recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector. A new gene is put into a virus, which is then put into a human. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make working enzyme, which will treat the disease.
**Gene therapy** means putting in a working gene to a person who has a damaged gene. The European Commission has approved this method for one particular treatment. The treatment by the product *Glybera* uses a virus to infect muscle cells with a working copy of the gene. The European Commission has given *Glybera* marketing authorisation, which means it can be sold throughout the EU.

One in a million people have damaged copies of the lipase gene needed to break down fats. Fat builds up in their blood; this leads to pain and inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). It is life-threatening. Up to now, the only way to manage the condition is to have a very low-fat diet.

When used in this way, a virus is a vector. That means it is a carrier; the gene has been inserted into the viral genome, and the virus sticks it into the human cells. The technique is called transfection. This technique is different from the gene knockout technique, which does not use a viral vector.

China
-----

China was the first country to approve the commercial production of a gene therapy, in 2003. That gene therapy is for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)—a cancer that occurs in 10% of new cancers in China. There are 2.5 million new cancer patients every year in China.

Sold under the brand name *Gendicine*, the world's first commercial gene therapy also uses a virus to insert the gene into the human genome.

Past
----

The possibility of gene therapy was talked about as soon as the roles of DNA and RNA were known about. The first specific publication was in 1972.

Future
------

Many more types of gene therapy are in the trial stage. It is clear that a cycle of events will be part of future clinical medicine: DNA sequence analysis > identify defective genes > fix genes with gene therapy or gene knockout. There are sometimes problems of side-effects; these may be discovered at the trial stage. There is now a database which lists all known clinical trials.
This image is a simulation of what a black hole might look like.
Driving simulation 
A **simulation** is a way of seeing a thing happen without it actually taking place in the same way. A simulation can be used to predict what might happen without doing it, in case it is dangerous or too expensive or difficult. It can also be used to show people what will happen next, or what happened in the past. It can also show what people believe is happening in a place or time where it is impossible to know what really happens. 

There are research institutions just devoted to simulations, like, e.g. *The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation* or NEES.

Simulations are used for many purposes, because in a simulation things can be controlled that might not be easy to control in real life. They can use smaller versions of an object or system for testing or practice. Smaller versions of things, like space ships or rooms, can simulate the real thing. They can also be safer, in place of a thing that is dangerous, like when astronauts practice in a swimming pool rather than in outer space. Astronauts practiced in simulations of the moon before they went and landed there. They use simulations of spaceships that move the way real spaceships do. Simulations often use computers. Computers are used to make simulations of what a spaceship's route might be on the way to the moon, to help plan the mission.

Video games
-----------

One type of video game is called *simulator games". These games let the player simulate doing different things. For example, in the game* Theme Hospital*, players perform simulated surgery.* SimCity *lets players design and build their own simulated city.* 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Simulation***.

Related pages
-------------

* Scientific model

* International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
* Monte Carlo algorithm

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| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Germany
* Japan
* Czech Republic

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**Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz** (German: [ˈnɔɪ̯maʁkt ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈʔoːbɐˌpfalts] (audio speaker iconlisten); Bavarian: *Naimakk in da Owerpfolz*) is the capital of the Neumarkt district in the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany.

Geography
---------

Neumarkt is on the western edge of the Franconian Jura, settled in a valley. The municipal region reaches as far as the Bavarian Jura to the east. The Neumarkt valley releases to the north through the Schwarzach River, a tributary of the Regnitz, flowing into the Main, and to the south through the Sulz, a tributary of the Altmühl, which flows into the Danube. The Ludwig Canal cuts through the area from North to South. The elevation ranges from 406 meters on the Beckenmühle River to the north, to 595 meters in the quarter of Fuchsberg. The elevation of city hall is given as 423 meters.

The municipal region has an area of 73.09 km2. The following municipalities, all of which belong to the Neumarkt district, border the district capital. They are named clockwise, beginning in the north: Berg, Pilsach, Velburg, Deining, Sengenthal, Berngau and Postbauer-Heng.

### Municipal subdivision

The center of the municipal area is the Old City and its borders. The first housing developments built outside the city walls began in 1850 to the east, along Mühlstraße, Mariahilfstraße, and Badstraße. To the south, the Industrial area developed beginning around 1920. After 1945, the city expanded to the north and west, and grew together with the municipalities of Woffenbach and Holzheim. Many other settlements developed around the city center, named, going clockwise from the north: Altenhof, Koppenmühle, Kohlenbrunnermühle, Mühlen, Wolfstein (at the site of the former Prison Work Camp), Weinberg, Schlosserhügel, and Hasenheide.

During the 1972 Municipality Reforms, nine municipalities were combined with the city, increasing the municipal area.
In 1787, the US constitutional convention looked at the problem of counting its population. The population of a state determines the influence a state can take in a presidential election. The convention also looked at the problem of counting slaves: If they were counted, the state would have more power in the election, the taxes the state would have to pay to the government would also be higher. The **Three-Fifths Compromise** was that three out of every five slaves would be counted, in other words, black slaves were counted as three fifths of a human being. The compromise of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position. An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced.

A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.

The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the problem that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.

> Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own.... They are men, though degraded to the condition of slavery. They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of nature. But representation and taxation go together.... Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?
> 
> — Alexander Hamilton
The Liver Birds on top of a Liverpool building
The **Liver birds** are two large and famous bronze metal birds on top of a building - the Liver Building - in the city of Liverpool, England. The building has the offices of an insurance organization. The birds are symbol of the city, although no birds really look like this. There are some other similar birds on buildings in Liverpool.

The sound of the end of the word "liver" in the name of the bird is like "driver" not "river". The start of the word Liverpool ("liver") sounds like the word "river". This is a funny play on words.

There is also a British television sitcom with the same name that is about two young women who share a flat in Liverpool. The play on words is increased by a second British slang meaning of the word "bird" to mean young woman.

Many people in Liverpool (known as *Liverpudlians*) are proud of their city and of the Liver birds. There is a story that the birds will come alive if a truly pure woman walks between them. This will never happen![*source?*] This is an example of the humor of the local people.
**Marbury v. Madison**, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a United States Supreme Court court case. It was between William Marbury and James Madison.

Background
----------

In the 1800 United States Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson won over John Adams. Days before Adams had to leave office, he wanted to give a number of people jobs (so that Jefferson could not give these jobs away). The United States Senate approved of his picks (nominations) and John Marshall, who was then Adams' Secretary of State and was to be the Chief Justice of the United States, had a number of these notices sent out. One that did not make it before midnight was to William Marbury.

When Jefferson took office, he ordered *his* Secretary of State, James Madison, to cancel the ones that had not been delivered. So then Marbury sued Madison because Marbury wanted his job as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.

Decision
--------

John Marshall ruled on this case as the Chief Justice. He first answered that Marbury had a right to his job because it had been signed and approved. The actual delivery was a custom, not a requirement. He then ruled that a writ of mandamus (a type of court order) was the correct way for Marbury to rule. Finally, he noted that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed the Supreme Court to make this kind of ruling.

The next question was *who* could decide this issue. Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could decide it because the Judiciary Act of 1789 said that they could. However, Marshall said that a section of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. That section allowed the Supreme Court to make a writ but the *United States Constitution* did not. Therefore, that section was unconstitutional and the Supreme Court could not make a writ for Marbury.

Marshall looking over the Constitution and the statute is judicial review, a statement that the Supreme Court had an independent power to determine whether something was constitutional or not.
**Lavenia Yalovi** is a Fijian sports commentator. Sports journalist Aaron Kearney recruited her to learn to be a sports commentator. He asked Yalovi to join the "Commentary for Good" program. That program worked with Women in news and sport. One of the goals of the program was to get more women reporting on sports. Yalovi is one of the first female Pacific Islander to be a sports commentator. She worked during the Women's World Cup and commentated in Fijian. Yalovi was also on three national sports teams.

Early life
----------

Yalovi plays many different sports. She grew up in Kadavu Island. As a child, she was not allowed to play soccer because she was a girl. Soccer was seem as a sport for boys. As a girl, she could play softball and netball.

Yalovi's family moved to Suva for secondary and tertiary education.

Career
------

Yalovi became a social science teacher. She was asked be a sports coach at her school. She started learning soccer so she could coach girls to play it. She became really good at soccer. In one year she was on Fiji's national football team.

Yalovi was on three of Fiji's national teams. She played football. Yalovi also played hockey and rugby. She participated in the Pacific Women’s Sports Leadership Program in Papua New Guinea. Yalovi is the national coordinator for the Get into Rugby PLUS program in Fiji. She works for the Fiji Football Association. She is in Australian government videos about international cooperation using sports.

Yalovi commentates with Adele Willie and Jennesa Hinge Moli of Vanuatu. Kearney recruited them together. Willie and Moli have worked in media. Yalovi knows about sports. Together they can comment on games. Their first job together was at the Oceania Nations Cup. FIFA liked their work. FIFA invited them to come to France to work at the Women's World Cup.
**Marc Okrand** (/ˈmɑːrk ˈoʊkrænd/; born July 3rd, 1948) is an American linguist. He is known for making the Klingon language.

Biography
---------

### Linguistics

Okrand worked with Native American languages. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1972. His 1977 doctoral work from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, a dialect of Ohlone (a.k.a. Southern Costanoan). Southern Costanoan is an extinct Utian language earlier spoken in the north central Californian coastal areas from Northern Costanoan down to 30 miles south of Salinas. Okrand's doctoral work was watched over by early linguist Mary Haas. He taught college linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1975 to 1978. After that he took a post doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. in 1978.

### Star Trek

Okrand helped make closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982. While there Okrand met the producer for the movie *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*. His first work was replacing in Vulcan language words for *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*. The actors had been filmed talking in English. He was then hired by Paramount Pictures to make the Klingon language. Okrand also taught the actors using it in *Star Trek III: The Search for Spock*, *Star Trek V: The Final Frontier*, and *Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country*. He was later also hired for the 2009 *Star Trek* film for their use of the Romulan and Vulcan languages. He also made a Klingon dialogue for the 2009 movie, but it was not used in the final edited version. Okrand was also involved in *Star Trek Into Darkness*, but only after the movie was finished being made.

Other websites
--------------

* Marc Okrand on creating Klingon at YouTube
* a press release about Marc Okrand Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine at the National Captioning Institute's website
* Marc Okrand on IMDb
* Marc Okrand Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine at startrek.com
* Interview with Marc Okrand in the *Wall Street Journal*

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Okrand, Marc |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American linguist |
| Date of birth | 1948 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
**Mashiro Kazahana** is a main character in the anime My-HiME. **Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom** is her name in My-Otome.

Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom
--------------------------

Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.[*source?*]
Structure of hammerhead ribozyme
A **ribozyme** (**ribo**nucleic acid en**zyme**) is an RNA molecule that can help certain biochemical reactions. similar to the action of protein enzymes. 

Also called *catalytic RNA*, ribozymes work in the ribosome to link amino acids during protein synthesis. They also take part in RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis. 

The 1981 discovery of ribozymes showed RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like enzymes). This led to the RNA world hypothesis, in which RNA acts in the evolution of prebiotic self-replicating systems. 

Investigators studying the origin of life have produced ribozymes in the laboratory that can catalyze their own synthesis under certain conditions, such as an RNA polymerase ribozyme. Improved variants of the "Round-18" polymerase ribozyme have been developed. "B6.61" is able to add up to 20 nucleotides to a primer template in 24 hours, until it decomposes by cleavage of its phosphodiester bonds. The "tC19Z" ribozyme can add up to 95 nucleotides with great accuracy.

Some ribozymes may play an important role as therapeutic agents, as enzymes which target defined RNA sequences for cleavage, as biosensors, and for applications in genomics and gene discovery.

History
-------

In 1967, Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel suggested that RNA could act as a catalyst. It was discovered that RNA can form complex secondary structures.

The first ribozymes were discovered in the 1980s. In 1989, Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their "discovery of catalytic properties of RNA".
The **Deportivo Saprissa** is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949.

Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group. In 1952, the team won its first national championship.
Saprissa Archived 2004-10-31 at the Wayback Machine

History
-------

In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club.

Juani Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco "Pachico" García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost.

In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66 goals and had 46 goals scored against them.

During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "*La Cueva del Monstruo*" or simply *La Cueva*. After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972.

### National Titles

* 26 National Championships:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * 1867-68
* 1952-53
* 1953-54
* 1957-58
* 1962-63
* 1964-65
* 1965-66
* 1967-68
* 1968-69
* 1969-70
 | * 1972-73
* 1973-74
* 1974-75
* 1975-76
* 1976-77
* 1977-78
* 1982-83
* 1988-89
* 1989-90
 | * 1993-94
* 1994-95
* 1997-98
* 1998-99
* 2003-04
* 2005-06
* 2006-07
* 2007-08
 |

* 15 national Sub- championships
* 6 championships consecutively from 1972 to 1977

### International Titles

* 3rd place in the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2005
* 3rd place in the Cup RICARD, Uruguay 2006.
* A Central American tournament (1970)
* Three tournaments of Central American Fraternity (1972 and 1973 and 1978).
* A Camel Cup in the United States(1985).
* Two tournaments CONCACAF (1993 and 1995).
* Two sub- championships Inter-American Cup.
* LG Cup (1998).
* The Uncaf Cup 2003.
* CONCACAF Champions 2005.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Deportivo Saprissa***.
**Iran Air** is an airline based in Iran. It is the flag carrier of Iran, and is owned by the government of Iran.

History
-------

Iran Air Boeing 747-100
The airline was started in 1944, and was called the Iranian Airways Company. In 1946, the airline made its first flight. It started by flying only to places in Iran, but soon started flights to other countries. It started by flying Douglas DC-3 airplanes. Later, it bought other types of airplanes. By the late 1950s, Iran Air was moving 80,000 people each year.

In 1961, because the government ordered it, Iran Air combined with another Iranian airline, Persian Air Services. This combined company was owned by the government and called United Iranian Airlines, but it changed its name to Iranian National Airlines. The new airline carried about 142,000 people a year, and by the late 1960s carried 403,000 people.

In the early 1970s, the airline bought five Boeing 747s. After the Islamic Revolution, Iran Air was not allowed to buy planes from the United States, but it still bought planes from Airbus. By the mid 2000s, though, the airline was not able to get enough parts to keep its planes flying, and had to stop flying some of them.

During the early 2000s, Iran Air carried about six million people a year, and an airline it owned, Iran Air Tours, carried two million people. Iran Air had 9,000 people working for it, and made about $407.44 million.

Fleet
-----

Iran Air has the following types of aircraft in its fleet, as of September 2009:

| Aircraft | Number in fleet | Passengers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boeing 727 | 4 | 154-164 |
| Boeing 747 | 8 (includes one for freight) | 301-437 |
| Fokker 100 | 16 | 104 |
| Airbus A300 | 14 (includes two for freight) | 253-295 |
| Airbus A310 | 3 | 200-215 |
| Airbus A320 | 3 | 147 |

Major crashes
-------------

* Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down in the Persian Gulf by the USS *Vincennes* on 3 July 1988, killing 290 people.
* Iran Air Flight 227 crashed on 9 January 2011 in northwest Iran, killing 77 people.
***Wolf Children*** (Japanese: おおかみこどもの雨と雪) is an Japanese anime movie directed/co-written by Mamoru Hosoda.

Plot
----

Hana, a college student, has two children with a werewolf. She names the girl Yuki and the boy Ame. Not long after this, their father dies. Hana decides to keep raising the children.

As the children grow older, Hana finds it is hard to hide the werewolf powers inherited from their father: ultimately, she moves them to the countryside to avoid trouble from the public. She works hard to repair a house and grow their own food.

Ame becomes confident in himself after a near-death experience, and the children are allowed to attend school. Yuki adapts and makes friends, while Ame drops out to receive lessons from an old fox named Sensei about surviving in the wild. At this time, they are beginning to form their life paths.

In fourth grade, a transfer student named Souhei begins attending Yuki's class. He realizes she is not normal, and during a chase, Yuki accidentally injures his ear. He tells his mother a wolf attacked him, not Yuki. Over time, they become friends.

Ame and Yuki later fight each other over their "real" selves: neither sibling can agree whether or not they are wolf or human. Hana recognizes they are forming their futures, but is worried about it. Ame reveals that Sensei has been gravely wounded during a storm and will likely not survive, but then hints that he will succeed Sensei as the guardian of the wild. Hana is horrified by this, and begs him not to return to the forest.

Two years later, despite what Hana told him, Ame disappears into the forest during a severe storm to replace Sensei; Hana goes after him. She forgets to pick up Yuki from school, who is left alone with Souhei while the other students are retrieved. She decides to reveal herself as a wolf to him. He replies that he already knew and will keep her secret.

Hana gets hurt by a fall and dreams about her lover, who tells her that Ame will be fine with his chosen path. Ame picks her up and gets her to safety, but then turns into an adult wolf and runs off into the mountains. Hana is initially heartbroken as she believes she has not yet done anything for Ame, but soon recognizes he is now "where he belongs" and bids him farewell.

The next school year, Yuki leaves home to move into a dorm room with her friends in Junior High. Ame's howls are heard throughout the forest. Despite living alone in the house, Hana feels that she has raised her children well.
**Richard John "Rick" Santorum** (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

Early life
----------

Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent. He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. He went to college and to law school at Penn State University. Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

U.S. senate (1995-2007)
-----------------------

Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995. With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate. He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007. In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage. Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II. After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

2012 presidential campaign
--------------------------

In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

2016 presidential campaign
--------------------------

See the main article: Rick Santorum presidential campaign, 2016
Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

Personal life
-------------

Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Rick Santorum***.

* Rick Santorum for President
* Column archives at *Townhall.com*
**Moorabbin (Harry Hawker) Airport** (IATA: **MBW**, ICAO: **YMMB**) is an airport for light aircraft located in Mentone, Victoria, Australia. The airport is a suburb, with its own postcode *3194*. The airport opened in December 1949. It was going to be called "Mentone" but this was too similar to the then French airport Menton. The name Cheltenham was too similar to the UK airport Gloucester/Cheltenham. The name comes from the nearby suburb of Moorabbin, Victoria. Moorabbin Airport is the third busiest airport in Australia by aircraft movements.

Overview
--------

Moorabbin Airport has five intersecting runways, an air museum, helicopter terminals, a control tower and several flight training facilities. Moorabbin Airport serves the general aviation needs for the south-eastern of Melbourne and King Island.

Getting there
-------------

The nearest train station is Cheltenham, about 3 km (1.9 mi) from the airport.

Bus services run along Centre Dandenong Rd at the northern boundary connecting to a number of rail stations including Hampton, Highett and Dandenong. Nearest freeway is Eastlink about 6 km (3.7 mi) to the east.

Airlines and destinations
-------------------------

* King Island Airlines: King Island

Awards
------

In 2006 Moorabbin Airport was named "Australian Regional Airport of the Year"

Other websites
--------------

* Moorabbin Airport website
Notre-Dame de Saint-Omer
**Saint-Omer Cathedral** (French: *Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Saint-Omer*) was a cathedral, in Saint-Omer, France. Today, it is an ordinary church. This is because after the French revolution, the seat of the bishop was moved to Arras. It is still a historical monument. There was a small chapel where the Cathedral stands today. The chapel was built in the 8th century. Around 1052, a church was built on the site. Around 1200, a fire greatly damaged the church. Reconstruction in Gothic style started around 1263. Since it was a major work, it took a long time. The main construction works were done form the 13th to the 16th century. By that time, there was a college associated with the church. 1714 saw the installation of the bishop's seat; in 1717 the last touch-ups were done to the pipe organ. The woodwork and the bishop's seat date from 1753. 

In 1792 there was the French Revolution. The Church was closed to worshippers. It was converted into a storage area. Unlike other churches, there was little vandalism done to it. The Concordat of 1801 saw the suppression of the diocese of Saint-Omer, it was moved to Arras.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
**Charles V** (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, King of Castile and Aragon from 1516, and Lord of the Low Countries as Duke of Burgundy from 1506. 

Philip the Handsome (son of Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna the Mad (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) were his parents. He ruled Austria, Spain, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.

*His Majesty* or *His Imperial Majesty* was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as "in which the sun does not set". He was also known as "The Emperor of Universal Dominion."

He divided his empire between his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II of Spain.

| * v
* t
* e
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors |
| --- |
| 
* Charles I (Charlemagne)
* Louis I
* Lothair I
* Louis II
* Charles II
* Charles III
* Guy
* Lambert
* Arnulf
* Louis III
* Berengar
* Otto I
* Otto II
* Otto III
* Henry II
* Conrad II
* Henry III
* Henry IV
* Henry V
* Lothair III
* Frederick I
* Henry VI
* Otto IV
* Frederick II
* Henry VII
* Louis IV
* Charles IV
* Sigismund
* Frederick III
* Maximilian I
* Charles V
* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian II
* Rudolph II
* Matthias
* Ferdinand II
* Ferdinand III
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles VI
* Charles VII
* Francis I
* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II

 | Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor |
| 
* Category

 |
If you are looking for the word anus, please go to anus.
**Asshole** (or **arsehole** in British English) is slang for the anus and is also used as a word to hurt people's feelings. It's made up from the word *arse*, which has been used for a long time as another name for the anus. This was first added to the word *hole* in the sixteenth century in books, but may have been used in talking a long time before that. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the month."

How it is used
--------------

Asshole is mainly used as a bad word towards someone that the speaker does not like. 
You could not say "asshole" on normal television in the US until the early 1990s, but it was sometimes in PG-13 and R rated films before this.

Political usage
---------------

In 2000, during a Labor Day event, George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that *New York Times* reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole."

Rock songs using the word *asshole*
-----------------------------------

Gene Simmons of rock band Kiss released a solo album called *Asshole* which also featured a song of the same name. Denis Leary also had a song called *Asshole* in 1993.

Similar words
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Words similar to *asshole* are *asshat*, *assclown*, *asstard*, *asspat* and *asspit*.
**Institut catholique d'arts et métiers** is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur ICAM* (ICAM Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science & PhD
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ICAM.

Most of the 4500 graduate engineer students at ICAM live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with 100,000 students from Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées.

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Institut catholique d'arts et métiers***.

* Official website

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**Louise Henriette de Bourbon** (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759) was Duchess of Orléans and the mother of Philippe Égalité. By birth and marriage she held the prestigious rank of a Princess of the blood.

Background
----------

Louise Henriette was born in Paris the only daughter of Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon. In her youth she was known at court as *Mademoiselle de Conti* and had been bought up in a convent.

Marriage
--------

One of Louise Henriette's cousins, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV, had proposed marriage to her, but her mother's choice fell upon the Duke of Chartres. As a result on 17 December 1743, aged of seventeen, Louise Henriette married her second cousin Louis Philippe d'Orléans at Versailles. 

The Duke of Chartres' father, Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, known as the *Pious*, accepted her as she had had a religious upbringing however after a passionate beginning, Louise Henriette's scandalous behaviour caused the couple to break up. She later had an affair with the Count of Melfort after the birth of her son. Her son later said that he was in fact the illegitimate son of the Count of Melfort but this was ignored as he looked so much like his father.

Death
-----

Louise Henriette died on 9 February 1759 at the age of thirty-two, with her husband and children at her side, at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans residence in Paris. Her premature death was a consequence, it was said, of her debaucheries.

After her death, her husband had several mistresses, ultimately finding the love of his life, the witty but married marquise de Montesson, whom he married after she became a widow.

Children
--------

1. A daughter (13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745).
2. Philippe d'Orléans (13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had children.
3. Bathilde d'Orléans (9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

Arms of Louise Henriette as Duchess of Orléans
* **20 June 1726 – 17 December 1743** *Her Serene Highness* Mademoiselle de Conti
* **17 December 1743 – 4 February 1752** *Her Serene Highness* The Duchess of Chartres
* **4 February 1752 – 9 February 1759** *Her Serene Highness* The Duchess of Orléans
**West Frisian** (*Frysk* [fris(k)], *Westerlauwersk Frysk*; Dutch: *Westerlauwers Fries* [fris]) is a language that is mainly spoken in Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2005, 94% of the people in Friesland understand West Frisian, 74% can speak it, 75% can read it and 27% can write it.

Alphabet and grammar
--------------------

West Frisian and Dutch signs in Hindeloopen.
West Frisian uses the Latin alphabet. A,E,O and U can sometimes have unique accents added to them.

In Western Frisian, there are two types of genders that nouns can have. One is the *common* gender (where both the male and female genders are put together). The other type is a neutral gender noun.

Like many other languages, West Frisian has singular and plural nouns. The two main suffixes used in the language, are "*-(e)n*" and "*-s*."

West Frisian also used three types of verbs: weak, strong and irregular.

Dutch model Doutzen Kroes speaks West Frisian.

Status
------

After a series of riots by pro-Frisian activists, West Frisian became an official language in the Netherlands in 1956.

West Frisian is a required subject in schools in Friesland. Courts in Friesland speak West Frisian. People in court are allowed to go under oath speaking West Frisian.

Similarity to English
---------------------

West Frisian is often considered as the closest language to modern English. Here is an example:

Text in West Frisian :

Dis dei is goed oeral. De sinne is waarm en de licht fan de sinne-skinen fielen goed wit de myld wyn. Juster elke was goed, buten dis dei is better. De sinne-opgong en de sinne-undergong is moai wit de blew lofts. Buten dis dei is lyket de maaitiid en net de simmertiid. Ik find dit dei de best of de wike. De rein komt foar de wykein foar Saterdei en Sunndei moarn, but it will net by kald en wol gean oer uus by de middei. De stjeren wol elke by sichtber yn de nacht en sa wol de moanne.

English translation :

This day is good overall. The sun is warm and the light from the sun-shining feels good with the mild wind. Yesterday also was good, but this day is better. The sunrise and the sunset is beautiful with the blue sky. But this day is like the springtime and not the summertime. I find this day the best of the week. The rain is coming for the weekend for Saturday and Sunday morning, but it will not be cold and will go over us by the midday. The stars will also be visible in the night and so will the moon.
**James Montgomery** (December 22, 1814 – December 6, 1871) was a Jayhawker during Bleeding Kansas. He was also a controversial Union colonel during the American Civil War. Montgomery was a strong supporter of abolitionist ideas and individual liberty, and he used extreme actions against pro-slavery people.

Early life and Bleeding Kansas
------------------------------

James Montgomery was born on December 22, 1814 in Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio; his parents were James and Mary Baldwin Montgomery. He moved to Kentucky in 1837 with his parents, and he taught school there. He married, but his first wife died shortly after the wedding, so he married again to Clarinda Evans. They moved to Pike County, Missouri in 1852, and then to Jackson County, and finally to Bates County while waiting for Kansas to be open to settlement.

In 1854 Montgomery bought land near present-day Mound City, Kansas. There, he became a leader of local Free-state men and was a strong abolitionist. In 1857 he organized and led a "Self-Protective Company", using it to move pro-slavery people out of the area. Fights with other pro-slavery people led territorial governor James W. Denver to send U.S. Army soldiers in to restore order. Montgomery sometimes worked with the abolitionist John Brown and thought about doing a raid to rescue Brown after his capture in Virginia, but snow in Pennsylvania upset his plan.

Civil War
---------

On July 24, 1861, Montgomery was hired as a colonel of the 3rd Kansas Infantry of U.S. Senator James H. Lane's Kansas brigade, with Montgomery as second-in-command of the brigade.

Later life
----------

After the war, Montgomery went back to his farm in Linn County, Kansas, where he died on December 6, 1871.

Other websites
--------------

* Shaw's letter about the burning of Darien at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)
* Civil War St. Louis website, article about Jayhawking by Castel Archived 2014-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Col. James Montgomery from Cutler's *History of the State of Kansas*
* Clan Montgomery Society International Genealogical Database
* James Montgomery at the Battle of Olustee

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**Wolf 359** is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope. 

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800 K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum.

The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.
**Samantha Eggar** (born 5 March 1939) is a British actress.

Eggar was born in London. Her father was a British Army officer. Her mother hadPortuguese and Dutch acestors.

Career
------

Eggar has theater training, in companies doing works of Shakespeare. She began making movie appearances. The Wild and the Willing (1962), Doctor in Distress (1963), Dr. Crippen (1964). 

Being very young Samantha Eggar became famous for playing the role of Miranda Grey in The Collector (1965), Miranda is a student who is kidnapped by a maniac Freddie Clegg, played by Terence Stamp. Her outstanding performance won Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar.

She continued her work in major films such as Walk Don't Run (1966), with Cary Grant, Doctor Dolittle (1967), The Molly Maguires (1970), with Sean Connery, The Light at the Edge of the World (1971), with Kirk Douglas and Yul Brynner, Il grande attacco (1978).

Horror movies
-------------

She has had several roles in horror films as A Name for Evil (1973), he plays the role of a young woman who with her husband, moving into a possessed house belonging to his grandfather, The Uncanny (1977), with Ray Milland and Peter Cushing, The Brood (1979) by David Cronenberg, one of the most horror films of the story, she plays the role of Nola Carveth, a woman who suffers horrific mutations.

In 1980s she work in Demonoid: Messenger of Death (1981), with Stuart Whitman, and Curtains (1983).

Television
----------

Her television credits include the TV series, Anna and the King (1972), with Yul Brynner, Double Indemnity (1973 film), with Richard Crenna, All the Kind Strangers (1974 film), with Stacy Keach, For the Term of His Natural Life (1983 film), with Anthony Perkins, Commander in Chief (2005-2006).

As a special guest star in The Saint, Lucas Tanner, Baretta, Columbo, Starsky and Hutch, Hawai 5-0, Falcon Crest, Hart to Hart, Magnum, P.I. and many more.

Filmography
-----------

* The Wild and the Willing Josie (1962)
* Doctor in Distress (1963)
* Dr. Crippen (1964)
* Psyche 59 (1964)
* Return from the Ashes (1964)
* The Collector (1965)
* Walk Don't Run (1966)
* Doctor Dolittle (1967)
* The Molly Maguires (1970)
* The Walking Stick (1970)
* The Lady in the Car (1970)
* The Light at the Edge of the World (1971)
* The Dead Are Alive (1971)
* A Name for Evil (1973)
* The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
* The Uncanny (1977)
* Welcome to Blood City (1977)
* Why Shoot the Teacher? (1977)
* Columbo: (1977) (TV series)
* The Biggest Battle (1978)
* The Brood (1979)
* The Exterminator (1980)
* The Hot Touch (1981)
* Demonoid Messenger of Death (1981)
* Curtains (1983)
* Ragin' Cajun (1991)
* Dark Horse (1992)
* Round Numbers Anne
* Inevitable (1994)
* The Phantom (1996)
* Hercules (1997) (voice)
* The Astronaut's Wife (1999)
* Commander in Chief (2005-2006) (TV series)
* Mental (2009) (TV series)
**Ruwen Filus** (February 14, 1988 in Bückeburg) is a German table tennis player.

Career
------

Ruwen played first international in 2002. He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand. At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team. In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70. Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal. At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles. His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64. 2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold. Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open. 2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll. 2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings. 2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team. At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles. At the European Championships he won gold with the team. 2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open. 2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC. 2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver. 2016 the German team lost in the group qualification. 2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.

Successes
---------

### Singles

* World Championships (WTTC): 2017- silver
* European Championships: 2013, 2015- Quarterfinal

### Team

* European Championships: 2011, 2017- gold
* World Championships: 2017- silver

Personal life
-------------

Ruwen has a daughter who's severely disabled.
For British movie actor who starred in The Dark Knight Rises, see Tom Hardy.
Thomas Hardy
**Thomas Hardy** OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the U.K. Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature. He lived in the Victorian era.

Early life
----------

Thomas Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton near Dorchester, Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

Career
------

Hardy wrote a small number of novels which earned him a high reputation in his lifetime. These include *Tess of the d'Urbervilles*, *The Mayor of Casterbridge* and *Far from the Madding Crowd*. After the publication of *Jude the Obscure* in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called *The Dynasts*. Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'. He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset. Hardy died in Dorchester. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

Related pages
-------------

* Charles Dickens
* George Eliot
* Wilkie Collins
* H. Rider Haggard
* Jerome K. Jerome
* Anthony Trollope