recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Berriew** (Welsh: *Aberriw*) is a village in Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the river Rhiw near the merge with the River Severn. The village has won several 'Best Kept Village' awards - although the scheme has now been stopped.

Main facilities in Berriew
--------------------------

The village bowling green is outside the village on the way to Brooks/Bettws. The bowling green is used regularly. The village primary school is by the road leading to Castle Caereinion. 

The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant. There are two pubs in the village centre - the Talbot and the Lion hotel. There is also the Horseshoes, a little way out of the village.

Glansevern Hall and Gardens are also near to the village.

The village post office at the corner shop, closed on Monday 20th October, 2008, and a new outreach service opened in the SPAR Stores shop also in the village a day later on 21 October 2008.

Berriew is the home of Berriew Football Club.

Mirror-artist and sculptor, Andrew Logan, bought the village squash courts and converted the building into The Andrew Logan Museum of Sculpture.

The church is dedicated to St. Beuno, supposidly born in the village.

Best kept village in Wales
--------------------------

Berriew has won this competition many times. It was first won in 1970.

Other websites
--------------

* Photos of Berriew and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
* Glanservern Hall & Gardens website
* St Beuno's Church Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
**Bartolomeo Tromboncino** (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer. He lived in the Renaissance period. He is famous as a composer of songs called *frottole*. He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.

We know very little about his life. He probably grew up in Mantua. In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499 he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her. He may also have murdered the other man. We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished. This may be because a rich lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.

From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia. She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman. He wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.

His frottole are very lively and full of fun. He played the trombone. This is how he got his name. He also wrote some serious sacred music.

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The **Australasian swamphen** (*Porphyrio melanotus*) is a species of swamphen (*Porphyrio*) found in eastern Indonesia (the Moluccas, Aru and Kai Islands), Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand, it is known as the **pukeko** (from the  Māori *pūkeko*). The species used to be thought a subspecies of the purple swamphen.

Distribution
------------

The Australasian swamphen occurs in mainland Australia, eastern Indonesia, the Moluccas, Aru and Kai Islands, and in Papua New Guinea. It is also found on New Zealand's main islands and in the Chatham and Kermadec Islands. It has a small shield, black upperparts, and a purple throat and breast. *P. p. pelewensis* (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872) from Palau, looks like *melanotus* but has greener upperparts and is smaller. *P. p. melanopterus* (Bonaparte, 1856) is found from the Lesser Sundas and Moluccas to New Guinea. It is as *melanotus* but smaller, more variable and less blue in the upperparts. *P. p. bellus* (Gould, 1820) from Western Australia is as *melanotus* but has a cerulean blue throat and breast. *P. p. samoensis* (Peale, 1848) occurs from New Guinea to New Caledonia and Samoa, and is as *melanotus* but smaller, with a little brown on the back

In flight in Pauatahanui Wildlife Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Taxon identifiers | 
* Wikidata: Q27074640
* Wikispecies: Porphyrio melanotus
* BirdLife: 22732685
* eBird: purswa6
* Fossilworks: 371224
* GBIF: 5817288
* iNaturalist: 418530
* IRMNG: 10655974
* NCBI: 72013
* NZOR: 0e15c222-c594-4964-8a71-476f239143af
* Xeno-canto: Porphyrio-melanotus

 |
An approximate map of the strewnfield.Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.
The **Australasian strewnfield** is the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields. Recent estimates suggest it may cover 10%–30% of the Earth's surface. Tektites are gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown, or grey natural glass. They are formed from terrestrial debris ejected by meteorite impacts.

The strewnfield is about c. 790,000-year-old. It includes most of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Southern China). The material from the impact stretches across the ocean to include the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Java. It also reaches far west out into the Indian Ocean, and south to Australia and Tasmania. Since the 1960s, it has been accepted that the strewn field included Hainan in southern China to Australia or about 10% of the Earth's surface. This was later extended by finds in Africa and Tasmania to 20%. Recent additional finds in northern Tibet and Guangxi increased the strewnfield to about 30% of the Earth's surface, or almost 150 million km2, or about the size of the entire world's landmass.

The glass comes from the melting of local rocks due to the impact of a large meteorite. The assumed source is a 1.2-kilometer-wide topographic depression in Tasmania known as Darwin Crater. The crater is filled with 230 metres of sediments and breccia. A crater of that size would be caused by a meteorite 20 to 50 metres in diameter.
Kim Philby, as depicted on a Soviet Union stamp
The **Cambridge Spy Ring** was a group of spies in the United Kingdom that passed information to the Soviet Union during and after World War II. It was active from the later 1930s until at least into the early 1950s. 

None was ever prosecuted for spying. The number and membership of the ring became public slowly, since the 1950s. Their most damaging achievement was to pass information about the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union.
The sudden flight of Donald Maclean (cryptonym: Homer) and Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks) to the Soviet Union in 1951 was the first public news. 

In 1961, defector Anatoliy Golitsyn provided information which pointed to Kim Philby. Philby (cryptonyms: Sonny, Stanley), fled the country in 1963. He spent the rest of his life in Moscow.

After Philby's flight, British intelligence got confessions from Anthony Blunt (cryptonyms: Tony, Johnson) and then John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt), who were the last two of a group of five. Their involvement was kept secret for many years: until 1979 for Blunt, and 1990 for Cairncross. 

The group became known as the **Cambridge Five**. All five spies met as students or teachers at Cambridge University.
***Caid*** was the name given to several ancient and traditional Irish football games. "Caid" is now used by some people for modern Gaelic football.

The word *caid* originally meant the ball which was used. It was made out of animal skin, with a natural bladder inside.

Some people believe that *caid* has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football the rules of which were officially published in 1887.

The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game was charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the *Statute of Galway*, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery, but banned *"hokie" – the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves*, as well as other sports. 
*Caid* was especially popular in rural areas.

There is some evidence that *caid* was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora, and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football, although this is controversial.

By the late 19th century, *caid*, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.
**Bridget of Sweden**, or **Birgitta Birgersdotter** (1303–1373), was a mystic and saint, and founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks.

A few months before she was born, her mother was in a shipwreck. Many people died, but her mother was saved by the king's brother. In a dream the night after her rescue, she was told that she was saved because the child in her womb was very special, and was a gift from God. After Bridget was born, she wanted to live her life as a holy woman, but it was hard, because she was one of only two surviving children in her family. When she was 14 years old, she was forced to marry 18-year-old Ulf Gudmarsson. This was hard for her because she believed that staying a virgin would be the closest state to God. 

After Ulf died, God sent a message to tell Bridget to come to Rome. That same year, Bridget packed up her bags and headed off to Rome, never to return to her hometown again. In 1370, Pope Urban V made her religious group official. She eventually became famous for helping to restoring the papacy in Rome.

Related pages
-------------

* Patron saint
The **Australian Pound** was the money of Australia from 1910 until 1966. It was made up of 20 shillings, with each shilling made out of 12 pence. In 1966, the basic unit of currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar which had 100 cents to each dollar. 1 pound became 2 dollars, 1 shilling became 10 cents and 1 penny became 1 cent.

Coins
-----

British coins were used until 1910, when Australian silver coins started to be made and used. There were florins, shillings, sixpences and threepences. They had a picture of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom on one side. Australian pennies and half-pennies started to be used the next year. In 1931 gold sovereigns, which had also been used before 1910, stopped being made in Australia. A crown (five shilling) coin was made for use between 1937 and 1938. People did not like them very much so you would not have seen them often after 1940.
By 1966, the coins being used were half pennies, pennies, threepences, sixpences, shillings and florins.

Banknotes
---------

In the early 1800s, some banks printed their own paper money in Australia. The Queensland government and the New South Wales government also made paper money to be used in their states.

The first paper money to be used all over Australia were made by fifteen banks and the Queensland government made between 1910 and 1914. There were 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Pound banknotes. They had "Australian Note" printed on them. None of the 100 pound notes are known to still exist.

In 1913 the first money to be printed and used by the Australian government were 10 shillings, 1 pound, 5 pounds and 10 pounds. In 1914 20 pounds, 50 pounds, 100 pounds and 1000 pounds were also printed. The 1000 pounds note was such a high value banknote that you could only use them in banks.

In the middle of the 1920s a new 10 shilling banknote (saying "Half Sovereign"), and smaller 1, 5 and 10 pound notes were made. They all had King George V of the United Kingdom on the front.

A new design was printed in 1933 with King George V, also in 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pounds. The notes were changed to have King George VI of the United Kingdom in 1938.

New notes in 1954 came when Queen Elizabeth II became Queen. There were 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pound notes with images of Matthew Flinders on the 10 shilling note, Queen Elizabeth II on the 1 pound note, John Franklin on the 5 pound note and Arthur Phillip on the 10 pound note.
The main street of Boorowa
**Boorowa** is a small town in New South Wales. It is 66 km (41 mi) from Yass. The town is built on the banks of the Boorowa River, which flows into the Lachlan River. The town was first called *Burrowa*. Boorowa and Burrowa are Aboriginal words in the Wiradjuri language meaning "birds". In 2008, there were 1350 living in Boorowa.

The first people to live in the area were the Wiraduri people. This was one of the largest tribes in New South Wales. They had several regular camping sites along the Lachlan and Boorowa Rivers. It is estimated that there were several thousand Wiradjuri people at the time of European settlement. A survey in 1851 showed that there were only 300 people left. Local Wiradjuri people were forced onto government reserves at Rye Park and Edgerton.

Early settlement
----------------

It is not known for sure who the first European explorers were in this area. Hamilton Hume and his neighbour, William Broughton, had explored the Yass area in 1821. They may have gone farther towards the Lachlan. Broughton had one of the first farms on the Boorowa River in 1828. By 1849, he had 13,400 acres (5,423 ha) of land in the area. Other early settlers were James Hassall in 1827. His family already had large farms at Cowra by 1823. His brother Tom Hassal, a clergyman and his wife Ann Marsden (daughter of Reverend Samuel Marsden) and other family members were given land in 1831. There was a law at the time which gave free land to the children of clergy.

Irish influence
---------------

Many of the settlers in Boorowa were from Ireland and the town shows their influence. Two early settlers in the 1820s were cousins, Roger Corcoran and Ned Ryan. They had been sent to Australia as convicts. Saint Patrick's Church, built in 1877 has a huge stained glass window brought from Ireland in 1881. It shows Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847) the "Liberator of Ireland." The oldest building still standing in Boorowa is Shamrock Cottage, built in 1850, once the home of the owner of the Queens Arms Hotel.

Old buildings
-------------

There are many old buildings still standing in Boorowa. Webb and Crego's store, built in 1862, was robbed by bushranger Ben Hall in 1863. The Royal Hotel, built in 1860, is still a hotel although it is now called the Ram and Stallion Hotel. The Court House, built in 1884, is now an information centre for tourists.
**Boonesborough** is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Kentucky, USA. It is in the central part of the state along the Kentucky River. It is the site of Fort Boonesborough State Park, which includes the Kentucky River Museum. The park site has been rebuilt to look like a working fort of the days when Daniel Boone lived there.

Boonesborough was founded by Boone as Boone's Station while he was working for Richard Henderson and Nathanial Hart of the Transylvania Company. Boone led a group of settlers through the mountains from Fort Watauga (present-day Elizabethton in Tennessee). He carved the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap. He established Fort Boonesborough. Boone lived there from 1775 to 1779. Boonesborough was the town in the area of present-day Kentucky formally chartered by the Commonwealth of Virginia which then claimed it. It was also one of the first English-speaking communities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Boone successfully led his fellow settlers during the Siege of Boonesborough in 1778. He then moved to his son Israel's settlement at Boone's New Station near what is now Athens, Kentucky.
**Atropates** (c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III and then Alexander III of Macedon. He made an independent kingdom. A dynasty was named after him. Diodorus Siculus calls him 'Atrapes'. Quintus Curtius wrongly names him 'Arsaces'.

Biography
---------

At the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (*satrap*) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates was in charge of the Achaemenid troops of Media.

When Darius lost he went to the Median capital of Ecbatana. Atropates helped him. Darius tried to get a new army but could not. He left Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander first chose Oxydates as satrap of Media. In 328-327 BCE Alexander did not trust in Oxydates' loyalty. Atropates was made satrap again. In 325-324, Atropates gave Baryaxes (a rebel of the area) to Alexander. Alexander thought highly of Atropates.

Alexander died on June 10, 323 BCE. Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. After the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts. The greater portion in the south-east was governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas. The smaller portion in the north west was given to Atropates. At some point, Atropates made his part of Media an independent kingdom. His son-in-law Perdiccas was murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.

Legacy
------

The dynasty Atropates made would rule the kingdom for several centuries. They became vassals of the Seleucids, then as vassals of the Arsacids.

The area of Atropates' kingdom was known to the Greeks as "Media Atropatene" after Atropates. Then as simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanids. Eventually Middle Iranian 'Aturpatakan' became 'Azerbaijan'. This is where the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian province of Azerbaijan get their name.
**Beriberi** (also called **vitamin B1 deficiency**) is a disease of the nervous system. It happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in their diet. 

Thiamine helps the body turn food into energy. People need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. It also helps the nervous system work properly.

Without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs. As a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. Beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. These symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things.

Some people with beriberi have heart problems or even die. Beriberi can also cause problems with the gastrointestinal system. 

Most people get enough vitamin B1 in their regular diet. However, some groups are more likely to get beriberi. These include people who drink a lot of alcohol and people who eat an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, like a diet of mostly white rice.  

There are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system. There is also a rare type of genetic beriberi.

Most of the time, dry beriberi and wet beriberi happen at the same time in the same person. When this takes place, the victim is likely to only get the symptoms of one beriberi.

Symptoms of dry beriberi
------------------------

* Difficulty in walking
* Loss of feelings in the hands and feet
* Loss of movement in the legs
* Mental confusion
* Difficulty speaking
* Pain
* Vomiting
* Strange eye movements
* Tingling feelings on the skin

Symptoms of wet beriberi
------------------------

* Waking up short of breath
* Swelling of the legs
* Fast heart rate
* Fluid in the lungs
* The heart gets bigger
Benjamin was the youngest son of Jacob and the second son of Rachel. When Rachel gave birth to Joseph she prayed that the Lord would one day give her another child. And when Jacob and his family left Aramea, Rachel stole the idols of her father Laban without telling Jacob so when Laban came to Jacob and asked him "why did you steal my gods" Jacob said that he didn’t do it and curses the person who did it to die. Later, Rachel became pregnant and gave birth to a son and since she was dying in childbirth she named him Ben-Oni, son of my suffering, and after Rachel died, Jacob named the boy Benjamin, the son of the right.

Story of Joseph
---------------

After the sale of Joseph, Jacob thought Joseph was dead so he decided always to keep Benjamin by his side to protect him so that nothing could happen to him. But Judah (Biblical personage) still convinced him to let him bring Benjamin to Egypt with a promise to keep him safe. Then Benjamin was framed for stealing a cup from Joseph and Joseph said that he would enslave Benjamin as punishment but Judah and his brothers asked Joseph to have mercy on Benjamin and take them instead. Then Joseph told them he was their long lost brother and forgave them.

Tribe of Benjamin
-----------------

Benjamin became the ancestor of an Israelite tribe called the Benjaminites.

The Midrash
-----------

According to a Midrash in the Talmud, Benjamin was one of only four people who never sinned in their entire life.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Benjamin (Biblical figure) at Wikimedia Commons

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Agosto at a press conference
**Benjamin Alexandro "Ben" Agosto** (born January 15, 1982, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American ice dancer. His skating partner is Tanith Belbin.

Agosto originally skated with Katy Hill in the Chicago area. In 1998, he moved to Michigan and he teamed up with Belbin. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. Shpilband is the one who paired them together.

Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.

In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.

In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.

Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Benjamin Agosto***.

* Official web site
* Ben Agosto at the United States Figure Skating Association
* Benjamin Agosto at the International Skating Union
* Care to Ice Dance? - Belbin & Agosto Archived 2006-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
The **Brundtland Commission** was created by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development. 

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

Brundtland Report
-----------------

The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report Archived 2007-08-09 at the Wayback Machine can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  formally the **World Commission on Environment and Development** (WCED), known by the name of its Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland
2. ↑  United Nations. 1987. "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development." General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Retrieved: 2007-04-10
**Aztec mythology** is the mythology of the Aztec civilization in Mexico. It was the basis on which they made a working and advanced society. They took some ideas from the Toltec and Mayans to create their advanced culture. Their empire lasted from the 14th century until the Spanish took over. 

The Aztecs believed the universe went through four phases. They called them suns. They believed that they lived in the fifth sun. The gods ended each sun with a huge tragedy and then created a new world. In the first sun, the world was destroyed by jaguars. In the second, the world was destroyed by a storm. In the third sun, the earth was destroyed by a fire rain. At the end of the fourth, the world was destroyed by a huge flood. They believed that the fifth sun would end with a huge earthquake.

In their religion they worshipped many gods and goddesses. They even made human sacrifices. There were three parts of the body that they considered the most powerful: the head, the heart, and the liver. 

Some gods and goddesses in Aztec mythology are Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, and Xochiquetzal.
**Benjamin Arthur "Ben" Gilman** (December 6, 1922 – December 17, 2016) was an American politician. He was a Republican United States Representative from New York.

Early life
----------

He was born in Poughkeepsie, New York. Gilman graduated from Middletown High School in Middletown, New York in 1941 and received a B.S. from the Wharton School Finance at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. He also earned an LL.B. from New York Law School. Gilman served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 until 1945 during World War II.

Political career
----------------

He was elected to Congress in 1972 to represent New York's 26th congressional district, defeating John G. Dow, a Democratic incumbent who had been serving in the New York's 27th congressional district (which included most of the territory and population of the new 26th district), and served from January 3, 1973 until January 3, 2003. During his time in Congress, he was chair of the House Committee on International Relations (104th through 106th Congresses).

Personal life
-------------

Gilman has been married three times, to the former Jane Prizant (1927–2000), a lawyer and daughter of a well-known actor of the Yiddish theater (Hyman Prizant), Rita Kelhofer, and Georgia Tingus. He had five children.

Gilman died at a hospital in Wappingers Falls, New York on December 17, 2016 from complications of hip surgery, aged 94

Other websites
--------------

* 

* United States Congress. "Benjamin A. Gilman (id: G000212)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*. Retrieved on 2008-03-18
* Appearances on C-SPAN
The **British Association for Applied Linguistics** (**BAAL**) is an academic society. Members are professional applied linguists, language teachers, and other people interested in these topics. BAAL is in the United Kingdom. BAAL has more than 800 members. They meet at different places in the UK. The association publishes conference proceedings and a regular newsletter. It also gives scholarships to students. Tess Fitzpatrick, Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Centre for Language and Communication Research at Cardiff University, is the chair from 2015-2018.

BAAL's Annual Meeting happens every September in the UK. BAAL is part of the *Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee* (International Association of Applied Linguistics, AILA). In the UK, it is a registered charity. BAAL meetings usually have a theme.The theme of the 40th conference at the University of Edinburgh was 'Technology, Ideology and Practice in Applied Linguistics'.

History
-------

The association started in the 1960s. At that time, more people were becoming interested in the new science of modern linguistics and they were especially interested in practical results. One important area of applied linguistics is language teaching and learning. Also at this time, the European Union was becoming more important, so people in Europe needed better language teaching.

Peter Strevens, the Chair in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex first had the idea to start BAAL. At a meeting at Birkbeck College in July 1965, the original idea for BAAL was to study mainly language teaching and machine translation. However, at the first full meeting in 1967 in Reading, Berkshire the group decided to study many different topics. BAAL became the UK member of AILA, and Pit Corder was its first Chair. At first, membership was only for academics because BAAL wanted people to think it was a group of experts, not a teachers' meeting. However, by the early 1970s it became easier to join BAAL. Since 1985, anyone can join. There are no requirements to become a member. In 1980, the Association began to publish a journal called, *Applied Linguistics*.

Other websites
--------------

* British Association for Applied Linguistics - official site
* *Applied Linguistics* - journal published by Oxford University Press, in collaboration with BAAL, the American Association for Applied Linguistics and the International Association for Applied Linguistics

Related pages
-------------

* Applied linguistics
* Language acquisition
* Linguistics
*Banksia* flower spike
Books on *Banksia*
***Banksia*** is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The *Banksia* are noted for their unique flowering.

It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

*Banksia* plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.

Further reading
---------------

* Boland D.J.; et al. (1984). *Forest trees of Australia, 4th ed, revised and enlarged*. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0-643-05423-5..
* George A.S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). *Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra*. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
* Harden, Gwen (2002). "Banksia". In Harden, Gwen (ed.). *Flora of New South Wales: volume 2* (revised ed.). New South Wales University Press, Kensington. pp. 82–86. ISBN 0-86840-156-0.
* Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A cladistic analysis of *Banksia* (Proteaceae)". *Australian Systematic Botany*. **9** (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.

Other websites
--------------

* The Banksia Page Archived 2007-09-01 at the Wayback Machine of ASGAP
* Banksia Study Group Archived 2007-09-01 at the Wayback Machine of ASGAP
Pan in Schloss Benrath
**Benrath** is a part of Düsseldorf. It belongs to Düsseldorf since 1929.

Coats of Arms

History
-------

The name Benrath came from the "Knights of Benrode". 
Benrath was mentioned for the first time in 1222.
The first church of Benrath was built in 1002.
In the 14th century Benrode belonged to the Counts of Berg.
Benrath was a village.

In the time of Industrial Revolution Benrath lied next to an important railway connection.
Benrath grew very fast in that time.

In 1929 Benrath became a part of Düsseldorf.

Benrath today
-------------

Benrath is in the South of Düsseldorf. It has an area of 5.90 km² and 15,900 inhabitants.
There is a railway station in Benrath (Benrath Railway Station). Until the 1980s, some long distance trains stopped in Benrath.
It is still a regional station.

* Benrath Mayor HallBenrath Mayor Hall
* Church St. CäciliaChurch St. Cäcilia
* Church St. CäciliaChurch St. Cäcilia
* Schloss Benrath, main building, front sideSchloss Benrath, main building, front side

The Benrath line
----------------

In the German language the Benrath line is the border line between the Northern German and the Southern German idiom.

The Benrath Castle
------------------

The Benrath Castle is one of the largest castles from baroque time in Germany. 
In the castle there is a museum.
The park of the castle is very famous, too.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Düsseldorf-Benrath***.

Coordinates: 51°09′41″N 6°52′26″E﻿ / ﻿51.16139°N 6.87389°E﻿ / 51.16139; 6.87389
**Awajicho Station** (淡路町駅, *Awajichō-eki*) is a subway station on the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo Metro runs this station.

Lines
-----

Awajicho Station is served by the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, and is 7.2 km from northern end of the line at Ikebukuro. The station is numbered as "M-19".

The station gives underground passenger connections to Ogawamachi Station on the Toei Shinjuku Line and Shin-Ochanomizu Station on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line.

Station design
--------------

Awajicho - Ogawamachi Station
This station has two side platforms that is on the basement ("B1F") level. It has two tracks. Platform 1 is accessed from entrances A1 to A3, and platform 2 can be accessed from entrances A4 to A5. Access for passengers between the two platforms is also provided from an underpass at the south end of the station.

### Platforms

  

* The west side ticket barriers next to the ticket barriers to Ogawamachi Station in May 2007The west side ticket barriers next to the ticket barriers to Ogawamachi Station in May 2007
* The Sudacho ticket barriers in May 2016The Sudacho ticket barriers in May 2016
* The platforms in May 2016The platforms in May 2016

History
-------

This station opened on 20 March 1956.

Station information
-------------------

In 2014, the station was used by around 55,155 people everyday.

Areas near the station
----------------------

The Holy Resurrection Cathedral that is near this station
* Akihabara
* Holy Resurrection Cathedral
* Kanda River

### Schools

* Meiji University
* Nihon University
* Chiyoda Elementary School

### Other stations

* Ogawamachi Station (S Toei Shinjuku Line)
* Shin-Ochanomizu Station (C Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line)
* Kanda Station
* Manseibashi Station (closed)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Awajichō Station***.

* Tokyo Metro station information (in Japanese)

  

Coordinates: 35°41′42″N 139°46′03″E﻿ / ﻿35.69492°N 139.76746°E﻿ / 35.69492; 139.76746
**The British Academy of Film and Television Arts** (**BAFTA**) is a British organisation that gives awards at a special show every year, for movies, television, children's movies and television, and media. The award for movies is called the British Academy Film Awards.

BAFTA was created in 1947 as **The British Film Academy**. In 1958, the Academy joined with **The Guild of Television Producers and Directors** and together they formed **The Society of Film and Television**. This later became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA's main office is on Piccadilly in London, but it also has smaller offices in Northern England, Scotland, Wales, New York City and Los Angeles.

The Academy's awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was ordered by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955.

Other websites
--------------

* BAFTA official site
* BAFTA/LA Britannia Awards siteArchived 2012-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
* BAFTA Cymru site Archived 2010-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
* BAFTA Scotland site Archived 2017-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Museum of Broadcast Communications: BAFTA Archived 2009-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
* IMDB: BAFTA Archived 2010-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The most-honored films nominated for BAFTA Best Film
* Up to date news and reviews of BAFTA Films Archived 2019-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
For technical reasons, "{", "}", "[", and "]" do not redirect here.
The different types of brackets. From top to bottom: square brackets, braces, parentheses, chevrons, and inequality signs.
**Brackets** are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text. They are used in mathematics and in literature (written language). They are sometimes used to set apart or interject other parts of the text. They are noted as left/right: the *left bracket* is "[" and the *right bracket* is "]".

In the American English, "bracket" usually refers specifically to the "square" or "box" type. In British English, "bracket" normally refers to the "round" type, which is called a "parenthesis" mark in American usage.

Parentheses are the curved brackets "(  )". They are also called *round brackets*, *curved brackets*, *oval brackets*, or, colloquially, *parens*.

Parentheses have several different meanings, such as:

* noting optional text:  "(this is optional)";
* showing other word endings:  "vote(s)" or "quick(ly)"
* adjusting the meaning:  "There are some (many) pages".
* adding humor:  "They sell pre-owned (read: "used") cars".
* indicating a negative number:  $90 - $100 = ($10)
* grouping terms in a calculation:  6 x (2 + 3) = 30.
* showing emphasis for attention:  "(((wow)))".

There are also other uses for parentheses.

Parentheses enclose text which could be left out, without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence. In most writing, overuse of parentheses is usually a sign of a badly structured text. A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas around the text, although if the sentence contains commas for other uses, then visual confusion may result.

Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add more information, such as in:

"Sen. John McCain (R. Arizona) spoke at length"
They can also note "either singular or plural" for nouns, such as in the word "claim(s)".

In mathematics, various brackets are used for various purposes. These include, in particular:

* The use of parenthesis in ordered pairs and tuples (as in {\displaystyle (3,5,12)})
* The use of square brackets in intervals (as in {\displaystyle (3,4]})
* The use of braces in set-builder notation (as in {\displaystyle \{\pi ,e,i\}})
* The use of angle brackets in inner products (as in {\displaystyle \langle a,b\rangle })

Related pages
-------------

* Emoticon
* Order of operations

Bibliography
------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***parentheses***.

* Lennard, John (1991). *But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-811247-5.
* Turnbull; et al. (1964). *The Graphics of Communication*. New York: Holt. States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers.
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this section of the human brain.
The **brainstem** is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the **hindbrain**, which includes the **pons and medula**, and the **midbrain**.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life. 

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord. It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

Functions of the brainstem
--------------------------

ConductionAll information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
NervesCranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing.
IntegrationIt is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.
British Council building in London
The **British Council** is an organization in the United Kingdom which specializes in international educational and cultural opportunities. Its main activities are 'Learning/Teaching, the Arts, Science and Society'. Its headquarters is in Spring Gardens near Whitehall in Central London. There are other branch offices in Belfast, Cardiff, Manchester and Edinburgh. Its overseas network covers 233 locations in over 100 countries. The British Council is registered as a charity, both in England and Wales, and in Scotland. It receives grants from the British government. The rest is earned from teaching English to individuals and organizations, conducting examinations, and providing consultancy.

Aims
----

The British Council was founded in 1934 as the *British Committee for Relations with Other Countries*. The idea came from Sir Reginald (*Rex*) Leeper who recognizes the importance of "cultural propaganda" in promoting British interests. He was encouraged by the success of the official cultural organizations of France, Germany and Italy. The British Council's 'sponsoring department' is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British government, although it runs its day-to-day activities independently. In September 2009, its Director of Arts, Rebecca Walton, said: "We want people to become more inclined towards the UK and more sensitive to the positive benefits of the UK in the world".
The **British Home Guard** was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.

The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show *Dad's Army*.

History
-------

The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called *How To Reform The Army*. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war. 

Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.
**Buckypaper** is a thin sheet made from an aggregate of carbon nanotubes or carbon nanotube grid paper. The nanotubes are approximately 50,000 times thinner than a human hair. Originally, it was fabricated as a way to handle carbon nanotubes, but it is also being studied and developed into applications by several research groups, showing promise as vehicle armor, personal armor, and next-generation electronics and displays.

Properties
----------

Comparative flame test of airplanes made of cellulose, carbon buckypaper and inorganic boron nitride nanotube buckypaper.
Buckypaper is one tenth the weight yet potentially 500 times stronger than steel when its sheets are stacked to form a composite. It could disperse heat like brass or steel and it could conduct electricity like copper or silicon.

Background
----------

Buckypaper is a macroscopic aggregate of carbon nanotubes (CNT), or "buckytubes". It owes its name to the buckminsterfullerene, the 60 carbon fullerene (an allotrope of carbon with similar bonding that is sometimes referred to as a "Buckyball" in honor of R. Buckminster Fuller).
For computers, a **browser engine** (also called a **layout** or **rendering engine**) is a main part of a web browser that is responsible for showing a web page. It is separate from other parts, such as a JavaScript engine.

Function
--------

In order to render, or make visible, a web page, it takes a Hyper Text Markup Language document and splits it up into elements. These elements, such as text, links, and images, are placed onto the Document Object Model (DOM), a way of finding the structure of the page. It then takes the Cascading Style Sheets code to tell it where to place the elements from the DOM, as well as other things, such as colors or backgrounds to put around the elements.

Notable engines
---------------

Some engines that are used include:

* Blink, the engine used in the Google Chrome, Chromium, Microsoft Edge, Opera, and Brave web browsers.
* Gecko, the engine used by the Mozilla Firefox web browser, and the Mozilla Thunderbird email client.
* Webkit, the engine used by Apple Safari, and all browsers for IOS.
**Cancuén** is an archaeological site of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, It can be found in the Pasión subregion of the central Maya lowlands. It is located in the present-day Guatemalan Department of El Petén. The city is famous because it has one of the largest palaces in the Maya world.

Ancient Cancuén
---------------

Panel 3 at Cancuén with the picture of Tajal Chan Ahk
Cancuén was a major city during the Classic Period. It reached its peak during the seventh century A.D. The city was a major trade center. Especially jade, pyrite and obsidian were traded there. Its strategic position on the Río Pasion helped it dominate trade in the region. Tajal Chan Ahk, one of the city's most powerful rulers, built the city's palace in 770 A.D. The palace covered nearly 23,000 square meters and contained 200 rooms, making it the largest in the Maya area. The city had two ball courts, a large marketplace and a dock on La Pasion River. There are only few large temples or burial sites in the city; it is thought that the inhabitants of Cancuén worshipped and buried their dead in the mountains near the city. Several dozen bodies dressed in royal garments were discovered near the base of the central pyramid. Investigations have shown that the bodies, including the city's ruler at the time, Kan Maax, had been executed and dumped in a cistern. The massacre occurred around 800 A.D. at the time when the Mayan civilization collapsed.

Other websites
--------------

* Maya Palace Uncovered
* National Geographic: Archaeologist Uncover Maya "Masterpiece" in Guatemala
* Photo Gallery and Site description Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine