recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Lyme Regis Museum
Coade stone fossil ammonites in the pavement outside the museum.
The **Lyme Regis Museum** is a local museum in the town of Lyme Regis on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, England. It is built on the site of the birthplace and home of Mary Anning, the fossil hunter. Her family ran a shop here.

The collections show fossils from the surrounding area dating from the Jurassic period. It includes local maritime history, memorabilia, and writers associated with the town such as Jane Austen and John Fowles.

An example of Coade artificial stonework, in the form of ammonites, is set into the pavement outside the museum. This touches both local history (Eleanor Coade, the inventor of Coade stone) and the palaeontology for which Lyme Regis is famous.

Related pages
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* Dinosaurland Fossil Museum

Other websites
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* Lyme Regis Museum website

Coordinates: 50°43′29″N 2°55′57″W﻿ / ﻿50.72481°N 2.93247°W﻿ / 50.72481; -2.93247

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The family **Phylliidae** (often misspelt 'Phyllidae') includes the living true **leaf insects** or **walking leaves**, which include some of the most remarkable leaf mimics in the entire animal kingdom. They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia. There are different views about their taxonomy.

Characteristics
---------------

Leaf insects use camouflage to take on the appearance of a leaf. They do this so accurately that predators often cannot distinguish them from real leaves. In some species the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks. To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind.

They and stick insects go together in the Order Phasmatodea.

The scholar Antonio Pigafetta may have been the first to document the creature. Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs.

* A leaf insect in the Children’s Museum of IndianapolisA leaf insect in the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis
* Leaf insect in Pakke Tiger ReserveLeaf insect in Pakke Tiger Reserve

Related pages
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* Stick insect
In Christian belief, "kenosis" means that Jesus emptied himself by giving up his own desires and obeying God's will completely. This is a good example for other Christians to follow. It also means that Jesus, in order to live as a human being, chose to limit the use of his divine powers. Some people disagree with this idea and think it takes away from Jesus' divine power.

### The Kenosis Hymn

Philippians 2 talks about the human side of Jesus. Some people believed he was only human and others believed he was only divine, but the official belief is that he was both. Kenotic Christology says that even though Jesus was divine, he chose to live like a regular human and face all the same problems. He could still do amazing things, but he didn't always use his divine powers to solve his problems. He had to eat, sleep, and face human struggles like temptation and frustration. He said that no one knows when the world will end.

> 5 Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, 6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, 7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. 8 And being found in human form he humbled himself and became obedient unto death, even death on a cross. 9 Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name which is above every name, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
> 
> - Philippians 2:5-11 (RSV)
> 
>
The U.S. State of Texas was affected by at least 34 tropical or subtropical cyclones between 1950 and 1979.

A tropical cyclone hits Texas about three times every four years. On any 50 mile segment of the coastline, a hurricane hits about once every six years.

The most intense storms in terms of the barometric pressure are Carla in 1961 and Beulah in 1967. The earlier was Texas' most damaging hurricane in the 1960s. It killed 46 people and caused $325 million in damage.

1950-1964
---------

June 26-27, 1957: Hurricane Audrey hit near the Texas-Louisiana state line as a Category 4 hurricane. The winds were near 145 miles per hour. Most of the storm's impact was in Louisiana. However, the storm still brought strong winds to far east Texas.

September 10-12, 1961: Hurricane Carla hit near Port Lavaca. It was a Category 4 hurricane with an estimated central pressure near 931 millibars. An F4 tornado was put out by the storm near Galveston. That was the strongest tornado ever caused by a hurricane. Carla killed 46 people, 31 in Texas alone. The storm caused $325 million in damage.

1965-1979
---------

September 19-21, 1967: Hurricane Beulah hit just south of Brownsville as a mild Category 4 hurricane. It created 115 tornadoes (a record at the time). There were fifteen deaths in the United States. Damage was near $200 million.

August 2-3, 1970: Hurricane Celia hit near Corpus Christi. The storm had microbursts and downbursts. Celia killed 28 people. It caused $930 million in damage in Texas. It was the costliest storm in Texas before Hurricane Alicia.

July 30-August 1, 1978: Tropical Storm Amelia created major floods. This caused the deaths of over 30 people in south-central Texas. Damage was near $110 million.

July 22-29: Tropical Storm Claudette struck at the Texas-Louisiana state line. The storm caused $400 million in damage. Two people were killed due to the storm.
**Nancy Astor**, Vicountess Astor CH (Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, 19 May 1879 – 2 May 1964) was an American-born English politician and socialite.

She was the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons. Her second husband was Waldorf Astor.

England
-------

A contemporary view of *Cliveden*, Nancy Astor's country house that served as a hospital in the World Wars
She was once asked by an English woman, "Have you come to get our husbands?" Her reply, "If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine....." charmed her listeners and displayed the wit which later became famous.

Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor
Her second husband, Waldorf Astor, was born in the United States but the family to England when Waldorf was twelve. The couple were well matched from the start. Not only were they both American expatriates with similar temperaments, but they were of the same age, being born on the same day, 19 May 1879.

After marrying Waldorf, Nancy moved into Cliveden, a lavish estate in Buckinghamshire on the River Thames. It was a wedding gift from Astor's father, She became a prominent hostess for the social elite. The Astors also owned a grand London house, No. 4 St. James's Square, which is now the premises of the Naval & Military Club.

A blue plaque unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James's Square. Through her many social connections, Lady Astor became involved in a political circle which advocated unity and equality among English-speaking people and support for British imperialism.
**Long-term memory** (LTM) is our memory of past events. It follows from short-term memory, and involves the growth of nerve synapses which are very long-lasting.

Types of LTM
------------

The brain does not store memories in one unified structure, as might be seen in a computer's hard disk drive. Instead, different types of memory are stored in different regions of the brain. Long term memory is typically divided up into two major headings: explicit memory and implicit memory.

### Explicit memory

Explicit or 'declarative' memory refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge. These are partly encoded by the hippocampus, stored elsewhere. Exactly where is unknown, but the temporal cortex has been proposed as a likely candidate. Research shows that amnesiac patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe performed more poorly on explicit learning tests than did healthy controls. However, the same patients performed at the same rate as healthy controls on *implicit* learning tests. This implies that the medial temporal lobe is heavily involved in explicit learning, but not in implicit learning.

### Implicit Memory

Implicit or procedural memory refers to the use of objects or movements of the body, such as how exactly to use a pencil, drive a car, or ride a bicycle. This type of memory is encoded and it is presumed stored by the striatum and other parts of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is believed to mediate procedural memory and other brain structures and is largely independent of the hippocampus. The parietal and occipital regions are associated with implicit memory.

### Emotional memory

The memory for events that evoke a particularly strong emotion may involve both declarative and procedural memory processes. Emotional memories are consciously available, but elicit a powerful, unconscious physiological reaction. Research indicates that the amygdala is extremely active during emotional situations, and acts with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the encoding and consolidation of emotional events.

Working memory
--------------

Working memory (STM) is not part of long term memory, but is important for long term memory to work. Working memory holds and works on information for a short period before it is either forgotten or put into long term memory. Then, to remember something from long term memory, it must come back into working memory. If working memory is overloaded it can affect the encoding of long term memory.
**Long Wittenham** is a village on the south bank of the River Thames in South Oxfordshire. In 1974 it came from Berkshire to the county of Oxfordshire.

History
-------

There are crop marks (dating from the 6th Century) that there must have been a large collection of buildings, maybe a royal palace or at least high status Saxon enclosure. The number of objects that were found in Saxon burial sites around the village support this. These large, Saxon burial sites also indicate a good sized population, that lasted over many years.

The village was mentioned in the Domesday Book. By Tudor times, it had a population of around 200, with crops: wheat, oats, barley and even rye. Following a local legend Oliver Cromwell addressed the villagers on his way to his niece's wedding, in neighbouring Little Wittenham.

Buildings
---------

The village Cross has First Millennial origins: the base dating from the 7th century. St. Birinus preached here when he brought Christianity to the area. The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary, begun around 1120, is on the site of a previous Saxon church. Cruck Cottage can be architecturally dated to being around 800 years old and as such is (possibly) the oldest house in South Oxfordshire.

The building housing Pendon Museum, originally started life as The Three Poplars - a working man's pub. It was sold in 1954 and now houses a model railway museum.

Location
--------

Long Wittenham is in the Thames Valley 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Didcot, and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of Abingdon. To the west is the village of Appleford, which has the nearest railway station, on the line between Didcot and Oxford.

Further reading
---------------

* Pevsner, Nikolaus: *The Buildings of England*, Berkshire, 1966 Penguin Books

Other websites
--------------

* Berkshire History: Long Wittenham including a ghost story
* Long Wittenham Church of England Primary School
* Long Wittenham Athletic Club/Football Club


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Long Wittenham***.
Mass grave for the Katyn massacre, in 1940, in which about 22,000 people were killed.
Series of hand-painted tiles, dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks, on the fence of a car-lot in New York City.
The term **mass murder** refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time. The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling-off period. By comparison a serial killer has a cooling-off period between murders. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police. Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics/religion/ethnicity, sadism, being bullied, mental disorders and inceldom. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police.

The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.

The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.
**Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi** (12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer. He was a humanist and romantic in his approach.

He founded several schools in German and French-speaking regions of Switzerland, and wrote explaining his principles of education. His motto was "Learning by head, hand and heart". 

In 1780 Pestalozzi published anonymously a series of aphorisms, entitled *The Evening Hours of a Hermit*. They are his earliest works which outline ideas that would later be known as Pestalozzian. 

He drew from these experiences and published four volumes of a story titled *Leonard and Gertrude*. These four volumes are about the lives of four characters: Gertrude, Glüphi, an unnamed parish clergyman and Arner. Gertrude is a wife and mother who teaches her children how to live moral upstanding lives. Glüphi, a school teacher, sees the success Gertrude has with her children and tries to model his school around her teachings. A parish clergyman also adopts Gertrude's teachings. The work of Gertrude, Glüphi and the clergyman are helped by Arner, a politician, who gets help from the state. Through these four, harmony is achieved and a comprehensive education is offered to all people.

His next endeavor, *Enquiries into the course of nature in the development of the human race*, was not so popular. His education was built on the idea that all understanding can be achieved through a psychologically ordered sequence of learning.

Pestalozzi's method was used by the cantonal school in Aarau that Albert Einstein attended. It has been credited with helping Einstein's process of visualizing problems and his use of thought experiments. Einstein said of his education at Aarau: "it made me clearly realize how much superior an education based on free action and personal responsibility is to one relying on outward authority."
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer
**Johann Heinrich Schmelzer** (born in Austria some time between 1620 and 1623; died in Prague some time between 29 February and 20 March 1680) was a German composer. He was one of the most important composers of instrumental music in the mid-17th century. 

Nothing is known about his early life. He became a member of the imperial chapel in the mid 1630’s. His job there was probably a violinist. We know very little about his life, except that over the years he became a famous composer. The emperor must have liked him because he gave him presents of money and gold chains.

In 1671 he became deputy Kapellmeister at the imperial court. In 1673 the emperor gave him the honorary title "von Ehrenruef" which he put after his name. A few years later the court moved to Prague to try to escape the plague that was killing so many people in Vienna. At the end of 1679 the emperor’s Kapellmeister died and Schmelzer became Kapellmeister. It was the first time that the Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court had not been a foreigner but an Austrian. However, the following March Schmelzer died of the plague.

Schmelzer wrote a lot of music for small groups of instruments as well as a lot of ballet music. His dance suites are made up of several dances such as galliard, bourree, sarabande, gigue, gavotte and allemande as well as more unusual dances. He wrote several sonatas for two violins and continuo. They are full of fast scales and arpeggios. He also seems to have written church music, but it has all been lost.
The **Lesse** (Walloon: *Aiwe di Lesse*) is a river in the Ardennes, in the Walloon region of Belgium. It is a right tributary to the river Meuse.

Geography
---------

The Lesse in the *Gouffre de Belvaux*.
The Lesse and its tributary the Lomme in Belgium
Kayaks on the Lesse
The Lesse is 89 km (55 mi) long. It flows roughly in a northwestern direction. Its source is near Libramont-Chevigny, in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. The mean discharge for Anseremme between 1995 and 2004 was 19.0 m3.

The watershed of the Lesse Basin, with an area of 1,343.4 km2 (518.7 sq mi), has about 1,920 km (1,193 mi). With only 62,500 people living there, it is the least densely populated of all small watersheds of Walloon region.

Part of the watershed of the Lesse is on limestone where there are some karstic phenomena. Near Han-sur-Lesse (commune of Rochefort), by the *Gouffre de Belvaux*, the entire river goes underground, flowing through limestone caves.

The Lesse flows into the river Meuse in the town of Anseremme, commune of Dinant, Namur province.

### Tributaries

From its source to its mouth, the main tributaries of the Lesse are:

* Our, left tributary; it joins the Lesse near Redu.
* Almache, left tributary; it joins the Lesse in Daverdisse.
* Lomme, right tributary; it joins the Lesse in Éprave.
* Wimbe, left tributary; it joins the Lesse in Villers-sur-Lesse.
* Vachaux, right tributary; it joins the Lesse in Ciergnon.
* Biran, left tributary; it joins the Lesse in Wanlin.
* Hileau, left tributary; it joins the Lesse in Houyet.
* Iwoigne, left tributary; it joins the Lesse near Houyet.

Attractions
-----------

The valley of the Lesse and this part of the Ardennes are covered with forests. The area surrounding the caves is the National Park Lesse et Lomme. On the mountains along the lower part of the river there are several castles. The route of the former railway line from Houyet to Rochefort is used as a hiking and cycling trail.

Many of the caves along the banks of the Lesse are important archaeological sites - these include the Trou de Chaleux (by the Cirque de Chaleux), and the Trou des Nutons and Trou du Frontal at Furfooz.

It is possible to go down the Lesse in kayak or canoe from Houyet to Anseremme.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lesse (river)***.

* Val de Lesse Archived 2013-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Contrat de rivière de la Lesse (in French)
Mercury(II) chloride structure
**Mercury(II) chloride**, also known as **mercuric chloride** and **corrosive sublimate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgCl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
----------

It is a white crystalline solid. It is very toxic. It can be made by reacting chlorine with mercury. It is not ionic, like most metal-nonmetal chemical compounds are. For example, it evaporates easily when heated, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride stay solid. It dissolves in water, but much better in hot water than in cold water. It also dissolves in chloride solutions. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make mercury(II) oxide.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by reacting mercury(I) chloride or mercury metal with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with hydrochloric acid or by reacting mercury(II) sulfate with sodium chloride.

Uses
----

It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is also used to make an amalgam with metals such as aluminum. It was used in the past to preserve various things and as a medicine. It is too toxic to be used as a medicine anymore. It was used in photography.

Related pages
-------------

* Mercury(I) bromide
* Mercury(II) iodide
* Mercury(II) sulfide
**Karin Gayer** (born 1969 in Mödling near Vienna) is an Austrian writer. She published poetry and fiction.

Life
----

Karin Gayer was born in May 1969 in Mödling and lives today in Vienna. She began to study psychology but ended her studies before the end because she "could not find what she was looking for″. Then she worked in several social professions. Karin Gayer began to write literature at school. In the beginning she only published in Austrian literary magazines, for example in *Zenit* and *Wienzeile*. Her first book made was printed in 2002 by the publisher Arovell Verlag.

Books
-----

* *Flechtwerk*, poetry and small prose, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2002, ISBN 3-901435-46-8
* *Vorgänge im Labyrinth*, poetry and prose (anthology, with 3 co-authors), Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2004, ISBN 3-901435-66-2
* *Nachtfieber*, novel, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2009, ISBN 978-3-902547-84-2

Other websites
--------------

* Works by and about Karin Gayer in the German National Library catalogue
* Arovell Verlag, Gosau (Upper Austria)
* Website of the writer

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**Kanda** is an area in north eastern Chiyoda, Tokyo in Japan. It forms a circle around about 30 neighborhoods. Kanda was a ward prior to 1947. When the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23, it was merged with Kōjimachi to form the modern Chiyoda.

Festival at Kanda Myojin
Monument to Zenigata Heiji
Kanda, together with Nihonbashi and Kyobashi is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.

It is home to the Kanda Myojin (Shinto) shrine, devoted to the ancient rebel Taira no Masakado, who led an uprising against the central government during the Heian period with the aim of establishing himself as "Shinnō" (New Emperor) of an eastern Court. In the Edo period, the shrine's festival was one of the three most famous in the city. It is also home to the "Mausoleum of Confucius at Yushima", a temple dedicated to Confucianism.

A popular Japanese franchise, *Zenigata Heiji*, from the literature related series by Kodô Nomura, features a fictitious police patrolman (the title character) whose beat is Kanda. Near the end of every show, Heiji fells the cruel villain by throwing a coin at him.
**Lee Archer** was an American pilot for the United States Air Force. He flew from 1941 during World War II until the year of 1970. He rose until the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

Life
----

Archer was born in Yonkers, New York, on September 6, 1919.

He studied at the New York University. After his study he joined the army having the hope to become a pilot. In that era he had to discover that it was not possible for him as an African-American, due to the Jim Crow laws. As a result, he was sent of to Georgia for a communication job. After the army changed its policy, he was accepted to the trainings program for African-American on Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama.

During World War II Archer flew on 169 combat missions for the 302nd Fighter Squadron above Europe, and brought down several hostile planes. During a mission in August 1944 he destroyed six German planes on the ground. On October 12, 1944, he 'landed' in a series of air combats above Hungary, which was occupied territory then by Nazi Germany. Flying a P-51 Mustang he brought down three German fighters.

When he came back in 1945 he discovered that nothing had changed in the American society. When he stepped out of his plane, the first sign he saw demanded ′Colored Troops to the Right, White Troops to the Left′. Archer stayed in the army until 1970. At that moment he was a Lieutenant Colonel.

Archer at an elder age
He continued his career in civil society at General Foods in White Plains, New York, where he was one of the first African-American vice presidents of an American corporation. In 1987 he founded his own company in venture capital, called Archer Asset Management.

Archer died on January 27, 2010, in New York City. Television personality Bill Cosby held a speech for him at his funeral ceremony on February 4.

Honor
-----

Archer was named *Honorary Honoree* of the American Fighter Aces Association. He received several military awards, like the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and a Presidential Unit Citation.

Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary air force fighter at the presentation of the *Freedom Medal* as well as in the category of *Freedom from fear* of the Four Freedoms Awards. Furthermore, he and his fellow Tuskegee pilots were honored with a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lee Archer***.
***Lord Don't Slow Me Down*** is a rockumentary movie. It looks back on British band Oasis' *Don't Believe the Truth* world tour. The tour took place from May 2005 to March 2006. The movie is directed by Baillie Walsh. It went platinum in the UK.

Pre-release
-----------

A handful of fans-only private screenings took place around the world. The world premiere of the movie at the Directors Guild Theater in New York City on 4 November 2006 as part of the CMJ Film Festival. The UK television premiere was on Channel 4 on 19 November, at 11:50PM. It was a heavily edited version with about 40 minutes cut from the original 95 minute version. The movie was first shown to go along with Oasis' compilation album *Stop the Clocks*, released on 20 November 2006. A preview of the movie was included on the Let There Be Love DVD single, released in November 2005.

The movie features a new Oasis song also called "Lord Don't Slow Me Down", written by Noel Gallagher and recorded during the Don't Believe the Truth sessions. Gallagher described it as being *"one of the best things, like The Who, The Yardbirds and the Jeff Beck Group combined, and it's got two drum solos on it!"*. He has also said that his girlfriend thought it was the only Oasis song you could dance to. The song was left off *Don't Believe the Truth* because Gallagher felt that including it would have meant he'd have been singing too many songs on the record. Italian footballer Alessandro Del Piero also appears in the video signing a shirt for Noel.

DVD Release
-----------

*Lord Don't Slow Me Down* was released on DVD on 29 October 2007. The DVD set contents:

**Disc One:**

* Documentary tour movie *Lord Don’t Slow Me Down* in stereo and surround sound.
* Bonus audio commentary featuring the members of the band
* A Noel Gallagher Q&A session with the fans filmed in New York in 2006

**Disc Two:**

* Oasis live at City of Manchester Stadium on 2 July 2005 in HD with stereo and surround sound.

This concert has also been shown regularly on the HD music television channel, "Rave."

* 1. "Fuckin' in the Bushes"
	2. "Turn Up the Sun"
	3. "Lyla"
	4. "Cigarettes & Alcohol"
	5. "The Importance of Being Idle"
	6. "Little by Little"
	7. "A Bell Will Ring"
	8. "Acquiesce"
	9. "Songbird"
	10. "Live Forever"
	11. "Mucky Fingers"
	12. "Wonderwall"
	13. "Rock 'n' Roll Star"
	14. "The Meaning of Soul"
	15. "Don't Look Back in Anger"
	16. "My Generation"
* Unique footage and pictures sent in by fans who attended the concert

Other websites
--------------

* Official Oasis Website
* 'Lord Don't Slow Me Down' webcast preview on MSN Music Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Oasis Rock forum Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Review at Bandidge.com Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
* *Lord Don't Slow Me Down* on IMDb
* *Lord Don't Slow Me Down* at AllMovie
Diagram demonstrating longshore drift  
**1**=beach  
**2**=sea  
**3**=longshore current direction  
**4**=incoming waves  
**5**=swash  
**6**=backwash
Timber groyne from Swanage Bay, UK
**Longshore drift** is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach. 

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

* The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
* The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
* This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.
**Rosa Isabel Mutya Buena** (born 21 May 1985) is an English singer and songwriter. She is best known for being a member of the Sugababes.

Early life
----------

Buena was born in Kingsbury, London to a Filipino father and Irish mother.

Career
------

Buena became famous as a member of girl group Sugababes in 2000. The band released three studio albums with Buena as a member. She left the band in 2005. In 2007 Buena released an album on her own called *Real Girl*. It reached number ten in the UK Albums Chart. Five songs from the album were released as singles. The album's first single, "Real Girl", reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. "Song 4 Mutya" was released as the second single. In 2008 the record label that released the album dropped Buena because the album did not sell as many copies as they hoped. On 2 January 2009, Buena entered Celebrity Big Brother 6 as a housemate. On 16 January 2009 Buena chose to leave the Big Brother House. In 2010 Buena said that she did not want to be a musician anymore and that she was training to become a child psychologist. In 2011 Buena started a new band called Mutya Keisha Siobhan with Keisha Buchanan and Siobhán Donaghy. They released their first single "Flatline" in 2013.

Personal life
-------------

In March 2005 Buena gave birth to a daughter called Tahlia.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Mutya Buena discography
* *Real Girl* (2007)
***Lambeosaurus*** was a crested, duck-billed dinosaur. Its large hollow, bony crest was as big as the rest of its skull. Its function has been much discussed.

*Lambeosaurus* lived during the later Cretaceous period, about 76 to 75 million years ago (mya). Fossils of it have been found in Alberta (Canada), Montana (USA), and Baja California (Mexico), but only the two Canadian species have been described in detail.

*Lambeosaurus* was described by Dr. William A. Parks in 1923, 20 years after Lawrence Lambe (an early Canadian fossil hunter) had studied it. The genus ranged over much of North America, and into Mexico.

Paleobiology
------------

### Feeding

As a hadrosaurid, *Lambeosaurus* was a large bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants. It had a sophisticated skull that allowed a grinding motion like mammalian chewing. Its teeth were continually replaced and were packed into dental batteries that each contained over 100 teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time.

It used its beak to crop plant material, which was held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Feeding would have been from the ground up to around 4 meters (13 ft) above.

Lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, which suggests that *Lambeosaurus* and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts.

### Cranial crest

A life restoration of tall-crested *L. magnicristatus*
Like other lambeosaurines such as *Parasaurolophus* and *Corythosaurus*, *Lambeosaurus* had a distinctive crest on the top of its head. Its nasal cavity ran back through this crest, making it mostly hollow. Many suggestions have been made for the function or functions of the crest. They include housing salt glands, improving the sense of smell, use as a snorkel or air trap, acting as a resonating chamber for making sounds, or being a method for different species or different sexes of the same species to recognize each other. Social functions such as noisemaking and recognition have become the most widely accepted of these hypotheses.

The large size of hadrosaurid eyes and the presence of sclerotic rings in the eyes imply acute vision and diurnal habits, evidence that sight was important to these animals. The hadrosaurid sense of hearing also appears to be strong. There is at least one example, in the related *Corythosaurus*, of a slender stapes in place, which combined with a large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear. The auditory part of the inner ear was well-developed. If used as a noisemaker, the crest could also have provided recognizable differences for different species or sexes, because the differing layouts of the nasal passages corresponding to the different crest shapes would have produced different sounds.
Flooded gallery under *Rue de la Voie Verte*
The **Mines of Paris** (in French ***Carrières de Paris*** — "quarries of Paris") are made up of a number of abandoned, underground mines under Paris, France, connected together by large chambers called galleries. Three main networks exist; the largest, called the *grand réseau sud* ("large south network"), lies under the Ve, VIe, XIVe and XVe arrondissements, a second under the XIIIe arrondissement, and a third under the XVIe, though other minor networks are found under the XIIe, XIVe and XVIe for instance. Together, the mines and galleries run for about 280 kilometres.

Exploring the mines is not allowed by the prefecture and people caught get heavy fines. A limited part of the network (1.7 km) was used as an underground ossuary (storage place for human bones) in the past known as the catacombs of Paris, and can be legally visited from the entrance on Place Denfert-Rochereau. The entire network is commonly but mistakenly called "the catacombs". Despite restrictions, the network is often toured by urban explorers popularly called cataphiles.

Ossuary
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See the main article: Catacombs of Paris
Bones from the former *Cimetière de la Madeleine*
During the 18th century, the growing population of Paris resulted in the filling up of existing cemeteries, raising public health concerns. Towards the end of the 18th century, it was decided to create three new large cemeteries and to condemn the existing cemeteries within the city limits. Human remains were slowly moved to a rebuilt section of the abandoned mines that would later become a ossuary. The entrance is located on present day *Place Denfert-Rochereau*.

The ossuary became a tourist attraction on from the early 19th century and has been open to the public on a regular basis from 1867. Although it is officially called the *Ossuaire Municipal*, it is widely known as "the catacombs". Though the entire network of Paris' mines is not a burial place as such, the term 'Catacombs' is commonly used to refer to the whole network.

Related pages
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* Cataphile
In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder *Minervette* was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile.   

In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France. 
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe. 
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).   

After worldwar II the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.

Other websites
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* Minerva Cars
The **Liberal Party** was a liberal political party. It was one of the two big political parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century.

The party came from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and radicals in the 1850s. In the next 50 years it formed four governments under William Gladstone. 

The party split over the issue of Irish Home Rule. It returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory. They introduced the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state. 

H. H. Asquith was Liberal Prime Minister between 1908 and 1916. He was followed by David Lloyd George, whose premiership lasted until 1922. At that time the coalition the party had formed with the Conservative Party in World War I came to an end.

By the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives' main rival. The party went into decline. By the 1950s, it won no more than six seats at general elections.

Apart from notable by-election victories, the party's fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP-Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, but only 23 of the 650 seats it contested. At the 1987 General Election, it won less than 23% of the vote.

The Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. 

Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes and social planner William Beveridge.
An icon thought to have been painted by Kostandin Shpataraku
**Kostandin Shpataraku** (flourished 1736–67) was an Albanian painter of 18th century.

Early life
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Kostandin Shpataraku was born in Valesh village in the Shpat region of Albania. The region is located in the southern highland of Elbasan, Albania, in today's Gjinar which was originally in the Ottoman Empire.

Work
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Shpataraku was a painter in the Orthodox tradition of icons and Byzantine church frescoes, active between 1736 and 1767. His works combine Byzantine tradition and Italian Renaissance influences.

Death
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Shpataraku was beheaded by the Ottomans in Elbasan. His family took his body and buried him in his village with his head apart from the rest of the body, so the Ottomans could not find his exact grave. A small chapel was built later to commemorate him. He is also commemorated as a saint by the locals, on September 21.

Legacy
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Many of his icons are in Ardenica Monastery, St. Jovan Vladimir's Church near Elbasan, Vithkuq, and in the "Museum of Medieval Art" in Korce. Many of his works belong to private collections.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Kostandin Shpataraku***.

* Kostandin Shpataraku links
***M.U.G.E.N.*** (or simply known as ***MUGEN***) is a modifiable 2D fighting game engine that was created by Elecbyte and initially released in 1999. It was programmed in C, which was originally used in Allegro library, and it compared to 5 versions: DOS MUGEN, Winmugen, Linux Mugen, Mugen 1.0 and Mugen 1.1 as the latest release.

The Japanese term *mugen* means dream, fantasy or infinite.

History
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In 1999, Elecbyte had a plan to create a customizable original fighting game engine, DOS-MUGEN. Then later, they created the first original MUGEN character called Kung Fu Man, among with 2 non-playable characters according to the intro and ending storyboards. Aside from it, the engine was released on July 17, 2001. It works platforms such as DOS Mugen, Winmugen and Linux Mugen which is allowed the users to customize before they distribute their website. DOS Mugen was ceased when Elecbyte switched into Linux platform in November 2001. Elecbyte had a request for donations in their site to legally obtain a Windows compiler to create a Windows version of M.U.G.E.N. However, the developers discontinued the project in 2003 and their website was shut off afterwards. Later, they speculated leaks to make public of a private Windows-based beta that was provided to donators. The public beta of Winmugen was released with "no limit" hack after their development.

In January 2011, they decided to create the latest release of previous versions, Mugen 1.0. It has more game features like victory screen to show the win quote of a character.

Gameplay
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It is a 7-button (A,B, C, X, Y, Z and Start) game which includes Joystick, arrow keys, letters, number keys, number lock keys and function keys (for debugging). The main mode in menu screen is Arcade Mode, where you can choose only 1 character if you want to play it and fight random characters like other fighting games, especially Team Arcade and Team Co-op modes. VS mode is a 2-player challenge where you can play against your friend. In Team Arcade and Team VS modes, you can play with 1 non-playable character to beat opponents, excluding Team Co-op and Survival Co-op modes. In Survival mode, it is the endless stream of opponents where you can fight them. In Watch mode, you can see the characters with AI during the fight but you can't play as the character unless you press function that turn into playable character if the option of debugging keys is on.

Other websites
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* Official Elecbyte Website Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Mugen Files
**Mary McLeod Bethune** (or Mary Jane McLeod Bethune; July 10, 1875 - May 18, 1955) was a black educator and civil and women's rights leader. 

The daughter of former slaves, Bethune believed that education was the key to racial advancement. She served as the president of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and was the founder of the National Council of [Black] Women. She also founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for [Black] Girls, which later became Bethune-Cookman College. At Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for [Black] Girls, she became the first African American woman to serve as a college president. She was a key organizer for the Federal Council on [Black] Affairs, which was an advisory board to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1945, she was the only African American women to present at the opening of the United Nations, and won the Medal of Honor and Merit at the Haitian Exposition. She merged 28 different organizations to help improve the lives of women and their children, and through her organizations she helped African American women into military roles through the Women's Army Corps during World War II.
Lentil soup
**Lentil soup** (Arabic: شوربة العدس *shorbit adas* or *shurba al-'adas*, Turkish: *Mercimek Çorbası*, Hebrew: עדשה מרק *nezid adashim*) is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East. Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.

Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob.

The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies."

Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.
Typical food used in a Mediterranean diet
The **Mediterranean diet** is a way of eating. The Mediterranean diet is not only food. It is also the skills and traditions people use to make it, for example farming, fishing, and cooking. It is also the traditions and culture about food and meals.

In the second half of the 20th century, people far from the Mediterranean Sea began to eat a Mediterranean diet to become healthier. In 2019, *U.S. News and World Report* named the Mediterranean diet "Best Overall Diet."

History
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A scientist named Ancel Keys started studying the Mediterranean diet in the 1950s. He saw that people in poor Italian villages were healthier than people in New York.

In 2013, the United Nations declared the Mediterranean diet intangible cultural heritage from Cyprus, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Italy, Morocco and Portugal.

Foods
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The diet is based on what peasants, people who worked on farms, in countries around the Mediterranean Sea would eat during the Middle Ages and later, for example, Italian farm workers. They ate a lot of olive oil, beans, and whichever fresh vegetables were growing at that time of year. Meat was expensive, so it was not the main part of the meal. The Mediterranean diet does have foods from North and South America, for example tomatoes.

Health effects
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Scientists saw that people who ate a Mediterranean diet had less anxiety and depression. People with type 1 diabetes who ate Mediterranean diet had healthier lives and were less likely to get Crohn's disease.

Criticism
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Professional diet scientists and experts say that the Mediterranean diet can be expensive. A tomato does not cost much money to someone who lives next to a tomato farm and is buying it when it is ripe. It costs more when it is put on an airplane and flown to the middle of a North American city and stored until winter. Other studies show that a Mediterranean diet is not much more expensive than a North American diet.

Many people think they are eating a Mediterranean diet when they eat pizza, pasta or other foods that are not part of the Mediterranean diet.