recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sayfo** was a genocide by the Ottoman Empire in which over 300,000 Assyrians were killed during raids.

The Assyrians call it the *Sayfo*, the Aramaic word for "sword". Many Assyrians were considered unpure by the Turks and were massacred for not giving up Christianity and becoming Muslims. Assyrians lost their homes and possessions to the sultan, Adulhamed the Red. Even before the genocide, they had been persecuted and forced to pay high taxes.

Since ancient times and the conquest by the Babylonians, the Assyrians have not have had their own nation. Their diaspora has spread over to many different countries.

Under the Arabs and the Turks, they were oppressed and forced assimilated to the empires, and many lost their independence. Those who have survived keep their common unity, especially in their deep Christian faith.

Personal experience quoted from the *Assyrian Voice*
----------------------------------------------------

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "| "One day the Moslems assembled all the children of from six to fifteen years and carried them off to the headquarters of the police. There they led the poor little things to the top of a mountain known as Ras-el Hadjar and cut their throats one by one, throwing their bodies into an abyss."  | "|

Overview of the massacre
------------------------

Map showing the Armenian (in colours) and Christian (in shadings) population of the eastern Ottoman provinces in the year 1896. In the areas where the share of Christian population was higher than that of the Armenians, the non-Armenian Christian population largely consisted of Assyrians (except in regions inhabited by Ottoman Greeks). Assyrians lived mostly in the southern and southeastern parts of the region
*40 Christians dying a day say Assyrian refugees* - The Syracuse Herald, 1915.
The Washington Post and other leading newspapers in Western countries reported on the Assyrian Genocide as it unfolded.
An article from The New York Times, March 27, 1915.
The **Assyrian genocide** (also known as ***Sayfo*** or ***Seyfo***) was committed against the Assyrian population of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War by the Young Turks. The Assyrian population of northern Mesopotamia included the Tur Abdin, Hakkari, Van, Siirt regions of present-day southeastern Turkey and the Urmia region of northwestern Iran. They were forcibly relocated and massacred by Ottoman (Turkish) and Kurdish forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the Young Turks. Under leadership of Djevdet Bey, ottoman governor, at least 55 000 Assyrian Christians were martyred. He is considered responsible for the massacres of Armenians and Assyrians in and around Van 
Scholars have placed the number of Assyrian victims from 300,000 to 750,000.

The Assyrian genocide took place in the same context and time-period as the Armenian and Greek genocides. But unlike these, no official national or international recognition of the Assyrian genocide has been made, and many accounts discuss the Assyrian genocide as a part of the larger events subsumed under the Armenian genocide.
**École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise** (National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France, associate member).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur ENSIIE* (ENSIIE Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSIIE.

Most of the 500 graduate engineer students at ENSIIE live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Research labs
-------------

Research activities at École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise relate to the following topics:

* Statistics and Genome
* Computer and communication
* Biology and complex systems
* Analysis and probability
* Image sciences
* Biotechnology and genetics

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise***.

* Official website
The Flinders Ranges scorpion ( Urodacus elongatus ) is a species of scorpions. It gets it name from the outbacks of Flinders Ranges out here in Western Australia.

Description
-----------

Flinders Ranges scorpions are sexually dimorphic. The males are slimmer but have an elongated tail segment. Their mates are smaller but have a robust body color and long tail segment. They are one of the largest species of burrowing scorpion in Australia. They can live to years in captivy. In the outback, they live in constructed areas under rocks.

Selling
-------

These scorpions are commonly sold in pet shops, and are dude to their large size. They are quite stocky than any other types of burrowing scorpions, and they should not be handled. They will inflict a nasty sting if they feel threatened. Some people reference the word to be painful, while others claim it worse as a bee sting. This scorpion does not cause death unlike its other cousin, the marbled scorpion. However, there is one case of a girl who had been stung by a marbled scorpion and later died. 

A  Flinders Ranges scorpionA weibliche Flinders Ranges scorpion
The **2022 Buea clashes** were armed clashes that took place on 12 January 2022 in Buea in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. The fighting was between the Cameroon Armed Forces and Ambazonian separatists. Three people were killed and many others were injured.

Context
-------

After the crackdown of the 2016-17 Cameroonian protests and the separatist insurgency that followed, armed separatists and the military of Cameroon have had many battles. This fighting has caused people to die. International NGOs and the UN say that both sides are guilty of war crimes. The conflict has caused the deaths of thousand of people. Hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced since the beginning of 2017.

This fighting took place during the 2021 African Cup of Nations (AFCON) football in Cameroon. The separatists had said that they would disrupt the competition. This caused Cameroon to deployed more troops to the areas.

Clashes
-------

Clashes began around 7 a.m. on the road between the neighborhoods of Molyko and Muea. The fighting lasted about 1 hour and was heard in the near by areas. This road is located not far from the Molyko stadium. The stadium is used as a training site for the teams of group F of the African Cup of Nations (AFCON).

The mayor of the town, David Mafani Namange, said that people with guns attacked the town's central market. He said that they were firing bullets into the air to make the traders leave the market. The army was then deployed into the area, and clashes started.

Consequences
------------

Three people, including a soldier, were killed in the clashes. Reports say that the Mali football team would suspend their training sessions because of the fighting.
For the penguin, see Emperor penguin.
An **emperor** (female equivalent: **empress**) is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language *Imperator*. Often it is capitalized.

A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called an empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 

The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (*tennō*), but he lacks political power. The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an *imperator* was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperors" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (*basileus*, *Autokrator*) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (*imperator*, *Kaiser*) in Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia , and Bulgaria (*tsar*), and the Ottoman Empire (*sultan*, *padishah*, *khagan*, *kaysar*) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire. 

The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (*Huangdi*), Iran (*Shah*), and Ethiopia (*Negusa negast*) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil , and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.

Countries ruled by Emperor
--------------------------

* China (221 BC – 1911, 1915–1916)
* Ethiopia (1137– 1975)
* Japan (The only empire that currently exists)
* Roman Empire (27 BC – 476)
	+ Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
		- Latin Empire (1204–1261)
		- Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
		- Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
		- Empire of Thessalonica (1224–1246)
	+ Western Roman Empire (395–476)
		- Carolingian Empire (800–843)
		- Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
* Russian Empire (1721–1917)
* Empire of Vietnam (1802–1945)
* French Empire (1804–1814, 1815, 1852–1870)
* Haitian Empire (1804–1806, 1849–1859)
* Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
* Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)
* German Empire (1871–1918)
* Mexican Empire (1821–1823, 1864–1867)
* Indian Empire (1858–1947)
	+ Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
* Korean Empire (1897–1910)
* Empire of Manchukuo (1934–1945)
* Central African Empire (1976–1979)

Related pages
-------------

* King
* Czar
* Kaiser
* Sultan
* Leader
**Gustave Marchegay**, born on August 25, 1859 in Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay and died on June 19, 1932 in Bains-les-Bains, is a French architect, watercolourist and sculptor.

Biography
---------

Emile Gustave Marchegay was born on August 25, 1859 in Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay, in Vendée. Admitted in 1881 to the École Polytechnique, he joins the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts from which he graduated in 1885.

Gustave Marchegay then becomes architect of the City of Paris, and will thus be an inspector at the facilities of the Great Exhibition of 1900. As an Engineer of Arts and Manufactures, he was named Knight of the Legion of Honor on August 14, 1900.

On behalf of his architectural firm, established rue de Tournon in Paris, he drew up the plans for the châteaux of Coupigny in Orbais-l'Abbaye, and La Bobinière ( Mouchamps, Vendée). We also owe him part of the Célestins barracks and the reconstruction of the buildings of the École alsacienne.

As Protestant, he planned the construction of a number of religious buildings in Île-de-France, such as the chapel in Ville-d'Avray.

From 1928, Gustave Marchegay exhibited at the Salon d'Automne. He quickly became known for his aquatic sculptures, drawing inspiration from the long hours he dedicated to his passion. : fishing. He dies on June 19, 1932 in Bains-les-Bains, and is buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery .

### Private life

Gustave Marchegay married in 1885 the granddaughter of Désiré Nisard, writer member of the French Academy.

Posterity
---------

Some of his sculptures are kept at the Musée d'Orsay, in Paris, as well as at the museums of La Roche-sur-Yon and of Mont-de-Marsan.

Other websites
--------------

* AGORHA
* Musée d'Orsay
* *Bénézit*
* MutualAr
* *Dictionnaire des Vendéens*
* Base Léonore
**Friedrich Wilhelm Karl** (15 September 1911 – 21 August 1970) was a Standartenführer in the Waffen SS during World War II. He was given the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Early life
----------

Friedrich Wilhelm Karl was born on 15 September 1911 in Frankfurt on Oder, Germany. He was one of the first people to join the SS (SS service number 101 983) and the NSDAP (party number 1591713). He was chosen to be an officer and sent to the SS officer school, the SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz, in 1934.

World War II
------------

In 1940, Karl was given the Iron Cross medal 1st and 2nd level during the Battle of France. He was part of the 13th Company, SS Infantry Regiment called *Germania*. They had small-calibre artillery guns.

The SS Regiment *Germania* was used as the start of the new SS Division, 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division *Nordland*. Karl was given command of the 11th SS Panzer Artillery Regiment. He received the German Cross in Gold in August 1944. He received the Knight's Cross in December 1944.

After the war
-------------

From 1945 to 1955, Karl was a prisoner of the Russians. He died on 21 August 1970 in Dortmund, Germany.

Further reading
---------------

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945*. Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas, 2000. ISBN 3-7909-0284-5.
* Mitcham, Jr.Samuel, *Retreat to the Reich*, Stackpole books 2007. ISBN 081173384X
* Henschler Henri & Fay Will, *Armor Battles of the Waffen-SS*, 1943-45 Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 0811729052
* Mitcham Samuel, *The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45*, Stackpole Books, 2007. ISBN 0811733718
**False dilemma**, also called the **either-or fallacy**, **us vs. them fallacy**, **black-or-white fallacy**, **false dichotomy**, or the **fallacy of false choice**, is a mistake in logic that allows only two possibilities when more than two exist.

For example, there is "either-or fallacy" in saying that an apple must be green or red. The premise is that the apple is either one color or another; but this beginning is a mistake because some apples—not most—are other colors. In other words, most apples are red or green, but some are also yellow.

A "fallacy of false choice" may hide a deliberate attempt to eliminate agreement on an issue. Eldridge Cleaver used this tactic when he said: "You're either part of the solution or part of the problem."

A false dilemma may also be used for comedic effect. Stephen Colbert used this tactic when he asked guests on The Colbert Report: "George Bush... great president or the greatest president?"

Related pages
-------------

* Fuzzy logic
* Denying the correlative
* Apples and oranges
* Falsifiability
* *Ipse dixit*

Further reading
---------------

* "The Black-or-White Fallacy". FallacyFiles.org. entry in *The Fallacy Files*
**Dr. David Frederick Hepburn** (born August 5, 1958, Canada) is a retired medical doctor and Canadian author as well. He served as Canadian Naval Surgeon in the Persian Gulf War held in 1991. He wrote a book named Doctor is In(sane) and also used to write the columns in the names of Patch Adams and Dave Barry who are of podium and medicine respectively. These columns are published at the same time in the United States and Canada, as well as in a radio show named ‘WiseQuack’.

He is also the award recipient of the ‘Columnist of the Year’ for both the Canadian Community Newspaper Association and the Arizona Newspaper Association. In his medical life, he advocates for the wider use of Cannabinoids and medical marijuana. Apart from this, he is a member of the Physicians for Medical Cannabis (PMC), Society of Cannabis Clinicians (SCC), International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM) and the Canadian Consortium for the Investigation of Cannabinoids (CCIC).

Early Years
-----------

Dr. Hepburn (born August 5, 1958) completed his education in Doctorate of Medicine from the University of Ottawa in 1986. He did his internship from the Royal Jubilee Hospital in 1987 at Victoria, British Columbia and from here moved eventually into his private practice at NGO.

Career
------

Dr. David was a Canadian naval surgeon in the Persian Gulf War in the year 1991. He was also the medical director of Commonwealth Games in gymnastics and as a former team doctor in national rugby teams and in the junior and professional hockey teams. From the year 1995 to 1999, he worked in the General Practice department of Esquimalt Medical Treatment Center. In the year 1999, he started working at Yates & Quadra Medical. After this, he served as Clinical Instructor in 2005 for Nurse Practitioner from B.C and the two years later he worked as Clinical Faculty at UBC School of Medicine.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: International Edit this at Wikidata | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
**Adolph Borsdorf** (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn.

Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854. He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band. In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England. The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden. In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra. The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called "God’s Own Quartet".

Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany. These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube). However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux. These instruments had a narrower bore. They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.

Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882. He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music. He soon became the best horn player in London. He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain). He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s *Till Eulenspiegel* was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.

In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed. There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England. After the war he rarely played in public.

Borsdorf died in 1923. He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England. He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr. Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.
**Ralph William Downes** CBE KSG (born Derby, 16 August 1904; died London, 24 December 1993) was an English organist and organ designer.

He was assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925. Then he continued his education at Keble College, Oxford. He was music director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935. During his time in America he learned a lot about organ building and listened to musicians playing baroque music.

He soon became famous for his recitals and radio broadcasts in which he played music using historical performance styles. He gave first performances of pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud, Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg. Benjamin Britten invited him every year to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival.

In 1948, he was asked to design an organ for the new Royal Festival Hall. When the organ was first played in 1954 not everyone agreed that it was good, but soon it was realised that it was an excellent instrument for playing music from the Baroque and Classical music periods and it had a big influence on the way that other organs were built. 

Downes was Professor of Organ at the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was the best known British organ teacher of his day. His students included Gillian Weir and Trevor Pinnock. He made many recordings and wrote a book about organ design.

He was given the honour of CBE in 1969. He died in London in 1993. There was no organ music at his funeral. Instead, he had asked for Gregorian chant to be sung.
**Albert Vincent Godefridus Bruschke** (22 January 1935 – 1 December 2022) was a Dutch cardiologist. He was professor at Leiden University Medical Center between 1984 and 2000. He was founder of Dutch coronary arteriography.

Biography
---------

Bruschke studied medicine in Leiden and studied aftwards two years internal medicine in the former St. Elisabeth Hospital [nl]. Bruschke started in in 1963 a cardiology training at the St. Antonius hospital [nl] in Utrecht under the supervision of C.L.C. van Nieuwenhuizen. He became a registered cardiologist in 1966. In 1965 he introduced introduced coronary angiography in the Netherlands, as one of the in the first countries in Europe. He received his doctorate from the University of Groningen in 1970 with his thesis "The diagnostic significance of the coronary arteriogram: a study on its value in relation to other diagnostic methods".

As a Special Fellow, Bruschke immersed himself in research into the natural course of coronary abnormalities at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, the United States from 1971 to 1972. His efforts resulted in multiple of publications on the progression of coronary disease. These articles were later classified as 'Citation Classics' in 1982. After his Cleveland studies, Bruschke was invited to numerous national and international committees in the field of coronary disease, including becoming Fellow of the Society of Cardiac Angiography, the College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Cardiology and Founding Father of the European Society of Cardiology. In 1972 Bruschke became head and trainer of the cardiology department of the St. Antonius hospital [nl] in Utrecht. He was in the Netherlands also chairman of the coronary angiography committee (1973-78), represented the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie at the "Specialisten Registratie Commissie" (translated: Specialist Registration Committee) (1980-82) and was chairman of the board of the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie from 1983 to 1985.

He became professor and trainer of cardiology at Leiden University Medical Center in 1984. With the arrival of Bruschke, the Cardiobiochemistry laboratory also started to focus on research into the lipoproteins in blood from 1985. He supervised in his period 22 PhD-students. He retired in 2000.

Bruschke died in Leiden on 1 December 2022, at the age of 87.
**Lee Rafkin** is a branding expert, marketing strategist, communications professional and CEO of Rafkin Brand Consulting, a boutique consulting firm based in New York City and founded in 2002.

Early Life & Education
----------------------

Lee Rafkin was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, the youngest of four children. He graduated magna cum laude with a degree in International Relations from Brown University in Providence, RI. He earned an MBA with honors in marketing from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in Evanston, IL. He also studied at the London School of Economics and as a Rotary International exchange student in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Career
------

Rafkin has over 25 years of experience as a brand manager, CMO, start-up co-founder, senior executive at large global brand consulting firms, and as founder and CEO of his own brand consulting practice. Rafkin Brand Consulting serves clients in the media, advertising, entertainment, technology, health care, consumer brands, financial services, higher education, and nonprofit sectors, among others.

Rafkin has held senior management and practice leadership roles at global brand consulting firms Futurebrand (IPG), Siegel+Gale (Omnicom), and Consumer Dynamics (Independent).

Earlier in his career, Lee was marketing director at the kids cable network Nickelodeon and a Brand Manager at Nabisco and Pillsbury. He started his career in the management training program at Merrill Lynch in New York City.

Since 2011, Rafkin has served as a fractional CMO in the outdoor advertising industry, working with organizations like OUTFRONT Media, NextGrad Networks, Boldsite Media, Trailhead Media, Motionworks, Adams Outdoor Advertising, national trade association OAAA, and the industry ratings and measurement organization, Geopath. Rafkin is responsible for naming OUTFRONT, Geopath, NextGrad, Boldsite, and Motionworks, among others.

Rafkin teaches a strategic branding course and mentors start-up CEO’s at XRC Labs, a business accelerator at The New School at Parsons School of Design in New York, and also at Entrepreneurship for All, an incubator based in Berkshire County, Massachusetts.

In December 2021, Rafkin Brand Consulting won a Silver Davey Award from the Academy of Interactive and Visual Arts (AIVA), for the design of its own website, www.rafkin.com.

Personal Life
-------------

Rafkin lives in Montclair, New Jersey and New Marlborough, Massachusetts. He is married to Keri (Patton) Rafkin and has two children, Hannah and Alex.
**Warren Gamaliel Harding** (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923. Before becoming president, he was a senator and the assistant governor of Ohio. Before he was in government, he was an important newspaper manager. He was a Republican.

Presidency
----------

After World War I, he was elected on the promise to return the United States back to normal. He supported limited government in the economy. During his term, he lowered taxes and believed that the economy should not be regulated too much.

Warren G. Harding made the mistake of appointing his friends to high political positions. As a result, they corruptly abused their power for their personal gain and several scandals happened during his presidency, including the infamous Teapot Dome scandal based in Teapot Dome in Wyoming and involving Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Other untrustworthy people included Edward Doheny and Harry Sinclair.

Death
-----

He died in office of a heart attack in 1923 while he was visiting San Francisco.

Personal life
-------------

Harding cheated on his wife with Carrie Phillips, a family friend. She supported Germany during World War I. In fact, many people thought she was a spy.

He also cheated with Nan Britton, who was over 30 years younger than him. He fathered a child with Britton. Afterward, she wrote a book called *The President's Daughter*, telling her story, but most people didn't believe her. However, in 2015, DNA testing confirmed that she was telling the truth about the baby.

What happened after his death
-----------------------------

His vice president Calvin Coolidge became president after he died.

Historians consider him one of the worst presidents because of all the scandals he created as president and he was very corrupt (taking bribes).

Other websites
--------------

* Harding's White House biography Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Presidents of the United States |
| --- |
|  | 
1. George Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas Jefferson
4. James Madison
5. James Monroe
6. John Quincy Adams
7. Andrew Jackson
8. Martin Van Buren
9. William Henry Harrison
10. John Tyler
11. James K. Polk
12. Zachary Taylor
13. Millard Fillmore
14. Franklin Pierce
15. James Buchanan
16. Abraham Lincoln
17. Andrew Johnson
18. Ulysses S. Grant
19. Rutherford B. Hayes
20. James A. Garfield
21. Chester A. Arthur
22. Grover Cleveland
23. Benjamin Harrison
24. Grover Cleveland
25. William McKinley
26. Theodore Roosevelt
27. William Howard Taft
28. Woodrow Wilson
29. Warren G. Harding
30. Calvin Coolidge
31. Herbert Hoover
32. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
33. Harry S. Truman
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower
35. John F. Kennedy
36. Lyndon B. Johnson
37. Richard Nixon
38. Gerald Ford
39. Jimmy Carter
40. Ronald Reagan
41. George H. W. Bush
42. Bill Clinton
43. George W. Bush
44. Barack Obama
45. Donald Trump
46. Joe Biden

 |  |
**Gordon Fripp Henderson** CC QC (April 17, 1912 – August 17, 1993) was a Canadian intellectual property lawyer and the chairman of Gowling WLG. He was the president of the Canadian Bar Association and the chancellor of the University of Ottawa.

 
Henderson was described as one of Canada's top lawyers and had 90 cases in front of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was the founding editor of the Canadian Patent reporter and was very involved with the Intellectual Property Institute of Canada. From 1979-1980 he was the president of the Canadian Bar Association.

He was very important in the formation of SOCAN as its lawyer and later as chairman. From 1984-1989 he was the chairman of the board of governors at the University of Ottawa, and from 1991 until he died in 1993, he was the chancellor. He was the honorary consul to Liberia in Canada, a position that brought diplomatic privileges. He was a companion of the Order of Canada and the 1988 recipient of the B'nai B'rith Award of Merit. He received honorary doctorates from Carleton University, the University of Ottawa, and the Law Society of Upper Canada.

Henderson died on August 17, 1993.
**Franz Sedlacek** (4 September 1892 in Vienna - 18 July 1933 in Vienna) was an Austrian football player and football coach.

Career
------

Franz Sedlacek started playing football in the youth ranks of AC Viktoria Wien. Then he moved to Wiener AC. In the summer of 1910, during a foreign tour, serious differences arose between the players and the club management, which ultimately led to the departure of a number of players. In addition to established players such as Adolf Fischera or Richard Kohn, Sedlacek was also one of those who left the club The players founded the Vienna AF. The club was placed in the first division and took part in the first championship held in 1911.

After Sedlacek was a supplementary player in the first championship season, he was a regular player as from the 1912/13 season and ended this season as runner-up with the WAF. The next season they won the the championship title. In the following seasons, the Reds were able to position themselves among the top four clubs in Vienna, but were unable to win another championship title.

In May 1919, Sedlacek suffered a serious knee injury, which largely ended his career. He made comeback attempts at the WAF and at the WAC. There he made his last appearances in the 1920/21 relegation season before ending his active career.

National team
-------------

He played eleven international matches for the Austrian national football team. He made his debut on 15 June 1913 in Vienna in a 2-0 victory over Italy. From 1915 to 1918, due to the war, ten games followed exclusively against the Hungarian national team, three of which were won and five lost; one ended in a draw and one game had to be abandoned when the score was 3:3. Sedlacek made his last appearance in a 2-0 defeat against Hungary on 2 June 2 1918 in Vienna.

Manager
-------

After his active playing career Sedlacek became coach. His first job was at MTV Pirmasens. At the beginning of 1923 he moved to Italy and took over Vicenza Calcio. He then looked after Padua and AC Venice from October 1924 to 1926. He then returned to Vienna and coached FK Austria Wien. In the 1927/28 season Sedlacek worked again in Italy, this time for Lazio Rom.

In February 1929 he took over the coaching position at the Polish first division team Garbarnia Kraków. After the two years in Krakow, Sedlacek worked temporarily for several Upper Silesian clubs before signing with Karlsruher FV in mid-1931. In 1933 the coach returned to his hometown where he signed a contract with his former club WAC. On the day of the planned first training session Sedlacek died of a stroke at the age of 40.

Honours
-------

* Austrian champion: 1914
Richard Ponsonby-Fane, shortly before his death in 1937
**Richard Arthur Brabazon Ponsonby-Fane** (8 January 1878 – 10 December 1937) was a British public servant, colonial administrator, academic, author, specialist of Shinto and Japanologist.

Early years
-----------

Brympton d'Evercy is the Ponsonby-Fane family home in Somerset
Richard Arthur Brabazon Ponsonby was born at Gravesend on the south bank of the Thames in Kent. As a youth, he lived in London and at his grandfather's country home, Brympton d'Evercy in Somerset.

He added "Fane" to his name in 1916.

Ponsonby was educated at Harrow School.

Career
------

In 1896, Ponsonby became the private secretary to the Governor of the British Cape Colony. Over the next twenty years, he was private secretary to the Governor of Natal (1896), to the Governor of Trinidad and Tobago (1898), to the Governor of Ceylon (1900), and to the Governor of Hong Kong (1903). He was re-posted to assist the Governor of Natal in 1907 and the Governor of Fiji in 1910.

In 1915-1919, he was re-posted as private secretary to the Governor of Hong Kong.

Ponsonby-Fane began lecturing at the University of Hong Kong in 1916. He continued to be a university lecturer until 1926.

In 1921, when the Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito visited Hong Kong, Ponsonby-Fane was his interpreter.

When Emperor Shōwa became Emperor of Japan, Ponsonby was the only non-Japanese guest who was invited to witness the ceremonies from a special place in front of the palace's Kenreimon gate.

In 1930, when Prince Takamatsu and his wife travelled to Europe, Ponsonby-Fane sailed on the same ship; and he was invited to attend all the welcoming receptions for them in England.

After 1919, Ponsonby-Fane became a permanent resident of Japan. In later life, he was always photographed with a long woolen scarf. It was hand-knit by Dowager Empress Teimei, the widow of Emperor Taishō.

Ponsonby-Fane died in Kyoto, Japan in December 1937.

Selected works
--------------

In an overview of writings by and about Richard Ponsonby-Fane, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 74 works in 136 publications in 2 languages and 1,443 library holdings.

*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *The Imperial Family of Japan,* 1915
* *The Viciissitudes of Shinto,* 1931
* *The Nomenclature of the N. Y. K. Fleet,* 1931
* *Kamo Mioya Shrine,* 1934
* *Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869,* 1956
* *The Imperial House of Japan,* 1959
* *Sovereiegn and Subject,* 1962
* *Studies in Shinto and Shrines,* 1962
* *The Vicissitudes of Shinto,* 1963
* *Visiting Famous Shrines in Japan,* 1964

Honours
-------

* Order of the Rising Sun
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1921
* University of Hong Kong, Honorary Doctor of Laws, 1926

Other websites
--------------

* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon, 1878-1937 at Virtual International Authority File
Geiger counter in bench use.
A **Geiger counter** (sometimes called **Geiger-Müller counter**) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.

Principle of operation
----------------------

The radiation sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present. 
The readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly "counts per second". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.

The readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.

There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.

Types and applications
----------------------

G\_M counter with pancake type probe
Laboratory use of a geiger counter with end window probe to measure beta radiation from a radioactive source
For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end window" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.

Geiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.

### Physical design

For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable. 
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.

History
-------

In 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Müller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther Müller developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply.

Related pages
-------------

* Dosimeter - Device used by personnel to measure radiation dose they have received
* Radioactive decay - Description of where much radiation originates from

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Geiger counters at Wikimedia Commons

* How a Geiger counter works.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Geiger counters***.
The meteor over Chelyabinsk
The explosion of the meteor, as seen in Kamensk-Uralsky
The **Chelyabinsk meteor** (or 2013 Russian meteor event) happened on 15 February 2013 over Chelyabinsk, Russia at about 9:13 a.m. Chelyabinsk is near the Ural Mountains.

The meteor was moving at a speed of about 18 km/s (40,000 mph), it passed over the southern Ural region and exploded in the air over Chelyabinsk Oblast. The air burst occurred at approximately 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 mi) above the ground.

The total energy released was equivalent to nearly 500 kilotons of TNT (2.1 PJ), which would make it 20–30 times more powerful than the atomic bombs detonated at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The meteor was significantly smaller than objects that are tracked through current efforts by space object scientists, and was not detected before atmospheric entry.

About 1,500 people were injured, mainly by glass from windows shattered by the shock wave; two were reported in serious condition. As many as 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged as a result of the explosion and impacts. The meteor created a dazzling light, bright enough to cast shadows during broad daylight in Chelyabinsk and to be seen as far away as Kazakhstan. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.

The Chelyabinsk meteor is the largest object known to have entered the Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event, and the only such event known to have resulted in a large number of injuries.

The predicted close approach of the roughly 50 metre asteroid 2012 DA14 occurred about 15 hours later. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, NASA, Russian sources, and the European Space Agency, said the two events were not related because they had different trajectories.

No deaths have been reported. It is not related to an asteroid that was also near the Earth on that day.
**Gaia** is a space observatory. It was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on 19 December 2013. The mission aims to compile a 3D space catalogue of about one billion astronomical objects.

It will study about 1% of the Milky way population. A successor to the *Hipparcos* mission, it is part of ESA's Horizon 2000 Plus long-term scientific program. Gaia will monitor each of its target stars about 70 times over a period of five years.

Gaia will create an extremely precise three-dimensional map of stars throughout the Milky Way galaxy and map their motions. This data is a product of the origin and subsequent evolution of the Milky Way. The spectroscopic measurements will find the physical properties of each star observed, their luminosity, temperature, gravity and elemental composition. Distances to about 20 million stars will be measured by annual parallax. 

The massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data. With the data, astronomers hope to tackle a range of important problems, like the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy. Large numbers of quasars, galaxies, extrasolar planets and Solar System bodies will be measured at the same time.

Gaia was launched using a Soyuz rocket from its Guiana Space Centre (GSC) in French Guiana. It is in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrangian point. As of April 2018 it has measured approximately a billion stars and other objects.
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***cruise***.

Cruise ship
Cruise ship in Paradise Bay, Antarctica
Men cleaning the cruise ship *Celebrity Mercury*
A **cruise ship** (or **cruise liner** or **ocean liner**, though the latter mainly refers to large vessels designed for mass leisure travel which cross the ocean) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.

Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.

Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.

  

There's also cruise type vessels that have permanent residences. Like the World Ship and MS Utopia.
François Gérard, dit Baron Gérard (Rome 1770-, Portrait de Charles- Just- François Victurnien, 4è prince de Beauvau (1793-1864)
**Charles Juste François Victurnien, de Beauvau, Prince of Craon** (1793–1864) was a French military man and senator under Napoleon III. He was a member of the House of Beauvau. He was known as the **Prince of Beauvau**. Because of his father's rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, he succeeded to those titles on his fathers death in 1849. He married twice. He had four children including the next Prince of Beauvau. Politically he was a member of the Bonaparte party which sought to restore the Bonaparte family to the French throne. Though legally the "Prince of Craon", he was known by his other title "Prince of Beauvau".

Charles was born on 7 March 1793 at Sunninghill in Berkshire. His parents, Marc Étienne de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau and Nathalie de Rochechouart, were in exile in England from the French revolution. 

The family returned to France. In 1810, Charles entered the French Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He became an officer of carabiniers two years later, during the campaign against Russia. He was nominated senator. He was elected Councillor-General of the Meurthe in 1854.

Marriages and children
----------------------

On 9 June 1815, Charles married Lucie Virginie de Choiseul (1794-1834). They had the following children: 

1. *Marc* René Antoine Victurnien (1816-1883), next Prince of Beauvau
2. *Étienne* Guy Charles Victurnien (1818-1865)

On 2 April 1839, Charles married Eugénie *Ludmille* Alexandrine Joséphine Komar (1820-1881). They had the following children:

1. Marie Delphine *Élisabeth* Stéphanie (1842-1898), married Count Gaston Alexandre de Ludre
2. *Béatrix* Jeanne Marie Joséphine (1844-1895), married Count Horace de Choiseul-Praslin
**Tegan Jovanka** is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. She was played by Janet Fielding. Tegan Jovanka was an Australian airline stewardess who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, she was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1984. Tegan was the longest-serving companion in terms of years on the series (3 years, 1 month), although Jamie McCrimmon was in the most episodes and stories.

Character history
-----------------

Tegan first appears in the Fourth Doctor's last serial, *Logopolis*. On her way to Heathrow Airport to start her new job with Air Australia, her car suffers a flat tyre. She enters a roadside police box to seek help, but she enters and does not realise that it is the Doctor's Tardis. She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation, and continues to travel with the doctor
Eventually, the chaos during the events of *Resurrection of the Daleks* prove too much and she chooses to leave the Doctor and Turlough and stay in 1984 London.

Trivia
------

According to David Tennant's video diary of filming *Doctor Who* Series 3, John Barrowman (who plays Captain Jack Harkness in the 21st century series of *Doctor Who* and its spinoff *Torchwood*) has a dog named Tegan, named after the companion.

List of appearances
-------------------

### Television

Season 18
* *Logopolis*

Season 19
* *Castrovalva*
* *Four to Doomsday*
* *Kinda*
* *The Visitation*
* *Black Orchid*
* *Earthshock*
* *Time-Flight*

Season 20
* *Arc of Infinity*
* *Snakedance*
* *Mawdryn Undead*
* *Terminus*
* *Enlightenment*
* *The King's Demons*

20th anniversary special
* *The Five Doctors*

Season 21
* *Warriors of the Deep*
* *The Awakening*
* *Frontios*
* *Resurrection of the Daleks*
* *The Caves of Androzani* (cameo)

Other websites
--------------

* Tegan Jovanka at *The TARDIS Index File* website
* Tegan Jovanka on the BBC's *Doctor Who* website

| *Doctor Who* |
| --- |
| Series and Spin-offs | 
* *Doctor Who*
* *Torchwood*
* *The Sarah Jane Adventures*
* *K-9 and Company*

 |
| Characters | 
* The Doctor
* Companions
* The Master
* Daleks
* Cybermen

 |
| Companions | 
* Susan Foreman
* Barbara Wright
* Ian Chesterton
* Vicki
* Steven Taylor
* Katarina
* Sara Kingdom
* Dodo Chaplet
* Polly
* Ben Jackson
* Jamie McCrimmon
* Victoria Waterfield
* Zoe Heriot
* Liz Shaw
* Jo Grant
* Sarah Jane Smith
* Harry Sullivan
* Leela
* K-9
* Romana
* Adric
* Tegan Jovanka
* Nyssa
* Turlough
* Kamelion
* Peri Brown
* Melanie Bush
* Ace
* Grace Holloway
* Rose Tyler
* Adam Mitchell
* Jack Harkness
* Mickey Smith
* Martha Jones
* Donna Noble
* Astrid Peth
* Amy Pond
* Rory Williams
* River Song
* Clara Oswald
* Bill Potts

 |