recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Henry James** OM (1843–1916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

Novels
------

In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

Other books
-----------

He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.

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**Henry Ian Cusick** (born April 17, 1967) is an Emmy Award-nominated Scottish-Peruvian actor of stage, television, and movies.

Biography
---------

### Early life

Cusick was born in Trujillo, Peru to a Peruvian mother and a Scottish father. He lived in Trinidad and Tobago for 10 years. He went to high school there at Presentation College. He can speak both English and Spanish. Cusick spent six months at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. After that he joined the Citizens' Theatre.

### Career

Cusick's first leading roles at the Citizens' Theatre were Dorian Gray in *The Picture of Dorian Gray* with Rupert Everett, Hamlet in *The Marovitz Hamlet* with Helen Baxendale, and Horner in *The Country Wife*.

His performances as Torquato Tasso in the Edinburgh International Festival production of *Torquato Tasso*, and Creon in the Citizens' Theatre production of *Oedipus* earned him a special commendation for the Ian Charleson Award 1995 for "Outstanding Performance by a Young Actor in a Classical Theatre Role". He was nominated for an Emmy for his guest role as Desmond Hume on the television series *Lost*. He joined the main cast of *Lost* in season 2. He was also in two episodes of season 5 of *24*.

Other websites
--------------

* Henry Ian Cusick on IMDb
The famous **Jinnah-Sikandar Pact** was an agreement signed between Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, at Lucknow, British India, October 1937.

Background
----------

In 1937 the All India Muslim League was a weak party with very little political strength. It had lost the 1936 general elections in India quite badly. It needed more support from powerful Muslims to make it strong. The party wanted to help Muslims in India get their rights. So, in October 1937, M.A. Jinnah, the main leader of the Muslim League party, invited powerful Muslims to a conference in Lucknow city. One of the most powerful Muslim leaders was Sardar Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE (1892-1942), Premier of the Punjab province and head of the Punjab Unionist Party. He was also invited by Jinnah to this big conference.

Events
------

At this conference, at first most of the big and powerful Muslim leaders refused to accept Jinnah's request for help. Only Aga Khan III was ready to support him. At this time, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan thought that it would be bad if the Muslims did not stand united to get their rights. He thought it was time for unity. So, he convinced some other big leaders to join him. These included Sir Saadullah of Assam, Molvi A.K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal State and some others. They all went together and told Jinnah that they would support and help the Muslim League. A special agreement or pact was also signed at this time, between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar, called the 'Jinnah-Sikandar Pact'. This pact also said that all the Muslim members of the Punjab Unionist Party could join the Muslim League if they wanted to. Muslim people all over India were very happy to know that now, they had strong support from big leaders.

Effects
-------

The Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was one of the most important documents and agreements of the Pakistan Movement. According to Professor Stanley Wolpert, '...it made Pakistan possible'. The Punjab was the biggest and richest province of British India. It linked together all the other Muslim areas and provinces. After this pact was signed in 1937, the Muslim League was next able to make the famous Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, Punjab, in 1940. And just seven years later, in 1947, an independent Pakistan was finally made.

Syed Amjad Ali, a Muslim leader of Punjab said that 'Thanks to the agreement reached between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar in Lucknow, the dream of Pakistan became real. All Pakistanis today should be thankful to these two great Muslim leaders and their wisdom'.
The INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex, Moirang
The **INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex** (Meitei: INA Leipaak Ningbasing-gi Ningshing Khupham) is a war memorial complex in Moirang, Manipur. It is dedicated to the soldiers of the Indian National Army. It was built at Moirang where the Indian tricolor flag was first hoisted in the soil of India. 
The main feature of the complex is the replica of the INA's memorial in Singapore before its demolition by British Indian Army in 1945. The complex also houses the legendary INA War Museum along with a library and an auditorium. 

The statue of Subhash Chandra Bose inside the INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex, Moirang
The life-size statue of Subhas Chandra Bose stands inside the complex. Work on the cenotaph itself began in October 1968 and was completed in September 1969. The complex was unveiled by Indira Gandhi, the then prime minister of India. Work on expanding the monument complex to present-day size was completed in 2005. The total cost in building the memorial was Rs 6.23 crores. A stone monument was also erected at the historic Moirang Kangla. It is the place where Colonel Shaukat Malik raised the flag of Azad Hind in April 1944. The Government of Manipur administered the site since 1985. Close to the complex is the peace memorial at the Red Hills (Maibam Lokpa Ching), raised by the Government of Japan.

Related pages
-------------

* Battle of Imphal

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex***.

* INA Martyrs Memorial(INA) artnculturemanipur.gov.in Archived 2022-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Netaji's war speech to be played at INA complex for visitors timesofindia.com
* President Kovind offers tribute to INA martyrs thepeopleschronicle.in Archived 2022-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
**Joe Vialls** (b. c. 1944 – 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.

On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.

In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.

Other websites
--------------

* JoeVialls.net Archived 2006-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
Hercules is an American 2014 action-adventure-fantasy film. Directed by Brett Ratner, it stars Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell and John Hurt and is based off the graphic novel *Hercules: The Thracian Wars*. It was released on July 25, 2014 and was one of two movies released in 2014 which were about the mythical warrior, the other being The Legend of Hercules; unlike the former, this film gained mixed to positive critical reviews and was a box office success.

Plot
----

Hercules (Dwayne Johnson), is the leader of a gang of mercenaries, comprised of the prophet Amphariaus (Ian McShane), the thief Autylocus (Rufus Sewell), the barbarian Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), the huntress Atalanta (Ingrid Bolsø Berdal) and his nephew Iolaus (Reece Ritchie). Hercules is supposedly the lovechild of Zeus and a mortal woman who engaged in 12 legendary labors, but was betrayed by Hera, who induced him with madness, which caused him to kill his wife and children while he was visiting King Eurystheus (Joseph Fiennes). Despite Hercules' origins not being clearly established in the movie, he displays powerful godlike strength and unmatched skill in combat. However, he is frequently plagued by the memory of murdering his family and visions of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus.

After saving his nephew on the coast of Macedonia, Hercules celebrates with his team. As they drink in a tavern, the group are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), the daughter of Lord Cotys (John Hurt) who wants Hercules to train the Thracian armies to defend his kingdom from the warrior king Rhesus, to which the hero accepts. The band are welcomed to Thrace by Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan). However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi people Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the tribe, despite their lack of training. However, they arrive too late as Rhesus has cursed the Bessi into turning against the Thracians.
**Ivan Franko** (August 27, 1856 — May 28, 1916) was a Ukrainian writer, poet, translator, and public figure. He is known for his contributions to Ukrainian literature and culture, and is widely considered one of the most important Ukrainian writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Franko was born in the Austrian Empire (now Ukraine), and grew up in a family of modest means. Despite this, he was able to attend university in Lviv, where he studied history and philosophy. He later went on to study law in Vienna, and became a prominent public figure, advocating for the rights of the Ukrainian people.

Throughout his life, Franko was an active participant in Ukrainian cultural and political life. He was a member of several organizations devoted to promoting Ukrainian culture and language, and played an important role in the development of modern Ukrainian literature. He was also a member of the Austrian parliament, and advocated for the rights of the Ukrainian people both in Austria and in Ukraine.
***Hercules in the Underworld*** is the fourth made-for-TV movie in the series *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*. When villagers begin disappearing it is discovered that they had fallen through a crack in the earth which goes straight to Hades. Hercules once again comes to the rescue and faces one of his most difficult challenges, and must prove himself as a man as well as a god.

Plot synopsis
-------------

In the centre of a village the ground begins to open up and a strange green light emanates from within. Two drunken men see the light and walk over to take a closer look. As they approach a gaseous vapour begins pouring out of the fissure and in a flash of light the two men are charred with only their bones remaining.

The following day Hercules is working in the smithy with Nessus, the Centaur. He watches the children playing outside when a woman, Iole, comes looking for him. She says she's from the village of Gryphon and that they need Hercules' help. Hercules agrees to help, but Deianeira tells the girl to rest first.

Hercules and Iole continue onto Gryphon, when they arrive the people take him to the area where the hole has opened up in the ground. He walks through the village seeing fire and destructions and dead bodies strewn on the floor.

With the kiss her memories return and Hercules makes a deal with Hades that if he can capture Cerberus, then Deianeira can go back to Earth with him. Hercules goes after Cerberus, he finds Hades' men trying and failing to capture him. Hercules fights and defeats Cerberus and chains him up again. Once Cerberus is chained the hole in the ground closes up and Deianeira appears. Back on Earth the villagers thank Hercules for helping them and he and Deianeira go home.

Series Continuity and notes
---------------------------

The special actor: Anthony Quinn.
* Nessus, Hades, and the Cerberus all play into the labors of Hercules, although not in the fashion portrayed here. The capture of Cerberus was supposedly the last labor of Hercules where he brings Cerberus to the surface world at the demand of King Eurystheus, not a request of Hades. He returned Cerberus to Hades only after the twelfth labor was completed.
* The scene where Deianara was abducted by the Centaur and where Hercules shot him with an arrow was supposedly the last days of Hercules as a mortal. When he was caught by the fire, Hercules chose to be cremated alive to hasten his death but was transformed by Zeus into a full god. Also Deianara is the second wife and her death was by suicide, Megara is the first wife.

Main cast
---------

* Kevin Sorbo as Hercules
* Tawny Kitaen as Deianeira
* Anthony Quinn as Zeus

Other websites
--------------

* Hercules in the Underworld at Whoosh.org
* *Hercules in the Underworld* on IMDb
**Hallasan** is one of Korea's three most sacred mountains. It is on Jeju-do, the southernmost island of Republic of Korea (South Korea). It is 1,950m tall. On the top of Hallasan, there is a crater called Baek Rok Dam. It was an active volcano until about 25,000 years ago. It is now dormant. Hallasan is made of basalt, a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes. It extends east to west. The south side of Hallasan is very steep. The slope of the north side is gentle. The east and south are relatively high but smooth.

Trails
------

There are seven trails on Hallasan.

* Eorimok covers a total of 6.8km and takes about three hours for a one way trip.
* Yeongsil is a 3.7km foot trail from Yeongsil Resting Area to Witsae-oreum Shelter. A one-way trip takes 1 hour and 30 minutes.
* Seongpanak trail is a 9.6km course and it takes about four and half hours for a one-way hike.
* Gwaneumsa trail is 8.7km long and takes 5 hours for a one-way trip.
* Donnaeko trail covers 7 km and takes about 3 hours and 30 minutes for a one-way trip.
* Eoseungsaengak trail is 1.3km long and a one-way trip takes 30 minutes.
* The 1.5-kilometer Seokgulam Trail takes about 50 minutes one away to Seokgulam hermitage.

Scenery
-------

Hallasan has subtropical plants, warm-climate plants, and subarctic plants. In spring, there are royal azaleas and yellow rape. There are also maple trees. In winter, the mountain is covered with snow. There are deer, which are the symbol of Hallasan.

Designation
-----------

The ever-changing colors of the scenery make people admire the beauty of nature, and this is why Hallasan was selected as a national park on March 24 1970. All of Jeju Volcanic Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. During the last week in January, there is a snow-flower festival in Hallasan.
Irregular satellites of Neptune.
**Halimede** is a non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman *et al.* on August 14, 2002.

Halimede follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit seen on the image in relation to other non-spherical moons of Neptune. 

Halimede is about 62 kilometres in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04) and appears neutral (grey) in the visible light. 
Given the very similar colour of the moon to that of Nereid together with a high probability (41%) of their collision in the lifespan of the Solar system, it has been suggested that the moon could be a piece of Nereid.

Halimede, or **Neptune IX**, like many of the farther moons of Neptune, is named after one of the Nereids, the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Halimede was known by the designation S/2002 N 1.

Other websites
--------------

* Matthew Holman's Neptune's page
* David Jewitt's pages
* Scott Sheppard's pages

  


| * v
* t
* e
Neptune |
| --- |
| Moons | Naiad **·**  Thalassa **·**  Despina **·**  Galatea **·**  Larissa **·**  S/2004 N 1 **·**  Proteus **·**  **Triton** **·**  Nereid **·**  Halimede **·**  Sao **·**  Laomedeia **·**  Psamathe **·**  Neso |  |
| Characteristics | Rings of Neptune **·**  Great Dark Spot |
| Discovery | John Couch Adams **·**  Johann Gottfried Galle **·**  William Lassell **·**  Urbain Le Verrier |
| Exploration | Voyager program **·**  Voyager 2 |
| Neptune Trojans | 2001 QR322 **·**  2004 UP10 **·**  2005 TN53 **·**  2005 TO74 **·**  2006 RJ103 **·**  2007 RW10 |
**Jantje Johanna "Janny" Jalving**  (10 September 1923 – 6 January 2022) was a Dutch painter.

Biogrpahy
---------

Jalving was born in Klijndijk in 1923 as the daughter of an agricultural worker. She grew up in a family of six children. From an early age she was engaged in drawing and painting. After primary school she couldn't to secondary education because her partens could't pay it. When she was sixteen years old she made her first painting. She started taking drawing courses at the age of nineteen.

Jalving mainly painted landscapes and farms. For a while she took drawing lessons with De Ploeg painter Ties Allersma in Emmen and later at the Rijks Hogere Burgerschool in Assen. She also made paintings for exhibitions and expositions. She remained active as a painter until old age. She lived in Exloo.

Jalving died in Exloo on 6 January 2022, at the age of 98. A large part of her works has been donated to the Museum Collectie Brands in Nieuw-Dordrecht and the Ellert en Brammert in Schoonoord.
The **Great Oxygenation Event** (**GOE**) was the creation of free oxygen in our atmosphere. It was caused by cyanobacteria doing photosynthesis. It took a very long time, from three billion years ago to about one billion years ago.

Photosynthesis was making oxygen both before and after the GOE. Before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. Earth has much iron, and iron has higher solubility than its oxides, so the oceans had much dissolved iron. It became iron oxide and made huge deposits of banded iron rock from the Archaean and Proterozoic eras. When not enough iron remained to capture more oxygen, free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. This was the GOE.

O2 build-up in the Earth's atmosphere. Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago (Ga).
  
Stage 1 (3.85–2.45 Ga): Practically no O2 in the atmosphere.
  
Stage 2 (2.45–1.85 Ga): O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock.
  
Stage 3 (1.85–0.85 Ga): O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces.
  
Stages 4 & 5 (0.85–present): O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates.
Oxygen was toxic to most of the Earth's anaerobic inhabitants at the time. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen, and built their stromatolites, they changed the environment for other protists. Since the other protists had no way to deal with oxygen, most became extinct. Another consequence was the effect of free oxygen on atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. Their reaction removed the methane, and caused the Huronian glaciation. This was perhaps the longest snowball Earth episode ever. Free oxygen has been an important part of the atmosphere ever since.

Timing
------

The evidence is that free oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms (prokaryotic, later eukaryotic) which emitted oxygen as a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps 3500 million years ago (mya). The oxygen they made would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the 'mass rusting' which led to the deposition of banded-iron formations. Oxygen only began to continue in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly (~50 million years) before the start of the GOE. Without a draw-down, oxygen would come to the atmosphere and stay there very quickly. At today's rates of photosynthesis (which are much greater than those in the land-plant-free Precambrian), modern atmospheric O2 levels could be produced in around 2,000 years.

Timeline:

1. 3,500 mya Archaean eon: production of oxygen by cyanobacteria starts in stromatolites.
2. Oxygen causes deposit of iron as iron oxides in banded iron formations.
3. c. 2,400 mya Palaeoproterozoic era: free oxygen escapes into atmosphere, mostly absorbed on the land.
4. c. 850 mya Neoproterozoic era: oxygen starts to accumulate in the atmosphere. Continues to increase during the Palaeozoic era, peaking in the Carboniferous period.
5. Present levels.
**Holmes Osborne** (born November 7, 1947) is an American actor, best known for starring in Richard Kelly[*permanent dead link*]'s movies *Donnie Darko* (2001), *Southland Tales* (2007), and *The Box* (2009). He has also starred in *That Thing You Do!* (1996), *Affliction* (1997), *Bring It On* (2000), *Cheaper by the Dozen* (2003), and *Larry Crowne* (2011).

Career
------

In 1996, Osborne played the father of Tom Everett Scott's character in the musical comedy-drama movie *That Thing You Do!*. In 1999, he guest starred, along with Lance Henriksen (reprising his role as Frank Black), in an episode of *The X-Files* as a necromancer for the Millennium Group. In 2000, he starred as Kirsten Dunst's father in the teen comedy *Bring It On*.

Osborne then starred as Eddie Darko, the main character's father, in the science fiction drama movie *Donnie Darko* (2001). He then appeared in the family comedy *Cheaper by the Dozen* (2003). The following year, he co-starred in the comedy movie *Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy*. In 2006, Osborne starred as the main villain in the Disney movie *Air Buddies*. In 2007, he reunited with *Donnie Darko* director Richard Kelly on the dramedy thriller movie *Southland Tales*, and again in 2009 on the psychological thriller movie *The Box*. Also in 2009, he co-starred in the comedy movie *All About Steve*.

In 2011, he has a supporting role in the Tom Hanks movie *Larry Crowne*. He has made appearances on television series such as *House M. D.*, *Cold Case*, *CSI: Miami*, *Rules of Engagement*, *Dharma & Greg*, and had a recurring role on the ABC science fiction series *Invasion*.

Other websites
--------------

* Holmes Osborne on IMDb

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In 1872 George Huntington described the disorder in his first paper "On Chorea" at the age of 22.
A microscope image of medium spiny neurons (yellow) with nuclear inclusions (orange): these are caused by the disease
**Huntington's disease** is a genetic disorder. It affects the brain and gets worse over time. This can lead to problems with moving, memory loss as well as thinking skills. Lastly, it also causes changes in behavior. Chorea is one of the main symptoms of Huntington's disease. On average, the disease leads to death about fifteen years after the first signs of the illness show. It is found in about 6 in 100,000 people. There is a 50% chance of inheriting this disease from the parents.

History
-------

The disease is named after George Huntington. George Huntington specialized in medicine and psychology. In 1872, he was the first to describe the medical condition he was seeing in patients in a paper about science. In an 1908 review, an important scientist who also focused on medicine and psychology, William Osler, said about the paper: "In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described."

According to Huntington, the disease is characterized by three things: it is inherited; people who have it become cases for psychiatry (insanity and people who kill themselves); and it only occurs in adults. That was the medical understanding at that time. Of these, the last one is wrong: some children also show signs of the disease.

Symptoms
--------

Symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin between the ages of 35 and 44 years. They can, however, start in any age group from babies to old age. Also, Huntington's disease kills the cells in the body and brain.

In fact, children with Huntington's disease are often much sicker. They get worse faster. Instead of having chorea, they usually have rigidity (or stiffness) of their muscles and it is painful. Seizures (uncontrollable movements in the body) are also a common sign in children.

Treatment and care
------------------

In 2015, there is still no treatment for the disease itself. There are medicines available to help with some of the symptoms. Tetrabenazine was approved in 2008 by the FDA. This medicine helps slow some of the restless movements of chorea. Other medicines that can help with psychiatric symptoms and movements are benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants usually taken for seizures.

Clinical trials
---------------

Science Daily reported on May 6, 2019 that an international clinical trial has found a new drug is safe. It reported that the drug used by UBC researchers successfully lowers levels of Huntingtin protein.

Related pages
-------------

* Woody\_Guthrie#Illness\_from\_Huntington's\_disease
Inclination to the invariable plane for the gas giants:| Year | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 0.32° | 0.93° | 1.02° | 0.72° |
| 142400 | 0.48° | 0.79° | 1.04° | 0.55° |
| 168000 | 0.23° | 1.01° | 1.12° | 0.55° |

The **invariable plane** of a planetary system is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass). 

In the Solar System, about 98% of this effect is from the mass of the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). The invariable plane is within 0.5° of the orbital plane of Jupiter. It is the weighted average of all planetary orbital and rotational planes.

The invariable plane is got from the sum of angular momenta, and is perpendicular to the angular momentum vector of the planets. It is almost invariable (unchanging) over the entire system.

Comments
--------

The Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets, so it is near the barycenter when Jupiter is on one side and the other three jovian planets (gas giants) are opposite on the other side. The Sun moves 2.17 solar radii away from the barycenter when all jovian planets are in line on other side. 

The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and minor solar system bodies, as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, totals only about 2%.

For almost all purposes the plane can be considered invariable (unchanging) when working in Newtonian dynamics.
***Gopurangal Saivathillai*** is a 1982 Tamil language drama film written and directed by Manivannan. The film features Mohan, Suhasini and Radha in lead roles, while S. Ve. Shekher and Vinu Chakravarthy play supporting roles. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja and was released on 15 October 1982. This was Manivannan's first film as director. It was remade in Telugu as Mukku Pudaka with Bhanu Chander, Suhasini and Vijayashanti, while Suhasini reprising her role from the original. It was remade in Kannada as Brahma Gantu (1985), and in Hindi as Naseeb Apna Apna (1986).

Plot
----

Arukkani is an illiterate village girl, and her father is upset at having not been able to find her a suitable groom. One day, her father meets his old friend Bhoothalingam and shares his sadness with him; Bhoothalingam proposes that his son Murali marry her, and Arukkani's father accepts. Murali is a handsome, educated man and a successful sales manager. On hearing of his father's plans, he is excited to meet his future bride. However, on his wedding day, he is shocked to see Arukkani, whom he considers ugly. He only begrudgingly marries her. Murali continues to resent her deeply for the way she looks.

Later, Murali takes a transfer through work to Bangalore, leaving behind his father and wife. In Bangalore, he becomes friendly with his modern and stylish colleague, Julie. They fall in love and marry, which means that Murali is cheating on Arukkani. Julie and Murali start their life. Two months later, Murali gets a telegram that his mother is sick and rushes home to find that it was a ruse. His dad forces him to take Arukkani with him to Bangalore. Grudgingly Murali brings her to Bangalore and purposefully loses her in the railway station. However, as a twist of fate, Julie's elder brother Stanley meets Arukkani and brings her to their house that night. Arukkani is shocked upon discovering the truth but keeps quiet on her husband's name to save Murali. Julie hires Arukkani as a stay in maid until her supposed husband returns. She eventually transforms Arukkani into a brown-skinned beauty and somewhat civilised girl.

A month later, both Arukkani and Murali's fathers make a visit to them. Arukkani's father discovers the truth and is shocked to the core, but Arukkani convinces him to not to reveal the truth to Murali's father, fearing for her husband's safety. Arukkani's father agrees with a heavy heart. He convinces Murali's father to leave at midnight so as to leave the couple at privacy. Both Murali and Stanley start to like Arukkani. Finally, Julie learns the truth and sends Murali away with Arukkani, keeping her own pregnancy a secret.

Cast
----

* Mohan as Murali
* Suhasini as Arukkani
* Radha as Julie
* S. Ve. Shekher as Stanley, Julie's brother
* Vinu Chakravarthy as Bhoothalingam
* Manobala as Pathani Bhai
* Loose Mohan
* Senthil
* Sabitha Anand
* T. K. S. Chandran
* Sundar
* Kamala Kamesh
* Nalini
* Vellai Subbaiah
* Master Haja Sheriff
**Hwebul** (Hangul: 훼불 *hwebul*?, Hanja: 毁佛) is derived from a Korean term. *hwe* means "destroy, damage, break" and *bul* means "Buddha, buddhist". The term means vandalizing or damaging Buddhist things. Such as setting fire or breaking into buddhist temples, destroying buddhist statues, or commit violence to monks or people who believe buddhism.

In Korea
--------

### 1990 ~ 1999

In 1998, A Christian destroyed about 750 Buddhist statues in a temple to change into church.

### 2000 ~ 2009

In 2000, In Dongguk University, A Korean Christian vandalized.- painted a crossed shape on a buddhist statue and wrote "Only Jesus" on a stairs.  
In 2006, In Busan plaza, The Korean Christians prayed that let these churches be stood and these temples be destroyed.  
In 2008, In Jogyesa Temple, offering envelopes were in it and bibles were written, "Believe in Jesus, or you will go to Hell".

### 2010 ~ 2018

In 2012, In Donghwasa Temple, A pastor surnamed "Seong" broke into and vandalized in it. He wrote a cursing word on the nose on the buddhist picture as he went to dharma hall. Then he tore buddhist bible and urinated in incense burner.  

In 2016, In Gaeunsa Temple, A 50 years old pastor broke statues and things.

Related pages
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* Buddhism
The Hyades is a naked-eye open cluster in the constellation of Taurus
The **Hyades** (also known as Melotte 25 or Collinder 50) is the nearest open star cluster to the Solar System and one of the best-studied of all star clusters. 

The Hipparcos satellite, the Hubble Space Telescope, and infrared color-magnitude diagram fitting agree a distance of ~153 ly (47 pc) to the cluster centre. The distances given by these three independent methods make the Hyades an important rung on the cosmic distance ladder. 

The cluster consists of a roughly spherical group of hundreds of stars sharing the same age, place of origin, chemical content, and motion through space. From the perspective of observers on Earth, the Hyades cluster is in the constellation Taurus, where its brightest stars form a "V" shape with the even brighter red giant Aldebaran. Aldebaran is completely unrelated to the Hyades, because it is much closer to Earth (hence its apparent brightness) and just happens to lie along the same line of sight.

The four brightest member stars of the Hyades are all red giants that began life as A-type stars and have now evolved off the main sequence. All are within a few light years of each other. Their Bayer designations are Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Theta Tauri. They form a pattern which was identified as the head of Taurus the Bull. Epsilon Tauri, also known as Ain (the "Bull's Eye"), harbours at least one gas giant planet.

The age of the Hyades is about 625 million years. The cluster core, where stars are most densely packed, has a radius of 2.7 parsecs (corresponding to a diameter of 17.6 light years), and the cluster's tidal radius is 10 parsecs (corresponding to a diameter of 65 light years). About one-third of confirmed member stars have been observed well outside this boundary, in the cluster's extended halo. These stars are probably in the process of escaping from its gravitational influence.
**Hy-Vee** is an employee owned chain of supermarkets in the Midwestern United States. As of January 2008, Hy-Vee runs 197 supermarkets and 26 Drugstores in seven states. Over 100 of its supermarkets are in Iowa, but it also has stores in Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Hy-Vee is known for its longtime advertising slogan, "Where there's a helpful smile in every aisle."

Two-time National Football League MVP Kurt Warner once worked at a Hy-Vee Store in Cedar Falls, Iowa. After he was cut by the Green Bay Packers at age 24, he thought his football career might be over, so he worked there to play for his bills.

Company starting
----------------

The company was started by Charles Hyde and David Vredenburg. They had opened a general store in Beaconsfield, Iowa, in 1930. In 1938, the company changed their name to Hyde & Vredenburg, Inc. Hyde & Vredenburg had 15 stores in Iowa and Missouri at that time. In 1945, Hyde & Vredenburg moved its headquarters from Lamoni to Chariton, Iowa, after buying the Chariton Wholesale Company.

Stores
------

Most Hy-Vee stores are full-service supermarkets with bakeries, delicatessens, banks, florists, and pharmacies. To keep pace with Wal-Mart's recent expansion into the gas station business, Hy-Vee has also added gas stations with convenience stores to some of its stores.

HyVee's Largest Store is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which has 
over 100,000 square feet (9,290.3 m2) of Retail Space in the store. Hy-vee keeps making larger stores, so their largest store changes every 6 months to every year.

Employment
----------

Hy-Vee Inc. employs over 52,000 people and is the largest employer in the state of Iowa. The company has annual sales of over $5.84 billion. In 2007, Hy-Vee ranked 47th on *Forbes* magazine's annual list of the largest privately owned companies in the United States.

Other websites
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* Hy-Vee Food Stores Official Website
Courses of the Grand Canal
The **Grand Canal** or **Dayunhe** or **Jing–Hang Grand Canal** (Chinese: 京杭大运河; pinyin: *Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé*; literally: "Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal") is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world.

It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.

It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and the Yangzi. 

The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC. 

The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. 

The total length is 1,776 km (1,104 mi). Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal.

The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).

Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. 

The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In criminal trials, the **insanity defense** is the claim that the defendant is not responsible for his or her actions due to a mental illness. People who have been determined to be insane have been exempt from full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi. There are different definitions of legal insanity in different jurisdictions. A finding of insanity usually results in the defendant being confined in a mental health facility instead of a prison. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859.

Application
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In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, use of the insanity defense is rare. However, insanity pleas have steadily increased in the UK. Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like intoxication (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or reduced sentences. 

The question of who bears the burden of proof is an issue in the United States. Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial the burden of proof rested with the government in most states. Afterwards many of these states required the defense to prove the defendant was legally insane. Where the state still bears the burden of proof, the standard for the prosecution is beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the defense bears the burden, the standard is preponderance of the evidence (a lower standard).

Expert testimony
----------------

The insanity defense is based on evaluations by forensic mental health professionals with the appropriate test according to the jurisdiction. Their testimony guides the jury (or judge in a bench trial). But they may not testify to the defendant's criminal responsibility. This is for the jury or judge to decide. Mental health experts may testify as to whether at the time of the crime the defendant understood what he did was wrong. If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished.

Other websites
--------------

* Insanity Defense - Insanity defense statistics, Problems with NGRI, Guilty but mentally ill
* Other Notorious Insanity Cases
***Hallucigenia*** is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada. Another species is found in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China. 

*Hallucigenia* was thought by Stephen Jay Gould to be unrelated to any living species, but most palaeontologists now believe that the species was a velvet worm, a relative of modern arthropods.

Unlike its contemporary *Aysheaia*, *Hallucigenia* has very little resemblance to modern Onychophora. The elongated, and clawed legs bear little resemblance to the paired annulated legs of the Onychophora. It is unknown what the spines were made of and how much 'protection' they offered. It is not easy to explain why 30 or more specimens — each thought to have seven pairs of rather long, flexible legs — do not show even one example of paired legs. But at least this reconstruction of the animal can plausibly walk, and the spines serve a reasonable purpose. A picture of this reconstruction as well as a photograph of an actual fossil can be seen on the Geological Survey of Canada's website.
In thermodynamics, the **internal energy** of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by *U*, or sometimes *E*, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals. 

The internal energy is a thermodynamic potential and for a closed thermodynamic system held at constant entropy, it will be minimized.

One can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat. (Calories that are on classic food labels are actually kilo-calories.)

Overview
--------

*Internal* energy does not include the translational or rotational kinetic energy of a body *as a whole*. It also does not include the relativistic mass-energy equivalent *E* = *mc*2. It excludes any potential energy a body may have because of its location in external gravitational or electrostatic field, although the potential energy it has in a field due to an induced electric or magnetic dipole moment does count, as does the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain).

The principle of equipartition of energy in classical statistical mechanics states that each molecular degree of freedom receives 1/2 *kT* of energy, a result which was modified when quantum mechanics explained certain anomalies; e.g. in the observed specific heats of crystals (when *h*ν > *kT*). For monatomic helium and other noble gases, the internal energy consists only of the translational kinetic energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles, of course, do not (sensibly) rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures.

From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system.
**Hur Jun** is a biographical drama about Hur Jun, a doctor and author of *Dongui Bogam*. It was produced and broadcast by the South Korean TV channel MBC from 1999 to 2000. It got 63.5% viewer rating in Korea. Thanks to its success, the Korean traditional medicine industry developed. It was aired by Kurdsat in 2012. Thanks to the great success in Iraq, Jun Kwang-ryul, the actor of Hur Jun, visited Iraq.

Story
-----

This is a story of origin of Dongui Bogam and the author, a legendary royal doctor of Joseon Dynasty. Hur Jun was in a very low social position under Joseon law at the time. As a result, he suffered a tough life when he was young. He met Da-hee who was an upper class but a child of a traitor. She is only one since her father had died. Hur Jun made a decision to run away with her, though, they failed. Thus, the couple got married in exile. 

They moved to Saneum where he met Yoo I- Tae, the best doctor in Jeosun. Thanks to the chance to meet him, Hur Jun got interested in Korean medicine. He eventually became Yoo’s pupil to study medicine. Increasing knowledge of medicine made him a better doctor. He met Ye-Jin who is an assistant of Dr. Yoo with a lot of knowledge of a medicine usage. They were getting interested in each other. 

Through a stormy experience, he passed a test for the medical officer. Due to his low position and high level of medical skill, he got many rivals. However, he was steadily moving up the ranks in the Imperial Hospital. In 1601, Hur Jun finally published Dongui Bogam a medical book with the help of royal doctors.

Characters
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**Hur Jun** - The main character of Hur Jun. He is a royal physician during reign of King Seonjo of Joseon Dynasty. in Korea. He wrote *Dongui Bogam*

**Yoo Ui Tae**  – a Doctor during of reign King Seonjo. He taught Hur Jun into a skillful doctor.

**Yoo Do Ji** – Yoo Ui Tae’s son and assistant. He and Hur Hun were rivals in life. 

**Ye Jin** – Yoo Ui Tae’s assistant. She loves Hur Jun, thouh, The fact that Hur Jun had a wife deterred her from loving Hur Jun.
**Gun control** is the attempt, usually by a government, to restrain or stop people from owning or using guns. Gun control may also regulate the making, moving, and selling of guns. People want gun control because guns are very dangerous. Gun control is very controversial in some countries, such as in the United States. Some countries such as the United States, Switzerland, and Israel allow people to own guns to defend themselves, but most countries do not.

Gun Control in the United States
--------------------------------

There is a strong "gun lobby" in the United States. It is led by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), which supports the right to own guns. They want it to be fairly easy to get a gun. Other groups, such as the Brady Campaign, want guns to be hard to get because they believe that guns cause violence, injury and death. Some states have very strict gun laws, but others, such as Arizona, Utah, Idaho and Mississippi, do not.

In the 70's Gun Control gained more national attention. In 1977 Guns Rights Activists changed the NRA's focus from sports to gun rights. They started running ads marketing self defense primarily towards women. In the 80's the NRA ran ads about concealed carry. 

The 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendment says, "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." This is taken to mean, every American citizen has the right to "keep and bear arms". Originally, it was thought that the federal government could not ban guns, but states and cities could. However, in 2010, the Supreme Court said that states and cities could not ban handguns. Although banning all guns is not allowed anymore, states and cities can still stop the sale and use of certain kinds of guns, such as automatic rifles that fire many bullets very quickly. They can also say that certain people, such as criminals, cannot own guns.
**Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley** DNZM (née **Robson**; born 4 February 1952) is a former New Zealand politician. She was the 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1997 to 1999. She was the first female Prime Minister of New Zealand. She was the only woman to have led the National Party.

Shipley was born in Gore, Southland. She was raised in rural Canterbury.

Before entering politics, Shipley was involved with several community organizations.

Shipley was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in the 1987 election. She won the Ashburton electorate.

When the National Party returned to power in 1990, Shipley was appointed to the Cabinet of New Zealand under Jim Bolger. She was the Minister of Social Welfare (1990-1996), the Minister for Women's Affairs (1990-1996), a member of the Minister of Health (1993-1996) and a member of the Minister of Transport (1996-1997).

In December 1997, after Bolger resigned as Prime Minister, Shipley was elected as his replacement unopposed.

Shipley was the first Prime Minister to attend the gay and lesbian Hero Parade.