recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Major-General **LachlafddMacquaire** CB (31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824)  was a British military officer and the fifth Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821. 

Macquarie had a leading role in the social, economic and architectural development of Australia. Historians say he changed New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement. This was very important in making the future of Australian society.

Early life
----------

Macquarie was born on the island of Ulva, in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. His father had a small farm at Oskamull on Mull. Macquarie's brother Donald, died as a prisoner of war during the American Revolution. Macquarie joined the army, the Royal Highland Emigrants. He was sent to Nova Scotia in 1776, and later served at New York and Charleston. In 1781 he became a Lieutenant and went to Jamaica for three years. He went back to Scotland, for a few years on half pay. He then joined the 77th Regiment and went to India.

Governor
--------

He was ordered to arrest John Macarthur and George Johnston who were the leaders of the Rum Rebellion but they had already sailed to England before he got to Australia. There was a large increase in the number of convicts sent to Australia while Macquaire was governor. He used the extra convicts to build roads, building, and towns. He gave tickets of leave to well-behaved convicts. This caused him problems with the free settlers, people who had not been convicts. They thought they should have special rights, and that the convicts should not be seen as their equals. They made many complaints about Macquarie's government back to their friends in England.

Clashes between the settlers and the Aboriginal people increased. Macquarie believed that the best way to treat Aboriginal people was to civilise them. That meant replacing their traditional way of life with European ways. He set up a school for children but most left or went back to their families after a short time. He tried to make a small town to teach the Aborigines how to farm and build houses. He made laws to place Aborigines under British control.

Macquarie resigned at the end of 1821 because of poor health and the difficulty of the job. He served longer than any other governor. When he left 265 major works had been completed, including new army barracks, three convict barracks, roads to Parramatta, a road across the Blue Mountains, stables, a hospital and five towns along the Hawkesbury River, which were out of reach of floodwaters.

Return to Britain
-----------------

In 1822 and 1823 Macquarie took his family on a holiday to France, Italy and Switzerland. In 1824 he went back to live in his house on Mull. In April 1824 he died in London from a bladder and kidney infection. His body was sent back to his home for burial. His grave is now looked after by the National Trust of Australia.
**Richard Clarence "Dick" Clark** (September 14, 1928 – September 20, 2023) was an American politician. He represented the state of Iowa in the United States Senate from 1973 to 1979. Clark was a member of the Democratic Party.

All throughout the campaign, polls showed Clark losing to Jack R. Miller by a large margin. An important part of Clark's campaign was his 1,300-mile walk across the state to gain publicity. This caused him to win the election in an upset.

Clark was a very liberal senator, consistently being ranked among the most liberal in the Senate throughout his one term tenure.

As senator, he served on the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, the Committee on Environment and Public Works and the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.

Clark was known for his efforts against the apartheid government in South Africa, his opponent, Roger Jepsen, called him "the Senator from Africa".

Clark was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He completed his BA in 1953 at Upper Iowa University and his Masters in 1956 at the University of Iowa. He then became a professor at Upper Iowa University.

Clark died in his sleep on September 20, 2023 in Washington, D.C. six days after his 95th birthday.

Other websites
--------------

* Congressional Biography
* Description of Dick Clark's papers at the University of Iowa
Location of Grandview
**Grandview** is a city in the state of Washington in the United States. The population of the city was 10,907 at the 2020 census.

History
-------

Grandview was incorporated on September 21, 1909. It began as the midway point on the rail line between Prosser and Sunnyside.

Geography
---------

Grandview is located at 46°15′13″N 119°54′36″W﻿ / ﻿46.25361°N 119.91000°W﻿ / 46.25361; -119.91000 (46.253670, -119.910133).

It has a total area of 6.5 square miles (16.9 km²). The land area 6.4 square miles (16.7 km²) and the water area is 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²).

Demographics
------------

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,377 people, 2,431 houses, and 1,956 families in the city. The density was 1,552.3 people per square mile. There were 51.12% White, 0.58% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 43.27% from other races, and 3.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 68.04% of the population.

There were 2,431 households out of which 49.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 60.0% were married couples living together. 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present. 19.5% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.80.

In the city the population was spread out with 36.2% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The average age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The average income for a household in the city was $32,588, and the average income for a family was $36,165. Males had a median income of $29,321 versus $21,959 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,489. About 16.0% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.
***The Moses Code*** is a 2008 esoteric documentary. It was produced by Drew Heriot, who already worked as a director *on The Secret*, the predecessor of *The Moses Code.*

The world premiere took place on 5. April 2008, as part of a private cinema screening, in the presence of director James Twyman, producer Drew Heriot and James Van Praagh, one of the speakers shown in the movie.

Plot
----

In contrast to *The Secret*, *The Moses Code is* not limited to the fulfillment of the mostly spiritually value-free needs of an unsatisfied ego who is fixated on money and power, but rather deals with the possibilities of how this "knowledge" can be used for the benefit of people. The basis for understanding this law, which should lie in the field effects known from quantum physics, are explained using examples.

It is believed that Moses received a "code of creation" from God to work all the miracles spoken of in the Bible. This code is also called the "Law of Attraction" or "law of attraction called".

### The main speakers

So-called "spiritual teachers" accompany James Twyman in his movie:

* Debbie Ford (bestselling author, teacher)
* Neale Donald Walsch (bestselling author, teacher, radio presenter)
* Michael Beckwith (Founder and Managing Director, Agape Spiritual Center)
* Iyanla Van Zant (author, speaker, teacher)
* Cheryl Richardson (bestselling author, speaker, radio / TV host)
* James Van Praagh (medium, writer, executive producer on *Ghost Whisperer* )
* Harville Hendrix (hospital chaplain, counselor, author, speaker)
* Mary Morrissey (writer) (teacher, writer, counselor)
* Gregg Braden (bestselling author, scientist)
* Joe Dispenza, DC (Writer, Editor)
* Diana Cooper (seminar leader, author)
* John Holland (medium, spiritual teacher)
* Sonia Choquette (Spiritual Teacher, Medium, Best-Selling Author)
* Robert Ohotto (intuitive astrologer)
* Les Brown (speaker, entrepreneur, bestselling author)
* Anakha Coman (Sacred Heart *mystic*, medium, motivated speaker)
* Vivian Glyck (author, founder and managing director of the *Just Like My Child Foundation* )
* Mikki Willis (filmmaker, visionary)

Among them are a few who have already appeared in the movies *The Secret* and *What the Bleep Do We Know*.

Director
--------

James Twyman is both the writer of the book and the director of the movie.

Leading roles
-------------

Debbie Ford, Neale Donald Walsch, Joe Dispenza, James Van Praagh, Mary Manin Morrissey and others.

Movie theater
-------------

With a few exceptions, the movie will not be shown in cinemas. The German-language DVD has been around since March 6. The license holder of the performance rights is HORIZON FILM Distribution GmbH.
***DuckTales*** is an American animated television series. The series is a reboot of the original series with the same name, which aired from 1987 to 1990. The series first aired on August 12, 2017, with the first 44-minute pilot episode, "Woo-oo!", followed by a marathon that lasted 24 hours. The series officially premiered on September 23 that year on Disney XD until December 2. The series was then moved to Disney Channel on May 4, 2018, with re-runs airing on Disney XD. The series then moved once again on Disney XD with the third season on April 4, 2020. The series ended with "The Last Adventure!", which aired on March 15, 2021. The series currently airs re-runs on Disney XD. The series has since been removed from Disney channel following the removal of Disney's Amphibia and before the removal of the owl house.

Premise
-------

### Season 1

Dewey and Webby set out to find the truth about Scrooge and Donald's strained relationship and the unexplained disappearance of the boys' mother and Donald's twin sister Della Duck while Magica manipulates events to facilitate her return and seek revenge on Scrooge for imprisoning her in his Number One Dime for fifteen years.

### Season 2

Scrooge and Glomgold compete to become the richest duck in the world by the end of the year while Louie tries to start up his own multi-million dollar business in hopes of following in Scrooge's footsteps. Della reunites with her family after she escapes from the Moon and adjusts to her newfound motherhood, unaware that the Moonlanders, led by General Lunaris, are planning to invade Earth.

### Season 3

In season three, the Ducks discover the journal of the legendary explorer Isabella Finch, which details several lost treasures, and begin a globetrotting expedition to find them all while the criminal organization F.O.W.L. plots to eliminate the Ducks and obtain the treasures first in order to rid the world of adventuring.

Cast
----

See the main article: List of DuckTales characters
* David Tennant as Scrooge McDuck
* Danny Pudi as Huey Duck
* Ben Schwartz as Dewey Duck
* Bobby Moynihan as Louie Duck
* Kate Micucci as Webby Vanderquack
* Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
* Beck Bennett as Launchpad McQuack
* Toks Olangudoye as Bentina Beakly
* Paget Brewster as Della Duck

Episodes
--------

See the main article: List of DuckTales (2017 TV series) episodes

| Season | Episodes | Originally aired |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First aired | Last aired | Network |
|  | 1 | 9 | August 12, 2017 | December 2, 2017 | Disney XD |
| 14 | May 4, 2018 | August 18, 2018 | Disney Channel |
|  | 2 | 24 | October 20, 2018 | September 12, 2019 |
|  | 3 | 22 | April 4, 2020 | March 15, 2021 | Disney XD |
**Harish Kumar** (Hindi: रानी हरीश) (1979 – 2 June 2019) commonly known as **Queen Harish** or **Rani Harish** was a folk dancer and Choreographer. He was from Rajasthan, India. Harish was a person who worked to preserve*(protect something as it was originally)* the lost traditional Rajasthani folk dance. His performances include various Rajasthani folk dances such as Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Chang and Bhawai.

Early life
----------

Harish Kumar was born in 1979 in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan to a family of people who build furniture and other things out of wood. They belonged to the Suthar community. Harish started dancing at the age of 13. His parents died at an early age, so he took up drag dancing, which mostly involves wearing clothes that are commonly associated with the opposite sex. He did it to support his sisters with money. Harish says, 

> *"I am a man, who chooses to dance for a living. That's a reality that I will never ignore. I chose to make the Queen part more regal and not comical."*
> 
> 

He was inspired by 'Annu Master' who had performed the first drag dance of Jaisalmer region, he started learning drag dance from him. He also practiced American tribal style belly dancing and Dancing in which dancers dance around a vertical pole, to make his body to perform all feminine movements.

Career
------

Harish has performed Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Chang, Bhawai, Chari and other folk dances of Rajasthan state in about 60 countries. He also taught Choreography to more than 2,000 dance students in Japan. His performance was one of the highlights of the *Jaipur Literary Mela* which takes place once in a year. He has participated in the *Raqs Congree* in Brussels, the *Belly Dancing Festival* in Seoul and the *Desilicious* in New York City. In 2010, he has appeared in the reality television program 'India Got Talent' and went on to become the semi finalist. He has also appeared in several Bollywood movies such as Upadapdu (2003), Jai Gangajal (2016) and The Accidental Prime Minister (2019). In 2007, he appeared in British Movie director Jasmine Dellal's documentary *When the Road Bends… Tales of a Gypsy Caravan*. In association with the government of Rajasthan, he ran a daily evening program in Jaisalmer called '*Queen* *Harish Program*'*.* He had also been invited to perform at Isha Ambani [hi] pre-wedding celebrations in Udaipur in December 2018. In that wedding he was seen dancing with Aishwarya Bachchan's daughter.

Personal life
-------------

Harish was married to a woman and had two sons. On 2 June 2019, He was killed in a road accident on a highway in Kaparda village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan along with 3 other artists when they were travelling with other artists from Jaisalmer to Ajmer in a SUV car. He was 39 years old at the time of his death.

Reacting to his death, the Chief minister of Rajasthan at that time, Ashok Gehlot said, 

> "Harish gave a new identity to Jaisalmer with his different dance style. His death is a big loss to the field of folk art."
> 
>
A group of Bruneian men wearing songkok as part of Baju Melayu traditional Malay attire.
The **Songkok**, also called **Peci** or **Kopiah**, is a hat worn by Muslim men in many Southeast Asian countries like Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, southern Philippines, and southern Thailand. It looks like a cone and is often made of black or fancy felt, cotton, or velvet. People wear it on special times like weddings, funerals, and holidays such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. In Indonesia, it is also linked to the nationalist movement.

In Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, it is called *"songkok"*, while in Java, it is called *"kopiah"* or *"kopeah"*. In Indonesia, it is usually called *"peci"*, though the peci might be a bit different, being more oval-shaped and sometimes decorated.

History
-------

A guy wearing the Malay dress "baju melayu" with the songkok hat.
The kopiah has been around for a long time. It was worn by special Majapahit soldiers in the past. The mention of kopiah goes back to the 16th century and was mentioned in Pigafetta's Italian-Malay vocabulary. In the epic Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain, written before 1600 AD, there's a part where someone wears a golden rosary kopiah.

Historians think the songkok became popular in the 13th century when Islam spread in the area. But the first written record of the word "songkok" is in *Syair Siti Zubaidah* from 1840. Traditionally, the special triangular Malay headgear, Tengkolok or destar, was worn by important people like nobles and kings. But the songkok later became connected with Islam, especially for Malay men.

The Royal Malay Regiment of the Malaysian Army has been wearing the songkok as part of their uniform since the time of British rule.

### Current use

The songkok is worn by Muslim men for important events. In Indonesia, it became important because of a leader named Sukarno. He and other leaders like Mohammad Hatta and Agus Salim made the peci, another name for the songkok, popular. Sukarno even made the plain black velvet peci the official hat of Indonesia.

In Indonesia, presidents and palace guards wear the peci as part of their uniform. During the Indonesian Independence Day ceremony, a special group called Paskibraka wear it too. Some women wear a different kind of peci with a curved back.

Female version of peci with curved back.In Malaysia, men wear the songkok along with a shirt, pants, and waist wrap called **baju melayu** as their traditional dress. During meetings of the legislative assembly, all members wear the songkok with a gold stripe to show respect to the Head of State.

In Singapore, the songkok is not allowed in government schools because of the country's secular rules, but it's part of the uniform in Singaporean Islamic schools.

In the Philippines, the songkok, known as kopiah or kupya, is worn by Bangsamoro men and Muslim Filipinos. Some non-Muslim Lumad datu also wear the kopiah for prayers and social events.
The **Flag of the State of Jalisco** has the blue and yellow background with the state arm of coat. This flag was designed by Luis Havas in 2001.

Design and symbolism
--------------------

The meaning of the colors of the state flag are as follows:

* **Gold** (*yellow*): do good to the poor.
* **Azur** (*blue*): serve the rulers and promote agriculture.

### Other flags

* Flag of the Kingdom of Galicia (16th century)Flag of the Kingdom of Galicia (16th century)
* Flag of New Galicia (1531–1826)Flag of New Galicia (1531–1826)

History
-------

Manuel Rodríguez proposed a flag of Jalisco in 2001.
After the independence of Mexico, Prisciliano Sánchez, governor of the Mexican state from 1825 to 1826, proposed a transitional flag for the state of Jalisco, which consists of three horizontal stripes.

In 2001, Luis Havas, an Argentinian soldier expatriated to Jalisco, announced plans to create a flag for the Mexican state of Jalisco. He proposed the old flag of Manuel Rodríguez, consisting of two blue stripes and a stripe of gold with the State Emblem in the center; it resembled the flag of the New Galicia or Intendence of Guadalajara from Priciliano Sánchez. 

A flag was adopted in February 2008, which was then replaced by the current one on May 7, 2011. The winning flag was the one designed by Luis Havas.

On June 16 2023, Jalisco state celebrates 200 years free and sovereign. The celebration included the raising of the State Flag and the singing of the State Anthem into the government of Enrique Alfaro.

### Historical flags

* Flag of Jalisco (1972–1998) Flag of Jalisco (1972–1998)
* Flag of Jalisco (1998-2008) Flag of Jalisco (1998-2008)
* Flag of Jalisco (2008-2011) Flag of Jalisco (2008-2011)

Related pages
-------------

* List of Mexican flags
Theodor Schwann
**Theodor Swan** (7 December 1800 – 11 January 1880) was a english scientist who isolated and named the enzyme He also played a key role in promoting the idea of the cell as the foundation of, and discovered pepsin in 1836. His work on the cell has recently been re-assessed, because the idea had been discussed before him.

Cell history
------------

Cells were discovered by (1635–1703). He used a compound microscope with two to look at the structure of cork, and to look at leaves and some insects. He did this from about 1660, and reported it in his book *Micrographica* in 1665. 

Many other naturalists and philosophers tried out the new instrument. The structure of plants was investigated by Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Grew's major work was *The anatomy of plants* (1682). It is not clear who first saw animal cells, Malpighi, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723).p17

Leeuwenhoek's discoveries and drawings of 'little animalcules' opened up a whole new world for naturalists. Protozoa, and microorganisms generally were discovered. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's book *Die Infusionsthierchen* summarised what was known in 1838. Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) in 1805 wrote that infusoria (microscopic forms) were the basis of all life. 

The work of the Czech Jan Purkyně (1787–1869) and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. It was, however, his student Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the *cell theory*, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97 *As understood now*, the cell theory includes these important ideas:

1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
3. Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it.
4. The nucleus is the core element of the cell.

The key works of Schwann and Schleiden were published in 1838 and 1839.
These ideas still are the basic ideas of cell theory.
**Townsville** (Bindal: *Thul Garrie Waja*, Warrongo: *Gabilgaba*) is a city on the northern east coast of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest regional city in Queensland and in 2010 was made a second capital by Premier Anna Bligh to take the stress of governing off the southeast corner of Queensland.
Before the city was made a capital, Townsville was often referred to as the capital of North Queensland, but the split of the state never occurred.

Popular attractions include 'The Strand', a long tropical beach and garden strip; Riverway, a riverfront parkland attraction on the banks of Ross River; Reef HQ, a large tropical aquarium holding many of the Great Barrier Reef's native flora and fauna; the Museum of Tropical Queensland, built around a display of relics from the sunken British warship HMS Pandora; and Magnetic Island, a large neighbouring island, the vast majority of which is national park.

History
-------

English explorer James Cook went by the area where Townsville was established in 1770, but did not land. Townsville City was established in 1863 by English explorer Robert Towns to build a new port for Australia. Since then Townsville grew into a livable city as people began moving to up to the city.

World War II history
--------------------

During World War II, Townsville was used by the Americans as a military base. There were many airbases, bunkers, tunnels and fortifications around Townsville, some of these forts are still visible, where as others have been demolished.

These still standing forts include:

* No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF
* Green Street Bunker
* Castle Hill Magazine
* Castle Hill Command Post
* Pallarenda Batteries

Townsville was once referred to as Australia's Saviour, but this slowly faded away as history from the war in Townsville was destroyed to hide tunnels from the public.

1970s onwards
-------------

On Christmas Eve in 1971, Townsville was hit by Tropical Cyclone Althea, which destroyed the port almost completely. In 1982 Flinders Street in the CBD was closed to traffic and turned into a shopping mall. The Strand Beach was redeveloped into a tropical beach park with features such as a waterpark, the rockpool, and the War Museum.
Origins
-------

People have set aside a special day for playing jokes for centuries. The ancient Romans had a holiday called Hilaria.

In the Middle Ages, New Year's Day was celebrated on March 25 in most European towns. In some areas of France, New Year's was a week-long holiday ending on April 1. Some people think that April Fools' started because those who celebrated on January 1 made fun of those who celebrated on other dates.

Long standing customs
---------------------

### United Kingdom

This custom makes no sense at all until one remembers how much colder the climate was before the 19th/20th century. Great rivers like the Thames were frozen over in the winter, and young people used to skate on them in wintertime. 

In the U.K. a person playing a joke would yell "April Fool!" at the recipient. According to tradition, the joking was supposed to stop at midday.

### Nordic countries

In the Nordic countries, many news outlets would publish or broadcast a fake news story on April 1. 

### France

In France, an April fools joke is called a "Poisson d'Avril'. One tradition there is to try and stick a paper fish on one's friends back, and shout "Poisson d'Avril!' when it is discovered.

Media outlets
-------------

Sometimes a large media corporation would broadcast or publish a fake news story on April 1. For example, in 1957 the BBC broadcast a story about spaghetti trees. According to the story, people in Switzerland grew spaghetti on trees. Later, many people called the BBC asking how they could get a spaghetti tree.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to April Fools' Day at Wikimedia Commons
The **supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea**, or simply known as the **supreme leader of North Korea** is the head of state and head of government of North Korea. The leader directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces.

Kim Jong-un(he is super surpreme) is the 3rd and current supreme leader of North Korea, in office since December 17, 2011.

Executive and Legislative Powers
--------------------------------

the president of the state affairs commission is the head of state of North Korea. The North Korean constitution gives the president the power to lead the state and appoint important state officials. 

The president also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives to serve foreign relations in other countries. The president can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defense during times of war. The president also has absolute power and control over North Korea's nuclear arsenal.

The president of the State Affairs has the power to choose the vice president, and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are elected by members of the assembly. The president can also propose for their recall by the assembly and the president also has the right to appoint or dismiss important state officials.

The president can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly. The commission can also submit an agenda to the assembly. The president can also have the right to grant pardons.

The supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces. The leader may exercise supreme operational command and control over the country's military forces, and has plenary power to launch, direct and supervise military operations, order or authorize the deployment of troops, or launch nuclear weapons.

Official residences
-------------------

Ryongsong Residence is the current and official residence of the supreme leader of North Korea. The supreme leader also has other official state residences but are kept hidden away with absolutely no access to them.

Protection
----------

The Ministry of State Security is charged with protecting the supreme leader and the first family of North Korea. As part of their protection, their duties are also to investigate any type of threats towards the Kim family or any government official. It's also tasked to conduct VIP protection duties for North Korean diplomats and employees who work in many North Korean embassies, accompany and other foreign officials abroad.

Line of succession
------------------

The North Korean leadership line of succession is the order in which one of the members of the Kim family are to assume the powers and duties as the supreme leader of North Korea upon their death.
**Allegiance** is a duty of of faithfulness or loyalty said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign.

Oath of allegiance
------------------

The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign in the United Kingdom. It must be taken by all persons holding important public office and as a condition of naturalization. By ancient common law, it was required of all persons above the age of 12. It was repeatedly used as a test of loyalty. In England, it was first imposed by statute in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558). The words have, more than once, been altered since. Up to the time of the revolution, the promise was "to be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb and terrene honour, and not to know or hear of any ill or damage intended him without defending him therefrom." The Convention Parliament enacted the form that has been in use since that time – "I do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty ..."

In the United States and some other republics, the oath is known as the Pledge of Allegiance. Instead of declaring fidelity to a monarch, the pledge is made to the flag, the republic, and to the core values of the country, specifically liberty and justice. The reciting of the pledge in the United States is not compulsory because of the rights guaranteed to the people under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The guarantee of freedom of speech includes the freedom *not* to speak.

In Islam
--------

See the main article: Bay'ah
The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is *bay'at* (Arabic: بيعة), which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the Quran by Surah 48:10: "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah Himself". The word is used for the oath of allegiance to an emir. It is also used for the initiation ceremony specific to many Sufi orders.
**Louis-Constantin Boisselot** (11 March 1809 – 5 June 1850 in Marseille) was a French piano manufacturer. Franz Liszt was a long-time friend of the family and also his son's (Marie-Louis-François Boisselot (1845–1902)) godfather. Liszt received a Boisselot piano as a gift and used it for creating the Weimar years. A replica of the Liszt's personal Boisselot 1846 piano was created by 200 Liszt's celebration by a piano builder McNulty. Both original and the replica are property of the Klassik Stiftung Weimar.

Louis-Constantin Boisselot succeeded his father Jean-Louis Boisselot in the piano making business, which was successfully continued by next generations of the family until the late nineteenth century.

Other websites
--------------

* Klaviernachbau von Franz Liszt erklingt auf Landesausstellung (in German)
* Boisselot op. 2800, 1846 - a replica Archived 2021-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Liszt's Boisselot piano in Weimar
* Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Musikinstrumente (in German)
* Schätze in Gefahr: Liszts Hammerklavier. Deutschland radio Archived 2021-05-25 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
**Kinetic energy** is the energy that an object has because of its motion. This energy can be converted into other kinds, such as gravitational or electric potential energy, which is the energy that an object has because of its position in a gravitational or electric field. Ok be

Difference between Kinetic & Potential Energy
---------------------------------------------

Kinetic Energy is the maximum amount of work a moving body due to its motion can do, whereas Potential energy is the maximum amount of work a body can do due to its configuration or position in a field force. Kinetic Energy is valid for all sorts of forces as seen from this derivation.

{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {x} ={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}\cdot d\mathbf {x} ={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}\cdot \mathbf {v} dt=\mathbf {v} \cdot {\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}dt=\mathbf {v} \cdot d\mathbf {p} }
but Potential Energy is not as can be seen here

{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {x} =-\nabla V\cdot d\mathbf {x} =-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial x\_{i}}}\cdot dx\_{i}=-dV}
which clearly suggests that only conservative forces can have potential energy associated with them; see conservation of energy.

Translational kinetic energy
----------------------------

The **translational kinetic energy** of an object is:

{\displaystyle E\_{translational}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
where

{\displaystyle m} is the mass (resistance to linear acceleration or deceleration);
{\displaystyle v} is the linear velocity.

Rotational kinetic energy
-------------------------

The **rotational kinetic energy** of an object is:

{\displaystyle E\_{rotational}={\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}}
where

{\displaystyle I} is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation);
{\displaystyle \omega \ } is the angular velocity.
**Twilight Sparkle** is a fictional character from the *My Little Pony* franchise and the protagonist of *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*, a 2010–2019 animated children's television series. Voiced by Tara Strong, she is depicted as a unicorn from the fictional country of Equestria who later becomes an alicorn and a princess. She has a dragon assistant named Spike and five best friends: Applejack, Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie, Fluttershy, and Rarity. Collectively, Twilight and her friends (known as the Mane 6) represent the six Elements of Harmony. She later finds a student in Starlight Glimmer and opens the School of Friendship. In the distant future, Twilight is depicted as the ruler of Equestria.

Twilight first appears in "Friendship Is Magic", the two-part series premiere of *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*. She is depicted as the student of Princess Celestia, the main leader of Equestria. She predicts that Nightmare Moon, the corrupted evil sister of Celestia is about to return. Celestia responds by sending her to the town of Ponyville to learn about friendship. She makes her five best friends and defeats Nightmare Moon with the Elements of Harmony, turning her back into an uncorrupted Princess Luna.

*Equestria Girls* variant
-------------------------

In *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls*, there is a human version of Twilight Sparkle. She is known in the fandom as "Sci-Twi," a portmanteau of "science fiction" (shortened as "sci-fi") and "Twilight" (shortened as "Twi"). Sci-Twi and Twilight Sparkle from *Friendship Is Magic* are canonically different characters, but they have similar personalities and have met each other.

In *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls*, Sci-Twi is indirectly mentioned by Pinkie Pie, who recognizes Twilight Sparkle as "not familiar" and asks if she has a twin who lives in the city and has a pet dog named Spike. Twilight, unaware of Sci-Twi's existence at the time, answered "maybe" to Pinkie Pie's question.

In *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls - Rainbow Rocks*, Sci-Twi appears briefly in the post-credits scene, where she is depicted investigating the magical occurrences happening at Canterlot High School.

In *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Friendship Games*, Sci-Twi makes her first full appearance. She is depicted as the star student of Crystal Prep Academy and a socially awkward nerd. She is drafted Principal Abacus Cinch to represent Crystal Prep at the Friendship Games, a competetion against Canterlot High. Cinch later peer pressures Sci-Twi into using magic against Canterlot High, which turns her into a monster known as Midnight Sparkle. Sci-Twi is stopped by Sunset Shimmer, who offers forgiveness and friendship. Sci-Twi accepts Sunset's friendship and transfers to Canterlot High to learn about friendship.

Reception
---------

In 2011, *The Mary Sue* praised Twilight Sparkle's character for having a mixture of maturity and nerdiness.

In 2019, Theresia Sitinjak claimed that Twilight Sparkle represented American values of individualism, altruism, and industry.
**Louis the Child** (893 – 20/24 September 911), sometimes called **Louis III** or **Louis IV**, was the king of East Francia from 899 until his death. He was also recognized as king of Lotharingia after 900. He was the last East Frankish ruler of the Carolingian dynasty. He succeeded his father, Arnulf, in East Francia and his elder illegitimate half-brother Zwentibold in Lotharingia. Louis became king when he was six and reigned until his death aged 17 or 18. During his reign the country was ravaged by Magyar raids.

He was born in September or October 893 in Altötting, Duchy of Bavaria, to king Arnulf of Carinthia and his wife, Ota. He had at least two brothers: his elder, illegitimate brother Zwentibold, who ruled Lotharingia, and another brother named Ratold, who briefly ruled the Kingdom of Italy.

East Francia
------------

Louis was crowned in Forchheim on 4 February 900. Due to his young age and weak personal constitution, the government was entirely in the hands of others - the nobles and bishops. The most influential of Louis's councillors were Hatto I and Solomon III, the bishop of Constance.

Lotharingia
-----------

Louis succeeded his elder illegitimate half-brother Zwentibold in Lotharingia after 900 and maintained a separate chancery for both regions. He appointed an East Frankish duke, Gebhard to rule Lotharingia, which annoyed the Lotharingian nobility. The Lotharingian nobility did not participate in East Frankish assemblies.

Magyar invasions
----------------

During his reign, the Magyar army devastated Bavaria, the Duchy of Carinthia, and twice ravaged the Duchy of Saxony. In 904, Louis invited Kurszán, the kende of the Magyars, to negotiations. Het killed him and his delegation. In 907, the Magyars inflicted a heavy defeat on the Bavarians in the Battle of Pressburg, killing the Margrave Luitpold and many high nobles.

Death and succession
--------------------

Louis the Child died at Frankfurt am Main on 20 or 24 September 911, aged seventeen or eighteen. He was buried in the monastery of Saint Emmeram's in Regensburg, where his father Arnulf also lay. His death brought an end to the eastern branch of the Carolingian dynasty. The dukes of East Francia elected Conrad of Franconia, son of Gebhard, as the king, while the nobles of Lotharingia elected the Carolingian Charles the Simple as their king.
**Lupin**, often spelled **lupine** in North America, is the common name for members of the genus ***Lupinus*** in the family Fabaceae. 

There are between 150 and 200 species. They grow all over the Mediterranean region - Subgen. ***Lupinus***, and the Americas - Subgen. ***Platycarpos*** (Wats.) Kurl.

Lupin leaves from below
The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m tall, with one, Lupinus jaimehintoniana, a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States; in many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.

Lupins as an introduced pest
----------------------------

In New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in South Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lupinus***.

* Nitrogen Cycle Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Lupins Resource Website
* Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lupine
* Lupins
**Westlife** is an Irish boy band who formed in 1998. The group currently consists of Shane Filan, Nicky Bryne, and Kian Egan. Then Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to give more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name back to 'Brian'. and Mark Feehily left the band in 2024 due to health issues.

Westlife did not manage success in America, although their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart. Their debut American album was also released in 2000, but flopped. Beyond Europe and the US, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Like most other boy bands, Westlife was primarily marketed to teenagers, besides girls there were approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male. They also had a large following among gay men, and performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.

It was announced in October 2011 that Westlife would split in 2012. They had their last concert in Dublin, Ireland in 2012. Tickets for it sold out in 5 minutes.

Members
-------

* Shane Filan
* Nicky Byrne
* Mark Feehily
* Kian Egan

Past members
* Brian McFadden

Success
-------

The band has been very successful since it was started and is popular in both Ireland and United Kingdom, with hits like:

* "Swear It Again" (1999)
* "If I Let You Go" (1999)
* "Flying Without Wings" featuring BoA (appeared on the Pokémon 2000 soundtrack) (1999)
* "I Have A Dream"/"Seasons In The Sun" (covers of ABBA and Terry Jacks respectively) (1999)
* "Fool Again" (2000)
* "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" (with Mariah Carey) (cover of Phil Collins) (2000)
* "My Love" (2000)
* "Uptown Girl" (cover of Billy Joel) (2001)
* "Queen Of My Heart" (2001)
* "World of Our Own" (2002)
* "Unbreakable" (2002)
* "Mandy" (cover of Barry Manilow) (2003)
* "You Raise Me Up" (2005)
* "The Rose" (2006)

Not every single of theirs has gone to No. 1 in the UK:

* "What Makes a Man" (2000) #2
* "Bop Bop Baby" (2002) #5
* "Hey Whatever" (2003) #4
* "Obvious" (2004) #3
* "Home" (2007) #3
* "Us Against The World" (2008) #8
* "What About Now" (2004) #2
* "Safe" (2010) #10

The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record four occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", "Mandy" and "You Raise Me Up".

Discography
-----------

* 1999 "Westlife" #2 UK, #129 US
* 2000 "Coast to Coast" #1 UK
* 2001 "World of Our Own" #1 UK
* 2002 "Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits - Vol. 1" #1 UK
* 2003 "Turnaround" #1 UK
* 2004 "Allow Us To Be Frank" #3 UK
* 2005 "Face to Face" #1 UK
* 2006 "The Love Album" #1 UK
* 2007 "Back Home" #1 UK
* 2009 "Where We Are" #2 UK
* 2010 "Gravity" #3 UK
* 2011 "Greatest Hits" #4 UK
**Fear conditioning** is a process that helps our brain learn to associate certain things with fear. This mechanism plays a crucial role in how we respond to potentially threatening situations

This mouse fear conditioning device includes sound, foot shock, and an activity sensor with photobeams to measure freezing. The environment can be modified, and it is used in PTSD studies.

What is fear conditioning?
--------------------------

Fear conditioning is a type of learning where our brain associates a neutral stimulus with a fearful experience. In simple terms, it's like our brain creating a connection between something ordinary and something scary.

### The process

* Neutral stimulus:

Imagine you hear a specific sound, like a bell ringing. At first, this sound means nothing to 
you; it's neutral and doesn't provoke any fear. 

* Fearful experience:

Now, let's say that every time the bell rings, something scary happens, like a loud noise or a sudden shock. Your brain starts connecting the neutral sound (bell) with the frightening experience.

* Association:

After repeated pairings of the bell and the scary event, your brain starts associating the bell with fear. Now, even if the scary event doesn't happen, just hearing the bell can make you feel afraid.

### The brain's role

The amygdala, a small almond-shaped structure in the brain, is the key player in fear conditioning. It processes emotions, including fear, and helps us respond appropriately to potential threats. When the neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear, the amygdala signals our body to react, preparing us to face the perceived danger.

Real-life examples
------------------

### Pavlov's dogs

A classic example of conditioning to a neutral stimulus is 
Pavlov's experiment with dogs. He paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs started salivating at the sound of the bell alone, anticipating the food.

### Little Albert experiment

In another famous experiment, Little Albert was exposed to a white rat along with loud noises. Over time, he became afraid not only of the rat but also of similar white, furry objects, illustrating how fear can generalize to similar stimuli.

* Implications for humans:

Understanding fear conditioning helps us comprehend how phobias and anxiety disorders may develop. Traumatic experiences can lead to the association of neutral stimuli with fear, contributing to the persistence of irrational fears.

Conclusion
----------

Fear conditioning is a fundamental process that allows our brains to adapt and respond to potential threats. By associating neutral stimuli with fear, our brain learns to recognize and react to situations that may be harmful. This simple yet powerful mechanism is crucial for our survival and shapes our emotional responses to the world around us.
The **coat of arms of Denmark** consists of three crowned blue lions with nine red hearts, all in a golden shield.

The Coat of Arms of Denmark
Seal of King Canute VI
The seal of King Canute VI of Denmark is the oldest known example of the coat of arms of Denmark. It is from around 1190.

Coat of arms of the Danish royal family, 1972-
Until around 1960 Denmark also had a large coat of arms. Both were used by the government. In 1959, the large coat of arms changed status and became the royal coat of arms - that is a coat of arms for the king and the royal family. The large coat of arms is inspired by one which was designed in 1819 and adopted by king Frederik VI.

The large coat of arms comprise symbols representing all parts of the Danish kingdom - or to be precise: only territories that are still part of the Kingdom of Denmark. In the coat of arms shown to the left the upper left part of the shield (the three lions) represents Denmark. In the lower part the three crowns (only two are visible) represents Sweden, this is for historic reasons. The polar bear represents Greenland and the ram represents the Faroe Islands. The two lions in the upper right side represents the principality of Slesvig. Until 1972, it also included other symbols representing principalities in Germany and parts of present-day Sweden that used to be ruled by the Danish king.

In 1972 when King Frederik IX died and Margrethe II became queen the coat of arms of the royal family was redesigned, and today it only comprises symbols representing the current parts of the Danish Kingdom.