recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
A **madrigal** is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.

When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.

The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620. 

In 1533 a book called *Primo libro di Madrigali* (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Jacob Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called *Musica Transalpina* (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.

People liked madrigals because they were fun. Whenever possible the composer made the music sound like the word being sung. A word like "smile" would have quick music, "sigh" would have a note followed by a short rest, as if the singer were sighing, "rise so high" would be sung to music which rose very high. This kind of thing was called "word-painting". It can be found in religious music as well, but the way it was used in madrigals was new and exciting. Very often there would be a verse and a refrain which was often just sung to words such as "fa la la la la". The songs were often about shepherds and shepherdesses falling in love.

The most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Giovanni da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins. About the franco-flemish , Orlando di Lasso, Josquin des Prez. About the spanish, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Mateo Flecha.

Performance of madrigals
------------------------

*Resonet in laudibus* , Orlando di Lasso
In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes, as madrigals were a secular style of song.

Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.
**Joey Scarbury** (born June 7, 1955) is an adult contemporary singer best known for his hit song, "Theme from *The Greatest American Hero* (Believe It or Not)", in 1981.

Growing up in Thousand Oaks, California, Scarbury was continually encouraged in his ambition to sing by his mother. At the age of 14, after being spotted by songwriter Jimmy Webb's father, he was signed to a recording contract, and seemed to be destined for stardom. Scarbury's first single, "She Never Smiles Anymore," flopped, and he was soon without a record label. 

Scarbury, undaunted by what happened, stayed in music up through the 1970s singing backup for artists like Loretta Lynn, and occasionally recording his own material. Although he had a minor chart single with "Mixed Up Guy" in 1971, real chart success eluded him for the rest of the decade. This was to change when he started working for record producer and composer Mike Post. Post was hired along with Stephen Geyer to write the theme tune for a new TV series dubbed *The Greatest American Hero*, about a high school teacher who comes into possession of a superhero outfit, and Scarbury was chosen to record it. An extended version of the song (3:15 compared to the television theme's minute-long length), released by Elektra Records, shot up to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. 

Scarbury could not follow it up however, and after charting at #49 with the single "When She Dances", Scarbury disappeared again from the charts. Scarbury went on to work with Post again in the mid 1980s to record the song "Back to Back", for the television series *Hardcastle and McCormick* and teamed up with Desiree Goyette to record "Flashbeagle" for the Peanuts special *It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown*. He also performed the opening theme for the television series *Jennifer Slept Here*.

In 1990, Scarbury found success again as a songwriter. This time, his co-written song "No Matter How High" was recorded by The Oak Ridge Boys and was a number one country music hit. His co-writer on this song was Even Stevens who previously had found success with co-writing songs for country star Eddie Rabbitt, as well as the Kenny Rogers hit "Love Will Turn You Around" from the motion picture *Six Pack*.

His hit song from *The Greatest American Hero* appeared in Michael Moore's film *Fahrenheit 9/11* on the scene when President George W. Bush declares the Iraq Mission Accomplished.

In 2008, Joey was back on the radio after a long absence. His single "How Do You Sleep At Night" broke the top 40.

Discography
-----------

Scarbury has released several singles starting in 1969 on Dunhill, followed by releases on Reena, Playboy, Bell, Columbia, RCA, Big Tree, Lionel, and Elektra labels.  

1 ALBUM: (1981) *America's Greatest Hero*

Other websites
--------------

* IMDb Entry
* VH1 Profile Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
Postcard of a lynching of a black American, in a wheelchair, aeound 1900. Victim and location are unknown. Hand-colored photograph
File:Lynching of Laura Nelson, May 1911.jpgLynching of Laura Nelson,in Okemah,Oklahoma, May 1911. Nelson was held in a local prison for her involvement in killing a sheriff, when a mob freed both her and her son; both were lynched. Both were held in connection with a killing of a sheriff. Allegedly, she was raped as well. 
Colored postcard of a lynching in Kentucky. It shows the lynching of Virgil, Robert and Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley on July 31, 1908, in Russellville, Kentucky
A **lynching postcard** is a postcard showing a lynching. Lynchings are extrajudicial killings, and are often driven by racial hatred. Like other postcards, these postcards were intended to be souvenirs. These postcards often had racist texts written on them. Lynching postcards were popular in the United States, and the US Postal Service was forbidden from distributing them in 1908.

Background
----------

Many lynchings had a racist background. White racists used them as propaganda. Lynchings were most common between the 1880s and the 1940s. At first, they were used to intimidate African Americans, who had more rights after the civil war. Later they were also used to intimidate voters and civil rights workers, independently of their race. The common practice was that a mob would force them out of their homes, or from prison cells, and then murder them. This happened without a trial.

Like with other events of the time, postcards were made about the event. Often, the people taking the photographs were those killing the victims.

In a typical lynching postcard, the victim is displayed prominently at the center of the shot, smiling spectators, often including children, are at the margins of the frame. Facial expressions suggesting remorse, guilt, shame, or regret are rare.

Sources
-------

* Allen, James; Littlefield, John (2018) [2000]. *Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America*. Twin Palms Publishers. ISBN 978-0-944092-69-9. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
* Young, Harvey (2005). "The Black Body as Souvenir in American Lynching". *Theatre Journal*. **57** (4): 639–657. doi:10.1353/tj.2006.0054. JSTOR 25069734. S2CID 129940032.
Washington hanging from a tree after being severely burned
**Jesse Washington** was lynched in Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916. Washington was a teenage African American who worked on a farm. The event became a well-known example of racially motivated lynching. Washington was accused of raping and killing Lucy Fryer. Fryer was the wife of Washington's white boss in rural Robinson, Texas. No one saw Washington commit the crime. During his interrogation by the McLennan County sheriff, he signed a confession and described the location of the weapon used to kill Fryer.

Washington was tried for murder in Waco. There were angry locals in the courtroom. Washington pleaded guilty and was quickly sentenced to death. Washington was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco's city hall. Over 10,000 people, including city officials and police, gathered to watch the attack. People enjoyed the attack, many children attended the event. Members of the mob removed his testicles, cut off his fingers, and hung him over a bonfire. Washington was lowered and raised over the fire for about two hours. The fire was extinguished and his burnt torso was dragged through the town. Parts of his body were sold as souvenirs. Pictures of the event were taken by a professional photographer. This provided rare pictures of a lynching while the event was going on. These pictures were printed and sold as postcards in Waco.

Lynching was supported by many Waco residents. It was, however, not supported by newspapers around the United States. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hired Elisabeth Freeman to investigate. Freeman gathered many details, despite that many residents did not want to talk about what had happened. After receiving Freeman's report, NAACP co-founder and editor W. E. B. Du Bois published an in-depth report featuring photographs of Washington's burnt body in *The Crisis*. The NAACP also featured his death in their anti-lynching campaign. Waco was known as a modern and a progressive city. However, the lynching demonstrated that the city did not mind racial violence. The event was nicknamed the "Waco horror". The city then gained a reputation for racism. City leaders tried to stop violence several times in the following decades.

Historians believe that Washington's death helped change the way people view lynching. The media attention the event received made people become against lynching. It was seen as "barbarism" (ruthless) rather than as an acceptable form of justice. In the 1990s and 2000s, some Waco residents wanted a monument for the event. The idea did not gain support in the city.

Other websites
--------------

* *The New York Times*
* *The Washington Post*
* Modernist Journals Project
* Du Bois, W. E. B. (July 1916). "The Waco Horror" (PDF). *The Crisis*. Archived by the Modernist Journals Project. **12** (Supplement to no. 3): 1–8. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-09-25.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)()
* Goodwyn, Wade. "Waco Recalls a 90-Year-Old 'Horror'." *National Public Radio*. May 13, 2006. (Transcript of radio story)
**Jerusalem** is a Swedish Christian rock band, founded in 1975 by Ulf Christiansson. It was one of the first bands to combine Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound.

History
-------

Official Jerusalem logo
Jerusalem's message was primarily aimed at youth, with their lyrics describing the band's relationship to God in an ordinary, but radical way. The band's purpose was expressly evangelistic. Their concerts have been described as a series of revival meetings which often included altar calls and occasionally exorcisms.¡When the band first toured in the mid-1970s in Sweden, their combination of Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound was very controversial. The band was only permitted to perform at a few churches.

Discography
-----------

*For albums released in both Swedish and English versions, the English titles are in parentheses.*

### Studio albums

* *Jerusalem (Volume 1)* (1978/1980)
* *Volym 2 (Volume 2)* (1980/1981)
* *Krigsman (Warrior)* (1981/1982)
* *Vi Kan Inte Stoppas (Can't Stop Us Now)* (1983/1984)
* *Dancing on the Head of the Serpent* (1987/1988)
* *Prophet* (1994)
* *Volym Tre (Those Were the Days)* (1996/1997)
* *Volüm Fyra (R.A.D.)* (1997/1998)
* *She* (2010)

### Live albums

* *In His Majesty's Service - Live in USA* (1985)
* *Live - På Ren Svenska* (1998)

### Compilation albums

* *10 Years After* (1988)
* *Klassiker 1 (Classics 1)* (1993/1996)
* *Klassiker 2 (Classics 2)* (1993/1996)
* *Classics 3* (1995)
* *Tretti* (2006)
* *Greatest Hits* (2006)

Other websites
--------------

* Jerusalem - Official Site
The **kererū** (*Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae*) is the only type of pigeon native to New Zealand. It is very big and easy to spot, and its wings make a loud sound when it flies. It is the only still-living New Zealand bird which can eat large fruits whole, and so is important for spreading the seeds of many native trees. Kererū were an important type of food for Māori. There are much fewer kererū now than before the Europeans arrived in New Zealand, mostly because the Europeans brought meat-eating animals like cats, ferrets, stoats, possums, and rats, and cut down a lot of the forest. Because there are not many kererū any more, it is against the law to hunt them.

Name
----

'Kererū' is the most common name for this bird, but in some parts of the North Island it is called *kūkū* or *kūkupa.* Kererū are also called *wood pigeon*, but they are a different type of bird to the wood pigeon (*Columba palumbus*) of the Northern Hemisphere.

Description
-----------

Kererū are big and generally weigh between 550 and 850 grams. They have a white underbelly and dark green/blue head, shoulders, and wings. The green/blue colour is iridescent, meaning it is shiny and shows lots of different blues, greens, and purples in the sunlight.
Koska Helvacısı Turkish delight varieties at display in a window shop of one of its branches in Istanbul.
"Koska" Turkish delight shop in Istanbul
**Koska Helvacısı** or simply **Koska** is the leading brand and trademark of helva (halva) and Turkish delight production in Turkey.

Name
----

Koska was a former quarter of Istanbul, near Laleli. The company takes its name from their old location at Koska. Helvacı means producer or seller of sweets in Turkish. "Koska Helvacısı", then, "Sweetshop of Koska".

History
-------

Koska's origins go back to the city of Denizli in the early 1900s. It was founded by Hacı Emin Bey.

His son Halil İbrahim Adil Dindar came to Istanbul in 1931. He started a helva production and sale shop at Koska. In 1982, after the death of their father, the three Dindar brothers inherited the company and divided it into two. They made an agreement to continue to use the brand name of Koska, both of them independently. Nevzat and Mümtaz Dindar established "Merter Helva" under the brand name "Koska". Mahir Dindar established "Mahir Gıda" under the brand name "Koska Helvacısı". Thus both companies market(ed) their products using the traditional name "Koska".

At present
----------

In 2011, Merter added a "nazar boncuğu" (traditional blue and white bead for good luck) image to its logo, with the aim of differentiating the two companies. This was criticised by Mahir Gıda as a violation of their agreement. They announced that no Koska product bore any signs like bugs, flowers or beads. In return, Merter announced that no Koska product without the image of the "Helvacı Dede" (Grandpa Helvacı) is genuine Koska.

Merter Helva drafted a "constitution" or agreement not to have similar divisions in the future. They also received a "kosher food" and a "halal food" certificate.

Both companies produce Turkish delight, fruit preserves and various other sweet confections. This is in addition to the traditional "helva".

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Koska Helvacısı***.

* Official internet page of "Koska Helvacısı" by Mahir Gıda
* Official internet page of "Koska" by Menter Helva
**Kosciuszko National Park** is a national park in the Australian state of New South Wales, Australia and is the largest national park in New South Wales and the tallest in Australia, home to the highest peak of Australia; Mt. Kosciuszko as well as two famous ski resorts: Thredbo and Perisher. The park gets its name from a Polish-Lithuanian hero called General Tadeusz Kościuszko, which explains the etymology of a name that is rather difficult to pronounce by most Australians.

Climate
-------

The higher regions of the park experience an alpine climate which is quite unusual on mainland Australia. However, only the peaks of the main mountain range are subject to consistent winter snow. The climate station at Charlotte Pass recorded
Australia's lowest temperature of −23 °C (−9 °F) on 28 June 1994.

Altitude
--------

The point with the highest altitude is the peak of Mt. Kosciuszko at 2228m, and the lowest point of the park is near Khancoban at 337m. The peak is also the tallest point of the mainland Australian continent. However, the tallest peak of Australia, excluding the areas as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory is actually in Mawsons Peak, some 3000km from the capital of Western Australia; Perth.

The Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme
----------------------------------------

The Snowy River starts in the park and flows south to Victoria. Many tunnels, dams, generators and other parts of the Snowy Mountains Scheme hydro-electric system are located within Kosciuszko National Park, including the Tantangara Reservoir.

The Snowy Scheme, constructed between 1949 and 1974, is a hydroelectricity and irrigation complex consisting of sixteen major dams; seven power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts and is the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia. An 8km powerline has been planned through the area.

Other websites
--------------

* Kosciuszko National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Media related to Kosciuszko National Park at Wikimedia Commons

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Bassin de Latone
The **Latona Fountain** (Fr: *Bassin de Latone*) is a fountain. It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal. Latone faces west. The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666. The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670. In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain. He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees. He also raised her pedestal.

The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style. On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona. In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana. The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs. The lowest tier has turtles and alligators. Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.

Gallery
-------

* 
* 
* 
*

Sources
-------

* Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. *Versailles* Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-228-5

Coordinates: 48°48′20″N 2°07′04″E﻿ / ﻿48.8055032°N 2.1176845°E﻿ / 48.8055032; 2.1176845
85 cent Latvian stamp
Rothko Chapel in Houston, Texas
**Mark Rothko** (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was a Latvian-American modern artist. He was born in a part of the Russian Empire that is now in Latvia, but lived in America for most of his life. He was Jewish. He committed suicide in New York City, at the age of 66, by taking an overdose of anti-depressants and slashing his arms with a razor.

His most famous work is known as abstract expressionism or color field painting. In 2012, one of his works sold for $86.9 million.

Rothko's work
-------------

Rothko's work matured into rectangular fields of color and light. However, between the early period, and the later fields of color, was a long period of transition, marked by two important events in Rothko's life: the onset of World War II and his reading of Friedrich Nietzsche. 

From October 1948, after the death of his mother, Rothko started using symmetrical rectangular blocks of two to three opposing or contrasting, yet complementary, colors. Also, for the next seven years, Rothko painted in oil only on large canvases with vertical formats. Very large-scale designs were used to overwhelm the viewer, or to make the viewer feel "enveloped within" the painting. For some critics, the large size was an attempt to make up for a lack of substance. In retaliation, Rothko stated:

"I realize that historically the function of painting large pictures is painting something very grandiose and pompous. The reason I paint them, however. .. is precisely because I want to be very intimate and human. To paint a small picture is to place yourself outside your experience, to look upon an experience as a stereopticon view or with a reducing glass. However you paint the larger picture, you are in it. It isn’t something you command".
He even suggested that viewers position themselves as little as eighteen inches away from the canvas so that they might experience a sense of intimacy, as well as awe, a transcendence of the individual, and a sense of the unknown.

Other websites
--------------

* National Gallery of Art
**MEPIS** (pronunciation: meh-pis) is a set of Linux Distributions distributed as Live CDs. The most popular of these distributions is SimplyMEPIS. MEPIS distributions are based on Debian, some of them indirectly. For example, SimplyMEPIS 7.0 is based mainly on Debian, with additional source code from Ubuntu (which is also based on Debian). MEPIS distributions are created by Warren Woodford.

It can either be installed onto a hard drive or used as a Live CD, which makes it a boot disc for troubleshooting many operating systems. It includes KDE, the K Desktop Environment.

History
-------

MEPIS was designed as an alternative to SUSE Linux, Red Hat Linux, and Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrake) which, in the creator Warren Woodford's opinion, were too difficult for the average user. MEPIS's first official release was on May 10, 2003.

Distributions
-------------

The most popular MEPIS distribution, SimplyMEPIS, is designed for everyday desktop and laptop computing. SimplyMEPIS 7.0 contains several new packages and features. It contains Linux 2.6.22 and OpenOffice.org 2.3.0. It was released on 2007-12-23.

Related pages
-------------

* NeXT

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
* MEPIS Community Forum Archived 2011-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, main community site
* antiX Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, a fast, lightweight and easy to install Linux distribution live CD based on MEPIS

### Reviews

* SimplyMEPIS 7.0 is a keeper
* Review: SimplyMepis 7.0 Archived 2008-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
* SimplyMEPIS 7.0 Beta 6
* antiX M-7, The Fat-free Mepis
* MEPIS AntiX on 450MHz K6-2, 256Mb
**Light music** is a musical style that might often be called "easy listening". It started in the United Kingdom in the 19th century and became very popular in the middle of the 20th century.

Light music was often played at seaside resorts. It often consisted of arrangements for orchestra of popular songs. It was music that was supposed to be popular, music that a wide audience would be able to enjoy.

In the 1930s, when the BBC started broadcasting music on the radio (which they then called "wireless"), light music became very popular. In 1945 the BBC Light Programme was started. One very popular programme was called *Friday Night is Music Night*, with music played by the BBC Concert Orchestra. and *Music While You Work* was also a very popular programme.

Today Light Music is sometimes seen as not in fashion. Film music is more popular today, and music from musicals.

Eric Coates is a good example of a composer of Light Music. His piece "By the Sleepy Lagoon" became the signature tune of a radio programme called *Desert Island Discs*. Arthur Wood's "Barwick Green" became the theme of *The Archers*.

In the United States popular light pieces were written by people such as Leroy Anderson and George Gershwin.

Light Music is similar to what is called Salon Music (German: Salonmusik) in Europe.

Famous composers of light music
-------------------------------

* Ronald Binge
* Eric Coates
* Frederic Curzon
* Trevor Duncan
* Robert Farnon
* Albert Ketèlbey
* Billy Mayerl
* Angela Morley
* Ernest Tomlinson
* Sidney Torch
* Edward White
* Charles Williams
* Haydn Wood
Ludvík Svoboda  (25 November 1895 – 20 September 1979) was a czechoslovak legionnaire in World War I and Commander of Czechoslovak army in Russia in World War II. Later he became a president (1968-1975)

Early Life
----------

Ludvík Svoboda was born in Hroznatín in Moravia in district Třebíč. He joined Austro-Hungaryan army when he was 20 in year 1915.They send to east to fight against Russia. He was captured and then he joined Czecholovak legion in Russia. He fought in battles like of Zborov and Bakhmach. When he came back he was hero and then his military carreer started in new Czechoslovak army in the year 1921.

World War II
------------

In early 1930' he taught in military academy in Prague. After the Munich betrayal in spring 1939 he was in underground organization named National Defence (Obrana národa). He started in cooperation with Soviet Union (SSSR). In start of June he moved to Poland and established a Czechoslovak legion, but when SSSR invade Poland from east, he was captured and senteced to die. His contacts in Moscow freed him.With connection to Moscow he started to free people from gulag and used them to his legion.He became a commander of Czechoslovak army on east. The first battle of his was in 1943 in battle of Sokolov in Ukraine. His position was leader of 1st Czechoslovak corps. In this battle died a Czech hero captain Jaroš. Then he fight in battle of Dukla Pass. With trust from Klement Gottwald he became a general in year 1945 and was named a Hero of East front.

Presidency
----------

After the ending of the Antonín Novotný regime, in the period known as the Prague Spring, Svoboda was elected President of Czechoslovakia on 30 March 1968, on the recommendation of Alexander Dubček, the First Secretary. He was an acceptable candidate both for Czechs and Slovaks, and as a war hero and a victim of the purges of the early 1950s. People saw him as a new light of democracy and reform. But he was afraid of Soviet Union, because he saw all the crimes that they made.

He was respects by nation, because he took war hostiges from gulags and save them. Until he sign paper of Warsaw pact that Czechoslovakia will do nothing against Russian invasion in the year 1969. He has no word in home and abroad politic. He was puppet of KSČ. He said he don't trust leadership of political party. He tried to meet important people of factories and normal people, but his political status lower and lower. He even tryied to help poor east Slovakia.

When he was elected 2nd time he had a heart attack and must left his post. His succesor was G.Husák.

Rest of his life
----------------

Rest of his life spend on wheelchair in his house in Prague with wife Irena. After his death in 1979 he had big national and military funeral. His funeral was not organized, but thousands of people came to show respect.He was bury on Žižkov with anthem of 1st Czechoslovak corpse ,,Směrem k Praze'' (Headed to the Prague). In 1995 he was removed and send to his family crypt in Kroměříž.
A lignite stockpile (above) and a lignite briquette
**Lignite**, often called **brown coal**, is a soft sedimentary rock. It is brown in color and combustible. The rock is created from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35%. It is thought to be the lowest rank of coal. This is because of its low heat content. Lignite has a high amount of moisture when it is taken from the ground. This can explain its low carbon content. The rock is mined all around the world. It is mostly used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

The combustion of lignite makes less heat for the amount of carbon dioxide and sulfur that come out than other types of coal. Because of this, environmentalists have said that lignite is the worst coal for human health. Many different toxic heavy metals can also be in lignite. These are left over in the coal fly ash made from its combustion. This causes more health risks.

Uses
----

See also: Jet (lignite)
Most lignite is used to make electricity. It is also used in agriculture, in industry, and, as **jet**, in jewelry.

Other websites
--------------

* "Coal and lignite domestic consumption". Global Energy Statistical Yearbook. 2016.
* Geography in action – an Irish case study Archived 2010-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Photograph of lignite Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Coldry:Lignite Dewatering Process

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* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic
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The FN Minimi, one of the most popular light machine guns among NATO countries.
Heckler & Koch MG4 of the German Army.
Bren light machine gun.
Chinese soldier with light machine gun.
Mk 48 machine gun used on patrol in the Afghan mountains, 2009.
A **light machine gun**, or **LMG**, is a type of machine gun that is designed to be used by only one soldier. Light machine guns are often used as squad automatic weapons.

About LMGs
----------

The caliber of cartridge that modern light machine guns fire are usually less than medium machine guns. They are also usually lighter. However, a light machine gun can be noticed by the role it plays in a battle. Some machine guns, such as general-purpose machine guns, can be used as either a light machine gun or a medium machine gun. If it uses a bipod and fires in short bursts, it is a light machine gun. If it is used on a tripod and fires automatically for a long time, it is a medium machine gun.

It is possible to fire a light machine gun from the hip, or on the move. This pins down the enemy. Marching fire relies on this. Otherwise, light machine guns are usually fired while lying down and using a bipod. 

### Ammunition

Many light machine guns (such as the Bren gun or the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle) got their ammunition from a magazine. Others, such as the MG 34, could get their ammunition from either a belt or a magazine. Modern light machine guns are designed to fire more bullets that have a smaller caliber. Because of this, they are usually belt-fed.

History
-------

Light machine guns were first brought into service in World War I to make the infantry more powerful. By the end of World War II, one light machine gun was given to a section or squad.

Examples
--------

Two examples of light machine guns are:

* Bren
* FN Minimi

Related pages
-------------

* Heavy machine gun
* Squad automatic weapon
* General-purpose machine gun
* Assault rifle
**Johann Gottfried Walther** (18 September 1684 – 23 March 1748) was a German music theorist, organist, composer, and lexicographer. He was a cousin of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Life
----

Walther was born in Erfurt. His mother was a relative of the Bach family. He started receiving private lessons when he was four years old. In 1691, he went to school in Erfurt. He started learning to play the organ with Johann Bernhard Bach and Johann Andreas Kretschmar. He was taught singing by Jakob Adlung. In 1697, he went to study at the Rathsgymnasium. In 1702, he became the organist at the Thomaskirche in Erfurt.

He studied music theory and composition by reading books and sheet music. He travelled to Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Halberstadt, and Magdeburg to study with famous musicians at the time. In 1706, he went to Nuremberg to study with Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel, Johann Pachelbel's son.

In 1707, he became the organist at the church of St. Peter and Paul, Weimar. He taught music to Prince Johann Ernst and his sister Johanna Charlotte. He wrote a textbook about music composition for the prince. Johann Sebastian Bach, his cousin, became the court organist of Weimar in 1708. Walther and Bach became good friends.

He became a court musician in 1721. He started writing a dictionary of music and musicians in 1728. In 1732, it was published as *Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec* ("Musical Lexicon or Musical Library") by Wolfgang Deer in Leipzig. It is the first musical dictionary in German.

He died on March 23, 1748.

Other websites
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* Johann Gottfried Walther: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* Walther's Musikalisches Lexicon at the Internet Archive

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**Johann Jakob Falkeisen** (born 1804 in Basel) is a swiss artist painter and engraver.

Biography
---------

After studying in Paris, Falkeisen went to Milan to further his career as an artist and worked under Giovanni Migliara (1785-1837) and Louis Cherbuin (1810-1875) until 1838.
Falkeisen took the opportunity to travel to Bursa in 1843, visiting Athens and Constantinople, to work in his family’s silk factory which was being run by his brother, who was also the Austrian Consul for Bursa. 
The Falkeisen family bought the factory, together with Tasciyan, an Armenian dragoman from the British Embassy, from a French entrepreneur called M. Glaizal, who had started the enterprise in 1837. The Falkeisen factory was the first steam-powered silk-spinning factory in Bursa and manufactured silk thread.
Johann Falkeisen lived in Turkey until 1855 when the family factory was destroyed by fire as a result of an earthquake and he returned to Basel. He then joined the fledgling Kunstmuseum in Basel where he worked as a curator.

Bibliography
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* XXV vedute dei luoghi i più interessanti del lago di Como disegnate dal vero ed incise di Johann Jakob Falkeisen, Ed. L. Ronchi, 1839
* Janet E. Buerger, French daguerreotype, International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, Alice Swan, 1989, ISBN 9780226079851
* A Collection of Watercolours by Johann Jakob Falkeisen (1803-1883) A Swiss Artist in the Ottoman Empire, Ed. Karen Taylor Fine Art, 2018

  


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* Germany

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**Johann "Hans" Mock** (9 December 1906 in Vienna – 22 May 1982) was an Austrian football player. He played as midfielder for FC Nicholson and Austria Wien. He also played for the Austria national football team. After the annexation of Austria by Germany he played for the Germany national football team. With Germany he played in the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

Career
------

Johann Mock began his career at FC Nicholson before moving to Austria Wien in 1927. With the team he won won the Austrian Cup three times (1933, 1935, 1936) and twice the Mitropacup, the forerunner of today's European Cup (1933, 1936). He was drafted in June 1940 as one of the last Austria players, but was still available until February 1942, playing almost every game.

International career
--------------------

Before Austria was annexed to the German Reich, he played a total of twelve games for the Austrian national team. He debuted on 5 September 1929 in a 2-1 win versus Czechoslowakia. His las t match for the Austrian team was on 10 October 1937 in a 1-2 loss versus Hungary. For Germany he played 5 matches and was participant of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. 1942 he retired from football. After a brief stint as a trainer at Vorwärts Steyr and Badener AC, he withdrew entirely from football and ran his own wine tavern in Vienna until his death at the age of 75.

Mock and the National Socialists
--------------------------------

According to an interview by Franz Schwarz, son of Austria President from 1933 to 1938 and 1946 to 1955 in 2008, Mock was a member of the SA and the NSDAP, which were illegal in Austria before 1938. Mock was involved in 1938 when the management of the club at Austria was taken over by the National Socialists. He then applied for regular membership in the party on 23 June 1938 and was admitted retrospectively to May 1 (membership number 6,336,185).

Other websites
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* Official website
* RSSSF archive of results 1902–2003
**Johann Strauss II** (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the "King of the Waltz". His most famous one was called *An der schönen, blauen Donau* (known in English as *The Blue Danube*).

Early life
----------

His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father.

After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title "k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor" (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the "king of the waltz", the most famous musician in Austria.

Career
------

Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: *Die Fledermaus* (*The Bat*) and *Zigeunerbaron* (*Gypsy Baron*). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.
**Langston University** is an university in Langston, Oklahoma, USA. It is the only historically black college in the state. It is the westernmost historically black college in the United States. Though in a rural setting just 10 miles east of Guthrie, Langston also serves an urban mission with University Centers in both Tulsa and Oklahoma City.

History
-------

The school was started in 1897. The school was first known as the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University. Langston University was created because of the second Morrill Act in 1890. The law made states with land grant colleges (such as Oklahoma State University, then Oklahoma A&M) to either allow African-Americans in as students, or provide an alternative school for them to attend. This was required in order to receive federal money. Langston University is named for John Mercer Langston (1829-1897). He was a civil rights pioneer. He was the first African American member of Congress from Virginia. Langston started the Howard University Law School. He also served as American consul-general to Haiti.

Poet Melvin B. Tolson taught at Langston from 1947 until 1964. Tolson was portrayed by Denzel Washington in the film *The Great Debaters*.

Academics
---------

The University offers associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in a variety of disciplines. It is known as a leader in the field of agricultural research. It hosts the internationally known E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research. The School currently has an open doors admissions policy.

The university was accredited with a Doctorate of Physical Therapy program in 2005.

Student activities
------------------

The student life at Langston University got the attention of BET and the second season of the reality television show College Hill was filmed there. The Langston University Quiz Bowl team won games against Spelman and an all-star team from the City Colleges of Chicago on the 2009 nationally televised "Black College Quiz" show airing nationally throughout Black History Month in 2009 to make the championship game.

Other websites
--------------

* www.lunet.edu Archived 2007-01-10 at the Wayback Machine Official web site
* Oklahoma Higher Education Institution Fact Sheet Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
* LUoldschool.com Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
* John Mercer Langston
* E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research Archived 2003-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
**Lorraine Gary** (born August 16, 1937) is a retired American actress, best known for her role as "Ellen Brody" in *Jaws*, *Jaws 2*, and *Jaws: The Revenge*. She also appeared in *1941* and *Car Wash*.

Gary was born as **Lorraine Gottfried** in Forest Hills, Queens, New York on August 16, 1937, to Betty and George Gottfried, an entertainment business manager.

She began her acting career in the late 1960s doing guest appearances on several popular TV shows. These include *Night Gallery*, *The Virginian Dragnet 1967*, *McCloud*, *Kojak* and *The F.B.I. (TV series)*. She began her first major acting role when she was a guest star on seven episodes of the TV series *Ironside*, among them "Tom Dayton Is Loose Among Us", in which she played the substitute librarian Miss Kirk, who pushes the unstable Tom Dayton too hard, and "In Search of an Artist", as a woman with a drinking problem who may have been involved in a murder. [*source?*]

She has been married to entertainment industry executive Sid Sheinberg, with whom she had two children, since August 19, 1956. She retired for eight years after *1941* but then came out of her voluntary retirement to reprise Ellen Brody in *Jaws: The Revenge*.

Movies
------

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | *Night Gallery* | N/A | TV ShowEpisode: She'll Be Company for You |
| 1974 | *Pray for the Wildcats* | TV movie |
| 1975 | *Jaws* | Ellen Brody |  |
| 1976 | *Car Wash* | The Hysterical Lady |  |
| 1977 | *I Never Promised You a Rose Garden* | N/A |  |
| 1978 | *Jaws 2* | Ellen Brody |  |
| *Zero to Sixty* | Billy-Jon |  |
| *Crash* | A passenger | TV movie |
| 1979 | *Just You and Me, Kid* | Shirl |  |
| *1941* | Joan Douglas |  |
| 1987 | *Jaws: The Revenge* | Ellen Brody | Nominated—Razzie Award for Worst ActressNominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress |
|

Other websites
--------------

* Lorraine Gary on IMDb
The **London Bach Society** is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the *St Matthew Passion*. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.

In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

Other websites
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* 
*
**Jürgen Osterhammel** (born 1952 in Wipperfürth, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German historian specialized in world history.

Academia
--------

Osterhammel started his academic career as a research fee student at the London School of Economics in 1976/77 and studied and worked there under Professor Ian Nish. In 1980 he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Kassel (Germany) in modern history. Two years later he started as a fellow at the German Historical Institute in London. Between 1986 and 1990 he was a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Freiburg (Germany). He then worked for seven years as professor of modern history at the *FernUniversität Hagen*, a distance-learning university in Germany. He has also worked as a professor of modern history at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva and the in the same position in the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 1999. In 2001-2002 he was a fellow at the *Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study* in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In 2014 he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the *British Academy*.

Awards
------

In 2018 he received the *Balzan Prize* for Global History "For his fundamental contribution to studies in global history and the definition of the discipline. For his method, which combines the rigour of empirical research while opening onto wide perspectives in an admirably balanced way, both through comparison and through the study of interconnected histories. For his elegant, fascinating style of writing."

Areas of Research
-----------------

* Colonialism
* Eurasian history since the 18th century
* History and theory of historiography
* World or global history

Selected bibliography
---------------------

* Mommsen, Wolfgang J. & Jürgen Osterhammel, eds. (1987). *Max Weber and his contemporaries*. London: Allen & Unwin.
* Osterhammel, Jürgen (Spring 2003). "In search of a Nineteenth Century". *Bulletin of the German Historical Institute*. **32**: 9–28. Archived from the original on 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
* *Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview* (2nd edn. Princeton 2005)
* *Globalization: A Short History* (with Niels P. Petersson, Princeton 2005)
* *The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century* (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014)
* *Decolonization: A Short History* (with Jan C. Jansen, Princeton University Press, 2017)

Other websites
--------------

* Jurgen Osterhammel on Amazon
* Detailed interview with J. Osterhammel in the journal Itinerario