recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Callanish standing stones in the Outer Hebrides
Ardgroom stone circle, Ireland
 Pictish standing stone, Aberlemno, Scotland
The Géant du Manio, a 6.5 metre menhir in Carnac, Brittany.
**Standing stones** or **menhirs**  are stones set into the ground vertically. They were put there by Neolithic people in the British Isles and Brittany, and they also occur elsewhere in the world.

There may be single standing stones, circles, lines or groups of them. Their dates are mostly from 4000 BC to 1,500 BC. Since Neolithic peoples did not have writing, we do not know much about what they were used for. It is generally thought they had both practical and ceremonial or religious uses. Pottery that has been found near some of these stones suggest some of them in Europe belonged to the so-called 'Beaker culture'.

Their shape is generally uneven and squared, usually becoming thinner near the top. Menhirs can be found across Europe, Africa and Asia, but they are mostly found in Western Europe; espically in the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland), and Brittany. There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas. Standing stones are usually hard to date, but pottery found underneath some in western Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were made as part of a megalithic culture which was powerful in Europe and beyond.

Where they appear in groups, often in a round, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of very old religious ceremonies, sometimes having burial chambers. The developments of radiocarbon dating and tree-ring calibration have helped us learn more of their timing. In some archaeological sites, the remains of wooden henges can be found. Woodhenge was a henge and timber circle monument in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Stonehenge.

History
-------

Not really anything is known of the social group or religious thoughts of the people who made the menhirs. There is not even any trace of their language. We do know that they buried their dead, and had the skills to grow cereal, farm and make pottery, stone tools and jewelry. Some recent research into the megaliths in Brittany suggests a much older origin, maybe back to six to seven thousand years ago. This is not generally accepted at this time.

Related pages
-------------

* Stonehenge
* Avebury
* Carnac stones

Further reading
---------------

* Malone, Caroline. 2005. *Neolithic Britain and Ireland*. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Relief of Ardashir I, Naghsh-e-Rostam, near Persepolis, Iran
**Ardashir I**, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (since 206?), then of an important part of Persia (since 208?), and finally "King of Kings of Persia" (since 226). The dynasty Ardashir founded would rule for four centuries until overthrown by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651.

Ardashir is also known as **Ardashīr-i Pāpagān** "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ", and other variants of his name include Latinized *Artaxares* and *Artaxerxes*.

Ardashir was born in the late 2nd century in Istakhr, what is present-day Fars in Iran. At that time is was a vassal kingdom of Parthia. 
In conclict with Artabanus IV, who ordered his vassal, the ruler of Khuzestan, to confront Ardashir. It was Ardashir who emerged victorious in that battle.
In 226, Artabanus IV himself invaded Fars to defeat the rebelling Ardashir. But the Parthian army was completely defeated, and Artabanus IV was killed. According to one account, Ardashir and Artabanus fought in close combat on horseback. Ardashir pretended to flee, turned around in the saddle and shot Artabanus through the heart.

Ardashir I was crowned in 226 as the *Šāhān šāh Ērān* "king of kings [of] Iran" (his consort Adhur-Anahid took the title "Queen of Queens"), Ardashir finally brought the over 400 year-old Parthian Empire to an end and began four centuries of Sassanid rule.

Legacy
------

Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence not just of Persia but of Iranian-speaking peoples as a unified nation, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries. While his campaigns against Rome met with only limited success, he achieved more against them than the Parthians had done in many decades and prepared the way for the substantial successes his son and successor Shapur I would enjoy against the same enemy.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ardashir I***.

* Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak
* R.N. Fye, "Babak" in Encyclopædia Iranica [*permanent dead link*]
* J. Wiesehöfer, "Ardasir" in Encyclopædia Iranica [*permanent dead link*]

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by(new founding) |  **"King of Kings of Iran"**226 – 240 (242) | Succeeded byShapur I |
**Depth psychology** is a field that helps us understand the hidden aspects of our minds. It's like an adventure into our thoughts and feelings. This branch of psychology explores what goes on deep within us, beyond what we can see on the surface.

Understanding depth psychology
------------------------------

Depth psychology is all about diving into the "why" behind our actions and thoughts. It's like being a detective, searching for clues to understand ourselves better. Psychologists who specialize in depth psychology believe that our minds have layers, just like an onion.

Famous people in depth psychology
---------------------------------

### Sigmund Freud

Often called the father of psychoanalysis, Freud believed in exploring the unconscious mind to understand our behaviors. He compared the mind to an iceberg, with most of it hidden beneath the surface.

### Carl Jung

Jung expanded on Freud's ideas and introduced concepts like the collective unconscious, suggesting that we all share certain universal experiences and symbols.

### Alfred Adler

Adler focused on the importance of individual experiences and the desire for self-improvement. He believed in understanding a person's unique perspective to unlock the mysteries of their mind.
A 17-year cicada, or *Magicicada*
Cicada found in Chicago, Illinois, USA, June 2007
**Cicadas** are giant insects. They are kinds of monstourous bugs.

The noisy buzz they make is the male calling to the female using his vibrating panels, called *drums,* on his sides. When the female, who cannot buzz, hears the buzz of a male, she searches for him. After they mate, the female will use her ovipositor to cut a line into the branch of a tree and lay her eggs there. Adult cicadas don't usually bite. They are usually green or black. Cicadas can also be eaten. It is eaten in countries like China.

Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where their large size and unique sound makes them well known. Cicadas are often colloquially called locusts, although they are unrelated to true locusts, which are a kind of grasshopper. Cicadas are related to leafhoppers and spittlebugs.

Taxonomy
--------

Cicadas are arranged into two families: **Tettigarctidae** and **Cicadidae**. There are two living species of Tettigarctidae, one in southern Australia, and the other in Tasmania.

The family Cicadidae is very widespread. They live on all continents except Antarctica. 
The largest cicadas are in the genera *Pomponia* and *Tacua*. There are some 200 species in 38 genera in Australia, about 450 in Africa, about 100 in the Palaearctic, and exactly one species in England, the New Forest cicada, *Melampsalta montana*, widely distributed throughout Europe. There are about 150 species in South Africa.

Most of the North American species are in the genus *Tibicen*: the *annual* or *jar fly* or *dog-day cicadas* (so named because they emerge in late July and August).

### Periodic cicadas

The best-known North American genus is *Magicicada*. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 to 17 years and then emerge in large numbers. The advantage of this arrangement is that the predators are swamped by their numbers, and so most of them survive. There are three species of 17-year periodical cicadas.

### Australian cicadas

Australian cicadas differ from many other types because of that continent's diversity of climate and terrain. In Australia, cicadas are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania; in tropical wetlands; high and low deserts; alpine areas of New South Wales and Victoria; large cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane; and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields.

Forty-two species from five genera populate New Zealand, and all are endemic to New Zealand and the surrounding islands (Norfolk Island, New Caledonia). Many New Zealand cicada species differ from those of other countries by living high up on mountain tops.
The **salt marsh moth** or **acrea moth** (*Estigmene acrea*) is a North American moth. It is in the family Arctiidae. The caterpillar is known as the 'salt marsh caterpillar'.

Description
-----------

A mating pair of salt marsh moths
The head and thorax are white. The abdomen is yellow-orange with a row of black spots. The fore wing (the top wing) is white with a variable amount of black spots (some individuals do not have these spots). The hind wing (the bottom wing) is yellow-orange in males. It is white in females. Both sexes have 3-4 black spots or blotches on their hind wings. The wingspan ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 cm.

Flight
------

This moth may be seen from May to August. It is seen all year in southern Florida and southern Texas.

Life cycle
----------

Adult and egg masses
Salt marsh caterpillar
The eggs are a yellowish color. They are laid in clusters on the host plant leaves. The Salt Marsh Caterpillar is highly variable in color. It ranges from pale yellow to dark brownish-black. It has many soft hairs. The hairs are longer towards the end of the body. The thoracic and abdominal segments have a few rows of either orange or black warts. The chrysalis hibernates in a cocoon.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the salt marsh caterpillar feeds on:

* Cabbage
* Cotton
* *Juglans* sp. - walnut
* *Malus domestica* - Apple
* *Nicotiana tabacum* - Tobacco
* *Pisum sativum* - Pea
* *Solanum tuberosum* - Potato
* *Trifolium* sp. - clover
* *Zea mays* - Corn
Blue suede shoes
Suede boot
**Suede** (pronounced /sweɪd/ *SWAYD*) is a kind of leather with a soft and fuzzy finish. It is often used for making jackets, shoes, fabrics, bags, furniture, and more. The word "suede" originally comes from French and means "gloves from Sweden."

Suede leather is crafted from the underside of animal skin, which is smoother and more flexible than the top layer. However, it's not as tough or long-lasting. This material is great for making things feel soft and comfortable.

Production
----------

Suede leather is created from the softer underside of animal skin. It's mainly made from lamb skin, although goat, calf, and deerskin are also used. Sometimes, even thick cow and deer hides are turned into suede, but they end up having a more rugged, shaggy texture because of the fibers in them.

In popular culture
------------------

Suede, with its unique qualities, has made appearances in various forms of entertainment:

* In the TV show *Seinfeld,* there's an episode called *The Jacket* where the character Jerry ruins his expensive suede jacket when he goes out in the snow.
* The famous early rock-n-roll song *Blue Suede Shoes* was written by Carl Perkins and later covered by Elvis Presley.
* The musician Weird Al Yankovic created a song called *King of Suede*.
* The term "Suedehead" is used to describe a subculture, and it's also the title of a song by English singer/songwriter Morrissey.
Bowfin in aquarium
***Amia*** is a genus of primitive freshwater fish in the family Amiidae of the order Amiiformes. They are the sole surviving species of the order Amiiformes. The two living species are *Amia calva* and *Amia ocellicauda*.

Species
-------

The following is a species list:

* *Amia calva* Linnaeus, 1766 (Bowfin)
* *Amia ocellicauda* Richardson, 1836 (Eyespot bowfin)
* †*Amia godai* Yabumoto & Grande, 2013 (Miocene of Japan)
* †*Amia? hesperia* Wilson, 1982 (Eocene Okanagan Highlands)
* †*Amia pattersoni* Grande & Bemis, 1998
* †*Amia scutata* Cope, 1875

Evolution
---------

### Neopterygii

*Main article: Neopterygii*

*Amia? hesperia* scale
Neopterygians, subclass Neopterygii, are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fish and today include the majority of modern bony fish. The Neopterygii is a very successful group of fishes, because they can move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient.

### Amiiformes

*Main article: Amiiformes*

Amiiformes is an order of freshwater fish. The order has only two extant fish, the bowfin and the eyespot bowfin. They are found in the freshwater systems of North America, in the United States and parts of southern Canada. They live in freshwater streams, rivers, and swamps.
**Dame Darcey Andrea Bussell DBE** (born **Marnie Mercedes Darcey Pemberton Crittle**; 27 April 1969) is a retired English ballerina.

Early life and education
------------------------

Darcy Bussell was born in London to Australian businessman John Crittle and his English wife Andrea Williams.

The couple divorced when Bussell was three years old. Her mother remarried and Bussell was adopted by her mother's new husband, Australian dentist Philip Bussell. The family spent some time in Australia where Bussell attended school before they returned to London for Bussell to be educated at Fox Primary School in Kensington.

Works
-----

She was a judge on the BBC One celebrity dancing show *Strictly Come Dancing* from 2011 to 2018.

Educated at the Art Educational School and the Royal Ballet School, Bussell began her professional career with the Royal Ballet, Sadler's Wells, but only a year later moved to the Royal Ballet. This is where she became a prima ballerina in 1989 at the age of 20. She is widely known as one of the great British ballerinas.

Bussell has remained with the Royal Ballet throughout her career, over two decades. She has also performed as a guest artist with many leading companies including the NYCB, La Scala Ballet, Kirov Ballet, Hamburg Ballet and Australian Ballet. She retired from ballet in 2007.

Bussell also has a parallel career in television, books and modeling, and supports many UK and international charities and dance institutions.
"Adult oriented television" and "Adult oriented television network" redirect here. For other uses, see adult animation.

**Adult Swim** (stylized as **[adult swim]** since 2003 and is also shortened to **[as]**) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block on the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Mondays-Fridays) and from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Saturdays-Sundays) ET/PT.

Debuting on March 2, 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.

Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy.
**Leslie Townes Hope** KBE (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), better known as **Bob Hope**, was a British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, and dancer. He was the only person who received five honorary Oscars.

Early life
----------

Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England to a Welsh mother and English father. In 1908, the Hopes migrated to Cleveland, Ohio. In 1920, at age 17, Hope became a U.S. citizen.

Career
------

Before he was an actor, Hope became a professional boxer. In this time he was called "Packey East". Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in. He was also part of some television and radio shows. At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian. Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period. These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans. Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents.

In 1939, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (May 27, 1909 - September 19, 2011). The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.

Awards
------

Bob Hope was honored with more than 1500 awards. Among them are five special Oscars in 1941, 1945, 1953, 1960, and 1966. Between 1940 and 1978 he hosted the Academy Awards record seventeen times.

And in 1998 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. Upon accepting the appointment, Hope quipped, "I'm speechless. 70 years of ad lib material and I'm speechless."

Death
-----

Bob Hope died of pneumonia on July 27, 2003, 2 months after his 100th birthday. He was buried 3 days later, reburied on July 22, 2005 in custom made grave in California.

Other websites
--------------

* An obituary on BBC
* Bob Hope on IMDb
**Silvanne Slot** (born 2004) is a Dutch water polo player from Veenendaal. She plays with ZV de Zaan in Zaandam and the junior national team.

Biography
---------

Slot started with synchronized swimming but later started playing water polo at the age of eight years old at VZC because her brother also played water polo. With VZC she became 2015 national champion (under-11) and was named best player of the tournament. At VZC, having only one women’s senior team, she could train with the senior team. However she moved to Polar Bears Ede when she was thirteen years old because Polar Bears had multiple women’s team and having more development possibilities.

With Polar Bears she became national champion with the under-15 team and later also with the under-17 team. In 2020 she became for the first time national champion with the senior team. As of 2021 she lives during the week at the water polo academy in Eindhoven. She trains at the Tongelreep swimming pool around eighteen hours per week. In the 2021-22 season she won with Polar Bears the national championships, the national cup and the Supercup. With the junior national team she competed at the Diapolo Cup in Budapest; at the 2019 European U15 Water Polo Championship in Kirishi (Russia) and 2021 European Junior Water Polo Championship in Sibenik (Croatia).

Slot was nominated to become 2021 Veenendaal sport talent of the year.

Next to water polo she attends middelbaar beroepsonderwijs [nl] (MBO) for teaching assistant.
**Mbuyisa Makhubo** is a South African activist. He famously carried the dying body of Hector Pieterson to a hospital after Pieterson was shot in the 1976 Soweto uprising. This was captured for all future generations by journalist Sam Nzima. Makhubo later fled into exile and disappeared.  No one knows the truth of what happened to him to this day. 

Makhubo was 18 years old during the uprising and in a youth wing of the Black Consciousness Movement. This was an organising committee for the protest.  He was not protesting at first but he ran to save Pieterson when he heard the gunshots. The photo changed his (Makhubo's) life for the worse. He became a symbol, inspiring others to revolt against the crimes in South Africa.  Shortly after, he was abused by apartheid police and accused of shaming the government by carrying Pieterson's body for a picture.  Makhubo was eventually forced to go into exile to Botswana first and then to Nigeria. He wrote a few letters to his mother in Nigeria.  However, he disappeared in 1979 and his whereabouts remain unknown. 

In 1978, Makhubo's mother told the Truth and Reconcilation Committee that she had received a letter from him. But she has not heard anything since then. In 2013, it had been claimed that a prisoner in Canada for eight years due to illegal immigration charges, Victor Vinnetou, was actually Makhubo.  South African officials have collected his DNA samples to confirm the claim. However, DNA from his father proved it wrong,  disappointing the family. However, it was possibly done on a family member who shared no family line with either of his parents, making it a mystery. 

The network, Eyewitness News, asked a Johannesburg scientist to compare the faces of Vinnetou and Makhubo. He found many similarities between the faces and moderately supported the claim.  Meanwhile, the network shared a series of podcasts entitled *Through the Cracks* which revealed untold details about Makhubo.

Mbusiya Makhubo's brother, Raul Makhubo, said that Vinnetou divulged (gave away) information about the landscape in their home. He also knew how everything stood in their yard and their parents' names. Besides, Vinnetou had a moon-like birth mark on the left chest like Mbusiya Makhubo. 

On 14 June 2014, the Arts and Culture Department verified information on Makhubo's DNA test, with its former minister Paul Mashatile saying that a team had been dispatched (sent) to Canada.  However, the same department said five days later that the Canadian Authorities sent DNA samples proven to be inconclusive, and it decided to close the case. 

In 2020, the city of Johannesburg awarded a blue plaque for Mbuyisa fixed to the Makhubo house at 7485 Litaba Street, Orlando West, South Africa near the Hector Pieterson Museum. This one is part of a series of plaques awarded and unveiled (publicly shown) starting from 2012, to commemorate and honour key sites along the route of the June 1976 Soweto uprising.
**Gmail** is a free e-mail service that is run by Google. It can be accessed on the web, by POP3, or by IMAP. Some of the competitors to Gmail are Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail/Windows Live Mail, and Inbox.Com. The space given to any Gmail member is increased a small amount every second, and as of July 26, 2012, Google provides each account with about 10272 MB of space.

Google Apps
-----------

Google Apps is a service from Google that was created in February 2006 as Gmail for your domain. It is to allow system administrators of a company or organisation to create email accounts for their own domain.

Trademark issues
----------------

In the United Kingdom (UK), the trademark "Gmail" was owned by another company before Gmail by Google was started. Thus, the United Kingdom uses a domain of "googlemail.com" for their users, and the logo has the words of "Google Mail" instead of the normal "Gmail".

In September 2009 Google began to change the branding of UK accounts back to Gmail following the resolution of the trademark dispute.

Other websites
--------------

* Gmail Website
George Galloway
**George Galloway** (born 16 August 1954) is a British politician. He is a former member of the Labour Party, but left in October 2003; later he was in the Respect Party, until this group was wound up in 2016.

Early life
----------

Galloway was born and raised in Dundee, Scotland. He joined the Labour Party Young Socialists when he was 13 years old.

Career
------

In 1983 Galloway became General Secretary of the London charity War on Want. Galloway was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Hillhead from 1987-1997 and Glasgow Kelvin from 1997-2005. In 1998, he started a political campaign called the Mariam Appeal. Galloway became the Vice-President of the Stop the War Coalition in 2001. Galloway was thrown out of the Labour Party in 2003 because of some of his actions. From 2004 to 2016, he was a leading figure in Respect. He was MP for Bethnal Green and Bow from 2005-2010. From 29 March 2012 to 8 May 2015 he was the Respect Party MP for Bradford West.

Galloway was a housemate in the 2006 series of Celebrity Big Brother.

Galloway stood in the 2016 London Mayoral election, but came seventh in the vote.

In 2017 Galloway was an independent candidate at the Manchester Gorton by-election. The by-election didn't happen because it was overtaken by the 2017 General Election. Galloway came a distant third with 5.7% of the vote.

In the 2019 general election, Galloway stood in West Bromwich East as an independent. He said he supported Corbyn's leadership and Brexit. He came 6th with 489 votes. In December 2019 he started the Workers Party of Britain, which says it is "economically radical with an independent foreign policy" and "committed to class politics".

He led All for Unity, which he started, in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. He said he would vote for the Conservative Party on the constituency vote, and for his own party on the list vote. All for Unity got 23,299 votes in the election, or 0.9%.

In the 2021 Batley and Spen by-election he came third with 21.8% of the vote.

He stood in the Rochdale byelection in 2024, again for the Workers Party of Britain. He was elected with 12,335 votes on a 37.6% turnout.

Personal life
-------------

In 1979, he married Elaine Fyffe; their daughter was born in 1983. The couple divorced in 1999. In 2000, he married Amineh Abu-Zayyad; she divorced him in 2009 for his unreasonable behaviour. He married Rima Husseini in 2007; their sons were born in 2007 and 2011. He married Putri Gayatri Pertiwi in 2012. Their son was born in 2014.

Other websites
--------------

* George Galloway on IMDb
**Giuseppe Bisi** (Genoa, April 10, 1787 - Varese, October 28, 1869) was an Italian painter.

Biography
---------

Son of the painter and modeler Tommaso Bisi (Genoa 1758 - Milan 2 December 1826). Essentially a painter  landscape painting, Giuseppe Bisi outlined his own pictorial way in which nature is simply observed in his everyday life, despite the time, in which the artist lived his artistic youth, evoked atmospheres more markedly Romanticism.

In 1829 he made a study trip to Rome which gave him the starting point for subjects of the Lazio landscape. 
Back in Milan he consolidated his fame and success there. In 1838 he obtained the chair of landscape painting, which had just been established at the Accademia di Brera.

Brother of Michele Bisi, he was the husband of the artist Ernesta Legnani, whom he had married in 1811 with whom he had nine daughters. His daughters Raffaela, Antonietta and Fulvia Bisi, and his nephew Luigi Bisi were also painters.

Work of Art
-----------

* *Veduta di Genova dall'alto* (1825), Gallery of Modern Art, Milan
* *Veduta del porto di Genova* (1826)
* *Veduta di Castel Gandolfo* (1830)
* *Lierna view on Varenna Lake Como* (1835)
* *Orlando e Rodomonte*
* *Paesaggio con bagnanti*
* *Veduta di Torno* (1860)

Related pages
-------------

* Lierna view on Varenna Lake Como (Bisi)
**Neornithes** are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all their descendants. There are about 9,000 to 10,000 known living species in the world.

Taxonomy
--------

Modern birds are divided into two superorders; the Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites), and the Neognathae, containing all other birds.

It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between two subgroups of Neognathae, Galloanserae and Neoaves, occurred before the K-Pg extinction event. However, fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae, such as *Vegavis* and *Asteriornis* do not appear in the fossil record until the very end of the Cretaceous.

However, there are different opinions about whether the radiation within these major groups occurred before or after the extinction of dinosaurs. The only Cretaceous fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae are *Vegavis* and *Asteriornis*, two early members of the Galloanseres that corroborate the early diversification of this groups before the K-Pg extinction event. But the fossil record of Neoaves is restricted to post K-Pg times. Molecular dating have produced a wide range of dates for the rapid early diversification of Neoaves, from the late Cretaceous to the early Paleogene, with some studies suggesting that the rapid radiation largely coincided with the extinction event.
**Neoconservatism** (often shortened as **neocon**) is a form of American conservatism that emphasizes an aggressive American foreign policy. It started in the United States during the 1960s. Neocons supported the Vietnam war, but disliked the Democratic party, Great Society, and the New Left.

Neoconservative sometimes refers to people who started as anti-Stalinists and then became American conservatives during the 1960s and 1970s.

Examples
--------

Some neocons are Republicans, like the presidents between from the 1970s to the 2000s. For example, George W. Bush started the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His neocon friends include Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld also listened to these neocons. Together they supported the defense of Israel and the American invasion of the Middle East. Very few of those people actually called themselves Neoconservatives though. Some people who call themselves Neoconservatives are Douglas Murray and Reihan Salaam.

Where did it come from?
-----------------------

Neocon started in the 60s with Jewish magazine *Commentary*, edited by Norman Podhoretz and published by the American Jewish Committee. They opposed the New Left and thus started the neocon movement.
Patrick Treacy is an Irish doctor, specialising in aesthetic medicine. He also treated Michael Jackson when he lived in Ireland for a number of months in 2006.

Early life and education
------------------------

Treacy was born in Garrison, Fermanagh, Northern Ireland where his parents ran a shop, garage, and filing station.He attended Queens University in Belfast. In an incident his legs were broken by paramilitaries in retaliation for a student prank, after which he was transferred to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in Dublin to study medicine. Later he took a break during his education and travelled for a period with David Bowie's Serious Moonlight in Europe.

Career
------

In 1987, while working in a hospital in Dublin, a needle he had used to draw blood from a patient with HIV jabbed him in the leg, resulting in an area being cut out of his leg. After that incident he moved to New Zealand in 1988 to work as a respiratory and cardiology registrar with Dunedin Hospital. In 1990, he became a staff health doctor at a hospital in Baghdad during Saddam Hussein's reign where he was arrested and jailed for five days near Erbil by the Iraqi Army after traveling through Kurdistan. He was a ship's surgeon in Florida during the 1990s. In the late 1990s, Treacy worked as a flying doctor in Broken Hill N.S.W. with the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia.

In 2000, he founded the Ailesbury Clinic in Dublin and another Ailesbury Clinic in Cork in 2005. In 2003, Treacy won the professional medical media category at the GlaxoSmithKline Medical Media Awards. In his memoir, *The Needle and the Damage Done*, he details how the Irish recession affected his business, and that of many of his patients.

### Affiliation with Michael Jackson

Treacy states that Michael Jackson sought him for cosmetic treatment after reading about his charitable work in Africa. He was Jackson's doctor during his time in Ireland, treating him 5 or 6 times, and asserts that he developed a friendship with the singer. Treacy states that Jackson invited him to organise "a big concert in Rwanda for all the children suffering from HIV". In 2009, Treacy was on the special witness list for the trial of Conrad Murray, but was not called to testify. In 2011, he told Dr Drew on CNN that he had arranged for an anaesthetist to administer propofol twice to Michael Jackson during aesthetic procedures.
**Kilik Pass** (el. 4827 m./15,837 ft.), 30 km to the west of Mintaka Pass is a high mountain pass in Pakistan. The two passes were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley (also called Gojal Valley) from the north.

This was the shortest and quickest way into northern Kashmir from the Tarim Basin, and one that was usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. From Tashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km farther, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and on, either to Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.

Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat.

The Mintaka Pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice. After the glaciation of the Mintaka Pass, the Kilik Pass was favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and provided enough pasture for caravan animals.

The new Karakoram Highway heads farther south, and then west over the Khunjerab Pass (4,934 m or 16,188 ft; 36° 51' N; 75° 32' E).
**Michael Ellis DeBakey** (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an [lebanese] heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.

DeBakey was born as **Michel Dabaghi** in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.

DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.

During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.

In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.

DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artificial heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.

DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.

On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.

Other websites
--------------

* DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine
* Methodist DeBakey Heart Center at The Methodist Hospital Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
* Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society
* DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices at Texas A&M University Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Lasker Luminary Dr. Michael DeBakey Archived 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
* The Man on the Table Was 97, but He Devised the Surgery -- *The New York Times*
* In Moscow in 1996, a Doctor's Visit Changed History -- *The New York Times*
Weather
**Weather** is the day-to-day or hour-to-hour change in the atmosphere. Weather includes wind, lightning, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes (also known as twisters), rain, hail, snow, and lots more. Energy from the Sun affects the weather too. 
Climate tells us what kinds of weather usually happen in an area at different times of the year. 
Changes in weather can affect the mood and life of many living things. People wear different clothes and do different things in different weather conditions. They also choose different foods in different seasons. 

Weather stations around the world measure different parts of weather. Ways to measure weather are wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity. People try to use these measurements to make weather forecasts for the future. These people are scientists that are called *meteorologists*. They use computers to build large mathematical models to follow weather trends.

Severe weather can hurt people and their property. It can also just be a bother. Some examples of severe weather are:

* Tropical cyclones
* Rainstorms
* Drought
* Heat waves
* TornadoTornadoes

Causes of weather
-----------------

Weather happens because different parts of the Earth get different amounts of heat from the Sun. This makes different climates. The tropics get the most heat because the Sun shines straight down on them, while the poles get the least heat because the Sun shines on them from a low angle. Warmer air is lighter than cooler air and rises higher in the sky by convection.

The air always has some water mixed with it. This is called humidity. When it cools, the water can change from a gas to a liquid through condensation. Then the water can fall from the sky as rain or snow. After the air rises, it gets colder and goes back towards the ground. Because the air lost its water before, it is dry when it comes back to the ground. When two air masses of different temperatures meet, this is called a warm front or cold front. The ways that the air moves around the Earth are called atmospheric circulation.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Weather***.

* National Weather Service
* NOAA
* Weather
* Internet Geography's weather page Archived 2008-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
* The Weather Channel
"AD" redirects here. For the program block, see Animation Domination.
"BC" redirects here. For other uses, see BC (disambiguation).
***Anno Domini*** (Medieval Latin : "in the year of the lord"), shortened as **AD** or **A.D.**, is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shortening for **Christian Era**. Similarly, **Before Christ**, shortened as **BC** or **B.C.**, is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period *Anno Domini*. In past centuries, AD came before the year but comes after a century or millennium. For example, a person would write AD 2014 but 21st century AD or 3rd millennium AD. There is no zero year in this system. This means that the year A.D. 1 follows the year 1 B.C.

Some people mistakenly interpret "A.D." as standing for "after death." The abbreviation "A.D." was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145); then "B.C." often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.). Nowadays it is more usual to put both abbreviations after the numbers (e.g. 145 AD; e.g. 145 BC).

This dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but modern scholars have decided Jesus was actually born a few years earlier.

Pre History term
----------------

The system for working out the years was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in about AD 525. He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table. He did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation [conception] of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.

The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. The French emperor Charlemagne made it popular in mainland Europe. Some parts of Europe did not use the Anno Domini system until the 15th century. For example, Portugal used a different system called the *Spanish era* until 1422.
Influenza viruses are common pathogens. This image has a magnification of about 100.000 times
A **pathogen** is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called **pathogenicity**.

The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as *Pneumocystis*) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.

Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium *Yersinia pestis* which may have caused the Black Death, the *Variola* virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people. 

The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.

The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred". The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.

In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.
**Jacqueline Kelly** is a New Zealand-born American author of children's books.

Early life
----------

Jacqueline Kelly was born in New Zealand. She moved to Vancouver Island in Canada at a young age. She moved again to El Paso, Texas where she went to high school and college in Galveston. She went on to get a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas. Before becoming a fictional author, she was a physician and a lawyer.

Awards
------

For *The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate*, she won the Newbery Honor Book designation, International Reading Association Award, Virginia Law Award, Daughters of the Republic of Texas, and Judy Lopez Memorial Award, National Women's Book Association, all 2009, and Josette Frank Award, and the Bank Street College of Education.

Writing
-------

* Short story in the Mississippi Review (2001)
* *The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate* (2009)
* *Return to the Willows* (2012)

*The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate*
---------------------------------

The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate is set in 1899 and features eleven year old Calpurnia Tate. The novel documents her struggle with Texas heat, science, embroidery and her family. She falls in love with science by spending time with her grandfather, who is a scientist, and *The Origin of Species*, by Charles Darwin. She thoroughly battles the expectations of respectable young ladies during the turn of the century.

*Return to the Willows*
-----------------------

*Return to the Willows* is written as a sequel to the *Wind in the Willows* by Kenneth Grahame.

Sources
-------

* "Jacqueline Kelly." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
* Kelly, Jacqueline. "Jacqueline Kelly." Jacqueline Kelly. N.p. n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
* "The Wind in the Willows." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

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**Douglas Arthur Wimbish** (born September 22, 1956) is an American musician. He is best known for playing the bass guitar for Living Colour and Tackhead. He has also been a session musician for many musicians, such as the Rolling Stones, Mick Jagger, Depeche Mode, James Brown, and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Wimbish has also made drum and bass music. He has made two drum and bass bands: Jungle Funk and Head Fake.

Life
----

Wimbish was born in Hartford, Connecticut. The first instrument he played was the mandolin. He started playing the guitar when he was 12 years old. He stopped playing the guitar, and started playing the bass guitar. In 1979, he joined Sugarhill Records. He was a member of Sugarhill's rhythm section. Wimbish played music for many popular songs when he was in the rhythm section. In 1984, he went to London with Skip McDonald and Keith LeBlanc. McDonald played the guitar, and LeBlanc played the drums. The three of them made Tackhead. Tackhead was a hip-hop group.

In the 1990s, the Rolling Stones needed somebody to play the bass guitar. This was because their bass player, Bill Wyman, died. Wimbish played the bass guitar for them. He did not stay in the band, because Darryl Jones started playing the bass for them instead. Wimbish played the bass for *Bridges to Babylon*, a Rolling Stones album.

In 1992, Wimbish joined Living Colour. This was because Muzz Skillings left the band. He helped make their third album, *Stain*. Living Colour stopped making music in 1995. Wimbish started playing music with Skip McDonald again.

Wimbish made a drum and bass group named Jungle Funk in 1999. He made it with Will Calhoun and Vinx. Calhoun was the drummer for Living Colour. Later, Wimbish and Calhoun made another drum and bass group. It was named Head Fake. 

Wimbish made two albums by himself. These albums were named *Trippy Notes for Bass* (1999) and *CinemaSonic* (2008). In 2009, Living Colour made an album named *The Chair in the Doorway*. They went on a concert tour for it.