recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Robert Reese Neyland** (February 17, 1892 – March 28, 1962) was an American football coach. He also served in the United States Army and reached the rank of brigadier general. He is one of the few college football head coaches to coach the same school twice with a break in between the jobs. Neyland holds the record for most wins in University of Tennessee history with 173 wins in 216 games, six seasons without losing a game, nine regular seasons without losing a game, seven conference championships, and four national championships. At Tennessee, he has winning streaks of 33, 28, 23, 19, and 14 games.

Neyland is often referred to as one of the best, if not the best, defensive football coaches ever. *Sports Illustrated* named Neyland as the defensive coordinator of its all-century college football team in its "Best of the 20th Century" edition. In 112 of his wins, the other team did not score a point. In 1938 and 1939, Neyland's team set NCAA records when they did not allow a point in 17 straight games. His 1939 team is the last NCAA team in history to hold every regular season opponent scoreless. 

Neyland Stadium at the University of Tennessee is not only named for "The General", but was designed by him. His plans included all expansions that have brought the stadium to its modern size with an over 100,000 seat capacity. Neyland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1956.

Other websites
--------------

* College Football Hall of Fame Page Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
The **temporal lobe** is a region of the cerebral cortex that is under the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics (meaning) in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

An area in the Sylvian fissure is the first place where auditory signals from the cochlea reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory cortex) is involved in hearing. Other areas of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area, which is in the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe extends to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions. 

The underside of the temporal lobes do high-level visual processing of faces and scenes. Front parts of this area are involved in object perception and recognition.

Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus, which is essential for memory function – particularly the transfer from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.
**Wayanad district** is the 12th District in the state of Kerala in India. Mananthavady, Sulthanbathery, and Vythiri Taluks are all in Wayanad. The name Wayanad comes from Vayal Nadu and it means the land of paddy fields. It is a high, flat land between 700 meters and 2100 meters above sea level. It is in northeaster Kerala, in the Western Ghat mountains. Wayandad is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners in Kerala because it makes money-earning crops like pepper, cardamom, coffee, tea, and other spices.

History
-------

In ancient times the Vedar Rajas ruled Wayanad. Later the Pazhassi Raja of the Kottayam Royal Dynasty ruled. Then there was a Mysorean invasion. Later, the British took over India, which lasted for 200 years. The British fought the Pazhassi Rajah. When the state of Kerala started in 1956, Wayanad was part of the Cannannore district. In 1957, south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and north Wayanad stayed with Cannannore district. The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.

People
------

According to the 2011 census Wayanad district had a population of 816,558. Many Adivasi people live in Wayanad. Many settlers also live in Wayanad. People came to Wayanad from almost all the other parts of Kerala because the farmland is good. Wayanad has a small Jain community made of Gowders who came from Karnataka. They built temples all over the district. There are also many different kinds of Christians living in Wayanad. One fourth of the population of Wayanad is Christian. Another fourth of the population is Muslims, and the rest of the people are Hindus. The entire Wayanad region fell under the Kannada speaking area as per the linguistic survey and history of Colonel Wilks.
**Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute**, or **RPI** is a private university in Troy, NY. It was made in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer because he wanted there to be schools that taught science and engineering. It is the oldest engineering school in America. Lots of students from RPI get jobs that pay a lot of money after they leave RPI. Some people who went to RPI have started big companies like NVIDIA, John Wiley and Sons, and Texas Instruments. George Low, an American who helped get spaceships into space, went to RPI.

What RPI focuses on has changed a lot since it was first made. There still is a lot of engineering at the school, but now there is growing arts and social studies teaching at the school. A big concert hall called EMPAC was opened in 2008 at RPI.

Most of RPI's sports teams play in NCAA Division III, which does not allow athletic scholarships. The men's and women's ice hockey teams play as Division I teams in ECAC Hockey. The hockey teams are can award scholarships because of a special NCAA rule.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Wikimedia Commons

* Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
* Institute Archives and Special Collections
* Not the Rensselaer Wiki Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
* A Postcard History of RPI

Coordinates: 42°43′48″N 73°40′39″W﻿ / ﻿42.7300°N 73.6775°W﻿ / 42.7300; -73.6775

| ECAC Hockey |
| --- |
| 
Brown • Clarkson • Colgate • Cornell • Dartmouth • Harvard • Princeton • Quinnipiac • RPI • St. Lawrence • Union • Yale |
The Yves Saint Laurent shop in Beverly Hills
**Yves Saint Laurent** (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008) was a French fashion designer. Born **Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent** in Algeria, he was "one of the greatest figures in French fashion in the 20th century".

In 1985, in her book, *Couture: the Great Fashion Designers*, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited both with spurring couture's rise from its Sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable". 

Saint Laurent took over from Christian Dior as the chief designer of the House of Dior (now Christian Dior S.A.). Dior, who founded the company after the Second World War, died in 1957. Saint Laurent was promoted, and proved to be a brilliant choice. Saint Laurent completed six fashion collections before he was called up for military service in 1960.

Military service was a disaster for Saint Laurent, who was invalided out, suffering from mental illness. The House of Dior fired him, but he was able to set up his own fashion house with backing from an American millionaire. For the rest of his life the Yves Saint Laurent fashion house was at the top of Parisian couture.

Saint Laurent was openly gay. He and his partner Pierre Bergé had an impressive art collection, which was sold by auction at Christie's in Paris, 2009. The proceeds, about 300 million euros, was used to set up a foundation for AIDS research.

Saint Laurent died of brain cancer in Paris, France, aged 71.
**Yvette Fielding** (born 23 September 1968) is an English television presenter. She is the presenter of the shows *Most Haunted*, *Most Haunted Live!* and *Ghosthunting with...*. She is also the executive producer of the shows.

Early life
----------

Yvette was educated at Pownall Green Primary School and Bramhall High School in Bramhall, Stockport, in Greater Manchester and Poynton. She also attended Hillcrest Grammar School, Davenport.

Career
------

Fielding presented the children's television show, *Blue Peter* from 1987 to 1992, and was the youngest ever person to do so; she was only 18 years old when she started. Previously, she had acted in the children's television comedy series *Seaview*.

Since leaving *Blue Peter*, Fielding has worked on television shows such as *What's Up Doc?*, *Heaven and Earth*, *The General* and *City Hospital*, and also had acting roles in *Last of the Summer Wine* (making an appearance in the series while making a *Blue Peter* report on the show) and *Juliet Bravo*. She also appeared as a regular alongside Fred Dineage and Toyah Willcox on a property-pricing based game-show called *Under Offer* made for Meridian Television.

She appeared in a guest-role in the popular BBC drama *Holby City* in 2007 and appeared in the ITV2 reality television programme *Deadline*, finishing second.

Since 2002, Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie have both made *Most Haunted* for the British TV channel Living through their production company, "Antix." Viewers can see Fielding at many possible haunted locations around Britain, in the hopes for paranormal activity that could be caught on film.

Personal life
-------------

Fielding and her husband have a daughter, Mary.

Eccentric British pop duo, Astrojade, started their musical career with a song titled "Yvette Fielding" as a homage to her and *Most Haunted*.[*source?*]

She likes cars and has 3 Aston Martins, a Land Rover and a Range Rover.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------

* Yvette Fielding Fansite Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* "Antix" productions website Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Most Haunted Fan Site Archived 2008-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Most Haunted forum Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
Upper side of the wings
A reddish brown Viceroy
The **Viceroy** (*Limenitis archippus*) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America.

Ecology
-------

### Colour pattern

The wings are orange. They have black veins and black wing edges. There is a black band across the hind wing (bottom wing). This band can sometimes be faint or missing if the butterfly lives in the southwestern United States. In Florida, the Viceroy is dark reddish brown instead of orange. The wingspan ranges from 6.6 to 7.6 cm (2.6 to 3 in).

### Its significance

The orange Viceroys mimic the Monarch (*Danaus plexippus*). The reddish brown Viceroys mimic the Queen (*Danaus gilippus*) and the Soldier (*Danaus eresimus*).

The caterpillar feeds on trees in the willow family Salicaceae, including willows (*Salix*), and poplars and cottonwoods (*Populus*). The caterpillars store the salicylic acid in their bodies, which makes them bitter, and upsets predators' stomachs. As further protection, the caterpillars, as well as their chrysalis stage, resemble bird droppings.

The **Viceroy** (*Limenitis archippus*) is a North American butterfly with a range from the Northwest Territories along the eastern edges of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada mountains, southwards into central Mexico.

Its wings have an orange and black pattern, and over most of its range it is a Müllerian mimic with the Monarch butterfly (*Danaus plexippus*). What this means is that they are both bitter tasting, and they both use the same pattern of colours where they live in the same territory. Müllerian mimicry is a shared warning advertisement, in this case of foul taste.

Flight period
-------------

Adults fly in the late morning and early afternoon.

The Viceroy can be found from June to July in northern Canada. It can be found from May to October in southern Canada and the northern United States. It is found all year in southern Florida. In the southwestern United States, it is seen from April to November.

Habitat
-------

This butterfly is found in a wide range of wet, open places such as water edges, wet meadows, and freshwater marshes.

Life cycle
----------

Caterpillar
The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid at the tip of the host plant leaf (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green or pale yellow. It turns gray later. The caterpillar feeds at night. It mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, black, and olive green. There are two greenish bumps on the thorax. There are also two spines near the head. The chrysalis also mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, and black. There is a large brownish bump on the abdomen. The caterpillar hibernates in a leaf shelter. It lays one set of eggs in northern Canada, and 2-3 more groups in southern Canada and the United States.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Limenitis archippus***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Limenitis archippus***.

* USDA PLANTS Database
The Yellow Kid
**The Yellow Kid** is the name of a comic strip character. He appeared from 1895 to 1898 in the *New York World*, and later in the *New York Journal*. The Yellow Kid was created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault in the comic strip *Hogan's Alley*. It was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper. Its graphical layout had already been established in political and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons.

The Yellow Kid was a bald, snaggle-toothed boy who wore an over-sized yellow nightshirt and hung around in a slum alley. This alley was typical of certain areas of squalor that existed in turn of the 19th to 20th century New York City. Hogan's Alley was filled with equally odd characters, mostly other children. With a goofy grin, the Kid spoke in a ragged, peculiar slang. This slang was printed on his shirt, a device meant to mock advertising billboards.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Yellow Kid***.

* Radio piece detailing the story behind the Yellow Kid, particularly his role in commercial advertising
* Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: (88 *Yellow Kid* pages) Archived 2012-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
* *New York Times Book Review*: "The Kid From Hogan's Alley" by John Canemaker
* R. F. Outcault Society's *Yellow Kid* site
* Yellow Kid origin Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Yellow Kid Pinbacks
**Transclusion** is a way to use content from one electronic document, in another document without having to copy the content from one to the other. If the original content is changed, the change will automatically show in the article that is using the trancluded content. The two documents are connected by hypertext. The word is a combination of *trans*, meaning across and *inclusion*, so it means including something that is brought across from another place.

On Wikipedia, this is usually used for putting content from a special article called a *template* into other articles, but the method also works for other kinds of article.

When you put the double braces `{{ }}` around a page name, the program reading the wiki source code and converting it to HTML so it will display on a browser. Software will see that you wish to add the content of the named page at that point, and will go read it, convert it to html and add it at that point before continuing with converting the rest of the source code of the original page to html. That is transclusion. You refer to the page to be transcluded by naming it in braces, which is called referencing. 

There are ways to exclude parts of the transcluded page, and ways to transclude part of a page, like just a section, but that does not change the basic concept. 

A transcluded page may also include transclusions of other pages. This is called nesting. It can be done a moderate number of times, with one page transcluding others, which may each tranclude others, again and again. There is a limit to how many levels of transclusion are allowed to prevent accidental or intentional infinite loops, which will cause the translating program to get stuck.
The **violone** (pronounced: "Vee-o-LOH-ne") is a very big string instrument that used to be used in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is like a double bass, but it belongs to the viol family. The name "violone" means "large viol". It was really a "double-bass viola da gamba". It usually had six strings, and the fingerboard had frets (like a guitar) which showed where to put the fingers of the left hand to make the notes. The bow was held underhand (with the palm of the hand facing up).

Usage
-----

A violone made by Amit Tiefenbrunn
The violone is sometimes heard today in early music groups who are playing Renaissance and early Baroque music music. The instruments used today are usually ones that have been made recently to look and sound like the old ones.

History
-------

The violone was the last member of the viol family to die out. When the other sizes of viol had been replaced by orchestras with violins, violas and cellos the violone was often used instead of a double bass. Bach used the violone in his cantatas. Eventually the violone was no longer used, and the double bass was used instead. The double bass still looks a little bit like the old viol because it has sloping shoulders and the strings are tuned in fourths.

Use of the name "violone" in organs
-----------------------------------

In organs "Violone" is the name given to a soft organ stop made of metal or wood, usually in the pedals.

Related pages
-------------

* Viol
* Double bass
The **Viperinae**, or **Viperines**, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.

Description
-----------

Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.

Where they live
---------------

The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

Reproduction
------------

Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.

Genera
------

* Uzungwe viper (Adenorhinos)
* Bush viper (Atheris)
* Puff adder (Bitis)
* Horned viper (Cerastes)
* Russell's viper (Daboia)
* Saw-scaled viper (Echis)
* McMahon's viper (Eristicophis)
* Large Palearctic viper (Macrovipera)
* Kenya mountain viper (Montatheris)
* Lowland viper (Proatheris)
* False horned viper (Pseudocerastes)
* Palearctic viper (Vipera)

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Viperinae at Wikimedia Commons
3-D representation of a zinc finger molecule. Zinc fingers are labeled blue and the zinc ion is labeled green.
**Zinc finger nucleases** (or **ZFN**) was a tool used to target genes and change DNA. It was one of three methods of changing the genome with engineered nucleases. It is now superseded.

**Zinc fingers** are man-made molecules made of a protein and zinc. Each binds to a specific DNA. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are enzymes got by fusing a zinc finger to a DNA cleavage enzyme called a *Fokl*. So the ZFN binds onto a specific DNA sequence, then snips it in two places. Regular cell enzymes stick the ends together, minus the bit snipped out (DNA repair).

Each ZFN is made to use on a single gene which is called a "target gene" or "target DNA". They can be designed to work on specific parts of genes to create a desired change. The two types of DNA changes are mutations such as deletions and insertions. Genetics research looks at the mutated subjects (animals, plants, bacteria) to find out what the particular gene does.

Zinc finger structure
---------------------

'Zinc finger' is the name of many protein structures. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself. 

### ZFN function

Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called *Fokl* that breaks DNA. 

ZFN’s can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN’s designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair. 

The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN.

Use of ZFNs
-----------

ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used *in vivo* (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish.

### Problems using ZFNs

The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.

Superseded
----------

ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.
Logo of zina haram.
**Zināʾ** (زِنَاء) or **zina** (زِنًى or زِنًا) is an Islamic law concerning unlawful sexual relations between male and female who are not married to one another through a *nikah*. It includes extramarital sex and premarital sex. It also includes adultery (consensual sexual relations outside marriage). Zina covers fornication (consensual sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons), and homosexuality (consensual sexual relations between same-sex partners).

In the four schools of Sunni fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and the two schools of Shi'a fiqh, the term zināʾ is a sin of sexual intercourse that is not allowed by Sharia (Islamic law) and classed as a hudud crime (class of Islamic punishments that are fixed for certain crimes that are considered to be "claims of God"). To prove an act of zina, a qadi (religious judge) in a sharia court relies on an unmarried woman's pregnancy, the confession in the name of Allah, or four witnesses to the actual act of penetration. The last two types of prosecutions are uncommon. Most cases of zina in the history of Islam have been pregnant unmarried women. In some schools of Islamic law, a pregnant woman accused of zina who denies sex was consensual must prove she was raped with four eyewitnesses testifying before the court. This has led to many cases where rape victims have been punished for zina. Pressing charges of zina without required eyewitnesses is considered slander (Qadhf, القذف) in Islam, itself a hudud crime.

The above sense of *zina* is not to be confused with the woman's name *Zina* or *Zeina* (زينة). The name has a different linguistic root (Greek *xen*-). It also has a different meaning ("guest, stranger"), is pronounced differently (either Zīnah or Zaynah), and is usually spelled differently.
Reconstructed skull of *Miacis*
***Miacis*** is a small extinct carnivore of the family Miacidae. They were small mammals which lived in forests and climbed trees, and ate small prey. They had the ancestral mammalian number of 44 teeth. In later members the number of teeth began to be reduced. 

*Miacis* had brains that were relatively larger than those of the creodonts. The larger brain size compared to body size suggests their behaviour was becoming more flexible, and possibly more intelligent.

Miacids are either early members of the order Carnivora or in a larger group called the Carnivoramorpha. They may not be monophyletic. One professional opinion is that most *Miacis* species belong to the ancestors of the modern order, the crown-group Carnivora.

The miacids lived 50 to 60 million years ago and were small omnivorous predators. According to one source, it preyed on smaller animals, such as small mammals, reptiles, and birds, and might have also have eaten eggs and fruits.

Some experts think it is a paraphyletic taxon. In other words, they think the name *Miacis* covers a number of different species.
**Shinjitai** (kanji: 新字体, kana:しんじたい) literally means "new character forms" in Japanese. These are kanji (the Japanese word for Chinese characters) that were simplified in Japan after World War II. At that time the Japanese government changed the writing system by replacing many kyūjitai (kanji: 旧字体, kana: きゅうじたい, meaning: old character forms) by making simpler characters. These newer characters had the exact same meaning and pronunciations as the older ones, but they could be written with fewer strokes of a pen. For example, the character 樂 simplified to 楽. Some shinjitai characters are also used as simplified Chinese characters. For example, the character 国 is used in both Japanese and simplified Chinese. However, most shinjitai look more like traditional Chinese characters (called kyūjitai in Japanese) than even simplified Chinese characters do, and there are also far fewer shinjitai than simplified Chinese characters. While most Japanese words these days use the shinjitai form, there are a few words where writing the kyūjitai form is still common. For example, the word "dragon" is usually written using the shinjitai character 竜, but writing the kyūjitai character 龍 for it is also still quite common. For most kanji, however, the shinjitai form is unchanged from the kyūjitai form.

Comparison of Kyūjitai, Shinjitai, and Simplified Chinese Characters
--------------------------------------------------------------------

| Kyūjitai | Shinjitai | Simplified Chinese | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Characters simplified differently in both Japanese and Chinese** |
| 龍 | 竜 | 龙 | dragon |
| 龜 | 亀 | 龟 | turltle |
| 廣 | 広 | 广 | wide / expanse |
| 闗 | 関 | 关 | close |
| 單 | 単 | 单 | single / odd |
| 亞 | 亜 | 亚 | inferior / second ; Asia |
| 樂 | 楽 | 乐 | happy / cheerful / joy / pleasure |
| 圓 | 円 | 圆 | round/ Japanese *yen* or Chinese *yuan* (name of currency) |
| 鐡 | 鉄 | 铁 | iron / railroad |
| 齒 | 歯 | 齿 | tooth |
| **Characters simplified the same way in both Japanese and Chinese** |
| 國 | 国 | 国 | country / kingdom / state / nation |
| 濕 | 湿 | 湿 | wet / damp |
| 豿 | 狗 | 狗 | dog |
| 麵 | 面 | 面 | noodles |
| 舊 | 旧 | 旧 | old |
| 體 | 体 | 体 | form |
| 歸 | 帰 | 帰 | return |
| **Characters simplified in Chinese but not in Japanese** |
| 東 | 東 | 东 | east |
| 車 | 車 | 车 | car / coach / cart / vehicle ; wheel |
| 飮 | 飲 | 饮 | drink |
| 話 | 話 | 话 | talk / speech |
| 銀 | 銀 | 银 | silver |
| 紙 | 紙 | 纸 | paper |
| 貝 | 貝 | 贝 | shell |
| 測 | 測 | 测 | survey / measure |
| 門 | 門 | 门 | door / gate |
| 聞 | 聞 | 闻 | hear / news |
| 葉 | 葉 | 叶 | leaf |
| 機 | 機 | 机 | machine |
| 愛 | 愛 | 爱 | love |
| **Characters simplified in Japanese but not in Chinese** |
| 渴 | 渇 | 渴 | thirsty |
| 冰 | 氷 | 冰 | ice |
| 佛 | 仏 | 佛 | Buddha / Buddhism |
| **Characters not simplified in either language** |
| 潟 | 潟 | 潟 | salinized soil / lagoon |
| 鼠 | 鼠 | 鼠 | mouse / rat / rodent |
Jimmie Åkesson. the party leader.
The **Sweden Democrats** (Swedish: *Sverigedemokraterna*, **SD**) is a political party in Sweden.

The party was founded on 6 February 1988. In the 1988 Swedish general election, they only received 1,118 votes. However, their support has been slowly increasing since. In 2018, they received 1,135,627 votes and won 62 out of 349 seats in the Riksdag.

Other political parties in Sweden refuse to cooperate with the SD.

Beliefs
-------

The Sweden Democrats mainly believe in social conservatism and nationalism. They believe that the current immigration policies in Sweden have failed. They also to make it harder for people to become citizens. According to the SD, a person who wants to become a citizen should: live in Sweden for 10 years, show that they are not criminals, be fluent in Swedish and know Swedish history.

The SD wants to ban abortion after 12 weeks unless the mother's life is in danger. They want a restrictive policy towards drugs and alcohol. They are Eurosceptic, meaning they are critical of the European Union. They awknowledge that LGBT people do not chose their sexuality, and believe that discrimination towards them should be illegal. The SD wants to bring back the conscription (meaning the government forces people to join the armed forces). They are supportive of nuclear power. They are against the death penalty.

Other websites
--------------

* (in Swedish) Sweden Democrats
* (in Swedish) Jimmie Åkesson's website
* (in Swedish) SD-Kuriren
* (in Swedish) Sweden Democratic Youth
*Plateosaurus* exhibit
Geode cracking
Guided Tour
The **National Dinosaur Museum** is a museum in Gold Creek Village, near Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It has the southern hemisphere's largest permanent display of prehistoric items. The museum's exhibition shows the evolution of life, especially dinosaurs.

The museum is one of the most popular places to visit in the Australian Capital Territory. Each year, 100,000 people visit it.

The museum was established in 1993. Since then it has been steadily improved and updated. The earth science dinosaur-oriented displays are kept up to date with most recent discoveries in geology. Some of the museum's directors are local and international scientists and geologists. Major upgrades have were done in April and May 2012. Those included twelve new animatronic dinosaurs and many life size models both inside and outside the museum.

The museum has guided tours for school groups of all ages by appointment. It hosts birthday parties, "dance with dinosaurs" events for young children, private parties, corporate functions and dinosaur sleepovers during school holiday periods.

Other websites
--------------

* National Dinosaur Museum

Coordinates: 35°11′39″S 149°05′17″E﻿ / ﻿35.194305°S 149.088153°E﻿ / -35.194305; 149.088153
Location within France
The **Pays de Caux** (pronounced [pɛi də ko]) is an area in Normandy, France. It makes up the greater part of the French *département* of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extends to the cliffs on the English Channel coast. Its coastline is called the Côte d'Albâtre. In the east, it borders on the Pays de Bray where the layers of soil below the chalk show through.

The area depends on manufacturing more than as agriculture. Even so, the soil quality of the Pays de Caux is the finest in France. It is also known for its fine fabrics.

Cauchois is a dialect of the Norman language. The Pays de Caux is one of the last places outside the Cotentin Peninsula where the Norman language is spoken. Its main cities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot and Étretat.

In the Norman language *caux* means lime, calcium carbonate.

Artistic connections
--------------------

The rugged scenery of the Pays de Caux is only a short distance from Paris. Artists including Claude Monet and Gustave Courbet came there to paint.

* RenoirRenoir
* MonetMonet
* MonetMonet
* CourbetCourbet
*Epicyclic gearing* or planetary gearing
In mechanics, a **transmission** or **gearbox** means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car.

In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. Most transmissions have a breather vent to let hot air escape.

Transmission gears
------------------

A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An **automatic transmission** shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A **manual transmission** needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself.

Layshaft
--------

A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. It carries gears but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox in of the gearbox or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears.

Other types
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Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.
A transparent glass with water in it.
Comparisons of 1. opacity, 2. translucency, and 3. transparency. At the back of each material is a star.
Translucent containers
In optics, **transparency** is the property of allowing light to pass through something. 

An object that is transparent can be seen through. The image you see through a transparent object is similar to the image you see without it. However, the object may be changed if the transparent object behaves like a lens or like an optical filter; this could change the size, shape, or color of the image. The opposite of transparency is opacity.

Some animals are transparent, so predators cannot see them so easily. An example of a transparent animal is the jellyfish. Transparency works better in places with a small amount of light than in places with lots of light.

Translucency
------------

If some light can be seen through an object but some of the detail of the image is lost, it is a **translucent** material. 

Light passes through a translucent object, but you cannot see objects behind it. The light passes through but the material scatters the light, so you cannot see the object, only its shadow.

Examples of **translucent** materials are frosted glass, thin paper, and some types of amber.
**Nanzhao** are a Sino-Tibetan kingdom that existed southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered in Yunnan, China.

History
-------

Most Nanzhao were Bai people. They spoke Nuosu (*Yi*), a Tibeto-Burman language related to Burmese. They descended from the Cuan clan. The Cuan migrated from Taiyuan to Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they controlled Yunnan.

In 593, they rebelled against the Sui dynasty. But in 602 the Sui destroyed the rebellion. The Cuan split into two groups: the Black and White Mywa.

The White Mywa tribes lived near lake Erhai. In 704 the Tubo made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.

In 737, the Tang dynasty helped unify the tribes and create a new kingdom called the Nanzhao (南诏 "Southern Zhao"). In 738 the capital was established in Taihe (south of Dali). It was in the Erhai valley; the mountains made it easy to defend; and there was a lot of farmland.

### Tubo alliance

In 750 the Nanzhao attacked the Tang. In 751 Tang governor of Sichuan, Xianyu Zhongtong then attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏).

In 754, the Tang sent another 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), but never made it past Mu'ege. The Tubo then became friends with the Tubo. This alliance then ended in 794.

### Nanzhao attacks on Tang

In 801 the Nanzhao and Tang defeated Tibetan and their slave Abbasid soldiers. Nanzhao then expanded into Myanmar and conquered Pyu city-states from 820-832.

In 829, the Nanzhao failed to attack Chengdu (Sichuan). In the 830s, they conquered Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

In 846, 859, 863, the Nanzhao attacked Annam (Vietnam, then part of the Tang). In 869, the Nanzhao again failed to capture Chengdu.

In 873, the Yang family of Shanxi kicked the Nanzhao were out of Sichuan. In 877 the Yang kicked them out of Guizhou. The Nanzhao retreated to Yunnan, and they slowly died. In 902, their chief minister murdered most of the royal family, including the heir apparent. In 937, Duan Siping seized power and created the Dali Kingdom.

They were Buddhists
-------------------

The Three Pagodas, built by King Quan Fengyou (劝丰佑) of Nanzhao
They were Vajrayana Buddhists. Many people living in Yunnan still are.

They called it Azhali. Azhali is a bit different from Han Buddhist schools like Zen (Chan Buddhism). But it has Han, Tibetan, and Burmese influences. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom (Myanmar), Tibet, and Bengal (Pala Empire).

It was started around 821-824 by an Indian monk from India called Candragupta (赞陀崛多, Zantuojueduo). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and helped build a temple in Heqing.

The last king of Nanzhao made Buddhism the official religion.
The **Vestals** or **Vestal Virgins** were a group of priestesses of the Roman goddess Vesta, in Ancient Rome. 

The Vestals were a part of the College of Pontiffs (*Collegium Pontificum*). They were responsible for looking after the "sacred fire" of Vesta, which was not allowed to go out. Unlike most other women in Roman society, the Vestals were forbidden to marry or bear children, and took a vow of chastity when they joined the priesthood, which lasted for a minimum of 30 years.

They were daughters chosen before puberty from a number of suitable candidates, from two living parents who both had to be free-born residents (not slaves or freed slaves) of Rome. Before the 3rd century BC, candidates for Vestal priesthoods had to be of patrician birth. Membership was opened to plebeians in the 3rd century BC.

They retired when their term of service ended after 30 years. Vestals who retired, typically in their late 30's to early 40s, were allowed to marry, but were often too old to bear children.

Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity, were ritually killed by being buried alive.
**Transport in Rosh HaAyin** refers to the various modes of transportation available in the city of Rosh HaAyin, Israel. The city is well-connected with the rest of the country through a network of roads, highways, railways and bus services.

Road transport
--------------

Rosh HaAyin is located on the crossroads of Highway 5 and Highway 444, providing easy access to major cities like Tel Aviv, Haifa, Jerusalem, and Petah Tikva. The city is also well-connected with the rest of the country through a network of local roads and highways. The city has an efficient road transport system with well-paved roads and highways.

Rail transport
--------------

Rosh HaAyin is served by one railway station, Rosh HaAyin North which is located on the hasharon railway line. The railway stations connect the city to major cities like Tel Aviv, Haifa, and raanana. The trains run frequently, providing a convenient and affordable mode of transportation for the residents and visitors of the city.

Bus transport
-------------

Rosh HaAyin is served by a number of bus routes operated by afikim Bus Cooperative, and Kavim Bus Company(Buslines 176,276,444). The buses connect the city to major cities like Tel Aviv(buslines 250,282,471,472,473,477), Petah Tikva(buslines 17,27,30,37), Jerusalem. The city also has a local bus service, operated by Egged Bus Cooperative, which provides transportation within the city limits.
**Teddy Stadium** (Hebrew: אצטדיון טדי, *Itztadion Teddy*) is a football stadium in Jerusalem, Israel. It is the home ground of Beitar Jerusalem F.C. and Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. It is named after the long time Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. For Beitar the stadium was important. They played at the YMCA Stadium. That stadium was nicknamed "The Sandbox" because of its bad ground conditions.

Originally only the west and east sides of the stadium were built giving it a capacity of 13,000. In 1999 work was finished on a north side. Now the capacity is 31,733.

The stadium itself is one of the newest in Israel and meets all European standards. The stadium has 5,000 parking spots and is connected to the Malha Mall and its parking facilities by a pedestrian bridge. The stadium is located at the Begin Expressway and the Malha Train Station. So people can go to the stadium either by car or rail.

Teddy Stadium has hosted international football matches. It was also the place for the Maccabiah Games opening ceremony and other public events.
In biology, a **strain** is a low-level taxonomic rank below the rank of species. This is seen in microbiology where strains are got from a single cell colony, and are quarantined by being in a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to in virology, in horticulture, and with rodents used in experimental studies.

Microbiology/Virology
---------------------

A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, that is to say a virus or bacterium or fungus. For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus. Properly speaking, bacteria, archaea and viruses do not have species, because they do not have eukaryote-type sexual reproduction. Bacteria do exchange DNA, but they may exchange it between different kinds of bacteria, which shows their difference from eukaryotes. Strains are therefore an essential part of bacterial identification.

Plants
------

In botany, the term is not used to rank plants. It is sometimes used to refer to all the descendants produced from a common ancestor that share a uniform morphological or physiological character. A strain is a designated group of offspring that have descended from a modified plant, produced ether by conventional breeding or by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation. 

For example, some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant, all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations. The strain designation, a number or a formal name, covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant. The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars, and if desirable plants are produced, these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true, are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers.

Rodents
-------

A mouse or a rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments. Mouse strains can be inbred or genetically engineered, while rat strains are usually produced by inbreeding.

Other websites
--------------

* International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
* Rat strain index
1933 Bugatti DOHC straight-8 in a Type 59 Grand Prix racer.
Straight-eight engine with firing order 1-4-7-3-8-5-2-6
The **straight-eight engine** or **straight-8** is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. Sometimes it is called an **inline-eight engine**. All eight cylinders are mounted in a straight line along one crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline and diesel.

A straight-8 can be designed with balanced engine forces. Crankshaft vibration is present in all engines. The use of a harmonic damper is needed at the end of the crankshaft. Without the damper, the vibrations may lead to engine failure.

The straight-8 is a smooth running engine. This made it popular in luxury and racing cars of the past. The length of the engine required a long engine compartment. This makes the basic design unacceptable in modern vehicles. The design has been replaced almost completely by the shorter and sturdier V8 engine. Mercedes and BMW made straight-8 aircraft engines during World War I. The engine for aircraft use provided good aerodynamics.

Performance and racing cars
---------------------------

The Duesenberg brothers introduced the first successful straight-8 racing engine in 1920. Their engine placed third, fourth and sixth at the Indianapolis 500. The following year one of their cars won the French Grand Prix. The straight-8 was the engine design of choice from the late 1920s until the mid-1950s. Bugatti, Duesenberg, Alfa Romeo, Mercedes-Benz and Miller built successful racing cars with high-performance straight-8 engines in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving.
**Strabo** (Greek: Στράβων; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

Life
----

A page from Isaac Casaubon's 1620 edition of Geographica
Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his *Geography* was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.

Strabo's *History* is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).

Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.

The *Geography*
---------------

Map of Europe according to Strabo
Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work *Geographica*, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Strabo***.

* Biography of Strabo

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