recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Richard Charles Rodgers** (June 28, 1902 – December 30, 1979) was an American composer. He wrote many musicals with Oscar Hammerstein II, including *Oklahoma!*, *Carousel*, *South Pacific*, *The King and I*, the television musical, *Cinderella*, and *The Sound of Music*.

Rodgers was the first person to win all four top show business awards: an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony. He also won a Pulitzer Prize.

Life
----

Rodgers was born in New York City to Dr. William Rodgers and his wife, Mamie, who were of German Jewish descent. The family enjoyed musicals and opera. At 15, Rodgers chose music as his profession. He attended Columbia University and wrote for the school's *Varsity Show*.

Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University. At Columbia, Rodgers joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, Rodgers changed his studies to the Institute of Musical Art (now Juilliard). Rodgers was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern.

Late in life, Rodgers established scholarships and other awards for students of The Juilliard School of Music, the American Theater Wing and the American Academy of Dramatic Art.

### Lorenz Hart

Richard Rodgers (seated) with Lorenz Hart in 1936.
In 1919 Rodgers met Lorenz Hart. The two wrote 26 musicals together, and song standards such as "I'll Take Manhattan", "My Funny Valentine", and "Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered".

Their first professional production was the 1920 *Poor Little Ritz Girl*. In 1925 they became well known for the song "Manhattan". The duo then wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London. Because of the Depression in the 1930s, they went to work in Hollywood. In 1935, they returned to Broadway. They wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows. This ended with Hart's death in 1943.

### Oscar Hammerstein II

In 1942, Rodgers teamed up with Oscar Hammerstein II. They made the most successful partnership in American musical theatre history. Their first musical was the hit *Oklahoma!*. The team went on to create four more of the most popular musicals to date: *Carousel* (1945), *South Pacific*, *The King and I* (1951), and *The Sound of Music* (1959). All four were made into popular films.

Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals earned a total of 35 Tony Awards, 15 Academy Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes, two Grammy Awards, and two Emmy Awards.

Rodgers, Hammerstein, and Joshua Logan won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for *South Pacific*. Rodgers and Hammerstein also won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for *Oklahoma!*.

After Hammerstein's death in 1960, Rodgers wrote both words and music for his first new Broadway project. Rodgers went on to work with lyricists Stephen Sondheim and Sheldon Harnick.

Personal
--------

Rodgers married Dorothy Feiner in 1930. They had two daughters, Mary and Linda. Mary is the composer of *Once Upon a Mattress* and an author of children's books. Her son Adam Guettel won a Tony Awards for Best Score and Best Orchestrations for *The Light in the Piazza* in 2005.

Rodgers died in 1979. He was cremated, and his ashes scattered at sea.

Richard Rodgers is a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
The **Theory of forms** is a philosophical idea held by the famous Greek philosopher Plato. Plato believed that behind every single thing in our world there is a **form**, which is the true eternal essence of that thing. We can explain this view with an example. In the world there are many different horses: big horses and small horses, grey horses and white horses, old horses and young horses and so forth. According to Plato each horse is an imperfect copy of the horse 'form', the one true horse. In other words, they are all imitations of the perfect horse. Plato uses shadows as an analogy: Like a tree forms a shadow, so is the tree itself a shadow of the 'form', the one true tree. The Theory of forms applies not only to physical objects but also to abstract concepts such as beauty, anger, good and evil.

Platonic idealism also explains that it is impossible for us to perceive these forms through our senses, like our sense of hearing or sense of seeing. The only way we can truly understand a form is through the use of logic and mathematics. Through mathematics, we have discovered the form of the triangle: a polygon with 3 sides. However we will never be able to truly see with our eyes such a triangle. Even if we tried to draw it on a whiteboard with a ruler, it's lines will never be perfectly straight and two-dimensional. gaming
Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Jose Rizal, **Marcelo H. del Pilar** and Mariano Ponce.
**Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan** (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julián del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper *Diariong Tagalog* (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the *Dasalan at Tocsohan*, *Caiigat Cayo*, etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of *La Solidaridad* (Solidarity) in Madrid. 

Publication of the *La Solidaridad* stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.
**Southam** is a small town in Warwickshire, England. It is often mistaken for a village, but has been a town since medieval times.

There is an ancient stone wall, called "The Holy Well".

The first battle in the English Civil War was in Southam. In August 1642, small groups of soldiers from the opposing sides accidentally met at Southam, and in the fight some were killed. They were on their way to Edge Hill, where the first big battle took place. History books usually say Edge Hill was the first fight. Later, King Charles I rode through the town and fined the people because they did not ring the church bells for him. Later still, Oliver Cromwell, slept in the Manor House (now a pharmacy).

In the 1600s, Southam was an important resting place for horse-drawn carriages, and even in recent times had an unusually large number of inns and public houses. (Several have close in the past 20 years.) A main road that Welsh sheep farmers ('drovers') used to travel to London passed through Southam. The town was also at an important junction between Birmingham, Coventry, Daventry, Northampton, Banbury, Oxford, Leamington Spa and Warwick.

Southam never had a canal or railway built through it. This meant that it remained a small town, while other places with canals and railways grew rapidly in the 1800s. In recent years, a lot of new houses have been built, increasing the population from 2000 in 1950 to 8000+ in 2010.

There is a fine church, which dates from 1200. It was extensively restored in Victorian times, but still has lots of medieval stone work. The Manor House (now a pharmacy) is in the centre of the town. In 2008, during routine maintenance, fine wood carvings were discovered under the plaster. The carvings are of hearts and arrows, and are at least 300 years old. The company that owns the building paid for the beautiful work to be fully restored.

There are small industrial estates around the town, some with important businesses, including the computer games company Media:Codemasters. There are plans for a large supermarket to be built in the town. While this would change the character of the town even more, it could benefit people who find the current small shops and supermarkets too expensive, and provide more people with work. Some people do not want a supermarket, saying that other shops would close.
The **Greensboro sit-ins** were a series of peaceful protests that happened in Greensboro, North Carolina. They happened from February 1 to July 25, 1960. Many of them happened at the F. W. Woolworth Company store (a convenience store). 

There were four men influenced by non-violent protest. Ralph Johns helped put there protest together. The four men were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. They were inspired by the Freedom Riders. They planned their protest very carefully. By February 8, 500 people joined the protest. They sat at the table. They wanted to be served, but did not get served. The owners didn’t want the black people to sit there because they did not like the color of their skin. They sat at the counter because they didn’t care for their rules and the men wanted their food. The four men were students at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. At Woolworth’s you could only sit on the stools if you were white. This started because these four men wanted to prove a point about segregation.
The **Man of the Hole** (Portuguese: *índio do buraco*, lit. 'Indian of the Hole'; c. 1960s – c. July 2022), or the **Tanaru Indian** (Portuguese: *Índio Tanaru*), was an indigenous person who lived alone in the Amazon rainforest in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. He was probably the only person living in **Tanaru Indigenous Territory**. The Brazilian government created that territory was created as a protected indigenous territory in 2007.

It is not known what language the Man of the Hole spoke, what his people called themselves, or what his name was. He was the last surviving member of his people after Brazilian settlers killed the other people of his group in a genocide in the 1970s–1990s. The Man of the hole lived alone from the mid-1990s until his death in 2022. From 1996, the Brazilian Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) monitored and occasionally interacted with him from a distance, but he otherwise chose to remain isolated. Living primarily by hunting and gathering and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his homes. This was the reason for his nickname. The Man of the Hole survived another attack by an armed rancher in 2009. In 2018, his case attracted international attention when FUNAI released a video of him to raise awareness about the threats uncontacted peoples faced in Brazil. He was found dead in one of his homes in August 2022.
**Eyelar Mirzazadeh** (born 16 December 1993) is a Netherlands singer, songwriter, For her own music, she performs under her first name, Eyelar. Her parents are Iranian.

Life
----

Eyelar Mirzazadeh was born in Amsterdam on 16 December 1993. She grew up in a musical household. Her family roots are in Iran and she grew up with Persian music. As a child, she entertained guests at house parties with her singing and improvised dancing. Later, influences from contemporary R&B and hip-hop were added. At the age of 16 she appeared on Dutch television to the music of Mary J. Blige. Shortly thereafter she reached the semi-finals of *The Voice of Holland*.
Eyelar made her name in the late 2010s, featuring on a variety of electronic dance tracks before developing her own grunge- and emo-laced pop sound, which she introduced on the 2019 solo single "Voices."

Dopamine
--------

"Dopamine" is a song by German disco and house music producer and DJ Purple Disco Machine featuring Eyelar, released on 27 August 2021 as a single from Purple Disco Machine's second studio album *Exotica*. The song has received over 75 million streams on Spotify.
**Tino Fariña** (Güímar, 1951 – Güímar, June 19, 1994) was a Spanish surrealist painter.

Biography
---------

Tino Fariña was a self-taught painter. After finishing his pre-university studies, he moved to Madrid, where he lived for two years and attended the Escuela de Artes Aplicadas y Oficios Artísticos. In 1973 he went to London, where he worked and developed as an artist. Before returning to the Canary Islands, he worked for two years as a painter in Palma de Mallorca. In 1980 he returned to the island of Tenerife and began studying to become a teacher at the ULL.

In 1990 he exhibited for the first time his work entitled "La fijación del olvido", at the IX Festival Internacional de Cine Ecológico y de Naturaleza de Canarias (I Premio de Pintura Luis de la Cruz y Ríos), in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife.

The collective exhibition "De todo corazón", held in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1994, was the last time the artist's work was exhibited to the public.

Tino Fariña died on June 19, 1994, at the age of 43, in Güímar, his hometown.

Calle Pintor Tino Fariña
------------------------

in 2008 the Mayor's Office of the Municipality of Güímar called for a competition and named a public space dedicated to the artist: Calle Pintor Tino Fariña.

The street Pintor Tino Fariña is located in 38508 Puertito de Güímar, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. It is located between Avenida Olof Palme and Avenida Ingeniero Manuel Gonzales. It borders with Calle Pintora Isabel Pérez, Calle Lepanto and Calle Hernán Cortés. Nearby is the Virgen del Carmen bakery, parking for the disabled, Spar Puertito Güímar and Club de Padel las Palmeras.

Works
-----

* La esfinge (1988)*illa en equilibrio I* (1987)
* *Silla en equilibrio II* (1987)
* *Esfinge* (1988)
* *Desde el balcón* (1988)
* *La fijación del olvido* (1988)
* *La visita* (1988)
* *La cuarta presencia* (1989)
* *Desesperación* (1989)
* *Hermafrodita* (1989)
* *Yo* (1989)
* *Relojes antropomorfos* (1989)
* *La espera* (1989)
* *La piedra negra* (1989)

* *La continuidad perturbada* (1990)

* Yo (1989)Yo (1989) *Paisaje interior I* (1991 o anterior)
* *Paisaje interior II* (1991 o anterior)
* *A las doce y media* (1991 o anterior)
	+ *Premonición* (1991)
	+ *Acantilado* (1991)
**Darchula District** (Nepali: दार्चुला जिल्ला audio speaker iconListen (help·info), a part of Sudurpashchim Pradesh, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Khalanga, Mahakali (today part of Mahakali Municipality) as its district headquarters, covers an area of 2,322 km2 (897 sq mi) and has a population (2011) of 133,274. The number of male 63,609 and female 69,855. Decadal Change(%) 9.40, Annual Growth Rate(%) 0.90, Sex Ratio(males per 100 females) 91, Absent (abroad) Population Total 6,867, where number of male 5,880 and female 987. Total Number of House 22,948. Total Number of Household 25,802. Average Household Size 5.17. Population Density 57 km2 (22 sq mi). The town has an Indian counterpart to its northwest, named Dharchula. The split between the two towns is just virtual as the traditions, culture, and lifestyle of the people living across both the regions are quite similar.[*source?*]

Darchula Lies in the west-north corner of the country. Darchula made of two words Dhar (ne:दार) and Chula (ne:चुला). Dhar means edge in Nepali and Chula means fire pace,thus the district derives it name today, legends say that in ancient time Hermit Byas cooked rice on the top of two peaks. Byas RIshi HImal is the famous peak here. It covers area of 1867 square km. The major rivers are Mahakali, Chalune, Tinkar, Nampa and Kalagad. The district's boundary is connected with India and china also.Tropical,Subtropical,cool temperate,mild temperate, alpine types of climate are found here. Temperature lies from 18 to minus 7 degree centigrade and rainfall is up to 143 mil-liter. Nepali,Byasi, Gurung, Bhote, Doteli are the dominant language and culture here.
**François de Bourbon** (or **Francis of Bourbon**), Duke of Châtellerault (1492 – 13 September 1515) was a French prince from the House of Bourbon-Montpensier, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon (itself a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty). He was the brother of Louis II, Count of Montpensier, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (also known as *The Constable of Bourbon*), Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, and Renée of Bourbon (who became Duchess of Lorraine on 26 June 1515, less than three months before François's death).

Life
----

François's father Gilbert, Count of Montpensier.
François de Bourbon was the third and youngest son of Gilbert de Bourbon, the Count of Montpensier, and his noble Italian wife Clara Gonzaga, with both of François's parents dying before he even became a teenager. François fought loyally under the command of his elder brother Charles in Guyenne and Navarre and was rewarded for his services by Francis I of France with the Duchy of Châtellerault in February 1514. François de Bourbon was killed in action on 13 September 1515 at the Battle of Marignano (in what is now the northern Italian city of Melegnano, in Lombardy) against the Swiss during the Italian Wars. After François's death, the Duchy of Châtellerault passed onto François's elder brother Charles, who was already Duke of Bourbon. After Charles's death in 1527 during the Sack of Rome, French King Francis I's mother Louise of Savoy inherited the Duchy of Châtellerault, with it becoming a part of the French royal domain after Louise's death in 1531. Later on, the Duchy of Châtellerault was given to Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, the third and youngest son of Francis I of France.

François de Bourbon never married but was rumored to have had an illegitimate daughter named Isabelle de Bourbon (who allegedly married a Spaniard named Laurent Suarez, the Count of Corunna), but this was never actually proven.
Logo of Hakoah Graz
The **Sportclub Hakoah Graz** (Hebrew: Hakoah - strength) was a Jewish sports and football club from the Styrian capital Graz. It was beside Sturm and GAK the third top league team from Graz.

History
-------

The club was founded on 12 March 1919 to offer the Jewish people of Graz (around 4000) the possibility to do sports. The old club Jüdischen Turnvereins zu Graz was dissolved in 1917. Jewish officials were against the club. The club was highly accepted by the young football players.

In 1921, the football section took part in the 2.Klasse of the Styrian football championship. The first classes of the federal states were the highest, because at that time there was no Austrian-wide championship. The champion of Viennas highest league was considered Austrian champion. They played in blue and white jerseys with the Star of David on the breast. It was difficult for them to play because they had no ground of their own. Due to the antisemitism of that time other clubs often did not allow them to use their grounds. In 1923, they leased an own ground.

In the 1921/22 season, they reached the first place and were promoted to the 1. Klasse. In the 1. Klasse, the club was again confronted with antisemitism. The Deutscher Sportverein Leoben and Turnverein Leibniz did not want to play against a Jewish club. They were disqualified. During the years in the first class Hakoah often reached places on top of the table.

In 1935, the club was relegated to the 2. Klasse. The reason for this was that some players went to other clubs and some ended their career because antisemitism grew at that time. The club also lost its ground which was only leased. The contract was not prolonged. In the Second Class, they gained again strength but the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany ended its history. The club was dissolved like all other Jewish sports clubs in Austria.

Other websites
--------------

* Article about Hakoah Graz Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
"**Paul is dead**" is an urban legend and conspiracy theory suggesting that Paul McCartney of the English rock band the Beatles died in 1966 and was secretly replaced by a look-alike.

In September 1969, American college students published articles claiming that clues to McCartney's supposed death could be found among the lyrics and artwork of the Beatles' recordings. Rumours declined after a contemporary interview with McCartney was published in *Life* magazine in November 1969.

Popular culture continues to make occasional reference to the legend, and McCartney poked fun at it with a 1993 live album titled *Paul Is Live*, whose cover parodied "clues" allegedly on the cover of the Beatles' *Abbey Road* album.

The evidence
------------

The legend is based on a range of ideas. One theory says that facial recognition proves that a different person "became" Paul after 1966. The *Abbey Road* cover clues include:

* The Beatles walking across the road look like a funeral procession
	+ John Lennon dressed in white is the preacher
	+ Ringo Starr dressed in black is the undertaker
	+ George Harrison is dressed in work clothes is a grave digger.
* Paul is out of step with the others
* Paul is barefoot
* Paul is smoking a cigarette, sometimes called a "coffin nail"
* Paul is holding the cigarette in his right hand, even though he was left handed
* A car number plate "LMW 28IF" means that he would be 28 had he lived
* The LMW means Lady McCartney Weeps (not Linda McCartney Weeps, because if Paul died in 1966, the real Paul would have never met Linda)

Additionally, when the song "I'm So Tired" is played backwards, John Lennon can be heard saying "Paul is a dead man. Miss him, miss him, miss him." This was likely inserted into the song to poke fun at believers of the conspiracy theory.
It is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.The puri temple is also famous because many legends believe that Krishna's heart was placed there and the material that it is made from damages the heart so they have to change it every twelve years.

Anantavarman Chodaganga - was a prominent king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty who ruled in 11-12th century AD. The Jagannath temple at Puri, Orissa was built by him in the 11th century. The Eastern Ganga dynasty reigned Kalinga from the 5th century AD to 15th century AD.

In Hindu mythology, wasting food is considered a bad sign; the Temple crew follows the same. A total number of people visiting the temple varies between 2,000 to 2, 00,000 people every day. Miraculously, the Parsadam prepared every day is never wasted, not even a bite.

The most interesting Buddhist claim has to do with an unknown substance called "Brahma" that lies inside the navel of the main idol, Jagannath. Hindus say that it was the original blue stone, but Buddhists say that this Brahma is Buddha's tooth relic that was brought from Kushi Nagar, where he died, to Puri.
HD 100546's disk in visible light from the Hubble Space Telescope(left). A protoplanet forming between the disks (right).
**HD 100546** or **KR Muscae** is a star. It is a pre-main-sequence star. It is 361.4 light-years away from the Earth. In the night sky, it is in the constellation of Musca. It has one planet. The plant is 6.5 AU away from HD 100546. The star has a disks of dust and rocks around it. One of these disk is 0.2 to 4 AU from the star and another is 13 AU out to a few hundred AU. Scientists think there might be a protoplanet between these two circumstellar disks, around 47 AU from the star.

Scientists believe this star is 10 million years old.

Planetary system
----------------

The planetary system contains at least 3 members: HD 100546, b and a protoplanet forming in denser regions of the circumstellar disks (c).

HD 100546 b
### HD 100546 b

HD 100546 b or KR Muscae b is a large gas giant exoplanet or a sub-brown dwarf star orbiting HD 100546 6.5 AU away from its host star. HD 100546 b might be the largest exoplanet discovered because it is exactly 7.0560720927 times the diameter of Jupiter which is 986,580 km. 

### Protoplanet

The Hubble Space Telescope observed a complex spiral pattern in the circumstellar disks. The young protoplanet designated "HD 100546" c or "KR Muscae C", is a possible exoplanet forming 47 AU away from the host star. It has the temperature of 227 K (or -46.15°C).
Sarguelas is a unique and exotic fruit that thrives in specific regions of the world, celebrated for its remarkable qualities and delightful taste. This mysterious fruit has gained recognition among botanists, horticulturists, and food enthusiasts alike.

Description: Sarguelas is a small, pear-shaped fruit, known for its vibrant colors and distinctive appearance. Its skin is a rich shade of deep purple, with a glossy texture that adds to its visual appeal. The fruit's flesh is sweet and juicy, resembling a blend of tropical flavors, including elements of mango, passion fruit, and hints of citrus. Sarguelas is often praised for its pleasant aroma and delectable taste.

The Sarguelas tree, known scientifically as *Sarguelas regalis*, is a tropical evergreen that can reach heights of up to 20 feet. Its leaves are broad and leathery, offering ample shade to the fruits that grow beneath their lush canopy. The tree produces these fruits seasonally, and each one ripens to perfection on the tree, ensuring maximum flavor and sweetness.

Cultural Significance: Sarguelas holds a special place in the cultures and traditions of the regions where it is cultivated. It is often used in festive celebrations and is considered a symbol of abundance and good fortune. In some cultures, it is believed that consuming Sarguelas can bring prosperity and happiness.

The fruit is also a popular ingredient in local cuisine, used in a variety of dishes ranging from salads to desserts. Sarguelas jam and preserves are highly sought after for their unique flavor profiles.

Cultivation and Distribution: Sarguelas is primarily grown in regions with a tropical climate, with countries in Southeast Asia and South America being known for their Sarguelas orchards. The fruit is typically harvested by hand to ensure its delicate skin remains intact, and it is transported to markets and stores where it is enjoyed by locals and visitors alike.

Popularity and Export: Over the years, the popularity of Sarguelas has spread beyond its region of origin, with international markets showing a growing interest in this delectable fruit. Exported fresh or in various processed forms, Sarguelas has found its way to culinary establishments and homes worldwide, delighting palates with its exotic and enticing taste.
**Laava** is the stage name of Brazilian singer **Fernanda Brandao**.

Career
------

In 2002 Fernanda released her single Wherever You Are (I Feel Love). Although her music originates from Germany, Brandao considers herself Brazilian. Born on March 5, 1983 in Belo horizons (Minas Gerais) she grew up it in Rio de Janeiro. Already at the age of 4 Fernanda danced with the Karneval in Rio and recorded samba folklore songs. She came from a musical family. Her mother produced some successful Brazilian pop songs and her aunt and uncle are well-known singers in Brazil. Fernanda spent much of her childhood time in studios.

When Fernanda was nine years old, her mother fell in love with a German man and they moved to Hamburg. She commutes back and forth between Brazil and Germany to dance. She also took up jazz, modern Dance, hip-hop, ballet, as well as vocal lessons in Germany. Fernanda trained physically, following styles such as box CUT, Tae Bo, BBP and crew class and became a licensed fitness trainer. Fernanda speaks four languages (Portuguese, Spanish, German and English). In 2001 she quit school, in order to give her all in recording music. Fernanda is currently in the band Hot Banditoz. 

She had been in many music videos as a back-up dancer for major international artistes including Enrique Iglesias, Kylie Minogue, Pink, Shaggy, Coolio, Gabriella Cilmi, Safri Duo and rock group Seed.

Other websites
--------------

* Fernanda Brandao Official website
* Laava at MySpace

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany

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| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

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The **kinetoplastids** are a group of single-cell flagellate eukaryotes. They include a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals. There are also forms found in soil and aquatic environments. They are members of the phylum Euglenozoa. 

Their main distinguishing feature is the presence of a kinetoplast, a DNA-containing granule inside the single mitochondrion at the base of the cell's flagella (the basal body).

The kinetoplastids were first defined by Honigberg in 1961 as the flagellate order Kinetoplastida. They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae. 

The Trypanosomatidae includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. *Trypanosoma brucei* causes Sleeping sickness; *Trypanosoma cruzi* causes Chagas disease, *Leishmania* causes leishmaniasis, *Crithidia* is parasitic on insects, and *Cryptobia* is an ectoparasite on the gills of fish.

*Bodo* is typical of the free-living Bodonids, and includes various species which feed on bacteria.
For other uses, see Utopia (disambiguation).
Left panel (*The Earthly Paradise* – Garden of Eden) from Hieronymus Bosch's *The Garden of Earthly Delights*.
**Utopia**  is a name for an imaginary community or society with a perfect system of laws and politics.

Sir Thomas More invented the word for his 1516 book *Utopia*. The book was about a fictional island in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The word has been used to describe both a perfect society, and societies in literature. A related idea is dystopia, the opposite of a dystopia.

There have been many utopias based on politics, economics, religion, ecology. Some of these have been propagated in books and pamphlets, some as actual communities. In practice, attempts to create utopias seem doomed, as good intentions run against problems. Most of the literary utopias are actually satires of existing societies.

**Utopia** is Greek for *no place*; related words include **eutopia**, meaning *good place* in Greek, paradise, Shangra La and Xanadu.

Literature examples
-------------------

* *Plato's Republic* by Plato (~380 BCE) is one of the earliest conceptions of a utopia.
* *The City of God* by Augustine of Hippo, (413–426 AD) describes an ideal city, the "eternal" Jerusalem, the archetype of all Christian utopias.
* *New Atlantis* by Francis Bacon (1627).
* *Gulliver's Travels* by Jonathan Swift (1726), a satire on human nature and on 'travellers tales'.
* *Erewhon* by Samuel Butler (1872), a satirical utopia.
* *News from Nowhere* by William Morris (1892). Nowhere: a place without politics, a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
* *A Modern Utopia* by H. G. Wells (1905
The Webb telescope days before its launch in December 2021
Life-sized model of JWST shown at the 2007 AAS meeting in Seattle, Washington. It stands two stories high and weighs several tons. Credit: Rob Gutro, NASA/GSFC.
**James Webb Space Telescope** (**JWST**) is a telescope that was launched on 25 December 2021. It is a replacement for the saklhhcd Telescope which was launched in 1990.

The telescope is named after James E. Webb, who was a director at NASA and created the Apollo program that put astronauts on the moon.

It has a main mirror that is 6.5 metres (21 feet) wide. This is 6 times larger in area than Hubble. It is so large that it is made in 18 pieces that fold together during the launch, so that it can fit into a rocket. It is mainly an infrared telescope but also works in the red part of the visible light (the pictures will be coded with false color so we can see them). It is plated with gold because gold reflects infrared very well. It is able to see things that the Hubble Space Telescope cannot. Infrared vision can be used to see heat radiation (like some kinds of night vision goggles), so the telescope itself must be kept as cool as possible. It is protected by a large sunshield the size of a tennis court to keep it cool and dark.

NASA released the first image from JWST on 11 July 2022, the oldest and highest resolution image of the Universe.

Orbit
-----

JWST orbit (not to scale)
The JWST is in orbit far from Earth, to avoid heat radiating from the Earth and moon. This special orbit is beyond the moon, at the second Lagrange point (L2) of the Sun-Earth system, a place of stable gravity. This orbit is 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 miles) from Earth, about four times farther away from us than the moon. This keeps it in the Earth's shadow most of the time; it does not actually go around the Earth, but goes around the sun at the same speed as the Earth.
Wolf Howard painting. ***Mrs Chippy***
**Mrs. Chippy** was a male ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, *Endurance*, became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed. The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

Life on the ship
----------------

Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite *"her"* name, Mrs. Chippy was a *"he"*, a male cat. By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:

> This afternoon Sallie’s three youngest pups, Sue’s Sirius, and Mrs. Chippy, the carpenter’s cat, have to be shot. We could not undertake the maintenance of weaklings under the new conditions. Alexander Macklin, Tom Crean, and the carpenter seemed to feel the loss of their friends rather badly.
> 
> 

Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

Memorial and painting
---------------------

Bronze sculpture of Mrs Chippy on the grave of Harry McNish in Karori Cemetery which was added by the New Zealand Antarctic Society
In 2004, a bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

The painting *Mrs Chippy*, by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and *Endurance* is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.

Further reading
---------------

* Sir Ernest Shackleton. *South*.
* Caroline Alexander (1997). *Mrs. Chippy's Last Expedition. 1914–1915 The Remarkable Journal of Shackleton's Polar-Bound Cat*. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-3527-2.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Mrs. Chippy at Wikimedia Commons

* Purr 'n' Fur: Mrs Chippy, of Shackleton's Endurance
* Lost and Fond: Tribute to Mrs Chippy Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
*For the American singer, see Marc Anthony.*
Portrait of Marc Antony
**Mark Antony** (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January *circa* 82 BC – 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.

Enemy of the state, and the second triumvirate
----------------------------------------------

Roman aureus bearing the portraits of Mark Antony (left) and Octavian (right). Struck in 41 BC, this coin was issued to celebrate the establishment of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian, Antony and Lepidus in 43 BC. Both sides bear the inscription "III VIR R P C", meaning "One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic".
After Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. 

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian *imperium* (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. 

News came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.

Egypt
-----

Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support. 

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

William Shakespeare wrote a play "*Antony and Cleopatra*" based on this historical event.
Tree fern in forest, New Zealand
A tree fern
**Tree ferns** are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis.

The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the **Cyatheales** group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top. Many are much shorter, however. 

The coal forests of the Lower Jurassic were mainly formed by tree ferns and cycads. Tree ferns were probably food for Ankylosaurs in the Upper Jurassic, as were cycads. 

Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as *Culcita* in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.

Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.

It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down.
**Franz Hermann Anton Magill** (August 22, 1900 – April 14, 1972) was a German riding instructor, SS officer and war criminal of the Nazi era.

Background
----------

Franz Magill was the son of a day laborer. His father bought a small farm in Zuchen in 1908, where Magill graduated from elementary school. He was called up at the end of the First World War and after the end of the war in 1919 he became a volunteer in the Hussar Regiment No. 5 of the Reichswehr. In 1923 he was promoted to sergeant, and again in 1928. In 1929 he passed the riding instructor examination at the riding school in Belgard and, after leaving the Reichswehr, went to the private "German riding school" at Gut Düppel in Berlin as a qualified riding instructor.

After the National Socialists took power in 1933, Magill joined the SS and directed the riding instruction of an SS Reitersturms. In March 1935 he became a full-time SS leader riding instructor at the SS Junker School in Braunschweig and made a career there. At the end of 1935 he was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer and, after he joined the NSDAP in 1937 (membership number 4.137.171), to SS-Sturmbannführer on April 20, 1938.

Shortly after the attack on Poland, Magill received the order to set up SS cavalry squadrons in Gut Düppel and, in September 1939, in Lodsch in occupied Poland, then two months later in the Lublin district. There, the basis of the SS skull rider standards (two regiments) formed. In May 1940, Magill received an order from Hermann Fegelein to set up the 2nd SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandard. Magill was not up to the task. In April 1941 he was recalled as leader of the 2nd regiment and commander of a cavalry division with four squadrons. The regimental leader of the 1st regiment was Hermann Fegelein and the 2nd regiment SS-Sturmbannführer was Heimo Hierthes (1897-1951). In the 1st regiment, Magill's position was held by SS-Sturmbannführer, Gustav Lombard.
**Intef the elder** was an important Theban ruler during First Intermediate Period, and the founder of 11th dynasty. The Royal List of Karnak mentioned as predecessor of Mentuhothep I.

Biography
---------

the seated statue of Intef the Elder
Intef the Elder was not a pharaoh, but the ruler of Thebes around 2150 BC. In this role, he would have served either a king of the 8th Dynasty or one of the Herakleopolitan kings of the 9th or 10th Dynasty. Intef the Elder’s control would have been from Thebes to Aswan in the south, but not farther north than Coptos, which was then controlled by another dynasty of governers. It is believed that Intef the Elder was the father of his successor on the Theban throne, Mentuhotep I. 
Intef the Elder is also probably the same person as "Intef-aa born of Iku", to whom Senusret I dedicated a seated statue depicting Intef as a scribe, the texts on the statue says: 

> Made by the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare as his monument for his father prince Intef the Elder [...] born of Iku
> 
>

Burial
------

Auguste Mariette discovered a stele belonging to the "hereditary prince Intefi" at Dra’ Abu el-Naga’ on the west bank of Thebes. This stele is currently in the Egyptian Museum (CG 20009). The stele provides information about Intef’s titles and indicates that he served an unnamed pharaoh.

> An offering which the king gives to Anubis, who is upon his mountain, who is in the place of embalming, Lord of the holy place, that he may give to the hereditary prince, count, great lord of the Theban nome, satisfying the king as keeper of the gateway of the south, great pillar of him who makes his two lands to live, the chief prophet devoted to the great god Intefi.
> 
>
Mediterranean sand smelt
The **Old World silversides** are a family, the **Atherinidae**, of marine and freshwater fish belonging to the order Atheriniformes. Atherinidae are abundant and considered bony fish (teleosts) that are widespread globally, living in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. 

They occur worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. About two-thirds of the species are marine, and the others live in fresh water. There are 74 species in 13 genera. 

The genus *Craterocephalus* is the most diverse with 25 species. Four genera are monotypic.

Size of Atherinidae
-------------------

Silversides are relatively small with most being less than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, with several not attaining lengths of more than 5 cm (2.0 in). The body is generally elongated. Distinctive characters include two dorsal fins widely separated, with the first consisting of flexible spines and the second having one spine followed by soft rays, while the anal fin has one spine on the leading edge followed by soft rays. The pectoral fins tend to be high, and there is no lateral line. On the flanks is a broad, silvery band. The scales are relatively large. Some species, such as the hardyhead silverside, *Atherinomorus lacunosus*, are commercially fished.

The family Atherinopsidae (Neotropical silversides) is closely related, while the genus *Atherion* has been given family status in the Atherionidae by some authorities.

Subfamily Atherininae
---------------------

### Origin of Atherininae

The separation between the ancestors of Craterocephalinae and Atherininae caused Atherininae lineage to form in Southern Australia, which has cooler habitats than Northern Australia.

The subfamily Atherininae has five genera. One is *Atherina*, which is found near the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans; however, the remaining four are restricted to Australia’s southern coastal waters. 

Since *Atherina*’s biogeographic location is significantly different, it is likely that *Atherina* and the four genera are not monophyletic or do not descend from a common ancestor. Instead, *Atherina* is hypothesized to have a sister lineage with the ancestors of Atherininae and the Craterocephalinae.

Classification
--------------

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Actinopterygii
* Order: Atheriniformes
* Family: **Atherinidae**

Related pages
-------------

* Amakusaichthys
Krillin is a fictional character from the Dragon Ball franchise, he's the best friend of Goku and husband of Android 18 and has a daughter named Marron.

Krillin makes an appearance in Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball Super and other movies and merchandise were made about him as well.

Appearance
----------

Krillin is munk who came to the Kame House to get special training from the Turtle hermit master Roshi. He meets his soon to be best friend but now a rival Goku. Master Roshi sends them to find him a beautiful lady then he'll train them. Krillin and Goku find who was being harassed but they save her. The girl's name was launch and was revealed to be criminal and the two man were policeman.

Master Roshi finally approves Krillin and Goku as his successors and begins the training. Krillin and Goku do many tasks like chores such as delivering milk,digging through the ground, swimming away from a deadly shark and dodging bees. After that master Roshi tells Krillin and Goku that they'll be training with shells on their back from now on.

8 months later,Krillin joins the world martial arts tournament.

| * v
* t
* e
Dragon Ball characters |
| --- |
| Dragon Ball | 
* *Goku*
* *Bulma*
* *Yamcha*
* *Krillin*
* *Master Roshi*
* *Chi Chi*
* *Pilaf*
* *Tao Pai Pai*
* *Piccolo*
* *Tenshinhan*
* *Arale Norimaki*

 |
| Dragon Ball Z | 
* *Son Gohan*
* *Raditz*
* *Vegeta*
* *Nappa*
* *Dodoria*
* *Zarbon*
* *Frieza*
* *King Cold*
* *Trunks*
* *Android 17*
* *Android 18*
* *Cell*
* *Mr. Satan*
* *Videl*
* *Son Goten*
* *Pan*
* *Majin Buu*
* *Broly*
* *Janemba*

 |
| Dragon Ball GT |  *Baby*  |
| Dragon Ball Super | 
* *Beerus*
* *Whis*
* *Champa*
* *Goku Black*
* *Jiren*
* *Caulifla*

 |
**Flannel** is a soft woven fabric, of various fineness. It usually does not have a nap, and instead gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn it is woven from. It is commonly used to make clothing, bed sheets, and sleepwear.

Flannel was originally made from carded wool[*source?*] or worsted yarn, but is now often made from either wool and cotton, or wool and synthetic fibre.

Flannelette
-----------

**Flannelette** is a light, napped cotton fabric imitating the texture of flannel. The weft is generally coarser than the warp. The flannel-like appearance is created by creating a nap from the weft; scratching it and raising it up. Flannelette can either have long or short nap, and can be napped on only one or two sides. It comes in many colours, both solid and patterned.

Weave
-----

Flannel, flannelette and cotton flannel can be woven in either a twill weave or plain weave. The weave is often hidden by napping on one or both sides. After weaving, it is napped once, then bleached, dyed, or otherwise treated, and then napped a second time.