recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Microsoft Visual C++** is a coding environment made by Microsoft, mainly used for coding in C and C++. The software provides helpful tools for programmers, such as a debugging tool to help find bugs in written code. The program is available in both trial and free versions.

Some programs require the Visual C++ library package to be installed on the computer in order to run in the first place.

The previous version of Visual C++ was called *Microsoft C/C++*, originally used to compile code written in C. The first version of Microsoft Visual C++ was officially released in February of 1993.

The product was first created as an environment for C programming, however it only supported the original C library rather than the C99 revision. In 2013, Visual C++ included support for various C99 features, however it was not until 2015 that Visual C++ included full support of the C99 standard library. The C11 revision that replaced the C99 revision is still not supported in recent versions of Visual C++, however the company has plans to add them in future versions.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Building Win32 Applications Using Visual C++ 2005 Express
* Visual C++ Tools and Templates in Visual Studio Editions
* Visual C++ standalone build tools
* Microsoft's 'Going Native' Channel Nine show
* Rejuvenating the Microsoft C/C++ Compiler Archived 2015-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, September 2015
For other uses, see Criollo (disambiguation).

The ***Criollos*** (singular: ***Criollo***) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America. The name was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the colony.

The *Criollo* class was seen as lower than the *Peninsulares*. Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain. Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes. Examples of other castes are people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

The term Criollo is often translated into English as **Creole**. However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

Criollos and the wars of independence
-------------------------------------

Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.

Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the *Penisulares* more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.[*source?*]

By the 19th century, this unfair policy of giving people born in Spain more rights led the Criollos to rebel against Spanish rule. The revolution was also inspired by the examples of the American and French revolutions against their kings. With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).
**Adwa Al-Dakheel** (Arabic: **أضوى الدخيل**) ; born 27 January 1992) is a Saudi Arabian author, poet, pilot, musician and entrepreneur. She is the founder and CEO of Falak, Ns3a and Dar Technology and co-founder of the Social Advisors. She also is the founder of the multiple exciting startups currently operating in the jewelry industry, the media industry and the financial technology industry.

Al-Dakheel won first prize in the poetry competition at the World Poetry Forum in Washington. Adwa wrote her debut book at the age of 16. She is also the author of the book "Proven Billionaire Formula". Al-Dakheel won an honorary grade at Suffolk University in Boston for three consecutive years.

Early life
----------

Adwa was born in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 27 January 1992. She started writing poems and playing guitar at the age of 8. Al-Dakheel won first prize in the poetry competition at the World Poetry Forum in Washington. Watching the Bloomberg channel on tv taught her how to analyze the stock exchange markets. After working on stock exchange markets as an analyst, she wrote her debut book "Proven Billionaire Formula" (Arabic: کتاب الزبدة). She also was the Kingdom’s squash champion for 2008 and 2009.
***Myxobolus cerebralis*** is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing **whirling disease**. 

This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries. In the 1980s, people found out that *M. cerebralis* needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish. It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.

Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight. This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger. Dealing with *M. cerebralis* costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.

*M. cerebralis* has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.

Shape
-----

*M. cerebralis* has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores. Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.

### Triactinomyxon stage

Diagram of the structure of a triactionmyxon stage spore of *Myxobolus cerebralis*
*M. cerebralis* has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of *M. cerebralis* that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right. There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long. That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into. Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.

### Myxosporean stage

The kind of *M. cerebralis* that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10 micrometers across and are made of six cells. Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from *M. cerebralis* look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.

Other websites
--------------

* Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
* The Whirling Disease Foundation Archived 2005-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
* The Whirling Disease Initiative Archived 2012-06-30 at Archive.today
Town center of Gusinje with the mosque located in the background
coat of arms
**Gusinje** (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Гусиње, Albanian: *Gucia*), pronounced [ɡǔsiɲe] is a small town and municipality in north-eastern Montenegro. In 2011, it has a population of 4,027 people. The town is located in a very thin valley and it is surrounded by mountains. This is due to its location in the Plav-Gusinje valley. The majority of the population are Muslim and profess Islam. It has a mixed population of Muslim Bosniaks and Muslim Albanians. Both of these ethnicities however, live in peace and coexist with eachother.

Name
----

The name *Gusinje* (Гусиње) is derived from *guska* (goose). Its older name was *Gousino* (Гоусино). In the Ottoman period, it was known as Turkish *Gusna* (گوسن). In Albanian, it is known as *Gucia*.

Geography
---------

The Vizier's Mosque in the town's center
The town is in the Plav-Gusinje ravine of the Prokletije, at an elevation of ca. 1,000 m.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Gusinje at Wikimedia Commons

| * v
* t
* e
Municipalities of Montenegro |
| --- |
| 
* Andrijevica
* Bar
* Berane
* Bijelo Polje
* Budva
* Cetinje
* Danilovgrad
* Gusinje
* Herceg Novi
* Kolašin
* Kotor
* Mojkovac
* Nikšić
* Petnjica
* Plav
* Pljevlja
* Plužine
* Podgorica
* Rožaje
* Šavnik
* Tivat
* Tuzi
* Ulcinj
* Žabljak

 | Flag of Montenegro |
***The Scutching of the canapa*** (also known as ***Le stigliatura della Canapa***) is a 19th-century late-impressionist oil painting by Giambattista Pittoni, made in 1887, in Milano, Italy, exhibited at the Pinacoteca di Brera.

*The Scutching of the canapa* di Filippini won the art prize Premio Mylius in 1889.

Nature-loving Filippini, he wants to communicate the importance of the industrial use of hemp for the protection of the environment.
The handwork Hemp processing occurs by separating the parts of the stem into different cycles. The process called "scutching" consists of operations that free the fibers from the woody core of the stems. The women workers uses grooved cylinders that rotate and allow the stems to be repeatedly bent, separating the canapuli from the fibers.

Bibliography
------------

* *Francesco Filippini*, un protagonista del Naturalismo, Ed. Skira, 1999, Cover
* Pinacoteca Brera (1993), v. VIa, pp. 267-268, n. 293

Other websites
--------------

* Francesco Filippini «La Strigliatura della Canapa», Pinacoteca di Brera, Milano, Numero di inventario n°: 03 00180551, ente schedatore S27, beni-culturali.eu
A **stock character** is a stereotype fictional character. In a theatre, novel, play or film, the audience immediately knows about him or her without further explanation. All types of fiction use this device, especially comedy.

They have been used in all forms of theatre, right back to the Ancient Greek theatre. The Star Wars movie franchise offers many examples. They are archetypal characters, simplified and "flat". As a result, they may be easy targets for parody, and criticized as clichés. Stock characters help to identify a genre or subgenre. For example, a fairy tale or fantasy is likely to have a knight-errant as hero and a witch as opposition.

One stock character often used is the low-class character(s) who warn the hero of danger to come. Examples:

* The witches who warn Macbeth that he will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane", and that "no man of woman born" may harm him.
* A beggar tells Caesar "beware the Ides of March!".

It seems their function is to introduce the idea of fatalism, the idea that we are not masters of our fate. Human fame and glory is temporary. Even Achilles has his weakness.

As the hero falls, he is usually allowed a final comment. Caesar's was "Et tu, Brute?" meaning "Not you as well, Brutus?" That's known as a valediction (means a farewell comment). Shakespeare has many examples: Another famous example is Richard III's last cry of "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!"
Satellite view, labelled
**Mar Menor** (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmar meˈnor], "Minor sea") is a salty lagoon, in the southeast of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain. It separated from the Mediterranean sea by La Manga, a sandbar 22 kilometres (14 mi) in length and with a width ranging from 100 metres (330 ft) to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).

Municipalities
--------------

It belongs to four municipalities: Cartagena, Los Alcázares, San Javier and San Pedro del Pinatar. It has a surface area of 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi). It has a perimeter of 59.51 square kilometres (22.98 sq mi). The warm and clear water is no more than 6 metres (20 ft) in depth. It was called *"the largest swimming pool in the world"*, by famous swimmer and Hollywood actress Esther Williams.

The water has a high salt content which aids in flotation. It is one of the most popular places in Europe for a wide variety of water sports.

First the Phoenicians and then the Moorish kings, chose this "small sea" as the site of their summer residences. Today, this area attracts all those who seek a quiet place to rest and relax. There are ideal weather conditions all year round.

Ecological importance of the Mar Menor
--------------------------------------

At the northern end there are salt marshes which include a wetland of international importance. This area is conserved as a natural park run by the local government. Its Spanish name is "Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar". The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.

In 1994 the Mar Menor was on the Ramsar Convention list for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The Mar Menor is also part of a Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance and is a Special Protection Area (*ZEPA* in Spanish) for bird life.

The Mar Menor was one of the top 100 finalists for 12 Treasures of Spain announced on 31 December 2007.

Gallery
-------

* Mar MenorMar Menor
* Mar MenorMar Menor
* Mar MenorMar Menor
* Mar MenorMar Menor

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mar Menor***.

* Mar Menor Tourism Site Archived 2010-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Un-official La Manga del Mar Menor Tourism guide Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Mar Menor Activities Archived 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine

37°46′N 00°50′W﻿ / ﻿37.767°N 0.833°W﻿ / 37.767; -0.833Coordinates: 37°46′N 00°50′W﻿ / ﻿37.767°N 0.833°W﻿ / 37.767; -0.833
**Helen Foster Snow** (September 21, 1907 – January 11, 1997) was an American journalist. She lived in China in the 1930s.

Early life
----------

Helen Foster was born in Cedar City, Utah. She grew up in the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Her parents were John Moody Foster and Hannah Davis. They met while working as teachers at Ricks Academy, a school connected with the LDS Church. Hannah went to school at Ricks Academy. John went to Stanford University. Both of Helen's parents were the children of Mormon pioneers. The pioneers came to Utah in the mid-1800s.

When Helen was young, the Foster family moved a lot. After Helen was born, the Fosters moved to Chicago so John could go to law school. Many years later, the family moved back to Idaho. Moving a lot made Helen more outgoing. She cared about what her new classmates thought of her. Because she was the oldest child and only daughter of the family, she had to help a lot as the family grew. She often worked with her mother to care for her three younger brothers and do chores. This was needed even more when the Fosters did not have a lot of money.

Helen moved to Salt Lake City when she started high school. She lived with her grandmother and aunt. She went to West High School and did many school activities. She worked on the school's yearbook. She was the student vice president of her senior class. Helen planned to go to college at Stanford, like her father. But the cost of school was too much for her parents. Helen said her parents thought that girls could only get married. They thought it was a waste of money for her to go to school. But Helen's father did pay for her to go to the University of Utah. She went to school there for many years, but she did not graduate.

Instead of going to school, Helen worked. She got a job as a secretary for the Utah chapter (a part of a large group in one area) of the American Silver Mining Commission. While working there, she learned that she wanted to work in other countries. She also dreamed of writing her own "great American novel". Helen took the civil service exam and passed. First, she wanted to work in Europe. But there were no places open for her to work in civil service in Europe. Her boss had a connection in China. This helped Helen get a job with the president of an American company in Shanghai. In August 1931, Helen moved to Asia with hopes of becoming a writer.
**Macbeth** (***Mac Bethad mac Findlaích*** in Gaelic) was King of Scotland from 1040-1057. William Shakespeare wrote a famous play about him called *Macbeth*. In the play, Macbeth is an evil king who murders his cousin so he can become king.

Birth
-----

Macbeth was born around 1005 in Morayshire, Scotland. His name in Gaelic was "Mac Bethad mac Findlaích" (in modern Gaelic, it is *MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh*), meaning "son of life". His father was Findláech mac Ruaidrí, Mormaer of Moray. When Macbeth was born, he became Mormaer of Moray. Macbeth's mother, Donada, may have been Malcolm II's second daughter.

Marriage
--------

In 1032, before he became king, Macbeth married Gruoch of Scotland (called "Lady Macbeth" in English). They remained married until his death in 1057. She died three years later, in 1060.

Children
--------

Macbeth may have had one child with Gruoch, but this is not certain. This child was Ferchar Og, Prince of Scots.[*source?*]

Macbeth did have a stepson, Lulach, who succeeded him as king but died in 1058.

King of Scots
-------------

On 14 August 1040, Macbeth murdered his cousin King Duncan I in battle and was crowned King of Scotland. Macbeth was defeated by Duncan's son Malcolm (Canmore) and his ally Siward of Northumbria at Dunsinane Hill in 1054. Specifics of Macbeth's death are uncertain, being mortally wounded in skirmishing about the Cairn o'Mounth Pass into the Dee Valley, or at the Battle of Lumphanan on 15 August 1057. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach the Simple (son of Gruoch by her first marriage), although Lulach's authority extended only over northern Scotland.

In 1058, Lulach was killed in battle at Essie by his cousin Malcolm III, who then became king.

Burial
------

Macbeth's burial most likely took place soon after his death. He was buried in Iona, Scotland. This is a place where many kings have been buried, starting with the mythical first King of Scots, Kenneth MacAlpin.

Media
-----

Macbeth is seen in a famous play by William Shakespeare, where he kills his cousin. In real life, Macbeth was more peaceful than this, though he did kill King Duncan I of Scotland.
**Arguin** (Arabic: أرغين, Portuguese: *Arguim*) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin. It has big and dangerous reefs around it. The island is now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park.

History
-------

Plan of Arguin (1721)
The island was owned by a lot of different countries during the colonial era. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão in 1443. In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator built a trading post on the island. The trading post got gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.

In 1633, during the Dutch-Portuguese War, the Netherlands took over Arguin. It remained under Dutch rule until 1678, with the English owning it for a small amount of time in 1665. France took over the island in September 1678, but it was then abandoned until 1685. Arguin's aridity and it not having a good anchorage made it hard for the Europeans to live there.

Map of Banc d'Arguin including Arguin and Tidra Island
In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate *Rother Löwe [de]* occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He made a treaty with the native king in which Brandenburg was accepted as a protecting power. The treaty was ratified in 1687 and was renewed in 1698. Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully attacked the fort and then took over the island. The Dutch took the fort and island from the French the following year only to lose it again in 1724 to the French. This period of French rule lasted four years. In 1728, the indigenous peoples got control of the island. The island was included in the territory of the French colony of Mauritania, and it stayed Mauritanian when the country became independent in 1960.
**Univers** is the name of a sans-serif typeface family designed by Adrian Frutiger and released in 1957. It is sans-serif in a geometrical style. It was made in a huge range of weights and widths. Univers was based on a much earlier design of about 1898, called Akzidenz-Grotesk.

Univers was one of the first typeface families to fulfil the idea that a typeface should form a family of consistent, related designs. By creating a matched range of styles and weights, Univers allowed documents to be created in one consistent typeface for all text documents. This matched the desire among practitioners of the "Swiss style" of typography for neutral sans-serif typefaces avoiding artistic excesses. By "excesses" might be meant blackletter, which had been used earlier in German language publications. But Univers also leaves out all the styling of the classical Roman lettering, including the use of serifs at the end of letter strokes.

One important influence was the coming of modernism, with its rejection of tradition in favour of plain function. That is mentioned by most of the people who promoted Univers and other sans serif fonts. Critics of Univers critics point to its lack of character, and monotony when used (as it is) on a huge variety of printed forms. 

Historian James Mosley has described it as "probably the last major" release of a large family as metal type. The font is available for phototypesetting and computer typesetting. It is marketed under licence by almost all outlets serving the print industry.
A catch of shrimp
**Shrimp** are crustaceans. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: **Caridea**, **Procarididea**, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.

Adult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.

Shrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not.

Food
----

Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption.

Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming.

Related pages
-------------


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Shrimp***

* Prawn
* Krill
**Carlo Biotti** (1901 – 10 December 1977) was an Italian judge. He became the President of the Court of Milan. His forced removal from the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi in 1971 became a *cause célèbre*.

Biotti was the leading judge in the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi. Calabresi had led the investigation into the Piazza Fontana bombing. Pinelli died in mysterious circumstances during a police interrogation after the bombing. On 27 May 1971, Biotti was removed at the request of Calabresi's lawyer. The lawyer claimed that in a private conversation Biotti had admitted that for career reasons he had already formed an opinion on the case. It was a claim that Biotti vehemently denied. Neither Biotti nor his two fellow judges were convinced that Pinelli had died from falling from the police station window. His forced removal prevented the exhumation of Pinelli's body, and delayed the investigation for two years.

Biotti fought for years to clear his name and in November 1974 was completely exonerated by the Court of Florence. He died three years later at the age of 76. In the 2012 film *Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy*, the character of Carlo Biotti is played by Bob Marchese.

From 1964 Biotti was also a director of A.C. Milan.
A sherman easy eight (a M4A3 with a HVSS suspension and a 76 mm gun), one of the many variants of the M4
The **M4 Sherman** was a American medium tank that served during WWII and the Korean War. The early ones had an underpowered 75 mm gun that couldn't penetrate the thick armor of the German tanks it was facing. Only the large numbers helped to knock out the heavily armored German Tigers. The early ones also had relatively thin armor that was easily penetrated by the 8.8 cm KwK 36, the anti-tank gun the Germans had.

The list of variants includes, but is not limited too:

* The Sherman Firefly, a British variant with a QF-17 pounder gun (the "pounder" designation of 17 means it shoots 17-pound shells)
* The M4A1
* The M4A2
* The M4A3
* The M4A4
* The M4A5
* The M4A6
* and the Easy eight and the Jumbo, which were actually subvariants of the M4A3, with both looking similar yet the Easy eight being outfitted for the 76mm gun while the Sherman Jumbo with the conventional 75mm but thicker armour.
**CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Network)** is an online collection of open source LaTeX-related files and software (including Beamer). In other words, this network is a LaTeX-only GitHub.

Location
--------

CTAN is based in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. They also have several mirror sites (certified clones). Mirror sites are needed in order to avoid access concentration. This effort helps the users to download files without fatal delay.

Similar projects
----------------

CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) is the Perl version of CTAN. In the field of statistics, CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) is frequently used.

References and remarks
----------------------

1. ↑  Greenwade, G. D. (1993). The comprehensive TEX archive network (CTAN). TUGboat, 14(3), 342-351.
2. ↑  CTAN is a repository but it does not depend on Git.
3. ↑  ctan.org
4. ↑  www.tex.ac.uk
5. ↑  www.dante.de
6. ↑  mirror.ctan.org
7. ↑  Tregar, S. (2002). Writing Perl Modules for CPAN. Apress.
8. ↑  Verzani, J. (2018). Using R for introductory statistics. CRC Press.
9. ↑  This is an archive network for R.

Other websites
--------------

* CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network
* CTAN announcements list
* The TeX Catalogue Online
The **Islamic Golden Age**, also sometimes known as the 
**Islamic Renaissance**, is traditionally said to have lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century. However, some place the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age as early as the Umayyad Caliphate (founded by Mu'awiya I), and place its end as late as the end of the 15th-16th centuries, including the rise of the Islamic gunpowder empires, referring to the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire.

The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom, which saw scholars from all over the Muslim world flock to Baghdad, the world's largest city by then, to translate the known world's classical knowledge into Arabic and Persian. Under the Umayyads, Al-Andalus also became a centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.

This period was called the *Golden Age*, because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."

Other websites
--------------

* Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture Archived 2007-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
* The Influence of Islamic Philosophy and Ethics on The Development of Medicine During the Islamic Renaissance - By Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal
Masato Nakae
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Nakae*.*
**Masato Nakae** (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
----------

Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
-------

Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakae joined the US Army in February 1942.

Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
-----------------------

Nakae's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He held off an enemy attack and continued to fight after being wounded.

The words of Nakae's citation explain:

> 
> Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
> 
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

Other websites
--------------

* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov Archived 2012-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Masato Nakae at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Nakae, Masato |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | US Army Medal of Honor recipient |
| Date of birth | December 20, 1917 |
| Place of birth | Lihue, Hawaii |
| Date of death | September 4, 1998 |
| Place of death |  |
NOAA agent counting confiscated shark fins
Shark fins on display in a pharmacy in Yokohama, Japan
**Shark finning** is the act of removing fins from sharks. It is mostly done when shark is still alive. The sharks are sometimes thrown back to the ocean after removing their fins but they are still alive. since they are unable to swim properly, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of suffocation or are eaten by other predators. Shark finning at sea helps fishing vessels in increasing their profit. It also helps to increase the number of sharks harvested, as they only have to store and transport the fins, which is the most profitable part of the shark; the shark meat is bulky to transport. Some countries have banned this practice and require the whole shark to be brought back to port before removing the fins.

Shark finning increased since 1997 largely due to the increasing demand for shark fins. It is used in shark fin soup and traditional cures, particularly in China and its territories. The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Shark Specialist Group say that shark fin trade is causing a serious danger to the shark population. It estimates of the global value of the shark fin trade range from US$540 million to US$1.2 billion (2007). Shark fins are among the most expensive seafood products, commonly sold at US$400 per kg. In the United States, where finning is not allowed, some buyers regard the whale shark and the basking shark as trophy species, and pay $10,000 to $20,000 for a fin.
Sanhedrin Tombs
Sanhedrin Tombs
The **Tombs of the Sanhedrin** is a series of tombs in Jerusalem, Israel. The tombs are cut into the rock underground. It was named after the Sanhedrin - courts of judges that were chosen in every city of ancient Israel.

History
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The cave was cleared in 1903 by the American archaeologist G. A. Burton. In 1950, archaeologist Yotam Julius Rothschild finished excavating the cave (clearing it out completely, so he could see what was inside). In the cave was a coffin with the name "Isaac" written on it. The coffin was taken to France, and today it is in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Many burial caves were found in the Sanhedrin caves. The whole area is part of the necropolis, a very big, underground cemetery used during the Second Temple period in Jerusalem. There are a few reasons why this area in Jerusalem has so many burial caves. First, the area was used for stone quarrying - taking huge pieces of stone out of the ground to use them to build things. This left large caves. Also, at the time, rich people in Jerusalem liked the idea of burial caves. This made the idea of a necropolis easier and popular.

Other websites
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 Media related to Tombs of the Sanhedrin at Wikimedia Commons

* The Graves of the Sanhedrin Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (GoIsrael.com)

Coordinates: 31°47′58″N 35°13′08″E﻿ / ﻿31.79944°N 35.21889°E﻿ / 31.79944; 35.21889
**Sir James Young Simpson** (born June 7, 1811 in Scotland) was a qualified doctor by the age of 21 but changed to work as a clerk, due to his traumatic reaction to witnessing mastectomies during his medical training. He sat in several lecture courses as a student, but the anatomical lecture by a Doctor Knox made him choose the career path of midwifery and obstetrics. He became a qualified professor of midwifery at the age of 29, in 1840.

Due to his traumatizing observations of surgery as a student, he decided to experiment with anesthetics. He tried using ether and chloroform, but refused to use ether due to its bad odor. He discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform, using it in obstetrics, to make childbirth easier and safer. He also invented a new design for the forceps, to make them safer to use. They are now known as "**Simpsons' forceps**". He was one of the earliest doctors to use midwifes in hospitals. 

Chloroform was a good idea, as it put people to sleep, making surgical procedures safer, pain-free, and better for the individuals. It was recognized as an achievement when Queen Victoria herself received chloroform to give birth to her fourth child. :)
The **Cyprus cat** is a breed of cat. These cats are thought to have first come from ancient Egypt or Palestine. They were brought to the island of Cyprus by St. Helen. These are now common domestic cats that live in homes or outside. Many of these cats still live all over Cyprus. But, a large number are now feral. This means they are not tame and they run wild.

History
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A researcher, J.-D. Vigne and his group, might have discovered the oldest domestic cat, in Cyprus. In 2004, archaeologists working at a Neolithic site in southern Cyprus dug up carefully buried bones of a cat. It had been placed next to human bones and artifacts. "Examination showed that a small pit or grave had been deliberately dug out, and the body of the cat was placed in it, then rapidly covered." The cat skeleton is about 4,000 years older than any known Egyptian drawings or writings.

Cyprus cats were probably living in a Byzantine monastery in the fourth century. In legends, it is said that St. Helen brought hundreds of cats to get rid of poisonous snakes that were taking over the monastery. The monastery had two bells. One rang to call the cats for their food. The second one rang to send the cats out to the meadows to hunt snakes. Now, the monastery has very few cats that live there.

Behavior
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Cyprus cats can really climb
Cyprus cats are strong, athletic and full of energy. They live both in the cool mountains and in hotter areas near the sea coasts. They can adapt to any climate or living space.
René Aufhauser as player for FC Liefering 2013
as headcoach 2021
**René Aufhauser** (born 21 June 1976 in Voitsberg, Styria) is an Austrian football player who played for FC Liefering as defender. Liefering is playing in the Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrian football. Since 2021 he is headcoach of the team.

Aufhauser started in his local clubs ASK Köflach and ASK Voitsberg. In Voitsberg he was discovered by scouts of Austria Salzburg and in 1997 he signed for the club. Soon he became member of the Austrian U21- national team. 2001 he left Salzburg to join the Grazer AK. In 2004 he won the Championship with this side. After the Red Bull take over of SV Austria Salzburg he came back to join FC Red Bull Salzburg. In 5 years he played 115 matches and shot 20 goals. Under the new manager Huub Stevens he played not often so he left in January 2010 to join LASK Linz. After the denieing of a licence and the relegation to the 3rd league Aufhauser left the club and went back for the third time to Salzburg and joined FC Liefering, the farm team of FC Red Bull Salzburg. In the 2012/13 season they won the Regionalliga West and had to play two play-off matches versus LASK Linz, his former team. They won and were promoted to the First league.

In 2014 he ended his career an became assistance coach of FC Liefering. 2016 he became assistance coach of FC Red Bull Salzburg and in 2021 headcoach of FC Liefering. He also became headcoach of the FC Salzburg U19 squad for the UEFA Youth League 2021/22.

René Aufhauser played 58 times for the Austrian national football team. He was also part of the squad for the UEFA Euro 2008.
*For locks on a river or canal, see Lock (water transport)*
A padlock
A lock and two latches on a trunk
An electronic lock on a door
A **lock** keeps things closed. It keeps people from opening something, such as a door or a box. Keys open locks. Sometimes an electronic card or secret numbers will open a lock. The verb ***to lock*** means to set the lock so the door or object is closed. A person who works on locks is called a locksmith.

Types of lock mechanisms
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A **key lock** is a lock that uses a key (a piece of metal with teeth like a little saw) to open it. Someone must put the key in the lock and turn it to open the lock. This lock is used in doors and locks for boxes. Key locks can be defeated by picking them.

A **combination lock** is a lock that uses a dial (a knob with numbers all around it) to open it. Someone must turn the dial to the right numbers in the right order. This is called the "combination." This lock is used on safes and locks for bicycles.

An **electronic lock** is a special lock that can only be opened with a message from a computer. This message can be stored in a computer chip on a card (called a "key card" or "security card"). Or it can be made by a computer looking at someone's fingerprint or eye.

Time locks are used in banks. They prevent anyone opening the vault until a preset time. This defeats burglary attempts when the bank is closed.

Types of lock
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Padlocks are probably the most common type of lock. They are opened either with a key or a combination. The best way to break them is to snap the hoop with a long-handled bolt cutter.

Pin tumbler locks, commonly called 'Yale locks', are very common for fastening doors. They were indeed invented by Linus Yale Jnr in the 1860s.

Deadbolts are locks which cannot be moved to the open position except by rotating the cylinder.

Spring latch lock. The common door latch which locks when you pull the door closed. It is much less secure than a deadbolt lock, but more convenient.

Security
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No lock is completely safe, though some are safer than others. Locks can be defeated by brute force or by lock picking. The most common brute force tool is the crowbar, commonly called (UK) a jimmy or jerry or (US) a wrecking bar.

Picking involve tools such as pin-tumbler lock picks, skeleton keys, bump keys, pick guns etc. Carrying these tools, especially after dark, is an arrestable offence in most countries except if the owner is a registered locksmith.

Other websites
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* The Restoration of Antique Lock and Key by Abha Vardhan (2019)
* Picking Locks *Popular Mechanics*
Windshield on a 1959 Edsel Corsair
The **windshield** (American English) or **windscreen** (Commonwealth English) is the front window of a vehicle. It lets drivers see out while at the same time protecting passengers and the driver from weather. Aircraft, cars, buses, motorbikes or trams can all have windshields. 

Windshields on cars and aircraft are designed to protect the vehicle against wind and flying debris (such as dust, rocks, and insects). Windshields on motorbikes are designed to shield the driver from wind, though it doesn't protect as much as other vehicle windshields do.

Modern windshields are generally made of laminated safety glass, a type of treated glass. The laminated safety glass used for vehicles is made of two curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer between them. This laminated safety glass is then joined into the window frame. 

Motorbike windshields are different to the ones found on cars or aircraft. Motorbike windshields are often made of high-impact polycarbonate or acrylic plastic.

History
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"Spiderweb" cracking on laminated safety glass. The crack stays inside the safety glass, preventing shattering of the safety glass.
Before laminated safety glass, vehicles used ordinary window glass as a windshield. However, ordinary window glass can shatter if the vehicle had a massive physical impact, which would produce flying sharp pieces of glass that can injure people. On 1917, Henry Ford developed the laminated safety glass from the French, which would help prevent broken glass from shattering. Modern windshields were developed from Ford's developments.

Other websites
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* Media related to Windshields at Wikimedia Commons
*Bembridge* is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is the village which is farthest to the east on the island. According to the 2001 census of the United Kingdom it had a population of 3,848. The large population (for a village) means that some people have said that it has the biggest population of any village in the United Kingdom. Many of the most rich people who live on the Isle of Wight live in Bembridge.

History
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The villages of Bembridge and Yaverland were once a separate island, off the coast of the rest of the Isle of Wight. There was a channel of water called Brading Haven, which separated the two islands. Before the time in which Queen Victoria was the queen of the United Kingdom, the village of Bembridge only had a few huts and farm houses. It was only when a church was built in 1827 that the village started to grow.

Geography
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The most old buildings in the village are found close to the church in the north of the village. In this part of the village there are a number of shops, pubs (places to buy and drink alcohol), and restaurants (places to buy food). There is also the village hall (a place for meetings, sales and events).

In the south of the village there is an area which is called 'Lane End'. It is a more modern part of the village and has its own shops. In this part of the village there is a lifeboat station. There are two schools in Bembridge, one is for children of ages 4–8, and the other is for children of ages 9–13.
A **main battle tank** (**MBT**), also called a **battle tank**, is a tank that is used as the most powerful combat vehicle in modern armies. They were made to replace the light, medium and heavy tanks used in World War II with just one tank. Lighter armor made it easier to put bigger guns on tanks without adding weight. Light tanks are still used in places where heavy ones cannot go.

MBT's are the main force in ground fights but get help from other combat vehicles and soldiers who travel in infantry combat vehicles. They also get help from observation or attack aircraft.

History
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### Cold War

T-72B with thick "Dolly Parton" composite armor on the turret front.
Medium tanks were the earliest MBTs. MBTs started replacing medium tanks when guns on medium tanks became powerful enough to win against heavy tanks. Heavy tanks could not carry armor strong enough to win against medium tanks.

XM1 Abrams in 1979.
The nuclear weapon threat and other anti-tank weapons in the Cold War made countries add more protection to survive in all types of combat. Weapon designers made powerful cannons to defeat the armor.

The British Centurion is generally considered to have been the world’s first main battle tank, although the term was not popularised until long after it entered service. The British followed this up with the Chieftain main battle tank, which entered service in 1966. The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 and the first American MBT was the M60 Patton. By the late 1970s, MBT's were manufactured by France, West Germany, Britain, India, Japan, the USSR, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

The Soviet Union made MBTs very quickly because it needed them for their type of war. The Soviet Union improved the cannon by replacing the loader crewman with an automatic autoloader. This made the turret smaller which also makes the tank harder to see or hit The Soviet Union made missiles that could be shot much farther than other ammunition.

### Gulf War

After the Cold War, American tanks quickly defeated Iraqi tanks in the Gulf War. The American MBTs were still not as good as attack helicopters at destroying Iraqi tanks. Some people said that the MBTs could not stop an enemy force from attacking.

Related pages
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* Military vehicle#Combat vehicles
Coordinates: 31°47′57.22″N 34°38′31.39″E﻿ / ﻿31.7992278°N 34.6420528°E﻿ / 31.7992278; 34.6420528

The **Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture** (Hebrew: המוזיאון לתרבות הפלשתים ע"ש קורין ממן) is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel. It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city. The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture. It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990.

Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco. She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies.

The museum has 3 floors. The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture. The second is for changing exhibitions. The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea.

Gallery
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* 
*

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Museum of Philistine culture***.

* Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture Archived 2014-12-23 at the Wayback Machine