recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Many parts of the  Hebrew Bible are written as poetry. One of the main features of the Hebrew poetry is parallelism of thought. The Book of Psalms and the Book of Proverbs are almost all poetry. Some of the Prophetic books also have poetic sections. Even the Book of Genesis includes some poems, or songs and they are sometimes called.

Parallellism
------------

Unlike English poetry, and that of many cultures, Hebrew poetry does not rhyme words. Neither is rhythm or meter often used. Instead alternate lines of the poem have a related thought. This is called parallelism.  One advantage of this type of poetry is that it is easy to make a translation that keeps the idea or teaching of the original language. That is much more difficult to do if the translation has to make words rhyme or follow a metrical pattern. Several types of parallelism can be found in Biblical poetry.These include:

* Synonymous parallelism; in this form, the second half line of each verse says much the same thing as the first one, with variations. An example appears in Amos (Amos 5:24)

*But let judgment run down as waters,*
*and righteousness as a mighty stream.*
Another example of synonymous parallelism comes in Isaiah (Isaiah 2:4) or Book of Micah (Micah 4:3)

"They will beat their swords into plowshares
*and their spears into pruning hooks.*
* Antithesis is also found; here, the second unit directly contrasts with the first, often making the same point from the opposite perspective. From Book of Proverbs (Proverbs 10:1)

*A wise son maketh a glad father,*
*but a foolish son* is *the heaviness of his mother.*
* Emblematic parallelism occurs where one unit renders figuratively the literal meaning of another.
* Synthetic parallelism occurs where the units balance, clause for clause, with one unit building upon or adding to the first. From Psalm 14:2

*The LORD looked down from heaven upon the children of men,*
*to see if there were any that did understand* and *seek God.*
* Climactic parallelism occurs where the second unit partially balances the first, but also sums up the thought or completes the series. From Psalm 29:1:

*Give unto the LORD, O ye mighty,*
*give unto the LORD glory and strength.*

1. ↑
2. ↑  "The Poetry of the Psalms", 1898, p. 160.
Mumtaz Mahal
**Arjumand Banu Begum**, also called **Mumtaz Mahal** (29 October 1593 – 17 June 1631) was the second wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning *Jewel of the palace* in Persian) was the nickname her husband gave to her.[*source?*]

Life
----

Mumtaz Mahal was born in April 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jahan, the Mughal Empress wife of Jahangir.

Mumtaz betrothed (nikah) with shah jahan at the age of 14 in 1607 when Shah Jahan was 15, Shah Jahan, later married two other women.May 10, 1612 at the age of 19 the official marriage ceremony was held.

Marriage
--------

The Taj Mahal, the monument to Mumtaz built by her husband
Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. 7 of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.

.

Death
-----

She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra. It is also belived that Mumtaz Mahal died, aged 38, while giving birth to Gauhara Begum in Burhanpur, the cause of death being Postpartum hemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after a painful labour of thirty hours. Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention and Shah Jahan, himself, was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.

### Effects

After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for 2 years. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.
Picture of the banner
The **slogan of the Houthi movement** (called Ansarallah officially), which is a Shiite Jihadist group in the country of Yemen says "God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse the Jews, Victory to Islam" on a vertical banner with a white background and green text for pro-Islam statements along with red text for the United States, Israel, and Jews. The slogan is modeled off of the motto of Iran during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The slogan was however made illegal by the government of Yemen (Saudi Arabia supported) and fierce crackdowns ensued causing the arrest of 600 people. The slogan is also typically used alongside the flags of Palestine and Yemen to show their support to the Palestinian people.


1. ↑  ShahidSaless, Shahir (30 March 2015). "Does Iran really control Yemen". *Al Monitor*. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015.
2. ↑  Lucas Winter. "Conflict in Yemen: Simple People, Complicated Circumstances". *Middle East Policy Council*. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
3. ↑  Henry Ridgwell (4 September 2015). "Yemen Fighting Intensifies as Fears Grow of Sectarian Conflict". *VOA*. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
4. ↑  "In pictures: Tens of thousands of Yemenis rally in support of Palestine - Uprising Today". *yemen-rw.org*. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23.
Rihanna in 2017 at the Met Gala in Manhattan, widely regarded to be the world's most prestigious haute couture fashion event, where the theme was "Art of the In-Between"
Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white muslin dress called a *chemise a la Reine*, were highly influential and widely worn.

**Fashion** is the form of clothing, accessories, and furniture. It includes the way we wear clothes in a particular time and place. Fashion is also one way we can make ourselves look more attractive.
========================================================================================================================================================================================================

It is related to culture, but also to weather and to the history of the country we live in. For example, we have warm clothes in the Swedish fashion and we have thin clothes in the African fashion.

Fashion includes clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture.

The history of modern fashion design is generally understood to date from 1858 when the English-born Charles Frederick Worth opened the first authentic *haute couture* house in Paris.

Related pages
-------------

* Fashion design
* Haute couture

References
----------

1. ↑  Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). *Dress and morality*. Berg. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9781859737828.
2. ↑  Laver, James 1979. *The concise history of costume and fashion*. Abrams.
3. ↑  Kaiser, Susan B. 2019. *Fashion and cultural studies*. Bloomsbury Visual Arts. ISBN 978-1350109605
**Master of the King's Music** (or **Master of the Queen's Music** when the United Kingdom has a queen) is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music Only one person holds the title at any one time. It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.

The Master of the King's Music is now[*when?*] Judith Weir. Instead of being appointed for life, she was appointed for a ten-year term like her predecessor, starting March 2014. The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.

The Master of the King's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.

The title was created in 1626 by Charles I. It was spelt **Master of the King's Musick** and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.

Holders of the post have been:

* Nicholas Lanier (1625-1649 and 1660-1666)
* Louis Grabu (1666-1674)
* Nicholas Staggins (1674-1700)
* John Eccles (1700-1735)
* Maurice Greene (1735-1755)
* William Boyce (1755-1779)
* John Stanley (1779-1786)
* William Parsons (1786-1817)
* William Shield (1817-1829)
* Christian Kramer (1829-1834)
* Franz Cramer (1834-1848)
* George Frederick Anderson (1848-1870)
* Sir William George Cusins (1870-1893)
* Professor Sir Walter Parratt, KCVO (1893-1924)
* Sir Edward Elgar, Bt OM GCVO (1924-1934)
* Sir Henry Walford Davies, KCVO OBE (1934-1941)
* Sir Arnold Bax, KCVO (1942-1952)
* Sir Arthur Bliss, CH KCVO (1953-1975)
* Malcolm Williamson, CBE AO (1975-2003)
* Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (2004-2014)
* Judith Weir, CBE (2014-
A map of the Caspian Sea drainage basin to which all rivers in Azerbaijan flow to.
The Kur and Aras are the longest rivers of Azerbaijan and their drainage basin covers most of the country.
The Aras River along the Iranian border with the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.
The **Rivers in Azerbaijan** are fresh water. Azerbaijan has many rivers. 

The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea drainage basin to which all rivers in Azerbaijan flow to.

The longest river of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the Kur whose river source is in Turkey and which flows through the Republic of Georgia, before it enters Azerbaijan. There it unites with the second longest river Aras whose river source is also in Turkey, and which is on the country's border with Iran. The major tributaries of the Kur river are the Qanix, Qabirri, Turyan, Agstafa, Shekir, Terter and Khachin rivers. The major tributaries of the Aras river are the Arpachay, Nakhchivan, Okhchu, Hekeri and Kondelenchay rivers. The largest rivers which are not tributaries of the Kur and Aras rivers are the Samur, Gudyal, Velvele, Vilesh and Lenkeran rivers.

Rivers
------

There are 8,359 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan. Of them 8,188 rivers are less than 25 kilometers in length. Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long. The largest rivers that flow through the country are:

* Kur
* Aras
* Qanix, located in Alazan
* Qabirri, also known as Iori in Georgia
* Samur
* Pirsaat
* Tartarchay (tributaries Levchay, Addabanchay, Turagaychay)
* Turyan
* Agstafa
* Hekeri
* Vilesh

### River system

The rivers in Azerbaijan can be divided into three groups:

1. The Kur basin rivers (Qanix, Qabirri, Turyan, Agstafa, Shekir, Terter, Khachin, etc.)
2. The Aras basin rivers (Arpachay, Nakhchivan, Okhchu, Hekeri, Kondelenchay, etc.)
3. Rivers, flowing directly into the Caspian Sea (Samur, Gudyal, Velvele, Vilesh, Lenkeran, etc.)

### Kur and Aras

The Kur and Aras are the longest rivers in Azerbaijan. The rivers directly flow into the Caspian Sea. They come from the north-eastern slope of the Greater Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur-Devechi and Lenkeran lowlands.

The Kur River drainage basin area (86,000 km²) up to the junction with the Aras River is smaller than the Aras drainage basin (101,937 km²). The river is still called Kur on the junction because the water level of the Kura is twice as high as that of the Aras River.
**Ambazonia,** officially the **Federal Republic of Ambazonia** is a secessionist state of Cameroon, self-proclamed in its English-speaking regions. De facto, Buea is the capital. It is bordered by Cameroon to the east, Nigeria to the west and Bioko island to the south east on the Gulf of Guinea.

Until 1961, Ambazonia was a British-controlled territory known as the Southern Cameroons, while the rest of Cameroon was French-controlled. At independence, a referendum was held and the voters of the Southern Cameroons chose to join Cameroon as a constituent state of a federal republic known as the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Over time, the power of the central government, dominated by French-speaking Cameroonians, has spread to the disadvantage of the region's autonomy. Many residents identify themselves as Anglophones and resent what they perceive as discrimination and the attempts of the Cameroonian government to eradicate Anglophone legal, administrative, educational and cultural institutions.

In 2016 and 2017, a demonstration was met with a violent government repression, which resulted in riots and violence against the security forces and, in 2017, a one-sided declaration of independence by the Ambazonian leadership. The violence escalated into guerrilla warfare and, since 2021, clashes have continued, with population centres and strategic locations largely controlled by the government engaged in counterinsurgency actions, while large parts of more isolated rural areas are controlled by the separatists and used to launch guerrilla attacks. Ambazonian forces have found it difficult to form a united front, and internal conflicts have obstructed efforts to negotiate with Cameroon or to establish control over the various militias involved in the war. Ongoing violence has led to widely reported human rights abuses by both sides, including indiscriminate killing of civilians, torture, rape and gender-based crimes, and unjustified detentions and kidnappings.

Administrative structure
------------------------

Ambazonia is divided in 13 counties who each have their own capital  and 61 Local Government Areas (LGAs).

| County | Capital |
| --- | --- |
| Fako | Victoria |
| Meme | Kumba |
| Ndian | Mundemba |
| Kupe-Manengouba | Bangem |
| Lebialem | Menji |
| Manyu | Mamfe |
| Momo | Mbengwi |
| Mezam | Bamenda |
| Ngoketunjia | Ndop |
| Bui | Kumbo |
| Boyo | Fundong |
| Menchum | Wum |
| Donga Mantung | Nkambe |
|



1. ↑  "Who are Cameroon's self-named Ambazonia secessionists?". DW. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
2. ↑  Briefing: Cameroon's intensifying conflict and what it means for civilians, The New Humanitarian, 6 February 2020. Accessed 18 August 2021.
3. ↑  "Cameroon: Events of 2019". *HRW World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cameroon*. Human Rights Watch. 10 December 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2021. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
4. ↑  "Counties". *AmbazoniaGov*.
***Super Mario Odyssey*** is a Nintendo Switch 3D platform video game released on October 27, 2017. It is part of the *Super Mario* series. It received a lot of positive ratings and is one of the highest-rated games of all time. It had sold 20 million copies as of December 31, 2020.

Story
-----

Bowser and the Broodals, a group of rabbits, kidnap Princess Peach and Tiara, and take them to Bowser's airship. Mario comes to rescue Peach, but he fails, being launched towards the Cap Kingdom. However, his hat stayed on the ship, Bowser stepped on it, and it flew to the back of the ship and ripped. 

But a hat named Cappy grabs a piece, and he flies to Mario to team up with him. Cappy uses the piece to look like Mario's old cap. The two go and collect Power Moons, and in the Cascade Kingdom, they find a ship named *Odyssey,* making it work with Power Moons. The two climb aboard and chase Bowser, as they travel to various kingdoms. They fight bosses along the way and collect Power Moons to reach more areas. 

They meet up with Bowser on the Moon in a cathedral, and Mario fights with him. Mario wins, but the battlefield breaks. Mario "captures" Bowser using Cappy, allowing Mario to take over Bowser. Peach and Tiara jump on Bowser's shoulder and escape the cavern. Bowser goes to propose to Peach again, and so does Mario. Peach rejects them both and gets on the *Odyssey* with Tiara and Cappy. Mario rushes to the *Odyssey* in time, leaving Bowser on the Moon.

Awards
------

List of pre-release awards and nominations| Year | Awards | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | IGN's Best of E3 | Best Platformer | Won |  |
| Best Nintendo Switch Game | Won |
| Game of Show | Won |
| Game Critics Awards | Best Action/Adventure Game | Won |  |
| Best Console Game | Won |
| Best of Show | Won |
| *Destructoid*'s Best of E3 | Best of Show | Won |  |
The Upper Furnace Pool of the Coalbrookdale foundries. It provided water to power the bellows for the blast furnaces, and the turning and grinding machines. The railway viaduct was built in 1862–64, and still carries trains taking coal to the Ironbridge power station.
New factories, built during industrialisation. This is a drawing made around 1860
The effect of industrialisation shown by rising income levels since 1500. The graph shows the gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per head between 1500 and 1950 in 1990 equivalent dollars for selected nations. 
**Industrialisation** (or **industrialization**) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns.

Industrialisation is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. More things can be produced by fewer people. 

After industrialisation people also do more specialised jobs. For example before industrialisation, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. Industrial shoemaking involves many people in making shoes in a factory. An individual worker has a smaller task, however. One person cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. They make even more shoes when they use cutting machines, sewing machines and other special machines. The factory may be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines, or by a company.

Industrialisation started in England with the industrial revolution in the 18th century. It spread first to parts of Europe, and to North America. In the 20th century industrialisation spread to most other countries.

Related pages
-------------

* Industrial revolution
**Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld** (German *Friedrich Josias von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld*) (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.

Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.

During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a regular person. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was ennobled by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him *Freiherr von Rohmann*, named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Coburg's troops being welcomed in BucharestIn 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).

After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.
**Joyce Carol Thomas** (May 25, 1938 – August 13, 2016) was an African-American poet, playwright, motivational speaker, and author of more than 30 children's books.

Thomas was born in Ponca City, Oklahoma, the fifth of nine children in a family of cotton pickers. In 1948 the family moved to Tracy, California, to pick vegetables. She learned Spanish from Mexican migrant workers and earned a B.A. in Spanish from San Jose State University. She took night classes in education at Stanford University, while raising four children, and received a master's degree in 1967.

For her 1982 novel *Marked by Fire*, Thomas won a National Book Award for Young People's Literature|National Book Award in category Children's Fiction (paperback)

and an American Book Award.
Thomas has been one of three to five finalists for the Coretta Scott King Award three times, in 1984 for *Bright Shadow*, in 1994 for *Brown Honey in Broomwheat Tea*, and in 2009 for *The Blacker the Berry* in 2009. Part of the American Library Association program, every year the King Award honors the "most distinguished portrayal of African American experience in literature for children or teens".
She also received a New York Times Outstanding Book of the Year Award and an Outstanding Woman of the 20th Century Award.

She lived in Berkeley, California.

Related pages
-------------

* List of poets from North America

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Write TV* Public Television Interview with Joyce Carol Thomas Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
	+ 2
* ISNI
	+ 2
* VIAF
	+ 2
* WorldCat Identities
	+ 2

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
	+ 2
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Netherlands

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
The Eurasian tree sparrow was the most notable target of the campaign.
1958 poster,  
'Exterminate the four pests!'
The **Four Pests Campaign** (Chinese: 除四害; pinyin: *Chú Sì Hài*) was one of the campaigns of China, against four pests: namely rats, flies, mosquitoes and sparrows. It was part of a campaign called the Great Leap Forward, which wanted to boost Chinese economy, in the mid-20th century. The campaign started in 1958. 

The extermination of sparrows is also known as **Smash Sparrows Campaign** (Chinese: 打麻雀运动; pinyin: *Dǎ Máquè Yùndòng*) or **Eliminate Sparrows Campaign** (Chinese: 消灭麻雀运动; pinyin: *Xiāomiè Máquè Yùndòng*). It caused severe ecological imbalance; it was one of the causes of the Great Chinese Famine. 

Mao had been told that sparrows ate grain (amongst other things), which was true. But they also ate locusts. And locusts ate nothing but grain. The cause of the famine which followed was that, without sparrows, locusts multiplied hugely and ate so much grain that a great famine followed in China.

In 1960. Mao Zedong ended the campaign against sparrows and redirected the fourth focus to bed bugs. Only after Mao died, in 1976, did the official Chinese press agency announce that sparrows were more useful than harmful. The government took measures to increase the sparrow population in the province of Shandong.
The barque *Alexander von Humboldt*, with four jibs set and a fifth furled (folded or packed up) on the bowsprit
A **jib** is a triangular sail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its tack (lower leading edge) is attached to the bowsprit, to the bow, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast. Jibs and spinnakers are the two main types of headsails on a modern boat.

Traditional vessels
-------------------

A jib sail (shown in green)
Schooners typically have up to three jibs. The foremost one sets on the topmast forestay and is generally called the *jib topsail*. A second jib on the main forestay is called *the jib*. The innermost jib is called *the staysail*. Actually, all three sails are both jibs and staysails, in a general sense. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs, but could have as many as six.

From forward (fore) to the back of the boat (aft), these sails are called:

* Jib of jibs
* Spindle jib
* Flying jib
* Outer jib
* Inner jib
* Fore (topmast) staysail.

The first two were rarely used except by clipper ships in light winds. A storm jib was a small jib of heavy canvas set to a stay to help to control the ship in bad weather.

Modern vessels
--------------

A **jib**, left, compared to a genoa, right
Boats may be sailed using a jib alone. More commonly jib(s) make a minor direct contribution to moving the boat, compared to a mainsail. Generally, a jib's most important function is as an airfoil, increasing performance and overall stability of the mainsail.

On boats with only one jib, it is common for the clew of the jib to be further aft than the mast, meaning the jib and mainsail overlap. An overlapping jib is called a *genoa jib* or simply a genoa (see illustration). These are efficiently used when  reaching more broadly than a close reach. Alternatively, a boat may carry smaller jibs, to compensate aerodynamics when the mainsail is  reefed; these more rugged sails are called *storm jibs* or *spitfires*.

On a boat with two staysails the inner sail is called the *staysail*, and the outer (foremost) is called the jib. This combination of two staysails is called a *cutter rig* (or in North America a *yankee pair*) and a boat with one mast rigged with two staysails and a mainsail is called a cutter.

On cruising yachts, and nearly all racing sailboats, the jib needs to be worked when tacking. On these yachts, there are two sheets (ropes) attached to the clew of the jib. As the yacht comes head to wind during a tack, the active sheet is released. At the same time the other sheet (the *lazy sheet*) on the other side of the boat is pulled in. This sheet becomes the new *active sheet* until the next tack.

Other websites
--------------

* Beginners Guide to Sailing - An Introduction; YouTube
An optical printer with two projector heads, used in producing movie special effects. Starting from the left, you can see light shining from the lamp house, then at A is the first projector's film gate, at B a lens that projects the film in A onto the second projector's gate C. At D is the lens of the camera, the camera's finder is at E and the adjustable shutter control at F. In the heavy base G all the electronics needed for controlling the printer are located.
An **optical printer** is a machine. It can be used to copy rolls of movies. It is made of one or more movie projectors, which are linked to a movie camera. It allows filmmakers to re-photograph one or more strips of movie. The optical printer is used for making special effects for motion pictures or for copying and restoring old movie material.

Common optical effects include fade outs and fade ins, dissolves, slow motion, fast motion, and matte work. More complicated work needs dozens of elements, all combined into a single scene. Ideally, the audience in a theater should not be able to notice any optical printer work, but this is not always the case. For economical reasons, especially in the 1950s, and later in TV series produced on movie, printer work was limited to only the actual parts of a scene needing the effect, so there is a clear change in the image quality when the transition occurs.

The first, simple optical printers were constructed in the early 1920s. Linwood G. Dunn developed the idea in the 1930s. The development continued well into the 1980s, when the printers were controlled with minicomputers.

Since the late 1980s, digital compositing began to replace optical effects. Since the mid nineties the conversion to digital effects has been almost total. Optical printing today is used most widely by artists working exclusively with movie. As a technique, it proves particularly useful for making copies of hand painted or physically manipulated movies.
The **Glasgow Hillhead by-election** was held on 25 March 1982. The by-election was caused by the death of the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead Tam Galbraith on 2 January 1982.

Hillhead had been held by the Conservatives at every election since it was created in 1918. Roy Jenkins was chosen as the candidate for the Social Democratic Party. He was one of the "Gang of Four" well known people who started the party in 1981. 

Within days of Galbraith's death, *The Glasgow Herald* predicted that the by-election contest to succeed him would be 'one of the most fiercely contested in Scotland this century'.

Jenkins won with just over one third of the votes cast. Malone, the Conservative took second place, just ahead of Wiseman, the Labour candidate.

After that the SDP had 29 members of parliament, and the party had won three of the four by-elections since it was started one year earlier. Jenkins received "a hero's reception" when he joined David Steel at the Scottish Liberal Party's conference at St Andrews the day after his victory. They argued that the Alliance now needed to take the votes of the SNP, with Steel calling on SNP supporters disillusioned with that party to back the Alliance to win Scottish home rule.

Jenkins won the seat again in the 1983 general election, but lost it at the 1987 general election to Labour's George Galloway.
The Royal Institution building on Albermarle Street, London, circa 1838
A Friday evening discourse, 1904
The **Royal Institution of Great Britain** (usually the **Royal Institution** or **RI**) is an organisation devoted to scientific education and research, based in London.

The Royal Institution was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish. Its purpose was to:

"diffuse the knowledge, and facilitate the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life".
Directors of the R.I. have included some of the greatest scientists, including Humphrey Davy, Michael Faraday, Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg, Max Perutz and John Kendrew. Fifteen Directors have won Nobel Prizes.

Greenfield controversy
----------------------

From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the Director of the Royal Institution was Baroness Susan Greenfield, but following a review, the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable". The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22m development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "Groucho club for science". The project ended £3 million in debt.

Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination.
The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory, Dr Gail Cardew, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage". Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case.
**Se2grXII** originally marked **LXXIEJ 12** is a manuscript of the Septuagint dated to the 1st century and written on a parchment in the form of a scroll. This manuscript was found in the Judean Desert, probably in a Nahal Hever cave. This fragment is marked with number 943 on the list of manuscripts of the Septuagint according to the classification of Alfred Rahlfs.

Characteristic
--------------

This manuscript was discovered in August 1952 in the Judean Desert by Bedouins, who claimed to be from Wadi Seiyâl, but nobody knows the exact place of origin. It was bought by the Palestine Archaeological Museum (now the Rockefeller Museum). This manuscript received the designation Se2grXII (the second manuscript from the Seiyâl collection, written in Greek, containing a scroll of twelve minor prophets).

Nine other fragments of the scroll of minor prophets were found in 1961 in "Horror Cave" (cave No. 8 in the Nahal Hever Valley) by a team of Israeli archaeologists led by Jigael Jadin. Therefore, cave No. 8 located south of Qumran is now considered to be almost a reliable place of origin for the scroll. All the fragments set has now been given the name Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever.

This manuscript contains a tetragram in Jonah 3:3.

This manuscript was published by B. Lifschitz from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the *Israel Exploration Journal* in 1962. The original designation of the manuscript indicates that the Israel Exploration Journal volume XII was published (LXXIEJ 12).

It is stored in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (Gr. Se2grXII).

Bibliography
------------

* Barthélemy, Dominique (1963). *Les devanciers d'Aquila* (in French). Leiden. pp. 18-29.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Lifschitz, Baruch (1962). "The Greek Documents from the Cave of Horror". *Israel Exploration Journal*. **12** (3/4): 203–207. JSTOR 27924908.
* Tov, Emanuel (1990). *Discoveries in the Judean Desert: VIII. The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXIIgr)*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198263272.
The **Pointer**, sometimes called the **English Pointer**, is a medium-sized breed of pointing dog developed in England. Pointers are used to find game birds for hunters. Unlike other hunting dogs, such as Spaniels, they do not collect the birds that have been shot but they point out to the hunter where the live bird is hiding.

History
-------

The most common belief is that the dogs like this breed were imported into England in 1719 by soldiers returning from Spain after a war and bred with local hunting dogs.

Description
-----------

Black and white PointerLiver and white Pointer
This dog is a medium sized hunting dog that wieighs between 20 to 34 kilograms (45 to 75 lb) and stands between 58 to 71 centimetres (23 to 28 in). Its is most commonly coloured brown and white, black and white, orange and white or lemon and white with speckles on the white fur.

Health and temperment
---------------------

The Pointer is usually a healthy dog with a kind nature, they need a lot of excercise.
A **fissure** is a crack in the Earth's crust. A fissure is the first sign that the Earth's crust may be pulling apart. Characteristically, it is long and narrow. As the vent widens it may be called a fissure, and if there is volcanic activity, then it is a fissure vent. A very good example is the rift valley in North-Eastern Africa.

Karst is vast areas of barren land with rocky ground. There may be nearby caves, fissured ground, and sinkholes. Despite rainfall, they are noticeably devoid of vegetation and usually have no lakes, rivers, or streams on their surface. They form when limestone, gypsum, or dolomite are dissolved by underground torrents of flowing water.

We now know that the huge karst area in Mexico known as the Yucatan was formed by the huge meteorite
which ended the Cretaceous period. The whole of this huge area is made of porous limestone. The limestone is regularly punctuated with holes or "cenotes". The land is almost entirely covered with scrubby trees, all of a similar size.

A more familiar type of ground fissure is seen in Iceland, where the fissure vent is an active volcano. In such places the fissure may pour out molten rock. Mauna Loa is another good example. In this case it is one of a number of volcanic islands formed by a hot-spot gradually moving across the Earth's mantle.
The **Argead dynasty** (Ancient Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, *Argeádai*) was an ancient Macedonian royal house. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BCE.  From about 700 BCE the founder of the dynasty, Perdiccas I, led the people who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on the Haliacmon River. Aegae (today Vergina) became the capital, and by the reign of Amyntas I (6th century BCE) Macedonian power extended eastward beyond the Axius (Axiós) River to dominate the neighbouring Thracian tribes.

People of the Argead royal house supposedly believed they were descended of Heracles' family. Famous kings included Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359-336 BC) who subdued Greece and famously united the defeated Greek city states as the League of Corinth with the Macedonians as Hegemon, and his son Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) who led his army along with allied armies to conquer much of the known world at the time, creating a vast Empire stretching from Macedonia and Greece, to Egypt, and the Indus River, also defeating the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

The Argead family dynasty ended during the wars of the Diadochi when Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana were murdered.

Vergina Sun (also known as the Argead sun) - Symbol of the Argead Dynasty

List of Kings
-------------

* Karanus of Macedon
* Koinos of Macedon
* Tyrimmas of Macedon
* Perdiccas I of Macedon 700-678 BC
* Argaeus I of Macedon 678-640 BC
* Philip I of Macedon 640-602 BC
* Aeropus I of Macedon 602-576 BC
* Alcetas I of Macedon 576-547 BC
* Amyntas I of Macedon 547-498 BC
* Alexander I of Macedon 498-454 BC
* Perdiccas II of Macedon 454-413 BC
* Archelaus I of Macedon 413-399 BC
* Craterus of Macedon 399 BC
* Orestes of Macedon 399-396 BC
* Archelaus II of Macedon 396-393 BC
* Amyntas II of Macedon 393 BC
* Pausanias of Macedon 393 BC
* Amyntas III of Macedon 393 BC
* Argaeus II of Macedon 393-392 BC
* Amyntas III of Macedon (restored) 392-370 BC
* Alexander II of Macedon 370-368 BC
* Ptolemy I of Macedon 368-365 BC
* Perdiccas III of Macedon 365-359 BC
* Amyntas IV of Macedon 359 BC
* Philip II of Macedon 359-336 BC
* Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) 336-323 BC
* Philip III of Macedon 323-317 BC (supposedly)
* Alexander IV of Macedon 323-309 BC (supposedly)

Other websites
--------------

* List of the Kings of Macedonia
The **Seleucid Empire** was a Hellenistic (or Ancient Greek) successor state of Alexander the Great's empire. At its greatest extent, the Empire covered central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus Valley.

Primarily, it was the successor to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and was followed there by the Islamic Caliphate (Rashidun Empire) conquest and rule, from 650s to 660s AD. Later on, much of this area became part of the Umayyad Empire and then the Abbasid Empire.

There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 63 BC.

The partition of Alexander's empire (323–281 BC)
------------------------------------------------

Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire but later died young, leaving his huge empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir. 

The empire was put under the management of a regent named Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon. Leaders who thought they should have more, started wars to get it. Soon the various parts of the empire were fighting each other.

The early Seleucid Empire
-------------------------

Seleucus I Nicator was one of Alexander's generals who received a portion of the huge empire Alexander had carved out. He received huge expanses of land in Syria, Babylon, Anatolia, even as far out as India. When Perdiccas was killed in a political assassination by Ptolemy of Egypt, the empire that was barely held together then splintered apart. The Seleucid Empire quickly expanded, eventually taking parts of Thrace in the west and advancing past the Indus in the East. 

Seleucus I clashed several times with his southern rival for power, the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemaic Dynasty controlled most of Egypt and the lands around it, and would fight the Seleucid Empire on many occasions for control of Syria. Seleucus I conquered much of Anatolia, and was preparing to invade Macedonia, when he was assassinated. This momentarily put an end to the Seleucid Empire's ambitions in Greece. After Seleucus I died, his heirs spent much of their time and money trying to maintain the enormous empire they had inherited. In this, they were rather successful, but the vastness of the empire defied attempts by the successors of Seleucus to control it effectively.
A copy of St Edward's Crown.
The two-dimensional depiction of the crown of St Edward as used in royal symbols.
**St. Edward's Crown** is a part of the coronation regalia. The crown was commissioned for the Coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661 from the Crown Jeweller, Robert Viner. After the 1689 coronation of William III, its importance diminished. It was often carried in procession and set on the altar rather than placed on the Monarch's head. The Imperial State Crown was used instead for the actual crowning. It was not until George V's coronation in 1911 that the crown resumed its traditional place.

The present St Edward's Crown contains much of the crown made in 1661 for the coronation of King Charles II. The crown is made of gold. It weighs 71oz 14dwt. It was set with hired stones for the coronations and then reset with imitations for display purposes. In 1911 it was fitted with 444 semi-precious stones. The crown frame dates to 1661 but it is possible that it (or parts of it) were constructed from a pre-Restoration crown. Materials used include gold, silver, platinum, enamel, tourmalines, topazes, rubies, amethysts, sapphires, garnet, peridot, zircons, spinel, aquamarines, velvet, and ermine.

At a coronation, the Archbishop of Canterbury takes the crown from the altar and places it reverently upon the Monarch's head. "God save the King/Queen" is heard. The princes and princesses, the peers and peeresses put on their coronets and caps. The trumpets sound and a royal salute is fired at the Tower of London. After the crowning, the Monarch is enthroned and receives the homage of the clergy, princes, and peers.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website of the British Monarchy
* St Edward's Crown
The **Irish Free State** (Irish: *Saorstát Éireann*) was the name of Ireland from 1922 to 1937. It replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland.

The government was called the Executive Council, and it was headed by the President of the Executive Council, instead of a Prime Minister.

Until 1927 it was ruled by a Governor General on behalf of the King of the United Kingdom. After a row between the Governments in London and Dublin it was decided that the Governor General represented the King of Ireland, not the King of the United Kingdom, even though they were the same person.

The change meant that the King and the Governor General were advised by the Irish government about what to do in Ireland, and stopped the British government from having any control over Irish affairs.

The constitution of 1937 changed the name of the country to the Irish language Irish: *Éire*, or English: Ireland, but the King stayed head of state until 1948.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded byIrish Republic*1919 - 1922* |  **Irish Free State****1922 – 1937** | **Éire*1922 - date*** |
| Preceded bySouthern Ireland*1921-1922* |
**Kim Petras** (born August 27, 1992, Cologne) is a German singer and songwriter. Between 2016 and 2020, she released music as an independent artist under her own label, BunHead Records, before signing with Republic Records in 2021.

She became known for being one of the youngest people in the world to undergo an operation to change her sex assigned at birth.  She began recording music at the age of 19, and was still a teenager when she released her first *extended play* (EP) *One Piece of Tape* in 2011. She released her first single in 2017, titled "I Don't Want It at All", which charted high on Spotify, earning Petras a contract with the company.  She was featured on Charli XCX 's mixtape, *Pop 2* (2017), along with Jay Park on the song "Unlock It", and on her album, *Charli* (2019), along with Tommy Cash on the song "Click".

In 2021, Petras signed a contract with the Republic Records label, with whom she released the *Slut Pop* EP in 2022. Later that year, Petras released the single "Unholy" along with Sam Smith. It marked Petras' first number one single on the UK Singles Chart and on the *Billboard* Hot 100. The song also earned Petras the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making her the first openly transgender person to win that Grammy Award.
*Fever blisters* on the lips
**Herpes simplex** is an infection by a virus. The **herpes simplex virus** (**HSV**) causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.

An infection on the lips is commonly known as a **cold sore** or **fever blister**. A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.

Treatment
---------

The disease is contagious, especially when it is active. *Contagious* means that it can spread from one person to another. There is no cure for this disease. This means that it cannot be stopped, once a person has got it. When a person has got the disease, he or she will get outbreaks from time to time. There are drugs that can make these outbreaks shorter, for many people. These antiviral drugs stop the virus from spreading. They will shorten the time people show symptoms.

Different viruses
-----------------

The two types of herpes virus are known as simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes infections around the mouth. HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. Viruses are transmitted through body fluids, or lesions in the skin. Transmission can also occur, when there are no symptoms. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to a baby during childbirth. Herpes outbreaks can occur, because of decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure.

How to tell that someone is infected
------------------------------------

Usually, herpes is diagnosed based on the symptoms. There are tests that can confirm this diagnosis. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.

How common it is
----------------

Herpes is very common. Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. Most people get HSV-1 when they are children. Since there is *no cure* for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, more people get it as they get older. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in poorer people and 40% to 60% in richer people. About 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003. It is more common among women and in developing countries. Most people with HSV-2 do not know that they are infected.