recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Two teens
A **teenager**, or **teen**, is someone who is 13 o 19 years old. They can also be called "adolescents". The laws on what teenagers may do vary between countries.

The term "teenager" became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults (legally, not biologically), after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called "The Teenage Consumer" in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13–25 years old (despite ages 20–25 not being within the teens anymore).

A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 14 and 17 years old are considered both children (in English-speaking countries) and teenagers in most countries. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and adults, although they're considered biologically adults before that, around the 16 years (counting both sexes together).

The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

"Teenager" is an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, depending on the culture.

The law of each country may set an age of majority when teenagers can do things. So, in the United States, alcoholic drinks are not served to people under 21. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age. Teenagers, however, gradually obtain various rights depending on the states or countries and their laws, rights like getting a driver licence and start driving or consenting to sexual activity.

The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines a teenager as someone between the ages of 12 and 19.

Changes in time
---------------

If by "teenager" we mean adolescents, then we have to realise that children today develop faster on average mainly because of modern nutrition. No matter where the "teens" start linguistically, their sexual development starts earlier than it did a century ago. That affects many things. An example is the change from primary education to secondary education. In many countries, children go to different schools when they are 11 or 12. The change to single-sex classes is often done at the age of 11.[*source?*] If a country decides to educate girls and boys separately after puberty, then it may be necessary to change schools a year earlier than previously.
**Fugazi** is an American alternative rock band that became active in 1987.

History
-------

Singer and songwriter Ian MacKaye was in two bands before he joined Fugazi. These bands were Embrace, a band that existed from 1985 to 1986, and the more well-known Minor Threat. Guy Picciotto, who played guitar, was in famous punk/emo band Rites of Spring from 1984 to 1986. Brendan Canty, who played drums, was also in Rites of Spring. For Joe Lally, it was his first major band.

Style of music
--------------

Fugazi are known for their aggressive, "chunky" music. It is difficult to call them one genre of music. This is because they played many different musical styles. The band wanted to sound different from other bands they knew and had been in. MacKaye and Picciotto also have different styles of singing and songwriting. MacKaye prefers songs that people can sing along to, whereas Picciotto prefers more complex songs.

The members of Fugazi did not use illegal drugs, drink alcohol, or have casual sex. This was called being "straight edge". The term "straight edge" was invented by Minor Threat, MacKaye's previous band.

Today
-----

Fugazi have not officially split up. However, they have not played since late 2002. This is because some of the band members have settled down with their families. Others have gotten busy playing in other bands.

Albums
------

* *13 Songs* (1989) - A collection of songs from the band's first two EPs.
* *Repeater* (1990)
* *Steady Diet of Nothing* (1991)
* *In on the Kill Taker* (1993)
* *Red Medicine* (1995)
* *End Hits* (1998)
* *The Argument* (2001)
**Aasiya Zubair**, also known as **Aasiya Hassan** (June 17, 1972 – February 12, 2009) was married to Muzzammil Hassan, who started Bridges TV, the first American Muslim TV channel. In February 2009, she was found dead at the Bridges TV station in Orchard Park, New York. Her husband turned himself in and was charged with her murder.

Career
------

Zubair was an architect. She wanted to change the way people saw Muslims. She thought there should be a TV channel for American Muslims, so their children could feel proud of their identity. She came up with the idea for Bridges TV. She also studied for an MBA at the State University of New York College at Buffalo from 2007 to 2009.

Murder
------

On February 12, 2009, Hassan tricked Zubair to come to the TV studio where they used to work. He attacked her with two knives, stabbing her around 40 times and then he cut off her head. Zubair had asked for a divorce a week before she was killed.

Legacy
------

Every second Saturday in February, International Purple Hijab Day is observed to remembers Zubair's life.

Other websites
--------------

* In Memory of Aasiya Zubair (Facebook group)
* International Purple Hijab Day Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Shota Yasuda** is a Japanese actor and singer. He is a member of idol group Kanjani∞, which is managed by Johnny & Associates.

History
-------

He was born in Japan, Hyogo prefecture Amagasaki city on September 11, 1984. His sister was a fan of Masaki Aiba who is a member of Japanese famous idol group Arashi which is managed by Johnny & Associates. So he tried Johnny & Associates‘s audition and he passed it. So he entered Johnny & Associates in 1997 when he was a 1st grade junior high school student. On September 22, 2002, Kanjani∞ （eight）was formed. And he was elected a member of Kanjani∞. On September 22, 2004, their CD debut was "Naniwa Irohabushi'' which is their first single CD. Now, Kanjani∞ became one of the most famous Japanese idol groups. He plays guitar and makes songs. He is called Kanjani∞‘s guitarist. And he has held concerts as Kanjani∞ at Japanese biggest 5 domes in recent 5 years. He is also appearing in many dramas and theater productions.

Health
------

He suffered from meningioma, which is a kind of brain tumor. He had surgery in February 2017. The surgery took 12 hours. The company did not tell the public until months later. And he joined one Kanjani∞ concert tour that was held at 5 biggest Japanese domes and one stage that he is principal in hiding his sickness. In 2018, he broke his back bones because of lightheadedness of his sickness. So he opened to the public about his sickness. But he joined one Kanjani∞ concert tour that was held at 5 biggest Japanese domes with broken bones for 2 months. Now he has to wear color glasses because of meningioma’s sequelae. And he published his own photo album named "LIFE IS" to share with many people about his experience of sickness in September 2020.

TV programs, movies and theater productions
-------------------------------------------

He also works as an actor. He has joined 15 dramas and 4 movies and 7 theater productions. His first drama as principal was *Jitennsyasyounennki*. His first movie as a main character was *Eight Ranger*. His first theater production as a main character was *Orebushi*. He also acted in many commercials and variety programs.

Music
-----

He is Kanjani∞'s guitarist. He can make songs and lyrics. He made 37 Kanjani∞ songs and lyrics for 8 Kanjani∞ songs.
**Sonia Francius** (born 19 May 1957 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) is a Guyanese civil servant and writer. Until 2023 she is Director of the National Higher Institute of Teaching and Education of Guyana, the first Guyanese woman to be appointed to this position. She is also the director of Guyanese national education department .

Life
----

Sonia Francius was born Sonia Glorie on 19 May 1957 in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in Guyana. Sonia Francius grew up mainly in her hometown, then in Martinique .

She began her career in Martinique as a teacher and taught for 6 years. In 1986, with Arsène Bouyer d'Angoma and Emmanuella Rattier, she was mediator for the introduction of Creole in schools in Guyana  . She was appointed educational advisor for the teaching of Creole language and culture .

After this first experience, Sonia Francius succeeded in the National Education Inspector competition in 1991. She published a work in Creole with Aline Chanol  ,  .

Following the creation of the Académie de Guyane , in 1997, she was academic delegate for cross-border cooperation and international relations (DARIC), alongside Christian Duverger , first Rector of the Academy of Guyana .

In 2000, alongside Rector Jean-François Bellegarde, she became the first Guyanese woman to serve as Cabinet Director within the new Rectorate of Guyana  . In 2004, Sonia Francius was appointed Academy Inspector  , deputy to the rector - DSDEN of Guyana - Jean-Michel Blanquer. 

In 2011, following the Territorial Administrative Reorganization of the State (REATE), she returned to her native Guyana and became Director of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion  of Guyana. In 2016, she stepped down from her role as head of the Directorate of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion (DDJSCS)  . From 2016 to 2018, she was appointed Regional Director for Women's Rights and Equality  .

IN 2018, she became the director of the Higher School of Teaching and Education ( ESPE )  of the Academy of Guyana within the University of Guyana. In 2019 , ESPE became the National Higher Institute of Teaching and Education (INSPE), which awards the master's degree in teaching, education and training professions,. She left this position on 13 June 2023 .
**Titilope Gbemisola Akosa** was born in Lagos, Nigeria. She is an environmentalist, climate justice, and a feminist. Akosa works for human rights. She is the Vital Voices Lead Fellow and she is an environmental Leader of the Bearhs Environmental Leadership program at the University of California, Berkeley. She started and runs the non-governmental sustainability organization Centre for 21st Century Issues (C21st). She heads the law firm Titi Akosa & Co Nigeria. In 2015, she spoke for women and gender non-governmental organizations at the 2015 Paris Climate Treaty on the topic 'Towards a Gender Responsive Green climate fund in Africa

Early life and education
------------------------

Titilope Ngozi Akosa was born and brought up in Lagos State, Nigeria. She went to school in Lagos State. She graduated from the Lagos State University. She got her Bachelor of Laws degree (LL.B) and Barrister-at-Law (B.L) from the Nigerian Law School in 1992. She also got her Masters in Law (LL.M) from the University of Lagos Nigeria in 1996. As a law graduate, Titilope Akosa is a lawyer based on civil and criminal litigation and an active Human rights activist.

She was part of the International Visitor Leadership program of the United States on Volunteerism and Community Development.
**Satoshi Uematsu** (Japanese: 植松 聖, 1990- ) was a Japanese mass murderer, a perpetrator of 2016 Sagamihara stabbings that killed 19 people. He was a 26-year-old (at the time of the incident) man.

Incident
--------

Satoshi Uematsu is located in JapanTsukui Yamayuri EnTsukui Yamayuri Enclass=notpageimage| Location of *Tsukui Yamayuri En*
Uematsu used to work at the care home *Tsukui Yamayuri En* (津久井やまゆり園). He resigned from working at the facility in February 2016 after having been employed there for over three years.

In February 2016, Uematsu appealed by letter for the legalization of ending the lives of those with multiple disabilities in cases where it was requested by their guardians, and asked for Tadamori Oshima's assistance in delivering his message to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe. In it, he wrote, "I envision a world where a person with multiple disabilities can be euthanised, with an agreement from the guardians, when it is difficult for the person to carry out household and social activities." He also wrote that the killings of the disabled would be "for the sake of Japan and world peace" as well as to benefit the global economy and prevent World War III.

In 26 July 2016, Uematsu killed 19 people at *Tsukui Yamayuri En* by Knives. On 16 March 2020, Uematsu was sentenced to death by the Yokohama District Court, having previously said he would not challenge any verdict or sentence. On 30 March 2020, his death sentence was finalized as he withdrew automatic appeal to the upper courts.
**Bahun** (**Khas Brahmin**) (Nepali: बाहुन) are group of people belonging to Brahmin caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Brahmins are called as Bahuns or **Khas Bahuns**. They are Sub caste of the Kanyakubja Brahmin. Bahuns mainly served as priests, teachers and astrologers as per their caste. Bahuns were able to hold government offices, administration and politics.

Bahun (priest) with traditional Dhaka topi
According to 1854 *Muluki Ain* (Legal Code) of Nepal, Bahuns belong to *sacred thread bearers* (Yagyopavit) and *twice born* (Dvija) Hindus.

Maithili Bahun family names
---------------------------

Mishra,Poudar, Chaudhary, Jha, Thakur, Ray and Pathak

* All Mishra and Jha are Bahuns but not mandatory for others.

Khas Bahun family names
-----------------------

Acharya, Adhikari, Amgain/Apagain, Aryal/Arjyel, Awasthi, Banjara, Bajgain, Banjade, Banskota, Banstola, Baral, Bartaula, Bastakoti, Brahmin Bhandari(**not to be mistaken from Chhetri Bhandari**), Bhatta, Bhattarai, Bhurtel, Bhusal, Bist, Burlakoti, Chalise, Chataut, Chapagain, Chaugain, Chaulagain, Dangal, Dahal, Dawadi/Duwadi, Devkota, Dhakal, Dhital, Dhungana, Dhungel, Dixit, Dulal, Gaire, Gautam, Ghimire, Ghorasaini, Guragain, Gyawali, Humagain, Jamarkattel, Joshi, Kafle, Kalauni, Kattel, Khanal, Khaniya, Kharel/Kharal, Kuikel, Khatiwada, Koirala, Lamichhane, Lamsal, Lekhak, Lohani, Luintel, Mainali, Marasini, Mishra, Nepal, Neupane, Niroula, Ojha, Oli, Padhya, Pandey, Pandit, Paneru, Panta, Parajuli, Pathak, Phuyal, Pokharel/Pokhrel, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Prasain, Pudasaini, Pyakurel, Rijal, Rimal, Risal, Regmi, Rupakheti, Sanjel, Sangroula, Sapkota, Sedhain, Sharma, Shiwakoti, Sigdel, Sitoula, Silwal, Subedi, Thapaliya, Timsina/Timalsina/Timilsina, Tiwari, Tripathi, Trital, Upadhyaya, Upreti, Wagle, Wasti/Osti etc
**Vernon Charles Kay** (born 28 April 1974) is an English television and radio presenter and former model.

Works
-----

He presented T4 of Channel 4 (2000–2005). He has presented several TV shows for ITV including *All Star Family Fortunes* (2006–2015), *Just the Two of Us* (2006–2007), *Beat the Star* (2008–2009), *The Whole 19 Yards* (2010), Splash! (2013-2014) and *1000 Heartbeats* (2015-2016) and *This Morning* (2022–present).

Kay presented his own show on BBC Radio 1 between 2004 and 2012. He also presented his own show on *Radio X* between 2015 and 2017. Since the start of the 2018-19 season, he has been the main presenter of live coverage of Formula E for English-speaking areas/platforms worldwide. In 2020, Kay appeared on the twentieth season of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. He finished in third place, behind Jordan North and eventual Queen of the Castle, Giovanna Fletcher.

Early life
----------

Kay grew up in Bolton, Greater Manchester. He is the eldest son of Norman, a lorry driver, and Gladys; he has a younger brother, Stephen, a primary school teacher. He attended St Joseph's RC Grammar School in Horwich, near Bolton. He then graduated in environmental science from Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University). He supports Bolton Wanderers, his hometown. His current spouse is the current presenter of the BBC One celebrity dancing show *Strictly Come Dancing* Tess Daly since 2003.
Shalom written in Hebrew
**Shalom** (שלום) is a Hebrew word which means "peace". It is also used as a method of greeting like "hello" and "goodbye".

Similar to its use in English, it can mean peace between two persons or entities. It also means inner peace, being calm or the quietness of a person, well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group.

The root of the word "shalom" can be related to "*shalem*" which means "wholeness", or to *le-shalem* which means "to complete, to reward, to pay, to compensate". This means that it is more than the absence of conflict or struggle or the breaking of unfriendliness: It also means a return to the balance, to justice, and to the complete equality.

In general, one uses the word "shalom" as the short form of the sentence "Shalom Aleichem" (exactly "Peace is with you") that can be translated as "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon,...)" (a greeting).[*source?*] This is very similar to the Arabic phrase "Salam Alaykum" (سلام عليكم) which is again a greeting meaning "Peace be with you". When someone says "Shalom Aleichem", they say Aleichem Shalom which means (Unto to you peace) back to them. This is due to the Talmud saying that anybody who does not at least say the greeting back is a considered a thief in traditional Jewish laws.

Related pages
-------------

* Salam, the Arabic version of Shalom
* As-salamu alaykum, the Arabic version of Shalom Aleichem
**Vikram Chatterjee** is a Bengali film actor. He made his big screen debut with a small role in Mainak Bhowmik's 2012 movie *Bedroom* and was immediately noticed. In the same year he acted in Bappaditya Bandopadhyay's *Elar Char Adhyay* based on Rabindranath Tagore's last novel *Char Adhyay* as a lead. Soon after he acted in *Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends*, *Hoichoi*, *Britto* and many other films and established himself as a lead in Bengali films. He has gained immense popularity from his daily soap Ichchenodi where he played the lead character, Anurag and enjoys a huge fan base, thanks to the success of the show. Vikram has earned a lot of accolades for his film "Shaheb Bibi Golaam", where the whole industry has taken notice of his brilliant portrayal of Zico.

Career
------

Vikram Chatterjee debuted in *Saat Pake Bandha*, a TV serial on the Zee Bangla channel. After an entry into TV shows, he made his break into the wide screen in Bengali movies with a small but significant character in Mainak Bhowmik's *Bedroom*. He was given a lead role soon after in the film Elar Char Adhyay, directed by Bappaditya Bandopadhyay based on one of Rabindranath Tagore's story of Kolkata of the 1930s. Vikram's portrayal of Atin in the film was appreciated by both the audience and the critics.

Soon after Elar Char Adhyay he shot for Debarati Gupta's *Hoichoi*. Next he teamed up again with his *Bedroom* director Moinak Bhowmik for Ami Ar Amar Girlfriends. His performance in Ami Ar Amar Girlfriends as a laid-back, on-the-face, no-nonsense Radio Jockey was loved by one and all. Also his pairing with Parno Mittra clicked and they were signed immediately for Sourav De's *Cactus*. His next film was with the National Award Winning director Anjan Das where he was seen opposite Paoli Dam once again.

Works
-----

### Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Character |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Bedroom* | Mainak Bhaumik | Rajat |
| 2012 | *Elar Char Adhyay* | Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay | Atin |
| 2012 | *3 Kanya (Cameo)* | Agnidev Chatterjee |  |
| 2013 | *Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends* | Mainak Bhaumik | Deep |
| 2013 | *Mistake* | S.K. | Neel |
| 2013 | *Hoi Choi* | Debarati Gupta |
| 2014 | *Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay* | Ashok Pati | Joy |
| 2014 | *Gogoler Kirti* | Pompy Ghosh Mukherjee | Joy |
| 2014 | *Britto* | Surajit Dhar | Roni |
| 2015 | *Ajana Batash* | Anjan Das | Sandy |
| 2016 | *Saheb Bibi Golaam* | Pratim D. Gupta | Zico |
| 2016 | *Aatish* | Paroma Neotia | Aatish |
| 2017 | *Khoj (2017 film)* | Arka Ganguly | Sayan Bose |
| 2017 | *Meghnad Badh Rahasya* | Anik Dutta | Wrik Bose |
|

### Television

| Year | Serial | Channel | Character |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 - 2011 | *Saat Paake Bandha* | Zee Bangla | Raja |
| 2013 | *Sokhi* | STAR Jalsha | Ayan |
| 2013 | *Bigg Boss Bangla* | ETV Bangla | Contestant |
| 2014 - 2015 | *Doli Armaano Ki* | Zee TV | Yash Singhania (Cameo) |
| 2015–2017 | *Ichchenodi* | STAR Jalsha | Dr Anuraag Banerjee / Vikram |
| 2018 - Ongoing | *Fagun Bou* | STAR Jalsha | Ayandeep |
Not to be confused with Brazilian Communist Party.
The **Communist Party of Brazil** ( *Communist Party of Brazil* in portuguese ) is a center-left Brazilian political party based on the Marxism-Leninism and the Anti-stalinist left. 

The anti-stalinism and the alignment with policies adopted by the USSR in the 50s and 60s caused a division within the Brazilian communist party. Led by Maurício Grabois, João Amazonas and Pedro Pomar, after the document *Carta dos Cem* (signed by one hundred militants, in four states in the country ) was rejected at the *V Congress of the PCB*   they, in 1962, founded the *Communist Party of Brazil (CPB)*. 

Since its emergence, the CPB has followed Nikita Khrushchov in the former Soviet Union. In the 1960s, it adopted the Maoist line (aligning itself with the Communist Party of China ) and began to practice guerrilla tactics (the CPB is famous for the Araguaia Guerrilla ). In 1978, for security reasons, he abadon the maoism and adopt the hoxhaism of Hoxha.
**Shulem Deen** (born 1974) is the author of a memoir, *All Who Go Do Not Return* (2015), and the editor of *Unpious.com*, an online journal for voices critical of Hasidic lifestyle and beliefs.

Career
------

Deen first became known as the author of the blog, "Hasidic Rebel," which he wrote from 2003 until 2012, and which was the subject of a 2003 feature article in the *Village Voice*. Deen's blog was the first widely read website by a practicing Hasid casting doubt on his religious faith. His memoir chronicles his often painful change from a devout member of the Skverer Hasidic community in New Square, New York to a secular Jew.

In 2010, Deen launched the Unpious website along with "Shtreimel," another ex-Hasidic blogger, and has served as its editor throughout. He has also written several pieces for other publications on the intersection of Hasidic and secular lives, including articles in the *Jewish Daily Forward*, *Tablet Magazine*, *Salon*, and *Zeek*.

He currently serves as a Board member at Footsteps, a New York City organization that assists formerly ultra-Orthodox Jews with transitioning to life outside the Orthodox world.

Personal life
-------------

Deen spent his early life among Satmar Hasidim in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and joined the Skverer sect when he was a teenager, moving to the town of New Square, to settle after marriage. He was married in 1993, and has five children.

In 2005, Deen was expelled from New Square by its leaders for holding heretical views, and several years later divorced his wife and left the Hasidic lifestyle entirely. He currently lives in Brooklyn New York  He is mostly estranged from his children, who have remained among the Skverer Hasidim in New Square, N.Y.
The iconic, much-imitated 1914 *Lord Kitchener Wants You* poster.
Field Marshal **Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener** KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 4 June 1916) was a British field marshal.

Born in Ireland, Kitchener was Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army. He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.

He was chief of staff during the Boer War of 1899 to 1902. From 1899 to 1900, he was also commander-in-chief of the forces in southern Africa. He was allowed into many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including Knight of St. Patrick and Knight of the Garter.

At the start of the First World War, British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith appointed Lord Kitchener as Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began for the New Armies, also called "Kitchener's Army". His image was used in a famous advertisement. Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when HMS *Hampshire* ssnk near the Orkney Islands after it had hit a German mine.
Hawaii has one time zone, called Hawaii–Aleutian Time (HST), which subtracts 10 hours from UTC (UTC−10:00). Hawaii does not use daylight saving time.

History
-------

Before 1896, Hawaii did not use a standard time zone. On January 8, 1896, the minister of the interior of the Provisional Government of Hawaii made a standard time zone. It was called Hawaiian Standard Time, and it subtracted ten and a half hours from UTC (UTC−10:30). Hawaii started using Hawaiian Standard Time on January 13, 1896, at noon. On May 19, 1947, the Legislature passed a law to change Hawaiian Standard Time to UTC−10:00. Hawaii would start using this new time on June 8, 1947.

In 1966, Congress passed a law called the Uniform Time Act. This law made new time zones for all of the United States. Hawaii was put into the Alaska–Hawaii Time Zone. On March 30, 1967, the Hawaii State Legislature passed a law that said Hawaii would not use daylight saving time. The name of the time zone was changed to "Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone" in 1984.

Related pages
-------------

* Time in the United States
Vice-Admiral **Horatio Nelson** (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an British sea captain in the Royal Navy.

Born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and the Spanish. Nelson was blind in one eye after he had been wounded in battle.

During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.

Last words
----------

At least three versions of his last words exist and are shown in Wikiquote. 

His most well-known last words are "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was "Thank God I have done my duty."

An alternative version is that he said both of those statements. He said "Kiss me, Hardy," When Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then, Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Next, Hardy kissed him again on the forehead, when Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy." Finally, he murmoured to those around him to look after Emma Hamilton and his daughter.

Most recently, accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke state that Nelson said, "Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub." That was a request to ease the symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds.

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded Nelson's last words as "God and my country."
There are four **laws of thermodynamics**. They talk about temperature, heat, work, and entropy. They are used in thermodynamics and other sciences, for example chemistry.

Thermodynamics has three main laws: the first law, the second law, and the third law. Then there was another law, called the "zeroth law." The law of conservation of mass is also an important idea in thermodynamics, but it is not called law.

Laws of Thermodynamics is an integral part of Chemistry, which not only explain the surrounding but also the infinite Universe which governs by the laws of chemistry and others.

Zeroth law
----------

The *zeroth law of thermodynamics* says temperature is an empirical parameter in thermodynamic systems. It states the transitive relationship between the temperatures of multiple bodies in thermal equilibrium. The law says: 

> If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. -discovered by Bangladeshi scientist.
> 
>

First law
---------

The *first law of thermodynamics* is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed. It can also be stated in the following form:

> The energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings.
> 
>

Second law
----------

The *second law of thermodynamics* says that some things can't be undone after they are done. This indicates that entropy is real. It states that, in an isolated system, entropy can increase but cannot decrease. It can be stated as follows:

> Natural processes tend to go only one way, toward less usable energy and more disorder. 
> 
>

Third law
---------

The third law of thermodynamics *can be stated as:*

> A system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero.
> 
>
|  |
| --- |
| This article is part of a series on: |
| Islam |
|  |
| Beliefs and Practices
* Oneness of God

* Prophets
* Angels

* Profession of faith
* Prayer

* Fasting
* Alms
* Pilgrimage
 |
| Texts and laws
* Qur'an
* Sunnah
* Hadith

* Fiqh
* Sharia
* Kalam
 |
| History and leaders
* Muhammad

* Abu Bakr
* Ali
* Umar

* Ahl al-Bayt
* Sahabah

* Rashidun
* Imamate

* Caliphate
* Spread of Islam
 |
| Denominations
* Sunni
* Shia
* Shurat
* Sufism
* Muwahhidism

* Ibadi
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* Quranism
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* Five-Percent Nation
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 |
| Culture and society
* Academics
* Architecture
* Art

* Calendar
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* Mosques
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* Science
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 |
| Related topics
* Criticism
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* Islamophobia
	+ Anti-Shi'ism
* Terrorism
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

  

**Da'wah** is the process of spreading Islam. The purpose of da'wah is to invite people to Islam and spread knowledge about Islam to them. The Prophet Muhammad did da'wah by sending letters to non-Muslim rulers inviting and teaching them about Islam.

Quranic basis
-------------

The importance of da'wah has been given importance many times in the Qur'an:

> And who is better in speech than him who prayeth unto his Lord and doeth right, and saith: Lo! I am of those who are muslims (surrender unto Him).
> 
> — Quran, Sura 41 (Fussilat), ayah 33

> Ye are the best community that hath been raised up for mankind. Ye enjoin right conduct and forbid indecency; and ye believe in Allah. And if the People of the Scripture had believed it had been better for them. Some of them are believers; but most of them are evil-livers.
> 
> — Quran, Sura 3 (Al-Imran), ayah 110

> And there may spring from you a nation who invite to goodness, and enjoin right conduct and forbid indecency. Such are they who are successful.
> 
> — Quran, Sura 3 (Al-Imran), ayah 104

> Call unto the way of thy Lord with wisdom and fair exhortation, and reason with them in the better way. Lo! thy Lord is Best Aware of him who strayeth from His way, and He is Best Aware of those who go aright.
> 
> — Quran, Sura 16 (An-Nahl), ayah 125
"South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut" redirects here. For other uses, see South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut (disambiguation).
***South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut*** is a 1999 American adult animated musical comedy movie based on the Comedy Central animated series *South Park*.

Cast
----

* Trey Parker as Kenny McCormick, Eric Cartman, Timmy Burch, Butters Stotch, Millie Larsen, Bebe Stevens, Craig Tucker
* Matt Stone as Kyle Broflovski, Stan Marsh, Jimmy Valmer, Tweek Tweak, Clyde Donovan, Annie Knitts
* Mary Kay Bergman as Wendy Testaburger, Jessie
* Isaac Hayes as Narrator
* Eric Idle as Children's voices
* George Clooney as Children's voices
* Minnie Driver as Children's voices

Plot
----

Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, his younger brother Ike and Kenny McCormick wanted to go see the new Terrence and Phillip movie. They were denied access due to the R-rating. They snuck in and learned a lot of obscene words by the Canadian duo. The kids starting swearing to their classmates and the school became just as profane. The parents, including Shelia Broflovski were unhappy that the kids had seen the Terrence and Phillip movie. Mr. Mackey gave the kids advice to use non-profane words, which helped. The kids snuck in to see Asses of Fire again. Kenny attempted to fart a fire but he burned himself. He was sent to Hell, where Satan and Saddam Hussein live. The Mothers Against Canada declared war against Canada for making the youth obscene. Cartman was given a V-chip implanted into his brain so when he curses, he gets an electric shock.

Production
----------

Trey Parker and Matt Stone have made changes to the movie because they were afraid it would get an NC-17 rating from the MPAA.

Reception
---------

The movie was very well-liked and considered a step up from the first two seasons of the original show. The success of the movie helped Trey Parker and Matt Stone make more seasons of the show. "Blame Canada" got nominated Best Original Song at the Oscars but lost to "You'll Be in My Heart" by Phil Collins from Tarzan. It is considered one of the most profane animated movies of all time with 300 obscene words used.
**V.I.P.** were a Hungarian pop boy band founded in 1997 and dissolved in 2001, consisted of 4 members including 2 brothers.

History
-------

They represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 with the song "Miért kell, hogy elmenj?" ("Why Do You Have To Go?"). They tied for twelfth place with Greece with 39 points. One of them, Viktor Rakonczai composed the song Szívverés for Csézy, who represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008.

Their single in 1998, "Keresem a lányt", sampled NSYNC's "Tearin' Up My Heart".

In total, VIP released four albums. In 2001, the singers each decided to go their own way, and the boy band was disbanded.

Discography
-----------

### Studio Albums

* 1997 - VIP (BMG)
* 1998 - Keresem a Lanyt (BMG)
* 1999 - Szükségem van rad (BMG)
* 2000 - Csak Neked (BMG)
* 2001 - Best of (BMG)

### Singles

* 1997 - "Miért kell, hogy elmenj?"
* 1998 - "Keresem a lányt"

Band members
------------

**Gergő Rácz**

Gergő Rácz is a Hungarian composer, singer, producer, winner of the Phonogram award. He was born on March 4, 1976 in Budapest.

**Imre Rakonczai**

Imre Rakonczai is a Hungarian musician, composer, lyricist, brother of Viktor Rakonczai. He was born on September 1, 1972 in Budapest. He is also a footballer. He played for Ferencvárosi TC in 1982 until 1994.

**Viktor Rakonczai**

Viktoe Rakonczai is an EMeRTon award-winning Hungarian musician, composer, pianist, performer, brother of Imre Rakonczai. He was born on October 16, 1976 in Budapest.

|
|  |
| Preceded byGjon Delhusa |  **Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest**1997 | Succeeded byCharlie |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: Artists Edit this at Wikidata | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
Maljers in 1987
**Floris Anton Maljers** (12 August 1933 — 2 December 2022) was a Dutch business executive. He was CEO of the Unilever food group (1984-1994) and was chairperson at KLM, Philips and  Vendex International [nl]. As a mentor, he guided Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands during his introduction to the business world.

Biography
---------

Maljers was born in Middelburg in 1933 into a grocer's family. He studied economics at the University of Amsterdam. After graduating he started as an intern at a parent company of Unilever, where he quickly made his career. Via a Colombian fat factory, a Turkish jasmine plantation and a margarine factory in Rotterdam, he became in 1984 CEO of the Unilever. He earned a Royal title from British Queen Elizabeth II. In 1994 he was succeeded as CEO by Morris Tabaksblad. As he remained active in business world, and so became a mentor for Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. From 1994 to 1999 he was the chairman at Philips. He also worked several times for Dutch ministries as a troubleshooter to solve economic issues like at the request of minister Hans Wijers being involved in the government support for the bankrupt Fokker and he was commission chairman for the flooding of the Hedwigepolder.

He received the gold Eremedaille voor Voortvarendheid en Vernuft [nl].
**Urvashi Vaid** (8 October 1958 – 14 May 2022) was an Indian-American LGBT activist. She moved to the United States when she was eight. She ended high school after three years. She then went to New York’s Vassar College. After, she went to law school at Northeastern University in Boston. She is lesbian.

Achievements
------------

Vaid supports gay and lesbian rights. She lived in Boston and started the Lesbian Gay Political Alliance. This organization supports the gay people in Boston. After college, she helped prisoners who had HIV. In 1985, she started working at the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. This group teaches people about the lives of gay and lesbian people. She also started the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force’s Creating Change Conference. In 1995, she wrote a book called *Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation*.

Death
-----

Vaid died on 14 May 2022 in New York City, aged 63. She had breast and thyroid cancer at the time of her death.
**František Šedivý** (2 July 1927 – 23 February 2021) was a Czech writer and former political prisoner. He served as vice president of the Confederation of Political Prisoners.

Education
---------

František Šedivý studied at the high school, from which he was expelled during the Heydrichiad in 1942 and in 1944 he worked in the Junkers factory. At that time, as a liaison, he actively participated in the anti-Nazi resistance. After the communist coup in February 1948, he became involved in the fight against the then regime by publishing and distributing leaflets, organizing illegal groups and helping to flee abroad. As a smuggler, he twice successfully transferred groups of refugees across the borders in Šumava. At university, he organized a group that was preparing for the soon-to-fall fall of the ruling regime. In early fifties of the 20th century , he managed to reveal an agent provocateur Golda. As a result, he was arrested in 1952 and at the age of 25 in the trial of Šedivý et al. (was identified as the leader of the group) sentenced to 14 years in prison for the crime of high treason and espionage. He was imprisoned on Mírov and spent many years in uranium mines in Jáchymov, at the central camp, the camp C , the camp L (the so-called Tower of Death) and in Pribram Bytiz and Vojna. He was released on parole in February 1964. After 1989, he became involved in the Confederation of Political Prisoners , where he held the position of First Vice-President. He was also the chairman of the Club dr. Milady Horáková and was also a member of the international PEN club and the author of several books.

Honours
-------

On the occasion of the national holiday of the Day of the Establishment of the Independent Czechoslovak State, he received the Order of Tomáš Garrigu Masaryk II from the hands of the President of the Republic Václav Klaus on 28 October 2009. outstanding achievements for the development of democracy and human rights. On Saturday, 31 May 2008, he was granted honorary citizenship of the municipality of Zadní Třebaň. On May 7, 2010, he was granted honorary citizenship of the town of Řevnice.
E. coli use anaerobic respiration
**Anaerobic respiration** is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. *Escherichia coli* uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration.

For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S) are used. These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule. Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce or not apparent.

If there is no oxygen present, glycolysis is still able to happen. Pyruvic acid is still produced, but instead of proceeding to the Krebs cycle, lactic acid is formed making small amounts of ATP. An example of this is when exercising: if the body is not able to get enough oxygen to the muscles, they will make lactic acid. This is what makes the muscles sore. 

If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria.

The equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and bacteria:

* Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + ethanol

The equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is:

* glucose -> lactic acid (C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3)

  

After producing lactic acid more oxygen then in normal respiration is required to break it down (oxygen debt).
Potato chips
A **potato chip** (also known as a **potato crisp** in the United Kingdom) is a thin slices of potato that have been baked or fried and lightly salted or seasoned. Some popular flavors of potato chips are: salt and vinegar, ketchup, sour cream and onion. They are one of the most important snack foods in Western nations. In England, they are called "Crisps". In America, they are called "Potato chips". 

In the 1790s, Thomas Jefferson brought thick french fries to the United States from France. However, a customer at a restaurant at the Moon Lake Lodge in Saratoga Springs, New York, was making the chef, George Crum, angry by saying that the fries were not thin enough. Finally, George Crum became so angry he decided to exaggerate. He sliced the potatoes so thinly they could not even be pierced with a fork. Then he put them in ice water for 30 minutes. After he fried and salted them, he gave them to the customer - who, to his surprise, loved them. First named "Saratoga Chips" in 1853, it later became well known as "potato chips". George Crum later opened his own restaurant that served his special potato chips.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***potato chip***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Potato chips***.

* Taquitos.net (more than 900 reviews of potato chips)
* A short documentary *How Do They Make Potato Chips?*
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The **Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf** (Urdu: پاکستان تحریک انصاف; *Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf*) is a political party in Pakistan. PTI was founded by former Pakistani cricket captain and philanthropist Imran Khan (Pakistani cricketer). The party's slogan is "Justice, Humanity and Self Esteem".

Founding
--------

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was founded by Imran Khan on April 25th, 1996 in Lahore, Pakistan. The constitution of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was approved on January 24th, 1999 by the CEC in Lahore, Pakistan. 

The PTI manifesto states "The PTI agenda of resurgence articulates the long neglected aspirations of our people and spells out the vision of a modern Islamic republic that advocates tolerance, moderation and freedom to practice the religion of one’s choice."

Notable members
---------------

* Imran Khan, founding chairman
* Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Vice Chairma
* Sheikh Rehan Shahid, collation government
* Muhammad Ahsan Ullah Chaudhary, Senior member and politician
* Riaz Kataria, Senior member.
* Usman Dar, senior member
* Murad Saed, politician
* Ali Muhammad Khan, senior member

Notable party  
members and leadersShah Mehmood QureshiAsad Qaiser
Cabbage rolls
Kåldolmar
German *Wirsingrouladen* made using savoy cabbage leaves
Gołąbki in tomato sauce
A **cabbage roll** is a dish made of cooked cabbage leaves wrapped around some sort of stuffing. It is eaten in Central, Northern, Eastern and Southeastern Europe and much of Western Asia, Northern China, as well as parts of North Africa. Meat fillings are traditional in Europe. That may be beef, lamb, or pork seasoned with garlic, onion, and spices. Grains such as rice and barley, mushrooms, and vegetables are often included as well. Fermented cabbage leaves may be used for wrapping, particularly in southeastern Europe. In Asia, seafoods, tofu, and shiitake mushrooms or Vegeta may also be used. Chinese cabbage is often used as a wrapping.

Cabbage leaves stuffed with the filling are then baked, simmered, or steamed in a covered pot. They are generally eaten warm with a sauce. Many different sauces are used.. In Sweden and Finland, stuffed cabbage is served with lingonberry jam, which is both sweet and tart. In Central and Eastern Europe, tomato-based sauces and sour cream are typical. In Lebanon, the cabbage is stuffed with rice and minced meat and only rolled to the size of a cigar. It is usually served with a side dish of yogurt and a type of lemon and olive oil vinaigrette seasoned with garlic and dried mint.

Cabbage roll is eaten a lot in Romania. The recipe and sizing depends on the region. It often takes up to 6 hours to cook. Traditionally it is made with pork, beef, bacon, rice, spices and aromatics, in tomato sauce and served with polenta, sour cream and spicy pickled peppers.

Cooking textbook author Nancy Krcek stated that the origins are unclear. It is possible multiple groups of people invented it at the same time. Another cooking book author Malgorzata Caprari stated it is believed that credit is owed to the poorer inhabitants of Central and Eastern European countries. Due to the widespread cultivation of cabbage in these regions, it is likely that the cultures who inhabited them were the original inventors of this dish.

Cabbage rolls have found their way into popular culture, becoming one of the most recognizable dishes in Central and Eastern European cuisine. They often appear in literature and films as a symbol of homey comfort and tradition.

A version called holishkes is traditionally eaten by Jews on Simchat Torah. Recipes vary. northern Poles prefer a savory sauce. In Galicia, Hungary and Ukraine people like sweet-and-sour.
**Digital marketing** is advertising delivered through digital channels. It is a type of marketing that is done online and has an effect on offline business. It is done online, using things like search engines, social media, email, and other websites to connect with current and potential customers.

Differences from traditional marketing
--------------------------------------

Digital Marketing is different from traditional marketing. Traditional marketing uses offline channels, while digital marketing uses online channels. A traditional marketing campaign, for example, may use billboards, radio ads, and news stories, while a digital marketing campaign may use social media, blog posts, and email to promote a business and its offerings.

Digital marketing channels
--------------------------

* Website Marketing
* Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
* Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising
* Content Marketing
* Email Marketing
* Social media marketing
* Affiliate marketing
* Video Marketing
* Block Chain Marketing