recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan** (born 8 December 1976) is an English actor. He is well known for playing Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's movie trilogy of J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. He is also well known for playing Charlie Pace on the television series *Lost*.

Personal life
-------------

Monaghan was born in Berlin to British parents. He has a tattoo on his right arm of the English word "nine" written with the Tengwar script. It means that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring in *The Lord of the Rings*. Many other cast members also got similar tattoos during the making of the movie. On his left arm is a tattoo that says "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields Forever". On *Lost*, Charlie's tape/bandage finger-rings with letters spelling out words were Monaghan's idea. He thought that because Charlie is an artist, he would still want to be creative even when trapped on an island. Monaghan also actually plays the guitar on *Lost*.

Dominic dated Evangeline Lilly while the two of them were on *Lost*. The two broke up in 2007.

Other websites
--------------

* Dominic Monaghan on IMDb
* The Dominic Monaghan Resource Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Dominic Monaghan interview Archived 2007-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
**Selfridges**, also known as **Selfridges & Co.**, is a chain of large department stores in the United Kingdom that is operated by Selfridges Retail Limited, part of the Selfridges Group of department stores. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge in 1908.

The historic Daniel Burnham-designed Selfridges flagship store at 400 Oxford Street in London is the second-largest shop in the UK (after Harrods). It opened on 15 March 1909. Other Selfridges stores opened in Manchester at the Trafford Centre (1998) and Exchange Square (2002), and in Birmingham at the Bullring (2003).

During the 1940s, smaller Selfridges stores were sold to the John Lewis Partnership, and in 1951, the original Oxford Street store was bought by the Liverpool-based Lewis's chain of department stores. Lewis's and Selfridges were then taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group, owned by Charles Clore. The business expanded under the Sears Group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham. It was bought in 2003 by Canada's Galen Weston for £598 million. In December 2021, the Weston family agreed to sell the majority of Selfridges Group for around £4 billion to a joint venture between Thai conglomerate Central Group and Austria's Signa Holding.

Selfridges & Co. was named the Best Department Store in the World in 2010, 2012 and 2014.
A **rhyme scheme** is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. People usually use letters to show which lines rhyme with which other lines. For example, in a poem that is ABAB, the first and third lines rhyme with each other and the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other. The most basic rhyme schemes are AA, AAA, AABB, ABAB and ABBA. There are also more complicated schemes, such as ABABBCC (rhyme royal), ABABABCC (ottava rima) or ABABBBCBCC (Spenserian stanza). Sonnets may have very different rhyme schemes, Italian (ABBA ABBA CDC DCD, ABBA ABBA CDE CDE, ABBA ABBA CDE EDC), French (ABBA ABBA CDCD EE), Spenserian (ABAB BCBC CDCD EE) or Shakesperian (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG).

*Bid me to weep, and I will weep*
*While I have eyes to see;*
*And having none, yet I will keep*
*A heart to weep for thee.*
*(Robert Herrick, To Anthea, who may Command him Anything)*, an ABAB rhyme scheme
Sometimes there are also internal rhymes. In the following strophe from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's *The Rime of the Ancient Mariner* there are rhymes and alliteration:

*The fat breeze blew, the white foam flew,*
*The furrow followed free;*
*We were the first that ever burst*
*Into that silent sea.*
Some schemes are common, the other are used very rarely. The scheme AABBCC is simple and can be found everywhere, but the scheme ABCCBA, used by Robert Browning in the *Meeting at Night*, was never popular:

*The grey sea and the long black land;*
*And the yellow half-moon large and low;*
*And the startled little waves that leap*
*In fiery ringlets from their sleep,*
*As I gain the cove with pushing prow,*
*And quench its speed i' the slushy sand.*
There are many possibilities for rhyme scheme. Five-line stanzas can have any of ten schemes with two different rhymes: AAABB, AABAB, AABBA, ABBAA, ABABA, ABAAB, AABBB, ABABB, ABBAB, ABBBA. Another possibility is of course AAAAA.
Notice that two or three rhymes can be linked to each other by repeating the same vowel. The rhyme scheme of Giambattista Marino's poem *Adone* is ABABABCC (ottava rima), but in this strophe all rhymes are based on the vowel [i]. This feature shows up in Italian text but not in other languages:

*Giunto a quel passo il giovinetto Alc**i**de,*
*che fa capo al camin di nostra v**i**ta,*
*trovò dubbio e sospeso infra due gu**i**de*
*una via, che’ due strade era part**i**ta.*
*Facile e piana la sinistra ei v**i**de,*
*di delizie e piacer tutta fior**i**ta;*
*l’altra vestìa l’ispide balze alp**i**ne*
*di duri sassi e di pungenti spine.*
A a poet, period of time, or type of poetry can have a preferred rhyme scheme. For example, the Scottish poet Robert Burns preferred the scheme AAABAB. Rhyme royal, ABABBCC, was common in medieval English poetry. Ottava rima was typical of epic poems. Many great epic poems were written in Italian, Spanish or Portuguese with ABABABCC scheme.

Bibliography
------------

* Josef Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, *The Art of Versification*. Revised Edition, Home Correspondence School, Springfield 1921.
People protest outside the house in Solingen The **Solingen arson attack of 1993** happened on the night of 29 May 1993 when five Turkish people were killed in Solingen, Germany. They died when four young German men, belonging to the political far right, firebombed a house. The dead were women and children, aged four, nine, 12, 18 and 27, all of whom who were related.

The attack caused many protests in Germany, and many German government officials were at a memorial service for the dead. Some of the protests were violent, but others were peaceful.

Because of the attack, Germany decided to make sure fewer people from other countries came into Germany for political asylum. It also banned some right-wing political groups.

On 14 October 1995, a German court sentenced the four people who did the attack. Three men, aged 18, 19 and 22, were given prison terms of ten years. The fourth man, 25, was given a term of 15 years. The sentences were opposed by the men and their families, though most of the Turkish people in Germany approved of them. Some Turkish people wanted the men to get life terms in jail.
The coversheet to Beethoven's 5th Symphony. One can see the dedication to Prince Lobkowitz and Count Rasumovsky.
**Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67** is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is the fifth of his nine symphonies. It was written between 1804 and 1808. This symphony is one of the most popular and well-known works of classical music.

There are four movements: an opening sonata allegro, a slower andante, and a fast scherzo which leads straight in to the finale. 

The symphony was first performed in Vienna's Theater an der Wien in 1808. His Sixth Symphony was also performed for the first time at the same concert. The Fifth Symphony soon became recognized as one of the most important musical works.

The music
---------

The symphony begins with a four-note "short-short-short-long" motif which is heard twice (slightly lower the second time): 
(audio speaker iconlisten (help·info))

350Px
The opening of the symphony is so famous that it has often been quoted. Other composers have used it in their compositions, e.g. Sergei Rachmaninoff in his song *Fate*. It has often been used in popular culture, from disco to rock and roll, and in film and television. During World War II, the BBC used the four-note motif to introduce its radio news broadcasts because "short-short-short-long" spells the letter "V" in Morse code. The "V" meant "Victory". It was played very quietly on a drum. People in Nazi occupied countries who wanted to hear the news listened in secret to the BBC news because it was more likely to be true.

The third movement of the symphony uses this rhythm sometimes as an accompaniment. 

Beethoven in 1804, the year he began work on the Fifth Symphony.
When Beethoven wrote this symphony he was in his mid-thirties. He was becoming more and more deaf. He found this terribly hard to bear. He thought that he, of all people, should have perfect hearing. He felt very depressed, but he decided not to commit suicide, but to stay alive and write down all the music he had in his head. He wrote about this in a letter called the Heiligenstadt Testament.

The opening of the Fifth Symphony sounds very bold and heroic. The whole symphony sounds like a struggle which starts from those four notes. People have often said that those four notes represent fate knocking at the door. By the time we get to the last movement (the finale) the music has become major instead of minor. It sounds as if Beethoven has overcome his depression.

The fourth movement of this symphony is one of the first times a trombone or a piccolo is used in a symphony.
**Jacob Barend "Jaap" van Benthem** (23 December 1937 – 9 January 2023) was a Dutch musicologist. He was specialized in the field of fifteenth-century Franco-Flemish composers.

Biography
---------

Van Benthem was born in Rotterdam in 1937. He was the eldest child in a family of teachers. As a result of the German bombing of Rotterdam in 1940, the family became homeless, after which they found shelter in Delft. In Delft he attended primary school. He attended secondary school in Rotterdam. Like his family members, he studied for becoming a teacher. However, from the age of 12 years old he also studied piano at the Conservatory of Rotterdam by Jaap Callenbach. He also studied music theory in Utrecht. In 1963 he started working as a teacher of music theory at Utrechts Conservatorium, and became also appointed in Rotterdam and Amsterdam. From 1972 he taught at the Utrecht University. After his retirement he remained active at the university for a long time. He also held a number of administrative positions, including being the vice-chairman of the Association for Dutch Music History. In 2017 the association published a *Festschrift* in honor of his 80th birthday. He was made an honorary member of the association in 2022.

Van Benthem became known for his studies on various Dutch composers from the fifteenth century. He had special interest in Josquin des Prez (1450-1521). He wrote numerous articles about the composer and edited a number of volumes of the New Josquin Edition, in which all works by the fifteenth-century composer were published. He co-edited a new edition of the masses and motets by Johannes Ockeghem (1410-1497). In one of his last studies, Van Benthem was able to trace and perform works of composer Johannes Tourout, who was hardly known until then. Another specialty was the music of Dutch composers from the period 1880-1940, including co-writing a biography of Johan Wagenaar.

Van Benthem gave small-scale concerts, including in Nieuwerbrug and Linschoten. He was was married to the soprano singer Louise de Koning. They lived in Woerden. Van Benthem died there on 9 January 2023, at the age of 85. He was cremated in Utrecht.
Grinling Gibbons by Godfrey Kneller
Detail from Hampton Court Palace
One of the many bookcase carvings Gibbons made for the Wren Library, Cambridge.
Stoning of St Stephen, c.1680, in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
**Grinling Gibbons** (4 April 1648 – 3 August 1721) was an Anglo–Dutch sculptor and wood carver. He was famous for his work in England, including St Paul's Cathedral, Blenheim Palace and Hampton Court Palace.

Gibons was born and educated in Holland of English parents, his father being a merchant.

He is widely regarded as the finest wood carver working in England, and the only one whose name is widely known among the general public. Most of his work is in lime (tilia) wood, especially decorative Baroque garlands made up of still-life elements at about life size. They are made to frame mirrors and decorate the walls of churches and palaces. He also produced furniture and small relief plaques with figurative scenes. He also worked in stone, mostly for churches. By the time he was established he led quite a large workshop.

Life and work
-------------

Very little is known about his early life. About 1667 he moved to Deptford, now in London, and by 1693 had got commissions from the royal family. By 1680 he was known as the "King's Carver", and carried out exquisite work for St Paul's Cathedral and Windsor Castle. His carving was so fine that it was said a pot of carved flowers above his house in London would tremble from the motion of passing coaches.

The diarist John Evelyn first discovered Gibbons' talent by chance in 1671. Evelyn, from whom Gibbons rented a cottage near Evelyn's home in Deptford, wrote: "I saw the young man at his carving, by the light of a candle. I saw him to be engaged on a carved representation of Tintoretto's "Crucifixion", which he had in a frame of his own making". Later that same evening, Evelyn described what he had seen to Sir Christopher Wren. Wren and Evelyn then introduced him to King Charles II who gave him his first commission. It is still in the dining room of Windsor Castle.

Horace Walpole later wrote about Gibbons: "There is no instance of a man before Gibbons who gave wood the loose and airy lightness of flowers, and chained together the various productions of the elements with the free disorder natural to each species."

Gibbons is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.

Gibbons' work very often includes carvings of peapods. A myth states that he would include a closed pod in his work, only carving it open once he had been paid. If the pea pod was left shut it supposedly showed that he had not been paid for the work.

Bibliography
------------

* Beard, Geoffrey 1989. *The work of Grinling Gibbons*. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-4728-8
* Esterly, David 2000. *Grinling Gibbons and the art of carving*. V&A Publications. ISBN 1-85177-256-1
**Peter Anthonie Diederik Hoyte Diepenhorst** (28 June 1942 – 29 November 2022) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Christian Historical Union (CHU) and later Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was the mayor of Domburg (1975-1987) and Maartensdijk (1987-2001).

Biography
---------

Diepenhorst was born in The Hague as a member of the Diepenhorst [nl] family. His father was Isaäc Nicolaas Theodoor Diepenhorst, who was mayor of Epe. 

Diepenhorst attended the Hogere Landbouwschool [nl]. Afterwards he started working at the Provinciale Waterstaat [nl] of Overijssel. Later he became employee at the Provincial Planning Department (in Dutch: Provinciale Planologische Dienst) of Overijssel. In 1975 he became mayor of Domburg. In 1979 the municipality approved the closure of Badhotel Domburg [nl] in Domburg, a known luxury hotel and one of the oldest and Dutch hotels. It had to be renewed. In 1987 he became mayor of Maartensdijk. In 1992 he had an argument with alderman Klaassen that caused tensions within the board. Diepenhorst accused him of making irresponsible use of his political power. Klaassen named Diepenhorst an aristocratic and feudal ruler. In 1993 he had to deal with problems caused by caravan dwellers. They committed protest incidents because they were trapped by the build of new houses. On 1 January 2001 the municipality emerged into the municipality De Bilt, that ended his period as mayor.

Diepenhorst died on 29 November 2022 in Groenekan at the age of 80.
**Karagandy Province** or the **Karagandy Region** (kaz. Qaraģandy oblysy/Қарағанды облысы; rus. Карагандинская область) is a region located on the Central part of Kazakhstan. Its capital city is Karaganda. It was the biggest region of all Kazakhstan until 2022.

On its territory are the cities of Karaganda, Temirtau,  Balkhash, Shakhtinsk, Saran, Priozersk.

History
-------

The Karaganda Region was formed in Soviet times on March 10, 1932, the first regional center was the city of Petropavlovsk. Since August 3, 1936, the center of the region has been located in Karaganda.

During the years of repression, the Karaganda region was the place where prisoners were sent. Here was the Karaganda forced labor camp - one of the largest branches of the Gulag. Now the camp buildings house a museum.

Geography
---------

Karaganda region was the largest in Kazakhstan until 2022, then it had an area of 428,000 km². Now the Ulytau Region has appeared on its territory.

In the north it borders with the Akmola Region, in the northeast — with Pavlodar Region, in the east — with Abay Region, in the southeast — with Zhetysu region and Almaty Region, in the south — with Zhambyl Region, in the southwest and west — with Ulytau Region, in the north and the west — with the Kostanay Region.

The fauna of the region is very diverse. In the south and southwest there are widespread pastures that attract herds of saigas. Also common in the region are wolves, foxes, goitered gazelles, argali, wild boars, ermine and others. In lakes and rivers there are carp, perch, marinka, pike, chebak, etc. Saryarka is home to amazing animals - gazelles,  steppe antelops - saigas, golden eagles, falcons, wolves and foxes.
Run
**Pulau Run** is an island in Indonesia. It is one of the smallest Islands of the Banda Islands. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.

It used to be of great importance, because of the value of the spices nutmeg and *mace*. Both spices are from the same tree. The trees were only grown on the Banda Islands. During the history of the spice trade sailors of the British East India Company of the second expedition of James Lancaster, John Davis and John Middleton who stayed in Bantam on Java first reached the Island in 1603. They made good contacts with the people who lived there.

Two wars were fought over the extremely costly spices.

The Treaty of Westminster ended the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1654. According to the treaty, Run should have been returned to England. The first attempt in 1660 failed due to formal constraints by the Dutch; after the second in 1665 the English traders were expelled in the same year and the Dutch destroyed the nutmeg trees.

After the second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–1667 England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands agreed in the Treaty of Breda to the status quo: The English kept the island of Manhattan which a fleet sent by the Duke of York (the future Charles II), had occupied illegally in 1664 and renamed from New Amsterdam to New York. Run was officially given to the Dutch.

The Dutch monopoly on nutmeg and mace was destroyed by the transfer of nutmeg trees to Ceylon, Singapore and other British colonies in 1817 after the capture of the main Island Bandalontor in 1810 by Captain Cole. This led to the decline of the Dutch supremacy in the spice trade, but there are still nutmeg trees growing on Run today.

Further reading
---------------

* Milton, Giles. *Nathaniel's Nutmeg: or the True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History*. Penguin, 1999. (ISBN 0140292608)
The **Berliner Fernsehturm** or **Fernsehturm Berlin** (English: **Berlin Television Tower**) is the tallest television tower in central Berlin, Germany. It is 368 metres (1,207 ft) tall. The tower is the fourth highest television tower in Europe. It is located in a park in Berlin's Mitte district (*Bezirk*). When it was built in 1969, it was the second tallest television tower in the world. In 2021, it is one of the 10 most popular attractions in Germany. Over one million people visit the tower each year. The international-style television tower was built in 1965-1969 by Deutsche Post in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was built in the park next to the demolished Marienviertel. On October 3, 1969, the opening took place. The building is over 220 meters higher than the old Berlin radio tower from the 1920s in the western part of the city. As a landmark visible from far away, it shapes the skyline of the city. In opening scenes of movies related to Berlin, buildings such as the Brandenburg Gate, the Victory Column and the Reichstag building are often symbolized by the television tower.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Berliner Fernsehturm***.

* Berlin Television Tower at *Structurae*
* Fernsehturm Official Website
* Berliner Fernsehturm during Football Worldcup 06
* All about the tower and Panorama
**Volya** (Bulgarian: *Воля* meaning "Will"; previously known as **Dnes** and the **Liberal Alliance**) is a political party in Bulgaria. It was founded on 15 July 2007 by businessman Veselin Mareshki. The name *Volya* was adapted on 28 November 2016.

The party is seen as having a pro-Russian stance, and is also Eurosceptic (meaning they are critical of the European Union). It is also nationalistic and populist.

Their best performance in the parliamentary election was in 2017, where they received around 4% of the national vote and won 12 out of 240 seats.

Performances
------------

### Parliamentary elections

| Election | # of seats won | # of total votes | % of popular vote | Seat change | % change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 0 / 240 | — | — | — | — |
| 2013 | 0 / 240 | 8,873 | 0.25% | Steady 0 | Increase 0.25% |
| 2014 | 0 / 240 | — | — | — | — |
| 2017 | 12 / 240 | 145,637 | 4.15% | Increase 12 | Increase 4.15% |

Other websites
--------------

* Official website **(Bulgarian)**
The Iceland team in 2012.
The **Iceland women's national football team** is a women's association football team that represents Iceland. Although the team has not qualified for a FIFA Women's World Cup, it has been at two UEFA Women's Championship tournaments. As of 8 June 2015, The top scorer is Margrét Lára Viðarsdóttir with 70 goals, and the woman with the most appearances is Katrín Jónsdóttir with 132 caps.

Record
------

### FIFA Women's World Cup

| World Cup Finals |
| --- |
| Year | Result | GP | W | D\* | L | GF | GA | GD |
| China 1991 | *Did Not Enter* |
| Sweden 1995 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| United States 1999 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| United States 2003 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| China 2007 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Germany 2011 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Canada 2015 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| **Total** | 0/7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

### UEFA Women's Championship

| World Cup Finals |
| --- |
| Year | Result | GP | W | D\* | L | GF | GA | GD |
| Denmark 1991 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Italy 1993 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Germany 1995 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Norway & Sweden 1997 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Germany 2001 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| England 2005 | *Did Not Qualify* |
| Finland 2009 | Group stage | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 5 | −4 |
| Sweden 2013 | Quarter-finals | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | −6 |
| Netherlands 2017 | *To Be Determined* |
| **Total** | **2/8** | **7** | **1** | **1** | **5** | **3** | **13** | **−10** |

Other websites
--------------

Official website
A needle felted monkey holding a banana.
**Needle felting** is a dry felting technique which employs one or more specially designed needles to manipulate wool fibers. This technique is used by artists and craftspeople to sculpt objects and embellish textiles with wool. Needle felting can be used to create soft sculpture, dolls, figurines, and 2 dimensional wool paintings.

History
-------

Needle felting dates back to the 1980s. The technique was adapted from industrial felting by David & Eleanor Stanwood. They took needles from a wool factory and used them to create handmade felt without the use of water or soap. The skills for needle felting were passed on to Ayala Talpai who wrote books and taught others to needle felt. Today, needle felting is still not as popular as wet felting. However, it has a strong following with people who enjoy arts and crafts.

Materials
---------

### Finger gloves

Finger gloves are small leather strips that cover the index finger and thumb in order to protect fingers from injury. Finger gloves can be useful for beginners, but contact with a hard surface can damage or break delicate felting needles.

### Felting cushion

Felting needles
A cushion or mat is required for needle felting. A mat is used to protect both the delicate felting needles as well as the work surface below. A felting mat can be made out of many materials, but are commonly foam, sponge, or other soft materials that can withstand repeated puncture by the needle without causing damage to it.

Colorful wool roving
### Felting needle

Felting needles are the most important tool for needle felting. They are specially designed with notches or 'barbs' all along the shaft to mat and lock wool fibers together. They come in a variety of sizes: smaller needles have finer barbs and can be used for more detailed work, while larger needles have thick barbs and can create felt faster than other needle sizes. The needle size is measured in gauges ranging from 12 to 42. It is a measurement of how many needles fit in a square inch. That means the higher the gauge, the smaller the needle.

### Wool

The wool that is typically used for needle felting is called roving or batting - wool that has been cleaned and carded is packaged this way for spinning and other fiber crafts. Many different types of wool are suitable for needle felting. Sheep's wool is most common, but other animal fibers and even some plant and synthetic fibers can be needle felted.

Process
-------

Needle felting starts by placing a cushion or mat on a flat surface. To create a 3D object, a small amount of wool is tightly rolled up into a small bundle. The wool is then stabbed over and over again with the felting needle to lock the fibers together, eventually creating a firm texture that is called felt. Adding more wool and poking it repeatedly into the felt expands the object until it achieves the desired shape. Needle felting can also be used to create 2D wool paintings. For this process, wool is applied to an existing piece of felt or fabric. Small amounts of fiber are painstakingly poked into the fabric to create the desired image.
**Sindhi Cultural Day** (Sindhi: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو, Urdu: سندھی ثقافتی دن), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated day by Sindhi people in whole world, with enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh, its traditions and history. 

The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world. Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and get the attention of the world to the culture of Sindh. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
**Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu** (1405 – 17 January 1468), known as **Skanderbeg** (Albanian: *Skënderbej* from Ottoman Turkish: اسکندر بگ, romanized: *İskender Bey*; Latin:,) was an Albanian nobleman and military commander. He led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia.

Reputation
----------

Because he defended his principality (the Principality of Kastrioti) against Ottoman influences, he was given the Latin title *Athleta Christi* (meaning "warrior of Christianity") by Pope Callixtus III. Today, many people see him as an Albanian national hero. 

He was only able to hold his own possessions within the very small area in today's northern Albania. This is where almost all of his victories against the Ottomans took place. Skanderbeg's military skills were a major obstacle to Turkish expansion, and many in western Europe thought he was a model of Christian resistance against the Muslim Turks. For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000-man army marched through Ottoman territory, winning against larger and better-supplied Ottoman forces. He was greatly admired for this.
A liverwort, *Lunularia cruciata*
*Marchantia polymorpha, with reproductive structures*
The **liverworts** are a group of simple plants. Scientists believe that liverworts were the first bryophyte to evolve. They believe that mosses, hornworts, and more complex plants then evolved from liverworts. Scientists decided this from mitochondrial DNA.p75

Liverworts are usually placed in the bryophytes, a group of plants without tissue to conduct water. That is why they always need to live near a spring, a river, or in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall. This group also includes with mosses and hornworts. Recent taxonomy gave them their own division called the **Marchantiophyta**. However, since the classification is not yet settled, we use the old terms.

Liverworts, as the picture shows, are small plants with flattened bodies, or with flattened stems bearing overlapping scales.p135

The name liverwort comes from the Middle Ages, when plants were selected as medicines according to the false belief that *similia similibus curentur* (similar heals similar). The liver shape seen in the liverwort *Marchantia*, for example, was boiled in wine as a medicine against liver problems. The name was then transferred to the whole group.

Reproduction
------------

Liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle. This means that most parts of them only have one copy of DNA, like mosses. In most plants and animals, most parts have two copies of DNA. Some parts of liverworts have two copies, and they're called the sporophytes. These are stalks that grow sporangia, sacs with spores inside. They're simple, and don't last long.
New fighting the old: graphic from ~1870
The **Meiji Restoration** (明治維新) was a time of great change in Japan. In the Japanese language, *Meiji-ishin* is the term for the **Meiji Restoration**. The term describes a series of events that changed the shape of Japan’s political and social systems. These changes took place mainly in the three years from 1866 to 1869, at the beginning of the Meiji period.

End of the Shogunate
--------------------

In 1866, the Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling Japan. In the year 1866, two domains, the local government at that time, came together under an alliance. The name of this alliance was the Sat-cho Alliance. This was an alliance between the Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain, and a person named Sakamoto Ryoma brought the two domains together. These two domains supported the Emperor Meiji of Japan who, at the time, did not have much power. With their support the emperor could regain much of his power. 

The Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule ended on 9th November 1867, but they still retained some authority and power. In the Boshin War of 1868, an army from Satsuma Province and Choshu defeated the forces of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This completely ended the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

The Revolution of the country's system
--------------------------------------

After defeating the Tokugawa Shogunate, the leaders of the Meiji Restoration started to reform the system of the country. They acted in the name of Japan’s emperor, to restore (that is, to return) the emperor’s powers. But, the leaders also kept to themselves a number of powers. In fact, even after the Meiji Restoration, an oligarchy, a small group, had the real power and ruled in the name of the emperor. 

After the Meiji Restoration started, Japan’s progress was fast. The revolution included centralizing power, changing the tax system, starting the educational system, constructing factories and railways, etc.

Industrialization developed rapidly and within next three to four decades (by 1905) Japan had become a military power, comparable to the great powers of the time.

Leaders
-------

* Okubo Toshimichi (1830-1878)
* Kido Takayoshi (1833-1877)
* Saigo Takamori (1827-1877)
* Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
* Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
* Kuroda Kiyotaka (1840-1900)
* Matsukata Masayoshi (1835-1924)
* Oyama Iwao (1842-1916)
* Saigo Tsugumichi (1843-1902)
* Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)
* Inoue Kaoru (1835-1905)
* Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940)
Wallace's Line; Bali and Lombok, unmarked, are to the south-west end
A map of Malaya.
The **Malay Archipelago** or **Nusantara Archipelago** refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the **East Indies**, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. 

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor.

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

Natural history
---------------

The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common. 

The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".
The **Central Bank of the Argentine Republic** (Spanish: *Banco Central de la República Argentina*) is the governing body of the financial system of the Argentine Republic, in charge of the country's monetary policy.

The Organic Charter that governs the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic (Law 24,144) defines in its article 1 the central bank as an autarchic entity of the national State.

In article 3, it lists the objectives of this Institution: "The bank's purpose is to promote, to the extent of its powers and within the framework of the policies established by the national government, monetary stability, financial stability, employment and economic development with social equity."

Monetary stability is the primary objective of the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic. The central focus of this Institution is to strengthen the Argentine peso, achieving inflation in line with its objectives established in the Monetary Plan. In turn, financial stability will be the way through which the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic will be able to contribute to the ultimate goal of its mission: economic development with social equity.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Central Bank of Argentina***.

* Official website Edit this at Wikidata
The **COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia** is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Estonia when the first case was confirmed in Tallinn on 27 February 2020.

By 11 March, 15 people in Estonia had been diagnosed with the virus, all of them had been infected outside the country, mostly in Northern Italy. On 12 March, the first cases of locally transmitted infections emerged, and on 13 March, the Estonian government declared a state of emergency until 1 May 2020. That emergency situation was extended to May 17. As a result, all the schools and universities were closed, and all public gatherings banned, including sports and cultural events.

As of 1 September, the total number of confirmed cases in the country was 2,395 of which 2,112 had recovered and 64 had died. As of 1 October, the total number of confirmed cases in the country was 3,450 of which 2,643 had recovered and 65 had died.

By the end of 2020, the total number of confirmed cases was 27,990 of which 18,326 had recovered and 229 had died.
On boats and ships, the **keel** extends below a boat along the central line. When a boat or ship is being built then the keel laying down is the first step and the date is noted as the start of the job. Only the launching of the ship more important.

History
-------

Evidence of early wooden ship keels has been found in various sites around the world. In Europe, Viking longships have been found which were buried but still show their keel and the way the boat was built.

The adjustable centerboard keel traces its roots to the medieval Chinese Song dynasty. Many Song Chinese junk ships had a ballasted and bilge keel that consisted of wooden beams bound together with iron hoops. Maritime technology and the technological know-how allowed Song dynasty ships to be used in naval warfare between the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), and the Mongols.

Metal keels
-----------

Keel laid for the USS *United States* in drydock
The most common type of keel is the "flat plate keel", and this is fitted to ocean-going ships and other vessels. A form of keel found on smaller vessels is the "bar keel", which may be fitted in trawlers, tugs, and smaller ferries.

### Non-sailing keels

In non-sailing boats, the keel helps the hull to move forward, rather than slipping to the side. In traditional boat building, this is provided by the keel, which comes out from the bottom of the hull. There are many types of keels, including full keels, long keels, fin keels, winged keels, bulb keels, and twin keels among other designs.

### Yacht keels

The keel works by changing the sideways movement of the wind into a forward movement. It also gives weight to the boat.

Yacht keel
Keels are different from centreboards and made of heavy materials to give weight to steady the boat. Keels may be fixed or they may lift up to allow sailing when the water is not deep. The amount of sail use is smaller when sailing with the keel up in the boat.

Other types of keels are swing keels and canting keels. Canting keels can move sideways and can be on racing yachts, such as those in the Volvo Ocean Race.
A **composer** is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.

Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.

Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano.

Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. Sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.

Related pages
-------------

* Composition

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| History of music and Classical history | 

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| * Theory
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**Khas Rajput** (Devanagari: खस राजपूत) is a Rajput (warrior-ruler) community among Khas people. The term is popularly denoted to Khas people who follow Hindu tradition in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is used very less in Nepal and is replaced by the term Chhetri.

They have been connected to the Khasas mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature. Historian Bal Krishna Sharma and Dor Bahadur Bista speculates that the Khas people were of Indo-European origin. Historian Baburam Acharya speculates that Khas are a sub-clan of Aiḍa, an Arya clan originated at Idavritt (modern day Kashmir). Khas were living in the Idavaritt in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. and the original meaning of the term Khas was Raja or Kshatriya (Yoddha). He further speculates that Kashmir has been named from its local residents Khas as Khasmir. In the 2nd millennium B.C.E. one group of Khas migrated towards Iran while the other group migrated east of Sutlej river settling only in the hill regions up to Bheri River. Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel contends that Khas were not the Vedic Aryans but Aryans of latter period like the Gurjara, Darada, Shaka, Pallava and Pisacha. He further asserts that post-Vedic Aryans were akin to Vedic Aryans in terms of language and culture.

History
-------

Traditionally, the Khas people were divided into "Khas Brahmins" (also called Bahuns in Nepal) and "Khas Rajputs" (also called Chhetris in Nepal). In Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand in India, the Khas Brahmins and Khas Rajputs had a lower social status than the other Brahmins and Rajputs. However, in present-day western Nepal, and in Uttarakhand they had the same status as the other Brahmins and Rajputs, possibly as a result of their political power in the Khasa Malla kingdom.

Khas Rajputs in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand are historically accepted as army recruits for the hill Rajas. In Uttarakhand, Gharwal region there are two general divisions of Rajputs - Asal Rajput and Khas Rajput. Asal Rajput are the immigrants of the lowlands of India while Khas Rajput are children of the local Khas population. Now there is no such divisions

Notable people
--------------

* MS Dhoni, Indian cricketer
* Trivendra Singh Rawat , Indian Politician
* Yogi Adityanath, Indian Politician
* Harish Rawat, Indian Politician
* Bipin Rawat, Indian army chief
* Unmukt Chand, Indian cricketer
* Urvashi Rautela, Indian actress

Sources
-------

1. ↑  John T Hitchcock 1978, pp. 116–119.
2. 1 2  Sandhu, Veenu (30 April 2011). "A village in Kumaon". *Business Standard India*.
3. ↑  Negi, Sharad Singh. Kumaun: The Land and the People. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788185182896.
4. ↑  Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective, by Ajay S. Rawat. Published by Indus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 81-7387-136-1. Page 43-44.

Books
-----

* John T Hitchcock (1978), *Himalayan Anthropology: Indo-Tibetan interface*, ISBN 9789027977007
The **Johnson County War**, also known as the **War on Powder River** and the **Wyoming Range War**, was a fight over farmland. It happened in Johnson County, Wyoming between 1889 and 1893. The fights started when cattle companies started ruthlessly punishing accused rustlers in the area. Many of the "rustlers" were actually innocent settlers that competed with the companies for land, livestock and water rights. As tensions swelled between the large established ranchers and the smaller settlers in the state, violence finally reached a peak in Powder River Country, when the ranchers hired armed gunmen to invade the county. The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory aroused the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the state lawmen, and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling stand-off. The siege ended when the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted in the following months.

The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West, and over the years variations of the storyline have come to include some of its most famous historical figures. In addition to being one of the most well-known range wars of the American frontier, its themes, especially class warfare, served as a basis for numerous popular novels, films, and television shows in the Western genre.
Classic potter's kick-wheel at Erfurt, Germany
A **potter's wheel**, also known as the **potter's lathe**, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares. 

However, the name potter's lathe is also used for the machine used for another shaping process, turning, which is similar to that used for the shaping of metal and wood articles. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess body from dried wares and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour.

History
-------

Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay body was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which used energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.

The potter's wheel in myth and legend
-------------------------------------

In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Chnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.

The potter's wheel in literature
--------------------------------

The way in which clay is shaped on a potter's wheel seems, even today, to have a magical quality to it; the clay body has the appearance of being a living thing that is being created or shaped by the potter. The potter and clay have long served as a metaphor for creation, and for the relationship of God to humankind:

But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.
–Isaiah 64:8
The "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam" make sustained use of this metaphor. In FitzGerald's translation, a number of quatrains are collected into a *Book of Pots*, in which the pots engage in theological speculation:

1836 Pottery wheel demonstration at Conner Prairie living historical museum.

  And, strange to tell, among that Earthen Lot  

      Some could articulate, while others not:  

  And suddenly one more impatient cried–  

      "Who is the Potter, pray, and who the Pot?"  

  Another said–"Why, ne'er a peevish Boy,  

       "Would break the Bowl from which he drank in Joy;  

  "Shall He that made the vessel in pure Love  

      "And Fancy, in an after Rage destroy?"  

  None answer'd this; but after Silence spake  

      A Vessel of a more ungainly Make:  

  "They sneer at me for leaning all awry;  

      "What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?"

Related pages
-------------

* Pottery

Other websites
--------------

* The Origins of the Potter's Wheel Archived 2018-08-24 at the Wayback Machine multi-page article on Ceramics Today site
* Video of a potter on a potter's wheel shaping clay to form a bottle Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine