recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A clickable map of Sikkim exhibiting its four districts.A clickable map of Sikkim exhibiting its four districts.
There are 4 districts in Sikkim, an Indian state, each overseen by a Central Government appointee, the district collector, who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the districts. The Indian army has control of a large territory, as the state is a sensitive border area. Many areas are restricted and permits are needed to visit them. There are a total of eight towns and nine subdivisions in Sikkim.
The four districts are:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Code** | **District** | **Headquarters** | **Population (2011)** | **Area (km²)** | **Density (/km²)** | **Map** |
| ES | Gangtok district | Gangtok | 281,293 | 954 | 257 |  |
| NS | Mangan district | Mangan, India | 43,354 | 4,226 | 10 |  |
| SS | Namchi district | Namchi | 146,742 | 750 | 175 |  |
| WS | Gyalsing district | Gyalshing | 136,299 | 1,166 | 106 |  |
**Ögedei** (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire bigger. Like all of Genghis' sons, he helped to conquer Western China and Central Asia. 

Yuan Portrait of Ögedei
Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates he was involved because he had a strong personality. Despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.

After Genghis Khan's Death
--------------------------

He was selected as the supreme khan in 1229 because of the kuriltai, the meeting for important leaders, which was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him. During his reign, the Mongols ended the Jin Dynasty (in 1234) and fought against the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under the khan's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the addition of all of China. Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.
**Recaredo Santos Tornero** (October 14, 1842 – July 26, 1902) was a Chilean editor and journalist. He was the director of *El Mercurio de Valparaíso* and founder of *El Comercio*.

Biography
---------

Tornero was born in Valparaíso, on October 14, 1842. His parents were Carmen Olmos de Aguilera Orrego, and the Spanish immigrant José Santos Tornero Monteros, who was also the owner of the first public library in Chile. Recaredo Tornero studied at the National Institute of Santiago, and later attended the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, in France. He came back to Chile in 1860. In 1866, he succeeded his father as the director of *El Mercurio de Valparaíso*. He married Elena Stuven Olmos, and they had four children: Carmela, Recaredo, Teresa and Enrique.

His father's businesses included the Spanish Library (Spanish: *Librería Española*), the printing house of *El Mercurio* and the Valparaíso newspaper of the same name. The enterprise remained in the family's possession for 33 years. In 1866, Tornero and his brother Orestes bought the enterprise from their father.

Orestes took care of the library and its other parts, while Recaredo continued running the printing house and the newspaper. Later, they formed the Tornero & Sons Society (Spanish: *Sociedad Tornero e Hijos*) with his father, who was living outside Chile.

Front page of *Chile Ilustrado* (1872).
Tornero was the only editor of *El Mercurio de Valparaíso* from 1867 to 1870. In 1870, he partnered with Camilo Letelier. Blanco Cuartín became the main editor of the newspaper later and suggested that it focus on culture and literacy

He published *Chile Ilustrado* in 1872, the first illustrated album of Chile, with a descriptive guide, historic, politic, industrial, social and statistical review of the country and a rich graphic backup, with more than 200 wood engravings and 10 litographs. He was given a prize for this book at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition.

After running it for nine years, he sold his part of the newspaper to Camilo Letelier. He revisited Europe in 1875, and bought machinery to create the first paper mill in Chile in 1880. At that time, he also started to publish foreign works translated into Spanish.

After his return to Valparaíso, Tornero founded a library and a printing house in Almendral. His brother Orestes died in 1881, and Tornero he took over the Mercurio library, which was mainly focused on editing teaching material and works translated from French.

President José Manuel Balmaceda had a bad relationship with the Chilean press. For this reason, Recaredo started the newspaper *El Comercio* to support him.

Recaredo died in Santiago on July 26, 1902.
Not to be confused with Hamlet.

***Hamlet*** is a 1589 play written by a unknown author. The play is unfortunately mostly lost today. The play was staged in The Theatre in Shoreditch, London, as recalled by English author Thomas Lodge. There are only two known characters in this play, which are Hamlet and a ghost. The play depicts Hamlet and a ghost who wants to get a revenge on Hamlet. The Shakespearean play Hamlet, which was performed in 1602, was based on this play.

Characters
----------

* Hamlet
* A ghost

(Only known characters in this play)

Plot
----

A ghost wants to get a revenge on Hamlet for rather unknown reasons, and in the play says and cries "Hamlet, revenge!", as recalled by a English author named Thomas Lodge. This is only what is known from the plot of this play.

Influences
----------

This lost play Hamlet, which was performed in 1589, was based on the Shakespearean play Hamlet, which was performed in 1602.

Related pages
-------------

* Hamlet, a Shakespearean play performed in 1602 which was based on this play.
Balti Tibetan couple traditional Balti dress in Baltistan, Pakistan.
**Mayfung** (Balti: མེ་ཕུང།) is an ancient festival celebrated in the Baltistan region of northeastern Pakistan by the Balti Tibetan people. The festival has roots in the Bön religion, which was the main religion in the area before Buddhism and Islam. Every year on December 21, the Mayfung festival takes place to mark the end of the longest night and the beginning of the new year called "Balti Losar" (Balti New Year). Mayfung is a tradition celebrated not only in Baltistan but also in some parts of Gilgit, Hunza, Chitral, and Tibet in China.

People believe that celebrating Mayfung protects them from misfortunes and natural disasters. The name Mayfung comes from two Balti words: "May," meaning fire, and "Fang" or "Phang," meaning to throw or play. So, Mayfung translates to playing with fire or throwing fireballs in the sky. In other languages, it is known as Thumushaling in Burushaski and Loma in Shina.

History
-------

Balti culture is a mix of Bonism, Islam, and Buddhism influences. Bonism was a religion in Tibet before Buddhism and Islam, involving spirit worship, sacrifices, magic, and divination. The Mayfung Festival from the Bon period continued into the Buddhist era to please gods and remove society's ills. It's a crucial part of the Losar festival, also known as the Balti New Year, happening in Baltistan, Pakistan, on December 21.

Legend has it that lighting a large fire during Mayfung can drive away evils. The festival may have roots in the Maqpon dynasty of the 12th century or be linked to Raja Abdal Khan, a powerful ruler in the 17th century.

During Mayfung, people light bonfires on mountains, plains, and rooftops. Children play, dance, and sing traditional songs around flaming logs. The residual fire is scattered on mountain slopes. Women prepare special dishes. The celebration includes fireworks, music, dancing, flying lanterns, and festive foods. Folk dances like the sword dance and fire dance are performed, and the event concludes with traditional music. People believe that Mayfung is necessary to ward off spirits and Jinns.
**Permeability** is a property of a material that describes how dense a magnetic field would be if the same amount of current was passed through it. Permeability is measured in henries per metre (H/m) and its symbol is \mu. 

Since empty space has a constant permeability (called the **permeability of free space** or {\displaystyle \mu \_{0}}) of exactly {\displaystyle 0.0000004\times \pi }, most materials are listed with a *relative permeability* (symbol {\displaystyle \mu \_{r}}). Relative permeability is the permeability of the material divided by the permeability of free space ({\displaystyle \mu \_{r}=\mu /\mu \_{0}}). The permeability of most materials is very close to 1. That means that the permeability of most materials is close enough that we can typically ignore it and use the permeability of free space instead. The biggest exceptions are materials called ferromagnetic materials. Some examples are iron (5000) and nickel (600). Some materials have been specially designed to have a permeability one million times larger than empty space.
**Hande Yener** (born January 12, 1973 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish pop singer. She has introduced different styles to the ever-expanding Turkish pop music scene. Each one of her albums has generated a lot of interest due to the different styles, genres and rhythms. Her looks and image also go through constant change which blends with the sort of music she releases at the time. Hande Yener has a soprano vocal range. She has got thirteen studio albums and three EPs.

Life and career
---------------

Yener was born in Kadıköy, Istanbul. She left school in the second grade and got married. In the 2000s, she was one of the few artists who had an album that sold over 1 million copies in Turkey. In 2013, she was the Turkish singer whose music videos were viewed the most on YouTube. By the end of the 2000s, she was known as a gay icon inside Turkey, and made some statements demanding the advancement of LGBT rights in Turkey. In the 2000s, she was one of the few artists who had an album that sold over 1 million copies in Turkey. In 2013, she was the Turkish singer whose music videos were viewed the most on YouTube. By the end of the 2000s, she was known as a gay icon inside Turkey, and made some statements demanding the advancement of LGBT rights in Turkey

Discography
-----------

### Studio albums

* Senden İbaret (2000)
* Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... (2002)
* Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor (2004)
* Apayrı (2006)
* Nasıl Delirdim? (2007)
* Hipnoz (2008)
* Hayrola? (2009)
* Hande'ye Neler Oluyor? (2010)
* Teşekkürler (2011)
* Kraliçe (2012)
* Mükemmel (2014)
* Hepsi Hit Vol. 1 (2016)
* Hepsi Hit Vol. 2 (2017)

### EPs

* Extra (2001)
* Hande Maxi (2006)
* Hande'yle Yaz Bitmez (2010)

### Shared albums

* Rüya (2012)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hande Yener***.

* Official website Archived 2018-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Hande Yener at MySpace
* Hande Yener on Twitter
The **sacred kingfisher** (*Todiramphus sanctus*) is a medium sized woodland kingfisher. 

They live in mangroves, woodlands, forests, and river valleys in Australia, New Zealand, and other parts of the western Pacific. In New Zealand the species is also known by its Māori name **Kōtare**.

The sacred kingfisher is mostly turquoise, with white underparts and collar feathers. Both sexes are similar. The females are usually more dull colored. Juveniles have rusty-brown edges on the collar and underparts. The bird is 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in) long. They feed on insects, small crustaceans, fish, small rodents and reptiles. Usually, a bird will sit on a low branch and wait for prey to pass by. It swoops down to grab the prey and returns to its perch to eat, much like a hawk.

Once a pair of birds has mated, both members of the pair dig the nest. The nest is usually on a burrow in a river bank or a large, empty branch. The female lays about five eggs. Both birds incubate the eggs and take care of the young.
**Mary Lea Trump** (born May 1965) is an American psychologist, businessperson, and author. She is a niece of President Donald J. Trump. She wrote *Too Much and Never Enough*, a book about him and the Trump family, in 2020. It sold over one million copies on its first day on sale.

Life
----

Mary Trump was born to Fred Trump Jr. and Linda Lee Clapp. Her brother is Frederick Trump III. Her father died of alcoholism when she was 16.

Trump studied English literature at Tufts University. She earned a PhD in clinical psychology.

Trump married a woman and divorced her soon. She has a daughter.

Work
----

Trump is a psychologist. She has also taught college-level classes on psychology and has run some small businesses on the side.

Books
-----

### Too Much and Never Enough

Mary Trump wrote Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man. It is a book that reveals how Donald Trump became what she calls "the world's most dangerous man." It was published on July 14, 2020. The book sold more than one million copies on its first day of sales.
In 1869, Professor Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table of chemical elements. He arranged the elements from the lightest one to the heaviest one. When he proposed his periodic table, he placed empty spaces between some elements. He said that the empty spaces were for undiscovered elements. Mendeleev had also predicted the properties of these undiscovered elements.

Naming the undiscovered elements
--------------------------------

Mendeleev gave temporary names for the undiscovered elements. He used the prefixes **eka-**, **dvi-** and **tri-** and combined it with any known elements in the same group with the undiscovered element. Eka-, dvi- and tri- are numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the Sanskrit language. The use of the prefix depends on how far the known element is from the unknown element. For example, germanium was called eka-silicon because silicon is placed one row above germanium, and rhenium was called dvi-manganese because manganese is placed two rows above rhenium. The names of these elements were changed after they were discovered.

Other scientists use the eka- prefix, too. Eka- is also used in the names of elements that Mendeleev did not predict. Before francium was discovered, it was called *eka-caesium*, and before astatine was discovered, it was called *eka-iodine*. The eka- prefix is also used to name transuranic elements (elements after uranium). For example, ununoctium is also called *eka-radon*, and untriennium (element number 139) is also called *eka-actinium*. Today, the IUPAC uses the systematic element name to give new elements a temporary name. This new way of naming elements depends on the atomic number of the element. It does not depend on the position of the element in the periodic table.
A statue of ***Balto*** in New York City
**Balto** was the name of a Siberian Husky, born in 1923 and died 1933. He was a sled dog. He was the back up for a dog named Togo. Balto took part in the 1925 serum run to Nome. He got a lot of fame for being part of the journey, more than Togo. Many people say Togo should have gotten the attention that Balto got because Togo did the most work. Leonhard Seppala bred, named, raised, and trained Balto but did not race with him. In a 1927 New York Times article, he claimed that a forgotten dog named Fox had been co-lead with Balto on Kaasen’s team. He did not believe that Balto could have led the team by himself. Gunnar Kaasen was Balto’s musher.

In January 1925, Nome, Alaska needed medicine for a diphtheria epidemic. First, a ship tried to bring the medicine but ice was closing into the Bering Sea. The ship could not get to Nome. Next, they tried to bring the medicine by airplane. They could not because there was a blizzard (snow storm). The winds were too strong for the plane. So the medicine was sent by train from Anchorage, Alaska to Nenena, Alaska. Then sled dogs took turns carrying the medicine to Nome. The dog that ran the longest was Togo. Balto was the final dog. He lead the team into Nome. The medicine saved many children (almost all of the children). Balto, the other dogs, and the men who carried the medicine were given a hero's welcome. A few months later in New York City, a statue of Balto was placed in Central Park. It is still there today.

The serum run
-------------

See the main article: 1925 serum run to Nome
In January 1925, doctors realized that a diphtheria epidemic was likely to sweep through Nome's young people. It could kill many people. The only serum that could stop it was in Anchorage. Anchorage was almost 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away. The only aircraft that could get the medicine to Nome was taken out of winter storage, but its engine was frozen. It would not start. Officials chose to move the medicine by sled dog. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana. At Nenana, the first *musher* began the trip as part of a relay to deliver the serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part. They had to deal with a blizzard with −53 °F (−47 °C) temperatures and strong winds. News coverage of the race was worldwide.

After the events
----------------

On December 22, 1995, Universal Pictures released the animated movie *Balto*. The movie was based on the events of the 1925 serum run, although there are big differences. They also made a 2nd and 3rd movie to the original.

Other websites
--------------

* Balto Online Forum Archived 2016-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Balto Online
**Candidiasis**, often called **yeast infection** or **thrush**, is a type of infectious disease. It is a fungal infection (mycosis). The disease is caused by any of the *Candida* species of yeast. *Candida albicans* is the most common species.

Causes
------

*Candida* yeasts are common in most people. The yeast is usually controlled in the body. When the yeast grows without control, an infection happens.

A weakened, unhealthy, or young immune system may allow candidiasis to develop. HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, steroids, stress and not enough nutrients may cause candidiasis.

Antibiotic and steroid use are the most common reason for uncontrolled yeast. Antibiotic kills some bacteria, and changes the balance of microorganisms in the body. This may allow the yeast to multiply.

Candidiasis in the throat and mouth
-----------------------------------

### Throat

Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the esophagus by *Candida albicans*. The disease happens in unhealthy people. Sometimes people will get the infection when they are treated with chemotherapy. People with AIDS can also get this infection more often.

One sign of esophageal candidiasis is painful swallowing. Weight loss can happen when a person has esophageal candidiasis for a long time.

### Mouth

**Oral candidiasis** is a yeast infection of the mouth. It is located on the mucous membranes of the mouth. It is caused by *Candida albicans*, *Candida glabrata* or *Candida tropicalis*.

### Signs

Candida may appear as thick white or cream-coloured areas on mucosal membranes. The infected mucosa of the mouth may look inflamed. In babies the condition is called thrush. For babies, it is usually painless and causes no pain. Adults may experience discomfort or burning sensation.

Body parts
----------

In healthy persons, candidiasis is usually a very small infection of the skin or mucous membranes. These areas include:

* the mouth (oral candidiasis)
* the vagina or vulva (vaginal candidiasis or thrush)
* folds of skin in the diaper area (diaper rash)
* the nipples while breastfeeding
* the penis or foreskin
* the armpit
* the ear
* the skin around or in the nostrils
* the ears

Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis. It can also occur on the penis or scrotum. In unhealthy patients, the *Candida* infection can affect the esophagus. It could get everywhere in the body. This would cause a much more serious health condition, a state called candidemia.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Candidiasis***.

* National Institute of Allergies and Infections fact sheet on vaginitis/vaginal infections Archived 2007-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Oral Thrush Mayo Clinic
* DermAtlas candidiasis images Archived 2006-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
* InteliHealth page on candidiasis Archived 2006-08-31 at the Wayback Machine Presented by InteliHealth reviewed by Harvard Medical School
* Links to pictures of Yeast Infection (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)
* Treating a vaginal yeast infection Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
Morbius, the Living Vampire.
**Morbius, the Living Vampire** and better known as Dr. **Michael Morbius**, is a fictional character and villain turned anti-hero in the Marvel Comics universe, and a (former) member of the rogues gallery of Spider-Man, Blade, Ghost Rider and Doctor Strange.

He was a famous biochemist who was suffering from a debilitating blood disease, and injected himself with vampire bat DNA in hopes of curing himself, but became a living vampire. Despite being introduced as an antagonist of a few heroes, in some versions of the universe, he is an anti-hero who has worked with Spider-Man and Blade, and was a member of the Legion of Monsters and the Midnight Sons.

He was created by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane, and first appeared in *Amazing Spider-Man #101* in October of 1971.

In *Spider-Man: The Animated Series*, he was voiced by Nick Jameson. In the Sony's Spider-Man Universe, he is portrayed by Jared Leto in the 2022 titular film of the same name.

Source
------

* Some text was copied from Morbius the Living Vampire at Heroes Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
**Portuguese Ceylon** (Portuguese: *Ceilão Português*, Sinhala: පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව *Puruthugisi Lankawa*, Tamil: போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை *Porthukeya Ilankai*) is the name given to the territory on Ceylon, modern-day Sri-Lanka, controlled by the Portuguese Empire between 1597 and 1658.

Portuguese presence in the island lasted from 1505 to 1658. Their arrival was largely accidental, and the Portuguese sought control of commerce, rather than territory. The Portuguese were later drawn into the internal politics of the island with the political upheaval of the Wijayaba Kollaya, and used these internal divisions to their advantage during the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, first in an attempt to control the production of valuable cinnamon and later of the entire island. Direct Portuguese rule did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580. That allowed the Portuguese sufficient claim to the Kingdom of Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597. Portuguese rule began with much resistance by the local population.

Eventually, the Kingdom of Kandy sought help from the Dutch East India Company, with whom they initially entered into agreement. After the collapse of the Iberian economy in 1627, the Dutch–Portuguese War saw the Dutch conquest of most of Portugal's Asian colonies - Ceylon included, between 1638 and 1658. Nevertheless, elements of Portuguese culture from this colonial period remain in Sri Lanka.

History
-------

### Arrival and establishment of the Portuguese (1505-1543)

The first contact between Sri Lanka and the Portuguese was established by Dom Lourenço de Almeida in 1505–6. It was largely accidental and it wasn't until 12 years later that the Portuguese sought to establish a fortified trading settlement.
**Hilda Doolittle** (September 10, 1886 – September 27, 1961) was an American poet, novelist, and memoirist who wrote under the name H.D.

H. D. was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. She went to college at Bryn Mawr. The poet Marianne Moore was in her class there. Later she went to the University of Pennsylvania. There she became friends with the poets Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. She went to Europe in 1911, and she never lived in the United States again.

Ezra Pound introduced her to many poets and writers in Europe. In 1913 Pound sent some of her poems to ''Poetry'' magazine, and they were printed. H. D. became connected to the poetry movement that Pound called *imagism*. In 1913 she also married the poet Richard Aldington.

In 1918 H. D. became a close friend and lover of Winifred Ellerman, a novelist who used the name Bryher. They lived together for forty years.

H. D. wrote many books of poetry in the 1920s. Critics gave them good reviews. Many of her poems imagined the thoughts and lives of women from Greek mythology. She connected the old stories to her own life. She used them to speak about women's lives and love.

H. D. was interested in Freudian psychology. She read much about it. In the early 1930s she began psychoanalysis with Sigmund Freud himself. This had a big effect on her writing.

During World War II, H. D. wrote three books of poetry that together were called *Trilogy*. This work showed her thoughts about the violence of the world and her belief in "survival against the forces of death."

H.D. died in Zurich, Switzerland on September 27, 1961.

Books
-----

* *Sea Garden* (1912–1916)
* *Choruses from the Iphigeneia in Aulis and The Hippollytus of Euripides* (1919)
* *Hymen* (1921)
* *Asphodel* (1921–1922)
* *Heliodora* (1924)
* *Collected Poems of H.D.* (1925)
* *Palimpsest* (1926)
* *Hippolytus Temporizes: A Play in Three Acts* (1927)
* *Ion* (1937)
* *Trilogy* (1942-1944)
* *Flowering of the Rod* (1946)
* *End to Torment: A Memoir of Ezra Pound* (1958)
* *Thorn Thicket* (1960)
* *Helen in Egypt* (1961)

Other websites
--------------

* H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) at PennSound

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The Circinus Galaxy, a Type II Seyfert galaxy
A diagram of an active galactic nucleus. The central black hole is surrounded by an accretion disc, which is surrounded by a torus. The broad line region and narrow line emission region are shown, as well as jets coming out of the nucleus
**Seyfert galaxies** are a type of galaxy. They are named after Carl Seyfert who first described them in 1943.

These galaxies are one of the two main types of active galaxies. The other large group are quasars. Seyfert galaxies have quasar-like nuclei: they are very distant luminous sources of electromagnetic radiation. Their very high surface brightness has spectra with strong, high-ionisation emission lines. However, unlike quasars, their host galaxies are clearly visible.

Seyfert galaxies are about 10% of all galaxies, and are some of the most intensely studied objects in astronomy. They are thought to be powered by the same phenomena as quasars, although they are closer and less luminous than quasars. These galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centers which are surrounded by accretion discs of in-falling material. The accretion discs are believed to be the source of the observed ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet emission lines and absorption lines are the best way to analyse the surrounding material.

Seen in visible light, most Seyfert galaxies look like normal spiral galaxies. However, when studied under other wavelengths, it becomes clear that the luminosity of their cores is as big as the luminosity of whole galaxies the size of the Milky Way.

Examples
--------

Seyfert galaxy Messier 51
Seyfert galaxy Messier 87
Seyfert galaxy Centaurus A
Here are some notable examples of Seyfert galaxies:

* Circinus galaxy has rings of gas ejected from its center
* Centaurus A, apparently the brightest Seyfert galaxy as seen from Earth. It is a giant elliptical galaxy: a radio galaxy notable for its relativistic jet spanning more than a million light years in length.
* Messier 51a (NGC 5194), the Whirlpool Galaxy, one of the best known galaxies in the sky.
* Messier 81 (NGC 3031), a popular target for amateur astronomy and the second brightest Seyfert galaxy in the sky after Centaurus A
* Messier 87 (NGC 4486), central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster and the biggest galaxy in the Local Supercluster. It is a radio galaxy notable for its 4,400 light-year long relativistic jet powered by an immense supermassive black hole with the mass of (3.5 ± 0.2)-6.3 billion solar masses
* NGC 1672 has a nucleus engulfed by intense starburst regions
Fresh Greek Yoghurt.
*Icelandic* skyr yoghurt
**Yogurt**, or **yoghurt** is a milk product made by bacterial fermentation of milk. The lactose in the milk becomes lactic acid when it is fermented. Lactic acid acts on the protein in the milk to make yoghurt thick and sour. The milk is heated to about 80 °C to kill any bacteria present, and to change the milk proteins so that they set together instead of becoming curd. After it is cooled to about 45 °C, the bacteria culture is added, and the milk is kept at that temperature for 4 to 7 hours to ferment. Yogurt can also be made from plant milks such as almond milk, soy milk, and coconut milk.

Yogurt is one of the oldest produced foods in human history. No one knows for sure how long yogurt has been around. Today, it is eaten all over the world. It is rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and  vitamin B12.

Spelling
--------

Yogurt derives romfrom the Turkish word yoğurt and in English, the word can be spelled either 'yogurt' or 'yoghurt'. In Canada 'yogourt' is also common. It can be spoken with either a short or a long '**o'**.

History
-------

The earliest yogurts were probably made by wild bacteria (yeast infections) and happened by chance.

The oldest writings mentioning yogurt were by Pliny the Elder, who said that some people knew how to thicken the milk into something which was sour but tasty.

Stamen Grigorov (1878–1945), a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva, first examined the bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt. In 1905 he said that it contained a round and a rod-like lactic acid-producing bacteria. In 1907 the rod-like bacteria was called *Lactobacillus bulgaricus* (now *Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus*). The Russian Nobel laureate biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was influenced by Grigorov's work and made a hypothesis that eating yoghurt regularly was the reason why Bulgarian peasants lived for so long. Mechnikov believed that *Lactobacillus* was needed for good health, and worked to make yoghurt popular through Europe.

Nutrition
---------

Yoghurt has a lot of protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in it. It is healthier than milk is. Many people who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yoghurt, because much of the lactose in the milk has been changed into lactic acid.

Yoghurt also has medical uses, such as preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Miele logo
**Miele** is a German manufacturer of domestic appliances, commercial equipment and fitted kitchens. Its headquarter is in Gütersloh, Germany. The company was founded in 1899 by Carl Miele and Reinhard Zinkann, and has always been a family owned and run company.

Miele is notable. It exports to 47 countries, and especially to the USA, where its corporate headquarters is in Princeton N.J. The company has won awards. Miele was recognized as Best Company and also achieved a top-five place in the category Best Product Brand. Miele was honoured as Best Domestic Appliance Brand in the UK by Which? in 2007 and again in 2008, being only one of two brands to win twice in a row. They won again in 2010.

It competes against brands such as Küppersbusch, Gaggenau, Fagor, Viking Range, Dacor, Asko, Jenn-Air, and Thermador.

Miele's slogan in German is *immer besser* which literally translates to "always/continuously better".

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Miele***.

* Miele official website (in German)
**Walter "Walt" Whitman** (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. He was an important American poet of the 19th century.

His most famous collection of poems is *Leaves of Grass*, which was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person. Whitman kept adding to this book right up until he died of pneumonia, in 1892. It was controversial because readers thought it was obscene. It included some sexuality.

Whitman was either bisexual or homosexual. However, there is disagreement about whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men.

Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.

*Leaves of Grass*
-----------------

See the main article: Leaves of Grass
Whitman first tried writing in many different popular genres. In 1850, he began writing *Leaves of Grass*, a collection of poetry which he would continue working on until his death. Whitman wanted to write an epic that was clearly American, using free verse. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the first copies of *Leaves of Grass*. His brother George "didn't think it worth reading".

Walt Whitman, age 35, from the frontispiece to *Leaves of Grass*, Fulton St. Brooklyn, N.Y. steel engraving by Samuel Hollyer from a lost daguerreotype by Gabriel Harrison
Whitman paid for the publication of the first version of *Leaves of Grass* himself and had it printed at a local print shop. A total of 795 copies were printed. The first page was an image of Whitman, but he doesn't write his name until 500 lines into the body of the text. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a kind five-page letter to Whitman and praised the book to friends. The first edition of *Leaves of Grass* was very popular, but was some people didn't like the "obscene" or offensive parts of the poetry.

In the months after the first edition of *Leaves of Grass*, people became more upset about the sexual themes. Because of this, the publisher almost did not release the second edition. In 1856, 20 new poems were added. Different versions of *Leaves of Grass* continued to be published throughout the rest of Whitman's life. Many famous writers like Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau liked the work enough to visit Whitman.
**Tiffany Shlain**, filmmaker and business leader, was born on April 8th, 1970. 

Tiffany Shlain is most well known for making the Webby Awards, the "leading international honors for websites". The Webby Awards take place every year and give awards to the best websites.

Shlain is on the Leadership Board for the Center on Media and Child Health at Harvard’s Children’s Hospital in Boston. Besides being a business leader, Shlain’s films have won many awards, such as "The Future Starts Here", which has been chosen for an Emmy award. Her signature style of filmmaking includes lots of vibrant action shots and animations. She engages her audience with bright and vivid images, thought-provoking keynotes, and humorous observations. 

Tiffany has received rewards for her films from many organizations, including Steven Spielberg’s Righteous Person’s Foundation. Shlain also gives convincing speeches that encourage people to think about where we are in the world in terms of connection and technology. There were over 11,000 broadcasts in the world of 50/50 thinking the Past, Present, and Future of Women + Power, which were all brought together to an online discussion in which Shlain talked about supporting gender equality. She also has been the closing speaker for TED Women and TED MED.
**Rickrolling** is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by tricking them into listening to Rick Astley singing his 1987 song, "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch". A "bait and switch" happens when the prankster gives a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd".

As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.

On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of *Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends* and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"

On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted.

On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views.

History
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Four women's basketball games at Eastern Washington University were Rickrolled in March 2008, in the first photo, Davin Perry, dressed as the singer Rick Astley, performed before a basketball game. The games were not actually interrupted.
### Song

See the main article: Never Gonna Give You Up
Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album *Whenever You Need Somebody*. This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.

### Origin of the term

Rickrolling is said to have begun as a spin-off of an earlier prank called *duckrolling*, which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been **duckrolled**. The first instance of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto IV. The joke was confined to 4chan for a short time.

By May 2008, Rickrolling had become an internet hit or phenomenon and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media. A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled. Many still consider Rickrolling to be one of the longest lasting meme and the prank is still commonly used.

### April Fools' Day, 2008

On April Fools' Day 2008 and the weeks after, many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet, and news media. All of the featured videos on Youtube's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.

Other websites
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* Video on YouTube
Pixel art is a form of digital art where images are built using pixels as the only building block. It is often used in video games, but it can also be used to create other types of art, such as illustrations, animations, and even sculptures.

Pixel art is created using a variety of software programs, but some of the most popular ones include:

Aseprite

Piskel

Lospec

Pixilart

GraphicsGale

Pixel art can be created in a variety of styles, but some of the most common ones include:

Isometric pixel art: This type of pixel art uses a 3D perspective to create images that look like they are popping out of the screen.Animated pixel art: This type of pixel art uses multiple images to create animations.Sprite pixel art: This type of pixel art is used to create characters and objects for video games.Tile pixel art: This type of pixel art is used to create backgrounds and other repeating elements for video games.

Pixel art is a versatile and creative medium that can be used to create a wide variety of images. It is a popular choice for video games because it is simple to create and can be scaled up or down without losing quality. However, pixel art can also be used to create other types of art, such as illustrations, animations, and even sculptures.

Here are some examples of pixel art used in different ways:

Video games: Pixel art is often used in video games to create characters, objects, and backgrounds. Some classic video games that use pixel art include Mario, Pac-Man, and Sonic the Hedgehog. More recent video games that use pixel art include Minecraft and Undertale.Illustrations: Pixel art can also be used to create illustrations. Pixel art illustrations can be simple or complex, and they can be used to create a variety of different styles of art.Animations: Pixel art can also be used to create animations. Pixel art animations can be simple or complex, and they can be used to create a variety of different types of animation, such as cartoons, GIFs, and even full-length films.Sculptures: Pixel art can even be used to create sculptures. Pixel art sculptures are created by stacking individual pixels together to create a three-dimensional object.

Pixel art is a creative and versatile medium that can be used to create a wide variety of different types of art. It is a popular choice for video games, but it can also be used to create illustrations, animations, and even sculptures.
***The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-Traction*** is a 2001 action-adventure comedy fighting video game based on *The Powerpuff Girls* and released for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation.

Gameplay
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The player can play as all three Powerpuff Girls and seven villains. One player can either be a villain or a Powerpuff Girl and the second player can only play as a villain. When the characters collect enough bottles of Chemical X, they use their superpowers. The PlayStation port gives an extra superpower to all three Powerpuff Girls.

Playable characters
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* Blossom
* Bubbles
* Buttercup
* Ace
* Big Billy
* Sedusa
* Princess Morbucks
* Fuzzy Lumpkins
* Mojo Jojo
* HIM

Plot
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The Powerpuff Girls decided to make a pie filled with Chemical X. As they left it by the window to cool, Mojo Jojo stole it and shared it with the other villains. The girls didn't see the pie once they returned to the kitchen. Bubbles told Blossom and Buttercup she added Chemical X to the pie so that it would be super. They figured out that Mojo Jojo has taken the pie. After defeating the villains and Mojo Jojo, HIM offered a challenge to his lair.

Voice cast
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* Cathy Cavadini
* Tara Strong
* Elizabeth Daily
* Tom Kane, Tom Kenny
* Jennifer Martin
* Jennifer Hale
* Chuck McCann
* Roger L. Jackson
* Mari Weiss
* Mary Scheer

additional voices included, Yeardley Smith, Wally Wingert.

Reception
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The game wasn't well-liked.
Most buildings in Aberdeen are made of granite
Various granites (cut and polished surfaces) The different colours are caused by different proportions of the minerals
**Granite** is a kind of igneous rock, found on Earth but nowhere else in the Solar System. It is formed from hot, molten magma. Its colour can be dark or light grey, brown, or even pink, according to the proportions of its minerals.

The magma is forced between other layers of rock by the pressure under the Earth's surface. The magma cools and turns slowly into solid stone. Granite has many different types of minerals in it. These include quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and sometimes mica. As the magma cools, these minerals form crystals. The crystals can be seen easily if the granite is cut and polished.

Granite is a common stone on Earth, and makes up a big part of the crust (the Earth's outer layer). It is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth's crust. Although it forms under the surface of the Earth, there are many places where it has been forced upwards by tectonic movement. When plates in the Earth's crust move together, they get bent and pushed upwards. When this happens, granite mountains can be formed.

Origin
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Granite forms from silica-rich (felsic) magmas. It is the most abundant basement rock. It lies under the thin sedimentary rocks which cover the continents

Chemical composition
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A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SiO2 | 72.04% (silica) | 72.04  |
| Al2O3 | 14.42% (alumina) | 14.42  |
| K2O | 4.12% | 4.12  |
| Na2O | 3.69% | 3.69  |
| CaO | 1.82% | 1.82  |
| FeO | 1.68% | 1.68  |
| Fe2O3 | 1.22% | 1.22  |
| MgO | 0.71% | 0.71  |
| TiO2 | 0.30% | 0.3  |
| P2O5 | 0.12% | 0.12  |
| MnO | 0.05% | 0.05  |

Uses
----

Granite is dense, and can be cut, carved and shaped. It is resistant to water and pollution, and has a range of different colours.

Kitchen benches are often made of polished granite. Granite is found in many countries of the world. Some countries have beautifully patterned granite which is quarried (cut in open mines) and sold for building material.

Gallery
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* The Cheesewring, a granite tor on the southern edge of Bodmin Moor, CornwallThe Cheesewring, a granite tor on the southern edge of Bodmin Moor, Cornwall
* Polished granite from BrazilPolished granite from Brazil
* A granite wall in JerseyA granite wall in Jersey
* A life-sized elephant carved from granite, IndiaA life-sized elephant carved from granite, India
**Pannonian Romance** was an Indo-European language, pertaining to the Centum group in the neo-latin languages, with some Celtic roots and related to the old Illyrian. According to the linguist Roxana Curc, the main source of intelligence on this extinct language is the many toponyms in the area of Lake Balaton and some anthroponyms, hydronims and etonyms that come from the "Keszthely culture".

In addition to this, the same Keszthely name (pronounced in Hungarian "Kestei") is similar to the Istrian-Venetic "castei", which means "castle", and is probably an original word of the Pannonian Romance language, according to the Hungarian linguist Julius Pokornyin. This Hungarian linguist also wrote that the word "Pannonia" was originated from the illyrian word "pen" (marsh) and this demonstrates that the romanized language of the Pannonians was related to the Illyrian, another extinct Balkan language.

Pannonian Romance probably contributed to the creation of the 300 basic words of the "Latin substratum" of the Balkan Romance languages, according to Romanian linguist Alexandru Rossetti.
**Chloe Psyche Anderson** is a transgender woman volleyball player. She is the first transgender athlete in a California college or university. She met the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) 

Anderson grew up in Long Beach, California. In preschool, she loved playing princesses and dressing up. A while before kindergarten she started getting bullied. She got beat up almost every day for about 7 years. When she was in middle school, she started failing classes, trying not to get noticed. Her only target was to not get noticed. She only felt excited about playing volleyball.

But by junior year she was feeling too sad. Her grades were too bad. She got kicked off the volleyball team at school.

Anderson began her transition from male to female at the age of 19 after years of feeling like she was assigned the wrong gender. Before her transition, she had always felt like she didn't belong with the boys, she felt like she belonged with the girls. Anderson’s mother wasn't accepting of her child's decision because she assumed Anderson was only cross-dressing. Eventually, she learned to accept her daughter. Her mother became a big supporter and always cheers for her at volleyball games. Anderson worked to afford treatments for gender transition.

Anderson found it difficult to play volleyball while taking hormones. Her body did not work as expected. By one year into her treatments, she was much slower and less powerful than before. Her "male muscles...melted off her body." She argues that trans players do not keep advantages of their gender before gender transition.

After Anderson changed the gender on her birth certificate and took gender replacement hormones for a year, both the California Community College Athletic Association and the NCAA let her play college volleyball.` Anderson played for Santa Ana Community College for two years and then changed to playing for the University of California Santa Cruz Volleyball team.