recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Astika** (Sanskrit: आस्तिक: "orthodox") and **Nastika**: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta are classified as *astika* schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered *nastika* schools.

In non-technical usage, the term *astika* is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while *nastika* is translated as "atheist". However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the *astika* schools, *samkhya* and the early *mimamsa* school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic *astika* schools".

The three main heterodox schools of Indian philosophy do not base their beliefs on Vedic authority:

* Buddhism
* Jainism
* Charvaka

The use of the term *nastika* to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:

> 
> At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (*nāstika*) by orthodox (*āstika*) Brahmanism.
> 
> 
> 

The Tantric traditions in Hinduism, have both *astika* and *nastika* lines; as Banerji writes in "*Tantra in Bengal*":

> 
> Tantras are ... also divided as *āstika* or Vedic and *nāstika* or non-Vedic. In accordance with the predominance of the deity the *āstika* works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.
> 
> 
>

Related pages
-------------

* Hindu philosophy
**Our Lady of Good Health** is the name given to an apparition of the Virgin Mary believed to have appeared in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu, India. She is also known as **Our Lady of Vailankanni** and **Holy Mother of Good Health**. Her name in the Tamil language is ஆரோக்கிய மாதா (Arokia Matha).

The Feast day of Our Lady of Good Health is on the same day as the birthday of the Virgin Mary (September 8).

The three miraculous events
---------------------------

Although there is no written record of these three events, the oral tradition is that there were three apparitions. Two were during the 16th century and one in the 17th century.

### First appearance

The first apparition was in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu. It is said that a Hindu boy was resting under a banyan tree near a pond. While he was resting, a woman with an infant on her hand came to him and asked him for milk. The boy agreed and ran off to get the milk. When he came back, he apologized for his lateness and the reduced amount of milk due to an accident when he was coming back with the milk. However, on inspection the boy found the pot of milk to be full and was convinced a miracle happened. Together a man, also a Hindu, and the boy went back to the pond where the apparition had occurred. Again, the Lady appeared with her child. On learning that it was the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus who appeared to the boy, the residents of the local Roman Catholic community became ecstatic and renamed the pond **Matha Kulum** (Our Lady's Pond).

  

### Second appearance

Later towards the end of the 16th century, it is believed the Virgin Mary appeared to a crippled boy (and also a son of a widow) in a place called Thittu, once again in the same town of Vailankanni. The boy is said to have offered buttermilk to the Virgin Mary and then he was cured of his illness. The boy was then commanded by Mary to tell a Catholic gentleman in the nearby town of Nagapattinam. The first shrine was built by this Catholic gentleman.

### Third appearance

The third appearance of the Virgin Mary was in the 17th century. A Portuguese merchant vessel was sailing from Macau in China to Colombo in Sri Lanka. When the vessel was sailing, it was caught in a storm in the Bay of Bengal. The sailors vowed to build a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary if they could reach land safely. The legend claimed that the sea became quiet and they reached safety on the shore of Vailankanni on the Virgin Mary's birthday, September 8. Because of their vow to the Virgin Mary, the Portuguese sailors put up a chapel at Vailankanni by transforming the last small shrine built by the last Catholic gentleman.

The Basilica (Extension) of Our Lady Good Health
The two basic body forms of Cnidaria: left, medusa and right, polyp
The development of Jellyfish. This image is taken from the book "Das Meer" (The Sea), by Matthias Jacob Schleiden. Top are medusae, or jellyfish; bottom are polyps. In the middle polyps *strobilate* (divide horizontally) to form medusae
In biology, a **medusa** (plural: **medusae**) is a form of cnidarian in which the body is shaped like an umbrella. The other main body-form is the polyp. 

Medusae vary from bell-shaped to the shape of a thin disk, scarcely convex above and only slightly concave below. The upper or aboral surface is called the *exumbrella* and the lower surface is called the *subumbrella*; the mouth is on the lower surface, which may be partially closed by a membrane extending inward from the margin (called the *velum*). The digestive cavity consists of the gastrovascular cavity and radiating canals which extend toward the margin; these canals may be simple or branching, and vary in number from few to many. The margin of the disk bears sensory organs and tentacles.

In the class Hydrozoa, medusae are the sexual individuals of many species, alternating in the life cycle with asexual polyps. The medusa form of Hydrozoans are known as hydromedusae. A polyp is the form that attaches to a surface, while a medusa is the form that is free-floating; a species of cnidarian may take each form in a different phase of its life.

The medusa form predominates in the classes Scyphozoa (the common, colourful, large jellyfish) and Cubozoa. Except for freshwater hydrozoans like *Craspedacusta sowerbyi*, these are the only classes in which medusae appear.

Medusae may have many tentacles with which they catch their prey. Sometimes, people bathing in the ocean are touched by a medusa. Their tentacles are long and thin and covered in venomous stinging cells (known as nematocysts). They inject poison which immobilizes small fish. People who are stung should seek medical attention. There have been some deaths after severe medusa stings.

Related pages
-------------

* Jellyfish
**Loop AI Labs** is an AI and cognitive computing company that focuses on language understanding technology. The company was founded in San Francisco in 2012 by Italian entrepreneur Gianmauro Calafiore, who sold his company Gsmbox to Buongiorno in 2004 and then relocated from Italy to San Francisco. Wanting to start an artificial intelligence company, he recruited two veterans of the DARPA CALO project, the largest government-funded AI project in history, who had worked on the project at SRI International and Stanford University's Center for the Study of Language and Information. The original company name, *Soshoma*, was changed to Loop AI Labs in 2015 after the company decided to change its focus from consumer-oriented to enterprise. Loop AI Labs is headquartered in San Francisco, California, with offices in New York, Milan, and Singapore. The company is privately funded.

On May 4, 2017, Loop AI Labs entered into a deal with LINK Mobility Group, a leading European provider of mobile messaging and solutions, to bring their cognitive computing technology to LINK's business clients, which cover 234 million people across Europe.
Lake Huron shaded in darker blue
**Lake Huron** is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.

Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.

Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan. 

The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.

On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".


| North American Great Lakes |
| --- |
| Lake Superior - Lake Michigan - Lake Huron - Lake Erie - Lake Ontario |
Tri-lingual voting document for the later cancelled 1930 elections in Malta in English, Italian and Maltese
Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Maltese is the national language of Malta. Until 1934, Italian was also an official language in Malta. Most people living in Malta can talk in languages that are not native to the country, mostly English and Italian. 

The Eurobarometer poll done in 2012 says 98% of people living in Malta can talk in Maltese, 88% can talk in English, 66% can talk in Italian, and more than 17% can talk in French. In 1995, 98% of people living in Malta could talk in Maltese, 76% could talk in English, 36% could talk in Italian, and 10% could talk in French. Fluency in Italian has increased after Italian was no longer an official language of Malta because Italian television broadcasts reach Malta.

According to the 2011 census, there were 377,952 people aged 10 and over. Out of them, 357,692 people (94.7%) said they could talk in Maltese at least at an average level, 248,570 (82.1%) said they could talk in English "Well", "Average", "A little" and "Not at all". French, Russian, Spanish and German are the other main languages taught in secondary and tertiary education.
Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE)was a Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of present-day Tamil Nadu in India. He was the son of Simhavishnu, who defeated the Kalabhras and re-established the Pallava kingdom. Tamil literature flourished (developed) under Mahendravarman's rule. The popular Tevaram written by Appar and Sambandhar were done in this reign. Mahendravarman himself was the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana and another play called Bhagavadajjuka. Mahendravarman I was succeeded to the throne by his son Narasimhavarman I in 630 CE.

Battle of Vengi
---------------

During Mahendravarman's reign, the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II attacked the Pallava kingdom. The Pallavas fought a series of wars (many wars) in the northern Vengi region. Mahendravarma saved his capital. But he lost the northern provinces to Pulakeshin II.

Architecture
------------

The rock cut temples of Mahabalipuram, Kokarneswarar Temple of Pudukottai are some examples of architecture built in Mahendravarman's reign. Apart from Siva temples, Mahendravarman also excavated a few Vishnu cave temples.
The **Leavenworth Constitution** was one of four Kansas state constitutions written during the era of Bleeding Kansas. The Leavenworth Constitution was written by a convention of Free-Staters. It was the most progressive of the four proposed constitutions. Important parts of this Constitution were a Bill of Rights that referred to "*all men*" (making no distinction between the rights of white men and black men), making slavery in the state illegal, and a basic framework for the rights of women.

The constitutional convention that wrote the Leavenworth Constitution was provided for by an act of the Territorial Legislature passed in February 1858, while the Lecompton Constitution was being debated in Congress. The constitution was adopted by the convention at Leavenworth April 3, 1858. It was also chosen by the people at an election on May 18, 1858.

The Leavenworth Constitution did not have a big impact on the history of Kansas since the US Senate did not approve of the laws in the document. The other proposed state constitutions were the Topeka Constitution (1855), the Lecompton Constitution (1857) and the Wyandotte Constitution (1859).

Related pages
-------------

* Topeka Constitution
* Lecompton Constitution
* Wyandotte Constitution
* Bleeding Kansas

More reading
------------

* Wilder, D.W. "*The Annals of Kansas*". 1886.
* William G. Cutler, "History of the State of Kansas" 1883

Other websites
--------------

* The Kansas Constitution
* The Leavenworth Constitution
Spinach leaves in a colander
A bundle of curly-leaf kale
**Leaf vegetables**, also called **leafy greens**, **salad greens**, **pot herbs**, **vegetable greens**, or simply **greens**, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable. They come from many different plants, but are similar in many way. They have similar nutrition and cooking methods.

Almost one thousand species of plants with edible leaves are known. Most leaf vegetables come from short-lived herbaceous plants, such as lettuce and spinach. Woody plants of some species also provide leaves that can be eaten.

Leaf vegetables have many vitamins and nutrients.

Nutrition
---------

Leaf vegetables are low in calories and fat, and high in protein, dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, manganese and vitamin K. Leaf vegetables are very high in vitamin K.

Preparation
-----------

If leaves are cooked for food, they may be called **boiled greens**. Leaf vegetables may be stir-fried, stewed, steamed, or eaten raw. Leaf vegetables cooked with pork is a traditional dish in soul food. They are also commonly eaten in a variety of South Asian dishes such as saag. Many green leafy vegetables, such as lettuce or spinach, can also be eaten raw, for example in sandwiches or salads.
old school and municipal office of Mechlenreuth
**Mechlenreuth** is a village in Upper Franconia in Hof in Bavaria, Germany. In 1978 the village was included into Münchberg. The earliest known mention of the village was in 1185. From 1837 to 1978 Mechlenreuth was an independent municipality.  Today it is a village of 200 residents and a part of the city Münchberg.

Geography
---------

The village is on the edge of the natural park Fichtelgebirge. Their bordering villages are (clockwise) Münchberg Weißdorf Stockenroth- Germersreuth, Großlosnitz, Kleinlosnitz and Mussen. The village is at a height of 545 meters two kilometers south of the city Münchberg. In the south and east is Mechlenreuth in large parts surrounded by forests. In the north-west rises the chapel mountain, the highest point of the village area. It is also a natural border, to the rest of the city Münchberg. The center of the village grouped around a village pond surrounded by trees. Today the village Mechlenreuth also includes the single buildings Upper Eiben, Lower Eiben, Umspannwerk Mechlenreuth, Rußhut, Lohbrickworks and Dietelsmill.

Literature
----------

* Karl Dietel: Münchberg. Story of an official and industrial city, Volume. 1. Until the transition to Bayern 1810. City Administration Münchberg, Münchberg 1963.
* Karl Dietel: Between Waldstein and Döbraberg - The historical development of the council Münchberg. Former district school, Münchberg 1964.

Other websites
--------------

* Fire Department Mechlenreuth


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mechlenreuth***.

Coordinates: 50°10′17″N 11°48′05″E﻿ / ﻿50.17139°N 11.80139°E﻿ / 50.17139; 11.80139
**Mathilde Marie Feliksovna Kschessinskaya** (31 August [O.S. 19 August] 1872–6 December 1971 (also known as *Her Serene Highness Princess Romanova-Krasinskaya* from 1921) was a Russian ballerina from a family of Polish origin. She was known in the West as **Mathilde Kschessinska** or **Matilda Kshesinskaya**.

Her father Feliks Krzesiński and her brother both danced in St. Petersburg. She eventually attained the highest rank, that of *prima ballerina assoluta*.

Kschessinskaya was also a mistress of the future Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. She had been involved with Nicholas, from 1890, when he was a grand duke and she was just seventeen. She met him with his family after her graduation performance. They stayed lovers for three years, until Nicholas married Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt—the future Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna—in 1894, shortly after the death of his father, Tsar Alexander III.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mathilde Kschessinska***.

* Mathilde's story on www.peoples.ru (in Russian)
View of Mondello from Mount Pellegrino
**Mondello** is a small borough of the city of Palermo in the autonomous region of Sicily in Southern Italy. 

Its beach lies between two cliffs called Mount Gallo and Mount Pellegrino. The town was originally a small fishing village situated on marshland, but at the end of the 19th century, it grew into a tourist destination. A number of Liberty-style villas on the seafront promenade have made it one of the gems of Art Nouveau in Europe.

History
-------

Until the beginning of the 20th century, Mondello was an unhealthy marsh enclosed by two headlands: the Mount Pellegrino described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as "the most beautiful promontory in the world" and Mount Gallo. 

At some point, a Palermitan nobleman had the idea to drain the swamp. Prince Francesco Lanza di Scalea, with the help of a Belgian real estate company, built a plant for the drainage of swampy waters to the sea. The newly rehabilitated areas, previously occupied by the swamp, underwent a process of expansion and evolution from the 18th to the 20th centuries.

From 1912 onwards, Mondello became the seat of the high bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The nobility of the city fostered the construction of several exclusive and aristocratic circles, the construction of villas, and the exploitation of lush gardens. King Ferdinand of Bourbon called it "a corner of paradise". Eventually, the beach of Mondello was born.

Attractions
-----------

"The Antico Stabilimento Balneare"The *Antico Stabilimento Balneare* of Mondello
Mondello is characterized by a sandy bay that binds the two promontories, called Monte Gallo and Mount Pellegrino, with a coastline of white sand that nowadays is approximately 1.5 kilometers long. The Natural Reserve of Capo Gallo and the reserve of Monte Pellegrino are nearby. Today the area is known for its beach and for its Art Nouveau villas, which characterize the architecture of the borough, making it a landmark in the history of international modernism.[*source?*]

Bibliography
------------

* P.Hardy, A. Bing, A. Blasi, C. Bonetto, K. Christiani, *Italy*, pp. 759–60, Lonely Planet.
* W. Dello Russo, *Spiagge in Sicilia*, Sime Books.
* Michelin, M. Magni, M. Marca, *Sicilia*, p. 90, La Guida Verde 2013
* *Sicilia*, p. 39, Lonely Planet, EDT 2013
US AV-8B Harrier hovering
The **McDonnell Douglas** (now **Boeing**) **AV-8B Harrier II** is a single-engine ground-attack aircraft. It is the second generation of the Harrier Jump Jet family. It is capable of vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL). The aircraft was designed in the late 1970s as an Anglo-American development of the British Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first operational V/STOL aircraft. It can hover like a helicopter but can also fly like a jet at near supersonic speeds. It is named after the a bird of prey. It is primarily used on light attack or multi-role missions. These range from close air support of ground troops to armed reconnaissance. The AV-8B is used by the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the Spanish Navy, and the Italian Navy. A variant of the AV-8B, the British Aerospace Harrier II, was developed for the British military. Another is the TAV-8B, is a dedicated two-seat trainer.

The project that eventually led to the AV-8B's creation started in the early 1970s. It was a cooperative effort between the United States and United Kingdom (UK). it was aimed at working on solving the problems of the first-generation Harrier. Early efforts centered on a larger, more powerful Pegasus engine to improve the Harrier's performance. The UK dropped out of the project in 1975.

Following the withdrawal of the UK, McDonnell Douglas extensively redesigned the earlier AV-8A Harrier to create the AV-8B. While retaining the general layout of its predecessor, the aircraft uses a new wing, an elevated cockpit, a redesigned fuselage, one extra hardpoint per wing, and other structural and aerodynamic changes. The aircraft is powered by an upgraded version of the Pegasus, which gives the aircraft its V/STOL ability. The AV-8B made its maiden flight in November 1981 and entered service with the USMC in January 1985. Later upgrades added a night-attack capability and radar. This resulted in the AV-8B(NA) and AV-8B Harrier II Plus, respectively. An enlarged version named Harrier III was also studied, but was not built. The UK, through British Aerospace, re-joined the improved Harrier project as a partner in 1981. After corporate mergers in the 1990s, Boeing and BAE Systems have jointly supported the program. Approximately 340 aircraft were produced in a 22-year production program that ended in 2003.
***Mario Party 5*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube console. It is the fifth game in the *Mario Party* series. It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on November 10, 2003 in North America, on November 28, 2003 in Japan, and on December 5, 2003 in Europe.

Gameplay
--------

*Mario Party 5* plays the same as the first four *Mario Party* games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. Boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and Bowser Spaces which causes Bowser to appear and do a bad event. The game introduces the DK Space, where Donkey Kong appears to cause an event to happen. Unlike Bowser events, these events are always good. Also new to the game is the Capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games. Capsules are containers that hold a single item. Players can get capsules by passing by the "Capsule Machine" on the board. Each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent. Capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away. 

Ten characters are playable. New to the series as a playable character are Toad, Boo, and Koopa Kid. Because of the addition of the DK Space, Donkey Kong is no longer a playable character.

In addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called Super Duel Mode. In Super Duel Mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends. Players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts. Parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.
Manholes in a city street, Perth, Western Australia.
Manhole in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
This is a sewer manhole.
A **manhole** (also called a **utility hole**, **cable chamber**, **maintenance hole** , **inspection chamber**, **access chamber** or **confined space**) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas. 

The opening is protected by a manhole cover. A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit". It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to. Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole.

Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks. They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole.

Hazards
-------

In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern. In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover. She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened.

Related pages
-------------

* Glass-reinforced plastic

More reading
------------

* Ascher, Kate ; researched by Wendy Marech (2007). *The works : anatomy of a city* (Reprint. ed.). New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0143112709.
**Kurnool District** is a district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, in the west-central part of the state and is bounded by Mahabubnagar district of Telangana in the north, Raichur district of Karnataka in the northwest, Bellary district of Karnataka in the west, Ananthapur district in the south, YSR Kadapa district in the South East and Prakasham district in the east.
The city of Kurnool is the headquarters of the district. It has a population of 4,053,463 of which 28.35% were urban as of 2011. It occupies 10th and 2nd place in terms of area in Largest Districts of India and Andhra Pradesh respectively, accounting for 17,658 square kilometres (6,818 sq mi) and 53rd place in terms of Population in India.

Demographics
------------

According to the 2011 census Kurnool district has a population of 4,046,601, roughly equal to the nation of Liberia or the US state of Oregon. This gives it a ranking of 54th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 229 inhabitants per square kilometre (590/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.65%. Kurnool has a sex ratio of 984 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 61.13%.



| Religions in Kurnool |
| --- |
| Religion |  |  | Percent |  |
| Hindus |   | 82.11% |
| Muslims |   | 16.55% |
| Christian |   | 0.82% |
| Others† |   | 0.52% |
| Distribution of religions |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kurnool district***.

* Official Website Archived 2007-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Kurnool Website
A metronome
A **metronome** is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.

A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.

The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816. 

The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.

Related pages
-------------

* Beat (music)
* Rhythm
Maxim Vengerov
**Maxim Vengerov** (born 1974) is a famous Russian violinist/conductor.

Life
----

### Career

Universally hailed as one of the world’s finest musicians, and often referred to as the greatest living string player in the world today, Grammy award winner Maxim Vengerov also enjoys international acclaim as a conductor and is one of the most in-demand soloists. 

Born in 1974, he began his career as a solo violinist at the age of five, won the Wieniawski and Carl Flesch international competitions at ages 10 and 15 respectively, studied with Galina Tourchaninova and Zakhar Bron, made his first recording at the age of 10, and went on to record extensively for high-profile labels including Melodia, Teldec and EMI, earning among others, Grammy and *Gramophone* artist of the year awards. 

In 2007 he followed in the footsteps of his mentor, the late Mstislav Rostropovich, and turned his attention to conducting and in 2010 was appointed the first chief conductor of the Gstaad Festival Orchestra. June 2014 saw Mr Vengerov graduate with a Diploma of Excellencefrom the Moscow Institute of Ippolitov-Ivanov with professor Yuri Simonov and he has since enrolled in a further 2-year program of opera conducting. 

In the 2016/17 season Mr Vengerov returned to Australia to open the season of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and conducted the season finale of the Queensland Symphony Orchestra, with whom he is Artist in Residence this year. Further guest conducting engagements included the RTE Orchestra Dublin, Munich Philharmonic and Melbourne Symphony Orchestras. 

The coming 17/18 season will see Mr Vengerov return to Carnegie Hall with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and premiere a new concerto at the Beijing Music Festival written for him by the renowned composer Qigang Chen before conducting Eugene Onegin in Brisbane and Moscow. He will also tour Europe, China and the US in recital.  

As one of Mr Vengerov’s greatest passions is the teaching and encouraging of young talent, he has held various teaching positions around the world and is currently Ambassador and visiting Professor of the International Menuhin Music Academy in Switzerland (IMMA) and as of September 2016, the Polonsky Visiting Professor of Violin at the Royal College of Music in London. 

In 1997 Mr Vengerov became the first classical musician to be appointed International Goodwill Ambassador by UNICEF. 

He plays the ex-Kreutzer Stradivari (1727).

Other websites
--------------

* Maxim Vengerov official site Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Maxim Vengerov fan site
A Japanese archer with targets. Ink on paper, 1878.
**Kyūdō** (弓道, way of the bow) is a Japanese form of archery. It is a martial art.

History
-------

The art of archery in pre-modern Japan
*Kyūdō* is based on ancient archery (*kyū-jutsu*). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do *Kyūdō*. But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport.

Style
-----

There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation (*Shaho-Hassetsu*). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called *Taihai*).

### Ogasawara style

This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it.

### Heki style

This style places importance on hitting and power.

### Honda style

This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style.

### Yamato style

This style is derived from Heki style.

Technique
---------

There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement.

* *Ashibumi*; placing the footing
* *Dozukuri*; forming the body
* *Yugamae*; readying the bow
* *Uchiokoshi*; raising the bow straightly (Ogasawara and Honda style) or slantwise (Heki and Yamato style)
* *Hikiwake*; drawing apart
* *Kai*; the full draw
* *Hanare*; the release
* *Zanshin*: "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot"

Equipment
---------

The equipment of *kyūdō* has evolved from ancient times.

### Bow

*Yumi* (弓) is the Japanese term for the bows used in *kyūdō*.
*Yumi* is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many *yumi* are made from fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is *nami* and the other is *nobi*. *Nobi* is longer than *Nami*.

### Arrow

*Ya* (矢) is the Japanese term for the arrows of *kyūdō*. The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers. The traditional fletching is made with three fins or vanes of eagle or hawk feathers. The modern *ya* may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

Clothing
--------

People wear special clothes called *Kyūdōgi* when they practice kyudo or play a game.
In a formal place, people wear *Wahuku*.

*Yugake* (弽、弓懸) is the glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin.

Related pages
-------------

 Media related to Kyūdō at Wikimedia Commons

* International Kyudo Federation
Macedonian battle formation. The hypaspists, elite heavy infantry, are mislabeled as elite heavy cavalry.
The Macedonian phalanx: the shields are smaller and lighter than with a traditional hoplite phalanx, the **sarissa** is twice as long as the traditional spears. 
The **Macedonian phalanx** is an infantry formation developed by Philip II. It was used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. The formation was made up of spearmen carrying 18 to 20 ft (5.5–6 m) long pikes. These were called **sarissas**. They were two-handed; the smaller shields were slung over the left shoulder. 

The Macedonian phalanx was impregnable from the front, but vulnerable from the sides and back, where it could be attacked by the enemy cavalry. Therefore, the system required protection, which it got from the Macedonian cavalry, which was the most flexible force. At the start of a battle, Alexander used the phalanx to pin down the enemy. His heavy cavalry would drive the enemy horse from the field, and then charge selected opponents or exposed enemy unit flanks. Then, the phalanx would move against the centre. 

The early Greek city states often fought on narrow valley floors, where cavalry was not so important. Often, there was little or no cavalry. But in the Greco-Persian Wars, the battles were fought on more open land, where cavalry was a great force. An example of this is the Battle of Gaugamela. There, Alexander manoeuvered to the right to prevent a double envelopment from the Persian army. Darius commanded his cavalry on his left flank to check the oblique movement of the Greeks by attacking their cavalry. Alexander's Companion cavalry then charged the weakened enemy center where Darius was posted and were followed by the phalanx formation.

| * v
* t
* e
Ancient Greek Military World |
| --- |
| Wars | Greco-Persian Wars  • Peloponnesian War  • Trojan War  • |  |
| Battles | Battle of Artemisium  • Battle of Chaeronea  • Battle of Corinth  • Battle of Leuctra  • Battle of Marathon  • Battle of Plataea  • Battle of Salamis  • Battle of Samothrace  • Battle of Thermopylae  • |
| Men and Military Life | Alcibiades  • Alexander the Great  • Greek helmets  • Greek shield  • Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece  • Hoplite  • Leonidas I  • Macedonian phalanx  • Milo of Croton  • Pericles  • Phalanx formation  • Sacred Band of Thebes  • Themistocles  • Thucydides  • Trireme  • |
| Literature | Herodotus  • History of the Peloponnesian War  • Homer  • Iliad  • Pericles' Funeral Oration  • |
| Miscellaneous | *300* (graphic novel)  • *The 300 Spartans* (movie)  • Achilles  • Ares (God of War)  • Athena (Goddess of War and Military Strategy)  • Patroclus  • Riace bronzes  • *Troy* (movie)  • Winged Victory of Samothrace (sculpture)  • |
A shortwave loop antenna
A mediumwave/longwave amateur loop antenna. 9 ft in diameter.
A **loop antenna** is a radio antenna consisting of at least one loop of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line. Within this physical description two different antenna designs are common: the small loop (or *magnetic loop*) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the resonant loop antenna with a circumference approximately equal to the wavelength.

Small loops have a poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. Except for car radios, almost every AM broadcast receiver sold has such an antenna built in or directly attached to it. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas can be used where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly, or banned because of size. Loop antennas are relatively easy to build.

A small loop antenna, also known as a magnetic loop, generally has a circumference of less than one tenth of a wavelength, in which case there will be a relatively constant current distribution along the conductor. As the frequency or the size is increased, a standing wave starts to develop in the current, and the antenna starts to acquire some of the characteristics of a resonant loop (but is not resonant); for this reason, these intermediate cases cannot be analyzed using the concepts developed for the small and resonant loop antennas described below. 

Resonant loop antennas are relatively large, governed by the intended wavelength of operation. Thus they are typically used at higher frequencies, especially VHF and UHF, where their size is manageable. They can be viewed as a folded dipole deformed into a different shape, and have rather similar characteristics such as a high radiation efficiency.
"In 1922-23 Near East Relief evacuated 22,000 children from ophanages in interior Turkey to Syria and Greece. These two pictures show part of the 5,000 children from Karput en route on donkey back and foot"
**Massacres in Harput District** also **Kharput** were a large scale of massacres that happened in the district.

Background
----------

In May 1915, before the start of the deportations, the authorities in Harput began to mount systematic searches for arms in Armenian shops and homes in the twin cities and the surrounding villages. 

In the words of an eye-witness.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| "We were surrounded for a week or ten days by a cordon of burning villages on the plain. Gradually the cordon of fire and fiendish savages drew nearer the city. The attack in the city was planned for Sunday, November 10th, and some of the city rabble began to make demonstrations; but the soldiers drove them back. | "|

Denmark's minister in Turkey during the First World War. "The Turks are vigorously carrying through their cruel intention, to exterminate the Armenian people," Carl Wandel wrote on 3 July 1915. The Bishop of Karput was ordered to leave Aleppo within 48 hours "and it has later been learned that this Bishop and all the clergy that accompanied him have been ... killed between Diyarbekir and Urfa at a place where approximately 1,700 Armenian families have suffered the same fate ... In Angora ... approximately 6,000 men ... have been shot on the road ... even here in Constantinople (Istanbul), Armenians are being abducted and sent to Asia ..." 

### Attack by Kurds

The first sign of dangers was the appearance on the plain of bands of Kurds from the regions north and east. Villages were attacked, looted and burned, while the villagers were killed or scattered. For a time the marauders seemed to hold aloof from the city itself, but as they kept on their course of pillage their appetite for plunder was whetted, and they looked with avaricious eyes at the city on the hill.

Related pages
-------------

* Armenian Genocide
* Hamidian massacres
A common loon
A **loon** is a bird that lives on water. It is in the order **Gaviiformes**. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose. Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people. The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American species) and northern Eurasia. They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food. Their bodies are shaped for diving. To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers. 

Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings. Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs. After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool. The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds. Loons communicate to each other through their sounds. They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance. Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water. Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs. Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs. 

Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads. Loons do not chew their food. They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole. When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke. 

Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.
**Loose Women** is a British lunchtime weekday talk show that has been aired on ITV from 12:30pm to 1:30pm. The show was originally broadcast from Manchester, then Norwich, before moving to London, and focuses on a panel of four female presenters who interview celebrities and talk about aspects of their lives, and discuss topical issues ranging their politics and current affairs to celebrity gossip and entertainment.

On-air team
-----------

Kaye Adams - Presenter / Anchor  
Ruth Holmes - Presenter  
Christine Lampard - Presenter  
Charlene White - Presenter  
Jane Moore - Anchor / Presenter  
Nadia Sawalha - Anchor / Presenter  
Coleen Nolan - Anchor / Presenter  
Carol McGiffin - Anchor  
Denise Welch - Anchor  
Janet Street-Porter - Anchor  
Linda Robson - Anchor  
Gloria Hunniford - Anchor  
Stacey Solomon - Anchor (currently on maternity leave)  
Brenda Edwards - Anchor  
Kéllé Bryan - Anchor  
Judi Love - Anchor  
Frankie Bridge - Anchor  
Sunetra Sarker - Anchor  
Katie Piper - Anchor  
Sophie Morgan - Anchor  
Kelly Holmes - Anchor

Reactions to the death and life of Her Sovereign Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

***Loose Women*** was postponed from 9 September 2022 until 15 September 2022 due to the death of Her Majesty the Queen. Every single anchor had their chance to pay their respects to Her Majesty the Queen and speak about the good times the anchors had in their lives about the Queen.
**Maurice de Bevere** (December 1, 1923 - July 16, 2001), better known as **Morris**, was a Belgian cartoonist and the creator of *Lucky Luke*.

Biography
---------

He was born in Kortrijk, Belgium and started drawing in the Compagnie Belge d'Actualités (CBA) animations studios, a small and short-lived animation studio in Belgium where he met Peyo and André Franquin. 
After a war, the company went bankrupt and Morris worked as an illustrator for *Het Laatste Nieuws*, a Flemish newspaper, and *Le Moustique*, a weekly magazine published by Dupuis, for which he made some 250 covers and numerous other illustrations, mainly caricatures of movie stars.

He died in 2001 by an accidental fall.

Awards
------

* 1972: Grand Prix Saint-Michel, Brussels, Belgium
* 1992: Angoulême International Comics Festival, 20th anniversary Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême

Other sources
-------------

* Morris publications in *Spirou* and *Pilote* BDoubliées (in French)
* Morris albums Bedetheque (in French)
Entrance of the Landsberg Prison
 **Landsberg Prison** is a prison in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria. It is about 45 kilometres (28.0 mi) west of Munich.

History
-------

The Landsberg Prison was built around 1910 on the town's western edge. Its most noted prisoner was Adolf Hitler. Hitler was there in 1924 after being found guilty of treason for his part in the Beer Hall Putsch. It was during his time at Landsberg that Hitler wrote his book *Mein Kampf* (*My Struggle*) with help from Rudolf Hess. During the occupation of Germany by the Allies after World War II, the US Army named the prison as "War Criminal Prison No. 1". They held many Nazi war criminals there. Executions of war criminals were also done at Landsberg. The last of these executions happened on June 8, 1951. These were the last executions in the Federal Republic of Germany, then commonly known as West Germany.

Related pages
-------------

* Beer Hall Putsch

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Prison in Landsberg am Lech***.

* Landsberg "The Hitlertown": The City of Youth[*permanent dead link*]