recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Point Hicks lighthouse
**Point Hicks**, once called **Cape Everard**, is a coastal headland on the east coast of Victoria, Australia. It is now a part of the Croajingolong National Park.

Name
----

Point Hicks is where, on 19 April 1770, the continent of Australia was first sighted by the men on Captain Cook's *Endeavour* voyage. Cook wrote that it was Lieutenant Zachary Hickes who first saw land, and Cook named the point after him. Hickes spelt his name with an "e", Cook wrote both *Hicks* and *Hickes* in different places. The spelling *Hicks* is now in use for the point.

When George Bass sailed past the area at the end of 1797 he did not locate the point. It did not appear on the charts Matthew Flinders made of their voyages, and the name fell into disuse.

The point came to be known as Cape Everard. The first use of that name is said to be by hydrographer John Lort Stokes who surveyed the coast in the *Beagle* in 1843. It is thought he named it after fellow naval officer John Everard Home, but his maps do not use the name.

The first map showing Cape Everard was by surveyor George Douglas Smythe, made in 1852 and published in 1853. If he thought of the name, he may have named it after William Everard, commissioner of crown lands.

The name Cape Everard was used until 1970. There has been doubt and arguments about exactly what Cook saw. The actual latitude and longitude he gave (38°0′S 148°53′E﻿ / ﻿38.000°S 148.883°E﻿ / -38.000; 148.883) is a location many miles out to sea.

Point Hicks was renamed as part of Cook's bicentenary. Victorian Premier Henry Bolte announced the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 April 1970 (this was the 200th anniversary; Cook's 19 April was by nautical time, i.e. not adjusted for the International Date Line).

Lighthouse
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A lighthouse was built on the point in 1887/8 and started operation in 1890. It was built from concrete and with wooden lighthouse keepers houses. It was connected to mains electricity in 1965, and then to solar power recently. The keepers' cottages are today used as holiday houses. With 37 metres of height it is the tallest lighthouse on Australia's mainland. Its light is a double white flash every ten seconds, from a height of 56 metres above sea level.

Related pages
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* Point Hicks Marine Park is the waters off Point Hicks

Other websites
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* Point Hicks lighthouse Archived 2005-12-27 at the Wayback Machine at Parks Victoria
Moses ǁGaroëb constituency (red) in the Khomas Region (yellow)

**This article contains special characters.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

**Moses ǁGaroëb Constituency** is a constituency in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It had 45,564 people living there in 2011, and 25,642 people in 2001. As of 2020[update] it had 41,550 registered voters.

The constituency was created in 2003 with the name **Western Hakahana** when the regional government suggested that the constituency of Hakahana should be split. In 2008 the constituency was named after the politician Moses ǁGaroëb. The eastern part of Hakahana is now called Tobias Hainyeko constituency, named after politician Tobias Hainyeko.

Politics
--------

### 2015 regional election

The SWAPO party of Namibia won by a landslide. SWAPO candidate Martin David with 5,330 votes, followed by Paulus Shikwamhanda of the Rally for Democracy and Progress with 286 votes.

### 2020 regional election

Aili Venonya of SWAPO won with 5,983 votes, followed by Tommy Efraim of the Independent Patriots for Change with 3,960 votes.
**Perambalur** is a municipality town in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Perambalur district and Perambalur Taluk (Sub-District). Perambalur is the central town of Tamil Nadu. Perambalur district is bounded on the North by Cuddalore and Salem, South by Trichy, East by Ariyalur, West by Trichy and Salem. As of 2011 census, the town had a population of 49,648. There are a set of 11th century Buddhists images around the villages of Perambalur called Perambalur Buddhas.

Population
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According to 2011 census, Perambalur had a population of 49,648 with a sex-ratio of 1,013 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 5,190 were under the age of six, constituting 2,678 males and 2,512 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 29.43% and .29% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 80.77%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 12732 households. There were a total of 18,430 workers, comprising 998 cultivators, 1,746 main agricultural labourers, 364 in house hold industries, 13,762 other workers, 1,560 marginal workers, 49 marginal cultivators, 390 marginal agricultural labourers, 78 marginal workers in household industries and 1,043 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Perambalur had 86.94% Hindus, 9.29% Muslims, 3.6% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.0% Jains, 0.12% following other religions and 0.03% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.
Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf
Protoplasts of *Physcomitrella patens*
**Protoplast** in modern biology, is what is left of a cell when the cell wall is dissolved. That leaves the cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.

Definition: a protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.

Because cell walls are made differently in the different kingdoms, different enzymes are used to remove them.

Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts
------------------------------------------

Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes:

| Type of cell | Enzyme |
| --- | --- |
| Plant cells | Cellulase, pectinase, xylanase |
| Gram-positive bacteria | Lysozyme (+EDTA) |
| Fungal cells | Chitinase |

The reason for removing the cell walls is to allow many different experimental techniques to be used.

Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants.
Protocol stack of the OSI model
A **protocol stack** is a part of an operating system (OS) or device that is used to communicate with other things. 

Computers communicate in many ways. A mobile phone contains several protocol stacks. There are protocol stack for handling voice calls, Bluetooth and USB. There is often a protocol stack that is used when reading a webpage on Wikipedia. There are many other stacks that are used by phones.

Sometimes the protocol stacks work together. An example of this is when a person uses a Bluetooth headset for a voice call. One stack is used for the phone to communicate with the headset. Another stack is used to make the voice call. The Bluetooth headset has its own bluetooth protocol stack. 

The protocol stacks are used to send and receive information.

Each layer of the protocol stack handles a different part of the communication. There is a protocol stack with many different layers that are used to send data. Other layers are used to receive date. Often the data us sent and received at the same time. When two things communicate with each other in a standard manner, this is known as a protocol.

Some layers within the protocol stack will work on *reliability.* They will send a message again if the first message was lost in communication. Some layers will provide *compatibility.* They will let data to be communicated in different ways. They also let different types of data to be communicated in a standard manner. Layers often handle a series of chunks of data. Some layers split the data into smaller chunks when sending it. This is called *fragmentation.* When the data is received, another layer puts the smaller chunks back together to form larger chunks or media streams. This is called *reassembly*. Some layers may encrypt the data when it is sent. This is done so it cannot be read. A layer at the receiving side will remove the encryption.

The OSI model is a common way to think about protocol stacks.
A **monsoon** is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English for the seasonal rains in the Indian subcontinent. These rains blow in from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Monsoons also occur in other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Monsoons happen because of a simple fact: land heats up faster than water. The temperature difference between the land and sea can be as much as 20°C – land temperatures in India can be hotter than 45°C, while the surrounding water in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea remains in the low 20s. The heat absorbed by the land warms the air above it. The hot air rises, and cooler ocean air rushes inland to replace it. As it moves, it carries moisture with it, releasing it over land as the summer monsoon (also known as southwest monsoon). 

The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Rainfall is increased by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, as with the Tibetan Plateau, and by surface heating.
**Northern Bavarian** or **North Central Bavarian** (German: *Nordbairisch*, *Nordmittelbairisch*) is a dialect of the Bavarian language. Though mostly spoken in Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Northern Bavarian is also spoken in Upper, Lower Bavaria and Upper Franconia. There is one subvariant called **West Northern Bavarian** or **West Northern Central Bavarian**. It is spoken in the west, up in the north of Bavaria. The dialects of the Upper Palatinate and the Bavarian Forest are also called "*Waidlerische*". Linguistically, these are North Bavarian, North Central Bavarian and Central Bavarian dialects, with the North Bavarian elements gradually increasing towards the north.

Spoken regions
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Northern Bavarian is spoken in most of the Upper Palatinate, in the southeastern parts of Upper Franconia and Middle Franconia, in the northernmost part of Upper Bavaria and in the southernmost part of Saxony (Southern Vogtland). In the south-eastern Upper Palatinate and in the northernmost part of Lower Bavaria, mixed forms of Northern and Central Bavarian - linguistically called Northern Central Bavarian - are spoken, with the city of Regensburg being a Central Bavarian linguistic island within this area.
**Smelting** is the general term for getting a metal from its natural ore. Gold is an exception because it is usually found as a pure metal. Other metals, like iron, copper, zinc, and silver, need to be got from their ore.

The process of smelting always involves heating the ore, and may also use a reducing agent like coke or charcoal. Most ores are oxides, sulfides or carbonates. This process removes the nonmetal part, leaving behind the metal. Ores are not pure, so a **flux** is added to carry away the impurities. Limestone is the usual flux for this purpose. It removes the impurities as slag.

Beyond this, each metal has its own special methods. Producing iron from its ore is done in a blast furnace. Producing zinc or aluminium from their ores requires (in addition to heat) electrolysis.

Iron is smelted from iron ore in large reactors called blast furnaces. A blast furnace is a tall vertical structure which is fed with coke, iron ore and limestone. When hot air is blown in the blast furnace, the coke will burn and reduce the oxygen off the ore, producing bare iron and carbon dioxide. The limestone will bind off any remaining bedrock. The iron melts in the hot temperature and is tapped off in liquid phase at the bottom. It is then worked into steel. The limestone and bedrock form a compound called slag. It can be used for making bricks, concrete or road topping. Earlier methods include Bloomery.

Aluminum is smelted in electric ovens called electric arc furnaces. The aluminum ore is poured on the bottom of the furnace and electric current is led through the ore. The temperature rises so high that the oxygen separates, leaving metallic aluminum.

Copper is poured on naked flame which burns off sulfur and other impurities, leaving raw copper. Electrolysis uses electric current to separate the copper in big pools, which contain water solution called electrolyte. An electric current is led in the pool, and all copper will gather on the electrode called cathode. 

Copper smelting chimney - geograph.org.uk - 827814
Metallurgy and especially smelting is a key to the early civilizations. The earliest evidence of copper smelting dates from between 5500 BC and 5000 BC. The sites are in Pločnik and Belovode, Serbia.
The **Northern pygmy owl** (*Glaucidium gnoma*) is a small owl native to North and Central America.

Description
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The Northern pygmy owl is small and has a long tail. It has shiny yellow eyes, yellow feet, and small tuffs of fur with its ears. Its feathers are a reddish brown speckled with white. Like all of the members of its family, it has fake eye spots that are black and outlined in white on the back of its neck. The Northern Pygmy Owl's stomach is white with black stripes. The Northern Pygmy Owl tends to perch in a diagonal position rather than an upright position.

Breeding
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Northern pygmy owls nest and breed in evergreen-filled forests and woodlands with variety. They normally mate in Spring. They prefer to live in tree cavities or old woodpeckers' holes. They do not add anything to their nest. The mothers keep three or four eggs warm. But she waits for all of the eggs to be laid before she starts incubating. That is an inimitable trait of northern American owls. While the female owl takes care of the eggs, the male consistently brings food for them. After the eggs hatch, the mother takes care of them for about one week. The baby owls will gain the ability to fly in about twenty-seven to twenty-eight days.

Habitat
-------

Northern pygmy owls are widespread across North America. They usually live in the scattered areas with less trees, rather than large parts of land with lots of unbroken trees. Northern pygmy owls are most active during the dawn or the dusk. Northern pygmy owls can also be seen in the daytime, when the weather is overcast. They like to perch on conifer or small trees, or in a snag. When they perch, they bob their head up and down, and flick their tails, and hold their tails to one side.

Diet
----

One third of the pygmy owls' diet are rodents, large insects, and small birds. Northern pygmy owls are very aggressive hunters, so fast that they can catch their prey in flight.
14th century manuscript of *The Miracles of Our Lady.*
***The Miracles of Our Lady*** (Spanish: *Milagros de Nuestra Señora*) is the main book written by Gonzalo de Berceo.

It is a collection of exempla about twenty-five reported miracles of Mary, mother of Jesus. It was written around 1260 in a sort of Spanish dialect called Riojan.

Context and influence
---------------------

The sources used by Gonzalo de Berceo were different stories about the miracles written in Latin. The book helped to promote Marian devotions among the people by making the subject easier to understand for them. However, it contains many unusual elements that give Mary powers of returning people from the dead or the ability to save sinners from God's Judgement.

Structure
---------

The work's introduction is symbolic. It is set in an perfect natural scene, which shows the good qualities of the Virgin. It is followed by twenty-five miracles done by the Virgin. At the end of each story there is a *moraleja* (moral) or teaching to make the advantages of devotion to Mary clear to the listener or reader.

These miracles can be categorised into three different types:

* Miracles in which Mary rewards or punishes men, e.g. *La casulla de San Idelfonso*.
* Miracles in which the Mary forgives and promises the salvation of her devotees, e.g. *El sacristán impúdico*, *El Judezno*, *Milagro de Teófilo*.
* Miracles in which the characters suffer a spiritual crisis which Mary helps them to solve, e.g. *La abadesa encinta*.

Sources
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* *Miracles of Our Lady* by Gonzalo de Berceo, edited by Richard Terry Mount 1998 ISBN 0-8131-2019-5

Other websites
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* Milagros de Nuestra Señora and Lais by Mary de France. Similarities and differences. Written by Pamela Bastante. Biblioteca Gonzalo de Berceo.

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| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Spain

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The **Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria** (also known as **MAS**) is an art museum in Santander, Spain. Today the museum specializes in modern and contemporary art.

History
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The first MAS museum was established in 1907. It opened on 6 February 1908. At that time it was called Biblioteca y Museo Municipales (Municipal Library and Museum). Its collection was shown in a room of the Santander City Council building. In those early days the collection included paintings and sculptures and many other kinds objects. It had objects from archaeological sites and also objects related to natural history and ethnology.

In 1923 the city built a new home for the library and museum. The building was designed by Leonardo Rucabado. Starting in 1941, the library moved out of the building. The museum took over the whole building and began to change its collections. It kept the paintings and sculptures but gave the archaeological, natural history, and ethnology objects to other museums in Santander and the Cantabria region. The museum re-opened on 3 November 1947 with a new name: Museo Municipal de Pinturas (Municipal Museum of Painting). In 1957 the museum changed its name again. It became the Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santander (Municipal Museum of Fine Arts of Santander).

Between 1978 and 1993 the museum's collection of works by younger artists and especially artists from Cantabria grew bigger. The inside of the museum was also repaired and made more modern. The museum specialized more and more in modern and contemporary art. In 2011 the museum changed its name to Museum de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria (Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Santander and Cantabria). That is the name it has today.

Collections
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The museum has 1,870 works of art—paintings, sculptures, photographs, engravings, and installations. About 100 of these works are by Spanish, Flemish, and Italian artists from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. All the rest are from the last part of the 19th century to the 21st century. Most of the museum's works are by Spanish artists. It has about 150 works by foreign artists. One of these is *La muerte del toro* (*The Death of the Bull*) by the Italian contemporary artist, Umberto Pettinicchio. the *La tauromaquia* by Francisco Goya, the *Grabados Suite Vollard* by Pablo Picasso.

Other websites
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* Official website
* Cabezón, Pablo (2001). "Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santander" Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. *El Diario Montañés* (in Spanish)
* Media related to Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria at Wikimedia Commons

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* VIAF
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* WorldCat Identities
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* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* United States

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**Serbia** sent people to compete at the **2018 Winter Paralympics** in Pyeongchang, South Korea. One person on the team is para-Nordic skier Milos Zaric. In addition to para-Nordic skier, Zaric is also a para-athlete. He is the world champion in the men's F55 javelin.

Team
----

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Serbia") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

Team Serbia| Name | Sport | Gender | Classification | Events | ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Milos Zaric | para-Nordic skiing | male |  |  |  |

Russian doping scandal
----------------------

15 National Paralympic Committees and the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation signed a letter expressing support for the National Paralympic Committee of Russia in August 2017.  The countries included Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Montenegro, and South Korea.  They asked the IPC Governing Board to consider letting Russia compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  The letter was signed weeks before the IPC Governing Board met in Abu Dhabi. In September 2017, this decision was reviewed and upheld. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) still had concerns about doping in Russian sport. All the conditions the IPC required of the Russians were not met.

History
-------

Serbia first competed at the Winter Paralympics in 2010, and had yet to win a medal going into the 2018 edition of the Games.  Serbia was represented by Jugoslav Milosevic in 2014.  He competed in para-alpine skiing.  The upper limb amputee competed in the slalom and giant slalom standing events.

Para-Nordic skiing
------------------

### Skiers

Milos Zaric competes in two sports: para-athletics and para-Nordic skiing.  In 2017, he won a gold medal at the 2017 IPC Athletics World Championships in the men's F55 javelin. A few months later, he competed in para-Nordic skiing at the World Cup in Oberried, Germany.  The World Cup was the first time he was part of Team Serbia at an international sporting competition.

### Schedule and results

On 12 March, the 15 km race takes place, with standing and vision impaired women starting at 10:00 PM. Thee sprint classic qualification takes place on 14 March from 10:00 AM – 11:25 AM for both men and women in all classes. It is followed in the afternoon by the semifinals and finals.  The classic race takes place on 17 March. The standing and visually impaired women's race takes place from 10:00 AM - 12:30.
Raymond Dart's great discovery: the Taung Child, *Australopithecus africanus*
**Raymond Arthur Dart** (4 February 1893 – 22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist, who worked for much of his life in South Africa.

In 1924 he discovered the first fossil of an Australopithecine, at Taung in Northwestern South Africa (now Botswana). It was *Australopithecus africanus*, an extinct hominid closely related to humans. This was a great event in the study of human evolution.

Early life
----------

Dart was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, the son of a farmer and tradesman. He studied at the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney and University College London, before taking a position as head of the newly established department of anatomy at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1922.

Career
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Because he was an Australian, and not a part of the scientific establishment, and because he found the fossil in Africa, and not Europe or Asia, where the establishment looked to for man's origins, his findings were initially dismissed.

Dart's closest ally was Robert Broom whose discoveries of further Australopithecines (and Wilfrid Le Gros Clark's support) eventually vindicated Dart. So much so that in 1947, Sir Arthur Keith said "...Dart was right, and I was wrong."

Other websires
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* Brain C.K. Raymond Dart and our African origins, in *A century of* Nature*: twenty-one discoveries that changed science and the world*, Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, eds.
Sideview
Burst iron ring which put the cannon out of use
**Mons Meg** is a mediaeval bombard made in 1449. It is now at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. In contrast to modern shells, which are explosive, these older cannons fired solid balls. Mons Meg fired balls of iron.

It seems, from the accounts of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, that it was made to his order around 1449 and sent as a gift eight years later to King James II of Scotland, with other artillery supplies. Mons Meg weighs 15,366 pounds (6,970 kg), is 15 feet (4.6 m) in length, and has a calibre of 20 inches (510 mm). The final cost of the gun was £1,536. 2s.

History
-------

### Manufacture

The bombard was made from long bars of iron, hooped with rings and fused into one mass. The Duke's artillery maker constructed it, and it was tested at Mons, Wallonia, in June 1449. The Duke did not take delivery until 1453. The Duke decided to help the Scots against the English, and sent it to James II. James imported a lot of artillery from continental Europe during his reign. He used it against his enemies in Scotland, such as the Earl of Douglas. James died as a result of an exploding cannon used in the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

Another story suggests Mons Meg was made in order to help James II in the 1452 siege of Threave Castle in Kirkcudbright, when the Clan MacLellan used it to batter the castle. This version has little support.

### In action

The 20-inch (510 mm) calibre cannon accepted balls that weighed about 400 pounds (180 kg). It could only be fired 8-10 times a day due to the tremendous heat generated by the huge powder charge. In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red-lead to keep it from rusting. This cost 30 shillings in June 1539.

From the 1540s Meg was retired from active service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle, from where shot could be found up to two miles away. When Mons was fired on 3 July 1558, workmen were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Mure, near the River Forth. The salute marked the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the French Dauphin.

The gun was fired in 1680 to celebrate the arrival of James, Duke of Albany and York, later King James II of England and VII of Scotland. The barrel burst. An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose, since the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.

The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, but was returned to the Castle in 1829, after a campaign by the author Sir Walter Scott. It was restored, and now sits outside St. Margaret's Chapel.
Thanjavur district is one of the district is known as the "Granary of South India" and "Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu". This is one of the important district for the Tamil Nadu agriculture and economy.

Population
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The Thanjavur district's total population is 2,405,890 according to Census of 2011. Literacy rate is 74.44%. The sex ratio is 1035 per 1000 males.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes consist of 18.91% and 0.15% of the population respectively.

Agriculture and Tourism
-----------------------

The Thanjavur district is famously known as the "Granary of South India", since the rule of Chola dynasty.This district lies at the Kaveri delta region, the most fertile region in the Tamil Nadu state. The district is the main rice producing region in the state and therefore known as "Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu". Kaveri River and its tributaries are the main source of irrigation in Thanjavur district. Farmers also grow coconut and sugarcane and it is the largest producer of coconut in Tamil Nadu.
Laws in 2014
**Sharon Laws** (7 July 1974 – 16 December 2017) was a British professional cyclist and environmental consultant. She gained support in conservation and worked both before and during her cycling career as an environmental consultant to organisations including the British Government, the United Nations and for mining company Rio Tinto in Australia.

Early life
----------

Laws was born in Nairobi, Kenya, but was raised in Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire.

Career
------

Laws in 2012
Her first victory with the team was the Cheshire Classic stage race, which she won after coming second on the first and second stages. Her addition to the British team, which included Cooke and Emma Pooley, was expected to improve chances of a medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing but Laws crashed twice and came 35th of 62 finishers. 

Laws retired in August 2016 and was diagnosed with cervical cancer one month later.

Death
-----

Laws died on 16 December 2017 of cervical cancer, aged 43.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sharon Laws***.

* *Sharon Laws signs for Team Halfords Bikehut* Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine (15 April 2008) British Cycling (Palmarès)
The **prickly pear** is ***Opuntia***: a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae. There are about 190 different species of Opuntia. 

The genus is named after the Ancient Greek city of Opus. There, according to Theophrastus, an edible plant grew which could be propagated by rooting its leaves.

Prickly pears (mostly *Opuntia stricta*) were originally imported into Australia in the 18th century for gardens. They were later used as a natural agricultural fencing. They quickly became a widespread invasive weed. They changed 101,000 sq mi (260,000 km2) of farming land into an impenetrable green jungle of prickly pear, in places 20 ft (6.1 m) high. 

In 1919, the Australian federal government established the Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board to coordinate efforts with state governments to eradicate the weed. Early attempts at mechanical removal and poisonous chemicals failed, so in a last resort, biological control was attempted. There is a moth, *Cactoblastis cactorum*, from South America, whose larvae eat prickly pear. It was introduced in 1925 and rapidly reduced the cactus population. A memorial hall in Chinchilla (Queensland) commemorates the moth. This is one of the earliest known examples of the biological control of pests.
***Save Rock and Roll*** is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of *Folie à Deux* in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.

On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

Background
----------

In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record *Folie à Deux*. The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."

On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

Track listing
-------------

1. "The Phoenix"
2. "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)"
3. "Alone Together"
4. "Where Did the Party Go"
5. "Just One Yesterday" (featuring vocals from Foxes)
6. "The Mighty Fall" (featuring rapper Big Sean)
7. "Miss Missing You"
8. "Death Valley"
9. "Young Volcanoes"
10. "Rat a Tat" (featuring vocals from Courtney Love)
11. "Save Rock and Roll" (featuring vocals from Elton John)

Bonus track
1. "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" (featuring 2 Chainz) (2 Chainz remix)

Arena tour
----------

Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.

Other websites
--------------

* Garland, Emma (2009-08-20). "ATP! Album Review: Fall Out Boy - Save Rock And Roll". Alter The Press!.
* Gil Kaufman (February 4, 2013). "Fall Out Boy Reunite, Will *Save Rock And Roll* In May". MTV News.
* Kia Makarechi (April 15, 2013). "Fall Out Boy On *Save Rock And Roll*, Working With Elton John And Why Everything Is Different This Time Around". *The Huffington Post*.
**Port wine** (also called *Vinho do Porto*, *Oporto**,** Porto*, and often simply *Port*) is a Portuguese wine. 

Porto is a fortified wine. This means its alcohol is stronger than ordinary wine. This has the effect of making the wine long-lasting even after the bottle has been opened. Porto is a sweet wine, but comes as dry or semi-dry also. It is often served as a dessert wine.

Port is made in the Douro Valley in the northern provinces of Portugal. Wines which are similar to the Portuguese product called *port* are made in several countries around the world. The biggest producers are Australia, South Africa, India, Canada and the United States. However, under European Union guidelines, only the product from Portugal may be labelled as *Port*. In the United States, Federal law mandates that the Portuguese-made product be labeled *Porto* or *Vinho do Porto*.

Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the Douro region. The Douro valley where Port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, or appellation in 1756. It is the oldest defined and protected wine region in the world.

The wine produced is then fortified with the addition of a Brandy (distilled grape spirits). This is done to stop the fermentation leaving residual sugar in the wine and to increase the alcohol content. The wine is then stored and aged. For ageing, it is often put in barrels stored in *caves* After aging, it is bottled. 

The wine got its name, "Port," in the second half of the 17th century from the seaport city of Porto at the mouth of the Douro River. Much of the product was brought there. It was then either sold on a market or exported to other countries in Europe.
**Paula Elizabeth Yates** (24 April 1959 – 17 September 2000) was a British television presenter and writer. She was best known for her work on two television programmes, *The Tube* (1982–87) and *The Big Breakfast* (1992–85).

Yates was born in Colwyn Bay, north Wales. She was married to Irish musician Bob Geldof. Their children were Fifi Trixibelle Geldof (born 1983), Peaches Honeyblossom Geldof (1989–2014) and Little Pixie Geldof (born 1990). She was married to Geldof from 1986 until their divorce in 1996. She began a relationship with Australian musician Michael Hutchence. They had a daughter, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence Geldof (born 1996). In 1997, Hutchence killed himself. Soon after, Bob Geldof took full custody of their three children. 

Yates died from an accidental heroin overdose having been found dead on 17 September 2000 at her home in London, England. She was 41. After Yates' death, Geldof got custody of Tiger Lily, and later adopted her. Her daughter, Peaches, died from the same cause in April 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* Paula Yates on IMDb
For other uses, see Port (disambiguation).
The Port of Wellington
A **port** is a place at the edge of an ocean, river, or lake for ships to load and unload their cargo. Persons on ships can get on or off ships at a port. It is also called a harbour or harbor. This kind of port is the same as **sea port**.

A good port is easy to get to over water or land. It is also in a place that is not easily hurt by bad weather, like strong wind or big waves. 

Some ports are important for trade; other ports are important to a country's navy.

Types of ports
--------------

If a port is visited by ships that can go on the ocean, it is called a "sea port" or just a "port". If a port is visited only by river boats like barges, it is called a "river port".

If a port is on a lake, river, or canal that goes to a sea or ocean, that port can be called an "inland port".

A **fishing port** is a port or harbour used by people who are fishing.

A **warm water port** is a port where the water does not freeze in winter time.

A **cruise home port** is a port where people get on and off cruise-ships. It is also where the cruise ship gets its supplies, like fresh water, fuel, and food. The Port of Miami, Florida is called the "Cruise Capital of the World". Port Everglades, Florida and the Port of San Juan, Puerto Rico also have big cruise ports.

A **port of call** is a place where a ship stops before it has finished its trip. 

A **cargo port** is a port that is used to move things people want to buy or sell.
Founded in 1953, **Motion Picture Sound Editors** (**M.P.S.E.**) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members. The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E The current president is Bobbi Banks.

The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters "MPSE".

Membership requirements
-----------------------

The following are required for the membership application:

* A three year list of credits as one (or more) of the following:

* Sound editor
* Sound designer
* Dialogue editor
* ADR editor
* Sound effects editor
* Foley artist
* Music editor

* Two active MPSE member sponsors
* One letter of a sponsoring active MPSE member

The Golden Reel Awards
----------------------

Started in 1953, the MPSE has annually presented awards to sound editors in the following categories:

* Dialogue & ADR
* Effects & Foley
* Music

The categories are further broken down based on specific genres and between Feature Film's and Television shows.

There are also "other" categories that include Sound Editing in **Computer Entertainment**, the **Career Achievement Award**, and the **Inaugural Filmmaker's Award**. The MPSE also sponsors the **Verna Fields Award for Sound Editing in a Student Film** and the **Ethel Crutcher Scholarship**.

Other websites
--------------

* Official MPSE Website
"**The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka**" is the sixth episode in the second season of the American animated television series *South Park*. The 19th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 10, 1998. Series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote the episode, and Parker directed it. In the episode, the an animal called the Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka is sighted in South Park. Two of the town's hunters, Ned and Jimbo, look for it. Their heroic efforts drive up the ratings for their hunting show and threaten to edge out Jesus's television show, *Jesus and Pals*.

Plot
----

The teacher, Mr. Garrison, tells the boys to talk to Vietnam War veterans and write an essay. They talk to Stan's uncle, Jimbo, and his friend, Ned, at the set of their own television show called *Huntin' and Killin'*. The two men tell a wild story about single-handedly defeating the entire Viet Cong army and riding a log flume ride at the amusement park section of their army camp. To the audience, it is clear that this is a lie. However, the boys write about this for their school essay, and their teacher, Mr. Garrison, gives them low grades and detention.

The boys plot are angry at Jimbo, so they plan to trick him in revenge: They plan to make fake videos of an animal, the Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka, which Jimbo and Ned then air on their *Huntin' and Killin'* TV show. But this only makes more people want to watch the TV show.

The show becomes successful, so other TV shows that air at the same time have fewer people watching. This includes the talk show *Jesus and Pals*, starring Jesus. Jesus' producer wants him to use fancy talk show tricks to make more people watch the show, but Jesus does not want to. In the end, the boys, Jimbo, and Ned come on Jesus' show. Jesus tries to make peace with everyone, but there is a big fight instead.

Other websites
--------------

* IMDB
***The Mentality of Apes*** by Wolfgang Köhler is a 1925 book. It is a landmark work in ethology, cognitive psychology and the study of the hominid apes. In it the author, a leading gestalt psychologist, showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight (intelligence). The importance of this work was to show there is no *absolute* dividing line between the human species and their nearest living relative, at least in this respect. It was also a marker in the struggle between behaviourism and cognitive psychology which continued for the following half century. Köhler's observations and experiments were done on chimpanzees in captivity. Not until Jane Goodall's work later in the century was the behaviour of chimpanzees in the wild studied in depth.

Publication
-----------

The book in English was preceded by important publications in German, which are listed in Henle, Mary 1971. *The selected papers of Wolfgang* Köhler. New York: Liveright, bibliography 438/9. The book publications are as follows:

1. 1921. *Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen*. Berlin: Springer (called a 'second edition', but the first was a two-part whole issue journal publication 1918/19).
2. 1925. *The Mentality of Apes*. Translated from the second revised edition by Ella Winter. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. U.S. edition 1925 by Harcourt, Brace & World. Also included is a translation of Köhler's long 1921 paper as *Some contributions to the psychology of chimpanzees*. Appendix, p281–342.
***PQ***, meaning "Practical Intelligence Quotient", or "Intelligent License" in Japan, is a video game that measures your intelligence through 3-D puzzles involving everyday objects. The player tries to reach the pillar of light at the end of the level while avoiding obstacles and traps.

Gameplay
--------

A game has 10 stages, which have 10 levels each. The light at the end of a level is your destination. Obstacles and traps try to fail you your way to the goal at the same time.

Other modes
-----------

### Practice

In the game, the player can practice their skills in the levels with no worries about time.

### Tutorial

Five basic steps to help you play the game.

Reception
---------

The game received fairly good reviews from critics. For example the game was given a 69 on Metacritic and a 7.4/10 on Gamespot, as well as a 71% on GameRankings Aggregation.

Sequel
------

A sequel was released for the game in 2007. It was ***PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2*** or ***Intelligent License 2*** and worked pretty much the same, but had a puzzle creator.

Other websites
--------------

* Metacritic: Media Critic: Official Site
This article is about the video game. For the dish, see Sauerbraten.

***Sauerbraten*** (also known as *Cube 2* or *Sauer*, German for *"sour roast"*) is a cross-platform, *Quake*-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The game gets updated quite regularly.

Technology
----------

*Sauerbraten* was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. *Sauerbraten* was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. *Sauerbraten CTF Edition* is less than 350 megabytes. The game *Crysis* is around 3,000 megabytes.

### Map editing

An example of cube subdivision
Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped. These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor. This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly. This is not like other games such as *Quake*, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.

This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers. They are available on the *Quadropolis* forums.

### Gameplay

The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of *Sauerbraten'*s most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.

Media
-----

The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".

The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cube 2: Sauerbraten***.

* Official Sauerbraten site
* Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
* Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games
The **Pegnitz** is a small river in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.

The Pegnitz has its source in the city of the same name at an altitude of 425 m and meets the Rednitz at 283 m northwest of Fürth. From that point on the river is called Regnitz.

The Pegnitz is about 115 km long.

Animal life
-----------

The river is inhabited by numerous ducks, swans, and gulls.

Affluences
----------

* Högenbach (creek) (left affluence from the Pommelsbrunn direction)
* Röthenbach (creek)

Cities on the Pegnitz
---------------------

From source to mouth:

* Pegnitz
* Neuhaus on the Pegnitz
* Hersbruck
* Lauf an der Pegnitz
* Röthenbach an der Pegnitz
* Nuremberg: Within city limits (about 14 km), the river forms secondary arms. Numerous bridges and footbridges cross the river, such as the iron suspension bridge *Kettensteg*, dating from 1824. To the west of the Maxbrücke there is a weir.

History
-------

After the big flood in February 1909 the river was shortened by four kilometers within the Nuremberg city limits. Since 1996 planning and actions are progressing trying to lengthen the course of the river between Nuremberg and Fürth again and to shape it in a nature-oriented way.

Other websites
--------------

* - Wasserwirtschaftsamt Nürnberg: "Die Umgestaltung der Pegnitz in Nürnberg" (in German)