recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Madeline*** is a popular children's book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, *Madeline*, was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman’s grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.

In two straight lines...
------------------------

The books and the television show describe the adventures of Madeline's life in the late 1940s in France. Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.

Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many internet pages including an official website and fan club.

Other websites
--------------

* Official *Madeline* website
* *Madeline (1952 short)* on IMDb
* *Madeline (Animated series)* on IMDb
* *Madeline (1998 movie)* on IMDb
Title page of *Het boek van Ot en Sien*
Statue of Ot en Sien, after the illustration in one of their stories in which they tip over a water butt and then creep inside to shelter from the rain
**Ot en Sien** (**Ot and Sien**) are two little children who appear in a series of stories which were written in the Dutch language more than a hundred years ago. **Ot** (short for "Otto") is a little boy and **Sien** (pronounced like the English word "seen"), whose name may be short for "Francine", is the little girl who lives next door. Although they are now very old-fashioned, the books are still popular in Holland. They were written in rhyme and were illustrated with colourful pictures.

The author of the stories was called Hendricus Scheepstra. The ideas for the stories were given to him by Jan Ligthart. Cornelis Jetses made the illustrations.

The stories are set in Drenthe, which is in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands. Drenthe was a very poor part of the country, but Ot and Sien live in a nice house and are quite well-off. They are often seen playing in the garden with their toys which include a wooden horse on wheels and a doll in a dolly’s pushchair. The cat is often in the picture. They are also seen at school.

The authors wrote the stories to show a happy family life. Everyone is very friendly in the book, and strangers help them when they get lost in the street. The family have a servant who helps in the house.

The stories were widely read by children in schools in the Netherlands until after the Second World War. By then they had become very old-fashioned. The daily life of Ot and Sien seemed to belong to a time long ago in history. Hardly any Dutch children now live in a family with a servant. No Dutch child nowadays goes for a walk dressed in sailor’s costume with a father who wears a cloak and hat. The books are no longer read in schools, but they continue to be popular with Dutch people at home. In 2004, one hundred years after the first book was written, a special exhibition about Ot and Sien was held.

There is a statue to Ot and Sien in The Hague, made in 1930.

Dutch expressions referring to Ot and Sien
------------------------------------------

In the Dutch language there are expressions which refer to Ot and Sien.

* *Als Ot en Sien*, (*Like Ot and Sien*) means: "in a simple, child-like way"
* *Uit de tijd van Ot en Sien* (*from the time of Ot and Sien*) means: "a long time ago", like the English expression "in the good old days".


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ot en Sien***.
***Pollyanna*** is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.

Pollyanna-The game Story
------------------------

A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs. She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.

Summary of the story
--------------------

Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.

Other websites
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* Text of the book
Statue (2006) of Dik Trom riding a donkey, Marktplein (Market Square), Hoofddorp,
**Dik Trom** is the main character in a series of five children’s books written in the Dutch language. The author, C.Joh. Kieviet wrote the first book in 1891. It was called "Uit het leven van Dik Trom" ("From the life of Dik Trom"). The books became extremely popular and they continue to be very popular today, more than 100 years after they were written.

The Life of Dik Trom
--------------------

Dik Trom was a naughty boy who got up to lots of tricks with his friends. However, he is a very honest boy and he is very kind, so the readers like him.

Dik Trom lived in the village of Hoofddorp in the Harlemmermeer in the north of Holland. This is the village where the author grew up, so he was setting the stories in his own village, and based a lot of the characters on real people he had known.

Dik’s real name was "Dirk". This is a common Dutch name. Dirk was very fat, even as a boy, so he soon became known as "Dik" (the Dutch word "dik" means "fat"). The word "trom" means "drum" so his name really means "Fat Drum".

Dik’s parents love him very much, but they are no good at disciplining him. When he does something naughty his father just says: "‘t is toch een bijzonder kind - dat is-ie" ("he’s a really special child, that he is").

Dik is always brave, he is never a coward. His friends want to go and annoy a little old lady, but Dik persuades them to go and annoy the village policeman, and he has a leading role in that adventure.

Another adventure tells how Dik said he could ride a donkey without falling off. The donkey belonged to the village merchant, and it was a stubborn beast that always tried to throw off its riders. Dik managed to stay on by sitting backwards on the donkey and holding on to its tail. This is how Dik is usually seen in pictures, and there is a statue of him in the village of Hoofddorp which shows him on the donkey.

Other books about Dik Trom
--------------------------

Kieviet found it difficult at first to find a publisher for his book, because the main character was naughty. Once it had appeared in a second edition with some illustrations it became very popular, and Kieviet followed it with four other books about Dik, and one about Dik’s son. Eight films have been made about Dik Trom, the most recent in 2010.

List of Dik Trom books
----------------------

* 1891 *Uit het leven van Dik Trom* ("From the life of Dik Trom") Valkhoff & Co.
* 1907 *De zoon van Dik Trom* ("Dik Trom’s son") Valkhoff & Co.
* 1912 *Toen Dik Trom een jongen was* ("When Dik Trom was a boy") Kluitman.
* 1920 *Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten* ("Dik Trom and his fellow villagers") Kluitman.
* 1923 *Het tweede boek van Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten.* ("The second book of Dik Trom and his fellow villagers") Kluitman.
* 1931 *De avonturen van Dik Trom.* ("The Adventures of Dik Trom") Kluitman.
***Secret Water*** is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's *Swallows and Amazons* series of children's books. It was published in 1939.

This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat *Nancy Blackett*. He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.

Plot summary
------------

The Swallows mean to sail in the *Goblin* to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.

They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.

It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

Related pages
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* Beaumont Cut
***Where the Red Fern Grows*** is a 1961 novel by American author Wilson Rawls. It is about the friendship between a boy and two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs.

Plot
----

This story takes place on a farm near the Ozark mountain range. The narrator, Billy Coleman, saves a Redbone Coonhound from a dog fight. He helps it recover from its wounds. He sets it free. He remembers his past. He then tells the story of how he had owned two Redbone Coonhounds when he was a boy.

As a little boy, Billy had always wanted puppies since he was ten years old. His parents tell him they don't have enough money for puppies. He decides to earn the money himself. For two years, he works many different jobs. He saves $50. His grandfather helps him order two Redbone Coonhounds. The mail does not deliver the puppies, so Billy goes to get them. He walks to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. He sees how different the city life is from his country life at home. He buys gifts for his family there. He picks up his puppies. On the way back home, he sleeps in a cave on a mountain. He hears the roar of a mountain lion. The puppies answer the roar with their howls. They scare off the lion. The next morning, Billy and the dogs return home. On the way, he sees a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann on it. He decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.

Billy trains his dogs to become hunting dogs. They often mess up. Billy does not give up and continues to encourage them. He soon makes a strong loving bond with his dogs. In the end, Billy's dogs grow ill and weak and later die. He buries them on his family's farm to remember them. Soon, Billy sees a red fern growing over his dogs' graves. He sees the red fern as a symbol of the love that kept him and his dogs together.

Other websites
--------------

* SparkNotes: Where the Red Fern Grows
**Andreas Ulmer** (born October 30, 1985) is an Austrian footballplayer playing for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender. His father,Gerhard Ulmer, and his uncle, Fritz Ulmer, were also footballplayers, playing for SK Voest Linz.

Career
------

He started playing football in the local clubs SK Asten and LASK Linz. At the age of 14 he went to the Frank Stronach Academy in Hollabrunn (a school, where you can also visit a school beside your football education). He got his A-levels and then played for the second squad of FK Austria Wien after his debut for Austria Wien in the 2004/05 season. 2008/09 he played for SV Ried and then went to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg.

For Red Bull Salzburg he played regularly as left defender. In the 2009/10 season he played all matches of Red Bull Salzburg. This year he even played 37 matches in the league, because he came in Winter to Red Bull Salzburg which had to play a match from the first half of the season in the second half, so Andreas Ulmer played this year 22 matches for SV Ried and 15 for Red Bull Salzburg. So far he is the only player in the whole football history of Austria who did one match more than the regular 36. During the warm-up for a Championsleague qualifing match versus Omonia Nikosia he was badly injured so he missed the first half of the season 2010/11. During the 2017–18 season, Salzburg and Ulmer had their best ever European campaign. They finished top of their Europa League group before beating Real Sociedad, Borussia Dortmund and Lazio Rom and reached for the first time the UEFA Europa League semi-final.

2022 he signed another year for FC Red Bull Salzburg.

International career
--------------------

On 11th February 2009 he played his first match for the Austrian national team versus Sweden. 2015 he had a break in the team but 2017 he played again for the national team. He was part of the team for the European championship an played two matches in the tournament.

Honours
-------

**Austria Wien**

* Austrian Bundesliga: 2006

**Red Bull Salzburg**

* Austrian Bundesliga (12): 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
* Austrian Cup (9): 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Andreas Ulmer***.

* Official homepage-Profile Andreas Ulmer

| * v
* t
* e
FC Red Bull Salzburg  – current squad |
| --- |
| 
* 1 Mantl
* 3 Terzić
* 4 Piątkowski
* 5 Okoh
* 6 Baidoo
* 7 Capaldo
* 8 Kameri
* 10 Sučić
* 11 Fernando
* 14 Kjærgaard
* 15 Diambou
* 17 Ulmer (c)
* 18 Bidstrup
* 19 Konaté
* 20 Koïta
* 21 Ratkov
* 22 Solet
* 23 Simic
* 24 Schlager
* 27 Gourna-Douath
* 29 Guindo
* 30 Gloukh
* 31 Pavlović
* 32 Forson
* 36 Omoregie
* 41 Krumrey
* 45 Nene
* 44 Tijani
* 49 Yeo
* 55 Wallner
* 70 Dedić
* Coach: Struber

 |
***Maleficent: Mistress of Evil*** is a 2019 American dark fantasy film by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the sequel of *Maleficent*.

Story
-----

Aurora and Prince Phillip want to get married. Maleficent and Aurora attend a dinner with Phillip's parents, King John and Queen Ingrith. Ingrith dislikes Maleficent, causing Maleficent to become angry. John falls into an eternal sleep. Everybody believes that Maleficent cursed him, including Aurora. Maleficent flies away but is shot with an iron bullet and she falls into the ocean.

Maleficent is rescued by a winged creature and taken to a cave full of dark fairies just like her. She finds out that there are only a small amount of dark fairies still alive because they were hunted by humans. Meanwhile, Aurora discovers that Ingrith hates magical creatures. Magical creatures from the Moors (where Aurora and Maleficent lived) are invited to the wedding. However, Queen Ingrith has them locked inside a room where red dust is used to kill them. A fairy named Flittle sacrifices herself to save the others.

The Dark Fae attack Ingrith's castle. Queen Ingrith shoots and kills Maleficent. As Aurora cries, Maleficent is reborn much like a phoenix. Scared, Ingrith throws Aurora off a tower and runs away. Maleficent saves Aurora while Ingrith's escape is stopped by several Dark Fae. Aurora and Phillip get married and Maleficent leaves with the other Dark Fae.

Cast
----

* Angelina Jolie as Maleficent
* Elle Fanning as Princess Aurora
* Michelle Pfeiffer as Queen Ingrith
* Chiwetel Ejiofor as Conall
* Harris Dickinson as Prince Phillip
* Ed Skrein as Borra
* Sam Riley as Diaval
* Imelda Staunton as Knotgrass
* Juno Temple as Thistlewit
* Lesley Manville as Flittle
* Robert Lindsay as King John
* Warwick Davis as Lickspittle
Lambiel
**Stéphane Lambiel** (born 2 April 1985 in Martigny, Valais) is a figure skater from Switzerland. He is famous for his very good spins.

Lambiel was a good skater as a child. When he was 12 years old, he was picked to perform an exhibition at the 1997 World Championships.

He has won the Swiss national championships every year he has entered them, and at every level.

In 2002, when he was 16, the Swiss Olympic Committee told him he could go to the 2002 Winter Olympics if he placed in the top 15 at the European Championships. Lambiel placed 4th at the European Championships and he went to the Olympics.

In 2006, Lambiel won the silver medal (second place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He was World Champion in 2005 and 2006.

Lambiel is famous for having everything a skater needs to do well, called the "full package". He is very artistic, and has all the technical elements needed, including a quadruple jump. He is very consistent, except for the triple axel, which is a bad jump for him.

Lambiel has had a lot of injuries, which has kept him out of the Grand Prix a lot. After the Olympics, he did not feel very motivated. He missed the 2007 European Championships because he said he was burnt out. But he came back for the 2007 World Championships, where he won the bronze medal.

In 2010 he said he was no longer going to compete in skating.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website
* Stéphane Lambiel at the International Skating Union


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Stéphane Lambiel***.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1795
Not to be confused with the composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.
**Samuel Taylor Coleridge** (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature. He was also a literary critic, philosopher and theologian. 

Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devon. He was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, Jesus College, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called *Lyrical Ballads*, which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's *The Rime of the Ancient Mariner*, which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.)

In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem *Kubla Khan* — along with the *Ancient Mariner*, it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a painkiller. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started.

Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet. He died in Highgate, Middlesex.

Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book *The Road to Xanadu*, John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially *Kubla Khan*, to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book *Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel*, Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read.
**Renée Léonie Dardères** (2 June 1898 — 5 May 1979) was a French swimmer in the 1910s from Paris. She was a member of Mouettes de Paris and L'Étoile Parisienne.

Career
------

Her earliest swimming competitions were in 1912. She competed at the UFN national championships in the 100 metre event (28 July) and 200 metre event (4 August). She won the long distance championships over a distance of 4.5 kilometre on 11 August. were in 1908 in Choisy-le-Roi on 28 June and Traversée de Lyon à la nage [fr] on 16 August. In September that year she competed at the first ever women's championships of Paris and finished third. On September 15, she took part in the aquatics event in Bordeaux. In the races against Juliette Curé she lost the 200 metre event but won the 100 metre handicap-style. In 1913 she competed at the UFN national long distance championships (3 August) and the next week in the 500 metre event. In 1914 she finished in the 100 metre event second at the UFN national championships. In 1916 she won the 60 metre freestyle event in Poissy and the 100 metre event race in Charenton-le-Pont. Her last achievement was in 1918, finishing second in the 100 metre race during the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr].

Personal life
-------------

Dardères was born in the 13th arrondissement of Paris in 1898. She was the daughter of a sub-brigadier of the river brigade.

Other websites
--------------

* Image of Dardères at the long distance championships 1912
* Image of Dardères after becoming national long distance champion in 1912]
* Image of Dardères in 1914
* Image of Dardères in 1912 with Yvonne Degraine
* Image of Dardères in 1913
**Henriette Delbort** (née **Henriette Hoss**; 1895) was a French competitive swimmer from Paris. She was a member of Mouettes de Paris and from 1920 of Club des Nageurs de Paris. She is named as one of the best swimmer of her club Mouettes de Paris.

Personal life
-------------

Hoss was born in 1895. She married to during World War I to swimmer and diver, Louis Delbort, director of the "Gare" swimming pool in the 1930s. Her daughter Suzanne Delbort (born 1916) became also a swimmer.

Career
------

Her first victory was on 16 July 1909 in the 100 metre during Grand Prix of Lyon. While competing in several swimming races her next main achievement was in 1912, finishing third at the national championships in the 100 metre event. In that year she had many podium places in handicap swimming events. After she finished second in the 4.5 kilometer event of the championships of Paris, she featured on the cover of *La Stampa Sportiva*. On 17 September she wins the 100 metre event at the second swimming gala in Bordeaux. On 2 November she finished second in the 500 metre event of the national championships. In 1913 she wins the bronze medal at national championships in the 100 metre event (22 June) and the silver medal in the 500 metre event (10 August). She finished third at the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], an 11.6 km open water swimming race in Paris.

In 1919 she became French diving champion, and became vice-champion the next year. In 1921 she became national champion in the springboard diving event. In 1922 she won the bronze medal at the national diving championships.

In 1922 she was part of the French national team at the 1922 Women's Olympiad, about the earliest international women's swimming championships. She won the bronze medal in the 3 metre springboard event behind the Dutch Truus Klapwijk and Swedish Eva Olliwier. Delbort also competed in the 5 metre platform event but didn't win a medal.

Other webistes
--------------

* Image of Henriette Hoss (1912)
**Suzanne Dubois** was a French swimmer in the 1910s from Paris. She was a member of Ondine de Paris.

Career
------

Her earliest swimming victory were in 1908 in Choisy-le-Roi on 28 June and Traversée de Lyon à la nage [fr] on 16 August. In September that year she competed at the first ever women's championships of Paris and finished third.

In 1909 she finished second at the national championships in Amiens in a time of 2:10,8. During a main international meeting at the Charenton canal basin she finished second in the handicap-style race. Later the year she finished second in an interclub competition in Joinville-le-Pont and she finished second in the championships of Paris. In 1911 she participated at the women's Odine international swimming competition in the 120 metre international event. In September 1911 she became French national champion in the 100 metre freestyle event in a time of 1:56. Her last main achievement was on 29 June 1913, finishing second at the championships of Paris in the 100 metre freestyle.
**Marcelle Humblot** (11 January 1914 - 15 November 1988) was a French competitive swimmer from Nancy during the late 1920s and early 1930s. She was a member of Cercle des nageurs de Nancy and trained by M. Cordonnier and M. Neukomm. Later she was a member of Mouettes de Paris. She was specialized in the backstroke. She became national champion and multiple times national record holder.

Biography
---------

Her first achievements were in 1929. She won the championshpis of Alsace-Lorraine and finished third in the students championships in the 100 metre backstroke. She competed in the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], an 11.5 kilometre open water race in Paris.

In 1930 she won the bronze medal at the France 100m backstroke swimming championships [fr] in a time of 1:35.6

In 1931 she broke two times the 200 metre backstroke national record; on 21 March (3:11.8) and 25 April (3:04.8). She also broke twice the 100 metre backstroke national record; on 12 May (1:26.6) and 12 July (1:25). In August she became national champion at the France 100m backstroke swimming championships [fr] with a time of 1:26.6. She became a member of the national team to compete at the 1931 European Aquatics Championships in Paris. In the 100 metre backstroke event, she reached the final and finished fifth in a time of 1:28.6.

In 1932 and 1933 she won the bronze medal at the national championships in the 100 metre backstroke event.

Next to swimming, Humblot worked as a seamstress.

Legacy
------

From 21 September to 21 October 2019, the name of Marcelle Humblot was proposed among four other personalities by the Town hall of the 4th arrondissement of Paris [fr] for the name of the new swimming pool. The option of Marcelle Humblot finished in second position by vote from people from Paris.
the Laetoli fossil site in northern Tanzania
Artist's recreation of photograph of a hominid footprint from Laetoli.
**Laetoli** is a site in Tanzania, dated to the Plio–Pleistocene. It is famous for its hominin footprints, preserved in volcanic ash. The site of the **Laetoli footprints** is 45 km south of Olduvai gorge. It was excavated by archaeologists Louis and Mary Leakey in 1978. "The Laetoli Footprints" got a lot of attention from the public because they are convincing evidence of bipedalism in Pliocene hominins.

Dated to 3.6 million years ag,o they were the oldest known evidence of hominin bipedalism. Now older evidence has been found, such as the *Ardipithecus ramidus* fossils. The footprints and skeletal structure excavated at Laetoli were clear evidence that bipedalism evolved before enlarged brains in hominids. Although it is debated, it is believed the three individuals who made these footprints belonged to the species *Australopithecus afarensis*. Together with footprints were other hominin and animal skeletal remains and Acheulean artifacts (hand-axes).

Cast of the Laetoli footprints, on display in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
After debate, it was decided that *Australopithecus afarensis* is the species of the three hominins who made the footprints at Laetoli. This is based on the reconstruction of the foot skeleton of a female *A. afrarensis* hominin. Detailed footprint analysis compared both human and bipedal animals such as bears and primates. Gaits (stride pattern), and foot structure were analysed. Step length, stride length, stride width and foot angle showed that *A. afarensis* was more human-like in gait than ape-like.

*A. afarensis*, then, is an obligate bipedal hominid. Its brain size was very similar to that of modern chimpanzees and gorillas. So, in one important respect it was like the genus *Homo* since it was bipedal. That means it was adapted to living in open woodland and savannah, not tropical rain forest. On the other hand, it had a brain about the size of an ape. This situation, where different traits of an animal evolve at different rates, is known as mosaic evolution.

Footprints in Europe
--------------------

Map showing the position of Happisburgh in the early Pleistocene, about 800,000 years ago
The oldest hominin footprints in Europe are in Britain. They are about 800,000 years to a million years old. They were found on Happisburgh beach, East Anglia.

The archaeologists describe them as "the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago". The site in known for its preservation of sediments with early Pleistocene fauna and flora. Since 2005 flint tools have been found. This means humans occupied northern Europe at least 350,000 years earlier than was thought before.

Other websites
--------------

* Footprints to fill : flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks. *Scientific American* 2005.
* Leakey M.D. & Hay R.L. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. *Nature*
* Footprints from the past. WebCite
**Ventricular fibrillation** (often shortened to **VF** or **V-Fib**) is a type of *arrhythmia* of the heart. "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
---------------------------------

When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of pattern. Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly. 

This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart. The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart. Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs and the rest of the body. When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job. This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen. 

Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency. Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive. If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body. The person's breathing and heart will stop. The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.

Treatment
---------

Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the person with electricity from a defibrillator. If a defibrillator is not available, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available. 

Doctors or paramedics can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again. Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are amiodarone and lidocaine. 

If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people). But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people. After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.) So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important. If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.

In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon. (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.") Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.
**Albertine Ledoux** (born 1911) was a French competitive swimmer from Tourcoing during the 1920s. She was specialized in the 100 metre backstroke. She was a member of Enfants de Neptune de Tourcoing.

Biography
---------

### Swimming career

In 1925 she became for the first time national champion at the France 100m backstroke swimming championships [fr] with a time of 1:37.2. With with her team she also won the National Cup. A week later on 23 August 1925, she beated the French national record in the 100 metre backstroke with a time of 1:34 in Tourelles. The next year she broke the national record 100 metre backstroke three times. On 21 February 1926 with a time of 1:33.8 in Lille, on 4 July in with time of 1:32.4 in Tourcoing and on 7 November with a time of 1:31.6 again in Tourcoing. In August in the same year she became for the second consecutive time national champion in the 100 metre backstroke with a time of 1:35.8.

### Personal life

Ledoux was born in 1911 as the daughter of great merchants. Her older sister Marguerite Ledoux was also a swimmer who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
**Marianne Muszerak-Jouvenel** also written as **Marie Anne Jouvenel** and **Mayanne Jouvenel** (21 December 1924 — 7 February 2012) was a French swimmer. She was specialized in the freestyle. She was a member of Mouettes de Paris.

She was French national champion in the 100 metre freestyle in 1941, 1942 and 1943. She was also national champion in the 400 metre freestyle in 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1944.

She was awarded the gold medal of the French Swimming Federation in 1976.

Biography
---------

She started swimming in 1927 after her mother found out about the collective lessons of Mouettes de Paris. In July 1929 she obtained her school swimming certificate. When she was thirteen years old she swam every day in the summer and three times per week in the winter in the Lutetia swimming pool. In addition to swimming she also did stretching exercises, cycling and skiing. She had classical opera dance classes by professor Paul Raymond.

Jouvenel on the front cover of Paris-soir in August 1941
In 1939 she won the 4 x 100 metres relay with her team. She finished third in the 400 metre freestyle. In early 1941, she had measles. On 1 June at Pentecost, she fell off her bicycle and seriously injured her knee. At the 1941 national swimming championships in September she became for the first time national champion. She won the 100 metre freestyle in a time of 1:14 and also the 400 metre freestyle in a time of 5:55.4. On 6 October she broke the French 200m freestyle record with a time of 2:39.5 she swam in Marseille.
In August 1942 she became for the second time French national champion in both the 100 metre freestyle (in 1:13.7) and 400 metre freestyle (in 6:07.4) On 2 September she broke the French 400 metre freestyle record with a time of 5:44.6 she swam in Marseille. In August 1943 she became for the third time national champion in the 400 metre freestyle in a time of 6.02 and in August 1944 she became for the fourth time national champion in the 400 metre freestyle in 6:02. She became that year also for the third time national champion in the 100 metre freestyle in 6:00.2.

Personal life
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Jouvenel was born on 21 December 1924 Beaumont-sur-Oise. She was the daughter of a physical teacher at professional and technical schools in Paris. They had a large wolf-dog named Dick. He was secretary of the Mouettes de Paris club in 1944. He married to M. Billy after World War II.

Jouvenel lived in the 15th arrondissement of Paris (94, rue Baland) until the 1940s. In the summer she went during holidays to Méziard, a hamlet in the department of Eure. During the Christmas holidays she went to Saint Gervais or Les Houches in Chamonix.
**María Soledad Salgado** (7 July 1914 — 13 January 1987) was a Colombian-born French swimmer and military. She was specialized in the freestyle and backstroke. She was a member of Mouettes de Paris

Personal life
-------------

Salgado was born in Colombia in 1914. She was the daughter of a Colombian businessman who maried a French woman from the Jura. She moved to Paris in 1915, but lived between 1918 and 1923 for five years in Colombia after which she returned again to Paris. She got the French citizenship in 1928.

Swimming career
---------------

Salgado learned swimming in 1923 at the Cuisance river. She went to the pool every Thursdag and had lessons of professor Sampa.

Salgado participated on 21 August 21 1927 at the Traversée de Paris à la nage [fr], an open water race in Paris over 8 kilometres.

She became in 1929 and 1932 French national champion in the 100 meter backstroke and in 1929 and 1934 French national champion in the 400 meter freestyle.

On 14 February 1930, she broke the 500 metre freestyle European record of the Dutch woman Marie Braun in Paris with a time of 7:50.6. In August 1930, she won the 100 metre freestyle and 100m backstroke at the World University Championships in Darmstad. During her career she also broke many French national records.

She finished fourth at the 1931 European Aquatics Championships with the French team in the 4x100 metre freestyle relay. At the 1934 European Aquatics Championships she finished fourth in the 400 metre freestyle and fifth in the 4x100 metre freestyle relay.

She won the Academy of Sports prize for the best sportswoman in 1929. She was awarded the gold medal of Physical Education in 1938.

Militairy career
----------------

She started helping wounded soldiers during World War II. She joined the French Forces of the Interior in 1944. She became a specialist French Air Force. She ended her militay career in 1969 with the rank of commandant.

She earned the *Croix de Guerre 1939–1945*.
Not to be confused with swordfish.

The **sawfish** are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this *rostrum* are little teeth like a saw. 

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about 7 metres or 23 feet.

Rostrum
-------

The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans. 

If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called *denticles*.
Andrew Heyward
**Andrew John Heyward** is an independent media consultant in Manhattan, New York. Heyward is a principal in MarketspaceNext LLC and in his own practice, Heyward Advisory LLC. He is a senior advisor to Monitor Deloitte. He was formerly president of CBS News from January 1996 to November 2005. Before that he was an executive producer for the CBS Evening News (October 1994-January 1996). He has won 12 national Emmy Awards.

Early life
----------

Heyward was born in New York in 1950. His parents were E. J. R. and Elisabeth Heyward. In 1972 he graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and literature. Heyward is a member of Phi Beta Kappa.

Career
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He was going to go to Law school but took a job as a production assistant at WNYW-TV in New York. He became a producer. He then was hired by WCBS and became the news producer within a year. In 1981 he took a job as a field producer at CBS. In 1984 he was promoted to senior producer of the CBS Evening News. Then in 1986 he was senior broadcast producer of the CBS Evening News With Dan Rather. In 1994 he became the vice president of CBS News and executive producer of the CBS Evening News. He became president of CBS News in January 1996.

Other websites
--------------

* Heyward Advisory web page Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
Hot metal ingot being loaded into a hammer forge
A billet in an open-die forging press
**Forging** is a way of making things. It involves changing the shape of metal by using compressive forces. These forces are normally supplied by hitting the metal with a hammer or a die. There are different types of Forging based on the temperature at which the forging is done. These include cold forging, warm forging, and hot forging. For warm and hot forging, the metal is heated. This is usually done in a forge. Things can be forged in many different sizes. They can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for a very long time. Common products made by forging include kitchenware, hardware, hand tools and weapons such as swords and axes.

Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in machines. They are used in machine when a part that has a high strength is needed,

History
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Forging a nail. Valašské muzeum v přírodě, Czech Republic
Forging is one of the oldest metalworking processes. It was normally done by a smith using hammer and anvil. People started using water power in the 12th century. They also started working with iron at that time. Using water power allowed them to use bigger and more powerful hammers. This allowed the smiths to increased the amount and size of iron that could be forged. The forge has changed over centuries. It has become a place with engineered processes and equipment to handle the needs of modern industry.

In modern times, forging is often done with presses or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers can weigh thousands of pounds.
Andrew Flintoff bowling
A **bowler** is a person who bowls or delivers a ball to the batsman in the game of cricket. Unlike the pitcher in a game of baseball, a bowler delivers with a straight arm (see photo). A ball bowled with the elbow bent is a throw, and that is illegal. If the bowler bowls while not in the right part of the nonstriker's ground, or bowls the ball out of the reach of the striking batter, that is also illegal. Illegal bowling gives the batting team 1 point, mostly can't get players out, and doesn't count toward the limit on the number of deliveries in the game. 

A bowler who can also bat well, is called an all rounder. There are different types of bowler, and a cricket team will usually have a mix of different types.

Fast bowler
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A fast bowler uses simple speed to defeat a batsman. They can send the ball to the batsman at a speed of 145 km/h. They take a long run up before bowling each ball to build speed. Shoaib Akhtar of Pakistan was the first to bowl at a speed of 160 km/h. Another famous fast bowler is Australian Brett Lee.

Medium pace bowler
------------------

A cricket ball showing the stitched seam
A medium pace bowler bowls more slowly. They often use other tricks to defeat the batsman. They can get the ball able to curve in the air or change the speed or length (where the ball hits the ground) to fool the batsman. Some are very accurate so they can repeatedly send the ball to a place which forces the batsman to defend rather than scoring runs. Others grip the ball so that it lands on its seam; this makes the path of the ball unpredictable.

Spin bowler
-----------

A spin bowler usually bowls quite slowly and puts a lot of spin on the ball which makes it bounce at an angle off the ground. This makes the batsman play each ball carefully. Generally spin bowlers give up the most runs but they all have "tricks" that they use to fool the batsman and get him or her out. These tricks are given names such as the arm ball, googly, flipper, topspinner or doosra. Spin bowling is very much about fooling the batsman rather than speed. A fast off spin is the normal off spin action but with more pace. Off spin is when the cricket ball spins towards a right-handed batsmen's bat (bowler's left to right). With more pace, there usually is less turn (amount of spin). Off-spin is also called an off-break or finger spin. A famous spin bowler was the Australian Shane Warne, but his type was the leg break, which uses the wrist to spin the ball from the bowler's right to left. This is varied with the top spin, when the ball comes on straight and low.
This article is about the name. For other uses, see Alfredo (name) (disambiguation).
**Alfredo** (Italian pronunciation: [alˈfreːdo], Spanish pronunciation: [alˈfɾeðo]) is a male given name from the Germanic name Alfred. It is a common Italian, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish language personal name. Alfredo is a commonly used name for males with origins in the Germanic language. Its etymology can be traced back to the Old English name "Ælfræd," which translates to "elf counsel" or "wise counselor." The name has a rich history spanning centuries and has been popularized by numerous prominent individuals throughout the ages. This name was ranked #707 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People
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* Alfredo Lim (1929–2020), Filipino politician
* Alfredo Di Stéfano (1926–2014), Argentine-Spanish football coach and player
* Alfredo Palacio (born 1939), former President of Ecuador
* Alfredo Quintana (1988–2021), Portuguese handballer
* Alfredo Sirkis (1950–2020), Brazilian politician and writer
* Alfredo Stroessner (1912–2006), President of Paraguay (1954–1989) and general