recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Dewey Wombat hunting knife
A **knife** is a metal tool with a sharpened metal blade that is used to cut all sorts of things. The plural form of "knife" is "knives." Knives can serve various purposes. Hunters use a hunting knife, soldiers use the combat knife, scouts, campers, and hikers carry a pocketknife; there are kitchen knives for preparing foods, table knives, weapons, knives for throwing or juggling, and knives for religious ceremony or display. 

Archaeologists have discovered sharp-edged tools as ancient as 2.6 million years old. Sharp stone tools became more advanced in design during the late Lithic periods, and a variety of techniques was used to produce such ‘knives’ in the Neolithic era. The copper and bronze ages followed, and of course brought tremendous changes to the ‘sharp-edge’ technology. These new metal tools were much more durable than stone ones, and hence mining and metal-processing became an important activity.

Types of knives
---------------

* **Cooking or kitchen knives,** also known as the chef's knife. Several types of knives are used in cooking. Kitchen knives are sharp knives with wood or plastic handles used for chopping food and meat that is going to be cooked.
* **Table knives**: These knives are used to cut up food for eating. Some table knives are sharper than others, but none are as sharp as kitchen knives. Steak knives are sharper because they need to cut steak. Fish knives and butter knives are also used at the table and have rounded blades that are not sharp.
* **Hunting knives** are used for skinning animals.
* **Fishing knives** are used for cutting open fish.
* **Construction knives** and utility knives are used for cutting vinyl flooring, insulation, plastic sheathing, and carpet.
* **Pocket knives** These knives are used often.
* **Butter knife** A knife used to cut butter or spread things. Some people use it illegally to kill people.
* **Paring Knife** paring knife is ideal for making garnishes and peeling vegetables and fruit.
* **Boning Knife** helps to take meat apart from bone.
* **Carving Knife** is ideal for carving large whole poultry pieces.

Picking the right type of knife
-------------------------------

There are many kinds of knives, depending on what is to be cut. With the right knife, the cuts you want to make will happen faster and more easily. With the wrong kind of knife, it will take more effort to perform the same amount of work. When a knife is too small to cut something, a saw, axe, or power tool may be needed.

Illegal knives
--------------

Carrying knives is illegal in many countries, especially if the blade is longer than several inches. Another type of knife which is illegal in many places is the "switchblade," a knife that has a button which when pressed activates a spring to open the knife.

Related pages
-------------

* Scissors
* Guillotine
* Saw
The order **Crocodilia** is a group of archosaur reptiles. There are three living families of crocodilians.

Some crocodilians are crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans.

Crocodilians are first found in the Upper Cretaceous period. They are descendents of a much wider group of archosaurs called the crocodylomorphs. These, in the Upper Triassic, were slender land-living animals.

The crocodylomorphs, in turn, were part of an even larger group, the Crurotarsi, which are first seen early in the Triassic.

Crocodilians are the the sister group of the dinosaurs. This means crocodilians are the closest living relatives to birds. They are both survivors of the Archosauria.

Nile crocodilesNile crocodiles

Taxonomy
--------

### Clade

* Sauropsida
	+ Archosauria
		- Crurotarsi
			* Crocodylomorphs
				+ **Crocodilia**

### Families

* Order **Crocodilia**
	+ Family Crocodylidae
		- Crocodiles
	+ Family Alligatoridae
		- Alligators
		- Caimans
	+ Family Gavialidae
		- Gharial
		- False gharial

* See also: Crocodilomorpha, the archosaur stem-group.

Distribution of crocodiles

  



Wikispecies has information on: ***Crocodilia***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Crocodilia***.
**The Forex scandal** is a financial scandal that involves the discovery that the some of the world's biggest currency exchange banks teamed together for at least a decade to control and rig the daily foreign exchange rates.

Market regulators in Asia, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States began investigating the $5.3 trillion everyday foreign-exchange market after Bloomberg News reported in June 2013 that currency dealers said they had been front-running client orders and rigging the foreign exchange benchmark. WM/Reuters rates by colluding with counterparts and pushing through trades before and during the 60-second window when the benchmark rates are set. The behavior occurred daily in the spot foreign-exchange market and went on for at least a decade, according to currency traders. At least 11 banks including Barclays, HSBC, and Goldman Sachs disclosed investigations by regulators. Barclays, Citigroup, and JPMorgan Chase all suspended or placed on leave senior currency traders. Deutsche Bank, continental Europe’s largest lender, was also cooperating with requests for information from regulators.
Broken Arrow was a call for all available combat aircraft to attack enemy positions, even those close to the position of US troops. The reason for calling in that order, is because a US position is being overrun and can no longer be defended.

Broken Arrow was a code phrase , that a military unit on the ground is facing imminent (or very soon) destruction from enemy attack and all available air forces within range are to provide air support immediately". 

Broken Arrow is a code phrase that refers to an accidental event that involves nuclear weapons, warheads or components that does not create a risk of nuclear war. These include:

* Accidental or unexplained nuclear explosion
* Non-nuclear detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon
* Radioactive contamination
* Loss in transit of nuclear asset with or without its carrying vehicle
* Jettisoning of a nuclear weapon or nuclear component
* Public hazard, actual or implied

In movies and books
-------------------

In movies, the phrase has been used in *We Were Soldiers* (2002). Its movie star is Mel Gibson. 

Part of the plot of the movie is that, at the point of being overrun by the enemy, the military officer (played by Mel Gibson), orders his forward air controller, to call in the air strike, by saying "Broken Arrow, Broken Arrow".

Other websites
--------------

* Broken Arrow at Wiktionary.org

Sources
-------

1. 1 2  "Broken Arrow - Wiktionary". *en.wiktionary.org*.
Map of 2018 Lombok earthquakes
**2018 Lombok earthquake** may refer to the following five thrust type earthquakes. They occurred in July and August, with epicentres north of Rinjani volcano, that caused significant damage and deaths:

* July 2018 Lombok earthquake (Mw and ML: 6.4, a foreshock)
* 5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake (Mw: 6.9, ML : 7.0, the mainshock)
* 9 August 2018 (ML : 5.9 aftershock, 6 deaths)
* 18 August 2018 23:10pm local time Lombok earthquakes (Mw : 6.4 aftershock, 2 dead)
* 19 August 2018 Lombok earthquake (Mw  6.9 new earthquake, different fault.)

On August 5, 2018, Lombok Island, an island off the eastern part of Bali Island, Indonesia experienced a 6.9 magnitude earthquake. The epicenter of the earthquake was 18 km Northwest of East Lombok. The earthquake had the potential to cause a tsunami, and a Tsunami alert was sounded but later the warming was removed as the risk was reduced. The Indonesian government made efforts to broadcast information about the impact of the earthquake. However, thorough geospatial data about how the earthquake affects larger areas was limited and mostly inaccessible for the public. Available information, for example, was that according to the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of West Nusa Tenggara Province, the loss due to the earthquake reached 1 trillion IDR. Then, according to the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), the number of victims of the earthquake was >100 people, with 238 people injured, thousands of homes damaged, and tens of thousands becoming refugees.

A tsunami struck Java and Sumatra starting at 9:30 p.m. and resulting in more than 300 deaths. The tsunami was likely caused by undersea landslides due to the ongoing eruption of Anak Krakatau volcano located in the Sunda Strait. Anak Krakatau’s most recent series of eruptions started in June 2018.

Earthquakes in Indonesia
------------------------

Indonesia is an archipelago that includes thousands of volcanic islands, which were created over time as plates shift and molten rock, or magma, exerts pressure. The Southeast Asian country is located on the Pacific ring of fire, where slabs of the earth’s crust — tectonic plates — clash, creating earthquakes when the plates shove against one another. About 90% of earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.

Among the most deadly earthquakes in history was the magnitude 9.1 quake that struck off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra on 26 December 2004, triggering a massive tsunami. This disaster killed nearly 230,000 people across several countries.
In economics, an **oligopoly** is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers. Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share. 

As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions. As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers.

Examples
--------

In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Trains run by private sectors are much costlier than those run by a government. As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.

Related pages
-------------

* Oligarchy
* Plutocracy

Other websites
--------------

* Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
* Vives, X. (1999). Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. (A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory)

| Different Market forms |
| --- |
| Perfect competition • Monopolistic competition • Oligopoly • Oligopsony • Monopoly • Natural monopoly • Monopsony |
The Tulu people, also known as Tuluvas, are an ethno-linguistic and ethno-cultural group from Southern India. They are native speakers of the Tulu language and the region they traditionally inhabit is known as Tulu Nadu. This region comprises the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod district in Kerala. Mangalore, Karnataka is the commercial hub of this region.

The Tuluvas follow a matrilineal system of inheritance known as Aliyasantana, where inheritance is from uncle to nephew. They have distinctive cultural features including the rituals of Yakshagana, Bhuta Kola, Nagaradhane, Aati kalenja, and Kambala. The Tuluva New Year is called Bisu Parba.

According to mythology, Tulu Nadu was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land.

Historically, the Tuluvas have also been associated with the Tuluva Dynasty, which was a major ruling dynasty in the Deccan region of South India. The Tuluva Dynasty was the third dynasty to rule the Vijayanagar Empire.
**Eppertshausen** is a municipality in the Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography
---------

Eppertshausen is located in the *Rhine-Main area* 15 km northeast of Darmstadt. The whole area of the village is 13.11 km2 large and it lies 130 – 190 m above sea level. It is a plain area with a few hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The neighbours of Eppertshausen are: 

* Rödermark and Rodgau (North) (all Offenbach Rural District)
* Babenhausen (East)
* Münster (South)
* Messel (West)

Eppertshausen has 5,829 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: *Hessisch*) spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History
-------

Eppertshausen is an early place where people lived. In the time of the 7th to the 9th century new places to live got name endings like *-hausen*.

In 836 the name of Eppertshausen was written down in a document for the first time. It was owned by the monastery of the nearby city of Seligenstadt.

Formerly the people in Eppertshausen were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities
--------------

* France Chaource, France
* Italy Codigoro, Italy

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Eppertshausen***.

* Official website of Eppertshausen
Gary Lewis 1996.
**Gary Lewis** (born **Gary Harold Lee Levitch** on July 31, 1945 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American musician. He is the son of actor/director and comedian Jerry Lewis. He was the leader of a band called Gary Lewis & the Playboys.

Lewis and his band had several hit records during the 1960s, including "This Diamond Ring", "She's Just My Style", "Save Your Heart For Me", "Count Me In", and "Everybody Loves A Clown". Lewis played drums onstage, but Jim Keltner often played drums on the Playboys recordings. Most of their records were produced by Snuff Garrett. Lewis was also the band's lead singer.

Lewis included a tribute to his father in the song "Time Stands Still", imitating Jerry Lewis's familiar comic voice on the record, and he and the Playboys performed the theme song to his 1966 comedy film *Way... Way Out*.

When Lewis was drafted into the United States Army in 1967, the Playboys disbanded. After he served in the Army, Lewis had no more hit records, but continued to perform at oldies concerts and charity shows, including some of the Muscular Dystrophy Association's annual telethons, hosted by Jerry Lewis.
The Münchausen syndrome is a condition where a person fakes or invents medical problems to get more attention from caregiver. The **Münchausen syndrome by prox**y is similar, but the roles change. In the Münchausen syndrome by proxy, caregivers invent health problems in another person, so that they can give that person more attention. Very often, this person is their child. Sometimes, people injure their children, or they change test samples, so that these samples give another result. The Münchhausen Sydrome is also know as Facticious disorder impoesed on self. Likewise, the Mynchausen syndrome by proxy is known as Facticious disorder imposed on another. Facitious is another word for fake. 

This occurs without a specific benefit to the caregiver. Permanent injury or death of the child may occur.

The causeof the problem is unknown. The main motive may be to get attention and manipulate physicians. Risk factors include pregnancy related complications, and a mother who was abused as a child or has factitious disorder imposed on self. The condsition is often discovered, when the child is removed from the mother, and the child's health suddenlty improvses. Sometimes, video surveillance that is done ithout the person knowing will give evidence 

Those affected have been subjected to a form of physical abuse and medical neglect.

Usually, the condition is solved by putting the child in foster care. Therapy may help when the caregiver realizes they need help. How commonly it occurs is unknown, however, it appears to be relatively rare. More than 95% of cases involve a person's mother. The condition was first named in 1977 by Roy Meadow. The presence of the disorder may indicate criminal behavior.
A modern watch 
A old pocket watch 
Swatch watch from Switzerland 
A **watch** is a small clock carried or worn by a person. It makes it easy to see the time. It is also a fashion accessory for men and women, and expensive watches are designed for this purpose. A watch may be one of the few accessories worn by a person.

A **wristwatch** is designed to be worn on a wrist, attached by a strap or other type of bracelet. A pocket watch is to be carried in a pocket. There are other variations. Nurses often wear a watch attached to the front of their uniform. It hangs down from a short strap: when lifted by the user it is right side up. 

A wrist watch has the advantage of being portable in comparison to traditional watches. 

Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, which appeared as early as the 14th century. In 1524, Peter Henlein created the first pocket watch. 
The first watches were strictly mechanical, driven by clockwork. 

As technology developed, mechanical watches were largely replaced by vibrating quartz crystals, producing accurately timed electronic pulses. Some watches use radio technology to correct the time and date. The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970and the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands was manufactured 1991 by the German watchmaker Junghans.

Smartwatches
Electronic movements, also known as quartz movements, have few or no moving parts, except a quartz crystal which is made to vibrate by the piezoelectric effect. A varying electric voltage is applied to the crystal, which responds by changing its shape so it works as an oscillator. It resonates at a stable frequency, which paces a timekeeping mechanism. Most quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive mechanical hands on the face of the watch to give a traditional analog display of the time. Most consumers prefer this.

Some watches are smartwatches, mobile devices similar to smartphones but smaller.
**Lee Marvin** (February 19, 1924 – August 29, 1987), was an American actor.

Career
------

Marvin was born in New York City, United States. He began his career with small roles in western movies such as *Cave of Outlaws* (1951), *The Duel at Silver Creek* (1952), with Audie Murphy, and *Seminole* (1953), with Rock Hudson. He was also in *The Caine Mutiny* (1954) with Humphrey Bogart.

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Marvin continued to act in small roles in westerns, including: *Seven Men from Now* (1956), with Randolph Scott, *The Comancheros* (1961), and *The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance* (1962), with John Wayne.

In 1965 Marvin won an Academy Award for the Western Comedy movie, *Cat Ballou* (1965). He played a nice drunken cowboy. 

He acted with Burt Lancaster in *The Professionals* (1966), by Richard Brooks. 

He became well known after playing the role of Major Reisman, in the Robert Aldrich movie *The Dirty Dozen* (1967). That same year, he starred in *Point Blank*. 

At the end of the decade from 1960 Marvin had popular movies including *Hell in the Pacific* (1968) and *Paint Your Wagon* (1969), with Clint Eastwood.

In 1973 he had one of his best performances in *Emperor of the North Pole* (1973). He plays a drifter who often stows away on trains. In 1974 he played a sheriff, who must deal with racism in *The Klansman* by Terence Young.

In his later years, he worked with Chuck Norris in *The Delta Force* (1986).

Television
----------

Marvin also had a successful career in television. He was in the television series *M Squad* (1957–1960), as Detective Lt. Frank Ballinger. He was in 117 episodes in this series.

He was a guest star on many series. These include *Wagon Train*, *Ben Casey*, *Bonanza*, *The Virginian*, *The Untouchables*, *The Twilight Zone* and *Dr. Kildare*. He also played the role of Maj. John Reisman, in the TV movie *The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission* (1985).
The Thale Cress (*Arabidopsis thaliana*) is regulated by blue to UV light (plantphys.net Archived 2006-05-12 at the Wayback Machine)
Example on Azuki beans
**Phototropism** is growth in the direction of light. Phototropism is common in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a plant growth hormone called auxin, which causes phototropism to occur. It causes the plant to have **elongated cells** on the farthest side from the light.

Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is a *positive phototropism*, while growth away from light is called *negative phototropism*. Most plant shoots have positive phototropism. Roots usually have negative phototropism, though gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them.

Auxin collects mainly on the darker side of the stem and stimulates cell elongation. Thus, the cells on the side not directly exposed to light will grow faster than the opposing side, and the stem will curve towards the light source.

Phototropism in plants such as *Arabidopsis thaliana* is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins. Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light, and cryptochromes that sense blue light.
Cosplayers as Brother Voodoo, Echo and Moonstone.
**Echo** (real name **Maya Lopez**), previously known as **Ronin**, is a fictional character and superheroine from Marvel Comics, appearing as a supporting character in the *Daredevil*, *Moon Knight* and *New Avengers* comics.

She is the deaf adoptive daughter of Kingpin who was his pawn in his attempt to get rid of his archenemy Daredevil, Maya learned the truth and decided to become an adventurer. Despite her disability, Lopez has a photographic memory that allows her mimic anyone she fights, allowing her to deal with any opponent she faces. She is a member of the Daughters of the Liberty, and has been a member of the New Avengers and Earth-TRN852's Avengers.

She was created by David Mack and Joe Quesada, and first appeared in *Daredevil (Vol. 2) #9* in May of 1999.

Portrayals
----------

Alaqua Cox portrays Maya Lopez in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, debuting in the television series *Hawkeye* (2021), and starred in her own spin-off series *Echo* (2024).
A **speech and language therapist** is a healthcare professional who specialises in communication and swallowing difficulties. The main part of their work involves assessing people and planning therapy. They work with people of all ages across different settings such as nurseries, schools, day centres, care homes, clinics and hospitals.

Communication difficulties
--------------------------

These can include difficulties with fluency, stuttering, making sounds and words, making sentences, understanding what others say, and using language socially. These difficulties fall into two main areas:

### Language

There are two types of language difficulties:

* **Receptive**

People with receptive language difficulties have problems understanding spoken and written language. Because of this they usually also have expressive language difficulties although this is not always the case.

* **Expressive**

People with expressive language difficulties are able to understand but cannot say the words and sentences they want to. This may be because of word finding difficulties or problems making sentences.

In children language difficulties are divided up into 

* delay: language follows the normal developmental pattern but at a slower rate e.g. a four year old may have the language skills of someone 12 months younger.
* disorder: language is not following typical development.

Where language difficulties occur with no other difficulties the child may be diagnosed with Specific Language Impairment.

In adults acquired receptive and expressive language impairments are known as aphasia. There are many different types of aphasia depending on which areas of the brain are damaged and what symptoms they show.

Swallowing difficulties
-----------------------

Speech therapists can help people with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia). They help patients through changing their diets to different textures and consistencies, or they may recommend non-oral feeding.
Lear in 1866
**Edward Lear** (12 May 1812 – 29 January 1888) was an English artist and poet, one of the founders of "poetry of nonsense", author of numerous popular absurdist limericks.

Biography
---------

Edward Lear was born on May 12, 1812 in the London suburb of Highgate. He was the 20th child in the family, and his older sister Ann was involved in his upbringing. When Edward was 15 years old, he and his sister settled in a separate house. Being a talented artist, Lear began working as a book illustrator. At the age of 19, he published his first book, Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots, 1830.

Since childhood, Lear had poor health - he suffered from epilepsy, asthma, and in adulthood, partial loss of vision was added to this.

In 1846, Lear published A Book of Nonsense (also translated as the Book of Nonsense or the Book of Nonsense), which included funny limericks. Soon this genre gained considerable popularity.

The style and plots of Lear's nonsense influenced the work of his contemporary, Lewis Carroll, the French surrealists, Russian Oberiuts (Daniil Kharms was Lear's admirer).

The poet died on January 29, 1888. Mentioned in the Beatles song "Paperback writer" (1966).
The **discovery doctrine** or **doctrine of discovery** is a legal term. It means that if a country was not under the control of a king who was from Europe and Christian, then any European Christian country could take control of the land. The discovery doctrine ignores any claim to the land that the native people living there might make.

History
-------

Many European kings used the discovery doctrine to justify colonization. They said that they wanted to bring civilization and Christianity to new places. Back then, it was thought that European culture was the best culture and Christianity was the best religion.

United States law
-----------------

The courts of the United States have used the discovery doctrine to say that Native Americans were not allowed to own land. The reasoning behind this thinking is that they were just occupants of the land and did not really own it before Europeans came. Therefore, the land was not theirs but belongs to European governments or their successors (in this case, the United States and Americans would be the land owner since the country was formed after independence from Great Britain).

Present-day consequences
------------------------

Many people now think that the discovery doctrine is not fair and racist. They think indigenous peoples should have the right to own land because the land is part of who they are as a people group and owning land allows them to have more legal benefits.

### Religion

Some churches that have supported the discovery doctrine in the past now repudiate it. That means that they do not believe anymore and that they are sorry for all the hurt it has caused. Many of the churches that repudiated the discovery doctrine are Protestant churches in North America, specifically the United States.      

The Catholic Church has not made a statement against the discovery doctrine. Many of the rulers who used the doctrine discovery were Catholics.
Barred bichir (*Polypterus delhezi*)
**Bichirs** and the **reedfish** comprise a freshwater fish family, the **Polypteridae**, of ancient ray-finned fishes. They are the only family in the order **Polypteriformes**. All occur in freshwater habitats in tropical Africa and the Nile River system, mainly swampy, shallow floodplains and estuaries.

A closely related group, the Scanilepiformes, are known from the Triassic, and are ancestral to them. The oldest polypterids are around 100 million years old, from the early Late Cretaceous of South America and Africa. They are living fossils.

Anatomy
-------

Polypterids are elongated, dragon-like freshwater fish with a series of dorsal finlets instead of a single dorsal fin. They have have a maximum body length ranging from 25 cm (9.8 in) to over 100 cm (39 in) depending on specific species and morphology.

### *Bawitius*

*Main article: Bawitius*

Nile bichir (*Polypterus bichir*)
The scales were different, apart from size, from those of modern bichirs: they feature a discontinuous ganoine layer, a rectilinear shape, and small articular processes.

*Serenoichthys*
---------------

*Main article: Serenoichthys*

*Serenoichthys* was a small polypterid. In comparison, the giant polypterid *Bawitius* could reach up to 300 cm (9.8 ft).

In the aquarium
---------------

*Bawitius*
Polypterids are popular subjects of public and large hobby aquaria, but tend to stay on the ground. Though predatory, they are actually peaceful. They are sometimes called **dragon bichir** or **dragon fin** in pet shops for a more appealing name due to their dragon-like appearance. They are also called **dinosaur fish** due to their resemblance to dinosaurs.

Related pages
-------------

* *Bawitius*, an extinct bichir
* Reedfish
* Cladistia
* Alligator gar
* List of prehistoric bony fish genera
***Fried Green Tomatoes*** is a 1991 American drama movie directed by Jon Avnet. It is set in 1920s and 1980s Birmingham, Alabama and is based on a novel by Fannie Flagg called *Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe*. The movie stars Kathy Bates, Jessica Tandy, Mary-Louise Parker and Mary Stuart Masterson.

Plot
----

In Birmingham, Alabama, a woman called Evelyn goes to a nursing home to visit her mother-in-law and meets an elderly woman called Ninny. They become friends. Ninny tells Evelyn stories about when she was younger, and about the people she used to know. In particular, she tells Evelyn about two young women, Idgie and Ruth.

In Ninny's stories, Idgie and Ruth are friends who run a café together and raise Ruth's son Buddy. Ruth has separated from her husband Frank because he used to hit her. One day, Frank goes missing and the police begin to think that Idgie has killed him.

Ninny tells Evelyn her stories over several visits. During that time, Evelyn, who was depressed, is inspired by Ruth and Idgie to have more power in her life. In the end, Ninny goes to live with Evelyn and her husband. There is a hint that Ninny and Idgie might be the same person.

Cast
----

* Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
* Mary Stuart Masterson as Idgie Threadgoode
* Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
* Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
* Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
* Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
* Stan Shaw as Big George
* Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
* Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
* Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
* Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
* Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode

Differences from the novel
--------------------------

There are some differences between the movie and the novel it was made from. In the novel, Idgie and Ruth are a lesbian couple. In the movie they may be just friends. The director, John Avnet said that he wanted viewers to make up their own minds. In one part of the movie, Idgie and Ruth have a food fight. Avnet said that the food fight is symbolic of love-making. When it was released, some critics and LGBT activists were angry that the lesbian part of the story had been "glossed over". Even though the lesbian content had been hidden, the movie won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) for best feature movie with lesbian content.

Another difference is that at the end of the movie, it seems possible that Ninny is really Idgie. In the novel, they are completely separate characters and are sisters-in-law.

Reception
---------

The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards and two BAFTA awards.

Other websites
--------------

* *Fried Green Tomatoes* on IMDb
**Rutherford Birchard Hayes** (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, serving only one term. Hayes was a Republican. He was elected governor of Ohio three times before becoming president. Hayes barely won the election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee gave Hayes some disputed electoral votes.

Early life
----------

Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio in 1822. He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then went to Harvard Law School. After graduating from law school, he became a lawyer. In 1849, he joined the Republican Party, which was new then, because he was against slavery. In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery. In the 1860s, he served in the American Civil War on the Union side, and became a major general. After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a part of the Republican Party. In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.

Election of 1876
----------------

Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869, and was not going to run for president a third time in 1876. Grant was a member of the Republican Party, and while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him. The Republican Party did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt, so they decided to make Hayes their candidate. They thought he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was governor there that people thought were good, and because he was thought to have been a hero in the Civil War.

Hayes ran against Samuel Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated. The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency". Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, while Tilden got 184, so Hayes won the election.

Post-Presidency
---------------

While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. Rutherford B. Hayes ordered military forces that had been in the Southern states to leave. He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president. 

After being president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio where he would die of a heart attack on January 17, 1893 at age 70. Meanwhile, He spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, that people who had been in the military should get their fair payments for their service, and that people in prisons should be treated better.

Other websites
--------------

* Hayes' White House biography Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
**Opsins** are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.

They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses. 

This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.

Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.

Each opsin allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one color. Two opsins allow vision in two colors, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full color, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, called full color vision. 

It is thought – see evolution of color vision – that mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals.

"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
Resusci Anne
**Resusci Anne**, also known as **Rescue Anne**, **Resusci Annie** or **CPR Annie**, is a training mannequin used for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It is for both emergency workers and members of the general public. Resusci Anne was made by Norwegian toy maker Åsmund Laerdal. It was based on the research of Peter Safar and James Elam. It was first used in 1960. The mannequin is made to be just like the human respiratory system and outer body in order to help training.

Since its first use, several different versions of Resusci Anne have been introduced. These include versions with computer monitoring, and versions that seem like other emergency medical conditions, such as severe wounds and trauma.

Trainees using the original Resusci Anne were expected to approach the mannequin. After getting no response, the trainees then administered CPR to the mannequin. This system was meant to teach trainees that not all victims require CPR. If a victim can respond when asked if okay, the victim does not need CPR.

The face of Resusci Anne was based on *L'Inconnue de la Seine*. It was the death mask of an unidentified young woman who may have drowned in the Seine River around the late 1880s.
**Jack Thomas Chick** (April 13, 1924 – October 23, 2016) was an American publisher, writer, and comic book artist. He mainly wrote evangelical Christian fundamentalist tracts and comic books. His comics have been described as hate literature by the *Los Angeles Magazine*.  He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Chick's company, Chick Publications, claims to have sold over 750 million tracts, comics tracts and comic books, videos, books, and posters designed to spread Protestant evangelism from a fundamentalist Christian point of view. Many of his tracts are controversial. For example, some of the tracts accuse Roman Catholics, Freemasons, Muslims and many other groups of murder and conspiracies. Chick says his views are just not politically correct.

His views have been spread around the world, mostly through the tracts and now online. They have been translated into more than 100 languages. Chick is an Independent Baptist who follows a premillennial dispensationalist view of the end times. He is an firm believer in the King James Only movement, which says that every English translation of the Bible more recent than 1611 promotes heresy.

Chick tracts
------------

Chick tracts are used to spread Evangelicalism and evangelical Christian ideas. The most known of tracts is This Was Your Life!, which was made in 1964. They are known for spreading fundamentalist beliefs and even banned in some countries as hate literature. Some of his tracts are shown in the Smithsonian Institution.

Death
-----

Chick died on October 23, 2016 in Los Angeles from complications of diabetes, aged 92.
**Halyna Kuzmenko** (1897–1978) was a Ukrainian teacher and revolutionary.

Life
----

Halyna Kuzmenko was born in Kyiv on 13 January 1897. Her father worked on the Ukrainian Railways and later as a farmer. Kuzmenko became a teacher in 1916. She taught the Ukrainian language and history at a primary school in Huliaipole. There she married the revolutionary leader Nestor Makhno. During the Russian Civil War, she joined the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine and operated a machine gun.

In 1921, Kuzmenko and Makhno fled to Romania. They then went to Poland, where they stayed in an internment camp. They were suspected of plotting treason against the Polish government and put in prison. Kuzmenko gave birth to their daughter in prison. They were acquitted during their trial. They stayed in Poland for another year. Makhno and Kuzmenko argued a lot at this time. They then moved to Paris, where Kuzmenko and Makhno divorced.

During World War II, she was arrested and taken to Berlin. She was used as forced labor by Nazi Germany. After the war, she was arrested by the Red Army. She was then sentenced to penal labour in Mordovia. In the 1950s, Kuzmenko moved to Kazakhstan. She lived there until she died on 23 March 1978.

Sources
-------

1. 1 2  Patterson, Sean (2020). *Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921*. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-88755-578-7. OCLC 1134608930.
2. ↑  Darch, Colin (2020). *Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917–1921*. London: Pluto Press. pp. 129–139. ISBN 9781786805263. OCLC 1225942343.
3. ↑  Darch, Colin (2020). *Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917–1921*. London: Pluto Press. p. 146. ISBN 9781786805263. OCLC 1225942343.
The following is a list of **deaths that should be noted in 1995**. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

Each listing of death, must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.

Months
------

* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

Other websites
--------------

* *The Guardian*, UK obituaries
* Obituaries, *Los Angeles Times*
* *The New York Times*, US obituaries
* *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Australian obituaries


|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded byDeaths in 1994 |  **Deaths by year** | Succeeded byDeaths in 1996 |
Korea University Main Hall (2009)
**Korea University** is a private university in Seoul, South Korea. Along with Seoul National University and Yonsei University, KU is one of the three most renowned universities in the country, collectively known as 'SKY.'

Founded in 1905 with the struggle against Japanese colonialism as a historical background, Korea University holds its legacy with highly national values as priorities. These days, however, an emphasis on internationalism and globalization is also becoming an important value that KU pursues.

Korea University has 81 academic departments, and is most well known for its law school, business school, and college of education. 
It has many notable alumni, including the former President of the Republic of Korea Lee Myung-bak and former mayor of Seoul Oh Se-hoon. 
Cha Bum-Kun, famous football manager and former player (nicknamed Tscha Bum), graduated from KU.
In 2009, famous figure skater Kim Yu-Na entered Korea University as a physical education major. 
About 28,000 students are currently studying in Korea University, including 1,000 foreign students.

Other websites
--------------

* Korea University
Pakistani passport front cover.
captionInside cover of the e-passport of Pakistan.
**Pakistani passports** (Urdu: پاکستانی پاسپورٹ‎) are passports issued by the Government of Pakistan to Pakistani citizens and nationals for the purpose of international travel. They are issued by the **Directorate General of Immigration & Passports** (DGIP) of the Ministry of Interior from regional passport offices and the **Pakistani Embassies** and **Consulates**. Since January 2014, Pakistani passports have validity for 5 and 10 years. Under national law, Pakistani passports are explicitly invalid for all travel to the State of Israel, and Pakistani nationals are likewise strictly barred from travelling to the Jewish state under all circumstances. Pakistan is the only country in the world that does not recognize Armenia as a state. In 2019 after an interview with WION, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has stated that Armenia supports India in the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. Therefore travelling to Hayastan is not permitted there either.

Physical appearance
-------------------

Pakistani passports contain a note that the passport cannot be used for travel to Israel
Ordinary Pakistani passports have a deep green cover with golden-coloured content. The Emblem of Pakistan is emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' (English) are inscribed above the emblem and 'Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان', 'Urdu: پاسپورٹ' and 'Passport' (English) are inscribed below the emblem.

### Discontinued types

Pakistan formerly issued a special Hajj passport to Pakistani nationals making an Islamic pilgrimage known as Hajj to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These are no longer issued, and ordinary Pakistani passports may now be used for this purpose.

### Passport holder identity

captionBiographical data page of Pakistan e-passport
* The opening cover end contains the following information:
	+ Photo of passport holder
	+ Type 'P'- stands for "Personal", 'D'- stands for "Diplomat", - S'- stands for "Service"
	+ Country Code
	+ Passport number
	+ Surname
	+ Given name
	+ Nationality
	+ Date of birth
	+ Citizenship number
	+ Gender (Third Gender Inclusive)
	+ Place of birth
	+ Father name
	+ Date of issue
	+ Date of expiry
	+ Issuing authority
	+ Tracking number
	+ Booklet number
* 1st page of regular booklet contains the note from President of Pakistan (mentioned later).
* 2nd page mentions ANNOTATION on the top and contains the following
	+ Religion
	+ Previous passport number (if any)
	+ Signature of the passport holder
* 3rd page declares that the passport is valid to travel to all countries of the world except Israel.