recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Techno** is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Frankfurt, Germany during the early 1980s. It was influenced by synthpop, house music, funk, post-disco and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Detroit Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.

Usage of the term
-----------------

The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, trap). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound.

Other websites
--------------

* Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary
* Korg EMX Summer in Detroit at YouTube, a video example of techno being performed live
* Techno songs Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine blog with regular updates of the newest techno beats and electro music
***Megalania*** (*Varanus prisca*) was a giant monitor lizard that lived in southern Australia. It was part of a species of megafauna that lived during the Pleistocene, and appears to have disappeared around 40,000 years ago. The first Aboriginal settlers of Australia may have encountered living *Megalania*.

*Megalania* is the land-based lizard known to have existed. Judging from its size, *Megalania* would have fed mostly upon medium- to large-sized animals, including any of the giant marsupials like *Diprotodon* .

Size
----

*Megalania* skull, about 74 cm (29 in) long, at Museum of Science, Boston
Ralph Molnar in 2004 determined a range of possible sizes for *Megalania*. He did this by scaling up from dorsal vertebrae, after he determined a relationship between dorsal vertebrae length and total body length. If it had a long thin tail like the Lace monitor (*Varanus varius*), then it would have reached a length of 7.9 metres (26 ft). If its tail-to-body proportions were more similar to that of the Komodo dragon, then a length of around 7 metres (23 ft) is more likely. Using 7 m as the maximum length, Molnar estimated the average weight of the lizard at 320 kilograms (710 lb), and 1,940 kilograms (4,280 lb) as the maximum.

This is twice the length of their closest living relative, the Komodo dragon of eastern Indonesia.
**Planetary system** is the general term for a star with planets and other objects in orbit around it. The Solar System is one of these. It is now clear that many other stars have planetary systems.

The 21st century has become a golden era of planetary system discovery. 4,801 such exoplanets in 3552 planetary systems have been discovered, including 789 multiplanet systems. Hundreds more systems are unconfirmed. 

The closest confirmed system is Gliese 832 at 14.8 light years (ly) with one confirmed planet.The closest unconfirmed system is Alpha Centauri at 4.37 ly with a planet of Earth mass. The closest multi-planet system is Gliese 876 at 15.3 ly with four confirmed planets.

Of particular interest to astrobiology is the habitable zone of planetary systems. This is thought to be the region with the most potential to develop extraterrestrial life.

Multiplanetary systems
----------------------

Number of extrasolar planet discoveries per year through February 2014. Colors indicate method of detection.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 
  radial velocity
  transit
 | 
  timing
  direct detection
  microlensing
 |

Multiplanetary systems organized by spectral type of host star.
**Multiplanetary systems** are stars with at least two confirmed planets, beyond our Solar System.

From the total of **1116** stars known to have exoplanets (as of June 2014, there are a total of **461** known **multiplanetary systems**. About 280 of these have only two confirmed exoplanets, but some have more. The star with the most confirmed planets is our Sun with 8 confirmed planets, while the stars with the most confirmed exoplanets are Kepler-90 and HD 10180 with 7 confirmed planets each; in 2012, two more exoplanet candidates have been suggested for HD 10180, which would bring the total to 9 exoplanets in that system.

Gliese 876, with 4 confirmed exoplanets, is the closest multiplanetary system at 15 light years from our Solar System. A total of 12 systems are known that are closer than 50 light years away, but most are much farther away. The farthest confirmed multiplanetary system is OGLE-2012-BLG-0026L, at 13300 ly away.

The two most important stellar properties are mass and metallicity because it determines how these planetary systems form. The higher mass and metallicity tend to have more planets and more massive planets.
**San José Chinantequilla**  is a community in the Mixe region of Oaxaca state, Mexico. Chinantequilla is in the municipality of Totontepec.

The town 463 people living in it and is around 1160 meters above the sea, the town is in what is known as the Mixe area high north, and has an indigenous language is Mixe but also people originally from this community dominated the Castilian. They have now provided the means of communication in this area, which was previously very difficult to reach.

The locals, speak Spanish and the local dialect of the Mixe language. Each dialect of Mixe is different depending on the village in which it is spoken. According to the 2005 census, the town had a population of 463 people. It has recorded very little information about the history of this community, researchers assume that was one of the last towns on reach the Mixe region, so it is considered a village young, economic activities that are practiced in this community include: The production and marketing of coffee, agriculture and trade. Chinantequilla is north of the state of Oaxaca in the Sierra Mixe approximately 85 km from the capital city, the region extends from the mountain, extremely rugged, with elevations reaching 2,500 meters above sea level, are therefore varied climates: cold and humid in the mountain, temperate semi-humid in the part mean and hot and humid in the lower.

Other websites
--------------

* Chinantequilla Page Archived 2008-09-08 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***San José Chinantequilla***.
Partly reconstructed Ziggurat of Ur
Computer model of the Ziggurat
**Ur** was the one of the world's first cities, in Mesopotamia. It was a Sumerian city-state, founded around 3,800 BC. There are written records dating from the 26th century. Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the River Euphrates on the Persian Gulf. It is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah, Iraq.

Ziggurat
--------

In the Sumerian city, the Ziggurat of Ur was a skyscraper over the city. It was about 20 metres (66 feet) tall. The only level that remains today is the bottom. There were big staircases to get up and down. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks that were perfect. After drying they took them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables. Later the Ziggurat became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, there were temples to do worship.

Social classes
--------------

Ur had three social classes. The richer, like government officials, priests, and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Woolley found a tablet that listed Ur's special workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fullers stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The metal workers made weapons.
The yellow jerseyThe Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune [majo ʒoːn]) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-day (or *stage*) bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. It allows the rider who was in the overall lead at the end of the previous day to be easily identified.

Because the Tour de France was the first to use a coloured jersey to identify the leader many newer races have chosen the same colour, for example the Tour of Germany. Other tours and races use other colours, sometimes because of the sponsor.

The Giro d'Italia, Tour of Italy, have a pink jersey (maglia rosa). The race's original sponsor was the sports newspaper (La Gazzetta dello Sport) which printed on pink paper, like many European sports newspapers.

The leader in the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) wears a red jersey (called "La Roja"). From 1998 to 2010 the Vuelta leader's jersey was gold in color.

Sometimes a rider will get three yellow jerseys. 

1. In front of the press and spectators They are presented a special one that zips up at the back to make the presentation easier.
2. An ordinary jersey to wear during the race the next day.
3. An unused jersey to keep as a memento.

They will sometimes also autograph many copies of the jersey that are given out to VIPs with the race and their team.
**Rien van Haaften** (27 July 1950 – 30 October 2022) was a Dutch football referee. Van Haaften was for 25 years football referee, including in the Dutch professional league. For a total of 46 years he was active in various arbitration roles.

He refereed almost 1050 matches, of which 741 in the national league, 207 in professional football and 148 in the premier league.

Biography
---------

Van Haaften became a referee in 1976. He became a referee on the B-list in the Dutch professional league from 1 January 1990. He refereed professional football matches for four years. He was afterwards a referee for another eight years in amateur football. He stopped at the time because the rule applied that arbitrators were obliged to relegate to group 2 at the age of 50. After his own referee career, he remained closely involved with the referees. He was an arbitration teacher and coach of various top and amateur referees. He was also a lecturer in arbitration. Until his death, he was active for the Dutch national football federation (KNVB), including as a coach in talent development.

In 2021 he was awarded a gold pin by the KNVB for his achievements within the arbitration corps and the training of talented referees.

Van Haaften was diagnozed with heart failure in 2021. He died in Nijmegen on 30 October 2022, at the age of 72.

Slogan
------

The slogan he had for being a referee: "You must have an elephant skin and not the ears of an elephant".
**Senior Minister** (simplified Chinese: 国务资政; traditional Chinese: 國務資政, used to be called 内阁资政／內閣資政 before 12 August 2004, Malay: *Menteri Kanan*) is a political office in the Prime Minister's Office. The job of Senior Minister in the political system of Singapore is taken by a prime minister or senior cabinet minister when he or she retires from that office, but still can help the government with their long experience. However, some opposition critics say that the job of senior minister shows no respect for the political opposition in Singapore and the reliance of Singapore on a dominant-party system.

The last Senior Ministers of Singapore were Goh Chok Tong, the second Prime Minister of Singapore and S Jayakumar, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. This job has been held by Goh since August 12, 2004, and used to be held by Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, from November 28, 1990, until August 12, 2004, and S. Rajaratnam, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, from 1985 to 1988. After Goh Chok Tong became Senior Minister, a new ministerial job, the Minister Mentor, was created and given to Lee Kuan Yew. On 26 March 2009, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (DPM) S. Jayakumar would let go of his job as the DPM and become Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.

In the 2011 general elections, S. Jayakumar did not contest in the election and retired from politics.

After the elections, the Senior Minister position was renamed to Emeritus Senior Minister and is still headed by former prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

List of Senior Ministers of Singapore
-------------------------------------

| Senior Minister | Start of Term | End of Term |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S. Rajaratnam | 1985 | 1988 |
| Lee Kuan Yew | 28 November 1990 | 12 August 2004 |
| Goh Chok Tong | 12 August 2004 | 21 May 2011 |
| S Jayakumar | 1 April 2009 | 21 May 2011 |

Related pages
-------------

* Prime Minister of Singapore
The **serval** (*Leptailurus serval*) is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus.

Description
-----------

The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start.

Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about four pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it.

It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens.

### Habitat

The serval needs access to water, and dense grassland. Reed beds, scrub or high grass are typical habitats. It is territorial.

Hunting and diet
----------------

A serval from the Sabi Sands area of South Africa. The large ears help to hear small prey in the grass
A serval seen from behind: the white markings on the ears (ocelli) can be seen by following kittens
The serval is nocturnal, and hunts mostly at night. The serval is an opportunistic predator whose diet includes rodents, hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs.

As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it.

Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of 9.5 to 19.8 square kilometres (3.7 to 7.6 sq mi), depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of 11.6 to 31.5 square kilometres (4.5 to 12.2 sq mi), and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes.
Molotov (left) and Von Ribbentrop (right) shake hands after they signed the agreement.
The **Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact**, otherwise known as the **Nazi-Soviet Pact**, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. 

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets.

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.
Skeleton of *Sphenodon*
**Tuatara** (*Sphenodon punctatus*) are a species of reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus ***Sphenodon***, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Maori word *tuatara* refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

Sense organs
------------

### Third 'eye'

Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.

The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

### Hearing

Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

Endangered species
------------------

The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, *S. guntheri*, was not discovered until 1989.

Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat *Rattus exulans*. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.
**William Clark Haines** (1810–3 February 1866) was the first Premier of Victoria. He served two terms as premier, the first from 30 November 1855 to 25 August 1856, and a second term from 29 April 1857 to 10 March 1858.

Born in London, Haines attended Charterhouse school, and then Cambridge University where he studied surgery. He moved to Victoria in 1842, and started farming around Geelong. After selling the farms in the 1850's he became a magistrate and was appointed to Victoria's Legislative Council. He helped to write the Victorian Constitution. In December 1854 he became the Colonial Secretary, and assisted the Governor of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham.

The British government passed the Victorian Constitution Act in 1855. Hotham was convinced to hand his power over as soon as possible. Haines and three other council members were made government ministers with the job of organizing the change to self-government. Haines was appointed by Hotham to be the Chief Secretary of Victoria and act as Premier until the elections could be orgaized. He resigned when several of the ministers wanted the elections by secret ballot. He thought this would increase corruption and bribery. He was reappointed when the Council decided that it, not the ministers should make the decision. He was the Chief Secretary until the first election in November 1856. After the election, as a member of the new Legislative Assembly, Haines became Premier until his government was defeated in 1857 by a group led by Sir John O'Shanassy. The O'Shanassy government was soon defeated and Haines again became Premier. In 1858 he was defeated during arguments about how the electorates should be divided.

Haines traveled to the USA and Europe. On his return to Victoria in October 1860, he was again elected to the parliament, and became Treasurer in O'Shanassey's government. After losing his seat in 1863, he was appointed to the Legislative Council.
Hutton's angular unconformity is at Siccar Point where 345 million year old Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies 425 million year old Silurian greywacke.
Siccar Point: eroded and gently sloping Devonian Old Red Sandstone layers cap over conglomerate layer and older vertically bedded Silurian greywacke rocks.
St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney, built of local sandstone
The unconformity at Jedburgh: illustrated by John Clerk in 1787 with a recent photography by Keith Montgomery
The Old Red Sandstone Continent in the Devonian
The **Old Red Sandstone** is a dark red sandstone laid down mainly in the Devonian period over a large part of the continent of Laurussia. The base of the ORS is now known to be in the Silurian and the top in the Carboniferous.

Laurussia is often called the **Old Red Continent**, or Euramerica. It included what is now much of northern Europe, Greenland and North America. It was, at the time, between 0o and 30o south of the equator.

History
-------

The Old Red Sandstone (ORS) was first discovered in Great Britain, and it played a big part in early geology. The term 'Old Red Sandstone' was first used in 1821 by Scottish naturalist and mineralogist Robert Jameson.

In 1787 James Hutton saw what is now known as Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders.

Later, on the Berwickshire coast, he found Siccar Point. There was "a beautiful picture of this junction washed bare by the sea", where 345 million year old Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies 425 million year old Silurian greywacke.

The sequence of events
----------------------

The unconformity represents a gap in the record of geological time. During this time the rocks were raised above sea level, and erosion took place. Folding and faulting occurred. The mountains were formed when a section of northwestern Europe collided with a continental plate made up of parts of present-day North America and Greenland. The lower strata tilted almost vertical.

The ORS rocks were deposited in a series of low-lying terrestrial basins, with lakes and rivers. These basins were between ranges of the Caledonian mountains. The ORS was laid down in this non-marine terrestrial environment. Thick deposits of sand and mud, 11,000 metres (36,000 feet) deep, often stained red by oxidized iron minerals, collected as the basins sank down.

The ORS was laid down over a long period of time from the latest Silurian to the earliest Carboniferous (Mississippian), 418–355 million years ago.

Variations
----------

The ORS is a rock formation which varies from place to place as the circumstances at the time must have varied.

The dark red colour of these rocks comes from iron oxide. However, not all the Old Red Sandstone is red or sandstone — the sequence also includes conglomerates, mudstones, siltstones and thin limestones and colours can range from grey and green through red to purple.

These deposits got sediment from the erosion of the Caledonian Mountain chain. This was built by the collision of the former continents to make the Old Red Sandstone Continent. This sequence is known as the Caledonian orogeny.

Related pages
-------------

* Laurasia
* Laurentia
* Laurussia
In music, an **ostinato** is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music. The word "ostinato" is related to the word *obstinate*. It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away. The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".

An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.

An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm. It is similar to a riff in jazz. Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.

A ground bass, or *basso ostinato*, is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change. This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous *Canon in D* by Pachelbel.

An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the *Planets Suite* by Gustav Holst. This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars. *Boléro* by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.

An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's *Money*.

Related pages
-------------

* Pedal point
* Riff
* Tubular bells
Mohamed Ali Mosque, Cairo; an example of classic Ottoman architecture
**Ottoman architecture** is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. It emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture. It was influenced by the Byzantine, Iranian and Seljuk architecture.  It was also influenced by Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes. Their work achieved harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious building, which until then was simple but with extensive decoration, was transformed by the Ottomans. They used vaults, domes, semi-domes and columns. The mosque was changed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a beautiful sanctuary.

Other websites
--------------

* Architecture. The Ottomans


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ottoman architecture***.

  


| * v
* t
* e
Islamic architecture |
| --- |
| 
* Moroccan architecture
* Indo-Muslim architecture
* Persian architecture
* Sino-Islamic architecture
* Turkish architecture
* Yemenite architecture

 |
| Part of Islamic arts |
**Vaginoplasty** is surgery to build or rebuild a vagina. Some babies are born with a problem where the vagina did not grow right. Doctors fix this with a vaginoplasty. Some women do not like how their vagina looks or feels. They can ask for a vaginoplasty. Some transsexual women ask for a vaginoplasty when they go from male to female (sex reassignment surgery).

Most of the time, the goal of the surgery is to enable these people to have sex like other people.

There are many ways to do a vaginoplasty. Most use tissue from other parts of the body of the patient. They can use tissue from inside the mouth, skin tissue, the vaginal labia, or the intestines. For transgender women, they can use the penis and scrotum to make a vagina, but they must continue to dilate the new vagina to keep it by a tool.

Further reading
---------------

* Karim RB, Hage JJ, Dekker JJ, Schoot CM. Evolution of the methods of neovaginoplasty for vaginal aplasia. *Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.* 1995 Jan;58(1):19-27. Review. PMID 7758640
* Karim RB, Hage JJ, Mulder JW. Neovaginoplasty in male transsexuals: review of surgical techniques and recommendations regarding eligibility. *Ann Plast Surg.* 1996 Dec;37(6):669-75. Review. PMID 8988784
***Yarudora Series Vol. 2: Kisetsu o Dakishimete*** (Embracing the Season) is the second installment in the Yarudora series of FMV adventure games developed between Sony's Sugar & Rocket and famed animation studio, Production I.G. The story follows a young man and his childhood friend who discover a young girl laying unconscious underneath a cherry blossom cherry one day. When the girl awakens she doesn't remember who she is but the protagonist does, she was a girl that he had a crush on in high school but who died tragically in a car accident years ago. Somehow she is alive again, looking the same as she did in high school. The title released in Japan on July 23, 1998 for the PlayStation and was later ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2005.

Gameplay
--------

In Yarudora Series Vol.2 Kisetsu O Dakishimete the protagonist and his friend Tomoko are walking under cherry trees filled with blossoms when they find a young girl who appears to be sleeping. The unconscious girl happens to be Asayo, who the protagonist had a major crush on in high school. When she wakes up, her memory has been wiped clean and it's up to the player and Tomoko to help her remember the events leading up to her cherry tree sojourn.

Development
-----------

The game was originally released in 1998, the Yarudora (a conjunction of Yaru Dorama which translates to "Drama that You Do") series of games all followed a central theme where a girl with amnesia enters the player's life. With the appearance of the girl, an interactive adventure follows where the story plays out in animated motion with choices to select along the way which affect the ultimate outcome. Features in the game include a graphics gallery, a replay function, and the ability to view various endings once they are achieved during a normal game.

Description
-----------

Manufacturer's description:

2nd go step-by-step story become a hero, that are configured with only animated series "Dora do." Achievement rate will be displayed scene number and clear ending, enjoy as many times as you want. Hero has just been admitted to the university and meet her first love-just like the Mayu, the mind goes wavering between girlfriend Tomoko from the prep school.

 Features:

* First person perspective.
* 2D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Mystery, dating & Anime themes.
A **thermodynamic cycle** is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. Properties depend only on the thermodynamic state and thus do not change over a cycle. Variables such as heat and work are not zero over a cycle, but rather depend on the process. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics. 

Example of P-V diagram of a thermodynamic cycle.
If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then it represents a heat engine, and W will be positive. If it moves counterclockwise then it represents a heat pump, and W will be negative.

Classes
-------

Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are **power cycles** and **heat pump cycles**. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures using mechanical work input. 

### Thermodynamic power cycles

Heat engine diagram.
See the main article: Heat engine
Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run almost all motor vehicles. Power cycles can be divided according to the type of heat engine they seek to model. The most common cycles that model internal combustion engines are the Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines and the Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines. Cycles that model external combustion engine include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, and the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines.

Related pages
-------------

* Entropy
* Heat engine

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Thermodynamic cycles***.

Educational software links:

* Thermodynamic Cycle Simulation Software
**Peter Svidler**, born 17 June 1976 in Leningrad, is a Russian chess Grandmaster, and six times Russian chess champion.

Peter Svidler learned to play chess when he was six years old. In 1992, he tied for 1st with Ragim Gasimov in the USSR Junior Open Chess Championship. He became a grandmaster in 1994. 

He has been Russian champion six times (1994, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2011). This is a record for this high-class event, which has a long history. In 2001, he reached the semi-finals of the FIDE World Championship.

He came second (with Viswanathan Anand) in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in San Luis with 8.5 points out of 14 games, lagging 1.5 points behind the winner, Veselin Topalov. In an interview given for World Chess Network he said: "I only prepared seriously for San Luis, and I think it has paid off. But in general I spend most of my spare time with my wife and kids, so my relative success in 2005 was a pleasant surprise". His San Luis result earned him direct entry to the World Chess Championship series of 2007. In that tournament he scored 6.5 out of 14, placing 5th out of eight players.

In 2006 he came second behind Alexander Grischuk at the World Blitz Championship in Rishon Lezion, Israel, with 10.5 points out of 15 games. He also finished tied for first with Vladimir Kramnik at Dortmund 2006.

2011 World Cup
--------------

Svidler has won the FIDE 2011 World Cup in Khanty-Mansisyk Siberia. The final was in September.

Svidler took the $120,000 first prize after beating his fellow countryman, Alexander Grischuk 2.5-1.5, in the best-of-four game final. It was a crushing psychological win for Svidler, who took adantage of his opponent's bad time-management. Svidler steered the games into lines that had Grischuk thinking from the very early stages. 

Svidler has now become the first Russian to win the World Cup title. His back-to-back major title wins of the Russian Championship followed by the World Cup has Svidler once again into the world’s top ten. 

Both Svidler and Grischuk also earned qualification for the 2012 World Championship Candidates tournament. And in the all-Ukrainian battle for the third Candidates spot, Vassily Ivanchuk won 2.5-1.5 against Ruslan Ponomariov.
Showing something of its red underside
The rough-skinned newt
The **rough-skinned newt** (*Taricha granulosa*) is a North American newt known for its strong poison. 

Juveniles live on land for four or five years after metamorphosis. Adults are amphibious, and live in water and on land. Eggs are laid in water. They can be found especially after there has been a lot of rain.

Toxicity
--------

Many newts make toxin in their skin to avoid predation, but the rough-skinned newt is especially poisonous. Toxicity is generally experienced only if the newt feels threatened, although sometimes skin irritation can be experienced after touching it. 

The toxin that the rough-skinned newt makes can either paralyze or kill a human. Recently, a drunk 29-year-old man in Coos Bay, Oregon, died after swallowing a rough-skinned newt for a dare.

### Toxin resistance

Throughout much of the newt’s range, the common garter snake (*Thamnophis sirtalis*) is resistant to the newt's toxin. In several populations, these snakes successfully prey upon the newts. Toxin resistant garter snakes are the only known animals today that can eat a *T. granulosa* newt and survive.

This is an example of co-evolution. The snake’s resistance to the toxin has resulted in a selective pressure that favours newts which produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply a selective pressure favouring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. 

This cycle of a predator and prey co-evolving is sometimes called an evolutionary arms race. In this case it results in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.

### Warning colouration

Toxic animals usually warn predators that they are not good food. There's no point in being toxic unless it helps survival and reproduction. The underside of these newts is vividly coloured a yellow-orange. When a threat appears, the newt curls up its tail and lifts its head to show the warning colour. This can be seen in photographs.

Location
--------

Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the west coast of the United States and British Columbia. The southern range extends to California and the northern in Alaska.
**The Daylights** are an alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California that formed in 2004. The trio is fronted by brothers Ran Jackson and Ricky Jackson, with Svend Lerche on Drums. Best known for their song, "I Hope This Gets To You" that was released in December, 2010 as a virtual "love letter" on YouTube, it was based on a concept they conceived with their roommate for his long distance girlfriend. Within the first 72 hours, the video was viewed over 1.5 million times & every major press outlet had something to say about the phenomenon.
Their self titled album "The Daylights", which was recorded in London and produced by critically acclaimed producer, Youth (Paul McCartney, The Futureheads) was released September 14, 2010 on the band's own label, 87th Floor Records. The album spent 5 weeks on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart. "Rogue Machine" and "I Hope This Gets To You" both reached Top 50 at Hot AC radio, and The Daylights were the only unsigned band in the Top 100. "I Hope This Gets To You" went to #4 on Sirius XM.
The Daylights had three headlining tours in support of their self-titled album, including the "No Reverse Tour" fall 2011. Other tours include long runs with Katy Perry, OneRepublic, NeedtoBreathe, Civil Twilight and The Parlotones.

Band members
------------

* Ran Jackson - Lead guitar, Vocals
* Ricky Jackson - Bass guitar, Vocals
* Svend Lerche - Drums

Former members
--------------

* Adam Farley - Drums

Discography
-----------

* **The Shift and Blur**  (2004)

1. Outsider
2. If Words Were Bullets
3. Boy on the Moon
4. Little Girl
5. Typical
6. Happy
7. She'll Never Tell
8. You Know Who You Are

* **Sans Radio EP** (2008)

1. Little White Lies
2. Guess I miss(ed) You
3. Probably
4. Slow Down

* **The Daylights** (2010)

1. Black Dove
2. Rogue Machine
3. Richmond Park, Pt. I
4. Alive
5. Weapons
6. Outsider
7. Terra Firma
8. The Last Time
9. Boy On The Moon
10. Quick Fix
11. Guess I Miss(ed) You
12. Digital\_Kiss
13. Wins and Losses
14. Happy
15. Richmond Park, Pt. II

* **Modern Fossils EP** (2012)

Other websites
--------------

* Official Site Archived 2018-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
* The Daylights on Facebook.com
* The Daylights on Twitter
* The Daylights Youtube channel
**Shermine Shahrivar** (Persian: شرمینه شهریورتهرانی,; born on 20 November 1982) is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Europe in 2005. She was born in Tehran, Iran.

Career
------

She became Miss Germany in 2004 and then won the overall title of Miss Europe in 2005 while competing in France. She then participated in the Miss Universe 2004. Shermine currently lives in New York City where she is studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

She was born to Iranian parents. Her family moved to Germany when she was one year old. Her mother and brothers live in Germany. She was raised speaking German and Persian, and she is also fluent in French and English. Shahrivar has a university degree in social sciences. She was chosen to be the host of a Nowruz celebration in Oberhausen, Germany on March 19, 2005. She hosted Traumpartner TV in Germany from December 2004 to August 2005. She was also in an October edition of the German *Playboy*.

She dated German actor Thomas Kretschmann in 2008 and then Australian actor Xavier Samuel in 2010. She is now dating Lapo Elkann.

Other websites
--------------

* Shermine at Model Management Archived 2014-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
* At Iranian.com
* Iran-Plus photos Archived 2005-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Persian Mirror article Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
* American Apparel Models Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
***Yarudora Series Vol. 3 Sampaguita*** is the third one in the Yarudora series originally released for PlayStation and later released for the PlayStation Portable console. It was released October 15, 1998 with PlayStation and July 28, 2005 with PlayStation Portable in Japan.

Gameplay
--------

While walking home in the rain from a party one night, the protagonist finds a girl sitting in the street. Homing in closer for a look, she has a cut on her head and is bleeding. Chivalry isn't dead when the player props the girl on his back and brings her home. Her name is Maria but she remembers nothing else about herself and why she was in the gutter.

Features in the game include a graphics gallery, a replay function, and the ability to view various endings once they are achieved during a normal game.

The game features 28 different endings (20 bad endings, 5 normal endings and 3 good endings) depending of the player choices during the game.

Description
-----------

 Manufacturer's description:

All stories will be told in the video! Play time is about an hour and a half hours average once. In the meantime, all of the story is told in only go video and audio. Smooth deployment, such as that seen OVA though.

Cold rain-swept night, the hero has found a woman crouched in a narrow alley. The name of the unique woman came Maria, from the Philippines.. .. And a cassette tape of the book, photos of Itcho handgun, a piece of Maria was in the back. Flowing leisurely moments with Maria, the mystery man of the Philippines · break it out.

What I find a past hero of Maria?

 Features:

* First person perspective.
* 2D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Mystery, dating & Anime themes.
Retailer selling tofu
**Retail** is selling goods or items to the people who will use them. This is different from wholesale, which is selling to a retailer.

According to Oxford Dictionary, Retail is the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

Retailers buy finished goods or items directly from a manufacturer or a wholesaler and then distribute in smaller quantities to the final consumer who has a need for such items.

For instance, when we buy shoes to wear or food to eat, we buy from a retailer.

Retailing can be done at shops and stores. This includes department stores, malls and markets where stalls or stands are set up at a cleared area.

Another way of purchasing retail items is by ordering them by mail, telephone, Internet or other methods, to be delivered by post or package delivery service such as United Parcel Service. Some items are sold door-to-door, in which a sales person goes to a possible customers home and tries to sell an item.
Toyama in Japan-sea coast
Map of Toyama Prefecture.
Flag
Symbol
**Toyama Prefecture** (富山県, *Toyama-ken*) is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is Toyama.

History
-------

The area of Toyama Prefecture comes from Etchū Province.

The Itai-itai disease, whose origin is from polluted water with cadmium, occurred in Toyama around 1950.

Geography
---------

Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the southeast, Gifu Prefecture to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north.

The most famous mountain in Toyama is Mount Tate.[*source?*]

Toyama is known for its great mountains and rich fishery. Trout sushi (ますずし, *masu-zushi*), firefly squid (ほたるいか, *hotaru-ika*) and mass product of tulip industry are also famous.[*source?*]

Toyama is an industrial prefecture because companies like YKK and Sankyo Aluminum have been able to take advantage of cheap hydro-electricity generated by rivers flowing from its high mountains.[*source?*]

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 30% of the total land area of the prefecture, including

* Chūbu-Sangaku National Park

Shrines and Temples
-------------------

*Takase taisha*, *Keta jinja*, and *Oyama jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

Related pages
-------------

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Kataller Toyama

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Toyama prefecture at Wikimedia Commons

* Toyama Prefecture website Archived 2005-08-16 at the Wayback Machine

  


| * v
* t
* e
Japan Regions and Administrative divisions of Japan |
| --- |
| Regions | 
* Hokkaidō
* Tōhoku
* Kantō
	+ Nanpō Islands
* Chūbu
	+ Hokuriku
	+ Kōshin'etsu
	+ Shin'etsu
	+ Tōkai
* Kansai
* Chūgoku
	+ San'in
	+ San'yō
* Shikoku
* Kyūshū
	+ Northern
	+ Southern
	+ Okinawa

 |  |
| 47 Prefectures | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Hokkaidō | 
* Hokkaidō

 |
| Tōhoku | 
* Aomori
* Iwate
* Miyagi
* Akita
* Yamagata
* Fukushima

 |
| Kantō | 
* Ibaraki
* Tochigi
* Gunma
* Saitama
* Chiba
* Tokyo
* Kanagawa

 |
| Chūbu | 
* Niigata
* Toyama
* Ishikawa
* Fukui
* Yamanashi
* Nagano
* Gifu
* Shizuoka
* Aichi

 |
| Kansai | 
* Mie
* Shiga
* Kyoto
* Osaka
* Hyōgo
* Nara
* Wakayama

 |
| Chūgoku | 
* Tottori
* Shimane
* Okayama
* Hiroshima
* Yamaguchi

 |
| Shikoku | 
* Tokushima
* Kagawa
* Ehime
* Kōchi

 |
| Kyūshū | 
* Fukuoka
* Saga
* Nagasaki
* Kumamoto
* Ōita
* Miyazaki
* Kagoshima
* Okinawa

 |

 |
The **Zhucheng fossil site** is in Zhucheng, a city in the Shandong Province of China. It is perhaps the greatest treasury of dinosaur fossils found in the 20th century.

Zhucheng has been an important site for dinosaur excavation since 1960. The local community used the calcium-rich fossils for traditional village remedies used to treat muscle cramps and other minor ailments.

The world's largest hadrosaur fossil was found in Zhucheng in the 1980s, and is on display in the local museum. Scientists have collected more than 50 metric tons (55 short tons) of fossils since 1960.

Many dinosaur bones were smuggled out of the city. In 2008 Australia returned hundreds of kilograms of Chinese dinosaur fossils, including dinosaur fossil eggs. These fossils were recovered during a sting operation carried out on warehouses and cargo containers.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| This group of fossilised dinosaurs is currently the largest ever discovered in the world... in terms of area. | "|
| —Professor Zhao Xijin, palaeontologist in charge of the excavations from Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology. BBC. |

The palaeontologists believe they have found one of the biggest sites of dinosaur remains from a massive excavation pit. The fossilized bones date to the Upper Cretaceous just before to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The findings also include the remains of a 20 meter (66 ft) hadrosaurid, a record size for the duck-billed dinosaur. A fossilized skull of a large ceratopsian was also found along with bones which belong to club-tailed ankylosaurs.

Such a high concentration of fossil bones in such a small area suggests they died together and suddenly. Scientists believe a volcanic eruption may have killed the dinosaurs, and a subsequent flood carried the fossils to Zhucheng, which may have been a wetland covered in grass.

The local authorities in Shandong are making plans to set up a fossil park in the area.