recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The Westfjords in Iceland.
The **Westfjords** or **West Fjords** (Icelandic: *Vestfirðir*) is the name of a large peninsula and region in northern Iceland. It is next to the Denmark Strait and faces the east coast of Greenland. The Westfjords have a lot of mountains and fjords around the coast. Because of this, the road system is complex and communicating by land is difficult.

The largest settlement is Ísafjörður, with a population of 4,000 people.

Because of the East Greenland Current, the Westfjords are generally the coldest area in Iceland.

In 1615, 32 shipwrecked Basque whalers were killed by locals. This caused the government to pass a law allowing the murder of any Basque person seen in the Westfjords. This law was ended in May 2015.

Settlements
-----------

See the main article: List of settlements in Iceland
Ísafjörður town centre.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Reykhólar
* Bolungarvík
* Ísafjörður
* Tálknafjörður
* Flateyri
* Suðureyri
* Súðavík
 | * Bíldudalur
* Þingeyri
* Patreksfjörður
* Skálanes
* Reykjanes
* Hólmavík
* Drangsnes
 |

Gallery
-------

Scenery of the Westfjords* File:Iceland2008-Latrabjarg.cliff.JPGFile:Iceland2008-Latrabjarg.cliff.JPG
* File:Hvitanes, Vestfirðir, Islandia, 2014-08-15, DD 073.JPGFile:Hvitanes, Vestfirðir, Islandia, 2014-08-15, DD 073.JPG

Related pages
-------------

* Regions of Iceland

Other websites
--------------

* Westfjords Tourist Board
* Westfjords website
* Images from the Westfjords (English and German)
* Awarded "EDEN - European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2010
The **Viceroyalty of Peru** (in Spanish, *Virreinato del Perú*) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that was created in 1542 and originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America. It was governed from the capital of Lima.

History
-------

Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa, Viceroy of Peru
In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named *Blasco Núñez Vela* Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. 

Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times", established the Inquisition and created laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike. So he broke the power of the encomenderos and reduced the old system of forced native labor. He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and *la Armada del Mar del Sur* (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates. 

The Amazon basin and some large regions nearby had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas. But this treaty meant not much during the time Spain controlled Portugal (1580 - 1640). 

Location of the most important Jesuit Reductions, with present political divisions.
The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people. In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid.

Related pages
-------------

* Colonialism
* Spanish colonization of the Americas
* Spanish Empire
***West Side Story*** is a musical. It is based on Shakespeare's play, *Romeo and Juliet*. The book was written by Arthur Laurents. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, and the lyrics were written by Stephen Sondheim. It starred Carol Lawrence as Maria. 

*West Side Story* opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on 26 September 1957, and on the West End at Her Majesty's Theatre on 12 December 1958. On the West End, was performed 1,039 times. It won two Tony Awards. 

The musical was adapted to a movie in 1961, starring Natalie Wood. The movie won 10 Academy Awards. The movie was remade in 2021.

Plot
----

The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s. It is a working-class neighborhood with a mixture of ethnic groups. (In the early 1960s, much of the neighborhood would be cleared to make room for Lincoln Center, which changed the neighborhood.) 

The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The Sharks' members are immigrants from Puerto Rico. The Jets' members are Caucasian (their families immigrated from places like Ireland and Italy). The two gangs fight over which areas in the neighborhood belong to which gang.

There are four main characters in the play:

* Riff, the Jets' leader
* Bernardo, the Sharks' leader
* Maria, Bernardo's sister
* Tony, Riff's best friend. Tony used to be a member of the Jets.

After meeting her at a dance, Tony falls in love with Maria. This causes more fighting between the Jets and the Sharks.

Music
-----

Bernstein's score for the musical includes:

* "Something's Coming"
* "Maria"
* "America"
* "Somewhere"
* "Tonight"
* "Jet Song"
* "I Feel Pretty"
* "A Boy Like That"
* "One Hand, One Heart"
* "Gee, Officer Krupke"
* "Cool"

Importance
----------

The play's dark theme, sophisticated music, long dance scenes, and focus on social problems made *West Side Story* a turning point in American musical theatre.

Related pages
-------------

* Musical theatre
* *Romeo and Juliet*

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***West Side Story***

* The Official West Side Story website Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
RNA polymerase (RNAP) in action. It is building a messenger RNA molecule from a DNA helix. Part of the enzyme was made transparent so the RNA and DNA can be seen. The magnesium ion (yellow) is located at the enzyme active site
**Transcription** is when RNA is made from DNA. The DNA sequence is copied by a special enzyme called RNA polymerase to make a matching RNA strand.

"All living things, with their myriad variations, use an almost identical microscopic machine to read their genes. This machine – RNA polymerase – is responsible for a process called transcription, which by producing RNA from DNA, takes the first step in reading the blueprint of life that is encoded in all of our genes".
The matching RNA strand is a 'pre-messenger RNA'. Next, the non-coding introns are stripped out by a spliceosome. The remaining exons are put together to make a messenger RNA.

The product is called **messenger RNA** (mRNA) because it carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-making machinery of the cell. Transcription is the first step that leads to the expression of the genes.

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a *transcription unit*. This contains:

1. sequences which regulate the protein synthesis
2. sequences which do not code: introns
3. sequences which do code for amino acid sequences in the protein. They are called exons.

Simple diagram of transcription initiation. RNAP = RNA polymerase
As in DNA replication, only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed. This strand is called the *template strand*, because it provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. The other strand is called the *coding strand*. Its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for thymine being substituted for uracil).

The DNA template strand is read 3' → 5' direction by RNA polymerase and the new RNA strand is synthesized in the 5'→ 3' direction. RNA polymerase binds to the 3' end of a gene (promoter) on the DNA template strand and travels toward the 5' end.

Simple diagram of transcription elongation
Simple diagram of transcription termination
Roger D. Kornberg won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription".

Related pages
-------------

* RNA splicing
* Intron
* Oncogene
* Transcription factor
* Translation (genetics)
* Reverse transcriptase
*Cerastes cerastes*, the horned desert viper
**Vipers** are a family of venomous snakes, the **Viperidae**. All have long, hinged fangs that dig deep into their prey and inject venom. The venom causes internal bleeding. There are four subfamilies of the Viperidae.

Description
-----------

All vipers have a pair of long hollow fangs which are used to inject venom from glands found in the back of the upper jaws. The venom is a kind of protease, a destroyer of protein.

Almost all vipers have ridged scales, a well built body with a short tail and, to make room for the venom glands, a triangular-shaped head. Their slit-shaped pupils can open wide to open most of the eye, or close almost completely. This helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Vipers are nocturnal, meaning that they sleep in the day and wake up at night to go hunting.

Like other snakes, vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals. Their main diet is birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and smaller snakes.

### Reproduction

Most viper species are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young, but a few lay eggs. The word "viper" is derived from Latin *vivo* = "I live" and *pario* = "I give birth".

Where they live
---------------

Viper snakes are found in Americas, Africa, Eurasia. In the Americas they live from southern Canada, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. The only type of viper which lives in the United Kingdom are the adders.

Subfamilies
-----------

| Subfamily | Taxon author | Genera | Species | Common name | Geographic range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Azemiopinae | Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971 | 1 | 1 | Fea's viper | Myanmar, southeastern Tibet across southern China (Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) to northern Vietnam. |
| Causinae | Cope, 1859 | 1 | 6 | Night adders | Subsaharan Africa |
| Crotalinae | Oppel, 1811 | 18 | 151 | Pit vipers | In the Old World from eastern Europe eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, peninsular India and Sri Lanka. In the New World from southern Canada southward through Mexico and Central America to southern South America. |
| Viperinae | Oppel, 1811 | 12 | 66 | True or pitless vipers | Europe, Asia and Africa. |
|

Type genus = *Vipera*—Laurenti, 1768
**Transposition** or **transposing** in music means playing or writing music in a way that makes it sound higher or lower. This can be done by playing or writing the music in a different key, or by playing or writing it up or down an octave, without changing the key.

Transposing is a useful skill for people who play an instrument, especially the piano, organ, or some other keyboard instrument. If a pianist is accompanying a singer and the song is a little too high for the singer’s voice, it is very useful if he is able to transpose it down so that the music sounds in a lower key. For example, if the music is written in the key of C major, it could be transposed down a whole tone so that it sounds in B-flat major.

Most electronic keyboards and organs these days have buttons which can set notes to transpose automatically. This can be very useful, although it may be confusing for people with absolute pitch.

How to transpose
----------------

See also: Transposing instrument
It is a good idea for people who play keyboard instruments or other kinds of transposing instruments to practise transposing. There are two ways to do this:

1. Transpose each note, one at a time. For example, when transposing from C to B-flat major, each note has to be one tone lower: an A becomes a G, a G becomes an F, an F becomes an E-flat, and so on.
2. By watching or hearing the intervals between the notes in of the music and thinking of the same thing in the new key. For example: when a note leaps up a major third in the old key, the same needs to happen in the new key.

Transposing by intervals is the a better way of transposing, but when people transpose they sometimes also transpose the notes the first way, one by one.

There is another possibility which sometimes works: by thinking in a different clef. For example, someone who is used to reading music in the alto clef, such as a violist, can transpose up a tone from music written in the treble clef by imagining it was written in the alto clef and playing an octave lower (a note on the middle line in the treble clef is a B, but in the alto clef it is a C). They could also imagine the new key signature of 2 sharps – it becomes a C sharp.

It is very important to understand key signatures in order to be able to transpose. This is why it is so useful to practise scales.
Wedge
Splitting wood with a hammer and wedge
A **wedge** is a simple machine used mainly to put in between two stones. A wedge as a tool is used to push two things apart such as the blade of a sword and knife does when it cuts wood. A wedge can also be used to lift an object or hold an object in place. The mechanical advantage of a wedge depends on the ratio of its length to its thickest part.

History
-------

The origin of the wedge is unknown, because it has been in use as early as the Stone Age. Circa 3000 BC, in Ancient Egypt quarries, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of rock used for construction. Wood wedges, that swelled after being wet, were also used. Some Native American tribes used antler wedges as a means of splitting and working wood to make canoes, houses, and other wood objects.

A wedge used to lift a block of stone

Examples for separating and lifting
-----------------------------------

Examples include axes, splitting mauls, and splitting wedges. Wedges can also be used to lift heavy objects, or finely adjust the height of objects, essentially separating them from the surface they rest on. These may also be referred to as shims. Knives, scissors, chisels, and even teeth can sometimes be used as wedges, however, they are more fundamentally cutting implements.

Examples for holding fast
-------------------------

Wedges can also be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts (poppet valves), bicycle parts (stems and eccentric bottom brackets), and doors.

A door stop (door wedge) is a wedge, and its main function is to generate friction between the bottom of the door and the ground.

A fork or nails can also be considered a type of wedge. While a nail will slice into wood when hammered, a bolt will not be pushed in. This is because a nail is a wedge and a bolt is not. A nail is tapered to a point at its end, then gets thicker farther up towards the head of the nail.

Mechanical advantage
--------------------

The downwards force on the wedge produces a horizontal force in the object
The mechanical advantage of a wedge is the length of the sloping side of the wedge and divide it by the length of the thick end of the wedge. Therefore the formula for a wedge is:

{\displaystyle MA={S \over T}}

The more acute the angle of the wedge, the more mechanical advantage it will have.

Despite this, one reason that many splitting wedges have a wide angle is that an elastic material, such as wood, will bind a narrow wedge more readily than a wide wedge. This is why splitting mauls have a much larger angle than an axe.

Related pages
-------------

* Axe
* Inclined plane
* Screw
* Shim
* Splitting maul
* Simple machines

Other websites
--------------

* Wedges


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Wedges***.
**Weekend View** was a weekend morning show on The Weather Channel that aired from 5:00 to 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Saturday and Sunday mornings. It gave the forecast for the weekend, as well as the week ahead.

Program history
---------------

Weekend View was supposed to debut on September 17, 2005, but it was delayed to October 1, 2005 due to the busy Atlantic hurricane season. Initial plans included a primetime talk show in the second quarter of 2006, but that never came to function.

In fall 2006, Stephanie Abrams left the show for *Abrams & Bettes Beyond the Forecast* with Mike Bettes and was not replaced. A year later, Samantha Mohr joined The Weather Channel to replace Kelly Cass, who moved to *PM Edition*. Cass returned to the program in May 2008. In April of that year, Dao Vu (who was the second non-meteorologist to host a live program, the other being Liz Jarvis-Fabian, who was with The Weather Channel from 1986 to 1989) left and was not replaced.

In March 2009, *Weekend View* was extended to 5-11 a.m. ET, replacing *Weekend Outlook*. By this point Bill Keneely was moved to *PM Edition*, and Betty Davis joined Kelly Cass on the 7-11 a.m. block. Jeff Morrow and Alex Wallace hosted the new 5-7 a.m. block.

In July 2010, Betty Davis left the show and The Weather Channel. She was replaced by Maria LaRosa.

In November 2010, Cass moved to *Weather Center* and Maria LaRosa joined Todd Santos for *Weekend Now*. Jen Carfagno and Eric Fisher were their replacements on the 7-11 a.m. block.

In July 2012, Wallace left for *First Outlook*, and was replaced by Danielle Banks. In October, Morrow left The Weather Channel, and was replaced by Ray Stagich. In November, Banks left for *Weekend Now* and *Weather Center Live*, but was not replaced.

In July 2013, Eric Fisher left The Weather Channel, and was replaced by Reynolds Wolf.

On November 10, 2013, Weekend View aired its last broadcast. It was replaced by *Weather Center Live* on November 16, as part of the 2013 relaunch of The Weather Channel.
Marseille has a complex public transport system.

A network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (A7), Aix-en-Provence in the north (A51), Toulon (A50) and the French Riviera (A8) to the east.

Marseille-Saint-Charles is the main railway station. It opened in 1848. All the tracks have overhead electric power cables. There is a TGV service to Paris which takes about 3 1/2 hours. There are also TGV services to Madrid, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Lille, and regional and local services. There is a small harbour station at La Joliette.

The **Marseille Metro** is a rapid transit system, started in 1977. It has two lines, partly underground, serving 31 stations. There are also three tramway lines, with 32 stations. 

There are 104 bus lines. There are ferry services, both across the old port and along the coast. 

A bicycle sharing system named "Le vélo" was started in 2007.

2023 plans for intermodal transport in Marseille
There are plans for developing multi-modal transport in the region.
A longship of the Drakar design similar to the Mora.
The ***Mora*** was William the Conqueror's flagship for his invasion of England in 1066. It served as his personal ship between England and Normandy afterwards. It was the largest and fastest ship in his invasion fleet. The Mora was a gift to William by his wife Matilda of Flanders.

The ship
--------

The *Mora* was built at Barfleur in Normandy. It was a gift from Matilda of Flanders to her husband Duke William of Normandy. It was completed in the summer of 1066. Mora was a larger ship that could carry ten to twelve knights with their attendants, weapons and armor. It would also have a crew to sail it. The captain of the ship was Stephen, the son of Airard. Stephen was the captain of the Mora for over twenty years. Orderic Vitalis described the ship: "it had for its figurehead the image of a child, gilt, pointing with its right hand towards England, and having in its mouth a trumpet of ivory. *Mora* carried multicolored sails and at the top of the mainmast was the papal banner (Pope's flag), consecrated and sent to William from Rome. The banner was described as "a square white banner charged with a gold cross within a blue border."

Maiden voyage
-------------

Before sunset on September 27th, according to William of Poitiers, Duke William's invasion fleet left for England. The Mora led the fleet. Mora carried a lantern on her mast so she could be seen in the dark. A horn also let the other ships know where the Mora was. The Mora was much faster than the other ships. By dawn William found himself in mid-channel, alone, with no other ships in sight. While he waited his servants served him breakfast with wine. Once the others were in sight the fleet proceeded to Pevensey in Sussex. According to Elisabeth van Houts, the meaning of the name is not known although there have been several suggestions. It might be named for the *Morini*, ancient inhabitants of Flanders. This is where Matilda was from. The Latin word *mora* has several meanings, none of which seem likely. These range from 'delay' or 'pause' to 'foolish' or 'foolish woman'. Also is the possibility that *Mora* was an anagram of *Amor*.

The Bayeux Tapestry showing the Norman invasion fleet, with the *Mora* in front, marked by the papal banner on the masthead.
Mustafa al-Maraghi
**Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi** (1881–1945; Arabic: محمد مصطفى المراغي) was an Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar in the 1930s. He was one of the students of Muhammad 'Abduh. He called for social, legal and educational changes and pursued a strong campaign - begun by Muhammad 'Abduh and finished by Mahmoud Shaltout - to include the modern sciences in al-Azhar's curriculum. To that end he organised committees to reform the university's regulations and curriculum and created a supervisory department for research whose responsibilities included publishing and translation.

Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout. As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity. He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition. And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad. He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.
Palace Square with the Alexander Column view from the Winter Palace
The **White Nights Festival** in St. Petersburg, Russia is an international cultural festival which is held every year. There are classical ballet, opera and music events. Many famous Russian dancers, singers, musicians and actors, take part, as well as famous international guest stars. The Scarlet Sails celebration is the big climax of the White Nights season, the largest public event anywhere in Russia. About a million people visit the festival.

The middle of summer in St Petersburg is known as the "White Nights" because, as it is so far north, the sky does not get completely dark during the short night.

The festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July. However, there are some performances that take place before and after the official dates.

The "Stars of the White Nights" is a series of classical ballet, opera and orchestral performances at the Mariinsky Theatre and the Mariinsky Concert Hall. The artistic director of the festival is Valery Gergiev.

The "Stars of the White Nights" festival was originally started by the first mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak, and has been held every year since 1993. Some of the stars who performed here include Plácido Domingo, Olga Borodina, Alfred Brendel, Anna Netrebko, Carlo Maria Giulini, Yuri Temirkanov, Gidon Kremer, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Alexander Toradze, Deborah Voigt, James Conlon and many other classical performers.

A series of carnivals take place during the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg. In one of the carnivals the actors dress in period costumes from the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Old carriages are ridden around the Peterhof park.

Every summer in St. Petersburg the Palace Square becomes a stage for international stars of popular music. This wide square has been used for official military parades and massive demonstrations, as well as for political events and large-scale shows and other entertainment. Recent performers have been Paul McCartney, the Rolling Stones, Scorpions and other stars.

Other websites
--------------

* White Nights Foundation: White Nights Foundation of America Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Valery Gergiev Official website
***The Price is Right*** was an Australian television game show. It aired in various forms from 1981 to 2012. It was based on the American game show of the same name.

Gameplay
--------

See also: The Price is Right
Like the American version, people used their shopping skills to correctly guess the price of products. Some products were household items such as toothpaste. Others were expensive prizes such as trips and cars. Unique to the Australian version were two elements:

* The two Showcase Showdown winners played the "Showcase Playoff." Here, they tried to guess the price of the Showcase to the dollar. At the start, the prizes in the showcase were shown. Then, the players would be given a $100 range (for example, if the Showcase price was $35,591, they would be given a range of $35,500 to $35,600). The two players bid back and forth until one correctly guessed the price of the showcase. For each incorrect guess, the host said if the guess was higher or lower than the actual price.
* The winner of the Showcase Playoff moved to the Showcase. They had to order the prizes from least expensive to most expensive. If they had the prizes in the correct order, they won the showcase.

Starting in 2004, the Showcase was sometimes known as the "Mega Showcase." The showcase would be worth between $500,000 and $600,000. Before the price of the last prize was shown, the player would be offered a cash value of $1,000-$50,000 to quit if they wanted to. On 3 March 2005, a $664,667 showcase was won. At the time, this was the biggest win in the history of the *The Price is Right* franchise.

Show history
------------

The show began as *The New Price is Right* in 1981, where it was hosted by Ian Turpie. He hosted from 1981 to 1986, and again when the show was revived in 1989. From 1981 to 1986, the show aired on Seven Network. When it came back in 1989, it aired on Network Ten. When the show came back in 1993, Larry Edmur became the host. He hosted three versions from 1993 to 2012. The first two versions, one from 1993 to 1998 and the second from 2003 to 2005, aired on Nine Network. The most recent version aired in 2012 on Seven Network.
A **regional language** is a language spoken in an area that is part of a larger nation state.

Internationally, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, *"regional or minority languages" means languages that are:*

1. *traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; and*
2. *different from the official language(s) of that State*

A regional language is, in terms of political status, different from the official language of the country where it is spoken. The regional languages are sometimes recognized and protected by the regional government or the state: many states across the world recognize regional languages, and give them a status, as is the case, for example, of Wallonia, Spain, Italy or Switzerland. In other cases the state does not grant official status as an official language of the country; it is the case with the regional languages of France, which can be studied but cannot be used in the government or any public service, where only French is official.

Status and trends
-----------------

In some cases, a regional language may be the main or official language of another country; that is the case, in Europe, of French in the Valle d'Aosta, or Slovene in Austria.

Status changes may take place either by laws within a state or is by political and territorial changes.

An example of the first case is Belgium, where only French was the official language since the independence in 1831. In 1878, it was allowed that the provinces and districts where Flemish was spoken to use either French or Flemish; then, in 1938, Flemish became the official language of the northern part of Belgium.

For the second case, an example is the fragmentation of the Soviet Union where some regional languages, such as Latvian, Romanian or Georgian, became official languages in the new states formed after the fragmentation: Latvia, Moldova and Georgia.

In a federal state, an official language in a province, region or state, can be a regional language in other parts. That is the case, for example, in Canada, where French is the official language in the province of Quebec but is a regional one in other provinces.

Related pages
-------------

* Minority language
* Provincial language
* National language
* Official language
A map of 1843, showing the regionThe **Turan Depression**, **Turan Lowland** or **Turanian Basin** is a low-lying desert basin region stretching from southern Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan. The lowland region lies to the east of the Caspian Sea and southeast of the Aral Sea in the vast Aral–Caspian Depression. Some of it is above sea level. It is one of the largest expanses of sand in the world, covering an area of around 3 million km2. On average, the region receives less than 15 inches (381mm) of rainfall per year. The Karakum desert lies at the southern portion of the Turan Lowlands.

About 80% of it is desert or desert-like. In the south there are rivers, and oases. Cotton and different kinds of wheat are grown there. In the desert-like areas, there are only small bushes, and camels and goats live there. There are a number of rivers. The most important of these are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. Both flow into Aral Sea. The Amu Darya River runs in a southeast–north-westerly direction through the lowlands. It used to flow into the South Aral Sea, currently it dries up in a desert called Aralkum. Syr Darya flows into North Aral Sea. 

The three most important cities are Daşoguz in Turkmenistan, and Nukus and Urgench in Uzbekistan. Vpadina Akchanaya in Turkmenistan is 267 feet (81 meters) below sea level.
**WildWorks** (formerly **Smart Bomb Interactive**) is an production mobile game was found on 2003, WildWorks has known launch Animal Jam Classic on September 9, 2010 and running another games like *Animal Jam* is Dash Tag, AJ Jump and more.

Founded
-------

WildWorks also formely Smart Bomb Interactive was found on 2003, directed founded by John Herself Rohn and Romeo Rine, in 2007, WildWorks has launching from Smart Bomb Interactive mobile game.

In September 9, 2010. WildWorks was launch Animal Jam educational games, after that, WildWorks has released the four gameplay like Animal Jam is Dash Tag, AJ Jump and more games.

Production
----------

WildWorks headquarter in West Los Angeles
In January 23, 2007. WildWorks has since 8,000 dollar, Smart Bomb Interactive mobile game was announced they were be disabled, running for educational games, *Animal Jam*, which was released on September 9, 2010.

In September 11, 2010. WildWorks was announced *Animal Jam* player was launch for Windows and MacOS. In September 18, 2010. Smart Bomb Interactive formerly names was disabled, is renamed to WildWorks from Animal Jam website.

In October 5, 2010. WildWorks announced the Animal Jam gameplay was launch reach for Adobe Flash Player.

In late 2020, after Adobe Flash Player was ended support, Animal Jam was discontinued from browser, WildWorks announced Animal Jam gameplay has downloaded for PC app.
Pschent, the double crown of Egypt
The **Pschent** was the name of the Double Crown of Ancient Egypt. The Ancient Egyptians called it ***sekhemti*** meaning the Two Powerful Ones. The Pschent was made from the Red Deshret Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Hedjet Crown of Upper Egypt.

The Pschent was a symbol of the pharaoh's power over all Egypt. The design used two animals, a cobra and a vulture. The Egyptian cobra, known as the uraeus, ready to strike, was a symbol for the Lower Egyptian goddess Wadjet. The Egyptian vulture was a symbol for the Upper Egyptian goddess Nekhbet. These were placed on the front of the Pschent and called the *Two Ladies*.

History
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| Pschent"Double Crown"in hieroglyphs |

The First Dynasty pharaoh Menes is said to have invented the Pschent. The first pharoah to be shown wearing the Double Crown was Djet, in a rock inscription showing his Horus wearing it.

Ring of Ptolemy VI Philometor wearing the Pschent-Double Crown, 3rd to 2nd Century BC. Ptolemaic rulers only wore the Pschent in Egypt. They wore the diadem in the other territories
The list of kings on the Palermo Stone shows the Lower Egyptian pharaohs wearing the Red Crown. After Egypt is unified, the list shows all First Dynasty and later pharaohs wearing the Pschent. But the Cairo fragment, shows Lower Egyptian rulers wearing the Pschent.

Archaeology
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None of the Egyptian crowns have survived (or been found yet). Like the Deshret and the Hedjet Crowns, the Pschent is known only from statues, paintings, inscriptions, and ancient stories.

Mythology
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Among the gods shown wearing the Double Crown are Horus and Atum. These both represented the pharaoh or had a special relationship to the pharaoh.

* Horus falcon with Double CrownHorus falcon with Double Crown
* Ramesses IV wearing a pschentRamesses IV wearing a pschent
* Statue of Amenhotep III wearing a pschentStatue of Amenhotep III wearing a pschent
**Príncipe** is the northern and smaller of the two major islands of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is in the sea to the west of Africa. It has an area of 136 square kilometres (53 sq mi). Close to 5,000 people live there. The island is a heavily eroded volcano over three million years old. It is surrounded by other smaller islands including Ilheu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Tinhosa Grande and Tinhosa Pequena. Príncipe rises in the south to 948 metres (3,110 ft) at Pico de Príncipe, in a part of the Obo National Park that is covered with trees. The north and centre of the island were formerly plantations, most of them formed by Portuguese colonialists using slave labor. These concentrated initially on producing sugar and later on cocoa, becoming the world's greatest cocoa producer. Since independence these plantations have since largely gone back to being forest. 

Príncipe was the site where Einstein's Theory of Relativity was experimentally proved successful by Arthur Stanley Eddington and his team during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.
An illustration of the mutations that can cause pseudogenes. The human sequence is of a pseudogene in the olfactory gene family. The chimpanzee sequence is the functional ortholog. Key differences are highlighted
**Pseudogenes** are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.
A **player-coach**, in sports, is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and coaching duties. The term can be used to refer to both players who serve as head coaches, or as assistant coaches.

Player-manager
--------------

**Player/manager** is a sports term used to described a manager of a team who is also registered to play for the team. In association football, this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a caretaker manager. The chairman will usually either ask a coach to take temporary charge or turn to the club's most senior player. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player/manager.

However, there are instances when a free agent is signed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.

In the United States, player/managers and player-coaches were once common, especially in the early days of baseball. The last player-manager in Major League Baseball was Pete Rose, who began managing the Cincinnati Reds in 1985, the second-to-last season of his playing career. Fred Clarke spent the longest time as a player-manager.
Bonneville Salt Flats during the winter has about 1 inch of water on it
Bonneville Salt Flats during the summer
A **salt lake**, or **saline lake**, is a lake with a lot of sodium chloride and other dissolved minerals in the water. It is often defined as three grams or more of salt per litre. In some cases, salt lakes have more salt than sea water: they are called hypersaline lakes. An alkaline salt lake with a high content of carbonate is called a soda lake.

Salt lakes can be put into categories based on salinity:

* subsaline 0.5–3 ‰ (parts per thousand)
* hyposaline 3–20 ‰
* mesosaline 20–50 ‰
* hypersaline greater than 50 ‰

Salt lakes form when the water flowing into the lake, containing salt or minerals, cannot leave. This is because the lake is endorheic (a dead end). The water then evaporates, leaving behind any dissolved salts. This increases its salinity. Salt lakes are an excellent place for salt production. High salinity will also lead to a unique flora and fauna in the lake. Sometimes the large amount of salt means there is little life in or near the lake.

If the amount of water flowing into a lake is less than the amount evaporated, the lake will eventually disappear and leave a dry lake: a 'playa', salt flat or salt pan.

Related pages
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* Great Salt Lake
	+ Bonneville Salt Flats
* Dead Sea
* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Salton Sea
* Lake Urmia
* Lake Natron
* Mono Lake
Drafter at work : Drafters pay careful attention to detail in their technical drawings
**Technical drawing**, also known as **drafting** or **draughting**, is the act and discipline of making detailed drawings. These drawings visually communicate how something works or how it is to be made.

Communicating ideas
-------------------

Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering.

To make drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols. They use standard units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layouts. These drawing conventions are internationally accepted standards. Technical drawings are a universal way of communicating complex mechanical concepts. Technical drawing are very different from the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Artistic drawings may have many meanings. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning.

Technical drawings are used to make electronic parts as well as mechanical parts. They are used in commercial and residential construction. Roads, bridges, and wastewater systems are just some of the things that need technical drawings. Almost anything that is manufactured requires technical drawings.

Technicians
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A **drafter**, **draftsperson**, or **draughtsman** is a person trained to make technical drawings. A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a **drafting technician**. Professional draftspersons bridge the gap between engineers and manufacturers. They contribute experience and technical expertise to the design process.

Related pages
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* Computer-aided technologies
* Plan (drawing)
* Architecture
* Mechanical engineering
* Civil engineering
* Mechanical engineering

Other websites
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* Technical Drawing Archived 2015-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Technical Drawing Tutorial
The Rohingya language is a sub branch of the eastern Indo-Aryan languages that is spoken by approximately 1 million in Arakan (which is in Burma), Half a million in Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah of Saudi Arabia, 300,000 in Karachi and Pakistan, 200,000 in Cox's Bazaar District of Bangladesh (2006), 30,000 in Malaysia, and others in Thailand, UAE and India. It has many alternate names, including: Rohinga, Rohinja, Ruaingga, Arakani, and Arakanese. The Rohingya language is related to the Bengali language. The Rohingya language uses a lot of words from other languages, like Arabic and English. This is due to history (the Rohingya are Muslim and Arabic is an important language in their religion, Islam) and culture (they interacted with the English and many other different groups).

Alphabet
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The Rohingya language has many different alphabets. People have a hard time trying to agree on a single alphabet to write in. They can write in: Burmese alphabet, Arabic alphabet, or the Latin alphabet (the ABCs). A Rohingya man named Mohammed Hanif created the Hanafi alphabet, which is suitable to write the language in. However, not many computers can support the Hanafi alphabet. So for the time being, many Rohingya use the ABCs when they use computers and phones.

Sounds
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Rohingya has 25 consonant sounds and 6 vowel sounds.

Grammar
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Rohingya is a subject-object-verb language. For example, "I love you" in English would be "I you love" in Rohingya.

Sample text
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The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

**Rohingya:** Manúic beggún azad hísafe, ar izzot arde hók ókkol ót, fúainna hísafe foida óiye. Fottí insán óttu honó forók sára elan ot aséde tamám hók ókkol arde azadi ókkol loi fáaida goróon ór hók asé. Ar, taráre dil arde demak diyé. Ótolla, taráttu ekzon loi arekzon bái hísafe maamela goróon saá.

**English:** All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Sisal twine
**Twine** (also called **baler twine**) is a light string or strong thread made from two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted together. More generally, the term can be applied to a cord. It is often synonymous with string but is usually thicker. Natural fibres used for making twine include cotton, sisal, jute, hemp, henequen, and coir. A variety of synthetic fibres may also be used. Twine is available in colors, plain or waxed. Twine is as useful as duct tape in that it can be used for a wide variety of repairs.

Parachute cord made from 7 twines of nylon

Uses
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In arts and crafts, twine is used for a wide variety of projects. It is used in knitting, crocheting, and making jewellery, to mention just a few. Commercially, twine is used in upholstery, rug-making, agriculture, the cotton industry, textiles, and in the carton industry.

History
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Twine traces its history back to as early as 32,000 years ago. Wild flax fibers were used to make twine for clothing, baskets and creating tools. Hunter-gatherers processed flax into strong cords or twine.

Archaeologists discovered flax fiber cords in a western Asian cave that date from 32,000 to 26,000 years ago. In a cave at Lascaux, France fossilized remains of a "two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" were dated to about 15,000 BCE. Hemp twine was used from about 8,000 BCE. By 1,000 BCE hemp rope and twine was used by most civilizations. From 500 BCE to 1900 AD almost all rope and twine used in sailing ships was made from hemp. For example, the USS Constitution used hemp for its rigging lines. Sea bags and other common goods used help cordage or twine.

In the 1630s hemp was used to produce cordage in Boston. Soon there were several ropewalks in Boston producing hemp rope. Hemp twine was twisted into rope.

Related pages
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* String
* Fibre
* Rope
* Yarn
The Movius Line
The **Movius Line** is a theoretical line drawn across northern India. It was proposed by the American archaeologist Hallam L. Movius in 1948 to show a technological difference between the early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and the west of the Old World.

Movius noticed that the palaeolithic stone tools from sites east of northern India never contained handaxes. They had less formal implements known as chopping tools. These were sometimes as extensively worked as the Acheulean tools from further west, but could not be described as true handaxes. Movius then drew a line on a map of India to show where the difference occurred, dividing the tools of Africa, Europe and Western and Southern Asia from those of Eastern and South-eastern Asia.

Fossil evidence also suggests a difference in the evolutionary development of the people who made the two different tool types across the Movius Line. The line is still in use as a distinction between the two traditions. The existence of the line, in terms of stone tool technology and human evolution, is still not explained.