recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Surgeons at work
**Surgery** is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example, a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic surgeon.

Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be very complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.

Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.

Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.

When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.

In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.

Related pages
-------------

* Plastic surgery

| Pathology: tumors (and related structures), cancer, and oncology (C00-D48) |
| --- |
| Benign - Premalignant - Carcinoma in situ - Malignant |
| Topography |
| Anus - Bladder - Bone - Brain - Breast - Cervix - Colon/rectum - Duodenum - Endometrium - Esophagus - Eye - Gallbladder - Head/Neck - Heart - Hypopharynx - Liver - Larynx - Lung - Mouth - Pancreas - Penis - Prostate - Kidney - Ovaries - Salivary gland - Skin - Spinal - Stomach - Testicles - Thyroid - Urethra - Vagina - Vulva |
| Morphology |
| Papilloma/carcinoma - Cholangiocarcinoma - Choriocarcinoma - Adenoma/adenocarcinoma - Soft tissue sarcoma - Melanoma - Fibroma/fibrosarcoma - Metastasis - Lipoma/liposarcoma - Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma - Rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma - Mesothelioma - Angioma/angiosarcoma - Osteoma/osteosarcoma - Chondroma/chondrosarcoma - Glioma - Lymphoma/leukemia |
| Treatment |
| Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiation therapy - Immunotherapy - Experimental cancer treatment |
| Related structures |
| Cyst - Dysplasia - Hamartoma - Neoplasia - Nodule - Polyp - Pseudocyst |
| Misc |
| Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes - Staging/grading - Carcinogenesis/metastasis - Carcinogen - Research - Paraneoplastic phenomenon - ICD-O - List of oncology-related terms |
In mathematics, a **base** or **radix** is the number of different digits **or** combination of digits and letters that a system of counting uses to represent numbers. For example, the most common base used today is the decimal system. Because "dec" means 10, it uses the 10 digits from 0 to 9. Most people think that we most often use base 10 because we have 10 fingers.

A base is usually a whole number bigger than 1, although non-integer bases are also mathematically possible. The base of a number may be written next to the number: for instance, {\displaystyle 23\_{8}} means 23 in base 8 (which is equal to 19 in base 10).

In computers
------------

Different bases are often used in computers. Binary (base 2) is used because at the most simple level, computers can only deal with 0s and 1s. Hexadecimal (base 16) is used because of how computers group binary digits together. Every four binary digits turn into one hexadecimal digit when changing between them. Because there are more than 10 digits in hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are shown as A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Measurement
-----------

The oldest systems of counting used base one. Making marks on a wall, using one mark for each item counted is an example of unary counting. Some old systems of measurement use the duodecimal radix (base twelve) since 12 is 2x6. This is shown in English, as there are words such as dozen (12) and gross (144 = 12×12), and lengths such as feet (12 inches). Angle measurement often uses a system adapted from the Babylonian numerals with base 60.

Writing bases
-------------

When typing a base, the small number indicating the base is usually in base ten. This is because if the radix were written in its own base, it would always be "10," so there would be no way of knowing what base it was supposed to be in.

Numbers in different bases
--------------------------

Here are some examples of how some numbers are written in different bases, compared to decimals:

| Decimal (Base 10) | Binary (Base 2) | Octal (Base 8) | Undecimal? (Base 11) | Sesary (Base 6) | Unary (Base 1) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
| 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 111 |
| 4 | 100 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1,111 |
| 5 | 101 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 11,111 |
| 6 | 110 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 111,111 |
| 7 | 111 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 1,111,111 |
| 8 | 1,000 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 11,111,111 |
| 9 | 1,001 | 11 | 9 | 13 | 111,111,111 |
| 10 | 1,010 | 12 | A | 14 | 1,111,111,111 |
| 11 | 1,011 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 11,111,111,111 |
| 12 | 1,100 | 14 | 11 | 20 | 111,111,111,111 |
| 13 | 1,101 | 15 | 12 | 21 | 1,111,111,111,111 |
| 14 | 1,110 | 16 | 13 | 22 | 11,111,111,111,111 |
| 15 | 1,111 | 17 | 14 | 23 | 111,111,111,111,111 |
| 16 | 10,000 | 20 | 15 | 24 | 1,111,111,111,111,111 |
| 17 | 10,001 | 21 | 16 | 25 | 11,111,111,111,111,111 |
|
**Lee Ha-yi** (Korean:**이하이**; stage name: **Lee Hi**), is a South Korean singer. Attending a performing arts high school, she began her career as a runner-up on "K-pop Star" and went on to record singles and albums.

Career
------

In 2012, Lee Hi was the runner-up on "K-pop Star" Season 1, winning the prize to sign under either SM, YG, or JYP. After signing with YG, Lee Hi was set to debut with the girl group, SuPearls. However, this was cancelled. Lee Hi then appeared in the Epik High song, "It's Cold".

Her official debut as a solo artist was on October 24, 2012, with the single, "1, 2, 3, 4", followed by the full album *First Love*. In 2014 and 2015, Lee Hi promoted with (then) 2NE1 member Park Bom and AKMU member Lee Suhyun in project groups BOM&HI and Hi Suhyun.

Three years after her debut, Lee Hi made a second solo album, *Seoulite*.

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* *First Love* (2012)
* *Seoulite* (2016)
* *Lee Hi Japan Debut Album* (2018)
* *4 Only* (2021)

### Extended plays

* *24°C* (2019)
Members of the Hague Adoption Convention (blue: members, purple: non-members; green: signatories to the convention)
The **Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption** (or simply **Hague Adoption Convention**), provides certain protections to children. It guarantees the protection of children from child trafficking. It also guarantees them safe adoption and a quick adoption process.

History
-------

In May 1993 the proposal was presented at the seventeenth session of The Hague Convention. It became effective in 1995. The United States ratified the Hague Adoption Convention in December 2007. Forty-six countries had ratified the treaty as of May 2002. Thirteen more had yet to ratify it. Many countries which have not ratified the Convention do not permit foreign adoptions of their children nor adoptions of foreign children. For example, Muslim countries do not permit foreign adoptions.

Concerns
--------

Adopting children from one country into a family from another is a relatively new idea. It developed after World War II. By the 1970s it became a fairly common event. But it was soon recognized this was creating a number of legal and human problems. There were few domestic and international laws that adequately protected children's rights. The Hague Adoption Convention of 1993 addressed these concerns. The Convention gave the responsibility of providing the protection against child trafficking, safe adoption and a quick adoption process to the countries and to adoption agencies.

The convention also raised several ethical concerns. In a normal domestic adoption the child loses connections and identification with their biological family. In an international adoption a child may also lose identification with their nationality and ethnicity. Adoptions that span countries should be considered only after all efforts to place adopted children within their own country. UNICEF, by comparison, does not encourage international adoptions. They encourage nations to adopt within their own country.

The Future for international adoptions
--------------------------------------

There has been a sharp decline in international adoptions in the last few years. Romania, for one, has ended all foreign adoptions. Belarus and Ukraine closed foreign adoptions for 2007. The 5000 adoptions from China in 2005 dropped to 4000 in 2006. Wars and natural disasters were the reasons for massive adoptions from the affected countries in the past. But the international community is no longer in favor of this as a solution. Adoptions from Africa are increasing, however. The number of Orphans from Liberia and Ethiopia have increased from 2006–2008. But the costs to adopt a child from another country have risen. This is due in part to the steps taken by the convention to prevent abuse of the system.

Other websites
--------------

* Intercountry Adoption Archived 2013-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Child Welfare Information Gateway Archived 2013-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Countries in force with Australia Archived 2014-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Children’s Rights: Germany
**ABS-CBN Corporation** (also known alternatively and secondarily, and formerly primarily as **ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation**) is a Filipino media company based in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the largest radio broadcaster, entertainment television production, program syndication provider and media conglomerate in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of Lopez Holdings Corporation which is owned by the López family ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of **Alto Broadcasting System (ABS)** and **Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN)**.

ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC). In 1952, BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) with its corporate name, Alto Sales Corporation after Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of President Elpidio Quirino, purchased the company and later launched the first TV station in the country, DZAQ-TV on October 23, 1953. The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network, Inc. (CBN) by Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez, who was the sitting Vice President of the Philippines. A year later, the Lopezes acquired ABS. The ABS-CBN brand was first used on television in 1961.

The company became known as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on February 1, 1967. The conglomerate then changed its primary name to simply ABS-CBN Corporation in October 1, 2008 during the 55th anniversary of the television network of the same name, to signify its diversification. Due to the change in the conglomerate's primary name, the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation name is now used as the company's alternative and secondary name in certain contexts. The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS.

History
-------

In 1946, when James Lindenberg was about to make it a radio called Bolinao Electronics Corporation, they settled all the equipment.

In 1950, James Lindenberg was been made a new transmitter using two mango trees and it been protected by lightning rod. And then in 1964, ABS-CBN was been first time using Color television.

Related pages
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* Public broadcasting
* Animated series
* Media
* Documentary film
* Tablet phone
* Television set
* Video game console
* Desktop computer
* Government
* Racing game
* Leaf blower
* Campus radio

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

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| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* United States

 |
King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Donald Trump dance the **Najdi ardah** in Riyadh.
**Ardah** (Arabic: العرضة) is a traditional dance in Saudi Arabia. It is also known as the national dance of Saudi Arabia. In this dance, men form two lines facing each other. They may carry swords or canes and dance to drums and poetry, while holding the Saudi flag. The dance is also performed in other GCC countries.

Originally, the "ardah" was performed only by males of tribes of the Arabian Peninsula before going to war, but nowadays it is done at celebrations, weddings, and national and cultural events, such as the Jenadriyah festival. Now, there are different types of ardah across the Arabian Peninsula.

Name of the dance
-----------------

The word "Ardah" comes from an Arabic word which means "to show" or "to parade." It was used to boost the morale or self-esteem of fighters before battles.

The dance was recognized by UNESCO as part of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2015 as *Alardah Alnajdiyah*.

History
-------

Ardah became important when Saudi Arabia was formed under King Abdulaziz Al Saud. It was a dance used before the start of battles, especially in Najd. After winning battles, it was called "the Najdi Ardah."

Ardah was important during the formation of Saudi Arabia, showing unity and strength (power). It's now an official parade, even involving the King of Saudi Arabia.

Performed before fights, Ardah got fighters ready for battle. Now, Saudis think of it as a reminder of war times. In December 2015, UNESCO said Saudi Ardah was a valuable part of the country's culture.

Variations
----------

**Najdi Ardah** is the most common type of *Ardah* in Saudi Arabia. It's also the most popular male folk dance in the country, often seen on Television. In the 21st century, the government renamed it to 'Saudi Ardah.' But, there are different kinds of Ardah in other regions of Saudi Arabia, like Najran, Asir, and Jizan, etc.

How to perform
--------------

Before the performance starts, a poet calls out to start the dance. His poetic call is known as *Muharrabah* and it is called out along with rhythmic beats.

Ardah starts with a leader's loud call, surrounded by drummers. This call is like saying they are ready for war. As a reaction to this, everyone quickly gathers with swords and chanting. Then they line up, holding hands and ready to dance.

Other websites
--------------

* Qatari traditional Ardah
Ukrainian Order of Merit (1st degree/Cavalier)
**Oleg S. Tymoshenko** (Ukrainian: [ɔlɛg tɪmɔʃɛ'nkɔ]; born December 4, 1932; died December 20, 2010), was a Ukrainian choral conductor, professor, artist and academician. Tymoshenko was the honorary President of Green Cross Ukraine. He was a People's Artist of Ukraine, a member of The Lviv National Academy of Arts, and a full Cavalier of the Order of Merit. He was a member of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education. Tymoshenko was Rector of Petro Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine.

Biography
---------

Tymoshenko was born on December 4, 1932, in Kreminna, in the Luhansk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. 

Starting in 1949, he studied at Luhansk College of Music. He graduated from there in 1953. He then studied at the Kiev Conservatory, graduating in 1960.

From 1960–1963, he worked as Director and teacher at the Nikolai Leontovich Music College in Vinnytsia.

In 1963-2004 he worked at the Kiev Conservatory. His positions there included:

* 1963–1965—Senior Lecturer
* 1965–1983—Vice-rector for Educational
* 1983–2004—Rector

In 1996, he was selected as a founding member of the National Academy of Arts of Ukraine. 

In 2000, Oleg Tymoshenko, supported by the founding president of Green Cross International (en), Mikhail Gorbachev, created a national branch of Green Cross (English name Green Cross Ukraine), which he headed until 2010.

He died on December 20, 2010, in Switzerland.

Other websites
--------------

* About founding Green Cross Ukraine Archived 2014-12-09 at the Wayback Machine;
* Memorial plaque[*permanent dead link*]
In law, **damages** are an award, usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury. The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g. breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs.

Categories
----------

In common law countries, damages are usually categorized into **compensatory** (or **actual**) **damages**, and **punitive damages**. Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages and general damages. Special damages include economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses. General damages are noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. **Statutory damages** are those required by statute.

### Compensatory damages

Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered as a result of another's negligence (tort law). Expectation damages are used in contract law. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss.

### Punitive damages

Generally, **punitive damages**, which are also termed *exemplary damages* in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded.

### Statutory damages

Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened. 

For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offenses.
For other uses, see Interregnum (disambiguation).
An **interregnum** is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.

In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an *interregnum* is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.

Pope's *interregnum* (or *sede vacante*)
----------------------------------------

An *interregnum* occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a *sede vacante* (vacant seat). The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.

Related pages
-------------

* English Interregnum
Flag
Coat of arms
**Kharkiv** also known as **Kharkov**, is a city in Ukraine, the capital of Kharkiv Oblast. It is the second largest city in Ukraine. It is in the east of Ukraine and has a very well developed economy. It was founded in 1655 and the population as of 2010 was 1,449,000. 

Kharkiv was also the first city in Ukraine where the Soviet power was proclaimed and Soviet government was formed.

History
-------

The city was established in 17th century by Cossacks.

In 1745 became the governorate capital.
Kharkiv has the university since 1805, technical high school since 1885.

The population in 1897 was 173,989. It consisted of Russians (63.2%), Ukrainians (25.9%), Jews (5.7%), Poles (2.3%), Germans (1.35%) etc.

Kharkiv was the capital of the  Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1934.

Before the Nazi invasion Kharkiv was the great industrial center. It had 1.5 mln people.

In 1941, October 25 the city was occupied by German troops.
1943, August 23 became the day of liberation of Kharkiv by the Red Army.

In 1973 metro in Kharkiv was open.

In 2022-2024 Kharkiv was bombed during the Russian Invasion .

Demographics
------------

Notable people
--------------

* Mikhail Koshkin, the Soviet tank designer, chef designer of the T-34 tank.
* Ilya Mechnikov, Russian zoologist. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
* Victor Skumin, Russian professor, philosopher, writer, psychologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and medical doctor.
* Katya Soldak, born 1977 in Kharkiv, journalist for Forbes, documentary filmmaker (The Long Breakup), and author who currently lives in New York City.

Related pages
-------------

* Kharkov National Medical University

Other websites
--------------

* Kharkov City's Official Information Center website[*permanent dead link*]

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| International | 
* FAST
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Czech Republic

 |
| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area

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| Other | 
* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
* NARA
* IdRef

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"Overpunch" redirects here. For the COBOL code, see Signed overpunch.

A 12-row/80-column IBM punched card from the mid-twentieth century
A **punched card** (also **punch card** or **punched-card**) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines.

Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data.

Data can be entered onto a punched card using a keypunch.

While punched cards are now obsolete as a storage medium, as of 2012, some voting machines still used punched cards to record votes. Punched cards also had a significant cultural impact in the 20th century.

Close-up of a Jacquard loom's chain, constructed using 8 × 26 hole punched cards
Giotto "Campanile" of the Florence Cathedral, started during the Trecento
**Trecento** is the Italian word for the Italian culture during the 14th century.

Characteristics
---------------

The Trecento is considered the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement. It is sometimes called *Proto-Renaissance*.

One of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is Florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of Italy.

The most important artists who represent this period are Giotto, in painting, and Donatello, in sculpture. Indeed the Trecento begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna, Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.

In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral, of which the "Campanile" (founded by him on 18 July 1334 AD) bears his name, but was not completed to his design. Most of the famous Florence Cathedral, an architecture masterpiece, was built during the Trecento.

Important sculptors included two pupils of Giovanni Pisano: Arnolfo di Cambio and Tino di Camaino, and Bonino da Campione.

The Trecento was also famous as a time of heightened literary activity, with writers working in the vernacular instead of Latin. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio were the leading writers of the age. Dante produced his famous *La Divina commedia* (The Divine Comedy), a summation of the medieval worldview, and Petrarch wrote verse in a lyrical style influenced by the Provençal poetry of the troubadours.

In music, the Trecento was a time of vigorous activity in Italy. Musicians and composers of the Trecento included the renowned Francesco Landini, as well as Maestro Piero, Gherardello da Firenze, Jacopo da Bologna, Giovanni da Cascia, Paolo "Tenorista" da Firenze, Niccolò da Perugia, Bartolino da Padova, Antonio Zachara da Teramo and Matteo da Perugia.

Related pages
-------------

* Duecento
* Quattrocento
* Cinquecento
* Italian Renaissance art

Bibliography
------------

* Burke, Peter. *The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy*. Princeton University Press. Princeton, 1999.
*fl* ligature, with and without
Arabic ligature for *Allah*
In writing and typography, a **ligature** is when two or more graphemes (~letters) are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace two characters next to each other. The idea comes from handwriting and manuscripts.

Example: the common ampersand ("&") represents the Latin conjunction *et*, meaning "and". The ampersand's symbol is a ligature, joining the old handwritten Latin letters *e* and *t* of the word *et*, so that the word is represented as a single glyph.

Sometimes ligatures are made to make things more easy to read, or simply to make the writing/font nicer to look at. This is important in some forms of design work. 

Type designers, who create fonts (or 'typefaces'), make ligatures for some combinations of letters. Today, most fonts are made on computers (these are called 'digital typefaces'). When two particular letters are typed together, the ligature will appear. The ligature look like the two different letters but slightly changed (sometimes joined together). It is actually a separate symbol that has been drawn by the creator, and is programmed to appear when two letters are put next to each other. Dche is a ligature of De and Che.
A child by her mother's side 
A child and his mother in art
Pictures of a child from the late 19th century
A **child** (the plural is **children**) is a person below the age of puberty (biologically) or, below the age of majority or in other contexts below the age of consent, of marriage and to drink/buy alcohol (legally). A person can be called his or her parent's child, no matter how old he or she is. Another word for "child" is "kid".

In most countries, children go to school. Small children may go to nursery school, preschool or kindergarten. Playing with small toys and using their imaginations are important for child development. But often in a developing country, children sometimes work in factories or in the fields with their parents or guardians.

When two people get married and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before this marriage, that child is called a *step child* by the child's non-birth parent. If both people had children, the children of each parent are *step brothers* or *step sisters* of each other. A child whose parents have died is an orphan. Orphans with no parent may be raised by grandparents or other relatives. Otherwise they may go to live in an orphanage. They may be adopted by another adult or couple wanting a child. They will then be able to grow up in a new family.

Related pages
-------------

* Adolescent
* Parent
* Sibling (a brother or sister)
**Ranghar** are a community of Muslims Rajputs who were classified as an "agricultural tribe" by the British Raj administration. especially in 1st Horse Skinner's Horse.

* 2nd Regiment of Skinner's Horse2nd Regiment of Skinner's Horse

 which is found in Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan and Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh states of India. Ranghar were native to Indian state of Haryana and also found in the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as Delhi in India. Presently, the Haryana Ranghar are now found in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab of Pakistan, while those of western Uttar Pradesh remain in India. The Ranghar use the titles of Rana, Rao, and Kunwar, prefixed to their given names, and use Khan as a surname. The Ranghars speak a Ranghari, which is a dialect of Haryanvi, and many in Pakistan and India still use the language. Those of Uttar Pradesh speak Khariboli among themselves, and Urdu with outsiders. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Uttar Pradesh Ranghars also migrated to Sindh in Pakistan and mostly settling in Karachi. They are entirely Sunni Hanafi Muslims and follow Deobandi and Barelvi schools of South Asia.

The term Ranghar has also been used for closely related Muslim communities, the Pachhada and the Muslim Tagas of Haryana and the Muley Jats. In addition, the Odh community in Pakistan are also often known as Ranghar.

History and origin
------------------

Ranghars were known as Muslim Rajputs. The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the Yamuna river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The partition of India further divided these two groups, with the trans Yamuna Ranghar emigrating to Pakistan, while those of the Doab region remaining in India. They comprise a large numbered of dispersed intermarrying clans. These exogamous groups are made up of myriad landholding patrilineages of varying genealogical depth, ritual, and social status called biradaries or brotherhoods scattered in the various districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The biradari, or lineage is one of the principal point of reference for the Ranghars, and all biradaris claim descent from a common ancestor. Often biradaris inhabit a cluster of villages called chaurasis (84 villages), chatisis (36 villages) and chabisis (26 villages). An example of a chatisa is that of the Chauhan Ranghar of the Agauta pargana of Bulandshahr District.
**Solána Imani Rowe** (born November 9, 1989) known professionally as **SZA**, is an American R&B singer-songwriter. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and raplewood, New Jersey. She began making music in the early 2010s. When she started her music career, she made two EPs. After that, she signed with the hip hop record label Top Dawg Entertainment. Through the signing, SZA released her third studio EP, *Z*, in 2014. During that same year, she co-wrote "Feeling Myself" with Nicki Minaj and Beyoncé. In 2016, she was featured in Rihanna's song "Consideration".

In 2017, she released her first studio album, Ctrl. It reached number 3 on the Billboard 200. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was released to international praise from critics.

Also in 2017, she collaborated with Maroon 5 to make the Top 10 hit single "What Lovers Do". 

The next year, in 2018, she collaborated with Kendrick Lamar to create the Top 10 single "All The Stars" for the Black Panther soundtrack. "All The Stars" was nominated for an Oscar for both artists.

In 2020, she released the single "Good Days". In 2021, she released the single "I Hate U" and collaborated with Doja Cat to make the song "Kiss Me More". All three singles reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In 2022, SZA released her second studio album, "SOS". SOS reached number one on the Billboard 200.

Awards and nominations
----------------------

SZA has earned several awards including four Grammy Award, a Billboard Music Award, an American Music Award and two MTV Video Music Award with nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

Other websites
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* Official website

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Pressure wave in a tube
A pressure wave is a (usually longitudinal) wave that is caused by changes in pressure that moves particles around. Sound is a good example of a pressure wave because it makes pressure differences that move around that is clearly seen when glass vibrates and breaks in front of a very loud sound because of the pressure waves. A shockwave is also a mix of pressure waves bunching up on a supersonic object making a very loud sound called a sonic boom. A whip is a very easy tool to demonstrate a sonic boom. The velocity of a very fast object is measured in Mach number, a unit based on the speed of sound in air, about 343 meters per second. There is not a "universal" speed of sound because the speed of sound depends on the medium it travels through. In the picture, notice the red part that is an increase of pressure where there are a lot of molecules. changes in pressure can also cause wind so a pressure wave can also cause wind like sound blowing out a candle.

1. ↑  "Definition of PRESSURE WAVE". *www.merriam-webster.com*. 2024-03-19. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
2. ↑  "Shock wave | Definition & Facts | Britannica". *www.britannica.com*. 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
3. ↑  "Pressure". *www.weather.gov*. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
The **Battle of Buxar** was fought on 23 October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mughal rulers.

The Mughal forces were drawn from 2 princely states, whose rulers were Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal King Shah Alam II.

The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town on the bank of the Ganges river about 130 km west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company.

The combined Mughal forces numbered about 40,000 men, Monroe's forces numbered about 10,000 men, of whom 7,000 were regular British Army men seconded to the East India Company. Reports of the battle say that lack of co-ordination between the various Mughal forces was the main reason for their defeat.
The Causes for the battle of Buxar was the:
1. Conflict with the company :- Mir Qasim proved himself as a capable ruler .He attempted to improve the finances of his region. He raised his army on modern lines

Result
------

The fate of the three defeated Mughal leaders varied. Shah Alam was forced to pay a fine of five million rupees. After negotiation, the Treaty of Allahabad was signed. All his pre-war possessions were returned except for the districts of Karra and Allahabad. He became a pensioner, with a monthly pension of 450,000 rupees. The Company later restored Allahabad to him. The Company got revenue authority (Diwani rights) for almost 100,000 acres of land in the modern states of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in the neighbouring areas of Bengal.In return mughal emperor was given 26 lakh rupees.The Company's main aim was not to rule India, but to increase their revenue resources and expand trade throughout the country.Taxes were collected for them by a Company-appointed deputy-nawab.nawab was to pay an indemnity of rupees 50 lakh

Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula was restored to Oudh, with a subsidiary force and a guarantee of defence. Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, was ruined by the defeat. He had been the prime mover in the war, but afterwards he was deposed by the Company and rejected by Shuja-ud-Daula.

Consequence
-----------

The arrangements made the British East India Company the virtual ruler of Bengal, since it already possessed decisive military power. All that was left to the Nawab was the control of the judicial administration. But he was later forced to hand this over to the Company in 1793. Thus the company's control was virtually complete.

In spite of all this the East India Company was again on the verge of bankruptcy, which stirred the British to make a fresh effort at reform. On the one hand Warren Hastings was appointed with a mandate for reform; on the other an appeal was made to the British state for a loan. The result was the beginnings of state control of the Company, and Warren Hastings was appointed Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785.
**Atomism** is an idea in Metaphysics. It says that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things that are made of smaller things that are made of even smaller things but that eventually you get to something so small that nothing smaller can exist called an Atom. [*source?*]

History
-------

The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras said that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things called "Seeds" and that there are many different kinds of "Seeds". According to him, nothing can be a smaller than a "Seed" and what different objects are like is because of the different kinds of Seeds they have. Later, the philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus said that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things that are made of even smaller things that are made of even smaller things. But Leucippus and Democritus also said there are things so small that nothing smaller can exist called Atomos Particles and that everything is made of them. Democritus said that there is empty space between all Atomos Particles. He also said that we call different groups of Atomos Particles different things (like Water, Fire, Earth and Air) but that Atoms and Space are the only things that really exist and everything else just looks like it exists.

Aristotle said that Democritus was wrong. He said everything you can touch is made of smaller things that are made of smaller things that are made of smaller things and that this goes on forever. According to him, there is no smallest thing. This is called the Continuous Theorem. Since then a lot of people debated if Aristotle were right or if Democritus were right. Then John Dalton came up with The Atomic Theory which said that all Matter was made of Atomos Particles called Atoms. And Dalton based that idea on Democritus.
Goldsmith in March 2003
**Jerrald King "Jerry" Goldsmith** (February 10, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was an American television and movie composer and conductor most known for his work in *Air Force One*, *The Mummy*, *Gremlins*, *The Omen*, five *Star Trek* movies, three *Rambo* movies, *Poltergeist*, *Alien*, and the 1968 movie version of *Planet of the Apes*. 

He has won an 1 Academy Award, 5 Emmy Awards, 1 Annie Award, and 1 Saturn Award. His career began in 1951. and would last up until his death in 2004. 

Goldsmith was born on February 10, 1929 in Los Angeles, California and also studied at the University of Southern California and at the Los Angeles City College. 

Goldsmith has been married to Sharon Hennagin from 1950 until they divorced in 1970. Goldsmith lastly married Carol Heather from 1972 until his death in 2004. He has five children, one of his sons, Joel Goldsmith, died in 2012. 

Goldsmith died on July 21, 2004 in his home in Beverly Hills, California from colon cancer, aged 75.

Influences
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Goldsmith stated composers like
Igor Stravinsky, Edward Elger, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Jakob Gimpel, Richard Wagner, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Ludwig Von Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Thomas Tallis, Alban Berg, Gustav Holst, Elmer Bernstein, Alfred Newman, Miklós Róza, Henry Mancini, Buddy Baker, Leigh Harline, Oliver Wallace, Frank Churchill, Max Stiener, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Alex North, Bela Bartok, Carl W. Stalling, Franz Waxman, Leonard Rosenman, Raymond Scott and Lalo Schifrin as influences.
Venn diagram of various terms in the British Isles
The **British Isles** are an archipelago (a group of islands) in north-western Europe. They have a long geographical and geological history. The first people were in Britain by 800,000 years ago (Happisburgh footprints).

The biggest islands are called Great Britain and Ireland, followed by the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight and Anglesey. Great Britain, the biggest island, is home to three countries. These are England, Wales and Scotland. The island of Ireland is divided into Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Great Britain is the biggest island of Europe and Ireland is the third biggest.

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom.

Some people include the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark in the term "British Isles", but they are a lot closer to France than to Great Britain. In politics, they are British islands but in geology they are French islands.

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the larger island in the 2nd century AD.

Deep history
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Unlike many island groups (Japan, Hawaii), the British Isles were once part of the supercontinent Laurasia. This means the island has all the rocks of a supercontinent, and none of the problems which limit volcanic island chains such as Japan, or Hawaii for example. Britain has all the resources of a supercontinent, and was a net exporter of minerals as far back as Roman times. Oceanic island chains, by contrast, are limited in their supply of metals and rare elements, because of their volcanic origins.
Lorre in 1946
**Peter Lorre** (born was **Ladislav (László) Löwenstein**, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor.

Biography
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Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie called "M". Lorre played the role of a serial killer who murders children. This was Lorre's first big role that brought him lots of attention.

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called *The Man Who Knew Too Much*. When Lorre was hired for this role, he only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.

In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA), where he acted in many movies. He usually played foreign characters. Some of Lorre's most famous movie roles are Joel Cairo in *The Maltese Falcon* (1941), Ugarte in *Casablanca* (1942), and Dr. Einstein in *Arsenic and Old Lace* (1944).

Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934–13 March 1945, divorced), Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945–1950, divorced), and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953–23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953–1985).

He died of a stroke in Los Angeles on March 23, 1964.

Related pages
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* Film noir

Other websites
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* Peter Lorre on IMDb
* The Peter Lorre Library of Sound
* The Peter Lorre Companion Archived 2011-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
**Misogyny** is the hatred of women, or the belief that women should be kept down at a lower place in society, under the control of men. Using sexist ideas and violence against women, misogyny punishes women who try to rise in society. A society or a system that sets men above women is called patriarchy. Misogyny supports patriarchy by constantly keeping women under men. Sometimes misogyny rewards women for accepting a lower place.

Misogyny is a very old idea. It can be seen in stories, religion, laws, and customs around the world. It is both a belief held by individuals, and a social custom or system. A **misogynist** is a person who hates women. Misogynists may hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. Some misogynists claim to love women, or certain women, while keeping them at a lower place.

When women practice misogyny on themselves or each other, this is called *internalized misogyny*. Women who have internalized misogyny may view other women as an enemy. This may damage friendships among women.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

Related pages
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* Sexism
* Violence against women
Dr Mukhmohit Singh, MBBS, MD (Community Medicine) is a faculty for training students for PSM subject for various entrance exams across and outside India. To his credit, he has clinical-cum-research experience of working as Medical officer in corporate hospitals, as well as clinical research student for projects in PGIMER, Chandigarh.

Career
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His association with Smt. VidyaVati Trust, has been instrumental in providing care and innovations in health care as medical record system update, use of tele-medicine for diagnostics, mobile health units and drug dispensing systems for patient facility has been the real life practical examples for affordable and accessible health care for our country settings.

He also has vast array of field and community experience while working as Epidemiologist for UT Administration, Chandigarh and further as Assistant professor (epidemiology) in the department of community medicine for teaching and training of the under-graduate MBBS students.

Awards
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Mukhmohit Singh has been awarded with Gold sponsorship award for work on COPD at the prestigious European respiratory society under the young research category. He has also been awarded the certificates for successful completion of Diploma course for advancements and management plans for diabetes in India, for thyroid disorders and Advance Epidemiology programs

He has contributed to research in fields of pulmonary medicine, providing accessible health care, and has various papers published in national and international journals. He is also an active member of various organisations as ERS, RSSDI, IAPSM, IPHA.

Dr. Mukhmohit has been involved with Medical and Nursing Graduate and post graduate education since 2011 and has taught over 10,000+ students with a very high success rate. He is also an international faculty for epidemiology and public health for teaching medical doctors in USA and Canada for Licensing Exams.

Schooling
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1. TAFS, Delhi
2. Guru Nanak Public School, Chandigarh
3. DAV Sr Secondary School, Chandigarh

Medical education
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1. MBBS, Medical University, Pleven
2. MD, MM University. Haryana
3. Health sciences Dip in Diabetes, Annamalai University,Tamil Nadu

Works
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1. Junior Resident, GMSH-16, Chandigarh
2. Medical Officer, Medicare, Chandigarh
3. Medical Officer, Alchemist hospitals, Haryana
4. Clinical research associate, PGIMER, Chandigarh
5. Admin, National Institute of Medical Education (private)
6. Epidemiologist, IDSP, Health Department, UT Chandigarh
7. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine