recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
An **ocarina** is a kind of flute that is not made out of a tube. Because the ocarina is in a round or box-like shape, its sound is a little different from other flutes.

History
-------

Ocarinas from Japan.
The ten-hole ocarina was first made by Giuseppe Donati, in Italy, in 1853. Instruments like the ocarina had been made for hundreds of years before that in South America, China, and Africa. In Europe, a form called the gemshorn was made in the 16th century. The gemshorn was made from an animal horn.

In the 19th century, groups of ocarina players, with different sized ocarinas, played classical and folk music. Italian ocarinas became known throughout the world, because of this.

In the United States the ocarina was called the sweet potato, because its shape is like a sweet potato.

In 1928, the Japanese began making ocarinas. They added two small holes to the old kind of ocarinas. Japanese 12-hole ocarinas can play a larger scale than 10-hole ocarinas.

English Ocarina
---------------

The English ocarina was first made in the 1960s by John Taylor.
In the 1960s, the English ocarina was invented. It has four finger holes, and may have one or two thumb holes. English ocarinas are made in many shapes.

Other websites
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* Ocarina Knowledge Pages Archived 2013-06-23 at the Wayback Machine - All About Ocarinas
A child bouncing on a trampolineA **trampoline** is a recreational or competitive device designed for users to bounce on. It normally consists of a metal frame (rectangular or circular in shape) supporting a flat jumping surface connected to the frame by springs. The jumping surface may be of a strong synthetic fabric material or, mostly, of a mesh design. Trampolines allow users to bounce higher by storing energy in the springs as they land on the surface which then accelerates the user back away from the jumping surface as the springs contract.

The first modern trampoline was invented by George Nissen in 1920-1922 as a kind of equipment for gymnastics.

During World War II, the United States Navy Flight School developed the use of the trampoline in its training of pilots and navigators, giving them concentrated practice in spatial orientation that had not been possible before. After the war, the development of the space flight program again brought the trampoline into use to help train both American and Soviet astronauts, giving them experience of variable body positions in flight.

Related pages
-------------

* Trampolining
The **Sukharev Tower** (Сухарева башня) was a building in the center of Moscow, Russia. It was built from 1692 to 1701 by the architect Mikhail Chugolokov Ivanovich. It was destroyed in 1934. 

The Soviet government of Stalin destroyed it to make Garden Avenue in Moscow. When the building was first opened, it was designed to be a kind of Triumphal Gate In honor of the Tsar, he renounced his war against his sister Sophia Alexeyevna Romanova on the throne. The tower was named in honor of Lorenti Pankerevich Soharb who was the commander of the army. The School of Mathematics and Navigation of Moscow used the tower until 1921. Then it became the Moscow City Hall where it also housed: "Moscow History Museum." Finally, it was destroyed in 1934 for the construction of The Garden Ring Although there were many objections to its destruction among the public and among many Russian architects. The tower was built in the Baroque Narishkin style.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Suharev Tower***.
**Hanneke Oosterwegel** (born 10 December 1996) is a Dutch track and field athlete who is specialized in the 400 metres. She is a member of AV Daventria 1906 [nl] and represents the Netherlands at international competitions.

Career
------

As a junior Oosterwegel qualified for the 2017 European Athletics U23 Championships in the 400 metres hurdles event. However, at the last moment she couldn’t start. Oosterwegel was selected to became 2017 Deventer sportswoman of the year.

Oosterwegel won at the 2021 Dutch Athletics Championships the bronze medal in the 400 metres event. Due to this unsuspected result she became at the last moment a member of the Olympic national relay team, being a reserve runner at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics for the women's 4 × 400 metres relay event and mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event. Her sister Emma Oosterwegel competed at these Olympics in the heptathlon event and won the bronze medal.

Oosterwegel became national champion at the 2022 Dutch Athletics Championships in the 400 metres. She was a member of the relay team at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in the 4 × 400 metres relay event.

Personal life
-------------

Oosterwegel was born on 10 December 1996. Her two year younger sister is heptathlete Emma Oosterwegel and member of the same athletics club AV Daventria 1906 [nl]. Their father is chairman of the athletics club. Her sister Emma was also a member of the national delegation at both the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 World Athletics Championships.

As of 2017 she studied chemistry in the United States, where she combined her studies and being an elite athlete.

Other websites
--------------

* Hanneke Oosterwegel at OlympediaEdit on Wikidata

* Hanneke Oosterwegel at World AthleticsEdit on Wikidata

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: People Edit this at Wikidata | 
* World Athletics

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For British writer and poet, see Thomas Hardy.

**Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy**, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is a leading actor in "tough guy" roles on screen and stage.

He is known for his roles in Black Hawk Down, *Star Trek: Nemesis*, *RocknRolla*, *Bronson*, *Inception*, *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*, *This Means War*, and the television series *Stuart: A Life Backwards*.

For his work in *Stuart* he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's *The Take*. That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie *The Dark Knight Rises*. Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in *Mad Max: Fury Road* and as Venom in the 2018 movie *Venom*.
Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie *Dunkirk*. 

Hardy created, co-produced, and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series *Taboo* (2017) on BBC One and FX.

He was born on 15 September 1977 in Hammersmith, London. and is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London.

Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tom Hardy***.

* Tom Hardy on IMDb
* Tom Hardy at AllMovie
* Tom Hardy as Freddie Jackson
* Tom Hardy as Bane Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
The Great Bath is part of a large citadel complex that was found in the 1920s during excavations of Mohenjo-daro, one of the main centres of the Indus civilization. The bath is built of fine brickwork and measures 897 square feet (83 square metres). It is 8 feet (2.5 metres) lower than the surrounding pavement. The floor consists of two skins of sawed brick set on edge in gypsum mortar, with a layer of bitumen sealer sandwiched between the skins. Water was evidently supplied by a large well in an adjacent room, and an outlet in one corner of the bath led to a high corbeled drain that disgorged on the west side of the mound. The bath was reached by flights of steps at either end, originally finished with timbered treads set in bitumen.

The significance of the structure is unknown, but it is generally thought to be linked with some sort of ritual bathing. Indeed, while lacking impressive palaces or monuments, Mohenjo-daro featured numerous baths—most homes had washrooms—and an extensive sewage system, suggesting that a priority was placed on cleanliness and sanitation.
View from outside
The **Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church** (in German: **Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche**, but mostly just known as **Gedächtniskirche** [ɡəˈdɛçtnɪsˈkɪʁçə]), known in English as the **Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church**, is a ruined church in Berlin. It belongs to the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany

It is on the Breitscheidplatz, at the end of the Kurfürstendamm.

The old church was built between 1891 and 1895 according to plans by Franz Schwechten.

Emperor Wilhelm II ordered the building of the church to honour his grandfather Wilhelm I. The neo-romanesque style is a reminder of the many Romanesque churches in the Rhineland like Bonn Minster.

The ceiling inside the new church
Mosaics inside the church showed the life and work of Emperor Wilhelm I. During World War II, the church was destroyed during a British RAF bombing raid in 1943. The only remainder of the old building is the ruin of the belfry, which is also called German: *der Hohle Zahn* ("the hollow tooth").

Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church around 1900
After the war, from 1951 to 1961, a new church was built right next to the site of the old one. the new church was designed by Egon Eiermann.

The new church has a cross made of nails from the old Coventry Cathedral, destroyed by German Luftwaffe bomb attacks in what was called the Coventry *Blitz*. It was consecrated on May 25, 1962, the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. Both churches were built next to the ruins of the old building, which were kept as reminders of the horrors of war.

As well as the Coventry cross, the *Gedächtniskirche* has a cross of the Russian Orthodox Church and a design known as the Stalingrad Madonna by Lieutenant Kurt Reuber, created in December 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd), as symbols of peace between the three countries that were once at war.

In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, asking for its tower be restored. A fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair.

Related pages
-------------

* Battle of Berlin (air)
* RAF Bomber Command
* Bombing of Berlin in World War II
* Coventry Blitz

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche***.

* Google Maps Aerial View
* Stalingrad Madonna history by Heinz Schroeter
* Stalingrad Madonna Sermon Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 52°30′18″N 13°20′06″E﻿ / ﻿52.50500°N 13.33500°E﻿ / 52.50500; 13.33500
**Théodore Chassériau** (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.

Life and work
-------------

*The Two Sisters*
Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in *Saint Domingue* (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.

When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.

After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.

His works could be grouped in two periods:

* The classical period, with works like
	+ *Portrait of Adéle Chassériau* (1836)
	+ *Christ on the Mount of Olives* (1839)
	+ *The Two Sisters* (1843)
* The romantic period, with works like
	+ *Arab Chiefs Visiting Their Vassals* (1849)
	+ *Jewish Women on a Balcony* (1849)
	+ *The Tepidarium* (1853)

Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8, 1856.

Other websites
--------------

Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
Not to be confused with Tromsø Airport, Skattøra.
Coordinates: 69°40′53″N 018°55′04″E﻿ / ﻿69.68139°N 18.91778°E﻿ / 69.68139; 18.91778

**Tromsø Airport** is an airport in Norway. It is found in Tromsø city, which is part of Tromsø Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county. The airport's longest runway is 2,392 metres (7,848 ft) long. It is owned by the company Avinor. In 2014, the airport had 1,910,692 passengers, 43,219 aircraft movements, and 2,758 tonnes of cargo. This made Tromsø Airport the fifth-busiest airport in Norway.

The airport was opened in 1964 and replaced the older Tromsø Airport, Skattøra, which was a water airport. Tromsø Airport is the main airport for Widerøe's regional flights to Troms og Finnmark. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operated main flights to other big airports. Braathens SAFE and its Busy Bee branch operated from Tromsø from 1967 to 2002. Norwegian Air Shuttle and Lufttransport also have operations at Tromsø. The current Terminal B was built in 1977. Terminal A opened in 1997 after a runway was made longer and a new control tower was built.
The **Miami** are a Native American Nation. They lived around the Great Lakes in parts of Indiana, Michigan and Ohio. They were part of the Northeastern Woodlands. They are also part of the Algonquian language family. The Miami included the Piankeshaw, Wea, Pepikokia, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, and Atchakangouen. Most were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century. The **Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is** the only Miami people tribe recognized by the US Government.

History
-------

The Miami were originally part of the Mississippian Culture. They moved North around the Great Lakes. Conflict with the Iroquois in the Beaver Wars reduced the population. The Miami eventually went back to their territory in the 18th century. There was conflict with American settlers after the Treaty of Paris. In this treaty, Great Britain gave the lands including Indiana, Michigan and Ohio to the United States. The Miami supported tribes coming from the east like Lenape and Shawnee. The Americans attacked Natives in the region several times. The Battle of Fallen Timbers was the last battle of the Northwest Indian War. The war ended with the Treaty of Greenville (1795). Tribe leaders gave up most of their land in Ohio. Some Miami still resisted and supported the Shawnee Tecumseh. In the 19th century tribes were forced to move to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
View of the Basilica Cistern
The **Basilica Cistern**  is the largest of several hundred ancient cisterns under the city of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), Turkey. The cistern, is close to the Hagia Sophia.

History
-------

Emperor Justinian I commissioned his city prefect Longinus to build it. It was completed in 532, after the Nika riots. As many as 7,000 slaves worked to build the cistern.

The large cistern provided a water source for the emperor's palace. Sometime before the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 the cistern was closed. It was discovered in 1545 by Petrus Gyllius. After that Ottoman city officials used it for dumping waste including corpses. It has been restored at least three times. In 1985 it was closed for cleaning again. In 1987 it was opened to the public as a tourist attraction. 2 million tourists visited the Cistern in 2013.

Size
----

The cistern is a huge underground room that measures about 138 metres (453 ft) by 64.6 metres (212 ft) It is about 10,000 square metres (2.5 acres) in area. The cistern can hold 80,000 cubic metres (21,000,000 US gal) of water. The ceiling is supported by 336 marble columns. Each one is 40.75 metres (133.7 ft) high.

Modern Culture
--------------

The cistern was used for a James Bond movie *From Russia with Love*. Also the 2009 movie *The International* was shot here. The 2011 video game, *Assassin's Creed: Revelations* includes scenes from the Basilica Cistern.

Other websites
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* Basilica Cistern by Gizemli Kişi
* The Basilica Cistern, the Coolest Spot in Town
* Kerim Bey's Escape Route (Basilica Cistern) Archived 2015-10-29 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Yerebatan Sarnıcı***.
Sketch for *The City Rises*
***The City Rises*** (***La città che sale***) (1910) is a painting by the Italian painter Umberto Boccioni. It was his first major Futurist work.

Background
----------

The original title of the painting was ***Il lavoro*** (*Work*), as it appeared at the *Mostra d'arte libera* (Exhibition of free art) in Milan in 1911. Though realistic elements are present, such as the building, and the space is still rendered through perspective, this painting is considered the first true futurist work by Umberto Boccioni, even though it is not markedly different from his several previous works centered on suburbs. In this painting the naturalistic vision of the previous works is partly abandoned, replaced by a more dynamic vision.

Subject
-------

Buildings in construction in a suburb can be seen with chimneys in the upper part, but most of the space is occupied by men and horses, melted together in a dynamic effort. Boccioni thus emphasizes some of the most typical elements of futurism, the exaltation of human work and the importance of the modern town, built around modern necessities.
The painting portrays the construction of a new city with developments and technology. Suburbs, and the urban environment in general, formed the basis of many of Boccioni's paintings, from the capture of the staccato sounds of construction in *The Street-Pavers* to the riot of sound and colour offered to the observer of street scenes, as typified by *The Street Enters the House*.

Provenance
----------

In 1912, the picture was bought by the musician Ferruccio Busoni during the travelling futurist art exposition in Europe. It has been exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City as part of their permanent collection.

Related pages
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* Twilight at Porta Romana (Boccioni)
* Porta Romana (Milan)
* Mater (Boccioni)
* The Street Enters the House (Boccioni)
Narrow passage in Western Wall tunnel
**The Western Wall Tunnel** (Hebrew: מנהרת הכותל, translit.: *Minharat Hakotel*) is a tunnel in Jerusalem. It expose part of the Western Wall where the prayer site ends and up to the northern end of the Wall. Most of the tunnel is located under buildings of the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The open-air portion of the Western Wall is about 60 metres (200 ft) long. Most of its original length of 488 metres (1,601 ft) is underground. The tunnel allows access to the morthern part of the Wall.

History
-------

In 19 BCE, King Herod doubled the area of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. He did this by using part of the hill on the Northwest. To do this, four walls were built. The Temple Mount was expanded on top of these walls. These walls and the platform itself were still standing after the Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE.[*source?*]

Since that time, much of the area next to the walls has been covered and built upon.
Part of the Western Wall was still exposed after the destruction of the Temple. It became a place of Jewish prayer for a very long time.

Excavation
----------

Route of the Western Wall Tunnel
British researchers started excavating the Western Wall in the 19th century. Charles Wilson began the excavations in 1864. This was followed by Charles Warren in 1867 - 70. Wilson found an arch. This arch is now named for him, "Wilson's Arch". It was 12.8 metres (42 ft) wide. The arch is above present-day ground level. It is believed that the arch supported a bridge which connected the Temple Mount to the city during the Second Temple Period.

After the Six-Day War, excavations began to expose more of the Western Wall. The excavations lasted almost twenty years. They found many facts about the history and geography of the Temple Mount that had not been known. The excavations were difficult. Tunnels ran below neighborhoods that were built on top of structures from the Second Temple Period. The excavations were done with the supervision of scientific and rabbinic experts. This was to ensure both the stability of the structures and to prevent damaging the historic artifacts. In 1988, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation was formed. It took over the excavation, maintenance and renovations of the Western Wall and Western Wall Plaza.

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Western Wall Tunnel***.

* Information from the Kotel site in English Archived 2006-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Jeremy Langford's glass sculptures in "The Chain of Generations Center" in the Western Wall Tunnels Archived 2006-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Read the iTour Jerusalem review of the Western Wall Tunnel Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 31°46′37″N 35°14′04″E﻿ / ﻿31.7770°N 35.2345°E﻿ / 31.7770; 35.2345
***Portrait of the mother*** (also known as ***Ritratto della madre***) is a 20th-century late filippinism painted in oil by Umberto boccioni. It was painted in 1910, in Via Adige in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Museum Galleria d'arte moderna Ricci Oddi of Piacenza.

Umberto Boccioni was inspired by the work "Portrait of the mother" by Francesco Filippini to create the portrait of his mother, of which he was an attentive observer of his art exhibitions and for this reason it maintains a naturalistic structure typical of the Filipino artistic movement which then becomes the basis of the works of full Futurism. Boccioni then portrayed his mother several times. 
The work of Boccioni's Portrait of the Mother is linked to the painting "Materia" (1912) and "Horizontal Volumes" (1911-1912).
The painting of Boccioni's Mother in the Ricci Oddi Museum therefore marks a moment of transition between the Divisionist phase and that, also inspired by Cubism, which proposes a decisive overcoming of traditional aesthetics. 

The full stylistic adherence to Boccioni's futurism takes place with the stylistic turning point with the painting «The city that rises» created in 1910 in Via Adige in Milan (Fondazione Prada district).

* Francesco Filippini, Portrait of the mother1910, Musei Civici d'Arte e storia di BresciaFrancesco Filippini, *Portrait of the mother*  
1910, Musei Civici d'Arte e storia di Brescia
* Umberto Boccioni, Portrait of the mother II1910Umberto Boccioni, *Portrait of the mother II*  
1910

Related pages
-------------

* Portrait of the mother (Filippini)
* Francesco Filippini
* Mater (Boccioni)

Bibliography
------------

* *Francesco Filippini*, un protagonista del Naturalismo, Ed. Skira, 1999, p. 133
* Gaetano Panazza, 1964, p. 62
* Luciano Anelli, 1984, p. 97
* Renata Stradiotti, 1989, p.192
Selenium rectifier
A **metal rectifier** is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide or selenium. They were used to convert alternating current to direct current. They were often used in devices such as radios and battery chargers. Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s.

In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices. In other countries the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to selenium-iron types.

Other websites
--------------

* Rectifier used as an AM-demodulator Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Cougar Electronics - example of "legacy" selenium rectifier manufacturer
* The Copper Oxide Rectifier This document discusses the history of the copper oxide rectifier, and, in particular, the use of Chilean copper in its manufacture; the thallium catastrophe that befell the manufacture of selenium rectifiers is also discussed.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Copper-oxide rectifiers***.
**Metastability** has slightly different meanings in different fields of knowledge. The general idea, however, is that something is metastable if it is not changing, yet given a small force ("nudge") it will transition to another, more stable state. 

For example, a block is sitting on a slope (an "inclined plane"). It keeps sitting there until it is nudged, or the slope is gently struck, setting up vibrations. Then the block starts to slide. At that point it keeps sliding until it reaches the bottom. The block sitting at the bottom is stable. The block sitting on the slope but not moving is metastable. And the block as it is moving is unstable. 

A real life example of this is an avalanche of snow. The avalanche is unstable (the snow is sliding down the mountainside). When the avalanche is over the snow is stable. Before the avalanche starts, the snow is metastable, since some small perturbation is enough to cause it to lose what might have seemed to be stability, but in fact was only metastability.
***Forever Marilyn*** is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie *The Seven Year Itch*. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

Design and location
-------------------

The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, *The Seven-Year Itch*. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.

Reception
---------

In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "*Forever Marilyn* journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.
The human **shoulder** is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as muscles, ligaments and tendons. 

The articulations (surfaces) between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint is the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The **shoulder** as a whole is the complete group of structures in the region of the joint.

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. 

The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between mobility and stability results in many shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.
A **line-item veto** is the power of the president (or any leader of an executive branch) to reject (veto) certain individual parts ("line items") of a piece of legislation (a bill) without rejecting the whole thing.

In the United States, almost all governors (leaders of the U.S. states) are able to use the line item veto. Currently, the President of the United States is not able to use the line-item veto; however, the Presidents of Brazil and Belarus can. President Bill Clinton was given the line-item veto by the United States Congress for a few years until the Supreme Court said that it was unconstitutional.

People who like the line-item veto say that it is good because it allows the President to remove unimportant waste from important legislation. For example, it would be too dangerous to completely veto big pieces of legislation (like the budget for the military or the budget for other government departments), but with the line-item veto, the President could choose to keep what he or she thinks are the good parts of the bill and reject the bad parts of the bill.

People who do not like the line-item veto say that it is bad because it gives the President too much power over Congress and believe that it goes against the checks and balances created by the U.S. Constitution. Other criticisms include the possibility that the president's individual vetoes of line items make the bill different than what Congress voted for.

Related pages
-------------

* Veto
**Wesley Augustus Williams** (August 26, 1897 - July 3, 1984) was the first African-American officer in the New York City Fire Department. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1927. He was the third African-American man to join the New York Fire Department. He was one of the founders of the Vulcan Society in 1940.

Biography
---------

He was born on August 26, 1897 to James Henry Williams (1879-1948) and Lucy Metrash (1881-1932) in Manhattan, New York City.

He wanted to join the New York City Fire Department when he read about Samuel Jesse Battle joining the New York City police department. The first African-American to join the New York City Fire Department was William H. Nicholson, who joined in 1898. Williams had a very high score on his written test. He scored perfect on his physical examination. All firefighter candidates must have a character reference. His was written by former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. Even so he was put on the waiting list while others were hired ahead of him. Williams finally joined on January 10, 1919. He was assigned to Engine Company 55 in Manhattan, New York City. Williams was promoted to lieutenant in 1927.

He died on July 3, 1984 at the Physicians Hospital in Forest Hills, New York City, he was 86 years old.

Other websites
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* Wesley Augustus Williams at Find-a-Grave
Tchaikovsky in 1893
The "**Waltz of the Flowers**" (1892) is a piece of orchestral music from the second act of *The Nutcracker*, a ballet composed by Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky told his fellow musicians he was working on a "fantastic" ballet called *The Nutcracker*: "It's awfully fun to write a march for tin soldiers, a waltz of the flowers, etc." The waltz is also the last number in his *Nutcracker Suite*. The "Waltz of the Flowers" is very popular. It has been arranged for various instruments and for various combinations of instruments. Percy Grainger arranged the waltz for piano solo as *Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz*. Walt Disney Studios animated the waltz for the movie *Fantasia*.
*Waltz of the Flowers* wins Academy Award for Animated Short Film characters: Thumbelina, Janessa, Chrysella from *Barbie Presents Thumbelina*.

Other websites
--------------

* "Waltz of the Flowers", a compilation of images of Tchaikovsky accompanied by "Waltz of the Flowers"
* "Waltz of the Flowers", the Mariinsky Ballet (Kirov Ballet) in October 1993 at Mariinsky Theater in St Petersburg
* "Waltz of the Flowers" played on an organ
***Bokul Kotha*** (Bengali: বকুল কথা) is an Popular Indian Bengali television soap opera that Premiered on 4th December 2017 and airs on Zee Bangla and Telecast Monday To Saturday at 9:00 P.M. The Show Stars Ushashi Roy and Honey Bafna in Lead roles. The Show telecast Monday to Saturday at 9:00 P.M. Bokul Kotha took the timeslot of Bikele Bhorer Phool.It is one of the Most Popular Serial Running in this period. In June 2018 it had a TRP of 11.2.The Show is one of the Bengali highest ranking serial in trp ratings.

Plot
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Bokul Kotha is the story of Bokul, who has been raised as a son. She grows up to be a tomboy, well versed in handling roles that are reserved for the boys. Bokul has short hair and feels comfortable wearing pants and shirts, unlike girls her age who obsess with their beauty.  Bokul doesn't want to waste her time on make –up and clothes.
She is more interested to become her father’s support system. But a cruel twist in the tale comes in when her father passes away after which she is forced to take the reign of the family in her hands. Though Bokul is not interested in marriage, her mother and grandmother are always worried about what would happen in future when she would be married off.
On the other hand, is Rishi, whose family does everything only after consulting the family guru, an astrologer. Rishi was to be married only if his natal chart matched the girl’s. Being a choosy person, Rishi has already rejected 40 women. As luck would have it, finally his natal charts match with Bokul’s charts. After much drama and confusion, the mismatched couple is married off. But Bokul is neither cut out as an ideal housewife nor is keen to learn the ways of the world as a married woman should.

Cast
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* Ushashi Roy as Bokul /Main Female Lead
* Sohini Sanyal / Sanjukta Roy Chowdhary / Sohini Sanyal as Bokul's Mother:Lajbonti
* Honey Bafna as Rishi/Main Male lead
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Shekhar
* Saswati Guhathakurata as Anjali
* Anuradha Roy as Bokul's Grandmother (Gayatri)
* Mallika Majumdar as Rishi's Aunt
* Arindam Banerjee as Samar (Rishi's Uncle)
* Amrita Debnath as Esha
* Uponita Banerjee as Barsha
* Subhrajit Dutta as Rohan (Rishi's Brother)
* Arpita Mukherjee as Aditi (Rishi’s sister-in-law)
* Suvajit Kar as Kunal
* Saurav Chatterjee as Saurav (Rishi's Brother-in law)
* Pritha Chatterjee as Pritha
* Shreyasee Samanta as Roshni (Antagonist)
* Arnab Chowdhury as Deep (Rishi's friend)

Other websites
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* Official Site
**Signal processing** is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals. Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.

Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g. aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g. image compression), and feature extraction (e.g. converting text to speech).

Signal classification
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For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.

* Analog signal processing—for signals that have not been digitized, as in classical radio, telephone, radar, and television systems
* Digital signal processing—for signals that have been digitized. Processing is done by digital circuits such as ASICs, FPGAs, general-purpose microprocessors or computers, or specialized digital signal processor chips.
* Statistical signal processing—analyzing and extracting information from signals based on their statistical properties
* Audio signal processing—for electrical signals representing sound, such as music
* Speech signal processing—for processing and interpreting spoken words
* Image processing—in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
* Video signal processing—for interpreting moving pictures
* Array processing—for processing signals from arrays of sensors

Method of Signal processing
---------------------------

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals. Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.

When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).

In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and calculated.

Related pages
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* Signal (electrical engineering)
The *Virgin of the Rocks*.
The ***Virgin of the Rocks*** is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was very controversial and had two versions. The painting shows Mary, John the Baptist, Jesus, and an angel. Mary was holding John the Baptist while Jesus blessed them. The painting was controversial because Mary wasn't touching Jesus at all, so Da Vinci made a second version of the painting. Mary looks very graceful, which was a traditional Renaissance fashion. The French version was the first time that a Renaissance artist did not paint the Virgin Mary with a halo.

Many symbols and emblems in churches and buildings in Lierna lead explorers to discover the important role of the Knights Templar in the region.They also found that Leonardo's painting may have served as a mysterious map to a secret passage in an area of ​​the Grigna mountain range known as Alpe di Campione.

The rock formations, caves, waterfalls and breathtaking views of the Grigna massif and the surrounding Lierna mountains on Lake Como inspired Leonardo da Vinci's development.
***In the mountain*** (also known as ***In Montagna***) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1890, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna.

Description
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The work is similar to Filippini's painting "The Chestnut Harvest". Filippini in the theme of work, always represents the same agricultural work, the harvesting of chestnuts, wood, corn pickers, the grazing of the flock, the picking of hemp. These are among Filippini's most interesting works, especially when the workers are women and the folkloric clothes she wears are evident. Only the industrial processing of the Maglio is an exception.

Exhibition
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* *Francesco Filippini*, Brescia, 1934 (cat. p. 56, n. 327)
* *Francesco Filippini*, Brescia, 1956 (cat. p. 36, n. 60)

Related pages
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* Francesco Filippini

Bibliography
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* *La Famiglia Artistica*, 1913
* Giorgio Nicodemi, 1933, ill.
* Enrico Mauceri, 1935, p. 189
* Luciano Anelli, 1984, p. 97
* *Francesco Filippini*, un protagonista del Naturalismo, Ed. Skira, 1999
External reactions and internal reactions for signal transduction
Signal transduction pathways
Shows full range of signal transduction pathways
A **signal transduction** in biology is a cellular mechanism. It converts a stimulus into a response in the cell. There are two stages in this process:

1. A signalling molecule attaches to a receptor protein on the cell membrane.
2. A second messenger transmits the signal into the cell, and a change takes place in the cell.

So, signal transduction starts with a signal to a cell receptor, and ends with a change in cell function. In either step, the signal can be amplified. Thus, one signalling molecule can cause many responses.

Receptors are in the cell membrane, with part of the receptor outside and part inside the cell.  The chemical signal binds to the outer portion of the receptor, changing its shape. This causes another signal inside the cell.  Some chemical messengers, such as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Sometimes there is a cascade of signals within the cell. With each step of the cascade, the signal can be amplified, so a small signal can result in a large response. Eventually, the signal creates a change in the cell, either in the expression of the DNA in the nucleus or in the activity of enzymes in the cytoplasm.

Most often, ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell are involved. These are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. So a "second messenger pathway" is produced. These things usually happen quickly, sometimes very quickly. They may last from milliseconds (in the case of ion flux) to days for gene expression.

The number of proteins and other molecules that take part increases during the process. So a 'signal cascade' develops and *a relatively small stimulus may cause a large response*.

In bacteria and other single-cell organisms, the transduction processes a cell has limits the number of ways it can respond to its environment. In multicellular organisms, lots of different signal transduction processes are used to coordinate the behavior of individual cells. By this means the function of the organism as a whole is organized. The more complex the organism, the more complex the repertoire of signal transduction processes the organism must possess.

Thus, sensing of both the external and internal environment at the cellular level, relies on signal transduction. Many disease processes such as diabetes, heart disease, autoimmunity and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways. This highlights the critical importance of signal transduction to biology and medicine.

These systems of communication between cells are extremely ancient, and are found in all metazoa.

Related pages
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* Transduction (physiology)
* Ligand
* Cytokine
	+ Cytokine storm

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Signal transduction***.

* *Science'*s STKE - Signal transduction knowledge environment, from *Science*, published by AAAS.
* Cosma Shalizi's Signal transduction notebook
***The Fifer*** or ***Young Flautist*** (1866) is an oil painting by French painter Édouard Manet. It hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.

History
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Manet painted *The Fifer* after a trip to Spain he made in 1865. There he discovered the work of Diego Velázquez. Manet reflected the influence of Spanish painting in *The Fifer*. The painting was rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon in 1866. The painting was exhibited in 1867. Manet died in 1883. In 1884, *The Fifer* was seen at the major retrospective exhibition of Manet's work organized as a tribute.

The rejection by the Salon jury caused the writer Émile Zola to publish a series of articles in defense of Manet in the newspaper *L'Événement*.

Between 1873 and 1893, the painting was held by Jean-Baptiste Faure, a French composer and baritone, friend of Manet. In 1893, it was returned to the collection of art dealer Durand-Ruel. The painting was acquired in 1894 by Count Isaac de Camondo. It remained in his collection until 1911. That year it was donated to the French state. The painting was intended for the Musée du Louvre. It was not exhibited to the general public until 1914.

In 1947, the painting was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume. This museum is a showroom located in the Jardin des Tuileries and belonging to the Louvre. It remained there until 1986. It then was brought to the Musée d'Orsay with the rest of the Impressionist paintings in the Louvre. It can currently be seen in the Musée d'Orsay.

Analysis
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Manet portrayed an anonymous character: a teenage musician of the band of the Imperial Guard. The lad was sent to Manet by commander Lejosne. He was "treated like a grandee of Spain." Additional models may have also posed for the figure. The likenesses of both Léon Leenhoff (Manet's stepson) and Victorine Meurent (Manet's preferred model) have been seen in the boy's face and figure.

Sandra Orienti declares, "*The Fifer* is one of Manet's most famous paintings, and it is also one of his most daring works: here ... can be found a synthesis of all that is most complex in his vocabulary." She points out that the band boy's uniform is painted in red, black, and white with decorations in dull gold. The figure and its dress contrasts with the vague, undefined background. The lad has no support for himself except himself. "[h]is form ... seems to create a double dimension, the first being the small figure of the boy, the second his eyes and the spectator's eyes meeting between the rather crudely painted eyelids."
*Water Lilies* (1907), in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
***Water Lilies*** (or ***Nymphéas***, pronounced [nɛ̃.fe.a]) is a series of about 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings are of Monet's flower garden at Giverny. They were the main focus of Monet's work during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. The paintings are on display in museums all over the world, including the Musée Marmottan Monet and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum of Art and the National Museum of Wales, among others.

As part of his extensive gardening plans at Giverny, Monet had a pond dug in his garden and planted with lilies in 1893. He painted the subject in 1899, and thereafter it dominated his art. He worked continuously for more than twenty years on a large-scale decorative series, attempting to capture every observation, impression, and reflection of the flowers and water. The series captures the blooms at different times of the day, and under different atmospheric conditions. After much hesitation, Monet exhibited a group of 48 water-lily paintings in 1909 at the Paris gallery of his art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel. The series became an enormous financial, popular, and critical hit. By the mid-1910s, Monet had achieved a completely new, fluid, and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water-lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art.

Related pages
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* Rouen Cathedral (Monet)

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Water Lilies by Claude Monet***.

* Water Lilies at the Portland Art Museum Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine