recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The SS Edmund Fitzgerald in 1971**SS *Edmund Fitzgerald*** was an ore carrier on Lake Superior, carrying iron ore, which sank on November 10, 1975, at around 7:30 p.m. The ship was known for being the biggest of its time, weighing in at around 13,600 tons. The Edmund Fitzgerald was one of the largest "iron boats" working the Great Lakes. Nobody knows how the boat sank; however, it is very possible that the dangerously high weight of its cargo and the violent winds and waves caused the ship to sink. All 29 men aboard the boat died, and to this day, no bodies have been recovered. To remember the men on the S.S. Fitzgerald, a song was written by the Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot and titled *The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.* The song describes the ship itself and touches on some theories on how it may have sunk; interestingly enough, the original song contained the following passage:

* *When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At seven P.M. a main hatchway caved in. He said Fellas, it's been good to know ya*

This passage was proven to be false as a dive team sent in to recover the bodies found the main hatch to be in perfect condition. When informed of this, Gordon Lightfoot rewrote the verse to: 

* *When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At 7 p.m. it grew dark, it was then he said, Fellas it's been good to know ya.*

Other websites
--------------

* News story from CBC
* SS Edmund Fitzgerald Online Archived 2005-11-24 at the Wayback Machine
The **SS-Verfügungstruppe** (**The Combat Support Force**) (short: **SS-VT**) were combat divisions of the SS, trained to the same way as the normal German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). They were the precursor of the later-developed Waffen-SS.

History
-------

On 24 September 1934, a special SS military unit was made up by a group of a few other Nazi and paramilitary units like units known as SS Special Detachments (SS-Sonderkommandos) and the Headquarters Guard known as the (SS-Stabswache) units. The new group was to be trained as combat ready infantry. The unit was called SS-Special Purpose Troops (SS-Verfügungstruppe) and was not the police or the Armed Forces but military trained men for the use by the Führer in war or peace. The SS-Verfügungstruppe (known as SS-VT) was told to the public on 16 March 1935. The SS-VT trained with Hitler’s body guards some of which later joined the SS-VT prior to the invasion of Russia in 1941

Some units of the SS-VT worked with the Wehrmacht during the take over of the Sudetenland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and took part in the invasion of Poland along with the campaign against the Allies in the West. From the regiments that made up the SS-VT came the Waffen-SS (or *Armed*-SS) Divisions that fought in all German theaters in World War II. Units making up the SS-VT were not known as the "Waffen-SS" until a speech by Adolf Hitler in July 1940.

In 1939 the whole SS was split into two groups: the Allgemeine-SS (the General SS) and the Waffen-SS (the Armed SS).

The Waffen-SS was made up of three smaller groups

* The Hitler's personal bodyguard (German: *Leibstandarte*)
* The Death's-Head Battalions (German: *Totenkopfverbände*) that ran the concentration camps.
* The Combat Support Force, (German: ***Verfügungstruppe***) Up to 39 divisions in World War II that served as elite combat troops fighting with the German army Wehrmacht.

In 1941 the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, said that more Waffen-SS Verfügungstruppe units would be made from non-German foreign nationals. The goal was to get more soldiers from occupied nations. Some of these foreign units included volunteers from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, and the Netherlands.

Countries like Spain, officially a neutral state, had by the end of the war given many volunteers to the Waffen SS (most of them with the SS Wallonien division) that took part in combat until the end of the European war in Berlin. This and many other volunteers of non-German background were believers in the German cause.

Related pages
-------------

* Paul Hausser
**St. Mary's Food Bank Alliance** is a nonprofit, nonsectarian organization in Phoenix, Arizona. It was founded in 1967 by John van Hengel. St. Mary's was the first modern organization to operate using the food bank model. This spread throughout the U.S and the rest of the world. Today, St. Mary's is known as the world's first food bank.

Operation
---------

Since its creation, St. Mary's has expanded its operations to 9 of Arizona's 15 counties. They have given millions of pounds of food each year.

Pantry
------

St. Mary's also operates its own food pantry. It allows people to get food directly from the warehouse.

Programs
--------

St. Mary's is a member of Feeding America, a network of hunger-relief organizations also founded by van Hengel for giving food to people across the country.

  

### Partnerships and Support

Companies and organizations that have partnered with St. Mary's include:

* American Express
* Walmart
* The Arizona Diamondbacks
* Cigna
* Arby's
* Fry's Food and Drug stores
* Target Corporation
* Bank of America

### Education

The organization also offers specialized programs apart from food banking. It includes after-school programs for children and career training for adults.

Community involvement
---------------------

St. Mary's depends on involvement from people within the community to continue operating. Some of the ways that people have involved include:

* Volunteering in the warehouse
* Starting a food drive or fund drive to supply the food bank
* Creating partnerships with new organizations
* Attending and working at special events
* Monetary donations
* Advocating for policy change and spreading awareness of hunger in Arizona

Other websites
--------------

* St. Mary's Food Bank website
* Feeding America website
* Charity Navigator profile | St. Mary's Food Bank
Mahmoud Abou Zeid took pictures in Tahir Square in Cairo during the Egyptian protests.

**Mahmoud Abou Zeid** (Arabic محمود أبو زيد) or **Shawkan** (Arabic شوكان) is an Egyptian photojournalist. His photographs were published in many countries. He has been in prison without a trial since 2013, after he took photographs of a protest in Egypt.

Work
----

Many Egyptian news organizations used Shawkan's photos. Shawkan's photos were in many international newspapers and magazines, including Time magazine, The Sun, Bild (a German newspaper) and Die Zeit. In 2010, Shawkan went to work for Demotix, a photo agency in London. During the Arab Spring, Shawkan took photos of the Tahir Square protests in Cairo.

In 2013, Shawkan took photos of protests against the Egyptian president, Mohamed Morsi in Cairo. Police arrested him.  Two other photographers were arrested at the same time: Louis Jammes, a French photographer and Mike Giglio, a US reporter. Jammes and Giglio are free but Shawkan is still in prison.

In March 2015, Shawkan wrote a letter about his torture in prison. Shawkan's trial was scheduled for April 23, 2016. Shawkan went to court, but the court did not free him. The trial was changed to May 5.

### Art exhibits

In September 2016, Shawkan's photos were exhibited in New York at Bronx Documentary Center. His work was also shown at Photoville in New York.

### The Shawkan Photo Awards

In 2015 a photojournalism prize, The Shawkan Photo Awards, was named for Shawkan. The first winner was Islam Osama, who took a photo of the death of activist Shaimaa Sabbagh.

Campaign for freedom
--------------------

Shawkan was arrested on August 14, 2013 during protests against the government. More than 1000 people were killed and many protesters were arrested. Two other journalists were arrested at the same time, one from France and one from the United States. The foreign journalists were freed quickly, but Shawkan was charged with weapons possession, illegal assembly, murder and attempted murder. One of the other journalists, Mike Giglio, said Shawkan only had a camera.

Many organizations want freedom for Shawkan. The Committee to Protect Journalists made a statement.
Amnesty International said he should be free. Orla Guerin from the BBC, Patrick Kingsley from the Guardian, and Peter Greste from Al-Jazeera, who was also in prison in Egypt, wrote to the Egyptian president.

Awards
------

* 2016 John Aubuchon Press Freedom Award
* International Press Freedom Award [en] from the Committee to Protect Journalists [en] (organization that takes care of journalists)

Other websites
--------------

* #FreeShawkan on Twitter
* Photos by imprisoned Egyptian photojournalist Mahmoud Abou Zeid
The **title role** in a play or an opera is the role (the part) which is also the title of the play or opera. 
We say that the actor, singer or dancer who performs that part has the *title role*. For example: in the opera *Carmen* by Georges Bizet the part played by the girl called Carmen is the "title role". We may say that a singer took the title role in the opera *Carmen*. That means that she sang the part of Carmen in the opera.

The title role is not necessarily the most important role in the play or opera, although it often is.

A few other well-known examples in which the performance is named after one of the characters include the operas *Aida* (by Giuseppe Verdi), *Madame Butterfly* (by Giacomo Puccini) and *Peter Grimes* (by Benjamin Britten), the ballets *Coppélia* (by Léo Delibes) or *Petrushka* (by Stravinsky), or the plays *Othello* or *Hamlet* (by William Shakespeare).

The **title character** is the character whose name is in the title (or suggested in the title), such as *Harry Potter* in Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, or Simba in Disney's *The Lion King* (Simba is the Lion King).

"Title character" always refers to a character.

Related pages
-------------

* Character actor
* Role (performing arts)
* Leading actor
* Supporting actor
In photography, a **telephoto lens** is a lens. There are two different uses of the word. The less specific use is to mean a lens that has a longer focal length than a normal lens. Their angle of view is smaller than that of a normal lens. With telephoto lenses things look closer than they really are.

The other meaning of telephoto lens applies to lenses that are constructed in a special way so they can be shorter than their focal length.

For 35 mm film, 50 mm is a normal focal length. Typical telephoto lenses are 85 mm (28°50') and 100 mm (24°). They are used for portraits mostly. Other telephoto lenses that are used often are 135 mm (18°), 180 mm and 200 mm. Many are zoom lenses.

Longer focal lengths (300 to 1200 mm) are used in sports and nature photography.

Different focal lengths
-----------------------

Effect of different focal lengths on photographs taken from the same place:

* 28 mm
* 50 mm
* 70 mm
* 210 mm

The above photos were taken using a 35 mm camera, using lenses of the given focal lengths.
A **television director** directs the activities involved in making a television program. He or she is part of a television crew. A television director is different from a movie director. In television the producer usually has creative control. In movies, the director has creative control. Most television directors specialize in directing one type of television program.

Duties
------

A television director has a complex job that includes approving scripts, setting up camera shots, laying out scenes and deciding on lighting. The director is responsible for directing of live broadcasts, filming programs, post-production editing and mixing. A director also supervises the technical crew. 

A director's duties can be very different depending on the type of program. For example a drama recorded in a studio is different from a live event outside the studio. In a dramatic arts production, the television director's job can be similar to that of a movie director. A director gives cues to actors and directs the camera placement and movement. Often, in a television series, different directors will work on different episodes.

Related pages
-------------

* Producer
* Screenwriter
* Television presenter
* Television producer

Other websites
--------------

* Television Director at The Museum of Broadcast Communications Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
The **pink-footed goose** (*Anser brachyrhynchus*) is a goose which breeds in eastern Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard. It is migratory. It winters in northwest Europe, especially Great Britain, the Netherlands, and western Denmark.

It is a medium-sized goose, 60–75 cm (24–30 in) long. The wingspan is 135–170  (53–67 in) cm. It weighs 1.8–3.4 kg (4–7.5 lbs). It has a short bill, bright pink in the middle with a black base and tip, and pink feet. The body is grey-brown, the head and neck a richer, darker brown, the rump white, and the tail grey with a broad white tip.

Part of a feeding flock in winter
Anser brachyrhynchus
 *Anser brachyrhynchus*

Ecology
-------

Nesting is often on cliffs close to glaciers. This gives protection from mammalian predators (mainly Arctic Fox). Three to six eggs are laid in early to mid May in Iceland, late May in Svalbard. Incubation lasts 26–27 days. On hatching, the goslings go with the parents on foot to the nearest lake. They fledge after about 56 days. Southbound migration is from mid September to early October, and northbound from mid April to early May.

The diet is almost entirely vegetarian. In summer, they feed on a wide range of tundra plants, both on land and in water. In winter, they graze mostly on oilseed rape, sugar beet, potato, and various grasses. Damage to crops can be large.
**Shawn Lane** (March 21, 1963 – September 26, 2003) was an American musician. He was a solo guitarist.

At the age of 4, he began taking vocal lessons, cello lessons and piano lessons. By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments. He joined a band at the age of fifteen and played in bars and clubs.

A few years later he started playing shows again. He began to tour with his own band, playing guitar and keyboard. In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his life long dreams and toured over India with his band. When they left India, they were called "true rock heroes" by the people. In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems. He was told by doctors that he would have to remain on medical oxygen for the rest of his life. On Friday, September 23, 2003, he died.

Other websites
--------------

* Official site Archived 2010-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Official discography Archived 2018-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Fan forum Archived 2019-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
A female small white
The **small white** (*Pieris rapae*) is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the 'yellows' & 'whites' Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the **small cabbage white** or just the **cabbage white**.

Distribution
------------

It is common across Europe, North Africa and Asia and has also been accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.

Description
-----------

Copulation refusal action
It looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upperside is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black 
speckles
.

Habits
------

Like its close relative the large white this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other 'white' butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Like the large white, it is sometimes known as the cabbage white' or cabbage butterfly.

Lifecycle
---------

It has two flight periods, April–May and July–August. 

### Eggs

Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages.. It also lays eggs on wild members of the cabbage family such as the charlock *Sinapis arvensis* and hedge mustard *Sisybrium officinale*. The eggs are laid singly on foodplant leaves.

### Caterpillars

Known in the United States as "imported cabbage worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the large white they do not store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distastful to predators like birds.
The **Thotsakan Game** (เกมทศกัณฐ์ in Thai, named for the 10-faced of **Ravan**, giant in the Ramayana story) is a Thai game show produced by Workpoint Entertainment. It was the 2003 runner-up, and the 2005 winner, of the "best game or quiz show on Asian television" award.

In the original format, a contestant was shown 10 faces. They have to name them all in order to win 10 million baht. It was the first game show to have a ten million baht jackpot, the highest at the time.

Awards
------

The show has won a number of awards from many institutions in Thailand and Asia, including runner-up and highly commended of best game or quiz programme in the Asian Television Awards of 2003 and 2005, respectively.

Games
-----

In the one-on-one game, a player tries to score as many points as possible by telling the name of the given face within one minute. The game continues as far as player gives correct answers, then the other contestant starts. The minimum prize is one million baht when one month later the prize will be add another million until maximum prize of 10 million. Later, the jackpot was fixed at 10 million.

Named show
----------

### Thotsakan Game era

* *เกมทศกัณฐ์* (1 April 2003 - 31 March 2005)
* *ทศกัณฐ์ ยกทัพ* (31 October 2005 - 29 December 2006)
* *ทศกัณฐ์ จำแลง* (1 January - 15 June 2007)

#### Special tournament

* *ทศกัณฐ์ ศึกทศกัณฐ์หน้าทอง* (1 April - 28 October 2005)
* *ทศกัณฐ์ ช่วยครูใต้* (18 June 2007 - 15 February 2008)

### Yok Siam era

* *ทศกัณฐ์ ยกสยาม* (18 February - March 2008)/*ยกสยาม* (April 2008 - 25 February 2010)
* *ยกสยาม 100 ข้อ* (1 March - 2 June 2010)
* *ยกสยาม 10 ข้อ* (3 June 2010 - 28 February 2011)

Sponsors
--------

* **Chang Beer** (1 April 2003 - September 2003)
* **Sunsilk** (October 2003 - 2004)
* **Orange Mobile** (2004 - 2006)
* **TrueMove** (2006 - February 2011)
The **Royal Philharmonic Orchestra** (**RPO**) is a British orchestra based in London. It travels around to give concerts in many places.

History
-------

The RPO was started just after World War II, in 1946, by the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Beecham did not start to get his players together until three weeks before the first concert which took place in Croydon on September 15, 1946. Beecham was principal conductor until his death in 1961.

When the orchestra toured the United States in 1950 they were the first British orchestra to visit America since the London Symphony Orchestra in 1912.

Beecham controlled all the organization of the orchestra. After Beecham’s death, the orchestra was made into a self-governing group, like the other London orchestras. They went through some difficult years. In 1963 the Royal Philharmonic Society decided they would stop asking the RPO to play for their concerts, and in Glyndebourne, where the RPO had played for the opera since 1948, the London Philharmonic Orchestra became the resident orchestra instead. Sir Malcolm Sargent helped the orchestra to put on its own concerts at a cinema in north London.

The orchestra had made an agreement with the Royal Philharmonic Society about the concerts it would play. This meant it could call itself "Royal". In the 1960s the work they were doing no longer allowed them to call themselves "Royal", so in 1966 the Queen officially gave them the title "Royal".

In 1992 the orchestra appointed Peter Maxwell Davies as associate conductor and composer of the RPO.

On April 7, 1994, the Royal Philharmonic had the honour of performing at the Vatican in the historic "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust" with Sir Gilbert Levine.

The RPO give a series of concerts in the Cadogan Hall, London, and in the Royal Albert Hall. They tour all over Britain and also abroad. In the period 2002-2007 they played in 30 different countries.

Recordings
----------

The orchestra made many recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham. In 1964 Igor Stravinsky recorded his opera "The Rake's Progress" with the RPO. From 1964 to 1979 they recorded many Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company.

Non-classical work
------------------

The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is part of the same organization. They spend their time playing lighter classical music. The RPO have also worked with pop music groups and has given its own series of children’s concerts. In 2007 they announced a series of free educational workshops for the local community.

Conducting leadership
---------------------

* Thomas Beecham (1946-1961)
* Rudolf Kempe (1962-1975)
* Antal Doráti (1975-1978)
* Walter Weller (1980-1985)
* André Previn (1985-1992)
* Vladimir Ashkenazy (1987-1994)
* Yuri Temirkanov (1992-1998)
* Daniele Gatti (1996-2009)
* Charles Dutoit (2009-present)

Other websites
--------------

* Royal Philharmonic Orchestra official website
The **Royal New Zealand Navy** is the navy of New Zealand. It is the maritime arm of the **New Zealand Defence Force**. As of 2023, the Navy have nine ships and fly eight naval helicopters from the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Navy was formed during World War II on 1st October 1941. Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.

History
-------

*WIP*

Organisation
------------

The Navy's fleet is grouped into four groups (also called forces).

* **Naval Combat Force**: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
* **Naval Patrol Force**: The Navy's patrol boats.
* **Logistics Support Force**: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
* **Littoral Warfare Support Group**: The Navy's coastal forces.

Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter. They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force. They are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF. The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).

### Current Role

* **Defence**: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
* **International Participation**: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
* **Civilian Support**: Helping Government agencies such as customs.

### Bases

The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the **Devonport Naval Base**. It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain. The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet. It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.

Personnel
---------

On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699. Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.

On 1 January 2011 the RNZN consisted of 2,135 Regular Force personnel, 332 Naval Reserve personnel and 375 civilian staff.

Vessels
-------

*This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity.*

### Anzac Class Frigate

**HMNZS Te Kaha (F77)** is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1997. Her name means *strength* in Maori. She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.

**HMNZS Te Mana (F111)** is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1999. Her name means *authority* in Maori. She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.

### Canterbury Class MRV

**HMNZS Canterbury (L421)** is the navy's flagship. She entered service in 2007. She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury. The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy. She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army. She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.
The **Royal Norwegian Navy** is the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for naval operations of Norway. In 2008, the Royal Norwegian Navy had about 3,700 people and 70 ships and boats, including 4 heavy frigates, 6 submarines, 14 patrol boats, 4 minesweepers, 4 minehunters, 1 mine detection vessel, 4 support vessels and 2 training vessels. It also includes the Coast Guard.

There has been a navy since 955. From 1509 to 1814 the navy was for both Denmark and Norway. The seperate Norwegian navy was started again in 1814.

Norway was neutral during World War I, but the armed forces had to protect Norway's neutrality. The neutrality was sorely tested – the commercial fleet suffered heavy casualties to German U-boats and commerce raiders.

The Battle of Narvik, one of the first sea battles of World War II began on April 8, 1940. On June 7, 1940, thirteen ships, five aircraft and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy followed the King of Norway to the United Kingdom and continued the fight from bases there until the war ended. They took part in the Normandy Invasion in 1944.
**Román Fresnedo Siri** (February 4, 1903 – June 26, 1975) was a Uruguayan architect. He was born in Salto and died in Montevideo.

Siri, Winner of the PAHO Headquarters Project
---------------------------------------------

An international competition to choose the most original design had been won in 1961 by a Uruguayan architect, Mr. Roman Fresnedo Siri. Siri had won acclaim for designing major civic buildings hroughout South America, including offices and hospitals. He also had a passion for the ocean, and even used his talents to design racing yachts. 

Siri’s spirit and originality did not disappoint. From its earliest days, architects and passersby alike were intrigued by surprises in the buildings' construction. Rising dramatically from the shore of the historic Potomac River, two distinct structures dominated the triangular block of land: a circular council chamber and an 11-story crescent-shaped secretariat. By December 1964, texture and pattern had begun to emerge, giving each building a distinct character. Geometric diamond shapes decorated the outside of the council chamber, visually played off against the elegant vertical lines of the larger secretariat building. Gradually, other elements were added: reflecting pools, white columns, and slim concrete fins that gave the buildings a soaring quality. 

Just over two years after work began, the completed secretariat was ready to house hundreds of staff members in approximately 170,000 square feet of space, furnished with marble, paintings, sculptures, and other gifts from PAHO member nations. 
The council chamber alone could accommodate 400 delegates within its circular walls. The new PAHO headquarters was officially opened on September 27, 1965.
Structure of a prokaryotic bacteria cell
**Prokaryotes** (or *Monera*) are some of the simplest living things. They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and Archaea. They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found. Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell. Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).

Some form biofilms that are somewhat like multicellular organisms.

Besides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. They reproduce without fusion of gametes. They do not have membranes. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell. However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes. Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.

Taxonomy
--------

In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eukarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.

The Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.

The prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms. The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists. The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group.
**Shelby Dade Foote, Jr.** (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was an American historian and writer. He was an important person for Civil War documentaries. He wrote many books about the war and Abraham Lincoln. His most famous book about the war was *The Civil War: A Narrative*. Foote was born on in Greenville, Mississippi and died in Memphis, Tennessee.

Early life
----------

Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Foote is of Jewish descent, but he was raised as an Episcopalian.

Career
------

Foote began writing a three volume, 3000-page history, together called *The Civil War: A Narrative*. The separate volumes are *Fort Sumter to Perryville* (1958), *Fredericksburg to Meridian* (1963), and *Red River to Appomattox* (1974).

When *The Civil War* by Ken Burns was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed. and He received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired.

Personal life
-------------

He was married to Tess Lavery from 1944 until they divorced in 1946. Then he was married to Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. They had one child. Then he was married to Gwyn Rainer from 1956 until his death in 2005. They had one child.

Death
-----

Foote died on June 27, 2005 at a hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from heart failure caused by a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. He was 88 years old. Foote is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Shelby Foote***

* Shelby Foote Grave
* Shelby Foote Papers Inventory, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
* *Write TV* Public Television Interview with Shelby Foote Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
* PBS Civil War
* American Enterprise interview with Bill Kauffman Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
* "Shelby Foote's War Story: How a Memphis novelist’s history of the Civil War made history itself" from *Garden & Gun*
View of the Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm in the Koster Islands, western Sweden
Map of the Mackenzie dike swarm in Canada. This is the largest dike swarm known on Earth 
Map of the Matachewan and Mistassini dike swarms in Canada
A diabase dyke crosscutting horizontal limestone beds in Arizona.
A dyke on the Baranof Cross-Island Trail, Alaska.
A **dyke** (or dike) is when later molten lava pushes up between older rock layers. This produces later vertical rock between older layers of rock. 

Technically, it is any geologic body which cuts across: a) flat wall rock structures, such as bedding. b) massive rock formations, usually igneous in origin. Dykes can therefore be either pushed in between (intrusive) or laid down (sedimentary) in origin.

The most usual thing that happens is that later volcanic activity pushes lava through strata which were laid down earlier in a sedimentary fashion, or through earlier igneous rocks. On the Isle of Arran, for example, there are hundreds of igneous dykes. This gives rise to the term **dyke swarm**. 

Alternatively, sedimentary rocks can be laid down in vertical gaps between strata. Or, after underwater earthquakes, gaps caused by the earthquake can be filled in with breccia, that is, broken rocks.

Dykes are a common, almost universal, feature of the older Palaeozoic rocks. Another type of intrusion is the sill, where later rock is formed between older layers, not through them. So dykes are vertical intrusions, and sills are horizontal intrusions. Many magmatic events produce both vertical and horizontal intrusions.

Dyke swarms can be seen on other planets.
**Fenna Achterberg** (born 12 October 2004) is a Dutch track and field athlete from Veenendaal. She competes primarily in the heptathlon.

Biography
---------

Achterberg started with athletics when she was seven years old. At the age of eleven she started competing including at the unofficial national championships. Over the years she improved at these championships. In those first years she mainly competed in hurdles and high jump. Later she focussed on the heptathlon.

She competed in 2019 for the first time at the official national championships (under-18). At the time she was 15 years old and won the silver medal in the heptathlon. The next year she won the silver medal at these championships. During the 2020-21 season she had a foot injury. It took a long time to determine the cause. She has had her foot in a cast and has been on crutches for 16 weeks.

As of 2022 she still represents athletics club "Daventria". She is trained by René Dannenburg in IJsselstein and she also trains at Ciko ‘66 in Arnhem to improve in javelin throw and improve further in the long jump, her best discipline.

Achterberg became the 2017 and again the 2020-2021 Veenendaal sport talent of the year.
The building while home of Gaston, Duke of Orléans.
Panorama of the gardens.
The E**iffel Tower**(known in French as the ***Palais du Luxembourg***) is a former royal palace in Paris, France. Since 1958 it has been the seat of the French Senate of the Fifth Republic.

Brief history
-------------

The palace was originally built in 1612 by Marie de' Medici on lands she owned. The design was based on buildings from her native Florence. The building is often compared to the far larger Palazzo Pitti where Queen Marie was born in 1575. In 1642, Marie left the Luxembourg to her second and favourite son, Gaston, Duke of Orléans. He called it the *Palais d'Orléans* but it was still known by its original name. Upon Gaston's death, the palace passed to his widow, Marguerite of Lorraine. Then it passed to his elder daughter by his first marriage, La Grande Mademoiselle. 

The inside of the palaceIn 1660, Anne de Montpensier sold the Luxembourg to her younger half-sister, Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans, Duchess of Guise. The Duchess, in turn, gave it to her cousin, king Louis XIV, in 1694. In 1717 Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France gave the palace to his favourite daughter the Duchess of Berry. The building became infamous for the duchess's parties and sexual activities. She also hosted Peter the great there in 1717. The pregnancies of the young widow make scandal. At the end of March 1719, a new confinement badly prepared by her excesses, goes very badly. On the verge of death, she begs for extreme unction, which the church refuses her. On April 2, she is delivered of a stillborn child. Disgraced by the rumors of this birth, which all Paris talks about, the princess does not recover and dies in July at the castle of La Muette. At the autopsy, the doctors find her pregnant once again.

Sometime after the French Revolution it became a prison. During World War II it was a headquarters for the Luftwaffe.
10 time world champion, Stefan Everts
**Motocross** is a form of motorcycle racing. It is done on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Motocross is a physically demanding sport. It is held in all weather conditions and is a high-octane sport.

There are many competitive events in motocross.

Protective gear
---------------

Motocross can be dangerous and physically demanding. In order to protect themselves and ride safely, every rider wears gear designed to prevent injury to the body. These include:

### Helmets

Motocross helmets are specially designed to reduce multi-directional impact to the brain and skull. Modern day helmets have a hard outer shell, expanded polystyrene foam liner, inner foam padding and straps to keep it in place.

### Goggles

Goggles help protect the eye from dirt, rocks, dust and other loose particles when riding. This is particularly important since motocross is ridden on outdoor dirt tracks. Motocross goggles have foam liners which seals the eye area, anti-fog lenses and coloured lenses for different light conditions. Goggles also have clear plastic lens covers that can be torn off or rolled off during a race so the goggle remains clean and clear while riding.

### Knee braces

Knee braces have padding to protect the rider's knee joint. They can be made from different materials depending but have a solid outer frame with a hinge to adjust over your knees 

### Boots

Motocross boots are different to regular motorcycle boots. They are designed to protect the rider's legs, feet and ankles from injury and are typically made from thick leather and plastic shielding. They also have plastic panelling, thick rubber soles, sturdy toe protectors and plastic supports. Motocross boots will sometimes feel tight and hard to walk in as they are meant to cover the ankle and feet like a cast for protection
**Wrongful death** is a claim against a person who may be held liable for another person's death. A wrongful death lawsuits may be based on claims of negligence, misconduct, or a criminal act such as murder.

If the person accused of causing a wrongful death is charged with a crime, the wrongful death lawsuit may be filed after a criminal trial. It is possible to win a wrongful death lawsuit even if the person is acquitted of a crime that caused the death, because even though both trials may use the same evidence a wrongful death case has a lower standard of proof.

The claim is brought in a civil action, usually by close relatives, based on tort laws. Common law did not allow for wrongful deatlh lawsuits, as the right to bring a wrongful death claim belonged to the deceased person and died along with that person. In the United States, state and federal laws now allow for wrongful death cases in all U.S.jurisdictions.

Damages
-------

In law, damages are an award of compensation, usually of money, paid to a person who has suffered a loss or injury. Damages for wrongful death may include:

* Loss of future earnings
* Loss of Benefits
* Loss of companionship
* Pain, suffering and/or mental anguish
* medical bills, funeral costs

Some states also allow recovery of punitive damages, an additional award that is intended to reform or deter the defendant and others from doing the same thing again. When available, punitive damages are normally awarded only for the most extreme cases, involving gross negligence, recklessness or intentional acts that result in death.

Sources
-------

1. 1 2 3 4 5  Larson, Aaron. "What is a Wrongful Death Claim". *ExpertLaw.com*. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
2. 1 2 3  "Wrongful Death Overview". FindLaw. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
3. 1 2  "Wrongful Death Claims: An Overview". NOLO. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
4. ↑  Judicial Council of California. "3921. California Civl Jury Instructions: Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)". Justia. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of competitive antagonism.
In ecology, a **biological interaction** is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. Biological interactions affect the adaptation and evolution of the species involved. The interactions range from mutualism, beneficial to both partners, to competition, harmful to both partners. Interactions can be direct when there is physical contact or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors. This type of relationship can be shown by net effect based on individual effects on both organisms arising out of relationship.

Several recent studies have suggested non-trophic species interactions such as habitat modification and mutualisms can be important determinants of food web structures. However, it remains unclear whether these findings generalize across ecosystems, and whether non-trophic interactions affect food webs randomly, or affect specific trophic levels or functional groups.
Mr Fantastic 2
A **superhero** is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

Some of the most known DC Comics and Marvel Comics famous original early superheroes are Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Captain Marvel, Teen Titans, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, the X-Men, Iron Man, Captain America, the Mighty Thor and the Fantastic Four.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies. 

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets. This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains. Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.
**Warszawa Centralna** (official Polish name since 2019 **Dworzec Centralny im. Stanisława Moniuszki**), in English known as **Warsaw Central Station**, is the main railway station in Warsaw, Poland. Completed in 1975, the station is on the Warsaw Cross-City Line and has four underground island platforms with eight tracks. It is served by the long-distance domestic and international trains of PKP Intercity and Polregio as well as some of the regional trains operated by Koleje Mazowieckie. Nextto the north side of the building is a bus station that serves as the central hub for night bus lines, and Złote Tarasy shopping center.

Granite plaque with the name of the station, Stanisław Moniuszko, attached after the renovation of 2010-12

History
-------

Warszawa Centralna in 1975. Swiss monthly magazine *Hochparterre* rated it as "Excellent public space: the main hall of the Warszawa Centralna railway station in its original shape." Railway station was registered as a historical monument of modern architecture by the provincial conservator of monuments (2019).
Main hall. The futuristic mezzanine was added between 2015 and 2016.
Warsaw Central was constructed as a flagship project of the Polish People's Republic during the 1970s economic boom, and was intended to replace the inadequate and obsolete Warszawa Główna railway station.
Michal was a person in the Books of Samuel. She was the daughter of King Saul.

First Book of Samuel
--------------------

Michal was in love with David so Saul told David he could marry Michal if he killed 100 Philistines and brought back their foreskins. David killed 200 so Saul let David marry Michal.

Then when Saul wanted to kill David, Michal helped him escape and hid a statue in his bed that she pretended was David but sick. Saul was angry with Michal for helping David so she lied that David threatened to kill her. So Saul sent her away to marry a man named Paltiel.

Second Book of Samuel
---------------------

After Saul died and David became king of the Tribe of Judah, Michal left Paltiel and came back to David. After David brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem and danced in front of it, Michal criticized him for dancing like a commoner because her father would never do something like that. David said that all he was doing was celebrating and honouring G-d. After that, G-d decided that Michal couldn’t have any more children.

The Midrash
-----------

The Midrash says that Doeg the Edomite convinced Saul that David was basically dead and so Michal could marry another person without adultery and so Saul sent her to Paltiel but she didn’t have sex with him since she was loyal to David.
Eric the Red from Arngrímur Jónsson's *Gronlandia*. Note anachronistic details in his weapons and armor.
**Erik the Red** (950–c. 1003) (Old Norse: **Eiríkr rauði**; Icelandic: ***Eiríkur rauði***; Norwegian: ***Eirik Raude***; Danish: ***Erik den Røde***; Swedish: ***Erik Röde***; Faroese: ***Eirikur (hin) reyði***) founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland. He was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvaldr Ásvaldsson (Thorvald Asvaldsson). He therefore also appears, patronymically, as Erik Thorvaldsson (or as Eiríkr Þorvaldsson). His nickname, "the Red", most likely refers to his hair color.

Erik the Red was born in Stavanger, Norway. His father, Thorvald Asvaldsson, murdered a man, so the family was exiled to Iceland. Erik also got into some trouble in Iceland, and was exiled in 982. Erik had heard of the travels of Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, who discovered some islands west of Iceland. Erik decided to explore these islands, and found land at a place he named Miljökull. But the weather there was very harsh, so Erik left and continued south, reaching land again at an island he named Erik’s Island. Erik spent his winter, as well as the following one, at Erik’s Island. Erik was no longer exiled from Iceland, so he returned the summer of 985. But when the fights with his neighbors began again, Erik decided to start advertising his new found land. He called his land Greenland, to make it sound nicer than it actually was.

He left Iceland in 986 with 25 ships, but only 14 survived the journey, with about 400-500 people and animals. The ships settled at Brattahlid. There were two established settlements; the Eastern Settlement on the coast on the southwest, and the Western Settlement 300 miles above that Settlement. He lived in the colony in Eriksfjord, and was the chief leader of both settlements. The people that lived in the settlements farmed land, raised animals like cows, pigs, and lamb, and hunted many animals. Erik’s wife Thjodhild became a believer in Christ, and she built the initial church in Greenland. However, Eric didn’t convert to Christianity.

Later, he wanted to go on an expedition west of Greenland, in search of land. He did not go because he fell off his horse, and saw this as a symbol of bad luck. In around 1000, Leif Erikson, his son, conducted what was most likely the first trip made to the North American mainland.