recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Popular sovereignty** is the idea that the power of a state and its government are created and sustained by the permission of its people. They give their permission through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who is the source of all political power. It is very similar to a social contract, with philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Americans created their Revolution and government on popular sovereignty. In the 1850s Popular sovereignty in the United States meant a very controversial way to deal with slavery in the territories. This was pushed by senator Stephen A. Douglas. It meant that people living in a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be allowed. It led to fighting in Bleeding Kansas. This was because abolitionists (people who didn't want slavery) and pro-slavery people came to the Kansas territory in order to decide the elections. 

Popular sovereignty also can be described as the "voice of the people."

Other books
-----------

* Childers, Christopher (2012), *The Failure of Popular Sovereignty: Slavery, Manifest Destiny, and the Radicalization of Southern Politics*, University of Kansas Press, p. 334
* Etcheson, Nicole (Spring–Summer 2004), "The Great Principle of Self-Government: Popular Sovereignty and Bleeding Kansa", *Kansas History*, **27**: 14–29 links it to Jacksonian Democracy
* Johannsen, Robert W. (1973), *Stephen A. Douglas*, Oxford University Press, pp. 576–613.

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| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Germany
* Israel
* United States

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Male catkins of *Populus × canadensis*
***Populus*** is a genus of trees common in the northern hemisphere. They are often called just **poplars**. The genus has 25–35 species in three sub-groups, which are called **poplars**, **aspens**, and **cottonwoods**.

In the September 2006 issue of *Science*, it was announced that the Western Balsam Poplar (*P. trichocarpa*) was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced.

Reproduction
------------

The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping catkins. The male flowers have a group of 4–60 stamens on a disk. The female flower is a single-celled ovary in a cup-shaped disk.

Pollination is by wind. The fruit is a two to four-valved capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in mid summer. It contains tiny light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which help wind dispersal.

Ecology
-------

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. *Pleurotus populinus*, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of *Populus* trees in North America.
The *mix-up* transformation of RC2; A *mixing round* consists of applying the *"mix-up"* transformation four times.
In cryptography, **RC2** is a symmetric-key block cipher. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1987. *"RC"* stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".

RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable key size and using 18 rounds.

Rounds are arranged as a source-heavy feistel network, with 16 rounds of one type called *"mixing rounds"* interleaved by two rounds of another type called *"mashing rounds"*.

The 18 rounds are performed using the following interleaved sequence: 

1. perform 5 mixing rounds.
2. perform 1 mashing round.
3. perform 6 mixing rounds.
4. perform 1 mashing round.
5. perform 5 mixing rounds.

RC2 uses *key-expansion algorithm* by which an expanded key consisting of 64 (16-bit words) is produces depending in a complicated way on every bit of the supplied *"variable-length"* input key. A mixing round consists of four applications of the *"mix-up"* transformation, as shown in the diagram. A round is *"mashed"* by adding to it one of the 16-bit words of the expanded key (RFC 2268).

RC2 is susceptible to a related-key attack using 234 chosen-plaintext attacks (Kelsey *et al.*, 1997).

The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software, after evaluation by the NSA. The NSA suggested a couple of changes, which Ronald Rivest incorporated. After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.

Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated under US export regulations for cryptography. Now all 40-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are dangerously susceptible to brute force attacks.

Initially, the details of the algorithm were kept secret — proprietary to RSA Security — but on 29 January 1996, source code for RC2 was anonymously posted to the Internet on the Usenet forum, sci.crypt. A similar post had occurred earlier with RC4. It is unclear whether the poster had access to the specifications or whether it had been reverse engineered.

Other websites
--------------

* RFC 2268 - A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption Algorithm
* RSA FAQ: What is RC2? Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
* sci.crypt posting revealing the RC2 algorithm
Located in South Australia, Maralinga was a site used by the British government to assess nuclear warhead capabilities between 1952-1963. This was authorised by the prime minister of the time, Sir. Robert Menzies. This anglophile facilitated the British government's Cold War paranoia.

Damage
------

Referred to as "Section 400" this secret operation exposed surrounding Indigenous communities to radiation by contaminating the soil and water sources. Walter MacDougal, who threatened to go to the press, was tasked with searching 100, 000km by car to alert local Aboriginals, of the dangers, in some cases forcing them to leave their home. Despite this over one thousand Indigenous people were exposed to radiation, alternatively known as *black mist* by the locals.

Aftermath
---------

The radiation was evaluated in a report in 1985 when the government took measures to begin resettling the town. In response to this the British Government sent ₤20 in reparations to the Australian government who provided the local Aboriginal community with $13.5 million AUD in compensation.

The town was returned to the Tjarutja people in November 2009, over half a century since the testing began.
*Platypterygius kiprijanovi* - Albian-Cenomanian of Kursk region (Russia)

  

***Platypterygius*** ('flat flipper)' is an ichthyosaur of the family Ophthalmosauridae. It was the last surviving ichthyosaur.

Discovery and species
---------------------

Fossils are known from Australia, Russia, United States of America, Colombia, Western Europe and possibly New Zealand. There are seven named species. Both adults and juveniles have been unearthed, including newborns and pregnant females. Like other ichthyosaurs, *Platypterygius* gave live birth.

Palaeobiology
-------------

*Platypterygius* reached a length of about 7 m (23 ft). It had a long snout and a powerful finned tail. There are more digits in the front flippers than is usual in ichthyosaurs; they are tightly bound in rows, giving a broad, flat appearance. This unusual characteristic gives the genus its name, meaning 'flat wing.' Furthermore, some of the wrist bones have disappeared entirely. CAT scans on a juvenile specimen strongly suggest that *Platypterygius* was deaf.

Extinction
----------

The fate of the ichthyosaurs
*Platypterygius* became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event. There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary. The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain. The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251

No firm reasons can be given for the decline of the ichthyosaurs. By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more elusive prey. The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly evasive. The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors. The anoxic event would have removed much of the plankton at the base of the food chain. That would certainly result in the extinction of many larger predatory forms of life.
The waterfall *Galovački buk* at the Upper Lakes
Map of Plitvice Lakes National Park
View of the lakes on a satellite image
Paths between the lakes
**Plitvice Lakes** is a World Heritage Site and National Park in Croatia. 
Waters flowing over the limestone and chalk have deposited minerals, and created natural dams. The result is a series of beautiful lakes, caves and waterfalls. The forests in the park are home to bears, wolves and many rare birds.

Plitvice is the oldest national park in southeast Europe and the largest national park in Croatia. It was founded in 1949 and is in the mountainous karst area of central Croatia, at the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1979, Plitvice Lakes was one of the first natural sites added to the UNESCO World Heritage register. Each year, more than 900,000 visitors are recorded.

The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue. The colours change constantly depending on the quantity of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight.

Wildlife
--------

### Plants

The area includes forests, meadows and water plants; ecologically it ranges from Alpine to Mediterranean conditions. Of over 1,000 types of plant, 75 are endemic, found naturally only here, and 55 are species of orchids.

### Animals

The park is home to a wide variety of animal and bird species. Rare fauna such as the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat, capercaillie and many bats are there, with many more common species. 
157 species of birds have been recorded, 70 of which nest in the area. 12 amphibian species and lizards, snakes and turtles are there also.
The common name "blackbird" is used for at least two different groups of birds. This page deals with the Old World group, which are the genus ***Turdus***, also known as thrushes. *Turdus* is the Latin name for thrush.

The type species is the mistle thrush (*Turdus viscivorus*).

Old World
---------

The group **Passerida** is a fairly large group of Old World birds. They include the genus *Turdus* in the family Turdidae.

The **blackbird** (*Turdus merula*, or **common blackbird**) is a thrush. It is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae. There are at least seven species in the Old World, all of which have different common names.

It has a huge range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its range. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory or fully migratory.

Appearance
----------

The adult male is black, with a yellow/orange bill (beak). Juveniles and females are brown, and less easy to see. Blackbirds are easy to find in gardens all over Europe and in Asia, South of the Arctic Circle. On average, blackbirds live to be 2.4 years old, but some have been found to be 20 years old.

Behaviour and ecology
---------------------

Eggs in a nest
Two chicks in a nest

Song 1

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Song 2

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Alarm calls

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It is a terrific singer, and will breed whenever the weather is right.

The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or using a "bow and run" threat display. This is a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If a fight between male blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away.

The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent.

The male attracts the female with a courtship display: oblique runs and head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female stays still until she raises her head and tail to allow sex. This species is monogamous, and the established pair usually stay together as long as they both survive. Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding. Although socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra pair paternity.

As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will stay in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more social, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds is bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.
The **Mischianza** or **Mischianza extravaganza** was a party. It happened in Philadelphia during the American Revolutionary War. John Andre threw the party on May 18, 1778 for General William Howe. About 400 people came to the party

Motivation
----------

The party was for General William Howe and Admiral Richard Howe. They were leaders in the British military. William Howe was being sent back to England because the government blamed him for the loss of the Battle of Saratoga. But the men in the army thought he was a very good general and decided to throw him a large party.

Event
-----

To start the party, the Howe brothers and other leaders floated down the Delaware river on decorated boats. People in the buildings on the sides of the river waved to them. Military musicians played music. The *HMS Roebuck* fired a seventeen-gun salute.

Most of the party was at Walnut Grove. Walnut grove had belonged to a man named Joseph Wharton, but he supported the American Revolution, so the British had taken it. Major John Andre was the master of ceremonies, meaning he organized the party and told everyone what would happen next.

Andre planned a medieval-style joust, where men on horseback would practice-fight with lances. He named the two teams the Knights of the Blended Rose and the Knights of the Burning Mountain and designed costumes, flags, and slogans for them. Each knight had a lady, like in the tradition of courtly love from the middle ages. Andre picked women from loyalist American families. He gave them costumes to wear that would remind people of the Crusades. The women's costumes were what 18th-century English people thought of as Turkish.

After the joust, the party guests walked under two triumphal arches that Andre had built for the party. The first arch was decorated with things about the ocean, like the Roman god Neptune with his trident. This was to honor Admiral Howe. The second was decorated with military trophies. This was to honor General Howe. Then there was dancing and fireworks.

The guests ate dinner in a beautifully decorated tent. Twenty-four enslaved men in costumes served dinner.

Costs
-----

Twenty-two British officers got the money for the party: £3,312. This did not count the costumes people wore, which cost about £12,000.

Response
--------

Most of the people who went to and wrote about the Meschianza said how beautiful and elegant everything was. However, other people did not like that the officers had celebrated a triumph, or victory, before the war was won.

Richard Howe's secretary, Ambrose Serle wrote, "Every man of Sense, among ourselves, tho’ not unwilling to pay a due Respect, was ashamed of this mode of doing it."

A Quaker named Elizabeth Drinker wrote that she did not like the idea of throwing a big party when so many people were being hurt by the war: "How insensible these people appear, while our land is so greatly desolated, and death and sore destruction has overtaken and impends over so many."
**Nawab** (Arabic: نواب;
Bengali: নবাব/নওয়াব;
Hindi: नवाब;
Punjabi (Gurmukhi): ਨਵਾਬ;
Persian,
Punjabi (Shahmukhi),
Sindhi,
Urdu: نواب), also spelt **Nawaab**, **Navaab**, **Navab**, **Nowab**, **Nabob**, **Nawaabshah**, **Nawabshah** or **Nobab**, is a royal title. It was used by sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state. In in many ways it is similar to the western titles of King. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor. In earlier times, the title was given by the Mughal emperor to Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent who were loyal to the Mughal Empire. The title is an equivalent to the title Maharaja. 

"Nawab" usually refers to males. It means *Viceroy*. The female equivalent is "Begum" or "*Nawab Begum*". The primary duty of a Nawab was the administration of a certain province.

Similar to a British peerage, The title of "nawabi" was also given to persons and families who ruled a princely state of British India. In some cases, the titles were also given with jagir grants. These were either cash or land-holdings.
**Nawabganj** (Bengali: নবাবগঞ্জ) is an upazila of Dhaka district of Bangladesh .

Location
--------

Nawabganj Upazila is an Upazila under Dhaka District. Ichamati river , Kaliganga river and Padma river flow over this upazila. Nawabganj Upazila is located 35 km southwest of Dhaka city. Its location coordinates: 23.67° North Latitude - 90.17° East Longitude. Singair Upazila of Manikganj District to the North , Dohar Upazila to the South, Keraniganj Upazila to the East , Sirajdikhan Upazila and Srinagar Upazila of Munshiganj District , Harirampur Upazila of Manikganj District and Manikganj Sadar Upazila to the West .

History
-------

There is no written history about the naming of Nawabganj. But there is a popular legend - during the Nawab period, the Nawabs and their subordinates and soldiers used to travel to Dhaka by boat from Murshidabad through the Ichamati river in Nawabganj. They used to pitch their tents and rest in this area along the banks of the Ichamati. At one point the servants of the Nawab started living in this area for the purpose of collecting rent. In this way, the population gradually increased in this area and the city was built. As a result, this area became known as Nawabganj from Nawabi period.
Martin Schumacher
**Martin Schumacher** (born June 28, 1950) is a German statistician.

Life and work
-------------

Martin Schumacher graduated from the University of Dortmund in mathematics and statistics in 1974. He stayed in Dortmund and earned his PhD in 1977. Between 1975 and 1979 and 1983 and 1986 he worked for Siegfried Schach. In between, he spent the years 1979-1983 at the University of Heidelberg and worked for Herbert Immich. There he became a professor in 1982, working on the analysis of survival time. In 1984 he worked as a guest professor at the University of Washington in Seattle (USA). After returning to Dortmund he was offered a position at the University Medical Center Freiburg. He became the head of an institute from April 1986 until his retirement in May 2017.

A focus of Martin Schumacher was the training and mentorship of young researchers. The book "Methodik Klinischer Studien" (Methodology of Clinical Trials) by Schumacher and Schulgen is the first book on this topic in German and the standard textbook in Germany.

Martin Schumacher is the author or co-author of over 250 scientific publications. He helped more than 20 people to get their PhD.

Publications
------------

* Methodik klinischer Studien: Methodische Grundlagen der Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung. Martin Schumacher, Gabi Schulgen, Springer 2008.
* Competing Risks and Multistate Models with R. Jan Beyersmann, Arthur Allignol, Martin Schumacher, Springer 2012.

Honors
------

* Bradford Hill Memorial Lecture (2012)
* Honorary member of the German Chapter of the International Biometrical Society (2014)
* Honorary member of the International Society for Clinical Biostatistics (2015)
* Honorary Life Member of the International Biometric Society (2018)

Other websites
--------------

* Institute webpage
* Martin Schumacher on the Mathematics Genealogy Project Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
**Louis Pasteur** (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist.
He and his wife, Marie, are best known for their experiments supporting the germ theory of disease, and he is also known for his vaccinations, most notably the first vaccine against rabies and anthrax.

Career
------

He made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry (different shapes) of crystals. He is also well known for his way of keeping milk and wine from going sour for longer periods of time. That process is called pasteurization. It is when the milk and or wine is put under about 161 Fahrenheit (72 Celsius) for fifteen seconds. 

Pasteur's later work on diseases included work on chicken cholera. During this work, Pasteur noticed how a culture of the responsible bacteria had spoiled, and it failed to induce the disease in some chickens, which he was infecting, with the disease.

Personal life
-------------

Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole in the Jura region of France, into the family of a poor tanner. Louis grew up in the town of Arbois. He gained degrees in Letters and in Mathematical Sciences before entering the École Normale Supérieure, an elite college. 

After serving briefly as professor of physics at Dijon Lycée in 1848, he became professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, where he met and courted Marie Laurent, daughter of the university's rector, in 1849.

Louis Pasteur and Marie were married on May 29, 1849, and together had five children. Only two survived to adulthood; his other three children had died of typhoid fever. These personal tragedies inspired Pasteur to try to find cures for diseases, such as typhoid.

Death
-----

In 1895 at Marnes-la-Coquette, a commune in Paris, Pasteur died after several strokes.
The Mount Meager volcanic complex as seen from the east near Pemberton, BC.
**Mount Meager** is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called *Cathedral Mountain*.

Geologic history
----------------

Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

Volcanic hazards
----------------

Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

Other websites
--------------

* Global Volcanism Program: Meager
* Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada Archived 2007-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Marado** or **Mara Island** is the most southern island of South Korea. It is about 11km away from the Moseolpo harbor in the south coast of Jeju-do (Jeju Island). Having an area of 0.298km², the whole island is covered with natural grass so that it carries an exotic mood. The island is small enough for tourists to look around within an hour.

Information
-----------

Marado belongs to the administrative boundaries of Gapa-ri, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju Island. The population of the island is around 107, and about 30 families are living in Marado. When viewed from the sky, Marado looks just like a sweet-potato. As the wind blows all year round, everything in Marado including trees, houses, grasses lie flat on the ground. Along the coast, the island has steep cliffs with lots of holes made by rough waves. Also Marado, the island itself is designated as a natural monument of South Korea (2000).

History
-------

Originally, Marado was an island called Keum Island, meaning 'forbidden island' in Korean language. It was because of the unpredictable weather and rough sea that people could not approach the island. However, people started to live in Marado since 1883. Tradition says that a man named Kim Sung Oh, who lost all his fortune in gambling made a suggestion to the county chief to let people move into Marado. As the chief let them to do so, people including Kim came to Marado and cultivated the island.

Attractions
-----------

Not to mention the beautiful scenery of the island, Marado has lots of attractions. First of all, there is a monument symbolizing the most southern point of South Korea in the island. Also, a small museum named 'Chocolate Museum' is another landmark of the island. Furthermore, there is a rock called 'Janggun Rock', meaning 'the General's rock' in Korean language. People in Marado regard this rock as a guardian of the island. Lastly, the lighthouse which is registered on the map of the world is a really beautiful and charming attraction.
In cryptography, **RC5** is a simple symmetric-key block cipher. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, RC5 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. *"RC"* stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".

In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels; RC5 has a variable block size (32, 64 or 128 bits), variable key size (0 to 2040 bits) and variable number of rounds (0 to 255). The original suggested choice of parameters were a block size of 64 bits, a 128-bit key and 12 rounds.

A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations; one of the goals of RC5 was to study and evaluate operations of block ciphers as a cryptographic primitive. RC5 also consists of a number of modular additions and eXclusive OR (Xor)s. The general structure of the algorithm is a Feistel-like network. The encryption and decryption routines can be specified in a few lines of code. The key schedule, however, is more complex, expanding the key using an essentially one-way function with the binary expansions of both e and the golden ratio as sources of "nothing up my sleeve numbers". The simplicity of the algorithm together with the novelty of the data-dependent rotations has made RC5 an attractive subject to study by cryptanalysts.

Cryptanalysis
-------------

12-round RC5 (with 64-bit blocks) is susceptible to a differential attack using 244 chosen plaintexts. 18–20 rounds are suggested as sufficient protection.

RSA Security, which has a patent on the algorithm, offered a series of US$10,000 prizes for breaking ciphertexts encrypted with RC5, but these contests have been discontinued as of May 2007. A number of these challenge problems have been tackled using distributed computing, organised by Distributed.net. Distributed.net has brute-forced RC5 messages encrypted with 56- and 64-bit keys, and now is working on cracking a 72-bit key. At the current rate (as of November 12, 2008), it will take approximately 1,000 years to test every possible key to complete the project.

Other websites
--------------

* Rivest's paper describing the cipher Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
* SCAN's entry for the cipher
* RSA Laboratories FAQ — What are RC5 and RC6? Archived 2006-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Helger Lipmaa's links on RC5 Archived 2008-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
* RSA's patent via Google.
For other places with the same name, see Rajapur (disambiguation).


 **Rajapur** is a town (Nagar Panchayat) and tehsil of Chitrakoot district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated along the bank of river Yamuna. It has its nickname as "Tulsi Dhaam" after great Hindi poet Goswami Tulsidas, who is the writer of holy "*Ram Charit Manas*" along with many other religious books of Hindus. There is a temple devoted to Tulsidas where part of the original "Hand written Scripture" of Ramcharitmanas is still available, although some pages may be missing. Rajapur is linked with Kaushambi district on the opposite bank of river Yamuna.

Tourist attractions
-------------------

Places like Hanuman ji temple, Tulsighat, Tulsi smarak are some of the places of interest in the town for local people as well as people from nearby villages. Being the birthplace of saint poet Goswami Tulsidas it is visited by many other people from all parts of the country. Tulsi ghat is a nice place to spent some time in morning and evening because of scenic beauty of this place and breeze. Chitrakoot which is district headquarter is also a very famous tourist attraction only 50 km from Rajapur. Apart from this there is a place called Nadi taura, 18 km from Rajapur, where a famous hanuman ji temple is situated.

Demographics
------------

As per the 2011 Census of India, Rajapur had a population of 13,439. Out of it 97% are Hindu and 2.28% are Muslims. Rajapur has an average literacy rate of 70.38%, male literacy rate is 77.98% and female literacy rate is 61.73%. In Rajapur, 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.
"RINO Hunter" shirts advertised for sale at the 2007 Iowa Straw Poll
"No More RINOs!" sign at a 2010 Tea Party movement protest in Minnesota
**Republican In Name Only** or **RINO** is a word for people who are in the Republican Party of the United States but believe things and want to pass laws that are different from most Republicans. RINO is a pejorative term, meaning it is an insult that other Republicans or conservatives use for people whom they think should not count as Republican.

In the 1800s and 1900s people said "republican in name only" when talking about governments of countries that said they let people elect their own leaders, like in a real republic, but really ruled regardless of what the people wanted.

When Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft both wanted to become the Republican candidate for President of the United States in the early 1900s, they accused each other of being "Republican in Name Only." When he was President, Franklin Roosevelt called Republicans who supported the New Deal "Me Too Republicans" and claimed they were just promising to do what he was already doing. Today, people call the Me Too Republicans Republican in Name Only.

In 1964, Senator Barry Goldwater refused to run for President as a moderate because "Extremism in the pursuit of justice is no vice and moderation in the service of conscience is no virtue." 

In 1976, Ronald Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the nomination of the Republican Party to run for President and insisted on a conservative platform instead of Ford's moderate position. 

In 1993, an article in a newspaper claimed that President Bill Clinton should be pleased that the United States Congress was being won by Democrats and RINOs.
The **Muscogee** or **Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek** are a Native American people from the Southeastern Woodlands. Today this is Tennessee, Alabama, western Georgia and northern Florida. Their languages are Muscogee, Mvskoke and Hitchiti-Mikasuki. The languages are part of the Muscogean language family. The Seminole people come from the Muscogee tribes. The Muscogee historically formed the Muscogee Confederacy.

Social Structure
----------------

The Muscogee Confederacy included several Upper Towns and several Lower Towns. Abihka, Coosa, Tuckabutche, and Coweta were the four earliest towns. 

The Muscogee Confederacy had particular social structure. The social unit was the town (*idalwa*). The *mico* was village chief and most important man. *Micos* were warriors. *Micalgi* were lower chiefs. The *heniha* was second in charge. The *tustunnuggee* were ranked warriors. The clan was another social group. They dealt with land, hunts, marriages and crimes.

History
-------

Early Muscogee were part of the Mississippian culture. They built cities and were mound builders. Notable mound sites are the Ocmulgee, Etowah Indian Mounds, and Moundville sites.

Spanish were early Europeans to meet the Muscogee in the 16th century. 

Natives had interpretations for two special events. One was the Great Comet of 1811. The other was the 1812 New Madrid Earthquake. Many thought the events meant that they should support the Shawnee.

There was conflict between the Upper and Lower Towns of the Muscogee. This eventually lead to the Red Stick War (Creek War, 1813–1814). It was connected to the War of 1812. Europeans also got involved in the war. Shawnee leader Tecumseh led the Northern towns. They lost against the Southern Muscogee and General Andrew Jackson. In 1814, the Muscogee signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson. They had to give up a lot of land. The Muscogee spread out to different regions after this. Several went to Florida. 

In Florida, Andrew Jackson attacked the Seminole in 1817. The Natives had been raiding towns. The Seminole lost and many moved inland.

The Muscogee were forced to leave their homes during the Trail of Tears in the 1830s. Most went to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Some remaining Muscogee moved to Florida and formed the Seminole. Also many of these Seminole were forced to leave. Some moved south to the Everglades. 

The Muscogee were considered part of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes". The Europeans saw how technologically advanced these natives were and thought they were civilized. 

*Opothleyahola* was a chief of the Muscogee during the American Civil War. He wanted that the Muscogee stay neutral. Later they supported the Union and blacks.
The building of the Royal Birmingham Society of Art
The **Royal Birmingham Society of Artists** (also called **RBSA**) is a group of artists who have a lot of experience and education. It is located in an area of Birmingham, England called the Jewellery Quarter. The RSBA has an art gallery there. It is a charity.

History
-------

It was opened in 1821 and called the *Birmingham Society of Artists*. They had an art gallery and office space located on New Street in 1829. They changed their name to the RBSA in 1868. It was very well known during the Victorian era. It had many famous artists of the time period such as William Morris. RBSA wanted to have an art school, but another art school, the Birmingham School of Art, opened in the area before RBSA could start one. In the late 20th century their original building was going to be destroyed. RBSA moved to an old warehouse. Charles, Prince of Wales opened the new gallery on 12 April 2000. The people who lead the organization are named "President." They have all been artists.
**Optimum** is an Internet, TV, Mobile and Home phone company serving the New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania Tri-State area, and North Carolina.

Overview
--------

This Optimum customer service facility in Freehold Township, New Jersey, has existed during both the Cablevision and Altice eras
Altice One is the company's flagship home entertainment platform. The device combines TV, streaming apps and more into one space-saving design.

### Television

Optimum HD cable modem and cable box, in place and connected
Optimum TV offers cable television service in three tiers

* Core: 220+ Channels
* Select: 340+ Channels (includes Starz Encore)
* Premier: 420+ Channels (includes HBO, Showtime, and Starz)

### Internet

Optimum offers internet speeds up to 940 megabits per second. Currently there are four speed tiers available:

* "1 Gig", Optimum's flagship speed tier. This speed tier offers 940Mbit/s download speed and is marketed as a "fiber" connection. Fiber connections may also have a 940Mbit/s upload speed. However, fiber is not guaranteed in all locations. Optimum may instead use a coaxial connection for this speed tier, causing service to be 940Mbit/s download and up to only 50Mbit/s upload.
* 400 Mbit/s
* 300 Mbit/s
* 200 Mbit/s

The company also offers a low-cost broadband option, Altice Advantage Internet, for certain eligible customers.

### Voice

Optimum offers landline VOIP telephone service branded as Optimum Voice; the service uses a telephone cable modem to provide the service, either alone or combined into a household's main cable modem box.

  

### Business

Optimum provides small and mid-sized businesses with internet, phone, TV, mobile, Smart WiFi and ad services.

Narrowcasting
-------------

With the introduction of more than Optimum's original 30 channels, narrowcasting was added to the service's offerings, since it was now economical to provide "programs of much significance to small audiences."

Conflicts
---------

A New Jersey company that named itself "Optimum Networks Inc." was sued by then-owner Cablevision Systems Corporation (CSC) for violation of the *OPTIMUM* trademark in 2010.
**The Royal Horticultural Society** (**RHS**) was founded in 1804 in London, England. It was originally called the Horticultural Society of London, and was renamed in 1861. The RHS is the UK's leading gardening charity.

The RHS helps to protect plants, gardens and parks. It also helps people learn gardening, and encourages people to grow their own food.

It holds flower shows such as the RHS Chelsea Flower Show, Hampton Court Palace Flower Show, RHS Tatton Park Flower Show and RHS Cardiff Flower Show.

The RHS has several gardens. The four main gardens are: Wisley Garden in Surrey, Rosemoor Garden in Devon, Hyde Hall in Essex, and Harlow Carr in North Yorkshire.

Medals and awards
-----------------

The society honours certain people with the Victoria Medal of Honour, and the Banksian, Knightian and Lindley medals. It awards Gold, Silver-gilt, Silver, and Bronze medals to exhibitors at its flower shows. The Veitch Memorial Medal is awarded each year for an outstanding contribution to the science and practice of horticulture.

Other awards bestowed by the society include the *Associate of Honour* and the *Honorary Fellowship*.

The Award of Garden Merit, or AGM, is for garden plants that have been extensively tested by the society, and are recommended.

Collections
-----------

The RHS works to help keep collections of cultivated plants. Some of these collections are kept by the RHS, and others are kept by other people who send documents and dried plant samples to the RHS.

The Lindley Library of the RHS has five branches. The library began as the book collection of John Lindley.

The RHS Herbarium has many dried plant specimens. It also has its own image library with more than 3,300 original watercolours, approximately 30,000 colour slides and many digital images.

Publications
------------

### Magazines

The society has published a magazine since 1866. Since 1975 it has had the title *The Garden* and is currently published monthly. The RHS publishes *The Plantsman* and *The Orchid Review* four times a year. *Hanburyana* is published once a year. It is about horticultural taxonomy.

### Plant registers

Since the International Registration Authorities for plants were formed in 1955, the RHS has been the official "Registrar" for some groups of cultivated plants. It is now Registrar for nine categories – conifers, clematis, daffodils, dahlias, delphiniums, dianthus, lilies, orchids and rhododendrons. It publishes The International Orchid Register Archived 2006-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, the central list of orchid hybrids.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
The building in Kensington, London, which housed the Royal College of Organists from 1903-1991
The **Royal College of Organists** or **RCO**, is an organisation based in the United Kingdom, but with members around the world. Its job is to support organ playing and choral music. People who learn the organ can go there to take professional organ examinations.

There is a large library with more than 60,000 books about organ playing and organ music.

When the RCO started in 1864 by Richard Limpus it was called the *College of Organists*. It was given a Royal Charter in 1893. In 1903 it was offered an extremely cheap 99-year lease on a beautiful building in Kensington, West London. The college was there until 1991 when it moved to a church in the City of London. In 2003 it moved again to Birmingham.

Examinations
------------

The RCO offers five qualifications or diplomas.

* The **Colleague Diploma (CRCO)** is a qualification for people who are good organists, but not necessarily at a professional level.
* The **Associateship Diploma (ARCO)** is a professional qualification. The candidate has to play the organ very well and do a music theory examination.
* The **Fellowship Diploma (FRCO)** is for people who already have ARCO. It is harder than ARCO.
* The **Choral Directing Diploma (Dip CHD)** demonstrates professional choral conducting.
* The **Licentiateship in Teaching (LTRCO)** is a professional qualification for organ teachers who already have either the ARCO or FRCO.

Other websites
--------------

* Royal College of Organists Official Website Archived 2005-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
*Androctonus crassicauda* (*Arabian fat-tailed scorpion*) from the Middle East and North Africa
**Scorpions** are eight legged venomous arachnids of the order **Scorpiones**. They have a long body with an extended tail with a sting. The average adult scorpion is about 9 centimetres (3.5 in) in length. The longest scorpion is the *Gigantometrus swammerdami* (*Giant forest scorpion*) from India, which can be 23 centimetres (9.1 in) long. There are about 1,750 species of scorpions worldwide.

The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back to the Silurian, 430 million years ago. They have adapted to a wide range of environments, and live on all continents except Antarctica. There are 13 living families. Only about 25 species have venom which can kill a human being.

Anatomy
-------

They have eight legs and a pair of grasping pedipalps (like claws). The tail is narrow, with segments. It usually has a forward curve over the back, ending with a venomous stinger.

Their body is in three parts. The front section is the *cephalothorax*; the abdomen is called the *mesosoma*, and the tail is the *metasoma*. The body is covered by an exoskeleton which gives them good protection.

Survival in the desert
----------------------

Scorpions have many ways to survive in the desert. They can slow down their metabolism. This allows them to survive on as little as one insect per year. This ability also allows them to shelter from the sun and heat for extended periods of time, using only little amounts of oxygen. 
Many people also believe that their claws, or pincers, were once front legs that have turned into what they now are by going through evolution. Nevertheless, the scorpions' claws play a crucial part in their hunting and mating rituals.
Scorpions also possess a special, feather-like pair of organs, called pectines that they use to sense even the smallest of movements around them. This allows them to effectively track down and hunt their prey, either above or below the surface. This also warns them of possible dangers, such as other bigger hunters.
The scorpion’s most feared and recognized feature is its sting. The sting contains a neurotoxin, which the scorpion uses to paralyze the victim, so it would be easier to kill and eat. They also stay hidden under rocks and that makes their body temperature cool.

Breeding cycle
--------------

The mating ritual of scorpions begins when the male and female connect claws. After this they verify that the other scorpion is of the same species, and is the opposite gender. After this, the male leads the female around until it finds a suitable spot to deposit its spermatophore. Once the male has found a suitable spot, he guides the female over it, where it enters her and fertilizes her. The mating ritual can take anywhere between 1 and 26 hours, depending on the male’s ability to find a suitable spot. Only a scorpion that has reached maturity may go through the mating ritual. A scorpion reaches maturity after it has gone through 5 to 7 moults.

Related pages
-------------

* Arachnid
* Desert scorpion
* Scorpion Tattoo Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
The **Reformed churches** are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

History
-------

The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Form of doctrine
----------------

Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):

* French Confession (1559),
* Scots Confession (1560),
* Three Forms of Unity
	+ Heidelberg Catechism (1563),
	+ Belgic Confession (1566),
	+ Canons of Dordrecht (1619),
* Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
* Westminster Standards
	+ Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
	+ Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
	+ Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
* Baptist
	+ London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

Form of governance
------------------

Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:

* Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
* Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregational churches

Other websites
--------------

* World Communion of Reformed Churches
	+ \* World list of Reformed Churches
* Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
* *Leben, a journal of Reformed Life*
* Reformed Online - Comprehensive resource