recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
1. New Kosovo Alliance (NKA)

The \*\*New Kosovo Alliance (NKA)\*\* is a political coalition in Kosovo, formed in the year 2010. This alliance brings together a diverse range of political parties and interest groups with the shared goal of promoting social justice, economic development, and national unity.

1. 1. Formation and Background

The New Kosovo Alliance officially emerged on May 5, 2010, as a response to heightened political tensions and a desire for a more inclusive and collaborative approach to governance. Visionary leaders who played pivotal roles in its establishment include Sara Petrovic and Marko Jovanovic. Comprising a coalition of six parties, the alliance aims to represent a broad spectrum of perspectives and constituencies.

1. 1. Leadership and Key Figures

Sara Petrovic serves as the charismatic leader of the New Kosovo Alliance, bringing with her a background in grassroots activism. Marko Jovanovic, an experienced political strategist, is the alliance's chief spokesperson. Together, they work collaboratively with other prominent members, such as Ana Popovic and Stefan Milosevic, to guide the coalition toward its overarching objectives.

1. 1. Political Platform

At the core of the New Kosovo Alliance's political platform are principles of social justice, economic equality, and a commitment to fostering national unity. Key objectives include advancing education reform, promoting sustainable economic practices, and enhancing diplomatic relations. The alliance positions itself as a centrist coalition, emphasizing a commitment to pragmatic and inclusive governance.

1. 1. Elections and Achievements

The NKA actively participated in the 2011 and 2014 national elections, securing notable successes in both. In 2014, the alliance gained a majority in the parliament, reflecting a growing influence and garnering support among the electorate. Their victory was attributed to a strong grassroots campaign and a focus on addressing pressing economic challenges.

1. 1. Challenges and Controversies

Despite its successes, the New Kosovo Alliance has faced challenges, including internal disagreements on certain policy issues and external criticism for its diplomatic approach. Controversies, such as allegations of campaign finance impropriety in 2011, have added complexity to its political journey, requiring adept navigation by the alliance's leadership.

1. 1. Impact on Kosovo Politics

The New Kosovo Alliance has played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of Kosovo by implementing education reforms, facilitating economic development, and fostering diplomatic relations. Contributions to legislative changes, such as the passage of key economic policies, have left a lasting imprint on the country's political trajectory, demonstrating the alliance's commitment to positive transformation.

1. 1. Current Status

As of 2023, the New Kosovo Alliance remains an influential force in Kosovo politics. Ongoing activities include initiatives to address environmental concerns
**Krushchev's Secret Speech** was the speech in which Nikita Krushchev denounced Joseph Stalin after the latter's death. The speech was a spoken report to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956. Its title was **On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences**.

The report was known as the "Secret Speech" because it was delivered at a closed session of Communist Party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded. Although the text of the Khrushchev report leaked almost immediately, the official Russian text was published only in 1989 during the glasnost campaign of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

The speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 XVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. They were victims of the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. Estimates of Stalin's role in history were quite changed by the speech. Many in the West who had been Communist Party member, or at least sympathetic fellow-travellers, resigned their memberships and no longer defended the reputation of Stalin. Russian writers like Solzhenitsyn found they were treated with more sympathy. The speech was a significant turning-point in history.

The speech caused such shock to the audience that, according to some reports, some of those present suffered heart attacks, and others later committed suicide. Many Soviet citizens were confused by De-Stalinization. They had been fed on praise of the "genius" of Stalin. This was especially obvious in the Georgian SSR, Stalin's homeland, where rioting ended with the Soviet Red Army crackdown on 9 March 1956.
**STS-122** is the name of the 121st flight of the Space Shuttle, taking seven people into outer space to visit the International Space Station. The flight delivered a module to the space station, called *Columbus*. The Space Shuttle *Atlantis* carried the module. The flight started at 19:45 UTC, on 7 February 2008, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight ended on 20 February, at 14:07 UTC, when the Shuttle went back to the Kennedy Space Center.

Crew
----

Seven people were aboard the Space Shuttle. They are; Stephen Frick, who was the Commander, the man in charge of the Space Shuttle, Alan G. Poindexter, who was the Pilot, the man who flied the Shuttle, Leland D. Melvin, Rex J. Walheim, Hans Schlegel and Stanley G. Love, who were there to fit the *Columbus* onto the space station. Léopold Eyharts was also on board. He lived on the Space Station for a month. Daniel M. Tani, who was on the space station came home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft.

Flight
------

### Launch

The flight was originally scheduled to launch, on 6 December 2007. A problem with a part of the fuel tank used to work out how much fuel was left went wrong, which meant the start of the flight had to be delayed. After the same part went wrong in an attempt to start the flight on 9 December, the start of the flight was moved to January 2008, and later to February. The flight started on 7 February 2008. Some people at NASA were worried that bad weather might stop the launch, but the bad weather cleared up in time for a good launch.

### Landing

At 13:00 UTC, a 2-minute-43-second de-orbit (opposite of making an orbit) burn was conducted. Then it entered in the atmosphere at 13:35 UTC. *Atlantis* touched down on Runway 15 of the Kennedy Space Center at 9:07:10 EST (14:07:10 UTC). The wheels of the orbiter stopped at 09:08:08 EST (14:08:08 UTC).

Mission
-------

The people aboard STS-122 had several jobs to do. The main job was to add the new room, or module, *Columbus*, to the space station. To do this, a robot arm, called a Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, will be used to lift *Columbus* out of the Space Shuttle, and move it over to a gap in the side of the space station. Two of the crew will then go outside, and fit parts to the module. *Columbus* will be used for scientific research.
The wreckage of the site
The **1993 World Trade Center bombing** happened on February 26, 1993 in the bottom section of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, United States. Six people were killed, including a woman who was 7 months pregnant. About 1,042 people were injured. The plan was to use truck bombs parked in the parking lot of the bottom of the North Tower. The main leader of the al-Qaeda cell sent to destroy the buildings hoped the explosions would cause the North Tower to collapse and hit the South Tower.

The cell's leader was Ramzi Yousef. The group wanted to destroy the building because many Jews worked in it. Their leader Osama bin Laden was disappointed to see the buildings were not destroyed, so he wanted another attack on the same building. The result would be the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***1993 World Trade Center bombing***.

* Rewards for Justice World Trade Center Bombing page Archived 2005-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
* "1993: World Trade Center bomb terrorises New York", *BBC: On This Day*
* FBI – 1993 World Trade Center Bombing – Press Room Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine FBI February 26, 2008
* Images from the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing
* WCBS 880 radio aircheck, February 26, 1993 at sorabji.com
An **agency** is an organization which acts on behalf of others. There are commercial agencies, and government agencies. Dictionary.com defines 'agency': "an organization, company, or bureau that provides some service for another: a welfare agency". Actors, models, authors, sportspeople all have agents or agencies.

Bureau
------

A **bureau** is agency within an agency. For example:

* The United States Department of the Interior is responsible for preserving the land and forests, and state parks. An agency within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has the job of providing certain services to native American and native Alaskan tribes.
* The United States Department of Homeland Security, tasked with protecting the country from foreign threats, uses the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a national police force against terrorism and treason.

World
-----

### United States

In the United States, government agencies include the United States Department of Homeland Security, which has the job of protecting U.S. citizens; the United States Department of Education, which sets certain rules for how U.S. schools are to be run; and the United States Department of the Treasury, which helps keep track of the nation's money supply.

Sources
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1. ↑  The use of "agency" for a government organisation is an American usage. In the United Kingdom, the word is mostly used for commercial agencies.
2. ↑  "the definition of agency". *www.dictionary.com*.
**Leonard Hofstadter** is a fictional character in the television show The Big Bang Theory. Leonard is from New Jersey. His father is an anthropologist and his mother is a neuroscientist. Leonard’s parents made him learn to play the cello and become a scientist even though he wanted to be a rapper "like Snoop Dogg but with a little more healthy respect for the police". Leonard was on the debate team in school and says that if he had not had glasses, he would have been "the coolest kid on the debate team to get constantly shoved into his locker." Leonard also mentions that he once had a bully who gave him such a terrible wedgie that it temporarily moved one of his testicles. He also says that he hated high school because he was never popular and that his mother never let him celebrate his birthday because "that was her accomplishment, not mine" and that his parents never paid attention to his achievements. Leonard got his Phd at Princeton and got a job working at Caltech. He became a roommate of Sheldon Cooper because he couldn’t afford an apartment with only his own money. He almost accidentally gave American nuclear secrets to his girlfriend Joyce Kim not realizing that she was a North Korean spy but Sheldon Cooper annoyed her so much that she left before he could give her anything. When a beautiful girl named Penny moves in across the hall from Leonard and Sheldon, Leonard falls in love with her. Leonard tried to get her to like him but thanks to Sheldon she finds out that Leonard has Luke Skywalker shampoo and Darth Vader conditioner and uses the periodic table as a shower curtain and plays boggle in Klingon with his friends including Sheldon, Rajesh Koothrapalli and Howard Wolowitz leading her to think that he is a nerd. For most of the show Leonard is trying to start a relationship with Penny and they eventually date and get married.
**Hermione Jean Granger** (born September 19, 1979) is a character from the *Harry Potter* series. She met Harry Potter and Ron Weasley for the first time on the Hogwarts Express. She was then looking for Neville's toad. She is referred to as the smartest witch of her age. In the Harry Potter movies, the character is played by Emma Watson.

Character
---------

Hermione is one of Harry Potter's best friends. She knows nearly every thing in the magical world. She spends a lot of time with Harry and Ron. Her parents are Muggles (not magical) but she is the brightest witch of her class. She was born on September 19, 1979 and when she arrived at Hogwarts for the very first time, she was almost 12, since she was born after September 1st, she has to wait a year later. Her parents are dentists. She is intelligent and her special skill is the ability to remember all that she has read. Because of this, Hermione is successful in her tests. Although she is smart, she also is brave and has street-smarts. She cares about house-elves and has made the club S.P.E.W. the Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare, which Ron mockingly calls "Spew." She made scarfs and garments to liberate the elves of the slavery of the wizards. But none of the elves took the garments and Dobby (the old house elf of the Malfoy family) gathered them. She is one of the prefects of Gryffindor with Ron. Her appearance is made up of bushy brown hair, dark brown eyes, and huge front teeth, which Draco Malfoy enlarged it in her fourth year. It is also noted at the end of *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows* that she marries Ron and they have two children together called Rose and Hugo, to which the children has taken after their parents' initials. Although in *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire* she was the dance partner of Viktor Krum. She belongs to Gryffindor house, which is known for bravery. The Sorting Hat thought about putting her in Ravenclaw house, which is known for wisdom, but finally it put her in Gryffindor. Hermione has a pet cat named Crookshanks, which Ron told her it was like a hairy pig.[*source?*]

In the first book Hermione had the personality of a snob, and a geek, and she is not very friendly but with the time she improves that. Hermione was teased as Mudblood (Witch/ Wizard born with no Magical parents, also known as an offensive insult on Muggle Born Witch/ Wizard) by many Slytherins, especially Draco Malfoy. Her name refers to The Winter's Tale, by William Shakespeare, and was the daughter of Helen of Troy from Ancient Greek Mythology.

Hermione Granger is in love with Ron Weasley and has 2 kids called Hugo Granger-Weasley and Rose Granger-Weasley [*source?*]
Damage to several houses in Chile after the earthquake
The **Great Chilean Earthquake** or **Valdivian Earthquake** was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The quake occurred in the early evening (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.

Its epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that pounded the Chilean coastline with waves of up to 25 meters. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves travelled as far as Japan and the Philippines.

The total number of deaths from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Chile has been estimated at 490 to 5700. The Chilean government estimated 2 million people were left homeless and the damage was $550 million USD.

Other websites
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* 1960 Chilean Tsunami
* Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan
*The Battle of Bunker Hill*, by Howard Pyle, 1897; it was published in Scribner's Magazine in February,1898
The **Battle of Bunker Hill** was a battle in the American War of Independence. It took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill, which is close and which was involved in the battle. Bunker Hill was the original objective of both colonial and British troops. Sometimes, the battle is called the "Battle of Breed's Hill."

On June 13, 1775, the Americans learned that the British generals were planning to send troops out from the city to occupy the unoccupied hills around the city. In response to this, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill, constructed an earthen redoubt on Breed's Hill, and built lightly fortified lines across most of the Charlestown Peninsula.

When the British were alerted to the presence of the new position the next day, they mounted an attack against them. After two assaults on the colonial lines were repulsed with significant British casualties, the British finally captured the positions on the third assault, after the defenders in the redoubt ran out of ammunition. The colonial forces retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill, suffering their most significant losses on Bunker Hill.

Even though the British forces won the battle, they lost many soldiers: over 800 redcoats (British soldiers) were wounded and 226 were killed, among them many officers. For this reason, the battle is seen as an example of a Pyrrhic victory: the immediate gain (the capture of Bunker Hill) was small and did not change the state of the siege very much, but the cost was high. Nearly a third of the deployed forces were either wounded or killed. Meanwhile, colonial forces were able to retreat and regroup in good order because they had suffered fewer casualties. Furthermore, the battle demonstrated that relatively inexperienced colonial forces were willing and able to stand up to regular army troops in a pitched battle. After the battle the British still didn't realize they were still in Boston.
Penny Hofstadter is a fictional character in The Big Bang Theory. Penny is played by Kaley Cuoco.

Penny in the First Episode
--------------------------

In the beginning of the show, a girl named Penny becomes a neighbour of Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper. She says she moved from Nebraska to California to be an actress but could only be a waitress. Penny asks Sheldon to get her Television back from her old boyfriend Kurt and when they do he pantses them.

Leonard and Penny
-----------------

In the first episode, Leonard falls in love with Penny and tries to get her to date him but she thinks he’s just a friend. When he asks her to date him, she thinks he’s inviting her to eat with him and his friends. When Leonard is goes to the North Pole, Penny worries about him and when he comes back they have sex. Penny asks Sheldon if she should date Leonard and Sheldon tells her about Schrödinger's cat. So she decides to date Leonard.

Bernadette
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When Leonard and Penny start dating, Leonard asks her to find a girlfriend for Howard Wolowitz. So Penny introduces Howard to her friend Bernadette who is studying Microbiology. Then Howard and Bernadette date.

Breaking up with Leonard
------------------------

When Leonard told Penny "I love you" but Penny didn’t say "I love you" to him, Wil Wheaton told her that it would be nicer just to break up with Leonard so she did.

Friendship with Amy
-------------------

After Penny broke up with Leonard, Howard and Dr. Raj Koothrappali tried to convince Leonard to start to use the Internet to find a girlfriend. When he said no, they used to find a girl for Sheldon named Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler who has a Phd in Neurobiology. Amy and Penny become best friends.

One Night Stand With Raj
------------------------

When Leonard starts dating Raj’s sister Priya, Raj and Penny get drunk and have sex with each other.

Getting back together with Leonard
----------------------------------

After Leonard and Priya break up, Leonard and Penny start dating again. Howard asks Bernadette to marry him and she says yes. So Leonard asks Penny to marry him but she says no because he asked her while they were having sex.

Second Proposal
---------------

When Howard comes back from Outer space he and Bernadette go to a Restaurant with Leonard and Penny. Leonard asks Penny to marry him to make her old boyfriend jealous and she says no. They decide that Penny should be the one to ask Leonard to marry her when she’s ready.

Third Proposal
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When Penny realizes that she hasn’t managed to become an actor she gets drunk and asks Leonard to marry her. He says no.

Professor Proton’s Funeral
--------------------------

After their friend Dr. Arthur Jefferies dies, Penny asks Leonard to marry her as a joke to "even up the score" and asks him twice. He says no.

Pharmaceutical sales
--------------------

Bernadette gets Penny a job selling drugs for a Pharmacy. She makes twice as much money as Leonard does. She and Leonard decide to get married so they go to Las Vegas and get married.
**Brigittenauer AC** (full name *1. Brigittenauer Athletiksport Club*, often just called *BAC*) was a football club from Vienna.

History
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The club was formed on 27 August 1925 from the merger of the former second division club SC Donaustadt (founded 1905) and the relegated FC Ostmark Wien (founded 1910). The greatest successes was the second place in 1927 in the first season after promotion and reaching the cup final in 1933. In this year the club was last relegated from the first division. BAC played five seasons in the top division under this name. The most famous players were Karl Adamek and Heinrich Hiltl.

After being relegated to the second division in 1938 the club lost his importance. In 1972 and 1974 there were mergers with SC Rasenspieler Höchstädt to form Brigittenauer AC-Hochstädt and with SV Helios Brigittenau to form Brigittenauer AC. In 1974 the name was changed to 1. Brigittenauer SC. In 1993 there was a game association with the SKV Feuerwehr in the fourth-rate Vienna city league to form the Brigittenauer SC Feuerwehr. After dissolution the following year the club was now called Brigittenauer SC. In 2009 there was a final merger with ISS Admira Landhaus and the name Brigittenau dissappeared.
**Tapirs** are odd-toed ungulates form the family **Tapiridae**. The only living genus is ***Tapirus***. The first tapirids appeared in the Eocene epoch, and by the Oligocene they looked similar to the present-day species. For much of their history, tapirs were spread across the Northern Hemisphere extinct as recently as 10,000 years ago.

Taxonomy
--------

* Family **Tapiridae**
	+ Brazilian tapir or Lowland tapir (*Tapirus terrestris*)
	+ Mountain Tapir (*Tapirus pinchaque*)
	+ Baird's tapir (*Tapirus bairdii*)

  

* + Malayan tapir (*Tapirus indicus*)
	+ Kabomani tapir (*Tapirus kabomani*)

Appearance
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Tapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3 ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb. They have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.

Tapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back. All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.

Tapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.

Habitat
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Tapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia. 
Tapirs live in dense forests, and close to water. They can also live in savannah biomes, or in dry tropical deciduous forests near a permanent water source.

Life
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Tapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.

Tapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 – 30 years old.

Gallery
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* Brazilian or lowland tapirBrazilian or lowland tapir
* Baird's tapirBaird's tapir
* Malayan tapirMalayan tapir
* A young Brazilian tapirA young Brazilian tapir

Other websites
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Wikispecies has information on: ***Tapiridae***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tapiridae***.

* IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
* The Tapir Gallery at The Tapir Preservation Fund website
* World Tapir Day website
* Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica Archived 2012-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Douglas Alexander Spalding** (1841–1877) was an English biologist. He was one of the founders of ethology (animal behaviour), but it took a long time before this was appreciated.

He was born in Islington in London in 1841, and began life as a workman. Later, when he lived near Aberdeen, he attended courses without charge. He studied philosophy and literature, but after a year he returned to London. Spalding trained to be a lawyer, but contracted tuberculosis.

He travelled in Europe in hopes of finding a cure. In Avignon he met John Stuart Mill, and through Mill he met John Russell, Viscount Amberley. Russell was the son of the former British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Spalding became tutor to Viscount Amberley's children, including perhaps the very young Bertrand Russell. He also carried on an intermittent affair with Katharine Russell, Lord Amberley's wife. After Lord Amberley's death in 1876, Spalding returned to the continent and died there the following year.

Ethology
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Spalding carried out some remarkable experiments on animal behaviour, and discovered the phenomenon now known as imprinting. This was later rediscovered by Oskar Heinroth, then studied and popularised by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

Instinct and imprinting were the first scientific concepts in ethology. Spalding was able to prove that the behaviour of chicks after hatching from the egg happened even when they had *no experience, practice or even information from the senses*. Therefore the capacity was inherited. J.B.S. Haldane reprinted Spalding's essay *On Instinct* in 1954 to show how important it was for the history of ethology.

Birds v. mammals
----------------

If we realise that birds are descendants of dinosaurs, and (say) cats are mammals, the we can understand the effects of their births. A bird comes out of the shell ready-made. After an initial feeding that's it as far as the parents are concerned. On the other hand, cats have quite a long period when the mother looks after them. They are initially almost helpless. The role of play is very much another mammalian learning device. On the other hand, birds do not learn to fly. They fly when their anatomy is developed.
This is what Spalding proved.
***Private Eye*** is a British fortnightly satirical and current affairs news magazine. It started in 1961. It is published in London and has been edited by Ian Hislop since 1986. It is well known for its prominent criticism and lampooning of public figures. It is also has a lot of investigative journalism into under-reported scandals and cover-ups.

It is Britain's best-selling current affairs magazine. Many of its long-running jokes have entered popular culture in the United Kingdom. It regularly published satirical pages under the title *Mrs Wilson's diary* in the 1960s when Mrs Wilson was living in Downing Street with Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister. It was in the style of the BBC radio serial *Mrs Dale's Diary.* In 1969 it was made into a movie. *Nooks and Corners* an architectural column, is severely critical of architectural vandalism and "barbarism". It was originally founded by John Betjeman in 1971.

It recorded its highest-ever circulation in the second half of 2016. It is privately owned and highly profitable.

With a "deeply conservative resistance to change", it is only available printed on cheap paper, not online. It looks more like a comic rather than a serious magazine. Both its satire and investigative journalism have led to numerous libel suits. it often carries news that the mainstream press will not print for fear of law suits or because the material is of minority interest. It is known for the use of pseudonyms by the writers many of whom have been prominent in public life – this even extends to a fictional proprietor, Lord Gnome.
The **ratites** are a group of medium to large birds, most of which are flightless. Most of them, including the largest (moas and elephant birds) are now extinct. 

Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum. In a flying bird the sternum anchors the wing muscles. 

Most parts of the former super-continent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

The classification used here includes all ratites in the order Struthioniformes, but not the tinamous. This may change in future.

Evolution and systematics
-------------------------

Comparison of a kiwi, ostrich, and *Dinornis*, each with its egg
It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern gene analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas (South America) and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites *are* monophyletic. 

Recent analysis of twenty nuclear genes suggests that the flighted tinamous cluster within the ratite lineage. The timamids are the sister group of the Australo-Pacific ratites.

If so, this would make 'ratites', as a whole, paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. Since tinamous are weak fliers, this raises interesting questions about the evolution of flightlessness in this group. If timamous are inside the ratite lineage, then ratites evolved flightlessness at least three times. Re-evolution of flight in the tinamous would be an alternative explanation, but that has no precedent in bird evolution, while loss of flight is commonplace.

Simple summary
--------------

Tinamous are ratites. Therefore, ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of whom are flightless, with the exception of the tinamous. The ratites evolved flightlessness more than once. The similarities between ostriches and the Australo-Pacific ratites is due to convergent evolution.
**Piet Derksen** (1913, Rotterdam - 24 February 1996, Westerhoven) was a Dutch businessman who founded Center Parcs. He was also a philanthropist. He donated all his fortune to charity.

Business
--------

Piet's father thought he was reading too much, so he said to his son that he should go and play tennis. Pieter listened to the advice of his father, but he was more interested in making money from tennis. He borrowed money from his family and built a tennis court near Kralingen in Holland with it.

Later on, Pieter had the idea to sell his tennis course and start a sport store. It was called "Sporthuis-centrum" which means "Sporthouse-centre". He bought a tent factory in North Brabant. At the time, lots of people wanted bigger, better tents. Pieter decided to rent out tents on a piece of land he bought near Reuver. This was a great success, so the tents were replaced with bungalows. In 1978 Pieter decided to sell his sports stores - he did this so he could concentrate on "Sporthuis Centrum". He built a house for himself on the Center Parcs site "De Kempervennen" near Eindhoven. He did this so he could see his company working and be close to his customers.
Christianity started within Judaism, and then became an independent religion. The Old Testament, which is the first half of the Christian bible is based on the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible. Since about the 19th century, the term **Judeo-Christian** is used, to either describe this common heritage, or to show how Christianity developed from Judaism. The term *Abrahamic religions* also includes other religions, for which Abraham was an important person, most notably Islam. 

At the time of Christ, Judaism was legal within the Roman Empire, and Jews were permitted to worship their religion. Christians were not covered by this arrangement, yet they had in the first century A.D. no Bible: the first book of the New Testament was not written until about 100 AD, though even that date this is not precisely known. It is deduced from its internal content. The other books were written even later. That is why in modern Bibles over half the content is from the Jewish tradition.

The words 'Judæo Christian' first appeared in the 19th century as a word for Jewish converts to Christianity. Some Jewish writers objected, because they felt it was used to pretend there were no important differences between the two religions. It was used a lot in America during the Cold War, to show that the country was united against communist atheism. It is still used sometimes in discussions about Western values and against Islam.
**Gisela Mayer** (30 October 1931 in Stuttgart - 1 July 2020 in Ellwangen ) was a local politician in Ellwangen, and founder of the first women's list in Germany. In 1996 she received the Barbara Künkelin Prize, from the city of Schorndor. In 2003 she received the Federal Cross of Merit .

Life
----

Gisela Mayer graduated from the Hölderlin-Gymnasium in Stuttgart in 1949 and worked as a foreign language secretary, at the *Association of German Mechanical and Plant Engineering* in Stuttgart. In 1955, she married the lawyer Curt Mayer, where she was office manager. Her daughter Ingrid Alice Mayer is a lawyer, politician and author.

In 1979, Gisela Mayer founded the Ellwanger women's list, the first all-women's list in the Germany. In the local elections in 1980, she received almost 10% of the vote. She sat on the local council for 24 years. From 1989 to 2004 she was a district councilor in the Ostalb district .

Gisela Mayer died on July 1, 2020 in the St. Anna Virngrund Clinic at the age of 88 as a result of intestinal surgery.
The **Appalachian National Scenic Trail**, often called the **Appalachian Trail** or the **A.T.**, is a hiking trail in the eastern United States. The trail goes between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. The trail is about 2,200 miles (3,500 km) long. The exact length changes over time as parts are changed. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy says the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking-only trail in the world. More than 2 million people hike on part of the trail at least once each year.

The idea of the Appalachian Trail started in 1921. The trail was completed in 1937 after more than ten years of work. Changes to the trail still happen every year. Thirty-one trail clubs and many partners help keep it usable. The National Park Service, United States Forest Service, and the nonprofit Appalachian Trail Conservancy manage it. Most of the trail is in forest or wild lands. Some parts go through towns, roads and farms. It passes through 14 states: Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Thru-hikers attempt to hike the whole trail in one season. The number of thru-hikes per year has increased steadily. In 2017, 715 northbound and 133 southbound thru-hikes were reported. Many books, documentaries, websites, and fan organizations are dedicated to the hike. Some people hike from one end to the other, then turn around and thru-hike the trail the other way. This is known as a "yo-yo".

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to  ***Appalachian Trail***.

**Official sites**

* Official site of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy
* National Park Service Trail information, with maps
**CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy** is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

History
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### Belgian national aviation school

The origins of the school for airline pilots start in 1953. It was when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name *École d’aviation civile* (EAC). The training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260. The advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

### Sabena airline flight school

In 1991, the government gives the *École d’aviation civile* to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

### Acquisition by CAE

It was finally absorbed in 2008 by CAE. This was done as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy

Bibliography
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* Olivier Wilmart, *De Sabena à Air France*, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. (ISBN 2-87386-288-2)
* Olivier Wilmart, *La nuque bleue*, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. (ISBN 978-2-87386-502-3)
* Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, *Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel*, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. (ISBN 978-90-8931-252-5)
* Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), *6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien...*, 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p. (ISBN 9798637449200), p. 12
* Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), *6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …*, 2020, Amazon, 77p. (ISBN 9798693699175), p. 12

Other websites
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* CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
* CAE
The **supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea**, or simply known as the **supreme leader of North Korea** is the head of state and head of government of North Korea. The leader directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces.

Kim Jong-un is the 3rd and current supreme leader of North Korea, in office since December 17, 2011.

Executive and Legislative Powers
--------------------------------

the president of the state affairs commission is the head of state of North Korea. The North Korean constitution gives the president the power to lead the state and appoint important state officials.

The president also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives to serve foreign relations in other countries. The president can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defense during times of war. The president also has absolute power and control over North Korea's nuclear arsenal.

The president has the power to choose the vice president, and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are elected by members of the assembly. The president can also propose for their recall by the assembly and the president also has the right to appoint or dismiss important state officials.

The president can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly. The commission can also submit an agenda to the assembly. The president can also have the right to grant pardons.

The supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces. The leader may exercise supreme operational command and control over the country's military forces, and has plenary power to launch, direct and supervise military operations, order or authorize the deployment of troops, or launch nuclear weapons.

Official residences
-------------------

Ryongsong Residence is the current and official residence of the supreme leader of North Korea. The supreme leader also has other official state residences but are kept hidden away with absolutely no access to them.

Protection
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The Ministry of State Security is charged with protecting the supreme leader and the first family of North Korea. As part of their protection, their duties are also to investigate any type of threats towards the Kim family or any government official. It's also tasked to conduct VIP protection duties for North Korean diplomats and employees who work in many North Korean embassies, accompany and other foreign officials abroad.

Line of succession
------------------

The North Korean leadership line of succession is the order in which one of the members of the Kim family are to assume the powers and duties as the supreme leader of North Korea upon their death.
**Miquel de Prades** ( Balaguer ) ? 1462?   - Belvedere Marittimo coast 1505), known by the name of **Miquelot de Prades**, was a Catalan soldier famous for his skill with the sword and various military deeds. There is no certain evidence that confirms whether three documented facts (about a fencer, about a murderer and about a soldier who died at sea) can be attributed to the same person.

Documented facts
----------------

### Assassination of Joan Borja in Rome

The historian Jerónimo Zurita explains the assassination of Juan de Borja, son of Alexander VI in Rome, in the year 1497. The death was attributed to Michalot de Prats, who was at the service of the victim. 

### Famous fencer in Italy and Montserrat

Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, in his work *Las Quinquagenas de la nobility de España*,  spoke of a Catalan soldier (Michalot de Pradas) who roamed Italy, winning all the duels with a sure thrust to the opponent's neck. Repentant of his life, that soldier went to take refuge in the monastery of Montserrat. One bad day an Italian soldier with two swords showed up and challenged Miquelot (saying that he wanted to see the secret thrust, claiming that he would know how to counter it). Miquelot flatly refused to fight but the other's insistence forced him to do so. The Italian ended up dead, with a thrust to the neck. There was probably no better way to teach it. Repentant of the new death, he went to Rome to ask for forgiveness. The pope incorporated him into his troops. 

* There is no document that indicates the type of sword used by Miquelot and his opponents. It could be either a broadsword (rigid and heavy) or a flexible and relatively light sword.

### Soldier at the service of the Pontiff

There is a Michalot de Prats who with an armed caravel in Naples chased and made some corsairs flee near Belvedere Marittimo (a priori, without any relationship, with the previous events). Michalot's ship, some ships that accompanied him and the captured privateers suffered a sudden storm and sank (year 1505). All the crew were drowned.
***Ensete*** is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae, and includes the false banana or enset (*E. ventricosum*), an economically important foodcrop in Ethiopia.

Taxonomy
--------

The genus *Ensete* was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his *Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum* of 1862 in which he created a single species, *Ensete edule*. However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the *Kew Bulletin* on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species.

Taxonomically, the genus *Ensete* has been reduced since Cheesman restore the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six. The Plant List accepts eight species as valid.

Description
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The plants of *Ensete* are very large herbs without branches that die after producing seeds; They have only one stem that remains short until flowering.

They have very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. Their fruits are leathery and dry berries with few big and hard seeds.

Species
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*Ensete superbum* at the United States Botanic Garden.
It is possible to separate *Ensete* into its African and Asian species.

Africa
*Ensete homblei* (Bequart ex De Wild.) Cheesman - SE Democratic Republic of Congo to N Zambia
*Ensete livingstonianum* (J.Kirk) Cheesman - Western tropical Africa to Malawi
*Ensete perrieri* (Claverie) Cheesman - endemic to Madagascar
*Ensete ventricosum* (Welw.) Cheesman - enset or false banana, widely cultivated as a food plant in Ethiopia
Asia
*Ensete glaucum* (Roxb.) Cheesman - widespread in Asia from India to Papua New Guinea
*Ensete lasiocarpum* (Franch.) Cheesman - China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma)
*Ensete superbum* (Roxb.) Cheesman - Western Ghats of India
*Ensete wilsonii* (Tutcher) Cheesman - Yunnan, China, but doubtfully distinct from *E. glaucum*

Related pages
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* Musa (genus)
* Plantain
* Banana

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ensete***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Musa***.

* IPNI Listing
Podiceps cristatus
Great crested grebes have a beautiful courtship display. Notice chicks on mother's back, and small gift brought by the male.
Great Grebe mother feeds her duckling with a roach
The young grebe is coloured quite differently
Grebes in dance mode
Grebe on nest
 *Podiceps cristatus*
The **great crested grebe** is a water bird. It is a member of the grebe family. Its scientific name is *Podiceps cristatus*.

Description
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The great crested grebe is a medium sized bird. It is 46–51 cm long. Its wingspan (both wings open) is 59–73 cm long.

The bird is white, brown and black, and it has orange crest feathers on its head. It has a long, sharp pink bill. Baby great crested grebe have black and white stripes on their heads.

Habitat and behaviour
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The great crested grebe is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is the biggest grebe in Europe. It lives in freshwater lakes. It eats crustaceans (for example, crabs), insects and small frogs. It dives into the water to find food.

The bird has an interesting mating ritual. This means two birds (male and female) do a "dance" in the water before they mate. Grebes dance every time the pair meets, and the dance varies according to the circumstance. Returning to the nest is different from meeting out on the water, for instance. Most dances end in a bout of head-shaking.

The great crested grebe makes a nest from plants. The nest floats on top of the water. A pair of grebes will usually have two eggs. When the babies are born, they cannot swim. Their parents teach them to swim and dive. Sometimes the babies will sit on their parents backs while the parents swim in the water.

Conservation
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The bird nearly became extinct in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This is because people wanted to use their orange head feathers. People wanted to put the feathers on their hats and clothes. The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) stopped this. There are now many great crested grebe in the United Kingdom, where their conservation status is *green* ("least concern").