recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Not to be confused with Line of Actual Control.
Coordinates: 34°56′N 76°46′E﻿ / ﻿34.933°N 76.767°E﻿ / 34.933; 76.767

The areas shown in green are the two areas controlled by Pakistan: Gilgit-Baltistan in the north and Jammu and Kashmir (JK) Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir. The diagonally-hatched area to the east is Aksai Chin, which is controlled by China.
The **Line of Control** (**LOC**) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is 740 km (460 mi) long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

Fencing
-------

India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently 550 km (340 mi) long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

Related pages
-------------

* Wagah
* Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
* Line of Actual Control
* Kashmir conflict
* Wakhan
* Border dispute
The **lion-tailed macaque** (*Macaca silenus*) is an Old World monkey.
It lives in the Western Ghats mountains of India.

Lion-tailed macaque in Anamalai hills
The hair of the Lion-tailed macaque is dark-brown or black.
There is a black tuft at the end of the tail, similar to a lion's tail. 
With a head-to-tail length of 45 to 60 cm and a weight of 3 to 10 kg, it is one of the smaller macaques.

It is a diurnal animal, active during the day.
It lives in the rainforest dweller.
It is a good climber and spends most of its life in the upper branches.
Unlike other macaques, it avoids humans.

The lion-tailed macaque is one of the rarest primates.
Many zoos take part in breeding programs to help this species survive. 
368 of these Macaque are reported to live in zoos.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Macaca silenus***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Macaca silenus***.

* The Knights of the Forest - Photo-essay of Lion-tailed macaque
* Lion-tailed macaque  from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all
**Marcelo Alberto Bonelli** (Born, October 8, 1955) is an Argentine political and economics journalist.

Biography
---------

He began his career in 1985 on El Trece. Since 2005 he has been the host of the morning news show Arriba Argentinos on Channel 13. He writes for the newspaper Clarín. He is a fan of Racing Club.

He has been awarded national and international prizes on various occasions: in 1997 he received the Konex Prize. In 1998 he received the **Ondas** Prize, awarded by Cadena Ser of Spain for the investigation carried out in the program **A Dos Voces** on the disappeared children in Argentina.

Controversies
-------------

On March 17, 2017, the newspaper Clarín published an article by Bonelli in which he stated that, during an interview between the former president of the Spanish government Felipe González and President Mauricio Macri, the former had told him that "no one is going to invest seriously in Argentina until Cristina's acts of corruption are judged and sentenced", after asking "When is Cristina going to go to jail?".

The former president responded by sending González and Macri two notes. He urged them to confirm what was stated in Bonelli's article, and considering that the Argentine president had the duty to reject demonstrations that "import unprecedented extortion and undue interference in internal affairs, in addition to the exclusive recourse of justice."

That day, González denied through his spokesman that the former President had maintained that position before the Argentine President, news that was published by the newspaper in a note by Bonelli himself, in which he insisted that what he had published was true. In the same sense, Felipe González spoke and asked the newspaper to clarify the situation, which the newspaper did not.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Marcelo Bonelli***.

* Fundación Konex
* La Nación Archived 2014-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
**Loes Brandt** (born 1900s) was a Dutch competitive swimmer and water polo player. She was a swimmer in the earliest era of women's competitive swimming during the early 20th-century. She was a member of swimming club "Hollandsche Dames Zwemclub" (HDZ) in Amsterdam and represented the Netherlands and her club internationally. She became with her club many times national water polo champion. At the 1922 Women's Olympiad she won the gold medal with water polo and the silver medal with the Dutch relay team. In swimming she was specialized in the breaststroke.

Career
------

### Sports career

Brandt played water polo in the early 20th-century with Hollandsche Dames Zwemclub. The London Ladies Waterpolo Club came to the Netherlands for swimming and water polo competitions in 1914. This was the first time a British water polo team played in the Netherlands. Brandt was selected as an attacker in the water polo match against the British team. HDZ lost the match with 3-2. One of the newspaper reports states that Brandt scored the second Dutch goal.

As of 1922 she was already ten times Dutch national champion. After 1922, she became again national champion in 1923, 1926, 1927, 1933 and 1934. She was named the best Dutch center forward. She had an "unstoppable" shot at goal.

Brandt at the 1922 Women's Olympiad
Brandt was selected to compete at the 1922 Women's Olympiad, the earliest women's international swimming championships in Monte Carlo. She was selected for the 200 m breatstroke event, the 4 x 50 m relay medley and to play with the Dutch team the Water polo at the 1922 Women's Olympiad.

Ahead of the Olympiad, preparation matches in the Netherlands were organized.

At the Olympiad she won the silver medal with the Dutch relay team in the 4 x 50 m relay medley event, where she swam the 50 m breaststroke. In the 200 m breaststroke event she was eliminated in the heats.

Brandt was the captain of the earliest Netherlands women's national water polo team at the Olympiad. She became with the team champion after winning the decisive match against the British team. They won with 6–0. Brandt scored one of the goals.

Ahead of the 1926 international swimming and water polo meeting against Germany, Brandt was selected to join the central trainings. In 1927 she went with her club HDZ to London for international water polo matches.

### Commissions

Brandt was also active in multiple swimming commissions. In 1923 she became a member of the training commission of the Hollandsche Dames Zwemclub. She was re-elected in 1925. In March 1926 Brandt was chosen by the Dutch national swimming federation to become a member of the Dutch commission for the 1928 Summer Olympics where she was responsible for swimming.

Other websites
--------------

* 1934 image with Brandt
The **Korea baseball organization** (KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO’s main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong (Korean: 도곡동), Kang-nam ku (강남구), Seoul (서울), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 10 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, Nexen Heroes, NC Dinos, and KT Wiz.

Korean league
-------------

Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.

Organizaion
-----------

The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

Other websites
--------------

* KBO history page[*permanent dead link*]
* BaseballGuru.com
Kaesong in 2015
**Kaesong** (UK: /keɪˈsɒŋ/ *kay-SONG*, US: /keɪˈsɔːŋ, ˈkeɪsɔːŋ, ˈɡeɪsʌŋ/ *kay-SAWNG, KAY-sawng, GAY-sung*, Korean: [kɛsʌŋ]) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea. It was the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea.

During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, "Kaijō". Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control. 

The 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's close distance to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run Kaesong Industrial Region.

As of 2009, the city had a population of 192,578.

In 2019, a large portion of Kesong was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site called the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. The palaces, tombs, observatory, and other buildings in this site show the history of the Koryo Dynasty.
**Korea Presbyterian Theological Seminary** (Hangul: 한국장로회신학교; Hanja: 韓國長老會神學校; RR: **Hanguk Jangrohoe sinhakgyo**) is a seminary in Seoul, South Korea. It was founded on 17 January 2012.

History
-------

The seminary was created in January 2012, as an Orthodox Presbyterian Seminary. It was the only training institution for pastor candidates of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea. The main programs of the Seminary's non-degree courses of Master of Divinity equivalent (M.Div. Equiv, M.Div. Equiv. in Missiology Language.) are open. A laity leadership program, pastor refresher courses and Bible Academy were established.

Features
--------

Distinctive features of the seminary include historical orthodox Presbyterian church and Reformed churchs and a small number of apprenticeships.

Applicants are selected through a screening process. They must have at least a bachelor's degree from a regular university. All students receive free tuition.

Founder and chancellor Rev. Seung-moo Ha[*source?*] of the KPTS leads the school. The honorary chancellor of the Korea Theological Seminary is Th. D. Seung-mi Lee.

Programs
--------

* Master of Divinity equivalent program M.Div.Equiv.)
* Master of Divinity equivalent program for Missionary language training((M.Div.Equiv. in Missiology Language.)
* Pastors re-training program (Th.M.Equiv.)
* Laity leadership program ((B.Th. Equiv.)

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Ladislaus Kurpiel** (13 November 1883 – 24 June 1930) was an Austrian footballer. He played as midfielder for DFC Prag in the first German football championship in 1903. He had a brief time at Vienna Cricket and Football Club. He also played 8 matches for the Austrian national football team between 1908 and 1912. He also played at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Career
------

Kurpiel began in 1896 at the age of thirteen with club football at DFC Germania Prague. Soon he went to the newly formed city rivals DFC Prague. He was known and feared for his powerful long-range shots. His greatest success at club level was in 1903. DFC Prague reached the the final of the German championship. They lost 7-2 against VfB Leipzig. Only in the 1903/04 season he played for Vienna Cricket and Football-Club, with which he reached the final of the Challenge Cup.

International
-------------

Kurpiel made his debut in the Austrian national team on 7 June 1906 in a 3-2 win over Germany in Vienna. 1912 he played in all three matches in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. On 3 July 1912 he played his last match in the team versus Italy.

Other websites
--------------

* Ladislaus Kurpiel at WorldFootball.net
* Ladislaus Kurpiel at National-Football-Teams.com
Kyawikmakaw Pagoda
**Kyaikmakaw Pagoda (ကျိုက်မတ်ကော်စေတီတော်)** is an ancient pagod in Phalay Village, Kawa Township, Bago Region, Myanmar. The hair relics of Gautama Buddha was enshrined in this pagoda. Pagoda is 315 feet tall, and the fourth highest pagoda at that time.

Location
--------

The pagoda is located in Phalay Village, 3 miles 5 furlong east of the Kawa town and 6 furlong from Kawa - Ohnne Road. The pagoda is on the Bago Range.

Gallery
-------

* Sightseeing of Kawa town from the pagodaSightseeing of Kawa town from the pagoda
* Place to make homage to pagodaPlace to make homage to pagoda
* Monks statutes around the pagodaMonks statutes around the pagoda
* Entrance of the  pagodaEntrance of the pagoda
* Pagoda seen from the  platformPagoda seen from the platform
* Kyaikmakaw  Naungtawgyi PagodaKyaikmakaw Naungtawgyi Pagoda
* Ma Sein Kar NatMa Sein Kar Nat
* Ma Sein Kar Nat's swingMa Sein Kar Nat's swing
* Shrines for Nat at the Pagoda's landShrines for Nat at the Pagoda's land
* Buddha statutes in front of Ma Sein Kar NatBuddha statutes in front of Ma Sein Kar Nat
* Pagoda's platformPagoda's platform
Masur conducting the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 2007
**Kurt Masur** (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. He conducted many of the world’s leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.

Early life
----------

Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.

Career
------

His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.

Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.

In 1991, Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic. He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

From 2000 to 2007, Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra,. From 2002 to 2008, Masur was music director of the Orchestre National de France.

On his 80th birthday (18 July 2007), Masur conducted musicians from both these orchestras at a Proms concert in London, conducting music by Tchaikovsky and Bruckner.

Masur enjoyed working with young musicians, conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses. He has given lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven’s music.

Personal life
-------------

Masur has been married three times. His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident. Masur himself was badly injured in that accident. Until his death, he lived with his third wife, Tomoko. They have a son, Ken-David, who has also become a conductor.

On 26 April 2012 Masur fell off the podium while he was conducting the National Orchestra of France at a concert in Paris. He was taken to hospital to recover from his injuries.

Masur died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut on December 19, 2015 at the age of 88.

Other websites
--------------

* Kurt Masur official website Archived 2009-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
Kurt Gödel
**Kurt Gödel** (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

Impact
------

Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

Fame
----

Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. 

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.

Proof
-----

To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

Later life
----------

Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

His theory in simple words
--------------------------

To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true. [*source?*]

*This sentence is false*.

1. If the sentence were false, the statement would be true, which it cannot be (because we thought it was false)
2. If the sentence were true, then the statement would be false. But we said it was true.

Therefore, we found a contradiction. *This sentence is false* is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.

Some writings
-------------

* Kurt Gödel: *My philosophical viewpoint*, c. 1960, unpublished.
* Kurt Gödel: *The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy* Archived 2011-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1961, unpublished.

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Majd Chourbaji in 2015
**Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji** (Arabic: مجد عزت الشربجي )(born 1981) is a Syrian peace activist. In 2015, she received the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award, for her work with women and human rights in Syria.

Life
----

Madj Izzat al-Chourbaji was born in 1981 in the town of Darayya, Syria.  When she was six months old, her family went to France because of violence in Syria. They returned to Syria in 1991. In Syria, Majd studied French literature. She received a degree from Damascus University. After college, Majd worked on an anti-corruption program in the Damascus suburbs. 

When the violence from the Arab Spring came to Syria, Majd started sit-ins for the freedom of political prisoners. She went to jail, and was injured by the police. Although Mjad was hurt, she wanted peaceful protest. She started classes on peace and citizenship for the prisoners.  Majd persuaded 150 women prisoners to have a hunger strike. She wanted to go to court to get publicity for the women's problems.  Finally, she went to court. Majd and 83 prisoners received their freedom, in a prisoner exchange with the Syrian opposition. The Syrian security forces continued to watch Majd, so she went to Lebanon with her three children.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
**Managua** has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as **Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua** in 1811. Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities. The word *managua* comes from the Nahuatl language *mana-ahuac*. It means *near water*. About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.

The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.

* Mausoleum of Carols Fonseca
* A street (in the quarter Marta Quezada)
**Luisa Buada** is a healthcare activist from East Palo Alto, CA, and is the CEO of the Ravenswood Family Health Center.

Career
------

Buada has worked most of her life in health care. She helped start several clinics, specifically ones in Berkeley, CA; Watsonville, CA; and in the Salinas Valley in California. This includes "Clinicas de Salud", Berkeley Primary Access Clinic, and LifeLong Medical Care. She wants to make sure all patients can get help from a doctor. She helped improve the health care services at Ravenswood Family Health Center in East Palo Alto. She made it more affordable. At Ravenswood, over 14,000 people signed up for their services.  

Luisa is also a farmer’s rights advocate. She joined the farmworker’s movement in California's Central Valley, and helped organize clothing and food drives.

Education
---------

In 1977, Luisa finished college. She studied Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing. In 1990, she received her Master’s degree in Public Health and Administration from the University of California, Berkeley.

Awards
------

She was a finalist for the 2016 Visionary of the Year Award. She also received the Woman of the Year Award from Senator Jerry Hill, and the John W. Gardner Exemplary.
In traditional tack
The **Marwari** or **Malani** is a rare breed of horse from the Marwar (or Jodhpur) region of Rajasthan, in north-west India.

Imperial history
----------------

The period of British colonial rule hastened the Marwari's fall from dominance, as did the eventual independence of India. The British preferred other breeds, and tried to eliminate the Marwari, along with the Kathiawari. Britons living in India instead preferred thoroughbreds and polo ponies, and reduced the reputation of the Marwari to the point where even the inward-turning ears of the breed were mocked as the "mark of a native horse".

Uses
----

The Marwari horse is a riding horse; it may also be used for shows, horse safaris, sport, ceremonial & religious purposes, and during earlier days in war. Within the Marwari horse breed was a strain known as the Natchni, believed by local people to be "born to dance". Decorated in silver, jewels, and bells, these horses were trained to perform complex prancing and leaping movements at many ceremonies, including weddings. Although the Natchni strain is extinct today, horses trained in those skills are still in demand in rural India.
**Mary** [ **mer**-ee, **mair**-ee ] is a female given name. It can refer to:

* Mary (mother of Jesus)
* Mary Magdalene
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary, Queen of Scots
* Mary I of England

The name Mary has been a popular name for centuries and continues to be commonly used today. Its rich history and association with various meanings and interpretations make it a name of great significance. The name Mary has been used across different cultures and languages, and it has been given to numerous women throughout history. The name Mary is derived from the Hebrew name Miriam, which translates to "bitterness" or "rebellion." In the Bible, Mary is revered as the mother of Jesus Christ, and she symbolizes purity, grace, and devotion. She is also referred to as the "Queen of Heaven" and is recognized as one of the most significant figures in Christianity. This name was ranked #133 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People
------

* Mary Shelley, British writer (1797–1851)
* Mary Morrissey, American writer
The **Kyoto Protocol** is a plan created by the United Nations for the *United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change* that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air.

Establishment
-------------

The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the **Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change**. It is called the *Kyoto* Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of 2020, 192 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol.

Adoption status
---------------

There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.

Other websites
--------------

* The Kyoto Protocol

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Kimberly Bryant
**Kimberly Bryant** (born January 14 1967) is the founder of Black Girls Code (BGC). Black Girls Code is a nonprofit organization teaching girls to write code for computers. It also teaches girls to be leaders.

Childhood and Family
--------------------

Bryant grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Bryant wanted to work as a lawyer until she discovered computer science. Her brother taught her about computer science. Years later, she noticed her daughter loved to play video games. She enrolled her daughter in a computer science camp at Stanford. Her daughter was very upset from the camp. The camp was all boys, so her daughter felt alone. Bryant wanted to change girls' experience with learning about computers.

Accomplishments
---------------

Bryant helps women of color to be more involved in STEM. Black Girls Code started in a basement in San Francisco. Now, Black Girls Code teaches 3,000 girls and uses 1,300 volunteers. They have 13 chapters in the U.S. as well as one in South Africa.
Map of Indo-European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BC, based on the Kurgan model. The red area corresponds to the area that may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples by 2500 BC, and the orange area had been settled by Indo-European-speakers by 1000 BC.
The **Kurgan model** of Indo-European origins is about both the people and their Proto-Indo-European language.

It uses both archaeology and linguistics to show the history of their culture at different stages of the Indo-European expansion.

The Kurgan model is the most widely accepted theory on the origins of Indo-European. 

"The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the *Encyclopædia Britannica* and the *Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse*".
"The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes".

Background
----------

When it was first suggested in 1956, Marija Gimbutas's answer to the question of Indo-European origins was a pioneering interdisciplinary synthesis of archaeology and linguistics. From the nineties on, new archaeological evidence from Northern European prehistoric cultures was put forward on the influence and expansion of Kurgan cultures.

Related pages
-------------

* proto-Indo-Europeans
* Shaft tomb, Tumulus
* Anatolian hypothesis
* Armenian hypothesis
Maximo Park at Leeds Festival 2005
**Maxïmo Park** (sometimes spelled **Maximo Park**) are an English indie rock band who formed in 2001.

History
-------

Maxïmo Park formed in 2001 (with frontman Paul Smith coming from Billingham in Teesside). To Start off with, the four founding members played only a little amount small shows, with Archis Tiku on vocals, constantly switching the instruments he played. Almost about to split up, but instead they decided to look for somebody else to sing vocals. Singer Paul Smith was discovered by the then-girlfriend of drummer Tom English in a pub while he was singing along to a Stevie Wonder song. Having found someone with a stage presence, they started to write their first songs together, all despite the fact that the frontman never imagined himself as a frontman of a band. Paul Smith had never sung on stage before.

Around March 2004, a friend of the band's paid for 300 copies of a 7" red vinyl single "Graffiti" and later released a vinyl of their tracks ("The Coast Is Always Changing"/"The Night I Lost My Head") that they’d recorded in their house in Fenham. After some time of doing shows around their home town, Steve Beckett of the dance-electronic label Warp Records found one of these records and decided to sign Maxïmo Park to his record label.

Members
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* Tom English – drums
* Duncan Lloyd – guitar
* Paul Smith – vocals
* Archis Tiku – bass
* Lukas Wooller – keyboard

Discography
-----------

### Albums

* *A Certain Trigger*

* *Missing Songs*

* *Our Earthly Pleasures*

Other websites
--------------

* Maxïmo Park official website
* Maxïmo Park MySpace
* An acoustic session for Vox podcast Archived 2018-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Karaoke Plays Review Archived 2009-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Maximo Park, Newcastle 15th Dec 07 Review Archived 2008-01-03 at the Wayback Machine

### Interviews

* The Scenestar Maxïmo Park Interview July 2007
* Interview by Alexander Laurence (The Portable Infinite 2006)
* Die Klangschau: 15 Songs chosen by Maxïmo Park Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine and interview Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Maximo Park video interview with stv/music, June 2007 Archived 2007-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Video interview with Paul from Maximo Park Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
* **SUPERSWEET interview** Archived 2009-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Interview by Natalie Shaw for Clash Magazine Archived 2007-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
***Living Things*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band Linkin Park, released through Warner Bros. Records on 26 June 2012. The album was produced by Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin, and presented a new direction in Linkin Park's music, combining the hard rock sounds of their debut album, *Hybrid Theory* and the electronic mixes of their very successful previous studio album, *A Thousand Suns*, whilst keeping a brand new, original sound.

Background and recording
------------------------

In June 2011, Bennington revealed to *Kerrang!* that Linkin Park has started working on new material for their next album. He explained, "We've been working on a new record for the past two months. The music is great and we're well ahead of where we're expecting to be. There aren't a whole lot of noises going on, but there are a lot of good songs."

Rick Rubin produced the album. "Typically we'll have a once-a-week meeting to go listen to the songs that they're coming up with and talk about them. For so early in the project, they are much further along than they have been on the last two albums we did. On *A Thousand Suns* there were still a lot of irons in the fire. We knew, 'OK, we can't do this forever. Let's leave this batch and we'll come back and address it when we start up again'", Rubin said.

In July 2011, Bennington told *Rolling Stone* that Linkin Park aimed to produce a new album every eighteen months, and that he would be shocked if a new album did not come out in 2012. The band continued to record and produce new material even while on tour. Bennington commented on Linkin Park's schedule, stating, "Touring for two years is excruciating. When we would tour for two years even the most resilient person in the band, at the end of that, was fucking miserable." He further elaborated on their ideas in an interview with MTV saying, "We do have a really great head start. We've got some great music, some good ideas. The creativity has continued to flow for us for the last few years, consistently." He later revealed in another interview in September 2011 that the band was still in the beginning phases of the next album, saying "We just kind of began. We like to keep the creative juices flowing, so we try to keep that going all the time...we like the direction that we're going in."
**Minnie Burnett** was a British long distance swimmer in the early 20th-century. She was (one of) the earliest British female international swimmer(s).

Burnett was able to swim in a training for up to twelfe hours without taking a break. In 1906 she competed in France at the 24-hours competition in Joinville-le-Pont. She was the only woman who participated and competed against men. However, she aimed to win the race. The race was difficult, and after ten hours already half of the participatns gave up. After nine hours Burnett had swum 13 kilometres without a break. At the time she had a high desire to sleep. She made the decision to use the two hours of allowed rest. At five o'clock in the morning, Burnett got back into the water but with pain in her legs. She swam for a few more hours and gave up after fourteen hours at eight o'clock. She had swum 17.6 kilometres. She finished in seventh position of the fourteen participants. Unfortunately for her, there were only prizes for the top-6 finishers.
**Khan** means "ruler" or "commander" in Turkic and Mongolic Languages.

It may be from an Altaic language, probably a Mongolic language like Ruanruan.

Presently, khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. 

A female khan is called a **Khatun** or **Khanum**.

**Khagan** means 'Khan of Khans' but is often (incorrectly) 'shortened' to Khan. This is similar to how the Persian *Shahanshah,* 'King of Kings', is usually simply called the Shah. Genghis was also called the 'Great Khan' like how Ottoman Padishah was called the 'Great Sultan'.

Khans rule over **Khanates**. Khagans rule over **Khaganates**.

Name
----

Khan Turkic: *khān*, Khan is a popular South Asian last name (e.g. Salman Khan).

Khan now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. It is sometimes translated as king or prince (but Khan is a bit different). Originally Khans led small tribes.

### Variations

There have been several variations on the title used in modern times. *Khan Bahadur* or *Khan Sahib* was a title of honour, granted by India to Muslims who had done major deeds of valour, or service to the nation or government. The Hindu counterpart for this title was *Rai Bahadur* or *Rai Sahib*. This title was normally granted in addition to other awards and decorations and added either before or after a person's actual name as a prefix or suffix.

Mongol Empire
-------------

Mongol empire, ruled by Genghis Khan
It was used by the Mongols in their Mongol Empire.

The title "Khan" became well known when Mongol Temüjin conquered most of Eurasia and formed the Mongol Empire. It was the greatest land empire the world ever saw. 

He is often called Genghis Khan. But his real title was khagan. 

The Mongol empire branched into the Ilkhanate of Persia and the Chagatai Khaganate of Central Asia.

Köktürk Khaganate
-----------------

See also: Turkic Khaganate

Related pages
-------------

* King
* Tsar
* Kaiser

Sources and references
----------------------

* on-line encyclopaedia on all Bengal, in English
* Etymology OnLine
* RoyalArk – see under each present country
* WorldStatesmen – see under each present country
**Korea Train eXpress** (**KTX**) is South Korea's high-speed railway system, operated by Korail. According to "the Rules of High-Speed Railway Construction" in South Korea, high-speed railway is defined as a railway train that is traveling at a speed of 200 km/h or more in major section and it is designated and notified by Minister of Construction and Transportation.

The construction of high-speed railway began in June 30, 1992, and KTX services were launched on April 1, 2004, making South Korea the world's fifth country after Japan, France, Germany, Spain, and China to develop a high-speed train running above 300 km/h. The total length of railway is 410 km and it links Seoul and Pusan. The major stations between the two cities are Gwangmyeong, Cheonan, Asan, Daejeon, Daegu, Gyeongju, and Busan.

Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph), though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (217 mph). The initial rolling stock was based on Alstom's TGV Reseau, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed HSR-350x, which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the KTX Sancheon. The next generation KTX train, HEMU-430X, achieved 421.4 km/h in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France, Japan and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above 420 km/h.

History
-------

Along with the Seoul-Busan axis in 1970s, more than half of the population and GDP of South Korea were concentrated, and 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic were concentrated on this axis either, which cause traffic congestion. So, the government saw the pressing need for solution to this problem. The first proposal for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from France and Japan which already joined in Korean metropolitan subway business. After that, the Ministry of Territory and Transportation outsourced it research to KAIST, which was committed from 1978 to 1981. The study came to conclusion that building double track railway on Seoul-Busan line is needed and a high-speed passenger railway is advisable for a new railway. A plan for construction of high-speed railway on Seoul-Daejeon line was adopted in the 5th Korean Five Year Plan.

However, it took 10 years more to initiate the project of construction of high-speed railway. The public opinion was formed that several feasibility studies should be done because the project needed lots of money. Also, because of preparation for the Seoul Olympic in 1988, the government suffered from narrow resources. However, one of candidates for the presidency presented the High-speed railway project as election pledge, and the project began in earnest after he became president. In 1989, the institutions to manage its preparation were established: the Gyeongbu High Speed Electric Railway & New International Airport Committee, and the High Speed Electric Railway Planning Department. In 1991, the law for Korea High-Speed Railway Construction Authority was proclaimed, and the project started to be governed by the corporation.
A **logical disk** is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called *physical*) hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.

Common locations where this can be taken from:

* A disk partition on a hard disk
* A logical volume from a logical volume manager
* A combination of hard drives (as in a RAID system, which contains the physical disks)
* A storage area network
* The main memory of a computer (this can be used for temporary files, which can be deleted when the system shuts down)

The disk is described as *logical* because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.

Why do we need them?
--------------------

When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are *RAID-ed* together to produce a single **logical disk**. 

In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple *logical drives*[*source?*].

In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.
**Our Lady of China** is a title for the Virgin Mary in China who is believed to have appear at the small village of Donglu in 1900. In Chinese she is called Zhōnghuá Shèngmǔ (simplified Chinese: 中华圣母; traditional Chinese: 中華聖母). She is also known as **Our Lady of Donglu.**

History
-------

During the Boxer Rebellion, about 10,000 soldiers attacked the small village of Donglu on April, 1900. The soldiers tried to kill the approximately 1,000 Christians. As the soldiers were attacking, the Virgin Mary appeared wearing a white robe in the sky. When the soldiers saw the apparition, they fired gunshots at the Virgin Mary. Despite the efforts to shoot down the apparition, the Virgin Mary continued to shine brightly. As the soldiers kept firing, another apparition appeared: a majestic angel, whom witnesses believed to be the Archangel Michael. The angel flew down surrounded by blazing flames of fire down from the sky and into the crowd of soldiers. By himself, Michael drove all of the soldiers out of the village. Villagers learned afterwards that their local priest, Father Wu, prayed to the Virgin Mary for help from the soldiers attacking. The residents of Donglu then built a church for the Virgin Mary to express their gratitude for the help they received. The Church was then destroyed during World War II after it was hit by Japanese bombs.

The 1995 apparition
-------------------

The Catholic Church built a shrine in 1992 to commemorate the 1900 apparition events and organized a large celebratory worship service nearby in an open field on May 23, 1995, which about 30,000 people attended. During the opening prayer, those present saw the sun moved from to right to left in the sky and shone down light of rays with different colors. Then the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus, appeared in the sky. Mary did not speak but witnesses (Chinese Christians whose faith was oppressed by the government) reported feeling comforted and encouraged by her appearance. The overwhelming public interest of visiting the shrine after the apparition took place upset the Chinese government. The Chinese government then banned people from going to the shrine but still many pilgrims came. Proving it was unsuccessful, the Chinese army destroyed the Donglu shrine. (But many shrines dedicated to Our Lady of China are still in China and other countries.)