recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In programming languages, an **array** is a way of storing several items (such as integers).
These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings, ...) because an array can not store different kinds of items.
Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.
This number is called the *index*.
In most programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on.

When the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.
This is the number of items that can be stored in the array.
If the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.
This is because the size of an array can not be changed.

Arrays in C
-----------

In the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:

```
int array[5];

```

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

```
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

```

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

```
int k = 3 + array[3]; // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

```

Arrays in Java
--------------

In the programming language Java, arrays can be created like this:

```
int[] array = new int[5];

```

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

```
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

```

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

```
int k = 3 + array[3]; // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

```

Sources
-------

1. 1 2  "array from FOLDOC". *Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing*. October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
2. 1 2  Paul E. Black (November 16, 2016). "array". *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures*. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
3. ↑  David Darling (August 21, 2021). "array". *Encyclopedia of Science*. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
The **2017-2018 flu season** was a flu season of high severity in the United States. Influenza-like illness (ILI) has a high rate of outpatient and emergency clinic visits, and a high rate of influenza-related hospitalizations, and influenza activities have been on the rise for a long period of time and are widely distributed geographically. In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began using a new method to classify seasonal severity and applied the method to the seasons from 2003-2004 to 2016-2017. The 2017-18 season was the first season to be classified as highly serious among all age groups.

Origin
------

In the 2017-2018 season, influenza-like illness (ILI) activities began to increase in November, and reached a long period of high activity nationwide in January and February, and continued until the end of March. The peak of ILI was 7.5%, the highest percentage since the 2009 influenza pandemic (7.7%). Influenza-like illness (ILI) reached or exceeded the national benchmark for 19 weeks, making 2017-2018 one of the longest seasons in recent years.

Infections and Deaths
---------------------

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are no reports of childhood flu deaths nationwide. To monitor influenza-related deaths of all ages, the CDC tracks deaths caused by pneumonia and influenza (P&I) through the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality reporting system. The system tracks the proportion of death certificates that list pneumonia or influenza as a potential cause of death. The system provides an overall indication of whether influenza-related mortality has increased, but does not provide an exact number to indicate the number of deaths from influenza. During the 2017-2018 season, the percentage of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) reached or exceeded the epidemic threshold for 16 consecutive weeks.
A 3D-model of arsenic pentoxide.
**Arsenic pentoxide**, also known as **arsenic(V) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O5. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state. More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide). The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats. When the substance becomes wet, it turns into arsenic acid, which corrodes metals.

Properties
----------

Arsenic pentoxide is a white, odourless solid. It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid. It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine. As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C.

{\displaystyle As\_{2}O\_{5}+268.1kJ\rightarrow As\_{2}O\_{3}+O\_{2}}
It reacts with bases to make arsenates. The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.

Preparation
-----------

Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen. That only results in As2O3. To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated. This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.

{\displaystyle 2H\_{3}AsO\_{4}\rightleftharpoons As\_{2}O\_{5}+3H\_{2}O}
The arsenic pentoxide drops out as white powder.

Uses
----

Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides. It is also used in glass industry.

Related pages
-------------

* Arsenic pentafluoride
* Arsenous acid
* Phosphorus pentoxide
* Antimony pentoxide
This mixed-breed Chihuahua and Great Dane show the range of dog sizes produced by artificial selection
Selective breeding transformed teosinte's few fruitcases (left) into modern corn's rows of exposed kernels (right)
**Artificial selection** is the intentional breeding of plants or animals. It means the same thing as **selective breeding** and is an ancient method of genetic engineering. 

Selective breeding is a technique used when breeding domesticated animals, such as dogs, pigeons or cattle. Some of these animals may have traits that a breeder will want to carry over to the next generation. The breeder will therefore select those animals to breed which have that quality, rather than those that do not.

Inbreeding is a particular kind of selective breeding, designed to produce a population which is genetically virtually identical. Such populations are rarely viable outside the laboratory. They lose fertility. To control this, most breeds are outcrossed or backcrossed to wild-type individuals, or at least less inbred stock. The details differ from breed to breed. The improvement when outcrossing is done is called hybrid vigour.

Charles Darwin used the example of artificial selection to introduce his idea of natural selection. Artificial selection may be contrasted with the process of natural selection. In natural selection, the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits happens. This is because some variations help the organism to have better survival and reproduction. The process maintains or enhances the fitness of a population in its natural habitat. 

  

Artificial selection may sometimes be unintentional; it is thought that domestication of crops by early humans was largely unintentional.
**Alexander Hauser** (born 23 June 1984) is an Austrian football coach and a former player.

Career
------

He started with his hometown club SK St. Johann in Tirol.Then he played in the BNZ Tirol and then went on to FC Wacker Innsbruck. He went to Rangers F.C. in Scotland, after two yers in the Glasgow youth he came back to Austria and signed with SW Bregenz. Here he gave his debut in the highest Austrian league. After playing for FC Superfund Pasching, SC Schwanenstadt, TSV Hartberg and SK Austria Kärnten he went to SC Wiener Neustadt. With the team he was promoted to the Bundesliga but went on to FC Wacker Innsbruck in the Second League. 2009/10 they team was promoted but relegated in 2013/14. 2017/18 he went back to SK St. Johann.

Manager career
--------------

He started his manager career as youth coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck. 2017/18 he was playing assistance coach of SK St. Johann and later youth coach. The year in between this two jobs he was scout for FC Red Bull Salzburg. Then he was assistance coach in the youth department of Salzburg. 2020/21 he was assistance coach to Mathias Jaissle with FC Liefering. On July 1st,2021 he followed Jaissle to FC Red Bull Salzburg as assistance coach.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Alexander Hauser at Wikimedia Commons
An **apomorphy** in biology is a derived state, or innovation. For example, amongst mammals, babies can digest their mothers' milk. That is something all mammals share. It is an apomorphy unique to mammals, and so is the production of milk by mammalian mothers.

Apomorphies which are found in every species of a group of animals are the basis of taxonomy. If a group of animals all have a unique apomorphy, the most likely reason is that they descended from a common ancestor. When a group of animals share a large number of apomorphies this becomes a near-certainty. Mammals share a long list of characters which are unique to them.

Clades are identified (or defined) by synapomorphies (from syn-, "together"). These are a group of apomorphies which they all have, but other groups do not. For example, the five digits (fingers and toes) like ours is a synapomorphy within the vertebrates. The tetrapods are the first vertebrates with such digits. Snakes and other tetrapods which do not have digits are tetrapods because other characters, such as amniotic eggs and diapsid skulls, show they descended from ancestors that which had digits.

Related pages
-------------

* Synapomorphy
**Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka** (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

Early life
----------

Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

Later life
----------

She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on *Phil of the Future*, then began her singing career. She says on *Disney 411* that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.

Musical career
--------------

Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie *Now You See It...* her sister and she started a band and created a music video called *Do You Believe In Magic?*. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

Acting career
-------------

Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show *Phil of the Future*, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing *Keely Teslow* in *Phil of the Future* on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like *Now You See It...* and *Cow Belles*. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.

### Filmography

* *Phil of the Future* (2004-2006)-- *Keely Teslow*
* *Now You See It...* (2005 movie)-- *Allyson Miller*
* *Cow Belles* (2006 movie)-- *Taylor Callum*
* *Bandslam* (2009 movie) -- *Charlotte Barnes*
* *Hellcats* (2010 movie)--

### Discography

* *Do You Believe In Magic?*–2005
* *No One*–*Ice Princess*, 2005
* *Walking on Sunshine*–*Herby: Fully Loaded*, 2005
* *Into the Rush*–*Twitches*, 2005
* *Chemicals React*–2006
* *Pontential Break Up Song*–2007

Other websites
--------------

* Alyson Michalka on IMDb
* Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio Archived 2009-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
Logo of The Campaign for Collective Apostasy in Spain, calling for defection from the Catholic Church
States in the world, where there is the death penalty for apostasy. In many of these states, Islam is one of the main religions.
**Apostasy** is a term used in a religious context, for leaving one's religion. Usually it means moving to another religion. Someone who does this is called an **apostate**. Apostasy is different from heresy: A heretic only questions one (or more) of the traditions and beliefs of their religion. An apostate questions all of them. 

The word was first used in Christianity: In the Roman Catholic Church the punishment for apostasy is excommunication. Today, the word is used mostly in the context of apostasy in Islam. 

Sometimes the term is used as a metaphor to refer to changing a non-religious belief or cause, such as a political party or a sports team.

**Apostasy in Islam**;

A person who rejects, underestimates, mocks or disrespects religious orders defined as fard or sunnah in fiqh or speaks words called "alfaz-i kufr" is called apostate. According to the Sharia law, the penalty is death.
**Aptivate** is an NGO and not-for-profit organisation based in the United Kingdom. 

Aptivate combines good ideas from the commercial software businesses and international development organizations.
It makes ICT services to improve communication for communities that do not have good access to the Internet.

Aptivate made the open source website service called *Loband*. The company started on 1 December 2002 with the name *Aidworld*. It changed its name to Aptivate in December 2006.

Aptivate is a member of the Humanitarian Centre.

Loband
------

Loband was developed in 2004. Loband simplifies web pages so they download faster over slow Internet connections. This is very useful in poor countries. Loband was originally named *Aidbase*.

History
-------

Aptivate was called Aidworld. It was founded in 2002. Two aid workers in Nepal started the company. They were working for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. They had experienced communications problems in developing countries. They tried to find a way to improve communications. They worked with some friends who had technical knowledge. They founded Aidworld. They started by supporting the humanitarian aid sector.

In 2006, Aidworld changed its name to Aptivate. Since then, Aptivate has been working with other non-profits, charities, NGOs, facilitators and trainers, web/software developers and technical consultants. 

2004

* Awarded £75,000 DTI SMART Award.
* Loband (then called Aidbase) pilot project in Kenya.

2005

* Loband version 2.
* The email service (later rebranded as Enclusion) launches at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunisia.

2006

* Published guidelines for websites that are better for low bandwidth users.
* Aidworld renamed Aptivate.

2007

* Network for Information and Digital Access (NIDA) website started.
* INASP-backed web design guidelines produced.
* Interface project for UNFAO and WHO's research access programmes started.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* ictupdate
* ITU partners
* Bridging the Global Digital Divide
The flagellum of a Gram-negative bacteria is rotated by a molecular motor at its base
Daphnia swims by beating its antennae
Scallops swim by clapping their two shells open and closed
**Aquatic locomotion** is animals and other organisms moving through water. The surface of the world is mostly covered with water, and all major animal phyla started life in the water.

The earliest fossils we have are those of stromatolites, which are mat-like structures formed by photosynthetic bacteria in the sea. Even animals which evolved on land have often returned to the water, even though they usually continue to breath air. There are aquatic insects, reptiles, mammals and birds.

We don't quite know when the first animals and plants evolved, but some guesstimates have been made. Acritarchs are present from about 3200 to 1400 million years ago to the present. That's a wide time-range which means we cannot be sure when they evolved. They seem to have been grazed (eaten) by some early forms of life. Probably some kind of protist developed using existing life forms as food.

Locomotion is needed to find the right place in the seas, and to eat and avoid being eaten. All advanced forms of life, and many primitive forms of life, use locomotion.

Propulsion systems
------------------

### Microorganisms

The simplest propulsive systems evolved in microorganisms. Cilia and flagella are used.

Swimming has evolved a number of times in more complex life-forms. Examples include arthropods, fish, molluscs, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Ciliates have hundreds or thousands of small flagella called cilia to move through the water. Certain organisms such as bacteria and animal sperm have a flagellum to move in liquid environments.

### Invertebrates

All aquatic invertebrates swim at some stage in their lives, and many swim for their entire life. All jellyfish swim by pulsing their cup-shaped bodies. Crustaceans swim with their legs. Some molluscs swim all their lives, some only as larvae.

Squid and octopods swim quite vigorously by 'jet propulsion'. They squirt water out to move.

There are a very large number of insects which are aquatic as larvae or adults. Almost all use their legs for swimming. They are air-breathing, and carry air with them as they swim. The air they get from the surface of the water, and take it down with them. Usually, the air is trapped among dense hairs on their surfaces. 13 orders of insects have aquatic stages, including all mayflies and dragonflies, and many beetles, bugs, and flies.

### Vertebrates

[to come]
Astronomical clock face (Prague).
The Rasmus Sørnes Clock, made in the 20th century.
One of several designs by Christiaan van der Klaauw
An **astronomical clock** is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.

The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth: this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.

The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BCE Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BCE, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.
Can Peixauet station.
**Line 9** (***Línia 9*** in Catalan) is the newest line in the Barcelona Metro network, currently under construction, with only five complete stations, all in Santa Coloma de Gramenet. These first five stations opened on 13 December 2009. The complete line is a railway project to build a subway line with two branches spanning a good deal of the metropolitan area of Barcelona through Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat and El Prat de Llobregat. TMB is the company operating the line and handled by the division line in two: Line 9 and Line 10.

Elevators de access to platforms from the lobby.
Llefià station.

List of stations
----------------

**El Prat area**

* Aeroport-T1 (Barcelona International Airport, *RENFE*)
* *Aeroport Terminal de Càrrega*
* Aeroport-T2 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
* Mas Blau
* Parc Nou
* Cèntric
* El Prat Estació (L1, RENFE)
* Les Moreres
* Mercabarna
* Parc Logístic
* Fira (*L2*)
* Europa | Fira (L8)

**Central branch, shared with L10**

* Can Tries
* Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
* Collblanc (L5)
* *Camp Nou* (T1, T2, T3)
* Zona Universitària (L3)
* *Campus Nord*
* *Manuel Girona*
* *Prat de la Riba*
* *Sarrià* (L6)
* *Mandrí*
* *El Putxet* (L7)
* *Lesseps* (L3)
* *Muntanya*
* *Sanllehy*
* *Guinardó - Hospital de Sant Pau* (L4)
* *Maragall*
* La Sagrera (L1, *L4*, RENFE)
* *Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)*
* Onze de Setembre
* Bon Pastor

**Besòs area**

* Can Peixauet
* Santa Rosa
* Fondo (L1)
* Església Major
* Singuerlín
* Can Zam
Aisha Wahab
**Aisha Wahab** (January 11, 1987) is a member of the California State Senate. She represents District 10, which is for Fremont, CA. Wahab is the first Muslim elected to the California State Senate. She is also the first Afghan American to have an elected government job in the United States. She is a member of the Democratic party.

Early life
----------

Wahab was born in New York. She is the daughter of two Afghani refugees. Wahab’s father was murdered in New York. Her mother died when Wahab was five years old. She and her sister were put in foster care. Then, they were adopted by an Afghan American couple in Fremont, CA.

Wahab is a graduate from San Jose University. She also went to California State University for her MBA.

Career and political work
-------------------------

Wahab was a city council member for Hayward, CA.

Wahab announced her candidacy for State Senate in October of 2021, and won December 5th, 2022.

Her poverty during childhood and adolescence motivated her to run for state senate so that other immigrants or immigrant families never had to experience student loan debts, housing cost problems, and more (all things she experienced as a child).
Saint John of Patmos writes the Book of Revelation. Painting by Hieronymus Bosch (1505).
**Armageddon** (Ancient Greek: Ἁρμαγεδών Harmagedōn, Hebrew: הר מגידו, Har Megiddo, Arabic: أرمجدون, Latin: *Armagedōn*) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start.

Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the **Messiah** and the **Lamb of God**, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or **the Beast**) in the battle of *Armageddon*. After that war Satan (or the *Antichrist*) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or *Abyss* for a 1,000 years, known as the *Millennium Age*. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called *Gog and Magog* (In the texts he is named *God and Magog* but also named *Gog kind of Magog*, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the *Holy Ones* (means Christians) in the *Beloved City*, (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in *Gehenna* (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).

The word *Armageddon* appears only once in the *Greek New Testament*. This word comes from the Hebrew *Har Megiddo* (הר מגידו), which means - *Mountain of Megiddo*. In Israel there is a small city, that is in the Azrieli Vally, called Megiddo. The Mountain of Megiddo is a small mountain which had a big Roman fort.

Related pages
-------------

* Rapture
* Apocalypse
* Second Coming
* Eschatology
* World War III
The **balalaika** is a musical instrument from Russia. The Balalaika family includes the **piccolo balalaika**, **prima balalaika**, **sekunda balalaika**, **alto balalaika**, **bass balalaika** and **contrabass balalaika**. They all have three strings. There are many ways to tune balalaika; the most common tuning is **E-E-A**. The prima balalaika is played with the fingers, the sekunda and alto either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played. The basses and contrabasses, which have legs that rest on the floor, are played with leather picks.

Early pictures of the balalaika show it had between two and six strings, like some Central Asian instruments. Frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player.

Development
-----------

Andreev holding a balalaika
The balalaika was improved by a Russian, Vasily Vasil'yevich Andreev. He had heard peasants on his farm playing badly made instruments. Andreev wanted to improve the instrument and use it for concerts. He spent the rest of his life working on this instrument with help from two violin makers and a carpenter. They improved the soundboard, which made it louder. He came up with the idea of the prima balalaike, sekunda, alto, bass and controbass balalaika. He then spent several years writing and arranging music for groups of balalaikas to play. The first public performance by the Ensemble of Balalaika Players took place in 1888.
After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party encouraged the playing of the instrument and large balalaika orchestras were started.

Other websites
--------------

* Balalaika picture
* Балалайка.орг.ру — theory, music sheets, video, forum... (in Russian)
A BR Standard Class 9F
The **BR Standard Class 9F** 2-10-0 is a class of steam locomotive designed for British Railways by Robert Riddles. The Class 9F was the last in a series of standardised locomotive classes designed for British Railways during the Cold War from 1954-1960 in the aftermath of World War 2 since 1945. The 9F was intended for use on fast, heavy freight trains over long distances. It was one of the most powerful steam locomotive types ever constructed in Britain, and successfully performed its intended duties. The class earned a nickname of 'Spaceships', due to its size and shape. They were numbered 92000–92250.

| * v
* t
* e
British Railways steam locomotives |
| --- |
| Standard classes: | 
*Britannia* Class 7 **·** 
*Duke of Gloucester* Class 8 **·** 
*Clan* Class 6 **·** 
5MT 4-6-0 **·** 
4MT 4-6-0 **·** 
4MT 2-6-0 **·** 
3MT 2-6-0 **·** 
2MT 2-6-0 **·** 
4MT 2-6-4T **·** 
3MT 2-6-2T **·** 
2MT 2-6-2T **·** 
9F
 |
| TOPS class: | 
Class 98
 |
| British Railways steam locomotives **·**  GWR locomotives **·**  LMS locomotives **·**  LNER locomotives **·**  Southern Railway locomotives |
British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 911, was a Boeing 707 that was flying from San Francisco to Hong Kong, with stopovers at, Honolulu, Fukuoka, and Tokyo. On the 5th of March, 1966 the aircraft broke up in mid-air and crashed into Mount Fuji due to faulty maintenance to the vertical stabiliser. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members on board the plane were killed, in the 6th worst aviation accident on Japanese soil.

| Nationality | Passengers | Crew | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  United States | 66 | 9 | 75 |
|  Japan | 27 | 2 | 29 |
|  Indonesia | 18 | 0 | 18 |
|  Australia | 16 | 0 | 16 |
|  Philippines | 6 | 0 | 6 |
|  West Germany | 4 | 0 | 4 |
|  Canada | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|  India | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  Taiwan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  France | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Netherlands | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Belgium | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  United Kingdom | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Italy | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Venezuela | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Spain | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Argentina | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Mexico | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Cuba | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Sweden | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  Denmark | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 113 | 11 | 124 |
This article is about the city in the United Arab Emirates. For the sports team, see Al-Ain S.C.C.
View over Al Ain
**Al Ain** (Arabic: **العين**) is a city in the United Arab Emirates. The city name literally means "the spring" or "the eye" in Arabic. This name come from the water sources in the area. The city is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, right next to the border with Oman. It is often called the 'Garden City of the Persian Gulf' because of the many parks, tree-lined avenues and decorative roundabouts within the city. Al Ain, Abu Dhabi and Dubai form a kind of geographic triangle in the center of the country. Each city is around 150 kilometers from the other two.

Economy
-------

Al Ain is the fourth largest metropolitan area by population in the Emirates, with a population of 348,000 (2003 census estimate). There are more Emirati nationals in Al Ain than other places in the country, but most who live there are people who left other countries, particularly from the Indian sub-continent. There are fewer Western people than in the larger centers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. This gives Al Ain a more 'Arabic' look and feel, compared to the larger cities of the Emirates.

History
-------

People have lived in Al Ain for more than 4000 years, and the area is central to the cultural heritage of the country. There are many underground water springs in the area. This explains why people wanted to live there. Traces of its past remain, including camel racing and breeding. The ancient *falaj* system of irrigation is still in use in some areas. The system brings underground water to people by a network of tunnels that come out into open channels. The flow of water in the channels can be controlled.

Tourism
-------

Al Ain is becoming a place that tourists visit, with attractions such as Jebel Hafeet, a 1340 metre high mountain that dominates the surrounding area. Many tourists like to visit the mineral springs at the base and drive to the top of this mountain for sunset. Al Ain regularly records the highest summer temperatures in the country, but the dry desert air makes it a welcome escape from the coastal humidity of the larger cities. Other attractions include the Al Ain Oasis in the city centre, and other oases around the area, cool places to escape the summer heat, a zoo, amusement park named "Fun City", many well kept parks, popular with families in the summer evenings, a heritage village, as well as malls and other modern sites. Important buildings include United Arab Emirates University, Higher Colleges of Technology, well-equipped medical facilities, including the teaching hospital at Tawam, military training areas and Al Ain International Airport.

Sports
------

The city is home to the successful association football (soccer) club, Al Ain FC.

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

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**Allspice** (also called **Jamaica pepper**, **Kurundu**, **Myrtle pepper**, **pimento**, **allspice berries**, or **newspice**) is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit of the *Pimenta dioica* plant, a tree native to the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America. The tree *Pimenta dioica* is from the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), and it is very valued for its berries. The allspice was named because the flavor of the berry is like a mixture of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is used very much in baking, mostly for making mincemeat and mixed pickling spice. It was discovered first by the early Spanish explorers, who mistook it for a type of pepper.

Allspice is the only spice grown in the Western Hemisphere. But after that, the wild trees were cut down to get the berries and only a few allspice are left. There are many plantations in Mexico and Central America, too. However, the best allspice comes from Jamaica where the weather and soil are best for the berries.

History
-------

Allspice was used by the Mayans and by other South American Indians when making chocolate. The name *Jamaica* comes from Xamayca. This means ‘land of wood and water’ in the language of the Arawaks. The Arawaks used allspice to help keep the meat from rotting, or sometimes against their enemies.

The spice was imported to Europe after it was discovered. There were many tries to plant it in the East, but it did not work because the trees could not give a lot of fruit. Even though it had a rich smell and a tasty flavor, allspice never had the same caché in Europe as cinnamon or pepper. The English started taking the spice by ship to England in 1737, but by that time the want for spices had been taken over by other kinds of products such as sugar and coffee. It was still a little popular in England though, where it came to be known as the *English Spice*.
In the Napoleonic war of 1812, Russian soldiers put the spice in their boots to keep their feet warm. Because of this, today the pimento oil from the allspice is usually used for the men’s dress.

Description
-----------

Dried allspice berries look like large brown peppercorns and their colors are cocoa brown. When the berries are not yet ripe, they are harvested and dried by the sun. They are different in size from between 4 and 7 mm (1/8 - 1/4 in) in diameter and are dark brown. Their skin is very wrinkled, and the outer case has two seeds. Allspice can be eaten ground or whole.

Storage
-------

Whole dried allspice can keep without a time limit if they are properly kept in airtight jars. They also must not face the light. It can be ground in a mill or an electric coffee grinder. After it is ground, the spice loses its flavor in a few days.
**Al Brady** (October 25, 1910 – October 12, 1937) was an armed robber and murderer. He became one of the FBI's "Public Enemies" in the 1930s. He and a partner in crime were shot dead in an ambush by FBI agents in downtown Bangor, Maine in 1937.

Biography
---------

Al Brady was born in Indiana in 1910. Both his parents died while he was still young. At age 18, he committed his first robbery in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was shot and wounded. After getting out of jail, he got together with a gang. Using guns, they stole cars and robbed places in Indiana; mostly grocery stores. They murdered a 23-year-old Indianapolis store clerk. Then they killed an Indianapolis policeman. After probably killing another police officer, the gang was put in jail in 1936. Brady and some of the gang escaped from jail and robbed a bank in Goodland, Indiana. While running away, they killed one policeman and injured another.

Gun fight and death
-------------------

Brady and his gang ended up hiding out in Bangor, Maine. They had about $5,000 left from their robberies. Brady thought Maine would be an easy place to get guns and ammunition without questions being asked. This was because there are many deer and bear hunters in the area.

In Bangor, Brady began trying to buy automatic weapons at Dakin's Sporting Goods store, in downtown Bangor. On Sept. 21, 1937, Brady asked the owner, Everett Hurd, for 500 rounds of 30 calibre ammunition. Seeing a large amount of cash, the store owner became suspicious. Hurd called the police after taking their order. He told them to return in a few weeks to pick up their guns. 

Brady and his gang came back to the store on October 12, 1937. Many FBI agents were waiting in ambush, inside the store and across the street. One of the gang was caught by an FBI agent in the store. Brady and the other one drew their weapons in the street. They were shot down in a lot of gunfire.

Brady was killed by FBI agent Walter Walsh. Walsh was wounded, and recovered. He lived to be the FBI's oldest retired Special Agent.

Pictures of the bodies lying dead in the middle of the downtown street became locally famous. For many years, they could be looked at in Dakin's store. In the pictures, a large crowd of people is shown. It was Columbus Day, so people were already lining the streets to see a parade before the shooting began.

Burial
------

No one came to get Brady's body, because he did not have any family. He was buried in a grave without a headstone at Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor. In 2007, the grave was finally marked with a stone, with a short funeral.

Other websites
--------------

* Find a Grave: Al Brady
These are signs used to show walkers where the Anglesey Coastal Footpath goes
The **Anglesey Coastal Path** is a 1,400-mile (2,300 km) is a footpath on the island of Anglesey, Wales in the United Kingdom. The footpath is a part of the Wales Coast Path.

Description
-----------

The footpath follows the coast of the island of Anglesey. It goes around the entire island except in two places. Those two places are Plas Newydd and Afon Alaw between Llanfachraeth and Llanynghenedl. The path starts at Holyhead. It travels through an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The majority of the path travels through public land with a small amount going through private land. Owners of the private land have given permission for walkers to pass through their property. The path is part of the All Wales Coast Path.

The path cost £1.4 million to build. It was built by two organizations: Menter Môn and Isle of Anglesey County Council. It was opened on June 9, 2006 by Rhodri Morgan.

Attached trails
---------------

There are three trails that connect to the Anglesey Coastal Path. They are:

* Mynydd Mechell circular walk
* Copper Coast Circular Walk
* Ynys Llanddwyn

Places on the path
------------------

Walkers can visit many places on the path. 

### Villages and towns

* Aberffraw
* Amlwch
* Beaumaris
* Benllech
* Bull Bay
* Cemaes
* Holyhead
* Llanbadrig
* Llangadwaladr
* Llandegfan
* Llanidan
* Moelfre
* Penmon
* Porth Dafarch Beach Resort
* Rhoscolyn
* Rhosneigr
* Trearddur

### Related pages

The small island of Cribinau can be visited on the path.
* Menai Suspension Bridge

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website, including maps
* Anglesey Walking Festival Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
The **Bamberger Symphoniker** (**Bamberg Symphony Orchestra**) is a world-famous orchestra from the city of Bamberg, Germany. It was formed in 1946. Most of the musicians who formed the orchestra were Germans who had been forced to leave Czechoslovakia after the World War II. Most of them had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.

The Bamberger Symphoniker have a large modern concert hall in Bamberg which was opened in 1993. They give many concerts there, but they also do a lot of touring to all parts of the world. Their conductor is Jonathan Nott who is an English conductor. Every three years the orchestra organize a "Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize". This is a competition for young conductors. The competition first took place in 2004.

The orchestra have made several CD recordings.

Principal conductors
--------------------

* Jonathan Nott (2000-*present*)
* Horst Stein (1985-1996)
* Witold Rowicki (1983-1985)
* James Loughran (1979-1983)
* Eugen Jochum (1969-1973)
* Joseph Keilberth (1949-1968)

Other websites
--------------

* Bamberger Symphoniker official website Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Amir al-Mu'minin** (Arabic: أمير المؤمنين) is usually translated *Commander of the Faithful*, but *Leader of the Believers* might be a better translation. It is the Arabic style of Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders.

Use
---

Abu Bakr, the First Rashidun Caliph, is not reported to have ever conferred this title. He had the title of *Khalifa Rasulullah* rather than *Amir al-Mu'minin.* On his accession in 634, Umar ibn Khattab, the Second Rashidun Caliph, was given the title. According to At-Tabaqat al Kubra, When Abu Bakr died, Muslims of the time said: "We are the Mu'minin (Believers/Faithful) and Umar is our Amir (Commander)." After this, the title Amir al-Mu'minin was held by Umar ibn Khattab who was also the first caliph to be given this title. Some Shia Muslims claim that Amir al-Mu'minin was used for Ali during Muhammads era. It has also been adopted by various Caliphs of the succeeding Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, as well as by some contemporary Arab monarchs.

Defunct offices that officially used this title
-----------------------------------------------

* Various Caliphs.
* The Taliban leader Mohammed Omar took the title while he was in control of Afghanistan.
Bathymetric map of the Red Sea with the Bab-el-Mandeb at the bottom right
The **Bab-el-Mandeb**, meaning "Gate of Tears" in Arabic, is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, Djibouti and Eritrea, north of Somalia, in the Horn of Africa, and connecting the Red Sea to the Guardafui Channel and Gulf of Aden. It is sometimes called the *Mandab Strait* in the English language.

The strait gets its name from the dangers of traveling on it. Or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earthquake which separated Asia and Africa.

Bab el-Mandab acts is an important link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, about 3.3 million barrels (520,000 m3) of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about 43 million barrels per day (6,800,000 m3/d).

The distance across is about 20 miles (30 km) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels. The eastern channel, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 2 miles (3 km) wide and 16 fathoms (30 m) deep.[*source?*] The western channel, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 16 miles (25 km) and a depth of 170 fathoms (310 m).[*source?*] Near the coast of Djibouti is a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers".

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Bab-el-Mandeb at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 12°35′N 43°20′E﻿ / ﻿12.583°N 43.333°E﻿ / 12.583; 43.333
The **BSD licence** is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling *BSD license*.

The licence
-----------

The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:

```
* Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
* All rights reserved.
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
*     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
*       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
*        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
*       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*     * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
*       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
*       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
```

This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

Related pages
-------------

* Software licence
**Alfred Henry Sturtevant** (November 21, 1891 – April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist. Sturtevant made the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. In his career he worked on the fruit-fly *Drosophila melanogaster* with Thomas Hunt Morgan.

Morgan was both a help and a hindrance to Sturtevant. Morgan supported him through the early part of his career, but took much of the credit for the research. Morgan's Nobel Prize in 1933 was not shared with Sturtevant, who was the lab's main researcher.

Later in his career, Sturtevant had another important relationship, this time with Theodosius Dobzhansky. The research was into the genetics of natural populations of *Drosophila*. This relationship, too, became uneasy, and they split up after a few years. Sturtevant was one of the most outstanding genetics researchers not to get a Nobel Prize. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.

Works
-----

* Lewis E.B. ed. 1961. *Genetics and evolution: selected papers of A.H. Sturtevant*. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
* Sturtevant A.H. 1965. *A history of genetics*. Harper & Row N.Y.
This is the message with color added to highlight its parts. The message carried no color information.
The **Arecibo message** was a short radio message sent into space to celebrate the remodeling of the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico in 1974. It was aimed at the globular star cluster M13, about 25,000 light years from Earth. M13 was chosen because it was the right size, and was in the sky at the right time and place for the ceremony.

Dr. Frank Drake, then at Cornell University and creator of the famous Drake equation, wrote the message, with help from Carl Sagan, among others. The message was in seven parts which show:

1. The numbers one (1) to ten (10)
2. The atomic numbers of the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, which make up deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
3. The formulas for the sugars and bases in the nucleotides of DNA
4. The number of nucleotides in DNA, and a graphic of the double helix structure of DNA
5. A figure of a human, the size of an average man, and the human population of Earth
6. The Solar System
7. The Arecibo Observatory and the diameter of the transmitting antenna dish

It will take 25,000 years for the message to reach the stars, and at least another 25,000 years to get any reply. This means the Arecibo message was a show of human technological achievement, not a real attempt to talk to extraterrestrial life. The stars of M13 that the message was aimed at will no longer be in that location when the message arrives. Cornell University said on November 12, 1999, the real purpose of the message was not to make contact, but to show the power of the new equipment. (Cornell University had built and operated the radio telescope for the United States National Science Foundation.)

The message consisted of 1679 binary digits, about 210 bytes. It was transmitted at a frequency of 2380 MHz and modulated by shifting the frequency by 10 Hz, with a power of 1000 kW. The "ones" and "zeros" were transmitted by frequency shifting at the rate of 10 bits per second. The total broadcast was less than three minutes.

The cardinality of 1679 was chosen because it is a semiprime. It can be arranged as a rectangle of 73 rows by 23 columns. The other arrangement, 23 rows by 73 columns, does not produce a meaningful result. The message forms the image shown on the right, or its inverse, when translated into graphics characters and spaces.

In 2009 the band Boxcutter made an album called the *Arecibo Message*, which has a lot of short songs.

Other websites
--------------

* Arecibo Observatory Home Page