recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
The **artichoke** or **globe artichoke** (*Cynara scolymus*) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. They first came from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean and have been cultivated for food for over 2,000 years. 
The thick scales and bottom parts of the young flower heads can be eaten. They are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the young flower head is called a heart.

The artichoke plant has a tall, spiky stalk with large, spiky leaves and a large flower head. The edible portion of the artichoke is the flower bud, which is picked before it has a chance to fully bloom. They are often served boiled or grilled, and the leaves can be pulled off and the soft, fleshy part at the base of the leaf can be eaten. The heart of the artichoke, which is the center of the flower bud, is considered the most desirable part and is often stuffed or served with a dip.

Artichokes are a good source of fiber, vitamins C and K, and minerals such as magnesium and potassium. They also contain antioxidants and have been shown to have potential health benefits such as improving digestion and liver function and reducing cholesterol levels.

Artichokes can be enjoyed in a variety of dishes, both savory and sweet. They are a popular ingredient in appetizers, salads, pasta dishes, and dips. They can also be pickled, preserved in oil, or used to make artichoke hearts, a common ingredient in antipasto platters. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable, artichokes are also used to flavor liqueurs such as Cynar and Fernet-Branca.

Artichokes are grown in Mediterranean countries, as well as in the United States. They are usually grown in warm, dry climates and are harvested in the spring and early summer.

Description
-----------

It grows to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green leaves 50–82 cm long. The flowers develop in a large head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. It is a source of vitamins.

Artichokes on sale in Bury market
Jerusalem artichokes are a different plant.
**John Linton Gardner**, (born Manchester, 2 March 1917; died Liss, Hampshire, 12 December 2011) was an English composer of classical music. He is particularly remembered for his church music, especially for his setting of the carol *Tomorrow shall be my dancing day*.

Early life and education
------------------------

Gardner was born in Manchester, England and brought up in Ilfracombe, North Devon. His father was a doctor and amateur composer who was killed while fighting at the end of the First World War. 

Gardner went to school at Eagle House and Wellington College and studied at Exeter College, Oxford. He enjoyed jazz, but concentrated on classical music and soon started to compose. An *Intermezzo for Organ* was published by Oxford University Press in 1936. In the same year he got an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford. He got to know the composer Arthur Benjamin and dedicated his *Rhapsody for Oboe and String Quartet* (1935) to him. At Oxford he became friendly with Theodor Adorno with whom he played piano duets.

Career
------

Gardner went to Repton School to teach music, but after two terms World War II started and he joined the RAF. He conducted the RAF band and played the piano for the dance band. He enjoyed playing jazz and started a swing band. Later in the war he was a navigator in the fighting.

After the war Gardner got a job as repetiteur at the Royal Opera House. He rejected all the music he had composed (although he did not throw it away) and started again by calling his next piece his opus 1. His First Symphony was numbered opus 2. It was a mature work and made him famous. He resigned from his job at the opera house and he had time to concentrate on composing. He wrote *Cantiones Sacrae* for the Three Choirs Festival in 1952 and an opera *The Moon and Sixpence* which was performed at Sadler’s Well in 1957. 

In 1956 he was invited by Thomas Armstrong to teach at the Royal Academy of Music. For 30 years he was professor of harmony and counterpoint there. A few years later he also had a part-time job as Director of Music at St Paul's Girls' School in London, where Gustav Holst and Herbert Howells had taught. 

Gardner wrote a lot of music for his pupils and also worked on holiday programs. He composed a total of about 300 works. The carol *Tomorrow shall be my Dancing Day* is particularly famous. It has a lively rhythm with time signatures that keep changing.

Awards
------

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976.

Personal life
-------------

He married in 1955 and had one son and two daughters.

Other websites and references
-----------------------------

* John Gardner at Oxford University Press
* John Gardner official website
* "John Gardner - Obituary, The Independent, 26 Dec 2011 p.47.

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Skeletal mount of *Pachycephalosaurus*
The **Pachycephalosaurs** are a group of ornithopod dinosaurs in the suborder Cerapoda. Their thick round skulls were used for defence and, probably, for mating contests. They were bipedal herbivores.

In some species, the skull roof is domed and several inches thick; in others it is flat or wedge-shaped.The flat-headed pachycephalosaurs are usually regarded as distinct species or even families, but they may be juveniles of dome-headed adults. The domes were often surrounded by nodes and/or spikes.

There is evidence of head-butting in pachycephalosaurs. Of 100 domes studied, 20 percent showed signs of healed injuries. The pathologies included pitting where the bone had become infected from wounds that originated in the skin. These findings suggest that pachycephalosaurids may have been using their heads for both display and defence as many modern animals do.

Competition for mates is the usual reason why adult males fight. Competition for territory is another possibility. There are many examples of both in mammalian fighting. And the head could be used as defence against predators.

Incidentally, these thick head shields are called the *parietosquamosal shelf*.

Genera
------

### Family Pachycephalosauridae

* *Acrotholus*
* *Amtocephale*
* *Dracorex*
* *Gravitholus*
* *Micropachycephalosaurus*
* *Pachycephalosaurus*
* *Prenocephale*
* *Sphaerotholus*
* *Stegoceras*
* *Stygimoloch*
* *Tylocephale*
* *Wannanosaurus*

### Tribe Pachycephalosaurini

* *Pachycephalosaurus*
**The Blues Band** is a British blues band. The band was formed in 1979 by veteran musicians of British blues of the 1960s.

Band history
------------

The band was formed in 1979. 
class="wikitable "
In the 1960s Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness played for Manfred Mann. Jones worked also as actor and radio DJ.As a harmonica man, he has performed publicly and/or recorded with Memphis Slim, Alexis Korner, Henry Gray, Alvin "Youngblood" Hart, Susan Tedeschi, Eric Bibb and Otis Grand. Hughie Flint was the drummer of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Together with McGuinness he later formed McGuiness Flint who had a hit with "When I´m dead and gone". Dave Kelly was guitarist in the John Dummer Blues Band and in the touring bands of Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. They played together mostly in London pubs just for fun about playing rhythm ´n blues.

Their first album *"The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album"* raised no interest with record labels, so they sold it during concerts and via mail order. The record was a fine mixture of blues standards and own songs. Arista signed with the band and the album reached #40 in the charts. 1982 Hughie Flint left the band and was replaced by Rob Townsend. In 1983 they parted but they came together soon.

When not playing with the Blues Band Jones, McGuinness and Townsend are playing with *"The Manfreds*". The band can be seen as the 1960s Manfred Mann Band without the leader. Dave Kelly plays often with his *"The Dave Kelly Band*".

By playing a lot of concerts all over Europe they had and still have a lot of fans. Till present they recorded over 20 albums. It is said, that three generations of a family can be seen in their concerts.

Discography(album)
------------------

* 1980: The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album
* 1980: Ready
* 1981: Itchy Feet
* 1982: Brand Loyalty
* 1983: Bye Bye Blues (Live)
* 1986: These Kind of Blues
* 1989: Back for More
* 1991: Fat City
* 1993: Homage
* 1995: Wireless
* 1996: Live at the BBC
* 1997: 18 Years Old & Alive
* 1999: The Best of the Blues Band (USA)
* 2000: Brassed Up
* 2001: Scratchin' on My Screen
* 2002: Stepping Out
* 2004: Be My Guest
* 2004: The Official Gary Fletcher Bootleg Album (demos)
* 2005: Blues Band Box (4-CD-Kompilation)
* 2005: These Kind of Blues
* 2006: Thank You Brother Ray
* 2009: Live!
* 2009: Wire Less

Singles
-------

* Come on in/The Blues Band Song (1980)
* Find yourself another Fool/SUS Blues (1980)
* Nadine/That's all right (1980)
* Who's right, who's wrong?/Itchy Feet (1981)
* Come on/Green Stuff (1981)
* Take me Home/So bad (1982)
* Hey Hey Little Girl/SUS Blues (1982) - limitierte live single
* Seemed like a good Idea/Rolling Log (1982)
* Blue Collar/Duisburg Blues (1989)

DVD
---

* Across Borders -Live (2004)
* Steppin' Out on Main (2005)

Quotes
------

* "The music industry doesn’t bother us and we don’t bother them." (Gary Fletcher)

Reading
-------

* Roy Bainton: *Talk to Me Baby - The Story of the Blues Band*, Firebird Books, ISBN 1-85314201-8

Other websites
--------------

* *The Blues Band*
* *The Blues Band* Rockpalast-Archiv (German)
* Homepage Gary Fletcher
**Bill Bowerman** (February 19, 1911 - December 24, 1999) was an American track and field coach at the University of Oregon. Bowerman was born in Portland, Oregon. He went to high school in Medford, Oregon. After high school, he was a student at the University of Oregon where he played football and ran track and field.

Military career
---------------

Bowerman joined the United States Army after the Pearl Harbor attack. He was part of the 10th Mountain Division of the army. Bowerman's job was to organize the supplies that the soldiers needed. He received the rank of Major during World War II. Bowerman was given four Bronze Stars, a Good Conduct Medal, and a Silver Star. He was honorably discharged in October 1945.

Coaching career
---------------

After the war, Bowerman coached track and field at the University of Oregon. He did this for twenty-four years. His teams won four national championships in the NCAA while he was a coach. Some of his most famous athletes were Steve Prefontaine, Kenny Moore, Mac Wilkins, and Phil Knight. Bowerman also coached the United States Olympics team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany.

He wrote a book that first taught Americans about jogging. With Phil Knight, he started the Nike company. Bowerman helped design many of the first shoes that the company sold. He died on Christmas Eve in 1999 at the age of 88.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Bill Gallagher (June 2006). "Bowerman: The man, the legend and the new biography by Kenny Moore". *Brainstorm NW*.
2. ↑  Moore, p. 67-68
3. ↑  Moore, p. 77
4. ↑  Moore, p. 81

* Moore, Kenny (2006). *Bowerman and the Men of Oregon*. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale. ISBN 978-1594861901.
Pecorino Romano**Pecorino cheese** (or simply **Pecorino**) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk. The word *pecora*, from which the name comes from, means *sheep*. Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.

Types
-----

Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto. 

Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany, Pecorino Siciliano (or **Picurinu Sicilianu** in Sicilian) from Sicily and **Pecorino di Filiano** from Basilicata. All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured. The more matured cheeses, referred to as **stagionato**, are harder and have a stronger flavour. Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into *Pecorino Sardo* to produce a local delicacy called *casu marzu*.

Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan). Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as *pasta all'amatriciana*.
Austria national football team in 1958 with the following players – from left to right, standing; Walter Horak, Ernst Happel, Karl Koller, Alfred Körner, Paul Halla, Walter Schleger; crouched: Helmut Senekowitsch, Gerhard Hanappi, Rudolf Szanwald, Franz Swoboda and Johann Buzek.
Dr. **Walter Schleger** (19 September 1929 – 3 December 1999) was an Austrian football player. He played as forward for Wiener Sport-Club and FK Austria Wien. He also played in the Austrian national football team. After his football career he was University professor for animal breeding, genetics and cynology at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna.

Club career
-----------

Schleger began his career in Sparta Prague, where he played in their youth team. After he went to Vienna he played for Wiener Sportclub (1949–1951) and Austria Wien (1951–1964).

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Austria on 
23 September 1951 in a friendly match against West Germany. He was a participant at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1958 FIFA World Cup. His last match was on 
16 September 1962 versus Czechoslowakia. He earned 22 caps, scoring one goal.

Honours
-------

* **Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):**
	+ 1953, 1961, 1962, 1963
* **Austrian Cup (3):**
	+ 1960, 1962, 1963

University career
-----------------

After the end of his football career, the veterinarian, who earned his doctorate in 1956, turned to animal breeding, genetics and cynology. He qualified as a professor in 1973. In 1976 he became head of the Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. From 1977 to 1996 he also headed the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Immuno- and Cytogenetic Research. He set up this scientific research facility. From 1983 to 1985 he was rector of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna.Geschichte Wiki Wien He retired as a university professor in 1991.

Other websites
--------------

* Austria Wien archive (in German)
* Walter Schleger at National-Football-Teams.com
**Mabel Alabama-Pearl McVey** (born 19 February 1996), is an English singer and songwriter based in London. 

She is the daughter of Swedish singer Neneh Cherry and English record producer Cameron McVey. Her step-grandfather is American jazz trumpeter Don Cherry. She is the half-sister of singer Marlon Roudette.

Mabel's career began in 2015 with her debut single, *"Know Me Better"*. It was discovered by BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac, who made it the "Tune of the Week" on her program.

In May 2017, she released *"Finders Keepers"*, a song featuring English rapper Kojo Funds, which reached the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. Later the same year, she released her debut EP *"Bedroom"*, as well as a mixtape, *"Ivy to Roses"*. In 2018, she was featured on *"Ring Ring"* alongside American rapper Rich the Kid and English DJ Jax Jones.

In January 2019, she was nominated for British Breakthrough Act at the 39th Brit Awards. On 7 June 2019, she released "Mad Love", the second single from her debut studio album, *High Expectations*. The song debuted at number 18 in the UK, later peaking at number 8.

In June 2022, she performed at Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee concert.
The **Sino-Soviet split** (1956-1966) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.

Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev in 1957
The Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang, and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.

The split
---------

Suddenly, in 1953, Stalin died. Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin. He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did. Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists. Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.

Later, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other. They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory.
A statue of Gollum.
**Gollum** is a Hobbit from *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*. He is a minor antagonist of *The Hobbit* and a secondary antagonist of *The Lord of the Rings*.

Fictional biography
-------------------

Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
-------------------------------------------

In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

Other media
-----------

Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

Reception
---------

His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.
***Minecraft Dungeons*** is a game released in 2020 by Mojang Studios. Unlike the normal Minecraft, you can not jump, build, and mine in Minecraft Dungeons. In this game, you can only attack mobs and use artifacts.

Gameplay
--------

In this game, you cannot build, mine, and jump. This game focuses on attacking mobs. An object called the Orb of Dominance is a pink circled object which sounds like an enderman. This ender object was from the End dimension, and created monsters and bosses. Players explore an open world with lots of dungeons containing monsters, bosses, blocks, puzzles, and secret areas in the game. This game player limit is 4 players, and has an online game.

Downloadable contents
---------------------

This game has 6 downloadable contents, and also contains mobs, puzzles, blocks, and secrets. The downloadable contents are:

* "Jungle Awakens" - takes place in a jungle.
* "Creeping Winter" - takes place in a snowy tundra.
* "Howling Peaks" - takes place in the mountains.
* "Flames of the Nether - takes place in the Nether dimension, and the only Minecraft Dungeons DLC without a final boss fight.
* "Hidden Depths" - takes place in an ocean.
* "Echoing Void" - takes place in the End dimension.

Jungle Awakens, Creeping Winter, Howling Peaks, Hidden Depths, and Echoing Void has final bosses. The Flames of the Nether is the only DLC in the game without a final boss, because of a lack of the Orb of Dominance. The final boss in the Echoing Void DLC is the true final boss of Minecraft Dungeons, because it is the true final victim of the Orb of Dominance.

  


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Portrait of Cabot
Newfoundland Postage stamp, 1897 issue
**John Cabot** (Italian: ***Giovanni Caboto***, (1449 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer. In 1497, sailing westward from England in his ship *Matthew*, he landed in what he thought was Asia. In fact he came to North America, in what is now eastern Canada, which he claimed for King Henry VII. he landed in what is now known as Bonavista, Newfoundland. A town in the most eastern province of Canada. He died in England in 1499.

Early years
-----------

Giovanni Caboto (his Italian name) was probably born in Genoa about 1469. Most of his early life was not written about because so much of his history is missing. When he was still young, his family moved over to Venice. Venice was a much larger seaport than Genoa and at the time was the most important in all of Europe. Growing up there, he learned a great deal about sailing and the sea. Cabot became a very excellent sailor. His father was a trader and taught Giovanni (John) all about the spice trade.

Cabot married a young woman named Mattea (female form of the name Matthew) in about 1474. They had three sons, who Cabot taught to sail, and they also became great sailors. By this time he was a merchant and traveled widely. He and his family then moved to the port of Bristol, England about 1495.

Voyage to North America
-----------------------

He set sail from Bristol. Cabot sailed across the North Atlantic in about 70 weeks. His ship, the *Matthew* had a crew of 69 men. During the voyage they saw enormous quantities of cod fish. Fishermen would soon follow to take advantage of the rich fishing of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
**Kalawila Vithanage Pasindu Kavinda Kumara** is an Sri Lankan translator and the founder of Sri Lankan Language Research Center. He is well known among the Sri Lankan people for the effort he done to make Sinhala language available to many platforms, including Facebook.

  

Besides translating, Kumara is also interested in foreign languages, especially Hindi. Pasindu Kumara was born at Castle Street Hospital in Sri Lanka but now he lives in Singapore.

Early life
----------

Pasindu Kumara was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He went to Hewavitharana Maha Vidyalaya.

Facebook in Sinhala
-------------------

In 2014, Facebook was used over millions of Sri Lankan people but it was lacking the of support in native language Sinhala and Pasindu saw an opportunity to transform the Facebook platform into Sinhala language, which was used by the millions of Sri Lankan users by the time, but it was a very difficult work at first. He decided to make a request to Facebook that saying Sinhala language was used by millions of users in Sri Lanka but it lacks support for Sinhala, and it was acepted by Facebook Translations Team in February 2014. Pasindu started to translate Facebook into Sinhala in March and he was finally able to complete the translation by May, then he requested the team to publish and make the language available to Sinhala users worldwide. He was featured in many newspapers and media back in 2014 for the work his done for the Sinhala language community.

Personal life
-------------

Pasindu enjoys translating.

Related pages
-------------

* Sinhala language
* Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook
**Morges** is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges. The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.

These are the municipalities in Morges:

* Aclens
* Bremblens
* Buchillon
* Bussigny-près-Lausanne
* Bussy-Chardonney
* Chavannes-près-Renens
* Chigny
* Clarmont
* Colombier
* Denens
* Denges
* Echandens
* Echichens
* Ecublens
* Etoy
* Lavigny
* Lonay
* Lully
* Lussy-sur-Morges
* Monnaz
* Morges
* Préverenges
* Reverolle
* Romanel-sur-Morges
* Saint-Prex
* Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges
* Saint-Sulpice
* Tolochenaz
* Vaux-sur-Morges
* Villars-Sainte-Croix
* Villars-sous-Yens
* Vufflens-le-Château
* Vullierens
* Yens

Geography
---------

The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi). Of this area, 205.69 km2 (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km2 (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.The remaining area, 38.25 km2 (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km2 (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.
17th century view of the estate of Saint Cloud by Étienne Allegrain
The **Château de Saint Cloud** was a château in Paris, France. It was sometimes called the **Palace of Saint Cloud**. It was burned down during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was once a private property of Queen Marie Antoinette. Since December 2006, there has been a movement to rebuild the Château de Saint-Cloud.

Early history
-------------

Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans who bought the property. A descendant of his was Queen Marie Antoinette, who later bought the estate.
The building was originally called the "*he Hôtel d'Aulnay*". In the 16h century, it was expanded into a château by the Gondi banking family. The estate was in the hands of the Gondi family till 1658. At that time it was bought by Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV of France. The estate remained the personal property of the descendants of Philippe of France. It was a country residence, as opposed to the Palais Royal in the center of Paris.

Queen Marie Antoinette
----------------------

After negotiating for a long time, the Château de Saint-Cloud was bought in 1785 by Louis XVI. He bought it for Marie Antoinette. She thought that the air of Saint-Cloud would be good for her children. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who had not visited the château since his morganatic marriage to his mistress Madame de Montesson, sold it for 6,000,000 livres. Marie Antoinette started changing Saint-Cloud in 1787-1788. She used her preferred architect Richard Mique. He had also decorated parts of the Palace of Versailles for the queen.

Emperor Napoléon III
--------------------

During the Second Empire, Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie held their imperial court at Saint-Cloud during the spring and the autumn. There was also a reception for Queen Victoria in honour of her 1855 visit to France. In 1859, a model railway was built in the private park. It was built for Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the 3-year-old son of emperor Napoléon III,.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Château de Saint-Cloud***.

* *Napoléon III et la reine Victoria. Une visite à l’Exposition Universelle de 1855*[*permanent dead link*]
* Official site of the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud

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* **Versailles** (including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon)

* Palais du Louvre
* Palais Royal
* Palais des Tuileries
* Palais du Luxembourg
* Blois
* Chambord
* Choisy
* Compiègne
* Fontainebleau
* Marly
* Meudon
* La Muette
* Saint Cloud
* Saint Germain en Laye

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**Panvel** also known as *Gateway of Konkan* is a city and taluka (administrative region) in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. This area has a high population density primarily because of its proximity to Mumbai. For the purposes of development and planning, Panvel falls under the jurisdiction of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region authority. It's worth noting that Panvel Municipal Corporation is the first municipal corporation in Raigad and the 27th municipal corporation in the state of Maharashtra.

Location
--------

Panvel is located about 40 kilometers east of Greater Mumbai, within the administrative boundaries of Navi Mumbai. The town is nestled amidst the Western Ghats, providing it with a scenic backdrop. This geographic positioning gives Panvel easy access to Mumbai while also offering proximity to the natural beauty of the Western Ghats. Panvel's location serves as a link between urban and rural landscapes, making it a notable destination for residents and tourists interested in exploring the region's diverse offerings.
**Dian Fossey** (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is best known for studying gorillas in Rwanda.

Fossey was inspired by a book called *The Mountain Gorilla* by George Schaller. Fossey studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda because of the book. When people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. Fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. She wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. Hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. She also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. She is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. The movie is called *Gorillas in the Mist*. Her book, also named *Gorillas in the Mist*, is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.

She is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.

Early life
----------

Fossey was born in San Francisco. She was an only child. She was very lonely as a child. Her parents divorced when she was six years old. Fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.

Education
---------

She attended the University of California in Davis. At college she was in a veterinary program. She transferred schools to San Jose State University after two years. Fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. She became a very good horseback rider in college. She worked at a hospital in Kentucky for disabled children. Fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. She decided to travel to Africa to study gorillas. She met Louis Leakey who is a famous anthropologist. Leakey hired Fossey to study gorillas. Fossey observed gorillas for many years. Fossey later earned a PhD from Cambridge College in England. The PhD was for her gorilla research.

Assassination
-------------

Fossey was found dead in her house on December 26, 1985 at the age of 53. Reports think that she was killed by poachers. Her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas.

Legacy
------

Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. She was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. Her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species. Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, harmed or killed for meat.

> When you realize the value of all life, you dwell less on what is past and concentrate more on the preservation of the future.
> 
> — The last words in Fossey's journal
**Alexandre François Marie, Viscount of Beauharnais** (28 May 1760 — 23 July 1794) was a French politician and general during the French Revolution. He was the first husband of Joséphine de Beauharnais, who later became Empress of the French through her marriage to Napoleon.

Early Life
----------

Beauharnais was born in Fort-Royal (now Fort-de-France), Martinique. He was the son of a governor, François de Beauharnais, Marquess de la La Ferté-Beauharnais, and his wife Marie Anne Henriette Françoise Pyvart de Chastullé. Beauharnais’ parents decided that it would be a good idea to arrange him to marry someone. And so he did on On 13 December 1779, in Paris to the 16 year old Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. There marriage was not happy as Beauharnais said he was only marrying *because his father forced him to do so.* They had 2 children together, Eugène and Hortense.

Career
------

Beauharnais fought in Louis XVI’s army during the American Revolutionary War. He represented the French nobility in the Estates-General and was president of the National Constituent Assembly from June 19, 1791 to July 3, 1791 and again from 31 July to 14 August 1791. He was then made a general in 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1793, he refused to become Minister of War. Later the same year, he was named General-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine.

Death
-----

On 2 March 1794, the Committee of General Safety ordered his arrest, accusing him of poorly defending Mainz during the siege of 1793, and because he was a part of the nobility. He was jailed at Carmes Prison and was sentenced to death during the Reign of Terror. His wife, Joséphine was arrested in the same prison on 21 April 1794. Joséphine survived, but Beauharnais was guillotined, together with his cousin Augustin, on the Place de la Révolution, only a week before the trial and execution of Maximilien Robespierre.
***The War of the Roses*** is a 1989 American black comedy film based upon the 1981 novel of the same name by Warren Adler. The film follows a wealthy couple with a seemingly perfect marriage. When their marriage begins to fall apart, material possessions become the center of an outrageous and bitter divorce battle.

The film co-stars Alec Baldwin, Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. DeVito directed the film, which also had producer James L. Brooks working on a project outside of *The Simpsons*. The opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass and Elaine Makatura Bass.

In both the novel and the film, the married couple's family name is Rose, and the title is an allusion to the battles between the warring Houses of York and Lancaster who were contending for the English throne during the late Middle Ages. In Germany, the film was such a huge success that its German title *Der Rosenkrieg* became synonymous with high-conflict divorce and is now regularly used in the media.

Cast
----

* Alec Baldwin as Oliver Rose
* Kathleen Turner as Barbara Rose
* Danny DeVito as Gavin D'Amato
* Marianne Sägebrecht as Susan
* Rob Paulsen as Gavin's client
* River Phoenix as 17-year-old Josh Rose
* Trenton Teigen as 10-year-old Josh Rose
* Heather Fairfield as 17-year-old Carolyn Rose
* G.D. Spradlin as Harry Thurmont
* Peter Donat as Jason Larrabee
* David Wohl as Dr. Gordon
* Shirley Mitchell as Mrs. Dewitt
* Peter Hansen as Mr. Marshall
**Dignitas** is a Swiss group that helps people with assisted suicide. This means that, if a person is very ill and wants to die, the doctors and nurses help them to end their life. Only people who have a terminal illness or very bad physical or mental illnesses are allowed to be helped. The patients must be able to understand what is happening and decide for themselves that death is what they want.

Dignitas was started in 1998 by Ludwig Minelli, a Swiss lawyer. The law in Switzerland says that someone can help in an assisted suicide so long as they do not have any self-interest (for example, so long as they are not going to inherit money from the person who dies). The doctor has to meet the person on two occasions and make sure that the person really does wish to die. There must be evidence for this, i.e. the patient has to sign a paper, and two witnesses have to sign to say they saw the patient signing. If the patient is too ill to sign, a video film can be made. The patient is asked several times whether that is what they want. If everyone is absolutely sure, then he or she is given a drug which will kill them.

Some people travel from other countries such as Britain to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland so that they can be helped to die. For example, the rugby player Daniel James, who was 23, had a terrible injury to his spine which left him paralysed from his chest down, travelled there with his parents to die. In 2009 the British conductor Edward Downes and his wife both travelled to Dignitas where they died together.

Other websites
--------------

* Dignitas website (In German) ()
The gravitational redshift of a light wave as it moves up and away from a gravitational field. The effect is greatly exaggerated in this image
In physics and general relativity, we have something called **gravitational redshift**. It's like this: Imagine you have light (photons), moving away from a place with very strong gravity, like a star or a black hole. As these photons move away, they look like they are losing energy. This makes them look like they have a lower frequency and longer wavelength, which we call a redshift because this moves light to the red part of the spectrum.

But, if photons move towards a place with strong gravity, like towards a star or black hole, they look like they are gaining more energy. This is called **gravitational blueshift**, and it's like moving light towards the blue end of the spectrum.

There are two main ways to explain gravitational redshift and blueshift. One way connects it to the equivalence principle, which says that gravity and acceleration are kinda the same thing. If you think of it this way, the redshift happens because of something called the Doppler effect.

Another way to think about it involves the concept of mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²). The basic idea is that when photons move into a stronger gravitational field, they gain energy. This gain in energy makes them look bluer. But when they move away from the gravitational field, they lose energy. This loss in energy makes them look redder.

Now, don't expect to see lots of redshift in everyday life because gravitational redshifts are very small most of the time. For example, sunlight that escapes from the Sun gets redshifted by a teeny tiny amount, and GPS signals from satellites experience a tiny blueshift. But it's still important to think about these effects for precise measurements, especially in things like GPS technology.

In astronomy, when we talk about these shifts, we often describe them as equivalent velocities. So, the sunlight redshift is like saying the light looks like it is moving away at a certain speed, but it's super tiny. The redshift is only much bigger when you look at objects with strong gravity, like black holes.

Scientists use these gravitational redshifts to test Einstein's theory of relativity and even look for dark matter. It's an interesting concept that helps us understand the effects of gravity on light and the universe around us.
The **National Fascist Party** was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. It was a far-right party and followed the ideology of fascism.

Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:*Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista*) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the **National Fascist Party** was destroyed.

Later parties
-------------

### Republican Fascist Party

However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created **Republican Fascist Party**) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the **Republican Fascist Party** was dissolved and banned after World War 2 ended in 1945 .


1. ↑  Smith, Denis Mack (1983). *Mussolini*. New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 43, 44. ISBN 0394716582.
2. ↑  Raniolo, Francesco (2013). *I partiti politici*. Roma: Editori Laterza. pp. 116–117.
Peter Scott in 1954
Statue of Sir Peter Scott at the Wetlands Wildfowl Trust: London Wetland Centre.

Sir **Peter Markham Scott** CH CBE DSC and Bar FRS (London, 14 September 1909 – Bristol, 29 August 1989) was a British ornithologist, conservationist, painter, Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve officer and sportsman.

Scott was knighted in 1973 for his contribution to the conservation of wild animals. He had been a founder of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a founder of several wetlands bird sactuaries in Britain, and an influence on international conservation. He received the WWF Gold Medal, and the J. Paul Getty Prize for his work.

Early life
----------

Scott was born in London, the only child of Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott (*Scott of the Antarctic*) and sculptor Kathleen Bruce. He was two years old when his father died. Robert Scott, in a last letter to his wife, advised her to "make the boy interested in natural history if you can; it is better than games".

He was educated at Oundle School and Trinity College, Cambridge, at first taking Natural Sciences but graduating in the History of Art in 1931. After graduating, he studied art in Germany and London.

He had his first exhibition in London in 1933, and sold his first paintings. In 1935 he published *Morning Flight*, illustrated by himself. As a young man, Scott was not wealthy, and the income from his paintings was the basis of his life. The paintings themselves sold well, but most of the income came from books and reproductions. The reproductions, which were printed by Ankermann of Bond Street, are still selling well. From this 'income stream' Scott was able to keep a family, and buy some of the land he wanted for wildfowl refuges.

In the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, he represented Great Britain at sailing, winning a bronze medal in the smallest class of boat, the O-Jolle or dinghy.

### World War II

As war approached, in 1939, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In 1940 he was a in a Destroyer as a Lieutenant. After joining Coastal Forces he rose to Lieutenant-Commander and commanded a flotilla of Motor Gun Boats in the Channel. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with bar and an MBE (Military Division). In 1944 he was a Staff Officer and in March 1945 he was appointed Captain of the brand new Frigate HMS 'Cardigan Bay'.

After the war
-------------

In 1948, he founded the organisation with which he was ever afterwards closely associated, the Severn Wildfowl Trust (now the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust) with its headquarters at Slimbridge in Gloucestershire.

In the years that followed, he became a television personality, popularising the study of wildfowl and wetlands. His BBC natural history series, *Look*, ran from 1955 to 1981 and made him a household name. From 1973 to 1983, Scott was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham.

He was the founder President of the Society of Wildlife Artists and President of the Nature in Art Trust, (a role in which Philippa succeeded him).
The **Teufelsbrücke** (bridge of the devil) is a bridge over the river Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri.

First bridge
------------

Postcard - first and second bridge (until 1888)
The valley called *Schöllenenschlucht* is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass. However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss. 

The first bridge across the river was built in 1230. This was a wooden bridge. This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often. 

In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone. That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage. Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.

The first bridge was completely destroyed in a stormy night in 1888.

Second bridge
-------------

Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given. The construction of the bridge took 10 years.

Third bridge
------------

In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic. A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.

Myth of the creation of the bridge
----------------------------------

The second *Teufelsbrucke* (background) and the third one
Building the first bridge was very hard. According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself. The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge. So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge. Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called *Teufelsstein*, the devil's stone). He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces. On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross. Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.

The devil's stone weighs 2000 tons. 300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.

Popular belief has it that the moving of the stone was the cause of an increased number of accidents on kilometre 16 on the St. Gotthard road tunnel.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Teufelsbrücke in der Schöllenen***.
A set of balls, as they are used for Pétanque. 
Boulodrome in La Palmyre, France
Players examine the result of a competition
**Boules** is the name for a number of similar hand-games, which are played with heavy balls. In most cases, the aim of the game is to throw a ball, and to get it as close as possible to an object ball (small ball). Variants of these games include pétanque, which is popular in France, boccia from Italy, and bowls from Great Britain.

Today, these games are played with balls made of metal, which weight between 800 grams (28 oz) and 1,500 grams (53 oz).

History
-------

Such games have a long history. In the 5th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates of Kos recommended the game. It used stone balls at the time. Julius Pollux, a Greek scholar who lived in the 2nd century, described a game where bowls were thrown at a brick. Boule Lyonnaise, and boccia (soft pétanque) go back to this game. 

During the Middle Ages, the game was forbidden at various times. In the 17th century, some people wanted to promote games such as battledore and shuttlecock, and argued against boules which, at the time, was more popular.