recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
In ecology, a **community** is a group of interacting species that occurs together at the same place and time. Populations of many species make up a community. A community with its physical and chemical environment makes an ecosystem. Each population may have an effect on other populations in the community in different ways (called symbiosis). What gives a community its identity and function is the interactions between the species living there (Bowman and Hacker 2024). The way ecologists define communities often changes, depending on the question the ecologist is posing. Often, a subset of species within the community are defined and studied. In order to subdivide a community, there are several different ways to do so. One can use taxonomic affinity and group individuals within the community together based on their evolutionary lineage  (Bowman and Hacker 2024). One can also group species together based on the resources that they use (guild) or based on the way that they function (functional group). A food web describes the trophic or energy connections among species based on the food they consume and is broken up into different trophic levels  (Bowman and Hacker 2024). Species diversity is a common measure of a community structure that combines the number of species (species richness) and the abundance of those species compared to other species (species evenness  (Bowman and Hacker 2024).

Relations between species
-------------------------

In consumption, one living thing eats another. Three kinds of consumption are predation, herbivory, and parasitism. In predation, one animal, the predator, kills and eats another animal, the prey. In herbivory, an animal called an herbivore eats a plant, either in part or in whole. In parasitism, a parasite lives on another living thing, the host. The parasite eats small parts of tissue or nutrients from the host, but usually does not kill it.

In competition, two living things, from the same or different species, both need the same resources. If one species is better at getting the resources, the population of the other species may die out. Competition may have a negative effect on both species. In mutualism, two species both help each other, so they have a positive effect on each other. In commensalism, one species is helped, but it has no effect on the other species.

Related pages
-------------

* Prey-predator equations
**Point guard** is a position in basketball. It is one of the most important positions. A point guard should maintain his/her team's offense by controlling the ball safely and pass the ball to the right teammate at the right time. Because of his/her role in the play, a point guard is usually called **a commander on the court**. Steve Nash, Chris Paul, Stephen Curry and John Stockton are famous point guards in the NBA.

Required abilities to play as a point guard
-------------------------------------------

First of all, **right pass** is the most important requirement to be a good point guard. A point guard's first thought should be being an excellent passer and getting the ball to his/her teammates for easy shots. Because the offense is usually started from a point guard who handles the ball, he/she should be able to find the open man/woman, and when to pass and not pass to avoid costly turnovers and score easily.

Second, **safe dribbling and ball handling** are necessary. Before a point guard passes the ball to his/her teammates, he/she should carry the ball from back court to front court. To carry the ball safely without turnovers, it is important to know how to control the ball safely. And by controlling the ball safely, a point guard also can control the tempo of the game. The ability, controlling the tempo, make a point guard choose right way to offense, a fast-break or a slow-attack. Through choosing right strategy, a point guard can make chance at the right time and also save his/her teammate's stamina effectively. 

Third, a point guard is **a coach on the court**. To command proper strategy to his teammates, a point guard should understand all strategies which are commanded by his coach. This ability may help a point guard to play the game well with the right strategy at right time.

Lastly, a point guard should be **a good shooter**. Sometimes the game can be unfavorable, even a point guard pass well and play the game with right strategy. At this time his/her accurate shooting can be an escapeway from this situation. By announcing his/her ability to shooting accurately, a point guard can plant an awareness to opponents that they should defense him/her well. And it cause the decreasing of pressure to other teammates to offense. Like this, a point guard's shooting ability can be the option to offense effectively.
**Paws, Inc.**, also known as **Paws Incorporated**, is an American comic studio and production company owned by the children's cable television network Nickelodeon, a subsidiary fully owned by Paramout Global. American cartoonist Jim Davis started it to support the *Garfield* series, comic strips and its licensing. It is located in Muncie, Indiana. 50 artists and licensing administrators work for Paws, Inc.. The current company building changed positions from Jim Davis's farm to Albany, which was nearby, in 1989.

In 1994, the company purchased all rights to the Garfield comic strips from 1978 to 1993 from United Feature Syndicate, except for the original black-and-white daily comic strips and original color Sunday comic strips. Paws owns the copyrights to the full-color daily comic strips and recolored Sunday comic strips because they are called a different product. The comic strip is currently distributed by Universal Uclick, while Paws, Inc. owns the rights to the comic strip.

In August 2019, ViacomCBS purchased Paws, Inc. including merchandising around the world and existing licensees, and put it under Nickelodeon. The deal did not include rights to the previous live action and CGI Garfield movies, which Walt Disney Studios owns under 20th Century Fox. Jim Davis will continue to draw the comic strip for newspapers and Universal Uclick.

Other websites
--------------

* About Paws, Inc. on Garfield website Archived 2016-03-30 at the Wayback Machine

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* United States

 |
Liddell, 1859
Alice Liddell as a beggar-girl, 1858
Alice Liddell in 1870, also by Dodson
**Alice Pleasance Liddell-Hargreaves** (4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was a child friend of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. She inspired his two books *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland* (1865) and *Through the Looking-Glass* (1871). Dodgson wrote the two books using the pen name, Lewis Carroll.

Life
----

Alice was born in Westminster, London, one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. Her father was Dean of Christ Church college in Oxford. Dodgson was a mathematics don, a Fellow at the college. He was 24 years old when he met Alice on 25 April 1856. He was an expert photographer, and took a number of photographs of her.

Alice and her sisters Edith and Lorina took little trips with Dodgson. They had boating parties and other outdoor adventures. Dodgson told stories on these trips. He started the story of Alice in Wonderland during a boat trip on the Thames on 4 July 1862. In 1864, his trips with the girls were brought to an end by their mother. It is not known why.

Alice grew up a refined young woman. She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880. The couple lived in a country house in Hampshire. Alice was a very capable person. She managed many servants. She arranged balls and parties. She had three sons. Two were killed in World War I. Her husband never overcame this loss. He died in 1926.

Mrs. Hargreaves sold some of her *Alice* memorabilia through Sotheby's. This sale included the original *Alice* manuscript. It had been the gift of Dodgson. It was bought by an American. It was returned to the United Kingdom during World War II. It now is in the British Museum. Alice died in 1934 in Westerham, Kent. She was cremated and buried in the Hargreaves family plot in Hampshire.
A **space habitat** or **spacestead** is a theoretical space station that rotates to simulate gravity and is outfitted like an environment on Earth, with landscaping, a settlement, etc. These would be very big, on the order of 800+ meters in diameter

Proposed designs include but are not limited to

Example of O'Neill cylinder
O'Neill cylinders - Tin can shaped spacesteads with habitable space all over the inside with the exception of the ends.

Stanford toruses - Donut shaped habitats in which the land, settlement, water, etc is on the outer part of the interior, leaving the other half to be the sky. These would also have spokes and a central hub in the middle.

Example of Bernal sphere
Bernal Spheres - Spherical habitats several kilometers in diameter with the whole inner surface being habitable land.

Bishop rings - Essentially smaller Stanford toruses without central spokes.

Birch Worlds - Spherical habitats one or two light-years in diameter built around a galaxy's supermassive black hole

  

**Space habitat** can also mean a base or enclosed settlement on or beneath the surface of a planet or large natural satellite or floating in its atmosphere.
Rottnest Island's main settlement
**Rottnest Island** (also known as Rotto or just Rottnest) is 18 kilometres from the mainland of Western Australia. It is called Wadjemup by the Noongar tribe, which means *land across the water*. Rottnest is a popular tourist attaction.

History
-------

Aboriginal people originally occupied Rottnest around 30,000  years ago. The island was originally connected to the mainland, but it eventually became separated with the Indian Ocean, and so it became an island. As Aboriginal people did not have boats, the island had no one living on it until the Europeans arrived.  Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named the island *Rattenest*, meaning *Rat's nest*. The 'rats' he was referring to was actually a Quokka, a native animal on the island. 

After the Swan River Colony was established in 1830, Robert Thomson settled on the island with his family. He made a living selling salt, which is naturally found on the island. Before refrigeration, salt was very important, as it kept food fresh.

The island became a prison for Aboriginals, during the periods of 1838-1849 and 1855-1931. Around 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned for crimes such as spearing livestock, burning the bush and digging vegetables.

Rottnest Island was also used during World War I and II.

Animals
-------

A Quokka
Rottnest is home to the Quokka, and is one of the few places in the world where they live.

Tourism
-------

Ferries are a popular way to get to Rottnest
Rottnest Island is now a very popular tourist destination, due to its beaches, wildlife and natural environment. Nearly 500,000 people visit the island each year, mostly by ferry but others by aircraft (Rottnest has its own airport). The island is looked after by the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA). A fee is charged when people enter the island, which goes to help maintain it.
Motor vehicles are prohibited on the island, except for use by the RIA, Police or other emergency services. Additionally, only certain individuals are allowed to permanently live on the island. [*source?*]

Other websites
--------------

* Rottnest Island Website
**Ashley Colón**, nicknamed **La Chica Bomba** (born October 27, 1975, in Puerto Rico), is a Puerto Rican merengue singer. Mostly influenced by popular Puerto Rican singer and actress Iris Chacón, Ashley began her successful career as a member of tropical band Las Chicas del Clan (The Girls of the Clan). Her debut as a solo artist came in 1997 with the release of the album Yo Soy la Bomba. The hit song "Yo Soy La Reina" from the album of the same name followed that same year. She performed with Elvis Crespo at the annual Tu Música awards ceremony. In 1999 Abrázame, meaning "hug me", became her international breakthrough, supported by a Latin American and U.S. tour. In 1999 she released a Tejano album called Sabor a dulce, followed by a greatest hits album in 2000 called Oro Merenguero. She also released El poder de las mujeres. Her most recent album, Estoy Loca, was released in 2003. Chica Bomba (born October 27, 1975, in Puerto Rico), is a Puerto Rican merengue singer. Mostly influenced by popular Puerto Rican singer and actress Iris Chacón, Ashley began her successful career as a member of tropical band Las Chicas del Clan (The Girls of the Clan). Her debut as a solo artist came in 1997 with the release of the album Yo Soy la Bomba. The hit song "Yo Soy La Reina" from the album of the same name followed that same year. She performed with Elvis Crespo at the annual Tu Música awards ceremony. In 1999 Abrázame, meaning "hug me", became her international breakthrough, supported by a Latin American and U.S. tour. In 1999 she released a Tejano album called Sabor a dulce, followed by a greatest hits album in 2000 called Oro Merenguero. She also released El poder de las mujeres. Her most recent album, Estoy Loca, was released in 2003.
**Sorella Epstein** ((1931-08-25)25 August 1931 – (1941-12-15)15 December 1941) was a Latvian-born girl who was arrested, detained, and subsequently murdered by the Germans, alongside her mother Rosa and three other unidentified women in Liepaja, Liepāja, Kurzeme, Latvia, then annexed by Germany. Sorella and her mother were murdered by the Germans because they were Jewish, which was most likely the same case with the three other unidentified women shot and murdered alongside them. Sorella, her mother Rosa, and the three other unidentified women, were humiliated and silenced, forced to take off most of their clothing, despite the fact that it was December, then were forced to pose for a quick photograph, then they were forced to get inside a pit, along with approximately 3800 Jews in the same area, and were then shot and murdered. The bodies of Sorella, her mother Rosa, her father Jakob, and most likely even the bodies of the three other unidentified women, along with the bodies of thousands of other Jews, were buried in the Liepaja Memorial Wall in Liepaja, Liepāja, Kurzeme, Latvia.

Biography
---------

Sorella Epstein was born on (1931-08-25)25 August 1931 in Liepaja, Liēpaja, Kurzeme, Latvia. Sorella's parents were Jakob Epstein (1892–1941) and his spouse (wife) Rosa Epstein (1898–1941). Sorella Epstein and her family were Latvian-born Jews. Once the Germans invaded, occupied, and then annexed Latvia, they began to persecute, arrest, detain and murder the Jews there almost immediately. On 1 July 1941, Sorella's father Jakob Epstein died in Oswięcim, Powiat oświecimski, Małopolskie, Poland, which was too annexed by Germany, after he was sent there. Sorella and her mother Rosa, were arrested and detained by the Germans, because they were Jewish, (the three other unidentified women arrested and detained with Sorella and her mother Rosa may have been probably Jewish, too) and were sent to captivity in prison. On 15 December, Sorella, her mother Rosa, and the three other unidentified women, were taken out of prison and were taken out onto the city beach, to be shot and murdered. There, they were humiliated and silenced, then forced to undress, then forced to pose for a quick photograph, then forced to get inside a pit, and while in the pit they were subsequently shot and murdered, along with approximately 3800 other Jews of the city. The photograph shows Sorella Epstein, with her face being hidden behind her mother Rosa's dress, her mother Rosa, and three other unidentified women. Sorella and her mother Rosa were humiliated, silenced, and murdered because they were Jewish, along with approximately 3000 other Jews of the city. The bodies of Sorella, her mother Rosa, her father Jakob, and most likely the bodies of the three other unidentified women, along with the approximately 3000 other Jews, were all buried in Liepaja Memorial Wall in Liepaja, Lipeāja, Kurzeme, Latvia, and their bodies are still being kept and buried there currently to this day.
***Le nozze di Figaro, ossia la folle giornata*** (*The Marriage of Figaro, or The Day of Madness*) is an opera buffa with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. The opera premiered at the Burgtheater, Vienna on 1 May 1786. It was well received and nearly every scene received an encore, which made the performance so long that the Emperor did not like this and wanted it to stop.

The opera is based on the 1784 French play, **La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro** by Pierre Beaumarchais. The play was very controversial in its day (and even banned briefly in France), but the play's questionable material was removed and Da Ponte's libretto passed the Viennese censors.

Cast
----

* Count Almaviva
* Countess Almaviva (soprano), the Count's wife
* Figaro, Count Almaviva's servant and Susanna's betrothed
* Susanna (soprano), the Countess' maid and Figaro's betrothed
* Cherubino, a page boy

Story
-----

The opera is set in the palace and gardens of Count Almaviva in Seville, Spain. Figaro, Count Almaviva's servant, is on the eve of marrying Susanna, the Countess' maid. 

Almaviva has long lusted after Susanna. He plans to revive an old aristocratic right permitting a nobleman to deflower a peasant on her wedding night. Figaro is so angry. 

With Susanna and his friends, he opposes the Count's intentions. Almaviva is forced to beg his wife's forgiveness.
**Series 23** of ***I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!*** began on 19 November 2023 on ITV. The series is being filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, with Ant & Dec returning to present the series.

Production
----------

Following the conclusion of the twenty-second series, ITV confirmed an "All-Stars" series *I'm a Celebrity...South Africa* featuring previous contestants, which aired earlier in 2023 and was won by Myleene Klass. The first trailer for the twenty-third series aired in October 2023, which featured a ten-second clip of presenters Ant & Dec working at a luxury "Jungle Retreat" and with an added voiceover speaking the words "Come away with us [to the Jungle Retreat]". A further extended trailer was released a week later, teasing the series as a peaceful and relaxing setting fit for a celebrity with Ant & Dec undertaking jobs such as pouring mealworms into a bath. It also included a voiceover describing the eating trials as "exotic cuisine" and enticing celebrities to join the "ultimate jungle experience". The trailer also features a five-star "Jungle Retreat" sign as well as an aerial view of the beach overseeing Ant & Dec writing the words "Get Me Out of He[re]" in the sand.

Campmates
---------

The original line-up was announced by ITV on 13 November 2023. On 22 November 2023, Frankie Dettori and Tony Bellew were confirmed as this year's late arrivals. Grace Dent and Jamie Lynn Spears both withdrew from the series due to "medical grounds" on 27 and 29 November respectively. On 6th December, it was announced that Jamie Lynn Spears left the jungle without "medical reason" and she was reportedly in talks to quit I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! for days, it has been claimed.

| Celebrity | Known for | Status |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Sam Thompson** | **Television personality & radio presenter** | **Winner****on 10 December 2023** |
| Tony Bellew | Former professional boxer | Runner-upon 10 December 2023 |
| Nigel Farage | Former UKIP politician & broadcaster | Third placeon 10 December 2023 |
| Josie Gibson | *This Morning* presenter | Eliminated 7thon 9 December 2023 |
| Marvin Humes | JLS singer & presenter | Eliminated 6thon 8 December 2023 |
| Danielle Harold | Former *EastEnders* actress | Eliminated 5thon 7 December 2023 |
| Nick Pickard | *Hollyoaks* actor | Eliminated 4thon 6 December 2023 |
| Fred Sirieix | *First Dates* maître d'hôtel | Eliminated 3rdon 5 December 2023 |
| Nella Rose | YouTube personality & influencer | Eliminated 2ndon 4 December 2023 |
| Frankie Dettori | Horse racing jockey | Eliminated 1ston 3 December 2023 |
| Jamie Lynn Spears | Zoey 101 actress & Britney Spears sister | Withdrewon 29 November 2023 |
| Grace Dent | Columnist & restaurant critic | Withdrewon 27 November 2023 |

Controversies
-------------

On 29 November Spears withdrew from I'm a Celebrity for "medical reasons" but on 5 December Spears took part in a group dance performance on season 32 of Dancing with the Stars.
**Mammary intercourse** (also **titfuck**, **tittyfuck**, or ***paizuri*** (a Japanese loanword)) is a sexual activity. People may do it during foreplay. It is also done as a safe sex alternative to anal or vaginal sexual intercourse (fucking). It is non-penetrative sex. It involves exciting the penis using the breasts of the partner. 

In most instances, this sexual activity involves the man placing his penis between his partner's breasts. He then thrusts while the breasts are squeezed around the penis for more excitement. Mammary intercourse is sometimes combined with oral sex (blowjob). Sometimes mammary intercourse continues to the point of ejaculation. The semen can land on the breasts, face, or in the mouth of the partner. 
Some gay males may enjoy their partners breasts. They may engage in male-male mammary intercourse if the breasts are large enough.

Several slang terms refer to mammary intercourse. These slang terms include *titfuck* or *titty fuck* in the United States. *Tit wank* or *French fuck* are slang terms used in the United Kingdom.

Related pages
-------------

* Breast
* Sexual intercourse
* Oral sex

Sources
-------

* Godson, Suzi (2002). *The Sex Book*. Cassell Illustrated, London. ISBN 0-304-35991-2.
* Masters, William H. and Johnson, Virginia E. (1966). *Human Sexual Response*. No. ISBN 0-316-54987-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Viz (2005). *Roger's Profanisaurus Rex: the Ultimate Swearing Dictionary*. Viz. ISBN 0-7522-2812-9.
The Emblem of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces
The **Azerbaijani Armed Forces** (Azerbaijani: *Azərbaycan Silahlı Qüvvələri*) is the military of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The armed forces have three branches: the Azerbaijani Land Force, the Azerbaijani Air Force, and the Azerbaijani Navy. Related forces which are not part of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, include the paramilitary Azerbaijani National Guard, the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan, and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan (who patrol Azerbaijan’s borders with Georgia, Russia, Iran, Turkey and Armenia), which can be involved in state defense.

The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Azerbaijan, currently Ilham Aliyev. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of political leadership. It is currently headed by Safar Abiyev. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Colonel-General Najmaddin Sadigov. 

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan has been trying to further develop its armed forces into a professional, well trained, and mobile military. Based on 2007 statistics the country has about 66,940 troops, and a paramilitary force of 15,000 troops. There are 300,000 former service personnel who have had military service in the last fifteen years.

Azerbaijan had actually established the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and a Ministry of Defense on June 26, 1918 with the first independence of Azerbaijan, as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, after the collpase of the Russian Empire in 1918 until it was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1920 which came after the Russian Empire. The Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense were established again in 1991 with the second and final independence of Azerbaijan, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Azerbaijani Armed Forces were formed out of the former Soviet forces in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

Related pages
-------------

* Military history of Azerbaijan
* Azerbaijani Land Force
* Azerbaijani Air Force
* Azerbaijani Navy
* Azerbaijani National Guard
* Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
* State Border Service of Azerbaijan
* 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Military of Azerbaijan***.

* Official site of Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan Republic
* Azerbaijani Army being reformed according to NATO standards Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* U.S. Army War College Center for Strategic Leadership, Transformation of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, October 2008
* Official YouTube Channel of Azerbaijani Soldier program
The **Srbosjek (**Croatian: *Srbosjek*, lit. 'slicer of Serbs') is a wheat sheaf knife that was originally manufactured in Germany for agricultural purposes.

Croatian Ustaše during World War II for the killing of prisoners in the concentration camps of the Nazi-puppet Independent State of Croatia, most notably the Jasenovac concentration camp
The knife gained notoriety because it was believed to be used by the Croatian Ustashas during World War II for the killing of Serbs, Romas and Jews in the tens of concentration camps across the Nazi-puppet Independent State of Croatia, most notably the Jasenovac concentration camp.

It is said that in the Jasenovac concentration camp competitions in speedy slaughter were organized by the Ustashas. The winner of one such competition, Petar Brzica, slit the throats of 1,300 (or 1360 ) prisoners.

History
-------

The knife gained notoriety in the former Yugoslavian countries because it was used by the Croatian Ustashas during World War II for the killing of prisoners in the concentration camps of the Nazi-puppet Independent State of Croatia, most notably the Jasenovac concentration camp. 

It is said that in the Jasenovac concentration camp competitions in speedy slaughter were organized by the Ustashas. The winner of one such competition, Petar Brzica, slit the throats of 1,300 (or 1360 ) prisoners.

Description
-----------

The upper part of the knife was made of leather, as a sort of a glove, designed to be worn with the thumb going through the hole, so that only the blade protruded from the hand. It was a curved, 12 cm long knife with the edge on its concave side. The knife was fastened to a bowed oval copper plate, while the plate was fastened to a thick leather bangle. The knife was fixed on the glove plate in order to prevent injuries and to prevent taking care of a separate knife in order to improve the work speed.

Such a type of wheat sheaf knife was manufactured prior to and during World War II by German factory Gebrüder Gräfrath from Solingen under the trademark "Gräwiso". 
Gebrüder Gräfrath was taken over in 1961 by Hubertus Solingen.

Related pages
-------------

* Jasenovac concentration camp

Bibliography
------------

* Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, 1964
* Dave Hunt: Die Frau und das Tier Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft der römischen Kirche © 1994 by Dave Hunt, Herausgegeben von Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, Oregon - Das Abschlachten der Serben Chapter, pages 289-301
* Egon Berger: 44 mjeseca u Jasenovcu, Graficki Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb 1966

Other websites
--------------

* The Vatican's Holocaust by Avro Manhattan Archived 2020-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Jasenovac Research Institute Archived 2016-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Blood and Ashes of Jasenovac by Lordan Zafranovic
The **Tenerife airport disaster** happened on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747s collided on the ground of Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport). This crash killed 583 people on board the two flights.

The crash was caused for multiple reasons. 

The KLM captain wanted to takeoff quickly so that he could return to Amsterdam as soon as possible. Because of a radio heterodyne, this made him misunderstand a partly garbled transmission into thinking that he was cleared by the Air Traffic Controller to takeoff, and so he began his takeoff roll, not knowing that the Pan American 747 was still on the runway.. At that time, the Tenerife North Airport did not have ground radar, so the controllers could not know that the KLM flight was taking off.

Another reason was the fog surrounding the airport. The bad weather reduced the visibility, meaning both pilots and the controllers could not see. Because of the fog, the pilots only saw each other at the last minute, when prevention of the crash was impossible. If there was no fog, the KLM crew would have seen the Pan Am plane on the runway and would not have taken off.

During the takeoff roll of KLM 4805, the crew of the Pan Am radioed that they were still taxiing down the runway. The KLM flight crew heard this and asked themselves if the Pan American was still on the runway, to which the captain then replied "oh yes".

A few seconds later, the crew of both aircraft spot each other, the captain of the Pan Am exclaiming, "there he is, that goddamn son of a bitch is coming, he's coming", and "get off, get off, get off", as full thrust was applied in an attempt to get his aircraft off the runway out of the way of the oncoming KLM.

In an attempt to leave the ground before collision, the captain rotates his aircraft, causing a tailstrike that lasts a few hundred feet. Just as the KLM leaves the ground, both 747s collide and explode, dealing major damage to the almost stationary Pan Am airplane. The KLM, without engines and main landing gear, descends back down to the runway and crashes, skidding along the pavement and explodes, killing everyone on board.

It was the worst accident in the history of aviation.
**Ivan Oleksandrovich Bidnyak** (October 1, 1985, Marganets, Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukrainian SSR, USSR — April 20, 2022, Kherson region, Ukraine) — Ukrainian shooter, master of sports of international class of Ukraine in bullseye shooting. A senior soldier of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war, who fell during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Biography
---------

In 2003, he graduated from the Lviv State School of Physical Culture (shooting department) and returned to Dnipropetrovsk.

Took second place in shooting from a small-caliber pistol (MP-6 exercise) at the 26th ISAS international tournament, Dortmund, with a score of 657.0 points.

In March 2010, he won a silver medal as part of the team at the European shooting championship in the city of Meraker (Norway) — shooting from an air pistol at 10 meters (exercise PP-3) — together with Serhiy Kudreya (Kherson) and Oleg Omelchuk (Rivne)

In 2010, he was recognized as the eighth in the top ten sportsmen of the Dnipropetrovsk region (3 bronze medals in the European shooting Championship).

In the summer of 2013, he won a silver award at the European Small Arms Shooting Championship in Osijek — from a distance of 25 meters, with a result of 575 points. In the team tournament, Roman Bondaruk together with Oleksandr Petriv and Ivan Bidniak won bronze awards — 1706 points.

In February 2022, at the beginning of the invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine, he returned from abroad, where he worked, and went to the front as a volunteer. He fought in the Kherson region. On April 20, 2022, he was killed by an enemy bullet while performing a combat mission.

Awards
------

* Order "For Courage" III degree (2022) — *for personal courage and selfless actions shown in the defense of the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, loyalty to the military oath*.

Sources
-------

* UNIAN Archived 2013-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Lviv State School of Physical Culture Archived 2010-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Bullet Shooting Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
* The first Ukrainian license for the 2012 Olympics Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
* VRU Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Shooting Federation of Ukraine Archived 2013-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
**Symon Petliura** (1879–1926) was a Ukrainian politician. He was the leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic and Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian People's Army (UPA) during the Russian Civil War.

Petliura was born into a Cossack family in Poltava. He became involved in socialist and nationalist politics at a young age. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Petliura was elected as head of the Ukrainian military. When Ukraine was invaded by the German Empire, Petliura organised a resistance movement. He established a new Ukrainian government in 1919. The Red Army then invaded Ukraine and Petliura retreated west. He formed an alliance with the Polish leader Józef Piłsudski. Poland won the Polish–Soviet War but Ukraine was kept by the Bolsheviks.

Petliura went into exile, first in Poland, then in France. There he was assassinated by Sholem Schwarzbard, who held him responsible for pogroms in Ukraine.

Sources
-------

* Hunczak, Taras. "Petliura, Symon". *Encyclopedia of Ukraine*. Vol. 3.
**Umamah bint Zainab** married Ali ibn Abi Talib after the death of Fatima bint Muhammad. She was the granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him from his daughter Zainab and Al as ibn Rabi'a. She belongs to Ahlul Bayt.

Family
------

Her mother was Zainab bint Muhammad. who was the elder daughter of Prophet Mohammad(PBUH), Zainab was married to Abu al As, the couple had two children Ali bin Abu al As, and Umamah bint Zainab, Zainab was passed away at the very young age of 31, at that time Umamah was very small, so Prophet Mohammad(PBUH) decided to took care of Umamah. He loved her very much played with her, she learnt truthfulness, modesty, obedience, seriousness, and understanding from her grandfather, and Prophet(PBUH). She died at 66 AH.

### Maternal side Family Tree

Umamah bint Zainab bint Mohammad Bin Abdullah bin Abd al Muttalib bin Hashim bin Abd al Manaf bin Qusai.

### Paternal side Family Tree

Umamah’s father’s side descendants are the following: Umamah bint Abu al as bin Rabi bin Abd al Aza bin Abd Shams bin Abd al Manaf bin Qusai.

Marriage with Ali ibn Abi Talib
-------------------------------

At the time of the Holy Prophet's passed away 632 C.E, Umamah had come of age. Under the guidance of Prophet, she imbibed virtues of patience, gratitude, and unwavering trust in Allah. Recognizing her character, Fatimah bint Mohammad entrusted a significant request to Ali ibn Abi Talib before her own passing:

"Please marry my niece Umamah bint Zainab after my departure. I believe there is no one better suited to nurture and care for our children."

In accordance with Fatimah's wishes, Ali ibn Abi Talib wed Umamah bint Abu al As. Devotedly, Umamah served Ali ibn Abi Talib with utmost loyalty and dedication for twenty-eight years, embodying the essence of a faithful spouse.

The last wish of Ali ibn Abi Talib
----------------------------------

on 19th Ramadan 40 AH, Abdul Rahman ibn Muljan attacked on Ali ibn Abi Talib, after two days he passed away on 21st of Ramadan 40 AH, he summoned Mugheera bin Naufal, the grandson of Abd al Muttalib, and requested him to marry Umamah after his passing.

Marriage with Mugheera bin Naufal
---------------------------------

Hassan bin Ali married Mugheera bin Naufal with Umamah's consent. She agreed to married with Mugheera bin Naufal because it was a last the last will of Ali ibn Abi Talib. His father, Naufal bin Haris, was a cousin of Prophet Mohammad. Umamah remained wedded to Mugheera bin Naufal for 26 years.

Children
--------

She gave birth to two children, Mohammad al Wast bin Ali and Yahya bin Mugheera.

1. ↑  Master (2021-10-19). "Umamah bint Zainab | Granddaughter of Prophet Mohammad". *Sultan-ul-Ashiqeen*. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
2. ↑  "Umamah bint Zainab Biography | Pantheon". *pantheon.world*. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
3. ↑  "Children of Umaamah bint Abi Al-Aas may Allaah be pleased with her". *www.islamweb.net*. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
4. ↑  "Children of Umaamah bint Abi Al-Aas may Allaah be pleased with her". *www.islamweb.net*. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
Lee in 2015.
**Sean Patrick Lee** (born July 22, 1986) is a former American footballer. He played in the position of linebacker. He played his entire professional career with the Dallas Cowboys for 11 years.

He played college football at Penn State. He was selected by the Cowboys in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft.

Early life
----------

Lee is the son of Craig Lee and Geralyn Lee. He lived in Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania. Lee's older brother Conor was the placekicker for the University of Pittsburgh. His sister Alexandra was a student athlete at Upper St. Clair High School. Sean is also a grandson of Donald J. Lee, a federal judge at U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

Retirement
----------

On April 26, 2021, Lee announced his retirement. At the time of his retirement, Lee was the last active Cowboy that played under head coach Wade Phillips.

Other websites
--------------

* Bio at Penn State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Dallas Cowboys bio
* "Dick Butkus on Sean Lee: He's for real" Calvin Watkins, ESPN.com, August 14, 2013.
**Sherri L. Smith** is an American novelist with many awards. She is also a comic book illustrator. She worked on stop motion animation in films.

Early life
----------

Smith was born in Chicago. She spent most of her life in Staten Island after her parents got divorced. She moved from coast to coast. In New York she attended NYU to get a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Film. She also went to San Francisco State University to study Business Administration. She finally graduated from California State University with an M.A. in Creative Writing.

Career
------

### Film

Smith worked on stop motion animation. She worked on Tim Burton’s ‘Mars Attacks!’ She had a three year contract with Disney.

### Construction

Smith she moved to Los Angeles. She began to work in a construction company, constructing monsters, aliens, and dead people for movies.

### Comics

In Los Angeles, Smith started to work more on her comics. She got a job at Bongo Comics. Then, she started to pursue her dream of writing a novel.

### Writing

She is known for writing novels about teenage misfits. Her writing is intricate. Smith has written many novels, including *Lucy the Giant*, *Flygirl*, *Orleans*, *The Blossom and the Firefly, Pasadena, Sparrow*, and *Hot, Sour, Salty, Sweet*.

Awards
------

Smith's novels have won a variety of awards. *Flygirl* was considered by the Washington Post as the best book of 2012. New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age, YALSA Best Book for Young Adults, American Library Association, and many other organizations have given Smith awards for her books.

Books
-----

* *Lucy the Giant*
* *Sparrow*
* *Hot, Sour, Salty, Sweet*
* *Flygirl*
* *Orleans*
* *The Toymaker’s Apprentice*
* *Pasadena*
* *Who Were the Tuskegee Airmen?*
* *The Blossom and the Firefly*
**Thomas Carney** (August 20, 1824 – July 28, 1888) was the second Governor of Kansas.

Biography
---------

Carney was born in Delaware County, Ohio. His parents were James and Jane (Ostrander) Carney. James died in 1828, making his wife a widow, and it left four young sons without a father. Thomas stayed at home, farming with his mother, until he turned 19 years old. He studied in Berkshire, Ohio. He lived there with an uncle. He worked in mercantile businesses. He created a successful wholesale business in Leavenworth, Kansas. He was elected to the Kansas Legislature in 1861. He married Rebecca Ann Cannady on November 13, 1861.

Career
------

After he was State Representative, Carney was elected Governor of Kansas. He was governor from 1863 through 1865. While he was governor, he focused on developing the state and solving the problems caused by the Civil War. He was elected Mayor of Leavenworth in 1865. He created the First National Bank of Leavenworth. He was also director of the Lawrence and Fort Gibson Railroad Company. He continued in business until 1875.

Death
-----

Carney died on July 28, 1888 in Leavenworth, Kansas. He died of apoplexy. He is buried in Leavenworth in Mount Muncie Cemetery.
you love dick, dont deny it, we all know it.

Tenerife
**Tenerife** is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the Canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. With 899.833 inhabitants, Tenerife is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and the second most populated island of Spain (after Mallorca).

The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island. 

Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.
Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, Arona, Adeje and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, all in the north of the island. Also important town of Candelaria, where they worship the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria.

The island is currently dependent on the tourism industry for much of its income.

Tenerife has two international airports, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Cristianos, and one in the north near Santa Cruz, which is where the world's worst plane disaster happened on March 27, 1977. Two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway and killed 583 people.

The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.

panorama view of Las Cañadas del Teide
Zohra Drif was born in 28 of December 1934, in Tiaret, Algeria. Zohra Drif is considered a national hero for Algeria's liberation. She studied Law at the University of Algiers.

In 1956, she joined the activist network, where she met other female bombers of the network and participated in various attacks. These female urban bombers of the National Liberation Front (FLN) of Algeria are also referred to as Fidaiyat. A big number of the attacks she participated in were great operations that attracted international attention. This was very important for the liberation movement and its development.

The arrest of Zohra Drif in 1957
She was imprisoned for five years, by the French, for terrorism. But in 1962, with Algeria's independence she was free. Drif was elected to the country's first National Constituent Assembly. She also established an organization to support young orphans. She worked as a criminal lawyer in Algiers. Drif was a senator in Algeria's Council of the Nation from 2001 to 2016, but she also was the senate vice president from 2003 and after.
For the musical form, see Negro spiritual. talk like an alien!

**Spirituality** is a name given to matters of the spirit. These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience. There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens. It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways. Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion. Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.

Matters of the spirit
---------------------

Labyrinth for spirituality and meditative walking
"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.

"Spiritual, but not religious"
------------------------------

Some who do not believe in an organized religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature and live a certain way, or worship ancestors or creation because it gives them a sense of happiness to do so. This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.

Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves." For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.

Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences. Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality. The following are a few 20th century examples:

* Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
* Gregory Bateson - philosopher
* Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
* Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
* Felicitas Goodman - researched the subject of trance

Related pages
-------------

* List of religions and spiritual traditions
* Mysticism
* Piety

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Spirituality at Wikimedia Commons
**Christine Hà** is an American chef, who is also blind. She is the season three winner on the cooking show, MasterChef. She also received the 2014 Helen Keller personal achievement award from the American Foundation for the Blind. Hà landed two James Beard Award nominations. She is considered one of the most well known Vietnamese chefs in Houston, TX, USA.

Early life
----------

Hà was born in Vietnam, in 1979. She lost her vision at age twenty. This was due to Neuromyelitis optica. She had planned to be a writer. Hà also got a Master's Degree in Writing at the University of Houston.

Career
------

Hà won the third season of the cooking show, MasterChef. She was the first ever blind chef on the MasterChef cooking show. During her time at MasterChef, most contestants got canned crab. Hà, on the other hand, got a huge, live crab. Nonetheless, she still took the victory. Many of the judges complimented her on her extraordinary palate.

Hà got the 2014 Helen Keller personal achievement award from the American Foundation for the Blind. Her restaurant, the Blind Goat, was a semi-finalist for 2020 Best New Restaurant in America award from the James Beard Foundation. In 2023, she and Tony J. Nguyen, got the Outstanding Chef nomination for their work at Xin Chào, also from the James Beard Foundation. In addition, she travels the world to speak about experiences. She especially supports the visually impaired and Vietnamese youth. Hà has given multiple TED talks, as well. She launched the "Four Senses" cooking show dedicated to making accessible recipes.
**Sister Mary Kenneth Keller** (Evelyn Marie Keller) was an American computer scientist who helped create the computer language BASIC. She was also the first female in the United States to get a Ph.D. in computer science. Her thesis work focused on making algorithms that performed analytic differential on algebraic expressions.

Evelyn Marie Kenneth was born on December 13, 1913. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She lived most of her life in Chicago, Michigan, before she began studying computer science.

She joined the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary congregation. She was assigned to teach elementary school and high school. She taught for 29 years. Keller earned her B.A. in Mathematical Sciences, and Master's Degree in mathematics at DePaul University.  She went to the University of Wisconsin-Madison and became the first woman to have a Ph.D. in computer science. She resumed teaching and took side classes all the while.

She did graduate work at Purdue, the University of Michigan, and Dartmouth College. She became the first female staff member in their previously male-only computer science center and led it for 20 years. She also taught at Clarke University and established a master’s degree program for computer science there. Another one of her achievements was working on the development of the computer language BASIC.