormhole was first used by John Wheeler, a theoretical physicist. It is also known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A wormhole is much like a tunnel with two ends each in separate points in space time. Researchers have no observational evidence for wormholes.

Wormholes are a common element in science fiction because they allow rapid interstellar, intergalactic, and sometimes even interuniversal travel. In fiction, wormholes have also served as a method for time travel. This popular fiction allows interstellar travel within human lifetimes. This would allow time travel, also a popular fiction. A proposed time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole would hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both of these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently *through* the wormhole than *outside* it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around.
**Sturt National Park** is a national park in north west New South Wales (Australia), 1,059 kilometres (658 mi) northwest of Sydney. The park is named after the explorer, Charles Sturt, who travelled through the area in 1845. The park was created in the 1970's from six large sheep and cattle stations (farms). These stations included Mount Wood, Olive Downs, Whitta Brinna, Mount King, Binerah Downs and Fort Grey.

The park is large, covering more than 340,000 ha (840,158 acres) of arid area. The east of the Sturt National Park has flood plains, some trees and small rocky gorges and creek beds. Lake Pinnaroo, near Fort Grey, is a Ramsar listed wetland.

The central area of the park, near the old Olive Downs sheep station, has "jump-ups", flat topped mesas rising up to 150 metres (492 ft) above the plains. In the far west of the National Park, the gibber (stone) plains are replaced by the red sand dunes of the Strezlecki Desert.

The Mount Wood Station used to cover 500,000 acres (202,343 ha) and had 86,000 sheep. It employed 100 people. The homestead buildings have been renovated and an outdoor farm museum has been started. The historic homestead, built in 1884, has been turned into a place for up to 15 tourists to stay, and the old shearer's house can hold 38 people. There is also camping areas at Dead Horse Gully at Tibooburra, Olive Downs, Fort Grey and Mount Wood.

Cameron's Corner is a very remote but popular place for tourists to visit. It is where the borders of the states of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland meet.

Sturt National Park was shown on a British TV documentary called "*Planet Earth*".

Wildlife
--------

Red Kangaroos, Western Grey Kangaroos, Eastern Grey Kangaroos and Euros are common throughout the park.

Gallery
-------

* Sturt National Park near Olive Downs Station "Jump Up" countrySturt National Park near Olive Downs Station "Jump Up" country
* Sturt National Park near Olive Downs Station "Jump Up" countrySturt National Park near Olive Downs Station "Jump Up" country
* Sturt National Park - Dingo Fence- Camerons CornerSturt National Park - Dingo Fence- Camerons Corner

* Gibber plain in Sturt National ParkGibber plain in Sturt National Park
* Dry bed of Lake PinnarooDry bed of Lake Pinnaroo
Purbeck Marble.

  

**Purbeck marble** is a fossiliferous limestone found in the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in south-east Dorset, England. It has been quarried since at least Roman times as a decorative building stone. This industry is no longer active.

Geology
-------

These limestone beds were deposited during Lower Cretaceous epoch. Purbeck Marble is not a metamorphic rock, like a true marble, but is so-called because it can take a fine polish.
Its characteristic appearance comes from densely-packed shells of the freshwater snail *Viviparus*. Sussex Marble is similar in type. The 'marble' large clasts (the snail shells) in a fine-grained limestone mud matrix.

The individual marble beds (also known as 'seams'), lie between layers of softer marine clays and mudstone, laid down during repeated marine ingressions. Some of the beds contain iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, such as haematite or limonite, giving red or brown varieties, while other beds contain glauconite giving a green (or occasionally blue) colour.

Occurrence
----------

Purbeck marble is found at outcrop, or beneath superficial cover, all the way across the Isle of Purbeck. The marble beds are never more than 1.2 m thick and are often much thinner. The outcrops lie within the Purbeck Monocline, with the beds dipping moderately steeply to the north.
**Trial in absentia** (literally *in absence* in the Latin language) means a person is held responsible for a crime and tried although he or she is not present during the proceedings. It may be because the person is at an unknown location or has escaped justice, for example after paying bail and then refused to return to the court on the date set anyway, or because the person may not be even alive (a famous case is Martin Bormann, who most likely died in May 1945 and was sentenced to death in November 1946, as part of the Nuremberg Trials). It is controversial, especially if a person is convicted and sentenced to a hard punishment, because the basic premise of a trial is thus violated, and everyone has a right to defend oneself. Others point out, however, that this right is waived when one doesn't show up without a good reason and that the court must make its best, through appointing a defender for instance, to determine guilt or innocence even if the person is not present. Most defendants make their case through a defender anyway, especially when the crime is serious. 

Another case is when a court or committee must determine whether a person, such as a suspected terrorist, is going to be surveilled or wire-tapped, and whether there is enough suspicion of criminal activity or intent to do so. In that case, the person himself can of course not be asked to appear, as the idea is to hold the surveillance secret. In that case, a defender is appointed to make the case that the suspected person does not want to and does not deserve to be subjected to surveillance and that it should not be permitted, although he/she doesn't know of the proceedings. Most of such hearings, however, are not a trial in the technical sense of the term, though they may involve a judge and lawyer and so on.
**Suicidal Tendencies** is a hardcore punk band, which started in 1981 in Venice, California. Since their start, they had a lot of members come and go. Their lead singer Mike Muir is their only permanent member. They are credited by many as one of "the fathers of crossover thrash". Today, Suicidal Tendencies have released nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos. They have not released an album of original material since 2000's *Free Your Soul and Save My Mind*. But they released a small number of new songs that had not been released before on the split/compilation albums *Friends & Family, Vol. 2* (2001), *Year of the Cycos* (2008), *No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family* (2010) and *The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour* (2011).

Suicidal Tendencies became well known when they released their self-titled debut album in 1983. It spawned the single "Institutionalized", which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to get substantial airplay on MTV. Suicidal Tendencies had not released their second album until 1987, with *Join the Army*. It was the album that got the attention of Epic Records, who signed Suicidal Tendencies in 1988, the same year they released their third album *How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today*. People began to recognize Suicidal Tendencies more when they released the albums *Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu* and *Lights...Camera...Revolution!*, which were both certified Gold by the RIAA. The band made two more albums, *The Art of Rebellion* and *Suicidal for Life*, and then broke up in 1995 while serving ties with from Sony and Epic. However, Suicidal Tendencies reformed in 1997 and have continued recording and performing ever since. After over a decade of work and many lineup changes, the band is planning to release first album with all-new material in 12 years in 2012.

Discography
-----------

They made ten studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos.

### Studio albums

* *Suicidal Tendencies* (1983)
* *Join the Army* (1987)
* *How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today* (1988)
* *Lights...Camera...Revolution!* (1990)
* *The Art of Rebellion* (1992)
* *Suicidal for Life* (1994)
* *Freedumb* (1999)
* *Free Your Soul and Save My Mind* (2000)
* *13* (2013)
* *World Gone Mad* (2016)

### EPs

* *Six the Hard Way* (1998)

### Split albums

* *Welcome to Venice* (1985)
* *Friends & Family, Vol. 1* (1997)
* *Friends & Family, Vol. 2* (2001)
* *Year of the Cycos* (2008)

### Compilation albums

* *Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu* (1989)
* *Still Cyco After All These Years* (1993)
* *Prime Cuts* (1997)
* *Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies* (2010)
* *No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family* (2010)

### Videos and DVDs

* *Lights...Camera...Suicidal* (1990)
* *Live at the Olympic Auditorium* (2010)
Song Taizu, first emperor of the Song Dynasty
Map of the Song Dynasty.
The **Song dynasty** ruled in China from 960–1279. It was started by Emperor Taizu of Song who forced the state of Later Zhou out of power before reuniting China. This ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. 

There are two periods of Song dynasty history: Northern Song and Southern Song. Northern Song lasted from 960 to 1127 and controlled most of China. Southern Song was formed after Northern Song had lost control of North China to the Jin dynasty. Southern Song's capital was in Hangzhou and lasted from 1127 to 1279. Southern Song was conquered by the Mongols.

History
-------

### Northern Song: 960–1127

The Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor, Emperor Taizu of Song, set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Song Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons
**Ratatat** is a Electronic Rock/Electronica duo with guitarist Mike Stroud and synthesizer driver and producer Evan Mast. The two met as collee students in Skidmore, started working together in 2001 under the name *Cherry*. In 2004 they published their debut album ***Ratatat*** which includes songs such as *Seventeen Years*, *Germany to Germany*, and *Desert Eagle*. Following, in 2006, ***Classics***, then ***LP3***, in 2008 was released.

Other works done by Ratatat are single albums and remixes of other musicians. Single albums include *Seventeen Years*, *Germany to Germany*, *Wildcat*, *Lex*, *Loud Pipes*, *Shiller*, *Mirando*, and *Shempi*. Their most recent remix album *Ratatat Remixes No. 2* featured 14 remixes featuring: Young Buck, T.I, Ludacris, The Notorious B.I.G, Jay Z, Z-Ro, Devin the Dude, Juvenile, Beanie Sigel, Despot, Memphis Bleek, Slim Thug, Bun B, Young Jeezy, Kanye West, Beans, Saigon, and U.G.K.

The band is known for their unique use of eletronica style music that emphasizes guitar towards the front while keeping the beat flow in the background.

Their songs were featured in various media. Some examples would be :
*Seventeen Years* was featured in the 2008 movie *Cloverfield*.
*Loud Pipes* was featured in the PlayStation game *MLB 07: The Show*.
*Dura* was used in CSI Season 9, Episode 7 "Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda".
*Montanita* was used in Season 2 - Episode 2 of the NBC show Chuck

They have currently gone through their spring 2009 US tour, and their next upcoming show is scheduled to be in Arendal on June 23, 2009.
The **Turkic states** are countries where most of its people speak a Turkic language as their first language or have Turkic ancestry. There are six countries considered to be Turkic states: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The last 4 countries are commonly known as "the Stans". All of them except Turkey used to be part of the Soviet Union until its fall in 1991. While most of the people of all these countries are Muslim, none of these countries use the Arabic alphabet to read and write their own language. Either they use the Latin alphabet, like Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, or they use the Cyrillic alphabet, like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. While the people of Xinjiang, the Uighurs, are part of the Turkic peoples, it is not officially considered part of the Turkic states because it is controlled by China. While Northern Cyprus, which is most made of Turkish people, calls itself its own country, Turkey is the only other country that recognizes its statehood, or its being a state.
The **Qajars**, (Self-Designation: Qaçarlar, also spelled **Kadjars**, **Kajars**, **Kadzhars**, **Cadzhars**, **Cadjars**, **Ghajars**, etc.) are an Oghuz Turkic clan of Bayat tribe. who lived variously, with other tribes, in the area that is now Armenia, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran.

With the end of the Safavid era, they had split into several fractions. These included the Ziyādoghlu (Ziādlu), associated with the area of Ganja and Yerevan, as well as the Qoyunlu (Qāvānlu), and Davālu (Devehlu) the latter two associated with the northern areas of contemporary Iran.

Background
----------

The Qajars were one of the original Turkoman Qizilbash tribes that emerged and spread in Asia Minor around tenth and eleventh centuries. They later supplied power to the Safavids since this dynasty's earliest days. Numerous members of the Qajar tribe held prominent ranks in the Safavid state. In 1794, a Qajar chieftain, Agha Mohammed, member of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajars, founded the Qajar dynasty which replaced the Zand dynasty in Iran. He launched his campaign from his power base south of the Caspian Sea, capturing its capital Isfahan in 1785. A year later, Tehran accepted Mohammed's authority.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance and Pappas, Nicholas Charles. (1994) *An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires* page 333
2. ↑  Atkin, Muriel (1980). *Russia and Iran, 1780–1828*. U of Minnesota Press.
3. ↑  Fukasawa, Katsumi; Kaplan, Benjamin J.; Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). *Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries*. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 280.
View of the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace
The **Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace** (*Air & Space Museum*) is the main French aviation and space museum. It is inside Paris-Le Bourget international airport.

Description
-----------

The **Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace** has two main sites : the museum itself, located in the old terminal of the airport, and reserves set up outside on the other side of the runway.

The collections of the museum include : Boeing 727,Boeing 747, Concorde, Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Mirage IV, Dassault Mirage 2000A, Dassault Rafale A, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Focke-Wulf Fw 190, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, SNCAN N.2501 Noratlas, Supermarine Spitfire...

Gallery
-------

### Aircraft on display in halls

* Airco DH.9Airco DH.9
* Bernard 191.Bernard 191.
* Dassault Mystère IV.Dassault Mystère IV.
* Focke-Wulf Fw 190.Focke-Wulf Fw 190.
* De Havilland Dragon Rapide.De Havilland Dragon Rapide.
* Yakovlev Yak-3.Yakovlev Yak-3.
* Morane H.Morane H.
* Supermarine Spitfire.Supermarine Spitfire.
* Potez 53.Potez 53.
* Concorde.Concorde.
* Morane Saulnier MS.317.Morane Saulnier MS.317.
* Dassault Mirage IV.Dassault Mirage IV.

### Aircraft exposed to the outside

* Bréguet Atlantic.Bréguet Atlantic.
* Boeing 747.Boeing 747.
* Dassault Etendard IV.Dassault Etendard IV.
* Lockheed P2V Neptune.Lockheed P2V Neptune.
* Canadair CL-215.Canadair CL-215.
* Republic F-105G Thunderchief.Republic F-105G Thunderchief.
* Vought F8U Crusader.Vought F8U Crusader.
* Boeing 727Boeing 727
* Dassault Mercure.Dassault Mercure.
* SAAB J35 Draken.SAAB J35 Draken.
* Sepecat Jaguar E.Sepecat Jaguar E.
* Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.

Websites
--------

* Official website.
* Reserves of the museum in 2009.
**Spurgeon's** (it used to be called **Spurgeon's Child Care**) is a charity based in England. It has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe. Spurgeon's was founded in 1867 by Charles Spurgeon. He started it to care for fatherless boys. The first girls were accepted in 1879.

History
-------

Stockwell Orphanage
Spurgeon's originally started as an orphanage. It was called Stockwell Orphanage, and was started by Spurgeon in 1867. It was located in what is now Stockwell Park Estate, in Stockwell, London. It opened on 9 September 1869, and was originally for boys only. The orphanage had places for 250 children to live. These children were fed, clothed and taught at the orphanage. This all cost about £5,000 each year. The money to pay for this mainly came from donations.

The orphanage was a home for boys without fathers between the ages of six and ten. Even though the orphanage was created by Baptists, boys of any religion were accepted there. In 1879, other buildings for children to live in were added to the orphanage. This allowed the orphanage to begin letting girls live there also.

Stockwell Orphanage was open until London was bombed in the Second World War. It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's). It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Spurgeon's website
* History of the Stockwell Orphanage Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
***TwinBee Taisen Puzzle-Dama*** (ツインビー対戦ぱずるだま) is a video game developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation gaming console in December 9, 1994 in Japan. It is the third installment in the *Taisen Puzzle-Dama* series of puzzle video games; however, since it is set in the *TwinBee* universe, including its characters and aesthetic elements, it could be considered the eighth iteration of that video game series.

Story & Gameplay
----------------

...it's a dream bell that will fulfill any wish...

One day, telepathy from space was sent to the TwinBees on Donburi Island.

"I'm Princess Melora, now 'Super Bell' is approaching Donburi Island..." The thing that came to fulfill people's wishes only once every 300 years was "Super Bell". The TwinBees who received the telepathy of Princess Melora kept their wishes in their hearts and aimed for "Super Bell". However, only one wish can be fulfilled.

Twinbee, Winbee, Wright, Pastel, Madoka, Apple Sensei, and even Dr. Warumon participated in the "Puzzle Game" to decide the wishes to be fulfilled by the "Super Bell"...!

Development
-----------

A sequel titled *TwinBee Puzzle Adventures* was planned to be released in 1995 for the Sega Saturn, and in 1999 for the Dreamcast, but was canceled.

Characters
----------

### Playable

* TwinBee
* Light
* Pastel
* Dr. Warumon
* Madoka
* Miss Apple

### Rivals

* WinBee
* GwinBee
* Mint
* Dr. Mardock
* Queen Melora
* BaronBee
**Windows RT** is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a version of Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 built for the 32-bit ARM architecture (ARMv7). First unveiled in January 2011 at Consumer Electronics Show, the Windows RT operating system was officially launched 
on August 26, 2012, with the release of three Windows RT-based devices, including Microsoft's original Surface tablet. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT is only available as preloaded software on devices specifically designed for the operating system by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Normal apps such as Google Chrome can't be downloaded on Windows RT through any web browser, the only way to get apps on Windows RT is by using the Windows Store, which is an app store for Microsoft Windows, starting from Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 and is also compatible with some version of Windows Server operating systems, such as Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2.

Support status
--------------

Mainstream support ended on January 9, 2018. In 2021 Microsoft said it’ll stop providing security updates and support for Windows RT after January 10, 2023 (EOL date).