recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Yadu (legendary king)** (Sanskrit: यदु) is one of the five Indo-Aryan tribes (*panchajana*, *panchakrishtya* or *panchamanusha*) mentioned in the Rig Veda (I.54.6, I.108.7, X.62.10). The Mahabharata, the Harivamsha and the Puranas mention Yadu as the eldest son of king Yayati and his queen Devayani. The prince of King Yayati, Yadu was a self-respecting and a very established ruler. According to the Vishnu Purana, the Bhagavata Purana and the Garuda Purana Yadu had four sons, while according to the rest of the Puranas he had five sons. The names of his sons are: Sahasrajit (or Sahasrada), Kroshtu (or Kroshta),, Nila, Antika and Laghu. The kings between Budha and Yayati were known as Somavanshi. According to a narrative found in the Mahabharata, and the Vishnu Purana, Yadu refused to exchange his years of youth with his father Yayati. So he was cursed by Yayati that none of Yadu's progeny shall possess the dominion under his father's command. Thereby, he could not have carried on the same dynasty, called Somavamshi. Notably, the only remaining dynasty of King Puru was entitled to be known as Somavamshi. Thereby King Yadu ordered that the future generations of his would be known as *Yadavs* and the dynasty would be known as *Yaduvamshi*. The generations of Yadu had an unprecedented growth and got divided into two branches.
For the group of people in South America, see Yahgan people.
A portrait of Yagan's head.
**Yagan** (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia.

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. Yagan was blamed for spearing cattle near the Swan River. There were not many cattle in the new colony and food was scarce. Yagan's taking of the settlers animals and food supplies was seen as a very serious crime. After a European was killed, the military started a search for Yagan. He was found after four months and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped after six weeks. One of the soldiers who had got to know him on Carnac Island, compared him to William Wallace.

Yagan's brother was killed in April 1833 while trying to steal flour from a cart. Yagan, Midgigoroo and several others attacked another cart and killed the drivers. They were declared outlaws, which meant they had no legal rights and could be killed by anyone. A reward of £30 was offered for their capture. Midgigoroo was soon captured and executed. Two months later, on 11 July 1833 a shepherd, William Keates, shot and killed Yagan. Keates was killed soon afterwards in another fight with the Aborigines, and his brother claimed the reward for the capture of Yagan. Yagan's head was cut off and sent to England for display.

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. On 10 July 2010, Yangar was reburied in Perth, at a site now called the Yagan Memorial Park. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.
Miguel Indurain in 1996
**Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya** (born July 16, 1964) is a Spanish retired road racing cyclist. He was a professional cyclist from 1985 to 1996. He was the first person to win the Tour de France five times in a row from 1991 to 1995. He also won the Giro d'Italia two times, in 1992 and 1993. In 1994, he cycled 53.040 kilometres in one hour, which was a new hour record. He also won the Olympic Gold medal for the time trial in 1996.

Indurain was very good at time trials. In the five Tours de France that he won, he only won two stages that were not time trials. He finished time trials much quicker than other cyclists, so he did not need to attack in mountain stages. In the 1996 Tour de France, he had a bad cold and he could not win. He retired later in 1997.

Achievements
------------

Tour de France finishings
1985: Withdrew, 4th stage
1986: Withdrew, 8th stage
1987: 97th
1988: 47th
1989: 17th
1990: 10th
1991: **1st**
1992: **1st**
1993: **1st**
1994: **1st**
1995: **1st**
1996: 11th
Giro d'Italia finishings
1992: **1st**
1993: **1st**
1994: 3rd
Vuelta a España finishings
1985: 84th
1986: 92nd
1987: Withdrew
1988: Withdrew
1989: Withdrew
1990: 7th
1991: 2nd
1996: Withdrew, 12th stage
Major results
World Time-Trial Championship (1995)
Summer Olympics Men's Individual Time Trial (1996)
Dauphiné Libéré (1995, 1996)
Paris-Nice (1989, 1990)
Clásica de San Sebastián (1990)
Critérium International (1989)
Grand prix du Midi Libre (1995)
Volta a Catalunya (1988, 1991, 1992)
Tour de l'Avenir (1986)
Accolades ya boi emilio
French Légion d'honneur
Prince of Asturias Awards: Sports (1992)
Active member – Laureus World Sports Academy
1995 ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year
A **tadpole** or **polliwog** is the larva of a frog. It breathes water and lives in the water. Tadpoles hatch from small eggs.

Frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings. Like bird eggs, they have nutrients (food) inside them for the young animal to grow before it hatches.

Movement
--------

Tadpoles swim by lateral undulation: their tails move side to side, not up and down.

Food
----

Most types of tadpole eat only plants, for example algae on rocks. Some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.

Metamorphosis
-------------

After some time, the tadpoles begin to grow legs: first the hind legs and then the front legs. Then they are called froglets. Soon after, froglets grow lungs and begin to breathe air and lose their tails. The tail disappears because the cells in the tail gently die. Each tadpole's mouth changes from small to as wide as its head. Its intestines become shorter. They grow larger, and eventually become adults.

Species
-------

How fast or slow the eggs hatch and how fast or slow the tadpole becomes a froglet is different in different frogs. Some tadpoles take months to become frogs. Some stay tadpoles all winter and do not become frogs until the next spring, or even three years later. Some frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water that are only there in the spring and dry up in the summer, so the tadpoles must become frogs in only a few weeks.
***The Angriest Dog in the World*** is a comic strip created by film director David Lynch.

Background
----------

Lynch came up with the idea for the comic strip in 1973 during a time when he was feeling very angry. The comic strip was first published in the *LA Reader*, and ran from 1983 until 1992. The comic strip was also serialized in *Cheval Noir*.

Each comic strip is introduced with a small caption featuring this text:

> The dog who is so angry he cannot move. He cannot eat. He cannot sleep. He can just barely growl. Bound so tightly with tension and anger, he approaches the state of rigor mortis.
> 
> 

Each strip is visually the same. The first three panels are identical, and feature the black dog growling, tied to a post in a yard by a chain. He is between a tree on the left and one wall of a house with a window on the right. The fourth panel is the same as the previous three panels, except it is night time and a circle of light is coming from the house's window.

A word balloon appears in one or more of the panels, showing one of the members of one of the house's unseen family, either Bill, Sylvia, Pete or Billy, Jr, is speaking. The speech is usually an aphorism or a non-sequitur. Such sayings include: "If everything is real... then nothing is real as well." and "It doesn't get any better than this."

In a short essay on Lynch's *Rabbits*, Objectif Cinema notes:

> David Lynch has of course used animals within his back catalogue of work before. Dogs for instance feature in nearly every one of his movies usually as a visual prop: who could forget the scene in *Wild at Heart* in which our canine friend scampers away with the Bank teller's severed hand? Or the mewling pups in Mary X's living room in *Eraserhead*? Indeed a dog, albeit in cartoon form, took centre stage in Lynch's cartoon series for the *LA Reader*, *The Angriest Dog in the World*. But it is here on his website that Lynch seems to be opening up more to the wonders of nature: Bees, Coyotes and Dead Mice all have a part to play in various guises and manifestations within www.davidlynch.com, and as part of the pay-per-view series, the Rabbit has been given the starring role.
> 
>

Homages
-------

* In 2003, cartoonist Ted Rall parodied the comic strip using his comic *The Angriest Liberal in the World*.
* In 2004, *Dinosaur Comics*, a comic that uses the same sequence of illustrations, which are clip-art, in every comic strip in a similar way, made a direct reference to *The Angriest Dog in the World*.
* In 2016, the episode of *Homestar Runner* "Later That Night... Archived 2019-12-06 at the Wayback Machine" was released. The episode of Homestar Runner features The Cheat dressed as The Angriest Dog in the World.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Angriest Dog in the World* at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
Demonstration in Marseille against police racism 29 June 2023
Rubbish burning in the street of Marseille 29 June 2023
Riots began in France on 27 June 2023 after the killing of Nahel Merzouk by a police officer in Nanterre. Merzouk was a 17-year-old French youth of Moroccan and Algerian descent who worked as a pizza delivery boy. He was driving a car and was stopped after being chased. He was shot at close range in the car. A video of the shooting was seen by many people. The traffic police officer said "I’m going to lodge a bullet in your head." What the video showed was not what the police said had happened. The police officer was arrested. 

French President Emmanuel Macron declared the incident "inexcusable and unforgivable", adding that it "moved the entire nation".

Nahel's mother called for a "White March" in memory of her son in Nanterre. In Nanterre rioters threw things at police, let off fireworks, and set cars, bus shelters, rubbish bins, and a school on fire on 27 June after they had seen the video. From 28 June to 3 July there were riots all over Paris and in many other French cities. There were demonstrations in Belgium and in most of the overseas departments of France. 

30 June, the two largest police unions, Alliance Police nationale and the UNSA union, released a statement declaring they were "at war" with "vermin" and "savage hordes" and threaten politicians openly: ″Tomorrow we will be in the resistance and the government should be aware of that.″.

Buying fireworks for Bastille Day was banned as a result of the riots. 

Immigrants in France are poorer than people born in the country. More of them are unemployed. Black people in Paris are six times more likely to be stopped by the police than white people. Immigrant communities are concentrated in the *banlieues*, estates full of poor people. French law says that it is not allowed to collect information about people's race. Racial tension in France seems to be worse than in other developed countries and commentators think that is why the riots happened.
Southwark Cathedral
The nave of Southwark Cathedral
A drawing showing Old London Bridge with Southwark Priory (the Cathedral) in 1616, in the foreground
**Southwark Cathedral**, in Southwark, London, lies on the south bank of the River Thames close to London Bridge. 

It is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark. It has been a place of Christian worship for over 1,000 years, but a cathedral only since 1905. The present building is mainly Gothic, from 1220 to 1420. 

The main railway line from London Bridge station to Cannon Street station passes close to the cathedral, blocking the view from the south side. Borough Market and the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass by the river are close by.

History
-------

### Saxon and medieval

The earliest reference to the site was in the Domesday Book survey of 1086. The 'Minster' of Southwark seems to be under the control of Bishop Odo of Bayeux (William the Conqueror's half-brother). Its early history is obscure. A Saxon minster (a teaching church) served a south Thames area. In 1106, Henry I's reign, the latter became an Augustinian Priory: Norman stonework can still be seen, and Thomas Becket preached here before departing to Canterbury, days before his murder in 1170.

### Architecture

The church is the oldest Gothic church building in London, built from 1220 to 1420. It is one of the smallest cathedrals, which is because it was not built as a cathedral, but as a Priory chapel.

### Choir

The cathedral has three choirs, The main Cathedral Choir is supported financially by the St Olave's & St Saviour's Schools Foundation. They were two parochial schools set up in the 1560s, and still hold their annual services here as their 'foundation' church.

Other websites
--------------

* Southwark Cathedral official website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Israel
* United States

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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz place
* Structurae

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**The Animals** were an English music group, who were most popular in the 1960s. They were known for their bluesy sound, and their heavy-voiced singer Eric Burdon.

One of their first hit songs, "The House of The Rising Sun", was an old American folk song, which they performed with a rock and roll beat. Folk musician Bob Dylan was impressed by the Animals version of the song.

Other Animals hits included "We Gotta Get Out Of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", "It's My Life", "See See Rider", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and "I'm Crying". The original Animals disbanded, and Burdon moved to the United States in 1967, where he formed a new version of the band. They made more records, like "San Franciscan Nights", "Sky Pilot", "When I Was Young", "Paint it Black", "River Deep Mountain High", "Gratefully Dead" and "Monterey".

The original Animals reunited in later years, to perform concerts, and Burdon performed Animals songs with other bands. Bass guitarist Chas Chandler became a music producer, with artists like Jimi Hendrix and Slade.

Keyboardist Alan Price left the band in early 1965 and went on an successful solo career in Europe. Guitar player Hilton Valentine and drummer John Steel left the music business for many years until they reunited. John Weider, guitar and violin player of the second Animals went on an solo career and was a member of the rock band Family. Guitar player of the second Animals Vic Briggs became Antion Vikram Singh and released a few solo records including Hawaiian music. Lead singer Eric Burdon went on with the funk rock band War, formed the hard rock/heavy metal group The Eric Burdon Band and went on an solo career with many ups and downs.

Studio albums
-------------

* The Animals (1964)
* The Animals on Tour (1965)
* Animal Tracks (1965)
* Animalisms (1966)
* Animalism (1966)
* Eric Is Here (1967)
* Winds of Change (1967)
* The Twain Shall Meet (1968)
* Every One of Us (1968)
* Love Is (1968)
* Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted (1977)
* Ark (1983)

Other websites
--------------

* The Animals Official Homepage Archived 2003-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* An Animals discography from Music City Archived 2007-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
* The Animals at Rollingstone Archived 2009-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Hear The Animals (music and interviews) on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
XLR combo jack + 1/4" TRS phone jack
The **Combo XLR/TRS connector** or **Neutrik NCJ6FI-S**, is a type of female connector capable of supporting two types of jack connectors, the XLR connector, known as the "Canon Plug", is used to connect microphones and mixers. and the TRS plug for stereo (TRS:Tip-ring-sleeve) and the TS plug for mono (TS:Tip-Sleeve), known as: Banana Plug, or P10 plug, which are used in musical instruments like guitar, keyboard, bass, etc...

History
-------

At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, the Tyrolean acoustics engineer Bernhard Weingartner noticed that the sound tended to decrease. The reason for this was that the DIN audio connectors used by Austrian television failed under the influence of bad weather.. Weingartner began in 1974, initially on his own, with the development of an inexpensive but high-quality version of the XLR connector.  Over the following years, the Neutrik company became the world leader in the XLR audio connector market. Neutrik connectors have been standardized to the stage and studio standard as standard IEC 61076-2-103.

Characteristics
---------------

Because amplifier and mixer equipment often requires inputs for both TRS phone jacks and XLR connectors, Neutrik and Amphenol offer several combo connector models that accept both XLR 6.5 mm (0.26 in) and jacks like TS or TRS phone jacks

|  |
| --- |
| </img> |
| Pin | function |
| 1 | Chassis ground (cable shield) |
| 2 | Positive polarity terminal for balanced (aka "hot") audio circuits |
| 3 | Negative polarity terminal for balanced circuits (aka "cold")  |

Awards
------

NEUTRIK won the 2011 EMEA+ InAVation Award in the category "Most Innovative Commercial AV Accessory 2011". The award was presented at Integrated Systems Europe 2011 in Amsterdam.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Neutrik***.

* Official website

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Neutrik]]
**Soviet satellite states** were satellite states indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. This meant that they were countries controlled by leaders who were really controlled by the Soviet Union. Soviet satellite states included the Warsaw Pact countries and Mongolia. The Soviet Union chose leaders in these countries who were loyal to the Soviet Union and would send in the military if the local people protested against the local government.

Examples were:

* The Mongolian People's Republic (Satellite 1921–1990; government extant until 1992)
* The Tuvan People's Republic (Satellite 1921–1944; joined the Soviet Union in 1944)
* The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Satellite 1945–1948; government extant until 1992)
* The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Satellite 1944–1960; government extant until 1992)
* The Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)
* The People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
* The People's Republic of Romania (1947–1965)
* The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1968 and again 1968–1989)
* The German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)
* The Hungarian People's Republic (1947–1956 and again 1956–1989)
* The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–90)

Most of these "Eastern Bloc" countries had compulsory military service for young men. They also had varying numbers of Soviet troops and KGB agents. All these countries had detailed control of information (censorship), and other aspects of the communist Soviet system. Many features of the Soviet information control were put into practice in distant countries, such as Cuba, which was allied to the Soviet Union, but was not its satellite state.

Other terms which may be used are:

* Satellite state
* Puppet state
* Client state
* Vassal state
* Buffer state
**Sean Christopher Haire** (February 25, 1971 – September 8, 2014) was an American professional wrestler, hair stylist, mixed martial artist and kickboxer. He was better known by his ring name **Sean O'Haire**. O'Haire was known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment (WWF/E) and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) in the early to mid-2000s. He was a three-time WCW World Tag Team Champion, winning the championship twice with Mark Jindrak and once with Chuck Palumbo. He was also named "Rookie of the Year" by the Wrestling Observer in 2000. He retired from professional wrestling in 2006 to compete in both mixed martial arts and kickboxing and then become a hair stylist.

On September 10, 2014, O'Haire's father found him hanged from a bedpost in his Spartanburg, South Carolina home. He had committed suicide the day prior, at 43 years old. It was reported that before his death, he had been battling depression and had been in a WWE-sponsored rehab six times for his substance abuse.

Championships
-------------

* **World Championship Wrestling**
	+ WCW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Mark Jindrak (2) and Chuck Palumbo (1))
* **Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
	+ Rookie of the Year (2000)

Other websites
--------------

* MMA profile on Sherdog
In mathematics an **algebraic structure** is a set with one, two, or more binary operations on it. The binary operation takes two elements of the set as inputs, and gives one element of the set as an output.

The basic algebraic structures with **one binary operation** are the following:

* Magma (mathematics)

A set with a binary operation.
* Semigroup

A set with an operation which is associative
* Monoid

A semigroup with an identity element
* Group

A monoid where each element has a corresponding inverse element
* Commutative group

A group with a commutative operation
The basic algebraic structures with **two binary operations** are the following:

* Ring

A set with two operations, often called addition and multiplication. The set with the operation of addition forms a commutative group, and with the operation of multiplication it forms a semigroup (many people define a ring so that the set with multiplication is actually a monoid). Addition and multiplication in a ring satisfy the distributive property
* Commutative ring

A ring whose multiplication is commutative
* Field

A commutative ring where the set with multiplication is a group.
Examples are

* The whole numbers (natural numbers together with zero) with addition (or multiplication) is a monoid, but is not a group

* The integers with addition is a commutative group, but with multiplication is just a monoid

* The integers with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring, but not a field

* The rational numbers, the real numbers and the complex numbers with the ordinary addition and ordinary multiplication are fields.

Related pages
-------------

* Abstract algebra
Jamie Salé and David Pelletier in 2010
**Jamie Rae Salé** (born near Edmonton, Alberta, April 21, 1977) is a Canadian pair skater. She and David Pelletier won a gold medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics. The gold medal, however, was shared by a Russian pair skating couple after a figure skating scandal hit through the Olympics.

Salé was born in Calgary, Alberta. She competed first as a singles skater. She and Jason Turner placed 12th at the Lillehammer Olympics.

After the 2002 win, the pair has turned professional and are now touring North America with Stars on Ice, a figure skating show.

Salé and Pelletier were engaged on Christmas Day of 2004 at their Edmonton, Alberta home. They married on December 30, 2005 at the Fairmont Banff Springs hotel in Alberta. Their son, Jesse Joe Pelletier, was born on September 30, 2007.

Salé and Pelletier were inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame in 2008. They were inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame on March 26, 2009.

On June 4, 2010, it was reported that Salé and Pelletier would divorce; however, they will remain skating partners.

On June 20, 2012 Salé married her *Battle of the Blades* partner, Craig Simpson.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Jamie Salé at Wikimedia Commons
***Street Sharks*** was an animated television series made by DIC Entertainment. The show started on September 1, 1994 and ended on May 1, 1995. The show was about 4 half-men/half-sharks that fought crime. They became half-shark when a university professor named Dr. Paradigm tested his gene-manipulation techniques on a marlin and a lobster. Dr. Bolton, who was a fellow professor, had attempted to destroy Paradigm's work but he was transformed into an inhuman monstrosity by the evil scientist before he could escape. Paradigm would later kidnap Bolton's four sons — John (who became Ripster), Bobby (who became Streex), Coop (who became Big Slammu), and Clint (who became Jab) and would transform them into sharks. As soon as the boys transformed, they ate a hotdog stand and got away from the police that were chasing them by diving into a lake and burrowing their way into the city by eating the dirt. The brothers were going to capture Paradigm so that they could force him to return them to their original human selves and then expose Paradigm's genetic experiments.

Other websites
--------------

* *Street Sharks* on IMDb
**George Butterworth** (born London, 12 July 1885; died Pozières, France, 5 August 1916) was an English composer. He was killed while fighting in World War I. He is best known for a group of songs which are settings of poems by A. E. Housman.

Early years
-----------

Butterworth was born in London. His father was a solicitor who later became the general manager of the North Eastern Railway. The family moved to Yorkshire soon after George’s birth. He had his first music lessons from his mother, who was a singer, He soon started to compose music. His father wanted him to be a solicitor and so he sent his son to Eton College. From there he went to Trinity College, Oxford. At Oxford he became more and more involved with music, especially after he met the folk song collector Cecil Sharp and composer and folk song enthusiast Ralph Vaughan Williams. Butterworth and Vaughan Williams made several trips into the English countryside to collect folk songs. Both of them were influenced by English folk songs when they were composing. Butterworth was also a very good folk dancer. He was particularly fond of Morris dancing.

Vaughan Williams and Butterworth became close friends. It was Butterworth who said to Vaughan Williams that it would be a good idea to turn the symphonic poem he was working on into his *London Symphony*. When the manuscript for that piece was lost in the post Butterworth and two other musicians helped Vaughan Williams to write it out again. Vaughan Williams dedicated the piece to Butterworth's memory after his death. When he left Oxford, Butterworth became a music critic for *The Times* as well as composing and teaching at Radley College, Oxfordshire. He also studied at the Royal College of Music for a short time, working with people such as Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford.

First World War
---------------

Although Butterworth had lots of work he often felt that his life had no purpose. When World War I broke out, Butterworth felt that he could be useful so he joined the British Army. He was killed by a sniper in 1916 at Pozières leading a raid during the Battle of the Somme. His body was not found, and his name appears on the Thiepval memorial, near the site of the Somme. He was awarded the Military Cross, and a trench was named after him.

A Shropshire Lad
----------------

Butterworth did not write a great deal of music, and during the war he destroyed many of his compositions that he thought were not good enough. Of those that survive, his works based on A. E. Housman's collection of poems *A Shropshire Lad* are the best known. Many English composers of Butterworth's time set Housman's poetry, including Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Butterworth wrote two song cycles on Housman's poems. They include some of the best-loved English songs of the 20th century, especially *Is My Team Ploughing?* and *Loveliest of Trees*. He used this last song as the basis for his 1912 orchestral rhapsody, also called *A Shropshire Lad*. It is full of soft, tender music as well as passion.

Other websites
--------------

* An essay on Butterworth's life and music
Based on data from the Hubble Space Telescope, Milky Way galaxy and Andromeda galaxy are predicted to distort each other with tidal pull in 3.75 billion years, as shown in this illustration.
Simulation of the collision between the Milky Way and Andrómeda
The **collision between the** **Milky Way** and **Andromeda** will happen about four billion years in the future.

The Andromeda galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about 110 kilometres per second (68 mi/s) as shown by its blueshift. Until 2012, it was not known whether the possible collision was definitely going to happen or not, because its proper motion was too small to measure.

In 2012, researchers concluded that the collision is sure to happen. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to track the motion of stars in Andromeda between 2002 and 2010 with great accuracy. Andromeda's tangential or sideways velocity with respect to the Milky Way was much smaller than the speed of approach. Therefore, it is expected that it will collide with the Milky Way in around 4 billion years.

Such collisions are relatively common. Andromeda, for example, has collided with at least one other galaxy in the past. Several dwarf galaxies such as SagDEG are already colliding with the Milky Way and being merged into it. The Antennae galaxies are an example of two roughly equal spiral galaxies colliding.

Other websites
--------------

* The Merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies
* Andromeda galaxy may steal our Solar System from Milky Way
* NASA's Hubble shows Milky Way is destined for head-on collision with Andromeda galaxy
**Janneke Berghuis** (born 20 October 2001) is a Dutch freestyle mogul skier. She represents the Netherlands and competes at the FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup.

When Berghuis was 1.5 years old she was skiing for the first time. She became at a young age member of the skiing club in Valkenswaard, and started competing from the age of seven at small kids-cup competitions in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. At the age of 14 she decided to become a full time skier. She travelled with her mother and younger sister Laura accross Europe to fulfill a full Europe Tour. In 2019 she had her first podium finsih in the Europe Cup in Bygdsiljum, Sweden. In the 2019-20 season she had her first Europe Cup victory in Are, Sweden and finished second overall. Due to that result she started competing in the FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup from the 2020–21 World Cup season. She is specialized in the jumps, known by her high and powerfull jumps. Her main jump is at the second jump the "superman frontflip".

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Solitary confinement** is a punishment or special form of imprisonment. A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff. It may be a kind of psychological torture. It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison.

Solitary confinement has many other names. In American English it is also called the '**hole'**, '**lockdown'**, the '**SHU'** (pronounced 'shoe') or the '**pound'**. In British English people say '**block'** or '**the cooler'**.

Use and criticism
-----------------

People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons. Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison. Other prisoners might be able to lead crime groups even from inside jail. Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security. Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves. This form of solitary confinement is sometimes called protective custody.

In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), pronounced /ˈʃuː/. California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units. In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced /ˈsmuː/.

Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture. Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind. This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals.

Related pages
-------------

* Prison
* Torture

Other websites
--------------

* Sourcebook on solitary confinement
*Danaus chrysippus*, male with anal hairs.
The **Danainae** is a subfamily of butterflies. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. There are over 200 species. They are commonly known as **Milkweed butterflies** or **danaids**.

These butterflies are common in tropical places all over the world. One of the most famous butterflies, the Monarch (*Danaus plexippus*), belongs in this subfamily. The larvae and the butterflies get poisonous glycosides from their larval host plant, the milkweed, so they become distasteful to predators. These milkweed butterflies (Monarch, Queen, Soldier) eat only milkweeds (*Asclepias*) as larvae. This highly effective defence strategy shields them against almost all predators. Birds soon learn to avoid these species after attempting to eat them.

Males in this subfamily have anal hairs. This body part at the end of the abdomen can be pulled back inside the body. They also have spots on the bottom wings that release scents to attract females. The male raises his abdomen and puts his hair pencils into the androconia. After the hairs have the chemical on them, the male will use them during courtship.

Tribes
------

* Danaini
	+ *Danaus* Kluk, 1780 - Tigers, Milkweeds, Monarchs, and Queens
* Tellervini
* Ithomiini

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Danainae***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Danainae***.

* Danainae at funet.fi
* Tree of Life Archived 2009-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Loekie Roeg-Rogge** (13 March 1941 – 25 December 2022) was a Dutch field hockey umpire.

Biography
---------

### Umpire career

Roeg-Rogge made her international umpire debut in 1978. As international umpire, Roeg-Rogge was umpire of 58 international senior matches and eight international under-21 matches. She was umpire at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. She was also umpire at multipe European Championships and World Cups, including at the 1983 Women's Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur. At the 1984 she was the manager of all field hockey umpires. She retired as umpire after the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Roeg-Rogge received the Golden Whistle Award of the FIH in 1984. She was the first Dutch umpire and the first woman to receive this award. To receive this award, a umpire should normally have refereed at least over hundred matches. While Roeg-Rogge refereed less than 100 international matches, she received the award as a token of appreciation As of 2023, she was one of four Dutch ladies who had received this award.

### Personal life

Rogge was born in Amsterdam in 1941. Her father was known international field hockey umpire Herman Rogge, who was the umpire at the 1948 Summer Olympics final. She married to Jacob Rog on 1 December 1971. At that time they lived both in Diemen. She lived in Bergen op Zoom in 1984. Roeg-Rogge died in Veere on 25 December 2022, at the age of 81.

Other websites
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* Loekie Roeg-Rogge at OlympediaEdit on Wikidata

* Loekie Roeg-Rogge at FIHEdit on Wikidata
**Factorization** (also called **factorisation** and **factoring**) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number. These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors. 1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite number into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number. Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization. 12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3\*3^2. The factorization of every number is unique. This generalizes to:

1. Every number has a unique prime factorization
2. Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number

Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

Polynomials
-----------

This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

{\displaystyle x^{2}+{\color {Green}9x}+20}

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

{\displaystyle =x^{2}+{\color {Green}4x+5x}+20}

{\displaystyle =(x^{2}+4x)+(5x+20)}

{\displaystyle =x(x+4)+5(x+4)}

{\displaystyle =(x+5)(x+4)}

Related pages
-------------

* Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Charles II holding the Orb in 1661
The Orb
The **Sovereign's Orb** is a piece of coronation regalia. It was created for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 from the royal goldsmith Robert Viner. It is made of gold, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, amethyst, diamonds, pearls, and enamel. It has been used at all coronations and events after the one of Charles II.

In 1671, it was damaged in Colonel Thomas Blood's attempt to steal the regalia. The Orb shows Christian sovereignty over the earth. It was set with 12 large diamonds, 30 rubies, sapphires, and emeralds for the coronation of George I in 1714.

During the coronation ceremony, the Archbishop of Canterbury places the orb in the right hand of the Monarch. It is put back on the altar. The Monarch leaves the coronation wearing the Crown, carrying the Scepter, and holding the Orb.

William and Mary came to the throne in 1689 as King and Queen, each in their own right. An orb was made for Mary II. It is called **Queen Mary's Orb**. It was used once and never used again. Both orbs were placed on Queen Victoria's coffin at her funeral.

The orbs are hollow balls of gold. The Sovereign's Orb is 6.5" in diameter. It weighs 42oz 7dwt. Queen Mary's orb is smaller: it measures 5.75" in diameter. It weighs 34oz 6dwt. Queen Mary's orb was originally set with hired jewels. Today it is set with imitations for display purposes. The Sovereign's Orb is currently set with over 600 precious stones and pearls.

Other websites
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* Photograph of the Sovereign's Orb
* Official website of the British Monarchy
* Sovereign's Orb
**Mary Stevenson Cassatt** (May 22, 1844 – June 14, 1926) was an American artist. She lived in France for many years. She often painted mothers and children.

Cassatt was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh, to rich parents. She was one out of seven kids. As a child, she traveled a lot in Europe, including visits to London, Paris, and Berlin. Back in the United States, she studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

She moved to Paris, France in 1866, returning to the US in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. 

Degas influenced Cassatt. She used pastels, making many important works with them. He also taught her etching. 

She had less time in the 1890's. She became less blunt in her opinions. Other American artists sought her advice. Among them was Lucy A. Bacon.

From 1891 to 1893, she painted a large mural for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition). The mural had three parts - the central theme was *Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science.* The left panel was *Young Girls Pursuing Fame* and the right panel *Arts, Music, Dancing.* The mural was lost after the fair was over. 

She died on June 14, 1926 at Château de Beaufresne, near Paris, and was buried in the family vault at Le Mesnil-Théribus, France.

Gallery
-------

* The Child's Bath*The Child's Bath*
* The Boating Party*The Boating Party*
* The Tea*The Tea*
* The Letter*The Letter*

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For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the Ambala cantonment during the British Raj.
A **trade route** is a series of paths or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.

Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road. Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.

In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines. In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

Other websites
--------------

* Trade routes: the growth of global trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
**Tracy Jamal Morgan** (born November 10, 1968) is an American actor and comedian. He is best-known for being a cast member on *Saturday Night Live* (SNL) and for his role as Tracy Jordan on the TV series *30 Rock*.

Early life
----------

Morgan was born in the Bronx and grew up on a housing project in Bedford-Stuyvestant, Brooklyn. He was the second oldest child of Jimmy and Alicia Morgan. In 1987 he left high school before graduating. Already married, he began earning money performing comedy on the streets.

Career
------

Morgan began finding work as a stand-up comedian. In 1992 he appeared as a guest on Martin Lawrence's TV show *Martin*. In 1996 he became a cast member of *SNL*. Morgan has appeared in many movies such as *Rio* and its sequel *Rio 2*, *G-Force*, *Death at a Funeral*, *Superhero Movie*, and in *Are We There Yet?*.

Personal life
-------------

Morgan married his girlfriend Sabrina in 1987. The couple had three sons, born in 1986, 1987 and 1991. They divorced in 2009. Morgan has been engaged since 2011. His fiancée, model Megan Wollover, gave birth to their daughter in 2013. His autobiography, *I Am the New Black* was released in 2009. He had a kidney transplant in 2010. Wollover and Morgan were married in 2015.

In June 2014, Morgan was involved in a six-vehicle accident in New Jersey. He was in critical condition at a New Brunswick hospital. After nine days he was upgraded to fair condition. A passenger in Morgan's vehicle, James McNair, was killed. Morgan was released from the hospital on June 20, 2014 and transferred to a rehabilitation center. He soon made a full recovery.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Tracy Morgan on IMDb
Lucian Freud
**Lucian Michael Freud** (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud. During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy. His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009).

He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting "Benefits Supervisor Sleeping" was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

Related pages
-------------

* List of German painters
**Vikram Bhatt** (born 27 January 1969 in Bombay) is an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. Formerly, he was the creative head of ASA Productions and Enterprises until 2014, when he resigned from the company.

His directed his first film *Jaanam*, which was produced by Mukesh Bhatt. His first four films did not fare well at the box office; his first successful directorial venture was *Fareb*. Following this, he had multiple successful films such as *Ghulam*, *Kasoor*, *Raaz* and *Awara Paagal Deewana*. After *Awara Paagal Deewana*, he gave flops like *Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage*, *Deewane Huye Paagal* and Ankahee. Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai was another flop although Bobby Deol's and Ameesha Patel's performances were well-received. In 2008, Bhatt came back with the horror genre and he delivered three films that were successful at the box office; these include *1920,* *Shaapit,* and *Haunted – 3D*. In 2010, Bhatt introduced stereoscopic 3D for the first time in India with his film Haunted – 3D; the film was released in May 2011 and it then set the record of the highest grossing Hindi horror film of all time, making Rs. 270 million at the box office.

In 2012, Bhatt's Raaz 3D recorded domestic box office collection of 729 million after the 3rd weekend and the overseas collection was at 46 million. Riding high with the success, Bhatt is writing another horror-thriller for Bipasha in the central role, with a more shocking image than Raaz 3. Following the success of Raaz 3, Vikram Bhatt's written Hindi horror movie 1920: Evil Returns which has been directed by debutant Bhushan Patel topped the first weekend collection chart at the box office and the approximate collection was Rs 124.3 million nett. The movie further collected approx Rs 37.5 million nett in the second Weekend, taking the total to Rs 228.6 million nett. The film has been declared a 'Hit'. Soon after, Bhatt signed a deal with Bhushan Kumar's T-Series to produce 5 films of sci-fi, thriller and horror genre. Two of the films will be directed by Bhatt himself.

In early 2013, Bhatt announced his upcoming projects, Creature 3D, India's First 3D Monster Movie with Bipasha Basu in the lead role and 1920 London, third in the 1920 series. Vikram Bhatt will mark his foray into Marathi cinema with 'Ek Doosrey Ke Liye', which will be directed by Ashwini Kumar Patil.