recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Jennifer Alice Clack** FRS (*née* **Agnew**; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an English palaeontologist. She was curator at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Cambridge University. Her career was devoted to studying the early evolution of tetrapods.

Lobe-finned fish in the Devonian evolved into tetrapods in a series of transitional fossils. Clack adopted the term "fishapod" to describe these animals. They then colonized the freshwater swamps of the Carboniferous period.

Life
----

Clack attended Bolton School, one of the oldest schools in Lancashire. She received a BSc in Zoology from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970. and a PhD in 1984. She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the University of Leicester and an M.A. and D.Sc. from the University of Cambridge.

In 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by the University of Cambridge, taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology. In 2008 she was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2009.

The fairly complete fossil of *Acanthostega* she discovered in Greenland in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod.

In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series *Beautiful Minds*, a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries.

Clack died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 72.

Books and articles
------------------

* 2000. The origin of tetrapods. In *Amphibian biology*, vol 4. Heatwole H. and Carroll R.L. (eds) Surrey Beatty pp. 973–1029. and (with Carroll R.L.) Early Carboniferous tetrapods. pp. 1030–1043
* 2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. *Nature* **418**, 72–76
* 2005. Fossil vertebrates: Palaeozoic non-amniote tetrapods. *Encyclopaedia of Geology*. Elsevier, Oxford **2**: 468-497
* 2005. Getting a leg up on land. *Scientific American*.  Archived 2014-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
* 2012. *Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods*. 2nd ed, Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35675-8, (*Jenny Clack* at Google Books)

Other websites
--------------

* Jenny Clack on the Cambridge University website Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Home page - Jennifer "Jenny" Clack
* Profile on PBS website
* Interview on PBS website

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**John Payne** (May 28, 1912 – December 6, 1989) was an American actor and singer.

Career
------

John Payne began his career playing a small role in the William Wyler movie *Dodsworth* (1936). In 1938 he got a role in the comedy *College Swing*, directed by Raoul Walsh. He appeared on Broadway from 1935 to 1939. His first starring role was playing a boxer Steve Nelson in *Kid Nightingale* (1939), directed by George Amy. John Payne work with Randolph Scott and Maureen O'Hara in the war movie *To the Shores of Tripoli* (1942), directed by H. Bruce Humberstone. 

In 1946 he got the role co-starring in *Miracle on 34th Street* (1947), directed by George Seaton. Another great movie starring Payne was *Kansas City Confidential* (1952), directed by Phil Karlson. In this movie Payne plays an ex-convict trying to become a part of society who people think robbed many armored car. 

He has also been a regular performer in Westerns movies *El Paso* (1949), *The Eagle and the Hawk* (1950) and *Passage West* (1951) directed by Lewis R. Foster, *The Vanquished* (1953), directed by Edward Ludwig, *Silver Lode* (1954), directed by Allan Dwan, *Rails Into Laramie* (1954) directed by Jesse Hibbs, *Santa Fe Passage* (1955) directed by William Witney, *The Road to Denver* (1955), directed by Joseph Kane, *Tennessee's Partner* (1955), where he worked with Ronald Reagan, directed by Allan Dwan, and *Rebel in Town* (1956) by Alfred L. Werker.

Television
----------

John Payne also had success in television. He was the star of western *The Restless Gun*. It was a television series broadcast on NBC between 1957 and 1959, Payne starred as Vint Bonner, a lone cowboy and former Confederate soldier. He also made appearances in *Zane Grey Theater* (1957), *The Dick Powell Show* (1962), *The Name of the Game* (1968), *Gunsmoke* (1970), *Cade's County* (1971), and *Columbo* (1975).

Other websites
--------------

* John Payne on IMDb
* John Payne at the Internet Broadway Database
* John Payne in Lux Radio Theater: *Miracle on 34th Street* (1948) Archived 2007-12-27 at the Wayback Machine (Downloadable mp3 and streaming audio)
**John George Bartholomew** (22 March 1860 - 14 April 1920) was a British cartographer and geographer. Because he had a royal warrant, he used the name "Cartographer to the King". He is also known as "the Prince of Cartography."

Bartholomew is best known for naming the continent Antarctica, which before was ignored because of its lack of resources and bad weather.

Biography
---------

Bartholomew came from a family of great map-makers. He was the son of Scottish cartographer John Bartholomew Junior and grandson of the founder of a very popular map-making company named John Bartholomew and Son Ltd.

Bartholomew helped make John Bartholomew and Son Ltd. one of the best in the business. During this time, he also introduced the use of colored contour layer maps; he also helped future travelers by making many maps of major cities, railroads, and so on.

He worked with major scientific figures and travelers on projects involving their studies. During his life, he worked on an Atlas of Meteorology and Atlas of Zoo geography, however, he never finished. Before he died he was able to plan out the first edition of the Times Survey Atlas of the World; which would later become the most successful atlas project of the twentieth century.

Legacy
------

Bartholomew received the Victoria Research Gold Medal and Helen Carver medal. He was also put in the Royal Geographical Society.
**John White Geary** (December 30, 1819 – February 8, 1873) was an American lawyer, politician, Freemason, and a Union general in the American Civil War. He was the first mayor of San Francisco. He was the 3rd Governor of the Kansas Territory. He was also the 16th Governor of Pennsylvania.

Life
----

Geary was born near Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania. Today, it is close to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

California
----------

Geary became the first mayor of San Francisco. He is the youngest person to be mayor of San Francisco. President Franklin Pierce asked Geary to be the governor of the Utah Territory, but Geary said no.

Kansas
------

President Franklin Pierce asked Geary to be Governor of the Kansas Territory, and Geary said yes. He became governor on July 31, 1856. Pro-slavery people did not like Geary. They wanted Daniel Woodson to be governor instead. 

At first, he did not get along with anti-slavery people in Kansas. This changed. He became friends with Charles Robinson and Samuel Pomeroy. He believed pro-slavery people were the cause of the violence in Kansas.

Pennsylvania
------------

Geary was a Republican Governor of Pennsylvania from 1867 to 1873. On February 8, 1873, he had a heart attack and died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was 53 years old.
Marcello Malpighi
*Opera omnia*, 1687
**Marcello Malpighi** (10 March 1628 – 29 November 1694) was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features, like the Malpighian tubule system.

Although the microscope was invented early in the 17th century, it was not much used until Robert Hooke improved the instrument. Then Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, Nehemiah Grew and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek had a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.

Working on frogs and extrapolating to humans, Malpighi demonstrated the structure of the lungs, previously thought to be a homogeneous mass of flesh, and he offered an explanation for how air and blood mixed in the lungs. Malpighi also used the microscope for his studies of the skin, kidneys, and liver. For example, after he dissected the body of a black man, Malpighi made some groundbreaking headway into the origin of black skin. He found that the black pigment was associated with a layer of mucus just beneath the skin.

He was the first to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins. He may have been the first person to see this under a microscope. The microscope let Malpighi discover that the silk worm does not use lungs to breathe, but small holes in their skin called spiracles. This turned out to be true of all insects. 

Because Malpighi had a wide knowledge of both plants and animals, and he made contributions to the study of both. The Royal Society in London published two volumes of his botanical and zoological works in 1675 and 1679. Another edition followed in 1687, and a supplementary volume in 1697. In his autobiography, Malpighi speaks of his *Anatome Plantarum*, decorated with the engravings of Robert White (1645–1703) as "the most elegant format in the whole literate world".
**Joel Albert McCrea** (November 5, 1905 – October 20, 1990) was an American actor.

His career began in the late 1920s in movies such as The Fair Co-Ed (1927) and The Five O'Clock Girl (1928).

He had a starring role in the Western movie Wells Fargo (1937) and Union Pacific (1939). Those movies turned McCrea, into a prominent actor in westerns, from that moment he would never stop starring in Westerns. In another of his classics, Buffalo Bill (1944), he plays the legendary buffalo hunter. His other successful role was of "The Virginian" in The Virginian (1946). He was directed by renowned director Raoul Walsh in Colorado Territory (1949), he plays an outlaw who plans to rob the railroad.

In the 1950's, he starred in some interesting western movie as The San Francisco Story (1952), Border River (1954), and the Classic Wichita (1955), by Jacques Tourneur, The Gunfight at Dodge City (1959), as Bat Masterson. 

One of his best movies, was with the actor Randolph Scott in Ride the High Country (1962) by Sam Peckinpah. His last movies were The Young Rounders (1966) - Sioux Nation (1970) - Cry Blood, Apache (1970) and Mustang Country (1976).

Television
----------

In 1960 Joel McCrea, was hired by NBC Television, for the role of Marshal Mike Dunbar, in the series Wichita Town for 26 episodes. Marshal Mike Dunbar, is tough, imposing law and order in the wild town of Wichita. Joel McCrea was one of the few stars in Hollywood, starring in a television series.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Joel McCrea***.

* Joel McCrea on IMDb
* Joel McCrea at AllMovie
* Joel McCrea at the TCM Movie Database
* Joel McCrea at Find a Grave
* Photographs and literature
* Joel McCrea Wildlife Preserve Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
* McCrea Ranch Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
**Mathra** is a village in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala, it is near the town of Punalur. It is the headquarters of Mathra Grama Panchayat, a fertile area in which many residents are engaged in farming.[*source?*]. It is surrounded by hills, and several streams flow through village.

Community
---------

Mathra has a very high population of Saiva Vellala community. Mathra is a big village constituting many temples, including Mathra Ayiravalli Temple (Lord Shiva) and Paravathi Devi Temple. It also has one school - Saraswathi Villasam School.Mathra Service Co-operative Bank is a large cooperative bank in the district. The Village has a large NRI population. Most of the needs of the village are contributed by the nearby town Punalur. Jai bharath library is a cultural centre in Mathra.

Transport
---------

Many Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) buses ply through Mathra, connecting village to Punalur and other nearby places. Private vehicles including jeeps and autos also connect Mathra to Punalur.
**Mary-Kate Olsen** and **Ashley Fuller Olsen** (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses. They have acted in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.

The twins began acting on the ABC series *Full House* between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.

In the early 1990s, they became the youngest entrepreneurs in Hollywood history by starting the Dualstar Entertainment company.

Later that decade, they acted in *Two of a Kind* and *So Little Time*, as well as their own animated series.

They also acted in the movies, *It Takes Two* (1994), *New York Minute* (2003), and many direct-to-video movies and specials.

Merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market. The Olsens have a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls".

Health issues
-------------

In mid-2004, Mary-Kate Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. A Got Milk? ad featuring the twins was pulled following the announcement. On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection.

Fashion only
------------

The twins have bought up a number of fashion labels, and this is now their main activity. In 2012 the girls decided to quit acting permanently and focus on fashion.

Other websites
--------------

* The Official Site Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Olsen Twins in the News Archived 2021-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
* A Site Devoted to the Twins
Columbian mammoth, also known as Zed, skeleton from the tar pits displayed in the George C. Page Museum
La Brea tar pits fauna as depicted by Charles R. Knight
The **La Brea tar pits** (or **Rancho La Brea**) are a famous cluster of tar pits in central Los Angeles. Complete skeletons of many thousands of large animals have been found here. They date mostly from 40,000 to 8,000 years ago.

Hancock Park was formed around the tar pits, in the heart of Los Angeles. Asphalt or tar (*brea* in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground here for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water. Over many centuries, animals that came to drink the water fell in, sank in the tar, and died. In the tar, their bones turned into fossils.

The **George C. Page Museum** is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits are now a registered National Natural Landmark.

History of the site
-------------------

Modern excavations of the bones started in 1913–1915. In the 1940s and 1950s, public excitement was got by the preparation of previously recovered large mammal bones. A later study showed the fossil material was well preserved. They are about 10–20,000 years old, from the last glacial period.

Findings
--------

At the La Brea Tar Pits, scientists have found the skeletons of many prehistoric species, including:

* Mammoths
* American mastodons
* American lions
* American cheetahs
* Dire wolves
* The Western camel *Camelops*
* Short-faced bears
* Ground sloths
* The saber-toothed cat, *Smilodon fatalis* (the state fossil of California)

Only one human has ever been found in the tar pits: a partial skeleton of a woman, dated at about 9,000 BC. Because of the way her skull was crushed, scientists think she was murdered.

### Over a million fossils

Over a million fossils have been recovered from the tar pits. These fossils include individual bones as well as pieces of bone. Scientists estimate that at least 10,000 animals got trapped in the Tar Pits over 30,000 years. These animals belonged to at least 660 different species. This includes at least 135 species of birds, and 59 species of mammals.

Tar pits
--------

An anticlinal trap is feeding the tar pit on the surface through the vertical fracture in the strata (indicated by the red arrow). Once the crude oil reaches the surface, evaporation takes place and lighter hydrocarbons are vaporized, leaving behind sticky asphalt.
Oil is created when decayed organic matter is underground. It is under pressure. The crude oil seeps upward through fractures, or porous sedimentary rock layers. It may form a pool at the surface.

The lighter parts of the crude oil evaporate into the atmosphere, leaving behind a black, sticky asphalt. Tar pits are often excavated because they contain many fossils.

There are not many of these tar pits in the world, because they only form in these circumstances. The evaporation of the lighter elements in the crude oil is needed to create the sticky tar which traps the animals. Their distress calls are irresistible to the predators which follow them.
**Joel D. Weisman** (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

Early life and education
------------------------

Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

Discovery and treatment of AIDS
-------------------------------

He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.

  

Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report they jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*, describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".

In Weisman's obituary in the *Los Angeles Times*, Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

Personal
--------

Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.
**John Ruskin** (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era. He was also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He was hugely influential in the last half of the 19th century, up to the First World War. 

Ruskin wrote on a wide range of subjects. These included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and political economy. In all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.

Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of *Modern Painters* (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner. He argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. 

In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, where he established the Ruskin School of Drawing. He founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that still exists.

Other websites
--------------

* Ruskin at Victorian web
Lingulodinium polyedrum
Ventral view of *Lingulodinium polyedra* as seen by a scanning electron microscope. Cell diameter is roughly 40 micrometers.
*L. polyedra* in the surf off Solana Beach, California on 25 September 2011. (Exposure: 3 sec / f4 / ISO 3200 / f 210 mm)
***Lingulodinium polyedra*** is a mobile photosynthetic dinoflagellate. It gives off a bioluminescent light which shows on beaches at night. It causes red tides. 

*L. polyedra* causes red tides in southern California, with bioluminescent displays on beaches at night.

The organism was first described in 1955 as a cyst, *Hystrichosphaeridium machaerophorum* from the Miocene of Balcombe Bay, Victoria, Australia. Its first appearance in the fossil record was in the Palaeocene.

The toxins from such tiny dinoflagellates accumulate in shellfish which feed on them. Mussels, scallops and clams can be the agents of food poisoning if they eat these dinoflagellates.

Keeping live shellfish in pure water for three days before cooking is a standard way to avoid this problem.
**Joyce Carol Vincent** (19 October 1965 – December 2003) was an English woman whose death in her London bedsit flat went unnoticed for over two years.

Life
----

Vincent was born in Hammersmith, London. Her parents were from Grenada. Her father was of African background and her mother was of Indian background. She left her job in 2001 for unknown reasons. Shortly after, she moved to a shelter for victims of domestic violence. Around the same time, she cut off nearly all contact with her close family and friends. An investigator of Vincent's case said that she had been in a relationship that had a "history of domestic violence". It has been said that she may have been ashamed of being a domestic violence victim or did not want to be found by her abuser. In February 2003, Vincent moved into a bedsit flat above a shopping centre in Wood Green, north London. It was owned by the Metropolitan Housing Trust and was used for abuse victims.

Death
-----

Vincent had asthma. For two days during November 2003, she was treated for a peptic ulcer at North Middlesex University Hospital. She died in her flat sometime in December 2003 at the age of 38. Her cause of death is unknown. It is thought she died from either an asthma attack or problems caused by her recent peptic ulcer.

Vincent's death went unnoticed for over two years. Neighbours believed the flat to be empty. The strong smell of Vincent's decomposing body were thought to be caused by bins close by. On 25 January 2006, bailiffs forced entry into the flat and found her body. A pathologist said that Vincent was "mostly skeletal" when she was found. Her body was found with a shopping bag and wrapped Christmas presents around her. The television and heating were still running due to debt forgiveness. Her bills were being paid through automatic debit.

In popular culture
------------------

A movie about her, *Dreams of a Life* (2011), was directed by Carol Morley. Actress Zawe Ashton played Vincent in the movie.

Steven Wilson's fourth solo studio album, *Hand. Cannot. Erase.* (2015), is inspired by Vincent.

Punk rock musician Alex Marshall was inspired to write a song about Vincent's life. His band later decided to change the song's title to "No One Knew" and used the song's original title, Miss Vincent, to name the band instead. The single was released in 2012.

Other websites
--------------

* Joyce Vincent at Find a Grave

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A **linking verb** is a verb that joins the subject of a sentence to the complement (the word or phrase needed to finish an idea).

Here are some examples of linking verbs:

* The sky *is* blue.
* In the schools *are* enclosed rooms.
* The finger *is* long

('is' and 'are' are the linking verbs that connect the subject to the adjective or adjective phrase that describes it.) 


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***be***.

Many languages have one main linking verb. In English, this is the verb *to be*. People use this verb to show how or what something or someone is. Some languages, for example Portuguese and Spanish, have two different verbs for the two meanings of this verb.

Other languages, for example Arabic and Russian, do not have any linking verbs. That is because most languages without linking verbs have inflections, or word endings, that show what part of the sentence words are. Speakers of those languages can join the subject to the complement without any extra words since they share the same kind of inflection. For example, to say "I am a cat" word by word in Russian, a person only says "I cat" (**Я кошка** in Russian), but it is obvious to the Russian speaker what the meaning is because both words are in the nominative case, or the word form that shows that a word is the subject of a phrase. Since both words are in the subject form, the words are both linked together.

Conjugation of the verb "to be"
-------------------------------

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Infinitive: **to be**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
| Imperative: **be** |

 | 

|  |
| --- |
| Present participle: **being** |

 | 

|  |
| --- |
| Past participle: **been** |

 |

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Present indicative | Past indicative | Present subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| First-person singular (I) | am | was | be | were |
| Second-person singular (you) | **are**  | **were**  | **be** | **were** |
| Third-person singular (he, she, it) | is | was | be | were |
| First-person plural (we) | are | were | be | were |
| Second-person plural (you) | are | were | be | were |
| Third-person plural (they) | are | were | be | were |

 |
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
**Jules Joseph Lefebvre** (Tournan-en-Brie, March 14, 1836 – Paris, February 24, 1911) was a French figure painter. 

Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time.

His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.

Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.

Gallery
-------

* Jules Lefebvre in his workshop
* *La Vérité* (*Truth*) is a painting done in 1870. It is in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris today. It is among Lefebvre's best known works.
* *The Japonaise* (1882)
Illustration of Nicoleño woman, Juana Maria, from James M. Gibbons's "The Wild Woman of San Nicolas Island", published in Californian Illustrated Magazine 4, no. 5 (October 1893)
A photograph of a Native American woman, believed to be Juana Maria. This photograph was found alongside a picture of Maria Sinforosa Ramona Sanchez, wife of George Nidever, with whom Maria had lived at the Santa Barbara Mission.
**Juana Maria**, born on San Nicolas Island, CA, better known to history as the **Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island**, was a Native American woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of California from 1835 until her rescue in 1853. She died after getting dysentery. A children's book, "Island of the Blue Dolphins" was based on her. 

Most of her tribe was killed in massacres, which took place in 1814. In 1835, most of the remaining tribe was brought to the mainland, where they died of different diseases. Since then, Juana Maria was probably the only person to live on the island. She was found and brought to the mainland, in 1853. At that time, no one could understand her language any more, and people could only communicate with her using hand signs. Today, only a few isolate words and two songs are known of the language.

Language
--------

The Nicoleño language has been extinct since Juana Maria's death. It is only known from four words and two songs attributed to her. This evidence was recorded by non-speakers, because no one could be found who could understand Juana Maria. The four Nicoleño words that were translated were "tocah", meaning "animal hide", "nache", meaning "man", "toygwah", meaning "sky", and "puoochay", meaning "body".

One of the songs was recorded as follows:

> Toki Toki yahamimena (×3)  
> weleshkima nishuyahamimena (×2)  
> Toki Toki ... (continue as above)
> 
> 

The following text was published by an anonymous writer in Sacramento's *Daily Democratic State Journal* on October 13, 1853:

> The wild woman who was found on the island of San Nicolas about 70 miles from the coast, west of Santa Barbara, is now at the latter place and is looked upon as a curiosity. It is stated she has been some 18 to 20 years alone on the island. She existed on shell fish and the fat of the seal, and dressed in the skins and feathers of wild ducks, which she sewed together with sinews of the seal. She cannot speak any known language, is good-looking and about middle age. She seems to be contented in her new home among the good people of Santa Barbara.
> 
> 

Statue of Juana Maria and child in Santa Barbara, California, at the intersection of State Street & Victoria Street.
**Lilly Ledbetter** (born Lilly McDaniel April 1938) was the plaintiff in the American employment discrimination case *Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.* She has since become a women's equality activist.

Women's equality
----------------

### Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

Goodyear paid Ledbetter significantly less than men holding the same job. This violated the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which said that she could sue to get the pay difference. Her lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court. The court said that she waited too long to sue Goodyear. In response to the court decision, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which is named after her. Under the new law, other women will be able to get backpay after employers keep pay discrimination secret.

Ledbetter speaks during the second day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.
United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg stated:

> Lilly
> 
> Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber’s plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter’s salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236.
> 
> 

### Activism

On August 26, 2008 (Women's Equality Day), Ledbetter spoke at the Democratic National Convention, on the topic of pay equity.

In June 2011, she dined with New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment the previous month, and Eleanor Smeal.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lilly Ledbetter***.

* A documentary on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009[*permanent dead link*]
* English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Lilly Ledbetter on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Ledbetter, Lilly |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | women's rights activist |
| Date of birth | 1938 |
| Place of birth |  |
| Date of death |  |
| Place of death |  |
The **Lao People's Revolutionary Party** (Lao: ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ), formerly the **Lao People's Party**, is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Laos. It has emerged from the Communist Party of Vietnam founded by Hồ Chí Minh in 1930. It has governed in Laos since 1975. The policy-making organs are the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee. A party congress is held every five years. The congress elects members to the politburo and central committee. The congress used to also elect a secretariat, but this body was abolished in 1991. As of 2016, 128 of the 132 members of the National Assembly of Laos were from the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.

History
-------

The party has its origins in the Communist Party of Indochina founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930 (see Communist Party of Vietnam). The ICP was entirely Vietnamese at its beginning, but it grew throughout French Indochina. The Communist Party of Indochina was able to found a small "Lao section" in 1936. In the mid-1940s, a campaign to recruit Laotian members began. In 1946 or 1947, Kaysone Phomvihan, a law student at the University of Hanoi, was recruited, along with Nouhak Phoumsavan.

Sources
-------

* Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008) *Historical Dictionary of Laos*. Scarecrow Press. ISBNs 0810864118, 978-0-81086-411-5.

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**Le Châtelier's principle** is a principle used in Chemistry and Physics to describe how a system at equilibrium reacts to external changes.

Overview
--------

It is used to show how the point of equilibrium of a system will move to oppose a change in the conditions of the system, following Newton's third law. This is most commonly seen in reversible reactions in chemistry, where a chemical reaction has reached a point where the formation of products happens at the same rate the products decay back into reactants. This principle can then be used to increase the amount of desired products made by moving equilibrium towards that side in chemical industries.

### Concentration

If the concentration of reactants in a reaction increases, the point of equilibrium moves towards the products as this gets rid of the excess reactants and cancels the change. Similarly, if the concentration of products increases, the equilibrium moves towards the reactants.

### Pressure

If the pressure of a system increases, the point of equilibrium will shift to the side with less moles, as that side will occupy less volume and therefore will reduce the pressure.

### Temperature

If the temperature of a system is increased, the point of equilibrium moves towards whichever side is more endothermic as this will take in the excess energy as part of the products and so cancels the change of increased temperature.

### Electromagnetism

This principle is also shown by Lenz's law, which states that a changing magnetic flux will produce an opposing magnetic flux (and therefore a magnetic and electric field) in any nearby metals. This will then produce a second current in the nearby metal in the opposite direction to the original current.

Other websites
--------------

* Le Chatelier's principle
* Lenz's law
**Kitchener** is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the "technology triangle". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.

History
-------

At first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a prosperous city as it is today.

Future
------

A rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.

Media
-----

CHYM 96.7

CKWR 98.5

Other websites
--------------

* City of Kitchener
* Centre in the Square Archived 2007-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
* The Record Newspaper (Serving Waterloo Region)
* Satellite image courtesy of Google Maps
* Grand River Transit (serving Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
* Grand River Monorail (competing proposal for a Rapid Transit line through Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge) Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Elisabeth Caroline Simms** (born March 17, 1963 in southern Colorado), credited as **Lise Simms**, is an American actress, singer, and dancer.

Biography
---------

Lise grew up in southern Colorado. Her parents are Bill and Jacque Simms and is the sixth of nine children. Her brother, Tom Simms, is a Spanish teacher at Centennial High School. Lise graduated from Centennial High School in 1981, and from Oklahoma State University in 1985.

Career
------

### Broadway and theater

Lise began her acting career at age 13. She started doing Broadway after graduating from high school and starred in numerous plays such as *Other People's Money*, *Mame*, *Can-Can*, *Sweet Charity*, and *Bye Bye Birdie* during the 1980s. She was also a member of the original Los Angeles, California cast of *Beauty and the Beast* and toured around the world with *A Chorus Line* in 1986.

### Television

Simms was the host of Style Network's *Area*. She had a recurring role on *Sunset Beach*, but is best known for her role as "Barbara Diffy", Phil's mom in the Disney Channel original series *Phil of the Future*, where she also played "The Timekeeper" in the episode "It's a Wonder-Phil Life". She had a recurring role as "Connie Wayne" in the soap opera *The Young and the Restless*, and made guest appearances on *Friends*, *Providence*, *MADtv*, *3rd Rock from the Sun*, *Star Trek: Voyager* and many others. She performed for President Ronald Reagan in 1988's *Great Performances at the White House* series, which aired on PBS. 

Most recently, Simms can be seen as co-host and interior designer on Home & Garden Television's *Desperate Spaces*. Simms works with co-host and designer Daniel Kucan to decorate a room of a home in just two days and with only $2,500. They choose 1 room from 3 deserving rooms in need. *Desperate Spaces* premiered January 1, 2008. 

Simms had a guest spot on the February 3, 2009 episode of *90210* as Ty's mother, Louise Collins.

### TV commercials

Simms has been in commercials for the game Jenga, the remedies Tums, Maalox, Advil, Bluefly, Post Cereal's Shredded Wheat, and Dairy Queen's "Moolate" shakes. At one time, she co-hosted an infomercial for Rug Doctor carpet cleaning products. Simms also hosted a infomercial for Franklin Wheel and won an Astrid Award. She had appeared in Disney Channel's *Express Yourself* segments with other Disney Channel stars.

Filmography
-----------

* *Perry Mason: The Case of the Heartbroken Bride* (1992) - Female guest.
* *The Dentist* (1996) - Paula Roberts.
* *The Omega Code* (1999) - Talk show reporter.
* *Star Trek: Away Team* (2001) - T'Andoria.
* *Dragonfly* (2002) - Nephrology desk nurse.
* *Suits on the Loose* (2006) - Christine.
* *Snow Buddies* (2008) - Meg.

Television roles
----------------

* *Sunset Beach* (1997) - Nurse Kathy Baker (1998).
* *The Young and the Restless* (1973) - Connie Wayne (1999).
* *Area* (2002) - Host.
* *Phil of the Future* (2004) - Barbara Diffy.
* *Desperate Spaces* (2008) - Host.

### Guest appearances

* *90210* (2009) - Louise Collins.
* *iCarly* (2008) - Mrs. Linda Peeloff.
* *ER* (2006) - Emcee.
Lise Meitner
**Lise Meitner** (November 7, 1878, Vienna – October 27, 1968, Cambridge) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist. She had a very large role in discovering nuclear fission. She received her doctorate in physics from the University of Vienna in 1906. Her work with two other scientists influenced the discovery and creation of the atomic bomb.

Meitner was of Jewish descent and converted to Lutheranism.

Starting in 1907, Meitner worked with a man named Otto Hahn. She worked with Hahn throughout her entire career. Working together, they completed a lot of work in chemistry. Hahn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, even though his work had been with her. The reason that she did not win the prize was that she was a woman. She did attend the ceremony though.

In 1914, Meitner volunteered as an X-ray technician in the Austrian army during World War I. Meitner was also the first female professor in Germany. She became a German professor in 1917. Throughout the 1920s, Meitner worked mostly on radiation. She won many prizes and awards. Around 1935, Meitner and Hahn worked together to learn more about uranium. The element Meitnerium is named after her. Later in Meitner’s life, she had many discoveries that led to the creation of the atomic bomb. She worked to make possible the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima but she did not agree the atomic bomb.

Experiences sexism
------------------

An encyclopedia editor asked Meitner to write an article about radioactivity. He had read a paper she wrote about the physical aspects of radioactivity. The letter that she got was addressed to "Herr Meitner" (Mr. Meitner). She explained that she was female and the offer was taken away. Meitner followed gender roles later in her career. British physicist Ernest Rutherford visited Berlin Laboratory. During this visit, Meitner spent the day shopping with Rutherford's wife. Meanwhile, the men talked about work. Meitner also had lots of accomplishments. After working with Hahn and investigating behavior of beta rays, she received an appointment in the radioactivity apartment and invited Meitner to join him. Soon after, Max Planck asked Meitner to be an assistant professor and lecture at the institute for theoretical physics. Meitner was the first woman in Germany to be in her position. Many news reporters were drawn to her opening lecture.

Related pages
-------------

* Meitnerium

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Drawing of Komitas from a USSR stamp, 1969
**Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan** - **Komitas Vardepet** (also *Gomidas Vartabed*) (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.

He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title **Vardapet** (or **Vartabed**), meaning a *priest* or a *church scholar*.

He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title *doctor of musicology* and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.

His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy.

He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.

On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic *Villejuif* in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. 

The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas.

Other websites
--------------

* Virtual Museum of Komitas Vardapet
* Biography #1
* Some songs in .rm format Archived 2004-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
* New release of 36 Komitas-songs on SACD by the German independent label AUDITE
* Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian, Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon
In physics, **moment of force** (often just **moment**) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

In this concept the **moment arm**, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s² or Nm).

Formula for moment: 

{\displaystyle {\text{Moment}}={\text{Force}}\times {\text{Perpendicular distance}}}

The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.

Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.

A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.

In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.

History of moment
-----------------

The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an *arm*, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the *moment of force*, is defined as *M = rF*, where *F* is the applied force, and *r* is the distance from the applied force to object.