recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Eyre Coote** (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

Background
----------

He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora. After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to North America to fight in the Revolutionary War. He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.

He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

Scandal and death
-----------------

Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London. He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school: after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

Other websites
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* @ Stephen Wood Research Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Coote, Eyre |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | British general and politician |
| Date of birth | 20 May 1762 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death | 10 December 1823 |
| Place of death |  |
State/war flag, ratio: 5:8
The Dominican Constitution says that the **flag of the Dominican Republic** has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.

The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships).

The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the *First National Flag*.

The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the *Second National Flag*. Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

* Civil flag and ensign Civil flag and ensign
* First National FlagFirst National Flag
**Harmonic means** are a type of mean. It is the number of values divided by the reciprocal of the values. If there are {\displaystyle N} numbers {\displaystyle X\_{1},X\_{2},X\_{3}...X\_{N}}, then the harmonic mean of these numbers are



N

1

X

1

+

1

X

2

+

1

X

3

+
⋯
+

1

X

N



{\displaystyle {\frac {N}{{\frac {1}{X\_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{X\_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{X\_{3}}}+\dots +{\frac {1}{X\_{N}}}}}}

{\displaystyle {\frac {N}{{\frac {1}{X_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{X_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{X_{3}}}+\dots +{\frac {1}{X_{N}}}}}}
Out of the geometric mean and arithmetic mean, the harmonic mean is usually the smallest.

Example
-------

Let's find the harmonic mean of 2,4 and 5. There are three numbers so we will be dividing three. The reciprocals of the numbers are {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}, {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4}}} and {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{5}}}. If we add the reciprocals we get {\displaystyle {\frac {19}{20}}}. If we divide three by this number, the result is {\displaystyle {\frac {60}{19}}} (approximately 3.157894737)
A jar of *gochujang*.
***Gochujang*** (Korean: 고추장) is a savory, fermented Korean food. It is made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans and salt. It is used to add flavour to a variety of Korean foods such as *bibmbab* (Korean: 비빔밥), *bulgogi* (Korean: 불고기), and *tteokbokki* (Korean: 떡볶이).

Ingredients
-----------

The main ingredients of *gochujang* are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Each serving contains 8.9% of protein, 4.1% lipid, 15.9% of carbohydrate, and 3.5% of fibre. It has more Vitamin B than *doenjang* and *ganjang*. It contains 5mg of Vitamin C per gram and 2,445mg of carotene per 100 gram.

One peculiar ingredient is capsaicin which is main cause of hot taste. Some people put salted fish or meat into *gochujang*.

History
-------

*Gochujang* (hot pepper paste) has been made since chili was introduced from Japan in 1592, during the middle period of the *Chosun Dynasty* (Korean: 조선 왕조). According to *Jung-Bo-Sal-Lim-Kyung-Jae* (Korean: 증보살림경제), written in 1766, it was made from beans, sweet from glutinous rice, hot from red peppers, and salty. Since that time, making *gochujang* became rapidly popular. In *Nong-Ga-Wol-Lyung-Ga* (Korean: 농가월령가), there is content regarding making it.

Types
-----

Different types of *gochujang* are made by adding different ingredients in the production process. Recipes are slightly different depending on the parts of Korea it comes from. The most common types of *gochujang* are listed below.

* Glutinous rice Gochujang

Made by mixing glutinous rice powder with powdered fermented soybeans red peppers, which are the basic ingredients of Gochujang.

* Kaoliang Gochujang

made by adding kaoliang.

* Barley Gochujang

made by adding barley. Popularly used as *Ssam-Jang* (쌈장) in summer. 

* Wheat Gochujang

made by adding wheat. Used for making *Jji-Gae*s (찌개, stews), and *Jang-A-Jji* (장아찌, Pickled Vegetables)

* Red-bean Gochujang

made by adding red-beans. Used in *Cho-Gochujang* (초고추장) thanks to the beautiful red color.
Main Theme of the *Fantaisie-Impromptu*

Fantaisie-Impromptu, Op. 66

Played by Martha Goldstein on an 1851 Erard piano

---

Fantaisie-Impromptu, Op. 66

A computer-made version by Bernd Krüger

---

*Problems playing these files? See media help.*

Frédéric Chopin's **Fantaisie-Impromptu** in C♯ minor is a solo piano composition. It is one of his best-known pieces. It was composed in 1834. Chopin did not want the work to be published. Even so, it was published by Julian Fontana.

The structure of the piece is in *A B A Coda* form. Some aspects of this piece are similar to Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata. The opening tempo is *allegro agitato*. It changes to *largo* for the two bars after the 'A' section. The tempo for most of the 'B' section is *moderato cantabile*. Finally, after the 'B' section, it changes to presto. The piece on a C-sharp major rolled chord.

Other websites
--------------

* Video of a performance of the piece, by Yundi Li
* Video of Valentina Igoshina playing the *Fantaisie-Impromptu*
* Recording of Fantaisie-Impromptu performed by the pianist Alberto Cobo, MP3 format
* Free score by the Mutopia Project
* Free score via icking-music-archive.org
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles are a type of vehicle that use hydrogen gas as a source of fuel to generate electricity. They are one of the cleanest forms of transportation. 

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles use a fuel cell stack in order to convert the chemical energy that’s being stored in hydrogen into electrical energy. This energy will then be used to power an electric motor. A Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle starts with Hydrogen gas being stored inside a high pressure tank located within the vehicle. The hydrogen is given to the fuel cell stack, which is made of an Anode, Cathode, and an Electrolyte. Hydrogen molecules from the storage tanks are then introduced into the anode compartment of each fuel cell. The Hydrogen molecules then usually encounter a catalyst which creates the electrochemical reaction. The electrochemical reaction is done with the help of the catalyst, which helps split the hydrogen molecules into protons, labeled "H+", and electrons, labeled "e-". Once this step is done, the protons move through the proton exchange membrane, while the electrons are forced to use an external circuit because the proton exchange membrane is very selective. The electrons flow through the external circuit, which creates an electrical current. This will power the electric motor in the vehicle. On the other hand, Oxygen is provided to the cathode inside the fuel cell stack, which has the electrons that have taken the external path, and the protons. While inside, they are all mixed to create water (H2O), which will be the only thing the car will leave behind. Using this technology, we are able to assure that Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles will not produce anything that will harm the environment nor use any non-renewable resources aside from the transportation of the Hydrogen needed to power the vehicle. 

There are some issues with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles. One of those issues is that it lacks a proper infrastructure. The reason is because a hydrogen fuelling station costs millions of dollars to make. Another issue is that Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles are also really expensive, as the technology for using hydrogen as fuel is still fairly new, therefore it is also extremely expensive. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles usually get great range, much more than gas and electric vehicles. Some examples of Hydrogen Vehicles are the Hyundai Nexo, Honda Insight, and the Toyota Mirai.
**Harmony** means playing several notes together to make "chords". The word comes from the Greek *harmonia* meaning "to join things up". A tune by itself can sound nice, but it can be "harmonized" by adding an accompaniment of chords. Studying how to do this is called **harmonization**. Music students learn which chords sound nice after one another. These are called "chord progressions". Many music theorists have written books about harmony.

Music which is made of a tune with harmony underneath is called "homophonic". In a way it is the opposite of polyphonic which means that each part (each voice) is a tune in itself. However, even polyphony needs to make pleasant harmony. Harmony as we know it in European music had become fully developed by the Baroque period (17th century).

One can play a chord with three notes using the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale of whatever key the music is in. This gives a chord which sounds like the "home chord". This means that at least three notes are needed for harmony. In most homophonic music there are four: for example a choir will normally divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, or a string quartet will divide into violin 1, violin 2, viola and cello.

Harmony which uses just the notes of the key (e.g. just using white notes for C major) is called "tonal harmony".

Harmony which adds lots of extra sharps and flats is called "chromatic harmony".

If music is not in any key at all, like in some music by Arnold Schoenberg, it is "atonal". Harmony can be atonal.

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| * v
* t
* e
Topics related to Music theory |
| --- |
| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

 |
Gustav Leonhardt playing a harpsichord at the MAfestival in Bruges
**Gustav Leonhardt** (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.

Life
----

Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord. 

Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed. 

In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.

Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.

Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.

Other websites
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* Gustav Leonhardt on IMDb
* short biography at www.bach-cantatas.com
*
**Gill Pinnacle** (or **Gill's Pinnacle**) is an inselberg in the far east of Western Australia, on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands. It is part of the Petermann Ranges. It consists of a dome-shaped hill, surrounded by dense shrub; its top is bare rock. The hill has been useful as a landmark, because it marks the location of one of the area's most reliable freshwater rockholes, Gordon's Springs. This is a few hundred meters to the north of the rock. The area is called ***Kutjuntari*** (also spelled **Kudjuntari** or **Kutjurntari**) in Pitjantjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra.

The first Europeans to visit the area were the explorers Ernest Giles and W. H. Tietkens, in 1874. They saw the rock from Weld Pass, which is further to the west. Giles named the rock after his brother-in-law. He named the waterhole, Gordon's Springs, after his nephew.

The closest town to Gill's Pinnacle is Kaltukatjara, Northern Territory, which is about 31 kilometres (19 mi) to the east.

Other websites
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* Gill's Pinnacle on *Bonzle* Digital Atlas
**Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia** (Spanish: *Francisco Ferrer Guardia*; 14 January 1859 – 13 October 1909) commonly known as **Francisco Ferrer**, was a Spanish Catalan "free-thinker" and anarchist.

Early life
----------

He was born in Alella (a small town near Barcelona). A supporter of Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885. Divorcing his first wife in 1899, he remarried a rich Parisian teacher some time after.

In 1901 he returned to Spain and opened la Escuela Moderna (*The Modern School*) to teach middle-class children (then) radical social values, the school was free. In 1906 he was arrested and accused of helping with Mateu Morral's attack on King Alphonso XIII and released a year later. His school failed and closed while he was incarcerated.

Works
-----

Early in the summer of 1908, after his release from jail, he wrote the story of the Modern School. The book was called *The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School* and was translated into English by Joseph McCabe and published by the Knickerbocker Press in 1913.

When the martial law was reused in 1909 during the Tragic Week, he was arrested, convicted without any proof and executed by firing squad at Montjuich Fortress in Barcelona on 13 October.

After his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools. The first and most important Modern School was formed in New York City in 1911, and then later a community was founded around a school, known as Ferrer Colony and Modern School.

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Francisco Ferrer***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Francisco Ferrer y Guardia***

* Francisco Ferrer Collection MSS 248. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
* Francisco Ferrer Page at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
* Francisco Ferrer Page at the Anarchy Archives

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**Evgeny Tomashevsky**, born 1 July 1987 in Saratov, is a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2001 he won the U18 Russian championship in Rybinsk with 9/10 and in 2004 he became second in the U18 World Youth Chess Championship. In 2007 he became second in the Aeroflot Open.

In 2009 Tomashevsky won the 10th European Individual Chess Championship after tie-breaks. The decisive match against Vladimir Malakhov went into armageddon, where Malakhov blundered a rook in a winning position. 

He was a member of the gold-medal-winning Russian team at the World Team Chess Championship 2009 in Bursa. In 2011, he tied for 1st-3rd with Nikita Vitiugov and Le Quang Liem in the Aeroflot Open.

Tomashevsky's style of play is described as being mostly positional.

Other websites
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* Final standings of the WYCC2004
* Interview with the European Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky ChessBase.com
* Interview with the European Chess Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Chessdom
Louis XIV (in wheelchair, foreground) at the Fountain of Apollo
The **Fountain of Apollo** (French: *Bassin d'Apollon*) is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the Greek sun god Apollo rising from the sea at daybreak in his four-horse chariot. He is accompanied by Tritons. In 1639, Louis XIII had a pond dug on the site of the fountain called the Pond of the Swans. In 1671, Louis XIV enlarged the pond. Le Brun suggested it be dedicated to Apollo based on its east-west orientation. The parallels drawn between Louis and the sun god also entered into the decision. Le Brun's Apollo is seen sitting in his four-horse chariot. He rises from the grotto of Thetys where he has spent the night. This theme was popular in the arts at the time. The gilded statue was made by Tuby of Rome. It was installed in 1671. Beyond the fountain lies the Grand Canal. The Fountain of Apollo incorrectly depicts Apollo rising in the west rather than the east.

Fountain of Apollo, in front of Chimei Museum in Tainan, Taiwan
In 2014, a same-scale replica was unveiled in Tainan, Taiwan, at the entrance of the Chimei Museum. The museum commissioned French artist Gills Perrault in 2008 to reproduce the Fountain of Apollo, same as the one in Palace of Versailles. It took three years for modern laser measuring and the mold to be made in France for the reproduction sculpture, and another three years to carve the marble in Italy. This Fountain of Apollo in Chimei Museum, however, correctly depicts Apollo rising from the east.

Related pages
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* Water gardens

Gallery
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* 
* 
* 
* 
* Map of VersaillesMap of Versailles
* Fountain of Apollo (foreground)Fountain of Apollo (foreground)
* Fountain at playFountain at play
Hoekstra was organist of the Main organ of the Grote or Jacobijnerkerk in Leeuwarden [nl]
**Gerwin Hoekstra** (22 November 1992 – 27 November 2022) was a Dutch organist.

Hoekstra started playing organ in Eenrum when he was eight years old. He earned a bachelor's degree (cum laude) in Organ Performance at the Prince Claus Conservatoire in Groningen where he studied with Erwin Wiersinga and Theo Jellema. Hoekstra moved to the United States and studied organ at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Oberlin, Ohio, with James David Christie and harpsichord Mark Edwards. Hoekstra was in Oberlin organist at Congregational Church of Christ. 

After moving back to the Netherlands, he became the permanent organist of the main organ [nl] of the Grote of Jacobijnerkerk in Leeuwarden in 2019. This is a historic church organ, that is considered one of the most important (baroque) organs in the Netherlands.

Hoekstra won prizes at various music competitions in the Netherlands and abroad.

In 2020 Sander Zwiep of NPO Radio 4 visited Hoekstra for his podcast *Voor het orgel de Kerk in*. In September 2020 Hoekstra was a guest in the NPO Radio 4 programm *Maatwerk*. In this programm he paid tribute to the organ of the Grote of Jacobijnerkerk.

Hoekstra died on 27 November 2022 from a serious illness at the age of 30. The NPO Radio 4 programm *Maatwerk* payed attention to his death, and played in tribute to him one of his recordings.
**Flinders Chase National Park** is a national park in South Australia in Kangaroo Island south of Adelaide. The park has a size of 326 km² and is distributed over the three areas; Cape du Couedic and Rocky River, Gosse Lands and the Cape Borda Lighthouse in the west of the island. The park was founded in 1919. The closest town is Kingscote, about 110 km away.

The main attractions of the park are the bizarre rocks of the *Remarkable Rocks*, the colonies of fur seals at *Admirals Arch*, and the lighthouse at Cape Borda from 1858. There are also numerous kangaroos and koalas in the park.

Wildlife
--------

New Zealand fur seals, Australian fur seals and Australian sea lions can be found along the coast of the park. Showy land mammals are kangaroos, which are represented by two species. On the one hand by a special island subspecies of the western grey giant kangaroo and on the other hand by the derby wallaby. A purely endemic terrestrial mammal species found nowhere else on the island is the Kangaroo Island narrow-footed pouch mouse. At other mammals come koalas, platypus, pseudocheiridae, common brushtail possum, Small short-nosed bandicoot *(Isodon oesulus obesulus),* Tasmanian cercartetus, thin tail cercartetus, swamp rats *(Rattus lutreolus),* also a subspecies of the Australian bush rat *(Rattus fuscipes greyi)* and a special island subspecies of the short-billed hedgehog. In addition, eight species of bats live in the park.

The koalas, platypus and ring-baggers were introduced from mainland Australia. The number of koalas has increased so much in recent years that many eucalyptus forests have been severely damaged. The national park administration tries to cope with the situation with sterilisation programs. In the national park there are also some species that do not belong to the original Australian fauna. These are goats, fallow deer, pigs, house cats, house rats and house mice .

The kangaroo island emu was once endemic to the island, but in the 19th Century extinct. Reptiles are represented by Rosenberg's monitor lizard, dwarf copper head, black tiger otter, striped fin foot, various skinks, geckos and an agame (*Ctenophorus decresii*). Six species of frog are at home in the park. The leatherback turtle is found on the coasts.

* Kangaroo Island Kangaroo, a subspecies of the Western Gray Giant KangarooKangaroo Island Kangaroo, a subspecies of the Western Gray Giant Kangaroo
* Kangaroos near KarattaKangaroos near Karatta
* Short-billed hedgehogShort-billed hedgehog
* Landscape on the coastLandscape on the coast
* Bushland in the national parkBushland in the national park

Bushfires
---------

At 6 December 2007, lightning bolts ignited a bushfire in which 19,542 ha bush burned in the national park. This corresponds to 60% of the total area.

Even bigger fires raged over the turn of the 2019/2020 bushfire season, which destroyed around a quarter in the west of the island. The bushfires also largely destroyed Flinders Chase National Park, including the visitor centre. Much of the rare wildlife was also a victim of the flames.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the Flinders Chase National Park
Bird flight
A hummingbird in flight
An airship flies up because the upward force is equal or greater than the force of gravity.
**Flight** or **flying** is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.

Animals
-------

Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs.

All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles. 

The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over 370 kilometres per hour (230 miles per hour).

Floating flight
---------------

An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.

There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.
**Gengan Tonaki** (渡名喜元完; *Tonaki Gengan*, 30 October 1884 – 24 January 1997) was a Japanese (Okinawan) farmer and supercentenarian, and at the time of his death at age 112 years, 86 days the oldest Japanese man ever (although the claimed 120-year-old Shigechiyo Izumi was believed to have been older) before being beaten by Denzo Ishizaki.

Tonaki was born in late October 1884 in Sashiki (today Nanjō), Okinawa, as the second child and only boy of seven siblings, of whom one sister, who was eight years younger, was still living at the time of his death. In mid-1st decade of the 20th century, Tonaki fled to Hawaii to avoid the Russo-Japanese War and worked at a sugar refinery for about ten years before returning to Okinawa, working as a farmer until age 89. He married a woman named Kame (who was eight years younger and died at age 61 during the Battle of Okinawa) and had six children (of whom one died young of liver disease and four, all except his second son, died during the Battle of Okinawa).

Tonaki became the oldest living man in Japan on 20 September 1991, after 108-year-old Gihei Oka's death and also the oldest living Japanese man overall, later on 16 February 1992 after the 109 years, 13 days old Russo-Japanese War veteran Mamoru Eto's death, as Eto who was just 4 days younger than Oka emigrated to the United States, and later on 30 October 1994 only the second Japanese man who became a supercentenarian, after Eiju Tsuru who died on 11 January 1990, just 24 days before his 111th birthday, although Shigechiyo Izumi who died on 21 February 1986 was still believed to have been aged 120 years, 237 days and Denzo Ishizaki claimed to have been ten days older than Tonaki, as his birth register which showed a birth year of 1886 rather than 1884 was claimed to have been delayed by two years.

After 111-year-old Frenchman Émile Fourcade's death on 29 December 1995, Tonaki became the last living man born in 1884 as well as the second-oldest living man behind Danish-born Americanman Christian Mortensen, although Americanman Johnson Parks has been verified to have been 15 days older than Tonaki but recently become disputed after a study proving that he may have been born around ten years later than he claimed.
***Ferrodraco lentoni***, "Lenton's Iron Dragon", is a species of pterosaur. The only known fossil of the pterosaur was found in 2017 north east of Winton, Queensland, Australia.

The pterosaur had a wingspan of about four metres, and when on the ground walked on its four limbs. The name, *Ferrodraco lentoni*, comes from the Latin word, *ferrum* (iron), for the ironstone in which the fossil was found, and *draco*, the Latin word for dragon. The species also is named after Graham Thomas 'Butch' Lenton, who was the mayor of Winton.

Only small parts of 15 different pterosaurs have been found in Australia. *Ferrodraco* is the most complete specimen found. Scientists have been able to identify five vertebrae, eight limb bones, a large part of the jaw and skull, and 40 teeth. They believe that the pterosaur lived about 96 million years ago. That is in the Upper Cretaceous. 

The fossil is similar to pterosaurs found in England, except that it has much smaller teeth. This might be because of the type of food it ate, perhaps a diet of fish. Bones of pterosaurs were thin, and hollow, and because of this, very few have survived.

Winton is well known as an area where dinosaur fossils are found, but this was the first pterosaur discovered here.
The Star of the Order of the Star of India, used as a badge of British Imperial India 
**Emperor/Empress of India** (***Shahanshah-e-Hind*** in Hindustani) was used as a title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, and also by the colonial British monarchs during the rule of British India.

Sometimes, the term "Emperor of India" is also used to refer to Indian emperors such as Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal empire. However, they did not claim this title for themselves.

Bahadur Shah II
---------------

The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent (1700).
Although the Mughal dynasty ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th century onwards, they simply used the title ***Shahanshah*** (considered in the West to be the same as *emperor*). However dring the Indian revolt of 1857 against the British, the rebel sepoys seized Delhi and called the Mughal Bahadur Shah II as *Shahanshah-e-Hind,* or Emperor of India. After the Brtish defeated the rebels, he was captured and was forced to live in Rangoon, Burma in 1858, this ended the rule of the Mughals.

British monarchs
----------------

**New Crowns for Old** depicts Disraeli as Abanazer from the pantomime version of Aladdin offering Victoria an imperial crown in exchange for a royal one.
After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876. 

Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.

When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.

When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials *R I* (*Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix*) or the shorter version *Ind. Imp.* (*Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix*) after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.

### King of India and Pakistan

George VI continued to hold the title **King of India** for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and **King of Pakistan** until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was **Queen of Pakistan** for four years.

Related pages
-------------

* Mughal Empire
* Governor-General of Pakistan
* Governor-General
Satellite photo of the New Siberian Islands, with the Laptev Sea on the left and part of the East Siberian Sea shown on the right.
The **East Siberian Sea** is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings, close to Chukotka, and Wrangel Island to the east. This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east.

This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area. It has severe climate, low water salinity, and little flora, fauna and human population. The depths are shallow (mostly less than 50 meters). There are slow sea currents, low tides (below 25 cm) and frequent fogs, especially in summer. The ice fields only fully melt in August–September. The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs, Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks.

The largest city and port is Pevek, the northernmost city of mainland Russia.

The most important of the rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are the Indigirka, the Alazeya, The Ujandina, the Chukochya River, the Kolyma, the Rauchua, the Chaun, and the Pegtymel. Only a few rivers are able to be travelled on. The coastline of the sea is 3,016 km long.

Flora and fauna
---------------

There are few flora and fauna due to the harsh climate. The summer plankton bloom is short. It makes 5 million tons of plankton in August and September. The yearly amount is 7 million tons.

The sea shores and icefields have ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses along polar bears. Birds include seagulls, uria and cormorants. Sea waters are often visited by bowhead whale, gray whale, beluga and narwhal. Major fish species are grayling and *Coregonus* (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to East Siberian Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 72°N 163°E﻿ / ﻿72°N 163°E﻿ / 72; 163
The **entropy** of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller – you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).

The word **entropy** came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study. 

**Entropy** is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:

* Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
* Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy. It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.
**Gravitational energy** is the potential energy held by an object because of its high position compared to a lower position. In other words, it is energy associated with gravity or gravitational force. For example, a pen being held above a table has a higher **gravitational potential** than a pen sitting on the table. Gravitational potential energy is mechanical energy minus kinetic energy. It has a scalar quantity measured in Joules (J). 

An object gets gravitational potential energy when it moves uphill. The energy used up when moving up the hill is changed into gravitational potential energy. When the object comes back down again, the gravitational potential energy is turned back into kinetic energy (movement). That is why riding a bike up a steep hill is very hard, but when you are coming back down, you will not need to pedal at all - you are being powered by the gravitational potential energy that you stored when you rode up the hill. Another way gravitational potential energy helps us is by keeping earth and the other planets in orbit in our solar system around the Sun.

Formula and example
-------------------

The mathematical formula for the gravitational potential energy:

Gravitational potential energy = {\displaystyle m\cdot g\cdot h}

Where:

* *m* is the *mass of the object* ,
* *g* is the gravitational acceleration of the object , and
* *h* is the *height above a chosen point*.

Most scientists and students use these measurement unit:

* The value *m* is in kilograms.
* The value *h* is in metres.
* The value *g* is a physical constant with the value of 9.81 metres per second squared. This is known as the gravitational constant.
* The value of the gravitational potential energy that is calculated using values in the above units is called the Joule (J).

For example, an object with a mass of 1.5 kilograms that is 2.5 metres above the ground would have a gravitational potential energy value of:

{\displaystyle 1.5kg\cdot 9.81m/s^{2}\cdot 2.5m=38.8} joules.
***Eine kleine Nachtmusik*** is the name given to the **Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major**, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is one of his most popular pieces and the opening tune is heard in many places, e.g. on mobile phones.It was composed in 1787 and is a serenade for strings.

The title *Eine kleine Nachtmusik* means literally: "A little Night Music". "Nachtmusik" was a title which was often given to serenades in the 18th century. A serenade in the 18th century was a lighthearted piece of music, often played during feasts. This serenade is written for two violins, viola, and cello and possibly a double bass as well. It is either performed as a string quartet (just four players) or by a small group of instruments, in which case at least one double bass is normally added.

The structure of the music
--------------------------

There are four movements:

* I. Allegro (fast)
* II. Romanze: Andante
* III. Menuetto
* IV. Rondo: Allegro

The first movement has this famous opening tune:

The first theme

The movement is in sonata form. A short while after the famous opening theme comes a second theme which is more graceful and in D major, the dominant key of G major. The first part (exposition) closes in D major and is repeated. The next part (development section) begins on D major and goes to other keys before the music returns to G major for the last part (recapitulation).



Eine kleine Nachtmusik - 1. Allegro

Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra

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*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

The second movement is a "Romanza". It is marked "Andante" ("at a walking pace"). It is gentler and slower than the first movement. Three tunes are heard during the movement, which has an ABACA structure.

The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) in G major.

The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This finale returns with the liveliness of the first movement.



K525

**Eine kleine Nachtmusik**, 4th movement

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*Problems playing this file? See media help.*
A cosplayer dressed up as Freddy Krueger.
**Freddy Krueger** is a fictional character from the *A Nightmare on Elm Street* movies. He was created by Wes Craven and he is the bad guy of the movies. In the first movie a mom told her kid that a long time ago, Freddy killed a bunch of people's kids and the parents got mad and they burnt Freddy. Right before Freddy died some ghosts told Freddy that he can come back to life if he will take over dreams, and Freddy said yes, so he became a vengeful spirit who kills people in their dreams.

Story
-----

In suburban Ohio, Freddy went after the kids of the parents that killed him. During their nightmares, Freddy would be there and he would kill them in their dreams, and whatever Freddy did in the dream would happen in real life. Then there was this girl named Nancy, she had nightmares about Freddy, and wanted to kill him to stop him from killing anymore. So on purpose, one night she fell asleep to fight Freddy.

Movies
------

There have been 8 movies involving Freddy Krueger, a crossover battle movie between him and Jason Voorhees, and a remake was made in 2010. The first 8 starred Robert Englund as Freddy, but in the new one, a man named Jackie Earle Haley plays him.

What he wears
-------------

### Claw glove

In the movie Freddy has this claw he wears, it has fingernails built into it made out of knives. This is a very dangerous weapon, he kills people with it. He has had the same glove throughout all of the 7 movies. But there was another movie, *New Nightmare*, where his claw was remodeled to look scarier.

### His clothes

Freddy wears a dirty, torn, old red and green sweater and pants. He also wears a dirty brown hat. Freddy's classic outfit was changed in the movie called *New Nightmare*

| * v
* t
* e
*A Nightmare on Elm Street* franchise |
| --- |
| Films | 
* *A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)*
* *Freddy's Revenge*
* *Dream Warriors*
* *The Dream Master*
* *The Dream Child*
* *Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare*
* *Wes Craven's New Nightmare*
* *Freddy vs. Jason*
* *A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)*

 |
| Cast and characters | 
* Freddy Krueger
* Nancy Thompson
* Tina Gray
* Jesse Walsh
* Alice Johnson
* Cast list
* Character list

 |
| Comics | 
* Comics
* *Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash*
* *The Nightmare Warriors*

 |
| Music | 
* "Dream Warriors"
* "Are You Ready for Freddy"
* "Nightmare"
* "A Nightmare on My Street"
* *Freddy's Favorites: The Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street*
* *Freddy vs. Jason* (soundtrack)
* *Freddy vs. Jason* (score)

 |
| Other media | 
* List of media
* *A Nightmare on Elm Street* NES game
* *Freddy's Nightmares*
	+ episodes
* *Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy*
* *I Am Nancy*

 |
| Related topics | 
* *Friday the 13th* franchise
* "Freddy Kreuger" (song)

 |
| 
* **Category**

 |
**DreamWorks Pictures**, officially called **DW II Distribution Co. LLC**, also known as **DreamWorks, LLC**, **DreamWorks SKG**, **DreamWorks Studios** or **DW Studios, LLC**, is an American movie studio. It has made or sold more than ten movies which made more than $100 million each at the box-office.

History
-------

DreamWorks began in 1994. It was founded by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen (making the **SKG** at the bottom of the DreamWorks logo). They own 72% of the company. In December 2005, the founders agreed to sell the studio to Viacom. The sale was done in February 2006. In 2008, DreamWorks announced that it would split from Paramount. It signed a $1.5 billion deal to make movies with India's Reliance ADA Group. Reliance gave $325M to help recreate DreamWorks studio as its own company. Clark Hallren led the Reliance team in making plans for the company. The movie studio is 50% owned by Reliance. Reliance is led by Anil Ambani.

The part of DreamWorks which makes animations was made into DreamWorks Animation SKG in 2004.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
A glima tournament in 1985
**Glíma** is an Old Norse word meaning glimpse or flash, and is 
the name of the Scandinavian martial arts system used by the Vikings 
over 1200 years ago.

Glima as a self-defence system contains throws, blows, kicks, chokes,
locks, and pain techniques, and is comparable with the best complete 
martial arts systems from around the world. Glima as self-defence was 
the foundation for the Viking warrior, and these techniques are still 
practiced in Scandinavia, Europe, North America and South America.

**Glima** as a sport is often called Viking wrestling and covers several types of Scandinavian folk wrestling: Lausatök, Brokartök and Hryggspenna. **Lausatök** (Loose-grip or Free-grip) is the most wide spread form of glima practiced in Norway. It is quite aggressive form of wrestling where the match the winner is considered the one who is standing up while the opponent is lying on the ground. **Hryggspenna** (Backhold) is a form of wrestling where the opponents take hold of each other's 
upper body with a grip around the back; whoever touches the ground with any part of the body except 
the feet has lost. **Brokartök** (Trouser-grip) the most widespread in Iceland and Sweden. In this type of Glima, the wrestlers hold each others trousers by the waistline, or by a special Brokartök glima belt, then attempts to trip and throw their opponent.

Christian priests regarded Glima as a pagan activity and tried to eliminate it when Scandinavia, became Christian. The people of Scandinavia however thought it good for physical and moral development and continued to practice the sport. Brokartök glima has been the national sport of Iceland for over 100 years.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Glíma at Wikimedia Commons
**Health in the United States** is generally poor when compared with other rich countries. Since 1992 life expectancy increased very slowly and in 2020 and 2021 it fell from a high point of 79.1 years. This was partly because of the Covid epidemic but unlike in other countries it has continued to fall, and in 2022 it was 77.2 years. Public health policies are not popular. 

Drug overdoses, alcohol use, suicides, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease are all part of the cause. Native and Black Americans have on average much shorter lives than White Americans. It has the highest maternal and infant mortality, and one of the highest suicide rates in the world.

Although vaccination of children has been required since the 1850s rates of vaccination against Covid were 19th in the world in 2020.

Sexually transmitted diseases, especially gonorrhoea and chlamydia are common with about 19 million new infections each year. 

It has much the greatest health care spending, both per person and as a share of GDP (17.8% in 2021), in the world, but it is the only rich country that doesn’t have health care coverage for everyone.