recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Gabbro specimen; Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California.
A thin section of gabbro under the microscope shows the crystals of which it is made.
A gabbro landscape on the main ridge of the Cuillin, Isle of Skye, Scotland.
Gabbro as a xenolith ('foreign' rock) in a granite, Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
**Gabbro** is a large group of dark, coarse-grained, igneous rocks. They are chemically equivalent to basalt. The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped under the Earth's surface and cools into a crystalline mass. 

Most of the Earth's surface has gabbro in the oceanic crust, produced by basalt magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. In general, when the gabbro is formed, it lies above the Earth's mantle, and below the basalt.

Gabbro is generally coarse grained, with crystals in the size range of 1 mm or greater. It is an essential part of the oceanic crust. Long belts of gabbro intrusions are typically formed at proto-rift zones and around ancient rift zone margins.
Traditional Toruń gingerbread
A Lebkuchen house
Gingerbread house
**Gingerbread** is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

Etymology
---------

Before, *gingerbread* (from Latin *zingiber*, then Old French *gingebras*) meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

History
-------

Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide.

German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.
The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events.

* Gingerbread in the market Gingerbread in the market
* Gingerbread in the market Gingerbread in the market
* Gingerbread in the market Gingerbread in the market
* Gingerbread in the market Gingerbread in the market

Related pages
-------------

* Gingerbread man
* Victorian architecture - Gingerbread house example
**Esra Akkaya** (born 1970, Istanbul), is a Turkish theater, cinema and series actress.

Biography
---------

Esra Akkaya, known for his role as "Şirin" in the headman's section of the locality, was put into art life with Tevfik Gelenbe Theater in 1983. In 1988, she graduated from Mimar Sinan University State Conservatory and started her studies in Istanbul State Theater. She worked in Bakırköy Municipal Theater's "Free Sand Sand" and "Prometheus". She also worked in the Antalya State Theater and took part in various TV series and films outside the theater. Between 1999 and 2000, the actress was married to Yetkin Dikinciler.

The children's play "This is My Tale", which was written in 1994, was staged by the Mediterranean Cultures Foundation.

Filmography
-----------

* Böyle Bitmesin
* Muhteşem Yüzyıl - 2013
* 20 Dakika - 2013
* Sonradan Görme - 2005
* Bir Dilim Aşk - 2004
* Yarı Şaka Yarı Ciddi - 2000
* Günaydın İstanbul Kardeş - 1999
* Karanlıkta Biri Var - 1998
* Mahallenin Muhtarları - 1992 (1997/2002)

Other websites
--------------

* Esra Akkaya on IMDb
Coral reefs are a highly productive marine ecosystem.
Rainforest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity. This is the Gambia River in Senegal
An **ecosystem** (or ecological system) is a large community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in a particular area. The living and physical components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are of any size, but usually they are in particular places.

Each ecosystem has its own community. An aquarium community, for example, can have small fish and other organisms. A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions. A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees. The species in a community are divided into populations according to the particular habitats and ecological niches in the ecosystem.

An ecosystemAn example of an ecosystem

Energy
------

Ecosystems are stable, but changeable. They react to major changes in the environment, especially climate changes. For example, the major rainforests have lasted for a long time (perhaps 50 million years or more in some cases). As the rainfall and temperature changes, they change. We know that the Amazon rainforest shrank in size during ice ages, and expanded in the warmer periods.

Primary production
------------------

What drives all ecosystems is the primary production. Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. This happens through photosynthesis. It drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the greenhouse effect.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP). About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration. The rest is known as the net primary production (NPP). Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants limits photosynthesis), the supply of carbon dioxide and water, and suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis.

Types
-----

Some of the major types of ecosystem:

* Aquatic ecosystem
	+ Marine ecosystem
	+ Freshwater ecosystem
		- Lake ecosystem
		- River ecosystem
		- Wetland
* Terrestrial ecosystem
	+ Forest
		- Rain Forest
	+ Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
	+ Littoral zone
	+ Riparian zone
	+ Desert
	+ Grassland
	+ Tundra
	+ Taiga

A freshwater ecosystem in Gran Canaria, an island of the Canary Islands.

Related pages
-------------

* Biodiversity
* Biosphere Reserve
* Ecology
* Ecosystem services
* Ecosystem valuation
* Natural environment
* Vegetation
* Wildlife
**Francesco Maria Piave** (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (the story and words) for many operas. He is most famous for the librettos he wrote for operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi.

Life
----

Piave was born in Murano, an island in Venice. At first, he studied to be a Catholic priest. He stopped studying to be a priest and went to Rome. In Rome, he studied philosophy and writing. He wrote poems and stories for newspapers but he is most famous for his opera librettos. He wrote more than 60 librettos. The first one was for Giovanni Pacini's opera, **Il duca d'Alba** in 1842. In 1844, he wrote the libretto for Verdi's opera *Ernani*. Piave and Verdi became very good friends, For twenty years, they wrote many letters to each other. Piave wrote nine more opera librettos for Verdi. The last libretto he wrote for him was **La forza del destino**.

Piave also worked as a stage director (someone who decides how plays and operas are performed). He worked as a stage director for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. Later (1859), he worked as a stage director at La Scala in Milan. In 1867, Piave had a stroke (a problem in the brain caused by lack of blood). He lived for eight more years, but he could not move or speak. Verdi gave money to help Piave's wife and family. In 1876, Piave died in Milan. Verdi paid for his funeral.

Piave's librettos for Giuseppe Verdi
------------------------------------

* *Ernani* (1844)
* **I due Foscari**(1844)
* *Attila* (1846)
* *Macbeth* (1847)
* **Il corsaro** (1848)
* **Stiffelio** (1850)
* *Rigoletto* (1851)
* *La traviata* (1853)
* *Simon Boccanegra* (1857)
* *La forza del destino* (1862)

Sources
-------

* Budden, Julian (2008). *Verdi*, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195323424
* [*Enciclopedia italiana*] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). "Piave, Francesco Maria". Treccani (in Italian)
* Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993). *Verdi: A Biography*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4
**Gingee Fort** or **Senji Fort** (also known as Chenji, Chanchi, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres (99 mi) from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres (93 mi) away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built during the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lieutenants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings (Nayaks of Gingee ). The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.
Galvarino
**Galvarino** was a famous Mapuche warrior. In 1557, he fought in the Battle of Lagunillas against the an army of Spanish conquistadors. The battle took place in Chile near the Bio Bio River. He was taken prisoner along with one hundred and fifty other Mapuche. Some prisoners were condemned to amputation of their right hand and nose. Others like Galvarino had both hands cut off. He was released and told to tell the Mapuche chief Caupolicán to surrender to stop more bloodshed. He did just the opposite. He urged the Mapuche to continue fighting against the Spanish invaders. Less than a month later, on November 30, 1557, with knives fastened to both of his wrists he fought at the Battle of Millarupe. It was supposed to be a surprise attack but the Mapuche sprang the trap too early. In the battle, over 3,000 Mapuche warriors were killed. Galvarino was one of several hundred who were captured. He was sentenced to be hung. Some say he was executed by being thrown to the dogs. Others claim he was hanged. Still others say he killed himself before he could be executed.

Related pages
-------------

* History of Chile
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Lautaro

Other website
-------------

* Doctor File: "Galvarino rechazó la vida" (in Spanish), YouTube


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Galvarino***.
The Bombay Stock Exchange, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange.
Advertisement for home working in Bangalore 2023
The **economy of India** is the sixth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of US$3.94 trillion. If considered PPP (purchasing power parity (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth US$12.51 trillion). Measured by population it was 125th in the world in 2022.

India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.

For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. In 1967 70% of the people earned less than 150 rupees a month. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.

The Indian rupee (₹) is the money in India. In 1947 an American dollar was worth about 3 rupees. In 2022 it was worth about 75 rupees.

The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment.
The **French defence** is a chess opening, one of the asymmetric replies to 1.e4, namely 1...e6. It is the third most popular reply to 1.e4. Often, Black plays more actively on the queenside while White plays more actively on the kingside. 

A problem that Black often has in the French defence is finding a way for his light squared bishop to become active. Although this is true, it may not matter if Black knows what he is doing. The defence has a reputation for reliability, and has been played by many great players (such as Botvinnik), and has featured in several world championship matches. 

Typical examples go:

Tarrasch variation
------------------

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 c5 (3...Nf6 is popular) 4.exd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.Bb5 Bd6 7.dxc5 Bxc5 8.0-0 Ne7 and so on. This line is quiet, and mostly about the centre.

Winawer variation
-----------------

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3 Ne7 7.Qg4 Qc7 (7...0-0 is possible) 8.Qxg7 Rg8 9.Qxh7 cxd4 10.Ne2 and so on. The play in lines like this is strongly asymmetric: White owns the kingside, and Black owns the queenside.

 French defence, Winawer variation
**Sir George Grove** (born Clapham in South London, 13 August 1820; died Sydenham on 28 May 1900) was an English engineer and musician. 

He wrote books about classical composers and is particularly famous for his big musical dictionary *Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians*. This dictionary continued to be updated and published after his death. It has now gone through seven editions. The latest edition is available online.

Life
----

George Grove was born in Clapham in South London. His father sold fish. His mother was into musicals. He learned to be an engineer and was sent out to Jamaica to help to build a lighthouse. 

He worked on the building of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait. He married the daughter of a clergyman. He became secretary of the Society of Arts and he wrote many articles for a Dictionary of the Bible. He spent seven years doing this. It gave him the idea of doing something similar for music.

Grove went to many concerts. He bought sheet music and studied it. He wrote programme notes for concerts, writing about the music that was being played. He wrote about a lot of music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann.

Career
------

He wrote detailed essays about the symphonies of Beethoven and was a good friend of Clara Schumann. He travelled with the composer Arthur Sullivan to Vienna where he met many great musicians including Brahms and discovered some music by Schubert that had been forgotten. He spent several years writing his *Dictionary of Music* which was published in four volumes.

Grove worked very hard to get enough money to found the Royal College of Music which was opened in 1883 by the Prince of Wales. Grove got many great musicians to come and teach there, including the world-famous singer Jenny Lind who was already retired, and Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and others. 

The prime minister William Gladstone gave him a knighthood for what he had done for music. The new students included many who were to become famous. 

These include Hamish MacCunn and Charles Wood. He became very fond of the student Edith Oldham and had an emotional attachment to her for the rest of his life. His wife was not interested in his work. He called his students his "children" and persuaded them to have a broad education. 

He wanted them to read a lot. He was director of the RCM for eleven years, retiring in 1894, just after the RCM moved into a new building which is situated on the south side of the Royal Albert Hall. The RCM is still there today.

George Grove was a very influential man for English music. Although he was not trained as a musician he became extremely knowledgeable and was an excellent musicologist. The RCM setup a George Grove Memorial Scholarship in his memory.
**Educational psychology** is a branch of psychology. It has ancient roots, but was mostly developed in the 20th century. It has two "faces", the scientific and the humanistic.

Two concepts
------------

Education as an objective science was strongly promoted around 1900 by Alfred Binet and Edward Thorndike. Binet it was who invented the first intelligence tests, and they were extended and promoted in English by Louis Terman. Binet's ideas were sympathetic to Thorndike, who was above all interested in turning psychology into a real science by research, measurement and empirical evidence. The arrival of World War I caused a huge conscription of men into the fighting services. Sorting out men of all types was an urgent problem. The intelligence tests proved to be very useful at helping get the right men into the right jobs. Not surprisingly, the use of IQ tests continued in education, where a similar problem of sorting out occurs in unselected public school enrollments.

The other way to look at educational psychology is to notice that a child is a growing person. Unlike most adults, the child is open to influence. Education does change a child. The emphasis on the child as a growing person is typical of humanistic psychology. It has many supporters, especially at primary school level. Examples of educators whose interest was humanistic include Johann Pestalozzi, Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget. This type of approach is called "child-centered" education.

Public certification
--------------------

How these two approaches are balanced varies in different countries. Many countries have arrangements for certified psychologists to inluence schools and help children.

These posts are now called 'educational and child psychology' in the United Kingdom. Since a training overhaul in 2006, there is a 3-year taught doctorate similar to that of clinical psychology. In the United States it is still called school psychology. Educational and child psychology is the practice of applied psychology with children and families in the context of education and is usually based within a government local authority.
A sound wave, an **AM** wave, and an **FM** wave compared
In telecommunications and signal processing, **frequency modulation** transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency. This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.

In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to **FM**. When transmitting analogue sound, the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound.

Other websites
--------------

* Frequency Modulation
**Elz** is a municipality and a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg. It is along the river Lahn. It has 8,088 inhabitants (2004).

Geography
---------

The elevation is between 110m and 291m above sea level. Elz is in a valley called "Limburger Becken", which surrounds the town of Limburg. Elz is also in the valley of the "Elbbach", which flows into the river Lahn after passing Elz.
The municipality of Elz borders the municipalities of Hundsangen, Hambach, Görgeshausen, Niedererbach, Obererbach and the towns of Hadamar and Limburg.
The municipality of Elz consists of two villages: The village of Elz (7,743 inhabitants) and the village of Malmeneich (345 inhabitants).
Average temperatures are 10.5 °C in Elz and 9.9 °C in Malmeneich. Though this sounds quite moderate, temperatures can vary between -20 °C in winter and 40 °C in summer. In an average year there are 600mm of rain in Elz and 720mm in Malmeneich.

History
-------

Elz was first mentioned in a document from 933 AD, which does not exist any more. Political importance resulted from its position at the Hohe Straße, the former most important road between Frankfurt am Main and Cologne, which still exists and is now part of the "Bundesstraße 8", which can be translated with Interstate 8.
Elz got the town privileges in 1442. Soon a wall around the town was constructed but knocked down later.

Politics
--------

The council consists of 31 members. 19 members are from the Christian Democrats, seven are from the Social Democratic Party, four from the Free Voters' Community and one is from the Green Party. The mayor Horst Kaiser is a Christian Democrat and was elected in 2005 with 84.8% of all votes.

Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------

In Elz thaere are more than 600 businesses with much more than 2,000 jobs. The industrial area is at the B8 between Elz and Malmeneich.

### Traffic

Elz is not only at the B8,which goes from the Dutch border to Passau, but also at the Autobahn 3, which connects Würzburg,Frankfurt am Main and Cologne.

### Public institutions

In Elz there is a big outdoor swimming pool, two gyms, several sport and tennis fields and two old people's homes.

### Education

There are three kindergartens, two primary schools and one "Haupt- und Realschule" (part of the German secondary education).

Famous people
-------------

* Theodor Blank (1905-1972), Bundesverteidigungsminister (Federal minister for defense) 1955-1956, Bundesminister für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (Federal minister for employment and social matters) 1957-1965
* Joseph Blank (1913-1994), Landesminister für Landesplanung, Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Arbeiten von Nordrhein-Westfalen (Minister for spatial planning, building and public works of North Rhine-Westphalia) 1962-1963
The family **Eupleridae** is a group of carnivores found in Madagascar. The family has of eight species and seven genera in two subfamilies. They live in a variety of habitats, from humid forests, marshes, bogs, and swamps, to deserts and savannas.

The Euplerids are a clade. They are descendents of ancestors which rafted over from Africa about 20 million years ago (mya). They are closely related to mongooses. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (*Fossa fossana*) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species in this group.

Euplerids usually have slender bodies with relatively small heads. Head and body length ranges from 250 mm to 800 mm. Euplerids are primarily carnivorous, eating small mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. *Fossa fossana* and *Galidia elegans* may also eat some fruit.

Reproduction
------------

Fossas form monogamous pairs, while species in the genera *Galidia*, *Mungotictis*, and *Salanoia* live alone or in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous for one breeding season only. *Mungotictis* individuals live in small groups with several adults of each sex, but it is not known if all of the adults in a group breed. *Cryptoprocta* only live alone, suggesting a polygynous or polygynandrous mating system.

Euplerids have definite breeding seasons. Each species' season is different and lasts from two to eight months. Gestation lasts around three months. Usually, just one or two young are born per litter, though Cryptoprocta can have up to four. Weaning takes place between two and four and a half months.

Conservation status
-------------------

All species in this family are threatened. The main causes are loss of habitat and hunting by humans or dogs. (IUCN 2006)
**Education in Turkey** is based on a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. Compulsory education lasts 12 years.

Primary education
-----------------

Primary school (Turkish: *İlköğretim Okulu*) lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching of children between the ages of 6–14. 

There are four core subjects at First, Second and Third Grades which are; Turkish, Math, Hayat Bilgisi (literally meaning "Life Knowledge") and Foreign Language. At Fourth Grade, "Hayat Bilgisi" is replaced by Science and Social Studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades; Turkish, maths, science, social studies and foreign language. At eighth grade, social studies is replaced by history and citizenship.

Secondary education
-------------------

Secondary education (High School / Turkish: *Lise*) includes all the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. Secondary education aims to give students a good level of knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education. Also to prepare them for a vocation, for life and for business. 

All high schools in Turkey accepting students use an examination by the Ministry of Education (Turkey). At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a *high school finishing examination*. They are required to pass this in order to take the University entrance examinations before they can attend a university.

Universities
------------

It is not necessary to attend a university in Turkey.

By 2011 there were 166 universities in Turkey. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by a national examination, ÖSYS, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.
The ***Encyclopaedia Hebraica*** (Hebrew: האנצקלופדיה העברית) is an encyclopedia in Hebrew. It was started in 1948.

History
-------

Encyclopaedia Hebraica - numbered from right to left.
The encyclopedia was published by Bracha Peli who had already created another encyclopedia. The man in charge was her son who was named Alexander.

A committee decided the aims of the encyclopedia in 1944. Printing of the first part began in 1948. This was the year that Israel became a country. The president of the encyclopedia project was also the President of Israel, Professor Chaim Weizmann. The first photograph in the encyclopaedia was of Israel's Declaration of Independence.

The first volume covered the entries for the letter "Aleph" (א) to Australia.

The introduction said:

> 
> ... we will finish publishing all 16 volumes within five or six years...
> 
> 
> 

The writing took more than thirty years. The encyclopedia had thirty-two volumes when it was finished. An Index (publishing)|index was not printed until 1985. In 1995 there were large updates of entries dealing with the State of Israel.

The supervisor was always Alexander Plai. Its editors were Joseph Klausner, Benzion Netanyahu, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Nathan Rotenstreich, Yehoshua Gutman, and Joshua Prawer. More than 2500 people wrote the encyclopedia.

Some people felt it was very important to be included in the encyclopedia. They would ask the editors to make sure they had an article about them. Other articles caused arguments e.g. Adolf Hitler.

The Schocken Publishing House has been working on a new edition of the encyclopedia.

Content
-------

The *Encyclopaedia Hebraica* said it was about "General, Jewish, and Israeli" ideas. The encyclopaedia covers all the general topics, but the articles were larger on Judaism, Jews, and Israel. The encyclopaedia includes the Jewishness of the person, even when it is not important.

Articles on countries and cities include their history and then a Jewish history. For places which were under Nazi rule an account is given of the Jewish people during the Holocaust.

Writers of the encyclopaedia did not hide their Jewish views. The Kingdom of Jordan was not in the first edition. Instead Jordan was included in the article "Land of Israel,".

The letter Aleph contains the largest number of articles. The longest article is "Land of Israel" which takes all of volume 6.
Next in size is "United States of America". The large size of the aleph articles reflects the enthusiasm of the early editors. It became clear that the encyclopaedia would never come to an end. The plan was changed. The final size of the encyclopaedia was smaller than planned.

The woman who owned it was Bracha Peli. She died in 1986. In 1997 the encyclopedia was sold to another company.
**Evolutionary suicide** is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.

A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.
This painting is typical of El Greco's style: long thin figures, religious themes, and sharply contrasting colors
**El Greco** ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, **Doménicos Theotokópoulos** (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος).

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.
**Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

Life
----

Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

Artwork
-------

Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the **kuniya** (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.
**Ferenc Doór** (14 June 1918 – 10 July 2015) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist, "The lover of the Danube and Szentendre".

Life
----

He was born in Petrilla, Transylvania on 14 June 1918. Between 1938–1941 he studied on the Hungarian University of Fine Arts in Budapest under the István Szőnyi's hands. After the World War II he suffered a captivity of war in Siberia for three years. After his release terminated his study in 1949, as instructor (assistant professor) of Szőnyi involved in the circulation of Hungarian artistic life. In 1957 he became a member of the Art Fund of Fine Arts Association.

By the Nagybánya's painting lessons continued painting with natural themes and human figures appear rich color scheme, has joined forces shaping a balanced composition. Oil paintings and water-like substance, were the main elements his expression of color and light.

As from his works himself wrote: "I tried my work faithfully follow art my ideas - to capture the potential of everyday life images of beauty - small joys and sorrows, our time and the change of a landscape typical timeless atmosphere of human destinies".

He was died in his Szentendre's home at age of 97 years in 10 July 2015.

Exhibitions
-----------

He had numerous exhibitions in Hungary and abroad, worked for decades in Szentendre and the creative community of artists houses in Szigliget, Kecskemét, Hódmezővásárhely and Mártély.
In the 1950s onward featured in the Hall of Art, Budapest a common ones and in other exhibition spaces in the country.

### Individual

* 1959 • Fényes Adolf Terem, Budapest
* 1965, 1971, 1983 • Derkovits Terem, Budapest
* 1974 • Zalaegerszeg
* 1979 • Nyíregyháza
* 1975, 1976 • Galleria Antelami, Bologna
* 1972 • Galerie Glaub, Cologne
* 1975, 1978 • Parma
* 1990 • Csók Gallery, Budapest
* 1993 • Művelődési Ház, Dunaföldvár

### In group

* Műcsarnok országos tárlatai
* Hall of Art, Budapest
* Vásárhelyi Őszi Tárlatok, Hódmezővásárhely
* Szegedi Nyári Tárlatok
* Hatvani Biennálék
* Humor and Cartoon, Gabrovo

Works in galleries
------------------

* Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest
* Déri Museum, Debrecen
* Sárospataki Múzeum, Sárospatak
* Gabrovo
* Plovdiv
* Sozopol

Prizes
------

In 2011, he became the *Hungarian Gold Cross of Merit* honors.

Literature
----------

* Doór, Ferenc: Autobiography, 1998
* Artportal.hu
The **Directorate of Enforcement** (**ED**) is a law enforcement agency and economic intelligence agency in India. It is responsible for carring out economic laws and fighting economic crime in India. It is part of the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government Of India. ED is consisting of officers from the Indian Revenue Service, Indian Police Service and the Indian Administrative Service as well as promoted officers from its own cadre.

History
-------

The origin of this Directorate goes back to 1 May 1956, when an ‘Enforcement Unit’ was formed, in Department of Economic Affairs. It was created for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947. In the year 1957, this unit was renamed as ‘Enforcement Directorate’.

Objective
---------

The main objective of the Enforcement Directorate is the enforcement of three key acts of the Government of India namely, the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA), the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 (PMLA) and The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA).

The ED's (Enforcement Directorate) official website enlists its other objectives which are primarily linked to checking money laundering in India.

Criticism
---------

In July 2022, according to data shared by the Union government in Parliament, only 23 people have been convicted in 5,422 cases registered under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) in the 17 years after the law was passed. Because of such, conviction rate of less than 0.5%. The cases by ED have gone up six times in Modi's second term. It led to accusations by opposition parties. They stated that ED is being misused by the BJP for their political ends.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  "Official Website".
2. ↑  "ED (Enforcement Directorate)". Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018.
3. ↑  "Organisational History". *Enforcement Directorate*. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
4. ↑  "Directorate of Enforcement". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
5. ↑  "Only 23 convicted in 5,422 cases under PMLA till date: Govt to Lok Sabha". *Hindustan Times*. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
6. ↑  "ED Action Has Increased Dramatically Under Modi Govt, Parliament Reply Reveals". *The Wire*. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
**Donald Tokowitz Sterling** (born April 26, 1934) is an American business magnate and former attorney.

Early life
----------

Sterling was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Sterling studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and at Southwestern Law School. He was raised as Jewish.

Career
------

He was the owner of the Los Angeles Clippers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Sterling bought the Clippers in 1981 for $12.5 million, and as of 2014, the team is valued at $575 million by *Forbes* magazine, ranking them 18th out of 30 teams. At 33 seasons of ownership (1981 to present), Sterling was the longest-tenured owner in the NBA since the death of Los Angeles Lakers majority owner Jerry Buss on February 18, 2013 up until his suspension on April 29, 2014.

Personal life
-------------

Sterling was married to Rochelle Stern. They had six children. He lives in Los Angeles, California.

### Racist remarks

On April 25, 2014, *TMZ Sports* released what it said is an April 9, 2014 audio recording of a conversation between Sterling and V. Stiviano. According to TMZ, Sterling and Stiviano argued in regards to a photo Stiviano posted on Instagram in which she posed with Magic Johnson. In the audio recording, Sterling allegedly tells Stiviano: "It bothers me a lot that you want to broadcast that you’re associating with black people." On April 29, 2014, the University of California, Los Angeles announced that it was rejecting a $3 million gift from Sterling. On April 29, 2014, Sterling was banned from the NBA for life and fined $2.5 million by the NBA after recordings of him making racist comments were made public.

### Health

In 2012, Sterling began treatment for prostate cancer. In May 2014, it was announced that Sterling was in the early developing stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Other websites
--------------

* Peter Keating: Uncontested: The life of Donald Sterling, ESPN The Magazine and ESPN.com, June 1, 2009
**Excel** is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.

Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowülf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.

Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, *Split Image* and *The Joke's on You*, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.

Discography
-----------

Their full-length studio albums include:

* *Split Image* (1987)
* *The Joke's on You* (1989)
* *Seeking Refuge* (1995)
Emperor Kôtoku was the 36th emperor of Japan according to the traditional counting. He was also called "Taika," for "Great Change." He ruled from 645 AD - 654 AD. He made the Taika Reforms, which changed parts of Tang dynasty ways of thinking about politics, running the government, and doing rituals for the Japanese court.

Before he was the Emperor, he was called Prince Karu. He became emperor in 645 AD after his sister, Empress Kôgyoku, abdicated in his favor. That means she quit being Empress and gave Karu the throne. Some historians say that Empress Kôgyoku's son, Prince Naka no Oe, asked her to abdicate. Prince Naka no Oe who would later become Emperor Tenji.

With the Taika Reforms, Kôtoku changed the way court officers wore clothes in 647. People of different rank (level of importance) wore different clothes. Kôtoku also said that the government had a monopoly on mined iron ore, meaning that no one else was allowed to mine iron ore. Before that, the Wakebe clan had mined iron ore.

After Kôtoku died in 654, Kôgyoku became the Empress again, but this time she was called Empress Saimei.
**Ely Samuel Parker** (1828 – August 31, 1895), born ***Hasanoanda*** (Tonawanda Seneca), later known as ***Donehogawa*** was a Native American of the Seneca tribe. He became the first Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He was also a U.S. Army officer, engineer, and tribal diplomat. He spoke English and the Seneca language. He was friends with the anthropoloigsist Lewis Henry Morgan.

Life and career
---------------

Parker was born in 1828 at Indian Falls, New York. This was a Seneca Reservation at Tonawanda. His parents were Elizabeth and William Parker. His original name was *Ha-sa-no-an-da*, but his name was later changed to Ely Parker. He was educated at a Baptist Mission school.

For several years, Parker worked at a legal firm in New York.

Early on, Parker met scholars like Lewis Henry Morgan, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, and John Wesley Powell. They were studying ethnology and anthropology. Parker eventually became friends with Lewis Henry Morgan. Morgan helped Parker to study engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Parker was a civil engineer until the American Civil War. He helped update the Erie Canal.

Parker became a Seneca chief or sachem in 1852.

Parker fought and served in the American Civil War. He raised an Iroquois military unit to fight for the Union. He only became a captain of this unit in 1863. He became the assistant of Ulysses S. Grant. This was when Grant became commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi. Parker was later secretary to Ulysses S. Grant. Parker was present at the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox. He wrote the surrender documents.

Parker was a military officer and secretary after the war. He resigned from the army in 1869.

Later President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Parker as the first Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1871. Parker also served as interpreter and diplomat for Seneca chiefs. He helped with treaties between the Seneca and the United States.

Personal Life and Death
-----------------------

Parker married Minnie Orton Sackett (1849–1932) in 1867. They had one daughter, Maud Theresa Parker (1878–1956).

After retiring, Parker lived the rest of his life in poverty. He died on August 31, 1895. He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, New York.

Related pages
-------------

* Seneca people
* Arthur C. Parker
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Iroquois
* American Civil War
Eva Abu Halaweh in 2011.
**Eva Abu Halaweh** (Arabic: إيفا أبو حلاوة), born 1975, is a Jordanian lawyer and human rights activist. In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Eva works against honor killings. She also works against torture and abuse in the Jordanian prisons and police stations.

Work
----

Eva has a bachelor's degree in law and a master’s degree in diplomacy. Eva had her own private law practice. She also worked for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as a legal advisor.

Eva is the Executive Director of the Mizan Law Group for Human Rights. She helped start the organization.

Awards
------

* International Women of Courage Award, 2011

Related pages
-------------

* 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Eva Abu Halaweh***.

* Mizan Law Group ميزان القانون  Archived 2007-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic)
"**Good Night**" is the first episode of Season 1 of The Simpsons shorts. It was first shown on television on April 19, 1987.

Simple storyline
----------------

Homer and Marge Simpson say good night to their children, Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson, but actually scare them with sayings they have not heard of.

Longer storyline
----------------

Homer says good night to his son Bart, but then he asks questions about the mind. Homer tells Bart to relax, and makes a joke about mind and matter. Bart is still scared when the lights are turned off.

In Lisa's bedroom, Marge is good night to her daughter Lisa. After a few sentences, she uses the saying "don't let the bed bugs bite". This scares Lisa as well.

In Maggie's bedroom, Marge sings the lullaby *Rock-a-bye Baby*, but in Maggie's thoughts she sees herself falling from a tree. Maggie becomes scared from this thought like Bart and Lisa.

In Marge and Homer's bedroom, they say good night to each other thinking they must be the best parents ever. Then Bart, Lisa and Maggie come in the room quickly, and start shouting and complaining. Marge tells them to come into bed with them to make them feel safer, and they go to sleep. Maggie is last, saying "Good night".
View of Eklutna Lake in early Spring
Eklutna Lake is a large, glacier-fed lake to the north of the city of Anchorage, Alaska. The lake is the city's main source of water and also helps create electric power for the city.

Park
----

The lake is also part of the city's large park system. It is inside Chugach state park, one of the largest state parks in the United States. People who visit may walk the long trails or camp out between the tall mountains that surround the lake. In the winter, skiing and ice skating are popular activities.

Drive
-----

The road from the Glenn Highway out of Anchorage to the lake is ten miles long. It also climbs high into the hills as it nears the campground. Many who enjoy the drive say that it is one of the most scenic drives in Alaska.

Dam
---

Two dams have been used to make electricity. The first was built in 1929 and worked for more than 30 years. It stopped being used in 1955 and was torn down in 2017. The new dam was built in 1951 and moves water through a tunnel to a generator used to make electricity for the city. This dam still serves the city.

Water
-----

The lake and the river leading from it all come from melted snow high in the mountains. The city takes the water from the lake near the dam and treats it to remove germs and sand. It gives the city nearly 90% of its water. At least one company bottles water directly from Eklutna Lake to sell in stores around the country.