recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev, the crew of Soyuz 11
**Soyuz 11** was a manned space mission. It was the only mission to live on Salyut 1, the first space station. It was a backup mission of Soyuz 10, which was failed to dock. The mission killed three men in space when it lost air pressure during re-entry of the atmosphere. They were Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev.

Crew
----

| Position | Crew |
| --- | --- |
| Commander | Georgy DobrovolskyOnly spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer | Vladislav VolkovSecond and last spaceflight |
| Test Engineer | Viktor PatsayevOnly spaceflight |

### Backup crew

| Position | Cosmonaut |
| --- | --- |
| Commander | Alexey Gubarev |
| Flight Engineer | Vitaliy Sevastyanov |
| Test Engineer | Anatoli Voronov |

### Original crew

| Position | Cosmonaut |
| --- | --- |
| Commander | Alexey Leonov |
| Flight Engineer | Valeri Kubasov |
| Test Engineer | Pyotr Kolodin |

### Crew notes

An X-ray testing of the original crew found that Kubasov might have tuberculosis. According to the mission rules, the backup crew replaced the original crew. Dobrovolski and Patsayev never flew to space before. Kubasov and Leonov became the crew to Soyuz 19 for the Apollo-Soyuz in 1975.

Death of crew
-------------

On 30 June 1971, after returing to the Earth of the capsule, the recovery team knocked on the side. There was no response. Opening the hatch, they found all three men in their couches, no motion. There had dark-blue patches on their faces and trails of blood from their noses and ears. They brought them out from the capsule. Dobrovolsky was still warm. According to their reports, the reason of death was suffocation.

Soyuz 11 on a 1971 USSR commemorative stamp
The cosmonauts were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow near the remains of Yuri Gagarin. US astronaut Tom Stafford was one of the pallbearers. They were also each awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal.
Schematic of a Cytomegalovirus
A **viral envelope** is the outermost layer of a virus. It protects the virus when it moves between host cells as part of its life-cycle. Not all viruses have envelopes.

The envelopes are made from parts of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope help to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing virus genome to enter and infect the host.

Some enveloped viruses also have a capsid. This is another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.

The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents This makes it easier to sterile these viruses than non-enveloped viruses. They can not survive for very long outside host environments, and usually need to move directly from host to host. They are very adaptable and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.

Examples of enveloped viruses
-----------------------------

There are several classes of enveloped viruses that can infect humans and cause illness:

* DNA viruses
	+ Herpesviruses
	+ Poxviruses
	+ Hepadnaviruses
	+ Asfarviridae
* RNA viruses
	+ Flavivirus
	+ Alphavirus
	+ Togavirus
	+ Coronavirus
	+ Hepatitis D
	+ Orthomyxovirus
	+ Paramyxovirus
	+ Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
	+ Bunyavirus
	+ Filovirus
* Retroviruses
	+ Retroviruses

Other websites
--------------

* "Virus Structure". Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
The Roman senate: Cicero attacks Catiline, from a 19th-century fresco in Palazzo Madama, Rome, house of the Italian Senate. This is a view that is probably wrong. The existing Curia Julia building, which dates from the Emperor Diocletian, shows that the senators sat in straight and parallel lines on either side, inside of the building
The *Curia Iulia* on the Forum housed the senate
The **Roman Senate** was the longest-lasting institution in Ancient Rome. It began in the first years of the city, which was supposedly founded in 753 BC. It survived the Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC), the Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD) and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD).

The Senate started as an advisory council of elders. The word "senate" came from 'senex' meaning "old man". The Senate reached its peak in the middle Republic, when it was the most powerful body in Rome. The Senate lost much of its power in the first period of the Empire, known as the *Principate*.

After Diocletian, when the centre of government was moved out of Rome, the Senate became just a municipal body. The influence of the old idea lived on, and Constantine II set up a Senate in Constantinople.

Functions
---------

The Senate passed decrees called *senatus consultum*, which were advice from the Senate to a magistrate (senior official). They usually were obeyed in practice.

Through such advice, the Senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their handling of military conflicts.

The Senate also had power over the civil government in Rome. Only the Senate could authorize paying out public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the Senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors. It decided which magistrate should govern which province.

The senators were patricians, and so members by birth, or men of lesser birth who had notable achievements. Under the early kings, the Senate numbered 100, but grew to 900, then Augustus reduced it to 600. Even so, only about 100 to 200 members were active at any given time. From time to time there were other sources of power in Rome, such as assemblies, magistrates, dictators and emperors, but the Senate always played a part.

Other websites
--------------

* Roman Senate Citizendium

Other reading
-------------

* Lintott, Andrew 1999. *The Constitution of the Roman Republic*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926108-3.
**Transubstantiation** is a teaching, and also a Catholic doctrine, which says that, after a priest consecrates them, the bread and wine at the Mass become the body and blood of Jesus, whom Christians believe is the son of God. According to the teaching of transubstantiation, although the appearance, smell, and taste of bread and wine remain, the substances of bread and wine have really changed into the body and blood of Jesus. 

Transubstantiation is also taught by some other Christian churches.

Beliefs about transubstantiation
--------------------------------

Christians who believe in transubstantiation believe that the bread they eat at Mass is the body of Jesus. They know that the bread still tastes like bread, looks like bread and smells like bread. It is just like bread, but it becomes the body of Jesus. The priest says prayers at Mass so that the bread and wine become the flesh and blood of Jesus.

This started when Jesus ate a meal called the Last Supper the night before he died. He said that the food his friends were eating was his body and blood. In the Gospel of Matthew 26:26, it says, "Take this [bread] all of you and eat it. This is my body which will be given up for you," which means that he would die for them. Then, in Matthew 26:27, Jesus said, "Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it. This is the cup of my blood, the blood of the new and everlasting covenant." This means that Jesus's blood would make a promise forever between God and his people. Then he said, "My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven." This means that Jesus would die for everyone so their sins, or things they do wrong, could be forgiven. Then he said, "Do this in memory of me." This is Jesus commanding people to continue what he did. From that time until now, people have continued what Jesus did and it reminds them of the Last Supper.

Related pages
-------------

* Eucharist
***Planet of the Apes*** is an American science fiction movie released in 1968 and directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It was based on the novel *La planète des singes* written by Pierre Boulle and released in 1963. The movie stars Charlton Heston and features Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, and Linda Harrison. It was released by 20th Century Fox.

Plot
----

The film's story is about an astronaut crew who leave Earth on a deep space mission and crash land on a supposedly alien planet in the 40th century. Ony three out of the four crew members survive the crash and the survivors find the world to be home to a society of apes; including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. These apes have the intelligence of human beings as well as the ability to speak and walk upright like humans. Humans in this society are treated like slaves and live in the wilderness without the ability to speak. At the end of the movie, one of the crew members finds the Statue of Liberty and realizes they were on Earth all along.

Reception and influence
-----------------------

Planet of the Apes was a box office success, meaning it earned a good amount of money and got highly favourable reviews from critics. The movie was given praise for exploring ideas such as class differences, religion, slavery, racism, and nuclear technology. It was followed by four sequels: *Beneath the Planet of the Apes* (1970), *Escape from the Planet of the Apes* (1971), *Conquest of the Planet of the Apes* (1972), and *Battle for the Planet of the Apes* (1973). A live action television show was shown in 1974 and an animated television show called *Return to the Planet of the Apes* came out in 1975. The animated cartoon The Fairly Oddparents episode Abra-Catastrophe has a segment where humans are slave cavemen and the apes are their overlords. 

In 2001, a remake of the movie was made directed by Tim Burton and starred Mark Wahlberg, Helena Bonham Carter and Tim Roth. In August 2011, the series was rebooted with *Rise of the Planet of the Apes*. This was followed in 2014 with *Dawn of the Planet of the Apes* with a 2017 sequel released *War of the Planet of the Apes*.

Other websites
--------------

* *Planet of the Apes* on IMDb
Universal Credit is part of the United Kingdom Social Security system. It was started in 2013 to replace six benefits for working-age people with a low income: income-related Employment and Support Allowance, income-based Jobseeker's Allowance, Income Support, Child Tax Credit, Working Tax Credit and Housing Benefit. Like them it is means tested.

It is paid to families once a month and is designed to help people to work as much as they can. People under 25 get less. An extra amount is paid for children, but only for 2 unless they were born before 6 April 2017, are adopted or are born as part of a multiple birth. Extra money is paid for disabled people, disabled children and carers.

According to the New Economics Foundation the rates of benefit were not sufficient to meet the minimum income standard calculated by Loughborough University’s Centre for Research in Social Policy in April 2023.

People who are working can claim back up to 85% of their childcare costs. People who are responsible for a child or young person or living with a disability or health condition that affects their ability to work get a ‘work allowance’. Each £1 earned (above the monthly work allowance if there is one) reduces the payment by 55p. Universal Credit is paid monthly. People who are paid 4 weekly will get 2 sets of wages in one assessment period once a year, which will reduce their Universal Credit payment.

There is money for rent and some service charges. This is called the housing element. In every area there is a Local Housing Allowance for people renting private property. Help is limited to this level. It was set at the rent of one of the cheapest 30% of homes in the area in 2012. There are different levels for homes with different numbers of bedrooms. It was increased in September 2019 but since then in many places rents have risen more than the allowance. Two-thirds of lower income privately renting households have to find at least a quarter of their rent.

People who are able to work must look for work or increase their earnings or their payment may be reduced. Self employed people are generally given a *minimum income floor.* This is treated as their income each month that their reported income is less.

Claims are generally made and managed online. People can go to Jobcentre Plus offices where their claims are managed. Citizens Advice are paid by the government to help people to claim. 

5.7 million people were getting Universal Credit in July 2022. 30% were not required to work. Half the households had children. The average monthly payment was £810.
**Teplice** (German name: **Teplitz**) is a city in Bohemia, the western area of the Czech Republic. Teplice (pronounced in Czech: "Tep-li-tse") is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health. Goethe, Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner all stayed there.

Teplice lies between Prague and Dresden in a mountain area called Krušné hory (Iron Mountains). In the year 762 hot springs were found there. The waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.

Since 1990 many buildings have been restored. The Krušnohorské divadlo (Krušnohorské theatre) is now being refurbished. The North Bohemia Philharmonic Orchestra give concerts there in the open air. There is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and cafés. In the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing.

* Square, castle and churchSquare, castle and church
* Night viewNight view
* Town hallTown hall

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2007-05-15 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

 |
High tension lines that transmit electricity
A **transmission medium** is something (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can transmit energy. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually air. But sound can also be transmitted through solids and liquids. A wire can transmit electrons in the form of electricity. There are advantages and disadvantages to every transmission medium. These can be things such as cost, bandwidth (or how much of something can be transmitted), the speed of the transmission and scope.

Telecommunications
------------------

Twisted pair cable
Physical mediums: are actually wires or cables used to connect two or more devices. These can be twisted pair, coaxial and fiber optic cables. Twisted pair cables were traditionally used in telephone wire lines and cables. But they are still widely used in networks and other uses. They are called *twisted pair* cables because they have many small thin insulated wires twisted around each other in a balanced circuit. Twisted pair cables can contain up to 4200 pairs of wires.

Related pages
-------------

* Luminiferous aether
**Otto Ludwig Preminger** (5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986) was an Austrian-American movie director and producer, theatre director, and actor.

Early life
----------

Preminger was born on December 5, 1905 in Vyzhnytsia, Wiznitz, Austria–Hungary (present Vyzhnytsia, Ukraine) to Jews Markus and Josefa Preminger.

Career
------

After moving from the theatre to Hollywood, he directed over 35 feature movies in a 50 year career. He rose to fame for his stylish movie mysteries such as *Laura* (1944) and *Fallen Angel* (1945). In the 1950s and 1960s, he directed a number of high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works. Several of these pushed the boundaries of censorship by dealing with topics which were then taboo in Hollywood, such as drug addiction (*The Man with the Golden Arm*, 1955), rape (*Anatomy of a Murder*, 1959) and gay (*Advise & Consent*, 1962). He was twice nominated for the Best Director Academy Award. He also had a few acting roles.

Personal life
-------------

Preminger was married to Marion Mill from 1932 until they divorced in 1946. Secondly he married Mary Gardner from 1951 until they divorced in 1959. Lastly he married Hope Bryce from 1971 until his death in 1986.

### Death

Preminger died in New York City, New York on April 23, 1986, from lung cancer and Alzheimer's disease, he was 80 years old. He was cremated and is buried in the Azalea Room of the Velma B. Woolworth Memorial Chapel at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Otto Preminger***.

* Otto Preminger on IMDb
* Otto Preminger at the Internet Broadway Database
* Otto Preminger at Find a Grave
* Cinema Retro: Keir Dullea Recalls Starring in Preminger's *Bunny Lake is Missing*
* Literature on Otto Preminger
***Trachycephalus dibernardoi*** is a frog that lives in Brazil and Argentina. Scientists think it might also live in Paraguay.

Taxonomy
--------

First scientific paper
Scientists wrote the first paper about this species in 2008. Herpetologists Axel Kwet and Mirco Solé wrote it.

First place found
Officially, scientists first found this species here: "Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza (CPCN) Pró Mata, at these map numbers: 29°30′S 50°10′W﻿ / ﻿29.500°S 50.167°W﻿ / -29.500; -50.167, at 950 meters above sea level, in the town of São Francisco de Paula in the state of Río Grande del Sur, Brazil."

First frog looked at
Scientists wrote about the first sample this way: MCP 2422; an adult female frog that Kewt and Marcos Di Bernardo found on January 20, 1996. They put it in the PUCRS Museum of Science and Technology in Porto Alegre.

Name
The genus name *Trachycephalus* comes from the Greek word *Trachy* for "rough" and *cephalus* for "head." The species name *dibernardoi* is for the last name of the frog scientist Marcos Di Bernardo. The other scientists named the frog after him because he found so much knowledge about the frogs and other amphibians of Río Grande del Sur. Di-Bernardo was a teacher of zoology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS). He and the other scientists caught the first sample frog. Together, they wrote the book *Pró-Mata: Anfíbios da Serra Gaúcha, Sul do Brasil*, or *Amphibians of Serra Gaucha* in English. In 2006, Di Bernardo died of skin cancer when he was 42 years old.

Characteristics
---------------

This frog is very large for a hylid. The adult male frog is 57.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 77.6 mm long. The iris of the frog's eye is yellow. It has black lines that make a pattern coming out from a circle. There are four clear marks that look like petals from a flower. The skin of its back looks brown or olive in color. It has a pattern of marks that look like eyes and other patches. There are black and white bands on its legs. Unlike *T. imitatrix*, it has a white parallelogram from each eye down its body.

Distribution and habitat
------------------------

Within Brazil, scientists have seen this frog in the states of Río Grande do Sul (towns of São Francisco de Paula, at 950 m, and Machadinho, at 760 m) and in the western part of the state of Santa Catarina (town of Seara, at 550 m).

It also lives in the most northeastern part of Argentina, in the province of Misiones, according to material from El Soberbio (departament of Guaraní, at 190 m). In those papers, the frog is called *Phrynohyas imitatrix*.

Scientists think this frog lives in many places. It lives no lower than 150 meters above sea level and no higher than 1100 meters above sea level through all of the Sierra Geral mountains and places nearby. Scientists think it could also live in western Paraguay and in the state of Paraná in Brazil.

Threats
-------

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), says this species is "not in much danger of dying out" in its Red List of Endangered Species.
**Surreal humor** (or **surreal humour**) is a form of humor. It wants to be funny by going against causal reasoning. This causes the humor to be illogical, and the humor is created by irrational or absurd situations, or scenes which do not make any sense. The phenomenon is also called **surreal comedy**, **absurdist humor**, or **absurdist comedy.**

Surreal humor was made using surrealism, an art movement of the 20th century. French and Belgian artists started it. They depicted illogical scenes while creating methods to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. The movement itself was foreshadowed by English writers in the 19th century, most notably Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. The humor in surreal comedy comes from performing in a manner that contradicts audience expectations, emphasizing the silliness and low chances of the situation occurring, so that the humor is created from uncertainty that is separate from a logical analysis of the situation.

Surreal humor in theater is usually about the insensitivity, paradox, absurdity, and cruelty of the modern world. Absurd and surrealist cinema often deals with elements of dark humor: disturbing or sinister subjects like death, disease, or warfare are treated with amusement and bitterness, creating the appearance of an intention to shock and offend.
A fan cosplaying as Tracer.
**Tracer** is a fictional video game character from *Overwatch*. She first appeared in an update for the game *Heroes of the Storm*. She later appeared in the 2016 video game, *Overwatch*. These games are made by Blizzard Entertainment, a company that makes and publishes video games.

In *Overwatch*, the character is known as Tracer, but her real name is **Lena Oxton**. Her personality is noticeably happy and energetic. She is known as one of the faster characters in the game, but also one with low health. In the game, she is able to teleport and time travel, with her abilities "Blink" and "Recall". She is an "Offense" hero commonly used to flank or distract the enemy team. Her Ultimate Ability, "Pulse Bomb" is commonly used to eliminate high priority targets in a small area, it can also stick to enemies and eliminate others nearby, Tracer herself can also be damaged by this if she is too close. 

In the real world, she is one of the more well known characters from *Overwatch*. This is because she is seen on the cover of the video game and Blizzard has made animated videos featuring her.

Design
------

Tracer was first seen in 2014 at Blizzard Entertainment's "BlizzCon 2014" event. The main designer on *Overwatch*, Scott Mercer, said that Blizzard's canceled project, *Titan*, had a character with Tracer's abilities. Jeff Kaplan was the main hero designer for *Overwatch*; he had a big part in Tracer's design. While the game was still being designed and tested, or its "beta" period, Tracer's health was lowered.

Her personality was designed as heroic and happy. *Overwatch* game designer Michael Chu said, "the thing about Tracer is that she has a personality which is out of the norm for most people. She is incredibly optimistic, she is incredibly bubbly - it's part of her hero persona. We love her, I think she is very much one of the main characters of the game [...] [to] really carry the torch of what the game is all about: heroism." She is British and the British actress Cara Theobold voices her in the game.

While the game was still being designed, victory poses were added to the characters. Tracer's "Over the Shoulder" victory pose caused a controversy, because some players thought that the pose's focus on her physical features did not line up with her personality traits. Some players disagreed with this, finding nothing wrong with it, but Jeff Kaplan, the director of *Overwatch* apologized for the pose. Blizzard then changed the victory pose to better fit Tracer's personality, and while some players were happy with the change, as well as with Blizzard listening to the game's community, other players thought that the game's makers were giving up their creative control to offended players.
The **true bugs** are an order of insects. Biologists call true bugs the **Hemiptera**. There are around 80,000 species of true bugs. The word *bug* by itself can have other meanings.

There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.

Features of true bugs
---------------------

Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera. They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They cannot chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.

The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means *hemi* (half) and *pteron* (wing). Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called *hemelytra* (singular *hemelytron*), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.

The antennae of bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.
Truncated icosahedron
Convex regular icosahedron
A **truncated icosahedron** is an Archimedean solid. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular icosahedron is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a pentagon, as there are five edges at each corner. 

A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges.

Truncated icosahedra in nature
------------------------------

The molecule Fullerene is made of 60 carbon atoms and looks like a truncated icosahedron. 

Most soccer balls are truncated icosahedra. 

A truncated icosahedron, colored to look like a soccer ball. Next to it is an actual soccer ball.

| * v
* t
* e
Archimedean solids |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rhombicuboctahedron | Icosidodecahedron | Truncated tetrahedron |  | Truncated cube | Truncated octahedron |  | Truncated dodecahedron | Truncated icosahedron | Cuboctahedron |
|  | Rhombicosidodecahedron | Truncated cuboctahedron | Snub dodecahedron | Truncated icosidodecahedron | Snub cube |
|  |

 |
A **trumpet** is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music. The most common type of trumpet is a B♭ trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B♭ in concert pitch. The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a "buzzing" sound. There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.

History
-------

A trumpetQuartet, including a trumpet
The trumpet has been around for about 3000 years. An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies. Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass. Modern bugles are similar to early metal trumpets.

Many years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important. Trumpets were long and without valves. This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult. Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.

The chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, good valves made it easier to play notes on the trumpet. Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.

Music for trumpet
-----------------

Classical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras. Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres. Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.

Trumpet players
---------------

Some famous classical trumpet players are Adolph Herseth, Sergei Nakariakov and Maurice Andre.

Some famous jazz trumpet players are Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, Arturo Sandoval, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Maynard Ferguson.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Trumpets at Wikimedia Commons
The only known drawing of Shaka.
**Shaka kaSenzangakhona** (sometimes spelled **Tshaka**, **Tchaka** or **Chaka**; ca. 1787 – ca. 22 September 1828) was the most important leader of the Zulu Empire. He joined the Zulu tribal groups together into the beginnings of a nation. This Zulu nation ruled a large area of southern Africa, between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. His leadership and his energy make him one of the greatest Zulu chieftains. He has been called a military genius for his changes and new ideas. However, there were also brutal and cruel things that happened when he was in charge.

Zulu leader
-----------

Shaka maintained a good relationship with the Europeans in Africa, including the Colonial leaders. He was disliked by other Africans, including his own people, who hated his constant wars. 

Ten years of warfare placed incredible strains on the Zulu nation. Shaka, unstable and worried about being replaced by an heir, finally snapped into madness after the death of his mother in 1828. He imposed a year of celibacy on his people. He killed anyone who did not show enough sadness at the death of his mother. He was killed within the year by his half-brother, Dingane, who succeeded him as ruler. 

Even though he created brutal conditions for his subjects, he created the powerful Zulu Kingdom.
A **Myojin Taisha** is a Shinto shrine dedicated to a powerful kami believed to possess remarkable abilities. These shrines are considered "great shrines" or "taisha" under the ancient system of shrine rankings. Myojin Taisha shrines are found throughout Japan, particularly in the Kyoto-Osaka region, including Yamashiro, Yamato, Ōmi, Mutsu, Tajima, and Kii provinces. There are 224 shrines that enshrine 310 kami listed as Myojin Taisha in the Engishiki Jinmyocho. Additionally, there are 203 shrines with 285 kami listed for Myojinsai or "festivals for famed deities" in book 3 of Engishiki. While most of the shrines in these two listings overlap, there are some differences in names and numbers. There are several theories about these differences, but it is unclear why the lists differ.

A related list is the Kokushi genzaisha which refers to shrines which appear in the Rikkokushi (六国史) but not in the Engishiki

Related pages
-------------

* Kokushi genzaisha shrines listed in the Rikkokushi but not in the Engishiki
* Shikinai Taisha
***YM*** (or ***Your Magazine***) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being *Seventeen*.

It began as two separate magazines: *Compact* and *Calling All Girls*. *Compact* was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. *Calling All Girls* was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in *Parents' Magazine* produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

During the 1960s, the two titles (*Compact* and *Calling All Girls*) merged into *Young Miss*. The title changed again to *Young & Modern* in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to *YM*. This was said to stand for *Your Magazine*.

*YM* stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with *Teen Vogue*.
See the main article: Track and field athletics
**Shot put** is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at their neck and pushing it through the air. The shot put has been part of the Olympics since 1896.

An athlete throwing a shot put. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26 kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The main objective of the sport is to throw the ball as far as possible.

The shot put is similar to the javelin. It is an official Olympic event and can be seen at the Olympic games. The athlete cannot wear gloves when they are participating. If wearing gloves, the athlete would be disqualified.

It is an outdoor event and cannot be played inside. It is a track and field event.

History
-------

The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to the first century. In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.

Throwing technique
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There are two types of putting styles: *glide* and *spin* (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin was also developed in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian and made famous by Brian Oldfield.

Rules
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1. The athlete must only use one hand and it must not drop below the shoulder or it could cause damage.
2. The athlete can be disqualified for leaving the circle before the shot hits the ground, or leaving the sector lines.
3. The athlete must not put a foot past the toe board, or it is a disqualification.
4. The athlete must not take longer than 60.00 seconds to take a shot.it is compulsory to put the shot in the given time.

History
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Shot put was originally used in the Olympics to see who was the strongest athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The shot put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal ball not softer than brass.

Warm up
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### Under hand toss

1. Stand facing landing area.
2. Hold shot in front of body with both hands.
3. Bend knees and throw shot up and out, away from body, using an underhand toss.

### Chest pass

1. Stand facing landing area.
2. Hold shot with both hands with fingers behind shot.
3. Push shot out like a basketball chest pass.

Record holders
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Shot put***.

* Cameron George, 23.12m United Kingdom 2013
* Natalya Lisovskaya, 22.63m RUS 1987
* Mark Robinson, 24.60m USA 2009
thermocouple plugged to a multimeter displaying room temperature in °C
A **thermocouple**, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

How do thermocouples work?
--------------------------

Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire. 

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.

Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.

It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.

Use of thermocouple
-------------------

Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.

Some kinds of thermocouple
--------------------------

There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.  
Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.  
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.
For other uses, see South West Africa (disambiguation).

**South West Africa** (Afrikaans: *Süidwes-Afrika*; Dutch: *Zuidwest-Afrika*; German: *Südwestafrika*) was the name used for Namibia when it was ruled by the German Empire and later Union of South Africa and Republic of South Africa.

German colony
-------------

Main article: German South West Africa
From 1884 to 1915, South West Africa was a German colony under the name of German South West Africa (German: *Deutsch-Südwestafrika*, DSWA). Germany had a difficult time ruling the territory, and it experienced many insurgencies. The main port city, Walvis Bay, and the Penguin Islands were annexed by  Great Britain in 1878 as a part of the Cape Colony, which became a part of the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910.

South African rule
------------------

In 1915, South Africa captured the German colony. It became a League of Nations Mandate territory, with the Union of South Africa administering it. In 1946, the League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations. The Mandate was supposed to become a Trust Territory when the League of Nations Mandates were transferred to the control of the UN. However, South Africa refused, regarding the territory as its fifth province (even though it was never formally incorporated into the Union of South Africa). In 1966, the United Nation terminated the Mandate and said that South Africa had no right to administer South West Africa any more, but South Africa refused. In 1971, the South African occupation of the territory was illegal and that they should leave, but South Africa still refused.

On 21 March 1990, South Africa granted independence to the territory, which became the Republic of Namibia. However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands only became a part of Namibia in 1994.
**Nicobar district** is one of three districts in the Indian Union Territory (UT) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The district's administrative territory consists of all of the Nicobar Islands, which are located in the Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal, bordering with the Andaman Sea). The headquarters of the district is located on the island of Car Nicobar.

The district administration is headed by a Deputy Commissioner, who in turn reports into the Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

It is the fifth least populous district in the country (out of 640).

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Nicobar district has a population of 36844, roughly equal to the nation of Liechtenstein. This gives it a ranking of 636th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 20 inhabitants per square kilometre (52/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -12.48%. Nicobars has a sex ratio of 778 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 77.5%.

The district is designated as an Integrated Tribal District, and is home to significant numbers of indigenous peoples (namely, the Nicobarese and the Shompen, classified as Scheduled Tribes according to the Constitution of India), who form the majority of the district's population. Because of its status as a tribal area, travel to the district is restricted to Indian nationals, and special permit restrictions apply.

The district was severely affected by the tsunami that was caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which led to many deaths and damaged infrastructure.

Other websites
--------------

* Nicobar district official website Archived 2007-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Nicobar district atlas
The entrance of the Music School *Kosta Manojlović, Zemun*.
The emblem of the school*.*
The **Music School Kosta Manojlovic** is one of the largest schools in Serbia. It is located at 9 Nemanjina street in Zemun.
 Students and professors of this school have achieved outstanding successes at many competitions in Serbia and abroad. These places the school at the very top of the music education in Serbia.

History
-------

The school started its work on 1 September 1939, as a separate department of the Music School "Stanković" in Belgrade, in a three-room apartment in Svetosavska Street. In 1949 the school received the status of a regular six-year, gratuitous schools, and since 1954 bears the name of Kosta Manojlović. the famous Serbian composer, musicologist, founder and first rector of the Faculty of Music  in Belgrade.

The School Day is celebrated on December 4. It is the day of birth of *Kosta Manojlovic*.

Education
---------

1. Pre-school education (which includes musical nursery, musical kindergarten and the preparatory preschool program)
2. Elementary music education (six years for the piano, the violin, the cello, the guitar, the accordion and the flute; four years for the clarinet, the oboe, the saxophone, the trumpet, the horn, the trombone and the double bass; two years for solo singing)
3. Secondary music education (two courses: vocal-instrumental and music production with sound processing)
Teaching classes are organized in three separate locations – the main (parent) school, in the class for visually impaired children "Veljko Ramadanović" and elementary school "Lazar Savatić". With around a thousand students and 145 teachers and non-teaching staff, the school is one of the largest in Serbia. Today, there are seven courses established in the school: the piano, string instruments, wind instruments, solo singing, the accordion, the guitar and a course for music production and audio recording. Around 3,000 students have completed elementary education and around 650 students secondary education so far.

Related pages
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* Audio engineer

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Music schools***.

* The official website of the Music School *Kosta Manojlovic*, Zemun, Retrieved 12 March 2017
* Music school Kosta Manojlovic, Zemun – *School for tallented children*, Retrieved 12 March 2017
* Gala Concert of Music School "Kosta Manojlovic", Retrieved 12 March 2017
* List of Music and Ballet Schools of Serbia Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 12 March 2017
* Music School Kosta Manojlović: *Concerts played at School Day* Archived 2017-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 12 March 2017
* Woodwind and Brass Instruments concert[*permanent dead link*], Retrieved 12 March 2017
* Orchestra of the secondary Music School "Kosta Manojlovic" in Zemun (Serbia) Archived 2017-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 12 March 2017
Roundhay Park sign
Canal Gardens at Roundhay Park
**Roundhay Park** is a large park in the upmarket suburb of Roundhay in North Leeds. The park is home to two lakes, the Waterloo Lake and the Upper Lake. The Park is also home to Roundhay Mansion, Roundhay Castle and Tropical World.

History
-------

Roundhay Park was a private hunting ground in the thirteenth century. Thomas Nicholson bought the park in 1803 and in 1811 had John Clarke redesign it as a private park. At the same time the Roundhay Mansion was built. In 1871, the park was bought by Leeds City Council for use by the public. The decision to buy the park was not a popular one, with many people seeing it as a waste of money because the park was so far away from Leeds City Centre. The city grew though in later years through the industrial revolution and the city's rich residents built houses close to the park.

Lakes
-----

Waterloo Lake
The Upper Lake
### Waterloo Lake

The main lake, Waterloo Lake was built by soldiers after their return from the Napoleonic Wars after the Battle of Waterloo. The lake is 60 ft (18 m) deep and 33 acres (13 ha) in area. It was originally used for boating, but now only fishing. In the twentieth century the boat house was made into a cafe. Until 1900 a steamboat called the *Maid of Athens* ran on the lake. The dam at the south end was once a waterfall.

### The Upper Lake

The Upper Lake is the smaller of the two lakes in the park and is set much higher than Waterloo Lake. Roundhay Castle is on the hill between the two lakes. The Upper Lake has a large fountain in the centre.

Concerts
--------

The park has seen many concerts, including Party at the Park, a Madonna concert and more recently a Robbie Williams concert.

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| Authority control: Geographic Edit this at Wikidata | 
* MusicBrainz place

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The **Zhou dynasty** replaced the Shang dynasty in 1046 BCE. The kings of this dynasty made the empire a lot bigger. For the first time in the history of China, many people began moving to far away places inside the empire. The Zhou rulers moved the capital from Henan to a place near present-day Xi'an, near the Yellow River. The Zhou Dynasty also brought the theory of the Mandate of Heaven. This theory said that the fact that rulers were in charge proved that the gods wanted them to be in charge. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers after the Zhou continued to believe this theory.

Mature Chinese philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty. The greatest Chinese philosophers were Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: *Kǒng Fūzǐ*), founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought from the Zhou Dynasty were Mozi (Latin: Micius), founder of *Mohism*, Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; pinyin: *Mèngzǐ*), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius legacy, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, responsible for the development of *ancient Chinese* Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty), and Xunzi.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Zhou Dynasty***.
A **round** in music is a song which can be sung by two or more groups of people. One group starts off and the next group start to sing the same song a bit later. It should sound nice together. When a group gets to the end of the song they start again. They can go round and round, singing it several times.

Usually rounds are in 2, 3 or 4 parts (meaning that they are for 2, 3 or 4 groups of people). When a group of people sing or play a round they usually sing it an agreed number of times. This means that the group which starts last also finishes last.

*Frère Jacques* is a famous French round. *London's Burning* is an English round. Both those rounds can be sung in 4 parts.

The oldest round that we know is *Sumer is icumen in*. This is a very famous piece of music because it is the oldest piece of music we know that was written down. It was written around 1250 by a monk. It can be sung in 4 parts with 2 bass drones (held notes).

Writing music by making one part imitate another is called canonic writing. Rounds are a kind of canon.

Related pages
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* Canon (music)