recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Jayant Salgaonkar** (1 February 1929 – 20 August 2013) was an Indian astrologer, businessman, historian, publisher and writer. He is known for founding *Kalnirnay*, a calendar published in India. *Kalnirnay* is the world's largest selling publication (almanac).

Education and career
--------------------

He was born in 1929 in Malvan in Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra. Salgaonkar did his schooling till the 10th grade. He has been interested in astrology since his childhood. In 1973, he founded *Kalnirnay*, a yearly almanac of all religions providing simplified information about the Panchang, auspicious days, festivals, holidays, sunrise and sunset. He sold over 10 million copies in nine languages. He was the pioneer of the daily horoscope and the daily crossword in the Marathi language newspaper.

Published books
---------------

* *Sundarmath*
* *Deva Tuchi Ganeshu*
* *Dharma-Shatriy Nirnay*
* *Kalnirnay*
* *Panchang*
* *Devachiye Dwari*
* *Rastyvarache Dive*

Awards and recognition
----------------------

He has been awarded Jyotirbhasakr by Sakeshwar Vidhyapeeth and Mumbai Jyotirvidyalay. He holds a D.Lt. from Maharashtra Jyotish Vidyapeeth. He was conferred with a Lifetime Achievement award by Konkan Marathi Sahitya Parishad. In May 2013, he was given Saraswat Chaitanya Gaurav Purashkar by Saraswat Prakashan.

Death
-----

He died on 20 August 2013 in the Hinduja Hospital in Mahim, Mumbai after a brief illness. He was cremated at at the Dadar crematorium. His last rites were attended by political leaders such as Ajit Pawar, Narayan Rane, Jayant Patil, Uddhav Thackeray and Raj Thackeray. He is survived by his wife and three sons.
**532 Herculina** *(herr'-kew-lye'-nə,* English pronunciation: /ˈhɛrkjuˈlaɪnə/) is a very big asteroid, with a diameter of around 225 km.

Discovery
---------

It was found on April 20th, 1904, by Max Wolf in Heidelberg, and initially catalogued as 1904 NY. Where its name came from is not known; it may be named after the mythical Hercules, or after an unknown woman of that name. Most of the asteroids found by Wolf around this date were named for characters in operas, but if this name was also drawn from such a source, no explanation has been recorded.

Physical characteristics
------------------------

Herculina is one of the twenty or so biggest members of the main asteroid belt.

It has often been noted for its complex lightcurves, which made finding its shape and rotation somewhat hard. A set of 1982 speckle inferometry observations led to a simple preliminary model of Herculina as a three-axis object, perhaps 260 by 220 by 215 km. 1985 analysis of this data concluded there was a nonspherical shape with one bright spot, whilst a 1987 photometric astrometry study concluded the object was spherical with two dark spots (and rotated around a completely different pole), which was in turn negated by a 1988 thermal study which showed the object could not be spherical. By the late 1980s, the generally accepted model was a three-axis object with major albedo or topographical features.

Recent (2002) modelling of photometric data shows that Herculina is not spherical, but a blocky shape not unlike a battered cuboid - or, as the analysis described it, it "resembles a toaster". This analysis indicates the presence of many big craters, similar to 253 Mathilde, but no major changes in albedo. The approximate ratios of the axes were suggested as 1:1.1:1.3, broadly consistent with earlier models if a bit more stretched.

Moons
-----

Following anomalous sightings during an occultation of the star SAO 1220774 in 1978, Herculina became the first asteroid to be "confirmed" to have an asteroid moon, with the parent asteroid estimated at a 216 km diameter and a moon of about 45 km orbiting at a distance of around 1,000 km. However, careful studying in 1993, using the Hubble Space Telescope, could not locate a moon.

Other websites
--------------

* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

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Minor planets navigator |
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| 
531 Zerlina      |      **532 Herculina**      |      533 Sara |

| * v
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* e
Small Solar System bodies |
| --- |
| Near-Earth asteroids **·**  Main belt **·**  Jupiter Trojans **·**  Neptune Trojans **·**  Comets **·**  Kuiper belt  **·**  Oort cloud |
The **P-51 Mustang** was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

The P-51 Mustang is an American veteran from World War II and the **Korean War**. The  P-51 Mustang was the first U.S. built fighter airplane to **control Europe after the fall of France.** Mustangs met and conquered nearly every German plane from the Junkers bombers to the Messerschmitt 262s. The P-51 was a **very successful** aircraft, capable of many ground attack and **dogfight** missions**.**

Other websites
--------------

* WW2DB: P-51 Mustang
**Sacred cow** is an idiom. It is an expression or phrase that is used without the literal meaning of being about a cow or religion. When spoken or written it means a person or a belief that has been respected for a long time. It has become sacred and people are then afraid or unwilling to criticise or question it.

The idiom is based on the honor shown to cows in Hinduism. It is thought to have started in America in the early 20th century. Similar idioms are used in many other languages. Saying "holy cow!" when surprised may be another example.

An actual 'sacred cow' or 'sacred bull' is a real animal that is treated with sincere respect in specific religions and their celebrations. They cannot eat the meat of cows because they are sacred.

In religion
-----------

In Hinduism, cows are thought to be sacred, or deeply respected. Cows are seen as a 'caregiver' or maternal figure. One Hindu goddess, Bhoomi (भूमि), is usually shown in the form of a cow. She represents the Earth. Most Hindus respect cows for their gentle nature, and cows also represent strength. Hindus who eat meat will avoid eating [cow meat]. 

There is a festival to thank cows for serving farmers for agriculture, This festival is called as "Mattupongal" which is one among the four days of the grand Indian festival called the Pongal which is completely focused on thanking each and every agricultural implement.

Celebration of Cows
-------------------

White cows decorated for a Diwali festival celebration
In the Hindu tradition, cows are honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India. One is the annual Gopastami festival, dedicated to Krishna and cows.

The cow's nature is represented in Kamadhenu; the goddess who is the mother of all cows. In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows. According to animal husbandry statistics there are about 44,900,000 cows in India, the highest in the world. So while some old and infirm cows are treated in Gaushalas, the rest are generally abandoned at public places such as railway stations and bazaars.

Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connects them with nature. The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ghee. The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person. The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food. Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel, and as a disinfectant in homes.

Quotes
------

*

Related pages
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* Vegetarianism
**Gijón** (Asturian: *Xixón*) is a city in the autonomous community of Asturias in Spain. It is located on the Bay of Biscay, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Oviedo. Gijón has a population of 275,274 inhabitants, more than any other city in Asturias.

History
-------

For most of its history Gijón was just a small town and seaport. After the conquest of the Asturias in the 3rd century BC by the Romans they called the site *Gigia*. in 714 a garrison was established by the Moors. From here they attacked the Asturias but failed in the attempt. After the Moors left, Gijón was ruled by Asturian kings. In the 10th century the Asturias became part of the Kingdom of León. In the 16th century the harbor was improved under Philip II of Spain. Some of the ships of the Spanish Armada took shelter at Gijón's port in a violent storm. They were on their way to attack Britain in 1588. After the epic battle, a few of the remaining ships limped back to Gijón. During the last half of the 19th century a railroad was built to Gijón to ship Asturian coal to other parts of Spain. This was the start of Gijón becoming a large industrial center. During the Spanish Civil War part of Gijón was destroyed.

Modern Gijón
------------

Gijón is famous for its beaches.  Every November the Gijón International Film Festival is held. The main stage is the Jovellanos Theatre, although other cinemas and cultural centres are also used.

"Letronas" (big letters) in the marina of Gijón

Other websites
--------------

* Gijón International Film Festival Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
* GIJÓN Archived 2015-10-25 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
* ISNI
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* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
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* United States
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| Geographic | 
* MusicBrainz area
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| Other | 
* NARA
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**Serhad Ayaz** or by stage name **Serhado**   (born December 15, 1984, Stockholm, Sweden ) is a Kurdish rapper. Serhado is one of the first satirists who sing rap songs in Kurdish.

Life
----

Ayaz was born on December 15, 1984 in Stockholm, Sweden, to a family of Kurdish origin. He is originally from the village of Narlı (Kurdish: *Helex*) in the Midyat district of Mardin province, Turkey. His family immigrated to Sweden in the 1970s. He didn't see much of his father, who worked at Mêd TV in Belgium.

He lost his father at the age of 14.

Career
------

**Early Years (2007-present)**

He started rapping in Swedish when he was 13 years old. He wanted to do it in Kurdish, but he was very afraid. After overcoming his fear, he turned to Kurdish.

In 2007, she released her debut album 'Xewna Jiyan (Hiphop bi Kurdi)'. The songs 'Lo Dilo' and 'Gulen Gulistane' in the album attracted great attention. In 2009, she released the album 'Xeyela Evîn'. The songs 'Ez Kurdistan im', 'Zimane Kurdi' and 'Beri Herteşti' from the album attracted attention.

In 2013, he released the album 'Bihuşta Xeyelan'. After taking a break for a while, he released his EP album 'Ax'. 

In the past, Serhado traveled from Batman province to Antalya province. However, he was detained by police teams. It was learned that the reason was taken due to an investigation in the province of Siirt. Serhad, who was released after his statement was taken, returned to Sweden without going to Antalya.

Diskographie
------------

* Xewna Jiyan (2007)
* Xeyala Evîn (2009)
* Bihuşta Xeyalan (2013)
* Hêvî (2020)
* 
* Ax (2021)
* Robîn (2021)
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***antidisestablishmentarianism***.

**Antidisestablishmentarianism** is a political position. It means "to keep an established church". An official state church is called the "established" church, so a **dis**establishment**arian** is a person who wants to stop the state church. These people say a state church hurts the freedom of religion. These people say the state should be secular, meaning religion and the country are separate. This idea is called disestablishmentarian**ism.** So **anti**disestablishmentarianism wants to keep the state church.

It is famous because it is one of the longest words in the English language.

History in England
------------------

The word comes from England in the 1800s. In England, Ireland and Wales, there was an official state church called the Anglican Church. Ireland disestablished in 1871, and Wales disestablished in 1920. England still has the Anglican Church as the state church.

In 2014 Nick Clegg, who was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats at the time, said that he thought the Church of England should no longer be the established church. David Cameron, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said the establishment helps the church and state.

As a word
---------

Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language. It has 28 letters and 12 syllables. It is considered to be the longest word, if you do not count technical terms. For example, "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a technical term for a lung disease made by people who wanted it to be the longest word.

In pop culture
--------------

The word became famous because of a popular television show in the 1950s called *The $64,000 Question*, where someone spelled it and won. Duke Ellington, a jazz artist, had a song called "You're Just an Old Antidisestablishmentarianismist". Eminem, a rapper, used the word in his song "Almost Famous".

Construction of the word
------------------------

*establish*
to set up, put in place, or institute
*dis-establish*
to end the established status of something, in this case a state church
*disestablish-ment*
the separation of church and state
*anti-disestablishment*
do not want disestablishment
*antidisestablishment-ary*
about anti-disestablishment
*antidisestablishmentari-an*
someone who does not want disestablishment
*antidisestablishmentarian-ism*
the movement or ideology that does not want disestablishment or mean

Related pages
-------------

* State religion
* Freedom of religion
* Secularism
* Multiculturalism
The **Pappelstadion** is a football stadium in the Austrian city of Mattersburg, Burgenland. It was the home ground of SV Mattersburg until the football club went bankrupt in 2020. It has a total capacity of 9,000 spectators. The Mattersburg Sportverein 2020 now uses the football stadium.

History
-------

The Stadium was opened in 1952 as part of the club's 30th anniversary celebrations. The Austrian record champions SK Rapid Wien played the first match on the ground and won 9-3 versus SV Mattersburg. The multifunctional sports facility is embedded in a sports and leisure center. The numerous poplar trees that surround the area gave the stadium its name. It had also a cinder track. 

At the beginning of the 21st century the stadium was modernized in several renovation phases. Under chairman Martin Pucher the running track was removed and the large main stand and floodlights were built in 2001. On the occasion of promotion to the Bundesliga in 2003, two more uncovered stands were built. The stadium capacity was now 17,100 seats. After the SV Mattersburg left professional football, the stadium was reduced in size.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pappelstadion***.
In physics, **spin** is the constant rotation of an object. 

For large visible objects like the Earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the Earth around its axis. This tells the amount of rotation that it has. Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.

Spin in quantum theory
----------------------

Experiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles, such as electrons, seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do. Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis like a planet.

Later, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this. This is why scientists no longer believe that the electron is actually spinning like a planet. Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of particles as "spin".

Spin, whatever it is, seems to follow some of the laws of angular momentum, but not all of them. A "spinning" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin) can only have certain values of angular momentum. Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.

Spin is considered a fundamental property of any particle.

Related pages
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* Dirac equation
* Spintronics

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* e
Chemical bonding theory |
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* Atomic orbital
* Quantum mechanics

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| Types of bonds | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| By symmetry | 
* Sigma (σ)
* Pi (π)
* Delta (δ)
* Phi (φ)

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| By multiplicity | 
* 2 (double)
* 3 (triple) (see /triple bond)
* 1 (single)
* 4 (quadruple)
* 5 (quintuple)
* 6 (sextuple)

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| By spin | 
* Triplet
* Singlet
* Exchange-coupled

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| Valence bond theory | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Concepts | 
* Lewis structure
* Hybrid orbital
* Resonance

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| Constituent units | 
* Covalent bond
* Lone pair

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| Molecular orbital theory | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Concepts | 
* Molecular orbital
* LCAO
* MO diagram

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| Constituent units | 
* Bonding MO
* Non-bonding MO
* Antibonding MO

 |

 |
**Scott Buchanan**, known as **pannenkoek2012**, often shortened to **pannenkoek**, is a YouTuber who plays Super Mario 64. Pannenkoek2012 is known for making videos about how *Super Mario 64* works. He beats levels of the game with challenges like not using certain buttons or the joystick. He is best known for the "A-Button Challenge", which aims to beat the game without using the A button. The A-button is used for jumping, so this is very difficult to do.

In 2015, he offered US$1,000 for anyone who could recreate a certain glitch in *Super Mario 64*, which has not been claimed yet as of 2023.

*Super Mario 64* videos
-----------------------

*Super Mario 64* was the first video game pannenkoek2012 played as a child. In 2013, while in college, pannenkoek2012 started making videos of him beating *Super Mario 64* levels without jumping. As of 2023, six of his videos have been seen a million or more times, and his most-watched video has 4.5 million views.[*source?*] He also has a second channel, UncommentatedPannen.

A Nintendo 64 controller with the A button (blue), which pannenkoek2012 tries not to press.
On January 12, 2016, pannenkoek2012 made a video where he said how to do "Watch for Rolling Rocks" in 0.5 A-presses. In August 2013, when pannenkoek2012 began working on the A-Button Challenge, 211 A-presses were required to complete *Super Mario 64*.  As of February 2023, *Super Mario 64* can be completed in 13 A-presses.[*non-primary source needed*]

Other websites
--------------

* pannenkoek2012's channel at YouTube
* UncommentatedPannen
**Laryea Kingston** (born 7 November 1980) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer. He played either as an attacking midfielder or as a right winger. He was appointed as the Assistant Coach of the Ghana Under 17 National Team on 12 December 2022. Well known as an uncompromising and hard-working player by fellow professionals, he is also known as a no-look passer, he is regarded to be one of the best Ghanaian footballers of all time.

Club career
-----------

Larry began his football career at the age of 16 in Ghana at the Great Olympics club, then went on loan to the Libyan club Al-Ittihad in 2000. But just 4 months later he returned from Libya and in 2001 joins one of the leaders of Ghanaian football, the Hearts of Oak club. Two years later he moved to Israel, where he played for Maccabi Nazareth and Hapoel Tel Aviv until 2004.

Kingston then moved to Russia to the Krylya Sovetov club from Samara and helped the team win bronze medals in the Russian Premier League. With his participation, the Samara club also reached the final of the Russian Cup, where, however, it unexpectedly lost to Terek Grozny, where Larry moved in the summer of 2005. However, Terek finished last in the Russian Championship in 2005 and left the Premier League, after which Kingston went on loan to Lokomotiv Moscow for the 2006 season. In the summer of 2006, Larry was disqualified for 6 championship matches for deliberately injuring Dynamo defender Leandro Fernandez.

Since the rights to the player belonged to Terek, which was unable to return to the Premier League in 2007, Kingston left the club. Despite an offer from Bolton and interest from Newcastle and Fulham, Kingston moved to Scottish Hearts in January 2007, first on loan, and then signed a permanent contract for 3 years.

On August 31, 2010, he moved to the Dutch club Vitesse as a free agent. The contract was signed for 1 year.

On July 13, 2011, he signed a two-year contract with Hapoel Be'er Sheva.

International career
--------------------

He made his internatioanl debut for Ghana in 2002. Although being well-known to his fellow professionals as an uncompromising and hard-working player, Kingston's assertive style caused him problems at times, most notably when Lari represented Ghana at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, when he was sent off in Ghana's 1-0 win over Senegal after quarrels with Habib Beye. Both players were subsequently handed an unprecedented four-match ban, resulting in Kingston's exclusion from the 2006 World Cup for Ghana. However, in February 2007, he returned to the Black Stars and scored a goal in a winning (4:1) match against Nigeria in London. He was also excluded from the 2010 World Cup squad.
**Dominick "Dom" DeLuise** (August 1, 1933 – May 4, 2009) was an American actor, voice actor, comedian, movie director, television producer, chef and author.

He was the husband of actress Carol Arthur from 1965 until his death in 2009. He was the father of actor, director, pianist, and writer Peter DeLuise, actor David DeLuise, and actor Michael DeLuise. He starred in several movies directed by Mel Brooks. He was in a series of movies with career-long best friends Burt Reynolds. He was a voice actor in most of the animated movies by Don Bluth. DeLuise appeared in *The Dean Martin Show*. He appeared in more than 100 movies.

Early life
----------

DeLuise was born on August 1, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York City. His parents were Italian Americans Vincenza "Jennie" (née DeStefano), a homemaker, and John DeLuise, a garbage collector. He was raised a Roman Catholic. He attended The High School of Performing Arts and Tufts University.

Personal life
-------------

In 1964, he married actress Carol Arthur; together they have three sons: Peter DeLuise (born 1966), David DeLuise (born 1971), and Michael DeLuise (born 1969).

### Death

DeLuise lived in Santa Monica, California until his death there on May 4, 2009 He had renal failure due to diabetes and also had cancer. He died from kidney failure and complications of cancer. He was 75 years old. DeLuise is buried next to his parents in New York City.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dom DeLuise***.

* Official website Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Dom DeLuise on IMDb
* Dom DeLuise at the Internet Broadway Database
**Abdul Rasul Sayyaf** (/ɑːbˈduːl rəˈsuːl saɪˈjɑːf/ (audio speaker iconlisten) *ahb-DOOL rə-SOOL sy-YAHF*; Pashto: عبدالرسول سیاف; born 1946) is an Afghan Politician in exhile and former Mujahideen Fighter. 

He became known during the Soviet-Afghan War as a commander with international Jihad ties to the Arab world. After the fall of Kabul in 1992, he was with the transitional government of Burhanuddin Rabbani and then the Northern Alliance against the Taliban.

Biography
---------

Sayyaf was born in 1946 in Paghman, Kabul Province He was born to a Ghilzai Pashtun family. 

He holds a degree in religion from Kabul University and a masters from Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Sayyaf was a member of the Afghan-based Ikhwan al-Muslimin, founded in 1969 by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Dr. Burhanuddin Rabbani and having strong links to the original and much larger Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.

Soviet War and Bin Laden
------------------------

After the April Revolution of '78 he was imprisoned by the new authority, he was freed in controversial circumstances by General Secretary Hafizullah Amin, who, coincidentally, was Sayyaf's distant relative. 

He became leader of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan (*Ittihad-i-Islami Baraye Azadi Afghanistan*), a coalition of several parties fighting the Soviet and Afghan government forces. The Islamic Union soon imploded, and Sayyaf retained the name as the title of his own organization. Sayyaf fought against government forces in the 1980s and primarily financed by Saudi Arabia. In 1985, he founded a university in an Afghan refugee camp near Peshawar called *Dawa'a al-Jihad* (Call of Jihad), which has been described the "preeminent school for terrorism." Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, who masterminded the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, attended it.

Despite his growing wealth, he continued to live a spartan life, avoiding modern conveniences like mattresses and air conditioning; although he enjoyed a nightly game of tennis.
Punjabi QisseA collection of Punjabi Qisse in GurmukhiA **Punjabi Qissa** (Punjabi: پنجابی قصہ‎ (Shahmukhi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕ਼ਿੱਸਾ (Gurmukhi)) is a tradition of Punjabi language oral story-telling in Punjab region of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

Qisse and the Punjabi culture
-----------------------------

The Punjabi language has a vast literature of qisse, mainly focused on themes of love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values, and the common man's rebellion against a larger system. In Punjabi tradition, friendship, loyalty, love and qaul (verbal agreement or promise) hold great importance, and most qisse revolve around these elements. Qisse have inspired Punjabi folk music and added depth and richness to its delivery. These traditions were passed down through generations through oral or written forms and were often recited, told as bedtime stories to children, or performed musically as folk songs.

Each qissa has unique requirements for performance, and a person who can sing or recite one may not be able to transmit another due to vocal range requirements and accurate pauses necessary for successful recitation without becoming breathless and unable to continue performing. Many modern Punjabi music beats originated from qisse traditions and recitations in old times. Qisse are also considered some of the best poetry ever written in Punjabi language literature due to their themes and poetic style of expression.

Gallery
-------

* Sohni MahiwalSohni Mahiwal
* Sassui PunnhunSassui Punnhun
* Layla visits Majnun in the wildernessLayla visits Majnun in the wilderness
* Sohni swims to meet her lover MahiwalSohni swims to meet her lover Mahiwal

Other websites
--------------

* ApnaOrg offers one of the most reliable but largely incomplete list of Punjabi literature and music.
* Punjabi People & Old Stories Network of Punjabi People
A plant sprout germinating in humus
For the food, see Hummus.
**Humus** (or **humous**) is the organic matter in the soil. It is made of dead parts of plants and animals. Humus takes in water and has plenty of nutrients. Nitrogen is the most important. Plants put roots into the soil to get the water and nutrients. Humus is good for plants because it is like a sponge.

The dark colour of humus (usually black or dark brown) helps to warm up cold soils in the spring.

When plants and insects die they are first raw organic matter. Bacteria and fungi eat the raw material, but they do not eat all of it. They leave a small amount behind. The part they leave behind is named "humus". This activity is dynamic and keeps happening. There is always more dead material arriving on top. So the soil always has organic material in it, along with small pieces of rock.

In agriculture, "humus" usually means mature compost, or some taken naturally from a forest, where it may have lived for many years.

Related pages
-------------

* Biomass
* Organic matter
**Faridpur district** (Bengali: ফরিদপুর জেলা) is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Faridpur is the headquarter of this district. The area of this district is 2072.72 km² and is bordered by Rajbari and Manikganj districts on the north, Gopalganj district on the south, Dhaka, Munshiganj and Madaripur districts on the east. The soil of this region is fertile, although once upon a time the district consisted mainly of marshland.

The main rivers are Padma, Old Kumar, Arial Khan, Gorai, Chandana, Bhubanshwar and Lohartek.

Subdivisions
------------

Faridpur district consists of 9 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 79 union parishads, 36 wards, 92 mahallas and 1859 villages. The town consists of 9 wards and 35 mahallas. The area of the town is 20.23 km². The population of the town is 99634; male 51.73%, female 48.27%.

The district's nine upazilas:

* Alfadanga Upazila
* Bhanga Upazila
* Boalmari Upazila
* Charbhadrasan Upazila
* Faridpur Sadar Upazila
* Madhukhali Upazila
* Nagarkanda Upazila
* Sadarpur Upazila
* Saltha Upazila

History
-------

The district is named after the Sufi saint Shah Sheikh Fariduddin, who preached there in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the early 1800s, Hazi Shariatullah started the Farayzi movement against the British rulers from this district. The movement against the British use of Indigo cultivation was also started from Faridpur under the leadership of Dudu Miah.

The district used to be called Fatehabad until 1860. The town of Faridpur came into being towards the late 1700s. Faridpur was one of the places which led the other districts in the anti-colonial movement across the 30s and 40s.

People
------

The total population is 1,714,496:

* Male 50.55%
* Female 49.45
* Muslim 88%
* Hindu 11%
* Others 1%.
**Wolfson Hospital Terminal** is a major bus terminal in Holon, Israel. It is owned and operated by Dan, one of the largest bus companies in Israel.

History
-------

The terminal was opened in 2015 as part of a major transportation hub at Wolfson Hospital, which is one of the largest hospitals in Israel. The terminal was built to serve the large number of patients, visitors, and staff members who travel to and from the hospital by bus.

Facilities
----------

The terminal has 15 bus stands and serves a variety of bus routes operated by Dan. It is a modern facility with air-conditioned waiting areas, restrooms, and a kiosk selling snacks and drinks. The terminal is located within walking distance of the hospital's main entrance, making it easily accessible for patients and visitors.

Bus lines
---------

There are several bus lines that connect Wolfson Hospital Terminal to other destinations in Israel.

Other websites
--------------

* Dan: Routes and timetables[*permanent dead link*]
The amount of C14 in the atomsphere varies over time
Atmospheric 14C, New Zealand  and Austria. The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of 14C in the Northern Hemisphere.
**Radiocarbon dating**, also known as the **C14 dating method**, is a way of telling how old an object is. It is a type of radiometric dating. 

The method uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14. Most organic matter contains carbon. Carbon has different isotopes, which are usually not radioactive. 14C is the radioactive one, its half-life (time it takes to reduce its radioactivity by half) is about 5,730 years. This makes it possible to tell the age of substances that contain carbon. The method works to about 60,000 years old. Dates obtained are usually written as *before present* ('present' is 1950). 

Plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, and are eaten by animals, so every living thing is constantly exchanging carbon-14 with its environment as long as it lives. Once it dies, however, this exchange stops.

In 1958 Hessel de Vries showed that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere varies with time and locality. The relatively short-lived 14C is constantly renewed by cosmic ray bombardment on atmospheric nitrogen. Since the bombardment is slightly variable, and for other reasons, the 14C taken into organic matter is also slightly variable. That leads to errors in the chronology. However, under about 20,000 years the results can be compared with dendrochronology, based on tree rings. For the most accurate work, variations are compensated by means of calibration curves. 

The method was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1949. In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. He first demonstrated the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by accurately estimating the age of wood from an ancient Egyptian royal barge of which the age was known from historical documents.

Other websites
--------------

* Radiocarbon - The main international journal of record for research articles and date lists relevant to 14C Archived 2007-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
* C14dating.com - General information on Radiocarbon dating Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* NOSAMS: National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Discussion of calibration Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Several calibration programs can be found at www.radiocarbon.org Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
* CalPal Online (Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Paleoclimate Research Package)
* OxCal program (Oxford Calibration) Archived 2005-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Fairbanks' Radiocarbon Calibration program (for prior to 12400 BP) Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Further basic information on radiocarbon dating (PDF)
Sled dogs at the start of the race in 2010
The **Iditarod** is the world’s most famous dog sled race. It is an annual race that starts on the first Saturday of March in Anchorage, Alaska and ends in Nome, Alaska. The race crosses the Alaska Range and Kuskokwim Mountains range. The contestants in the race go northwest from Anchorage. Then they turn north and go along the Bering Sea to Nome. On even years they take the route that goes more north and on odd years they take the route that goes more south. White Mountain is the last of three rest stops for teams in the race. 

Iditarod is an endurance sport for the sled driver and the dogs. All the paths are cold, icy, and snowy.

The current way the Iditarod is run today started in 1973. There were also shorter races that started in 1967. The first shorter race took place in the years from 1967 - 1973. The shorter races were held on the Iditarod trail which was an old mail route.

Deaths of sled dogs: 3 sled dogs died during the race in 2024.

  

Each team has to keep moving for 1,100 miles.

12 to 16 dogs are in the race.[*needs to be explained*]

Related pages
-------------

* Finnmarksløpet 2024
**Potato blight** is a type of fungal disease. One well known example of potato blight was the disease which caused the Irish potato famine of 1845 to 1852, and the 1846 Highland potato famines.

The disease caused lots of famine. It was caused by an oomycete *Phytophthora infestans*. The oomycetes or water moulds are similar to fungi, but they are in a different Kingdom.

Overview
--------

*Phytophthora infestans* in Ireland caused over one million to starve to death and another two million people to move from affected countries. During the 1840s the blight damaged crops in Scotland and Europe also. It was the only important cash crop in Ireland, which explains its greater effect there. Also, most of the Irish crop was one variety, the Irish Lumper.

The first recorded instances of the disease were in the United States, in Philadelphia and New York City in early 1843. It crossed the Atlantic Ocean with a shipment of seed potatoes for Belgian farmers in 1845. All of the potato-growing countries in Europe were affected, but the potato blight hit Ireland the hardest. The lack of genetic variability created a susceptible host population for the organism.

Genetic engineering
-------------------

Genetic engineering for resistant cultivars is developing. A resistance gene effective against most known strains of blight has been found in a wild relative of the potato. It is introduced by genetic engineering into cultivated varieties of potato.
Flag of the Maratha Empire
The **Maratha Empire**, or **Maratha Confederacy**, was a group of Indian states that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The empire formally existed from 1674 to 1818. The Marathas are given much of the credit for ending Mughal rule in India.

The Marathas were a warrior people from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra). They rose to prominence by establishing "self-rule of Hindu/Indian people" in their region. The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and formed a kingdom, with Raigad as his capital. Known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal–Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent stretching from Peshawar in the north to Thanjavur in the south with their capital at Pune in the year 1758. 

Their power was eventually ended by the series of wars fought against the British Empire. The first two Anglo-Maratha wars resulted in a victory for the Marathas however the third one resulted in the defeat of the Marathas and annexation of the Maratha Empire in Maharashtra into British India. The Marathas had another opportunity to rebel against British rule and form their own kingdom in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. They joined this rebellion in the hopes of permanently kicking the British power out of India. However, by the end of 1859, the rebellion was crushed and all the Maratha rebel leaders were either executed or went into exile and took refuge in Nepal.

Related pages
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* Maratha dynasty
The festival in 2004
The **Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival** (or simply Harbin Ice Festival) is a festival held every year in Harbin, China. It involves ice sculptures and winter activities. The festival exhibits open from late December to late February.

The festival has been held since 1963. It started as a local traditional ice lantern show and garden party during Chinese Spring Festival.

Background
----------

The festival was stopped for a number of years during the Cultural Revolution. It was resumed on 5 January 1985, when the Harbin city government hosted it at Zhaolin Park. It was then announced as an annual event. In 2001, the festival was merged with Heilongjiang International Ski Festival and got its current formal name. The Harbin Ice Festival is one of the world's top ice and snow festivals. It attracts a growing number of visitors from around the world.

Things to see and do
--------------------

The festival has a series of shows at theme parks and ice activities on the Songhua River. 

* Sun Island International Snow Sculpture Art Fair
* Ice Sculptures Show at Ice and Snow World
* Zhaolin Park Ice Lantern Show
* Siberian Tiger Park
* Harbin Jewish New Synagogue
* St. Sophia Cathedral
* Zhongyang Dajie

Other websites
--------------

* Harbin Ice Festival Archived 2013-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival
**Pisces** (**♓**) is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac. It came from the Pisces constellation. In western astrology this sign is no longer aligned with the constellation. This is because of the precession of the equinoxes. It is also considered a water sign and one of the four mutable signs.

The Symbol
----------

The symbol represents fish, swimming in different directions. The two shapes are also crescents, facing outward, which represents the idea that Pisceans are open to new things and to change.

Astrology
---------

Pisces has been traditionally ruled by the planet Jupiter, but since its discovery, Neptune has been considered a modern ruler of this sign. Being the twelfth sign, Pisces is associated with the astrological twelfth house.

Individuals born when the Sun was in this sign are considered "*Pisceans*". The Sun can be seen 1n Pisces from about February 19 to March 20, ending at the moment of vernal equinox by definition under the tropical zodiac.

Under the *sidereal zodiac*, it is generally there from about March 15 to April 13.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pisces (astrology)***.

* Birthstone= amethyst
* Starstone= Coral
* Colours= Sea Green
* Metal= Tin

| * v
* t
* e
Western Zodiac |
| --- |
| Elements | Fire **·**  Earth **·**  Air **·**  Water |
| Qualities | Cardinal **·**  Fixed **·**  Mutable |
| Signs | Aries **·**  Taurus **·**  Gemini **·**  Cancer **·**  Leo **·**  Virgo **·**  Libra **·**  Scorpio **·**  Sagittarius **·**  Capricorn **·**  Aquarius **·**  Pisces |
Pigment Colours - Classification (Used in fine arts and drawings and mainly used for physical works)
Additive colour mixing {Used in computer screening and graphics and mostly used for digital purposes}Subtractive colour mixing {Used in computer screening and graphics and mostly used for digital purposes}
**Colour** is a property of light. In American English, the name is "**color**" *without* the "u." In Commonwealth English, it is "**colour**" *with* the "u."

The following are the most common colour names:

* Red
* Orange
* Yellow
* Green
* Cyan
* Blue
* Magenta
* Purple
* Lavender
* Lilac
* White
* Black
* Grey
* Silver
* Pink
* Maroon
* Brown
* Beige
* Tan
* Peach
* Lime
* Olive
* Turquoise
* Teal
* Navy blue
* Indigo
* Violet

Primary colours can be mixed to make other colours. Red, yellow, and blue are the three traditional primary colours. The primary colours for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. Printers and paints use magenta, yellow, and cyan as their primary colours; they may also use black. Sometimes this set of colours is simply called red, yellow, and blue.

People who can not see colours or have a distorted sense of colour are called colour-blind. Most colour-blind people are male. 

Colours are sometimes added to food. Food colouring is used to colour food, but some foods have natural colourings, like beta carotene.

When something has no colour, it is called transparent. An example is air.

The science of colour is sometimes called chromatics, colourimetry, or simply colour science.

A translucent material is not the same as a colourless material because it can still have a colour, such as stained glass.

Related pages
-------------

* Colour vision
* List of colors
**Bernard Gay Marshall** (August 23, 1875 - December 14, 1945) was an American writer. He wrote long stories about people who lived in the past. His stories were for children and young adults. One of his stories, *Cedric the Forester*, was a Newbery Medal Honor Book in 1922.

Life
----

Bernard Gay Marshall was born in North Easton, Massachusetts. His father was named Francis F. Marshall. His mother was named Helen F. Doten Marshall. He lived in North Easton until he grew up. He always wanted to be a writer who made up stories. He did not think he could earn much money by making up stories, so he worked at other jobs. Some of those jobs were playing music, writing down the words that people said when they talked about the law, and writing to tell people about how machines worked or about things that they could buy. During World War I he worked at making ships. In July 1903, Bernard Gay Marshall married Ida M. Conklin. They had one daughter. Her name was Harriet C. Marshall.

Writing
-------

Bernard Gay Marshall wrote five adventure stories for children and young adults. He also wrote a lot of short stories and nonfiction articles for magazines. Some of these magazines were *Sunset*, *Boys' Life*, *St Nicholas*, *Munsey's Magazine*, *The American Magazine*, and *The American Boy*.

### What People Thought About His Writing

His first book, *Cedric the Forester*, was made a Newbery Medal Honor Book in 1922. Some people said that Bernard Marshall's books were as good as Sir Walter Scott's books, but other people said they were not quite that good. A lot of people said that his books were so good that grown-ups and children should all read them.

### List of Books by Bernard Gay Marshall

All of these books were published by D. Appleton, and the pictures were drawn by J. Scott Williams.

* *Cedric the Forester* was published in 1921. The book had 318 pages. The story was set in the time of the signing of Magna Carta.
* *Walter of Tiverton* was published in 1923. The book had 263 pages. The story was set in the time of King Richard the Lionheart.
* *The Torch Bearers: A Tale of Cavalier Days* was also published in 1923. The book had 317 pages. The story was set in the time of the English Civil War.
* *Redcoat and Minuteman* was published in 1924. The book had 277 pages. The story was set in the time of the American Revolution.
* *Old Hickory's Prisoner: A Tale of the Second War for Independence* was published in 1925. The book had 254 pages. The story was set in the time of the War of 1812.
**Due process** is the legal requirement that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

A judiciary process
-------------------

Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and guarantee basic fairness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically.

History
-------

Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". It is applied to all states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

In other legal systems
----------------------

Due process is not used in contemporary English law. But it recognizes two similar concepts are natural justice and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process. It contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England.

Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. There is no jury and both parties, the injured party and the accused, usually present their own cases.

Scandinavia gets high ratings by the World Justice Project. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 *Rule of Law Index*, the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.

Related pages
-------------

* Right to a fair trial

Other websites
--------------

* WHAT IS DUE PROCESS? Icelantic Human Rights Centre
* Due Process Rights before EU Agencies
* Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Political Judging: When Due Process Goes International