recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **Tokaimura nuclear accident** was a serious nuclear radiation accident in Japan. It took place at a uranium-reprocessing facility in Tokaimura, northeast of Tokyo, Japan, on 30 September 1999. The accident occurred in a very small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO.

The direct cause of the accident was workers putting uranyl nitrate solution containing about 16.6 kg of uranium, which exceeded the critical mass, into a precipitation tank. The tank was not designed to dissolve this type of solution and was not designed to prevent such accidents to happen. As a result, three workers were exposed to neutron radiation doses in excess of allowable limits. Two of these workers later died.

Many emergency workers and nearby residents were hospitalized and hundreds of thousands of others were forced to remain indoors for 24 hours.

After the accident
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The three workers who worked at the uranium-reprocessing facility were Hisashi Ouchi, Masato Shinohara, and Yutaka Yokokawa. Two of them died of radiation poisoning. Hisashi Ouchi, aged 35, died 12 weeks after the accident. He had lost most of his skin, and was kept alive for 83 days, according to his parents and wife will. Ouchi was closest to the tank when the accident occurred. He ended up as the first victim of this nuclear accident. Seven months after the accident, Masato Shinohara died, aged 40. 

Ouchi was reported to have received 17 sieverts (sv) of radiation, Shinohara 10 sv and Yokokawa 3 sv; 8 sieverts is considered a fatal dose, and 50 milli sieverts is the maximum limit of annual dose allowed for Japanese nuclear workers.

Another 83 workers were subjected to higher radiation than normal.
Andreas Haukeland, who uses the stage name **TIX,** is a Norwegian songwriter and singer. He was in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song *Fallen Angel*.

Private life
------------

Andreas was born on April 12, 1993, in the village of Bærum. He is diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, what created the stage name for him, TIX (tics). He also suffered from loneliness and suicidal thoughts.

Music life
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He gained a reputation as a producer of controversial Russian songs during the 2010s, and in 2015 he became nationally known for the much-disputed Russian song "Sheikh."

His first studio album, "Dømt og berømt", was released in September 2016 and reached number two on the Norwegian VG chart.TIX is a co-author of "Game Time" (Flo Rida ft. Sage The Gemini) and "Sweet but Psycho" (Ava Max).

He released his first solo single, "Shotgun," in 2018. Since then, he has been working on more serious and personal topics and singing more personal lyrics. [7] In the summer of 2019, TIX topped the VG list and was the most listened-to performer in Norway the following year.

On January 11, 2020, it became official that the singer's song "Ut av mørket" was also among the Norwegian national finalists' automatic finalists called the Melodi Grand Prix. The song was officially released on January 15, and the next day it was performed live for the first time in the MGP semi-finals. The song was originally written in English, so it already performed the English version of "Fallen Angel" in the MGP final. On February 20, 2021, it became official that the singer’s next song was selected by the audience at the 2021 Melodi Grand Prix national final, representing his country at the Eurovision Song Contest. He finished 18th.
**The Gap Band** was an American contemporary R&B and funk band. The group became famous in the 1970s. The band had three brothers, Ronnie, Charlie and Robert Wilson. They were based in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

In 1979, the group released "Oops Up Side Your Head" (also titled "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)". The studio album released that year, *The Gap Band II*, went gold.

In 1980, the album *Gap Band III'* hit #1. This album had soul ballads. They were, "Yearning for Your Love", "Burn Rubber on Me (Why You Wanna Hurt Me)", which was a chart topper, and "Humpin".

In 1982, the album *Gap Band IV* peaked at #1. Songs from this album included "Early in the Morning", which hit #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, then known as the Hot Black Singles chart. Another Gap Band #1 hit in 1982 on the same chart was "Outstanding".

On August 26, 2005, The Gap Band was honored as a Broadcast Music, Inc. Icon at the 57th annual BMI Urban Awards.

Robert Wilson died from a heart attack at his home in Palmdale, California. He was 53.

Starting in the 1990s, R&B and hip hop artists, including Brand Nubian, Mary J. Blige, Shaquille O'Neal, Ice Cube and Snoop Dogg.
William James
**William James** (1842–1910) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was an original thinker in physiology, psychology and philosophy. His major work was a twelve-hundred page book which gave us such ideas as the "stream of thought". William was the brother of the novelist Henry James.

Epistemology
------------

James was a pragmatist. He defined true beliefs as those that prove useful to the believer. Truth is verifiable (can be tested) when thoughts and statements correspond with actual things, and also "hang together," or cohere, as pieces of a puzzle might fit together. These 'truths' are confirmed by the observed results putting them into practice.p427

"The most ancient parts of truth... once were plastic. They were called true for human reasons... Purely objective truth... is nowhere to be found... The reasons why we call things true is the reason why they are true, for 'to be true' means only to perform this marriage-function." he wrote. The "marriage-function" is "marrying previous parts of experience with newer parts".p83
James held a world view in line with pragmatism, declaring that the value of any truth depended on its use to the person who held it. The world is a mosaic of diverse experiences that can only be understood through "radical empiricism". Radical empiricism, not related to the everyday scientific empiricism, asserts that the world and experience can never be halted for an entirely objective analysis. The mind of the observer and simple act of observation will affect the outcome of any empirical approach to truth. The mind, its experiences and nature, cannot be separated. James's emphasis on diversity as the default human condition has kept a strong influence in American culture, especially among liberals. James's description of the mind-world connection, which he described as a "stream of consciousness", had a direct and significant effect on avant-garde and modernist literature and art.

In *What pragmatism means*, James writes that the central point of his own doctrine of truth is, in brief, that "Truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into facts again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The 'facts' themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply *are*. Truth is the function of the beliefs that start and terminate among them".
In music, a **whole tone scale** is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone. There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale. Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes: 

* C, D, E, F#, G#, A#
* or

* C#, D#, F, G, A, B

When a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along. It also sounds very good on a harp.

Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera *Ruslan and Ludmila* and Borodin in *Prince Igor* used the whole-tone scale.

Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his *Violin Concerto*, and Béla Bartók in 
his *String Quartet No. 5*. It has also been used in jazz.

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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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The **Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte** was signed in the autumn of 911. It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria. It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the "Northmen. In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty. In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany "for his livelihood". At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom. As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles.

The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river. It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it. The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany. Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany. This happened in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.
***Whore*** is a 1991 British-American drama movie. It was directed by Ken Russell (no relation to actor Theresa Russell). A sequel unrelated to the movie, *Whore II*, was released in 1994.

Plot
----

Liz is a Los Angeles street prostitute. She is seen by the audience trying to get a customer from a busy downtown street. Liz tells the audience of her life and problems while the movie is airing. When a van stops by, Liz refuses to get in. That's because she was gang raped by several men the last time she got in a van. A passerby wanted to take Liz to the hospital. She refused, however, knowing the hospital would have contacted the police.

Liz is wanting to escape from her pimp Blake. He is violent, well-dressed and controlling.

When Liz stops off at a strip club, she talks about how she got involved in prostitution to begin with. She was a small town girl. She married a violent and drunk man named Charlie. Liz later had a son with him. She couldn't deal with him anymore. She left Charlie. She began working at a local diner.

Later, Liz met the pimp Blake. At first, Blake did some things for Liz. However, Blake has become as cruel and violent as Liz' husband. She decides to get away from Blake.

A local homeless man and street performer named Rasta takes Liz to a movie. Rasta is scary at first (he walks on broken glass for an act). But then Liz agrees. The scenes with Liz and Rasta at the movie alternate with Blake explaining his own life.

After the movie, Liz tells the audience of her son. Her son is under foster care. She finally has a customer. Liz treats him. But then the customer has a heart attack and dies. Blake comes onto the scene and tries to take the dead man's money. Blake then tries to strangle Liz. He threatens putting her son in gay prostitution. But Liz shouts to Blake: "I'll kill you first!" Before Blake can kill Liz, Rasta comes to her rescue, killing Blake. Liz laughs, gives her thanks, then walks away.

Cast
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* Theresa Russell as Liz
* Benjamin Mouton as Blake
* Antonio Fargas as Rasta
* Jack Nance as Helpful passerby
* John Diehl as Derelict
* Danny Trejo as Tattoo artist
* Ken Russell as Waiter

Production
----------

*Whore* didn't have much support from movie studios. The movie was distributed and produced under the American home video company Trimark Pictures.
This movie was filmed with a small shooting budget of just over $1 million.

Release
-------

*Whore* was first shown at Sundance and Berlin International Film Festivals.

*Whore* was rated NC-17 from the United States' MPAA for sexual situations and dialogue, and for some violence. The movie wasn't given a wide release due to its NC-17 rating. The movie critics gave it mixed reviews.
Coordinates: 25°1′S 129°24′E﻿ / ﻿25.017°S 129.400°E﻿ / -25.017; 129.400

Plaque outside Lasseter's Cave recounting the tale of Lasseter's death.
**Tjunti** is a soakage site near Kaḻṯukatjara, in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is where the Hull River cuts through the Petermann Ranges. It is about 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the southeast of Kaḻṯukatjara (41 km by road, along the Tjukaruru Road). Tjunti is the site where the famous gold prospector Harold B. Lasseter took refuge on his fatal search for Lasseter's Reef. An outstation was established here in 1977, and belongs to a Pitjantjatjara family.

The gap in the mountains is formed here by the Hull River, a sandy creek that is usually dry. It splits the Curdie Range in the south from the Mannanana Range in the north. There are several soaks and rockholes in the area.

The small cave where Lasseter took refuge is ***Kuḻpi Tjuntinya*** (now commonly called **Lasseter's Cave** in English). This is an opening in a rock formation in the Mannanana Range (Pitjantjatjara: *Tjuntinya*). Lasseter took shelter here for about 25 days during January 1931. He was trying to find a rich gold deposit that he claimed to have discovered in the area on an earlier expedition. His camels ran away, and he was stranded in the desert without food. While taking shelter in the cave, Lasseter wrote about his journey in his diary. He was later found by a local Pitjantjatjara family, who gave him food and water. After this, Lasseter decided to leave the cave and tried to walk the 140 km (87 mi) to Kata Tjuṯa. He was weak from dehydration, malnutrition and exhaustion, and he died three days later, after walking about 55 km (34 mi).

Other websites
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* Tjunti in the Northern Territory's Place Names Register
A stained glass image of the Venerable Father Samuel Mazzuchelli in St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa.
**The Venerable** is used as a style in several Christian churches. It is also the common English-language translation of a number of Buddhist titles.

Roman Catholic
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In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, *The Venerable,* is the style used for a person who has been posthumously declared "heroic in virtue" during the investigation and process leading to possible canonization as a saint. Before a person is considered to be *venerable,* he or she must be declared as such by a proclamation, approved by the Pope, of having lived a life that was "heroic in virtue" – the virtues being the Theological Virtues of faith, hope, and charity and the Cardinal Virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The next step is beatification, at which point the person is referred to as *The Blessed*, and finally canonization, at which point the person is referred to as *Saint*. Two modern and well-known examples of those who have been declared venerable are Popes John Paul II and Pius XII, who were both declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI in December 2009, and who are likely to be beatified soon.

The 7-8th-century English monk St. Bede was referred to as being *venerable* soon after his death and, by tradition, is therefore often referred to as "the Venerable Bede" despite his also having been canonized. St Bede was the first person to be recorded as *The Venerable*.


| **Stages of Canonization in the Catholic Church** |
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|   Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint   |
Germany's ratification of the 2+4 TreatyThe **Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany** (German: *Vertrag über die abschließende Regulung in bezug auf Deutschland* French: *Traité portant règlement définitif concernant l'Allemagne* Russian: Догοвор об окончательном урегулировании в отношении Германии) is sometimes called the **2 + 4 Treaty**.

It was signed by the two Germanys (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.

The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies of World War II gave up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanys and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.

Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.

The treaty allowed East and West German reunification into one country. It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars. Germany promised to limit the size of its Army, Navy, and Air force, and not to make nuclear bombs. 

The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany. The USSR was to move all of its troops out of Eastern Germany and Eastern Berlin by 1994. The three Western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left. Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops to move into Eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the East either. 

The treaty also set Germany's borders, and the German government confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries, was to stay in force.

On 15 March 1991, the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin).

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Germany Subdivisions of Allied Occupation Zones in Germany (1945-1949/1990) |
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| American zone United States | Bavaria **·**  Bremen **·**  Hesse (Greater Hesse) **·**  Württemberg-Baden |  |
| British zone United Kingdom | Lower Saxony **·**  Hamburg **·**  North Rhine-Westphalia **·**  Schleswig-Holstein |
| French zone France | Baden **·**  Rhineland-Palatinate **·**  (Saar) **·**  Württemberg-Hohenzollern |
| Soviet zone Soviet Union | Brandenburg **·**  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern **·**  Saxony **·**  Saxony-Anhalt **·**  Thuringia |
| Berlin (1949–90) | BerlinWest Berlin (UK, FR, USA) **·**  BerlinEast Berlin (USSR) |

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* VIAF

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* Germany
* United States

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**Peter John Smith** (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984. Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He batted and threw right-handed during his baseball career.

Career
------

The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr. for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.

On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

Other websites
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* Baseball Reference
* Baseball Almanac
* Baseball prospectus statistics
* Sportsillustrated statistics
* Baseball Reference (Minor league)[*permanent dead link*] statistics through minor league career
*This is a Chinese name. The surname is Wu (吳)*

**Wu Zun** (traditional Chinese: 吳尊; simplified Chinese: 吴尊; pinyin: Wú Zūn) is a Brunei-born actor and singer. He is the only non-Taiwanese member of the boy band Fahrenheit. He is also known for his roles in the Taiwanese TV shows Hanazakarino Kimitachihe and Tokyo Juliet.

Biography
---------

Born **Goh Kiat Chun** (traditional Chinese: 吳吉俊; Pinyin: *Wú Jí Jùn*) in Brunei on 10 October 1979, Wu studied at the Chung Hwa Middle School in Bandar Seri Begawan. He later graduated from the RMIT University in Melbourne with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Wu also played basketball for Brunei's national team [*source?*]. Before joining Fahrenheit (band), he was a model for *伊林 Yi Lin* in Taiwan and for *Diva Models* in Singapore. He manages a gym club called Fitness Zone in Brunei.

Television roles
----------------

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| **Year** | **Title** | **Role** |
| 2008 | *Hot Shot (篮球火)* | 无极尊 Wu Ji Chun  |
| 2007 | *Romantic Princess(公主小妹)* | 南风瑾 Nan Feng Jin (Yoshiki Shido)  |
| 2007 | *The X-Family (終極一家)* | Guest: 火焰使者 Huo Yan Shi Zhe |
| 2006 | *Hanazakarino Kimitachihe (花樣少年少女)* | Quan (左以泉 Zuo Yi Quan) |
| 2006 | *Tokyo Juliet (東方茱麗葉)* | 纪风亮 Ji Feng Liang |
| 2005 | *KO One (终极一班)* | Guest: KO 1, 田弘光, 武屍尊 |
|

Fahrenheit
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Wu was the last and oldest member to join Fahrenheit (band). He is the bass vocalist of the group. He also plays the drums. His personality is represented by a cool Autumn at 59 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. He also represented by the word "Mysterious" (traditional Chinese: 神; Pinyin: shén).

Other websites
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* **Chinese** H.I.M International Music
* **Japanese** Fahrenheit: Official Japan Site
* Wu Zun's Blog
The **Touch-Tone Terrorists** is a series of prank phone calls comedy CDs. The Touch-Tone Terrorists are actually one man named **Pete Dzoghi** who also goes by the name of "**RePete**". He purchased a series of 1-800 numbers, including ones that were one digit different than actual customer service numbers for companies such as (apparently) UPS, an oil change business, an auto insurance "claims support line", a psychic hotline, a pen manufacturer, a bank, department store, phone company, and others. Using a Gentner SPH-3A telephone hybrid and a Yamaha SPX-90 electronic pitch transposer to alter his voice over the phone, he would take incoming calls from people who had misdialed the number and were under the assumption that they had dialed the right number. He created a series of ridiculous exaggerated characters, all of which were voiced by him.

Other websites
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Touch-Tone Terrorists***

* Homepage of the lost in transit movie

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* MusicBrainz artist

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A **talent** (Latin: *talentum*, from Ancient Greek: τάλαντον "scale, balance") is an ancient unit of mass; it corresponded generally to the mass of water in the volume of an amphora, i.e. a one-foot cube.

The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent (in Ancient Greece one talent was 26 kg of silver). The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pounds) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina.

When used as a measure of money, it refers to a **talent-weight of gold or of silver**. The gold talent is reported as weighing roughly the same as a person, and so perhaps 50 kg (>110 lb avoirdupois). Some authorities say that the talent typically weighed about 33 kg (>72 lb) varying from 20 to 40 kg. In June, 2018, the international price of gold was about US $41,155.69 per kilogram. One gram costs about $38. At this price, a talent (33 kg) would be worth about $1,400,116.57. Similarly, in February 2016, the price of silver was about $15 per troy ounce or about 50 cents per gram, so a 33 kg silver talent would be worth about $16,500. Thus when we read that King Auletes of Egypt paid Gaius Julius Caesar the sum of 6,000 talents of gold to grant him the status of a "Friend and Ally of the Roman People," this amount would be worth about US$8,400,000,000 today! These estimates are only rough values, because they are based on modern estimates.The value of silver in comparison to gold drastically changed. This is because of the output of the Spanish silver mines in the New World. In ancient times the same amount of silver was often worth more than gold. The estimates do not account for the less technical mining ability of the time, nor that there were still native deposits available. Later in Roman history, during the medieval Byzantine period, the emperor Basil II was said to have stockpiled the legendary amount of 200,000 talents of gold which, in modern terms, would be worth approximately US$280,023,314,760. At any rate, he did save enough money that the Byzantine government was able to remit all taxes paid during the final two years of his reign.[*source?*]

Another way to calculate the modern equivalent to a **talent** is from its use in estimating military pay. During the Peloponnesian war in Ancient Greece, a **talent** was the amount of silver needed to pay the crew of a trireme for one month. Hellenistic mercenaries were commonly paid one drachma for every day of service, which was a good salary in the post-Alexander (III) days. 6,000 drachma made a talent.

The talent as a unit of coinage is mentioned in the New Testament in Jesus' parable of the talents. One talent was an incredible amount of money.
**Ragged schools** were free schools for poor children’s education in nineteenth-century Britain. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844. They gave free education, food, clothes and other services. The classes were sometimes held in stables, lofts and railway arches. Most teachers were volunteers but there were some who were paid. About 300,000 children went to London ragged schools between 1844 and 1881.

The context
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There was no legal structure which supported primary education in England until the second half of the 19th century. There were, however, Church of England schools.

Parliament did not lay down rules for education until 1870, the year of Forster's Education Act (Elementary Education Act of 1870). The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the Mundella Act) made school boards enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years. Attendance officers might visit the homes of absent (truant) children. Children who were employed needed a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who could not show this were penalised.

The 1891 Elementary Education Act provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head. This made primary education free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11.
**Sadler's Wells Theatre** is a performing arts theatre in London. It is in Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington. The theatre which now stands is the sixth building that has been there since 1683. There are two performance spaces: a 1,500 seat main auditorium and the Lilian Baylis Studio. There are many rehearsal rooms and technical facilities. Sadler's Wells is one of the most important theatres for dance in the United Kingdom. Several dance companies perform there.

During World War II the theatre was closed and the dance and opera companies toured to many parts of the United Kingdom. After World War II the dance company was renamed Sadler's Wells Ballet. The opera company became the English National Opera. When the theatre reopened they performed Benjamin Britten's opera *Peter Grimes*.

In 1946 the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden reopened and the ballet company was invited to become the resident company there. A second ballet company was formed to perform at Sadler's Wells. This was called the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet. In 1956 the Sadler's Wells company later moved to Covent Garden where it became The Royal Ballet Touring Company. After a number of years as a touring group, it returned to Sadler's Wells in 1976, becoming the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet.

In 1990 the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet moved to Birmingham and changed its name to Birmingham Royal Ballet. Since then there has not been a resident ballet company at Sadler's Wells.

The opera company moved out of Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum in 1968 and was later renamed English National Opera. Sadler's Wells Theatre was used by foreign companies and by dancers at the beginning of their careers. The Lilian Baylis Theatre opened in 1988.

The theatre that now stands was opened in 1998. The first performance was of *Iolanthe* and was given by Rambert Dance Company.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Sadler's Wells Theatre***.

* Sadlers Wells website
* Independentopera in Sadler's Wells
The facade of the V&A Museum.
In 2000, an 11 metre high, blown glass chandelier by Dale Chihuly was installed as a center point over the visitor's area in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance.
The **Victoria and Albert Museum** (often abbreviated as the **V&A**) in London is the world's largest museum of applied art (decorative arts and design). Named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, it was founded in 1852.

The V&A has a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It covers 12.5 acres (5 hectares) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, in virtually every medium, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world.

The museum possesses the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, the holdings of Italian Renaissance items are the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection, with the Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is amongst the largest in the world.

The V&A is in what is called London's "Albertopolis", an area of immense cultural, scientific and educational importance. Near it are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College, the Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial.

Since 2001, the Museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation program which has seen a major overhaul of the departments including the introduction of newer galleries, gardens, shops and visitor facilities. As with other national UK museums, admission to the museum is free.
**Nitrogen narcosis** is a problem for underwater divers. It affects the brain and nervous system a lot like alcohol, but goes away when the diver rises to a shallower depth. It does not have lasting effects after the depth is reduced.

Who can get it
--------------

Any underwater diver who goes deeper than 30 m (100 ft)while breathing air, or any time when the pressure of nitrogen in the breathing gas is more than about 3,2 bar.

How to prevent it
-----------------

It only happens when the pressure of nitrogen is high. If the pressure is kept low by staying at a shallower depth it will not happen. If the breathing gas has less nitrogen it will only start at a deeper depth. Helium gas can be used in place of nitrogen in breathing gas for divers to make it less likely to have nitrogen narcosis.

What actually happens
---------------------

The nitrogen gas dissolved in the diver affects the working of nerve cells. At higher pressures more nitrogen can be dissolved.

It starts off as a mild effect like being slightly drunk, but as the pressure increases it gets more serious, like getting more drunk. Eventually the diver may lose consciousness.

Why is it a problem
-------------------

A diver who has nitrogen narcosis will have slower reactions and may not think clearly. If something goes wrong the diver may not be able to cope with the problem. This can be dangerous.

What to do about it
-------------------

The diver can move to a shallower depth or change to a different breathing gas with less nitrogen. This will usually be a mixture containing helium.
A **tablet** (also known as a **pill**) is a drug in solid form taken by mouth .They have active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, that are pressed into a solid. Excipients are not drugs. They are added to make the tablet easier to make or to swallow. The main advantages of tablets are to make sure the person gets the right amount of medicine that is easy to consume.

Tablets are prepared either by moulding or by compression. They used to all be disk shaped, but now they are made in many shapes and colours to help people tell the difference between different medicines. Tablets are often marked with symbols, letters, and numbers. Some have a groove to allow splitting by hand. Sizes of tablets to be swallowed range from a few millimetres to about a centimetre.

The first pills known were found on papyruses in ancient Egypt around 1500 BC. They were made of bread dough, honey or grease mixed with plant powders or spices. Before that medicine was mostly in liquid form. Tablets can be hard to swallow, so they were sometimes coated with sugar or gelatin. Some tablets are really capsules. They can be made in many different shapes.
**VOR**, short for **VHF omnidirectional radio range**, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling them to find their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals emitted by a network of radio beacons. It uses frequencies in very high frequency (VHF) from 108 to 117.95 MHz. Developed in the USA in 1937, VOR is the standard air navigational system in the world, used by both commercial and general aviation. There are about 3000 VOR stations around the world.

A VOR station broadcasts a VHF radio signal including the identifier, voice, and navigation signal. The identifier is in Morse Code. The voice will have information from the station. The navigation signal allows the equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft. VOR stations in areas of magnetic unreliability are oriented to True North. A line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The crossing of two radials from different VOR stations provides the position of the aircraft. VOR signals have a range of about 200 miles.
Picture of Shugendō practitioners in the mountains of Kumano, Mie.
This is a statue of En no Gyōja, who is the founder of Shugendo. It was created during the Kamakura period and is currently housed at the Kimbell Art Museum.
Stairs leading to a holy site of Shugendō called Ōminesan-ji.
Silk scroll of Fudō Myōō from Daigo-ji, a Shingon temple and Shugendō site.
Picture of Zaō Gongen in Kinpusen-ji Temple, an important deity in Shugendō.
**Shugendō** is a religion that originated in Japan during the Nara Period. It combines beliefs, philosophies, doctrines, and ritual systems from local folk religions, Shinto mountain worship, and Buddhism. Shugendō is a highly syncretic religion and is considered a body of ascetic practices. The goal of Shugendō is for practitioners to find supernatural power and save themselves and others by conducting religious training while walking through steep mountain ranges. Those who practice Shugendō are called Shugenja or Yamabushi, which means "Mountain Prostrator". The practice of Shugendō takes place on mountains all over Japan, including various mountains in the Ōmine mountain range, such as Mount Hakkyō and Mount Ōmine.

The Shugendō worldview incorporates a vast array of deities, including figures from both Buddhism and Shintoism. Two significant figures are the tantric Buddhist deities of Fudō Myōō and Dainichi Nyorai. Gongen is another essential figure in Shugendō, referring to the manifestation of Buddhas as Japanese Kami. One of the most significant Gongen in Shugendō is Zaō Gongen..

Gallery
-------

* Picture of Yamabushi (mountain ascetic practitioners) on the Ōmine Okugakemichi trail near Yoshino, Japan.Picture of Yamabushi (mountain ascetic practitioners) on the Ōmine Okugakemichi trail near Yoshino, Japan.
* Monk at Shippōryū-ji Temple supervises an ascetic waterfall exercise.Monk at Shippōryū-ji Temple supervises an ascetic waterfall exercise.
* YamabushiYamabushi
* Mount Kongo (Kongosanchi) SyugenjaMount Kongo (Kongosanchi) Syugenja

Other pages
-----------

* Three Mountains of Dewa
* Mountain worship
* Milarepa
* Mount Hiei
* Onmyōdō

Sources
-------

 

* A Look at Japanese Ascetic Practice
* Head Temple Takao-san Yakuo-in Central Shugendo Training Center in Kanto
* 天台寺門宗｜修験道
* *Shugen: The Autumn Peak of Haguro Shugendo*
* Mount Fuji and Shugendo
* Shugendo article in *Buddhism & Shinto in Japan: A-to-Z Photo Dictionary of Japanese Religious Sculpture & Art*
* Shugendo - History of Japan Database
Arms of Count Stroganov.
Stroganov Palace in St Petersburg.
The **House of Stroganov** or **Stroganoff** also known as the *Stroganov family* were a Russian noble family that were very powerful and often involved in the politics of the time. They even financed some military campaigns which shows how rich they were. During the Great Northern War of 1700–1721, the Stroganovs gave sizable financial support to the government of Peter the Great. Because of this, Alexander Grigoriyevich, Nikolay Grigoriyevich, and Sergei Grigoriyevich were raised to the rank of baron in 1722 and later to that of **Count**. The head of the family was called **Count Stroganov** and his wife **Countess Stroganova**. Extremely wealthy after the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Stroganov family emigrated with the White movement and all family property in Russia was nationalized. Even though they had much political influence they were also merchants in their own right. They were great rivals of the Counts Vorontsov as well as the Counts Sheremetev.

Namesakes
---------

1. The "Stroganov School" - conventional name for the last major Russian icon-painting school, which thrived under the patronage of the fabulously rich Stroganov family of merchants in the late 16th and 17th century.
2. Stroganov Palace in St Petersburg. The main family residence built by the famous Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli from 1753 to 1754.
3. "Beef Stroganoff" a Russian dish including beef.
A map of the Earth made in 1656

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Map***.

A **map** is an image of an area, usually of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. Many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. Some maps are of distant worlds. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, paper maps are still used.

The word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.

A Modern Topographic map of a town (Marburg) in a valley. Map symbols: Green Colour is forest in this map, a blue line is a river. Meaning of a ▲ Triangle: Summit of a mountain or hill with its Elevation in m (meter) and the name of the mountain
People who make maps are cartographers.

Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records. 

If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected. This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections. The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a globe.
A a full tracked snowmobile
A snowmobile with front skis.
A **snowmobile** is a motorized vehicle used for travelling over snow. It is like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads. Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering. 

Adding **snowmobile studs** to the tread decreases the time and distance it takes to stop a snowmobile. Once you make a decision to stop a snowmobile, the distance it will take to stop will be a combination of the speed of the machine, weight of the machine and the available friction and or the mechanical damping (which will equal the effective drag factor) between the snowmobile and the surface on which it is trying to stop. If the surface is icy or hard-packed, the mechanical damping portion of the effective drag factor is decreased, leaving you with only the friction provided by the tread to stop.

Snowmobile studs made from steel or stainless steel with carbide tips are installed in the tread. The studs are designed for specific terrains in varying lengths, shapes and materials. The studs control acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. The correct amount and type of stud installed in an effective pattern will produce the best traction results.
**Strategic bombing** is a military strategy used to destroy the enemies' economic ability to fight a war. It is an attack from the air. Strategic bombing missions usually attack targets such as factories, railroads, oil refineries and cities. Missions would attack targets such as military bases, command and control facilities, airfields, and ammunition dumps.

The United States Air Force (USAF) has used strategic bombers in later conflicts.

History
-------

Strategic bombing was an idea first tried in World War I. It was used by the German Luftwaffe. They bombed Antwerp. Zeppelins were used to bomb England.

However, the strategic bombing in World War II was on a far larger scale than anything which went before. First, In the Battle of Britain the German Air Force almost defeated Britain by attacking the Royal Air Force planes on the ground. This was partly successful, and some think it was a mistake to switch to other targets. The British had primitive radar, good enough to know whereabouts each attack was going. There was time to get the fighters in the air to intercept and damage the attacks.

Despairing of victory this way, the attack was switched to the cities. 
German bombing of London and the larger provincial cities such as Coventry (an industrial city). They used high explosives and incendiary devices to cause fires. 

Once the attacks on British air bases was diverted to the city targets, the Luftwaffe began to lose planes to the defences. The German air force, which had previously fought easy targets (for example, in the Spanish Civil War) began to take losses. Eventually these losses began to tell, and Hitler cancelled the planned invasion. He realised that no invasion across the Channel could succeed while Britain still had an active air force.

USA enters World War II
-----------------------

United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Colonel Billy Mitchell promoted strategic bombing in the United States. He had new ideas on the strategic, and tactical air war. The first USAAF strategic bomber was the B-17 Flying Fortress. 

In the end, the large bomber fleets of the Allies devastated Nazi Germany with conventional bombs, and the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japan.

Later years
-----------

After World War II, the Strategic Air Command was located at Omaha, Nebraska, at Offutt Air Force Base. Nuclear weapons became an important mission. 

A full cadre of generals at Offutt participated in many of the missions of the "Looking Glass", a KC-135 air tanker which was stripped and refitted with state of the art electronics which would take over in case the president was killed in wartime. The plane had several generals on board to assume wartime duties. The "red telephone" was an instant connection to the president at the White House. The plane flew all day every day, three planes took off a day in overlapping flights to provide this level of coverage. Since the end of the cold war, this flight ended, however, the Strategic Air Command still maintains the main facility at Offutt AFB - this is where President Bush flew to when the Twin Towers were bombed on 9-11-01 to set up his command center.
Illustration by Jan Luyken.
The **Parable of the Faithful Servant** (or **Parable of the Door Keeper**) is a parable of Jesus written in the New Testament in Matthew 24:42-51, Mark 13:34-37, and Luke 12:35-48.

What Jesus said
---------------

The parable:

> 
> Be dressed ready for service and keep your lamps burning, like men waiting for their master to return from a wedding banquet, so that when he comes and knocks they can immediately open the door for him. It will be good for those servants whose master finds them watching when he comes. I tell you the truth, he will dress himself to serve, will have them recline at the table and will come and wait on them. It will be good for those servants whose master finds them ready, even if he comes in the second or third watch of the night. But understand this: If the owner of the house had known at what hour the thief was coming, he would not have let his house be broken into. You also must be ready, because the Son of Man will come at an hour when you do not expect him.
> 
> 
> Peter asked, Lord, are you telling this parable to us, or to everyone?
> 
> 
> The Lord answered, Who then is the faithful and wise manager, whom the master puts in charge of his servants to give them their food allowance at the proper time? It will be good for that servant whom the master finds doing so when he returns. I tell you the truth, he will put him in charge of all his possessions. But suppose the servant says to himself, 'My master is taking a long time in coming,' and he then begins to beat the menservants and maidservants and to eat and drink and get drunk. The master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he is not aware of. He will cut him to pieces and assign him a place with the unbelievers. That servant who knows his master's will and does not get ready or does not do what his master wants will be beaten with many blows. But the one who does not know and does things deserving punishment will be beaten with few blows. From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and from the one who has been entrusted with much, much more will be asked.
> 
> — Luke 12:35-48

What it means
-------------

The parable immediately precedes the Parable of the Ten Virgins in the Matthew 25. It means "be prepared and remain alert." The exact time of Jesus' Second Coming is unknown.

The bridegroom is Jesus Christ. The wedding banquet is his wedding banquet. The advice is for the church, his bride, while she waits for him. He has chosen her. "That privilege brings responsibility and that responsibility entails accountability." Priests will be judged more severely than pagans who never heard of Jesus.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***The Faithful and Wise Steward***.