recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Mirie it is while sumer ilast** (Modern English: **Merry it is while summer lasts**) is a English song which was first composed between c. 1200 and c. 1250 AD.

Discovery of the song
---------------------

A medieval manuscript was discovered in the end of the 19th century. The manuscript contained two French songs, which can be found in the Psalms, and one English song, which was non-religious/biblical. The English song carried the title, Mirie it is while sumer ilast. The manuscript is the only source of this song, to be written before the late 19th century (when the manuscript containing the song was discovered).

Lyrics
------

Due to its age, the manuscript carried lots of holes in it, so either not all words in the lyrics of the songs could be readable, 
or some words are just speculated to have been composed in the manuscript. This is what the readable part of the song read:

> [M]irie it is while sumer ilast w[i]th fugheles song. Oc nu necheth windes blast and [wed]er strong. Ey ey what [this] [ni]c[ht] [is] long. And ich with [w]el michel wrong soregh [an]d [m]urne [a]nd [Unreadable part of the manuscript].
> 
> 

Because the song was written between c. 1200 and c. 1250 AD, it would not only sound much different, but also the majority of the words in the lyrics would be spelled and pronounced differently, if it were to be first composed and sung in the modern-day world. 

This is the Modern English version of the song:

> [M]erry it is while summer lasts, with fowl's song. But now nears the wind's blast and [weath]er strong. Ah, ah, how [this] [ni]g[ht] [is] long! And I with [w]ell much wrong, sorrow, [an]d [m]ourn, [a]nd [Unreadable part of the manuscript].
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* Sumer Is Icumen In, a song first composed and sung probably in England and probably during the Middle Ages.
***Xiphactinus*** (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of *Xiphactinus* have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe and Australia.

Description
-----------

Above all else, *Xiphactinus* was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinuses.

Species
-------

* *Xiphactinus audax* Leidy, 1870 (type)
* *Xiphactinus vetus* Leidy, 1856

Related pages
-------------

* Ichthyodectiformes
* Ichthyodectidae
* Leptolepis

Further reading
---------------

* "Kansas Rep. Tom Sloan agrees to back X-fish as state's official fossil / LJWorld.com". .ljworld.com. Associated Press. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-12.

Other websites
--------------

* Carnegie Museum Archived 2004-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
**Shyampur** (Bengali: শ্যামপুর) is a Manufacture Zone of Bangladesh and the second Industrial zone of Dhaka city has an Estimated Material factories a total lists of factories main Ironical Mechanics factory fifty six garments Eighty nine iron factory one thousands sixty five Dying factory five thousands anothers factories which is related to Entrepreneurs and Economical Development meteorological

Geography
---------

Shyampur is located at 23°41′25″N 90°26′05″E﻿ / ﻿23.690278°N 90.434722°E﻿ / 23.690278; 90.434722. Its has an areas of total 2.31 km².

Demographics
------------

This Shyampur has a population of 60152. Males constitute 49.78% of the population, and females 50.22%. Shyampur has an average literacy rate of 52.68%, and the national average of 32.4% literate.

Administration Divisions
------------------------

Shyampur has 1 Union/Wards, 7 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 3 villages.

Related pages
-------------

* Upazilas of Bangladesh
* Districts of Bangladesh
* Divisions of Bangladesh
**CiNii** (/ˈsaɪniː/) is a bibliographic database service for things in Japanese academic libraries. The database started in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institute of Informatics. The service searches from the NII databases [NII Electronic Library Service (NII-ELS) and Citation Database for Japanese Publications (CJP)], and the databases from the National Diet Library of Japan, institutional repositories, and other organizations.

The database has more than 15 million articles from more than 3,600 publications.

Database identifiers
--------------------

The database gives a unique identifier, *NII Article ID* (NAID), to each of the journal articles in its list. A different identifier, *NII Citation ID* (NCID or 書誌ID) or *NACSIS-CAT Record ID*, is used for books.

Other websites
--------------


Wikidata has the properties: 
* ***CiNii Books author ID (P271)*** (see uses)
* ***CiNii Books bibliography ID (P1739)*** (see uses)
* ***NII article ID (P2409)*** (see uses)
* ***NII author ID (P4787)*** (see uses)

* CiNii
* CiNii in English
**Meenakshi** **Ashley Harris** (born October 20, 1984) is an American lawyer, children's book author, producer, and founder of the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, which creates statement fashion to support charity. In June 2020, Harris released her first book from HarperCollins, entitled *Kamala and Maya's Big Idea*, which is based on the story of her mother, Maya Harris, and aunt, Kamala Harris, the 49th Vice President of the United States.

Early life and education
------------------------

She was born on October 20, 1984. Her mother, Maya, is a lawyer and policy expert. Her aunt, Kamala Harris, is the Vice President of the United States. Her grandmother, Shyamala Gopalan, was an Indian-American cancer researcher and civil rights activist, and her grandfather, Donald Harris, is a Jamaican-American professor of economics at Stanford and a civil rights activist.

Harris received her bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 2006, and her Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 2012. She graduated from Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland.

Career
------

### Phenomenal

She founded "Phenomenal" in 2017, naming her fashion company for a 1978 Maya Angelou poem. It then branched out to include the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, founded in 2017 as an organization that brings awareness to social causes. The campaign covers a range of policy issues, including educational excellence and healthcare equity, criminal justice reform, gender parity in STEM, reproductive health, and political representation. Ambassadors for the campaign include Serena Williams, Jessica Alba, Mark Ruffalo, Tracee Ellis Ross, Viola Davis, Yara Shahidi, Janelle Monae, Sarah Silverman, Debbie Allen, Rosario Dawson, Van Jones, Lizzo, Cecile Richards, and more. In September 2018, Harris also coordinated a full-page ad in the *New York Times* with Alicia Garza, founder of the Black Lives Matter Global Network, to demonstrate national support for Christine Blasey Ford and survivors of sexual assault. Harris also operates Phenomenal Media for written content and Phenomenal Productions for videos and visual content. In December 2020, it was announced that she and Brad Jenkins would launch a production studio called Phenomenal Productions.

### Children's books

In 2020, Harris released her first children's book from HarperCollins entitled *Kamala and Maya's Big Idea*, which is based on the real story of her mother, Maya Harris, and aunt Kamala Harris. On January 19, 2021, she released her second children's book, *Ambitious Girl*.

### Political advising

During Kamala Harris's successful 2016 campaign for the U.S. Senate, Harris served as a senior advisor on policy and communications. From 2016 to 2017, Harris served as a commissioner on the San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women.

Personal life
-------------

Harris is married to Nikolas Ajagu. They have two daughters, Amara and Leela.
For the most recent Women's World Cup, see 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

The **FIFA Women's World Cup** is a football tournament for women's national teams from countries that are part of FIFA. It happens every four years, one year after the men's World Cup. The first one was in China in 1991. Teams compete for 31 spots through qualifications, and the host country gets the 32nd spot. The tournament, called the World Cup Finals, takes place in the host country over about a month. Five different countries have won the nine Women's World Cup tournaments. The United States won four times, Germany twice, and Japan, Norway, and Spain once each.

Eight countries have hosted the Women's World Cup, including China and the United States twice. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden have each hosted it once.

In 2023, Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the tournament, marking the first time it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Women's World Cup hosted by two countries, and the first FIFA competition to span two confederations.

Champions and top four finish
-----------------------------

| Team | Title(s) | Runners-up | Third place | Fourth place | Top 4 total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  United States | 4 (1991, 1999\*, 2015, 2019) | 1 (2011) | 3 (1995, 2003\*, 2007) |  | 8 |
|  Germany | 2 (2003, 2007) | 1 (1995) |  | 2 (1991, 2015) | 5 |
|  Norway | 1 (1995) | 1 (1991) |  | 2 (1999, 2007) | 4 |
|  Japan | 1 (2011) | 1 (2015) |  |  | 2 |
|  Spain | 1 (2023) |  |  |  | 1 |
|  Sweden |  | 1 (2003) | 4 (1991, 2011, 2019, 2023) |  | 5 |
|  England |  | 1 (2023) | 1 (2015) | 1 (2019) | 3 |
|  Brazil |  | 1 (2007) | 1 (1999) |  | 2 |
|  China PR |  | 1 (1999) |  | 1 (1995) | 2 |
|  Netherlands |  | 1 (2019) |  |  | 1 |
|  Canada |  |  |  | 1 (2003) | 1 |
|  France |  |  |  | 1 (2011) | 1 |
|  Australia |  |  |  | 1 (2023\*) | 1 |
|

\* *host nation*

Other websites
--------------

| * v
* t
* e
FIFA Women's World Cup |
| --- |
| Tournaments | 
* China 1991
* Sweden 1995
* United States 1999
* United States 2003
* China 2007
* Germany 2011
* Canada 2015
* France 2019
* *Australia–New Zealand 2023*

 |
| Finals | 
* 1991
* 1995
* 1999
* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2015
* 2019
* 2023

 |
Yundi Li in 2005
**Yundi Li** (Chinese: 李云迪; pinyin: Lǐ Yúndí), born October 7, 1982 in Chongqing, Sichuan, China, is a Chinese pianist who is very famous for being the youngest pianist to win the International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, in 2000, at 18 years old. He now lives in Hong Kong.

Early life
----------

Li's parents both worked at the Sichuan Chongqing Steel and Iron Company. When he was three years old, his parents bought him an accordion. He studied the instrument with Tan Jianmin, a music professor in China, and mastered it when he was four. Only one year later, he won the top prize at the Chongqing Children's Accordion Competition. At seven years old Li began to learn the piano. He continued to study with Dan Zhaoyi for another nine years. In 1994, he learned at the Shenzhen Arts School at Shenzhen, China, and later learned at the Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover in Hanover, Germany.

Prizes
------

Li won the Children's Piano Competition in Beijing in 1994. In 1995, he was awarded first place at the Stravinsky International Youth Competition. In 1998, he won the Missouri Southern International Piano Competition's junior division, and got Third Prize at the International Franz Liszt Piano Competition of Utrecht the next year. He also won the China International Piano Competition. He also got first place at the Gina Bachauer Young Artists International Piano Competition. Li participated in the 14th International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw and won the first prize and the "polonaise award".

Recordings
----------

**Chopin**

* Complete Nocturnes

**Chopin Recital**

* Piano Sonata in B minor No. 3 op. 58
* Andante spianato et Grande Polonaise brillante op. 22
* Études op. 10 Nos. 2 + 5 op. 25 No. 11 »Winter Wind«
* Nocturnes op. 9 Nos. 1 + 2 op. 15 No. 2
* Impromptu op. 66

**Franz Liszt**

* Piano Sonata in B minor
* La Campanella
* Widmung after Schumann: Liebeslied
* Liebestraum No. 3
* Tarantella from Venezia e Napoli
* Rigoletto-Paraphrase

Awards: Echo Award 2003

**Chopin: Scherzo & Impromptus**

* 4 Scherzi:
* No. 1 op. 20 · No. 2 op. 31
* No. 3 op. 39 · No. 4 op. 54
* 3 Impromptus
* No. 1 op. 29 · No. 2 op. 36
* No. 3 op. 51

**Vienna Recital**

* Liszt: Rhapsodie espagnole
* Mozart: Piano Sonata KV 330
* D. Scarlatti: Sonatas K. 380 + K. 13
* Schumann: Carnaval op. 9

**Chopin & Liszt Piano Concerto No.1**

* Liszt: Concerto for piano no.1 in E-Flat,S.124
* Chopin: Concerto for piano no.1 in E-minor,op.11

**Prokofiev/Ravel: Piano Concertos**

* Prokofiev: Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor
* Ravel: Piano Concerto in G major

**Yundi – The Young Romantic**

* Frédéric Chopin: Scherzo in B minor, op.20 Scherzo in B flat minor, op.31 Scherzo in C sharp minor, op.39 Scherzo in E major, op.54; Franz Liszt: Grandes Études de Paganini: La Campanella
* Bonus: Yundi Li plays at La Roque d’Anthéron
**Avijit Roy** (Bengali: অভিজিৎ রায়; 12 September 1972 – 26 February 2015) was a Bangladeshi-American engineer, writer, blogger and secular activist. He was hacked to death in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 February 2015. A Muslim extremist group claimed responsibility for the attack. 

Avjit Roy was a U.S. citizen. He was born in Bangladesh. His family is Hindu. He studied microbiology at Dhaka University. His father Ajoy was a professor of physics at the university. Avjit Roy moved to the city of Atlanta in the United States. He had a job there as an engineer.

Activism
--------

In May 2001, Roy started Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind", as a Yahoo group. In 2002 Mukto-Muno became a website. Mukto-Muno started the first Bengali Darwin Day, Rationalist Day, and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. The group discussed religious questions and LGBT issues.

Avjit Roy wrote many articles, as well as books. In 2014, Roy received death threats after he wrote a book. One threat on Facebook said, "Avijit Roy lives in America and so it is not possible to kill him right now, but he will be murdered when he gets back."

In 2015, Avijit Roy returned to Dhaka and was killed after leaving a book fair with his wife. Roy's wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was also hurt in the attack.  On March 2, 2016, Farabi Shafiur Rahman was arrested for the attack. Farabi wrote on Facebook, "Avijit lives in America. It is not possible to kill him now. But he will be killed when he will be back in the country." Rahman is a blogger from the banned Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir.

Selected writings
-----------------

* *Obisshahser Dorshon* (অবিশ্বাসের দর্শন) (The Philosophy of Disbelief)Text in Bengali.
* *Biswasher Virus* (বিশ্বাসের ভাইরাস)(The Virus of Faith in Bengali) Text in Bengali.
* "The Virus of Faith", *Free Inquiry* magazine, April/May 2015 Text in English. Archived 2016-07-17 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* Profile on Mukto-Mona
* "Avijit Roy and His Legacy", Jahed Ahmed, *Free Inquiry*, vol 35 issue 4, May 19, 2015
* "Obituary: US-Bangladesh writer Avijit Roy", *BBC News*, 27 February 2015
**Bamboo** is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.

Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book *The Book of Bamboo*, says that bamboo has been measured to grow 1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day.

Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the node has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, *shaku*.

Uses
----

Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive.

Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only *Phyllostachys* known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is *Ph. heterocycla pubescens*.
Dart (1961)
**Thurston Dart** (born 3 September 1921 - died 6 March 1971), was a British musicologist, conductor and keyboard player. He is particularly remembered for his books in which he wrote about how music from earlier centuries should be performed.

Dart studied keyboard instruments at the Royal College of Music in London from 1938 to 1939, and also studied mathematics at University College, Exeter, graduating in 1942. He became a music lecturer and later professor at the University of Cambridge. During his time at Cambridge, Dart did a lot of work for the early music revival. Musicians were becoming interested in playing music from the Baroque, Renaissance and even Middle Ages. He formed such groups as the Early Music Consort of London. In 1964 he became King Edward Professor of Music in the University of London (King's College).

Thurston Dart played the harpsichord in many concerts and made several gramophone recordings. He wrote a book *The Interpretation of Music* (London, 1954), which became very widely read. He wrote many articles in journals about music.

Dart taught many students, included some who later became famous: the composer Michael Nyman, conductor Sir John Eliot Gardiner and conductor/musicologist Christopher Hogwood. He was one of the first musicians to make a recording of Bach's *Brandenburg Concertos* using historical instruments.
Dr **Jason Kelly Hughes** (born 21 October 1943 in Glastonbury, UK) is currently a senior lecturer at Brunel University in West London. Previously he worked at the Centre for Labour Market Studies at the University of Leicester and is a Prodigious Savant. 

Hughes's current research interests include the sociology of emotions; the sociology of the body and health; sociological theory; and organisational sociology. Specifically he has written about emotional reflexivity in the ‘new’ workplace; emotional labour and aesthetic labour; new managerial discourses, particularly emotional intelligence, high performance work practices, knowledge management, and organisational learning. In addition he has also published a book on smoking called "Learning to Smoke." Hughes has also written extensively about the work of Norbert Elias, social Darwinism and linguistics. His other interests include evolutionary biology, as well as collecting antique clocks, sundials, ear trumpets and other novelties.
An **informal fallacy** is an logical argument whose premises fail to support their conclusion. Informal fallacies often come from errors in reasoning.

In contrast to a formal fallacy, the error has to do with issues of inference. Because language is used to state the propositions, natural language allows one to say more than formal logic can represent. All informal fallacies of deductive reasoning contain a disconnect between the premises and the conclusion. This makes the argument invalid. The disconnect happens because there is a hidden co-premise. If this co-premise were *stated*, it would make the argument valid.

Inductive *informal* fallacies are rather different from their deductive counterparts. Their merit rests in the inductive strength of the premise–conclusion link, not the presence of hidden premises. For instance, the fallacy of hasty generalization, can be roughly stated as:

> 
> p) *S* is a *P*
> p) *S* is also a *Q*
> c) therefore, all *P*s are also *Q*s
> 

If the populations of *P* and *Q* are both too large to sample completely, then the statement is inductive. In such a case, a hasty generalization occurs when the number of *P*s and *Q*s does not represent the respective populations. It is important to distinguish between a principle of reasoning (deductive or inductive) and the premise of an argument.

Some informal fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. For example:

Feathers are **light**. ("light" as "not heavy")
What is **light** cannot be dark. ("light" as "containing a lot of white")
Therefore, feathers cannot be dark.
Equivocations are more difficult to detect in cases where the two meanings are closely related to each other.

Other websites
--------------

* *Logical fallacies* A list of logical fallacies, explained.
* *An Informal Fallacy Primer Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine*
Sir **Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford** was a British politician. He is regarded by many as the first de facto Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (then called Great Britain). The position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.

Walpole He was born in Houghton, Norfolk on 26 August 1676. He died on 18 March 1745. Historians think he became England's first Prime Minister in 1721. He was then Prime Minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him. This long time is sometimes called "the robinocracy" (Robin is a common version of Robert).

Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history. 

W.A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history... Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".
***Madagascar 3: The Video Game*** (also known as ***Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted - The Video Game***) is an action-adventure game based on the film Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted. The PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii versions were developed by Monkey Bar Games. The Nintendo DS and 3DS titles were developed by Torus games.

The game allows players to control Alex, Marty, Melman and Gloria as they try to escape Captain Chantel DuBois and return to their home in New York. A PlayStation Vita version was planned to be the first DreamWorks Animation game on the handheld device or system, but it was cancelled due to it not have the power to support the game.

Story & Gameplay
----------------

Alex, Marty, Melman, and Gloria plan to take the penguins to return to New York, but the plan backfires and the animals must escape the animal control and end up in a circus.

Characters
----------

**Playable:**

* Alex
* Marty
* Melman
* Gloria
* King Julien
* Mason
* Phil
* Vitaly
* Gia
* Stefano

**Non-Playable:**

* Skipper
* Kowalski
* Private
* Rico
* Maurice
* Mort
* Sonya
* Captain Chantel DuBois

Voice Cast
----------

* Alex - Crispin Freeman
* Marty - Phil LaMarr
* Gloria - Bettina Bush
* Melman - Stephen Stanton
* Skipper - Tom McGrath
* King Julien/Stefano - Danny Jacobs
* Mason - Conrad Vernon
* Gia - Julianne Buescher
* Vitaly - Bryan Cranston
* Captain Chantel DuBois - Alanna Ubach
* Maurice - Fred Tatasciore
* Mort - Matt Nolan

Levels
------

**Switzerland Countryside**

Mission 1

Mission 2

**Rome**

Fireworks

Ultimate Set of Tools

The Hose

Big Cheese

Showoff of Rome

Rome Circus

**Pisa**

Penguin Food

Reception

Cactus

Ironing Board

Showoff of Pisa

Pisa Circus

**Paris**

Bag of Hammers

Box of Rocks

Fishtank

Cowboy Statue

Showoff of Paris

Paris Circus

**London**

Umbrella

Charcoal

Green Paint

Sparkle

Showoff of London

London Circus

**New York City**

Circus of New York
**Gaius Julius Caesar** (pronounced in Latin as Gaius Julius Kaesar; c. 140 BC – c. 85 BC), was a Roman senator, a Governor of Asia, and the supporter of Gaius Marius, his brother-in-law, was father to Roman dictator Julius Caesar.

Biography
---------

Gaius Julius Caesar was born c. 140 BC. When he was a adult, Caesar was married to Aurelia Cotta, a member of the Aurelii and Rutilii families. 
They had two daughters named Julia Major and Julia Minor. 
Julius Caesar, who was their only son, the Ancient Roman dictator, was born c. 100 BC. He was brother to Sextus Julius Caesar, who was active as consul in 91 BC. Caesar's progress through the *cursus honorum* is well known, although the specific dates and his offices are disputed. According to ancient Roman records, Caesar was commissioner in the Cercina Colony, a military tribune, a quaestor, a praetor, and a Governor of Asia. It is unknown specifically when Caesar held these offices. The colony is probably one of the Ancient Roman colonies owned by Marius c. 103 BC. 

Caesar died c. 85 BC, whilst putting his shoes on, in the morning hours. He died from undetermined and suspicious-like causes. Another man with the last name Caesar died similarly in Pisa.
Nadia Sharmeen at International Women of Courage Awards, Mar 2015.
**Nadia Sharmeen** (Bengali: নাদিয়া শারমীন) is a crime reporter from Bangladesh, who writes news stories about crime. In 2015, Sharmeen received the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

In 2014, the global campaign One Billion Rising for Justice used her story to persuade the Bangladeshi government to accept the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

Life
----

From the time she was in Middle School, Nadia Sharmeen wanted to become a journalist. In 2009, she joined the Bangladesh group of news reporters and became a crime reporter.

Work
----

In 2013 Sharmeen went to a fundamentalist Islamic rally to report about it for Ekushey Television. At the rally, Hefazat-e-Islam activists attacked Sharmeen. The reason for the rally was to demand laws to limit or control the mixing of men and women in the same space, punish atheists, require women to wear headscarves, and other religion-based rules.  The Hefazat had a list with 13 demands. They wanted the government to stop supporting the current Women's Policy, which was planned to create gender equality.

Journalists were attacked and tortured in many places in Dhaka and Chittagong. Women garbage collectors were also attacked. Sharmeen's attackers targeted women who did not wear the hijab, or religious head scarf. Nadia said they attacked her, "only because I am a woman". Fifty or sixty men attacked Sharmeen. They chased Sharmeen and hit her with water bottles and pieces of brick. When Sharmeen fell, other men punched and beat her. Several male reporters and cameramen tried to save Sharmeen. Then they became targets of the mob.

Nadia Sharmeen receiving International Women of Courage Awards, Mar 2015.
They took Sharmeen to Dhaka Medical College and Hospital for emergency care. When she was better, they moved her to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital. Within days, a report was filed with the police. 

By July, 2013, there were still no arrests, so the Human Rights and Peace for Bangladesh organization asked the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to help Sharmeen. The court called for arrest of the men who attacked Sharmeen, and said the government was responsible to pay for her medical care. Nearly two years after the attack, no one was identified, and no one was arrested.  After Sharmeen got better, she went back to work as a crime reporter for a different news agency, Ekattor TV]. After the attack on Sharmeen, women's rights activists staged several rallies, with the support of various press clubs, the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA) and other organizations.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***International Women of Courage Award***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy** is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule. Certain atoms' nuclei have certain magnetic properties when placed in a strong magnetic field. Atoms like carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine can be detected in this way.

How an NMR works
----------------

A chemical sample is prepared by placing a tiny amount of the sample in an NMR tube. It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine. The machine is a large magnet, like an MRI. Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state. A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram. A chemist can print this diagram and study the various peaks. 

NMR spectrum
Most NMR machines can only detect excitement from one type of atom. For example, an 1H NMR can only "see" hydrogen atoms. A 13C NMR can only see activity from carbon atoms.

NMR Diagram
-----------

An NMR diagram displays an x-axis with units of parts per million, or "shift." Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring. Hydrogen atoms that are adjacent to other hydrogen atoms can split peaks as well. If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks. For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet. Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak. By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in their sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure.
**Cowpox** is a disease. This disease affects the skin. It is caused by a virus (***cowpox virus***) that is related to the *Vaccinia virus*. People (or animals) who have the disease have red blisters. The disease can be spread by touch from cows to humans. The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease. The disease vaccinated against was the deadly smallpox. Smallpox is caused by the related *variola virus*. Therefore, the word "vaccination" has the Latin root *vaca* meaning cow.

In 1798, the English physician Edward Jenner made a curious observation. Jenner lived in the countryside, not in the city. 
Some of his patients had gotten cowpox, and recovered from it. He observed that those patients did not get the disease again, they seemed to be immune against it. What was more, they also seemed to be immune against smallpox. Smallpox was a deadly disease then, that killed most of the people it infected. So he used the fluid he got from cowpox lesions, and scratched it into healthy people. That way, he could make those people immune against smallpox.

The Cowpox (**Catpox**) virus is found in Europe and mainly in the UK. Human cases are very rare and most often contracted from domestic cats. The virus is not commonly found in cows; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents particularly voles. It is from these rodents that domestic cats get the virus. Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. The incubation period (the time between an infection and the first signs of the disease) is 9–10 days. The virus can be found mostly in late summer and autumn.

Historical use
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Cowpox was the original vaccine of sorts for smallpox. After infection with the disease, the body (usually) gains the ability recognise the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.

Later, and still today, another vaccine was used: *vaccinia*. Vaccinia is similar to cowpox, but not the same.

Related pages
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* Chickenpox
* List of diseases
International Women of Courage Award, 2014. United States First Lady Michelle Obama with Laxmi Aggarwal of India.
**Laxmi Aggarwal** (born 1 June 1990) is a leading figure for the "Stop Acid Attacks" group in India.  In 2014, US First Lady Michelle Obama gave Laxmi received an International Women of Courage Award.  NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) chose her as Indian of the Year.

Life
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In 2005, when Laxmi was 16 years old, Naeem Khan threw acid on Laxmi's face because she rejected advances by him.  The *Hindustan Times*newspaper wrote a story about Laxmi.  She got 27,000 names on a petition. People signed the petition to show that they wanted a change in the sale of acid. She took the petition to the Indian Supreme Court. Because of the petition, the Indian Supreme Court told the central and state governments to control the sale of acid, and the Parliament to make it easier to hold a trial against a person who makes an acid attack.

Work
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Laxmi Aggarwal is the director of Chhanv Foundation, an NGO (nongovernmental organization) that helps people who are able to keep living or succeeding in spite of acid attacks in India.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Laxmi Agarwal***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Bee Train** Production Inc. (ビィートレイン株式会社, Biītorein Kabushikigaisha?) usually referred to as Bee Train is a Japanese anime studio, founded by Koichi Mashimo and his colleagues in 1997. It is most famous for showing strong female characters with a light lesbian attraction.

History
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Mashimo worked around Japan as a director on his own (not employed to a single company) with a group of other artists. He started a studio that would encourage and help young artists. He and his friend worked at Production I.G. The company president agreed to help Mashimo with his plan and helped start it. The first few years the two studios worked together on anime based on popular video games then Bee Train studio grew big enough to work more on its own. The studio was given a project of short videos to tie in with a new video game series called .hack (said as *dot hack*). In addition to the new set of videos the studio was also given a 26 episode television series. The next years would be met with new additions to the game series and the studio's famous "girls-with-guns" trilogy. Bee Train became independent in 2006. The two studios still have a good relationship with each other and work together on projects occasionally. From 2009 to 2010, the studio expanded to include two new areas called C-Station and D-Station. Bee Train also has another small office called Studio Road. Studio Road does the color work for anime.

Other websites
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* Official website (in Japanese)
* Bee Train at Anime News Network.com
* Bee Train at IMDb.com
**Iruma** is a city in Saitama Prefecture in Japan. 

Iruma covers an area of 44,69 km². Its population is 146,078. The city’s tree is keyaki, the city's flower is the tea flower. The city’s bird is hibari. Iruma is famous for Sayama tea. Iruma city produces 60 percent of all Sayama tea.

Name
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The first part of this city’s name ,[入], means rich benefit. The second part ,[間], means that to spend peaceful life that surrounds the sun.

Transportation
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Iruma is on the Seibu train line. It runs from Hanno to Ikebukuro.

Education
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There are 16 elementary schools, 11 junior high schools, and 2 high schools in Iruma.

History
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The oldest records of this city are from the Nara period. This city was famous for earthen vessels and the skill of building the temple's roof.

In 1956, some towns were merged and named "Musashi City." Ten years later, its name was changed to Iruma City. This name came in 3rd place in a vote for the city's name.

Features
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In Iruma City, there are two festivals. The first one is held in April. It is the Toulou Festival. Omikoshi, which is recorded as a cultural heritage, is carried from a local temple. This festival has a procession along a long street.

The second festival is the Mantou Festival. This is held in October. Mantou is the object that was shown at the door and it means the wish for the health of everyone. This one is different from the area. The Mantou Festival covers 4 streets. People would visit to spend the time longer than the Toulou Festival.

Part of the city was dominated by America. This place is called "Johnson Town." Its atmosphere isn’t similar to Japan so there are strange bread stores and parks in this area.

People
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In Iruma City, there are some famous people, especially the writers of cartoons. 2 members would join weekly jump, which is popular magazines for boys and girls in Japan. They are Matsui Yusei, and Asou Shuichi.
**Jean-Luc Vayssière**, born in 1956, is a French professor, specializing in genetics and cell biology. He was President of the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines* from the 12th of April 2012 until April 2016.

Jean is also a graduate from the Paris Diderot University in molecular biology, he started his career as assistant at the *Collège de France* in the year 1990. In 1994, he became lecturer at the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*. In 2001, he was appointed as the head of training at the *École pratique des hautes études* before entering in 2006 as teacher at the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*. Alongside his teaching activities, he is a researcher at the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, responsible of the "stress and cell death" team.
The 12th of April 2012, he is elected President of the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*, succeeding Sylvie Faucheux. He is replaced by Dider Guillemot in May 2016.
There are many types of glue.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Glue***.

**Glue** is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. 

The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.

A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper. 

Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. 

While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness. 

Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour.
**Gavli**, **Gawli** or **Gauli** is an Indian community, also known by the term *Yadav*, prominently found in the Indian state of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Goa The Yadav (Gavli) community claims descent from the Great Yadav families to one of which lord Krishna the eighth incarnation of Vishnu belonged.

The whole of the North India, Gujarat and Deccan were only ruled by the Kings of the Yadav families. They have kept up their Kshatriya caste traditions, customs and occupations. They have given considerable recruits to the government andhave been regarded as Marathas and included in the Maratha regiments.

Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty
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The hill of Devagiri, the capital of Yadavas
Traditionally, Seuna Yadavas are called "Gavli Kings". Until Bhillama V (A.D. 1185-93) moved their capital from Sinnar, near Nasik, to Devgiri. Like Hoysala Yadavas, Seunas Yadavas were also originally pastoralists or cattle-herders. The Yadavas often proudly claimed their pastoral ancestry.
**Monstera** is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America. 

The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix. Some species have edible fruit.

Many people grow some of these species (esp. *Monstera deliciosa*) indoors as a houseplant. *Monstera deliciosa* is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.

In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Monstera deliciosa***.

* Entry at *GRIN Taxonomy for Plants* Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Classification from the International Association for Plant Taxonomy Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
Leslie Caron in 2009
Leslie Caron in 1961
**Leslie Caron** (born 1 July 1931) is a French-American dancer and actress.

Early life
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Caron was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France to a French father and an American mother. She began taking ballet lessons at age 10 and joined Roland Petit's Ballet des Champs-Elysée in 1947 and quickly became one of the lead dancers of the company.

Career
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Noticed by Gene Kelly, she went to Hollywood to appear with him in the film *An American in Paris* (1951), which introduced her to the American public. She went on to appear in other musical films such as *Lili* (1953), for which she won a BAFTA Award for best actress, *The Glass Slipper* (1955), *Daddy Long Legs* (1955), opposite Fred Astaire, *Gaby* (1956) and *Gigi* (1958), to considerable acclaim. 

In the 1960s, she turned to more dramatic roles in *Fanny* (1961), *The L-Shaped Room* (1962), which earned her a Golden Globe Award and a second BAFTA for best actress. She returned to romantic-comedy with *Father Goose* (1964), opposite Cary Grant. She also appeared in the war-thriller *Is Paris Burning?* (1966). 

She has continued to work in films and on television in the United States and France: *Carola* (1973), *QB VII* (1974), *The Man Who Loved Women* (1977), *Valentino* (1977), *Chocolat* (2000), and *Law and Order* (2006), for which she won an Emmy Award. 

She was married to British stage director Peter Hall from 1956 until 1965, with whom she had two children, Christopher (b. 1957) and Jennifer (b. 1958). From 1994 to 1995, she was partners with Robert Wolders.

In 2008, Caron claimed her American citizenship because her mother was born in the United States. She became a citizen in time to vote for Barack Obama for President.
**Hurricane Irma** was a Category 5 hurricane in 2017, the 9th named storm, 4th hurricane, 2nd major hurricane, and a 1st Category 5 hurricane of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Irma is also the 4th consecutive hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season—after Franklin, Gert, and Harvey. The storm threatened the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Irma was also forecast to threaten the East Coast of the United States, but later forecast to hit Southwest Florida.

Irma was the first major hurricane to develop in the eastern Atlantic since Hurricane Julia in 2010. The storm developed on August 30, 2017 near the Cape Verde islands. On September 5, 2017, the storm became a Category 5 hurricane. It had maximum sustained winds of 180 miles per hour since Hurricane Wilma in twelve years earlier. As it hit landfall, Irma went down to a Category 2 hurricane. Irma was the easternmost Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Hurricane or tropical storm watches and warnings were issued from Haiti to Dominica.

Hurricane Irma inflicted $77 billion worth of damage especially in Florida after making landfall in Florida.

Due to significant amount of damage and loss of life from the storm especially in Florida, the name *Irma* was retired in April 2018 by the World Meteorological Organization, and it was replaced with *Idalia* for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season.
Portrait of James Bradley
**James Bradley** FRS (1693 – 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer. He was born in Sherborne, Gloucestershire, England. Bradley was educated at Northleach Grammar School and at Balliol College, Oxford. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1714 and a Master of Arts in 1717.

He became a member of the clergy and received an income at Bridstow in Herefordshire. Because of his friendship with Edmond Halley, in 1718 he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society. He gave up his living at Bridstow to become a professor at Oxford in 1721. Bradley succeeded Edmond Halley as Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1742. He held this post until his death in 1762.In 1729 he published his discovery of the aberration of light (also called astronomical aberration). This was he first observational proof of the Copernican Hypothesis that the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System and not the Earth. He noticed a motion in the stars that did not fit the accepted pattern of the time. What he discovered was stellar aberration. In 1748 he published his discovery. That same year he was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society for his discovery.