recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
For the original Yankee Stadium, see Yankee Stadium (1923).

**Yankee Stadium** is the new baseball stadium of the New York Yankees. It is in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The stadium opened in April 2009. It replaced the original Yankee Stadium, which the Yankees had played in since 1923. It was opened with an exhibition game against the Chicago Cubs on April 3, 2009. The first regular game was played on April 16, 2009.

The new stadium cost $1.5 billion dollars to build. It was the most expensive baseball stadium in the world. It is built to look like the old Yankee Stadium. It has many new and more modern features.

The stadium under construction in 2007The completed stadium next to the remains of the former facility in 2010

Stadium parts
-------------

The new stadium has many parts that look similar to the old one when it was first built. This includes the outside walls of the stadium, the color of the seats, and the size of the playing field being the same.

The new stadium has an area known as "Monument Park" behind the center field wall. Monument Park has monuments honoring good Yankee players from past years. Monument Park is open before the game starts.

Another feature is the Great Hall. The Great Hall is a hallway near the entrance of the stadium with a tall roof and many stores and food stands. It also has banners to celebrate the team's history.

The new stadium has more than three times as many suites as the original. A suite is a fancy room with a view of the field where rich people watch the game. There are also many bars and clubs. It has better food than the original stadium.

Transport
---------

People can drive to the stadium. There are several garages near it. It is near the New York Thruway in the Bronx. The stadium can also be reached by train, because there is a subway station near it. Trains can often be seen from the stadium.

Reception
---------

The stadium is generally seen as being better than its predecessor, but some people dislike it. This mainly because the stadium's high cost has led to very high ticket prices. The high prices meant that there were many empty seats when the stadium first opened, especially behind the batter where tickets can cost up to 2,500 dollars. People have also disliked the stadium for its fan unfriendly practices. For example, fans cannot get autographs from players before the game. The stadium was seen as too expensive for being only a little better than the original. The new stadium also allowed many home runs during its first month, because of the way the wind moves the ball. That made many people call it "too easy".
A Map showing major rivers in Bangladesh including Meghna.
Meghna River
The **Meghna River** is an important river in Bangladesh. It is one of the three that forms the Ganges delta. This delta is the largest on earth. The river meets Padma River in Chandpur District. The river ends in the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District.

Major tributaries of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari River, Gumti River, and Feni River. The river's average depth is 1,012 feet (308 m). The maximum depth is 1,620 feet (490 m).

The Meghna is the widest river of those that are completely inside Bangladesh. At one point near Bhola, Meghna is 12 km wide. In its lower parts this river follows almost a straight line. Despite its very calm and quiet look, this river is the cause of many deaths every year. Several ferry sinkings in the past have killed hundreds. Near Chandpur it is very dangerous.

Other websites
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 Media related to Meghna River at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 22°38′35″N 90°48′57″E﻿ / ﻿22.64306°N 90.81583°E﻿ / 22.64306; 90.81583
Flag
Satellite image of Menorca
**Menorca** (Spain, Catalan: *Menorca*) is the most east of the Balearic Islands.

Geography
---------

Menorca is located east of Mallorca. It has an area of 694.39 km2 (268.11 sq mi). About 88,000 people live there. The main town is Mahón, which has about 27,000 people.

History
-------

Menorca was influenced by the Minoans. Later it was ruled by Carthage, and by Rome after the Punic Wars. From the 5th century AD there was a seat of a bishop on Menorca. The Vandals invaded but the Byzantine Empire recovered Menorca in 534. The Moors took over in 903. In 1287 the Christians took it back and enslaved the Muslims.

Later Menorca was ruled by the Kingdom of Mallorca. In 1334 it became part of Aragon, which later became part of Spain. In 1713 the British conquered Menorca but in 1781 the Spanish recovered it in the American Revolutionary War.

Economy
-------

Menorca lives mainly on tourism. There is one airport near the main city.

Other websites
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* Menorca Facebook Page
* Pictures Photographs of Menorca Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Island government of Minorca
* UNESCO's Minorca Biosphere Reserve Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Puy de Sancy** (Occitan: *Puèi de la Crotz*, "Mount of the Cross") is a French mountain, the highest mountain in the Massif Central and the highest of volcanic origin in Metropolitan France. It is part of an old stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 250,000 years.

Puy de Sancy is in the Puy-de-Dôme departement in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. With an elevation of 1,885 m (6,184 ft) above sea level, it is the highest point of the department.

Name
----

The mountain was called during the 19th century as *Puy de la Croix* ("Mount of the Cross") because there was a big cross on the summit (the top of the mountain). That name is kept in the Occitan language.

Geography
---------

Puy de Sancy is in the Monts Dore, a chain of volcanic mountains in the centre of the Massif Central and at about 35 km (22 mi) to the southwest of Clermont-Ferrand; it is within the borders of the *Parc naturel régional des volcans d'Auvergne* ("Regional Nature Park of the Auvergne Volcanoes").

Several small rivers (streams) have their sources on the sides of Puy de Sancy. In the valley to the north of the mountain are the sources of two streams called *Dore* and *Dogne*; at an altitude of 1,370 m (4,495 ft), both streams are joined to form the Dordogne river.

Ski resorts
-----------

There are three ski stations (places where people go to practice skiing) on the slopes of Puy de Sancy: *Super-Besse* and *Mont-Dore* (together they are called the *Grand Sancy*) and *Chastreix-Sancy*.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Puy de Sancy***.

* Office de Tourisme du Massif du Sancy website
* summitpost.org - Puy de Sancy
* Puy de Sancy - Altituderando (in French)
* Puy de Sancy - peakery
Statue of Yatagarasu at Kumano Hongu Taisha.
**Yatagarasu** (八咫烏) is a crow in Shinto stories and is an important character in their mythology. According to the tale, during Emperor Jimmu's Eastern Expedition, Yatagarasu guided him from the Kumano Region to Yamato Province. Takamimusubi, one of the Shinto gods, sent the crow.

Yatagarasu is usually shown as a bird with three legs, and its picture has been passed down for many years.. Its name comes from the words "八咫烏," which means "eight-span crow" in Japanese. The number eight means a large lucky number in Japanese culture as in the phrase Yaoyorozu no Kami or eight million gods. So this means large wingspan crow

In Shinto beliefs, when the great bird is seen, it is a sign of divine intervention in human affairs or the will of Heaven. The crow's guidance is regarded as a blessing and a good omen.

Related pages
-------------

* 9106 Yatagarasu
* Sunspot
* Three-legged crow -Explains the three-legged birds of other countries that are similar to the Yatagarasu.
* List of Japanese deities
* Huginn and Muninn, the Crow twin-familiars of Odin AllFather, King of the Gods in Norse mythology.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Yatagarasu at Wikimedia Commons
* 日本サッカー協会 組織 - There is a description about Yatagarasu in the "Symbol Mark" section at the bottom of the site.
* 八咫烏神社（奈良県宇陀市）
A **prelude** is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin *pre*=before; *ludere*=to play).

History
-------

Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a "prelude" which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called "Preludes and Fugues". Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his *Ave Maria*.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a "suite").

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called "Preludes". Just like Bach's *Well-Tempered Clavier*, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called "Preludes". Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: "Vorspiel") instead of the usual word "overture".

Related pages
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* Preludes (Chopin)
"Chophouse" redirects here. For the style of Singaporean building, see Shophouse § Variants.
For the Saudi restaurant chain, see Steak House.
The Big Texan Steak Ranch in Amarillo, Texas
A **steakhouse**, **steak house**, or **chophouse** refers to a restaurant that specializes in steaks and chops. They are found mainly in North America. Modern steakhouses may also carry other cuts of meat including poultry, roast prime rib, and veal, as well as fish and other seafood.

History
-------

Chophouses started in London in the 1690s and served individual portions of meat, known as chops. The traditional nature of the food served was maintained through the later 19th century despite the new cooking styles from the Continent, which were becoming fashionable. The houses were normally only open for men.

The steakhouse started in the United States in the mid-19th century as a development from traditional inns and bars. Steakhouses can be casual or formal fine dining restaurants.

The oldest chophouse in London Simpson's Tavern is regarded as an institution of London and retains its 19th century decor. The oldest continuously operating steakhouse in the United States is the Old Homestead Steakhouse in New York City, established in 1868. Prior to that there were chophouses in New York City such as Cobweb Hall, owned by David Pattullo, which was known for their mutton chops and offered additional menu options such as beefsteaks, lamb kidneys, bacon, and potatoes.

Today, steakhouses are found throughout the USA.
The **Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra** is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia. It is the oldest orchestra in Russia. It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.

The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir". It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia. 

By the 1900s it had started to give public performances. Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.

After the Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar. The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd". In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state. It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad. Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time. Around this time the orchestra changed its name to **Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra**, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".

Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years. They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings. Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.

By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. It is an internationally well-known orchestra. Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.

Chief conductors
----------------

* Yuri Temirkanov (1988–)
* Evgeny Mravinsky (1938–1988)
* Fritz Stiedry (1934–1937)
* Aleksandr Gauk (1930–1934)
* Nikolai Malko (1926–1930)
* Valery Berdyaev (1924–1926)
* Emil Cooper (1920–1923)
* Alexander Khessin (1920)
* Serge Koussevitzky (1917–1920)
* Hugo Varlikh (1907–1917)
* Hermann Fliege (1882–1907)

Other websites
--------------

* Home page of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
A slap stick
In music, a **whip** or **slapstick** is a percussion instrument. It consists of two pieces of wood joined by a hinge. The pieces of wood are slapped together. This makes a noise like a whip. There is a handle on each of the pieces of wood so that the player can hold it and slap them together without trapping his fingers.

The whip is often heard in modern orchestras, bands and percussion groups. Examples of a whip in classical music can be heard at the beginning of Ravel's *Piano Concerto in G Major* (1st movement), and in Britten's *Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra*.

There is another type of whip, in which one plank is longer than the other. It can be played with one hand. The player shakes the instrument quickly and the small plank moves away from the large one, then slaps back onto it. It makes a different kind of sound from the whip, and is properly called a **slapstick**. It has been used by several composers including Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, Mussorgsky and Hindemith. The first whip was designed in the 14th century.
The word **texture** means: what things are made of and how they feel. 

Textures can be described as "rough", "smooth", "hard", "soft", "liquid", "solid", "lumpy", "gritty" etc. The word "texture" is used for many different things. It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.

Food
----

People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.

Architecture
------------

In architecture we often talk about "texture". This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of. It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space. This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.

Painting
--------

Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.

Music
-----

In music, we can talk about the texture of a piece of music. If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a "thick" texture. If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly, we could call this a "thin" or "clear" texture. Music may have a "polyphonic" texture or a "chordal" texture. The word "texture", this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.
***Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I***, also known as ***Zork I***, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by *Zork II* and *Zork III*. It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

Plot
----

The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.

When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief. 

The goal of *Zork I* is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3. 

Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of *Zork I* and the beginning of *Zork II*.

It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.

Other websites
--------------

* View Zork 1 packaging Archived 2011-12-07 at the Wayback Machine and Play Zork 1 Archived 2011-12-07 at the Wayback Machine online at the Gallery of Zork.
* Play *Zork I: The Great Underground Empire* online at iFiction.org
* Infocom-if.org's entry for *Zork I*
* *Zork: The Great Underground Empire* at MobyGames
* *Zork I* Technical Info and Screenshot
* *Zork I* information and overview Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Infocom Bugs List entry for *Zork I*
* *Zork 1* Walkthroughs
**Takobeya labour** (Japanese: タコ部屋労働, Romanization of Japanese: tako-beya rōdō) was a Japanese form of work. It was a harsh system started in Hokkaido during the Meiji period. It replaced Penal labour in Hokkaido. The workers slept in accommodation huts at construction sites. The concentration huts were called "Takobeya". Takobeya workers engaged in takobeya labour without enough meals. They were oppressed as labor camps. Some also died from overwork.

In 1946, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in occupied Japan banned takobeya labour.

In Japanese, "Tako" often means octopus. But Takobeya (Tako room) doesn’t necessarily mean octopus room. About Takobeya's "Tako", the original meanings is not clear.

Related pages
-------------

* Takobeya (Japanese bureaucrats)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Takobeya labour***.

* Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. "Letters to the Dead: Addressing the Legacies of Violence in Japan’s Borderlands." Paper presented at Vanderbilt University Seminar on Perspectives on Historical Violence. 2009.[*permanent dead link*]
**Oxley Wild Rivers National Park** is a national park in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane, around 80 km from Dorrigo. Its name comes from the explorer John Oxley, who also crossed this area.

The national park was placed under protection in September 1986. It covers an area of approximately 142,332 hectares. These are several, non-contiguous sub-areas.

The Oxley Wild Rivers National Park borders the Willi Willi National Park.

Nature
------

The national park has an impressive landscape in many areas with deep gorges and high waterfalls. Well known is the Wollomombi Falls, the highest waterfall in New South Wales.

The predominant plant communities are rainforests, dry eucalyptus forests, grassy woodlands and heathland. A total of about 950 plant species have been documented in the park, of which about 35 are considered rare and endangered.

In addition, 55 mammal, 173 bird, 38 reptile and 19 amphibian species have been recorded in the national park.

In addition to the populations of the grey giant kangaroos, the wallaroos or mountain kangaroos and the red-necked filanders, the occurrence of the brush-tailed rock kangaroos, of which around 10,000 are found in the national park, are particularly noteworthy. This is the largest known population anywhere. You can also do this in the park Watch koalas and wombats.

Among the bird species are particularly the birds of prey, including the wedge-tailed eagle on its prey flights, the peregrine falcon, crested kite (*Lophoictinia isura*) and the white-bellied sea eagle.

Introduced animals such as mice and rats as well as feral domestic animals such as horses, goats, cats and dogs can disturb the ecological balance in the park and may be combated by the national park administration.

Tourism
-------

There are various accommodations, campsites and hiking trails for tourists, some of which are even usable for wheelchair users and open up various viewing platforms.

Further protection categories
-----------------------------

In 1987 the national park became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Australia's Gondwana Rainforests.

Other websites
--------------

* New South Wales Government Information
**Oxidizing agent** can have two meanings. It can be a chemical that releases oxygen atoms. For example, potassium chlorate has a chemical formula of KClO3. When it oxidizes a reducing agent, such as powdered aluminium metal, it loses its oxygen to the aluminium and becomes potassium chloride, KCl. 

Another definition is a chemical that accepts electrons from a reducing agent. For example, potassium permanganate has an oxidation state of +7. In an acid solution, it gains 5 electrons (e-). It becomes a manganese compound with an oxidation state of +2. Most oxidizing agents of the second definition have oxygen, but not all. For example, fluorine (F2) does not have any oxygen in it. It is also the most powerful oxidizing agent. When it acts as an oxidizing agent, it gains an electron to transfer from an oxidation state of 0 to an oxidation state of -1.

Examples
--------

* Fluorine
* Chlorine
* Potassium nitrate
* Nitric acid
* Potassium chlorate

Related pages
-------------

* Oxidation
* Reduction
* Reducing agent
Main post office in Prague: People take a ticket with a number, and when this number is displayed (in red in the picture), they will be served.
Queue of visitors to the Eiffel Tower in Paris, seen from the tower.
A **queue** is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something. The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on. When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn. Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in". They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.

The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens"). The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").

A queue may also be a queue of vehicles waiting to get passed something or to go in somewhere.

People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum. Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.

Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets. When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board. This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.

People waiting in a queue are not always standing around. There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.

Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops. When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people. People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for. If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.

Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms. People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue. The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert. The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms. Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series. It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized.
**Reece Daniel Thompson** (born November 22, 1988) is a Canadian actor and voice actor. Thompson started his acting career as a child actor by voice acting in several animated television series and minor roles on television shows before transitioning to movies. In 1997 he had the minor role of Irish Little Boy playing opposite Jenette Goldstein in the academy award-winning movie Titanic. His first major role came in the 2007 movie *Rocket Science*. Thompson appeared in 2009's *Assassination of a High School President* with Mischa Barton and Bruce Willis, and in *Afterwards*. Also in 2012, he appeared as Craig in *The Perks of Being a Wallflower*.

Early life
----------

Thompson grew up in White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, a small town near Vancouver. His mother ran a film society that brought independent movies to town. Thompson had always expressed an interest in becoming an actor to his parents; and at a young age, Thompson, along with the rest of his family, began taking background roles in productions in Vancouver.

After the sixth grade, Thompson decided that he didn't want to continue going to school and convinced his mother to homeschool him. Soon after Thompson began attending an acting school. Thompson signed with an agent he was introduced to through the school and began attending auditions.

Personal life
-------------

Thompson currently lives part-time in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The other half of his time is spent living in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He is a co-founder of the online comedy group "Jitterbug Productions".

Other websites
--------------

* Reece Thompson on IMDb
For other Nera Rivers, see Nera.

The **Nera** (Latin: *Nar*) is a river in central Italy that starts in the Marche region but flows mainly through the Umbria region. It is the main tributary of the Tiber river.

Geography
---------

The Nera river has a length of 116 km (72 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 4,280 km2 (1,653 sq mi).

### Course

The Nera river starts in the *Monti Sibillini*, within the Monti Sibillini National Park (Italian: ***Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini***), at an elevation of about 902 m (2,959 ft). in the *comune* of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Province of Macerata, Marche.

The river flows through the *comuni* of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Viso and Ussita in the Marche and then, after about 20 km (12 mi), it flows in the Umbria. After flowing through the province of Perugia, it gets in the province of Terni and keeps flowing to the east and flows through the city of Terni.

After flowing through the city of Narni, it gets into the Lazio region (Province of Viterbo) and soon finally flows in the Tiber river as a left tributary near the city of Orte.

Main tributaries
----------------

Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Nera are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.

Left tributaries:

* Corno - 20 km
* Velino - 90 km
* Serra - 17 km

Gallery
-------

* The Nera in Castelsantangelo sul NeraThe Nera in Castelsantangelo sul Nera
* The river Nera in Cerreto di SpoletoThe river Nera in Cerreto di Spoleto
* The Nera near TerniThe Nera near Terni

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nera River***.

* *Parco Fluviale del Nera* website (in Italian)

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A **syllable** is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, loosely, a single sound. All words are made from at least one syllable.

*Monosyllables* are words that have only one vowel sound; *polysyllables* have more than one. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a *closed syllable*. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an *open syllable*. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are often shown as *CVC* (such as *got*), and open syllables as *CV* (such as *go*). Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Other languages, like Japanese, have few kinds of closed syllables. Other languages still, like Hawaiian and Swahili, have no closed syllables. 

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does NOT match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

There are many words in English that have only one syllable. 

IPA has been added in slashes.

* He /hi/ (CV) - open
* The /ði/ (CV) - open
* Like /lɑɪk/ (CVC) - closed
* Run /ɹʌn/ (CVC) - closed
* Cat /kæt/ (CVC) - closed
* House /hoʊs/ (CVC) - closed
* It (VC) /ɪt/ - closed
* On (VC) /ɑn/ - closed

However, in several languages, such as English, syllables can have consonant clusters (having multiple consonants next to each other), which easily allow for words to have much more complicated syllables, such as:

* Crow /cɹow/ (CCV) - open
* Through /θruw/ (CCV) - open
* Spray /spɹej/ (CCCV) - open
* Ports /pɔɹts/ (CVCCC) - closed
* Sports /spɔɹts/ (CCVCCC) - closed
* Trip /tɹɪp/ (CCVC) - closed
* Dent /dεnt/ (CVCC) - closed
* Plant /plænt/ (CCVCC) - closed
* Sprint /spɹɪnt/ (CCCVCC) - closed
* Splints /splɪnts/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Strengths /stɹeŋθs/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Angsts /eɪŋsts/ (VCCCC) - closed

There are many more words that have two or more syllables.

* Basket /bæs.kεt/ (2 Bas-ket; CVC-CVC)
* Doctor /dɔc.tɔr/ (2 Doc-tor; CVC-CVC)
* Happy /ha.pi/ (2 Ha-ppy; CV-CV)
* Friendly /frεnd.li/ (2 Friend-ly; CCVCC-CV)
* Greenland /grin.lænd/ (2 Green-land; CCVC-CVCC)
* Computer /cəm.pju.tər/ (3 Com-pu-ter; CVC-CCV-CVC) [-pu- is pronounced "pyuu' or CCV]
* Merciful /mər.ci.fəl/ (3 Mer-ci-ful; CVC-CV-CVC)
* Pronunciation /prə.nən.ci.eɪ.ʃən/ (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CCV-CVC-CV-V-CVC)

Some languages do not use an alphabet with letters. Instead, each sign may stand for a syllable. For example: Japanese can be written using Kana. A writing system based on syllables is called a syllabary. Since words in languages like English can have many different complex syllables (well over 10,000 can be produced in English), writing such languages using a syllabary would be completely impractical, thus alphabets are much better suited to write languages with complex syllable structures. However, since words in Japanese can be made with just a few simple syllables (around 90), writing such languages are well suited for the type of language.
The restored pyramidion of the Red Pyramid at Dashur is now on display beside the Pyramid
A **pyramidion** (plural **pyramidia**) is the very top piece of an Egyptian pyramid. They were called *benbenet* in the Ancient Egyptian language. In Egypt's Old Kingdom, pyramidia were made of diorite, granite, or limestone. These were then covered in gold or electrum. The gold would reflect the rays of the sun. In later times they were made from granite which had royal titles and religious symbols cut into them.

Very few pyramidia still exist. Most of those that have are made of polished black granite, with the name of the pyramid's owner cut into them. There are four pyramidia on show in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. They include the pyramidia from the Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Dahshur and the Pyramid of Khendjer at Saqqara.

A badly damaged white Tura limestone pyramidion is thought to have been made for the Red Pyramid of Sneferu at Dahshur. It has been rebuilt and put on show at the side of the pyramid. However it does not match, as its angles are steeper than that of the sides of the pyramid.

Private brick pyramids with pyramidia
-------------------------------------

Private tomb pyramidion made of limestone, at the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum
During the New Kingdom, some private underground tombs had a small brick pyramid built on top of them. These pyramids were topped with a pyramidia. The four sides included texts and scenes about the cult of the Sun god Ra.

The scenes usually show the course of the sun. It is shown rising on one side, and setting on the opposite side, and traveling, through the night, through the underworld, ruled by Osiris.

### Scribe Moses pyramidion

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| Scribe Moses//Mes,Sin hieroglyphs |

The pyramidion of the scribe Moses was made about 1250 BC from limestone. It is 53 cm tall and shows him making an offering, with his name, on two opposite sides. The other two sides show a baboon which represents the god Thoth.

### Ptahemwia pyramidion

The pyramidion of Ptahemwia was made about 1200 BC, from limestone. It is 28 cm wide and 42 cm tall, and shows sun-related scenes. The Sun god, Ra, and the god of the Underworld, Osiris, are shown on one side. On another side is Ptahemwia, standing in an offering pose, facing three columns of hieroglyphs.

Related pages
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* Washington Monument, which has a solid aluminum pyramidion that serves as a lightning rod.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pyramidia***.

* Transporting the pyramidion to the top of the Khufu-Pyramid
**Modes of limited transposition** are a kind of musical scale. They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.

Major scales have twelve different transpositions. This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.). There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale. Each transposition ("each scale") is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).

A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition. This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.

Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions. For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions. It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C. It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#. Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D, would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important). The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy. Messiaen called it the *first mode* of transposition.

Messiaen’s *second mode*, also called the "octatonic scale", rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc. Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).

The *third mode* rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone. It has four transpositions.

The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions.

Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note. All the notes sound equal. He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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**Suzerainty** (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the **suzerain** and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.

Some examples
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The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:

* Moldova
* Principality of Serbia
* Wallachia

China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea.

Related pages
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* tributary state

Citations
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1. ↑  "Definition of SUZERAINTY". *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
2. 1 2  "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". *www.oed.com*. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
3. ↑  Dickinson, Edwin De Witt (1972-01-01). *The Equality of States in International Law*. Arno Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780405045660.
The Weimar Constitution in booklet form. The constitution itself required that it be provided to school children at the time of their graduation.
The **Constitution of the German Reich** (German: *Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches*), usually known as the **Weimar Constitution** (*Weimarer Verfassung*) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933). The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

The German state's official name was *Deutsches Reich* until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.

Origin
------

Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the *Reich*. The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.

The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician *Hugo Preuss*, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.

Other websites
--------------

* Selected Articles:  Archived 2005-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
* Entire Constitution:
* The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text Archived 2021-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
* The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic Archived 2005-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Additional info is here:


German Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Weimar constitution**

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| International | 
* VIAF

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| National | 
* Germany
* United States

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**Mark Clarke** (born June 1977) is a British former Conservative Party politician. He was a parliamentary candidate. He also was the director for the Young Britons' Foundation. The Young Britons' Foundation isn't a foundation anymore. He was also a chairman of the Conservative Future. The Conservative Future is also not a company anymore. He was the old director of the Road Trip electioneering organisation which was disbanded in 2015. They got Conservative party politicians to parliament in the 2015 general election campaign. Clarke was not allowed to be in the party on 24 September 2015. This is because of the suicide of Elliott Johnson who was another conservative party politician. He said that Clarke was bullying him.

After this, many accusations (claims about something that he did) were made against Clarke in newspapers. In November 2015 he was banned for life from joining the Conservative Party. This led to national coverage and led to Grant Shapps resigning as a government minister.

Personal life
-------------

Clarke is married to Sarah Clarke. She is National Health Service worker. They have two children. Before this marriage, he was in a relationship with the Conservative member of parliament Justine Greening.
For other uses, see Yard (disambiguation).

The **Yard** (abbreviation **yd**, plural sometimes **yds**) is a unit of length in the Imperial System and United States Customary Units.

The word "yard" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for a straight rod.

History
-------

A yard has always been 3 feet, although the length of a foot has changed frequently throughout history. In 1959, the International Yard and Pound Agreement was signed between the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, the United States, New Zealand and Canada. It was defined as 0.9144 metres. The United States continued to use the old yard under the name 'Survey Yard'

Length
------

| International | Inch | Foot | Yard | Chain | Furlong | Mile | Metre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yard | 36 | 3 | 1 | ​1⁄22 | ​1⁄220 | ​1⁄1760 | 0.9144 |

Usage
-----

Roadsigns in the United Kingdom are in miles and yards, rarely in Canada and the Republic of Ireland. It can also be used as a measure of area (square yard) and as a measure of volume (cubic yard). It is also used to measure pitches and fields for a number of sports that originated from English speaking countries. It finds seldom use in other metricated Commonwealth Nations.
**Petrus Jacobus Adrianus Maria "Piet" Buijnsters** (18 October 1933 – 17 November 2022) was a Dutch full professor and book historian.

Biography
---------

From 1955 Buijnsters studied Dutch literature at the Radboud University Nijmegen. In 1962 he became a research assistant at this university at the *Instituut Nederlands* (translated: Dutch Institute). He obtained his doctorate in 1963 and his supervisor was Anton van Duinkerken. His special interest was in 18th and 19th-century Dutch literature. In 1971 he became lecturer at Nijmegen University, which position he accepted on 22 October 1971 with a speech about Sara Burgerhart. Later he became professor of Book Studies and Dutch Literature of the 18th-century at the same university. He left the univresity on 14 June 1995.

Buijnsters has published work by and about poets including Rhijnvis Feith, Justus van Effen, Betje Wolff and Aagje Deken. He also edited several text editions of these writers. He also became known as a publicist, writing about antiquarian bookshops, collecting books and book collectors. Together with his wife Leontine Buijnsters-Smets he published in 2001 *Lust en leering. Geschiedenis van het Nederlandse kinderboek in de negentiende eeuw* for which they both received the Menno Hertzberger Prize [nl] in 2002. In 2005 they received the G.H. 's-Gravesande Prize [nl] for their publications on Dutch children's books. From 2007 Buijnsters published three monographs on the antiquarian bookshop and bibliophile in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Buijnsters died on 17 November 2022, at the age of 89.
History
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In the Middle Ages, Kutná Hora belonged to one of the most important cities in the Bohemian Kingdom. The silver mining started in the second half of 13th century. Unfortunately, the exact date and place, where it all started, remains unknown. Because of that there are lots of legends about the discovery of silver. The most common legend tells a story of a monk named Anthony from the monastery in Sedlec. According to this legend 
the monk found out three silver rods at the foot of the hill.

The peak of mining in Kutná Hora was reached in 14th century. During ages there were lots of mines, but only few of them have been preserved. Last mine was closed during 17th century.

Technology
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Mines were formed by shafts – pits going underground. Their depth varied from 20 to 150 metres. 

Miners worked with simple tools. Only 50 dm3 of rock were extracted within a six-hour shift. This technology allowed them to reach depths ranging from 400 to 450 metres in 14th century. The deepest mine in 16th century was the Osel (donkey) mine, which reached the depth of 600 metres.

St. George Mine
---------------

Mine was discovered in 1967 during a hydro-geological exploration of the heart of the city. Originally it was thought that the legendary Osel mine had been discovered. But further exploration proved that it is St. George mine.

The mine was established around 1330’s and remained operational until the end of 15th or beginning of 16th century.

Nowadays visitors may see 250 meters long tunnel, but in total there more than 800m of stopes, drifts or corridors. During those 250 meters it’s possible to see several interesting areas. Such as drifts to other levels of mine, exploration drifts, partly flooded stope, fragments of wooden drainage or wooden props (protection against collapsing of ceiling).