recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Residents park modern cars near traditional buildings in Yangdong Folk Village.
**Yangdong Folk Village** is a village in South Korea's North Gyeongsang Province. It is inside the city of Gyeongju, which used to be the capital of Korea. It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Yangdong was built in the 1400s by two important clans, Yeogang Lee and Wolseong Son. Many of the people who live in Yangdong now are from these families. Many members of these families who do not live in Yangdong come back a few times a year for special occasions.

Yangdong Folk Village is a World Heritage Site as part of a pair with Hahoe Folk Village. Both places were built during the Joseon Dynasty and many of the buildings are still intact. Some of the buildings have been rebuilt with modern materials, though. Like Hahoe, Yangdong's layout shows influences from the Confucian way of thinking and the importance of the clan system in Korea at the time. There are timber houses with tiled roofs for high-ranking people and mud houses with thatched roofs that were originally for low-ranking people. The village is on the sides of hills. The buildings were built in specific places so their rooftops would match and complement the hillsides around them. The buildings belonging to nobler or richer people are higher up on the hills. One home once had 99 rooms.

There are two Confucian schools, Oksanseowon and Donggangseowon, near Yangdong Folk Village.

There are about 149 houses in Yangdong Folk Village and people still live in them. Yangdong Folk Village has modern, paved roads, some modern bridges, and a railway.

Before it was declared a World Heritage Site around 2010, few people visited Yangdong. After it was declared a World Heritage Site, many more came. People worried about whether the extra visitors would damage the site. Tourists, including schoolchildren on field trips, often visit Yangdong.

Famous people from Yangdong include the Joseon era philosopher Lee Eon-jeok (1491-1553), nicknamed "Hoejae." Hojae is called one of the "Five Great Sages of the East."
The original *Gawain* manuscript, *Cotton Nero A.x.*
***Sir Gawain and the Green Knight*** (Middle English: *Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt*) is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is one of the most notable Arthurian stories. It is known as the "beheading game". 
The story is written in stanzas of alliterative verse. Each stanza ends in a rhyming bob and wheel.

Plot
----

At a New Year's Day feast in Camelot, a huge green man rides in on a green horse carrying a large axe. He issues a challenge to any who dares to accept. He challenges any knight to strike him with his axe, if he will take a return blow in a year and a day. 

Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table, accepts the challenge. Gawain beheads the Green Knight with his blow. Then the Green knight stands up and picks up his head. He says:

"Take heed, Sir Gawain, that thou art ready to go and seek me till thou find me as thou hast promised in this hall with these knights as witnesses. To the green chapel thou shalt come to receive such a blow as thou hast given, on New Year's morning. And many know me as the Knight of the Green Chapel. Fail not, then, to seek me until thou findest me; therefore come thou, or recreant shalt thou be called". transl. Ernest J. B. Kirtlan. 
Having reminded Gawain of the appointed time, the Green Knight rides off. In his struggles to keep his bargain, Gawain sets off on his search. His honour is called into question several times. Gawain avoids several trials on his way. Finally he meets the Lady Bertilak, who tries to seduce him. He avoids this, but accepts a gift from her. He is bound to give the gift back to his host (who actually is the Green Knight in another form). When the day comes for the Green Knight to strike, Gawain kneels... When the Green Knight strikes, he nicks Gawain's neck, but otherwise Gawain is unhurt. The Green Knight explains that the nick is payment for Gawain's only fault, keeping the small gift.

The Green Knight is thought by some to be the Green Man of folklore, and by others to represent Satan.

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Online texts
* High-resolution, full-sized scan of entire manuscript
* Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at Archive.org
* The poem in Middle English
* Various free audiobook versions of the poem from LibriVox
* Google Books results

General information
* The Gawain/Pearl Poet from the University of Calgary
* *The Camelot Project* Info on Sir Gawain
* *Luminarium* SGGK Website
* *Oxford Bibliographies*: Bibliography on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
* BBC documentary tour of locations thought to be found in the poem... Holywell, the River Mersey, the 'Wild Wirral', the Peak District, the Roaches, and Lud Chapel
**Terence Vincent Powderly** (22 January 1849–24 June 1924) was an Irish-American politician and labor union leader. He was the first three-term mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania. He had several top government jobs. He is best known as the leader of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s.

Career
------

Terence V. Powderly was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 22 January 1849. His parents, Terence Powderly and Madge Walsh, were Irish immigrants. As a young man he worked for the railroad as a switchman. In 1871, he became a member of the International Machinists and Blacksmiths union. He later became its president. During the Long Depression (1873–1879), he didn't have a job. He was blacklisted for being a 'union agitator'. 

In Scranton in 1876, Powderly joined the local branch of the Knights of Labor. He quickly moved up in the union. By 1879, he became the leader (his title was *Grand Master Workman*). While he was the leader, the Knights of Labor had the most members and most influence it ever had. After 1886, the Knights declined. In a struggle for power, Powderly was removed. His rival John William Hayes became the leader. Having lost his position, Powderly studied to become a lawyer. In 1894 he was admitted to the Bar (became a lawyer) in Pennsylvania. For this he was thrown out of the Knights of Labor.

While he was the Grand Master Workman, he was also the mayor of Scranton (1878–1884). In the 1896 presidential campaign, he supported Republican William McKinley. As a reward, President McKinley appointed Powderly United States Commissioner General of Immigration in 1897. He was dismissed as Commissioner General in 1902 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Powderly's work for immigration reform led to his dismissal. But in 1906 an investigation cleared him of any wrongdoing. He was given the position of Special Immigration Inspector. He then became Chief of the Division of Information in the US Department of Immigration from 1907 to 1921. Next he became Commissioner of Conciliation for the United States Department of Labor (1921–1924).

Legacy
------

Powderly died in Washington, DC on 24 June 1924. Many early labor historians have been very critical of Powderly and the Knights of Labor. However, very few did more for the early labor movement. The actions and accomplishments of Terence V. Powderly have been reevaluated in the last twenty years. While he still has not had a "competent biographer", it is clear he and his Knights are becoming much more admired and respected. In 1999, Powderly was inducted into the Hall of Honor at the US Department of Labor.

Related pages
-------------

* Knights of Labor
* AFL-CIO
* Teamsters

Other websites
--------------

* 1999 Hall of Honor Inductee Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
***Tanycolagreus*** is a genus of coelurosaur theropod from the Upper Jurassic of North America.

Restoration
The fossil holotype was donated to science by an anonymous benefactor. It is part of the collection of Thanksgiving Point Institute, and displayed in the North American Museum of Ancient Life at Lehi, Utah. It includes an incomplete skull and mandible (lower jaws) and much of the postcranial skeleton, i.e. the parts behind the head. The size of this specimen suggests a size in life of about 3.3 meters (11 feet) long.

Habitat
-------

The fossil was found in the Morrison Formation, where originally there was a great variety of life. This environment a savannah with many rivers. Along the rivers were conifer forests, with ginkgos, cycads, tree ferns, and horsetails rushes. 

Insects were very similar to modern species, with termites building 30 m (100 ft.) tall nests. Along the rivers, there were fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, pterosaurs, crayfish, clams, and monotremes (prototherian mammals, the largest of which was about the size of a rat). The dinosaurs were most likely along the rivers as well. Hundreds of dinosaur fossils have been discovered.

According to radiometric dating, the Morrison Formation dates from 156.3 ± 2 million years old (mya) at its base, to 146.8 ± 1 mya at the top, so it lasted just under 10 million years.

Phylogeny
---------

Carpenter and his co-workers said that this genus most closely resembles *Coelurus*, though it has some more "primitive" features. Although a 2007 analysis suggested it was a basal Tyrannosaur, later work showed once again its basal position in the Coelurosauria.
**Tansen** (c. 1500 – 26 April 1586), also known to as **Tan Sen** or **Ramtanu**, was a well known person of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music. He was born in a Hindu family in the historic city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (The city known for its rich music heritage). He learned and perfected and mastered his art in the Gwalior region of modern Madhya Pradesh under Swami Haridas. Tansen was the title given to him by Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior. He rose to fame and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Bandhavgarh (Rewa), Raja Ramchandra Singh (r.1555–1592). He became famous for his musical abilities and studies. Mughal Emperor Akbar sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh , requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court. In 1562, about the age of 60, the Vaishnava musician Tansen joined the Akbar court.

Tansen was a composer, musician and vocalist. He has been attributed for large number of compositions in northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. He was also an instrumentalist who made musical instruments better and popular. Akbar considered him as a Navaratnas (nine jewels). He gave him the title Mian in his honor, meaning learned man.

There are many legends about Tansen in Akbar court historian accounts and *gharana* literature. One of them says that he could bring down the rains with Raga Megh Malhar. It is also said that he could light lamps by performing Raga Deepak. Other legends talk about his ability to communicate with animals through his music. Once, a white elephant was captured, but it was wild and could not be controlled. Finally, Tansen sang to the elephant who calmed down and the emperor was able to ride him.
**Tantalus** was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.

He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty. Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was "tantalized" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.

His daughter is Niobe. And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.
**Torgny Melins** is a dansband in Säffle, Sweden. The band scored chart successes in Sweden by the mid-late 2000's. In 2006, the band played at the Hultsfred Festival. It meant they became the first dansband since Sven-Ingvars in 1991 to do so. The band has also played at the at the Arvika Festival. The band has also recorded Teddybears Stockholm songs on the 2006 album Dansbander. Tehy also recorded soundtrack music for the 2007 film "Snart är det lördag igen".

In May 2007, TV4 aired a documentary series about the band, *Torgny Melins - från Säffle till Stureplan*. In 2007, the band also recorded a duet with Kikki Danielsson, "Ska du gå din väg" , on the albm *Allting som vi har*.

The band also participated at Dansbandskampen 2009. There, they were one of the finalists.

In March 2011, the band annoucned they would take a break.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* Torgny Melins - 1996
* Torgny Melins 15 år - 1999
* Dansbander - 2006
* Allting som vi har - 2007
* Dansbandsnatt - 2010

#### Singles

* Bortom allt - 2008
Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are **thorns**, **spines**, and **prickles**. **Thorns** are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. **Spines** are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines. Some are on leaves, and some grow instead of leaves. **Prickles** are on the outside of stems. 

Spines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves.

Gallery
-------

* Prickles on rose stemsPrickles on rose stems
* A thorn is a branch with a sharp tipA thorn is a branch with a sharp tip
* Spines of this Ocotillo were leaves that have diedSpines of this Ocotillo were leaves that have died
* Spines on this Acacia grow below the leaves (the stem is sideways in the picture)Spines on this *Acacia* grow below the leaves (the stem is sideways in the picture)
John Henry Fuseli's 1781 painting the Nightmare shows typical symptoms of sleep paralysis: heavy breath, limp muscles and hallucinations.
When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving. This is a natural process which prevents that people actually perform the movements they do in their sleep. In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from **sleep paralysis** wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.

Possible causes
---------------

Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.

Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.

Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience. 

Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:

* Sleeping on your back
* Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
* Increased stress
* Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
* A lucid dream just before it
* Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.

Treatment
---------

There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close their eyes and remind themself that the experience is not dangerous in any way, and it is common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous, they should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) They should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax their muscles and avoid movement.

Other websites
--------------

* The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
* On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis Archived 2017-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
Valencian pilota match
*Pilota Valenciana* or **Valencian pilota** (*pilota* means *ball* in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net. 
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

History
-------

"*Joc de pilota*", 1881, llargues.
Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque *laxoa*, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

*Jeu de paume* is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many *tripots* (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the *Valencian pilota* sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his *Dialogues* and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

Other websites
--------------

* Valencian pilota federation[*permanent dead link*]
* News about Valencian pilota Archived 2007-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
* News and shop about Valencian pilota Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Online one-on-one *Escala i corda* game, videos and 3D views of a *trinquet* Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* II Handball World Meeting Archived 2009-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
* History of the Pilota, PDF

Videos
------

* Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
* Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary
*The Somnambulist* by John Everett Millais, 1871
**Sleepwalking**, or **somnambulism**, is a disorder belonging to the parasomnia family of sleeping problems.

People with this disorder leave bed, without waking up, and walk around. In certain cases, people do things they also do in everyday life. According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.

What people do while sleepwalking
---------------------------------

The activities can be as simple as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning. Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.

Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed. In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep. In December 2008, reports were published of a woman who sent semi-coherent emails while sleepwalking, including one inviting a friend around for dinner and drinks. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious. Their eyes are open, but their expression is dim and glazed over. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as thirty minutes.

Is sleepwalking common?
-----------------------

There is no data about how common sleepwalking is. Estimates say that one to two percent of adults are sleepwalkers. Sleepwalking seems to be more common in children, between ten and thirty percent of children are affected; in most cases, they stop sleepwalking during puberty. Most cases of sleepwalking are temporary, they occur once, or only a few times. It looks like some sleepwalking may be inherited; very often, people who are sleepwalkers have other sleepwalkers in the family.

Treatment
---------

Because people can hurt themselves while sleepwalking, it is a good idea to either wake a sleepwalker, or to guide the person back to bed. There are drugs that can be given to treat the condition. As there is no therapy, many experts are against the use of drugs.

However, sleepwalking is usually harmless and there's no need to treat it with drugs. If you experience sleepwalking, your friend will help you go to bed.

In culture
----------

* La Sonnambula, Italian opera by Vincenzo Bellini
* Lucy Westenra, a fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel *Dracula,* is sleepwalker
**Valentin Berlinsky** (born Irkutsk, 19 January, 1925; died 15 December, 2008) was a Russian cellist. He played with the world-famous Borodin Quartet from 1945 when it was founded, and was a member until he retired in 2007.

His life
--------

### Early life

Valentin Berlinsky was born in Irkutsk, Siberia. His father had learned the violin with the famous teacher Leopold Auer. He had formed his own string quartet, the Berlinksy Quartet, who had played in many parts of the Soviet Union. Valentin learned the violin from his father. Soon he was sent to Moscow where he studied the cello and played with the Moscow Youth Orchestra. He played in a student concert together with Mstislav Rostropovich in 1938.

For many years Berlinsky taught the cello at the Gnessin School of Music in Moscow. He did not often perform as soloist. He preferred being a member of a chamber music group.

### The Borodin Quartet

In 1945 four young players formed a string quartet called the Moscow Conservatoire Quartet. Mstislav Rostropovich was the cellist, Rostislav Dubinsky and Nina Barshai played the violins and Rudolf Barshai played the viola. However, after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy, so he suggested that Berlinsky should take his place. The four players that now formed the quartet signed an oath that they would be loyal and stay together as a group. They signed the oath with their own blood. Valentin often showed this piece of paper to people. For 60 years he kept a careful record of all the concerts they played. They called themselves the Borodin Quartet after the composer Alexander Borodin.

The four musicians first met Dmitri Shostakovich in 1946. They became famous for playing his string quartets. Shostakovich was to compose 15 string quartets. The Borodin Quartet were the most famous string quartet in the Soviet Union, but it was difficult for them to get permission to play in other countries until the fall of the Soviet Union.

### Last years

Valentin Berlinsky retired from the Borodin Quartet in September 2007. His place was taken by his pupil, Vladimir Balshin, but Berlinsky still continued to help the quartet. 

He died on 15 December 2008, in Moscow, after a long illness. His daughter Lyudmila is a pianist.
Statue:
King Naresuan in an elephant fight

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Naresuan***.

**King Naresuan The Great**. (also known as **Phra-Ong-Dam** or **Naret**). He was born in the year of the Rabbit (Refer to Chinese Zodiac Year), B.E. 2098 (A.D 1555) at Jan Palace, Phitsanulok. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan Thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot (Phra-Ong-Khao).

The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it. So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old. When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.

Major events in the life of King Naresuan
-----------------------------------------

**B.E. 2113** He fought with Khmer's troop and he won. 

**B.E. 2114** He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.

**B.E. 2117** He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.

**B.E. 2121** He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayutthaya. 

**B.E. 2127** He proclaimed peace at Krang province.

**B.E. 2127-2130** Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.

**B.E. 2133** He reigned Ayutthaya when he was 35 years old.

**B.E. 2135** Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.

**B.E. 2138 and 2141** He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee. 

**B.E. 2148** He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.
A portrait of Wladyslaw I by Jan Matejko
**Wladyslaw I of Poland** (1261 – 2 March 1333) was the ruler who united Polish lands into one state at the beginning of 14th century.

Biography
---------

Władysław was born probably in 1261. He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia. He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black. He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".

At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states. For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state. He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II. His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk. Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.

He had still to fight in defence of the country. In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce. He was seventy then. He died two years later. His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him. Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.

An anecdote
-----------

At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns. They opposed him and rioted against him. After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town. One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German. The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words *Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn* (that means *Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill*). A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.

Bibliography
------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ladislaus I of Poland***.

* Paweł Jasienica, *Polska Piastów*, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1960.
* Henryk Samsonowicz, *Łokietkowe czasy*, Krakowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989.
**Wantage** is a town in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Berkshire, and about 17 miles (27 km) south-southwest of Oxford. It is famous for being the birthplace of King Alfred the Great.

Local government
----------------

Wantage has a town council consisting of sixteen councillors, twelve of whom are Liberal Democrats (2007). It is also part of the district of the Vale of White Horse.

Transport
---------

A view of Wantage town centre, 2004. A statue of Alfred the Great stands in Market Place, which is used as a car park except on market days.
Wantage sits at the crossing of the B4507 valley road, the A417 Reading to Cirencester road and the A338 Hungerford (and junction 14 of the M4 motorway) to Oxford road. 

Wantage is connected to Oxford, Didcot, Abingdon and Faringdon by regular bus services. The fastest public bus journey from Wantage to Oxford takes about 45 minutes, the slowest can take over 1 hour 15 minutes.

History
-------

King Alfred the Great was born here in the 9th century. Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its value was £61 and it was in the king's ownership until 1190. Troops of the king were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War.

Since 1848, Wantage has been home to the Community of Saint Mary the Virgin, one of the largest communities of Anglican nuns in the world.

Famous people
-------------

* King Alfred the Great was born in Wantage in 849.
* John Betjeman, Poet Laureate from 1972 to 1984, lived in Wantage and his book, 'Archie and the Strict Baptists' is based in the town. A memorial park has now been established in the town named after him, which includes extracts from his poems in a peaceful wooded area.

Twinning
--------

Wantage is twinned with:

* France Mably in France
* Germany Seesen in Germany

The town was twinned with Seesen (Germany) in 1979 and Mably (France) in 1990.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Wantage***.

* Wantage Community Website
* Wantage Town Council Archived 2003-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
* Wantage Churches Together Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage Archived 2009-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Royal Berkshire History: Wantage
* Wantage Silver Band
* King Alfred's School Archived 2009-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
* CTC Wantage Section Archived 2009-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Wantage Dive Club Archived 2010-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Wantage Choral Society
* Wantage Town Football Club
* Wantage local bus services

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Title page of the first edition
***The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex*** is a book by Charles Darwin, first published in 1871.

It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, with the first being his 1859 work, *On the Origin of Species*.

Darwin had said almost nothing about human beings in the *Origin*, except a single sentence:
  
"*Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history*".

In *The Descent of Man*, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and also explains his theory of sexual selection. He thought the two topics were closely connected.

In the nearly 12 years between the *Origin* and the *Descent of Man*, several writers had written works on the subject. Noteworthy were:

* *Man's Place in Nature* by Thomas Henry Huxley.
* *The Antiquity of Man* by Charles Lyell.

Both were published in 1863.

Sexual selection
----------------

Illustration from *The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex* showing the Tufted Coquette *Lophornis ornatus*, female on left, ornamented male on right.
### Sexual dimorphism

The starting point for sexual selection is the observation that males differ from females, not just in sexual apparatus, but in many other traits. This is true of many animals, and the question is why this happens. The answer given by Darwin, and followed by many other biologists, is that the selection on males is different from the selection on females.

### Sexual selection in Man

Sexual selection is the theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition (competition between members of the same species).

Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex".

Biologists today distinguish between "male to male combat" or "intrasexual selection" (it is usually males that fight each other), "mate choice" or "intersexual selection" (usually female choice of male mates) and sexual conflict.

Secondary sex characteristics are features that distinguish the two sexes of a species, but are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are believed to be the product of sexual selection for traits which give an individual an advantage over its rivals in courtship and fighting.

Traits selected by male combat are called "weapons"; and traits selected by mate choice are called "ornaments".
École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques
The **École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques** is a engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Franche-Comté.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* Ingénieur ENSMM (ENSMM Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Masters Recherche & Doctorat (PhD doctorate studies )

Academic activities and industrial applied research are normally done in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSMM.

The school is specialized in watchmaking and microtechnology.

Research labs
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Research activities at École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques relate to the following topics:

* Automatic and micro-mechatronic systems
* Time-frequency
* Applied mechanic
* Micro-nanosciences and systems

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques***.

* Official website
Okroshka made with kvass
**Okróshka** is a cold soup from Russia. It is also found in Ukraine and Belarus. The name is probably from "kroshit'" (крошить), which means to crumble into small pieces.

Okroshka made with kefir
The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass. Kvass is a mildly alcoholic beverage made from fermented black or rye bread. Okroshka is usually served with sour cream. Later versions use light or diluted kefir, vinegar, mineral water, or even beer instead of kvass.

The ingredients are diced and then mixed with kvass just before eating. The ratio of chopped food to kvass is similar to that of cereal to milk. This lets the vegetables to keep their texture. Even though the ingredients are similar to those in a Russian salad, the taste of okroshka is quite different.

Okroshka is mostly served in summer. This is because the soup adds the taste of kvass and the lightness of a salad. Salt and sugar can be added according to taste.

Okroshka is always served cold. Sometimes ice cubes are added to keep the soup cold in hot weather.
**Jørn Stubberud** (born 13 April 1968) is a Norwegian musician. He is known for being the bassist for the black metal band Mayhem. When playing with the band, he uses the name **Necrobutcher**. He helped make Mayhem with Euronymous and Kjetil Manheim. He is the only original member still in the band. This is because Manheim left Mayhem in 1988, and Euronymous was killed in 1993. Stubberud has also played in other bands, such as L.E.G.O. and Kvikksølvguttene.

Mayhem
------

Necrobutcher joined the band in 1984. He left the band in 1991 after the band's singer, Dead, killed himself. He was also having problems with Euronymous, another member of the band. When Necrobutcher left Mayhem, Varg Vikernes joined the band to play bass guitar. Vikernes killed Euronymous in 1993. In 1995, Necrobutcher started the band again. He made it with Hellhammer, Maniac and Blasphemer. As of 2022, he is still in the band.

In 2018, he made a book about the band. It is named *The Death Archives: Mayhem 1984–94*.
Canis Major constellation
A simulated image of Sirius A and B using Celestia
**Sirius** is the brightest star in the night sky. It is a binary star system in Canis Major, near Orion. It has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The system is between 200 and 300 million years old. It was originally composed of two stars: one was blue-white and one was white.

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its position (it is relatively close to Earth). At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours.

The Egyptians called this star 'Sopdet'. They relied on it to predict when the flood season would start. Sirius is sometimes called the **Dog Star**. The phrase *the dog days of summer* means the hottest days of summer.

Sirius A
--------

Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of 1.42. It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun, but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel.

Sirius B
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Originally, Sirius B had about five times the mass of the Sun. and was a B-type star (roughly B4–5) when it still was on the main sequence.

Sirius B used up its fuel and became a red giant. Then it shed its outer layers and collapsed into its present state as a white dwarf, about 120 million years ago. Its mass now is about the same as the Sun.

Related pages
-------------

* Canis Major
Stonehenge, the most famous antiquity on Salisbury Plain
**Salisbury Plain** is in the central southern England covering 300 square miles (780 km2). It largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire. 

The Plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Avebury and Stonehenge, which are a joint World Heritage Site. The Plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The Plain also has arable land, and a few small areas of  beech trees and coniferous woodland.

On the Plain is the British Army's largest training ground in England. It is suitable terrain for tank manoeuvres; buildings such as Imber are used for urban warfare training.

Boundaries
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The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries. To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the River Bourne runs to the east.

* Google satellite map centered on Stonehenge:
* Access to military site:
**Ruppertskirchen** is a village in the municipality of Arnstorf in Rottal-Inn in Lower Bavaria in southern Germany. Ruppertskirchen is on the Simbach stream between Arnstorf and Simbach bei Landau on state highway 2112. Before the regional reorganisation in Bavaria in 1972 Ruppertskirchen was an independent municipality with 42 subdivisions. At that time Ruppertskirchen was the largest municipality in present-day Markt Arnstorf and, in terms of area, the largest in the old district of Eggenfelden. It had a railway stop on the old Landau–Arnstorf railway.

Nearby villages
---------------

Aicha, Altmannskinden, Asbach, Bergham, Blumdorf, Bruckbach, Bruckmühle, Dingelsberg, Döttenberg, Eck, Ed, Eiselstorf, Freising, Furtschneid, Grafendorf, Hag, Holz, Kattenberg, Kolmöd, Kornöd, Lindach, Mühlberg, Niederlucken, Nömer, Picklöd, Puch, Püchl, Raisting, Reitberg, Schröttendorf, Sendllmeier, Sichenpoint, Siegerstorf, Sommerstorf, Staudach, Steindorf, Stelzenöd, Stockahausen, Volkstorf, Zenzlhub, Zwilling. 

Coordinates: 48°34′19″N 12°46′24″E﻿ / ﻿48.57194°N 12.77333°E﻿ / 48.57194; 12.77333
Not to be confused with Ottoman dynasty.
**Ottonian dynasty** was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the **Saxon dynasty** after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the **Liudolfings**, after its earliest known member *Liudolf* and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.

Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire. 

After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor. 

**Ottonian Kings and Emperors:**

* Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans and Duke of Saxony, died 936
* Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Saxony, died 973
* Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 983
* Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1002
* Saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1024

Some other famous members of the Liudolfing or Ottonian House:

* Liudolf, Count of Saxony, died 864/866
* Saint Altfrid, Bishop of Hildesheim, died 874
* Brun, Duke of Saxony, died 880
* Otto I the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, died 912
* Gerberge of Saxony, died 954
* Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, died 955
* Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, died 957
* Hedwige of Saxony, died 965
* Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia, died 965
* William, Archbishop of Mainz, died 968
* Otto, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, died 982
* Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, the Wrangler, died 995
* Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg, died 1029
**Otto Koloman Wagner** (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner. He influenced the development of his hometown Vienna at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century. He also was the architect of important landmarks.

Life
----

Otto Wagner was born in the Penzing district of Vienna. He studied in Berlin and Vienna. After work as brick layer he started as architect. His first buildings were in the historism style. In the late 1880s he became a proponent of the realism style. In 1890 he designed a city plan for Vienna but only the railway netwerk Wiener Stadtbahn was built. In 1894 he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he wrote down his ideas about the role of the architect, it based on his first lecture in the Academy. He called for an architecture based on modern materials and modern construction methods. In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group. He died in 1918 in Vienna.

Works of Otto Wagner
--------------------

* Otto Wagner VillaOtto Wagner Villa
* Anker-Haus, Wien;Am GrabenAnker-Haus, Wien;Am Graben
* Railway station; KarlsplatzRailway station; Karlsplatz
* Postal Office Savings Bank BuildingPostal Office Savings Bank Building
* Kirche Am SteinhofKirche Am Steinhof
* Kirche Am Steinhof interiorKirche Am Steinhof interior

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Otto Wagner***.

* Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna Archived 2007-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Great Buildings Online
* Images of several Wagner buildings
* Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en) Archived 2004-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (with drawings and photos)
* AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem

Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna. 

* (in German) *Einige skizzen 1*, Wien, 1905.
* (in German) *Einige skizzen 2*, Wien, 1905.
* (in German) *Einige skizzen 3*, Wien, 1905.
***Yarudora Series Vol. 4: Yukiwari no Hana*** (the PlayStation Portable version is known as ***Yarudora Portable: Yukiwari no Hana***) is an adventure game for the PlayStation released on November 26th 1998 by Sugar & Rockets Inc. It was released digitally for the PlayStation Portable.

Gameplay
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The game plot's is about a student at a university that lives next to a girl named Kaori Sakuragi who he has a major crush on. One day, he is invited to a party but refuses to go so that he can stalk the object of his affection. When he witnesses Kaori kissing her fiancé, he becomes distraught but soon after, two policemen knock on his door. They query him and ask if he knows a girl named Kaori Sakuragi...

The time when truth & lie will collide in a story that takes place in a port area area of the city at winter. A story that combines loves with the anxiety caused by uncertainty. A forgotten past that is lost in the present and advance to an uncertain future, a love enveloped in silence and in the snowflakes that delayed the spring time that will bloom the flower that is covered in a white layer of mistery.

The game is sort of like *Heavy Rain* except presented with anime cutscenes.

Description
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Originally released in 1998, the Yarudora (an abbreviation of Yaru Dorama which translates to "Drama that You Do") series of games all followed a central theme where a girl with amnesia enters the player's life. With the appearance of the girl, an interactive adventure follows where the story plays out in animated motion with choices to select along the way which affect the ultimate outcome.

Features in the game include a graphics gallery, a replay function, and the ability to view various endings once they are achieved during a normal game.

 Manufacturer's description:

Is a hero, to keep with the story made up only doing the animation drives ?love story begins with the fourth series of the port city of snow. The main character, had received the emotions live in apartments next to Sakuragi, loses his love. One day, I told the police that the incident happened to. When leading a secret desire, a mixture of truth and falsehood.

 Features:

* First person perspective.
* 2D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Mystery, dating & Anime themes.