recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Prussian Infantry attacking in lines during the Battle of Hohenfriedberg
The **line formation** is a standard tactical formation which was used by infantry in early modern warfare. 
It continued the phalanx formation or shield wall of infantry armed with polearms in use during antiquity and the Middle Ages. The line formation used soldiers standing or moving side by side forming a line.

Frederick the Great
-------------------

The line formation provided the best front for volley fire. However the line could not change direction easily and was open to attack by cavalry. Frederick the Great used the line formation, or "march by lines" as a part of his oblique order to fix this problem. The other part of the oblique order was the "attack in echelon" (change to column formation and angle slightly towards the enemy). This way his line of soldiers, usually two ranks deep, could easily change the direction they faced.

17th century line formation
---------------------------

An infantry battalion would form "in line" by placing troops in several ranks. They could range in number from two to five, with two or three being the most common. During the 17th century lines thinned out and became longer. Using this line formation required greater discipline since the two opposing armies were often only 55 yards (50 m) apart.

American Civil War
------------------

A Civil War line, two ranks deep
During the American Civil War the standard formation for both attacking and defending was the line formation. The line allowed the maximum number of soldiers to fire their weapons without hitting their own men. The line formation worked best in open fields. The line could not move well in wooded areas or in rough terrain. Both sides were still using tactics that were used in the American Revolutionary War. During earlier wars including the Napoleonic Wars, single-shot smoothbore muskets were used with fixed bayonets. A line would advance to about 100 yards (91 m) from the enemy line and fire in volley (all at the same time). Muskets were not very accurate and by all firing at the same time they were more likely to hit enemy soldiers. After firing their one shot the soldiers would all move the line forward for a bayonet charge.

The new weapons in use at the beginning of the war made the older tactic unnecessary. Newer rifles and rifle muskets were now available that could allow the defenders to start firing at 200 yards (180 m) to 400 yards (370 m) yards away. The development of the Minié ball (bullet) also increased the accuracy of rifles at longer ranges.

Modern warfare
--------------

A loose line formation is also used by many modern forces during assaults. It allows the use of maximum firepower to concentrate in one direction at once. This is useful when attacking an enemy position. It also enables the use of fire and movement.
Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.

To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative **representations for signed numbers**.

Sign-and-magnitude
------------------

**Sign and Magnitude** works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:

0000 0010 (2)
will become...

1000 0010 (-2)
This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because binary arithmetic won't work.

1's complement
--------------

See the main article: Ones' complement
**1's Complement** works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:

0000 0010 (2)
will become...

1111 1101 (-2)
Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1

2's complement
--------------

**2's Complement** is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are four steps for it:

1. Your number must not be using the most significant (leftmost) bit. If it is, you need another bit to represent it.
2. Find the positive binary number (e.g. 8base 10 = 0000 1000base 2).
3. Swap the 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s (e.g. 0000 1000base 2 becomes 1111 0111base 2).
This is known as "flipping the bits", or applying logical NOT to the original base 2 representation.
4. Add 1 (e.g. 1111 0111base 2 + 1base 2 = 1111 1000base 2).

This method is liked because:

* It's like sign and magnitude; a negative number starts with a 1 and a positive number starts with a 0.
* The binary arithmetic will work.
* There is only one value for 0 (0000 0000base 2).
The Bell Edison Telephone Building, Birmingham, England.
Glazed building decoration at the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.
Rare terracotta image of Isis lamenting the loss of Osiris (Eighteenth Dynasty, Ancient Egypt) Musée du Louvre, Paris
**Terracotta**, sometimes spelled **terra cortta**, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably.

Production and properties
-------------------------

Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. 

After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.
*Echolocation* in bats is one model system in neuroethology
**Neuroethology** is the study of animal behavior and its control by the nervous system.[1][2][3] Neuroethology explores how the brain links stimuli (e.g. sights, sounds, or smells) to behavior. For example, many bats and Odontoceti have a special ability called echolocation. They use echolocation to find prey and to navigate. Researchers study their auditory system to show how sounds can be changed into a neural representation of sound.[4] Neuroethologists are scientists who study neuroethology. They try to discover how the nervous system works. They often use animals with special behaviors in their research.

The word neuroethology combines ideas from two fields: neurobiology (the study of the nervous system) and ethology (the study of behavior in nature). Neuroethology focusses on natural behavior. Natural behaviors of animals were created by natural selection (e.g. finding mates, moving, avoiding enemies). Neuroethology avoids artificial behaviors like those in lab experiments.
**Neurosecretion** is when nerve cells make, store and release hormones.

The hormonal system of the body is almost entirely controlled by the central nervous system. It normally does this by sending nerve impulses down axons to a gland. However, some special nerve cells can make hormones themselves, and deliver them to glands which act as storage organs. The neurons of the neuroendocrine system are large; they are mini factories for producing secretory products. These cells are called **neurosecretory cells**, and they make **neurohormones**.

Most neurohormones are secreted from nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the brain which (either immediately, or after storage) circulate in the blood. They are similar to normal endocrine cells and glands because they regulate both endocrine and nonendocrine cells. 

There are also neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal glands, which are just above the kidneys. They are called chromaffin cells, and they release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
***Press Your Luck*** was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken. The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on The Big Board. On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes. If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that point. Four Whammies took a player out of the game. The winner returned on the next show.

The show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as *Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck*. It featured a new "Big Bank" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.

The original version of *Press Your Luck* was called *Second Chance*, which aired on television in 1977. Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon "Devil." It was hosted by Jim Peck, but did not last very long.

The show returned to ABC in 2019 with Elizabeth Banks as the host and is due to make its fourth season premiere on July 7th 2022. In the 2019 series, the contestant who wins with the highest amount of money goes to a bonus round in which the contestant tries to go through 6 rounds and try and win the jackpot prize of $1 million. Neil Ross is the announcer and Whammy voice for the current series.

Other websites
--------------

* *Press Your Luck* on IMDb (1983–86) (US)
* *Press Your Luck* on IMDb (1987–88) (Australia)
*Sometimes **Sacrament** can stand for Eucharist*
In Christianity, a **sacrament** is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of God.

Sacraments in the Catholic Church
---------------------------------

The seven sacraments of the Catholic church.
The Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are

* Baptism - usually given shortly after birth, it is meant to forgive original sin.
* Confirmation - done when reaching maturity
* Holy Eucharist - The body and blood of Jesus Christ is eaten to remember the Last Supper.
* Marriage
* Holy orders - the deacon, the priest and bishop.
* Penance and remission of sins
* Anointing of the Sick - used to be known as Last Rites, given shortly before death

Protestant views
----------------

Following Martin Luther's tradition, many Protestant churches see only Baptism and Lord's Supper as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments.

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views
--------------------------------------------

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches basically have the same views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say however, that many things the church does (as church), can be seen as sacraments, in some way.
***The Number of the Beast*** is the third album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 22 March 1982. It was the band's first album that Bruce Dickinson sang for. *The Number of the Beast* made Iron Maiden famous worldwide. The songs in the album have many different subjects, such as war, history and films. The album had two singles: "Run to the Hills" and "The Number of the Beast". The album was number one on the UK Albums music chart. It also went into the top 40 on the *Billboard* 200 chart.

Musicians
---------

People who were in Iron Maiden when the album was recorded.

* Steve Harris - Bass guitar
* Bruce Dickinson - Singing
* Dave Murray - Electric guitar
* Adrian Smith - Electric guitar
* Clive Burr - Percussion

Songs
-----

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Invaders"   | 3:23 |
| 2. | "Children of the Damned"   | 4:34 |
| 3. | "The Prisoner"   | 6:02 |
| 4. | "22 Acacia Avenue"   | 6:36 |
| 5. | "The Number of the Beast"   | 4:50 |
| 6. | "Run to the Hills"   | 3:52 |
| 7. | "Gangland"   | 3:47 |
| 8. | "Hallowed Be Thy Name"   | 7:10 |

Satanism
--------

Some religious groups in the United States said that the members of Iron Maiden are Satanists and that the album promotes Satanism to listeners. Some people even burned copies of "The Number of the Beast". Bruce Dickinson said it is not true.
***The New Yorker*** is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).

The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger, Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay *Hiroshima* filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story *The Lottery* drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

Other websites
--------------

* The New Yorker

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**Ningali Cullen** (1942-2012) was an Aboriginal activist. She was also the co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee.

Early life
----------

She was born in Ooldea, South Australia in 1942. When she was four years old, she was taken away from her family, with her brother and a sister. Cullen and her brother were taken to the Koonibba Lutheran Mission Home near Ceduna, South Australia. She went to school at Concordia College. She was the first female Aboriginal student who had ever gone there.

Working as a nurse
------------------

After she graduated college from Concordia, she became a nurse. She worked at Royal Adelaide Hospital, Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, and other places. She moved to Port Augusta in 1964. She saw a lot of discrimination against Aboriginal people when she worked in hospitals. It made her very angry. She married Lawrie Kinnear while she was a nurse. She had three children with Kinnear.

Working as an activist
----------------------

It had been a very long time since she had seen her mother, May Cobby. She found out where her mother was living and she visited her. In 1965, Cobby disappeared. She was taken while waiting at a restaurant with her daughter Mabel, who was the only child out of the four who was not taken from her when they were little. The police were called by the staff who worked at the restaurant. The police were asked to ask May and Mabel to leave the area. Mabel was arrested and May was left at the restaurant. Cullen asked for information on her mother's arrest and the police refused to give her any information. No one could find May.

Cullen became an activist after her mother disappeared. She worked to get more healthcare for Aboriginal people. She also helped people to stop using drugs and alcohol. She worked for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 1990. In 1992, she moved to Canberra, where she worked in healthcare for ATSIC.

She did a lot of work with organizations helping to locate people who were missing from the Aboriginal communities. She helped found National Sorry Day and was a member of the Stolen Generation. She worked with families and people involved in that group.

Later life and death
--------------------

In 2003, Cullen married for a second time. She married a man named Derick Cullen. She died on May 10, 2012.
Theatre Square and the conservatory in 1913.
The **Saint Petersburg Conservatory** is a famous music school in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Its full name is **N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory** (Russian: Санкт-Петербургская государственная консерватория имени Н.А. Римского-Корсакова). In 2004, the conservatory had around 275 teaching members and 1,400 students.

History
-------

The conservatory was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein. When he resigned in 1867, he was followed by Nikolai Zaremba. The great composer Rimsky-Korsakov joined the teaching staff in 1871. The conservatory was named after him in 1944. 

In 1887, Rubinstein returned to the Conservatory to try to improve it. Students who were not very good had to leave, and he also got rid of some of the professors and made the entrance examinations harder. He resigned again in 1891.

The building we see today was built in the 1890s where the Bolshoi Theatre of Saint Petersburg had stood. It still has the grand staircase and landing from that historic theatre. As the city changed its name in the 20th century, the conservatory was renamed *Petrograd Conservatory* (Петроградская консерватория) and then the *Leningrad Conservatory* (Ленинградская консерватория).

Today, it is a famous Russian composition school whose graduates have included great composers such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich. During the 1960s, Shostakovich taught at the conservatory, which made it even more famous.

Directors and rectors
---------------------

* Anton Rubinstein (1862 — 1867)
* Nikolai Zaremba (1867 — 1871)
* Mikhail Azanchevsky (1871 — 1876)
* Karl Davydov (1876 — 1887)
* Anton Rubinstein (1887 — 1891)
* Alexander Glazunov (1905 — 1928, as of 1918 — rector)

Notable teachers
----------------

* Leopold Auer (violin)
* Ilya Musin (conducting)
* Leonid Nikolayev (piano)
* Cesare Pugni (violin, counterpoint, composition)
* Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (composition, orchestration)
* Anton Rubinstein (piano, the history of piano literature)
* Nikolai Tcherepnin (conducting)
* Sergei Slonimsky (composition)
* Leah Zelikhman (piano)

Notable graduates
-----------------

* George Balanchine – choreographer
* Richard Burgin - violinist, conductor
* Sergei Diaghilev - impressario
* Valery Gergiev
* Jascha Heifetz - violinist
* Alexander Ilyinsky
* Mariss Jansons
* Artur Kapp
* Eduard Khil - singer and internet sensation
* Miroslav Kultyshev
* Anatoly Lyadov
* Witold Maliszewski
* Nathan Milstein - violinist
* Anna Netrebko
* Sergei Prokofiev - composer
* Gal Rasche - conductor
* Sergei Rachmaninoff - pianist, composer
* Clara Rockmore
* Dmitri Shostakovich - composer
* Grigory Sokolov - pianist
* Vladimir Sofronitsky
* Yuri Temirkanov - conductor
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - composer
* Solomon Volkov - musicologist
* Ivan Yershov - singer
* Anna Yesipova - pianist
* Maria Yudina - pianist
* Valery Viktorovich Zhelobinsky - pianist, composer

Related pages
-------------

* Moscow Conservatory

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Saint Petersburg Conservatory***.

* Official site
**Carmen Lyra** (January 15, 1888 – May 14, 1949) was the pseudonym of the first prominent female Costa Rican writer, born **María Isabel Carvajal Quesada**.

Life
----

Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time.

Teaching methods
----------------

Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica.

Writing career
--------------

Lyra's first publication was the novel *En una silla de ruedas* (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the *Pandemonium Magazine*, *Ariel Magazine, and the* Repertorio Americano*.* 

The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is *Cuentos de mi tía Panchita* (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican.

Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are *Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre* (1918), *Obras Completas* (1975), *La cucarachita mandina* (1976) and *relatos escogidos* (1977).

Politics
--------

Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party. 

She helped organize women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote *Bananos y Hombres* (Bananas and Men). 

In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949.
The **Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum** is a sports stadium in Los Angeles, California. It was built in 1923. It has hosted many different sporting events. In 1932 and 1984, it hosted the track events and ceremonies of the Olympic Games.

In football, it used to be the stadium of the Chargers, Raiders and Rams before they moved to other cities. The University of Southern California, which is across the street, has played in the Coliseum for many years, and UCLA played there for several years as well. The Coliseum hosted two Super Bowls and 20 Pro Bowls, or NFL All-Star Games. On January 13, 2016, the Rams relocated back to Los Angeles. They will play at the Coliseum until their new stadium is built for the 2020 season.

The Los Angeles Dodgers played in the Coliseum for four years before Dodger Stadium was built. While there, they won a World Series and set records for most people at a baseball game.

Other websites
--------------

* Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum's Official website Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
The **Russian Social Democratic Labour Party** (RSDLP) was a Russian political party. 

The party was founded in 1898. Its program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to lead the workers of Russia and to get rid of the Tsar.

Some members of the party wanted democracy and were called "Mensheviks".

Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class and were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Mensheviks were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.

The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison, or condemned to penal servitude.

In 1917 Lenin and most other Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.

During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by the communists. Some social democrats became Communists, others fled from Russia, and still others became political prisoners.
Flowers and candles on Wenceslas Square in November 1989
**Velvet Revolution** (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) is a name for political changes in Czechoslovakia between November 17 and December 29, 1989. It ended with the fall of the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and start of the democratization process. The name *Velvet* was chosen for its softness.

After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ended the Prague Spring in August 1968, censorship began again and the Communist Party purged many of its members. This event during the 1970s is known as Normalization. Despite these events, the economic situation in Czechoslovakia was better than in other countries of Eastern Bloc (for example in Poland or Hungary).

Revolution
----------

The Velvet Revolution started at an official event for 50th anniversary of the closing of Czechoslovakian universities on November 17, 1939 by the Nazis in Prague. This event continued after its official end and was violently ended by state police on the street "Národní třída". In following days people organized meetings for protest against the actions of state police. 750-800 thousand people were at one of the biggest protests on November 25.

On November 19, the Civic Forum, the political movement which led the dialogue with the communist government, was created in The Drama Club in Prague. The same day, the movement "Public Against Violence" was created in Bratislava.

On November 27 a general strike took place. On this day there was a protest at Wenceslas Square with 300,000 people. Its main slogan was "Konec vlády jedné strany" - *End of one-part government*.

Václav Havel was named as president of Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1989. He was the first non-communist president of Czechoslovakia since 1948.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Velvet Revolution***.

* Velvet Revolution on totalita.cz Detailed day-to-day history with key documents quoted (in Czech language only).
* In the footsteps of November 17 - Czech.cz Archived 2008-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
Matt Stairs with the Padres
**Matthew Wade Stairs** (born February 27, 1968) is a Canadian former professional baseball outfielder, first baseman, and designated hitter, who holds the record for most pinch-hit home runs in Major League Baseball (MLB) history  with 23. His pinch-hit home run in the eighth inning of Game 4 in the 2008 National League Championship Series off the Los Angeles Dodgers reliever Jonathan Broxton was called one of the most memorable home runs in Phillies history.

In his career, Stairs played for more teams than any position player in MLB history (12 — technically 13 teams, but 12 franchises, as he played for the Montreal Expos and Washington Nationals); Edwin Jackson holds the record for pitchers and all players at 14.

He was the second Canadian-born player ever to hit more than thirty-five home runs in a season, and only the second to hit more than 25 home runs and drive in more than 100 runs in back-to-back seasons. He ranks either first or second in power hitting categories for Canadian major leaguers. Stairs also holds the all-time MLB record of home runs hit as a pinch-hitter with 23. His ability to pinch hit made him a valuable asset to several teams and earned him the nickname "Matt Stairs – Professional Hitter". Stairs, Larry Walker, Justin Morneau, Jason Bay, and Joey Votto are the only Canadian MLB players to hit at least 200 career home runs. On February 4, 2015, Stairs was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.
Not to be confused with Serbian language.

The **Sorbian languages** are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. 

They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as **Wendish** or **Lusatian**. 

There are two languages: Upper Sorbian (*hornjoserbsce*), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (*dolnoserbski*), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia (*Łužica* in Upper Sorbian, *Łužyca* in Lower Sorbian and *Lausitz* in German).

In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.

A bilingual sign in Bautzen
The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/*Budyšin*".

The city of Cottbus (*Chóśebuz*) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.

Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian ("Wendish") settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.

American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish" since think that "Sorb" and "Sorbian" are bad words.

Other websites
--------------

* Sorbian language tree
* Euromosaic information page
**Walsall** is a market town in the county of the West Midlands, England. It is in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall. It iwas historically part of Staffordshire. Its town centre is 8 miles (13 km) north-west of Birmingham and 6 miles (10 km) east of Wolverhampton. A 2011 census revealed that 67,594 people live in the town and 269,323 people live in the borough.

It is a very industrial town and was effected by the Industrial Revolution. The town used to have a large industry of making products such as saddles and chains.

Walsall has been majorly redeveloped and modernised since the 1970s and is still being constantly developed.

Barr Beacon is a hill located in Walsall. It is the highest point between itself and the Ural Mountains in Russia.

The town has a professional football club, Walsall FC. Their nickname is "The Saddlers" and they play their home games at the Bescot Stadium in the Bescot suburb of the town.

Twinning
--------

Walsall has four twin towns. It is twinned with:

* India Amritsar, India
* Oman Bahla, Oman
* France Mulhouse, France
* State of Palestine Kobar, Palestine

Gallery
-------

* Walsall Leather MuseumWalsall Leather Museum
* Former factories that are now housing in WalsallFormer factories that are now housing in Walsall
* Skip LaneSkip Lane
* Bridge StreetBridge Street

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**Varanasi cantonment** is a census town in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The census town does not have a gram panchayat. Varanasi Cantonment Census town is about 2 kilometers West of Varanasi railway station, 324 kilometers South-East of Lucknow and 12 kilometers North of Banaras Hindu University.

Demography
----------

Varanasi cantonment has 2,760 families with a total population of 14,119. Sex ratio of the census town is 824 and child sex ratio is 827. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively [note].

| Details | Male | Female | Total | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number of houses | - | - | 2760 | (census 2011) |
| Adult | 7,742 | 6,377 | 12,685 |
| Children | - | - | 1,434 |
| Total population | - | - | 14,119 |
| Literacy | 92.3% | 81.2% | 87.3% |

Transportation
--------------

Varanasi cantonment is connected by air (Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport), by train (Varanasi railway station) and by road. Nearest operational airports is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport and nearest operational railway station is Varanasi railway station (22 and 2 kilometers respectively from Varanasi Cantonment).
Usora river
**Usora** is left tributary of the Bosnia in central Bosnia. The total length of the river Usora – from sources below the top of the mountain Očauš to the mouth above the Doboj is about 82 kilometers. The town of Teslić, through which it flows, bears the local name Velika Usora (Great Usora), since under the city at a place called Sastavci meets with his same named, but a lot less left tributary Mala Usora (Little Usora). It also comes from the mountain masiff Uzlomac – Borja – Očauš below it in smaller distances rises more Bosnia river and their tributaries, as well as the basin Vrbanja river and Ukrina. In its upper reaches, the river makes a wide loop around Borja, from its southwest to northeast slopes.

Great Usora created by merging Gomjenice and Brkića stream. Small Usora springs below (south) of the main road M-4 (Banja Luka – Matuzići, some 10 km west of Pribinić). Before Sastavci locality, right tributary to it are: Mišića rijeka, Great Ostružnja, Inova , Miljkovača, Velika rijeka (Great river), Brezna and smaller streams, as well as left: Rankovića rijeka, and Gračanica.

In much of the flow Ukrina is flooding river but the increasingly frequent flooding causes significant damages.

In the early Bosnian history Usora belonged to gold-bearing river, and it is believed that this is still in its upper course along with the many large and small tributaries and streams. Obvious hydro-energy potential Usora is permanently unused, and fish stocks almost negligible, especially if one takes into account the centuries-old discharging untreated waste industrial water Chemical Distillation of wood in Teslić.

Related pages
-------------

* Uzlomac
**Rembert Dodoens** (29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist. He is also known by his Latinized name **Rembertus Dodonaeus**.

Biography
---------

Dodoens was born in Mechelen. In 1530 he began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven. He graduated in 1535. He became a physician in Mechelen in 1538. He married Kathelijne De Bruyn(e) in 1539. He had a short stay in Basel (1542–1546). He turned down a chair at the University of Leuven in 1557. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of emperor Philip II of Spain. He became the court physician of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna (1575–1578). He then became professor in medicine at the University of Leiden in 1582, and remained there until his death.

Dodoens wrote *Cruydeboeck* in 1554. In his times, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.

The plant genus *Dodonaea* was named after him by Carolus Linnaeus.
Concourse level of Punggol MRT/LRT Station, with escalators leading up to the LRT platform.
The **Punggol LRT Line** is the third line of the LRT system in Singapore. Its first phase comprises a 10.3 km line with 15 stations.

The Punggol LRT Line serves the residents in the town and urban planning area of Punggol.

Punggol LRT station, the centerpiece of the line, is located directly above the Punggol MRT station, thus linking up the Punggol LRT Line to the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) system that spans the entire island of Singapore.

History
-------

Plans for the Punggol LRT Line were drawn up and announced in January 1999 with the development of Punggol New Town.

Construction began in June 2000 by a consortium comprising SembCorp Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Corporation, at a cost of S$354 million. Construction of the first phase was completed in June 2004, and underwent testing by the Land Transport Authority. The system was handed over to SBS Transit on 1 December 2004, who conducted more trial runs and staff training before the opening of the East Loop on 29 January 2005. The West Loop opened on 29 June 2014.

Timeline
--------

* 29 January 2005: Line opened on East Loop except Oasis and Damai
* 15 November 2007: Oasis (PE6) Opened.
* 20 June 2011: Damai (PE7) Opened. East Loop become bidirectional whole day.
* 29 June 2014: West Loop opened between Nibong (PW5) and Soo Teck (PW7), in unidirectional manner.
* 29 February 2016: Sam Kee (PW1) opened.

Stations
--------

There are 15 Stations on this line, in the future we will have North Loop (PN) in the future. The 'PE' means Punggol LRT East Loop.

Punggol (PTC/NE17), Interchange with North East Line

East Loop (PE)
Cove (PE1)

Meridian (PE2)

Coral Edge (PE3)

Riviera (PE4)

Kadaloor (PE5)

Oasis (PE6)

Damai (PE7)

West Loop
Sam Kee (PW1)

Teck Lee (PW2), Station Not in Service

Punggol Point (PW3)

Samudera (PW4)

Nibong (PW5)

Sumang (PW6)

Soo Teck (PW7)

Improvements
------------

On 31 October 2012, LTA announced that by 2016, Sengkang and Punggol LRT systems will be upgraded to a two-car system for the 41 existing train cars, allowing double the number of passengers to board at any one time. Each train car can take up to 105 passengers. 16 more train-cars will also be procured. This will bring the total fleet size to 57 train-cars. Hence, there is also the need to modify the signalling and communication system.

Rolling stock
-------------

Trains operating on the line are Mitsubishi Crystal Movers (C810) manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. These trains operate from the Sengkang Depot which serves maintenance and train overhaul facilities for trains along the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines.

| Cars of C810 |
| --- |
| car type | Motor | Collector Shoe | car length |
| mm | ft in |
| **M** | ✓ | ✓ |

Related pages
-------------

* Light Rail Transit (Singapore)
* Bukit Panjang LRT Line
* Sengkang LRT Line
**Sud-Est** (English: *South-East*) is one of the ten departments (French: *départments*, singular *départment*) of Haiti. Its capital is Jacmel.

After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The *Sud-Est* department was part of the *Sud* department.

Geography
---------

The *Départment du Sud-Est* has an area of 2,023 km². The department is in the Southern Peninsula, also known as the Tiburon Peninsula.

It is bordered to the north by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Sud Department and to the south by the Caribbean Sea. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The *Massif de la Selle* is the main mountain range in the département and it covers almost all the department except for some small valleys near the coast, as the Jacmel valley. The highest mountain of Haiti, *Pic la Selle* (2,680 metres), is in the Massif de la Selle.

Rivers are short and they flow into the Caribbean Sea. The most important river is *La Grande Rivière de Jacmel*. Other rivers are *Bainet*, *Belle-Anse*, *des Côtes-de-Fer*, *Gauche*, *de la Gosseline*, *Marigot* and *Pedernales*; Pedernales marks the border with the Dominican Republic and is common to both countries.

Population
----------

The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 484,675 persons: 235,187 men and 249,488 women, with 59,642 (12.31%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 240 persons/km².

Administrative division
-----------------------

The department is divided into three *arrondissements* (like districts) and 10 *communes* (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

1. Bainet
	1. Bainet
	2. Côtes-de-Fer
2. Belle-Anse
	1. Anse-à-Pitres
	2. Belle-Anse
	3. Grand-Gosier
	4. Thiotte
3. Jacmel
	1. Cayes Jacmel
	2. Jacmel
	3. La Vallée
	4. Marigot

Economy
-------

The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown.

Fishing is an important activity along the coast.
**Najib Tareque**, (Bengali: নাজিব তারেক; born September 5, 1970) is a Bengali artist, printmaker and writer based on Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is considered one of the pioneers of New Media movement in the twenty-first-century artists of Bangladesh. He was the founding member of *Jolrong*, one of the first online art galleries in South Asia. He participates more than twenty solo and group exhibitions in the country and abroad.

In July 2015, he has started an online-based conceptual virtual art project named *Art Makes Us Human* through Instagram.

Biography
---------

Tareque was born on 5 September 1970 in Borogur Gola, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. His father was Tamizuddin and mother was Nujratun Nisa. He is the fifth among seven siblings. He passed his early childhood in Thakurgaon and in Dinajpur district. He studied at Rajshahi Collegiate School and Dinajpur Government College. And graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Dhaka.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Najib Tareque at Wikimedia Commons

* Najib Tareque on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
***Negaprion*** is one of the 12 genera in the family Carcharhinidae. There are currently two known living species in this genus: the Lemon shark, and the Sicklefin lemon shark.

Both species are large and stocky, have a wide, blunt snout, and have two large dorsal fins of similar size. They are both yellowish-brown on their dorsal surface, and have a white belly.
They also both have a similar diet consisting of bony fish, crustaceans, stingrays, and smaller sharks. Also, both species are viviparous.

Lemon shark
-----------

The Lemon shark is the smaller of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.4 metres, but usually ranges between the lengths of 2.4 to 3 metres long. Pups are around 24 to 26 inches long when born.

The Lemon shark inhabits tropical and subtropical shallow waters of coastal areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is often found in coral reefs, mangroves, enclosed bays, and even river mouths.

Sicklefin lemon shark
---------------------

The Sicklefin lemon shark is the larger of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.8 metres. Pups are around 18 to 32 inches long when born.

The Sicklefin lemon shark inhabits continental and insular shelves, and is common on coral reefs, as well as in shallow, sandy-bottom lagoons, and mangrove swamps.

Species
-------

* Sicklefin lemon shark, *Negaprion acutidens*
* Lemon shark, *Negaprion brevirostris*
* †*Negaprion eurybathrodon*
**Windsor Railway Bridge** is a wrought iron 'tied arch'  bridge in Windsor, Berkshire. It was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and carried Brunel's Great Western Railway (GWR) branch line from Slough to Windsor (Windsor and Eton Central station). It crosses the River Thames between Romney Lock and Boveney Lock.

The bridge is a single-span structure with three bowstring trusses which created two bays for the original two GWR tracks. The bridge is the world's oldest wrought iron bridge still in regular service. It is a forerunner for Brunel's last masterpiece, the Royal Albert Bridge, Saltash. The bridge was Grade II\* listed in 1975.

The line opened in 1849. The construction of the line was delayed and could not be included in the original Parliamentary Act because of objections from the Provost of Eton College.
The brick viaduct was constructed between 1861–65 to replace the original wooden trestle viaduct.

Although the bridge was built to take two tracks, the track on the upstream side was removed when the line was rationalised in the 1960s. The trackbed on this side now carries a sewage or water main pipe.
In physics, absolute zero (0 K) is the coldest temperature. At that point, subatomic particles stop moving (entropy is at its minimum). Certain things can reach temperatures below absolute zero, known as **negative temperatures**. This is very difficult to do, and only very small objects can reach negative temperatures.

It might seem absurd, but things at negative temperatures are actually *hotter* than things at positive temperatures (above absolute zero). If something with a negative temperature comes in contact with a positive-temperature object, heat will go from the negative object to the positive. This is because temperature is a trade-off between energy and entropy. If you add energy to a positive-temperature object, it will *increase* in entropy. If you add energy to a negative-temperature object, it will *decrease* in entropy.

Many objects cannot achieve negative temperatures, because adding energy to them will increase their entropy. Only very small things discussed in quantum mechanics can reach this state.
A **petitioner** is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion  or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or entity (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. In some cases a third party, an *amicus curiae* (friend of the court), may be heard.

Appeal process
--------------

In the case of an appeal, the petitioner is usually the party who lost in a lower court. This can be either the plaintiff or the defendant who files the petition to the higher court for judicial review. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to refute any arguments made by the petitioner. In some jurisdictions, the petitioner is allowed to file a short reply. In all three cases, arguments must be based on the trial record which includes the Transcripts of testimony and evidence from the original trial.

Civil law
---------

In civil law the person who files the case against another person is called the petitioner or plaintiff. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage.

Other websites
--------------

* Legal Language
* Is it better to be the petitioner or the respondent?
The act of **locating** something, of finding or defining the location of something, is a basic idea of modern science. In physics to say what "to locate" or "location" means, we must explain with clear talk how we do the job of locating something.

For things about our size, we generally use two beginning points that everybody knows about, and then we measure from those points to the thing we want to give a location. We might start with the Plymouth Rock and the Blarney Stone. We could then say, "Captain Smith's ship is 1400 miles from Plymouth Rock going toward the Blarney Stone." Or, in another case we might say, "Captain Jones's ship can be found by drawing a line from Plymouth Rock to the Blarney Stone, finding a point 700 miles along this line from Plymouth Rock, taking a left turn of 90° upon reaching this point from Plymouth Rock, and then traveling an additional 90 miles. 

If we have some good way of knowing compass directions, we can say something like, "Go three miles north of that big white rock over there and then go two miles east from that point. That is where I put the gold."

Finding the location of something is ordinarily done by seeing it somewhere, hearing it somewhere, feeling it somewhere, etc. Sometimes we know where something is by looking at a photograph, finding it with radar, or pinging it with sonar.

It is much more difficult to locate an electron, a photon, or anything else about that small. We may construct a light source that only makes one photon at a time. We can aim the light source at a piece of photographic film, let the light source make one photon, and then develop the photographic film. If we had very sensitive photographic film that could be darkened by only one photon, then we would find a tiny speck of silver where the photon ended up. A silver atom is much larger than a photon, so there would be some fuzziness about where the photon ended up, but people probably would agree that the photon must have ended up somewhere within the target formed by the silver atom. However, all we can say is that the photon must have been at that point when it ended its existence. When a photon is absorbed by an electron it gives its energy to the electron and disappears. So when it was briefly at some definite place it immediately lost all of its motion. 

Another way to locate a photon is to make it go through a small place. Knowing when the light source sends out a photon, and knowing the speed of light, we can know when it must be going through a hole in a plate put in the center of its path to the film. We can gradually get closer and closer to finding out exactly where it is in the middle of its flight. However, the path that it will take from there on becomes progressively wild. That is because when a photon goes through a hole like that it experiences diffraction.