recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **longhorn beetles** or **long-horned beetles** (**Cerambycidae**) are a family of beetles that have long antennae. The antennae may be longer than the beetles' body. Over 35,000 species have been described.

The length of the antennae is an obvious feature of their body. Their long antennae sprout from tubercles on the face. Cerambycids with short antennae still have the tubercles. Otherwise they vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and colour.

*Batus barbicornis*
Many of the species are mimics of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). The rest are cryptically colored. The titan beetle (*Titanus giganteus*) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs). Its maximum body length is just over 16.7 cm (6.6 in).

Other websites
--------------

* cerambycoidea.com
* Photo gallery of word-wide long-horned beetles



Wikispecies has information on: ***Cerambycidae***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cerambycidae***.
Structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a central intermediate in energy metabolism
**Metabolism** is the chemical reactions which keep us alive. It happens in the cells of living organisms.

The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolism allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word ‘metabolism’ can also refer to digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells.

Metabolism is usually divided into two categories:

* Catabolism breaks down organic matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration.
* Anabolism uses energy to build molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, or cycles, like the Krebs cycle. One chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical by a series of enzymes.

The metabolic system of an organism decides which substances it finds nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, called the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will need, and how it is able to get that food. 

A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium *Escherichia coli* and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in the evolution of life, and kept because of their efficiency.

Related pages
-------------

* Catabolism
* Anabolism
* Metabolic rate
* Metabolic syndrome
Edo-Tokyo Museum, designed by Kiyonori Kikutake
**Kiyonori Kikutake** (菊竹 清訓, *Kikutake Kiyonori*) (April 1, 1928 – December 26, 2011) was an important Japanese architect. He start the Japanese Metabolist group of architects. He also taught several important Japanese architects, such as Toyo Ito, Shōzō Uchii and Itsuko Hasegawa.

Early life
----------

Kikutake was born in 1928 in Kurume, Japan. He graduated from Waseda University in 1950.

Career
------

Kikutake's most important work is his "Marine City" project in 1958. This project became part of the Metabolist Manifesto at the World Design Conference in Tokyo in 1960. Kenzo Tange and Kisho Kurokawa were asked to show work at the "Visionary Architecture" exhibition in New York of 1961. This made the Metabolists known internationally.

He became assistant professor at Waseda University in 1959 in the Faculty of Science and Engineering. He became a professor at Chiba Institute of Technology in 1989. He returned to Waseda from 1993-1998 as a visiting professor in the Research Institute for Science and Engineering.

Kikutake worked until he died in 2011. He designed several important public buildings in Japan. He also taught internationally. He was President and then Honorary President of the Japan Institute of Architects.

Awards
------

Kikutake won many awards both in Japan and internationally. These include the Japan Academy of Architecture Prize (1970) and the UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes) Auguste Perret Prize (1978).

List of works
-------------

* Sky House, Tokyo, 1958
* Marine City, 1958
* Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963
* Administrative building of Izumo Shrine, 1963
* Pacific Hotel, Chigasaki, 1966
* Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966
* Expo Tower, Expo '70, Osaka, 1969
* Matsumi Tower, 1976
* Tanabe Art Museum, 1979
* Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987
* Edo-Tokyo Museum, 1993
* Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994
* Shimane Art Museum, 1999
* National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999
* Kyushu National Museum, 2005

* Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963
* Administrative building of Izumo Shrine,  1963Administrative building of Izumo Shrine, 1963
* Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966
* Osaka Expo Tower, 1970Osaka Expo Tower, 1970
* Matsumi Tower, 1976Matsumi Tower, 1976
* Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987
* Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994
* National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999

Other websites
--------------

* K. Kikutake Architects
* Marine City, 1958

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**Lucinda Williams** (born January 26, 1953) is an American singer-songwriter. She recorded her first studio albums during 1978 and 1980. They had traditional country music and blues music style. The albums got little attention from radio, the media and the public.

In 1988, Williams put out her self-titled album. It was named after her. The album had the song "Passionate Kisses". Williams won a Grammy Award for the Best Country Song in 1994.

Williams recorded and put out only one other album, *Sweet Old World* in late 1992. But in 1998, success came when she put out an album that had a broader scope of songs that blended rock, country, Americana and blues. Off the album, the song "Can't Let Go" was nominated for a Grammy. It is Williams' most successful song so far. The album was marked Gold under the RIAA.

Williams, in 2001, recorded and released the album *Essence*. It was also successful. One of the album's songs, "Get Right with God", earned Williams a Grammy for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance in 2002.

Williams has won three Grammy and two Americana awards.
The Soviet women's team at the 1986 Chess Olympiad in Dubai. L>R: Akhmilovskaya, Gaprindaschwili and Alexandria.
**Nona Gaprindashvili** (Georgian: ნონა გაფრინდაშვილი; born 3 May 1941) is a Georgian chess player. She was the strongest female player of the 1960s and 70s, and became the sixth Women's World Chess Champion (1962–1978). She was the first woman to achieve the Grandmaster title.

In 1961, aged 20, Gaprindashvili won the fourth women's Candidates Tournament, setting up a title match against Russian world champion Elisabeth Bykova. She won the match easily, with a final score of 9−2 (+7−0=4), and went on to defend her title successfully four times. She finally lost her crown in 1978 to another Georgian, Maia Chiburdanidze, by a score of 6½–8½ (+2−4=9).

Gaprindashvili played for Soviet Union in the women's chess Olympiads of 1963, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1990, and for Georgia in 1992. She won as many as 25 medals, among which 11 team gold medals and 9 individual gold medals  At the Dubai Olympiad 1986 she won all the ten games she played.

She was a five-times winner of the Soviet women's chess championship: in 1964, 1973, 1981, 1983, and 1985. During her career Gaprindashvili successfully competed in men's tournaments, tying for first place at Lone Pine, California in 1977.

In 1978 Gaprindashvili became the first woman to be awarded the Grandmaster title. She was awarded the title partly as a result of winning Lone Pine 1977 against a field of 45 players, mostly grandmasters. Although she did not meet the technical requirements for the GM Title, this result was so spectacular that FIDE found it sufficient.

Pal Benko wrote in *Chess Life & Review* (January 1979):

"...Of course (Nona) had earned the "woman grandmaster" title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE), as have some two dozen other women... in Buenos Aires in November 1978 FIDE bestowed upon Nona Gaprindashvili the (men's) international grandmaster title. Not only is she the only woman ever to have received this title, she is the only woman ever to have deserved it.
"It is regrettable, therefore, that she did not actually earn the title in the regular way: FIDE requires that to earn the grandmaster title a player must achieve certain minimum scores in tournaments consisting of at least twenty-four games in aggregate (the description is highly oversimplified, but you get the idea), and Nona was two or three games short. Yet the FIDE Qualifications Commission voted to give her the title. In my opinion, this historic occasion should not have been allowed to carry even this slight tarnish".
Nona was the first President of the National Olympic Committee of Georgia. In 2009 she won in Condino, Italy the World Senior Championship for women.

|
|  |
| Preceded byElisabeth Bykova |  **Women's World Chess Champion**1962–1978 | Succeeded byMaia Chiburdanidze |
Reconstructed Viking longhouse in Ale, north of Gothenburg Sweden
A **longhouse** or **long house** is a type of building in several cultures. It is usually for many people living together. Many buildings were made out of wood. Some used wood and stone. They were for long-term usage and not for people who moved around a lot. The longhouse was in Asia, Europe and North America. Native Americans built longhouses.

Europe
------

In Europe, they were in countries or regions like England, Germany and Scandinavia in the Middle Ages. The Dartmoor longhouse is an example from England. Old Frisian longhouse was form the Netherlands. Longhouses were common in northern regions of Germany. Vikings lived in longhouses. Longhouses were important during the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in Central Europe.

Later day Iroquois longhouse (c.1885) 50–60 people

Americas
--------

Interior of a longhouse with Chief Powhatan (detail of John Smith map, 1612)
The Iroquois tribes are known for living in large longhouses. Another name for Iroquois, Haudenosaunee means "People of the Longhouses". They lived in the Northeastern Woodlands. Bark was woven around poles. Wood was bent to make round-shaped roofs. There was usually a fireplace in the center and holes to let smoke out. Doors were covered with animal skin to keep people warm. Up to 20 families lived in these longhouses.

 

The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) was made of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Mohawk tribes. Lenni Lenape and Powhatan tribes also built and lived in longhouses. 

An uma, the traditional communal house of the Sakuddei on the island of Siberut, part of the Mentawai IslandsIndigenous People of the Pacific Northwest of North America also built some form of longhouses. They used logs to built the longhouses. They often used cedar. There were booths with multiple fires. There was a hallway along the middle of the longhouse. The front of the longhouse had decoration with faces and animals. There was also a usually a Totem poll.

Tribes in the Pacific Northwest included Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit, Makah, Clatsop, Coast Salish and Multnomah.

There were also longhouses in South America in Colombia and parts of Brazil.

Asia
----

There were longhouses in Korea during the Mumun pottery period from 1100-850 BC. Longhouses were also built in Borneo, Indonesia. Siberut, part of the Mentawai Islands, Vietnam and Nepal.
The following is a **list of all the towns and villages in the county of Bedfordshire**, by letter:

*See also List of places within Luton.*

A
-

Aley Green -
Ampthill -
Arlesey -
Aspley Guise -
Aspley Heath -
Astwick

B
-

Barton-le-Clay -
Battlesden -
Beadlow - 
Bedford -
Beeston - 
Begwary -
Biddenham - 
Bidwell -
Biggleswade -
Billington -
Bletsoe - 
Blunham -
Bolnhurst - 
Bourne End -
Briar Bank Park -
Brickhill (Bedford) -
Briggington -
Brogborough - 
Bromham -
Broom -
Budna

C
-

Caddington -
Campton -
Cardington -
Carlton -
Castle - 
Cauldwell - 
Chalgrave -
Chalton -
Chawston -
Chellington -
Chicksands -
Chiltern Green -
Clapham -
Clifton -
Clipstone -
Clophill -
Cockayne Hatley -
Colesden -
Colmworth -
Cople -
Cotton End -
Cranfield

D
-

Dean -
De Parys -
Dunstable -
Dunton

E
-

East Hyde -
Eastcotts -
Eaton Bray -
Edworth -
Eggington -
Elstow -
Eversholt -
Everton -
Eyeworth

F
-

Farndish -
Felmersham and Radwell -
Flitton -
Flitwick

G
-

Goldington -
Gravenhurst -
Great Barford -
Great Billington -
Great Denham -
Greenfield

H
-

Harlington -
Harpur -
Harrold -
Harrowden -
Hatch -
Haynes -
Heath and Reach -
Henlow -
Henlow Camp -
Higham Gobion -
Hinwick -
Hockliffe -
Hockwell Ring -
Holwell -
Honeydon -
Houghton Conquest -
Houghton Regis -
Hulcote -
Hundred of Willey -
Husbourne Crawley -
Hyde

I
-

Ickwell -
Ickwell Green -
Ireland

K
-

Kempston -
Kempston Hardwick -
Kensworth -
Keysoe -
Kingsbrook -
Knotting

L
-

Langford -
Leagrave -
Leedon -
Leighton Buzzard -
Lidlington -
Limbury Cum Biscuit -
Linslade -
Little Barford -
Little Billington -
Little Staughton -
Lower Caldecote -
Lower Gravenhurst -
Lower Stondon -
Lower Sundon -
Lower Woodside -
Luton

M
-

Marston Moretaine -
Maulden -
Melchbourne -
Meppershall -
Millbrook -
Milton Bryan -
Milton Ernest -
Moggerhanger

N
-

Newnham -
Northill

O
-

Oakley -
Odell -
Old Warden

P
-

Pavenham -
Pepperstock -
Pertenhall -
Pine View Park -
Podington -
Potsgrove -
Potton -
Pulloxhill -
Putnoe

Q
-

Queens Park

R
-

Radwell -
Ravensden -
Renhold -
Ridgmont -
Riseley -
Roxton

S
-

Salford -
Sandy -
Seddington -
Sewell -
Sharnbrook -
Sharpenhoe -
Shefford -
Shefford Hardwick -
Shelton -
Shillington -
Shortstown -
Silsoe -
Skimpot -
Slip End -
Souldrop -
Southcote -
Southill -
Stagsden -
Stanbridge -
Stanford -
Steppingley -
Stevington -
Stewartby -
Stopsley -
Stotfold -
Streatley -
Studham -
Sundon -
Sutton -
Swineshead

T
-

Tebworth -
Tempsford -
The Hyde -
Thorn -
Thurleigh -
Tilsworth -
Tingrith -
Toddington -
Totternhoe -
Turvey

U
-

Upper Caldecote -
Upper Gravenhurst -
Upper Stondon -
Upper Sundon

W
-

Westoning -
Wharley End -
Whipsnade -
Wilden -
Willington -
Wilshamstead -
Wilstead -
Wingfield -
Woburn -
Wood End -
Woodside -
Wootton -
Wrestlingworth -
Wyboston -
Wymington

Y
-

Yielden
**Michael Maybrick** (31 January 1841 - 26 August 1913) was an English composer and singer. He is best known under his pseudonym **Stephen Adams**. Adams was the composer of "The Holy City." It is one of the most popular religious songs in English.

Early life
----------

Maybrick was the fourth of the seven sons of William Maybrick (1815–1853?) and his wife, Susannah (1815?–1883?). His father was an engraver. Both his grandfather and father had been parish clerk at St Peter's in Liverpool. They were also minor composers. His uncle Michael Maybrick (1799–1846) was organist at St Peter's. He wrote music and conducted the Liverpool Choral Society. 

Maybrick had become good at playing the piano by the age of eight. He studied the organ with W. T. Best. At the age of fifteen, he became organist of St Peter's. He also wrote anthems and had a song he wrote performed in London.

Musical career
--------------



The Blue Alsatian Mountains by Michael Maybrick

The Blue Alsatian Mountains by Michael Maybrick

---

*Problems playing this file? See media help.*

In 1865, Maybrick went to Leipzig to study keyboard and harmony with Carl Reinecke, Ignaz Moscheles, and Louis Plaidy. He chose to train as a baritone with Gaetano Nava in Milan. After getting experience in Italian theatres, he performed with great success in London on 25 February 1869 in Mendelssohn's *Elijah*. He had more success as Telramund in Wagner's *Lohengrin*. This led to appearances with Charlotte Sainton-Dolby. He performed with her for her last concert on 6 June 1870. He often performed with the Carl Rosa Opera Company. He appeared at all the main concert venues in London and the provinces. He also sang in English opera.

Other websites
--------------

* Stephen Adams (Michael Maybrick): Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* "Death of Michael MAYBRICK". *www.old-merseytimes.co.uk*.

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**Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor** (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), was the wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850. Some people called her Peggy Smith. 

She was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith. Her father was a major in the American Revolutionary War. When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor. Taylor was a lieutenant at that time. They married in June 1810. For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father. There she gave birth to her first baby. But, then she started to live with her husband. Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him. 

Their two small daughters died in 1820. As described by Taylor, the children had died of "a violent bilious fever." They had three other girls and a boy. All four grew to adulthood. Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man. He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army.

At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions. She did not participate in formal and official functions. Her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, acted as the official hostess for her mother.

| * v
* t
* e
First Ladies of the United States |
| --- |
| M. Washington **·**  A. Adams **·**  M. Jefferson Randolph **·**  D. Madison **·**  E. Monroe **·**  L. Adams **·**  E. Donelson **·**  S. Jackson **·**  A. Van Buren **·**  A. Harrison **·**  J. Harrison **·**  L. Tyler **·**  P. Tyler **·**  J. Tyler **·**  S. Polk **·**  M. Taylor **·**  A. Fillmore **·**  J. Pierce **·**  H. Lane **·**  M. Lincoln **·**  E. Johnson **·**  J. Grant **·**  L. Hayes **·**  L. Garfield **·**  M. McElroy **·**  R. Cleveland **·**  F. Cleveland **·**  C. Harrison **·**  M. McKee **·**  F. Cleveland **·**  I. McKinley **·**  Edith Roosevelt **·**  H. Taft **·**  Ellen Wilson **·**  Edith Wilson **·**  F. Harding **·**  G. Coolidge **·**  L. Hoover **·**  E. Roosevelt **·**  B. Truman **·**  M. Eisenhower **·**  J. Kennedy **·**  C. Johnson **·**  P. Nixon **·**  B. Ford **·**  R. Carter **·**  N. Reagan **·**  B. Bush **·**  H. Clinton **·**  L. Bush **·**  M. Obama **·**  M. Trump **·**  J. Biden |  |
Mercury(I) chloride structure
**Mercury(I) chloride**, also known as **calomel** and **mercurous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Cl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid. It is toxic, but not as toxic as mercury(II) chloride because it does not dissolve in water. It turns back into mercury and mercury(II) chloride when reacted with ammonia or exposed to ultraviolet light. The black color that came from the reaction with ammonia gave its name "calomel" (beautiful black). It is a weak reducing agent. It is the most common mercury(I) compound.

Occurrence
----------

Calomel as a mineral
Calomel is sometimes found as a mineral, but it is quite rare.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting mercury with mercury(II) chloride. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with sources of chloride, such as sodium chloride.

Uses
----

It is used in electrochemistry as a reference electrode. Reference electrodes are used to find the electrode potentials (ability to be oxidized and reduced) of other chemical substances. Since it decomposes when light is shined on it, it is used to see how many photons are in a light beam. It was used as medicine in the past, although it was toxic.

Related pages
-------------

* Chlorine
* Electrolysis
* Mercury(II) oxide
* Mercury(I) bromide
**Kodaikanal** is a "hill station" city in the hills of the Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Its name in the Tamil language means "The Gift of the Forest". Kodaikanal is referred to as the "Princess of Hill stations" and has a long history as a popular tourist destination.

Kodaikanal was established in 1845 as a resort town where people would come to find refuge from the high temperatures and tropical diseases of the plains. Much of the local economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism. As of 2011, the city had a population of 36,501.

Economy
-------

### Tourism

The economy of Kodaikanal mainly depends on tourism. The number of tourists increased from two million in 1999 to 3.2 million in 2009.
The town's infrastructure changes every year in preparation for the peak tourist season. Due to the rapid development of nearby cities such as Madurai and Coimbatore, the town is learning to deal with year-round tourism. Popular tourist souvenirs include handcrafts, home-made chocolates, postcards and eucalyptus oil.

### Agriculture

Terrace farms in surrounding villages grow plums, pears, chile peppers, carrots, cauliflower, cabbage, garlic and onions. Most of the produce is transported by truck to other parts of India, while some are sold in the local market.other exotic fruits like dragon fruit,pears,apples, are also grown here
The Margay
The **Margay** (*Leopardus wiedii*) is a spotted cat native to the Americas. It is a solitary and nocturnal animal which prefers remote parts of the rainforest.

Life-style
----------

The margay is mostly nocturnal. It eats small mammals (sometimes including monkeys), birds, eggs, lizards and tree frogs. The margay is able to hunt its prey entirely in trees. However, they do sometimes hunt on the ground, and have been reported to eat cane rats and guinea pigs.

There is a report of a margay using sound mimicry to lure a prey. A margay was seen to imitate the call of an infant pied tamarin while in the presence of a group of adult tamarins. This caused the adults to investigate. Although the margay was not successful in catching a monkey, this was the first observation of a Neotropical predator using this type of mimicry.

Margays are mainly nocturnal, but they do sometimes hunt during the day. They prefer to spend most of their life in the trees, but also travel across the ground, especially when moving between hunting areas. During the day, they rest in safe branches or clumps of lianas.

Like most cats, they are solitary: the adults usually meet only to mate. They have large home ranges of 11 to 16 square kilometres (4.2 to 6.2 sq mi). They use scent to mark their territory (urine spraying) and leave scratch marks on the ground or on branches. Their vocalisations are short range: they do not call to each other over long distances.

### Special adaptations

The margay is one of only two cat species with ankles flexible enough to climb head-first down trees. The other is the clouded leopard; the little-studied marbled cat may also have this ability.

The margay is very agile; its ankles can turn up to 180 degrees, it can grasp branches equally well with its fore and hind paws, and it is able to jump up to 12 feet (3.7 m) horizontally. The margay has been seen to hang from branches with only one foot, and can run upside down beneath branches.

Conservation
------------

Although once thought to be vulnerable to extinction, the IUCN now lists it as only "near threatened". It roams the rainforests from Mexico to Argentina. Actually, it is a successful and widespread species. It has ten subspecies over a large geographical range from Mexico to Argentina. Its past range even included the southern United States.

They are hunted mainly for their fur and this has resulted in a large population decrease - around 14,000 are killed a year. They also suffer from a loss of habitat, which is also a significant part of this decline.
**Lumo Energy**, is an Australian energy retailer from Victoria and South Australia. Lumo Energy is owned by Snowy Hydro since 2014. In October 2017, the business had almost 500,000 customers and a workforce of just under 500 people.[*source?*]

**Victoria Electricity**, a trading name of Infratil, secured an electricity retail licence for Victoria in August 2002 and the retailing of electricity started in February 2004.

History
-------

Infratil registered Victoria Electricity in 2002. It secured an electricity retail licence for the state of Victoria in August 2002. Victoria Electricity commenced started to sale electricity in February 2004. In May 2005, Infratil also registered South Australia Electricity and Queensland Electricity, and New South Wales Electricity in August 2006.[*source?*]
In June 2010, Lumo Energy was incorporated as a company and as a business name in each of the four states where it is active.

In July 2011, Lumo Energy partnered with American Express to offer the Lumo Express product, and in September 2011, it partnered with the Velocity Frequent Flyer program to offer the Lumo Velocity product.

In 2014, Infratil sold Lumo Energy, along with Direct Connect.

In July 2016 Lumo began to migrate customers from New South Wales to Red Energy.

In 2017 customers from Queensland began to be migrated from Lumo to Red Energy.
**Maria Reynolds** was a woman who lived in the 1700s. She is famous for having an affair with Alexander Hamilton.

In 1791, when Maria Reynolds was 23, she went to Alexander Hamilton's house in Philadelphia. She said her husband had left and she wanted to go back to New York, where she was from. He offered to lend her money so she could go. Instead, the two of them began a sexual relationship. Later, Maria Reynolds' husband, James Reynolds, blackmailed Alexander Hamilton: He told Hamilton to give him money or else he would tell Hamilton's wife that he had slept with Maria. Hamilton paid James Reynolds and continued to visit Maria Reynolds.

James Reynolds continued to write letters to Hamilton asking for money, and Hamilton paid. When James Reynolds was arrested for forgery, he asked Hamilton for help. Hamilton did not help. James Reynolds told Hamilton's political enemies, Democratic Republicans James Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg, and Abraham Venable about the affair. He also said Hamilton had committed other crimes. Monroe, Muhlenberg and Venable talked to Hamilton. They believed he had had an affair but had not committed other crimes. But Monroe made a copy of letters Hamilton's had written to Maria Reynolds and gave it to Thomas Jefferson.

In 1796, James Callendar wrote a book called *The History of the United States for 1796*. In that book, he accused Hamilton of speculation and of the affair. Hamilton wrote a pamphlet called *Observations on Certain Documents* in 1797. He said in the pamphlet that he had had the affair but had not done any speculation. The public believed him.

Later, Maria Reynolds sued her husband for divorce. Aaron Burr was her lawyer.

A fictional Maria Reynolds appears in act II of the Broadway musical *Hamilton*.

Maria and Hamilton had a realation ship that was very inapropriate.
**Margherita de' Medici** (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Margherita was regent of Plaisance in 1635 and regent of the entire duchy in 1646 after the death of her husband.

Family
------

She was the fourth of eight children and the second daughter born to Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Maria Magdalena of Austria. 

Margherita's siblings included Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cardinal Gian Carlo de' Medici, Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici and Anna, wife of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. Margherita's other siblings died in childhood or eary adulthood. 

Margherita married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma on 11 October 1628. On 11 September 1646 Odoardo died. Their eldest son, Ranuccio was not yet old enough to rule the Duchy alone so Margherita acted as regent until her son was old enough to govern alone. She died in Parma on February 6 1679.

Issue
-----

1. Caterina Farnese (2 October 1629) died at birth.
2. Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma (17 September 1630 – 11 December 1694) married (1) Margaret Yolande of Savoy, (2) Isabella d'Este, (3) Maria d'Este.
3. Alessandro Farnese (10 January 1635 - 18 February 1689), Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands died unmarried.
4. Onorato Farnese (24 January 1636 -2 November 1656) died unmarried.
5. Maria Caterina Farnese (3 September 1637 - 24 April 1648) a nun
6. Maria Maddalena Farnese (15 July 1638 - 11 March 1693) died unmarried.
7. Pietro Farnese (4 April 1639 - 4 March 1677) died unmarried.
8. Ottavio Farnese (5 January 1641 - 4 August 1641) died in infancy.
The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites.
The **Kassite dynasty** was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.

The Kassites
------------

The **Kassites** (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.

Importance of this empire
-------------------------

By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.

The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

Other websites
--------------

* Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum" Archived 2005-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
The **list of North Carolina hurricanes** between 1950 and 1979 includes 79 tropical cyclones that struck or affected the U.S. state of North Carolina.

1950s
-----

August 14, 1953: Hurricane Barbara hits near Morehead City. It brings rain and 90-to-100-mile-per-hour (140-to-160-kilometre-per-hour) winds. Damage is near $1.1 million. One person is killed.

August 30-31, 1954: Hurricane Carol passes just east of the state. It produces wind gusts near 100 miles per hour (160 kilometres per hour) and rain. Damage is minor.

October 15, 1954: Hurricane Hazel comes ashore at the North Carolina/South Carolina border as a mild Category 4 hurricane. The storm destroys 15,000 buildings. It is the most damaging hurricane at the time to affect or hit North Carolina. Damage is near $136 million. Nineteen people are killed by the storm.

August 12, 1955: Hurricane Connie strikes the Outer Banks. It drops about 12 inches (30 centimetres) of rain. No deaths are reported in North Carolina. Damage totals are around $80 million.

August 17, 1955: Hurricane Diane strikes near Wilmington just five days after the previous hurricane. Wind damage is light. There are no deaths in North Carolina.

September 18-19, 1955: Hurricane Ione strikes near Morehead City. The storm floods eastern North Carolina with rain and high tides. Ione kills seven people, two indirectly. Damage in the state totals $88 million.

September 26-27, 1958: Hurricane Helene moves parallel to the state's coast and the Outer Banks. Winds are 135 miles per hour (217 kilometres per hour). The wind causes moderate structural and crop damage. The overall damage is $11 million.

1960-1979
---------

September 12, 1960: Hurricane Donna moves across the Outer Banks of North Carolina. There is heavy damage from high winds and waves. Damage in North Carolina is $56.5 million. Eight people are killed, five directly.

August 29-30, 1964: Former Hurricane Cleo enters the state as a tropical depression. It causes several tornadoes. It drops heavy rain.

October 16, 1964: Hurricane Isbell enters the state at Morehead City with gusty winds and heavy rain. Damage is minor.

June 21, 1972: The remnants of Hurricane Agnes become a tropical storm again over the northeastern part of North Carolina. In the state, it causes record river flooding. The storm kills two people in North Carolina.

August 9, 1976: Hurricane Belle passes just to the east of North Carolina. It produces a storm tide and strong wind gusts that leave areas flooded.
The **lancelets**, also known as **Cephalochordata** or **Leptocardii**, are a group of primitive chordates which were formerly called *Amphioxus*. It includes *Pikaia*.

Lancelets are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. The lancelets are usually said to be the sister group of the craniates. They are a small group of about 30 species in two genera.

Lancelets are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they give indications about the origin of vertebrates.

Relationships
-------------

Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (*Branchiostoma floridae*) has been sequenced. "Most authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".
**Kansas Speedway** is a motorsports complex in Kansas City, Kansas, United States, It is located 178.10 miles (286.62 km) from Wichita, Kansas, The speedway is owned by International Speedway Corporation.

It was built in 2001 and holds two NASCAR race weekends, The Verizon IndyCar Series hosted events in 2011, The speedway hosts two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races, one NASCAR Xfinity Series race and NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race, and NASCAR also hosts the ARCA Racing Series since October 7, 2011.

History
-------

Construction began in May of 1999 of a new tri-oval, The facility would feature uniform 15 degree banking and boast seating for 72,000 spectators and more than 60 suites, The speedway was completed in 2001 in time for an inaugural test for stock cars and Indy Lights Series single seaters in April.

The inaugural race weekend held in June of 2001 for the Winston West Series, ARCA Racing Series, NASCAR Winston Cup Series (now the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series), NASCAR Busch Series (now the NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series (now the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series), also the Indy Racing League also made their debut in July, The first NASCAR Winston Cup Series race was won by Jeff Gordon in September.

In the summer of 2012, the speedway announced track improvements including repaving of the existing track surface, reconfiguration of the oval, and the addition of the 2.37-mile (3.81 km) road course, The project immediately followed the STP 400 on April 22nd, The changes to the oval centered on the introduction of progressive banking over 17-20 degrees, with the front straightaway banked 9-11 degrees, and the back straightway 5 degrees, Portions of the field were graded and paved as part of the road course development. The repaving in particular drew praise to the NASCAR drivers when they attended a tire test in August of that year. 

SAFER barriers existed around 1.28 miles (2.060 km) of the concrete retaining walls between turns 1 and 2, and between turns 3 and 4 along most of the frontstretch. 

Also new in 2012 was the Hollywood Casino, which overlooks the track at turn 2, boasting 2,000 slot machines and gaming tables.

On October 11, 2013, It was announced that NASCAR's lone event, the Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway and the spring race swapped dates in 2014, with the spring race becoming a night race and the fall race remained as a day race.

Track length of a paved oval
----------------------------

The track length is disputed by two major series run at Kansas Speedway, The NASCAR timing did not use a scoring use a length of 1.50 miles (2.414 km). The IRL timing and scoring length of 1.52 miles (2.446 km).

Related pages
-------------

* Auto Club Speedway
* Daytona International Speedway
* Darlington Raceway
* Homestead-Miami Speedway
* ISM Raceway
* Chicagoland Speedway
* Martinsville Speedway
* Richmond Raceway
* Michigan International Speedway
* Talladega Superspeedway
* Watkins Glen International
*For the videogame, see Minesweeper (video game)*
US Navy minesweeper USS *Pivot* in the Gulf of Mexico for sea trials on 12 July 1944
A **minesweeper** is a small naval warship designed to sweep the water clear of mines. Minesweepers keep waterways clear for shipping. They are quieter and less magnetic than other ships, so the mines won't explode when being swept.

In Great Britain, naval leaders knew before World War I that sea mines were a threat to the nation's shipping. The real threat was not invasion, but blockade aided by mines. Fishing nets pulled behind boats gave an idea on how to clear mines. The Royal Navy used fishermen and their fishing trawlers to keep the English Channel clear of mines. They were supplied with mine gear, rifles, uniforms and pay as the first minesweepers.

The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I. By the end of the war, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove.

Minesweeping made big advances during World War 2. Fighting nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping. Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Underwater mines remained a problem even after the war ended, and minesweepers were still in use after Japan surrendered to the United States.

After World War 2, allied countries worked on new types of minesweepers. The United States Navy used special landing craft (shallow-water boats) to clear shallow harbors in and around North Korea. As of June 2012[update], the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers in the Persian Gulf.
**Kermit Ernest Hollingshead Love** (August 7, 1916 – June 21, 2008) was an American puppeteer, costume designer, and actor in children's television and on Broadway. He was best known for his work on Muppets, mainly ones on *Sesame Street*.

Love started his work when he was young, at first doing work for Broadway, such as making marionettes. He worked with many great names at the time in Broadway and ballet.

In the 1960s, Don Sahlin told Love to meet with Jim Henson, which was where Love and Henson first met. Due to his work in theater, Love knew how to make full-body puppets well. Soon after, Love made Big Bird and other muppets. Even though his name was Kermit, he was not the namesake of Kermit the Frog, who Henson made before meeting Love.

Love still made some non-Sesame Street characters until the early 2000s. He died on June 21, 2008 of heart failure in Poughkeepsie, New York. He is outlived by his life partner, Christopher Lyall.

Other websites
--------------

* Rick Lyon's Photos from Love's 85th Birthday Party
* Dance Magazine Profile Archived 2008-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Internet Broadway Database entry
* IMDB Entry
* Find-a-Grave
* LA Times Obit
* Chicago Tribune Obit Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
* MSNBC Obit
* Yahoo Obit
* Metro.co.uk Obit
* Obituary in The Times
* profile at Theater Development Fund
**Lisa M. Buttenheim**, a national of the United States, was appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)on 2 June 2010.She has extensive experience with the United Nations in political affairs and peacekeeping.

Buttenheim replaces Tayé-Brook Zerihoun of Ethiopia, who held the same function from May 2008 to April 2010. The Secretary-General expressed his gratitude to Zerihoun for his devotion and leadership of UNFICYP. In addition, Zerihoun served as the acting Deputy to the Special advisor of the Secretary-General on Cyprus. During his tenure, he provided assistance to the Secretary-General’s mission of good offices.

Before the appointment of Buttenheim, she was Director of the Middle East and West Asia Division in the Department of Political Affairs from January 2009. She previously served in the same department as Director of the Asia and Pacific Division from January to December 2008. She was Director of the Asia and Middle East Division in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations from April 2004 to December 2007. She served as Director and Head of the United Nations Office in Belgrade from March 2003 to March 2004.

Between May 1997 and February 2003, Buttenheim was Senior Political Adviser in the Office of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva.During the same period, she was also the acting Chief of Staff, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), Director and Senior Adviser in the Office of the Special Envoy for the Balkans in Geneva.

She joined the United Nations in March 1983 and held a number of positions in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Under-Secretaries-General for Special Political Affairs in New York, and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in Jerusalem.
Buttenheim holds a Master's degree in international economics and Middle East studies from Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, in Washington, D.C. and a bachelor's degree in political science and English from Stanford University.
She was born in 1954 and is married to Jean-Claude Aimé, a former United Nations official.

Other websites
--------------

* UN Biography Lisa M.Buttenheim
The **kernel** of a group homomorphism from *G* to *H* is the subset of the elements from *G* that arrive to the Identity element of *H*. 

Mathematically: {\displaystyle \ker f=\{g\in G:f(g)=e\_{H}\}}. Since a group homomorphism preserves identity elements, the identity element of *G* must belong to the kernel subset.

Property
--------

The homomorphism is injective if and only if its kernel is only the identity elements of *G*.

Proof: If *f* were not injective, then the non-injective elements can form a distinct element of its kernel: there would exist {\displaystyle a,b\in G} such that {\displaystyle a\neq b} and {\displaystyle f(a)=f(b)}. Thus {\displaystyle f(a)f(b)^{-1}=e\_{H}}. *f* is a group homomorphism, so inverses and group operations are preserved, giving {\displaystyle f\left(ab^{-1}\right)=e\_{H}}; in other words, {\displaystyle ab^{-1}\in \ker f}, and ker *f* would not be the singleton. Conversely, distinct elements of the kernel violate injectivity directly: if there would exist an element {\displaystyle g\neq e\_{G}\in \ker f}, then {\displaystyle f(g)=f(e\_{G})=e\_{H}}, thus *f* would not be injective.
The Big Hole
Kimberlite from U.S.A.
**Kimberlite** is an igneous rock best known for sometimes containing diamonds. It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa. The discovery of a big 83.5-carat (16.70 g) diamond in 1871 started a "diamond rush". This resulted in the Big Hole, a large open mine.

Kimberlite occurs in the Earth's crust in vertical structures known as "pipes" as well as igneous dykes and sills. Kimberlite pipes are the most important source of mined diamonds today. Kimberlites form deep with the Earth's mantle. Formation occurs at depths between 150 and 450 kilometres (93 and 280 mi) Kimberlite material is erupted rapidly and violently, often with considerable carbon dioxide and other volatile components. 

Kimberlite has attracted attention because it serves as a carrier of diamonds and garnet peridotite mantle xenoliths to the Earth's surface. The study of kimberlite has the potential to provide information about the composition of the lower mantle. Little is known about melting processes at or near the interface between the cratonic continental lithosphere and the underlying convecting asthenospheric mantle.