recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Superstar*** is a 1999 comedy movie and *Saturday Night Live* (*SNL*) spin-off. It is about a quirky, socially incompetent girl called Mary Katherine Gallagher. The character was created by the *SNL* star Molly Shannon. She was a recurring character on *SNL* in many skits. The story is about Mary Katherine trying to find her place in her Catholic high school. The movie was directed by a former *Kids in the Hall* member, Bruce McCulloch.

The movie stars the following people:

* Molly Shannon
* Will Ferrell
* Harland Williams
* Elaine Hendrix

Mark McKinney, who appeared in many of the Mary Katherine Gallagher *SNL* skits on television, also has a minor role as a priest.

Molly Shannon got a nomination for Blockbuster Entertainment Award "Favorite Actress - Comedy", but lost to Heather Graham in *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me*.

Plot
----

Mary Katherine Gallagher (Shannon) is an Irish-American Catholic school girl and social outcast in a Catholic high school. She wants to be a superstar, as she wants to get a kiss from Sky Corrigan (Ferrell). When Mary is sent to Special Education, she makes a new best friend, the tomboyish and equally socially-awkward Helen Lewengrub (Emmy Laybourne).

Mary sees her chance to become a superstar when her school promotes a talent show. She wants to try out, but Grandma Gallagher (Glynis Johns), did not want her to. Mary tries out anyway, and when she goes to sign up, a stereotypical cheerleader, Evian Carrie Graham (Elaine Hendrix), gets into a fight with her. The fight causes Evian and Sky to break up, and now Sky is a "single hunk of beefcake on the rebound". Mary is now determined to get in the talent show so Sky will notice her. When Grandma Gallagher finds out that her granddaughter got into the talent show, she finally tells the truth about how her parents died - they were stomped to death while performing in a Riverdance-like competition. That is why Grandma Gallagher was against her granddaughter performing.

However, Grandma Gallagher decides to help Mary do her act in the talent show, as long as she performs for herself. Mary and the other Special Education students spent days practicing. Mary wins the competition as well as Sky's heart. When she kisses Sky though, she discovers he is a horrible kisser and chooses to kiss her friend Slater (Harland Williams) instead.

Cast
----

| Actor | Character |
| --- | --- |
| Molly Shannon | Mary Katherine Gallagher |
| Will Ferrell | Sky Corrigan/Jesus |
| Harland Williams | Eric Slater |
| Elaine Hendrix | Evian Graham |
| Mark McKinney | Father Tylenol Ritley |
| Glynis Johns | Grandma Gallagher |
| Jason Blicker | Howard |
| Gerry Bamman | Father John Insomnic |
| Emmy Laybourne | Helen |
| Jennifer Irwin | Maria |
| Rob Stefaniuk | Thomas Smith |
| Natalie Radford | Autumn Winters |
| Karyn Dwyer | Summer Falls |
| Tom Green | Dylan |
| Chuck Campbell | Owen |

Other websites
--------------

* *Superstar* on IMDb
* *Superstar* at Rotten Tomatoes
The **Neelum District** (Urdu: ضلع نیلم) is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Until recently it was part of Muzaffarabad District. It is bounded by the Gilgit (Northern Areas) to the North, with Kupwara and Baramulla Districts of Jammu and Kashmir to the South and Southeast, Muzaffarabad District to the Southwest and Mansehra District to the West. The district was badly affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

Subdivisions
------------

The district is administratively subdivided into two tehsils:

* Athmuuqaam Tehsil
* Sharda Tehsil

Pakistani Languages
-------------------

Many languages are spoken in the district. Hindko however, is the predominant language and is spoken mostly in the west, southwest and central regions. Shina and Kashmiri are spoken in the Northeast towards the border with Baramulla and Astore District and also in the far north on the cease-fire Line with Diamir District. Pashto is also spoken in a few villages on the Line of Conflict with Baramulla.

Other websites
--------------

* Map of Neelum[*permanent dead link*]

| * v
* t
* e
Districts of Azad Kashmir |
| --- |
| Provincial capital: Muzaffarabad |
| Muzaffarabad | 
* Jhelum Valley
* Muzaffarabad
* Neelam Valley

 |  |
| Poonch | 
* Bagh
* Haveli
* Poonch
* Sudhanoti

 |
| Mirpur | 
* Bhimber
* Kotli
* Mirpur

 |
**Trajan** (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 18 September 53 – 9 August 117) was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117. 

Born in the province of Hispania Baetica into an Italic family, Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89.

In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.

Trajan as Emperor
-----------------

As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column. 

Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly - the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.

In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.

As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer *felicior Augusto, melior Traiano*, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan". Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a "virtuous pagan", while the 18th century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors, of which Trajan was the second.
The **Church of Bangladesh** is one of the oldest and most traditional Anglican Churches in Bangladesh. The history of the plantation of this church is quite old. The Anglican Church or Protestant Church originated in Bengal from the time of British rule in the Indian subcontinent. Since the Anglican Church in England is called the ‘Church of England’, the Anglican Church in undivided India was known as the ‘Church of India’ and in Pakistan as the ‘Church of Pakistan’.

Bangladesh became independent in 1971 after 9 months of a long and bloody liberation war and naturally the name of the East Bengal Church was changed to ‘Church of Bangladesh’. The Church validated the Cathedral as St. Thomas’ Church of Bangladesh under Dhaka Diocese which is located at 54 Johnson Road in Old Dhaka. This is the centre and tradition of the Anglican Congregation in Bangladesh with a unique determination in its pride. The Right Rev’d Samuel Sunil Mankhin, the present Bishop of Dhaka Diocese is the Moderator (Archbishop) of the Church of Bangladesh, lives here.

The Church of Bangladesh currently has three dioceses – Dhaka Archdiocese: Archbishop Samuel Sunil Mankhin, Kushtia Diocese; Bishop Hemen Halder, and Barisal Diocese; Bishop Shourabh Pholia. There are a total of 8 deaneries and 115 parishes under the three dioceses. The population is about 22,000. Membership is diverse, including many different cultures. About half of the total members are from the Garo, Santal, Marma and Chakma ethnic groups of Bangladesh.

History
-------

The Church of Bangladesh came into being as the outcome of the separation of East Bengal province from Pakistan. This started as a movement which focused on language and took shape through the liberation war in 1971, which created an independent Bangladesh. The Synod of the Church of Pakistan on 30 April 1974 declared and endorsed a free and independent status for the Church of Bangladesh. The Church of Bangladesh brings together the Anglican and English Presbyterian Churches.

Following the creation of the Church of Bangladesh, efforts were made to increase local leadership. B. D. Mondal was consecrated as the first national bishop of Dhaka Diocese in 1975. He tried to follow the path of Bishop Blair, by encouraging the active participation of lay leaders from all sections of the church congregations. After the creation of the synod, B. D. Mondal became the first moderator of the Church of Bangladesh and Michael S. Baroi the deputy moderator. At the time of B. D. Mondal's retirement, a new bishop was elected, and Paul Sarker, in January 2003, became the third national bishop of the Church of Bangladesh. Although the title is not employed in this United Protestant denomination, since the acknowledgement of the Archbishop of Dhaka as a primate within the Anglican Communion, he has been entitled to the usual archiepiscopal prefix "the Most Reverend".[3] The current Primate and Archbishop of Church of Bangladesh is Samuel Mankhin, enthroned on 5 December 2018.

National Bishop
---------------

Bernabas Dejen Mondal (deceased)
In modern physical cosmology, the **cosmological principle** is a prediction based on the idea that the universe is about the same in all places when viewed on a large scale.

Forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe. There should, therefore, be no observable irregularities in the large scale structure. The structure is the result of the evolution of the matter field after the Big Bang.

Astronomer William Keel explains:

> The cosmological principle is usually stated formally as 'Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers.' This amounts to the strongly philosophical statement that the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample, and that the same physical laws apply throughout.
> 
> 

The two testable consequences of the cosmological principle are homogeneity and isotropy. Homogeneity means that the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the universe ("the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample"). Isotropy means that the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the universe ("the same physical laws apply throughout"). The principles are closely related, because a universe that appears isotropic from any two (for a spherical geometry, three) locations must also be homogeneous.
**Presbycusis** is a type of sensorineural hearing loss which is caused by natural aging. Presbycusis occurs over time, becoming worse as people age and can not be reversed. It is the most common form of hearing loss and the second most common illness among older people, effecting up to 1 in 3 people by the age of 65.

Symptoms
--------

Presbyusis results in less ability to hear sounds. Since it occurs over time, many people do not know that they are affected and think that their hearing is normal. There are symptoms that show signs that hearing loss is present. 

* Sounds, and speech becoming unclear
* Speech becoming harder to understand, especially of children and women
* Needing to increase volume when using TV, listening to music and the radio
* Difficulty focusing on sounds when there is a lot of background noise
* Tinnitus

Communication for people with presbycusis usually will become a lot more difficult. Although noises may still sound loud, it is common that the sounds will not be clear. This is especially true when hearing high-pitched or high-frequency sounds.

Causes
------

Unlike other forms of hearing loss such as noise-induced hearing loss it is a normal part of aging. Even though it occurs naturally, there are factors that can make it worse and make it happen earlier in life. Presbycusis is usually a form of sensorineural hearing loss, which means that it is due to problems in the inner ear or the hearing nerve due to loss or damage to the hair cells that line the inner ear. The most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss are exposure to loud noise for long periods of time and some diseases.

Management
----------

Most hearing loss can both be prevented or managed if the proper precautions are taken. 

* Noise-induced hearing loss in particular, coming from exposure to loud sounds can be prevented by using protection as well as avoidance
* Hearing loss can be managed through the use of hearing aids which are used by many elderly people. Hearing aids are not only able to increase sound levels but also separate and increase relevant sounds, making them very useful in helping with hearing.

Other websites
--------------

* National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia for more information on hearing problems.
* Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand for more information on hearing problems.
Pittodrie Stadium's granite facade viewed from outside the Merkland Road stand
**Pittodrie Stadium** is a stadium in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is mostly used as a football stadium for Aberdeen F.C.

Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium throughout their existence. The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground. On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants. The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920. The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000. The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.

The stadium consists of four stands. The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters. The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families. The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans. The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald. This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground. In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.

The club are examining a move to a new stadium in Aberdeen.
**Allen Ezail Iverson** (/ˈaɪvərsən/; born June 7, 1975) is a former American professional basketball player. He played for 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) at both the shooting guard and point guard positions. Iverson was an 11-time NBA All-Star, won the All-Star game MVP award in 2001 and 2005, and was the NBA's Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the 2000–01 season. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016.

Education
---------

Iverson went to Bethel High School in Hampton, Virginia. This is where he played for the football team and the basketball team. He won the Associated Press High School Player of the Year award in both football and basketball. He also won the Division AAA Virginia state championship in both sports. After high school, Iverson won a scholarship to Georgetown University. He played college basketball with the Georgetown Hoyas for two years. He set the school record for career scoring average (22.9 points per game). He also won the Big East Defensive Player of the Year awards in both years.

Career
------

After two years at Georgetown, Iverson was eligible for the 1996 NBA draft. He was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers with the first overall pick. He was named the NBA Rookie of the Year in the 1996–97 season. Iverson won the NBA scoring title during the 1998–99, 2000–01, 2001–02, and 2004–05 seasons. Iverson was one of the smallest players in NBA history at 6 feet, 0 inches. His regular season career scoring average of 26.7 points per game ranks seventh all-time, and his playoff career scoring average of 29.7 points per game is second after Michael Jordan. Iverson led his team to the 2001 NBA Finals. He won the bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. 

Later in his career, Iverson played for the Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and the Memphis Grizzlies, before ending his NBA career with the 76ers during the 2009–10 season. He was ranked as the fifth greatest NBA shooting guard of all time by ESPN in 2008. He finished his career playing with Turkish-based basketball team, Beşiktaş in 2011. In 2017, Iverson joined BIG3, a 3-on-3 basketball league, as a player-coach for the team ‘3’s Company.’
See the main article: Earthquake engineering
Physical simulation of earthquake performance of two building models.**Earthquake performance simulation** is meant to study effect of earthquakes on building structures and is a practical way of seeing a thing to happen without it actually taking place in the same way.

Physical earthquake performance simulation
------------------------------------------

Print-screen of a computational earthquake performance simulation.
The best way to do it is to put the structure on a shake-table that simulates the seismic loads and watch what may happen next (if you have no time to stand out in the field and wait for a real earthquake to strike, of course). The earliest experiments like this were performed more than a century ago.

Computational earthquake performance simulation
-----------------------------------------------

Another way is to evaluate the earthquake performance analytically. The very first earthquake simulations were performed by statically applying some *horizontal inertia forces*, based on scaled peak ground accelerations, to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies, statics approaches began to give way to dynamics ones.

Other websites
--------------

* Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Archived 2011-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
* AEM Earthquake Simulation Archived 2009-12-03 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Earthquake engineering |
| --- |
| Base isolation **·**  Earthquake Engineering Research Institute **·**  Earthquake performance simulation **·**  Earthquake protector **·**  Elevated building foundation **·**  NEES **·**  Research in Earthquake engineering **·**  Seismic analysis **·**  Seismic load **·**  Seismic performance **·**  Seismic performance analysis **·**  Seismic retrofit **·**  Shake-table **·**  Tuned mass damper **·**  Vibration control |  |
**Paul Hamilton Williams** (born September 19, 1940 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American musician, songwriter and actor.

As a boy, Williams auditioned for a role in a television series, *Circus Boy*, which went to another boy, young Micky Dolenz. Ten years later, Williams auditioned for *The Monkees*, and was again beaten out for a role by Dolenz. There were no hard feelings between the two, and the Monkees later recorded "Someday Man", which Williams cowrote with Roger Nichols.

Williams's songs include hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "Family of Man", "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters ("Rainy Days and Mondays," "I Won't Last a Day Without You," and "We've Only Just Begun"). He wrote many songs with Kenneth Ascher, including "The Rainbow Connection", featured in *The Muppet Movie*.

His acting credits include roles in *Battle for the Planet of the Apes*, *Phantom of the Paradise* (a retelling of *Phantom of the Opera*; Williams also wrote the music), Little Enos Burdette in *Smokey and the Bandit*, and Miguelito Loveless Jr. in *The Wild Wild West Revisited*.

He is also known for voicing The Penguin in *Batman: The Animated Series*.

In 2013, Paul Williams was revealed to be working with French electronic duo Daft Punk on their album *Random Access Memories* singing the song "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond".

Other websites
--------------

* Paul Williams on IMDb
Jay Garrick
**Jay Garrick** is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a speedster and the original super-hero known as the **Flash**. He was a Golden Age character who first appeared during World War II as a member of the Justice Society of America and the All-Star Squadron. His earliest adventures in Keystone City took place on Earth-Two, although he was introduced into mainstream continuity during the *Crisis on Infinite Earths*. Garrick's career inspired his successor, Barry Allen to become the second Flash. They teamed up on many occasions, along with Kid Flash and other members of the Flash Family. As one of the oldest surviving super-heroes, he continues to fight against evil and acts as a mentor to the younger generation. Joan Williams is his wife of many years whom he currently lives with.

*Jay Garrick* was created by Gardner Fox and Harry Lampert, first appearing in *Flash Comics* #1 (1940).

he character made its live-action debut as a cameo in the television series *Smallville*, played by Billy Mitchell. John Wesley Shipp later appears as a recurring character in the Arrowverse The CW television series *The Flash*, and in a guest capacity in the unrelated television series *Stargirl*.
**Beren Saat** (born 26 February 1984) is a Turkish actress.

Saat went to Başkent University to study Business Administration. While at university, she was in the TV competition *Türkiye’nin Yıldızları*  where she finished runner up. 

After being in a series of candy commercials, Saat made her television debut in *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var*. She played Ece Uslu's sister. In 2004, she acted in *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var* and in 2005, she had her first lead role in *Aşka Sürgün*. Then she played Yasemin Ünsal in Tomris Giritlioğlu's  *Hatırla Sevgili*. This show gave her nationwide fame.

In 2008, she again worked with Giritlioğlu in the movie *Güz Sancısı* (Pains of Autumn). The same year Saat played Bihter Yöreoğlu (Samar) in an adaptation of Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil's classic novel *Aşk-ı Memnu* set in the modern day. She won consecutive Golden Butterfly Awards for Best Actress for her performance. Saat was the lead in director Serdar Akar's movie *Gecenin Kanatları* (Wings of the Night) released in December 2009. In 2010-2012, she acted in an adaptation of author Vedat Türkali's story *Fatmagülün suçu ne?*

Filmography
-----------

* *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var* (2004)
* *Aşka Sürgün* (2005)
* *Hatırla Sevgili* (2007)
* *Avrupa yakasi*
* *Güz Sancısı* (2008)
* *Aşk-ı Memnu* (2008-2010)
* *Gecenin Kanatları* (2009)
* *Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?* (2010-2012)
* *İntikam* (2013-2014)
* *Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem* (2015-)
* "Toy Story 3" in its Turkish-dubbed version as the voice of Barbie

Other websites
--------------

* Beren Saat on IMDb

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Saat, Beren |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | Turkish actor |
| Date of birth | 26 February 1984 |
| Place of birth | Ankara, Turkey |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
**Cathar castles** (*Châteaux cathares* in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry. It is used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillon, usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade.

The true Cathar castles
-----------------------

The Cathars built fortified homesteads, but not castles. The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth. The cathar church did not build anything. For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes.

The royal citadels
------------------

Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King. He also destroyed small *castra* in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the kingdom of Aragon.

These five castles are often called the *cinq fils de Carcassonne* (five sons of Carcassonne):

* Château d'Aguilar
* Peyrepertuse castle
* Puilaurens castle
* Quéribus castle
* Château de Termes

These five fortresses resisted various assaults led by the Aragonese army.

The abandonment of the citadels
-------------------------------

In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese. The treaty changed the borders. It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now. The fortresses therefore lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts.

Other "Cathar castles"
----------------------

Map
* Château d’Arques
* Château de Durfort
* Châteaux de Lastours
* Château de Montségur
* Château de Padern
* Château de Pieusse
* Château de Puivert
* Rennes-le-Château
* Château de Roquefixade
* Château de Saissac
* Château d'Usson

Sources and further reading
---------------------------

AUÉ, Michèle; (trans. Pleasance, Simon) (1992). *Discover Cathar Country*. Vic-en-Bigorre, France: MSM. ISBN 2-907899-44-9.


Map of Cathar castles| Carte des châteaux cathares
**Lastours**
**City of**
**Carcassonne**
**Puilaurens**
**Montségur castle**
**Puivert**
**Arques**
**Termes**
**Villerouge-**
**Termenès**
**Peyrepertuse**
**Quéribus**
**Aguilar**
Toulouse
Carcassonne
Foix
Minerve
Narbonne
*to*
*Montpellier*
*to*
*Perpignan*
*Mediterranean*
 |
Text table: Red Book of endangered species
Truth tables (logic)
A **table** of information is a set of facts arranged in rows and columns. It is a way of displaying information. It requires a medium, such as writing or print on paper, or a computer monitor. It is both a mode of visual communication and also a way to set out data. 

A table consists of an orderly arrangement of rows and columns. The columns and rows usually have names or labels. Tables may include notes, headers, footers or other features. Like other graphic forms such as diagrams and illustrations, tables are often used together with prose. In books and articles, tables are often given numbers and captions. 

Tables were the first way to print social and scientific data, before any other kind of graphics like graphs and charts. All the information about a modern society was recorded and published first as tables. Marriage certificates were written tables. Census results were recorded as tables, and later analysed in printed tables. All weather observations were published as printed numerical tables. Many kinds of reports to Parliament contained tables of data. Many of these methods were invented in Britain, because the government collected statistics about the population, and then published the results.

The use of tables is widespread in all types of communication, research and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs and many other places. The details vary according to circumstances. Tables are extremely flexible, and can easily be constructed on computer and in print.

Tables are not always easy to understand, and there is a whole industry which takes table information and turns it into other forms, such as graphs and charts, for the benefit of the reader.

Related pages
-------------

* Periodic table
**Kanesha Nichole Brookes** (born October 5, 1984) best known by her stage name **Brooke Valentine** or **Valentine** is an American R&B singer, songwriter, actress, model and dancer. She broke out on the music scene in 2005 with the song "Girlfight" which features fellow Southern hip hop acts Lil Jon and Big Boi.

1984–2004: Early life and career beginnings
-------------------------------------------

Valentine was born in Houston, Texas She started her musical career as a member of the female R&B group Best Kept Secret. To start up a solo singing career, she moved to Los Angeles, California with producer and Subliminal Entertainment CEO Deja the Great and signed to Virgin Records.

2004–06: *Chain Letter*
-----------------------

Brooke Valentine released her debut album *Chain Letter* in 2005. The album's first song was the hit single, "Girlfight", which features Lil Jon and Big Boi.

2006–09: *Physical Education* and *Physical Education Mixtape*
--------------------------------------------------------------

In 2006, Valentine planned a second album, *Physical Education*. Its first single was "D-Girl", which featured rapper Pimp C. She then released the second single "Pimped Out", which featured Dem Franchize Boyz. Her second album "Physical Education" was almost ready to be released but Virgin Records ended up being merged with Capitol Records. The album was temporarily put on hold. However the album ended up being released as a bootleg album. Instead some of its songs were put on a mixtape which was called "Physical Education: The Mixtape".

2010–present: "Forever" and change to B. Valentine
--------------------------------------------------

As of 2010, Brooke Valentine changed her stage name to B. Valentine. The first single from her yet-to-be-released third album, "Forever," was released on February 14, 2012.

Discography
-----------

Studio albums
* *Chain Letter* (2005)
***Cancer Ward***  is a semi-autobiographical novel by Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. It was first published in 1967, and banned in the Soviet Union in 1968.[*source?*]

The novel tells the story of a small group of cancer patients in Uzbekistan in 1955. This was the post-Stalinist Soviet Union. It explores the moral responsibility of those who stood by whilst their fellow citizens were arrested, sent to labor camps, exiled or executed.

Stalin's Great Purge, when millions were unjustly killed, was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union. It was orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1939. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials and the Red Army leadership, and repression of the peasants. There was widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ***Yezhovshchina*** (Russian: ежовщина; literally, *the Yezhov regime*), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD.

One of the patients had denounced a man eighteen years before to get the whole apartment they were living in together. He fears that the man, now free, might seek revenge. Others come to realize that their passivity, their failure to resist, makes them as guilty as any other. "You haven't had to do much lying, do you understand?" Shulubin tells the main character, Oleg Kostoglotov, who was in a labor camp. "At least you haven't had to stoop so low – you should appreciate that! You people were arrested, but we were herded into meetings to 'expose' you. They executed people like you, but they made us stand up and applaud the verdicts ... And not just applaud, they made us demand the firing squad, *demand* it!" 

Toward the end of the novel, Kostoglotov – who, like Solzhenitsyn, was forced into exile under "Article 58", which dealt with counter-revolutionaries – realizes that the damage done to him, and to Russia, was too great. There will be no healing, no normal life now that Stalin has gone. On the day of his release from the cancer ward, toward the end of the novel, he visits a zoo, seeing in the animals people he knew: "[E]ven supposing Oleg took their side and had the power, he would still not want to break into the cages and liberate them ... [D]eprived of their home surroundings, they had lost the idea of rational freedom. It would only make things harder for them, suddenly to set them free".
Statistics uses variables to describe a measurement. Such a variable is called **statistically significant** if under a certain status quo assumption, the probability of obtaining its outcome (or a more extreme outcome) is less than a given value. Statistical significance is hence a way of determining the *unlikeliness* of an experimental result—when a certain status quo assumption is assumed to be true. Statistical hypothesis tests are used to check significance. 

The concept of statistical significance was originated by Ronald Fisher in his 1925 publication, *Statistical Methods for Research Workers*, when he developed statistical hypothesis testing (which he described as "tests of significance"). Fisher suggested a probability of one in twenty (0.05 or 5%)—as a convenient cutoff level to reject the null hypothesis. In their 1933 paper, Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson recommended that the significance level (for example 0.05), which they called α, be set before any data collection.

Despite his initial suggestion of 0.05 as a significance level, Fisher did not intend this cutoff value to be fixed. In his 1956 publication *Statistical methods and scientific inference*, he recommended that significant levels be set according to specific circumstances.

Related pages
-------------

* *p*-value
The attack was perpetrated by a fourth-year student of the college, **Vladislav Igorevich Roslyakov** (Russian: Владисла́в И́горевич Росляко́в, 2 May 2000 - 17 October 2018). He was 18 years old at the time of the massacre.

Massacre
--------

See the main article: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre
Surveillance footage of the incident shows Roslyakov wearing black trousers and a white T-shirt emblazoned with the Russian word "НЕНАВИСТЬ" ("HATRED") as he carries an eight-shot 12 gauge Hatsan Escort Aimguard pump-action shotgun with a pistol grip. His clothing resembled that of Eric Harris, one of the perpetrators of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, leading to speculation that the massacre was a copycat crime. According to some Russian tabloids, he had been a member of various Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold fanclubs on social networks, and had informed friends of his belief that "it would be good to have a massacre", specifically referencing Columbine High School massacre as an example. Furthermore, he had mentioned his belief in the two perpetrators being "awesome" Like perpetrator Eric Harris, Roslyakov committed suicide in the library of the college, by shooting himself with his shotgun.
Types of goodsTypes of goods
A **good** in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful. A commodity is one kind of good. 

A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or  capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense. 

If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good, since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce, such as air, and are referred to as *free goods* and *common goods*. 

In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomics, 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.
*A Muvra*, the literary review of Petru Rocca
**Rocca Petru** (28 September 1887 – 7 June 1966) was a poet and writer from Corsica, who wanted his island free from France. At first, he supported the Corsica becoming a part of Italy, but then promoted the autonomy of Corsica after World War II.

Life
----

Rocca, called Petru in Corsican, was a gifted writer since young age. He contributed in Corsica to the magazine *A Tramuntana*. During World War I, he wrote about the war and was decorated with the French Legion of Honor.

From May 1920, Rocca worked with the literary magazine *A Muvra*. During the first half of the 20th century, this was the most important Corsican publication in Italian. In 1922 he created the "Partitu Corsu d'Azione", following the model of the Italian Partito Sardo d'Azione of Sardinia that had autonomism ideals.

After that, in the late 1920s, he created the "Partito autonomista di Corsica" with the support of Domenico Parlotti and Dr. Croce, director of the Archivi di Stato della Corsica.

During the late 1930s Rocca, slowly changed his political opinions from wanting autonomy for Corsica to supporting the union of Corsica with Italy. He supported the ideals of Petru Giovacchini, an irredentist leader who created the main pro-Italian political organization in Corsica: the "Gruppi d’Azione Irredentista Corsa".

In 1938, the French government punished him for his approach to the Italian Risorgimento ideals. They took away his French Legion of Honor medal. *A Muvra* started in 1939 to write articles against the Jews (responsible in Rocca's opinion for the French "occupation" of Corsica) and was quickly closed.

During World War II, Rocca supported Benito Mussolini's ideals about the union of Corsica to the Kingdom of Italy. When Italian troops occupied the island in 1942, Rocca was proposed to be "Governor" of a Corsica united to Italy. After the Italian defeat in September 1943, he was harassed by the French authorities.

As a consequence of this in 1946 he was sentenced to 15 years of jail and sent to French Guiana. When released, he quickly recreated his original "Partito autonomista di Corsica".

In 1953, Rocca created an academy for the defense of the Corsican language. He demanded from France the recognition of the Corsican people and language and the creation of the University of Corte. Rocca was, until his death in 1966, a strong supporter of Corsican nationalism.

Works
-----

* *Les corses devant l'anthropologie*, 1913
* *Pruverbii, massime è detti corsi*, 1921
* *A pignatta, cumedia di Plautu*, 1924
* *Storia populare di Corsica*, 1930
* *Una Vittoria Autonomista. L'Assemblea di i "Stati Generali di Corsica*, 1934
* *Quaderni di u Cursismu*, 1935
* *Parlà d'Aghjacciu, puesii*, 1955
* *Tempi è tempi*, 1963

Related pages
-------------

* Corsica
* World War II
The main Golden stupa with many smaller stupas of Shwedagon in daytime.
The **Shwedagon Pagoda**, also known as **Shwedagon Zedi Daw** (Burmese: ရွှေတိဂုံစေတီတော်), is a Buddhist stupa and pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar. It is considered the most sacred Buddhist site in the country. It's believed to hold relics of past Buddhas, including strands of hair from Gautama Buddha. The stupa is built on Singuttara Hill and stands 112 meters tall, towering over Yangon. The pagoda is important as it also contains relics like a staff and robe fragments of Kakusandha and Kassapa Buddhas.

The Shwedagon pagoda is prominent in the Yangon city skyline, zoning rules in Yangon limit nearby building heights to 127 metres.The Pagoda is also one of Yangon city's landmarks and heritage sites.

History and legend
------------------

Local legends say the Shwedagon Pagoda was built over 2,500 years ago, while Buddha was alive, making it the world's oldest Buddhist stupa. Merchants Tapussa and Bhallika, the first lay disciples, received eight strands of Buddha's hair and instructions to build a stupa. King Okkalapa enshrined the hair and relics of three Buddhas in this stupa on Singuttara Hill.

Statue of Queen Shin Saw Pu
The first mention of the pagoda is only in 1362/63 CE in the royal chronicles , when it raised to 18 m by King Binnya U. Inscriptions from King Dhammazedi's reign (1471–1492) list repairs dating back to 1436. Queen Shin Saw Pu raised its height to 40 m, making it Myanmar's top pilgrimage site by the early 16th century.

Earthquakes, especially in 1768, damaged the pagoda. King Hsinbyushin restored it to 99 m in 1775. King Mindon donated a new hti (the crown umbrella) in 1871. A 1970 earthquake caused misalignment, requiring extensive repairs.

The Shwedagon Pagoda Festival, which is Myanmar's largest festival, starts during the new moon of Tabaung and lasts until the full moon.

Design of pagoda
----------------

Design and features of the Shwedagon Pagoda.
The stupa has a base made of gold-covered bricks. Only monks and males can access the terraces above it. Then comes the bell-shaped part, followed by the turban, the inverted almsbowl, and the lotus petals. It also hs an umbrella crown. The crown is adorned with 5,500 small diamonds, 2,300 rubies and 4,000 Gold bells. At the very top, on the bud, there's a 72-carat diamond. People across the country and successive monarchs, starting from Queen Shin Saw Pu, have donated gold to maintain the pagoda.

US President Barack Obama performing a Blessing Ritual by pouring water over the Buddha statue at the Friday planetary post; Obama was born on a Friday.
There are four entrances leading up to the platform on Singuttara Hill. Giant leogryphs guard each entrance. Circling Buddhist stupas is a common practice in a clockwise direction. Starting at the eastern shrine, which houses a statue of Kakusandha Buddha, one can then visit the southern shrine with a statue of Koṇāgamana Buddha, the western shrine with a statue of Kassapa Buddha, and finally, the northern shrine with a statue of Gautama Buddha. Over time many smaller stupas have been built around the Shwedagon Pagoda.
A map of counties in Oregon state. Klamath County is in red.
**Klamath County** (/ˈklæməθ/ *KLAM-əth*) is a county which is in the U.S. state of Oregon. The county was named after the Klamath. The Klamath were the tribe of Native Americans living in the area when the first European explorers found the region. As of 2010[update], 66,380 live there. The county seat is at Klamath Falls.

Geography
---------

The Klamath County Courthouse.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 6,136 square miles (15,892.2 km2). 5,944 square miles (15,394.9 km2) is land and 192 square miles (497.3 km2) (3.12%) is water.

Government
----------

### Politics

Klamath County is represented in the Oregon House of Representatives by two Republicans. These people are Bill Garrard and Mike McLane. Klamath County is represented in the Oregon State Senate by Republican Doug Whitsett. Greg Walden, also a Republican, is Klamath County's representative in the United States House. The county has voted for Republican politicians for many years. The last time a Democratic candidate for US president represented Klamath County was in 1964.

Related pages
-------------

* Oregon
Proportion of residents aged 6 or older using Hokkien at home in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu in 2010.
**Taiwanese Hokkien** or **Taiwanese Minnan** (臺灣閩南語), also known as **Taigi** or **Taiwanese**, is a type of Hokkien language spoken in Taiwan. Many Taiwanese people who came from southern Fujian speak it. It's one of the major languages used in Taiwan as about 70% of Taiwanese people speak it.

Taiwanese is similar to Amoy Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien, and Zhangzhou Hokkien, as well as their versions in Southeast Asia like Singaporean Hokkien and Philippine Hokkien. It's easy to understand for about 3 million people, including those who speak Amoy Hokkien and Zhangzhou Hokkien in mainland China and Philippine Hokkien in the south. The popularity of Hokkien media from Taiwan has made the Taiwanese version more well-known, especially since the 1980s.

Classification
--------------

Taiwanese Hokkien is a type of Hokkien, which is a Southern Min language. Like many Min varieties, it has different types of words for formal and informal use. The formal words are from the late Tang dynasty and can be related to Middle Chinese. The informal words are believed to have come from the mainstream of Chinese around the time of the Han dynasty.

The variations within the Taiwanese variant come from Hokkien spoken in Southern Fujian, particularly from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and later Amoy. Taiwanese also has words from Japanese and the native Formosan languages. Some scholars claim that part of the basic vocabulary of colloquial Taiwanese is related to the Austronesian and Tai language families, but this is debated.

The formal Hokkien language once thrived in Fujian and was brought to Taiwan by early immigrants. Tale of the Lychee Mirror, a series of plays published in 1566, is one of the earliest known works in this language. However, this form of language is mostly extinct now.
**Gordon Allan "Phat" Wilson** (December 29, 1895 – July 26, 1970) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey forward who won the Allan Cup three times as a member of the Port Arthur Bearcats. Seen as one of the top amateur players of his time, Wilson was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Hockey career
-------------

Wilson and teammates return to Port Arthur with the Allan Cup in 1929.
A native of Port Arthur, Ontario, Wilson did not even know how to skate when he joined the town's church league in 1914. Serving as a substitute, he improved his skating enough that he earned a full-time role on his team the following year and played two seasons of junior hockey before joining the Port Arthur War Veterans senior team at the age of 18.

Wilson moved to Iroquois Falls, Ontario, for a season to play in the Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA) in 1921–22 before returning to Port Arthur a year later to play for the Port Arthur Bearcats. He was a top player in the NOHA, leading Port Arthur to an Allan Cup championship in 1925 as Canada's national senior champions. Wilson and the Bearcats repeated as champions the following year and won a third Allan Cup in 1929. Professional teams took note of his play; teams from Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto all offered him but he declined, preferring to remain in his hometown.

He was an outstanding offensive defenceman who won several scoring titles during his career. He retired as a player in 1932 at the age of 37 and took on the dual role of coach and manager of the Bearcats. In recognition of his career in Port Arthur, Wilson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in its inaugural class of 1982.

Off the ice
-----------

In addition to hockey, Wilson played baseball and served as a volunteer and executive in both sports. He was named the first president of Port Arthur's little league when it was founded in 1952 and helped found the community's girls hockey league, serving also as a coach and referee.

Other websites
--------------

* Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Legends of Hockey