recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Members of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion and Afforestation, 1906-1911 by Sir (John) Benjamin Stone
In states that are Commonwealth Realms a **Royal Commission** is a major government public inquiry into an important issue. They have been held in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Kenya and Saudi Arabia. In Hong Kong, Ireland and South Africa, they are called a **Commission of Enquiry** or **Commission of Inquiry**.

A **Royal Commissioner** has a lot of power, more than those of a judge but these are limited to the "Terms of Reference" of the Commission. The Commission is created by the Head of State (the Sovereign, or his/her representative in the form of a Governor-General or Governor) on the advice of the Government. In practice–unlike other forms of inquiry–once a Commission has started the government cannot stop it. Because of this governments are usually very careful about framing the **Terms of Reference** and generally include in them a date by which the commission must finish.

Royal Commissions are called to look into very important matters and usually controversy. For example, these can be about government structure, the treatment of minorities, or the events that had received concern from the public or economic questions.

Many Royal Commissions last many years and, often, a different government is left to respond to the findings. In Australia–and particularly New South Wales–Royal Commissions have been investigations into police and government corruption and organised crime. They have used the powers of the Royal Commissioner to force powerful, but corrupt, public officials to tell the truth.

Royal Commissions are usually run by one or more notable figures. Because of their legal powers the Commissioners are often retired senior judges.

Royal Commissions usually research issues, consult with experts both within and outside of government and the public as well. They can call witnesses under oath, offer indemnities, seize documents and other evidence (sometimes including those normally protected, such as classified information), holding hearings *in camera*, and can force all government officials to help the Commission. 

The results of Royal Commissions are published in, often, massive reports of findings containing policy recommendations. They often have long and complex names, for example, the "Royal commission into whether there has been corrupt or criminal conduct by any Western Australian Police Officer". Because of this they are commonly known by the name of the main Commissioner. These reports are often quite important, with the government making some or all recommendations into law. The work of some Commissions have been almost completely ignored by the government. In other cases, where the Commissioner has not kept to the terms of reference, the commission has been stopped by a superior court.
**René François Ghislain Magritte** (21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist. He was well known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images.

Early life and career
---------------------

Magritte was born in Lessines, in the province of Hainaut. Little is known about Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910. On 12 March 1912, his mother committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Sambre. 

Magritte's earliest paintings, which date from about 1915, were Impressionistic in style. From 1916 to 1918, he studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He studied under Constant Montald. The paintings he made in the years 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and by the offshoot of Cubism practiced by Metzinger. Most of his works of this period are female nudes.

In 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte was in the Belgian army Leopoldsburg. In 1922–1923, he worked as a draughtsman in a wallpaper factory. He was a poster and advertisement designer until 1926. In 1926, Magritte made his first surreal painting, *The Lost Jockey* (*Le jockey perdu*). His first exhibition was in Brussels in 1927. Critics did not like his paintings. 

In 1927 he moved to Paris where he became friends with André Breton. He returned to Brussels in 1930 and resumed working in advertising. He and his brother, Paul, formed an agency which earned him a living wage.

Surrealist patron Edward James let Magritte stay rent free in his London home and paint. 

During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II he stayed in Brussels. During 1947–48 he painted in a provocative and crude Fauve style. During this time, Magritte supported himself through making fake Picassos, Braques and Chiricos. Later he printed forged banknotes. At the end of 1948, he returned to the style and themes of his prewar surrealistic art.

His work was exhibited in the United States in New York in 1936. It was shown again at the Museum of Modern Art in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1992.

Magritte died of pancreatic cancer in Brussels on 15 August 1967.

Magritte Museum
---------------

The Magritte Museum opened to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels. It is in the five-level neo-classical Hotel Altenloh. The museum shows about 200 original Magritte paintings, drawings and sculptures. The museum also includes Magritte’s experiments with photography from 1920 on and the short surrealist movies he made from 1956 on.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Trichoglossus rubritorquis***.

The **red-collared lorikeet** (*Trichoglossus rubritorquis*) is a species of lorikeet. It was a subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet, but now they are regarded as separate species. The bird is found living in northern Australia.

Habitat
-------

The red-collared lorikeet is found in Northern Australia, as far west as Broome, Western Australia, right through the Kimberley region, across the top of the Northern Territory to the bottom of the Cape York Peninsula.

Description
-----------

It is about 305 mm (12 in) long with brightly colored feathers. It is the largest of the Australian lorikeets. The head and the face are blue, and it has an orange to red chest which narrows to a thin colored band around the neck, like a collar. Its wings and tail are green, with some yellow tips on the feathers. The feathers on its abdomen are dark blue to black. It has a red beak, and grey to brown legs and feet. The female is the same as the male but smaller. They can live up to 15 years.

How they live
-------------

The bird is nomadic and moves about in large flocks. They feed on eucalyptus flowers, as well as nectar from other flowering plants such as grevilleas, and seeds from grass trees. It is described as being a restless and noisy bird, making a shrill shrieking noise when flying.

Breeding
--------

It builds nests in hollows in eucalyptus trees, usually near a creek. They lay two dull white eggs in the breeding season from August and January or March to June or May to December.

Other websites
--------------

* Red-collared lorikeet photos
Global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary-production potential. 
From the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.
**Primary production** is the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. It occurs by photosynthesis. Light is its source of energy. It also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy. 

Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as *primary producers* or autotrophs. They form the base of the food chain. On land, these are mainly plants; in the sea (or lakes) algae do this role. Also, there are shallow water oxygen primary producers like sea grass.

By photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, energy is used to make complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds (such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The following are simplified equations of photosynthesis (top) and (one form of) chemosynthesis (bottom):

CO2 + H2O + *light* → CH2O + O2
CO2 + O2 + 4 H2S → CH2O + 4 S + 3 H2O
**OS X El Capitan** (/ɛl ˌkæpɪˈtɑːn/ *el-KAP-i-TAHN*) (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. It was released after OS X Yosemite and focuses mainly on performance, stability and security. Starting with OS X Mavericks, future operating systems of OS X were named after regions of Northern California. El Capitan was named after a rock formation in Yosemite National Park, to highlight a refined version of its predecessory, OS X Yosemite.[*source?*]

El Capitan is the final version to be released under the name OS X. Its successor, Sierra, was announced as macOS Sierra. El Capitan received much better reviews when compared to Yosemite.

The first beta of OS X El Capitan was released to developers shortly following the WWDC keynote on June 8, 2015. The first public beta was made available on July 9, 2015. There were multiple betas released after the keynote. OS X El Capitan was released to end users on September 30, 2015, as a free upgrade through the Mac App Store.
**Kaşif Nevzat Tarhan** (born on July 7, 1952 in Merzifon, Amasya, Turkey ) is a Turkish medical scientist, psychiatrist and neuropsychology expert.

Life
----

He was born in Merzifon in 1952. He finished Kuleli Military High School in 1969 and graduated from Cerrahpaşa Medical School Istanbul University in 1975. Following his internship at GATA (Gülhane Military Medical Academy) he worked in Cyprus and Bursa garrisons at different military medical institutions. 

In 1982 he became a specialist psychiatrist at GATA. After his clinical services as a specialist at Erzincan and Çorlu Hospitals, he became an assistant professor(1988), an associate professor (1990) at GATA Haydarpaşa. He was promoted to colonel in 1993 and became a professor in 1996. 

Between 1996 – 1999 he worked at Yüzüncü Yıl University as faculty member and as an expert at Forensic Institution. He got retired on his own will. He took the representation of "Memory Center of America" in Turkey in 1998.

He has been the chairman of the board of NPİSTANBUL, the first neuropsychiatry hospital of Turkey, and also the founding rector of Üsküdar University.

He has more than a hundred publications 31 of which are international. He speaks English and German. He is married and has two children.
**Ryan John Seacrest** (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host, and producer. He is best known for being the host of the FOX television show *American Idol*. He also hosts the morning radio show *On Air with Ryan Seacrest* on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California as well as the syndicated radio show *American Top 40*.

Seacrest started hosting *American Idol* in 2002. In the show's first season, he hosted the show with comedian Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman left the show after the first season, leaving Seacrest as the show's only host. *American Idol* went on to be a very successful show, making Seacrest a well-known television personality. *American Idol* is seen by 26 million people weekly.

On December 31, 2005, Seacrest became the executive producer and co-host of ABC's *Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve*. In 2009, the show was renamed *Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest*. He co-hosted the show with Dick Clark until Clark's death in 2012. For the 2013 show, he hosted the show with Jenny McCarthy and Fergie.

He has won Emmy Awards for hosting *American Idol*. He also won an Emmy Award for producing the ABC show *Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution*.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Ryan Seacrest on IMDb
For the Canadian Nobel Prize in Physics laureate, see Richard E. Taylor.
For the American Confederate general, see Richard Taylor (general).

**Richard Lawrence Taylor** (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician. He works in number theory. He was a former research student of Andrew Wiles. He returned to Princeton to help Wiles complete the proof of Fermat's last theorem.

Taylor received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences. This for his work on the Langlands program. He did this work with Robert Langlands.

Career
------

Taylor received his B.A. from Clare College, Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988. From 1995 to 1996 he held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. Currently, he is the Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University.

He received the Whitehead Prize in 1990, the Fermat Prize and the Ostrowski Prize in 2001. He also got the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 2002, and the Shaw Prize for Mathematics in 2007. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995.

Work
----

There are two papers which have the complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. One of them was written by Taylor with Andrew Wiles.

In his later work, Taylor (along with Michael Harris) proved the local Langlands conjectures. A simpler proof was suggested almost at the same time by Guy Henniart.

Later, together with Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, he completed proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, by performing very difficult computations.

Recently, Taylor, following the ideas of Michael Harris, developed on his work with Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, and Nick Shepherd-Barron. He has announced that he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, for elliptic curves with non-integral j-invariant. This partial proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture uses a theorem of Wiles.

Personal life
-------------

Taylor is married to Christine Taylor. She is a mathematical biologist. They have two children: Jeremy and Chloe. He is also the son of British physicist, John C. Taylor.
**New World orioles** are a group of birds in the genus ***Icterus***. They are in the blackbird family, and not related to Old World orioles of the family Oriolidae. Icterid species are strikingly similar in size, diet, behaviour, and strongly contrasting plumage to Old World orioles. This is a good example of convergent evolution. 

Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They moult annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory, while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary (do not migrate.

The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the Latin form *oriolus*) by Albertus Magnus in about 1250, which he stated to be onomatopoeic, from the song of the European golden oriole. 

The genus name *Icterus* as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. In modern times this has been identified as the golden oriole. Brisson mistakenly re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance.
**NHS 111** is a telephone service for non-emergency medical advice. Many ambulance services employ the staff who answer 111 calls. 

The service was started in England in February 2014. There are similar services in Wales and Scotland, using the same number. It is available 24 hours a day, every day. It replaced NHS Direct (08454647) which was run by nurses. 111 is run by call handlers using a clinical decision support system. They have access to nurses and general practitioners.

They can arrange appointments with general practitioners, out-of-hours services and emergency departments. In some cases, an ambulance may be sent to a 111 call if it is found to be more serious than expected.

111 online gives people access to a triage system using NHS Pathways algorithms. Children under 5 are not to use it.

During the alarm over Streptococcal pharyngitis in December 2022 the service struggled to deal with the number of calls. On 3 December there were 95,000 calls, but 37% were not answered.
ASTEC UM 1286 UHF modulator, top cover taken off
An **RF modulator** (or **radio frequency modulator**) is an electronic device. Its input is a baseband signal. It is used to modulate a radio frequency source.

History
-------

Before the introduction of specialised video connector standards such as SCART, TVs were designed to only accept signals through the aerial connector. When equipment was developed which could use a television receiver as its display device, the signal was modulated and sent to the RF input connector.

RF modulators are now largely a third-party product. It is purchased primarily to run newer equipment such as DVD players with an old television set.

Design
------

RF modulation puts the desired information on to a carrier signal at a standardized frequency. Amplitude or frequency modulation may be used, as required by the receiving equipment.

Even some units that have two or more audio inputs simply combine the left and right audio channels into one mono audio signal.

RF modulators produce a relatively poor picture. This is because the image quality is lost during both the modulation from the source device, and the demodulation in the television.

Uses
----

### Integrated modulators

RF modulators are commonly integrated into VCRs and video game consoles up to the fourth generation, and in 8- and 16-bit home computers.

### Broadcasting modulators

Cable TV Agile Modulator
RF modulators may also be used to take the audio and video signal from a PAL or NTSC composite video, RGB, YUV or other composite AV source. It also generate a broadcast RF signal that can be fed into a television's aerial/coaxial connector.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Beer, Nick (1998). *Servicing Satellite TV Equipment*. Newnes. p. 119. ISBN 0-7506-3425-1.

Other websites
--------------

* ni.com - RF and Communications Fundamentals
* maxim-ic.com - Conditioning A/V Signals for RF Modulation Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
The Rule against Perpetuities is one of the most complicated rules in property law and wills and trusts. In general, the rule states that a gift of a will (or a trust) will not be enforced if the subject of the gift is to be given to a person who can not be known now, and will not be able to be known, by the end of 21 years after the death of everyone who was alive (including children in their mother's uterus but not yet born) at the time the gift was created. 

For example, if a woman says in her will that her house is to be given "to the children of her children when they graduate from college" this would not be enforced by a court. It would not be enforced because one (or more) of her children's children might not graduate from college until 21 years after everyone who was alive at the time of the woman's death has died. 

The purpose of the rule is to prevent property from being tied up for "perpetuity" (a very long time). The courts (and many people in society) do not want to hold property to see who will receive it after a complicated set of rules from the gift-giver. First, this would result in a waste of the courts' time and resources. Second, it would be a waste of the property that is being given through the gift. If a gift in a will violates the Rule against Perpetuities, the court will simply strike that gift and transfer the subject of the gift as if the will had not mentioned it.

However, many countries and states have changed this rule, and it does not apply at all, or in a changed way, in those countries and states.
The **Ramsey theory** is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Ramsey (1903–1930). It is a branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear.

Examples
--------

A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that
is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be, so that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea can be defined as partition regularity.

For example, consider a complete graph of order *n*; that is, there are *n* vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle. Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must *n* be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? It turns out that the answer is 6. 

Another way to express this result is as follows: at any party with at least six people, there are three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two). 

Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.
The **Republic of Taiwan** was a short-lived republic on the island of Taiwan. It is also called in simplified Chinese: 台湾民主国; traditional Chinese: 臺灣民主國; pinyin: *Táiwān Mínzhǔguó*; which means "Democratic State of Taiwan". In English it was also called the: **Formosan Republic**, **Taiwan Republic** and the **Republic of Formosa**.

The Republic of Taiwan was formed in 1895. It did not last for very long. The Treaty of Shimonoseki which ended the war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan, gave Taiwan to the Japanese. The republic began when the Chinese left in May, 1895, and ended when the Japanese soldiers arrived in October, 1896. Some historians say it was the first republic in Asia, but there was one earlier, the Lanfang Republic, which had been started in 1777.

The republic was started by a group of high officials and local people who still supported the Qing. They wanted to stop the Japanese take over of Taiwan. On May 24, 1895 the new republic sent a copy of its declaration of independence to all the embassies on Taiwan. The next day the new government held an independence ceremony. The Republic of Taiwan made their own stamps. They also printed their own paper money, which is now very hard to find.

They were always loyal to the Qing, and said that the Republic would be part of the Qing state. The first president of the Republic of Taiwan was the old governor, Tang Ching-sung, who served from May 25, 1895 to June 5, 1895. The second president was Liu Yung-fu, June 5, 1895 – October 21, 1896.

When the Japanese soldiers invaded Taiwan there was a lot of fighting. They quickly defeated the new republic. Most of the republic's official quickly left the island.

The modern Taiwan independence groups want to start a new Republic of Taiwan. They say that there is no connection between them and the 1895 Republic. The first Republic of Taiwan was loyal to China, but the new Republic of Taiwan would be started to be independent of China.

Presidents
----------

* T'ang Ching-sung (23 May 1895 – 5 June 1895)
* Liu Yung-fu (5 June 1895 – 21 October 1896)
***Sikhae*** is a salted fermented food with grains in Korean cuisine as one of jeotgal. *Sikhae* is made with various fish, such as flat fish, shellfish, pollack, squid and fish intestines, and cooked grains, such as rice, glutinous rice, glutinous foxtail millet and nonglutinous millet. *Sikhae* is less salty than jeotgal because most jeotgal is made with seafood and salt, but *sikhae* is made with not only the ingredients of jeotgal but also grains, shredded radish, etc. Therefore, *sikhae* is stored for short-term, while jeotgal is able to be stored for rather long-term because of the large amount of salt.

The types of *sikhae* can be different, depending on the main ingredients, regions, what the family and the person like. In past times, because of the limited transportation, regions near the sea had more types of *sikhae* compared to the inland areas. Koreans usually eat this food as a banchan (small dishes of food).

History (Documentaries on *Sikhae*)
-----------------------------------

*Sikhae* was not included in any literature before the early part of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. However, that doesn't mean there was not *sikhae* and rather it guesses that *sikhae* was not written down. After the middle of Joseon Dynasty, *sikhae* have been mentioned in literature.

Recipe
------

Sikhae is made with fish, salt, cooked rice, Korean traditional spices, etc. First, wash fishes and put drained fishes with salt in a pot. After about 10 days, take the salted fishes out of the pot, cut them into bite-size pieces and then put them with cooked rice and chili powder in the pot again. Lastly, put shredded radish into the pot after another four days and finally eat *sikhae* as 10 more days are passing.

Types
-----

* Gajamisikhae (가자미식해) - gajamisikhae made with flat fish(gajami, 가자미) in Hamgyong-do

- Gajamisikhae is the typical and popular Korean sikhae. It is made mostly in the region of North Korea. 

* Dorumooksikhae (도루묵식해) - dorumooksikhae made with sailfin-sandfish(dorumook, 도루묵) in Gangwon-do
* Boogasikhae (북어식해) - boogasikhae made with dried pollack(Booga, 북어) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do
* Mareungogisikhae (마른고기식해) - Mareungogisikhae made with dried squid(mareun ojingeo, 마른 오징어) in Gyeongsang-do
* Yeonansikhae (연안식해) - Yeonansikhae made with the flesh of a shellfish or clam meat(joegaetsal, 조갯살) in Hwanghae-do

Effects
-------

Sikhae has a lot of effects. First, sikhae, as one of fermented food, is easily digested by creating peptone, peptide, and free amino acid through the process of decomposition of protein and so good nourishing food for patients, the old and the infirm and children. Also, millet, one of ingredients of Sikhae, helps people warm body in the winter when people have cold hands or feet due to the very cold weather.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sikhae***.

* (in Korean) Information about *Sikhae*
Clifford in March 2014
**Maxwell Frank** "**Max**" **Clifford** (6 April 1943 – 10 December 2017) was a British publicist and sex offender.

Early life
----------

Clifford was born in Kingston upon Thames and raised in Wimbledon. He left school when he was 15.

Personal life
-------------

Clifford was married to Elizabeth Porter from 1967 until her death in 2003. He has a daughter by her. He married Jo Westwood in 2010. She began divorce proceedings against him in August 2013 on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour. A decree nisi was granted in May 2014. He lived in Hersham before being sent to prison.

Crimes
------

He was arrested in December 2012 by Metropolitan Police officers as part of Operation Yewtree an investigation which was set up to investigate child sexual abuse committed by DJ Jimmy Savile who died in 2011, and by other people. In 2014, he was tried at Southwark Crown Court for 11 counts of indecent assault against teenage girls. On 28 April 2014 he was convicted of 8 counts. On 2 May 2014, he was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and is now incarcerated at HM Prison Littlehey in Cambridgeshire. He collapsed in his cell and was taken to hospital, where he died of a heart attack.
Machel Montano
**Machel Montano** (born 24 November 1974) is a soca artist from Trinidad and Tobago. He is the lead of the soca band Xtatik. He had his first hit as a youth with "Too Young To Soca". He then won the 1987 Caribbean Song Festival.

Biography
---------

Montano was born in Curepe (Northwestern Trinidad), and his family moved to Siparia, (Southwestern Trinidad), when he was very young.[6] He attended Siparia Boys' R.C. then Presentation College, a prestigious secondary school in San Fernando, where he was in the choir led by Mrs Cynthia Lee-Mac.[6] Machel first shot to fame as a nine-year-old boy with the song "Too Young To Soca" while he was still in primary school. In 1984, along with his older brother Marcus and neighbours, the group Pranasonic Express was started and, in 1989, the band became Xtatik. In April, 1986, at the age of 11, Montano appeared on the mainstream television show, Star Search.[7] In 1987, he took part in the Trinidad and Tobago National Song Writers Festival, and placed second with his song "Dream Girl". He also won the Caribbean Song Festival in Barbados. Such a win made Machel the first Trinidadian and youngest contestant to win this competition.

Soca
----

He is the front-man of the soca band The HD Family, and is noted for his high energy, fast-paced, and often unpredictable on-stage performances. In 1987 he was the youngest finalist to ever win the Caribbean Song Festival. His career spans more than 30 years.[2] He now stands as one of the most well-known soca acts in the world, using his leverage as an artist able to sell out shows.[3] Recently he has moved to the Los Angeles area[4] and furthered his pursuit, saying: "I may not be the one to bring it forth, but in the meantime, I have a lot of work to do in order for something to happen." He is very well known in New York City, where he has had sold out concerts in Madison Square Garden many times over.

Solo albums
-----------

* *Too Young to Soca?*
* *Soca Earthquake* (1987)
* *Dr. Carnival* (1988)
* *Katch Ya!* (1989)
* *Breakin Out!* (1990)
* *One Step Ahead!* (1991)
* *2000 Young To Soca* (2000 Re-Edition)
* *The Xtatik Experience* (2005)
* *B.O.D.Y.* (2006)
* *The Book of Angels* (2007)
* *Flame on*, released as *Wining Season* in the United States (2008)
* *Heavenly Drum* (2009)
* *Album 34* (2010)
* *The Return* (2011)
* *Double M* (2012)
* *Going for Gold* (2012)- Machel Montano and Friends
* *Machelements (Volume 1)* (2013)
* *Happiest Man Alive* (2014)
* *Monk Monte* (2015)
* *Monk Evolution* (2016)
A linear chart of the S&P 500 day by day closing values from January 3, 1950 to February 19, 2016
A logarithmic chart of the S&P 500 index daily closing values from January 3, 1950 to February 19, 2016.
The **Standard and Poor's 500**, or sometimes known as the **S&P 500**, is something that measures the stock market, looking at how well 500 of the largest companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States are doing. It is one of the most commonly used ways of looking at stocks for these companies. There is over $4.6 trillion invested in the companies that use how well companies are doing to know when to invest.

Included companies
------------------

The 10 largest companies in the index are responsible for 26.4% of the tied investments. The 10 largest companies in the S&P 500, in order of size, are Apple Inc. Microsoft, Amazon.com, Facebook, Alphabet Inc. (class A & C), Tesla, Inc. Berkshire Hathaway, JPMorgan Chase, and Johnson & Johnson. For a list of companies in the S&P 500, see List of S&P 500 companies.

Index funds that look at how well the S&P 500 are doing have been suggested as things to invest in by Warren Buffett, Burton Malkiel, and John C. Bogle for investors with long time horizons.

Although the S&P 500 includes only companies that are available to be sold in stocks in the United States, companies in the S&P 500 on average only get 72% of their money from the United States.

Usage
-----

The S&P 500 is one of the ways used to calculate the Conference Board Leading Economic Index, used to predict if the economy will do better or worse in the future.

It is associated with many ticker symbols, including: ^GSPC, INX, and $SPX, but this changes by market or website. The index value is updated every 15 seconds, or 1,559 times per trading day, with price updates updated with help from Reuters.

Management
----------

The S&P 500 is kept up-to-date by S&P Dow Jones Indices, a joint venture mostly owned by S&P Global
***Mélodie*** is the French word for "melody". The word is used in music to mean songs written by French composers of classical music from the mid-19th century to the present. The *mélodie* in French music is similar to the *Lied* in German music. "*Mélodie*" is not the same as *chanson* (the French word for "song"). The word "*chanson*" is used for folksongs or popular songs.

History
-------

In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the *mélodie* became important about 50 years later. While some German *Lieder* were based on folksong, the texts of the *mélodie*s were usually poems by serious poets. 

Hector Berlioz was the first composer to call some of his compositions *mélodie*s. His *Les Nuits d'Été* (1841) is one of the greatest of all song cycles. Charles Gounod wrote about 200 *mélodie*s. He used texts by famous poets such as Hugo.

Gabriel Fauré wrote more than 100 *mélodie*s, many based on poems by Verlaine.

Henri Duparc wrote seventeen *mélodie*s. These are what he is known for.

Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including *mélodie*s that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of *mélodie* at the time include Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn and André Caplet.

*Mélodie*s continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was Francis Poulenc, who died in 1963.

Performing *mélodie*s
---------------------

In the French *mélodie* the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing *mélodie* really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word (elision). Several books have been written about this.

Although many famous singers are well known for singing French *mélodie*, the most famous singer from the past was Pierre Bernac. He gave many song recitals with the composer Francis Poulenc who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing *mélodie*s.
Nystagmus
**Nystagmus**, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

Causes of Nystagmus
-------------------

There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:

* Alcohol
* Drugs, especially sedatives
* Head injury
* Inner ear problems like labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease
* Thiamine deficiency
* Vitamin B12 deficiency
* Diseases that can affect the brain's control of the eyes such as a tumor, or multiple sclerosis.

Features of nystagmus
---------------------

* People with nystagmus do not normally see the world as moving, but they do occasionally.
* They have poor distance vision, but most have good close vision.
* Nystagmus is not painful.
* Between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 people have nystagmus.
* Nystagmus can be hereditary, but it can also be a result of something else.
* Most people with nystagmus can see well enough to drive an automobile
* Nystagmus does not get worse with age.

Treatments and research
-----------------------

There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.

Other websites
--------------

* nystagms.co.uk
* nystagmusnet.org
**Nuclear physics** is the part of physics that studies the nucleus of the atom. Everything on the earth is made up of atoms; they are the smallest part of a chemical element that still has the properties of that specific element. When two or more atoms combine they create what we know as the molecule, which is the smallest part of a chemical compound which still has the properties of that specific compound. Understanding the structure of atoms is key in studies such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc. 

Diagram of the CNO Cycle.

Atoms
-----

### Structure

Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. The protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are the heaviest part of the atom and make up most of its mass. The electrons move around the nucleus very quickly, making what is called an electron cloud. The electron cloud has a very small mass, but it makes up most of the space of the atom. The electrons have a negative charge, and the protons have a positive charge. Due to the charges in the atom, that is how the atom stays together, by attraction of the electric charges present in the atom.

### Properties

Model of atom.Atoms have different features that single out one atom from another, and show how each atom can change in different conditions. These properties include atomic number, mass number, atomic mass and weight, and isotopes.

### Forces acting

In an atom there are three fundamental forces that keep atoms together. electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. The electromagnetic force keeps the electrons attached to the atom. The strong nuclear force keeps the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force controls how the atom decays.

### Quantum

In the early 20th century, scientists had trouble explaining the behavior of atoms using their current knowledge of matter. So to deal with this they made a brand new way to view matter and energy, and they called it quantum theory. Quantum theory explains how matter acts both as a particle and a wave.

### Radiation


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nuclear physics***.

Atoms emit radiation when their electrons lose energy and drop down to lower orbitals. The difference in energy between the orbitals determines the wavelength of the given radiation. This radiation can be shown by visible light or shorter wavelengths.

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**Nesomyidae** is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

Characteristics
---------------

Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

Classification
--------------

Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies. Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

Subfamilies
-----------

* Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
* Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
* Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
* Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
* Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
* Petromyscinae (African rock mice)
In phonetics (the study of sounds in human speech), the **place of articulation** of a sound is where in the mouth the sound is made (articulated). There are at least 13 different places of articulation. They are split into four big types.

Labial (lips)
-------------

Labial sounds are made with one or two lips.
They are split into three types:

### Bilabial (two lips)

Bilabial sounds are made with both lips.
The bilabial sounds in English are [m], [p], and [b].

### Labiodental (lip and teeth)

Labiodental sounds are made with the lips and the teeth.
Almost always the top lip and the bottom teeth are used.
The labiodental sounds in English are [f] and [v].

### Linguolabial (lip and tongue)

Linguolabial sounds are made by the tongue touching the top lip.
There are no linguolabial sounds in English.
Sometimes it is said to be part of the next group (Coronal).

Coronal (tip of the tongue)
---------------------------

Coronal sounds are made with the tip of the tongue. They are split into three types:

### Dental (teeth and tongue)

Dental sounds are made by the tip of the tongue touching the back of the teeth. The dental sounds in English are [θ] and [ð].

### Alveolar (gum ridge and tongue)

Alveolar sounds are made by the tip of the tongue touching the ridge behind the teeth. The alveolar sounds in English are [n], [t], [d], [s], [z], and [l].

### Retroflex (roof of the mouth and tongue)

Retroflex sounds are made by pressing the tongue flat against the front part of roof of the mouth. There are no retroflex sounds in English.

### Palatal (roof of the mouth and tongue)

Palatal sounds are made by the body of the tongue and the middle part of the roof of the mouth. The only palatal sound in English is [j]. Some say that it is part of the next group (dorsal).

Dorsal (body of the tongue)
---------------------------

Dorsal sounds are made with the body of the tongue.

### Velar (soft palate and back of the tongue)

Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. There are three velar sounds in most dialects of English: [k], [g], and [ŋ].

### Uvular (uvula and back of the tongue)

Uvular sounds are made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. There are no uvular sounds in English.
The **Republic of Maryland** (also known as the **Independent State of Maryland**) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia. 

The area was first settled in 1834 by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.

History
-------

In December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

### Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.

Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.
**Río Limpio** (in English, *Clean River*) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

Population
----------

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was 45% of the total population.

History
-------

Río Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.

Geography
---------

Río Limpio has an area of 312.2 km2 (120.5 sq mi). It is on the right side of the *Vallecito* river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the *Loma Nalga de Maco* mountain, 1,990 m (6,529 ft) high (19°12′35.35″N 71°28′48.32″E﻿ / ﻿19.2098194°N 71.4800889°E﻿ / 19.2098194; 71.4800889﻿ (Loma Nalga de Maco)), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

Economy
-------

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.
For other uses, see Rasha Sharbaji (disambiguation).
Syria
**Rasha Sharbaji**, also Shurbaji or Chorbaji, (Arabic: **رشا شربجي**) (born 1982 in Darayya, Syria) is a Syrian mother. When Sharbaji went to get a passport, she was arrested with her children, to put pressure on her husband. Sharbaji's husband died in 2014.

In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. named Sharbaji one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Life
----

Sharbaji was born in 1982. She is from the town of Darayya, a suburb of Damascus in Rif Dimashq governorate.

On May 22, 2014, Sharbaji went to the immigration and passport center in Damascus to get a passport. When she tried to get a passport, she was arrested with her children. She was arrested because her husband was against the government during the revolution.

Sharbaji was pregnant with twins. They wanted to arrest her husband, Osama Abbar, so they put Sharbaji in prison. They took Sharbaji's children and put them in SOS Village, an orphanage in Qodsaya. They did not let the family see the children. The Syrian police took Sharbaji to the political security branch in Damascus. Then they took Sharbaji to the Air Force Intelligence prison at al-Mezze military airport in Damascus.

Sharbaji's husband Osama died in October 2014. He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to migrate to Europe.

FreeThe20 campaign
------------------

The Human Rights and Democracy Office in the US State Department asked Noor al-Khatib, from the Syrian Network for Human Rights for important cases of detention. The Syrian Network for Human Rights nominated Sharbaji, and also the cases of Dr. Rania Abbasi and Dr Faten Rajab for the FreeThe20 campaign. The State Department chose Sharbaji.

Freedom
-------

Sharbaji was freed in February 8, 2017, in an exchange of prisoners. The exchange took place outside of Hama, Syria. Forty-five pro-government prisoners made up of women and children were exchanged for 55 women and children that oppose the government. The opposition kidnapped the women as a bargaining chip to bring back their own women.

According to a February 2017 interview with Sharbaji in Syria Direct, Shabaji's husband worked with the opposition as a weapons trader, smuggling weapons to rebel areas. He was a member of the Darayya-based rebel group Liwaa Shuhadaa al-Islam, and helped the rebels move the injured to Lebanon and deliver humanitarian relief supplies.