recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Timor Sea is located in the eastern Indian Ocean
The **Timor Sea** is a relatively shallow sea. It is bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, to the south by Australia and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

The sea has a number of reefs, islands where no one lives and significant hydrocarbon reserves. The Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.

Geography
---------

Timor Sea at East Timor
The waters to the east are known as the Arafura Sea. The Timor Sea is next to three large inlets on the north Australian coast, the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Beagle Gulf and the Van Diemen Gulf. The Australian city of Darwin is the only large city by the sea. The small town of Wyndham is on the west arm of Cambridge Gulf, an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include Fish River, King River, Dry River, Victoria River and the Alligator Rivers. Rivers in the Kimberley region that flow into the Timor Sea include the Ord River, Forrest River, Pentecost River and Durack River.

The sea is about 480 km (300 statute miles) wide, covering an area of about 610,000 km². (235,000 square miles). Its deepest point is the Timor Trough in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). The rest of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.

In May 2010, it was said that a crater about 50 km wide has been found on the seabed of the Timor Sea.

### Reefs and islands

Rowley Shoals, 2005
A number of important islands are in the sea. Two of the islands are Melville Island, part of the Tiwi Islands, off Australia and the Australian-governed Ashmore and Cartier Islands. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

Scott and Seringapatam Reefs formed in the area. To the west on the same underwater platform is the Rowley Shoals.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Timor Sea at Wikimedia Commons

10°S 127°E﻿ / ﻿10°S 127°E﻿ / -10; 127
***Half-Life 2: Episode 1*** is a 2006 first-person shooter game by Valve. It is the sequel to Half-Life 2. It is followed by *Half-Life 2: Episode Two*.

Story
-----

The game starts where Half-Life 2 ended, with the top of the Citadel in City 17 exploding. The Citadel was the headquarters of the evil Combine who rule Earth. The mysterious G-Man freezes time to rescue player character Gordon Freeman and his friend Alyx Vance. However the friendly Vortigaunt aliens are actually the ones to save them, which seems to annoy the G-Man for some unexplained reason.

Gordon wakes up in the rubble outside the Citadel and is rescued by Dog, Alyx’s robot protector. They contact their friends, Alyx’s father Eli and Dr. Kleiner. Kliener figures out that the Citadel reactor is going to explode and Gordon and Alyx need to slow the reaction so the people in City 17 have time to escape. They make their way back into the damaged Citadel to do this, then escape on an underground train. The train crashes and Gordon and Alyx are forced to find their way through a dark, zombie- filled tunnel network to reach the surface. Once there, they must escape through the ruins of City 17 by avoiding Combine troops and zombies. They reach a train station where they evacuate numerous refugees while fending off Combine attacks, and finally must fight a giant living weapon called a strider in the last boss fight. Gordon and Alyx board the last train out of the city just before the Citadel completely explodes. The blast hits their train and the game ends on a cliffhanger.

| * v
* t
* e
*Half-Life* |
| --- |
| Games | 
* *Half-Life*
	+ *Opposing Force*
	+ *Blue Shift*
	+ *Decay*
* *Half-Life 2*
	+ *Deathmatch*
	+ *Lost Coast*
	+ *Episode One*
	+ *Episode Two*
* *Half-Life: Alyx*

 |
| Universe | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Characters | 
* Gordon Freeman
* Alyx Vance

 |
| Other | 
* Combine
* Gravity gun
* Locations
	+ Black Mesa
	+ Ravenholm

 |

 |
| Development | 
* GoldSrc
* Source
* Source 2
* Unreleased games
	+ *Half-Life 2: Episode Three*

 |
| Fan content | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Web series | 
* *Concerned*
* *Freeman's Mind*
* *Half-Life: Full Life Consequences*
* *Half-Life: Escape from City 17*
* *Half-Life VR but the AI Is Self-Aware*
* *Skibidi Toilet*

 |
| Mods | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| GoldSrc | 
* *Action Half-Life*
* *C.A.G.E.D.*
* *Delta*
* *Echoes*
* *Sven Co-op*

 |
| Source | 
* *Black Mesa*
* *Capture the Flag*
* *Hunt Down the Freeman*
* *Minerva*
* *Research and Development*

 |

 |

 |
| Related | 
* *Portal* series
* *The Orange Box*

 |
| 
* Category

 |
According to Islam, **Yam, son of Noah** was the fourth son of Noah.

Yam is not in the Jewish holy book, the Torah, or the Christian holy book, the Bible. Those two books talk about Yam's older brothers, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, but Yam is only in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an. 

In the Muslim version of the story of the Great Flood, Yam did not believe in God the way his father, mother and brothers did. They followed God's instructions and Noah built a large boat, the ark, in time to survive the flood, but Yam drowned instead.

According to the Qur'an, Noah asked Yam to come with him on the boat, but Yam decided to climb a mountain instead: "O my son, come aboard with us and be not with the disbelievers." Canaan said, "I will take refuge on a mountain to protect me from the water." Noah said, "There is no protector today from the decree of The Lord our God, except from whom He gives mercy." Then it is mentioned that Yam drowned.

Other versions of Canaan
------------------------

The holy books of the Jews, Christians and Muslims also talk about Canaan (son of Ham), Noah's grandson. This Canaan is still alive after the flood. One Jewish scholar thinks this Canaan might have been Noah's son and not grandson. So this could be the same Canaan or it could be another person with the same name.
**Big Bang** is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

The Big Bang is the name that scientists use for the most common theory of the universe, from the very early stages to the present day. The most commonly considered alternatives are called the Steady State theory and Plasma cosmology, according to both of which the universe has no beginning or end.

According to the theory the universe began as a very hot, small, and dense superforce (the mix of the four fundamental forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a "singularity"). Then about 13.8 billion years ago, space expanded very quickly (thus the name "Big Bang"). This started the formation of atoms, which eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. It was Georges who first noted (in 1927) that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. The universe is still expanding today, and getting colder as well.

As a whole, the universe is growing and the temperature is falling as time passes. Cosmology is the study of how the universe began and its development. Some scientists who study cosmology have agreed that the Big Bang theory matches what they have observed so far.

"**Big Bang**" may also refer to:

* Big Bang (band) - South Korean music group

BIGBANG - Big Bang (band) second Japanese album
BIGBANG 2 - Big Bang (band) third Japanese album
* *The Big Bang Theory* - an American situation comedy TV series


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Disambiguation icon |  This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title **Big Bang**.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
**Marine biology** is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography.

History
-------

During the Age of Discovery many ships sailed far from home. Captain James Cook went twice around the world and discovered new places. Another person who helped is Charles Darwin, known for the Theory of Evolution. He worked in marine biology. His expeditions aboard the HMS Beagle from 1831–1836 collected marine organisms. Several other people also made important voyages. Alfred Russel Wallace spent much of his younger life travelling the world and recording the plants and animals he saw.

Marine animals
--------------

Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae. The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year project of marine biology. 

Don't forget that in the past sea creatures were as different from today as were land animals.

Marine biologist
----------------

Previous education is a bachelor's degree in biology, followed by at least an MSc in marine biology.

The ocean is large and marine biologists work in many subfields like zoology, invertebrate, ichthyology, and physiology. Others study physical traits like scales, scales, or eyes. Biologists also study animal behavior.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Marine biology***.

* What is a marine biologist? -Careers
* What is marine biology? -University of Texas

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Other | 
* NARA

 |

1. ↑  Benton M.J. 1990. *The reign of the reptiles*. 
 ISBN 0-517-02557-4
For the clothing store, see Banana Republic.
The phrase *banana republic* was coined (ca. 1904) by the American writer O. Henry (William Sydney Porter, 1862–1910).
United States shown in blue, where United Fruit Company was based. The countries shown in red are some examples of "banana republics" (Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama) where the United Fruit Company held considerable influence.
A *banana republic* is a politically unstable country whose economy depends on the export of one product in limited supply, such as agricultural products like bananas or minerals. A banana republic has social classes that are divided by wealth. These include a large, poor working class and a small ruling class (elite) made up of the businessmen, politicians, and the military. The ruling class controls and exploits the country's economy.

**Characteristics of a Banana Republic**

The way the phrase banana republic is used has evolved since it was introduced more than a century ago. It is no longer limited to countries in Central America or the tropics. Key characteristics of a banana republic in the modern world include:

* Widespread government corruption
* Tyrannical government
* Unstable government
* Civil unrest
* Coup attempts/insurgency
* Economic dependency on exporting a limited natural resource (which may or may not be bananas)
* Infrastructure owned/supported by out-of-country interests
* Overall economic dependency on foreign investment or business entities
* Widespread poverty
* Significant stratification of social classes
* Enormous gap between the haves and have nots
* Lack of a middle class

**Examples of Banana Republics**

In the modern world, whether or not a country could accurately be described as a banana republic government is a matter of opinion. A number of countries have been described as banana republics at some point.

* Bangladesh
* Botswana
* Costa Rica
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* Panama
* Zambia

A country that at some point might exhibit all of the characteristics of a banana republic could change, which would mean that the term would no longer apply. The fact that someone refers to a country as a banana republic does not mean that the country really is one. The phrase is a derogatory description rather than an actual type of government.

Related pages
-------------

* Puppet state
Albert Pujols
**José Alberto Pujols Alcántara** (also known as **Albert Pujols**) is a star baseball player from the Dominican Republic.

Early life
----------

Pujols was born on January 16, 1980 in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. When he was 16, Pujols's family moved to Missouri. He learned English at Fort Osage High School and later studied to be an American citizen.

Baseball career
---------------

He went to Maple Woods Community College and posted a .461 on-base average (which means he got on base 461 times out of every 1,000 at-bats). 

At age 19, Pujols was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals. He was a very low draft pick (402nd in the 13th round of the draft). He played his first season with one of the Cardinals' minor league teams, the Peoria Chiefs. 

After one full season with the Chiefs, Pujols got onto the Cardinals' roster after a teammate got injured. Later two of the Cardinals' best players also got injured, and Pujols became a regular player. In his first season with the Cardinals, he had 37 RBIs and 130 home runs, and posted a .329 on-base average. He won the Rookie of the Year Award, earning every vote.

Awards
------

In 2002, Pujols was the runner-up for the Most Valuable Player Award, and the Cardinals reached the National League Championship Series.

In 2005, the Baseball Writers of America voted Pujols the National League's Most Valuable Player.

In 2006, the Cardinals won the World Series. Pujols was also named to the National League All-Star Team that year. 

Since 2006, Pujols has won many awards, like the Players' Choice Most Outstanding Player Award, the Players' Choice Player of the Year Award, and the National League Home Run Award.
The Venus of Willendorf is a well-known figurine. It was made about 25.000 years ago
Possibly among the earliest traces of art are **Venus figurines**. These are figurines that show women. Most often the women are shown as being pregnant, with breasts well visible. The figurines occur from Western Europeto Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old; Two figurimes have been found that are much older, the Venus of Tan-Tan has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago. It may be the earliest thing that shows the human form. 

Different kind of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.

Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them. There are two basic interpretations:

* They may be representations of human fertility, or they may have been made to increase it.
* They may represent (fertility) goddesses.

Scientists have excluded that they were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.

Drawing of the Venus of Berekhat Ram
The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. It contained traces of Iron and Manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone
**Gordon Freeman** is the main hero of the *Half-Life* video game series. He is a theoretical physicist from MIT. During the series, Gordon must win in hard situations, often without backup. To try to make the game more belivable, the character never speaks, and there are no cut scenes, all action is seen as if the player was Gordon, with the player being in control of Gordon's actions at nearly all times. 

The character is seen first as a theoretical physicist working at Black Mesa Research Facility and working in an experiment which accidentally opens an portal, releasing confused, harmful aliens into Black Mesa. In the first *Half-Life*, Gordon Freeman fights through the facility with other workers, fighting the aliens as well as a military unit sent in to stop the incident and silence any surviving witnesses. In the second game, *Half-Life 2*, Gordon is introduced to a military world years after the Black Mesa incident, along with a force known as the Combine that took over the world.
A Class 92 hauled container freight train on the West Coast Main Line, United Kingdom
**Rail freight transport** is using railroads and trains to transport cargo. They don't transport human passengers. Trains may transport bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or special freight in cars designed for a specific reason, Rail freight practices and economics are different by country and region.

A freight train, cargo train, or goods train is a group of freight cars (US) or goods wagons (International Union of Railways) hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of the logistics chain. Trains may haul bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars. Rail freight practices and economics vary by country and region.

When considered in terms of ton-miles or tonne-kilometers hauled, energy efficiency can be greater with rail transportation than with other means. Maximum economies are typically realized with bulk commodities (e.g. coal), especially when hauled over long distances. However, shipment by rail is not as flexible as by the highway, which has resulted in much freight being hauled by truck (all types: box truck, concrete mixer truck, cutaway van chassis, water tanker truck, oil tanker truck, milk tanker truck, dual drive/steer truck, dropside truck, fire engine truck, tow truck, logging truck, garbage truck, stakebed truck, vacuum truck, platform truck, bucket truck, container truck, flatbed truck, sprinkler truck, food truck, semi-trailer truck (tractor), ice cream truck, and dump truck), even over long distances. Moving goods by rail often involves transshipment costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack direct rail access. These costs may exceed that of operating the train itself, a factor that practices such as containerization, trailer-on-flatcar or rolling highway aim to minimize.
Jârân Bodhâg, one of the Madurese cultural dances.
**Madurese** (Madurese: أَوريڠ مادْوراْ; Javanese: ꦠꦾꦁꦩꦼꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀), also known as **Madurans**, are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Madura in the Java Sea. They speak the Madurese language and share a common history, traditions, and cultural identity. The Madurese are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Indonesia, and known for their contribution to the national dish Saté.

Approximately six million native Madurese reside on Madura Island, with half a million living in eastern Java. Some Madurese form a subgroup called Pandalungan Madurese, speaking a mix of Javanese and Madurese languages.

Population and Distribution
---------------------------

Official data on the Madurese population in Indonesia vary. The 2010 census states they make up 3.03% of the country's population, around 7.2 million people. Some sources suggest larger figures of 10.5 to 10.8 million. Regardless, Madurese people are among Indonesia's largest ethnic groups, ranking fourth after the Javanese, Sundanese, and Batak. Historically, Madurese inhabit Madura Island, smaller islands in the Java Sea, and parts of Java and Kalimantan islands. Significant Madurese communities exist in Jakarta, Bali, Bangka Belitung Islands, and even in neighboring countries like Singapore.

Language and Religion
---------------------

Radḍin Sâgara, the Madurese manuscript written in Javanese script.
The Madurese people speak the Madurese language, a Madura-Kangeanic language in the Austronesian family. The language varies across Madura Island, with Sumenep Madurese considered the standard. Madurese is recognized by the East Java provincial government and is used as a co-official language in certain regions, mainly in Madura.

The majority of Madurese people practice Islam, mainly following the Sunni sect system of Nahdlatul Ulama. Muslim theologians play a important role in their spiritual and social life. Many Madurese individuals receive education in traditional local Muslim schools called Pondhuk Pâsantrèn, which also contribute significantly to their spiritual and social development.
**Persian**, also called **Farsi**, is a Western Iranian language. It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other neighbouring countries and by immigrants from Central Asia in Russia. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, many of those places were parts of the Persian Empire.

Persian has many dialects and is officially called Farsi in Iran, Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. The literary language of each country is a little different, but people from each country can understand one another when they have a conversation. It has words from French in Iran and many from Russian Tajikistan.

Alphabet
--------

The Persian alphabet has the following letters:

ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی

The Persian alphabet used in Iran and Afghanistan is similar to the Arabic alphabet, but since Persian in a different family from Arabic, their vocabulary and grammar are very different. Since the 1930s, in the countries that were in the Soviet Union, like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Persian has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet, like Russian. All Persian-speakers used to use the Arabic alphabet.

History
-------

Persian is a very old language, and linguists use names for three different versions of Persian that were used in three different times. Old Persian was spoken in the first Persian Empire, under the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus and Darius the Great. The empire existed from the 6th century BC to the conquest of Alexander the Great. The second Persian empire was ruled by the Sassanian kings from the 2nd century AD until the Muslim conquest of Iran by the Arabs in the 7th century and spoke Middle Persian, or Pahlavi.

New or Modern Persian is spoken today and was first written down in the 9th century, during the Samanid Empire, which was the first Muslim Persian kingdom and was based in Central Asia. The earliest writers of New Persian included poets like Rudaki, and Ferdowsi, who wrote an epic, a very long poem, called the *Shahname*, translated as the *Book of Kings* in English. It has myths and historical stories from before the Arabs conquered Persia.

Many other famous writers in Persian language were poets too, a few being Saadi, Hafez, Rumi. The Persian language has been very important one for literature. After Arabic, it was the second most common written language in Muslim countries, especially in the East.

Sample
------

|  |
| --- |
| من پارسی هستم و کتاب دارم. |
| I am Persian, and I have a book. |
| (salam) سلام |
| Hello |

Related pages
-------------

* Dari (Eastern Persian)
* Tajik language
* Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
**Songshan-Xindian Line** is a line of the Taipei Metro in Taipei and New Taipei, Taiwan. This line is also called the Green Line. The line connects Xindian to Songshan. You can transfer to the Wenhu Line at Nanjing Fuxing, to the Bannan Line at Ximen, to the Tamsui-Xinyi Line at Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall or Zhongshan, to the Zhonghe-Xinlu Line at Guting or Songjiang Nanjing, or to the Circular Line at Dapinglin station. When Phase 1 of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin Line (Light Green Line) is completed in 2025, passengers will be able to transfer to the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin Line at Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall metro station.

Beimen station platform
The line currently consists of 20 stations with station codes from G01 to G19. Station G03A (Xiaobitan) is located on the branch line from G03 (Qizhang.)

Stations
--------

* Xindian G01
* Xindian District Office G02
* Qizhang G03 (transfer for Xiaobitan)
* Dapinglin G04 (transfer to Circular line)
* Jingmei G05
* Wanlong G06
* Gongguan G07
* Taipower Building G08
* Guting G09 (transfer to Zhonghe-Xinlu line)
* Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall G10 (transfer to Tamsui-Xinyi line and future transfer to Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line)
* Xiaonanmen G11
* Ximen G12 (transfer to Bannan line)
* Beimen G13
* Zhongshan G14 (transfer to Tamsui-Xinyi line)
* Songjiang Nanjing G15 (transfer to Zhonghe-Xinlu line)
* Nanjing Fuxing G16 (transfer to Wenhu line)
* Taipei Arena G17
* Nanjing Sanmin G18
* Songshan G19

### Xiaobitan branch line

* Qizhang G03 (transfer to Songshan-Xindian line)
* Xiaobitan G03A (terminal station)
**Boreas** (Ancient Greek: Βορέας, *Boreus* - "North Wind") is the Greek god of winter, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting Oreithyia and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath.

Mythology
---------

Boreas was said to have kidnapped Orithyia, an Athenian princess, from the Ilisos. Boreas had taken a fancy to Orithyia and had initially pleaded for her favours, hoping to persuade her. When this failed, he reverted to his usual temper and abducted her as she danced on the banks of the Ilisos. Boreas wrapped Orithyia up in a cloud, raped her, and with her, Boreas fathered two sons—the Boreads, Zethes and Calais, who were part of the crew of the Argo as Argonauts[5][6]—and two daughters—Chione, goddess of snow, and Cleopatra.

From then on, the Athenians saw Boreas as a relative by marriage. When Athens was threatened by Xerxes, the people prayed to Boreas, who was said to have then caused winds to sink 400 Persian ships. A cult was established in Athens in 480 B. C. E. in gratitude to the Boreas for destroying the approaching Persian fleet.[7] A similar event had occurred twelve years earlier, and Herodotus writes:[8]

Now I cannot say if this was really why the Persians were caught at anchor by the stormwind, but the Athenians are quite positive that, just as Boreas helped them before, so Boreas was responsible for what happened on this occasion also. And when they went home they built the god a shrine by the River Ilissus.
Two other cases of Boreas being honored by Greek states for similar assistance have been described, in Megalopolis (against Laconia) and in Thurii (against Syracuse). The latter case had Boreas being granted citizenship and a land plot.[9]

The abduction of Orithyia was popular in Athens before and after the Persian War, and was frequently depicted on vase paintings. In these paintings, Boreas was portrayed as a bearded man in a tunic, with shaggy hair that is sometimes frosted and spiked. The abduction was also dramatized in Aeschylus's lost play Oreithyia.
**Baskir folklore** is the spoken folk art of the Bashkir people. These are songs, fairy tales, legends, epic poetry, and proverbs.

Story
-----

The creators and carriers of Bashkir folklore are folk singers, story tellers, and folk dancers.
Bashkir folklore was created and told verbally by generations over the centuries.

The themes of Bashkir folklore were the views of ancient Bashkirs on nature, right and wrong, and life experience. Folklore was a source of their knowledge.

Features of the Bashkir follic is oral told and improvised.

Bashkir folklore can be fairy tales, epic poetry, fables, stories about how to be good, mysteries, jokes to make society improve, and proverbs.

In everyday life, Bashkir folklore is divided into rituals and children's folklore.

Bashkirs have many folk songs. Funny dances, game songs accompanied holidays and entertainment. The poetic recall of the tragic event is called *Bait*. For example, Bait "Sak-sok", is abaut of the brothers cursed by their mother.

Counting, riddles are a genre of children's folklore.

Collections of folklore are published in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Researchers and collectors of Bashkir folklore
----------------------------------------------

Links to the Bashkir folklore are contained in the diaries and notes of Ibn Fadlan, Plano Karpini, V. Rubruk and others. The most complete information about Bashkir folklore begins to appear in the 18-19 centuries.

The first collectors of Bashkir literary folklore were writers and scientists P. Rychkov, P. Pallas, I. Lepekhin, I. Georgi, V. Tatishchev (XVIII century), T. Belyaev, P. Kudryashov, A. Pushkin, V. Dal, L. Sukhodolsky, A. Bessonov (fairy tales), Mukhametsha Burangulov (epos Ural Batyr) and others, musical folklore - composers A. Alyabyev, K. Schubert, S. Rybakov (XIX century), I. Saltykov, L. Lebedinsky, L. Atanova and others. Collectors of folklore, people from the Bashkirs were S. Kuklyashev, M. Bekchurin, Yu. Aminev, B. Yulyev, M. Kuvatov, M. Umetbaev, F. Tuikin, M. Burangulov, M. Gafuri , Sh. Babich and others.

Modern researchers of Bashkir folklore are Fanuza Nadrshina and Rosalia Sultangareeva.

Bashkir dances performed by the Folk Dance Ensemble are staged based on Bashkir folklore.

Related pages
-------------

* Azhdakha
* Samrau
* Akbuzat

* The Soviet Union 1933 CPA 430 stamp (Peoples of the Soviet Union. Bashkirs) cancelledThe Soviet Union 1933 CPA 430 stamp (Peoples of the Soviet Union. Bashkirs) cancelled
* The Feast of Genealogy in Bashkiria, RussiaThe Feast of Genealogy in Bashkiria, Russia
* Girl in a Bashkir costumeGirl in a Bashkir costume
* Children at the family tree festival, BashkortostanChildren at the family tree festival, Bashkortostan
* In a yurtIn a yurt

Sources
-------

* ETHNOCULTURAL PECULIARITIES OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE BASHKIR FOLKLOREKul'sarina Gul'nur Galinurovna
* The Mythological Bases of the BashkiFolklore (the Сase Study of the Superstitious Omens, the Epos and Legends) A. Mukhamedyanova
* Anthology of Bashkir folklore. vol. 4
Blueberry flowers
***Vaccinium*** is a genus of flowering plants. All of them are shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The fruits of *Vaccinium* species include blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, and Bilberry.

In total, there are about 450 species, mostly in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are a few tropical species which grow in places like Madagascar or Hawaii. The plants usually grow in heathlands or in forests. Like most plants of the Ericaceae, many species grow in acidic soils. 

The larvae of a number of lepidoptera species (moths and butterflies are examples of lepidoptera) grow on these plants.

Modern research
---------------

The taxonomy of the genus is complex, and is being investigated. Genetic analysis shows that the genus *Vaccinium* is not monophyletic. *Vaccinium's* taxonomy can be fixed by enlarging the genus to include a number of related genera. Alternatively, the genus could be broken up into several different genera.

The vaccinium uliginosum is a type of vaccinium that grows in North America and Eurasia.
Denslow in 1900

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***William Wallace Denslow***.

**William Wallace Denslow** (/ˈdɛnsloʊ/; May 5, 1856 – March 29, 1915), is known as **W. W. Denslow**. He was an American illustrator and caricaturist. He was born in Philadelphia. He had some art school training, but he was mostly self-taught. He designed books and posters. Denslow illustrated L. Frank Baum's *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz* and other books by Baum. They parted after an argument over copyright royalties.

Denslow illustrated *Denslow's Mother Goose* in 1901, and *Denslow's Night Before Christmas* in 1902. He illustrated the 18-volume *Denslow's Picture Books* series in 1903–04. He drew comic strips with Father Goose, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Woodman as characters. He created the comic strip "Billy Bounce". Billy was one of the first comics characters with superpowers. Denslow bought Buck's Island, Bermuda. He crowned himself King Denslow I. He was married three times and had one son. He died in New York City of pneumonia.

Other websites
--------------

* Works by William Wallace Denslow at Project Gutenberg
* Hearn, Michael Patrick. "The Man Behind the Man Behind Oz: W.W. Denslow at 150" AIGA July 5, 2006. Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
* DHS Denslow Seahorse at www.dardhunter.com
* Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Denslow, William Wallace |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | illustrator and caricaturist |
| Date of birth | 25 May 1856 |
| Place of birth | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Date of death | 27 May 1915 |
| Place of death | Bermuda |
Original Sacher Torte
Sachertorte from Demel bakery
**Sachertorte** (Sacher cake) is a chocolate cake with a chocolate icing and a apricot jam filling. It is a typical sweet from Vienna. It is named after Franz Sacher, who invented the recipe.

History
-------

Franz SacherThe first cake was made by Franz Sacher in 1832 when Klemens Fürst Metternich ordered the kitchen to create a new sweet for his evening guests. The chef was ill so Sacher, who was apprentice in his second year, invented the first Sachertorte. After this the cake was nearly forgotten. Sacher worked in Budapest and Presburg and opened in 1848 a high-class delicatessen and winery in Vienna. His son Eduard Sacher, who learned in the Demel bakery which supplyed the court, brought the recipe in the form we know today. First the cake was sold by Demel, but after Eduard bought the Hotel Sacher also there.

In the 20th century there was a legal battle between the Sacher and the Demel about selling the "Original Sacher Torte". In 1963 the both parties agree, that the Hotel Sacher is allowed to use the name "Original Sacher Torte". The Demel could now sell a "Eduard Sacher Torte".

The Sachertorte consists of a chocolate sponge cake with a thin layer of apricot jam in the middle and dark chocolate icing on the top and sides. The main difference between the cake from the Hotel Sacher and from the Demel bakery is that the Original Sacher Torte has a layer of apricot jam under the icing and in the middle of the cake. The cake from Demel has only jam under the icing.

Most of the time the cake is served with whipped cream without sugar.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sachertorte***.

* Homepage Hotel Sacher-Die Sacher Torte(German)
* "Sachertorte" - A recipe by Delia Smith
* BBC News|Happy Birthday, cake
* Is Sachertorte the Ultimate Devotion? Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
The **Agly River** (Catalan: *Aglí*, Occitan: *Aglin*) is a river in southern France. It flows mostly to the southeast through the Plain of Roussillon, in the region of Occitanie. It ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

On its way to the Mediterranean Sea, it flows through the departments of Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales.

Geography
---------

The Agly river is 81.7 kilometres (50.8 miles) long. Its source is on the Pass of Linas, to the northeast of the Pech de Bugarach, the highest of the Corbières mountains, departments of Aude, at an elevation of 940 metres (3,084 feet).

It then goes into the Pyrénées-Orientales by the gorges of Galamus and flows into the Mediterranean Sea south of Barcarès.

There is a dam on the Agly river, on Caramany, Pyrénées-Orientales; it was built to prevent floods and to store water.

Mouth of the Agly

Hydrology
---------

The Agly is a very irregular small river. Its flow was observed over a period of 42 years (1967-2008) in Estagel about twenty kilometers from its mouth and after receiving the waters of its tributary Verdouble.

The discharge of the river at this location is 6.31 cubic metres (223 cubic feet) per second.

The Agly shows typical seasonal fluctuations like other small rivers in southern France. The highest levels of the river are in winter and spring, from December to May inclusive, with the highest level in February. They are followed by a rapid fall in the flow during the low water period that goes from late June to early October.

Tributaries
-----------

The Angly has 19 tributaries; the main ones are:

* Right tributaries:
	+ Boulzane, 34 kilometres (21 miles)
	+ Désix, 32.4 kilometres (20.1 miles)
* Left tributaries
	+ Maury, 18.6 kilometres (11.6 miles)
	+ Verdouble, 46.8 kilometres (29.1 miles)
	+ Robou, 17.8 kilometres (11.1 miles)

Departments and towns along the river
-------------------------------------

Communes in the Pyrénées-Orientales traversed by the Agly.
* Aude : Camps-sur-l'Agly
* Pyrénées-Orientales : Saint-Paul-de-Fenouillet, Ansignan, Caramany, Latour-de-France, Estagel, Cases-de-Pène, Espira-de-l'Agly, Rivesaltes, Claira, Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque, Torreilles

Landmarks
---------

* Dam (and lake) at Caramany
* Gorges de Galamus, a narrow canyon made by the Agly river
* Roman aqueduct at Ansignan

Gallery
-------

* The dam on the Agly river, at CaramanyThe dam on the Agly river, at Caramany
* The lake at Caramany during a dry seasonThe lake at Caramany during a dry season
* The Gorges of GalamusThe Gorges of Galamus
* The aqueduct of AnsignanThe aqueduct of Ansignan

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Agly***.

* Station: Y0664060, Option: Synthèse Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
Women and children, who had been hostages of Boko Haram, after being freed by government troops.
Nigerian military, and a killed fighter, supposedly from Boko Haram
Flag of Boko Haram
**Boko Haram** is a branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The name of the group means "Western" or "non-Islamic" education is a sin. The group is centred in Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. It wants to make Islamic law the only law in Nigeria. It also wants to outlaw education that is not based on Islam. The group sees itself as similar to the Taliban, which are active in Afghanistan. Locally, the group is known as the "Taliban". The official name of the group is *Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad*, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad."  They also call themselves 'Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP).

The group was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, in 2002. Its insurgency began in 2009. They follow an extreme version of Sunni Islam. Local residents of the area soon called the group Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden. Residents gave it the name because of its strong opposition to Western education, which it sees as corrupting Muslims. The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word 'boko' meaning "Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education" and the Arabic word 'haram' figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").

Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and science as well. The group also forbids the wearing of shirts and trousers and the act of voting in elections. In its view, the Nigerian state is run by non-believers.

In a 2009 BBC interview, Mohammed Yusuf, the group's leader at the time, said he rejects the fact that the earth is a sphere and views it as contrary to Islam, along with Darwinism and the fact that rain comes from water evaporated by the sun.

Boko Haram often carry out bombings, kidnappings and shootings, as well as arson and looting. They have killed thousands of people in Africa, attacking civilian and military targets. There are many terrorist activities for which Boko Haram have claimed responsibility:

* In December 2010, the group stormed and released hundreds of inmates from Bauchi prison.
* In the same month, there was a bombing in Jos (Plateau state) that saw 80 people dead followed by an attack on Abuja barracks.
* 2010-2011 was a year in which dozens of civilians were killed in various shootings that took place in Maiduguri and in addition, the Abuja Police Headquarters and the United Nations Headquarters.

Boko Haram is not associated with the group Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta which fights against the oil industry in the Niger Delta, since 2006.

On 14 April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 teenagers from a secondary school in Chibok, Borno. Boko Haram killed at least 100 people in Baga, Borno, in January 2015. About 620 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire.

In the mid-2010s, Boko Haram extended its activities into Cameroon, Chad and Niger. It became part of Islamic State in March 2015.
The area highlighted in yellow is Mainland China.
**Mainland China**, also called the **Chinese Mainland**, is the part of China not including the Republi

c of China controlling Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. The term also excludes Hong Kong and Macau. 

In the Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty), all of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, the Pescadores, and Mongolia were part of the Manchu Empire. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau were colonized by foreigners for some years (Taiwan to the Japanese, Hong Kong to the British, and Macau to the Portuguese).

By the end the Qing Empire, China became Nationalist China (the Republic of China) and it got Taiwan back in 1945. After the Communists (the People's Republic of China) took over most of China, the Nationalists kept only Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. Mongolia became an independent state later.

Since then, Communist China only includes the part on the continent (mainland) and some small islands that are very near (the largest communist island is Hainan). This region is Mainland China.

Later Hong Kong and Macau were returned to the government of China, but because the government calls them "special administrative regions" under a "one country, two systems" idea, they are still not thought of as part of Mainland China.
Brian Greene's analogy
**Bell's theorem**, also called "Bell's inequality," is a thought experiment. When joined with real experiments, it shows there are no hidden variables which can explain some of the consequences of quantum mechanics. This study, closely related to quantum mechanics, was done by John Stewart Bell.

Brian Greene's analogy
----------------------

The following analogy has been provided by Brian Greene:
Pairs of boxes have been prepared and sent to Earth and on Vulcan. There is something inside that shows a light when a door is opened. If the same doors are opened on both members of the pair, then both lights will be blue or both lights will be red. What if different doors are opened? Maybe the chances that a red light or a blue light shows up were set by the maker of the boxes. Or maybe whether a red light or a blue light shows up depends on an individual coin flip in each box. How can we tell?

In a system that works the way quantum mechanics does, there is a 50% chance that opening any pair of doors (on the gray side, the white side, or the black side of each of the boxes in the schematic diagram) will give rise to a match. For instance, Earth could open the door in the gray side of its box, and Vulcan could open the door in the black side of its box. Quantum physics says that half the time they should get a match. But if the decision to produce a certain color for each of the doors opened is programmed into both boxes, then there is a 55% or greater chance of getting a match. 

|  | G-W-B | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose | Choose |  % matched |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Preset | B-B-R | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match? |  | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes | 55% |
| Preset | B-R-B | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match |  | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | 55% |
| Preset | B-R-R | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match |  | yes | no | no | no | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | 55% |
| Preset | R-B-B | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match |  | yes | no | no | no | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | 55% |
| Preset | R-B-R | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match |  | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | 55% |
| Preset | R-R-B | G-G | G-W | G-B | W-G | W-W | W-B | B-G | B-W | B-B |  |
| Match |  | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes | 55% |

Bell argues that because in actual experiments doing the equivalent of "opening different doors" only yields a 50% success rate, there can be no hidden variables in operation that would have "preselected" states for all six alternatives.

The analogy given here follows closely the one used by Brian Greene in *The Fabric of the Cosmos, p. 107ff.*

Related pages
-------------

* EPR paradox
A vibrating glass beam showing the bending of beams which can be estimated using Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory.
**Euler–Bernoulli beam theory** (also known as **engineer's beam theory** or **classical beam theory**) is a simple method to calculate bending of beams when a load is applied. This applies to small deflections (how far something moves) of a beam without considering effects of shear deformations. Therefore, it can be considered a special case of the Timoshenko beam theory. It was first introduced around 1750. It gained popularity during the development of the Eiffel Tower and the Ferris wheel in the late 19th century. After that, it was used in many engineering fields including mechanical engineering and civil engineering. Although other advanced methods have been developed, the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is still widely used because of its simplicity.

History
-------

Drawing of a cross section of a bent beam showing the neutral axis
Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli were the first to put together the theory in 1750.
At the time, science and engineering were viewed differently than today. Mathematical theories such as the Euler-Bernoulli Beam theory were not trusted for practical engineering use. Bridges and buildings continued to be designed using the same methods until the late 19th century. This is when the Eiffel Tower and Ferris wheel showed the validity of the theory on a larger scale.

Static beam equation
--------------------

Bending of an Euler–Bernoulli beam. Each cross-section of the beam is at 90 degrees to the neutral axis.
The Euler–Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between the beam's deflection and the applied load is as shown below:

{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}\left(EI{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}\right)=q\,}
Where {\displaystyle w(x)} describes the deflection of the beam in the {\displaystyle z} direction at some position {\displaystyle x}. {\displaystyle q} is a distributed load, in other words a force per unit length (analogous to pressure being a force per area); it may be a function of {\displaystyle x}, {\displaystyle w}, or other variables.
== Frotteuristic disorder ==
Frotteuristic disorder, or frotteurism, is a rare and poorly researched type of paraphilia. It involves the act of touching or rubbing one’s genitals against another non-consenting individual in a sexual manner, to attain sexual gratification.

Etiology
--------

The exact etiology is not known, but many theories exist regarding the cause of frotteurism. Psychoanalysts propose that individuals with frotteurism may have unmet needs to rub themselves against the victim and cuddle, like an infant with his mother. Individuals engaging in these behaviors may fantasize that they share an exclusive and caring relationship with their non-consenting victims during the act. 

Kurt Freu ndhave proposed that these individuals may also have problems with tactile interactions that may occur during normal human erotic or sexual interactions. There has been some research to postulate a biological mechanism, primarily with the monoamine pathway resulting in abnormal sexual behavior

gy
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