A **vowel** is a particular kind of speech **sound** made changing the shape of the upper vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue. In English it is important to know that there is a difference between a vowel sound and a [letter] in the [alphabet]. In English there are five vowel letters in the alphabet.

The sounds of American English are written with letters in the English alphabet, as either vowels. All English words are written with vowel letters in them.

These letters are vowels in English:

A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes and Y.
It is said that Y is "sometimes" a vowel, because the letter Y represents both vowel and consonant sounds. In the words *cry*, *sky*, *fly*, *my* and *why*, letter Y represents the vowel sound /**aɪ**/. In words like *myth* and *synchronize*, Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In words like *only*, *quickly*, and *folly*, Y represents the vowel sound /i/.

It can also be a consonant sound called a *glide* as in the beginning of these words: *yellow*, *yacht*, *yam*, *yesterday*. Y is a consonant about 2.5% of the time, and a vowel about 97.5% of the time.

The letter W can sometimes be the second part of a vowel sound as in words like such as *cow*, *bow*, or *how*. In these words the vowel has the sound of /**aʊ**/. The letter W can be used as a consonant sound at the beginning of in the words *when*, *where*, *wet*. In some languages, like Welsh, the letter W represents the vowel sound /**ʊ**/, like *cwm* (a kind of valley).

In written English the six vowel letters are used to represent the 13-15 vowel **sounds** (depending on the variety) in English. This means there are many more vowel sounds than letters in the English alphabet, and the English spelling systems doesn't always help us figure out what the English sounds are. This can be confusing.

* The rest of the letters of the alphabet are consonants:

B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, and Z.

Monophthongs and diphthongs
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Simple vowels are called monophthongs. The letters, like /**ɪ**/, are the IPA letters for each vowel **sound** in English. (The IPA is the **International Phonetic Alphabet**). In the IPA, each symbol represents a different sound, so using the IPA is helpful in pronouncing words.

Common monophthongs in English (these are for General American English) include:

* /**i**/ as in *police*, *feet*, *eat*, and *silly*
* /**ɪ**/ as in *it*, *sit*, *kick*, *myth* and *bitter*
* /**ɛ**/ as in *end*, *bet*, *less*, and *letter*
* /**æ**/ as in *at*, *apple*, *fat*, and *matter*
* /**u**/ as in *cool*, *tune*, *soup*, and *kung* *fu,*
* /**ʊ**/ as in *cook*, *should*, *pudding*, *foot, and rook*
* /**ʌ**/ as in *bus*, *blood*, *come*, and *up*
* /**ə**/ as in *kingdom*, *photography*, *philosophy*, *ketchup*, and *hundred*
* /**ɚ**/ as in *butter*, *collar*, *flavor*, *firm*, and *burst*
* /**ɔ**/ as in *all*, *fought*, *hot*, and *bot*
* /**ɑ**/ as in *father*, *walk*, *arm*, *heart*, *wasp*, *lager*, *envelope* and *aardvark*

Diphthongs are a combination of two different vowel sounds, one vowel sounds turns into another sound as you say them. If you pronounce the words below slowly, you can hear the two vowel sounds of the diphthongs.

Common diphthongs in English include:

* /**eɪ**/ as in *ate*, *reign*, *vain*, *flavor*, *slay*, and *convey*
* /**oʊ**/ as in *toe*, *row*, *go*, *boat*, *mode*, and *chateau*
* /**aɪ**/ as in *eye*, *I*, *pie*, *cry*, *cypher*, *climb*, *lime*, *light*, *kayak*, *Thai*, and *height*
* /**aʊ**/ as in *loud*, *house*, *cow*, *about*, *Daoism*, and *Macau*
* /**oɪ**/ as in *boy*, *moist*, and *Freud*

Like other languages, there are many dialects of English, and different dialects often use different vowel sounds. But the IPA symbols can tell us which vowel sound a dialects uses. For example, some American English speakers differentiate between the vowels in the words *cot* and *caught*, while in other dialects these words are homophones. People who study the differences between the dialects of English often study the different way vowel sounds are pronounced.

The difference between the way English is spelled and the way the words are pronounced came about because all languages change, so spoken English changes, but the spelling system does not.

The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.

Related pages
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* Orthography
* Dialect
* Diphthong