recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
For her great-great grandmother, the consort of King Albert I, see Elisabeth Gabriele of Bavaria.

| Belgian royal family |
| --- |
|  |
| * **The King**The Queen
	+ The Duchess of Brabant
	+ Prince Gabriel
	+ Prince Emmanuel
	+ Princess Eléonore
 |
| King Albert IIQueen Paola* Princess AstridPrince Lorenz
	+ Prince AmedeoPrincess Elisabetta
	+ Princess Maria Laura
	+ Prince Joachim
	+ Princess Luisa Maria
	+ Princess Laetitia Maria
* Prince LaurentPrincess Claire
	+ Princess Louise
	+ Prince Nicolas
	+ Prince Aymeric
* Princess Delphine
	+ Princess Joséphine
	+ Prince Oscar
 |
| 
* Princess Léa
* Princess Marie-Christine, Mrs Gourges
* Princess Marie-Esméralda, Lady Moncada

 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

**Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, Duchess of Brabant** (Dutch: *Elisabeth Theresia Maria Helena*; French: *Élisabeth Thérèse Marie Hélène*; born 25 October 2001) is the heir apparent to the Belgian throne. The eldest child of King Philippe and Queen Mathilde, she became heir apparent after her grandfather King Albert II abdicated in favour of her father on 21 July 2013.

Birth
-----

The first child of the then Duke and Duchess of Brabant, Elisabeth was delivered by Caesarean section at 21:58 CET on 25 October 2001 at the Erasmus Hospital, the teaching hospital of Université libre de Bruxelles in Anderlecht, Brussels. She was baptized on 9 December 2001 in the chapel of Ciergnon Castle in the Belgian Ardennes, by Cardinal Godfried Danneels, the Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels.[*source?*] Her godparents are Archduke Amedeo of Austria-Este (paternal cousin), and Countess Hélène d'Udekem d'Acoz (maternal aunt).[*source?*]

Titles and Styles and Honor

25 October 2001-21 July 2013: Her Royal Highness Princess Elisabeth of Belgium

21 July 2013-present Her Royal Highness Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, The Duchess of Brabant

Military Ranks 

-25 September 2020-26 September 2023: Officer Cadet, Belgian Royal Military Academy 

-26 September 2023-present Second Lieutenant, Belgian Land Component 

Honor

-Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (25 October 2019)
**Nikoláj Jákovlevič Jut** —(Chuvash: Николай Ют & Russian: Ют Николай Яковлевич), 30 July 1898 in village Siner of Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic (Russia) - 27 March 1967 in Shumerlya) was a Chuvash writer, folklorist and literature critic.

Biography
---------

Nikolai Yut was born in the village of Siner, which is now in Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic, Russia. He graduated from the Simbir Chuvashia teachers School. He then graduated from the Communist University of Peoples of the East in 1923. He completed graduate studies at the Institute of History of Material Culture of the USSR from 1923–1925. Jut was the editor of the magazine "Kanash". "Canvas". He was head of the Chuvashia Writers association from 1923–1925. He was the author of numerous literary-critical articles. He was the Author of "A brief sketch of Chuvash Folk Poetry" (1928). Jut was a USSR writers Union’s member (1934). He was critical of members of the regional committee accusing them of sloppiness. For this he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was later reinstated. He had a significant influence on the literature of his time.

Yut served in the Russian Civil War and World War II. He was arrested in 1937, he was released in 1943. Yut was rehabilitated in 1956. He died on 27 March 1967 in Shumerlya.

Literature
----------

* Leo Efimov, *Alikovsky Encyclopedia*, Chuvash book publishing house, Cheboksary, 2009.
* L. I. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
* Zolotov A.A. Murakhaeva (Zolotova) S.A. "Принципам не изменили", Alikovo-Cheboksary, 1898.
* Zolotov A.A. Zolotov V. A. Zolotov V. T. "Николалай Яковлевич Золотов. К 110-летию со дня рождения, к 85-летию со дня организации Союза писателей "Канаш", Cheboksary, "Новое время", 2008.

Other websites
--------------

* Biography of Nikolai Yut
* Chuvash State Historical Museum Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Jut, Nikoláj Jákovlevič |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Russian folklorist |
| Date of birth | 1898 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 1967 |
| Place of death |  |
***Good Mythical Morning*** is an American comedy talk YouTube series created by Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal. The show first aired on YouTube on January 9, 2012, and continues to be uploaded every weekday. As of August 2017, the show has twelve seasons. The YouTube channel currently boasts over 12.5 million subscribers, and 3.5 billion total video views.

History and premise
-------------------

Rhett and Link aired the first episode of *Good Mythical Morning* on January 9, 2012, to their YouTube channel of the same name. The series' crew only consisted of one member during season 1, but has since grown to have twenty-eight members, as a part of Mythical Entertainment. Many fans of the show enjoyed their behind-the-scenes crew which lead to the creation of the YouTube channel "This Is Mythical", which focuses on the funny hijinks of their crew. The show focuses on Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal as they tell hilarious stories that have happened to them, sing songs, do food related challenges, and more.

Format
------

*Good Mythical Morning* is uploaded to YouTube every weekday morning. Each episode usually consists of Rhett and Link doing hilarious antics, and is generally around ten minutes in length. At the beginning of each episode, either Rhett or Link say a quote related to the video in question, to which the other person replies with "Let's talk about that." At the end of every episode, Rhett and Link bring out the "Wheel of Mythicality" to spin, which consists of different spots it can land on such as "6 Degrees of Bacon," "Winface," and "Gifticality." *Good Mythical More* is the after show for *Good Mythical Morning* which contains Rhett and Link relaxing after an episode, talking about anything.

Episodes
--------

See the main article: List of Good Mythical Morning episodes

Reception
---------

The show has become very popular on YouTube with the channel having 12.5 million subscribers, and 3.5 billion video views as of August 2017. Each episode generally gains over 2 million views. The show has also won Best Variety Series at the International Academy of Web Television Awards, Best Web Series at the Shorty Awards, Best Comedy Series and Best Non-Fiction Channel, Series or Show at the Streamy Awards, amongst many others. The series has also been nominated at multiple award shows a total of six times.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2018-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Good Mythical Morning at the Internet Movie Database
***102 Dalmatians*** (known as *102* in Japan) is a 2000 live-action movie produced by The Walt Disney Company with Glenn Close acting as the protagonist, Cruella de Vil. It is a sequel to the 1996 movie *101 Dalmatians*, which was a live-action remake of the 1961 Disney animated movie *101 Dalmatians*. In the movie, Cruella de Vil attempts to steal puppies for her making a fur coat. Glenn Close and Tim McInnerny were the only actors from *101 Dalmatians* to return for this sequel. The film was released on VHS and DVD on April 3, 2001, and re-released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2008.

The story
---------

After a spot of therapy Cruella De Vil is released from prison a changed woman. Devoted to dogs and good causes, she is delighted that Chloe, her parole officer, has a dalmatian family and connections with a dog charity. But the sound of Big Ben can reverse the treatment so it is only a matter of time before Ms De Vil is back to her incredibly ghastly ways, using her new-found connections with Chloe and friends.

Cast
----

| Actor | Character | Films |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Glenn Close | Cruella de Vil | 1 & 2 |
| Ioan Gruffudd | Kevin Shepherd | 2 |
| Alice Evans | Chloe Simon | 2 |
| Tim McInnerny | Alonzo | 1 & 2 |
| Ian Richardson | Mr. Torte | 2 |
| Gerard Depardieu | Jean Pierre Le Pelt | 2 |
| Eric Idle | Waddlesworth (voice) | 2 |

Box office
----------

The movie did well at the box office, earning $66,957,026 in the US and $116,654,745 in other countries, bringing its total to $183,611,771 worldwide. This is less than the first movie which earned $320,689,294 worldwide.

Sets
----

* The Oxford prison was used for the scene as Cruella walked out of prison. This motion picture was filmed partially in Paris.

Video game
----------

A video game based on the movie was released, with Frankie Muniz as the voice of Domino.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *102 Dalmatians* on IMDb
* *102 Dalmatians* at AllMovie
* *102 Dalmatians* at Rotten Tomatoes
**ChatGPT** (short for **Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer**) is a chatbot. It was launched by OpenAI in November 2022. The program is built on OpenAI's GPT-3.5 family of large language models. It has both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques.

ChatGPT was launched as a prototype on November 30, 2022. The website had more than one million users after five days. By January 2023, ChatGPT reached over 100 million users. It got attention for its answers in many areas of knowledge but its incorrect accuracy was said to be a major drawback.

ChatGPT used to be completely free for research, but it got so popular that OpenAI started using a freemium model. OpenAI created ChatGPT Plus, a subscription service which costs $20 per month. Users can still use the free version of ChatGPT, but users of ChatGPT Plus can use more features.

Misuse
------

ChatGPT can be used to create computer programs called malware. Malware can harm other computers, steal information, or get in to networks without permission. ChatGPT can also make messages that look like they were written by real people which could trick people.

OpenAI warns users that the chatbot may give wrong information or have biased content.

ChatGPT can be used by students to cheat on homework or essays. ChatGPT can generate writing on many different topics, so students could use it to finish assignments without actually doing the work themselves. Preliminary evidence indicates that excessive use of ChatGPT is linked to increased procrastination, memory loss, and poor academic performance among students

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***ChatGPT***.
For a bowstring bridge, see en: tied-arch bridge. For the community in Minnesota, see en: Bowstring, Minnesota. For the musical instrument, see en: musical bow.
A **bowstring** joins the two ends of the bow stave and launches the arrow. 

A good bow string is light weight, strength, resistance to abrasion, and resistance to water. Traditional materials include linen, hemp, other plant fibers, hair, sinew, silk, and rawhide. Almost any fiber may be used in emergency. Natural fibers would be very unusual on a modern recurve bow or compound bow, but are still effective and still used on traditional wooden or composite bows. Sinew and hide strings can be damaged by water. The author of *Arab Archery* suggests the hide of a young, emaciated camel.

Njál's saga describes the refusal of a wife, Hallgerður, to cut her hair to make an emergency bowstring for her husband, Gunnar Hámundarson, who is then killed.

Japanese bowstring (tsuru) and woven bowstring holder (tsurumaki).

  

A Turkish bowstring knot
**Richard Irwin Harrington, Baron of Watford** (born 4 November 1957) is British politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Watford, from 2010 to 2019. He was the Minister for Business and Industry from 2017 to 2019.

In March 2022, Harrington was appointed Minister of State for Refugees, with him being in charge of the UK's response to the humanitarian crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He was elevated to the status of Lord. In August 2022, the government announced that under his leadership, over 100,000 Ukrainian war refugees were safe in the UK. In September 2022, Harrington stepped down from the role, having completed his task.

Early Life
----------

Harrington was born on 4 November 1957 in Leeds to a British Jewish family. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School. He also attended Keble College, Oxford University. He began his career in business with a graduate scheme at the John Lewis Partnership.

Career
------

In 1983, he founded Harvington Properties, with two friends from university. 

Before he became a minister, Harrington was Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party and was David Cameron's Apprenticeship Advisor.

Harrington supports a range of charities and has been a trustee of the Variety Club Children's Society. He is also trustee of several Watford charities.
Runnymede
**Runnmede** is a water-meadow in Surrey, England, 20 miles (32 km) west of London. The site is owned and managed by The National Trust, and runs alongside the River Thames. It is one of England's most visited tourist sites.

At Runnymede, King John sealed Magna Carta in 1215. Over eight centuries later, the memorial for those of the Allied Air Forces who died in World War II was placed on Runnymede. The British memorial to John F. Kennedy was put there in 1965.

The Kennedy steps. Eleven of the 50 steps upward to the JFK Memorial.
The Magna Carta Memorial & view towards the 'medes'
Air Forces Memorial at Runnymede

History
-------

The name Runnymede may be derived from the Anglo-Saxon 'runieg' (regular meeting) and 'mede' (mead or meadow), describing a place in the meadows used to hold regular meetings. The Witan, the Saxon Council, was held from time to time at Runnymede during the reign of Alfred the Great. The Council met usually in the open air, a tradition that influenced the creation of the English Parliament in the 13th century.

Kennedy Memorial
----------------

Visitors reach the memorial by treading a steep path of irregular granite steps, intended to symbolise a pilgrimage. There are 50 steps in total. Each step is different to all others, with the entire flight made from 60,000 hand-cut granite blocks.

The landscape architect Geoffrey Jellicoe designed the garden; the sculptor Alan Collins designed and carved the stone inscription.
The round on which the memorial is situated was given as a gift to the United States by the British people. It is maintained by the Kennedy Memorial Trust, which also sponsors educational scholarships for British students to attend university in the United States.

In 1968, the 7-ton stone was damaged by a bomb during a time of demonstrations against the Vietnam War; it was later repaired by the sculptor.
An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is **impartiality**. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.

Judges and tribunals
--------------------

Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.

Juries
------

In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called *voir dire*. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called *striking* a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.

Many believe Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin *judicium parium* does not mean a trial by jury. The word *judicium* in the language of the day meant a judge. The term *liber homo*, usually translated as *freeman*, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.
{Infobox website
| logo = Quartz (publication) logo.svg
| screenshot = 
| collapsible = 
| collapsetext = 
| caption = 
| url = 
| commercial = Yes
| type = 
| registration = 
| language = English
| num\_users = 
| content\_license = 
| programming\_language = 
| owner = G/O Media
| author = 
| editor = 
| launch\_date = September 24, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-24)
| revenue = Decrease $26.9 million (2019)
| net\_income = -$18.4 million (2019)
| name = Quartz
| logocaption = 

| key\_people = 

* Jay Lauf
* Zach Seward
* Kate Weber

| current\_status = 
| footnotes = 
}}***Quartz*** is an American English language news website owned by G/O Media. The website, which shares international business news, started in 2012 in New York City. Atlantic Media created it to be a news source on the internet for business people around who are new to global economy.ref name="auto1">Sonderman, Jeff (September 17, 2012). "5 things journalists should know about *Quartz*, Atlantic Media's business news startup". *Poynter*. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.</ref>

References=
-----------

1. 1 2
2. ↑  Benjamin Mullin; Katie Robertson (April 28, 2022). "G/O Media Buys Business Site Quartz". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023. because of its high-quality global business journalism.
The **Twelve Philosophers** (Chinese: 十二哲), also called the **Wise Ones**, were 12 very important thinkers in ancient China who followed the teachings of Confucius. People respected them a lot and treated them like saints. In Confucian temples, there are special tablets with their names, six on each side of the main hall called the *Hall of the Great Completion* (Dacheng Dian). People started honoring these philosophers by making special offerings to them in the year 720 AD during the rule of the Tang dynasty.

The Twelve Philosophers were *Min Sun* (also known as Ziqian), *Ran Yong* (Zhonggong), *Duanmu Ci* (Zigong), *Zhong You* (Zilu), *Bu Shang* (Zixia), *You Ruo* (Ziruo), *Zai Yu* (Ziwo), *Ran Geng* (Boniu), *Ran Qiu* (Ziyou), *Yan Yan* (Ziyou), *Zhuansun Shi* (Zizhang), and Zhu Xi. All of them were students of Confucius, except for Zhu Xi, who lived during the Song dynasty and created a new way of thinking called Neo-Confucianism.

Twelve Philosophers
-------------------

| S. No. | Name | Portrait | Courtesy name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Min Sun |  | Ziqian (子骞) |
| 2 | Ran Yong |  | Zhonggong (仲弓) |
| 3 | Duanmu Ci |  | Zigong (子贡) |
| 4 | Zhong You |  | Zilu (子路) |
| 5 | Bu Shang |  | Zixia (子夏) |
| 6 | You Ruo |  | Ziruo (子若) |
| 7 | Zai Yu |  | Ziwo (子我) |
| 8 | Ran Geng |  | Boniu (伯牛) |
| 9 | Ran Qiu |  | Ziyou (子有) |
| 10 | Yan Yan |  | Ziyou (子游) |
| 11 | Zhuansun Shi |  | Zizhang (子张) |
| 12 | Zhu Xi |  | Ziyou (子游) |
|

Related pages
-------------

* Confucius
* Confucian temple
* Confucianism
**Rahul Dravid** is a cricket player who has stopped playing professionally. He used to play cricket and was captain of the national cricket team of India. He was famous, and many people think he is one of the best cricket players ever. He scored the fourth-most runs of any player, after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting and Jacques Kallis. He was born in January 11, 1973 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh in India. He is the only player in the world to score a century against all ten test playing countries.

Performance
-----------

Rahul Sharad Dravid played his first debut match against the team from England. He played against Sri Lanka in his ODI debut match. He played only a one international T20 match, against England.

Dravid played 164 Test cricket matches and 344 ODI matches. Rahul Dravid scored 13,288 runs in Test cricket and 10,899 runs in ODIs. He picked up 4 wickets in ODIs and 1 wicket in Test cricket. Rahul Dravid made 36 centuries and 63 fifties in Test matches and 12 centuries and 83 fifties in ODIs.

Rahul Dravid is one of the best wicket keepers of his time. His performances in wicket keeping are as follows: Catches\Stumpings in Test Cricket: 210\0, ODIs: 196\14.
His best batting score in a single inning of the Test match is 270 runs. His best batting score in ODI is 153. His best bowling performances are Test cricket-1/18, One day International-2/43.

Other types of cricket
----------------------

In the Indian Premier League, he played on both the Royal Challengers Bengaluru and Rajasthan Royals teams. In other types of cricket, he played for Karnataka, Kent, Scotland and the Marylebone Cricket Club.

Awards
------

* Dravid was given the third and fourth highest civilian awards of India, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Sri.
* He was named one of the best five cricketers of the year by *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack* in 2000.
* He was also awarded the Player of the Year and Test Player of the Year at the inaugural ICC awards ceremony in 2005.
**Moraya Wilson** (born 10 September 2001) is an Australian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Australia 2023. She will represent Australia at the Miss Universe 2023 competition in San Salvador, El Salvador.

Biography
---------

Wilson was born in Melbourne. She started working at Caulfield Grammar School as a sports coach across three disciplines namely athletics, cross country and snowsports. In November 2018, Wilson joined Vivien’s Model Management in Melbourne as a model. 

Wilson entered and graduate from RMIT University with a bachelor’s degree in business marketing.

Pageantry
---------

On September 1, 2023, Wilson competed against 23 other Miss Universe Australia 2023 finalists at the Sofitel Melbourne on Collins in Melbourne, she won the title and was succeeded by Monique Riley. On November 18, 2023, Wilson will represent Australia at Miss Universe 2023 in San Salvador, El Salvador.

Other websites
--------------

* Moraya Wilson - Vivien's Models
* Moraya Wilson on Instagram
A historic kiln in Myrtleford, Victoria, Australia
Basma tobacco leaves drying in the sun at Pomak village in Xanthi, Greece
**Tobacco** is a product prepared 



  

from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus *Nicotiana* and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. It is used as a drug, mostly by inhaling the smoke of, but also by using snuff or chewing. People use cigarettes, cigars, and pipe to make tobacco smoke. Tobacco contains the chemical nicotine, which causes pleasure as a stimulant drug. It also causes addiction — after people start using nicotine, it is difficult to stop. Tobacco use can cause diseases, such as many types of cancer.

History
-------

Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas. The earliest know use of tobacco comes from nicotine residue from a pipe in the Southeastern United States. It is Radiocarbon dated at 1685-1530 BC.  Europeans in the Americas began to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became fashionable. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe. 

The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first non-native farmer to use *nicotiana tabacum*, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. 

In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.

In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.

Tobacco and health
------------------

Tobacco cigarette
Tobacco users (especially those who inhale) and people around them (with passive inhalers) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller. Tobbaco however has been used as a cure for Alzheimer's and the nicotine in tobbaco has been used to treat ADHD.

Countries that grow tobacco
---------------------------

| Top Ten Tobacco Producers - 2005(million metric ton) |
| --- |
|  China | 2.51 |
|  Brazil | 0.88 |
|  India | 0.60 |
|  United States | 0.29 |
|  Indonesia | 0.14 |
|  Turkey | 0.14 |
|  Greece | 0.12 |
|  Argentina | 0.12 |
|  Italy | 0.11 |
|  Pakistan | 0.08 |
| **World Total** | **6.38** |
| *Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)* |
"**Particle Man**" is a song by alternative rock band They Might Be Giants. It was released in 1990. The song is the seventh track on the band's third album, *Flood*. It has become one of the band's most popular songs. The song was made by John Linnell and John Flansburgh.

They Might Be Giants' YouTube account has the user name "ParticleMen", which is from the song title.

Lyrics
------

The song describes four different "men": Particle Man, who is "not important"; Triangle Man, who fights Particle Man and wins; Universe Man, the size of the universe, and has a watch with hands for different times ("He’s got a watch with a minute hand, a millennium hand, and an eon hand"); and Person Man, who lives in a garbage can, and who is also defeated by Triangle Man.

  

The song's author, John Linnell, said that there was not a meaning to "Particle Man".

Video
-----

"Particle Man" was made into an animated music video on the Warner Bros. animated series *Tiny Toon Adventures*. In the music video, a duck is both Particle Man and Person Man (Person Man being Particle Man’s secret identity). The other characters are featured as big wrestlers. This music video for "Particle Man" showed young fans the band.

Other websites
--------------

* "Particle Man" on This Might Be A Wiki
The **Michelson–Morley experiment** was a scientific experiment to test for the presence and properties of a substance called aether. This was thought hypothetically to fill empty space. The experiment showed the substance did not exist.

The experiment was done by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887.

Since waves in water need something to move in (water) and sound waves do as well (air), it was believed that light also needed something to move in. Scientists in the 18th century named this substance "aether", after the Greek god of light. They believed that aether was all around us and that it also filled the vacuum of space. Michelson and Morley created this experiment to try and prove the theory that aether existed. They did this with a device called an interferometer. This experiment is a test of Einstein's special relativity theory.

The experiment
--------------

A Michelson interferometer uses the same principle as the original experiment. But it uses a laser for a light source.
The Earth travels very quickly (more than 100,000 km per hour) around the Sun. If aether exists, the Earth moving through it would cause a "wind" in the same way that there seems to be a wind outside a moving car. To a person in the car, the air outside the car would seem like a moving substance. In the same way, aether should seem like a moving substance to things on Earth. 

The interferometer was designed to measure the speed and direction of the "aether wind" by measuring the difference between the speed of light traveling in different directions. It measured this difference by shining a beam of light into a mirror that was only partially coated in silver. Part of the beam would be reflected one way, and the rest would go the other. Those two parts would then be reflected back to where they were split apart, and recombined. By looking at interference patterns in the recombined beam of light, any changes in speed because of the aether wind could be seen.

They found that there was, in fact, no substantial difference in the measurements. This was puzzling to the scientific community at the time, and led to the creation of various new theories to explain the result. The most important was the Lorentz factor, which is used in Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Michelson-Morley experiment***.

* Early Experiments
* Modern Michelson–Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, from 2003
**Apollo 13** was the seventh mission of NASA's Project Apollo. It was the third lunar-lander mission with a crew. Jim Lovell commanded Apollo 13. The other astronauts were Jack Swigert and Fred Haise.

The craft launched successfully toward the Moon, but two days after launch a faulty oxygen tank exploded. It damaged the Service Module. It lost oxygen and electrical power. There was a very large chance that the astronauts would die before they could return to Earth. They were very short on oxygen. Oxygen is not just used to breathe; on the Apollo spacecraft it was used in a device called a Fuel cell to generate electricity. So they saved their remaining air by turning off almost all their electrical equipment, for example heaters. It became very cold in the spacecraft.

The astronauts also had to move into the Apollo Lunar Module to survive and use it as lifeboat.

When they approached the Earth they were not sure that their parachutes, needed to slow the Command Module down, would work. The parachutes were thrown out by small explosive charges that were fired by batteries. The cold could have made the batteries fail, so the parachutes would not work and the Command Module would hit the ocean so fast that all aboard would be killed.

The flight
----------

Apollo 13 launched on April 11, 1970 at 19:13 UTC from Cape Canaveral and went into temporary low Earth orbit. Two hours later they fired the rocket motor again to go towards the Moon. They wanted to land at Fra Mauro. Despite the hardships, the crew made it back to Earth. Though the crew did not land on the Moon, the flight became very well known.

Some people thought it was a failure because they did not land on the Moon. However, others thought it was possibly the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations' (NASA's) *greatest* accomplishment in returning three men in a very damaged spacecraft back to Earth safely.

Coming up to re-entry, it was thought that the electrical equipment would short circuit because the water in the astronauts' breath had turned back into a liquid all over the computers. However, the electronics were fine.

Books were written about the event, for example one by Jim Lovell, the commander of the mission. A movie was also made about it, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks.

Related pages
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* Apollo program
* NASA

Other websites
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 Media related to Apollo 13 at Wikimedia Commons
A 2016 assembly dedicated to the memory of Nisman
**Natalio Alberto Nisman** (born December 5, 1963), also known as **Alberto Nisman**, was an Argentine lawyer. He worked as a federal prosecutor and known for his intervention as a prosecutor in the cases related to the AMIA bombing on July of 1994 in Argentina, the worst terrorist attack in Argentina.

On Sunday, January 18, 2015, he was found dead with a shot to the head, in his apartment in the Tower Boulevard building of the Torres Le Parc complex, in the Puerto Madero neighborhood where he lived.

Early life
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Alberto Nisman was raised in a Jewish family. His parents were Sara Garfunkel, and Isaac Adolfo Nisman (born 1936), an upper-middle-class textile entrepreneur.

Education
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He studied at the University of Buenos Aires, took half of the free subjects and graduated as a lawyer with an average of 8. He began to work "meritorious" (free work without a dependency relationship) in the Judicial Department of Morón. After obtaining his degree, he began his judicial career in that jurisdiction.

Family
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He was married to federal judge Sandra Arroyo Salgado ―who at the time of Nisman's death was in charge of the San Isidro federal court―, with whom he had two daughters.

When he divorced he left his wife the house for his children and rented an apartment in **Le Parc**.

Death
-----

At 10:30 p.m. on Sunday, January 18, 2015, Nisman's mother was alerted that her son did not respond to calls and went to the apartment where the prosecutor lived, in the Torre Boulevard building of the Le Parc Tower complex, in the neighborhood of Puerto Madero (Buenos Aires), which was locked from the inside. After trying to get in, a locksmith was able to open the service door. Nisman's body was found in the bathroom, shot in the head, along with a .22-caliber Bersa gun and a shell casing.

The next day, Monday, he was scheduled to present his complaint to the Criminal Legislation Commission of the Chamber of Deputies of the Argentina.

A few days after the prosecutor's death, the locksmith who was called to open the door stated that it was not locked, but rather: "The service door was locked (from the inside) and had only the latch ... the latch opens with a little wire, I asked the mother for the key, I made the move, she turned the handle and opened it." The day after the locksmith's statements, Nisman's mother clarified that the service door was closed, and that she had previously opened it herself.

His remains were buried in the Israelite Cemetery of La Tablada, twenty meters from the tombs of the victims of the AMIA Bombing, in the so-called sector of the "Martires".

Other websites
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* Nisman's charges against the President and Foreign Minister *Página/12* (PDF) (in Spanish)
* "Archive: *Página/12* - 13 January 2015, Nisman's charges against the President and Foreign Minister" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-20. (in Spanish)
* Death of a Prosecutor *The New Yorker*
* Nisman's denunciation YouTube
A *Tetris* playfield
**Tetris** is a puzzle game, developed in the Soviet Union by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985. It has appeared on many video game systems.

Many companies have published *Tetris* games, such as Nintendo for the Game Boy and Nintendo Entertainment System. The Tetris Company, founded in 1996 by Pajitnov and Henk Rogers, manages and licenses the Tetris brand.

With over 500 million copies sold across all of its different versions, it is the best-selling video game of all time.

Gameplay
--------

The seven tetrominoes
In a game of *Tetris*, shapes known as tetrominoes fall down into a playing field, which is usually ten squares wide and twenty squares tall. There are seven different tetrominoes.  The goal of the player is to move and turn the falling tetrominoes so they fill an entire row of the playing field. When a row is completely filled, it disappears and the lines above it move down to fill the space. This is called a line clear.

Clearing lines give points. A player gets more points if they clear more than one line with one tetromino. Clearing one line is called a "single", two lines a "double", three lines a "triple", and four lines a "Tetris". Clearing two Tetrises in a row is called a Back-to-Back Tetris. The player can also turn a T-shaped Tetrimino into a T-shaped hole before it finishes falling to get more points. This move is called a "T-Spin".

Levels have a set goal, or number of lines to clear. When the goal number reaches zero, the player moves to the next level. As the levels go up, tetrominoes fall faster.

Modern versions of Tetris follow a set of rules written by The Tetris Company. These rules, known as the "Tetris Guideline", make sure all Tetris games look and feel familiar. For example, these rules state what each button on a game controller must do, and what colour each tetromino should be.

In older versions of the game, the player loses when the tetrominos make it to the top of the playing field. In more modern versions of the game, they can lose in two ways. The first is when they place a piece completely above the playing field. The second way to lose is if a player places a piece that blocks the next piece from spawning in. [*source?*]

Music
-----

On the Game Boy, there are several musical themes played. The theme for level 1 and used in the Game Boy version is often called the "Tetris Theme". It is actually a Russian dance called *Korobeiniki*, or "The Peddlers". Other themes include music by Johann Sebastian Bach and the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.
Sundhetzens Speghel (1642)
**Andreas Sparman** or **Andreas Palmcron** (1609 – November 30, 1658) was a Swedish doctor. He was the personal physician to Queen Christina and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. He is most known for his book, *Sundhetzens Speghel*, which is considered to be the best medical book of the century, and is sometimes considered to be the first Swedish cookbook.

Life
----

Andreas Sparman was born Andreas Schomerus in Sparrsätra parish, Uppsala County, Sweden. He died in 
Stockholm. When he wrote his dissertation in 1629, he used the name "Schomerus", but later changed his name to Sparrman, for his birthplace. He was knighted in 1647 with the name Palmcron.

Sparman's father was Nikolaus Olai. His mother was Susanna Andersdotter. His first wife was Helena Isaksdotter. His second wife was Susanna Lilliecrona. He had a daughter, Brita Susanna Palmkron, with his second wife.

Sparman studied medicine in the city of Leiden, in the Netherlands. After he returned to Sweden he became the city doctor for Stockholm. Later, he was the personal doctor to Queen Christina and Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

Books
-----

Sundhetzens speghel (1642)
In connection with the plague epidemic in 1638, Sparman wrote an educational book about the plague. It was a summary of how to prevent and treat the disease. It was published again during plague epidemics in 1652 and 1710.

In 1642, Sparman wrote the most complete book ever published about preventive health care, *Sundhetzen's Speghel, uthi hwilken man beskodhar Sundhetzens Natur,...* or "Mirror of Health, from which one may learn the nature of health, the principle causes of all diseases which chiefly undermine health, together with the remedies which deliver us from them". 
 It is considered the best *läkebok* or medical book of the century. Part of the book is written in the form of the alexandrine French poetry meter. It was probably based on some foreign works. Sparman's book warned about the medical dangers of alcohol.

Because of the severe *rödsots* or dysentery epidemics, in 1652 Sparman wrote about how to prevent dysentery.

Sparman also translated the hymns of the Psalms. He got permission to publish them, but they were never published.

Other websites
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* *Sundhetzens Speghel* Digital scan of 1686 edition.
* *Sundhetzens Speghel* on WorldCat
* Other works on WorldCat.
HEC Paris Startup Launchpad Demo Day 2024 at Station F
**HEC Paris Innovation & Entrepreneurship Center** is a research center created to develop Innovation and Entrepreneurship at HEC Paris.

Activities
----------

The center is member of Station F and is located in Paris as well as in Jouy-en-Josas. Around 500 students are followed classes over the three diplomas (Master of Science X-HEC Entrepreneurs; Master of Science in Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Executive Master of Science in Innovation an Entrepreneurship) of the school year. The center works with the Polytechnic Institute of Paris (specially the École polytechnique) and Coursera. Courses in the center include Creativity, Global Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Marketing, New Venture Creation, Venture Finance, Entrepreneurial Selling and Social Entrepreneurship.

The center has programs for students as well as for faculty to promote entrepreneurship.

Further reading
---------------

* HEC Paris Innovation & Entrepreneurship Center
**Peter Griffin** is an animated character in the television comedy *Family Guy*.

Information
-----------

He is the husband of Lois Griffin. He has three children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie. His main friends are Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson. He is voiced by the shows creator, Seth MacFarlane, who also voices Stewie Griffin and the family's pet dog Brian.

He was a redesign of the protagonist, Larry, from Seth MacFarlane's animated short films he made a few years before Family Guy.

Peter used to work in a Toy factory, before it was shut down when the manager of the factory died. He then worked on a boat before he started working at "Pawtucket Patriot Brewery". 

Peter always believed his full name was **Peter Löwenbräu Griffin**, however, later in the show, he finds out his actual full name is **Justin Peter Griffin**, and that he was born in Mexico. He also used to believe that Francis Griffin was his father, however, when Peter visited his father on his deathbed, he and his mother would reveal that his real father is an Irishman called Mickey McFinnigan, whom his mother met while she was in Ireland.

A long-running joke in the show is his relationship with Ernie the Giant Chicken. When Ernie appeared, it was result in a long fight between the two, often taken up to five minutes and randomly happening in an episode. Another long running joke is how much Peter hates jews and the blacks.

Peter and Brian Griffin could be said to have originated as Larry and Steve respectively, with the two being introduced in the 1995 short film The Life of Larry, and elaborated and refined upon in Larry & Steve.
**Honeycomb XD** is an American digital cable and satellite television network. It is owned by Disney and ABC. It started on the Internet in 2007 and began broadcasting as a television network in 2009. Disney XD mostly airs action-oriented children's animated television series, with some live-action programming and movies aimed at ages 6 to 11. for Disney XD (UK and Ireland)

Disney XD broadcasts programming that is created for the network. The original programming includes *Zeke and Luther*, *Kickin' It*, *Pair of Kings* and *Lab Rats*. The network broadcasts some of the more popular Disney Channel series. These series include *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody*, *The Suite Life on Deck*, *Wizards of Waverly Place*, *Phineas and Ferb* and *So Random!*

They also broadcast programs that were shown on other networks. Many of these are based on characters from the Mavel Universe. Disney bought Marvel Comics in 2009. Because of this, more programs based on Marvel comics will be shown on Disney XD starting in April 2012.

Begining in 2019, with the build up towards the launch of Disney+ and especially during its international expansion during 2020, several Disney XD channels worldwide have began to shut down, mostly in regions where Disney+ is already available. 

As of February 1, 2021, only 5 Disney XD channels remain active, with these being present in the following countries: **United States**, **Canada**, **Latin America**, **Netherlands** and **Poland**, with the last one being the only one to cover an area where Disney+ is still absent.

Programming
-----------

See the main article: List of programs broadcast by Disney XD
Disney XD's schedule consists largely of animated and live-action programs aimed at pre-teens and young teenagers. Disney XD content is a mixture of former original series as well as programs inherited from sister network Disney Channel. In addition to full-length live-action and animated original series, the channel also debuts short series similar to those seen on Disney Channel during commercial breaks (such as *Two More Eggs*), which serve as filler for programs scheduled to end during the half-hour and last usually around one to three minutes.

In addition, Disney XD airs original made-for-TV movies from Disney Channel and theatrically released feature films.

Unlike Disney Channel (and similarly, fellow sister network Disney Junior)—whose advertising comes in the form of program promotions, underwriter sponsorships, and interstitials for Disney films, home video, and game releases produced by the channel—Disney XD operates as an advertiser-supported service running traditional television commercials in addition to promotions for the channel's shows.
**Lionel Brockman Richie Jr.** (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.

Early life
----------

Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American, Cherokee Native American, English, French-Canadian and Scottish descent. He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois.

Career
------

He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, *Three Times a Lady* is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, *Can't Slow Down*.

In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang *All Night Long* to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with *Louder than Words*. Another album of his, *Renaissance*, came out four years later and featuring the song *Angel*.

Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with *Tuskegee*, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the *Billboard* country album chart. *Tuskegee* also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Personal life
-------------

In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's *The Simple Life* with Paris Hilton.

Television
----------

* *American Idol* (2018) - Judge

Other websites
--------------

* Lionel Richie on IMDb