recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Map of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
The **Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija**, or in Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохиja; in Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë, commonly known as **Kosovo and Metohija**, or in Serbian: Косово и Метохија; in Albanian: Kosova dhe Metohija, or **Kosovo**, or in Serbian: Косово; in Albanian: Kosova, for short, and abbreviated as **KiM** Serbian: КиМ, romanized: *KiM* or **Kosmet** from ***Kos**ovo and **Met**ohija*; Serbian: Космет means the area of Kosovo as the Constitution of Serbia says. The land is disputed between Serbia and the self-declared Republic of Kosovo, which currently has actual control over the land. Before the Republic of Kosovo, the area was controlled by Serbia (while Serbia was part of Yugoslavia) between 1912 and 1999.

The Constitution and laws of Serbia say that Kosovo in the southern part of Serbia and covers the areas of Kosovo and Metohija. The capital is Pristina. In the past, Kosovo was an autonomous province of Serbia when Serbia was part of Socialist Yugoslavia (1946–1990). When Socialist Yugoslavia ended in 1990, Kosovo became part of Serbia until the Kosovo War (1998–99). After the war, it became a United Nations (UN) controlled area due to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 but legally it was still part of Serbia. In that time, the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) governed. In 2008, some Albanian politicians said that Kosovo would be its own country. 98 member countries of the United Nations agree, but Serbia does not. It still thinks that Kosovo is part of it.

In 1990, when Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milošević's Anti-bureaucratic Revolution happened. This meant that Kosovo's government became less powerful and that Serbia had more control, like in 1971–74. That year, Kosovo's Albanian majority and also the Republic of Albania agreed with the declaration of independence of the Republic of Kosova. Because of the Kosovo War in 1999, the Serbian army was kicked out of Kosovo.

In February 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Serbia does not agree, but in the Brussels agreement of 2013, it got rid of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija government.. Kosovo's independence is currently recognized by 95 UN member states. In 2013, the Serbian government said it was getting rid of the Serb minority councils it had made in northern Kosovo, in order to allow the Kosovo Serb minority to become more like the general population of Kosovo.
Ancient woodland at Brading, Isle of Wight, England showing bluebells (blue flowers, *Hyacinthoides non-scripta*), ramsons (white flowers, *Allium ursinum*) and hazel trees (*Corylus avellana*)
Fungus on a tree stump in the Białowieża Forest, one of the last largely intact ancient forests in Central Europe
**Ancient woodland** is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected.

Examples
--------

* Cannock Chase, Staffs
* Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire
* Cherry Tree Wood, London
* Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
* Epping Forest, Essex
* Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
* Foxley Wood, Norfolk
* Hatfield Forest, Essex
* Highgate Wood, London
* Holt Heath, Dorset
* New Forest, Hampshire
* Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
* Queen's Wood, London
* Savernake forest, Wiltshire
* Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
* Wentwood, Monmouthshire
* Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
* Wyre Forest bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
* Yardley Chase, Northants

Other websites
--------------

* Ancient Tree Guides by the Woodland Trust Archived 2013-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
M2 Browning machine gun. It is surrounded by empty cartridges that have been ejected from the weapon.
An **automatic firearm** is a firearm which will keep firing as long as the trigger is being pulled and there is still ammunition in the magazine.

An automatic weapon works by firing, automatically removing the cartridge case from the chamber, ejecting it from the side of the gun, and then loads a new cartridge into the chamber.

Uses
----

An "automatic pistol" or "automatic shotgun" usually means that it has a semi-automatic design. However, fully automatic pistols (for example the Steyr TMP) and shotguns (such as the Daewoo USAS-12 and the AA-12) do exist. "Automatic rifle" usually means that the rifle has a fully automatic design, not semi-automatic.

In most countries, automatic firearms are usually only allowed for the military and police to use. In countries where automatic firearms can be used by the public, there are usually very strict rules on their use.

A fully automatic weapon (a machine gun) is one that keeps firing bullets as long as the trigger is pulled. It stops when the trigger is let go or the ammunition is all gone. In some countries, any weapon that shoots more than one shot at a time when the trigger is pulled once is legally called a machine gun. Some firearms fire more than one bullet after each trigger pull, but only a limited number. This is called burst fire.

Submachine guns are fully automatic weapons that fire a pistol cartridge. They can also be used by only one person. Sometimes they are called machine pistols.

Patents
-------

* U.S. Patent 1,227,897:  *Automatic gun*

Related pages
-------------

* Machine gun
* Submachine gun
* Assault rifle
* Automatic rifle
**Athelbert**, also spelled **Æthelbert** (836-866), was a West Saxon nobleman. He was the sub-king of Kent from 858–860. He was the King of Wessex from 860-865.

Career
------

He was the third son of Ethelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. He got his first taste of kingship in 855 when he was left in charge of Kent while his father, King Athelwulf of Wessex, was in Rome. His brother Athelbald was left in charge of the West Saxon kingdom. When their father returned from Rome, Athelbald would not give up the throne. To avoid a civil war, their father Athelwulf took the subkingdom of Kent and Athelbald ruled as king of Wessex. When Athelwulf died in 858, Athelbert was once again appointed king of Kent.

When his brother Athelbald died in 860, Athelbert succeeded him as king of Wessex. Athelbert still had two younger brothers, Athelred and Alfred. But neither were appointed to fill the role of sub-king of Kent. Athelbert consolidated the kingdom of Kent into the kingdom of Wessex. During his reign Viking attacks grew more frequent. One Viking army advanced into Wessex as far as Winchester before being defeated. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. This was a much larger army and would remain in England. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham. Meanwhile, King Athelbert died in early 866. Since he died childless, he was succeeded by his brother Athelred.

Other websites
--------------

* Britannia: Kings of Wessex Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
Barnard's Star, showing position every 5 years 1985–2005
**Barnard's Star**, also known as *Barnard's Runaway Star*, is a very low-mass red dwarf star approximately six light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus (the Snake-holder). It is very old, and moving relatively fast.

In 1916, the American astronomer E. E. Barnard measured its proper motion as 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is the largest-known proper motion of any star relative to the Sun. At a distance of about 1.8 parsecs from the Solar System, or just under six light-years, Barnard's Star is the nearest known star in the constellation Ophiuchus, and the fourth-closest known individual star to the Sun, after the three components of the Alpha Centauri system. Despite its proximity, Barnard's Star, at a dim apparent magnitude of about nine, is not visible with the unaided eye; however, it is much brighter in infrared light than it is in visible light.

Details
-------

Barnard's Star has been the subject of much study, and it has probably received more attention from astronomers than any other class M dwarf star due to its proximity and favorable location for observation near the celestial equator. Barnard's Star is also notable as the target for Project Daedalus, a study on the possibility of fast, unmanned travel to nearby star systems.

At seven to 12 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, and it might be among the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Barnard's Star rotates just once every 130 days (compared with just over 25-30 days for the Sun). In 1998 astronomers saw an intense flare, showing that Barnard's Star is a 'flare star'. Barnard's Star has the variable star designation V2500 Ophiuchi.

Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future
The proper motion of Barnard's Star is 'sideways' relative to our line of sight to the Sun of 90 kilometers per second (km/s). The 10.3 seconds of arc it travels annually amount to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.

The radial velocity of Barnard's Star towards the Sun can be measured by its blue shift. These measurements, combined with proper motion, suggest a true velocity relative to the Sun of about 140 km/s.

While Barnard's Star has the largest proper motion, the largest known **true velocity** of another star in the Milky Way belongs to Wolf 424 at 555 km/s.

Barnard's Star will make its closest approach to the Sun around AD 11,700, when it approaches to within about 3.8 light-years. However, at that time, it will *not* be the nearest star, since Proxima Centauri will have moved even closer to the Sun. Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye at the time of its closest approach, since its apparent magnitude will be about 8.5 then. After that it will gradually recede from the Sun.
**Alison Moyet** (born **Genevieve Alison Jane Moyet** on 18 June 1961), is an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice  Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.

Early life and career
---------------------

Alison Moyet was born in Billericay, Essex, England. Her father was French; her mother was English. She grew up in Basildon, where she attended school. She left school at 16 and trained as a piano tuner. She was involved in a number of punk rock, pub rock and blues bands in the South East Essex area during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the Vandals, the Screamin' Ab Dabs, the Vicars and the Little Roosters.

Yazoo
-----

Moyet's pop career began in 1981 when she formed the electropop group Yazoo with former Depeche Mode member Vince Clarke. Yazoo had several hits, including "Only You", "Don't Go", "Situation" and "Nobody's Diary", and recorded two albums, *Upstairs at Eric's* and *You and Me Both*. 

In 1983 Moyet and Clarke decided to end Yazoo. Clarke formed The Assembly and later Erasure; Moyet started a solo career. Moyet reunited with Clarke as Yazoo for a live tour during 2008.

Other websites
--------------

* Alison Moyet on IMDb

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***Baby's Day Out*** is a 1994 American adventure comedy film directed by Patrick Read Johnson and written by John Hughes, who also produced the film. It stars Joe Mantegna, Lara Flynn Boyle, Joe Pantoliano, and Brian Haley.

Plot
----

Posing as children's photographers, three crooks named Edgar Mausey, Victor Riley, and Norbert LeBlaw scheme their way into a mansion to kidnap an infant named Bink. Their hostage proves quite resourceful, however, escaping their hideout and making his way into downtown Chicago. Now the con men have to find their abductee, who believes that in order to return home he must reenact scenes from his favorite storybook, including trips to the zoo and a construction site.

Cast
----

* Adam Robert Worton and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin "Bink" Cotwell IV
	+ Verne Troyer as Bink's stunt double
* Joe Mantegna as Edgar "Eddie" Mauser
* Brian Haley as Victor "Veeko" Riley
* Joe Pantoliano as Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw
* Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell, Bink's mom
* Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin "Bing" Cotwell III, Bink's dad
* Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine
* Fred Thompson as FBI Agent Dale Grissom
* John Neville as Mr. Andrews
* Robin Baber as Fat Lady
* Trevor Dalton as Norm
* Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier
* Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee
* Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray
* John Alexander as Gorilla
* Neil Flynn as Cop in the park
**Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier** (29 May 1627 – 5 April 1693) known as ***La Grande Mademoiselle***, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (duchess in her own right). She inherited her title from her mother and was given to her first cousin the Duke of Orléans in 1695 by order of Louis XIV when it was clear that Anne Marie Louise would not have children. She was known as ***Mademoiselle*** for most of her life. She was the wealthiest woman of her time.

Biography
---------

Her mother died giving birth to her. Her mother was the Duchess of Montpensier in her own right and the title was inherited by Anne Marie Louise. She was one of the greatest heiresses in history. She died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin, Philippe of France. After a string of proposals from various members of European royalty, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Duke of Lauzun and scandalised the court when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a *mésalliance*. She is best remembered for her role in the *Fronde*, bringing the famous opera composer Jean Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and her *Mémoires*. She carried out various improvements to the Château of Eu, Château of Saint-Fargeau and Château of Choisy, her personal properties.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and Styles

* **29 May 1627 – 4 June 1693** *Her Royal Highness* Mademoiselle.
* **4 June 1627 – 5 April 1693** *Her Royal Highness*, Mademoiselle, the Duchess of Montpensier.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans at Wikimedia Commons
Diagram of Trinity relationships, based on the first half of the Athanasian Creed.
The **Athanasian Creed** is a Christian statement of faith. It is also often referred to as **Quicumque vult** (can be translated as *Whoever wants*, the first two words of the statement). It is the first known creed to talk about trinity. It has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in the western part of the Church. It is not used very much today, the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.

From about the 9th century people thought that St. Athanasius had written it. Athanasus lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, this view is largely seen as false. This is because of the following:

1. The original text is in Latin. Athanasius wrote mainly in Greek.
2. Neither Athanasius nor other people who lived at the same time as him mention it.
3. It talks about problems that were only discovered after Athanasius' death.

Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500. Its positions are similar to those taken by St. Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo or Vincent of Lérins. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lerins in southern Gaul. Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors. 

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian creed date from the late 8th century.

Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith, the Nicene Creed (*Credo in unum deum*, *I believe in one god..*), the Te Deum (*Te Deum Laudamus,...*, *Thee, O Lord, we praise*), and the Athanasian Creed. 

The creed starts:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| Quicumque vult salvus esse, ante omnia opus est, ut teneat catholicam fidem: quam nisi quisque integram inviolatamque servaverit, absque dubio in aeternum peribit. | "|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| Whoever wants to be saved should above all cling to the catholic faith. Whoever does not guard it whole and inviolable will doubtless perish eternally. | "|

It explains Trinity, in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism. It has the filioque.

It ends

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| Haec est fides catholica; quam nisi quisque fideliter firmiterque crediderit, salvus esse non poterit. | "|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| This is the catholic faith. One cannot be saved without believing this firmly and faithfully. | "|

Other websites
--------------


Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
**Athanasian Creed**
An ash tree in London
**Ash trees** are medium to large trees of the genus ***Fraxinus*** of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as *keys* in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.

The buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop’s Mitre in shape.

Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.

In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder.

Threats
-------

Emerald ash borer
The emerald ash borer (*Agrilus planipennis*) is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.

The European ash, *Fraxinus excelsior*, has been affected by the fungus which causes "ash dieback". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.
Aneesa Ahmed received the International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2012
**Aneesa Ahmed** (Arabic: أنيسة أحمد) is a Maldivian women's rights activist. In 2012, she received the International Women of Courage Award. She was the second woman from the Maldivies to receive this award.

Life
----

Aneesa studied at Pennsylvania State University from 1985 to 1986. She was a Humphrey Fellow.

Work
----

Aneesa was Deputy Minister of Women's Affairs in Maldives. She talked about domestic violence, even though it was a taboo subject. After her job in the government, she started the NGO "Hope for Women". She talked about violence against women with police, students, and others.

When the national radio of the Maldives had talks by religious students who said female genital mutilation was Islamic, she asked the government to stop them. She talked about the harm caused by female genital mutilation.

Other websites
--------------

* 2012 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
The SHA1 hash function has good avalanche effect. When a single bit is changed the hash sum becomes completely different.

The **avalanche effect** ("landslide effect") is a property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash function algorithms. It is often desired in cryptography. The effect says that a lot of the output must change, even when the input changes only a little. In good block ciphers this means: A small change in the key or the plaintext should cause a strong change in the ciphertext. 

This means that small changes can spread fast, when the algorithm uses iterations. Thus, every bit of the output depends on every bit of the input.

The term *avalanche effect* was first used by Horst Feistel (Feistel 1973). Later, the concept was identified by *Shannon's property of confusion*. 

If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not satisfy the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization. Thus, a cryptanalyst can make forecasts about the input, if given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break (crack) the algorithm. 

It is one of the primary design objectives when people create a strong cipher or cryptographic hash function. They try to build a good avalanche effect in it. Mathematically this uses the butterfly effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks.

Name
----

The name comes from landslides. A small rock can fall down, go along with some snow and make a destructive landslide. The rock was small, but was able to cause a lot of destruction. This is the same as what this effect does. A small change in the input (the rock) should change the output (the landscape).

Strict avalanche criterion
--------------------------

The **Strict Avalanche Criterion** (**SAC**; a "strong landslide criterion") is a property of boolean functions. It is of importance to cryptography. It is satisfied if all output bits change with a probability of 50 percent, if a single input bit is changed. 

The SAC was built on the concepts of evolution completeness and avalanche. It was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985. Nowadays it is a requirement for every modern cryptographic system. It was e.g. satisfied by all finalists of the AES competition.

Bit independence criterion
--------------------------

The **Bit independence criterion** (**BIC**; a criterion independent from the bit) is a criterion. It goes: When a single input bit is changed (inverted), two output bits should change independently of each other. This applies to all bits. 

It would e.g. not be satisfied, if the one output bit only changes, when the other output bit also changes. They might only change, because the input bit changed. Otherwise, the output bits would depend on each other.

Related pages
-------------

* Confusion and diffusion
For Apple's current headquarters, see Apple Park.

**The Apple Campus** was the main headquarters of Apple Inc. from 1993 to 2017. It was then replaced by Apple Park but is still used by Apple for offices and labs. The campus is in Cupertino, California, USA. It looks like a university with buildings around green spaces. Apple has another big campus in Silicon Valley called Apple Campus 3.

Apple’s first headquarters was at Building 1 on Mariani Ave in Cupertino. The new campus was built on land that was used by Four-Phase Systems. The campus has an area of 850,000 square feet (79,000 m2). It was built in 1992 and finished in 1993. Before 1997, the campus was only used for research and development. When Steve Jobs came back to Apple in 1997, he made changes to the campus. More buildings were used and activities not related to research and development were moved to buildings on Infinite Loop.

In August 2008, there was a fire in the building Valley Green 6. Firefighters worked all night to put out the fire. No one was hurt but the building had $2 million of damage.

The Apple Campus is at the corner of Interstate 280 and De Anza Boulevard. It has six buildings on four floors and covers 32 acres.
Banyan Tree on Banana River, Florida. The tree is a Florida strangler fig (*Ficus aurea*).
This is the famous Wat Mahathat Temple, with banyan roots wrapped around a buddha head.
Strangler fig in Palermo, Italy
A **banyan** (or 'banian') is a kind of fig. It usually starts life by growing on another plant as an epiphyte. Its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree, or on other structures like buildings and bridges.

"Banyan" usually means the Indian banyan or *Ficus benghalensis*. It is the National tree of the Republic of India. and of Bangladesh. However, the term actually includes all figs which share their epiphytic life cycle. They are put in the subgenus ***Urostigma***. The seeds of banyans are dispersed by fruit-eating birds. The seeds germinate and send down roots towards the ground. These roots may envelop (cover) part of the host tree or building structure, from which they get the casual name of **strangler fig**.

A number of tropical forest species grow by strangling. There are other examples in the genus *Ficus* that competes for light. Any *Ficus* species showing this habit may be termed a strangler fig.

The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy green and elliptical in shape. Like most of the fig-trees, the leaf bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales fall. Young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge.

Older banyan trees have aerial prop roots that grow into thick woody trunks which, with age, can become indistinguishable from the main trunk. Old trees can spread out laterally using these prop roots to cover a wide area.

Like other Fig species (including the common edible fig *Ficus carica*), banyans have unique fruit structures and are dependent on fig wasps for reproduction.

The fatal embrace
-----------------

Once the roots get to the ground, they suck up nutrients and grow faster and thicker. They cover the trunk of the host tree, and their leaves and branches in the canopy block the light from the host. Lacking enough nutrition and light, the host tree eventually dies. Its wood is destroyed by beetles, termites and fungi. Only the hollow space inside the banyan remains. The banyan roots make a huge cylinder, and it stands up perfectly well.

Often the banyan tree is formed from several different fruits which germinated on the same host tree. This has been proved by genome analysis.p170
**Archedictyon**  (plural = archedictya) is the name of a hypothetical scheme of wing venation of the common ancestor of all winged insects.

Description
-----------

The nature of the archedictyon is an important in the taxonomic classification of the large, primitive Palaeozoic insects known as Palaeodictyoptera. It was used for this purpose as early as 1854. A National Museum of Natural History database for the study of ants, wasps, bees and termites describes the archedictyon as:

> ...the primitive original vein network [of] the wings of many of the most ancient insect fossils; the complex network of irregular veinlets between the veins in the outer [three-quarters] of both wings, including the anal lobe.
> 
> 

According to a 1999 paper on the evolution of flght in Palaeoptera the cross veins of some Palaeodictyoptera may be an adaptive feature.

Structure
---------

Venation of insect wings, based on the Comstock–Needham system
The archedictyon is believed to have contained between six and eight longitudinal veins, but current understanding of the design is based on a combination of fossil data and speculation.

The "Comstock-Needham system" designed by two entomologists describes these veins and their branches:

* Costa (C): the leading edge of the wing
* Subcosta (Sc): the second longitudinal vein (behind the costa), typically unbranched
* Radius (R): the third longitudinal vein, one to five branches reach the wing margin
* Media (M): the fourth longitudinal vein, one to four branches reach the wing margin
* Cubitus (Cu): fifth longitudinal vein, one to three branches reach the wing margin
* Anal veins (A1, A2, A3): the unbranched veins behind the cubitus.

Crossveins are named based on their relative position to the more prominent longitudinal veins:

* C-SC crossveins run between the costa and subcosta
* R crossveins run between adjacent branches of the radius
* R-M crossveins run between the radius and media
* M-CU crossveins run between the media and cubitus.

Living species
--------------

In extant insects, the term implies a retention of primitive characteristics but *not necessarily a simplicity of form*. Modern insects with wings to which the term *archedictyon* has been applied include the termite *Mastotermes darwiniensis* from Australia and the praying mantis *Orthodera novaezealandiae*. from New Zealand.

The term is also used in the discussion of phasmids. Then it refers to a network of non-directional veins in the costal region of the wing or in the elytron.

Bibliography
------------

* "An enigmatic Palaeozoic stem-group: Paoliida: designation of new taxa from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (pdf file)
**Alexander Morozevich**  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans. 

Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).
Nikodinov completes her short program at the 2004 Four Continents Championships in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
**Angela Nikodinov** (born May 9, 1980 in Spartanburg, South Carolina), is an American figure skater. She is the 2000 Four Continents Champion.

Biography
---------

Nikodinov is the daughter of Bulgarian immigrants. She speaks Bulgarian fluently. She was born in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Her family moved to southern California when she was very young. She was raised in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California.

Nikodinov trained at Lake Arrowhead, California. She also trained in Detroit for one season (1999-2000) but moved back to California in fall 2000. Her coaches included John Nicks, Peter Oppegard, Frank Carroll, Elena Tcherkasskaia, Richard Callaghan, Igor Pashkevich. Her coach Tcherkasskaia, with whom she was very close, died of cancer in November 2001.

Nikodinov missed the 2002-2003 season. She injured her shoulder in February 2002 and again in September. She also had a virus. She had shoulder surgery in February 2003 and was off the ice for seven months. After missing two seasons, Nikodinov returned to win the 2004 Skate America.

While in Portland, Oregon, for the 2005 U.S. National Championships, she and her family were in a car accident that killed her mother. Nikodinov did not return to competition after the accident.

Nikodinov coached Bulgarian figure skater Ivan Dinev in the 2005-2006 season. They are now coaching together in the Los Angeles area. Nikodinov and Dinev were married in July 2008. Along with her coaching duties, she skates in shows and was a guest skater on the Stars on Ice tour. The pairs team of Bianca Butler & Joseph Jacobsen and Tenile Victorsen are among her and Dinev's former students that have qualified for the U.S. Figure Skating Championships at the Senior level.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Angela Nikodinov***.

* Figure-Skating.com Archived 2006-01-12 at the Wayback Machine - Official Site
* International skating union biography Archived 2005-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Stars on Ice profile Archived 2007-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
**Arthur Edward "Art" Pepper, Jr.** (September 1, 1925–June 15, 1982) was an American jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Gardena, California United States. Pepper began his musical career in the 1940s playing with Benny Carter. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne and others, he performed and recorded a lot of very good music.

Some of his most famous albums are *Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section*, *The Aladdin Recordings* (three volumes), *Art Pepper + Eleven - Modern Jazz Classics*, *Gettin' Together*, and *Smack Up*. 

He wrote a book in 1980 called *Straight Life*. The book is about his life and his music. It was very popular because it was honest, and very good. There was also a movie made called *Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor*, which is available on DVD.

Other websites
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* The Art Pepper Discography Project
* NPR Interview With Laurie Pepper
* The Art Of Pepper Archived 2007-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Art Pepper on YouTube
* MikeL's Unofficial Art Pepper website
* Art Pepper MySpace Tribute Site
For other uses, see Angstrom (disambiguation).
An **angstrom** or **ångström** (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−10 m (normalized notation) or 1 E-10 m (exponential notation) — both mean 1/10,000,000,000 meters. It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.

History
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The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis. 

In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1×10−10 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.

Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.

Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)
Angular velocity describes the speed of rotation and the orientation of the axis about which the rotation takes place. The direction of the angular velocity vector will be along the axis of rotation; in this case (counter-clockwise rotation) the vector points toward the viewer.
In physics, the **angular velocity** specifies the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating.

It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second. But it may be measured in other units as well (such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc.). When it is measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute), it is often called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (**Ω** or **ω**). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right hand rule.

Related pages
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English WiktionaryEnglish Wiktionary
The English Wiktionary has a dictionary definition (meanings of a word) for: ***angular velocity***

* Angular momentum
* Angular frequency
The **Banu Hilal** (Arabic: بنو هلال) was a group of Nomadic Arabs. In the 11th century they migrated from Upper Egypt into what is now Tunisia and eastern Algeria. They defeated the Berbers.

History
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Oral tradition says that the tribe would have left Arabia to go to Egypt. According to their legend they rebelled against the Caliph of Baghdad in the second half of the 10th century. In 1049, when the Zirid ruler of Tunisia rebelled against Egypt, nomads were sent to punish them. Ibn Khaldun, an early Tunisian historian, said they were like "a cloud of locusts" when they invaded Tunisia. The Arab poets told of their many conquests as they moved west. They were defeated in a series of battles during the 12th century by the Moroccan dynasty. Even though it was an oral history, the Banu Hilal were a real tribe. They did come from the Arabian Peninsula. And the Banu Hilal did control much of North Africa for over a century.

Further reading
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* Almsaodi, Abdulaziz. Modern history of Yemen

Other websites
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* Power and Interest News Report Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
**Athelwald** (also spelled **Oethelwald** or **Œthelwald**) was a King of Deira. He was the nephew of King Oswiu of Northumbria, his overlord, but he turned on his family to support the pagan Penda of Mercia. When Penda was killed, Athelwald lost his kingdom.

Early Career
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He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed by Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Maserfield in 642. At Oswald's death Northumbria was reduced back to the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Oswiu was the king of Bernicia and was acknowledge as overlord of Deira. 
Penda had placed Oswine of Deira on the throne of Deira. But Oswine did not get along with his overlord Oswiu. He raised an army against Oswiu but then realized his army wasn't large enough and he sent them home. He was betrayed by one of his nobleman to Oswiu and was murdered in 651.

King of Deira
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After Oswine's death, Athelwald became king. It is uncertain whether Oswiu (who was Athelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether Athelwald took the kingship in opposition to Oswiu. At some point he allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia. He guided Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655. But, when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed, Athelwald withdrew to safety. Penda was defeated and killed. perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward Athelwald was not heard of again.

King Athelwald gave St. Cedd the lands of Lastingham to build a monastery.
Eritrea
**Aster Yohannes** is the wife of an Eritrean political activist. In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Yohannes' husband, Petros Solomon, is a member of the G-15, a group of politicians who called for reforms. He was arrested in 2001. Yohannes was arrested in 2003, when she returned from the United States. She was never accused of a crime or tried in a court. No one knows where she is.

Aster Yohannes and Petros Solomon fought for the Eritrean People's Liberation Front. They helped Eritrea get independence from Ethiopia in 1993. Solomon was the Minister of Marine Resources in the Eritrean government.

When her husband was arrested, Aster Yohannes was studying in the USA. After she graduated, she returned to Eritrea to be with her children. The Eritrean government told her she would not be arrested. When she arrived in Eritrea in December 2003, she was arrested at Asmara International Airport. They took her to Karchele security prison in Asmara. She did not see her children. They did not let her speak to her family. Her health is not good. She has asthma and a heart problem.
This article is about Bandwidth (signal processing). For other uses, see Bandwidth.
**Bandwidth** is used to measure electronic and other types of communication. This includes radio, electronics, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, Bandwidth is the difference between the electronic signal having highest-frequency and the signal having the lowest-frequency.

In computer networks, **bandwidth** is often used as a term for the data transfer bit rate. More easily, the amount of data that is carried or passed from one point to another in a network, in a given time period (usually a second).

Frequency
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Many systems work by means of continuous movements, or *oscillations*. Each complete "back and forth" it makes is called a *cycle*. The number of cycles every second is its *frequency*. Frequency is measured in *cycles per second*, most often called "Hertz", or "Hz" for short.

Systems have at least one frequency, and usually many different frequencies. For example, sound waves travel as vibrations. People can hear sound frequencies low as 20 Hz, and high as 20,000 Hz. A *band* of frequencies is a continuous range of frequencies; the band of frequencies people can hear is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

**Bandwidth** is the width of a frequency band; The width is the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency. In the hearing example, the bandwidth of a person's ears is about 20,000 Hz - 20 Hz = 19,980 Hz.

Usage
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Bandwidth is used with electromagnetic spectrum (for example, radio waves, light waves and X-rays). Such waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. For example, the lowest United States AM radio channel has the band of frequencies from 535,000 Hz to 545,000 Hz. It has a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (545,000 - 535,000 = 10,000). All United States AM radio broadcasting stations have this bandwidth (But, the location of each band is distinct). The lowest United States FM radio channel has the band from 88,000,000 Hz (88 MHz) to 88,200,000 Hz (88.2 MHz). It has a bandwidth of 200 kHz. You can see that the width of an FM band is 20 times the width of an AM band.

The word "bandwidth" has been used incorrectly in digital data communication to mean "data carrying capacity". There is no such thing as "digital bandwidth"; the proper term for the data carrying capacity of a communication channel is channel capacity.

In general, the channel capacity of a system increases with the bandwidth used for communication. However, many other parts are also important. Therefore, in most systems, the channel capacity is different from the channel bandwidth.
Sedimentary bedding (Turkey)
In geology a **bed** is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (**bedding planes**) separating it from layers above and below. 

A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit. It ranges in thickness from a centimetre to several metres. It can be distinguished from beds above and below it by rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is usually applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

In a quarry, **bedding** is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar rocks which allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface.

Engineering
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In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation) of soil and rock masses. This is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.

Related pages
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* Strata
***Araucaria*** is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution in the southern continents. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era. 

Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.

Description
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*Araucaria* are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m (16–262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

*Aurucaria* reproduces by seed cones.

Fossil record
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Leaves of *Araucaria araucana*
The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living *Araucaria araucana* is often called the **monkey-puzzle tree**. The whole family **Araucariaceae** is often called that name by palaeobotanists. The leaves (shown here) have an average life of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.
A common representation of an automaton in computer science. This automaton "accepts" all the sequences of the letters a and b which start with an a and end with a b.
An **Automaton** (one automaton, several *automata*) is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called *state machine*. It is like an abstract machine. 

Such a machine can be given *input*, which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.

Internally, the automaton has different *states* it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an *final state*. In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.

If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called *finite state machine*. A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called **finite state diagram**.

Problems
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Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is *minimal*. If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.