recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Johnny Guitar*** is a 1954 western movie. It was directed by Nicholas Ray. It stars Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. *Johnny Guitar* was adapted to a campy stage musical in 2004.

Story
-----

Vienna is a strong-willed, aggressive woman. She has built a saloon near an Arizona cattle town with money earned in her past life as a prostitute. She has a fiery relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk for many reasons. She supports the construction of a railroad across her land. This construction will make her land very valuable. The cattlemen oppose the railroad because it will bring sheepmen into the area. Sheepmen fence the land, making it difficult to herd cattle. She also permits a suspected stage robber called The Dancin' Kid to share her bed. His gang members hang out in her saloon. Vienna summons her ex-lover and reformed gunslinger Johnny Guitar to her side. She needs protection. The two renew their love.

One day The Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank. The townsfolk suspect Vienna has played a part in the heist. Emma Small is a cattle rancher who has long hated Vienna. She leads the posse to Vienna's saloon and burns it to the ground. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna. At the last second she is saved by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape. They find refuge in The Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway. The posse tracks them. The Kid and his men are killed. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown. Vienna is wounded in the duel, but she kills Emma. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Vienna and Johnny depart, hopeful that better days lie ahead.

Cast
----

* Joan Crawford as Vienna
* Sterling Hayden as Johnny Guitar/Johnny Logan
* Mercedes McCambridge as Emma Small
* Scott Brady as The Dancin' Kid
* Ward Bond as John McIvers
* Ben Cooper as Turkey Ralston
* Ernest Borgnine as Bart Lonergan
* John Carradine as Old Tom
* Royal Dano as Corey
* Frank Ferguson as Marshal Williams
* Paul Fix as Eddie
* Rhys Williams as Mr. Andrews
* Ian MacDonald as Pete

Other websites
--------------

* The Johnny Guitar Musical's Official website Archived 2006-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
The **king eider** (*Somateria spectabilis*) is a large sea duck. It breeds along Northern Hemisphere Arctic coasts of northeast Europe, North America and Asia. The birds spend most of the year in coastal marine ecosystems at high latitudes. They migrate to the Arctic tundra to breed in June and July. They lay four to seven eggs in a scrape on the ground lined with grass and down.

The king eider winters in arctic and subarctic marine areas, most notably in the Bering Sea, the west coast of Greenland, eastern Canada and northern Norway. It also happens yearly off the northeastern United States, Scotland and Kamchatka. Breeding areas include the Arctic coastal tundra of the north coast of Alaska. This species dives for benthic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, polychaete worms, and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. Wintering birds can form large flocks on suitable coastal waters, with some flocks bigger than 100,000 birds.

Female at Alaska Sea Life Center, Seward, Alaska
This species is smaller than the common eider. The male is unmistakable with its black body, white breast and multicoloured head. The drake's call is a deep cooing. 

The female is a brown bird. They can still be told apart from all ducks except other eider species on size and structure. The head is shorter than in the common eider, and the feathering onto the bill is rounded, not triangular in shape.

An immature drake is typically all dark with a white breast and a yellow bill patch.

Traditional Uses
----------------

King eiders (male and female) in natural habitat in Alaska wildlife refuge
The king eider is a regular source of fresh meat in the spring. They begin their migration past the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in late April and are hunted in great numbers. In May, several hundred thousand eiders pass Point Barrow in northern Alaska on their way to Alaskan and Canadian breeding grounds.

 *Somateria spectabilis*
One of the caves on Jeju Volcanic Island.
*This article is about the World Heritage Site. For the island itself, see Jeju Island.*
**Jeju Volcanic Island and lava tubes** are located off the coast of South Korea. They are in Jeju Province. Jeju has Mount Halla, a shield volcano located over a volcanic hotspot with many parasitic volcanoes, called oreums, around it. According to UNESCO, the Geomunoreum lava caves are "the finest lava tube system of caves anywhere." UNESCO named Jeju Volcanic Island a Biosphere Reserve in 2002, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007, and a Global Geopark in 2010. It is the only island in the world with three UNESCO designations.

Jeju Volcanic Island started to form 1.8 million years ago when the volcano was still active.

According to UNESCO, the three important things that make Jeju Volcanic Island and lava caves a World Heritage site are the Geomonoreum lava cages, Seongsang Ilchulbong, and Hallasan.

Seongsan Ilchulbong rising out of the ocean.
The Geomunoreum lava caves are covered in many-colored carbonate deposits on the roof and floor. They formed about 300,000 years ago when magma from the Geomonoreum parasitic volcano cooled.

The Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone rises straight out of the ocean. It formed between 50,000 and 120,000 years ago from underwater volcanic activity. It is 180 meters tall. Because it is surrounded by cliffs and sharp rocks, many people think it looks like a fortress.

Hallasan, or Mount Halla, also called Yeongjusan Mountain, is Korea's tallest mountain, 1950 meters. It has not been an active volcano for 1000 years. It has many rock formations, a crater lake full of islands, and many cliffs and waterfalls. Over 1800 types of plants live on the mountain and 4000 types of animals, including 3300 species of insects.

Other parts of Jeju Volcanic Island are considered important by the government of South Korea but not UNESCO. For example, Bijarim Forest, which is on Mount Halla, is Natural Monument No. 374.

Hallasan (Mount Halla) is on Jeju Volcanic Island. It is the tallest mountain in Korea.
Jeju Volcanic Island is a popular tourist destination in South Korea, with 14.4 million visitors in 2019 alone. Environmentalists say they make 20,000 tons of garbage each year. Environmentalists and scientists have said that the government has cut down too much of Jeju's forests to make roads, buildings, resorts and golf courses for visitors. In 2020, environmentalists protested plans to build a second airport on the island. Among other problems, this airport would need a road through Bijarim Forest. This is a forest of nutmeg trees, some of them 800 years old. It is the only place in the world where nutmeg trees grow so closely together.

In 2008, Jeju Volcanic Island and Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park became sister parks.
**Lascelles Abercrombie** (January 9, 1881 – October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called "Dymock poets". He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester. 

Before the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire. In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds. In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford. He wrote many poems, that were put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, *The Sale of Saint Thomas* in six Acts. He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Hoiberg, Dale H. ed. (2010). "Abercrombie, Lascelles". *Encyclopedia Britannica*. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Lascelles Abercrombie***

* Works by Lascelles Abercrombie at Project Gutenberg
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lascelles Abercrombie
The **burden of proof** (Latin: *onus probandi*) is a level of proof that a party seeking to prove a fact must reach before it is accepted in a court of law.

In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. A defendant is not required to prove his or her innocence. The standard the prosecution must reach is proof of their version of the facts beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the one bringing the case to court, called the plaintiff. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the plaintiff. The standard that must be met is that the "preponderance of the evidence" (weight of the evidence) is enough to prove their case.

Affirmative defense
-------------------

If a defendant in a civil or criminal case wants to provide an alternative set of facts to those provided by the prosecution or the plaintiff, this is called an "affirmative defense". This shifts the burden of proof to the defendant to prove his or her version of the facts. The defendant would seek to excuse or justify his or her actions that brought the lawsuit. Common affirmative defenses include entrapment, Self-defense, unclean hands, insanity, and the statute of limitations.

Preponderance of the evidence
-----------------------------

Preponderance of the evidence, also known as the "balance of probabilities" is the standard required in most civil cases. It is also used in family court for determinations solely involving money, such as child support under the Child Support Standards Act.

The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. The standard is satisfied if there is greater than fifty percent chance that the proposition is true. Lord Denning, in *Miller v. Minister of Pensions*, described it simply as "more probable than not." Until 1970, this was also the standard used in juvenile court in the United States. This is a far lower burden than "beyond a reasonable doubt," the threshold a prosecutor must meet in criminal trials.

Beyond a reasonable doubt
-------------------------

See the main article: Reasonable doubt
This is the highest standard used as the burden of proof in common law countries. It usually only applies in criminal proceedings. If there is a real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence (or lack of evidence) in a case, then the level of proof has not been met. If the jury, or judge in a bench trial, has no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proved the defendant is guilty.
The **Ishinomaki Line** (石巻線, *Ishinomaki sen*) is a railroad line in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the JR East system. The line runs from Kogota Station in Misato to Onagawa Station in Onagawa. It connects the Tōhoku Main Line to the central coast of Miyagi Prefecture. It connects with the Rikuu East Line and Tōhoku Main Line at Kogota Station, the Kesennuma Line at Maeyachi Station and the Senseki Line at Ishinomaki Station, both in Ishinomaki, Miyagi.

The line color is pink. 

The line is outside the area where Suica cards can be used. Riders should only use Suica between Kogata and Ishinomaki stations. Past those stations, there may be a special way to pay the fare using Suica.

The line was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

About the line
--------------

* Gauge (distance between rails): 1067mm
* Stations: 14
* Two-track line section: None, all single track line
* Electrified line section: None
* Maximum speed: 85km

Station list
------------

| Station Name | Japanese | Distancekm from Kogota Station | Transfers | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kogota | 小牛田 | 0.0 | Tōhoku Main Line, Rikuu East Line | Misato, Miyagi |
| Kami-Wakuya | 上涌谷 | 3.5 |  | Wakuya, Miyagi |
| Wakuya | 涌谷 | 6.2 |  |
| Maeyachi | 前谷地 | 12.8 | Kesennuma Line | Ishinomaki, Miyagi |
| Kakeyama | 佳景山 | 17.1 |  |
| Kanomata | 鹿又 | 21.2 |  |
| Sobanokami | 曽波神 | 23.7 |  |
| Ishinomaki | 石巻 | 27.9 | Senseki Line |
| Rikuzen-Inai | 陸前稲井 | 30.9 |  |
| Watanoha | 渡波 | 35.9 |  |
| Mangoku-Ura | 万石浦 | 37.0 |  |
| Sawada | 沢田 | 38.3 |  |
| Urashuku | 浦宿 | 42.4 |  | Onagawa, Miyagi |
| Onagawa | 女川 | 44.9 |  |
**Imperial China** is a period of Chinese history. It lasted over 2,000 years. It began with Qin Shi Huang's uniting of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. It ended with the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1911. Throughout this period, many features of Chinese civilization spread throughout all of China. These included Confucianism, standardized testing, standardized weights and counting systems, trade routes, and Chinese characters. China became known worldwide for all these features. 

Throughout this period, China had been ruled by many different dynasties, or ruling family lines. They included the Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan/Mongol, Ming, and Qing/Manchu dynasties. There were also several periods where China had been ruled by several different kingdoms.

Throughout most of Imperial China, China had been ruled by emperors and empresses who were Han Chinese. However, there were some dynasties where the ruling class was made of Chinese minority groups, such as the Yuan and Qing dynasties. They were ruled by the Mongols and Manchus in that same order.
**Ishmon Bracey** (January 9, 1899 or 1901 – February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.

Life
----

### Early Life

Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917. He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad. His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.

### Songs performed

In the 1920s, Bracey had not yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.

### Later life

When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he could not sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called *The New Orleans Nehi Boys*, which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor.

Songs
-----

Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.
Akseli Gallen-Kallela: Kullervos curse
**Kullervo** is a person in the Finnish national epic Kalevala. He is a good looking man with golden hair. Bad things happen to him; his destiny is tragic.

In folk stories Kullervo is the son of the giant Kaleva. In the Kalevala however Kullervo is the son of a man called Kalervo.

In the Kalevala Kullervo's family is killed by Untamo's family before Kullervo is born. Only one woman is not killed. She gives birth to Kullervo who will be a slave of Untamo. Every work that Kullervo tries goes ill. This is why Untamo sells him to a smith called Ilmarinen.

Ilmarinen puts Kullervo to shepherd cows. Ilmarinen's wife gives Kullervo bread that has stones in it. While Kullervo cuts the bread his knife hits the stone and breaks. Kullervo gets angry and curses bears to eat cows and Ilmarinen's wife. Then he escapes.

While travelling Kullervo has sex with a girl. He does not know that this is his own sister. When he finds out he goes very angry and attacks Untamo and kills him and his family. Then he commits suicide.

The story of Kullervo differs from all other folktales in the respect that it describes the effects of child abuse in a very realistic way, and in the end of the poem Väinämöinen especially warns all parents from abusing their children.
**Jolly Grant Airport**  (IATA: DED, ICAO: VIDN), also known as Dehradun Airport, is an airport serving Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun is the only operational airport plying daily commercial flights, connecting the Garhwal region by air.

About Jolly Grant Airport
-------------------------

Situated 25km east of Dehradun city, Jolly Grant Airport is nestled in the foothills of Himalayas. The proximity of Jolly Grant Airport with popular places like Dehradun, Mussoorie, Haridwar and Rishikesh enables tourists to fly in to Uttarakhand instead of travelling by rail or by road. The distance from Jolly Grant Airport to Rishikesh and Dehradun can be easily covered in 20 and 40 minutes respectively. Several efforts are being made by the government of Uttarakhand to rope in more airlines as it will help in improving the tourism sector.

Dehradun Airport Flights Schedule
---------------------------------

Jolly Grant is the largest commercial airport of Uttarakhand. This airport is centrally located between Dehradun, Haridwar and Rishikesh cities. Daily several flights are operates from here by airline players like IndiGo, Jet Airways, Spice Jet and Air India towards New Delhi International Airport. Tourists can board connecting flights towards cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai and Hyderabad via Delhi from here. Now domestic flights are also available from Dehradun Airport.
**LaWanda Page** (October 19, 1920 – September 14, 2002), born **Alberta Peal**, was an American actress and comedienne best known for her role as Aunt Esther in the 1970s TV sitcom *Sanford and Son*. She later reprised the role in *Sanford Arms* and *Sanford*.

Early life and career
---------------------

She was born on October 19, 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio. Page was raised in St. Louis, Missouri. LaWanda Page and Redd Foxx were very close friends from the time they were pre-teens. They attended school and grew up together in St. Louis. Later on, they both entered the field of comedy separately and performed stage acts. Page later recorded several live comedy albums for the Laff Records label in the late 1960s and early 1970s under the LaWanda stage name. One release, a gold-selling album called *Watch It, Sucker!*, was titled after one of her Aunt Esther character's catchphrases to capitalize on her newfound TV fame. During her tenure as a stand-up comic, which lasted all the way to the 1990s, she was often called *The Queen of Comedy*, or *The Black Queen of Comedy*. Other than the expletive-free *Sane Advice* album, released two years after the run of *Sanford and Son*, most of Page's albums and stand-up material were raunchy in nature.

### Other film and television appearances

In 1977 Page appeared in an episode of *The Love Boat*, *Martin,* *227,* *Family Matters,* and *Diff'rent Strokes.* She appeared on *Circus Of The Stars* as a fire eater.

Death
-----

Page died of complications from diabetes on September 14, 2002. She is interred in an outdoor crypt at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

Her daughter, the evangelist Clara Estella Roberta Johnson, died on June 4, 2006, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 69.

Discography
-----------

* *Mutha Is Half a Word* (1971)
* *Watch It, Sucker!* (1972)
* *Back Door Daddy* (1972; featuring Skillet & Leroy)
* *Preach On Sister, Preach On!* (1973)
* *Pipe Layin' Dan* (1973)
* *Sane Advice* (1979)

Other websites
--------------

* LaWanda Page on IMDb
* LaWanda Page at Find a Grave

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
Eruption at Krafla, 1984
Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland

The **Iceland hotspot** is a geologic hotspot. It is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland.

Iceland is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. On Iceland, there are volcanic eruptions about every three years. In the 20th century there were 39 volcanic eruptions on and around Iceland. About a third of the basaltic lavas erupted in recorded history were produced by Icelandic eruptions. 

Notable eruptions have included that of Eldgjá, a fissure of Katla, in 934 (the world's largest basaltic eruption ever witnessed), and Laki in 1783 (the world's second largest). In many places, Iceland is covered by glaciers. Several eruptions under ice caps have burst through the ice. The most recent one was in 2010 after the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull.

Iceland's position over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is partly responsible for this intense volcanic activity. It is not understood why Iceland is an island, but the rest of the ridge consists of seamounts, with peaks below sea level.

Causes
------

There is discussion whether the hotspot is caused by a deep mantle plume or at a shallower depth.

Some geologists have asked whether the Iceland hotspot has the same cause as other hotspots such as the Hawaii hotspot. They show a clear volcanic track over time caused by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hotspot, but no such track can be seen at Iceland.

The line from the Grímsvötn volcano to Surtsey may show the movement of the Eurasian Plate and the line from the Grímsvötn volcano to the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt shows the movement of the North American Plate.
Jan Matejko, Self-portrait
**Jan Alojzy Matejko** (Template:IPA-pol; also known as **Jan Mateyko**; 24 June 1838 – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter. He is generally regarded as the greatest one in the 19th century.

Biography
---------

Jan Matejko was born in Kraków (Cracow). on 24 June 1838. His father was Czech musician František Xaver Matějka (in Poland Franciszek Ksawery Matejko), a music teacher. His mother was Joanna Karolina Rossberg, who was half-German. He was never good at school. He never learned a foreign language well. However, he showed great artistic talent.

He studied at the School of Fine Arts in Kraków from 1852 to 1858. His professors were Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władyslaw Łuszczkiewicz. He also studied in Munich and Vienna. Then he returned to Kraków and stayed in the town for the rest of his life. He was the principal of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. Among his students were Jacek Malczewski, Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański.

Matejko died on 1 November 1893 in Kraków. He is buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków.

Works
-----

Matejko is famous for his historical paintings. He painted portraits, too, especially those of his children. His best known paintings are *Astronomer Copernicus - Conversation with God*, *Hanging of the Zygmunt bell*, *Prussian Homage* and *Battle of Grunwald*. He also published a book named *Portraits of Polish Kings* (1890). Most of these portraits are imaginary, meaning he painted kings and princes who lived many centuries before. There are no earlier pictures of them.

Jan Matejko's Monument in Cracow
**Ichthyodectidae** is an extinct family of fish known as **bulldog fishes**.

Systematics
-----------

The basal phylogeny is badly resolved, leading to many ichthyodectiforms that are simply known to be rather primitive, but where nothing certain can be said about their precise relationships.

Size classification
-------------------

*Chirocentrites* is the smallest of them all. The second-smallest fish known to man is *Amakusaichthys*, which resembles an ichthyodectiform girl with navy blue lips. *Cladocyclus* is a medium-sized fish. *Pachythrissops* might be the third-smallest one, but it is also medium-sized. 

*Aidachar* may be dragon-like, but it is actually an ichthyodectiform which was originally a pterosaur. *Cooyoo* sounds cute, but it is not a perfect name for a baby. It is smaller than *Amakusaichthys*. 

*Xiphactinus* is the largest ichthyodectiform. In life, it would have resembled a gargantuan, fanged tarpon. *Gwawinapterus* is also a giant fish, but *Xiphactinus audax* broke the record. 

*Gwawinapterus* resembled *Xiphactinus*, but it bore a resemblance to *Hydrocynus goliath*.
Ichiro Mizuki at Japan Expo 2007
**Ichiro Mizuki** (水木 一郎, **Mizuki Ichirō**), real name **Toshio Hayakawa** (早川 俊夫, **Hayakawa Toshio**) (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor. He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24 hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ichiro Mizuki***.

* Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
* Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website Archived 2008-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
* Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
* Ichiro Mizuki Archived 2007-09-12 at the Wayback Machine at the Henshin Hall of Fame
* Ichiro Mizuki on IMDb
French ironclad La Gloire
An **ironclad** is a ship protected by iron or steel armor plates. The first recorded use of an ironclad was during the Japanese invasion of Korea. Western use of ironclads began about the second half of the 19th century. The Western ironclad was developed because up to then wooden warships were easily damaged by explosive or incendiary shells.

History
-------

In 1592 Admiral Yi-Sun put armor plates on his "tortoise-ships". These protected the sides and top from bullets, arrows and fire. This allowed his small fleet to be victorious in several battles with the ese fleet. The first Western ironclad battleship, "Gloire", was launched by the French Navy in November 1859. The British Admiralty had been considering armored warships since 1856. They prepared a draft design for an armored corvette in 1857. In early 1859 the Royal Navy started building two iron-hulled armored frigates, and by 1861 had made the decision to move to an all-armored battle fleet. After the first clashes of ironclads (both with wooden ships and with one another) took place in 1862 during the American Civil War. It became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmored ship of the line as the most powerful warship afloat. This type of ship would come to be very successful in the American Civil War.

By the 1870s, ironclads were the main warships of the world's most powerful Navies. But the ironclad era only lasted about 50 years. By the 1890s most sailing ironclads had been replaced by modern battleships.
Portrait of Levitan by Valentin Serov, 1893
**Isaac Ilyich Levitan** (Russian: Исаа́к Ильи́ч Левита́н; August 30, 1860 – August 4 [O.S. July 22] 1900) was a Lithuanian-Russian landscape painter of Jewish descent.

Biography
---------

Levitan was born in 1860 in Kibarty, Lithuania. His father worked for a railroad company. From 1873 to 1885, Levitan went to school at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow, Russia. He learned painting form the painters Savrasov and Polenov. Starting in 1884 his paintings went on display with the Society for Circulating Art Exhibitions. He became a member of the society in 1891. Levitan taught landscape painting at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture starting in 1898. He died in Moscow in 1900.

Autumn Landscape, 1880

Work
----

In his career as a painter, Levitan painted many landscapes which were later thought of as masterpieces of Russian art. Levitan painted simple landscapes from Russia. Early in his career he painted scenes from around Moscow. Next he painted scenes from around the Volga River. His later paintings came from Vladimir, Vyshny Volochek, and the Tver region of Russia.
The Aldine Press Vergil of 1501, in italic
Arrighi's original italic typeface, c. 1527. At that time italic capitals had not yet been designed
**Italic** script and type has a long history. It was based on handwriting.

Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (1475–1527) was a papal scribe and type designer in Renaissance Italy. Present day cursive writing style known as "italic" is based upon the style he developed. It has been said that the style of cursive known as "italic" got its name from this *Italian* designer. Modern day scribes, also known as "calligraphers", study the work of Arrighi to learn the structure of the style of writing known as "italic" Archived 2015-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, a modernized version of the Chancery hand which was first perfected by Roman scribes in the early part of the sixteenth century.

In typography, **italic type** is a cursive font based on a kind of calligraphic handwriting. Such letters normally slant slightly to the right. 

In modern texts, Italics can emphasise key points in a printed text. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining".

Calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents written in a handwriting style called chancery hand. As the illustration shows, there were flourishes copied from calligraphy. An alternative is oblique type: the type is slanted but the letterforms do not change shape: this less elaborate approach is used by many sans-serif typefaces.

Usage on the web
----------------

Using italic is usually used as a place holder for a blank piece of information.
There are different ways in making a text *italic*.

### HTML

In HTML, the editor can add the `<i>` and the `</i>` tags to make text surrounded by these tags italic.

### Wikitext

In Wikitext, the editor can just add two apostrophes (`''`) around the text to become italic.

Related pages
-------------

* Bold
* Underlined
Italian symbols, appreciated all around the world
**Italophilia** is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its culture, society, arts and people. It is often related to the emulation of Italy's ideals and civilization.

Characteristics
---------------

Italophilia is very strong in the USA, mainly between the Italian Americans, as can be seen even for the 2006 WorldCup celebrations of the Italian soccer team victory.
The term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context.

"Italophilia", "Italophile", and "Italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-Italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature.

A huge italophilia started to develop in Europe during the centuries of the Italian Renaissance.

Actually one of the main reasons of Italophilia in the world is that Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other nation in the world. These sites are culturally important and value according to UNESCO. Indeed about 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy.

Another reason is the worlwide appreciation for Italian culinary and foods. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005 it made over 5 million tonnes, and many italian wines are very famous in the world, like the "Chianti".

Indeed in the American countries with a huge Italian emigration in the last centuries, there it is a widespread italophilia: Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Canada and the USA have millions of Italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for Italy.

Actually Giorgio Silvestri (director of the "Assemblea legislativa della Liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.

Bibliography
------------

* Barzini, Luigi. *The Italians*. Hamilton. London, 1987
* Sells, Lytton. *The Italian influence in English Poetry* Allen &Unwin ed. London, 1955

Related pages
-------------

* Italy
* Italians
*Little Nemo in Slumberland* page
**Little Nemo** is the main fictional character in a series of weekly comic strips by Winsor McCay. These comic strips appeared in the *New York Herald* and *New York American* newspapers from October 15, 1905 – July 23, 1911 and September 3, 1911 – July 26, 1914. The strip was first called *Little Nemo in Slumberland* and then *In the Land of Wonderful Dreams*. Little Nemo in Slumberland came back for a short time from 1924-1927. 

The comic was about the dreams of a little boy named Nemo. His name means "nobody" in Latin. In the first strips he tried to go to Slumberland. That was the land of King Morpheus. The King wanted Nemo as a friend for his daughter, the Princess. The last picture in each strip always was Nemo waking up, in or near his bed. Then the grownups were angry with him, because he had waken them up. Or they comforted him because he was sad.

In the earliest strips, the dream would end because of a disaster that could hurt or kill Nemo. These events would be something like falling from a bridge, becoming a monkey, or becoming 90 years older. Later on Nemo reached Slumberland. Then *Flip* always woke him up. Flip wore a hat that had 'Wake Up' written on it. Other characters in the strip were Dr. Pill, The Imp, the Candy Kid, and Santa Claus.

The strip was not a very big success from 1905 to 1927. Most comics readers liked the slapstick actions of the *Katzenjammer Kids*, *Happy Hooligan*, and *Buster Brown* (other comic strips) more than the surreal (not real) fantasy of Nemo. From the 1970s until now, people like the strip more. Many of the original strips were found at a comic strip studio in 1966. They were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
Very special of Nemo was that the pictures were very difficult, had many details and beautiful colours. Also the story was special, because it was a fast story and had many strange characters and places.
**Luis Antonio Jaime of Spain** (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), Infante of Spain, Cardinal Deacon of the titular church of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain, 13th Count of Chinchón, Grandee of Spain First Class, known as the **Cardinal Infante**, was the last child of Philip V of Spain and his wife Elisabeth Farnese. He is famous for being the youngest Cardinal in history. He also had close ties with several famous Spanish painters of his day including Francisco de Goya.

Brief biography
---------------

Luis was born in the city of Seville in Spain. He was the youngest child of the king King and queen of Spain. He was given the name Luis in honour of his French great-grandfather Louis XIV. From a young age his father showered various religious titles upon his youngest son, even creating him a *Primate of Spain*. Giving him the rank of an Archbishop while barely eight years old. He was also an Infante of Spain by birth being the child of a reigning Spanish monarch giving him the use of *Royal Highness* from birth. Despite his parents decisions the young Luis abandoned his religious rank due to a lack of interest in his charges on 18 December 1754. He was given the title of Count of Chinchón by which he is known. The title was eventually inherited by his daughter Maria Teresa and was given to him by his older brother The Infante Felipe.

Following the death of his childless elder half-brother King Fernando VI in 1759 he claimed the throne and his brother Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain claimed the throne for himself exiling his younger brother from the royal court in Madrid.

Marriage
--------

In his exile Luis contracted a marriage with María Teresa de Vallabriga herself an aristocrat but not royalty. 

1. Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, 14th Count of Chinchón (22 May 1777 – 19 March 1823) later a cardinal but died childless.
2. María Teresa de Borbón, Countess of Chinchón 6 March 1779 – 23 November 1828) married Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace and had children.
3. María Luisa de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (21 March 1780 – 1 December 1846) married Joaquín José de Melgarejo y Saurín, de Rojas y Ruíz-Dávalos Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga but died childless.

As he now had children he could also claim the throne of the Two Sicilies but his brother Charles III barred his right and made sure he and his family were never allowed at court. He died aged 58 having never reconciled with his elder brother. His title was inherited by his eldest daughter whose children then inherited the title too.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* 25 July 1727 - 18 December 1754: *His Royal Highness* The Infante *Don* Luis of Spain.
* 18 December 1754 - 7 August 1785: *His Royal Highness* The Count of Chinchón, Infante of Spain.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón at Wikimedia Commons
**Little Iodine** was a popular comic strip published in the United States on Sundays. It was created by Jimmy Hatlo. It was published from 1943 until 1985.

The story is about a girl called "Little Iodine". She first appeared in an earlier comic strip by Hatlo, called *They'll Do It Every Time*. She was the daughter of the strip's main character, Henry Tremblechin. She constantly annoyed her father with pranks and practical jokes. The character of Iodine became very popular, so Hatlo promoted the character into her own strip in 1943.

Iodine's antics were on the Sunday comics page for over forty years. It came before *Dennis the Menace*. From 1943 to 1963, *Little Iodine* was written and drawn by Hatlo.

Movie adaptations
-----------------

A movie based on the comic strip was released in 1946. It was by Comet Productions. The 56-minute movie stars Jo Ann Marlowe as Little Iodine, Hobart Cavanaugh as her father Henry, and Irene Ryan as her mother Cora.

In the movie, Iodine thinks that her mother is having an affair with Professor Simkins (played by Leon Belasco). She tries one antic after another to break up the couple. Her efforts backfire when they cause conflict between her father and his employer, Mr. Bigdome (Emory Parnell).

The movie was planned to be released earlier than October 20, 1946 (its actual distribution date), but that date was delayed due to an epidemic of polio that prevented children across the United States from attending movies. The movie is believed to be lost.

Other websites
--------------

* Don Markstein's Toonopedia entry
Kevin J Worthen
**Kevin J Worthen** (born April 15, 1956) is the 13th and current president of Brigham Young University (BYU). He is also in the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He is an area seventy, which means that he helps watch over many church members. Before he became the president of BYU, Worthen was the advancement vice president and the dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School.

Education and Law Experience
----------------------------

Worthen was born in Dragerton, Utah, and he grew up in Price, Utah. He has four older brothers and sisters. He served as an LDS missionary in Monterrey, Mexico. Worthen earned an associate degree from the College of Eastern Utah (CEU). While he was in college, Worthen worked as a coal miner during the summers. He was a co-captain of the varsity basketball team. He graduated in 1978 with the best grades in his class. After that, he went to BYU. He graduated in 1979 with highest honors (*summa cum laude*) with a bachelor's degree in political science.

Worthen attended the J. Reuben Clark Law School at BYU. He became a member of an honor society called the Order of the Coif. In 1982, he again graduated with the highest honors (*summa cum laude*) and the best grades in his class. Then he worked as a law clerk (a lawyer who helps a judge make legal decisions) for Judge Malcolm R. Wilkey on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He also worked as a law clerk for Associate Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White. From 1984 to 1987, Worthen worked as a lawyer in Phoenix, Arizona, for a law firm called Jennings, Strouss & Salmon. Worthen found that he was very interested in the history of laws, so he decided that he wanted to teach law.
Reconstruction of how the Iapetus Ocean and surrounding continents might have been arranged during the late Ediacaran period
Position of the continents after the Caledonian orogeny (Devonian to Permian times). Differences in fossil faunas on both sides of the red line (the **Iapetus Suture**) are evidence for the existence of an ocean between the two sides in the time before the continents were joined in the supercontinent Pangaea.
Geological fault at Niarbyl, Isle of Man. The narrow white diagonal line near centre of picture is the only remaining visible sign of the Iapetus Ocean
The **Iapetus Ocean** existed in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic eras (between 600 and 400 million years ago). The ocean was in the southern hemisphere, between three paleocontinents. The ocean disappeared when these three continents joined to form one big landmass. That large continent has been given various names, such as Laurussia or the Old Red Sandstone continent. Probably the best name is Euramerica, because basically it was American and Europe stuck together.

The Iapetus Ocean was between continental masses that would at a much later time roughly form the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. It was a kind of precursor of the Atlantic.

At the start of the 19th century, American paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott noticed differences in early Paleozoic benthic trilobites either side of the line which later was called the **Iapetus Suture**.

The so called "Pacific fauna" of Laurentia, as found in Scotland and western Newfoundland, was quite different from those of Baltica, often called the "Atlantic fauna". The latter is found in the southern parts of the British Isles and eastern Newfoundland. Geologists of the early 20th century thought a large trough, a so-called geosyncline, had existed between Scotland and England in the early Paleozoic, keeping both sides separated.

With the development of plate tectonics in the 1960s geologists concluded the Atlantic Ocean must have had a precursor before the time of Pangaea. That ocean had closed as three continents joined, producing the Iapetus Suture.

Line of the suture
------------------

The Niarbyl Fault on the Isle of Man is rumoured to allow one to touch North America and Europe simultaneously
The Iapetus suture runs where the Iapetus Ocean was before. 

* In Great Britain the suture runs pretty much along the border between England and Scotland. On the east it runs through Lindisfarne, on the west through the Solway Firth.
* On the Isle of Man it is the Niarbyl Fault, which is an exposed section of the suture.
* On Ireland the suture runs from the east coast at Clogherhead in County Louth to the estuary of the River Shannon on the west.
* In Canada, it runs through Newfoundland and New Brunswick.
* In the United States the suture runs through the north-eastern states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecticut.

There are other suture lines caused by the collision of continents in the run-up to Pangaea, but the Iapetus is the main one.
Ioannina's lake
**Ioannina**  is a Greek town in the northwest of Greece, in Ipiros district. Ioannina is the capital of Ioannina prefecture and Ipiros periphery. 67,384 people live there. Ioannina is built on the bank of Pamvotida lake. Around Ioannina there are many tall mountains. Beside the town is Mitsikeli mountain. In the east of Ioannina is the Pindos range.

Ioannina's lake
---------------

Ioannina is built next to the lake which is named Pamvotida or Ioannina's lake. Ioannina has a small port on the lake which connects Ioannina with the island of the lake. The island of the lake is a small island with very importants monuments and buildings. These buildings have been built during Ottoman period and Byzantine period.

Sites of interest
-----------------

Ioannina has many places of interest. The most interesting place is the castle beside the lake. Many old churches are also very interesting places. There are many interesting sites on the lake's island about which we mentioned above. 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ioannina***.

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**Laika & the Cosmonauts** were a Finnish rock band. They were named for the Soviet Union space dog, Laika.

The band's genre was surf rock. A *Boston Globe* reviewer said their sound was "far beyond the limitations of any specific genre." They played mostly Finnish *rautalanka* (instrumental traditional) music. 

Laika & the Cosmonauts were not well known in the United States. They were well-liked by many musicians. These include Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Mike Palm of the band, Agent Orange, and an early surf rock musician, Dick Dale. Al Jourgensen of Ministry said they are "the best f\*\*king band in the world."

History
-------

The band began in 1987. They still had the same members when they stopped making records in 2008. They toured the United States and Europe several times. The band also played several times on European television.

Laika & the Cosmonauts said in an email on April 23, 2008, that they were quitting after a twenty-year career. They ended with an American tour. The last shows were at the Continental Club in Austin, Texas in the autumn of 2008. A compilation album, *Cosmopolis*, was released at the same time as the tour.

Discography
-----------

* *C'mon Do the Laika* 1988
* *Surfs You Right* 1990
* *Instruments of Terror* 1992
* *The Amazing Colossal Band* 1995
* *Zero Gravity* (US compilation) 1996
* *Absurdistan* 1997
* *Laika Sex Machine* (live) 2000
* *Local Warming* 2004
* *Cosmopolis* 2008 (Compilation)

Other websites
--------------

* 2004 NPR interview
* Finpop.net interview with Matti Pitsinki Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Review of band's live album from *Atomic Magazine*
* mySpace - Laika & the Cosmonauts
* Laika & the Cosmonauts Allmusic
* Laika & the Cosmonauts MTV