recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Relient K** is an American band from Ohio. Their music has been considered Pop punk and Christian rock. They have released five studio albums and several EPs. Their album "The Bird and the Bee Sides" was released in July 2 2008.

There has been criticism about whether the band are in the Christian music genre. Not all the songs mention God or focus on Christian faith. Matt Thiessen has said "we really don't care, you can call us rock 'n roll or Christian rock or whatever, and we can tour with this band or that band, but at the end of the day, we're doing what we want, and writing from our hearts".

Formation and other information
-------------------------------

Relient K formed as a four member band back in 1998. At the time they were still attending high school. The members have changed a little since then, but the two Matthews are still there.

The song "Hoopes I did It Again", from their third album, may remind one of Britney Spears, but it's referring to Matt Hoopes' last name. In the song, during the first verse, the two Matts sing back to each other as if in a phone conversation.

For their fourth album, titled "Mmhmm", they added instruments like a banjo and another guitar player, because they wanted more piano in their music, and the addition of another guitar player made this possible for Matt. It can be pronounced different ways, and can also be written as "MMHMM" or "MmHmm".

Sense of humor
--------------

Relient K is known for their brand of tongue-in cheek humor. Tongue-in-cheek meaning when words are said only half seriously. They used this in many of their earlier songs such as "Marilyn Manson Ate My Girlfriend" "Nancy Drew" (a song about the fictional character) and "May the Horse Be With You" (which clearly plays on the popular Star Wars phrase).

Their second album was indeed titled "The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek" although you could argue the third album used more humor.

Albums
------

1. Relient K - 2000
2. The Anatomy of Tongue in Cheek - 2001
3. Two Lefts Don't Make a Right, but Three Do - 2003
4. Mmhmm - 2004
5. Five Score and Seven Years Ago - 2007
6. The Bird and the Bee Sides - 2008
7. Forget and Not Slow Down - 2009

EP
--

1. 2000 A.DD - 2000
2. The Creepy EP - 2001
3. Employee of the Month - 2002
4. Apathetic EP - 2005

Other albums
------------

1. The Bird and the Bee Sides - 2008
Thomas Tallis
**Thomas Tallis** (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.

We know very little about Tallis’s youth. He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey. After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.

Tallis was an organist and composer. He had to write music for the royal chapels. He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days. In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.

In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony. For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again. This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon "Gaude gloriosa Dei mater" and a mass musical setting|mass "Puer natus est nobis". These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works. After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe. He wrote some very fine anthems. Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.

One of his works is called *Spem in Alium*. The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line. It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.

His *Diliges Dominum* is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called "Tallis’s canon".
**Vince Prudente** (born November 18, 1937, Connellsville, Pennsylvania) is an American trombonist, pianist, arranger, composer, and music teacher. He has played with Duke Ellington, Lionel Hampton and Woody Herman.

In April 1972 Prudente joined the Duke Ellington band as a trombone player. He played on a number of Ellington recordings including *Duke Ellington's Third Sacred Concert - The Majesty Of God*, recorded in Westminster Abbey in 1973. He played on three songs on the *Ellington Suites*, recorded between 1959 and 1972, and released in 1987. He also played on "Mendoza" from the album *Up In Duke's Workshop*, recorded in 1972 and released in 1992. In 1973 he played on *Duke Ellington in Sweden*.

After Ellington's death in 1974, the Duke Ellington Orchestra continued to play and record under the leadership of Duke's son, Mercer Ellington. Prudente played on the Duke Ellington Orchestra's first album without Duke Ellington, *Continuum*, recorded in 1974 and 1975. Larry Ridley was also a member of the orchestra, and Prudente played with his jazz sextet in 1994 and 1995.

He has also played trombone on Phyllis Hyman's 1998 album, *One On One*. Prudente plays trombone with Jim Hobbs and The Fully Celebrated Orchestra's album,
*Lapis Exilis*.

In 2004 Prudente took part in the Ellington Reunion Project, when 18 former members of Ellington's orchestra got together to perform two concerts.

Prudente is also a music teacher and has worked in a number of different universities, including NYU and Chico State, teaching trombone, improvisation, arranging and several other courses in jazz. 

In 2007 Prudente made his first album, called "The Treatment" with his quartet, playing both trombone and piano.
**Vincent Roy Margera** (July 3, 1956 – November 15, 2015), more commonly known as **Don Vito**, was an American reality television personality. He was known for his appearances in *Viva La Bam*, *Jackass*, *Haggard* and the *CKY videos* alongside his nephew Bam.

Child sexual abuse conviction
-----------------------------

His career was ended with his conviction for child sexual abuse in 2006. He was found groping two 12-year-old girls at an autograph signing and was subsequently held with bail set at $50,000. On October 31, he was found guilty of two counts of sexual assault on a minor and acquitted on one count. On November 1, 2007, he was put on suicide watch. He was held at the Jefferson County Detention Facility until his sentencing on December 20, 2007. He faced between two years to life in prison. He was sentenced to 10 years probation.

Death
-----

Margera died on November 15, 2015, from kidney and liver failure in West Chester, Pennsylvania at the age of 59.

Other websites
--------------

* Vincent Margera on IMDb
Vildana Selimbegović
**Vildana Selimbegović** (born **Lolić**, July 27, 1963) is a Bosnian journalist, editor-in-chief of the daily *Oslobođenje*. She lives and works in Sarajevo.

Early years
-----------

Vildana Selimbegović was born in Travnik in 1963. She finished elementary school and high school in her hometown. She completed journalism studies at the Faculty of Political Sciences in Sarajevo in early 1987. Then she began her journalist career at Sarajevo's Vecernji novine in 1989. She initially worked for the Sarajevo Chronicle. Then she began reporting for the domestic political section. She was the youngest journalist in the newsroom, and for the next year and a half she followed the union strikes.

Works
-----

Since the beginning of the Bosnian War, she has been reporting for Večernje novine from the front line of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that period, she made about 1,000 field reports from all over Bosnia and Herzgovina. During 1997, as a journalist for *Dani* magazine, she published excerpts from secret court records from the 1994 trial. At here, the defendants described in detail the murders in Kazani. As a result, she received a death threat on the street and on the phone, and the bomb exploded in front of the office. Through her actions and efforts, she helped to memorize the crimes in Kazani. It is one of the initiators of the erection of a memorial at that site.

### Dani

From 1994 to 2008 she worked at *Dani* magazine. She was editor, assistant editor-in-chief, deputy editor-in-chief, executive editor, deputy director, and on two occasions editor-in-chief (2000–2003, 2005– 2008). As the editor-in-chief of this magazine, she was the first woman in that position in a media outlet since the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since October 2008, Selimbegović has been the editor-in-chief of *Oslobođenje*, the oldest daily in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

### Awards

For her professional work and engagement, she was twice named Journalist of the Year in the selection of Women 21 (1997 and 2001). In 1998, she was awarded by the European Union and the USA Government for her works to the development of democracy and respect for human rights. In 2015, she was awarded the SAIS Award for Investigative journalism in the USA. In 2017 she received an award from the Italian association Giavere for her help about respect for human rights, and in the same year she was named Journalist of the Year in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Other websites
--------------

* Heroina: Vildana Selimbegović
In theoretical physics, a branch of physics, the **rigidly rotating disk paradox**, sometimes called the **Ehrenfest paradox**, is a paradox concerning a rotating disk. Basically, the paradox says that when a disk (or any circular object in general) is rotated, it will have a smaller circumference than 2πr, because the radius will remain the same, but the circumference is shortened due to the Lorentz contraction. For a more detailed explanation, see below.

Definition(s)
-------------

### Mathematical definition

The angular velocity, *ω*, and the radius, *R*, of the rotating disk are shown
If the rotating disk has an angular velocity of *ω*, and a radius of *R*, then the circumference of the disk is *ω*·**R**. So the circumference will undergo a Lorentz contraction of 
\sqrt{1-\frac{{\omega R}^2}{c^2}}. However, the radius, **R**, will not undergo a Lorentz contraction since it is perpendicular to the direction of motion.

Therefore, the circumference divided by the diameter will end up being a little bit less than {\pi}.

### Alternate explanation

The simpler definition is given by the following. To an observer *X* riding on the edge of the rotating disk, the effects of high-speed motion are still in place. So, if *X* were to crawl along the circumference with a ruler and measure the circumference, his ruler will be shortened (due to the Lorentz contraction) and he will have to lay out his ruler *more times* to measure the circumference. Therefore, he will measure the circumference to be *greater* than he would measure it to be if the disk were stationary.

If an observer *Y* were to sit on the radius of the rotating disk, he will measure the radius to be the same as he would measure it to be if the disk were stationary, since the radius is not affected by the Lorentz contraction (the radius is perpendicular to the direction of motion). Therefore, when observers *X* and *Y* compare their measurements, they find that

C>2\pi R

In verbal terms this means *The circumference is greater than 2π times the radius*. So, the circumference and the radius are not proportional by 2π in this case.

Explanation for the paradox
---------------------------

In differential geometry, there exists a certain type of mathematical plane called a **hyperbolic plane**. In it, if you draw a normal circle, the radius will remain the same, but the circumference will be greater than 2πr. Physicists began to realize that the accelerated angular motion of the disk caused a curvature in spacetime, therefore distorting the normal flat geometric plane, causing the circumference to be greater than 2πr.

Underlying this explanation is the fact that Euclidean geometry is not the actual geometry of space, but an approximation which works well at the level of human life.

Relation to gravity
-------------------

Using an ingenious argument concerning the equivalence principle, Albert Einstein showed that the curvature in spacetime caused by the rotated disk could be a logical explanation for gravity. For more information on this topic, see Gravity and the rotating disk.
**Rhyme royal** is a seven-line stanza with rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-b-c-c. It is also spelled **Rime royal**.

It is unknown who invented this scheme. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced the stanza into English poetry in 14th century. It may have been borrowed from Italian or French poetry, but the form became typically English. Chaucer used the form in *Troilus and Criseyde*. Rhyme royal was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Many English and Scottish poets used rhyme royal. It is suitable for long poems. In English literature rhyme royal is almost always composed of ten-syllable lines with five beats. Outside England rhyme royal is not as popular. In the United States Emma Lazarus wrote some poems using ababbcc rhyme-scheme. This stanza comes form her poem *Sympathy* (included in *Epochs*).

*It comes not in such wise as she had deemed,*
*Else might she still have clung to her despair.*
*More tender, grateful than she could have dreamed,*
*Fond hands passed pitying over brows and hair,*
*And gentle words borne softly through the air,*
*Calming her weary sense and wildered mind,*
*By welcome, dear communion with her kind.*
Poets who wrote rhyme royal frequently were William Morris and John Masefield. In 20th century the stanza went out of use.

Bibliography
------------

* Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, *Art of Versification*. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.
The village green and war memorial, Rhynie Kirk behind the green, with Tap o' Noth in the distance
**Rhynie** (/ˈraɪni/) (Scottish Gaelic: *Roinnidh*) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is 14 miles northwest of Alford.

The Rhynie chert is named after the village, as well as the extinct plant genus Rhynia. The Rhynie chert is a sedimentary rock. It was deposited during the Devonian period and contains the oldest fossil insect in the world.

The Station Hotel at Rhynie is mentioned as a joke in the sketch "The Will" by Scotland the What. The joke is that there is no railway station at Rhynie, "..but they were aye hopin' for one."

History
-------

The "Craw Stane", a Pictish symbol stone depicting a salmon and an unknown animal
Eight Pictish symbol stones have been found at Rhynie. These include the "Rhynie Man", discovered in 1978. It is a six foot tall boulder carved with a bearded man carrying an axe. It may possibly be the Celtic god Esus.

The "Rhynie Man" now stands inside Woodhill House (the headquarters of the Aberdeenshire Council ) in Aberdeen.

In 2011, archaeological excavations at Rhynie, near the site of the "Rhynie Man", dug up a fortified settlement. It dates to the early medieval period. Among the finds at the site were fragments of a late 5th or 6th century Roman amphora. It is the only known example of a Roman amphora from Eastern Britain that dates to the post-Roman period. This must have been imported from the Mediterranean region. It means that the inhabitants of the settlement must have been of high status. Archaeologists have said that the settlement may have been a royal family site where Pictish kings lived.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Rhynie at Wikimedia Commons

* Rhynie in the *Gazetteer for Scotland*

Coordinates: 57°19′N 2°50′W﻿ / ﻿57.317°N 2.833°W﻿ / 57.317; -2.833
**Ray Scott** (June 17, 1919 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania – March 23, 1998 in Minneapolis, Minnesota), was an American sportscaster. He is best known for his broadcasts for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. His brother Hal Scott was also a sportscaster.

Scott broadcast Super Bowl I and II for CBS.

Scott was also the lead television and radio announcer for Major League Baseball's Minnesota Twins. This was from 1961 to 1966. He called the 1965 World Series. After leaving Minnesota he called games for the Washington Senators in 1970–71. He returned to the Twins part-time from 1973–75. Scott also called Milwaukee Brewers telecasts in 1976–77.

Scott also called UCLA, Arizona, Minnesota, and Nebraska football in the '80s. He called college basketball and golf at different times in his career.

Awards and honors
-----------------

Scott was twice named National Sportscaster of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association. He was given regional awards by that organization 12 times in four different states. He was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 1982. Posthumous honors include the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award by the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000. He was also inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in July 2001.
The River Dart
The **River Dart** is an English river in Devon. It rises on Dartmoor, and reaches the English Channel at Dartmouth. The Dart begins at Dartmeet where the separate rivers East Dart and West Dart flow into each other.

Watercourse
-----------

The river's name may be Celtic meaning 'river where oak trees grow'. The banks of the lower Dart are covered in ancient woods of native oak.

The East and West Dart are crossed by a number of "clapper bridges" which are big slabs of stone laid on the river bed. At Totnes the river becomes tidal, and there are no bridges below the town.

The River Dart showing the lower part of the 'fish ladder' near Buckfastleigh
The Dart estuary is a large 'ria' (coastel inlet). It is popular for sailing. The entrance to the river from the sea is rocky with cliffs either side. On the East side Kingswear Castle sits very close to the water's edge, and on the west side Dartmouth Castle is built on a rocky promontory at sea level. The castles once operated a defensive chain across the estuary. It was raised at dusk to destroy enemy ships attempting to attack the harbour. The remains of the operating mechanisms for the chain are still visible in Dartmouth castle.

The lower section of the River Dart forms Dartmouth Harbour, a deep water natural harbour with a long history. It is still a busy port for local fishing boats and a variety of yachts and other private boats. Several local companies do shipbuilding and repairs to small tonnage craft.
**The Hush Sound** is an indie rock band originally known as *The Hush*. They changed their name when they found out that there was a rapper called "The Hush." 

The Hush Sound has released three albums. Their first album, *So Sudden*, was released in 2005. Their second album was released in 2006, titled *Like Vines*. *Goodbye Blues*, their third and latest album, and was recorded in released in March 2008.

The Hush Sound is currently on a break.

Foundation
----------

By the start of 2005, the band had formed properly with all its members. They had decided that piano and drums were not enough and looked for bass and guitar.

Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy came across the band's music and liked what he heard. He expressed interest in signing them onto his record label.

Touring
-------

The Hush Sound had their first major tour in 2006. It was called **Black Clouds and Underdogs**. Other bands included Fall Out Boy and Hawthorne Heights.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website
* The Hush Sound at MySpace
* The Hush Sound at Last.fm
* Official Fansite
"**The Masque of the Red Death**" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in *Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine*.

Illustration of Prince Prospero confronting the "Red Death" by Arthur Rackham, 1935

Plot
----

A painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni 

am and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. "And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all".
done!

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**The Masque of the Red Death**

* "The Masque of the Red Death" Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine at EServer.org
* "The Masque of the Red Death" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
* Sabrina Laurent (July 2003). "Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death" Archived 2006-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, *Bohème Magazine Online*.
* Analyzing Poe's Work Biographically and Psychologically Archived 2006-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Illinois State University
A ***Regierungsbezirk*** is a government region of Germany in some federal states (*Bundesländer*). 

*Regierungsbezirke* are divided into districts (*Kreise*), either *Landkreise* or urban districts: cities which constitute a district in their own right (*kreisfreie Städte*). The *Regierungsbezirk* is governed by a *Bezirksregierung* and led by a *Regierungspräsident*.

Not all *Bundesländer* have this sub-division; some are directly divided into districts. Currently, five states are divided into 22 *Regierungsbezirke*, ranging in population from 5,255,000 (Düsseldorf) to 1,065,000 (Gießen):

* Baden-Württemberg: Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Tübingen
* Bavaria: Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz, Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, Unterfranken, Schwaben
* Hesse: Darmstadt, Gießen, Kassel
* North Rhine-Westphalia: Arnsberg, Cologne, Detmold, Düsseldorf, Münster
* Saxony: Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig

History
-------

The first *Regierungsbezirke* were created by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808/16, which divided its provinces into 25 *Regierungsbezirke*. The *Regierungsbezirke* of North Rhine-Westphalia are in direct continuation of those created in 1815. Other states of the German Empire created similar entities, named *Kreishauptmannschaft* (in Saxony) or *Kreis* (in Bavaria and Württemberg) (not to be confused with the *Kreis* or *Landkreis* today). During the Third Reich, the Nazi government unified the naming; since then all these entities are called *Regierungsbezirk*.

On January 1 2000 Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three *Regierungsbezirke* Koblenz, Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier - the employees and assets of the three *Bezirksregierungen* were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the *Bezirksregierung*.

On January 1, 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three *Regierungsbezirke*: Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg. The responsibilities are now covered by a *Landesverwaltungsamt* with three offices at the former seats of the *Bezirksregierungen*. 

On January 1, 2005, Lower Saxony disbanded its four *Regierungsbezirke*: Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg, and Weser-Ems.

In 2005, North Rhine-Westphalia planned to abolish its five *Regierungsbezirke* and create three self-government entities. The old, "Prussian-style", Regierungsbezirk had no self-government organs.
This is what Regent Street looked like on 25 April 2011. The Union Flags are up to celebrate the wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William.
**Regent Street** is a large shopping street in London's west end. It is well known to people who live in London as well as tourists. It is also famous for its Christmas decorations.

Regent Street is named after Prince Regent (who became George IV).

Regent Street was designed by architect John Nash. The street layout he made is still there, but the only building left in Regent Street that was there when it was first designed and built is All Souls Church.

Every single building in Regent Street is protected as a Listed Building. Together, they make up the Regent Street Conservation Area.

The street can be bought in the United Kingdom version of the board game *Monopoly*.

Related pages
-------------

* Monopoly (game)
* London

Other websites
--------------

* Regent Street Online website
* The Crown Estate website

Coordinates: 51°30′39″N 0°08′19″W﻿ / ﻿51.5108°N 0.1387°W﻿ / 51.5108; -0.1387
Vacuum pump
A **vacuum** is a place where there is no matter, not even air. Sound cannot move in a vacuum. No place has a perfect vacuum, because a small number of particles remain, even in outer space. 

A space where only some of the air is removed is also called a vacuum. The space then has lower pressure, even though most of the air remains.

Common uses
-----------

* A vacuum cleaner works by pumping away some of the air. The air and dirt in a room rush into the vacuum left behind, where the dirt is caught by a filter.
* An automobile engine that burns fuel uses a vacuum to pull in air, which contains oxygen that allows the fuel to burn.
* An incandescent lightbulb has a vacuum inside so the hot filament doesn't burn up.

Industrial uses
---------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***vacuum***.

Vacuum is needed for some kinds of machines used for industrial production. Vacuum pumps are used to pump air out of a vacuum chamber. It is not possible to create 100% vacuum, but some vacuum pumps are able to create 99.9999% vacuum. This is called "hard vacuum". Most industrial purposes do not need hard vacuum. 

Industrial vacuums are mainly used in:

* Food industry
* Electronics industry
* Packaging
* Manipulation
* Coating and degasing

Scientific experiments
----------------------

Vacuum chambers are also used in many scientific experiments in laboratories. Some experiments in physics and chemistry need hard vacuum to keep any air or other gases from interfering with delicate surfaces or chemicals that can react.

Related pages
-------------

* Nothing
* Vacuum cleaner
Vector control serves as an important cross-cutting activity that aims to enhance the impact of other strategic interventions, with specific focus on prevention of selected neglected tropical diseases whose transmission cycle relies on vectors or intermediate hosts.

Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds, insects or other arthropods which transmit disease pathogens. The most frequent type of vector control is mosquito control using a variety of strategies. Several of the "neglected tropical diseases" are spread by such vectors.

Insecticides, larvicides, rodenticides, Lethal ovitraps and repellents can be used to control vectors. For example, larvicides can be used in mosquito breeding zones; insecticides can be applied to house walls or bed nets, and use of personal repellents can reduce incidence of insect bites and thus infection.

Vector control is a highly effective way to reduce malaria transmission and is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies. WHO currently recommends deployment of either insecticide-treated nets or indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in most areas at risk of malaria.

Vector control is crucial to reduce the incidence of infection from diseases; this is especially important for those for which there is currently no effective cure or preventive medical measures available, such as Dengue, West Nile virus and Chikungunya virus.

Vectors, as defined by the California Department of Public Health, are "any insect or other arthropod, rodent or other animal of public health significance capable of harboring or transmitting the causative agents of human disease, or capable of causing human discomfort and injury."
The **pre-Columbian** era means the history and prehistory of the Americas before there were important European influences on the American continent.

The word pre-Columbian refers to the era before Christopher Columbus, but sometimes it can include the history of American indigenous cultures as they continued to develop after the Christopher Columbus' first landing in 1492, until they were conquered or influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after the arrival of Columbus.

Pre-Columbian can also mean cultures of any one of the great native civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Aztec and Maya) and of the Andes (Inca, Moche and Chibcha).

* An image of one of the pyramids in the upper level of YaxchilánAn image of one of the pyramids in the upper level of Yaxchilán
* Atlantes at Tula, HidalgoAtlantes at Tula, Hidalgo
* Maya architecture at UxmalMaya architecture at Uxmal

Related pages
-------------

* Native American
* Columbian Exchange

Other websites
--------------

* Central Andes Prehistoric Sequence
**St Francis Xavier's College** is a boys' Catholic secondary school in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The school was moved from Shanghai in 1955. Most lessons are taught in English, but there are lessons taught in Mandarin and Cantonese (both dialects of Chinese) as well.

History
-------

Founded by the Jesuit Fathers in Shanghai in 1874, the Marist Brothers owned the college starting from 1985. Due to Communist China's religion policies, the brothers moved to Hong Kong in 1949 and the school was rebuilt and classes started on 9 December 1955. Now the school has more than 700 students and 50 teachers (including one foreign teacher). Mr Mario Leung, the current principal, was appointed in 2021.

Alumni
------

* Bruce Lee, famous martial artist.
* Samuel Hui, Cantopop singer.

Trivia
------

* Students usually call themselves "Xaverians".
* The school motto is "Gentle in manner, Resolute in action" (Latin: *Suaviter in modo Fortiter in re*).
* It is one of the three schools in Hong Kong to allow students wear multi-colored sports shoes.
* Every time when there's a prayer, it ends with:

Lead: Saint Marcellin Champagnat,

Answer: Pray for us;

Lead: Saint Francis Xavier,

Answer: Pray for us.

* The school badge is made of a cross (meaning Jesus) in the middle, a Marist Brothers logo on the above left, a book (meaning knowledge) and an oil lamp (meaning light) on the above right, inclined stripes of white and green (meaning purity and hope) on the below right, the words 「SFX」 on the below left, and a school motto written in Latin at the bottom.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
Medieval torture rack
Volunteers try waterboarding, a modern form of torture
Torture in Abu Ghraib prison
**Torture** is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.

Reasons for torture
-------------------

Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.

### Torture for information

A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.

In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches.

Present day
-----------

Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.

Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".
**Torture in the United States** includes cases of torture reported in the United States and outside the USA by U.S. government workers.

Torture and the War on Terror
-----------------------------

A hooded prisoner at Abu Ghraib prison who was told he would be electrocuted if he fell off the box.
The United States and other countries involved in the War on Terror have used torture to get information from suspected terrorists. Some of the most well known cases of torture involving the U.S. are the Abu Ghraib scandal and Guantanamo Bay. 

### Abu Ghraib Prison

Starting in 2004 there were reports of abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The New Yorker newspaper had an article in May 2004 about the abuse and the article had pictures that were taken by soldiers involved. According to an investigation by the Department of Defense called the Taguba Report, the military had been looking into the abuse since 2003. In the end nine soldiers were discharged from the military and sent to prison.

### Guantanamo Bay

Human rights organisations like Amnesty International have said CIA agents used waterboarding and other inhumane ways to get information out of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. Because of the abuse President Barack Obama ordered the base to be closed down.
A **standardized test** is a test that is done and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed so that everything about them are standard. They are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.

Often they are used as a test to join an institution or gain a license of some sort. The grading system is the same no matter where they are taken. They can be used for university entry, like the SAT and ACT in the United States or the Gaokao in the People's Republic of China (PRC). They can be used a requirement to get a job, like the LSAT for lawyers.

In the United States the term is often used for the multiple-choice questions used in the educational system. They are thought by some to be a poor way to measure educational progress. They are, however, convenient and cheap. Marking does not require expertise in the subject-matter.

Many psychological tests are designed to be standardized. They are designed to be "an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior".

The first known standardized test was in Imperial China, when Empress Wu allowed anyone who passed the test to be a government official based on their merit rather than birthright, meaning that people work to become leaders rather than being born into leadership. However, we do not know the details of this system.
Space observatories and their wavelength working ranges.
A **space observatory** or a **space telescope** is any instrument (such as a telescope) in outer space which is used for observation of distant objects. Planets, stars, galaxies, and other outer space objects may be viewed and recorded. This category does not include observatories in space which are pointed toward the earth for the purpose of reconnaissance, meteorology and other types of information gathering.

All observation of space from Earth is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters and distorts what is seen and recorded. 

Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-based telescopes, an effect known as seeing. It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky. As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.

Space-based astronomy is vital for frequency ranges outside the optical and radio windows. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth. It has reached its present importance in astronomy due to orbiting X-ray telescopes. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked by the atmosphere. Most space observatories are in low Earth orbit.

History
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In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to propose a telescope in outer space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, *Sputnik*.

Spitzer said a large telescope in space, above the Earth's atmosphere, would see better. His efforts resulted in the world's first space-based optical telescope, *Hubble Space Telescope*, which was launched on April 20, 1990 by the Space Shuttle *Discovery* (STS-31).
***She***  is an Indian crime drama based web television series created and written by Imtiaz Ali & author Divya Johry. *She* is directed by Arif Ali and Avinash Das and Window Seat Films production house. This series is starring Aaditi Pohankar, Vijay Varma and Vishwas Kini. It is a story of female constable who goes undercover to bust an underworld gang. *She* was premiered on Netflix on 20 March, 2020 .

It is a story of female constable (Bhumika Pardeshi) from Indian Police who has been inducted in the Anti Narcotics Group to fight a major drug lord.

Episodes
--------

### *The Pickup :*

Police officer Bhumi goes undercover as a prostitute to bust a drug cartel leader, but when the operation goes awry, she makes an unexpected discovery.

### *The Proposal :*

A visit from Bhumi's estranged husband angers her rebellious sister. Sasya agrees to cooperate in a police interrogation - on one condition.

### *Devil's Share :*

In the wake of an unexpected complication, Fernandez doubts Sasya's loyalty. Caught off guard by a suspicious Nayak, Bhumi drops her own bombshell.

### *The Promise :*

With Nayak now in Mumbai, Bhumi is moved to a hotel under police surveillance, but her first encounter with the kingpin takes the team by surprise.

### *Night Walk :*

After going to dangerous lengths to prove herself, Bhumi is recruited into Fernandez's department, and begins to prepare for her risky new role.

### *The Pawn's Move :*

The team doubts Bhumi's mettle after Sasya manages to rattle her. Fernandez pushes to keep her as an undercover agent in a plan to nab Sasya's boss.

### *It's Time*

Newly emboldened, Bhumi seduces an unlikely target. Ahead of Nayak's arrival in Mumbai, Sasya attempts to gain police trust as an informant.

Series Cast
-----------

* Aaditi Pohankar as Bhumika Pardeshi
* Vijay Varma as Sasya
* Vishwas Kini as Jason Fernandez
* Dhruv Thukral as Hemant
* Sandeep Sridhar Dhabale
* Paritosh Sand as DCP Shishir Mathur
* Shivani Rangole as Rupa
* Suhita Thatte as Bhumika's Mother
* Kishore Kumar G as Nayak
* Sandeep Dhabale as Lokhande

Related pages
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**Port Blair** (audio speaker iconpronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (*tehsil*) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India.

Transportation
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Port Blair also serves as the entry point for visiting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair is connected with mainland India by both air and sea. It is a 2-hour flight from mainland India to Port Blair, but it takes 3–4 days by sea to reach Chennai, Kolkata or Vishakhapatnam. Air connectivity to Port Blair is available from Chennai, Kolkata, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bhubaneshwar and Vishakhapatnam. All flights bound to Andaman and Nicobar Islands land at the Veer Savarkar International Airport. Sea connectivity is available from Chennai, Kolkata and Vishakhapatnam are embarked in Haddo Wharf Port. It is home to several museums and a major naval base INS Jarawa of the Indian Navy, along with sea and air bases of the Indian Coast Guard and the Indian Air Force. Port Blair is also famous for the historic Cellular Jail and other small islands like Carbyns Cove, Wandoor, Ross, Viper etc. which were once home to British colonists.

Port Blair has been selected as one of the cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.

Population
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As of 2011[update] India census, Port Blair had a population of 100,608. Males constitute 52.92% (53,247) of the population and females 47.07% (47,361). Port Blair has an average literacy rate of 89.76%, higher than the national average that is 74.04%. In Port Blair, male literacy is 92.79%, and female literacy is 86.34%. 9.3% of the population is under the age of 6 years. The most common religion is Hinduism, followed by Christianity and Islam. Bengali is the most spoken language of the city, followed by Hindi and Tamil.
***Star Trek*** is a science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that aired from September 8, 1966 to September 2, 1969. Though the original series was just called *Star Trek*, it got the nickname ***Star Trek: The Original Series*** (*ST:TOS* or *TOS*) to make it different from the spinoffs, and from the *Star Trek* universe or franchise they take up. Set in the 23rd century, the first *Star Trek* follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) and its crew, led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), his First Officer Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and his Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). William Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening credits stated the starship's purpose:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship *Enterprise*. Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before. | "|

Early Years
-----------

When *Star Trek* first came on NBC in 1966, it was not successful to begin; ratings were low and advertising revenue was very little. Even at the end of the first season of *Star Trek*, there were already calls in the network to cancel the series due to its low Nielsen ratings. Bay Area *Creature Features* host John Stanley in his memoir *I Was a TV Horror Host* relates how Desilu head Lucille Ball at that time "single handedly" kept *Star Trek* from being removed from the NBC-TV lineup."

Close to the end of the second season the show was still in danger of being canceled. Its fans succeeded in giving it a third season; but NBC moved the show to the "Friday night death slot" at 10 PM. *Star Trek* was finally canceled at the end of the third season, making 79 episodes in total. However, this was enough for the show to be stripped in syndication, allowing it to become very popular and gather a large cult following during the 1970s. After the success of the program, five additional television series and eleven movies, including the newest movie *Star Trek*, which came out in May 2009. *Guinness World Records* lists the original *Star Trek* as having more spin-offs than any other television show in history.

Related pages
-------------

* Star Trek
* Star Trek: The Next Generation
* Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
* Star Trek: Voyager
For a list of presidents of the senate, see List of Presidents of the Senate of Spain.

The **president of the Senate** is the presiding officer of the Spanish Senate, the upper house of Spain's Cortes Generales. It is the fourth authority of the country after the Monarch (Head of State), the Prime Minister (Head of Government) and the President of the Congress of Deputies (Speaker of the Lower House). He or she is elected among and by the incumbent senators and when unable to exercise power, he or she is replaced by the Vice Presidents of the Senate.

Although it shares the representation of the Cortes Generales with the President of the Congress, the constitutional preponderance granted to the latter due to the asymmetry of the Spanish bicameralism, allows the President of the Congress to assume the leadership of the Cortes, leaving the President of the Senate in background.

The current office was established by the 1978 Constitution, however, the position has a tradition of almost 200 years, since its creation in 1834 when it was called President of the House of Peers.

As of the 14th term of the Cortes Generales, the current officeholder is Ander Gil, a member of the Socialist Parliamentary Group representing Burgos.

1. ↑  "Estos son los cargos públicos de España que más cobran". *www.publico.es*. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
2. ↑  "Catalan Socialists Batet and Cruz confirmed as Spanish parliament and senate speakers". *VilaWeb* (in Catalan). Retrieved 2019-06-04.
Poul Anderson
**Poul William Anderson** (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.

Early life and career
---------------------

Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972. 

He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel *The Cat Who Walks Through Walls* to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.

Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death.