recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
This article is about the video game. For the series, see Ace Attorney.

***Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney*** is a visual novel/adventure game developed and published by Capcom. The game was originally a Japan-only Game Boy Advance title called **Gyakuten Saiban**. However, the Nintendo DS remake ***Gyakuten Saiban Yomigaeru Gyakuten*** was translated and released in 2005 outside of Japan. The DS remake features a bonus case called Rise From The Ashes which was not in the original GBA version.

Characters
----------

### Phoenix Wright

Phoenix Wright is the main protagonist of the game. He is a defense attorney who must prove that his falsely-accused clients are not guilty.

### Mia Fey

Mia Fey is Phoenix's boss and mentor. She is killed in the second case. However, her spirit can be channelled by Maya and sometimes she reappears to give Phoenix help or advice.

### Maya Fey

Maya is Mia's little sister. She is Phoenix's assistant. She is also a spirit medium and can sometimes channel Mia's spirit.

### Miles Edgeworth

Miles Edgeworth is a prosecutor, and Phoenix Wright's rival. He is the prosecutor in every case in the game except for The First Turnabout and Turnabout Goodbyes.

### Larry Butz

Larry Butz is Phoenix's client in the first case of the game, where he is accused of murder. He is also a witness in the fourth case.

### Winston Payne

Winston Payne is the prosecutor of the first case. He has appeared in every Ace Attorney game except Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Dual Destinies. He is normally the prosecutor of the Tutorial cases of each game.

### Dick Gumshoe

Dick Gumshoe is a detective who is usually in charge of investigating the cases that Phoenix takes on.

### Manfred von Karma

Manfred von Karma is the prosecutor in case 4 of the game, and is Edgeworth's mentor.

Plot
----

The game features 5 cases.

### The First Turnabout

Phoenix defends Larry Butz, who is accused of murdering his girlfriend.

### Turnabout Sisters

Phoenix's mentor, Mia Fey, is killed. Phoenix defends her sister, Maya Fey, who is accused of murdering her.

### Turnabout Samurai

Will Powers, an actor who portrays the Steel Samurai, is accused of murdering Jack Hammer. Phoenix defends him in court.

### Turnabout Goodbyes

A man is killed on a boat at Gourd Lake, and Miles Edgeworth is accused of the murder. Phoenix defends him.

### Rise from the Ashes

Lana Skye is accused of the murder of Bruce Goodman. Her sister, Ema Skye, convinces Phoenix Wright to take her case.

Game System
-----------

The game is split into 2 segments, Investigation segments and Trial segments.

### Investigation

During Investigation sections Phoenix visits the crime scene, looks for evidence that might be useful in the trial, and talks to witnesses.

### Trial

Phoenix has to defend his client, and Cross Examine witness testimonies.
**Permineralization** is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms. 

Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.

Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:

Silica spheres
A coal ball

Types
-----

### Silicification

Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.

### Carbonate mineralization

See the main article: Coal ball
Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat. This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).

### Pyritization

Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.
Anatomy of a Coral polyp
The two basic body forms of Cnidaria: left, medusa and right, polyp
**Polyps** are one of two forms of the cnidarians. The other body form is the medusa. Polyps have a vase-shaped body with tentacles around the mouth opening.

Polyps may be sexual or asexual. They can all reproduce asexually by budding. In some species, the polyps can also reproduce sexually.

When medusae mate, the result may be polyps, when polyps replicate, the result may be medusae. The details vary between species. Some species are polyps all the time (such as *Hydra*, and the whole of the class Anthozoa (corals and anemones).

In many cases the asexual buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain, thus forming colonies or 'stocks'. These may reach a great size, and contain a vast number of individuals. Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies. The reef-building corals are polyp-colonies, strengthened by the formation of a firm skeleton.

Jellyfish (class Medusozoa) have two distinct life history stages (body forms) during their life cycle. The first is the polyp stage. Often, this polyp is attached to the sea floor, or to another hard surface. A polyp that lives that way is called sessile. 

In the second stage, the tiny polyps asexually produce jellyfish, each of which is known as a medusa. Tiny jellyfish swim away from the polyp and then grow and feed in the plankton. Jellyfish reproduce both sexually and asexually.
**Pernell Roberts** (May 18, 1928 - January 24, 2010) was an American actor.

Career
------

Early in his career, Roberts got a small role in the film *Desire Under the Elms* (1958) with Sophia Loren and Anthony Perkins.

He worked in the western film starring Glenn Ford, *The Sheepman* (1958).

In 1959, Roberts got a co-star role in the western film *Ride Lonesome*, with Randolph Scott. 

In 1959, he contracted with Lorne Greene, Michael Landon and Dan Blocker to star in the NBC television series *Bonanza*. Roberts played Adam Cartwright, the eldest son of Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene).

Roberts left the show after starring in 202 episodes between 1959 and 1965

In the 1970s he starred in westerns such as *Four Rode Out* (1970) and TV Western *The Bravos* (1972) with George Peppard.
He also starred in the television western *High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane* (1980) with Lee Majors.

His other success in television was in the series *Trapper John, M.D.* (1979-1986). He played the doctor John McIntyre.

For this series, Pernell Roberts was nominated for an Emmy in 1981.

Roberts was a special guest star in many TV shows like *Tombstone Territory* (1958), *Zane Grey Theater* (1958), *The Detectives* starring Robert Taylor (1960), Jim West, *Gunsmoke* (1967), *Mission Impossible* (1967-1973), *Banacek* (1972), *Mannix* (1973), *Police Story* (1974-1975), *The Six Million Dollar Man* (1976), *Baretta* (1977), *Vega$* (1980) and *Diagnosis Murder* (1994-1997).

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pernell Roberts***.

* Pernell Roberts on IMDb
* Pernell Roberts at TV.com
Niederraunau from northwest
**Niederraunau** is a quarter of the town Krumbach in Günzburg (district), Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.

Geography
---------

Niederraunau (Elevation 518 m) is in the valley of the little river Kammel two kilometres south of Krumbach in the natural region Lower Iller-Lech Gravel Plateau. The hills between the valleys of Kammel and the neighboring valleys of Günz and Mindel are covered with wood in parts. Niederraunau has a station at the Mittelschwaben Railway and it is at the Bundesstraße 16.

History
-------

between 1100 and 1200: Niederraunau was founded  

1494-95:the village got the right to hold a market  

1613: the place got a coat of arms  

1978: since this year Niederraunau is a quarter of the town Krumbach; before this time the village was an own municipality;

Sights and Attractions
----------------------

* castle of Niederraunau
* Church *Hlgst. Dreifaltigkeit* (mentioned in the year 1067; was at the beginning romanic; between 1617 and 1629 the church got it today's look)
* penitence cross from medieval times at the Bundesstraße 16
* *Ecce Homo Kapelle*


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Niederraunau***.

Coordinates: 48°13′26″N 10°22′45″E﻿ / ﻿48.22389°N 10.37917°E﻿ / 48.22389; 10.37917

| * v
* t
* e
Quarters of Krumbach (Schwaben) |
| --- |
| Krumbach | Hürben | Krumbad | Attenhausen | Billenhausen | Edenhausen | Hirschfelden | Hohenraunau | Niederraunau  | Coat of Arms of Krumbach (Schwaben) |
Robert D.Levin
**Robert David Levin** (born October 13, 1947) is an American classical pianist, musicologist, and composer.

Education
---------

He studied in Harvard University where he got a bachelor degree in arts in 1968 with a thesis entitled The Unfinished Works of W. A. Mozart.

Career
------

In addition to music history and theory Levin's academic career also includes teaching performance practice with an emphasis on the Classical period. From 1986 to 1993, he worked as professor of piano at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg in Germany. Since 1993 he's been a professor at his alma mater, Harvard University.

Levin completed or reconstructed unfinished compositions by Mozart and J.S.Bach.

Other websites
--------------

* "Robert Levin". *Rayfield Allied*
* Article in the Juilliard Journal: "Robert Levin on Finishing Mozart"

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The **Sekta Archaeological Living Museum** (Meitei: Sekta Kei) is a museum in Sekta, Manipur. It is a protected archaeological site. It is one of the 6 mounds identified in the region. It is known for its secondary burial sites. This site was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India in association with the State Archaeology Department of Manipur. The Department of History of the Manipur University also participated in the excavations in 1991.

Location
--------

The archaeological excavation was carried out in Sekta village. Presently, it is an open air living museum. It is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Imphal and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Lamlai. The place is situated at the Imphal-Ukhrul road. It is to the northeastern direction of Imphal on the left bank of the Iril River.

Features
--------

According to the reports, the Sekta archaeological site has 6 cleanly demarcated burial mounds. One burial mound was excavated. This mound covers an area of 0.35 acres (0.14 ha). It is now a protected site under the Archaeological Survey of India.

The excavations have unearthed many findings about the proto-Meitei people. The cultural practice of the Meiteis of Sekta, burying their dead in graves, was revealed. During the excavations, other buried essential items of social and economic life were also found. These excavations of the burial cum habitation area dated to late centuries BC. The archaeologist and historians have been able to reassess the historical link to the people of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). According to an evaluation, more than one group of people lived within exclusive burial areas depending on their occupation in the burial mound. The excavations were divided, stratification wise, to 7 cultural periods in succession. The findings include different types of urns, containing several funerary items and a relic casket. The funerary items are made of copper, brass and iron. The relic casket is made of bell metal.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sekta Archaeological Living Museum***.

* Advani (1991). *The India Magazine of Her People and Culture*. A. H. Advani.
* Birajit, Soibam (1 December 2014). *Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness*. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). pp. 87–. GGKEY:3Z4QYHH8K7K.
* Settar, S.; Korisettar, Ravi (1 January 2002). *Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Archaeology and historiography: history, theory, and method*. Indian Council of Historical Research. ISBN 978-81-7304-322-2.
* Singh, E. Ishwarjit (1 January 2005). *Manipur, a Tourist Paradise*. B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7646-506-9.
**Robert Loggia** (**Salvatore Loggia**; January 3, 1930 – December 4, 2015) was an American actor and director.

Early life
----------

Loggia was born on January 3, 1930 in Staten Island, New York City to Benjamin Loggia and to Elena Blandino both of whom were born in Sicily, Italy. Loggia was educated at Wagner College and journalism at the University of Missouri. After his service in the US Army, Loggia began a his career in stage, movie, and television.

Career
------

Loggia had a career span of 60 years since 1953, since then he appeared in many movies, including: *An Officer and a Gentleman*, *Mercy Mission: The Rescue of Flight 771*, based on the Air New Zealand Flight 103 incident, *Scarface*, *Prizzi's Honor*, *Over the Top*, *Independence Day*, *Necessary Roughness*, *Return to Me*, *Armed and Dangerous*, and *Big* (for which he won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor).

Personal life
-------------

Loggia was married to Marjorie Sloan from 1954 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Audrey O'Brien from 1982 until his death in 2015. Loggia has two children of his own and a stepchild. Loggia died at his home in Los Angeles, California from Alzheimer's disease, aged 85.

Other websites
--------------

* Robert Loggia on IMDb
* Robert Loggia at the Internet Broadway Database
Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing a pi bond at the bottom right of the picture.
In chemistry, a **pi bond** (**π bond**) is a covalent chemical bond where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei.

Two p-orbitals forming a π-bond.
The Greek letter **π** in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals. 

Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap. Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called **pi electrons**. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

Multiple bonds
--------------

Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| ethane | ethylene | acetylene |

Special cases
-------------

Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.

In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe2(CO)6), dicarbon (C2) and the borane B2H2. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.
For other uses, see Rapture (disambiguation).
Painting of supposed life after the *Rapture*
The **Rapture** (meaning "to carry to another place") is a future event in Christian theology where Jesus Christ will return to Earth to bring his followers to Heaven. In Christianity it is believed that following this amazing event, the world will go through what is called *the tribulation*. Then later following, will come the *millennium* (a thousand years).

Tribulation
-----------

The *tribulation* (or the *great tribulation*) is supposed theory of a period of time somewhere around the *rapture*, where the Antichrist comes to power and controls the world. It is not entirely agreed among Christians whether the rapture occurs before (Pre-tribulation view), in the middle of (Pre-wrath view), or after the end of (Post-tribulation view) the tribulation, but most Christians seem to hold a Pre-tribulation view. Most Christians agree that the period lasts around seven years.

Millennium
----------

The *Millennium* is the period following the *rapture*, and the *tribulation*, that Christians believe they will live in glory on the Earth. They also believe that Jesus Christ will be in total control over earth for *1,000* years (a millennium).

Books and movies
----------------

### Books

In 1950, the novel *Raptured* by *Ernest Angley* was published, and in 1995, the first of the Left Behind series was published. These and other books have made the story of the *rapture* and the *tribulation* popular.

### Movies

The *Rapture* story has been retold in many movies. The most well-known production company is Cloud Ten Pictures. Which have created the *Left Behind film series* (Left Behind: The Movie, Left Behind II: Tribulation Force, and Left Behind: World at War), as well as several other movies. Some other notable end times movies are A Thief in the Night and The Omega Code.

Other websites
--------------

* RaptureReady
* RaptureAlert Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
* ReligiousTolerance Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
* NewFoundationsPubl Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
A **machine pistol** is a typically a handgun-style firearm that can fire fully automatic or burst fire. Fully automatic means that the gun will continue to fire very rapidly so long as the trigger is pressed and held. Burst fire means that when you pull the trigger, a number of shots determined by the shooter will be fired (for some guns, this is three shots, fired very quickly). Machine pistols fire pistol cartridges. Machine pistols usually have the cartridges fed into the gun with a magazine, which is a rectangular box which holds the cartridges.

Machine pistols are usually self-loading, which means that the gun automatically loads a new cartridge into the chamber after a shot is fired. 

A US Marine fires a fully automatic Glock 18

History
-------

The Luger P08 could fire in a fully automatic fashion
The first true machine pistol was the German MP-18 introduced in 1918. It fired the 9mm Parabellum cartridge. It used a side-loading magazine that held 20 cartridges.

The Germans converted some pistols, like the Luger, into machine pistols. They invented a type of Luger called the Luger P08 in World War I to German artillery crews. It had a longer barrel and a 32 round magazine shaped like a round drum. It was given to artillery crews so they could defend themselves.

In 1951 the Russian army developed the Stechkin APS, which could fire in burst fire or in fully automatic fire. When the gun was used in burst or automatic fire, users were told to use the wooden stock so that they can control the weapon better. One of the problems with machine pistols is they tend to rise up when being fired, making the bullets miss their target.

The MP-18 was the first machine pistol. Even though it had a wooden stock, like a rifle, it fired pistol cartridges.
### 1990s–2000s

In the 1990s and 2000s, as more soldiers began wearing bulletproof vests with hard ceramic armor, the machine pistol became less useful in a military setting. The low-powered pistol ammunition was not able to penetrate ceramic-plated Kevlar military vests. As a result, armies began to issue a new gun, the personal defense weapon or PDW. The PDW fires armor-piercing, higher-powered ammunition which can go through bulletproof vests.

Related pages
-------------

* Submachine gun

Other websites
--------------

* Article on Glock 18, a fully automatic pistol
**Marion Sylvester Barber III** (June 10, 1983 – June 1, 2022) was an American football running back in the National Football League. After playing college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers, he was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2007 during his six-year career with the Cowboys. He played for the Chicago Bears in 2011.

College
-------

Barber played college football for Minnesota Golden Gophers. He had 35 rushing touchdowns, one more than his father, Marion Barber Jr. He and Laurence Maroney helped make the Golphers backfield one of the best in the NCAA.

Professional career
-------------------

### Dallas Cowboys

Barber was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 4th round (109 overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Despite his talent, Barber's career has been harmed by injuries. he never rushed for 1,000 yards or over. He was voted to the Pro Bowl in 2007 after 204 rushing yards, 975 yards, and 10 touchdowns. He added 44 catches, 282 yards, and two receiving touchdowns in 2007.

Barber at the 2008 Pro Bowl
Barber was released by Dallas after the 2010 season.

### Chicago Bears

Barber was signed by the Chicago Bears as a backup to Matt Forte. His fumble against the Denver Broncos lost the game. In his only season in Chicago, Barber rushed for 442 yards and 6 touchdowns on 114 carries.

### Retirement

On March 23, 2012, Barber announced his retirement. "I want to thank everyone who gave me the opportunity to play, and I’m very thankful to have had the chance to suit up for two of the NFL’s most storied organizations," Barber said on the Bears' team website.

Personal
--------

Barber was the older brother of Houston Texans safety Dominique Barber and the son of former New York Jets running back Marion Barber, Jr..

Barber was found dead in his Frisco, Texas apartment on June 1, 2022, nine days before his 39th birthday.

Other websites
--------------

* Marion Barber among Dallas Cowboys to be released-ESPN
* Barber announces retirement-MSN
**Overcharge** is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller *actually* paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller *would have* paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.

The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.
The **Office of Public Works** (**OPW**) (Irish: *Oifig na nOibreacha Poiblí*) is a public service of the Republic of Ireland. It is part of the government's Department of Finance. The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland. The buildings they look after are owned by the government.

Role
----

They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government. The office is in charge of the *Government Supplies Agency*. They print the Irish Statute Book and the *Iris Oifigiúil* magazine.

History
-------

The office was created on 15 October 1831. It was then known as the *Board of Works*. It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board.

Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland. In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service.

Organisation
------------

The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation. The people working for the office are civil servants.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó** (June 11, 1838 - November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.

Early life
----------

He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinetmaker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberano, encouraged further study.

Education
---------

At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Talarn, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857 he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.

In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the **Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War**. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.
An **official script** is a writing system a country's government uses to write government documents, such as laws, contracts, etc. An official script should not be confused with an official language, because writing systems and spoken languages are not the same. For many languages, the same language can often be written in different writing systems. For example, the Malay language can be written in either the Latin alphabet (rumi) or the Arabic alphabet (jawi).

Also, many languages have changed writing systems for political or religious reasons. For example, English was first written in Anglo-Saxon runes, but English later borrowed the Latin alphabet because Christian missionaries wrote Christian poems and books in English using the Latin alphabet so that the Anglo-Saxons could understand what the missionaries taught them. Also, in 1928, the Turkish leader Ataturk passed a law that said that Turkish must no longer be written with the Arabic alphabet, but now the language must be written in the Latin alphabet. Today, all signs and government documents are written in the Latin alphabet.
| Jamaica
 |
| --- |
|  |
| This article is part of a series on thepolitics and government ofJamaica |
| * Monarch
Elizabeth II
* Governor-General (list)
Patrick Allen
 |
| * Prime Minister
Andrew Holness
* Cabinet
* Ministries and agencies
 |
| * Parliament
Senate
House of Representatives
* Leader of the Opposition
Peter Phillips
 |
| * Recent elections

	+ General: 2007
	+ 2011
	+ 2016
* Political parties
 |
| * Judiciary
 |
| * Administrative divisions
	+ Constituencies
* Foreign relations
Diplomatic missions
 |
| 
* Other countries
* Atlas

 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

The **Prime Minister of Jamaica** is the head of government of Jamaica. Andrew Holness is the current office holder and was sworn in as Prime Minister on 3 March 2016. He succeeded People's National Party (PNP) leader Portia Simpson-Miller. This was a result of the JLP's victory in Jamaica's 25 February 2016 general election.

The Prime Minister is formally appointed into office by the Governor General of Jamaica, who represents Charles III, the King of Jamaica (Jamaica's Head of State).

Official home
-------------

Vale Royal, official residence of Jamaica's prime minister
The Prime Minister of Jamaica's official home is Vale Royal. The property was built in 1694 by the planter Sir William Taylor, who was one of the richest men in Jamaica at the time. In 1928 the property was sold to the government and became the official residence of the British Colonial Secretary (then Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs). Vale Royal has subsequently become the official home of the Prime Minister. Vale Royal is not open for the public.
In geodesy, a **meridian arc** is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.

Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.

The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2°). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.

In 1687 Newton published in the *Principia* a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.

Related pages
-------------

* Struve Geodetic Arc
**Road Town**, on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is next to the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. About 9,400 people lived there in 2004.

The name comes from sailing. "The roads" means a place less sheltered than a harbor but where ships stop. Its marina made Road Town a popular place in the Caribbean for chartering yachts. Cruise ships often dock here. Road Town also has tourism.

The Harbour is the dock for many of the ferries servicing the island. The ferry terminal is at the southwest end of Road Town. Ferries run during the day every day of the week. A 28 hectare (70 acre) development called Wickham's Cay, is on two areas of man-made land. The HM Prison on Main Street is the oldest building in Road Town. It was built in the 1840s. People disagree about where the borders of the town are.

History
-------

The Emancipation Proclamation was read on 1 August 1834. This gave slaves their freedom, even though slavery had been officially abolished in 1807.

In 1853, a fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town. Angry rioters spread the fire to protest an increase on the cattle tax. Rioters burned most of the plantations across the island.

Other websites
--------------

* Ferry Schedule
* Tortola Map & Guide Archived 2020-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Detailed map of Road Town
* Article from Encyclopedia Britannica
* Real Travel/Frommer's Travel Guide to Road Town Archived 2011-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Sligo Rovers** are an association football team in Ireland. They were founded in 1928 and now play in the League of Ireland Premier Division.

Current team
------------

Rovers have plenty of players who have played in England and the Rovers' manager Ian Baraclough is the only English manager in the UEFA Champions League.

History
-------

Sligo Rovers were founded in 1928 and have been active ever since. They were founded after the merger of Sligo town and Sligo blues. The all time top goalscorer of the English league Dixie Dean played for Rovers in the 1930s. The last FAI cup competition Rovers won was in 2011. The Rovers have won the league three times in 1937, 1977 and 2012. They won the cup in 1983, 1994, 2010 and 2011 and the first division in 1994 and 2005. During the 2008 season it was confirmed that Rovers were in financial difficulty and needed to pay 130,000 euro, but they are now one of the richest clubs in Ireland.

Stadium
-------

Sligo Rovers play in The Showgrounds, Sligo. The ground can hold 5,500 people with seats for 4,000. There are two training pitches, and one of them is made from astroturf. In the car park for part of the year there is a fun fair.

Shirt Sponsors
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Sligo Rovers have two main sponsors, Joma and Connolly's Volkswagen.

Lawrie Sanchez
--------------

Lawrence Philip Sanchez (born October 22, 1959 in London, England) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player. He became player-manager of League of Ireland club Sligo Rovers in 1994. In his first season he led them to the semi-final of the 1995 FAI Cup. He also managed them in the Cup Winners' Cup against Bruges FC. He went on to manage Fulham F.C. and the Northern Ireland national team.
A U.S. Army Air Force Waco CG-4 glider
**Military gliders** (a variation of the common glider) have been used by the military of various countries for carrying troops and heavy equipment into a war zone. They were used mainly during the Second World War. These aircraft with no engines were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by military transport planes. One of the most popular tow aircraft was the C-47 Skytrain or Dakota. They could also be towed by bombers. Military gliders do not soar. Once released from the tow craft near the front lines, they were to land on any convenient open terrain close to their target. 

They tried to landed with as little damage as possible to the cargo and crew as possible. But most landing zones (LZ) were far from ideal. The one-way nature of the missions meant that military gliders were treated as being disposable. This is why they were made from common and inexpensive materials such as wood. They were unarmored, fragile, aircraft with crude steering and no brakes. This is why a large number of them crashed on landing. Troops landing by glider were referred to as airborne infantry. Pilots called themselves "tow targets" while the soldiers referred to the gliders as "flying coffins." Casualties for some missions ran as high as 40%.

Gilders had certain advantages, however. Paratroopers, soldiers landing by parachute, were usually spread over a large area. They could easily be separated from other paratroopers and from air-dropped equipment, such as vehicles and anti-tank guns. Gliders, on the other hand, could land troops and equipment precisely at the target landing area. Once released from the tow aircraft, military gliders were silent and difficult for the enemy to identify. Larger gliders were developed to land heavy equipment like anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns, small vehicles, such as jeeps, and also light tanks (e.g. the Tetrarch tank). This heavier equipment made glider forces much more capable. During World War II, the United States had about 6,000 trained glider pilots. Some were given a second chance to fly as glider pilots after failing to complete conventional aircraft training. The  Soviets also experimented with ways to deliver light tanks by air, including the Antonov A-40, a gliding tank with detachable wings.

By the time of the Korean War, helicopters had largely replaced gliders. Helicopters have the advantage of being able to deliver and extract soldiers to and from the battlefield with more precision. Also, modern advances allow even light tanks to be dropped by parachute. Only special forces use gliders for silent, small-scale insertion today.
**SWMRS** are an American punk rock band formed in Piedmont, California in 2004 by Cole Becker and Joey Armstrong, with Becker's brother Max Becker joining only a few weeks afterwards.

History
-------

The band was formed by Cole Becker and Joey Armstrong.

Influences
----------

SWMRS stated artists like The Beach Boys, Sex Pistols, The Who, Cheap Trick, Ramones, Nirvana, Bad Religion, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Jam, Hüsker Dü, Joe Jackson, The Replacements, Buzzcocks, NOFX, Stiff Little Fingers, The Adverts, The Clash, The Rezillos, The Undertones, Operation Ivy, Sham 69, The Damned, Agent Orange, Dead Kennedys, Black Flag, Circle Jerks, Tsunami Bomb, Billy Bragg, Suicidal Tendencies, Smash Mouth, Descendents, The Dead Milkmen, MxPx, Minor Threat, Fastbacks and 7 Seconds as influences.

Band members
------------

* Cole Becker - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2004-present)
* Max Becker - lead guitar, backing vocals (2004-present)
* Seb Mueller - bass, backing vocals (2014-present)
* Joey Armstrong - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2004-present)

Discography
-----------

See the main article: SWMRS discography
**Nestorianism** is a movement within Christianity. The idea behind the doctrine was that there were two different persons of Jesus. One of them was the man Jesus, the other was the aspect of *son of God*, or Logos. Perhaps the most prominent supporter of the idea was Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople. Nestorius lived from about 380 to about 450 AD. The Council of Ephesus condemned this view in 431. This led to a split of the church, into the Assyrian Church of the East and the Byzantine Church. 

For this reason, the Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes called *Nestorian*. The church holds the view that Christ has two *essences* (*qnome*) that are united in one person (*parsopa*). 

The only two churches that teach Nestorianism today are the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Church of the East & Abroad.

| * v
* t
* e
Christian movements and denominational families |
| --- |
| Non-ChalcedonianEastern Christianity | Assyrian Church of the East **·**  Oriental Orthodox Church |  |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | Eastern Orthodox Church **·**  Old Believers |
| Catholicism | Roman Catholic Church (Latin Rite Catholic **·** Eastern Catholic) **·**  Old Catholic Church  **·**  |
| Protestantdenominational families | Adventists **·**  Anabaptists (Amish **·**  Mennonites) **·**  Anglicans **·**  Baptists **·**  Calvinists **·**  Charismatics **·**  Evangelicals **·**  Holiness **·**  Lutherans **·**  Methodists **·**  Pentecostals **·**  Presbyterianism **·**  Quakers |
| Non-Trinitarian | Jehovah's Witnesses **·** Mormons/Latter-Day Saints |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Japan
* Czech Republic
	+ 2

 |
**Netflix Animation** is a animation studio owned by Netflix. It makes animated movies and television series.

History
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When Netflix started making animated movies and television series in 2013, they got a lot of help from other animation companies (usually DreamWorks). Since 2018, Netflix can make them without relying on other companies. Some of the first projects they made are the movie *Klaus* and the series *Kid Cosmic*.

Things got complicated with how the company was running animation, so Netflix fired the Creative Director Phil Rynda, as well as canceled several projects. Many others left for other studios after this, including Mike Moon (who was leading the department of animation for adults) who moved to start his own company with Illumination.

Netflix was about to buy the Australian animation studio Animal Logic in July 2022, when Melissa Cobb stopped being vice president of movie animation (Karen Toliver took her place) and stayed on the studio as a producer.

In September 2022, Netflix Animation fired 30 people to try and make things more efficient.

Known Projects
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* *I Heart Arlo*
* *The Cuphead Show!*
* *Rivit Monsters*
* *Klaus*
* *Kid Cosmic*
* *Inside Job*
* *Maya and the Three*
Palo Duro Canyon. The red, lower slopes of the Canyon are Permian in age. These layers were deposited in a shallow marine environment which alternated with dry tidal flats.
Siccar Point, eroded gently sloping Devonian Old Red Sandstone layers forming capping over conglomerate layer and older vertically bedded Silurian greywacke rocks.
Vivid New Red Sandstone, Triassic period. It shows cross-bedded dune sandstone formed in a desert. Devon, near mouth of the River Exe
Permian redbeds
The term **red beds** usually refers to strata of reddish-colored sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone or shale that were deposited in hot climates under oxidizing conditions. They are usually formed in terrestrial situations: on land, and in rivers and lakes.

The red color comes from iron oxide in their mineral structure. Although they have been deposited throughout the Phanerozoic, they are most commonly associated with rocks deposited during the Devonian, Permian and Triassic periods. The Old Red Sandstone is one of the most famous rock formations.

Red beds have economic significance since many of them contain reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas.

Secondary red beds are linked to the uplift, erosion and surface weathering of previously deposited sediments and require conditions similar to primary red beds for their formation.

Formation
---------

The formation of red beds has been much discussed. The basic chemical change which produces them is oxidation. At first it was thought they indicated desert conditions. Some do, and this can be proved if the strata show signs of dune formations. However:

"In modern times red beds are often found in low-latitude tropical climates, and they are always associated with oxidising conditions... the redbeds may be associated with rain forests or places where the rainfall is high but confined to monsoonal periods... A good model for red bed-producing conditions today is the Amazon basin."

Related pages
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* Old Red Sandstone
* New Red Sandstone
* Torridonian sandstone
The **oestrous cycle** (U.S: estrous cycle) is the reproductive system in most mammals.

Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.

Differences from the menstrual cycle
------------------------------------

Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

However, species vary in the details. One difference is that animals that have oestrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

Another difference is sexual activity. In species with oestrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the oestrus phase of their cycle. This is referred to as being 'in heat'.

In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans and some other primates, do not have any obvious external signs to signal when ovulation occurs (concealed ovulation). Recent research suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation (estrus). Nevertheless, this is nothing as obvious as the frenzy which other mammals show during 'heat'.
Gustave Moreaus painting "Oedipus and the Sphinx", *Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York 1864
**Oedipus complex** is a term Sigmund Freud introduced. Freud said it was that someone wanted to have a sexual relationship with the parent of the opposite sex, and to kill the parent of the same sex. Freud uses the figure Oedipus, from Greek mythology: Oedipus killed a man in a fight, when he didn't know this man was his father, king Laios of Thebes. In that time, the Sphinx besieged Thebes, and gave riddles to those who passed. Those who weren't able to answer or solve the riddles, would be killed or eaten. Oedipus was able to solve the riddle, and as a prize, he received Iokaste, the widow of king Laios. He didn't know that Iokaste was his mother. The Sphinx was very ashamed that someone had been able to solve the riddle, and killed itself. 

Freud developed a whole theory, and he says that humans are driven, which is comomnly known as drive theory ("Triebtheorie" in German). He said that all children between ages three and five have what he called fantasies of incest. He also thought that the opposite case: the love of the same-sex parent, and the rivalry with the opposite-sex parent was normal. 

After Freud, people like Carl Gustav Jung made a difference between the Oedipus complex they associated with boys, and a similar phenomenon they called Electra complex they associated with girls.