recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Haemophilia is passed on as an allele in the X chromosome
**Haemophilia** is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot. People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots. A person with a small cut or internal bleeding (bruise) could bleed to death. They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer. The word comes from the Greek words *haima* ("blood") and *philia* ("to love"). To treat this, an affected person can get a blood donation from someone without hemophilia. The donor’s blood has clotting proteins and can temporarily make a normal scab. 30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).

It usually affects males. It is passed from mother to child through genes.

There are 3 types of haemophilia:

* Haemophilia A - about 90% of cases. There is no blood clotting ability.
* Haemophilia B - not as severe, but much less common. There is not enough blood clotting ability.
* Haemophilia C - caused by not one, but two recessive (weak) genes.

Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.

Genetic defects on the X chromosome affect males because they have only one X chromosome. In females, a recessive gene is usually masked by a normal gene on the other X chromosome. The Y chromosome does carry some genes, but far fewer than the X chromosome. Defects of this type are called "sex-linked" in genetics. There is no cure for this disease but there are different treatments available around the world.

A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.
Coordinates: 19°27′N 72°41′W﻿ / ﻿19.450°N 72.683°W﻿ / 19.450; -72.683

**Gonaïves** (Kréyòl: *Gonayiv*) is a port city in western Haiti. It is the capital city of the Artibonite *Département*.

The city is on the coast of the *Gonaïve* Bay, on the northeast of the Gulf of Gonâve, about 171 km north of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an *arrondissement* (a part of a department) with the same name. The *arrondissement* has three *communes* (a *commune* is like a municipality): Gonaïves, Ennery and Estère.

History
-------

The Centennial Palace was built in Gonaïves to celebrate 100 years of Haitian independence
In 1802, the Battle of *Ravine-à-Couleuvres*, an important battle of the Haitian Revolution, was fought near Gonaïves.

Gonaïves is also known as City of Independence because it was there that Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti independent from France on 1 January 1804.

Floods produced by rains from tropical storms and hurricanes devastated the city and many people died in September 2004 (Hurricane Jeanne), and again four years later, in August-September 2008 (Hurricane Hanna).

Economy
-------

Gonaïves is an important commercial centre. The agricultural products of the region (coffee, cotton, sugar and bananas) are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti from the harbor of the city.

Media
-----

### Radio

* Radio Explosion FM
* Radio Continentale FM
* Radio Independence
* Radio Kiss FM
* Radio Mega Max FM
* Radio Provinciale FM
* Radio Pyramide FM
* Radio Trans-Artibonite
* Radio Gonaives FM
* Radio Etincelle FM
* Radio Trans Atlantique F.M

Other websites
--------------

* Haïti Référence: Perfil de la ville de Gonaïves Archived 2007-01-27 at the Wayback Machine - Information on Gonaïves (French text).

  


| Department capitals of Haiti | Flag of Haiti |
| --- | --- |
| Cap-Haïtien • Fort-Liberté • Gonaïves • Hinche • Jacmel • Jérémie • Les Cayes • Miragoâne • Port-au-Prince • Port-de-Paix |


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gonaïves***.
A portrait of the composer, engraved by Paulus Seel for Biber's *Sonatae Violino solo* (1681)
**Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber von Bibern** (baptised 12 August 1644 – died 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist. He was the most famous German violinist of his time. He is particularly famous for his violin sonatas.

Life
----

Biber was born in a small Bohemian town near Reichenberg. Nothing is known about his music education. We know that in the mid-1660s he went to work for Prince-Bishop Karl, Count Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn of Olomouc. The prince loved music and kept many musicians at his court. During the winter of 1670-1671 Biber became a member of the Kapelle at Salzburg court. He was married there in 1672. There he played the violin and trained the choirboys and composed a lot of music. He probably had a lot of contact with other well-known musicians such as Georg Muffat. Although he was the greatest virtuoso of his time he hardly seems to have travelled about to play.

In 1690 Biber was raised to the nobility. During his last years he seems to have spent much of his time composing works for the theatre as well as sacred music.

Related pages
-------------

* Scordatura
St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna is a hall church.
A **hall church** is a type of church building. The term "hall church" is about the architecture of the building. Most very large churches and cathedrals are built with a long part where people sit, called the "nave". On each side of the nave is a lower "aisle". Between the nave and the aisles are rows of columns. Above the columns are windows which let light into the nave. In a hall church, there are no windows above the columns. The nave and the aisles are about the same height. 

Famous cathedrals which are hall churches are Milan Cathedral in Italy, St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna and Bristol Cathedral in England. 

The term was first used in the mid-19th century by the German art historian Wilhelm Lübke.

* Another inside view of St Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna.Another inside view of St Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna.
* Saint Thomas Church (Strasbourg) is the only hall-church in Alsace. It is a Protestant church today.Saint Thomas Church (Strasbourg) is the only hall-church in Alsace. It is a Protestant church today.
* The main Church in Tulln, Austria.The main Church in Tulln, Austria.

Related pages
-------------

* Gothic architecture
An elderly Blair in circa 1870
Blair's signature
**Francis Preston Blair, Sr.** (April 12, 1791 – October 18, 1876) or **Preston Blair** was an American journalist and politician, before and during the American Civil War. Blair wanted to reunite the North and the South during the war. Blair helped to create the Republican Party. He supported many Democrats, but was mostly the ally of Republican President Abraham Lincoln. He is nicknamed **The Father of the Republican Party** since he was one of the men who started the Republican Party.

Early life
----------

Blair was born at Abingdon, Virginia on April 12, 1791. He moved to Kentucky and later graduated from Transylvania University in 1811. Blair became a journalist in Frankfort, Kentucky and Washington D.C. and a prominent leader of the Democrats. He was married to Eliza Violet Gist from 1812 until his death in 1876. They had five children. He founded Silver Spring, the second largest city in Maryland, in 1840.

Political career
----------------

Blair in 1845
Blair helped create the Republican Party and supported the first nominee of the party, Abraham Lincoln. Although he had slaves, Blair was said that after the Mexican War that slavery should not be extended beyond where it was allowed. In 1848 he actively supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil Party candidate for the presidency. Later, he supported Franklin Pierce, but then went on to help organize the new Republican Party in supporting Anti-Slavery reforms at a convention at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in February 1856.

### Abraham Lincoln

Blair wanted John C. Frémont for president and supported him at the June 1856 convention. At the 1860 convention he supported the nomination of Edward Bates as president. When it was clear that Bates would not be nominated, Blair then supported the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. Blair helped many democratic politicians to vote yes on making slavery illegal and becoming the 13th Amendment.

Blair asked President Lincoln that once Savannah, Georgia fell, he should travel to the capital of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia to talk to President Jefferson Davis, whom he knew. He organized a peace conference that failed.

In 1862, Blair had told his slaves that they could "go when they wished." He said that "all but one declined the privilege," choosing to stay on as servants.

Death
-----

Blair died on October 18, 1876 in Silver Spring, Maryland from natural causes, aged 85. He was later buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C. His wife, Eliza, died on July 5, 1877, a year after his death.

Culture
-------

In Steven Spielberg's 2012 biography movie *Lincoln*, Blair was played by actor Hal Holbrook.

Legacy
------

A town is named after him in Georgia, Blairville, Georgia.

His great-great grandson is American actor Montgomery Clift.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Francis Preston Blair, Sr. at Wikimedia Commons

* Francis Preston Blair, Sr. at Find A Grave
**Hines E. Ward Jr.** (born March 8, 1976) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers for fourteen seasons after being drafted in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft, becoming the team's all-time leader in receptions, receiving yardage and touchdown receptions. Ward was voted MVP of Super Bowl XL and upon retirement was one of only eight NFL players to have 1,000 or more career receptions. He played college football at the University of Georgia.

College career
--------------

Ward played college football for the University of Georgia Bulldogs from 1994 to 1997. Ward's 149 career catches for 1,965 yards placed him second in team history. He also played tailback and totaled 3,870 all-purpose yards, second only to Herschel Walker in Bulldogs history, and even played some quarterback. Ward wore #19 in college.

Professional career
-------------------

### Pittsburgh Steelers

Ward makes a catch against the rival Baltimore Ravens in 2006.
Ward won the Super Bowl twice in Pittsburgh. He was even the MVP of Super Bowl XL, in which Ward caught a touchdown from fellow wideout Antwaan Randle El. Ward is known for, not only his great receiving skills, but his hard blocks (some call them illegal, Ward was even voted the "NFL's Dirtiest Player") and signature toothy smile. In fourteen seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Ward also became their all-time leading receiver. Ward also served as a mentor to several younger Steelers wideouts, including Mike Wallace, Antonio Brown, and Santonio Holmes.
Ward's play became worse late in his career, and so he was released by the Steelers before retiring.

Personal
--------

Ward was born in Seoul, South Korea, but grew up in the Atlanta area. He made an appearance on Dancing with the Stars with Kym Johnson, even winning. Ward also has not had many major legal issues, except for a DUI in 2011 and those chargers were dropped. However, Ward pleaded guilty to *reckless driving*.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
**"How Do I Live"** is an American country pop song. The musician and songwriter Diane Warren recorded this song. It was first performed under LeAnn Rimes when she was age 14 (almost 15). A more advanced version of "How Do I Live" by Trisha Yearwood, however, was the real Grammy and Golden Raspberry Award nominated song.

Background for the song
-----------------------

Both Yearwood and Rimes had their songs released on May 23, 1997. Warren first met Rimes inside a restaurant right after she (Rimes) won a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Warren recorded the song when having Rimes in mind. When Rimes made her recording of the song the next day, however, Walt Disney Pictures (then called Buena vista Pictures Distribution), under which Touchstone Pictures was an operating label, decided she, then 14, was too young for singing of the song's subject matter. They also said then the recording by Rimes had too much "pop" sound. The violent plot of the movie *Con Air* (a 1997 action thriller) made the Touchstone Pictures skeptical to have the Rimes version in the movie. They then contacted older singer Yearwood. The latter recorded her cover of "How Do I Live". Her (Yearwood's) re-recording of the song was shown during *Con Air*.

The version by Yearwood had a far more country vibe and style. The Yearwood and Rimes cuts had involvements in the United States' *Billboard* Hot 100. Rimes' version, though, was very strong on that chart. It was there for 69 weeks, the longest at that time. The Rimes cut was tagged onto compact disc and cassette. A longer version was later put on several studio albums, one being *You Light Up My Life: An Inspirational*.

Chart performance
-----------------

Rimes was more strong with the pop charts. Yearwood's version, however, was very strong in the country charts. The earlier's recording hit #2 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 charts. The latter's version hit #23 on the same chart. For almost two months, Rimes' version of the song was #1 on the *Billboard* Adult Contemporary chart.

Awards
------

At the 1998 Grammy Awards, both songs were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. Yearwood was given that award. She also won a 1997 Academy of Country Music Award for the Top Female Vocalist.
The haunted Winchester Mystery House.
A **haunted house** or **ghosthouse** is a house where supernatural events are believed to take place. Many haunted houses are believed to contain ghosts. They can also contain the spirits of dead people. The rumour that a house is haunted often starts after something violent or tragic happens in the house, such as a murder or suicide. Haunted houses are common in gothic fiction, and are generally seen as old castles or creaky, old, abandoned houses. A haunted house can be a type of attraction in amusements parks too. One scientific explanation of haunted houses is that poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide from defective gas-burning appliances are what causes the hallucinations that people experience. Another possible cause is infrasound.

Carbon monoxide theory
----------------------

Many haunted houses have been investigated and found to contain high levels of carbon monoxide or other poisons, which can cause hallucinations. The carbon monoxide theory explains why haunted houses are mostly older houses which are more likely to contain aging and defective appliances, and why more hauntings are reported in the colder months. Carbon monoxide poisoning explains many of the occurrences in haunted houses, such as feelings of being watched, hearing footsteps or voices, seeing "ghosts", headaches, dizziness, and sudden death or illness of people or pets, and also strange behavior in pets such as excessive barking or meowing. The carbon monoxide theory also explains why some ghosts don't show up on photographs or videos (photographs that do show "ghosts" are usually caused by dust, insects, fingers or camera strap in front of the lens, and multiple exposures).

Other poisons and drugs
-----------------------

Pesticides can cause the same types of hallucinations as carbon monoxide. Recreational drugs such as LSD and methamphetamine can cause hallucinations. Unpleasant hallucinations are known in the recreational drug community as a "bad trip". Drug users are usually, but not always, aware that they are experiencing hallucinations related to the drug, at least after they become sober again. Toxic mould, which can produce hallucinogens, has also been linked to haunted houses.

Other causes
------------

Sounds heard in a "haunted" house are often very normal sounds, for example footstep-like sounds can be caused by vermin such as squirrels or raccoons. Dead vermin can also cause unusual smells often associated with hauntings. Doors closing by themselves can be caused by wind. Moving shadow figures can be caused by the headlights of passing cars shining through a window. Many times normal sounds that come from outside can be mistaken for a sound inside the house. Sounds made by electronics, plumbing, refrigerators, and heating / air conditioning have also been mistaken for paranormal sounds.

Related pages
-------------

* Spiritual séance
***If I Had You*** (styled as ***If I Had U***) is *Adam Lambert's* 3rd official mainstream single released of his debut album, *For Your Entertaintment*. The song was written by Max Martin, Shellback, and Savan Kotecha for Lambert's debut album, For Your Entertainment. It was released as the third single on May 5, 2010.

Music video
-----------

James Montgomery from MTV describes the video as having "a clearing in the forest, one packed with party people — of all races, colors, creeds and proclivities, naturally — who are all in the midst of a totally excellent celebration. (Most of said party people are actually Lambert's friends, from his days performing with L.A.'s "Zodiac Show.")" Montgomery states the message of the video is "Humanity can, in fact, put their differences aside and just dance."

### Premier

The video premiered June 14, 2010 on VH1 and "takes the late-night wilderness party motif of Jennifer Lopez's classic "Waiting for Tonight" clip and adds more lasers, guyliner, thrashy dance moves, silver top hats and outrageously spiky shoulder pads." Bryan Barber directed the video, which was inspired by Lambert's self-proclaimed "psychedelic" experience at Burning Man.

Remixes
-------

Remixes of the song include an instrumental remix and a radio edit. As well DJ's and producer's like Jason Nevins, Dangerous Muse, and Morgan Page.

| * v
* t
* e
Adam Lambert |
| --- |
| Studio albums | *For Your Entertainment* **·** *Trespassing* |
| EPs | *Acoustic Live!* |
| Other albums | *Take One* |
| Singles | "No Boundaries" **·** "Time for Miracles" **·** "For Your Entertainment" **·** "Whataya Want from Me" **·** "If I Had You" **·** "Fever" **·** "Sure Fire Winners" **·** "Aftermath" **·** "Sleepwalker" **·** "Better Than I Know Myself" **·** "Never Close Our Eyes" **·** "Trespassing" |
Hedjet, the White Crown of Upper Egypt

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Hedjet*ḥḏt*in hieroglyphs |

**Hedjet** is the name for the White Crown of Upper Egypt, used in Ancient Egypt. The crown was white and after Lower and Upper Egypt joined together, it was combined with the Deshret, the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. This Double Crown was called the Pschent. The symbol sometimes used for the Hedjet was the vulture goddess Nekhbet. This would be shown next to the head of the cobra goddess Wadjet, the Uraeus on the Pschent.

History
-------

The white crown has a long history, going back into the Predynastic Period. This shows that kingship had been the base of Egyptian society for some time. The earliest image of the Hedjet was thought to have been in the Qustul in Nubia. New discoveries, particularly the excavation of Cemetery U and the tome U-j, dating to Naqada IIIA have shown that it appears earlier in Egypt.

Nekhbet, the protective goddess of Nekhebet (modern el Kab) near Hierakonpolis, was shown as a woman, sometimes with the head of a vulture, wearing the White Crown. The falcon god Horus of Hierakonpolis (Egyptian: Nekhen) was generally shown wearing a White Crown. The White Crown is on the Narmer Palette found at Hierakonpolis. It shows the king of the South wearing the *hedjet*, triumphing over his northern enemies. The kings of the united Egypt saw themselves as successors of Horus. Vases from the reign of Khasekhemwy show the king as Horus wearing the White Crown.

As with the Deshret (Red Crown), no example of the White Crown has survived. It is unknown how it was made or what materials were used. It is possible it was made from felt or leather. The fact that no crown has ever been found, might suggest that the crown was passed from one ruler to the next, much as in present day monarchies.

* Early Dynastic, the White crown: the Narmer Palette of Pharaoh NarmerEarly Dynastic, the White crown: the Narmer Palette of Pharaoh Narmer
* Small bronze statuary usage with the Hedjet, White crownSmall bronze statuary usage with the Hedjet, White crown


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***White crown***.
Plumage
The **Brahminy kite** (*Haliastur indus*), is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australasia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey. The Indian Air Force is its symbol.

In culture
----------

Brahminy kites in flight.
Further information: Garuda
Known as **elang bondol** in Indonesia, the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In Hinduism, it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda, the sacred bird of Vishnu. In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi is named after the bird (*kawi* denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour).

For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang, Sarawak, Borneo, a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth. Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension. He is also known as the god of war.
**Johann Friedrich Blumenbach** (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist. He was one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history. He used comparative anatomy to classify human races, of which he listed five.

Blumenbach's classification of races
------------------------------------

Blumenbach's five races
Blumenbach divided the human species into five races in 1779. Later he based them on the anatomy of the human skull. Blumenbach's work included the description of sixty skulls published as *Decas craniorum* (Göttingen 1790–1828). This was a founding work for other scientists.

He called the five races (1793/1795):

* the Caucasian race or white race
* the Mongolian or yellow race
* the Malayan or brown race
* the Ethiopian, or black race
* the American or red race.

He did not think other races were inferior to the Caucasian race, and were potentially good members of society.

Anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he thought that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.

> 
> "Finally, I am of opinion that after all these numerous instances I have brought together of negroes of capacity, it would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy; and on the other hand, there is no so-called savage nation known under the sun which has so much distinguished itself by such examples of perfectibility and original capacity for scientific culture, and thereby attached itself so closely to the most civilized nations of the earth, as the Negro."
> 
> 
> 

These ideas were far less influential. His ideas were adopted by other researchers and encouraged scientific racism. Blumenbach's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races: Wells, Lawrence, Prichard, Huxley and William Flower are good examples of his influence on human biology.

Regarding human origins, Blumenbach believed the first humans had originated in Asia.
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
**Johann Georg Albrechtsberger** (born 3 February 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna; died 7 March 1809 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher. He is most known today because he was Beethoven’s teacher for a time.

Life
----

From the age of seven, Albrechtsberger was a choirboy. He had lessons in organ and music theory. As an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns. He became Kapellmeister at St Stephen’s Church, Vienna in 1793. This was the best job for a church musician in the empire.

Writing music
-------------

Albrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. He wrote most of them before he got the job in Vienna. He wrote in a classical style. Albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. He would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called "scordatura"). He would also write slow movements with muted strings. As well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues. Several people, including Mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.

Teaching
--------

Albrechtsberger was a very important music teacher. Joseph Haydn thought he was the best teacher in Vienna. He was very interested in contrapuntal music of the Baroque period. He copied many fugues by Bach and other composers.

When Beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from Joseph Haydn. When Haydn was going to travel to England for several months, he asked Albrechtsberger to teach Beethoven while he was gone. These lessons took place from 1793 to 1795. A few years later, Albrechtsberger said about Beethoven that "he learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent". Beethoven said that Albrechtsberger was a "musical pedant". However, Beethoven still studied Albrechtsberger’s books on music theory. The string quartets which Beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of Albrechtsberger.
Bolivian soldiers celebrate their victory
The Guerrilla of Ñancahuzú was a war that took place between November 3, 1966 and October 9, 1967 in Bolivia, in the department of Santa Cruz. This conflict was between the Bolivian National Liberation Army, led by Ernesto Gevara and supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, against the Bolivian army, supported by the United States.

The result was a victory for the Bolivian army and the CIA with the capture and execution of "Che" Guevara.

History
-------

The guerrilla begins with the organization of a guerrilla group in Bolivia commanded by Ernesto Guevara who, after his failed attempt to establish a communist dictatorship in Africa, tries in South America, using Bolivia as an ideal point for the expansion of his ideals. The CIA warned and prepared the Bolivian Army in anti-guerrilla struggle which allowed them to capture Che Guevara in La Higuera (Vallegrande Province) on October 8, 1967 in the Quebrada del Churo, Che was executed by the Bolivian Army on October 9, 1967.
**Honing oil** is a liquid solution that aids in sharpening different machinery. One of the most common type of honing oil is the one used with sharpening stones. Not only they protect the sharpening stone but they also keep the stone pores from clogging.

There are different types of honing oil and substitutes. It has been noticed that some people use water instead of honing oil to make the sharpening process smooth. Although, water is no substitute of honing oil according to many chefs and experts.

The thickness of honing oil matters a lot. For example, motor oil, which is another type of honing oil, cannot be used with sharpening stones since it is too thick and instead of protecting the sharpening stone pores, it will clog them.

Composition and toxicity
------------------------

The composition of honing oil is simple. There are two types of honing oil. One is the water based honing oil and the other is petroleum based. Chlorine and sulfur are the most common chemicals that are found in petroleum and mineral based honing oil.

Some honing oil could be toxic for specific materials such as petroleum based honing oil for sharpening stones. Windex, Simple Green and Lansky are some of the most common honing oil manufacturers.
In mathematics, **function composition** is a way of making a new function from two other functions through a chain-like process.

More specifically, given a function *f* from *X* to *Y* and a function *g* from *Y* to *Z*, then the function "*g* **composed** with *f*", written as *g ∘ f*, is a function from *X* to *Z* (notice how it is usually written in the opposite way to how people would expect it to be).

The value of *f* given the input *x* is written as *f*(*x*). The value of *g ∘ f* given the input *x* is written as (*g* ∘ *f*)(*x*), and is defined as *g*(*f*(*x*)).

As an example. let *f* be a function which doubles a number (multiplies it by 2), and let *g* be a function which subtracts 1 from a number. These two functions can be written as:

{\displaystyle f(x)=2x}
{\displaystyle g(x)=x-1}
Here, *g* composed with *f* would be the function which doubles a number, and *then* subtracts 1 from it. That is:

{\displaystyle (g\circ f)(x)=2x-1}
On the other hand, *f* composed with *g* would be the function which subtracts 1 from a number, and *then* doubles it:

{\displaystyle (f\circ g)(x)=2(x-1)}
Composition of functions can also be generalized to binary relations, where it is sometimes represented using the same {\displaystyle \circ } symbol (as in {\displaystyle R\circ S}).

Properties
----------

Function composition can be proven to be associative, which means that:

{\displaystyle f\circ (g\circ h)=(f\circ g)\circ h}
However, function composition is in general not commutative, which means that:

{\displaystyle f\circ g\neq g\circ f}
This can be also seen in the first example, where *(g ∘ f)(2) = 2\*2 - 1 = 3* and *(f ∘ g)(2) = 2\*(2-1) = 2*.

Related pages
-------------

* Chain rule
Gita Sahgal spoke in London in 2017.
**Gita Sahgal** (born 1956 / 1957) is a writer on the subjects of feminism and fundamentalism. She was the leader of Amnesty International's gender unit from 2003 to 2010.

Sahgal was born in Bombay in India. Her mother is writer Nayantara Sahgal. She was raised as a Hindu. In 1972 she moved to London. In London she studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1977 Sahgal went back to India. She moved back to England in 1983.

Career
------

In 1979 she started Southall Black Sisters with Pragna Patel. SBS is an organization that helps Asian and black women who are experiencing domestic violence, sexual violence, forced marriage, etc. She started Women Against Fundamentalism in 1989 with Patel, Clara Connolly, and Nira Yuval-Davis in response to the Rushdie affair. In 1992 Sahgal wrote in *Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain* and edited it with Yuval-Davis. In 2003 Sahgal became the head of Amnesty International's gender unit. In 2010 Sahgal was fired because she wrote an article for the *Sunday Times* criticising Amnesty's associations with Moazzam Begg. She left the organization. The Centre for Secular Space was started by Sahgal in 2011.

Personal life
-------------

Sahgal is an atheist.
Old, thick hedge at the side of a field
Hedge cutting by machine
Ornamental hedges
A **hedge** or **hedgerow** is a close-knit row of shrubs and sometimes tree species. They were usually planted and "trained" to form a barrier. They marked the boundary of an area, and so were a sign of possession. 

Livestock farmers use them to prevent cattle straying out of fields. Animals which cannot usually be contained in fields (hill sheep for example) need a man and dog to look after them, which is an expense. Hedges were much more common before modern agriculture. Modern crop farming uses machines to gather the crop, and so hedges have almost disappeared in some areas.

When hedges are first laid, they are usually all of one species. But over hundreds of years, the number of species in a hedge gradually increases, and often includes fully-grown trees. There are many hedges in Europe which have been there for 500 or a thousand years.

Making hedges into ornaments is a skill called topiary. Sometimes, hedges are made into mazes.

Hedges are vitally important to small birds and mammals. In the modern world they play the role which thick forest undergrowth would have played in an ancient ecology. The nests in a hedge or thicket often cannot be got at by larger predators. Obviously tiny birds like robins or finches choose safe places to nest, and if they cannot, then their brood is unlikely to survive.
Five reflections 
*For other uses, see Gosei.*
**Gosei** (五省, *go-sei*, *lit. five reflections*) is a mental exercise for thinking over the events of each day. *Gosei* are a series of questions which each cadet is expected to ask himself each day. These five open-ended questions are part of the traditions of Japan's Naval Academy.

History
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In the early 1930s, the related *Gosei* concepts were created by Vice Admiral Hajime Matsushita when he was the Chief of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. 

In the late-Shōwa period, the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) encouraged the use of the *Gosei* as a self-examination exercise. In today's JMSDF, *Gosei* is supposed to be one of the ordinary parts of daily living.

Questions
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Every evening, Japan's Navy cadets are expected to think carefully about a their actions during the course of the day. This opportunity for self-reflection is guided by the set of five questions,  including

1. Have you not gone against sincerity
2. Have you not felt ashamed of your words and deeds
3. Have you not lacked vigor
4. Have you not exerted all possible efforts
5. Have you not become slothful

The *Gosei* questions have been translated into English for discussion at the United States Naval Academy.

Other websites
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* Precepts of Ieyasu Tokugawa" at Wikisource
***Hercules and the Circle of Fire*** is a made for television movie. It was the third of five pre-series movies, so it may be considered part of the TV series *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*. When all the earth's fire begins to go out, Hercules and Deianeira must go in search for fire to stop the world from cold.

Plot synopsis
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Hercules is walking through a snowy mountain top where he finds a woman in the cold, and goes to help her. He sees Zeus in a cave and a rock closes over the entrance. Hercules turns around and the woman calls out to him and freezes and explodes. Hercules wakes from a dream. He turns over and goes back to sleep. As he sleeps his camp-fire goes out. Next day Hercules and young man are walking through a cave with dead bodies strewn all over. The man tells Hercules that they are all men from his village and that the witch who guards the Fountain of Youth killed them for their youth and strength.

Later Hercules arrives at Chiron's house. Hercules gives him the water and he drinks it. The wound heals, but after a few seconds the wound worsens. Hercules tells him he will find a cure for his wound. Meanwhile, all over the village fires are being inexplicably extinguished. Hercules and Chiron are talking by the fire side and the fire goes out. Hercules realizes that something is amiss.

Zeus replies that he does, but he loves Hercules more. Hercules tells Zeus he loves him too. Zeus accepts what Hercules must do, and lets him go. Hercules goes through the fire and retrieves the Torch. He throws it and it lands in Prometheus's home, waking him. Fire begins to return. As Hercules lays dying in the circle, Zeus begs Hera not to harm Hercules or he will haunt her for eternity. Hercules takes the torch to Chiron's house and asks him to step inside a circle of straw. Chiron stands in the centre of the circle and Hercules lights the straw with the torch. Chiron drops to his knees and cries out. As the flames die out Chiron exclaims that his wound is healed. The flames had burned away his immortality and healed the wound.

Series continuity and notes
---------------------------

The special actor: Anthony Quinn
* This movie is loosely based on the myth of Prometheus. The basic plot concept of Prometheus being captured, is similar to the first season *Xena: Warrior Princess* episode *Prometheus*, although in that episode mankind is robbed of the gift of healing not fire.

Main cast
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* Kevin Sorbo as Hercules
* Tawny Kitaen as Deianeira
* Anthony Quinn as Zeus

Awards
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* 1 nomination in 1995 in the category *Best Single Genre Television Presentation*, in the *Saturn Awards*.

Other websites
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* Hercules and the Circle of Fire at Whoosh.org
* *Hercules and the Circle of Fire* on IMDb
Henry, Prince of Wales after Isaac Oliver, c. 1610
**Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales** (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612) was the oldest son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark. His name comes from grandfathers Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Frederick II of Denmark.

Prince Henry was widely seen as a bright heir to his father's throne. However, he died before his father because of typhoid fever. Because of this, the English and Scottish thrones' power went to his younger brother Charles.

Several places in Virginia Colony were named in honor of Prince Henry before and after his death.

Early life
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He was born at Stirling Castle and became Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland when he was born. His father made Alexander Erskine, Earl of Mar, take care of him. He did not let his mother take care of him. This was because James worried that the mother's slight liking for Catholicism might have some effect on the son. Although this made lots of fights between Anne and James, Henry was kept under the care of Mar's family until 1603. This was when James became King of England and his family moved south.

Sir George Lauder of The Bass was his teacher until he went to England. Sir George was a Privy Counsellor – described as the King's "familiar councillor" – and he was also taught in music by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger.
Gundaroo's main street
**Gundaroo** is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. It is built near the Yass River. Gundaroo is about 16 kms north of Sutton and about 15 km west of the Lake George range. About 300 people live there.

History
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The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild travelled through the Yass River valley in 1820. The Aborigines called the valley *Candariro* which means *blue crane*. This name might be the meaning of the word Gundaroo. Governor Lachlan Macquarie gave the first Europen settler, Peter Cooney, 30 acres in 1825. Other farms were started quickly with about 400 people in the 1840s. The Harrow Inn (hotel) was built in 1834. A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church, St Lukes in Upper Gundaroo (now part of a pottery business), in 1849. The first school opened in 1850 and a Police station in 1852. When gold was discovered in the area in 1852 many more people came to the town.

Gundaroo has become a place where people who work in Canberra can live. It is a village for tourists from Canberra to visit because of its well cared for historic buildings.
**Independent Grocers of Australia** or (**IGA**) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each *IGA* shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all *IGA* shops around the country and controls the use of the *IGA* name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be *Local Heroes*. There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands.

**IGA** in Australia also has the **Black & Gold** brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called *IGA*. Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called *IGA* and a healthy range of products called *IGA Way of Life*.

*Metcash Trading Limited* is the company behind *IGA* and supplies the shops. *Davids Holdings*, Metcash's old name, brought the *IGA* name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years.

The stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities.

Related pages
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* Ritchies, Australia's largest IGA chain

Other websites
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* IGA Australia Website Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
**IG-11** is a assassin droid from *Star Wars*. IG-11 has made multiple appearances in the television show *The Mandalorian*. During a mission to collect a bounty, Din Djarin and IG-11 worked together to collect it. But when IG-11 attempted to kill the bounty, the Mandalorian shot him in the head and nearly destroying him. But after the encounter, IG-11 was saved and rebuilt into a nurse droid by Kuiil. When Din Djarin recruits Kuiil and IG-11 for a mission, IG-11 is tasked with protecting Grogu. During the mission Kuiil is killed and Grogu is taken captive. But IG-11 comes by to quickly take back Grogu and skirmish with the Imperial forces. Pinned down in a tavern, IG-11 heals Din Djarin's head wounds while the others escape. Eventually, the group takes a boat down a lava stream to the lava flats but a platoon of stormtroopers. IG-11 sacrifices himself by self- destruction, killing the stormtroopers and giving Mando and his group the ability to escape. IG-11 is the same model as IG-88 and is voiced by Taika Waititi.
The **iMac** is an all-in-one personal computer that was first released in 1998. It is made by Apple Inc.. It has been the main part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its debut in August 1998, and has evolved through six distinct forms.

Apple adopted Intel processors which post-2006 iMacs now run on. Because Mac OS X was written for PowerPC at the time, Mac OS X ran in an emulation environment called Rosetta. Programs and applications received 'Universal Binary' updates to make them run reliably and use less resources of the Rosetta environment, instead hardware accelerating themselves.

iMac models after 2001 were shipped with macOS (formerly known as OS X).

The latest macOS version is Big Sur, which is not Intel processor dependent. No PowerPC based computer can run or install it meaning most of the iMac line are not 10.11 compatible.

Some of the newest iMac models don't have CD or disc drives.

On May 2021, 24" iMac with Apple M1 will be released.

Timeline of iMac models
-----------------------

Other websites
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* iMac website
* All iMac Generations


| * v
* t
* e
Apple Inc. |
| --- |
| Operating systems | 
* Mac OS
* macOS
	+ 10.0
	+ 10.1
	+ 10.2
	+ 10.3
	+ 10.4
	+ 10.5
	+ 10.6
	+ 10.7
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	+ 12
* iOS

 |
| Software | 
* GarageBand
* iWork
* Safari
* QuickTime
* iTunes

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| Computers | 
* iBook
* iMac
* MacBook
	+ Retina
* MacBook Air
* MacBook Pro
* Mac Pro
* Mac Mini
* Mac Studio
* PowerBook

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| Handhelds | 
* iPod
* iPod Nano
* iPod Touch
* iPod Shuffle
* iPad
* iPhone

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In economics, **gross domestic product** (**GDP**) is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country.

To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports (*X – M*). This is shown by the equation:

> {\displaystyle GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)}
> 
> 

 This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world. Germany has the largest in Europe, Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia.

When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country.

There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%.

GDP per capita
--------------

GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average.

There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). Nominal does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries.

Gross national product
----------------------

The GDP measure is different from **gross national product** (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets in other countries (net income receipts).

Nominal GDP
-----------

When the gross domestic product is evaluated at the current market prices, it is called the nominal GDP. It includes changes in prices which makes it different from the real GDP due to inflation or price fluctuations. It can be measured in one of three different ways: *income approach* uses the total of all income from businesses and individuals in a single year; the *expenditure approach* uses the market value of all goods purchased in a single year; and the *production approach* is based on the total production in a single year.
A willow tree
The red mangrove gets extra air through pores in its roots
Fungi (ascomycetes) growing. Each petri dish is a culture of one organism and is free of all other organisms
**Habit** in biology is about the shape or behaviour of animals and plants.

Botany
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The way plants grow makes their shape of habit. This is the way we can tell trees apart even at a distance. The shape of a willow tree or a poplar is very distinct. It is made during growth. Bacteria and fungi also have very distinct types of growth.

Trees are also examples of a life style when compared to shrubs and annual plants. To be a tree is to occupy a different space in the ecosystem from shrubs or climbers.

Zoology
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In zoology, *habit* often refers to a specific behaviour of a species. For example:

* ...the [cat] was in the *habit* of springing upon the [door knocker] in order to gain admission...
* The spider monkey has an arboreal *habit* and rarely ventures onto the forest floor.
* The brittlestar has the *habit* of breaking off arms as a means of defence.

The 'mode of life' (or 'lifestyle') is sometimes referred to as the 'habit of an animal. Terms like motile or sessile, sedentary, free-living, parasitic, saprophyte, terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, pelagic, diurnal, nocturnal, are all modes of life or habits.