recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Calixa Lavallée, 1967 art by Frédéric Back at Place-des-Arts metro station in Montreal
**Calixa Lavallée**, (born Quebec, 28 December 1842; died Boston, 21 January 1891), was a Canadian-American composer. For many years he was a travelling musician. Later he worked hard to improve music education in Canada. He is famous for composing the music for the Canadian national anthem "O Canada".

Life
----

Lavallée was born into a French-Canadian family. Originally his name was Calixte Paquet. His father made musical instruments and played in a band. He learned to play the piano, violin and cornet. He went to the United States and played in a band during the American Civil War. For many years he travelled, playing and teaching. He became the music director and superintendent Grand Opera House which put on minstrel shows rather than proper operas. When the theatre closed in 1872 he went back to Montreal. His friends got enough money together to help him go to France to study at the Paris Conservatoire. There he studied under famous teachers including Boieldieu.

When he went back to Canada he wanted to help to improve the state of music education there. He small music school in Quebec but it was always difficult for him to get money from the authorities. He composed the music to "O Canada" which soon became the Canadian national anthem.

Shortly after that he went to the United States again. He became music director of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Boston and became very active with the Music Teachers’ National Association. He died of tuberculosis in 1891. In 1933, his remains were taken back to Montreal where they were buried in the cemetery.

His music
---------

Besides the tune to *O Canada*, Lavallée wrote many works, including some comic operas: *Loulou*, *Tiq* and *The King of Diamonds*. Most of the music that was published consists of his lighter pieces, including a short piece for piano called *Papillon* (*Butterfly*) which became extremely popular in North America as well as Europe.
**Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Zephaniah** (15 April 1958 – 6 December 2023) was a British Jamaican writer, dub poet and Rastafarian. He was included in *The Times* list of Britain's top 50 post-war writers in 2008.

Zephaniah was a young black boy who had dyslexia and encountered Racism at his new school in Birmingham. He grew up in Handsworth up until the age of 9 when his mother who was also a Jamaican nurse who fled from his father who was a postman back in Barbados. Leaving his twin sister Velda and other siblings Zephaniah felt isolated as being a young black boy with a disability

Zephaniah faced prejudice frequently while residing in London and was involved in the racial riots of the 1980s: "They happened all around me. Racism was really evident back then. The National Front opposed foreigners and people of color, and the police were also very racist.

Zephaniah died on 6 December 2023 because of a brain tumor at the age of 65.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Benjamin Zephaniah***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Benjamin Zephaniah***.

* Official website
* Benjamin Zephaniah on IMDb
* *Benjamin Zephaniah* discography at Discogs

* Merope Mills, "Rasta poet publicly rejects his OBE", *The Guardian*, 27 November 2003.
* Benjamin Zephaniah – from The Black Presence in Britain
* Benjamin Zephaniah on Poetry, Politics and Revolution – video report by *Democracy Now!*
**Liu Xia** (Chinese: 刘霞; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China. She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo.

Biography
---------

Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau. She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999.

Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. However, she has been forced to act for her husband in public because of he is often in prison for his activism. She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world." She also personally experiences pressures from the Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates. Since his arrest, the government watches her constantly. She speaks out on issues of human rights both for herself and for her husband. Although she may not want always want to, she has continued to speak publicly all during their marriage and while her husband has been in prison Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal.

Liu Xiaobo's was sent to prison for 11 years after he helped write the political manifesto 2008 called Charter 08. Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in writing the document. At first, he did as she asked. But later, he spent much of his time writing and re-writing the document which took three years. He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter. 10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet.

After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xia said that "For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom." She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug". After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile phone number was canceled. Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Chinese painters
* Liu Xiaobo
Portrait of Marco Polo
**Marco Polo** was born in 1254 and died on January 8, 1324. He was an Italian trader and explorer. He was one of the first Europeans to explore Central Asia and East Asia. Many other explorers, including Christopher Columbus, looked up to him. He spoke four languages.

Marco Polo was known for the book, *Travels of Marco Polo,* where he talked about Asia.

Early life
----------

Marco Polo was born in Venice, one of the most successful trading cities. Polo's mother died when he was very young and he was raised by his aunt and uncle. His father and uncle returned from their Silk Road travels when Marco was about 15 years old. Two years later, the three of them started their journey to Cathay (China). His family were well-known merchants, not explorers. He learned about writing, reading, and arithmetic, and how to do business.

Travels
-------

Polo went on a 24-year trip to China with his father and uncle during the Mongol Dynasty. He left Venice at the age of 17 on a boat that went through the Mediterranean Sea, to Acre, and later to Tabriz and Kerman. Then he travelled across Asia getting as far as Beijing. On the way there he went over mountains and through deserts, across scorching hot lands and places where the cold was unbearable. Arriving in Cathay at age 21, he served in Kublai Khan's court for 17 years. He left the Far East and returned to Venice by sea. There was sickness on board and 600 passengers and crew died. Nevertheless, Marco Polo survived the journey. He brought noodles back from China and the Italians invented different sizes and shapes and called it pasta. Polo returned to Venice with treasures like ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk.

Some scholars believe that while Marco Polo did go to China, they doubt that he went to all of the other places described in his book.

*"Travels of Marco Polo"*
-------------------------

Soon after Polo returned from his journeys he fought in a war against Genoa, got captured and put in prison. When he was in prison, he became friendly with a fellow prisoner, Rusticello, who was a writer of romances and novels. He told the writer about all his adventures, which became a book called *The Travels of Marco Polo*. The published version was written by Rustichello da Pisa, based on what Polo had told him. It became famous throughout Europe. In the book he said that Kublai Khan's wealthy new empire had a postal system. He also talked about the Chinese people. China used paper money that was made from mulberry bark.
Mirepoix
**Mirepoix** (pronounced /mɪər ˈpʍɑː/) is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter. Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.

These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination *mirepoix au gras*, or a *Matignon*, ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.

They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.

Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or *fond blanc*, parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.

Mirepoix derives its name, as many other elements of French cuisine do, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the *Dictionnaire de l'Académie française* with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.

Other websites
--------------

* Recipe for Mirepoix Archived 2018-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
**Don McLean** (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most well known for the songs "American Pie" and "Vincent".

In his early career, Don McLean mainly played folk music. He sang folk songs and played simple chords with acoustic guitar and harmonica. In 1969, Don Mclean joined folk singer Pete Seeger in the environment campaign. They gave talks and playing concerts to help people know some of the problems with the environment. Also in the same year, Don McLean released his first album *Tapestry*. This album was not very successful. McLean continued to perform in many small places.

In 1971, Don Mclean released an eight minute long song named "American Pie". The song was dedicated to Don McLean’s music hero Buddy Holly. Much of the song was about the deaths of Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) in 1959. It also dealt with many important events in American history. Quickly "American Pie" became the number 1 song in the United States. Don McLean became a superstar and drew many audiences to his concerts. In 2005, American Pie was voted 5th in the "365 songs of the century" list. His second single "Vincent", featuring Vincent Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", was also at the top of the UK and US charts in 1971. The song is played in Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam every day.

In the later 1970s, Don McLean tried other styles of songs. He was not as popular with these other styles. Bad sales of albums caused him to change recording companies from one to another. Finally, in 1980, Don McLean regained his popularity by playing "Crying", a song first sang by Roy Orbison. The song reached the first place in UK chart. 

Don is still writing and singing his own songs and performing in concerts.

The famous guitar player, Eric Clapton, spoke highly of Don McLean’s guitar playing skill after listening to his guitar performance. Also, Don McLean’s performance on stage once inspired Lori Lieberman to write the 1974 Grammy-winning song "Killing me softly with his song". Most of the successive folk singers entitled him with "US legend"
Ward Cunningham in 2011
The **WikiWikiWeb** is the first wiki, or user-editable website, like Wikipedia. It was launched on 25 March 1995 by its inventor, programmer Ward Cunningham, to accompany the Portland Pattern Repository website discussing software design patterns. The name *WikiWikiWeb* originally also applied to the wiki software that operated the website, written in the Perl programming language and later renamed to "WikiBase". The site is frequently referred to by its users as simply "Wiki", and a convention established among users of the early network of wiki sites that followed was that using the word with a capitalized *W* referred exclusively to the original site.

History
-------

The software and website were developed in 1994 by Cunningham in order to make the exchange of ideas between programmers easier. The concept was based on the ideas developed in HyperCard stacks that Cunningham built in the late 1980s. On March 25, 1995, he installed the software on his company's (Cunningham & Cunningham) website, c2.com. Cunningham came up with the name WikiWikiWeb because he remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee who told him to take the Wiki Wiki Shuttle, a shuttle bus line that runs between the airport's terminals. "Wiki Wiki" is a reduplication of "wiki", a Hawaiian language word for "quick". Cunningham's idea was to make WikiWikiWeb's pages quickly editable by its users, so he initially thought about calling it "QuickWeb", but later changed his mind and dubbed it "WikiWikiWeb".

Related pages
-------------

* Wikipedia
* Wiki
The Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) is the type species of the genus Cygnus (Swans). The genus also contains other swans.
A Black Swan, another species of Swan. Not the type species. 
The term **type species** is used in the scientific naming of living things, and is part of a system using a so-called "type".

The type system is central to the scientific naming of living things (organisms). How exactly it works is different depending on exactly what living thing is considered, but in a very general (and imprecise) sense it may be said that it fixes each name *to a particular specimen*, the type specimen. This helps in finding out what particular name is to be used for a particular living thing (or a group of living things, a taxon). There are international Codes of nomenclature which set out exactly how types are to be designated and used.

For animals, the type species of a genus (or subgenus) is the type of that genus (or subgenus). The species (hopefully) has a specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) as its type, so the type species is the link between a genus (or subgenus) and a type specimen.

For algae, fungi and plants, it is different: the type species of a genus is the species that has the same type (specimen or illustration) as the genus. For example, *Malus sylvestris*, the European Wild Apple, is the type species of the genus *Malus*. Thus, for algae, fungi and plants, a type species plays no great role; it is not an official term, but only a term of convenience.
Church Saint-Pierre, and cemetery.
**Rochefourchat** (French pronunciation: ​[ʁɔʃfuʁʃa]) is a commune in the Drôme department, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France. Today, the commune consists of only one inhabited house. There also is a church, Saint Pierre's Church, a converted barn, and the ruins of a castle. The nearest communes are Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert, Les Tonils, Pradelle, and Brette.s}. Saint-Nazaire-le-Desert is about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) away.

Die is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away, Montélimar about 40 kilometres (25 mi).

The closest primary school is in Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert.

History
-------

In 1178, the castle of Rocha Forcha was built by the bishops of the arrondissement of Die as a stronghold against the Holy Roman Emperors. It belonged to French lords until the year 1766. The last one, Lord Rey de Noinville, died that year. In 1796, a French trader, Pierre Jossaud bought the land surrounding the castle and renamed it Rochefourchat. The commune has been passed down through Jossaud's family.

Population
----------

Historical population| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | 3 | —     |
| 1990 | 2 | −33.3% |
| 1999 | 1 | −50.0% |
| 2006 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2007 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2008 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2009 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2010 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2011 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2012 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2013 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2014 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2015 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2016 | 1 | +0.0% |
| 2018 | 1 | +0.0% |

There is only one permanent inhabitant. There are six communes in France where no one lives; these were destroyed or abandoned during the First World War. They were left, so that people would remember the events.

Related pages
-------------

* Communes of the Drôme department

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* France
* BnF data

 |
By the 4th century BC, fortified cities were common in India, with the largest being between Mathura and Magadha. The most notable description is one by Megasthenes, who described Pataliputra as guarded by a ditch with wooden walls and 570 towers and 54 gates.

Ancient Indian forts, found in shastras and stupa reliefs, had crenellations, embrasures, and sloping walls. The Arthashastra, an Indian treatise on military strategy, identifies six major types of forts based on their defense modes: Jala-durga (water fort), Antardvipa-durga (island fortress), Sthala-durga (plain fortress), Dhanvana- or Maru-durga (Desert Fort), Giri-durga (Hill fort), Prantara-durga (flat hill summit), Giri-parshva-durga (fortifications and civilian structures extend down to the hill slope), Guha-durga (valley surrounded by hills), Vana-durga (forest fort), Khanjana-durga (built on a fen surrounded by thorny forests), Sthambha-durga (built in the forest among tall trees), Mahi-durga (earthen fort), Parigha-durga (surrounded by earthen walls), Panka-durga (surrounded by fens or quicksand).

The term "**fort**" became common in India in the 17th-19th century, with local languages adding fort names to local words. British forts used simple designs at first. Many were privately owned. Three major methods of building were used: earthen ramparts, rubble with earth on the outside, or stone and masonry work, which were the strongest. Earthen ramparts allowed for higher and steeper walls, but the earthen core could accumulate water, requiring drainage channels. The third method involved using mortar, which was strong and long-lasting. In medieval India, burying humans in fort walls was believed to keep evil spirits away. The Sri Qila in Delhi buried 8,000 Mughal skulls, and Purandar Fort had a first-born son and wife buried in the foundation. Other fortifications included rock cut water cisterns, ponds, wells, and lakes. Parapets with merlons and loopholes were unique in Indian fortifications. The merlons were semicircular and pointed at the top. Loopholes were made in both merlons and crenels, either looking forward or downward. The shape of loopholes and merlons varied across the castle.

Muslim forts featured a citadel in the center and more space between the citadel and walls. Gates were highly decorated, with two distinct styles: Hindu with a lintel and Mughal with an arch. Forts used natural rock formations for defense against attacks, and the main gate was mostly facing north.

The British established trading posts along the coast to provide security against local rajas and European rival nations. Forts like Mumbai, Fort William, and Fort St George were built. They were simple due to the East India Company's refusal to pay more and the lack of trained engineers. However, hostilities with the French and the Company's growing power led to more complex designs. Many Indian forts were abandoned due to rulers' ambitions and have deteriorated over time, with some remaining private property.
**Khenthap**, also known as **Khenet-Hapi**, is believed to have been a queen consort during the 1st dynasty. She is thought to have lived during the 1st Dynasty. Not much is known about her because there are no historical records of her from her time. Her name only appears once in a writing that is much later after the 1st dynasty.

Proof of her existence
----------------------

There is a lot of debate about who Khenthap was. When Egyptologists look at the old things that were written down and saved, like on special stones, there is no mention of her name. But there is one stone called the Palermo stone that has her name on it. This stone lists all the kings starting with Narmer (1st dynasty) until Neferirkare (6th dynasty). It also tells who the mother of each king was. On this stone, Khenthap’s name is written, but it doesn’t say anything else about her, it just says that she was the mother of Djer.

Biography
---------

Khenthap who was described as the mother of King Djer. There are different theories about her relationship to other kings. Joyce Tyldesley believes she was the wife of King Hor-Aha and that her grandson was King Djet. Silke Roth, on the other hand, thinks that Khenthap was the wife of King Teti I. This king is mentioned in historical records as ruling for only 1 year and 45 days.

Khenthap’s name means "musician of (god) Hapi," which suggests she may have had a religious role in her lifetime. Her name is connected to a god and may link to the king’s title "bull of his mother."
The area marked in yellow shows the Sahel zone in Africa
Another map, more exact
Camels at a waterhole in Chad
The **Sahel** is a narrow belt of land in North Africa. It is a strip of land about 5500 kilometers long and 450 kilometres wide. It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert

The ground is too dry for agriculture.
The Sahel has a tropical semi-arid climate. It is between the dry desert land to the north and the forest areas to the south. The temperature is high throughout the year. There is little rainfall in the Sahel (between 100 and 150 mm and 600mm). It comes during summer months and may be unreliable. It may be very dry in some years, especially if a large area of low pressure, which brings rain, is not carried North over the Sahel by strong winds.

The Sahel is the Arabic word for 'edge' or 'shore'.

The Sahel is facing a big problem, desertification.
The distribution of rainfall in the Sahel region is uneven. The rainfall in the region has been below average since 1970. The Sahel is becoming drier on the whole. The problem of drought affects most of the countries in the Sahel. As a result, crops and animals die. There is no vegetation to protect the soil, which is then removed by flash floods and strong wind. This leads to soil erosion. Finally, the desert spreads towards the surrounding areas.

With better medical services, the birth rate increases and the death rate decreases in the Sahel. As a result, the population in the Sahel is growing. To meet the ever-increasing demand for firewood, a lot of trees have been cut down. More land has become barren. This is called deforestation.

Furthermore, people farm intensively in order to grow more crops, the soil becomes infertile with a lack of nutrients. If this process continues for a long time, no crops can be grown. This is called overcultivation.

People keep animals for food due to the lack of good soil, the animals will have to eat grass and etc. But as the animals eat the grass, they also dug up the soil. As people keep too many animals, the demand for grass is too great. Soil erosion is caused while the animals keep digging the soil up as they eat, and the wind and rain blow away the soil. This process is called overgrazing.

Modern solutions can be used to give a better agricultural result in the Sahel. We can try drip irrigation or hybrid. We should stop using excessive water and consider our actions, to save the Sahel and lake Chad before it is too late.
Wind speed gauge, or anemometer**Wind speed** is the speed of the weather related air movement from one place to the next.

Wind speeds usually mean the movement of air in an outside environment, but the speed of movement of air inside is also important in many cases, including weather forecasting, aircraft and maritime operations, construction and civil engineering. High wind speeds can cause unpleasant side effects, and strong winds often have special names, including gales, hurricanes, and typhoons. The highest wind speed ever measured on earth, 253 miles per hour, was recorded on Barrow Island, Australia.

Measurement
-----------

The most simple method of measuring wind speed is to estimate the speed from the observed event against the Beaufort Scale. Obviously, this method is not the most accurate available, so each value on the scale represents a range of values, three on the scale, for example, covers the wind speeds between seven and ten knots.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Wind speed***.
Jethro is a person in the Book of Exodus who is also called Reuel. He lived in Midian and was a Priest there. Since he had no sons, he sent his daughters to get water for his sheep. But male shepherds stopped them by the Well so Moses came and helped the girls by making the men go away. When Jethro’s daughters came back to him, Jethro told them to bring Moses home to him and they did. Jethro hired Moses to be his shepherd and Moses married Jethro’s daughter Tzippora and had two sons Gershom and Eliezer. When Hashem appeared to Moses and told him to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt, Jethro told Moses "go to Peace". Jethro later met Moses again in the desert and told him not to be the only Judge but to appoint other judges since Moses couldn’t do everything on his own. Moses listened to Jethro’s advice.

The Midrash
-----------

According to The Midrash, Jethro chose to worship only Hashem and a lot of other Midianites were angry with him about it. The Midrash also says that Jethro was also known as Paltiel and that his daughter Elisheva married Aaron.
Midian is a place in The Bible. The Book of Genesis says that Midian was the son of Abraham and Keturah. Midian’s descendants the Midianites buy Joseph from Judah and his brothers and then sell him in Egypt.

Book of Exodus
--------------

When Moses runs away from Egypt, he goes to the land of the Midianites. He sees male shepherds not let some girls get water from a well, so he makes the men leave and gives the girls the water. They go to their father Jethro and he tells them to invite Moses home so Moses becomes a shepherd for Jethro and marries Jethro’s daughter Zipporah. Zipporah then gives birth to a son and Moses names him Gershom because "I am a stranger in a strange land" and she also gives birth to a second son. After Moses leaves with Zipporah and his sons, The Lord sends an Angel to kill Moses so Zipporah circumcised their second son and the Angel let Moses live. After that Moses left Zipporah with his sons while he went to Egypt. Jethro later left the land of the Midianites with Zipporah and his grandsons who were named Gershom and Eliezer and met with Moses.

Book of Numbers
---------------

In the Book of Numbers, King Balak hires a Midianite named Balaam to curse the Israelites but Balaam accidentally blesses them instead. So Balaam decides to get the Israelites to sin so the the Almighty would get angry and punish them. So Balaam convinces the Midianites to send their women to have sex with the Israelites, get them to have an orgy and get them to worship the Midianite Idol Baal Peor. So Phineas, Aaron’s grandson, kills the Israelites who were sinning. The Israelites then attacked the Midianites and killed their men but not the women. Then Moses told the Israelites also to kill the Midianite women since they had done more than the men had. So they killed the Midianite women. Moses also had them kill Balaam since he was the person whose idea it was.

Book of Judges
--------------

In the Book of Judges, the Midianites attacked the Land of Israel so Hashem told Gideon to fight them.
**Radiation damage** is the effect of radiation on non-living things, such as buildings. Sometimes, radiation can have a positive effect on these materials, but sometimes, radiation damages them. Ionizing radiation can strip electrons from bonds, changing materials a lot. For example, metals are made stronger and harder by radiation, but they become less ductile.

Effects
-------

Radiation can have many different effects on a material, ranging from mild alteration to massive changes in a material's structure. These effects include the following. 

* Material radioactivity as a result of exposure.
* Radiolysis (the breaking of chemical bonds) resulting in weakening of the material.
* Formation of reactive compounds.
* Nuclear transmutation of elements within a material.
* Introduction of impurities or defects via ion implantation (the process of launching ions at a material to change its properties), modifying the material's electrical functionality.

Radiation damage effects can also be grouped by what material they're effecting. 

#### Effects on metals and concrete

Radiation can have harmful effects on metals and concrete, because it can damage them until they are no longer safe to be used. In metals, exposure to radiation can make them stronger through hardening, it can also make the metals more brittle (making it easily fractured, broken, or cracked). Concrete is often used in nuclear power plants, meaning it is an area of frequently studied (in relation to radiation damage). Over time, certain aggregates (types of gravel, sand, and crushed stone added to materials) can swell due to radiation exposure, making it unsafe. 

#### Effects on polymers

Radiation can effect polymers that are found in a variety of places, including nuclear reactors, medical apparatuses, and aerospace parts. Ionizing radiation can be used to strengthen and change the traits of these polymers. 

#### Effects on gasses

Exposure to radiation causes chemical changes in gasses. Gasses lack a strong structure, meaning most often the effects on them are chemical. There are also often large amounts of ozone produced during nuclear reactions. During nuclear reactions and events, such as criticality events, the ionizing radiation in the air can often react with the area around it, producing a bright blue glow. 

#### Effects on liquids

Like gases, liquids do not have a strong structure. Instead, chemical bonds are broken within the liquids, altering their chemical composition. The effects of radiation on liquids, as a result, are generally limited to radiolysis.
a bookmobile
A **bookmobile** is a mobile library. Today, it usually is a bus, that is designed like a library. Usually, these mobiles have a fixed schedule. They serve the same stops, all the time. Often, these bookmobiles stop at schools: The idea is to incite children to read books, to improve their reading skills. Usually, they also allow to pre-order certain books. The first such libraries date from the 19th century.

In 1833, the Brothers Harper started with several identical collections, that toured around the united states. The brothers also published Harper’s Weekly. Their library was called "American School Library". They started in 1839. Probably the last complete set of these books is at the National Museum of American History. 

In 1857, the monthly journal *The British Workman reported on* a library that regularly served 8 villages in Cumbria. George Moore, a merchant and philanthropist ran this library, to "serve good literature to the people in the countryside."

In 1905, there was such a library with a horse-drawn carriage in Maryland.
**Wallace Rudolph ''Wally'' West** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a speedster, the original superhero known as **Kid Flash** and the third character known as **The Flash**. His mentor was the second Flash, Barry Allen, who took him on as a sidekick after accidentally duplicating an experiment that had given him powers. Iris West, his aunt, is married to Barry. As a member of the Flash Family he has also worked with the other Flashes, Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Wally's wife is Linda Park, who he has dubbed his "lightning rod"; their love enabling Wally to be the first person to ever enter the Speed Force and return. Wally has two children with her, twins Jai and Iris. Wally first became the Flash after the *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, but he has been working alongside the other three since the events of *The Flash: Rebirth*. He is a founding member of the Teen Titans and a member of the Justice League of America.

In the *New 52* reboot, the cousin of the original Wally West with the same name appears, and is initially portrayed as a teenage delinquent meeting the Flash for the first time, and eventually goes on to gain Speed Force powers of his own. The original Wally West makes his return in *DC Rebirth* as The Flash, whilst his younger cousin becomes the new Kid Flash.

*Wally West* was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, first appearing in *The Flash* #110. (1960) *Wallace West* was created by Van Jensen, Robert Venditti, Ron Frenz, and Brett Booth, first appearing in *The Flash Annual* (Volume 4) #3. (2014)

Wally West has appeared in many other forms of media and was featured as the incarnation of the Flash in the Cartoon Network series *Justice League*, voiced by Michael Rosenbaum, and the 2010 film *Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths*, voiced by Josh Keaton. As Kid Flash, he appeared in Cartoon Network's *Teen Titans* series voiced again by Michael Rosenbaum and subsequently in the *Young Justice* series where he was voiced by Jason Spisak.
**Paraneoptera** is a monophyletic superorder of insects. 

It includes four orders, the bark lice, true lice, thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs.

The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.

Hemiptera
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See the main article: Hemiptera
Hemiptera is an order of insects often known as the *true bugs* (bug). They are about 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from 1 millimetre (0.039 in) to around 15 centimetres (5.9 in), and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.

Psocoptera
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See the main article: Psocoptera
Psocoptera, the bark lice, include 4,400 described species arranged in 3 suborders. There are 50 families of bark lice with over 200 genera. This is the first insect order to show the beginnings of a transition to sucking mouthparts. It is sister group to the Phthiraptera. Bark lice are found on foliage, under bark, or in leaf litter.

Phthiraptera
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*Pediculus humanus*
See the main article: louse
Phthiraptera, the lice, includes 5,000 described species divided into 4 suborders. 

The body of a louse is dorsoventrally flattened and the eyes are absent or nearly so. The legs are strong for holding onto fur or feathers of the host. All species of lice are parasitic. Lice parasitise all orders of birds and most orders of mammals.

Thrips
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*Ponticulothrips diospyrosi* on finger for scale
See the main article: thrips
Order Thysanoptera includes 5,500 species classified into two suborders. These insects are called thrips.

The mouth is in the form of an asymmetrical mouth cone, consisting of piercing stylets. Thrips are commonly found on and in flowers. Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers.
***A Dangerous Path*** is the fifth book in the *Warriors* series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Fireheart, who is a member of a group of cats called ThunderClan.

Plot
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Fireheart to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the five warrior Clans in the forest. Tigerstar, leader of ShadowClan tries to destroy ThunderClan. ThunderClan's leader, Bluestar, is no help at all, because she has gone insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal. Tigerstar plans to use a pack of dogs to kill ThunderClan. He kills rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from some rocks to the ThunderClan camp, with the body of a cat named Brindleface at the end, in order to lure the dogs to kill the warriors of ThunderClan. Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to hide. A line of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in a gorge (a hole that goes very far down, with water at the bottom). Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good run until Tigerstar leaps out of a bush and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs catch Fireheart. Fireheart is trapped by the lead dog, but is rescued by Bluestar. She runs into the lead dog, who releases Fireheart, and the two fall down into the gorge. Fireheart saves Bluestar from the gorge and brings her to the shore, where she dies. Fireheart is filled with sadness for his dead leader, and he is scared because he must become the new leader of ThunderClan.
***Firestar's Quest*** is a teen fantasy novel in the *Warriors* series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Firestar, the leader of a group of cats called ThunderClan, as he goes on a quest to rebuild a lost Clan called SkyClan. He is joined by his mate, Sandstorm.

Setting
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The story begins in a forest, but after the main character goes on a journey, he ends up at a gorge.

Plot
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Firestar's dreams are disturbed by wailing cats and feelings of fear and sadness. He finds out that the wailing cats are SkyClan cats, a lost Clan that was chased from the forest many years ago. The Clan has been forgotten by everyone else, because it has been such a long time since it was destroyed. Firestar realizes that he must go on a quest to rebuild this Clan, and he takes his mate, Sandstorm with him.

Along the way, Firestar and Sandstorm are hit by a storm, and Sandstorm is washed away in a flood. Firestar is set behind schedule because he chooses to look for her instead of continue his journey. One he finds her, they begin their quest again, and eventually find the place where they knew they needed to go: a gorge. There, they seek out the last living descendant of SkyClan, and talk to him. His name is Sky. He tells them to look for more cats who may be descended from SkyClan, or who may be interested in joining the Clan. Those who do join are given warrior names and are taught about the way of the Clans. 

More and more cats join, and eventually, the newly rebuilt SkyClan, along with Firestar and Sandstorm, fight a gigantic swarm of rats. It is revealed that the rats are what killed off SkyClan after it left the forest many years ago. They defeat the rats, and their mission is completed. Firestar and Sandstorm leave SkyClan, knowing that its new leader, Leafstar, will lead it well.

The book ends with an epilogue that shows Firestar and Sandstorm a few months later with their two new kits, Squirrelkit and Leafkit. Leafkit is named after Leafstar.
***Moonrise*** is the second book in the second *Warriors* series: *Warriors: The New Prophecy*. It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 21 July 2005.

It takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The story also takes place in a mountain range populated by a group of cats called the Tribe of Rushing Water, and in a different forest around a lake, as well as the ocean shores.

Plot
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Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw of ThunderClan, Crowpaw of WindClan, Feathertail and Stormfur of RiverClan, and Tawnypelt of ShadowClan are on their way home from a journey. They were on a journey to find a new home for their Clans, because their old home is being destroyed by humans.

On their way back, they go through a mountain range, where they meet the Tribe of Rushing Water. The Tribe is being preyed upon by a mountain lion called Sharptooth. However, their leader, Stoneteller, has received a prophecy that says "a silver cat will save their Tribe." The Tribe takes Stormfur hostage, believing he is the silver cat.

The Clan cats help Stormfur escape from the Tribe, but they end up going back to the Tribe, taking pity on them. Squirrelpaw comes up with the idea of hiding a dead rabbit in a cave, and stuffing it with poisonous berries, so that Sharptooth will eat the rabbit and die. But their plan backfires, and Sharptooth doesn't eat the rabbit. It attacks the Tribe cats, and it corners Crowpaw. It is about to kill him, when Feathertail sacrifices herself for Crowpaw. She jumps onto a sharp stone hanging from the cave ceiling, and impales Sharptooth with it. Sharptooth dies, and the Tribe is saved, but Feathertail also dies.

Meanwhile, back in the Clans, the forest is being destroyed even more by humans, and some Clan cats begin to go missing.
**Bevely Joseph "Bev" Bergeron** (December 29, 1930 - December 3, 2020) was a American actor and magician. He wrote magic shows for stage and television. Bergeron played his clown character, Rebo, on CBS-TV and later ABC-TV series "Magic Land of Allakazam". He was head-writer for the series for its 5 year run. Later, he got with **Mark Wilson and Nani** on three other projects. These included the 1970 TV special "Pillsbury's Magic Circus."

In 1964 and 1965 he played McDonalds spokesperson, Ronald McDonald in *McDonaldland*. He played the character in ads for the company from 1966 to 1968. In 1971, Bev Bergeron began performing as Pecos Bill at Walt Disney World's Diamond Horseshoe Revue. He did this until 1986.

Bev joined a traveling tent show when he was 17 years old. He wrote a book about his adventures. It was called *Willard the Wizard*. The Smithsonian chose the book for their tribute to American Tent Theatre in 1983. Bergeron has writen several other booka.

His written material has been seen with Red Skelton, Lucille Ball, Merv Griffin, Jackie Gleason and Roy Rogers. It has been used on *The Greatest Show on Earth* (TV); Disney theme parks, SeaWorld of Florida, Six Flags of St. Louis and many other places.
Bergeron was voted into the Society of American Magician's "Hall of Fame. He was made President of the International Brotherhood of Magicians in 1996 Other award include honoree of the Magic Collector's Conclave; Disney Hall of Fame; The Jimmy Durante Comedy Award and Life Time Achievement Award presented by the Magic Castle of Hollywood.

Other websites
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* Bev Bergeron on IMDb
Light curve of the asteroid 201 Penelope based on images taken on 6 October 2006 at Mount John University Observatory. Shows just over one full rotation, which lasts 3.7474 hours.
In astronomy, a **light curve** is a graph that shows the brightness of light from a celestial object or region, over a certain amount of time. The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. Light curves can be periodic, that is they repeat in a regular pattern. Examples are eclipsing binaries and cepheid variables. Light curves can also be aperiodic, that is they are irregular with no pattern. Examples include the light curve of a nova, a cataclysmic variable star, a supernova or a microlensing event. The study of the light curve, together with other observations, can give a lot of information about the physical process that produces it or constrain the physical theories about it.

Planetology
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In the study of planets (planetology), a light curve can be used to work out the rotation period of a minor planet, moon, or comet nucleus. From the Earth many objects are so small that even the most powerful telescopes are unable to see objects clearly. Because of this astronomers measure the amount of light produced by the object over a period of time, its light curve. The time between the peaks on the graph gives the rotational period of the object. The difference between the maximum and minimum brightness, the amplitude of the light curve, can be caused by either the shape of the object, or bright and dark areas on the surface. For example, an odd shaped asteroid's light curve generally has more pronounced peaks, while a more spherical object's light curve will be flatter. When the light curve covers a long period of time, it is called a secular light curve.

Botany
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In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of a leaf or algae to the brightness of a light. The shape of the curve shows the principle of limiting factors. In low light, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the amount of chlorophyll and the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions. In higher light levels it is limited by the efficiency of RuBisCO (an enzyme) and the amount of carbon dioxide. The point on the graph where these two differing lines meet is called the light saturation point. This is where the light-dependent reactions are making more ATP and NADPH than can be used by the light-independent reactions. Since photosynthesis is also limited by ambient carbon dioxide levels, light curves are often repeated at several different constant carbon dioxide concentrations.

Other websites
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* The AAVSO online light curve generator Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine can plot light curves for thousands of variable stars
* Lightcurves: An Introduction by NASA's Imagine the Universe
***The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*** is Charles Darwin's third major work of evolutionary theory, following *On the Origin of Species* (1859) and *The Descent of Man* (1871).

Darwin had intended it as a section of *The Descent of Man*. However, that book was already quite long: it was published in two volumes. So the *Expression of the Emotions* was published separately in 1872.

The book is about the way emotional life is shown by the faces and actions of man and other mammals. Darwin sets out ideas that our systems of emotions are inherited, and have evolved in a similar way to the more familiar structural aspects of man and animals.

He explores the origins of such human characteristics as the lifting of the eyebrows in moments of surprise and the mental confusion which typically accompanies blushing. The book is very notable for being the first book to use photographs as the main way of showing scientific evidence. The field of study is now called *behavioural genetics*. One line of evidence he uses is the way many different peoples in different parts of the world have similar facial and emotional reactions.

Darwin's basic points were: a single origin for the entire human species, and universal human expressions. Also, there are obvious links between the way human emotions are shown and the way other mammals show their emotions. Our emotional displays are adapted from a more basic set of emotional displays common to many mammals. The emotional displays are inherited, automatic and are difficult to control with our conscious mind. They are operated by the more ancient unconscious mind. Modern research has shown that it is extremely difficult to avoid giving signs of our emotions.

A German translation of *The Expression* appeared in 1872; Dutch and French versions followed in 1873 and 1874. A second edition of the book, with only minor alterations, was published in 1890.

Figure 21, "Horror and Agony", from a photograph by Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne (more images)
**SHeDAISY** /ʃəˈdeɪzi/ is an American country music group. They were founded in the 1999 by sisters Kristyn, Kelsi and Kassidy Osborn. They are from Magna, Utah. The group's name comes from the word *shideezhí*, a Navajo term meaning "my little sister".

By 1999 the sisters formed the group SHeDAISY and signed to Lyric Street Records. Their first album, *The Whole SHeBANG*, was released that year. The single "Little Good-Byes" from that album charted number three on the country charts. It was certified platinum in the United States. SHeDAISY has charted 15 times on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs charts. Their hits include "Little Good-Byes," "This Woman Needs", "I Will… But", "Don't Worry 'bout a Thing", and two Christmas singles.

Discography
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Studio albums
* *The Whole SheBANG* (1999)
* *Knock on the Sky* (2002)
* *Sweet Right Here* (2004)
* *Fortuneteller's Melody* (2006)

Other websites
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* SHeDAISY - Little Good-Byes; YouTube


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***SHeDAISY***.