recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **olfactory system** is the sensory system used for olfaction or the sense of smell.

Most mammals and reptiles have two parts to their olfactory system. 

1. There is a main olfactory system, which detects volatile, airborne substances.
2. There is secondary, or accessory, system. The accessory olfactory system senses fluid-based stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.

The olfactory system is often spoken as being similar to the gustatory system (taste system). Both are chemosensory senses. They change chemical signals into nerve impulses, which are translated into perceptions in the brain.

Position of mygdala in each hemisphere of the human brain
The part of the brain which deals with olfaction is the rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with identifying the odor. The medial amygdala is involved in social functions such as mating and recognising animals of the same species. The entorhinal cortex pairs odors with memories. The exact functions of these higher areas is still being researched. 

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the olfactory system. By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were about one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome.

Damage
------

Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the patient something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

Related pages
-------------

* Olfaction
A remarkable example of *P. orientalis* in Cambron-Casteau Park, Belgium.
Leaves and fruit
***Platanus orientalis***, also called **Oriental plane tree** and **chenar**, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. It is known for its longevity and spreading crown. 

The species name derives from its historical distribution eastward from the Balkans, where it was recognized in ancient Greek history and literature. Following Greek usage it is called *Platane* or related names in Europe. It was equally as famous to the Iranian-speaking world and from Turkey to Kashmir is called *Chenar* or related names, following the Iranian. 

The native range of the Oriental plane is Eurasia from the Balkans to as far east as at least Iran. Some accounts extend its native range to Iberia in the west, and to the Himalayas in the east. 

The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as alder, willow and poplar. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established. In Kashmir it is recognised as the State tree of the region.
Objects made of polymers polyethylene and polypropylene
A **polymer** is a molecule, made from joining many small molecules called monomers. The word "polymer" can be broken down into "poly" (meaning "many" in Greek) and "mer" (meaning "unit"). This shows how the chemical composition of a polymer consists of many smaller units (monomers) bonded together into a larger molecule. A chemical reaction bonding monomers together to make a polymer is called **polymerization**.

Some polymers are natural and made by organisms. Proteins have polypeptide molecules, which are natural polymers made from various amino acid monomer units. Nucleic acids are huge natural polymers made up of millions of nucleotide units. Cellulose and starch (two types of carbohydrate) are also natural polymers made up of glucopyranose monomer bonded together in different ways. Rubber is a mixture of polymers. Plastics are man-made polymers. Many fibers are made of polymers.

If the "units" called monomers in a polymer are all the same, then the polymer is called a "homopolymer". Homopolymers are named by adding the prefix **poly-** before the monomer name from which the polymer is made. For example, a polymer made by bonding styrene monomer molecules together is called polystyrene.

Many styrene molecules join to make a polystyrene molecule. The squiggly lines at both ends of the polymer mean that just a short section of a long molecule is shown here. 
If the monomers are not all the same, the polymer is called a "copolymer" or a "heteropolymer".

Disulfide bridge
Many polymer molecules are like *chains* where the monomer units are the links. Polymer molecules can be straight-chain, have *branching* from the main chain, or *cross-linking* between chains. As an example of cross-linking, sulfhydryl (-S-H) groups in two cysteine amino acid units in polypeptide chains can bond together to make a disulfide bridge (-S-S-) joining the chains together.

In the same way how large hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil can be broken down in smaller molecules e.g. ethylene by applying heat (a process called cracking), the monomer ethylene can then be turned into the polymer polyethylene by applying pressure and adding catalysts. Polyethelene is the basis of many plastic objects.

Related pages
-------------

* Macromolecule
* Synthetic fabric
Sharon Creech
**Sharon Creech** (born July 29, 1945) is an American writer of children's novels. She was born in South Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. She was raised with a sister and three brothers.

Mid life
--------

As an adult, she was a teacher, and married, had two children: Rob and Karin. She divorced, and married again. Creech’s first two novels were for adults. After her father’s death she wrote *Absolutely Normal Chaos*, her first book for kids. Her fourth book, Walk Two Moons, won the Newbery Medal. Chasing Redbird (1997) was shortlisted for the Whitbread award. A few years later, she won another Newbery award for her book, Love That Dog Still (1995). These are only a few of her accomplishments. Creech lives in Maine.

Education
---------

She attended Hiram College for undergraduates. She later attended George Mason University for her master's degree.

Themes
------

Sharon Creech's books are mostly about family relationships. Often, they have a teenage girl as the main character. She experiences growth or learns an important lesson. A lot of Creech’s book are based on actual experiences that happened in her life.

Beginning of writing
--------------------

In the earlier years of her life she spent most of her time teaching and being with her family. Unfortunately in 1980, her father had a stroke, he was left paralyzed and mute. After her father’s death in 1986 Creech started her first novel. "When I finished it," she continued, "I wrote another,and another, and another. The words just rushed out."[*source?*]

Books
-----

* 1990: *Absolutely Normal Chaos*
* 1994: *Walk Two Moons*
* 1996: *Pleasing the Ghost*
* 1997: *Chasing Redbird*
* 1998: *Bloomability*
* 2000: *The Wanderer*
* 2000: *Fishing in the Air*
* 2001: *A Fine, Fine School*
* 2001: *Love That Dog*
* 2002: *Ruby Holler*
* 2003: *Granny Torrelli Makes Soup*
**Sekai no Owari** (世界の終わり, written as **SEKAI NO OWARI** and sometimes called **End of the World**) is a Japanese rock band. It was formed in Tokyo in 2007. The band has four members: Satoshi Fukase, Saori Fujisaki, Shinichi "Nakajin" Nakajima, and DJ Love. They signed with the record label Toy's Factory in 2011. Their first single with this label was "Inori". This was released in August 2011.

Members
-------

| Name | Date of birth | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Satoshi Fukase | 13 October 1985 | Lead Vocal, Guitar, Bass |
| Saori Fujisaki | 13 August 1986 | Piano, Stage Production |
| Shinichi "Nakajin" Nakajima | 22 October 1985 | Leader, Producer, Guitar |
| Love | 23 August 1985 | DJ, Sound Selection |

The Origin Of The Name
----------------------

The origin of this band's name is that when Fukase broke down and felt like end of the world, he realized he only had music and friends. So, he thought he would start from end and named his band "SEKAI NO OWARI"

History
-------

They are friends from preschool to high school,but Saori is a year younger. The current DJ LOVE is the second. The first DJ LOVE left the band because he wanted to play different music. They started the band in 2006 in the "club EARTH" which they made themselves. In 2010,"The life of illusion"is first hit. Nowadays, they play the music all over the world.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Official Twitter
* Fukase's Twitter
* Saori's Twitter
* Nakajin's Twitter
* DJ LOVE's Twitter
* Fukase's Instagram
A **seismogram** is a record of an earthquake induced motion at a measuring station as a function of time. Seismograms are usually taken by *seismometers*. *Seisometers* record motions in three cartesian axes (x, y, and z), with the z axis perpendicular to the Earth's surface and the x- and y- axes parallel to the surface.

Seismogram of Sylmar085 earthquake in fractions of gravity acceleration, UCSD.
Historically, seismograms were recorded on paper attached to rotating drums. Some used pens on ordinary paper. Others used light beams to expose *photosensitive paper*. Today, almost all seismograms are recorded digitally to make analysis by computer easier. Seismograms are very important for measuring earthquakes using the Richter scale.

Other websites
--------------

* An example seismogram Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
* REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer Archived 2006-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Seismograms recorded around the world from recent earthquakes (weeks old) as well as larger earthquakes from the past.
**SummerSlam (2017)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on August 20, 2017, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. It was the thirtieth event under the SummerSlam chronology.

Thirteen matches were contested at the event, including three on the pre-show. The event featured eight championship matches, the most for a SummerSlam event, where five of the titles changed hands. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman, Roman Reigns, and Samoa Joe in a fatal four-way match to retain the Universal Championship and in the penultimate match, Jinder Mahal defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship. On the undercard, AJ Styles defeated Kevin Owens to retain the United States Championship in a match that featured Shane McMahon as the special guest referee, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to win the Raw Tag Team Championship, and John Cena defeated Baron Corbin in the opening match.
***Sociobiology: the new synthesis*** is a book by E.O. Wilson that helped start the sociobiology debate, one of the great scientific controversies of the 20th century. Wilson popularized the term "sociobiology" as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind behaviours such as altruism, aggression, and nurture. The fundamental principles guiding sociobiology are:

1. an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation.
2. this applies to an animal's behaviour and social life as much as it does to any other aspect of its life.

The book was first published in 1975, then reprinted in 1976. A twenty-fifth anniversary edition was published in 2000 by Harvard University Press.

Reception
---------

The application of sociobiology to humans was immediately controversial. Some people, such as Stephen Jay Gould, and Richard Lewontin said that sociobiology was biologicially determinist. They argued that it would be used, as similar ideas had been in the past, to justify the status quo, entrench ruling elites, and legitimize authoritarian political programmes. They referred to social darwinism and eugenics of the early 20th century, and to other more recent ideas, such as the race and IQ controversy of the early 1970s as cautionary tales in the use of evolutionary principles as applied to human society.

Wilson and his admirers countered these criticisms by saying that Wilson had no political agenda, and if he had one it was certainly not authoritarian (Wilson is an outspoken environmentalist). They argued that sociobiology does not necessarily lead to any particular political ideology as many critics implied.

Many other sociobiologists have used sociobiology to argue quite separate points. Noam Chomsky surprised many by coming to the defense of sociobiology on the grounds that political radicals need to postulate a relatively fixed idea of human nature in order to be able to struggle for a better society. They needed to know what human needs were in order to build a better society.

An extensive account of the controversy around the book was published 25 years later. It largely supporting Wilson's views. For ethologists, Wilson's ideas are mainstream, and for them his book is not controversial.

Related pages
-------------

* Adaptive unconscious
* Blank slate
* Evolutionary psychology
* Human nature
* Nature vs nurture
* Sociobiology
**Telestrations** is a party game in which players must draw an object listed on a card, then guess what the other players have drawn. USAopoly makes the game.

Gameplay
--------

All players have a drawing book and a marker each. At the start of each round, they get a card with a list of secret words, all with a number between one and six. One player rolls a die, then all players have sixty seconds to draw the word or phrase with that number on page one of their drawing book.

After the sixty seconds, the players pass their books to the player on their left. On page two, the players guess what was drawn on page one of the book that was passed to them. When all players have written their guesses, they turn their books to page three and again pass their books to the left. Players draw and guess until they have their original books back.

The players then take turns revealing what was drawn and guessed in their books, then award points. Each player awards: 

* One point to the player who drew their favorite sketch in their book
* One point to the player who made their favorite guess in their book
* One point to themselves if the final guess is the same as the secret word

The player with the most points after three rounds wins the game.

Reception
---------

Gaming website BoardGameGeek named Telestrations "Best Party Game" of 2010.

Video game version
------------------

An video game version of Telestrations has been announced to only come out on the Intellivision Amico.

Other websites
--------------

* Telestrations Archived 2018-12-09 at the Wayback Machine at USAopoly
* Telestrations at BoardGameGeek
* Online version of Telestrations
Robert Indiana resting in Maine
**Robert Indiana** (born as **Robert Clark**; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist. He was known for being a part of the pop art movement. He was born in New Castle, Indiana.

Indiana moved to New York City in 1954 and joined the pop art movement. Indiana's work often has bold, simple, iconic images, especially numbers and short words like "EAT", "HUG", and "LOVE". His sculpture in the lobby of Taipei 101, called *1-0* (2002, aluminum), uses multicolored numbers.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Indiana made a series of *Peace Paintings*, which were shown in New York in 2004.

Indiana died on May 19, 2018 in Vinalhaven, Maine of respiratory failure at the age of 89.

LOVE
----

LOVE stamp
Indiana's best known image is the word *love* in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with a tilted letter *O*. This image was first created for a Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art in 1964. It was put on an eight-cent US Postal Service postage stamp in 1973, the first of their regular series of "love stamps."

Sculptures of the image can be found at many places in the United States: 

* Sixth Avenue in New York City
* E W Fairchild-Martindale Library, Lehigh University Asa Packer Campus
* Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, New York
* Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana
* Scottsdale's Civic Center
* "LOVE Park" in Philadelphia
* New Orleans Museum of Art's sculpture garden
* Middlebury College campus, Vermont
* University of Pennsylvania campus, Philadelphia
* Museum of Art at Brigham Young University, Utah
* Ursinus College campus in Collegeville, Pennsylvania
* Pool area of the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas
* Wichita State University campus in Wichita, Kansas
* City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana

Sculptures of the image can also be found at many places outside of the United States:

* Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan (also displays Indiana's *1-0*)
* Shinjuku I-LAND Tower in Office district of West Shinjuku in Tokyo, Japan
* Orchard Road in Singapore
* Plaza del Sagrado Corazón in Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
* Outside 1445 West Georgia Street in Vancouver, Canada
* Praca do Rossio in Lisbon, Portugal
* Hotel XIXe Siècle in Montreal, Canada

An Indiana sculpture showing the Hebrew word for love *(ahava)* is displayed at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel.
*Christ Walks on Water*, by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1888.The miracles of Jesus are things the Bible and Qur'an say that Jesus did, that a person normally cannot do. Followers of those religions say, that Jesus did those things by the power of God.

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke record many of these stories. The most common ones are healing people who are sick, blind, lame or deaf. In many cases, the sicknesses or other problems are said to be caused by demons. Jesus said, that he had power over the demons, and so He could stop their evil work. The enemies of Jesus told him to do miracles to show, that He had supernatural power, but He refused. However, for his followers, he did several miracles that showed His power. These included stopping a storm in the sea, walking on water and making a tree die.
In Islam, Jesus is said to have spoken from his cradle, made a clay bird come alive, and brought down from heaven a table full of food. Both the Qur'an and the Christian New Testament say, that Jesus brought some dead people back to life.

In the Gospel of John, only seven miracles are mentioned. John calls them "signs". Their purpose was to teach something about the power of Jesus, not just to help people. Two of the greatest miracles recorded are the Virgin birth of Jesus and the resurrection. The Qur'an also mentions the Virgin birth, but not the resurrection.

Throughout history, many Christians have said that they have been healed by Jesus. Roman Catholic believers have many such stories. Some places, such as Lourdes, are places where sick people go to be healed by Jesus. Other Christians say that Jesus has healed them or done other miracles at large Christian meetings. Other Christians think that Jesus only did such things when he was on Earth. They do not believe that such miracles happen today.
**Skull bossing**; in this case a kind called frontal bossing when the frontal bones become bigger than normal.
**Skull bossing** is when the bones of the skull become bigger than normal which most often occurs in the frontal bones beneath the forehead. Skull bossing may happen from different medical conditions.

Frontal bossing
---------------

**Frontal bossing** is when the forehead becomes bigger than normal which may also make the brow ridge stick out more. It happens when the frontal bone becomes bigger because of a medical condition. This often happens when other facial bones of the skull become bigger too, as well as the jaw bone and the bones in the hands and feet. Frontal bossing is usually seen in a few rare medical syndromes such as acromegaly - a chronic medical disorder in which the anterior pituitary gland makes to much growth hormone (GH).

Turricephaly
------------

Turricephaly, usually called "tower skull", is a type of skull bossing.
Turricephaly often called "tower skull", may be caused by different medical conditions. In some cases such as Apert and Pfeiffer syndromes, it is caused when sutures in the skull close before they are supposed to.

Turricephaly is also one of the most common problems which affect the bones of the face and skull in those with Sickle-cell disease.

Medical disorders that may cause skull bossing
----------------------------------------------

**Frontal bossing** in a child
* Acromegaly
* Basal cell nevus syndrome
* Congenital syphilis
* Cleidocranial dysostosis
* Crouzon syndrome
* Hurler syndrome
* Pfeiffer syndrome
* Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
* Russell-Silver syndrome (Russell-Silver dwarf)
* Sickle-cell disease
* Trimethadione (antiseizure drug) use during pregnancy
* Beta-thalassemia (due to expansion of bone marrow secondary to increased hematopoiesis)
**Saleisha Stowers** is the winner of the 9th season of America's Next Top Model, a model competition on 2007. She was born on January 10, 1986 and is now a model with Elite Model Management. Stowers also won CoverGirl cosmetics worth $100,000 and a cover on a magazine called Seventeen.

Before *America's Next Top Model*
---------------------------------

Stowers worked at a service counter. She joined a camp by model Tyra Banks called T-Zone because she had no confidence in herself. After the camp, she had more confidence and became more contented as a person. Stowers was in the sixth season of the competition as a minor model with a one-second appearance. She also was a model on Tyra Banks' show.

*America's Next Top Model*
--------------------------

Stowers joined the ninth season of America's Next Top Model and became one of the 13 girls to become contestants. She dated judge Nigel Barker in the show.

Controversy
-----------

Stowers knew Tyra Banks, which made some people think it was unfair to the other girls. Stowers also was in an advertisement before the contest. The rule states that contestants must not be in advertisements in the previous five years.
Mirage in the desert. Notice how the distorted image of the sky looks like water on the desert floor.
Diagram of a superior mirage.Diagram of a superior mirage.
Superior mirage of Farallon Islands
Sugar water "mirage"A "mirage" effect seen through sugar water.
A **mirage** is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures.

The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at."

Cause
-----

Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object.

There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior.

Inferior
--------

An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water.

Superior
--------

Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon.

A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic.

Artificial
----------

A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Mirages***.

* The Happy Scientist explains mirages.
* How to make a mirage with sugar water.[*permanent dead link*]
* Another way to make a mirage with salt water.
The **spaghetti-tree hoax** was a hoax news report made by the BBC on April Fools' Day in 1957. The hoax showed a family in Ticino, Switzerland picking spaghetti from a "spaghetti tree".

About eight million people watched the hoax on April Fools' Day in 1957. At the time, spaghetti was rare in the United Kingdom. It was also sometimes considered a delicacy there. The next day, hundreds of people called the BBC to see if spaghetti trees were real and how to grow them. The BBC told callers to put some spaghetti in a can of tomato sauce and "hope for the best".

The BBC showed the hoax on a television programme called *Panorama*. A reporter named Charles de Jaeger made the hoax. He remembered how his teachers said his classmates would think spaghetti grew on trees. He got a budget of £100 to make the hoax. The hoax was reported by a trusted reporter named Richard Dimbleby. In 2010, CNN said it is the biggest hoax ever made by a trusted news organisation. It is also one of the first hoaxes on television.

Other websites
--------------

* Spaghetti-Harvest in Ticino at YouTube
The national flag of Qing Dynasty - this flag was made during the Movement
The **Self-Strengthening Movement** (Chinese: 洋務運動 or 自強運動; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing Dynasty. The movement's intent was the modernization of China as a result of many military defeats it had faced at the hands of the West. It could be divided into three phases the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). 

After the defeat of Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and imperial officials realised that the Qing Government might be overthrown soon and they would no longer reign the country. In order to prevent this, a series of reforms were implemented in the Self-Strengthening Movement, sometimes called "Westernization" which sought to adopt ideas from the West, mainly in technology.

Major leaders
-------------

* Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王)
* Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥)
* Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩)
* Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章)
* Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠)
* Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎)
* Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞)
The **Mérida State Symphony Orchestra** (Spanish: **Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado Mérida** or **OSEM**) is a symphony orchestra based in the Venezuelan city of Mérida. A non-profit organization, it was founded in 1991 by the Venezuelan pianist and educator José Antonio Abreu.

History
-------

The orchestra was established on June 21, 1991 and evolved from the Mérida State Youth Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1978 as part of the System of Youth Orchestras of Venezuela (FESNOJIV) and led by José Antonio Abreu.

Its co-founder and first artistic director was Amílcar Rivas. Between 1994 and 1997, its Music Director was Sergio Bernal who extended the orchestra's repertoire of European and Latin American symphonic music. Between 1998 and 2001, the OSEM was led by Felipe Izcaray who initiated major programs of community outreach and education which became a fundamental part of the orchestra's activities. César Iván Lara has been the orchestra's Music Director since January 2004.

In the 2006 season, the orchestra participated in many official events of the Mérida State Government, University of the Andes, the FESNOJIV, and various municipalities, giving 39 symphony concerts and 108 teaching and chamber concerts in 21 municipalities in the State of Mérida. In 1999 the OSEM was designated a *Patrimonio Cultural del Estado Mérida* (Cultural Patrimony of the State of Mérida).

The orchestra began its 20th anniversary year on January 15, 2011 with a performance of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 2 for the second annual Festival de Música de Mérida.

Related pages
-------------

* Venezuelan music

Other websites
--------------

* Mérida State Symphony Orchestra Official Website Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
***Only Human*** is the second album by British singer-songwriter Dina Carroll. It was released in 1996 on the Mercury label. As of 2015, it was her last studio album.

Track listing
-------------

All tracks composed by Dina Carroll and Nigel Lowis unless stated.

1. "Escaping"(Margaret Urlich, Nigel Lowis, B. Blue, R. Smith) 4:45
2. "Only Human" (V. Wells, M. Riley) 5:15
3. "Give Me the Right" 5:24
4. "World Come Between Us" 3:44
5. "Love Will Always Bring You Back to Me" 4:17
6. "I Didn't Mean to Hurt You" (B. Thiele, M. Roy) 6:24
7. "Living for the Weekend" (Dina Carroll, Nigel Lowis, David Morales) 3:30
8. "Mind Body & Soul" 4:32
9. "Run to You" 5:03
10. "Do You Think I'm in Love" 4:06
11. "I Don't Want to Talk About It" (Danny Whitten) 5:28
12. "The Perfect Year" (Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, Christopher Hampton) 3:46

Credits
-------

Arranged By [Horns] – Nick Ingman (tracks: 3 4 6)   

Arranged By [Strings] – Nick Ingman (tracks: 2 3 4 5 6 12)   

Artwork By – Area   

Backing Vocals – Dina Carroll (tracks: 2, 3, 6 to 10, 12), Ivor Reid (tracks: 6 8), Lance Ellington (tracks: 1 4 5), Marc Reid (tracks: 6 8), Miriam Stockley (tracks: 1 4 5)   

Conductor [Horns] – Nick Ingman (tracks: 3 6)   

Conductor [Strings] – Nick Ingman (tracks: 2 3 5 6 12)   

Engineer – Ren Swan (tracks: 3 6 8 11 12), Rich Lowe (tracks: 1, 2 to 5, 7 to 10)   

Engineer [Assistant] – Andrew Godwin (tracks: 1 to 5, 7 to 10), Tim Wills (tracks: 1, 3 to 8, 10 to 12)   

Guitar – Hugh Burns (tracks: 1 5), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 3 4 9 10)   

Keyboards – Graham Plato (tracks: 3 9 10), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 1 2 4 5 7 8)   

Leader [Strings] – Gavin Wright (tracks: 2 3 5 6 12)   

Mixed By – Bob Clearmountain (tracks: 1 5), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 2 to 4, 6, 8 to 12), Ren Swan (tracks: 3 4 9 10), Rich Lowe (tracks: 8 12)   

Photography – Simon Fowler   

Piano [Grand Piano] – Peter Oxendale (tracks: 5 11 12)   

Producer – Nigel Lowis   

Programmed By – Graham Plato (tracks: 1 to 5, 7 to 10, 11)   

Saxophone – Jimmy Gallagher (tracks: 3 6)   

Strings – London Session Orchestra (tracks: 2 3 5 6 12)
Pope Clement VIII in pietra dura
Altar frontal of Italian *opera di commessi*, Dubrovnik Cathedral.
Floral 'Parchin kari' work in the Taj Mahal, with precious and semi-precious stones.
***Pietra dura*** (Italian: [ˈpjɛːtra ˈduːra]) or ***pietre dure*** ([ˈpjɛːtre ˈduːre]) (see below), called **parchin kari** or **parchinkari** (Persian: پرچین کاری‎) in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images. 

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones. 

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence. Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.
The bar-tailed godwit
**Sandpipers** are a large family of waders or shorebirds, the **Scolopacidae**. They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. 

Sandpipers are small birds with a longish pointed beak, and usually a rounded shape. Most species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud, sand or soil. Different lengths of bills allow different species to feed in the same habitat on the coast without direct competition for food.

Sandpipers have long legs, and narrow wings. Most species have a narrow bill, but otherwise the form and length are quite variable. They are small to medium sized birds, measuring 12 to 66 cm (4.7–26.0 in) cm in length. The bills are sensitive, allowing the birds to feel the mud and sand as they probe for food. They generally have dull plumage, with cryptic brown, grey, or streaked patterns, although some display brighter colours during the breeding season.

Most species nest in open areas, and defend their territories with aerial displays. The nest itself is a simple scrape in the ground, in which the bird usually lays three or four eggs. The young of most species are precocial.
Image from a magazine, called Punch, of 1841. It tries to show the poor state of work houses.
**Sarcasm** is a figure of speech or speech comment which is extremely difficult to define. It is often a statement or comment which means the opposite of what it says. It may be made with the intent of humour, or it may be made to be hurtful.

The basic meaning is to be hostile under the cover of friendliness. The word's origin is Greek, *sarcasmus*, see sarchasaristic (Hobson 2018). However, it usually comes with a cue which helps the receiver to understand it. For example, a mother saying "Oh, that's clever!" when a child makes a mistake always signals her love with her tone of voice. Quite different when a hostile person says "Oh, here comes Mr Clever-clogs!". So a person learns how to decode the message.

Much more difficult it is when someone uses a neutral tone of voice, as in "deadpan" or "dry humor". Psychologists think such cases are basically hostile.

A point to remember is that it does not travel well in writing or translation.

Related pages
-------------

* Irony
**Podocarpaceae** is a large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere conifers. There are about 156 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. It has up to 19 genera. The distribution of this family suggests its early evolution took place in the ancient southern continent of Gondwana.

The family is a member of the Antarctic flora. Its main centres of diversity are in Australasia, particularly New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. They are also in Malesia and South America (mainly in the Andes mountains).

Several genera extend north of the equator into Indochina and the Philippines. *Podocarpus* goes as far north as southern Japan and southern China in Asia, and Mexico in the Americas, and *Nageia* into southern China and southern India. Two genera also occur in sub-Saharan Africa, the widespread *Podocarpus* and the endemic *Afrocarpus*.

*Parasitaxus usta* is unique as the only known parasitic gymnosperm. It occurs on New Caledonia, where it is parasitic on another member of the Podocarpaceae, *Falcatifolium taxoides*.
"**Podcast News**" is the 6th episode of the 32nd season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on television on November 15, 2020. In the episode, Grampa Simpson is accused of doing a murder. Kent Brockman makes a podcast about the murder.

Story
-----

Marge and Lisa get an addiction for listening to podcasts about crime. Homer and Bart visit Grampa at a retirement home. Grampa shows them his new girlfriend, Vivienne St. Charmaine. On the next day, the Simpson family watch news on television and learn that Vivienne is dead. Grampa is a prime suspect, but he says he does not remember what happened. Kent Brockman makes a podcast about the murder called "Guilty Grampa". The podcast makes everyone in Springfield think that Grampa killed Vivienne. Grampa thinks that he did do the murder and confesses. He is taken to jail. While the last episode of "Guilty Grampa" is being recorded, Dr. Hibbert says that Vivienne did not die. She went to a resort in Mexico so that Grampa could give her money for insurance.

Production
----------

This is the first episode that David X. Cohen wrote since 1998. Morgan Fairchild voices Vivienne St. Charmaine in the episode. Christine Nangle voices Tabitha Shingle. Stellan Skarsgård is in the episode as himself. Yeardley Smith (voice actor for Lisa Simpson) is shown in the episode as herself.

Reception
---------

3.50 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. Tony Sokol of *Den of Geek* said that the episode has "a sense of tension throughout" and thought the end of the episode was satisfying and "morally ambiguous" (saying that more than one lesson is shown in the episode).

Other websites
--------------

* "Podcast News" at the Internet Movie Database
**Albert "Sunnyland Slim" Luandrew** (September 5, 1907 – March 17, 1995) was an American blues pianist from the Mississippi delta. He later went to Chicago where he became one of the most important piano players in Chicago's blues scene. Sunnyland Slim was one of the most important persons in Chicago blues history, but he really never became a star because he did most of his work as sideman.

Life
----

He was born on a farm near Vance, Mississippi. He taught himself to play piano and organ and began playing in a local church when he was 14. Soon played in juke joints in the whole delta area. In 1925 he went to Memphis, Tennessee where he played with local musicians like Little Brother Montgomery and Ma Rainey. There he also got his stage name writing a song about the Sunnyland train which ran between Memphis and St. Louis, Missouri. In 1942 he went to Chicago.

As the electric blues began Sunnyland Slim played with blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Robert Lockwood, Jr. and Little Walter. Muddy Waters partially owed his recording career at Chess Records to Sunnyland Slim who introduced him to the Chess brothers at his own birthday party. His first recording was as a singer with Jump Jackson's band on the Specialty label in September 1946 and his first recording as band leader was in 1947. Between 1948 and 1956 he recorded for Hytone, Opera, Chance, Tempo-Tone, Mercury, Apollo, JOB, Regal, Vee-Jay (unissued), Blue Lake, Club 51, Cobra. In 1988 he was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship. He went on touring and recording till his death in 1995.

Discography
-----------

* 1969 *Midnight Jump*  Beat Goes On
* 1969 *Slim's Got His Thing Goin' on*  Sequel
* 1969 *Slim's Shout*  Prestige/Original Blues Classics
* 1971 *Depression Blues* Festival Records
* 1973 *Plays Ragtime Blues*  BluesWay
* 1975 *Sunnyland Slim & Little Brother Montgomery*  77 Records
* 1977 *She Got That Jive*  Airway Records
* 1979 *Patience Like Job* Airway Records
* 1986 *Chicago Jump*  Evidence
* 1989 *Be Careful How You Vote*  Earwig
* 1991 *Live in Europe*  Airway Records
* 1994 *Decoration Day*  Evidence
* 1994 *Chicago Blues Sessions*  Southland (Select-O-Hits)
* 1995 *Live at the D.C. Blues Society*  Mapleshade Records
* 1995 *Sunnyland Train* Evidence
* 1998 *She Got a Thing Goin' On* Blind Pig
* 1999 *Smile on My Face* Delmark
* 2006 *Blues Legends Live*  Mapleshade Records
Sunil Dutt
**Sunil Dutt** (**Balraj Dutt**; 6 June 1926 – 25 May 2005) was a famous Indian actor, director and politician. He was appointed the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports in 2004. He was a former Sheriff of Mumbai. He is the father of actor Sanjay Dutt and politician Priya Dutt. In 1968, he was honoured by the Padma Shri by the Government of India. In 1984 he was elected to the Parliament of India from the constituency of Mumbai North West.

Early career
------------

Sunil Dutt's father was Diwan Raghunath Dutt and mother name was Kulwantidevi Dutt. When he was five years old, his father died. He then moved to Bombay ( Mumbai). He got a job at the city's BEST bus service. He graduated with B.A. in history in 1954.He also became radio announcer, He was very popular on the Hindi service of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia. His first film was *Railway Platform(1955). Film director gave him new screen name "Sunil Dutt" to avoid name conflicts with the actor Balraj Sahni.*

Early Success
-------------

Sunil Dutt became famous for his role in the 1957 film *Mother India* in which he co-starred with Nargis. Dutt was one of the major stars of Hindi cinema in the 1960s .Films like *Sadhna* (1958), *Insan Jaag Utha* (1959), *Sujata* (1959), *Mujhe Jeene Do* (1963), *Khandan* (1965), *Mera Saaya* (1966) and *Padosan* (1967). He was B.R. Chopra's favorite actor films such as *Gumraah* (1963), *Waqt* (1965) and *Hamraaz* (1967).

Dutt made his directorial debut and was the only actor to feature in *Yaadein(1964)*. The film was featured in the *Guinness Book of Records* for *Fewest Actors in a Narrative Film*.

Middle Period
-------------

In *Geeta Mera Naam* (1974) he again played an anti-hero after a long gap of films like *Mother India* and *Mujhe Jeene Do*. He continued to star in hits that included *Heera* (1973), *Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye* (1974), *Nagin* (1976), *Jaani Dushman* (1979), *Muqabla* (1979), and *Shaan* (1980).*Dard Ka Rishta* (1982), *Badle Ki Aag* (1982), *Raaj Tilak* (1984), *Mangal Dada* (1986), *Watan Ke Rakhwale* (1987) and *Dharamyudh* (1988).
The **Savio** (Latin: *Sapis*) is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea. It is the longest river of the Romagna region.

Geography
---------

The Savio river has a length of 126 km (78 mi), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 700 km2 (270 sq mi).

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.

### Course

The Savio river starts, with the name of *Fosso Grosso*, in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about 1,126 m (3,694 ft), in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.

In *Montecoronaro*, a *frazione* (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of *Savio*. The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the *Lago di Quarto*, where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream *Para*.

It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena. In *Botello* (a *frazione* of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream *Botello*. Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through *Castiglione di Cervia* (commune of Cervia) and *Castiglione di Ravenna* (commune of Ravenna).

Finally, after 126 kilometres, it flows into the Adriatic Sea between Lido di Classe, a seaside resort, and Lido di Savio.

Main tributaries
----------------

The tributaries of the Savio are all small streams; the main are the Botello, left tributary, and Para, coming from the right.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of Italy

Other websites
--------------

* F.I.P.S.A.S. Sezione Provinciale di Forlì-Cesena: *Fiume Savio* Archived 2016-08-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
* Weather statistics for Fiume Savio[*permanent dead link*]
Tellurium(IV) oxide
**Tellurium(IV) oxide**, also known as **tellurium dioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO2. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
----------

Tellurium(IV) oxide can be yellow or white. The white form is the manmade form. The yellow form is natural, also known as tellurite. The manmade form is most common in chemical reactions. At high pressure, the manmade white form turns into the yellow form. It melts at a high temperature to make a red liquid.

Tellurium(IV) oxide does not dissolve in water. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid. It can react with many strong acids and powerful oxidizing agents. It can also react with strong bases. It makes one's breath smell like garlic when it is eaten.

Preparation
-----------

Tellurium(IV) oxide is made by burning tellurium in air.

Uses
----

It is used in devices that can convert light into sound. It can make glass with special properties.

Safety
------

It can cause birth defects. It also makes bad breath.

Related pages
-------------

* Tellurium(IV) chloride
* Tellurium(VI) oxide
**Tellurium(VI) fluoride**, also known as **tellurium hexafluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF6. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. It is the oldest known tellurium fluoride.

Properties
----------

Tellurium(VI) fluoride is a colorless gas. It condenses to a white solid when made cold. It has a very bad smell. It is very toxic. It is similar to selenium hexafluoride, even though it is less volatile (not as easily evaporated). It reacts with water to make telluric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with tellurium under 200 °C (392 °F) to make tellurium tetrafluoride.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting hot fluorine with tellurium. Cold fluorine gas makes tellurium tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting fluorine with tellurium trioxide. Another way to make it is reacting selenium tetrafluoride and tellurium dioxide to make tellurium tetrafluoride, which is heated above 200 °C (392 °F) to make tellurium hexafluoride and tellurium.

Related pages
-------------

* Tellurium(IV) fluoride
* Tellurium(IV) chloride
Fortepiano by McNulty after Anton Walter
**Paul McNulty** (born 1953 in Houston, Texas) is a piano builder specialising in historical pianos. He creates replicas of fortepianos after makers such as Silbermann, Stein, Walter, Graf etc.

Education
---------

McNulty studied classical guitar and lute at the Peabody Conservatory in 1976. In 1978 he continued his studies at the New England School of Stringed Keyboard Instrument Technology. After attending a seminar at the Steinway factory in New York he was accepted for a technician position there, but chose a career of a fortepiano builder instead.

Life and career
---------------

In 1986 McNulty moved to Amsterdam and then later to the Czech Republic. Since 1995 he has been living and working as a piano builder in Divišov. His fortepiano replicas are suitable for performing works of Chopin, Liszt, Brahms, Mozart and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Classical musicians such as Paul Badura-Skoda, Kristian Bezuidenhout, Ronald Brautigam, Alexei Lubimov that are known for their performances and recordings on period instruments used McNulty's replicas in their concerts or purchased instruments for their own collections. 

Paul McNulty was described by the New Grove Dictionary as "famous for the high standards of [his] instruments".

Other websites
--------------

* Paul McNulty's official website

* Ronald Brautigam on historical pianos made by Paul McNulty