recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner**, CM (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer. Penner does concerts and lectures across North America. From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called *"Fred Penner's Place."* It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network. It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.

Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began writing songs when he was only four years old. He taught himself how to play guitar. He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down Syndrome.

After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them. Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students. The album was called *"The Cat Came Back."* He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song. 

He sang *The Cat Came back* on the popular children's TV show *"Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show"* in 1984. The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".

Other websites
--------------

* Fred Penner's Official Site
John was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of the first Christian martyr listed, James, and was part of the Twelve Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as on of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too called, The Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament and the only book based upon one's vision: Book of Revelation.

Family Life/ Life before Jesus Christ
-------------------------------------

John was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:

1. He was known by name to the high- priest. The high-priest was at the very top of Jewish society.
2. He was classically educated. He could read letters and spoke Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and maybe even a bit of Roman.
3. His father relied on ''hired men'' or ''bought men'' in other translations, suggesting he had slaves. Slaves are expensive!

Life being Jesus Christ's apostle
---------------------------------

John would've probably used his literary skills to get Jesus everywhere and would've got connections to help out with money and shelter. John was amazing and you can read about him and his portrayal in a new TV Show called The Chosen here; 

John would also be HEAVILY affected with the behaviour of others like the Samaritans and Jesus himself.

Life after Jesus' death
-----------------------

John would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he woud have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way

After Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.

Feast Day
---------

The feast day is celebrated on December 27.
**Esch-sur-Alzette** (Luxembourgish: *Esch-Uelzecht* pronounced [ˌæʒ ˈuəltsəɕt] (audio speaker iconlisten), German: *Esch an der Alzette* [ˌɛʃ ʔan deːɐ̯ ʔalˈzɛt] or *Esch an der Alzig*, French: *Esch-sur-Alzette*) is a commune with city status in south-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Esch-sur-Alzette.

The town is usually referred to just as **Esch**, but there is also a village and *commune* further north, in the Wiltz canton, named Esch-sur-Sûre from which to distinguish it.

History
-------

For a long time Esch-sur-Alzette was a small farming village in the valley of the Alzette river. This changed when important amounts of iron ore were found in the area in the 1850s. With the development of the mines and the steel industry the town's population multiplied tenfold in a couple of decades.

On 29 May 1906, Esch-sur-Alzette was promoted to city.

Geography
---------

Esch-sur-Alzette is in the south-west of the country, on the border with France. It is the capital of the Red Lands region.

The *commune* is in the valley of the Alzette river, a right tributary of the Sauer river and which flows through the town, and has an area of 14.4 km2 (5.6 sq mi). The altitude is 279–426 m (915–1,398 ft) high. At the city hall, the altitude is 287 m (942 ft) high.

Esch-sur-Alzette is surrounded by six *communes* of Luxembourg: Mondercange to the north, Schifflange to the northeast, Kayl to the east, Rumelange to the southeast and Sanem to the northwest. To the southwest, the *commune* borders the Audun-le-Tiche *commune* in the Moselle department of France; and to the west Russange also in the Moselle department.

Population
----------

There were 34,378 persons living in the *commune* in 2017, for a population density of 2,387.4 inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population in Esch-sur-Alzette**

Twinned and partner towns
-------------------------

Esch-sur-Alzette is twinned withː

* Portugal Coimbra, Portugal
* Germany Cologne, Germany
* Belgium Liège, Belgium
* France Lille, France
* Austria Mödling, Austria
* Germany Offenbach am Main, Germany
* France Puteaux, France
* Netherlands Rotterdam, Netherlands
* Italy Turin, Italy
* Italy Velletri, Italy
* Serbia Zemun, Serbia

Gallery
-------

Panoramic view of Esch-sur-Alzette
* Building in Esch-sur-AlzetteBuilding in Esch-sur-Alzette
* Théâtre d’EschThéâtre d’Esch
* Synagogue of Esch-sur-AlzetteSynagogue of Esch-sur-Alzette
* Saint Joseph CouchSaint Joseph Couch
* Town hallTown hall

Related pages
-------------

* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Communes of Luxembourg
* List of cities in Luxembourg

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Esch-sur-Alzette***.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: ***Esch-sur-Alzette***

* Official website (in French)
The main leader of the Gauls: Vercingetorix
The **Gallic Wars** were military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against tribes in Gaul between 58 BC and 50 BC. The wars gave Rome rich farmlands in Gaul (roughly France and Belgium up to the Rhine).

Caesar's sub-commanders included Mark Antony, Titus Labienus, Quintus Tullius Cicero (brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero), Publius Licinius Crassus (brother of Marcus Licinus Crassus, the richest man in Rome), Decimus Brutus Albinus and Servius Sulpicius Galba (praetor 54 BC).

Julius Caesar described the Gallic Wars in his book *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*. This is the main source, but it makes impossible claims about the number of Gauls killed (over a million), while claiming few Roman casualties. Modern historians believe that Gallic forces were far smaller than Caesar claimed, and that they (the Romans) suffered tens of thousands of casualties. One of the leaders of the Gauls, Vercingetorix, was taken to Rome, and later executed.

The main contemporary source for the conflict is Julius Caesar's *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*. This was thought to be truthful and accurate until the 20th century. Even in 1908, Camille Jullian wrote a comprehensive history of Gaul and took Caesar's account as absolutely true. But after World War II, historians began to question if Caesar's claims stood up.

Modern estimates are that at the battle of Alesia, in 52 BC, there were about 70,000 Gauls, and the same number of Roman troops. That is still a very large number, in a world with far fewer people than is the case today.
**Parveen Talukder** (born 31 January 1958) is a Bangladeshi politician and businessperson. She is an Honorable Parliament Member of 9th National Assembly (Constituency 316, Barisal). In business, Talukder deals with the ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh.

Early life
----------

Talukder was born in a Muslim family of Moheshpur Thana of Jhenaidah district on 31 January 1958.

Politics
--------

She became involved in politics at a very early age, when she joined Dhaka Mohanagar Chatra League in 1973 and got elected the Assistant General Secretary of Shiddeshawry Degree College Chatra Sansad. Since then, she has been active in political movements and activities against violations of human rights.

She was elected Chairman of Nolua Union Parished, Bakergonj, Barisal for two consecutive terms, in the year 1997 and 2003. During 12 years as UP Chairman, she was very successful in improving the living standard of the people of Nolua Union. She played a large part in the creation of schools, roads and culverts, electrification and other infrastructural developments. Above all else, she is well known for her fighting against human rights violations and women and child abuse. Currently, she is the President of Bangladesh Mohila Awami League, Bakergonj, Barisal.

Praveen Talukder is a member of committee of Ministry of Environment and Forest. In addition to basic environmental issues, she has worked on climate change. Her work is most notable on the impacts and changes of national and regional climate issues. She took seat in Copenhagen Climate Change Conference2009 in Denmark and Cancun Climate Change Summit 2010 in Mexico.

Parveen Talukder takes personal interest in issues dealing with human rights and environmental protection. For her work on the matter she was awarded "Gold Medal 2009" by National Human Rights Journalist Organization.

Business
--------

Parveen Talukder is also a very successful entrepreneur. She has made a large contribution to the ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh. She is the managing director of Pretty Composite Textile Limited, and Pretty Woolwear Limited and Director of several other concerns of Pretty Group. She is also a former Director of Northern General Insurance Company Limited.
**El Gato Negro** (in English "**The Black Cat**") is the name of two fictional superheroes that appear in comic books published by Azteca Productions. Created by Richard Dominguez, both characters made their first appearance in *El Gato Negro #1*.
The first El Gato Negro was Agustin Guerrero, a former luchador from South Texas who decided to use his skills to fight crime during the early '50s and late '60s. 
The current El Gato Negro is Francisco Guerrero, grandson to the original El Gato Negro. He adopted the superhero identity after his best friend was killed in a brutal murder.
Each El Gato Negro adopts a cat-like emblem, which they display in their costume designs or equipment. Although Agustin is not from the Silver Age of comics, he is sometimes referred to as "Silver Age El Gato Negro", because the comic book’s timeline would place him in that era.

Agustin Guerrero
----------------

See the main article: Agustin Guerrero (comics)
Agustin Guerrero was an American soldier from Texas sent overseas to fight in the Korean War. Separated from his battalion, Agustin was lost in the harsh jungles. There he found an exiled Japanese warrior and assassin known as "*Nuro Neko*" ("黒い猫" - black cat). Nuro Neko trained the young soldier martial arts and the path of a warrior. After being rescued and discharged, Agustin returned to Texas to become a masked wrestler. He adopted the identity of El Gato Negro and his success as a luchador caused him to have many adventures outside of the wrestling ring before he finally retired in the late '60s.

Francisco Guerrero
------------------

See the main article: Francisco Guerrero (comics)
The second and current El Gato Negro, Francisco Guerrero is a social worker by day and a vigilante by night. Francisco became the new El Gato Negro after the murder of his friend. Despite being liked by the citizens of his community, El Gato Negro is constantly being hunted by local law enforcement.

Movies
------

Richard Dominguez is currently in talks for a El Gato Negro movie.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  El Gato Negro featured at International Hero
2. ↑  Planet Comic Book Radio - Richard Dominguez[*permanent dead link*]

Other websites
--------------

* Azteca Productions
* Dominguez Illustrations[*permanent dead link*]
IISc administration building
**Indian Institute of Science (IISc)** is a public university for scientific research. It is located in Bangalore, India. Jamshetji Tata gave active support to establish this institute. He is one of the earliest industrialists of India. IISc is well known as India's finest research university.

History
-------

In 1893, Jamshetji Tata had a chance meeting with Swami Vivekananda on a ship from Japan to Chicago. Then, Jamshetji Tata discussed his plan with Vivekananda to bring Iron and Steel industry to India. Five years later, Tata wrote a letter to Vivekananda about his desire to establish a research institution. He also asked Vivekananda for guidance in this matter. Vivekananda softly declined this proposal.

The government of Mysore donated (371 acres or 1.50 sq km) to build the institute. They also agreed to donate 50,000 rupees every year. The institute was established in 1909. It had two departments - Department of General and Applied Chemistry and Electro Technology. Morris Travers became the first director of IISc.

Campus
------

IISc campus is in Malleswaram, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Bangalore City railway station. A number of other research institutes are nearby. These are Raman Research Institute, Central Power Research Institute and the Institute of Wood Science and Technology. There are regular bus services between them and IISc.

The campus is home to over 40 departments and centers of sciences. It has more than 3,000 students who are pursuing their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The facilities on the campus include a library,gymnasium, dining halls and restaurants. There are dormitories for men and women and accommodation for staff members. A visitor's hostel was built in 1990. The campus is full of greenery. It has over 110 species of trees and rare and native plant species. The roads connecting the departments are named after species of trees. For example *Arjun Marg* (*Marg* means path in Hindi), *Tala Marg* and Silver Oak Marg.

Related pages
-------------

* Indian Institute of Astrophysics
* Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Indian Institute of Science***.

* Indian Institute of Science
* Top Universities: Indian Institute of Science
Logo
***MasterChef*** is a Job search cooking competition which began in the United Kingdom. The show is very popular and has different versions in over 40 countries. The original show aired from 1990 to 2001. It came back in 2005. *MasterChef* airs on BBC.

Format
------

Each series is broadcast on five nights a week for eight weeks. During the first six weeks, the first four episodes of each week are heats and the fifth episode is a quarter-final. Six contestants enter each heat and the winner becomes a quarter-finalist. At the end of each week, the four quarter-finalists compete and a semi-finalist is chosen. After six weeks, the six semi-finalists compete in the final two weeks. 

The judges decide who leaves and who stays in the show. The current UK judges are Gregg Wallace and John Torode. They are sometimes joined by a guest judge.

### Other versions

* ***Celebrity MasterChef*** is a version of the show where the contestants are famous people. Sometimes, the celebrities are competing to win money for charity. *Celebrity MasterChef* seasons tend to last for a shorter period of time.
* ***MasterChef: The Professionals*** is the same as the main show but has professional chefs as contestants instead.
* ***Junior MasterChef*** features contestants who are children who enjoy cooking.
* ***MasterChef All-Stars*** is a version of the show which aired in Australia. Contestants and winners from previous seasons (of the Australian show) returned to compete again.
* ***MasterChef Teens*** is similar to the Junior version. This one had teenage contestants. It was created for the Ukrainian version.

Versions in other countries
---------------------------

The show was very popular and has been adapted into other versions such as an Australian one and American one (which had Gordon Ramsay as a judge).
Hollywood Park racetrack
A **race track** is a special facility built for racing. The racing may be for people, animals, or vehicles. Examples of animal racing are horse racing. Examples of vehicle racing are automobiles and motorcycles. A race track may have seats for the spectators to watch the race.

Other name for race tracks are **race course**, **speedway**, and **circuit**.

Often race tracks are the place where people will bet on animals and vehicles to win.

Design
------

Modern racetracks are designed with safety as the first priority. This is very important for race tracks used in auto racing. Safety for the spectator, track workers, and racers. Fences are often used to protect the spectators from the race track. Barriers, sometimes padded, are used to stop race cars if they run off the track.

Most race tracks are a closed loop. The start and finish line is at the same place. Some tracks are *open*. They start at one point and end at a different location. 

### Oval

Michigan International Speedway Some race tracks are in the general form of a circle or oval. Michigan International Speedway is an example of an oval track. The racers always turn in the same direction. In the United States, they normally turn left. NASCAR runs most of its races on oval tracks.

### Road course

Donington Park Some race tracks are called road courses. The racers turn both left and right. Donington Park in England is an example of a road course. Formula One runs most of its races on road courses. These types of tracks are often called *circuits*, especially in Europe.

### Street circuit

Circuit de MonacoSome races tracks are temporary street courses. Regular public roads are temporally closed, and the race couse is set-up using the closed roads. One of the most famous street course is Circuit de Monaco. Every year, the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix is held on this course. These types of tracks are usually called *circuits*.
**Kim** was a famous book. It is a novel by the Nobel Prize winning English writer, Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1901.

Background
----------

The book is set after the Second Anglo-Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893–98 The novel is notable for its detailed picture of the people, culture, and varied religions of India.

Summary
-------

The novel tells the story of a young Irish orphan, Kimball O'Hara, better known as 'Kim'. He is living in British India and brought up by his *ayah* (nursemaid) in the old Punjabi city of Lahore (now in Pakistan). Kim meets a Buddhist Lama (priest) and has many exciting adventures, traveling along the Grand Trunk Road. Some other interesting characters in this story are Mahbub Ali, Colonel Creighton, Lurgan-sahib and Hurree Chandar Mukerjee.

Critical View
-------------

*Kim* is Kipling's most important work and a significant work about India and the British Raj, and the famous 'Great Game' of espionage played there between the British Empire and Russia in the 19th century. It is also his most 'enchanting' prose work and may well be compared to other great English literary classics by Geoffrey Chaucer, Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.
Title page and frontispiece of *The Life and Preambulation of a Mouse*, volume 2
**Dorothy Kilner** (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms **M. P.** and **Mary Pelham**. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was *The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse*. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are *Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments* (1790), *Little Stories for Little Folks* (about 1785), and *The Village School* (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

Life
----

Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.

Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

Other websites
--------------

* Works by Dorothy Kilner at Project Gutenberg
* Complete text of *The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse*

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Australia
* Netherlands

 |
| Academics | 
* CiNii

 |
***The Book of Tea*** (茶の本, *Cha no Hon*) is a long essay about the role that tea plays in Japanese lifestyle and culture. It was written by Okakura Kakuzō, and was published in 1906.

The book is written for a Western audience. It was originally written in English. Okakura had been taught at a young age to speak English and was good at communicating his thoughts to Westerners. In his book, he discusses Zen and Taoism, but also the secular (non-religious) aspects of tea and Japanese life. The book emphasizes how Teaism (the art of tea) taught the Japanese many things. Most importantly it taught them simplicity. Kakuzō says that this simplicity, inspired by tea, affected arts and architecture.

Teaism
------

When tea is more than a drink and the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity, promote harmony with nature, discipline the mind, quiet the heart, and attain the purity of enlightenment, the art of tea becomes teaism. And it can be used to describe tea ceremony as the interests in tea culture and studies and pursued over time with self-cultivation. Teaism is mostly a simplistic mode of aesthetics, but there are subtle insights into ethics, and even metaphysics. Teaism is related to teamind. A sense of focus and concentration while under the influence of great tasting tea. Teaist is a person who performs or enjoys the art of tea and teaism. In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cultures, they all have well-developed teaism.

### History

Teaism is a synthesis of Taoism, Zennism, and tea. It is likely that it alludes more to the Taoist influences on Zen, and subsequently the Chado, or the Japanese tea ceremony, as he makes the statement, 'A subtle philosophy lay behind it all. Teaism was Taoism in disguise.' Teaism is brought out for its Taoist origins; but in the second half, it is shown through its manifestations in the Chado and in Japanese culture in general.

### Terminology of dao/do with respect to tea

In this sense tea is more than a drink and more than an art, it is integrated in the culture and the mind. The term Chinese:chadao or Japanese:chado in English is a difficult translation task. In most common use and easy to express translation is "tea ceremony". A direct translation is "the way of tea" or "the way of tea". The term "teaism" is by some only signifies this with Japanese tea ceremony. Similar terms are "tea arts" and "tea culture". While the word lore is usually not used in this context, another term used is tea lore.

Other websites
--------------

* The Transform of Tea Drinker’s Aesthetic Inclination of Ming Scholars Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
* *The Book of Tea* at Project Gutenberg
* The Book of Tea Archived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine (2,8 MB), published in The TeX showcase and typeset by William Adams
* The Book of Tea (html text)

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* VIAF

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
***Midnight*** is a teen fantasy novel, the first book in the second *Warriors* series: *Warriors: The New Prophecy*, written by Erin Hunter. It was released on 10 May 2005. The novel focuses on a group of feral cats living in four groups called Clans: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan. The cats of these Clans call themselves warriors.

Plot summary
------------

Bramblepaw, son of the evil Tigerstar, has received his warrior name, Brambleclaw. Firestar, leader of ThunderClan and main character of the previous *Warriors* series, has had two kits with his mate, Sandstorm: Squirrelpaw and Leafpaw. A cat named Dustpelt teaches Squirrelpaw how to be a warrior, and a cat named Cinderpelt teaches Leafpaw how to become a medicine cat (a cat who heals others). 

While Leafpaw and Cinderpelt search for healing herbs, StarClan, the spirits of the cats' ancestors, sends Cinderpelt a warning in some burning bracken: a picture of a tiger running through fire. Cinderpelt mistakenly believes this to mean that fire and tiger will unite and destroy the forest, fire being Squirrelpaw and tiger being Brambleclaw. They share the warning with Firestar, who decides to keep Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw separated.

In a dream, StarClan tells Brambleclaw, Feathertail of RiverClan, Crowpaw of WindClan, and Tawnypelt of ShadowClan to "listen to what midnight has to say." The four cats unite and begin on a journey in the direction of the setting sun. Squirrelpaw refuses to let Brambleclaw go without her, and Stormfur insists on joining them to protect his sister, Feathertail. On their journey, they meet an old cat named Purdy, who helps the Clan cats get to the ocean. The six journeying cats enter a cavern inhabited by a badger called Midnight, who can speak the language of cats. She reveals to them that humans will destroy the forest the cats live in, and that the Clans must leave the forest or die. She also tells them that a "dying warrior" (shooting star) will lead the Clans to their new home. The book ends with a short epilogue back in the forest, where the humans begin to destroy ThunderClan's territory.

Publication history
-------------------

*Midnight* was first released in the US and Canada in hardcover on 10 May 2005. It was released in the UK on 25 October 2006. It was released in paperback on 4 April 2006. It was also released for the Amazon Kindle on 6 November 2007.

Critical reception
------------------

The reception of *Midnight* was mixed. Children's Literature gave a negative review. Points raised in the review include the demotion of Firestar (who held a major role in the previous series) to a simple spokesman, the huge volume of characters, and the "wimpy" group of traveling cats. However, the review did praise the character of Squirrelpaw. On the other hand, *Kirkus Reviews* said the novel was "structurally solid." BookLoons called the characters "engaging."

Inspiration and influences
--------------------------

The forest the cats live in is based on New Forest, a forest in southern England. The herbs that the cats use for healing is based on information found in a book called *Culpeper's Herbal* by Nicholas Culpeper.
***The Story of Mankind*** is a nonfiction book that was first published in 1921. It was the first book that ever won the Newbery Medal. It won the Newbery Medal in 1922.

*The Story of Mankind* was written by Hendrik Willem van Loon. He was an American writer and teacher. He wrote *The Story of Mankind* for his grandchildren. He thought that all children need to know about history.

*The Story of Mankind* tells how people have lived and what things people have done that made a big change in the world. It starts with cave men. It tells about many different people. The last people it tells about are the people that lived when Hendrik Willem van Loon was writing the book. That was just after World War I. At that time, lots of people wanted to make it so that there would never be another war. Hendrik Willem van Loon thought that if he taught children about history, they would not want to fight wars when they grew up.

Movie
-----

In 1957 the Marx Brothers made a movie of *The Story of Mankind*. It starred Ronald Colman. Lots of other movie stars were also in the movie. The movie is also called *The Story of Mankind*.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Story of Mankind* at Project Gutenberg
By SobujDr. Bijon Kumar Sil Profile Picture By Sobuj
**Dr. Bijon Kumar Sil** is a famous scientist, scholar, and teacher from Bangladesh who currently works at the Gonoshasthaya Kendra.

Family
------

Bijan Kumar was born 1961 to parents Rashik Chandra Shill and Kironmoyee Shill in Baraigram, Natore, Bangladesh. He is the fifth of six born to his parents. He has two children.

Education
---------

He studied in Saint Joseph High School and College, Bonpara, Natore. Bijan then attended Edward College, Pabna, and completed the higher secondary education. He studied at the Bangladesh Agriculture University and earned his Bachelor's degree in Veterinary Science. He also did the postgraduate degree in Microbiology from same university. He then graduated from Surrey University, England, with a Ph.D degree.

Research
--------

When he invented Rapid Dot Blot Kit to detect COVID-19, he comes down to the timeline. On April 25, 2020, his invented kit will detect the coronavirus in less than 15 minutes.
**Apuleius** was a philosopher and rhetorician tried for using magic to win an older and richer bride. He's better known for his novel about the cult of Isis, the tale of Cupid and Psyche, and the adventures of its hero, Lucius.

Apuleius was born in about 125, in Madauros, Numidia. It is not known what his first name was, although writers in the Middle Ages often called him "Lucius Apuleius" because the hero of his novel was called Lucius. Apuleius was educated in Carthage and Athens, and then traveled around the Mediterranean learning about religious cults. In 158 he delivered a speech recorded as *Apologia Apuleii* 'The Apology of Apuleius' in the town of Sabratha, Tripolitania (modern Libya), as a defense against the charge of using magic to win a richer and older bride called Pudentilla. Apuleius, in his Apology, provides a glimpse into second century Roman law, the economic and social conditions of Roman North Africa, and the attitude towards magic.

Apuleius died in about 175 A.D. having written his novel, known as either *The Golden Ass* or *The Metamorphoses* (also Transformations of Lucius), and the Apology, as well as books on Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Apuleius***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Apuleius***.

Wikisource has original works written by or about:  
***Apuleius***

* Apuleius (123–180 CE) the Famous Berber writer Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Apulei Opera (Latin texts of all the surviving works of Apuleius) at The Latin Library
* English translation of *Florida* by H. E. Butler (PDF)
* English translation of the *Apologia* by H. E. Butler Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
* English translation of the *God of Socrates* by Thomas Taylor
* English translation of the *Apologia* by H. E. Butler (PDF)
* Apuleius – Apologia: Seminar Archived 2004-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (Latin text of the *Apologia* with H. E. Butler's English translation and an English crib with discussion and commentary)
* *Apology as Prosecution: The Trial of Apuleius*
* Apuleius' works: text, concordances and frequency list
* Works by Apuleius at Project Gutenberg
**Harriet Martineau** (12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was an English social theorist and writer. She is often called the first female sociologist.

She wrote only one book, but many essays. The essays were sociological, religious, domestic, sexual themes, with a feminine perspective. She also translated various works from Auguste Comte. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing.

A young Princess Victoria, (later Queen Victoria), enjoyed reading Martineaus's publications. The Queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838 – an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau has said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough analysis was necessary to understand woman's status under men.

One writer said "as a born lecturer and politician she [Martineau] was less affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation". Often described as having a masculine intellect and body, Martineau introduced feminist perspectives in her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

Related pages
-------------

* List of sociologists from Europe
**Ferdinand Peroutka** (6 February 1895 – 20 April 1978) was a Czech journalist and writer. He is considered to be one of the most important journalists in Czech history.

Life
----

### Early career

From 1919 to 1924 he worked as editor of magazine *Tribuna* (Tribune), then from 1924 to 1939 he was editor-in-chief of revue *Přítomnost* (Presence). His activity was supported by T. G. Masaryk, who also contributed to his magazines. Peroutka was also wrote about politics in *Lidové noviny,* where he wrote against Nazis and communists, whose idelogies he saw as dangerous. For this he was frequently attacked by members of those parties. He also openly criticiced Adolf Hitler, for his lies and false promises. 

### World War II

After German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Peroutka was forced to write propaganda for the Nazis. He didn't listen and in April 1939 issue of *Přítomnost* he wrote an article *Dynamický život* (Dynamic life) about the 50th birthday of Adolf Hitler. In this article he acknowledged Hitler's power, but refused that Czechs should listen to him. For this he was sent to concentration camp, but was released after few days. Although, a few months later in September 1939 he was jailed again, along with other potential enemies of Nazi regime.

Peroutka was jailed in concentration camps Dachau and Buchenwald, where he was liberated by American army in 1945.

### After the war

After the war Peroutka became editor-in-chief of *Svobodné noviny* and *Dnešek,* that replaced his previous magazines.

In those years he was repeatedly accused by communists of sympathizing with Nazis. Peroutka refused those claims. The alleged evidence of the communists were articles *Dynamický život* and *Hitler po lidské strance* (Hitler with a human face), that Peroutka didn't actually write.

Many years later in 2015, Czech president Miloš Zeman claimed that Peroutka was fascinated by Nazism and wrote an article called *Hitler je gentleman* (Hitler is gentleman). Although this was not proved, Zeman refused to offer an excuse. Zeman was eventually forced by the court to apologize for his false statement.

In the years 1945-1946 he was a member of the parliament for Czech National Social Party.

### Exile

After Soviets assumed control over Czech government in 1948 Peroutka went to exile. First he went to England and later to United States. He worked for Radio Free Europe in Munich and was one of the members of The Council of Free Czechoslovakia.

Peroutka became one of the most important anti-communist personalities and his works were banned behind Iron Curtain. Reading and spreading his work was illegal and Communist government pretented he never existed. Because of this Czechs growing up after normalization had practically no way to find out who he was.

Peroutka died in 1978 in New York. After Velvet revolution he was buried on Vyšehrad in 1991.
**Walid Eido** (in Arabic: وليد عيدو) (Beirut, 1942 - Beirut, June 13, 2007) was a Lebanese man who worked for the Lebanese Parliament, a government building in Beirut. He died with his son on June 13, 2007, with eight other people, when a bomb blew up just outside a famous amusement park. This was at the waterside of north Beirut.

His early life
--------------

Walid Eido was Sunni Muslim. He was born in the Bachoura area of Beirut. He finished his studies at the Lebanese University in 1966. In the late 1990s, he worked for the Lebanese law of north Lebanon, but, in the year 2000, he quit to go into political life with Mr. Rafic Hariri and to be in the Lebanese parliament. Later on, he worked for the Lebanese Parliament. He used to belong to Al-Murabitun militant group at the time of the Lebanese civil war, he left the Murabitun when this group starts to expand and take bad members in.

Personal life
-------------

Eido was married with three sons named Khaled, Zaher and Mazen. Eido was a good swimmer and the bomb exploded outside his favorite Beirut beach resort, Sporting Club.
**Itzhak Perlman** (born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist.

Early life
----------

Perlman was born in Tel Aviv which, three years later, became part of the state of Israel. When he was small he listened to the violin on the radio and decided he wanted to play it. He studied at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv. Then he moved to the United States to study at the Juilliard School with Ivan Galamian and Dorothy DeLay. He made his first public performance at Carnegie Hall in 1963. In 1964 he won the Leventritt Competition. Soon afterward he began to tour widely. He also appeared on American television in shows including *Sesame Street*. He was invited to play at the White House. 

Perlman had been ill with polio at the age of four. He got better, and managed to learn to walk again with the use of crutches. Today, he still walks with crutches and plays the violin sitting down.

Career
------

In 1987, he joined the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra for their concerts in Warsaw and Budapest, as well as other Eastern bloc countries. He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for their first-ever performance in the USSR, with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad, and toured with the IPO again in 1994, performing in China and India.

Perlman usually plays solos, but he also plays chamber music with other musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Jessye Norman and, especially, with Pinchas Zukerman.

Perlman usually plays classical music but sometimes he plays jazz. He made an album made with jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, and klezmer. Perlman has been a soloist for a number of movie scores, including the score of the 1993 film *Schindler's List* by John Williams.

Perlman plays on a special Stradivarius violin called the *Soil Stradivarius*, made in 1714. He also plays on a Guarneri del Gesu made about 1743. 

In recent years, Perlman has also begun to conduct, taking the post of principal guest conductor at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

Perlman has made many recordings and received many great honours.

Perlman performed at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration. He joined cellist Yo-Yo Ma, pianist Gabriela Montero and clarinetist Anthony McGill. Together they played "Air and Simple Gifts", a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn "'Tis A Gift To Be Simple."

Personal life
-------------

Itzhak Perlman lives in New York City with his wife. They have five children.
Ceramic tiles showing typical lizard's pattern of movement
**Carrier's constraint** is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time. The sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.

It was named, by English paleontologist Richard Cowen, after David R. Carrier, who wrote his observations on the problem in 1987.

Many amphibia and reptiles can and do move very fast over short distances. They do it by moving without breathing, which builds up an "oxygen debt". Humans sometimes do this when running very quickly. 100-metre sprinters do not breathe during a race. They collapse and recover afterwards. Many reptiles and amphibians are ambush predators, which fits that kind of life quite well. There is no reptile or amphibian equivalent to dogs or deer, with their huge capacity for running long distances. 

There are, however, some reptiles which get round the Carrier constraint. Snakes, for example have only one lung. And, of course, dinosaurs were bipedal to start with, and most groups stayed bipedal to the end. Lizards run in short bursts with brief pauses. Carrier was able to show that they breathed in the pauses.
Baked corn
**Baking** is a skill or way of cooking food in an oven. Sometimes, though, baking can also be done in hot ashes, or hot stones. It is used for making bread, cakes, pastries, pies, tarts, cookies, and much more. Such foods made by baking are called "baked goods". 

The ingredients used in baking include flour, water, leavening agents (baker's yeast, baking soda, baking powder), shortening (fats, oils), eggs, milk, and sugars. These are all mixed together to create dough or batter, which is then put into a pan or a sheet and heated. Leavening agents produce gas that becomes trapped in the dough. This makes it rise. Shortening makes doughs more easily workable and the bread that comes out in the end more soft and tender. Egg whites are used to help make a light, airy texture.

Baked goods are sold at a bakery. A person who makes baked goods as a job is called a baker. It is also used for making baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.

History
-------

Baker putting bread into an oven
In ancient history, the first baking happened when humans took wild grass grains, and soaked them in water. Then they mixed everything together, and also mashed it. After that, this mixture was poured onto a flat, hot rock, and roasted on hot embers. This new way of making bread was much easier than the other ways of doing so. This was because bread could be made anytime if there was fire. 

Around 2500 BC Egyptians had bread, and may have learned how to make it from the Babylonians. Also, the Greeks around 400 B.C. tarts with patterns and honey was included in Greek food. Dispyrus, another type of baked good, was also made by the Greeks around that time. It was popular. Dispyrus was a donut-like bread made from flour and honey and shaped in a ring. Soaked in wine, it was eaten when hot. The first proof of stone ovens was in Italy, where they made pizza and pasta.

Baking was very popular in the Roman Empire. In about 300 B.C. the pastry cook became a special job for Romans (called the *pastillarium*). Romans loved pastry, which was often cooked for large parties. Baking became so popular during the Roman Empire that someone who could think of a new kind of pastry was given an award. Around 1 AD there were more than 300 pastry chefs in Rome.

Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known in Europe. It later spread to the eastern parts of Asia, too. Bakers sometimes bake goods at home and then sell them in the streets. In London, chefs sold their baked goods from handcarts. In Paris, the first café of baked goods was made. Baking became a real art in the world. Cakes can be actually mixed in just a few minutes, with only a small bit of skill needed, and it can be lifted fresh from the oven in less than 30 minutes. A basic loaf of bread may take slightly longer time, but it does not demand a lot of time from the cook.
*This article is about one of the five main senses. For other uses, see Touch (disambiguation)*
**Touch** is one of the five main senses that animals have. It can be called the **sense of body** or the **sense of touch**. The system also has internal sensory receptors, and includes sensing temperature and pain. There is a special area in the brain used to processing input of touch. It is in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

An animal knows if something is against a part of its body. This is called the sense of touch. The process of touching something may be called feeling.

Tiny touch sense organs under the skin help animals feel hardness, softness, and sharpness, for example. Animals also have sense organs which feel temperature and pain. Some parts of the body, such as fingertips have many more sense organs than others.

When animals touch things, nerve fibres attached to the sense tik italia organ sends messages to the brain through the central nervous system. The brain interprets the messages, and animals feel things.

Touch as communication
----------------------

Humans, and mammals in general, often touch each other. Touch is a kind of non-verbal communication. Behaviours based on touch are very important for keeping family and group members together ('bonding'). It is part of the 'glue' of their social life. Monkeys grooming each other's fur is a good example.

Related pages
-------------

* Braille
* Proprioception
* Touchscreen