recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Chippenham railway station** is a main train station in Chippenham, Wiltshire, South West England.

Services
--------

The station has trains to Swindon, Didcot, Reading and London; and trains to Bristol, Bath and Wales. These trains are every half an hour in both directions, and, there are also trains to stations further away.

There are also trains to Trowbridge, Melksham and Westbury. These trains go to Southampton Central around Westbury and Salisbury. Trains in the other direction start from Westbury, services to Southampton come from Great Malvern or from Cheltenham Spa. There is a train to Cheltenham Spa which goes around Swindon and Gloucester in the morning and late afternoon. There are also two Saturday trains each way (but at different times to the weekday ones) and a single train each way on Sundays.

In 2010, Go-Op wanted to run trains from Birmingham Moor Street, around Oxford and Swindon, to Yeovil, which would call at Chippenham. They wanted to start running trains in December 2011, but they have not started yet.

Future
------

There are plans to electrify the line Chippenham's on, which would bring faster and bigger 'Super Express' trains on the line. This would make the journey shorter.

A new bridge and lifts were installed in November 2014.

Awards
------

In 2004, the station was given an award to show how safe the station was. The award, which was for 2 years, was given to the station as a passenger vote said that 98% of the passengers who went from Chippenham said they felt 'safe' or 'very safe' whilst at the station. The station has 24 hour CCTV and is alarmed.
**Conwy**, traditionally known in English as **Conway**, is a walled coastal market town in Conwy County Borough, North Wales. It faces the smaller town of Deganwy across the River Conwy. Historically, it was located in Gwynedd and before that, Caernarfonshire.

The town's name originates from the old Welsh words *"cyn"* (chief) and *"gwy"* (water). The river of the same name was also originally called the Cynwy.

The community, which also includes the smaller towns of Llandudno Junction and Deganwy, has a population of 14,723. The town itself has a population of 4,065.

The town is a popular tourist destination and is famous for its castle, built between 1283 and 1289, beach and town walls.

Gallery
-------

* Conwy CastleConwy Castle
* Conwy Castle and bridgesConwy Castle and bridges
* Conwy harbourConwy harbour
* Conwy town wallsConwy town walls

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

 |
Barrel-shaped converters belch fireOld-fashioned Bessemer converters
A **converter** is a chemical reactor which turns raw iron into steel. 

Raw iron called *pig iron* which is the product of blast furnace, contains up to 4% of carbon. It is too hard and brittle for meaningful use. The carbon must first be burned off the iron to produce steel. This process is called *conversion* and the reactor a *converter*.

The first converter was invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856. He built a pear-shaped large vessel with nozzles (tuyeres) for air in the bottom. Hot molten pig iron from blast furnace was poured in the converter, and then air was pumped in at the bottom with high pressure. The result was a loud noise and a flame of up to 20 metres off the mouth of the converter. After ten minutes all the pig iron had become steel. The Bessemer converter was the first successful reactor on converting pig iron into steel, and the era of steel began. Steel was now plentiful and cheap.

However, steel becomes better if only oxygen is blown in. Air contains nitrogen, which is harmful for some steel grades. A modern converter called **basic oxygen furnace** uses pure oxygen instead of air. It was invented 1949 in Austria.

The modern basic oxygen converter is a large pumpkin-shape vessel which is made from steel and lined with refractories such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide line so the vessel can withstand the high temperature of molten metal. 

Molten pig iron and scrap are loaded in the converter. The scrap usually is rusty and contains oxygen, so some of the rust reacts with the pig iron, burning the carbon away and creating heat which melts the scrap. Once all scrap has melted, a special pipe called "oxygen lance" is lowered in the pig iron, and a very fast and sharp blow of oxygen is blasted in. The oxygen burns all the carbon away and mixes the liquid steel thoroughly. Once all carbon has been burned away, some extra carbon is inserted to raise the contents to desired level. The result is liquid steel, which is then tapped away and taken to rolling mill to produce steel products.
**Colwyn Bay** (Welsh: **Bae Colwyn**) is a town, community and seaside resort on the north coast of Wales, in the Conwy County Borough.

The 2011 UK census revealed the community had a population of 34,284.

The town is dominated by the tourist trade, because of its famous beaches. Colwyn Bay is a Fairtrade Town as certified by the Fairtrade Foundation as part of the Fairtrade Towns scheme.

The town had a famous pier which was extremely popular with tourists and visitors. However, Victoria Pier was closed to the public in 2009 after a dispute between Conwy County Borough Council and the pier's owner led to him being declared bankrupt. In January 2017, the lower end of the pier partially collapsed into the sea and Conwy Council announced plans to dismantle and store the pier, with a view of restoring it in the future. The pier was demolished in May 2018.

Gallery
-------

* Colwyn Bay at sunsetColwyn Bay at sunset
* St David's Welsh ChurchSt David's Welsh Church
* Victoria Pier, 2003Victoria Pier, 2003
*For other uses, see David Yang.*

**David Yang** is an American violist who was born in 1967 in New York City.

Biography
---------

David Yang's main studies were with Martha Strongin Katz, Heidi Castleman, Karen Ritscher, and Stephen Wyrczynski. He is mainly known as a chamber musician and has worked with people who are part of groups such as the Tokyo String Quartet, Brentano String Quartet, Borromeo String Quartet, Cassatt String Quartet, Miro String Quartet, Vermeer String Quartet, and Trio Solisti, Trio Cavatina, and Eroica Piano Trio. In 2009, he was awarded special status from from the Independence Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which is awarded to a small amount of artists. David Yang is the person in charge of chamber music at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and is also the person in charge of art at the Newburyport Chamber Music Festival. He was one of the members of the string trio Ensemble Epomeo when it was founded. He has performed with Ensemble Epomeo all around Europe, Canada, and the USA. Because he advocates for new music, he has asked over twenty composers, such as Robert Capanna, Andrea Clearfield, Daniel Dorff, Cynthia Folio, Jeremy Gill, Gerald Levinson, David Ludwig, Robert Maggio, Jay Reise, Kile Smith, Dmitri Tymoczko, Anna Weesner, and Andrew Waggoner, to make pieces of music, and has performed the first performances of them. He is the person in charge of Auricolae, a group that tells stories and performs music. He composes music for Auricolae, and is on the list of members of Musicopia. He also holds a master's degree in architecture from the University of Pennsylvania and worked in the studio of Aldo Rossi and for Hugh Hardy.

Yang plays a viola Johannes Tielka, a viola da gamba maker, made in 1670 and Joseph Joachim, who was a 19th-century violin virtuoso who was the best friend of Johannes Brahms. He records for the record labels New Focus, Somm, and Avie.

His father was John Yang, a notable landscape photographer. His mother is Linda Gureasko Yang, who was the garden columnist for the New York Times. His sister was Naomi Yang, who was the player of electric bass for Galaxie 500, which is a cult alternative band that started in 1987 and ended in 1991.

Other websites
--------------

* Ensemble Epomeo profile Archived 2019-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Newburyport Chamber Music Festival
* Auricolae Storytelling and Music Troupe
* John Yang, photographer

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
The stone circle at the centre of the standing stones of Callanish
Callanish stones
A distant view of the circle, stone rows and part of the northern avenue
The **Callanish stones** (Scottish Gaelic: *Clachan Chalanais* or *Tursachan Chalanais*) are near the village of **Callanish** (Gaelic: Calanais) on the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles of Scotland).

Construction and description
----------------------------

The site was built between 2900 and 2600 BC, though there were possibly earlier buildings before 3000 BC. A tomb was later built into the site. The 13 primary stones form a circle about 13 m in diameter, with a long approach avenue of stones to the north, and shorter stone rows to the east, south, and west. The overall layout of the monument recalls a distorted Celtic cross. The individual stones vary from around 1 m to 5 m in height, with an average of 4 m, and are of the local Lewisian gneiss.

Interpretation
--------------

The first written reference to the stones was by Lewis native John Morisone, who in c. 1680 wrote that "great stones standing up in ranks [...] were sett up in place for devotione".

The tallest of the stones marks the entrance to a burial cairn where human remains have been discovered. An excavation campaign in 1980 and 1981 showed that the burial chamber was a late addition to the site, and that it had been modified a number of times.
Syria.
**Boulos Yazigi** or **Paul Rami Yagizi** (Arabic: بولس يازجي ) is a bishop or metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church. He has been missing since 2013, when he was kidnapped with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Life
----

Yazigi was born in 1959 in Lattakya, Syria. He studied for a civil engineering degree at the University of Tishreen in Latakia, Syria. He studied theology at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece and received a master's degree in 1989 and a PhD in 1992. The title of his thesis was "Eschatology & Ethics: The Eschatological Foundations of the Life in Christ According to St. John Chrysostom." He also studied Byzantine music and iconography in Greece and Mount Athos.

Yazigi's brother is Greek Orthodox Patriarch John X Yazigi.

Work
----

Balamand Monastery
In 1992, Yazigi became a religion instructor at Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand in Lebanon. He was dean of the institute from 1994 to 2001. At the same time, he was appointed abbot of Balamand Monastery in the Koura District in northern Lebanon.

Yazigi was ordained a priest in 1992 and became bishop of Aleppo in 2000. He wrote 11 books and 7 articles on religious subjects, including translations of English and Greek works into Arabic.

Disappearance
-------------

Yazigi disappeared on April 22, 2013 in Syria after he was kidnapped along with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The two men worked in Aleppo. Their driver was shot and killed in the attack. The two men were kidnapped in the village of Kfar Dael by "a terrorist group" on the road to Aleppo from the rebel-held border with Turkey at Bab al Hawa. Ibrahim went to get Yazigi because he was familiar with the border crossing and the route. The name of the driver killed was Fathallah Kabud. Bishop Ibrahim went to the border to receive two priests who had been kidnapped: Armenian Catholic Michel Kayal and Greek Orthodox Isaac Moawad. Money was paid for the priests on April 19, but Ibrahim did not receive the priests that day, and they asked him to return. Ibrahim was experienced with negotiating kidnapping releases. In the year before his kidnapping, he participated in 20 successful hostage exchanges.
**Chang'e** (Chinese: 嫦娥; pinyin: *Cháng'é*) or **Chang-Er** or **Chang-o** or **Heng'e** is the Chinese female deity of the Moon. She is the topic of many stories in Chinese mythology. Most of her stories are associated with Houyi, the archer, an Emperor, an elixir of life and the Moon. She was married to Houyi. In present days, the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program was named after her.

Story
-----

Chang'e flies to the moon.
There are many stories about Chang'e. The following is about the origin of the Mid-Autumn Festival. In one version, long time ago, Chang'e was a beautiful woman. Ten suns had risen together into the skies. They had scorched the Earth. Thus, it caused hardship for the people. Houyi, the archer, shot down nine of them. He left just one Sun. He was given either two or one with enough for two elixirs of immortality as a reward. He did not drink it directly. He let Chang'e keep it with her because he did not want to be immortal without his beloved wife. However, while Houyi went out hunting, his enemy Fengmeng went into his house. And he tried to force Chang'e to give the elixir to him. She drank them instead of giving them to Fengmeng. Then, Chang'e flew upward past the heavens. There, she chose the Moon as her home. As she loved her husband, she wanted to live nearby him. That is why she chose the moon. Houyi found out what had happened and felt sorry. So, he displayed the fruits and cakes that Chang'e had enjoyed. Then, he killed himself.

In older versions of the story, Chang'e stole the elixir from Houyi. Then, she drank it and flew away to the Moon. Then, her husband could not go after her. Chang'e appears in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, *Journey to the West*.
Hemi head chamber (notice the intake and larger exhaust valves)
The **Chrysler Hemi engine**, known by the trademark **Hemi** nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles. The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958. The second type was made from 1964 to 1971. The third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs. In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs. They are also less expensive to build. They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.

Australian Hemis
----------------

During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the *Hemi* name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine. It was installed in various North American market vehicles.
**Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez** (October 27, 1922 – December 25, 2010) was a president of Venezuela. He was born in 1922, served twice as president in the early 1990s, and died in 2010.

Biography
---------

Pérez was born on 27 October 1922 in Rubio, Venezuela. He went to school in Caracas, where he studied law. In 1948, he married Blanca Rodríguez, one of his cousins. During the same year, because he opposed a coup d'état, he was put in prison, but got out and left Venezuela. In 1958, Venezuala became a democracy, and Pérez became a part of the government led by Rómulo Betancourt.

In 1973, Pérez became president of Venezuala. He left office in 1979, and soon after, Venezuala's economy went through a low period. In 1989, Pérez became president again. Soon after, he made government spending much smaller and made prices of goods like gasoline higher. There were many riots because of this.

In 1992, there were two coups that tried but failed to remove Pérez from being president. In 1993, though, he was impeached because he was thought to have paid for bodyguards for Violeta Chamorro, who was a former president of Nicaragua. He went to prison after this for ten weeks. After prison he was put in house arrest for two years.

After Hugo Chávez became president of Venezuala in 1998, Pérez went to the Dominican Republic. In 2003, he moved again, this time to the United States. While he was in the US, people in Venezuala tried to force him to return because he was wanted in connection with the riots his laws caused in 1989. He also married Cecilia Matos during this time.

He died on 25 December 2010 in Miami at the age of 88. María Francia Pérez, his daughter, said that he had died of a heart attack.
The **Colonial Clash** is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire. These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England.

The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium. Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies." The game is scheduled to be held at the professional venue in both 2010 and 2011.

The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage. UNH captured the 2008 game 52-21 while UMass won on homecoming in 2009, 23-17. In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17). After each regular season meeting, the Billy Knight Trophy is awarded to the MVP of the game.

Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999. While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs.
**Cross-site scripting (XSS)** is a client-side code injection attack. The attacker aims to execute malicious scripts in a web browser of the victim by including malicious code.

How it works
------------

In a **Cross-site Scripting attack (XSS)**, the attacker uses your vulnerable web page to deliver malicious JavaScript to your user. The user's browser executes this malicious JavaScript on the user's Computer. Note that about one in three websites is vulnerable to Cross-site scripting.

* Even though a Cross-site Scripting attack happens in the user's browser, it may affect your website or web application. For example, an attacker may use it to steal user credentials and log in to your website as that user. If that user is an administrator, the attacker gains control over your website.
* To protect against Cross-site Scripting, you must scan your website or web application regularly or at least after every change in the code. Then, your developers must correct the code to eliminate the vulnerability. Contrary to popular opinions, web application firewalls do not protect against Cross-site Scripting, they just make the attack more difficult – the vulnerability is still there.

Types
-----

### Non-persistent

**Non-persistent XSS** vulnerabilities in Google could allow sites to attack Google users who visit them while logged in.

* The non-persistent (or reflected) cross-site scripting vulnerability is by far the most basic type of web vulnerability.

### Persistent

The persistent XSS vulnerability is a more devastating variant of a cross-site scripting flaw: it occurs when the data provided by the attacker is saved by the server, and then permanently displayed on "normal" pages returned to other users in the course of regular browsing, without proper HTML escaping.

### Self-XSS

Self-XSS is a form of XSS vulnerability which relies on social engineering in order to trick the victim into executing malicious JavaScript code into their browser.

### Mutated XSS

Mutated XSS happens when the attacker injects something that is seemingly safe, but rewritten and modified by the browser, while parsing the markup. This makes it extremely hard to detect or sanitize within the websites application logic.
**Carina Curto** is an American mathematician. She studies neuroscience and math. She explores how neurons in the human brain understand the world. She is a professor and co-Associate Head for Graduate Studies at the Department of Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University. The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded Curto the Sloan Research Fellowship in 2011, an award that is given annually to the best scholars across the US and Canada.

Early life and education
------------------------

Curto was raised in Iowa City, IA. Her father was a mathematician. As a child, Curto though studying math was too ordinary.

Her parents are from Argentina. She spoke Spanish at home.

She graduated from Iowa City West High School. She loved to learn. Curto took many classes at University of Iowa while she was in high school. She was on the debate team. Curto was also a high-ranked tennis player for the state of Iowa.

Curto received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 2000. In high school she planned to study physics. She studied math and physics. Curto went to Duke University for graduate school. She planed to study string theory. Instead, she got interested in neuroscience. She earned her Ph.D in 2005.

Career
------

Curto studied mathematics in graduate school. She started studying the math for physics. Curto learned about neurology in her fourth year of graduate school. She became interested in neuroscience and switched her research.

After earning her Ph.D. Curto spent three years as Rutgers University doing more research at the Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience. She was an instructor at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Studies. She then joined the Math Department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. In 2014, Curto joined the Pennsylvania State University math faculty. She got tenure in 2019.

She uses math to improve neuroscience. She builds mathematical models for understanding how neurons work. Curto also finds new ways to use math to understand biology. As a part of her research, Curto created network songs based on firing rates of neurons, which showed the rhythmic activity of neurons.

Curto's research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health for the past 13 years. She is a 2021 Simons Fellow in Mathematics. She won the Faculty Scholar Medal from Penn State in 2020. In 2012 she earned a Woodrow Wilson Career Enhancement Fellowship for Junior Faculty. She also earned a 2011 Sloan Research Fellowship from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
**Canadian syllabic writing**, or simply **syllabics**, is an abugida and brahmic script created by a Christian missionary to write down the languages of some of the First Nations of Canada. This one alphabet later became many alphabets.

Each letter represents a syllable. The letters look like triangles and curves. Different languages have some different letters to represent the sounds in their own language best.

By the late 19th century the Cree had achieved what may have been one of the highest literacy rates in the world.

History
-------

James Evan was a Methodist missionary from England. He wanted to create an alphabet to teach the Cree and Ojibwe about Christianity. He got inspiration from the Devanagari alphabet from India.

Principles
----------

Every consonant has the same shape. For example, the syllables that start with a "p" sound look like a V. To show that they have different vowels, the shapes are rotated. So "pe" would look like ᐯ whole "pa" would be ᐸ.

### Final consonants

In some languages, words end in a final consonant, like the "t" in "cat." To show this, a small letter is added to the end of the word.

### Diacritics

In some languages, diacritics are added to indicate things like vowel length.

Languages
---------

### Blackfoot

### Carrier

### Cree

### Inuktitut

Syllabics is one of the official writing systems of Nunavut. That means that government forms in Inuktitut can be written either in the Latin alphabet (ABCs) or in syllabics.

### Naskapi

### Ojibwe

### Slavey
***Call of Duty: Black Ops 4*** (shown as *Call of Duty: Black Ops IIII*) is a multiplayer first-person shooter game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released everywhere around the world on October 12, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the game set after *Call of Duty: Black Ops 3* (shown as *Call of Duty: Black Ops III*), and it is the 15th installment in the *Call of Duty* game series.

Gameplay
--------

Black Ops 4 is the first *Call of Duty* game and title to not to have a traditional single-player campaign. It will have multiplayer, zombies and a new Battle Royale mode called Blackout.

### Multiplayer

*Black Ops 4* uses the 'Specialist' system, where the user chooses special characters to play who have their own abilities and special moves.

Big changes compared to old games include the removal of automatic healing, which now requires the player to heal themselves. Treyarch have also made the game smart to increase the realism of guns.

### Zombies

Zombies is very similar to previous Zombies game modes from other *Call of Duty* games. This time, the players can change how the zombies work using custom settings.

There is also set to be another story type system in Zombies.

### Blackout

*Black Ops 4* will have a new Battle Royale game mode. It will have the biggest map ever in a *Call of Duty*. Players can play as many different characters, and some from previous *Call of Duty* games.

Up to 80 people can play alone, with 1 other person or as a team of 4 drop into a map by helicopters and must look for weapons, clothing and consumables to kill all the other players and random zombies that walk around the map. Throughout the game the area that players can play in slowly gets smaller to force players to fight each other.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata

| * v
* t
* e
*Call of Duty* |
| --- |
| Games | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| World War II | 
* *Call of Duty*
	+ *United Offensive*
* *2*
* *3*
* *WWII*
* *Vanguard*

 |
| *Modern Warfare* | 
* *4: Modern Warfare*
	+ Nintendo DS version
	+ *Remastered*
* *Modern Warfare 2*
	+ *Mobilized*
	+ Controversies
	+ *No Russian*
	+ *Remastered*
* *Modern Warfare 3*
	+ Downloadable content
	+ *Defiance*

 |
| *Black Ops* | 
* *World at War*
	+ Nintendo DS version
	+ *Final Fronts*
	+ *Zombies*
* *Black Ops*
	+ *Zombies*
* *Black Ops II*
	+ *Declassified*
* *Black Ops III*
* *Black Ops 4*
* *Cold War*

 |
| Other main installments | 
* *Ghosts*
* *Advanced Warfare*
* *Infinite Warfare*

 |
| Side installments | 
* *Finest Hour*
* *Big Red One*
* *Roads to Victory*

 |
| Mobile games | 
* *Strike Team*
* *Heroes*

 |

 |
| Media | 
* *Modern Warfare 2: Ghost*
* *Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish*
* "Not Ready to Die"
* "Nightmare"
* "Carry On"
* "Shepherd of Fire"
* "Survival"

 |
| Main developers | 
* Infinity Ward
* Sledgehammer Games
* Treyarch
* Raven Software

 |
| Related articles | 
* Championship
* Elite
* Experience 2011
* Experience 2016
* Captain Price
* id Tech 3
* IW engine
* Soap MacTavish
* World League

 |
A **consulting firm** or simply **consultancy** is a professional service firm that gives expert advice for a fee. Consulting firms may have one employee or thousands; they may consult in different topics, for example, management, engineering, and so on. Management consultants typically work with company executives and give them generalists and industry-specific experts, usually trained in management or in business schools. Management consultant usually give recommendations for achieving the goals of a company or helps to lead a project of a company. Many consulting firms not only give the recommendations, but also help with implementation, either by the consultants or by technicians and other experts. This is called outsourcing.

Types
-----

There are different types of Consulting Firms serving different sectors. 

These fields are:

* Architecture and Engineering
* Financial services
* Health care
* Hotel and hospitality industry
* Human resources
* Information technology
* Legal
* Management
* Music
* Regulatory compliance

  

In addition to the above-mentioned fields, there are consulting firms that serve niche sectors such as

* advertising/marketing/public relations consulting
* environmental consulting
* entertainment/media consulting
* energy consulting
* consulting in politics and the public sector
* real estate consulting
* recycling consulting
* commodities consulting
* 

*
**Cartilage** is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching.

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which certainly does cause pain.

There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

Parts
-----

Cartilage is made of special cells (called chondroblasts) that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of 

1. collagen fibres,
2. a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans.
3. different types of fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cartilage***.

* University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial Archived 2011-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Public domain text from Gray's anatomy dated 1918, so probably needs updating
* I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?
Chip Ganassi Racing team logo.
**Chip Ganassi Racing Teams** is an American racing team. The team competes in the IndyCar Series, and sportscar racing. In 2021, Chip Ganassi sold his NASCAR team to Justin Marks and it became Trackhouse Racing.  Their IndyCar drivers are Ryan Briscoe, Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan, and Charlie Kimball. Dixon is the current IndyCar champion, which he won for the third time in 2013. Their sportscar team's drivers are Scott Pruett, Marino Franchitti, and Memo Rojas.

Until 2016 two of Ganassi's IndyCar cars were sponsored by Target. Target was also a sponsor for Ganassi's Nascar cars until 2017. The drivers of the Target sponsored cars were often in Target advertising and posters of them could be seen in many Target stores.

On June 30th 2021 it was announced that Trackhouse Racing had purchased Chip Ganassi Racing's Nascar team. Chip Ganassi Racing completed the 2021 Nascar season. Trackhouse Racing became the owner at the end of the season. Chip Ganassi Racing will continue to operate their teams racing in other divisions such as Indycar.
Daniel Harding
**Daniel Harding** (born Oxford, 31 August 1975) is a British conductor.

Harding studied trumpet at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester. When he was 13 he became a member of the National Youth Orchestra. When he was 17, Harding got together a group of musicians to perform *Pierrot Lunaire* by Arnold Schoenberg. He sent a tape of the performance to the conductor Simon Rattle in Birmingham. Rattle was very impressed and invited Harding to be assistant conductor to him at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year, from 1993-1994. Harding then went to the University of Cambridge, but after his first year at university, he was invited by Claudio Abbado to be his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Harding has been conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra (1997-2000), the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen (1999-2003) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (since 2003). He conducted the 2005 opening night at La Scala, Milan in *Idomeneo*, after Ricardo Muti had resigned. 

In 2004, Harding was made guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 2006. He became the Principal Conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra as of 2007.

Harding is married and has two children. His wife plays the viola. He is a fan of the football club Manchester United.

Other websites
--------------

* Daniel Harding official website Archived 2020-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
This is a stereotypical chav. Many people think about something like this when they hear or see the word "chav".
**Chav** (male) and **chavette** (female) are mainly negative, unkind slang words used in the United Kingdom for a subcultural stereotype of young underclass white people. Chav: "a young working class person who dresses in casual sports clothing or a baseball cap".

They may wear fashion based on American hip-hop such as fake gold jewellery and designer clothing, combined with elements of working class British street fashion. Many are either school age or late teens/early twenties and may come from a family culture of social security claimants ("SS claimants"). The term first appeared in dictionaries in 2005. They tend to listen to R&B, hip hop, UK garage, grime and reggae and drum & bass music.

Chavs are stereotypically narrow-minded and more often than not, below average intelligence. Chavs also tend to use slang language to appear "cooler" and more "edgy".

Chavs may be associated with criminality, including: assault, mugging, robbery, burglary and car crime. Anti-social behaviour orders (Asbos) were introduced to tackle such persistent offending.

"Chavette" is a term used to describe female chavs.

"Chav" has started to mean a variety of things. Due to increasing awareness of classism, the term seemed to be destined to fade away in the second decade of the twenty-first century. It has recently re-emerged on global social media and international catwalks in ways that appear to question previous notions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pop culture
-----------

In 2011, Owen Jones published his first book, *Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class*. Jones says in it that 'chav' is a word used to make working-class people seem less human. In 2014, *The Guardian*'s Suzanne Moore wrote an article calling R&B singer and songwriter Tulisa a chav.
***Breakfast at Tiffany's*** is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.

Summary of the story
--------------------

*Breakfast at Tiffany's* is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother. 
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship. 
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.

### Explanation of the title

Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co. so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Breakfast at Tiffany's***

* *Breakfast at Tiffany's* on IMDb
* *Breakfast at Tiffany's* at AllMovie
* Breakfast at Tiffany's Archived 2007-12-17 at the Wayback Machine at the TCM Movie Database
* Tiffany & Co. the jewelry story where the movie gets its name

### Sources

1. ↑  Hear Henry Mancini (music and interviews) on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
The **Chrysler Building** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 1,046 feet (319 m) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, now called The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.

The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest within a year later.

Photos
------

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*

Related pages
-------------

* List of tallest buildings in the world
* List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Chrysler Building***.

* Emporis.com - Chrysler Building
* SkycraperPage.com – Chrysler Building

| * v
* t
* e
**Skyscrapers in New York City** |
| --- |
| Skyscrapers over 300m | Empire State Building • Bank of America Tower • Chrysler Building • New York Times Building |
| Skyscrapers over 250m | 70 Pine Street • The Trump Building • Citigroup Center • Trump World Tower • 30 Rockefeller Plaza |
**Breaking Ground**, formerly called **Common Ground** is a nonprofit social services organization. It provides housing for the homeless and others. Their philosophy holds that housing costs less than homeless shelters. It also costs many times less than jail cells or hospital rooms, They also believe that people with psychiatric and other problems can better manage them once they have a place to live. It was started in 1990 by Rosanne Haggerty. Since then the organization has created more than 2,000 units of housing for the homeless. "This is about creating a small town, rather than just a building," according to Haggerty. "It’s about a real mixed society, working with many different people."

Haggerty’s work was recognized in 2001. She was selected as a prize winner and received and award called a MacArthur Fellowship award. The MacArthur Foundation praised her work in saving historic buildings, and fixing them up. She used creative financing which means new ways to deal with banks and other organizations that provide money for housing.

Street To Home
--------------

Among Common Ground's activities is documentation of the homeless population. In other words, to study them and write down what is going on so that people can figure out a plan of action. Sometimes this is done while counting the homeless. These counts are sometimes called "enumeration" because they put a number on how many homeless there are. 

In these counts, there is a way of writing down who is most vulnerable, who is most in danger from being homeless. This is called a vulnerability index. Workers complete the vulnerability index by asking about medical problems. Then they try to persuade those who spend the most time on the streets to seek permanent housing. They do this even if the people still have drug, alcohol or medical problems. Some of those involved in the issue of homelessness consider Common Ground a pioneer - someone who thinks up new ways to deal with old problems. 

However, the count is not an end to itself, but a first step. According to Becky Kanis, the Director of Common Ground’s "Innovations Department",

> The important part is what we do with this information. We want to move from crisis management to lasting solutions. Other cities have done that successfully. We plan to do the same. ... At the real end of the day the only thing that’s going to matter is the people who have been ... unwilling to accept the offers of shelter... Can we reach them and make a positive difference in their lives?... "
> 
> 
> Some people have asked if what works in New York will work in other places. 
> 
> 
> 
> Kanis states: "We don’t know exactly what’s going to work here in New York, but we know what’s worked in other cities. Therefore, we’re going to spend our efforts doing those things, and as we find smarter and better ways to do things we will adopt them.
> 
>

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Common Ground (NYC)***.

* Common Ground Relief
* Prince George Ballroom
* Common Ground Adelaide Archived 2011-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
* CRISIS UK
* Unity of greater New Orleans
* Toronto's Homes First Society
**Conrad Vernon** (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks and Blue Sky Animation animated movies. These include *Shrek 2*, *Monsters vs. Aliens* and especially *Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted*.

Life and career
---------------

Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's *Cool World*, *2 Stupid Dogs*, *Rocko's Modern Life*, *Nightmare Ted* and *Morto the Magician*. Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in *Antz*. After the success of *Antz*, he became one of the writers for *Shrek*, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in *Shrek 4-D* and *Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas*. Conrad also worked in *Shrek 2*, which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies *Madagascar*, *Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*, *Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted* and the The Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Movie. He also co-directed the third *Madagascar* movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed *Monsters vs. Aliens*, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus. He also produced *The Annoying Orange and Gumball* TV series.

Other websites
--------------

* Conrad Vernon on IMDb

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Vernon, Conrad |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American voice actor and director |
| Date of birth | 1968-07-11 |
| Place of birth | Lubbock, Texas, USA |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions). In a **conrotatory** mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure. In a **disrotatory** mode, they move in opposite directions.

An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure). The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode. The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.

Disrotatory ring closing reactionDisrotatory ring closing reaction
Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific. This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode. This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced). Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules summarize the above different reactions.

The following picture also shows the difference between conrotatory and disrotatory reactions:

Conrotatory and disrotatory modes of rotation each showing two possible directions of rotation that result in pairs of enantiomers for a generic hexatriene system.