recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Super black** is a special kind of surface made by the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. It can take in about 99.6% of light that we can see. This is more than normal black paint, which absorbs about 97.5% of light. Super black is even better at different angles. For example, at 45 degrees, it can absorb 99.9% of light.

Simple idea
-----------

Super black is made by changing the surface of a nickel-phosphorus mix. This makes the surface able to take in a lot of light.

People use super black in special tools that need to reduce light that is not wanted. One problem with super black is that it is not very thick. This means that light from things like heat, which has a longer wave, can go through it and reflect more.

In 2009, a new material called Vantablack was made. It is based on tiny tubes made of carbon. It is good at absorbing light in a wide range of types.

In 2011, NASA and the US Army started to study how to use these tiny carbon tube coatings in tools that need to see things very clearly. Now, people can buy coatings made from these carbon nanotubes.

Related pages
-------------

* Vantablack
* Black hole
* Black body
The **Norwegian heavy water sabotage** was a group of Allied missions in World War II. The target of the missions was the 60 megawatt Vemork power station. This power station produced a type of water that is named heavy water. Heavy water is based on a hydrogen isotope called deuterium. The missions were to stop Germany from making heavy water. Germany needed the heavy water to understand and help make atomic bombs. The attacks started in February 1942 by Norwegian Commandos and Allied bombers. The missions were code named **Grouse**, **Freshman**, and **Gunnerside**. The missions were successful and the Vemork power plant was no longer working by 1943.

Missions
--------

### Operation Grouse

British Special Operations Executive (or SOE) made plans to put four Norwegian commandos in the area in October 1942. On 19 October 1942, these Norwegian commandos parachuted in. They had to ski a very long way to get to the station. They were supposed to watch the power station to make sure it was safe for other troops to arrive. The mission went well and the commandos began surveillance of the power station from Hardanger Plateau.

### Operation Freshman

On 19 November 1942, British paratroopers were supposed to meet the Norwegian commandos and attack the power station. The paratroopers were flown in on gliders pulled by large bombers. The gliders and bombers crashed before they got to Vemork. Most of the British paratroopers were killed in the crash. One crew from a bomber survived, but they were all captured by the German army. The German Gestapo then tortured and executed all of the prisoners. Even though the Norwegian commandos were able to hide from the Germans, the mission was a complete failure.

### Operation Gunnerside

A new mission was started in February 1943. This time, the Norwegian commandos were able to sneak up to the power station and attacked it. The commandos set bombs on the machines that made the heavy water. The commandos left a Thompson submachine gun behind on purpose so the German military would know it wasn't people from the town. The bombs destroyed the machines and stopped the station from making heavy water. No one from the ferry survived and the heavy water was lost. All of the commandos survived.

Sinking of the *SF Hydro*
-------------------------

Historic photo of the ferry preparing to cross Lake TinnThe SF *Hydro* at Mæl in 1925
After the station was damaged, the German soldiers tried to move the heavy water they had made. The German army moved the remaining heavy water to a dock on Lake Tinn. The heavy water was in drums that were loaded on a railroad car. They loaded the railroad cars on a ferry called the *SF Hydro*. Norwegian resistance fighters, led by one of the commandos from Operation Gunnerside, were able to plant bombs on the ferry. After the ferry left the dock, the bombs exploded and the ferry sank into deep water. 18 people died on the ferry, 14 Norwegians and 4 German soldiers.
**Passive-aggressive behaviour** is *indirect* aggression that pretends to be innocent. This means someone pretends to be nice, but is actually being mean. It can happen when people do what others want to stop direct confrontation, but they do not agree with what is ordered or suggested. A passive-aggressive person tries to hide their anger. For example, "I would have had a good day if I hadn't been cleaning up someone's mess". This sounds okay when someone first reads it, but it is actually them being mad at the person who made the mess.

This is not a psychological problem. It is just a way of behaving. In the workplace it occurs when people do not want to do what the employer wants them to do. The behaviour was first defined during World War II. Men were not openly defiant. They used "passive measures, such as pouting, stubbornness, procrastination, inefficiency, and passive obstructionism" to show their feelings. Examples of passive-aggressive behavior might include avoiding direct or clear communication, evading problems, fear of intimacy or competition, making excuses, blaming others, obstructionism, playing the victim, feigning compliance with requests, sarcasm, backhanded compliments, and hiding anger.

Personality disorder
--------------------

Extreme cases may become psychiatric problems. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders revision IV (DSM-IV) says passive-aggressive personality disorder is a "pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance in social and occupational situations".
**Maryna Anatoliivna Poroshenko** (born February 1, 1962 in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian political and public figure. She is a wife of the fifth President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko (2014-2019). Since 2020, she has been a member of the Kyiv City Council from the European Solidarity party, leading the party's list in Kyiv in the 2020 elections.

She is a chairman of the Board of the Petro Poroshenko Charitable Foundation. In 2018-2019 she was a Chairman of the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation.

She received a medical education, worked as a cardiologist, candidate of medical sciences.

Biography
---------

She was born on February 1, 1962 in Kyiv. Her father was the Deputy Minister of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1986 she graduated from the Kyiv Medical Institute.

In 1991 she defended her dissertation.

After graduating from the institute, she worked as a doctor in the cardiology department of the October Clinical Hospital in Kyiv.

She was an assistant to the People's Deputy of the 4th convocation Viktor Korol on a voluntary basis.

In 2005-2007 she studied and graduated with honors from the National Academy of Management of Culture and Arts with a degree in "Fine and Decorative Arts" and qualified as an "art critic-expert".

After the 2014 parliamentary elections, Maryna Poroshenko became an assistant to Hryhoriy Zabolotny, a majority deputy from Vinnytsia, on a voluntary basis.

From 2016 to 2020, she was a member of the Council for the Development of the National Cultural, Artistic and Museum Complex "Art Arsenal" in Kyiv.

From January 19, 2018 to December 2019, she was a Chairman of the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation. 

On September 16, 2020, it became known that Maryna Poroshenko was nominated as the first number on the list of candidates for Kyiv City Council from the European Solidarity party. According to the results of the local elections in Kyiv, European Solidarity won 20.5% of the vote, and Maryna Poroshenko became a deputy of the Kyiv City Council.
The **painted-belly leaf frog** (*Phyllomedusa sauvagii*) is a frog that lives in rainforests in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. Scientists think that the chemicals this frog makes in its skin have many uses.

Appearance and behavior
-----------------------

The adult male frog is 69.0 to 89.2 mm long from nose to rear end, and the adult female frog is 83.4 to 96.6 mm long. It has a short nose for a frog. It has circular teeth in its jaws. Its eyes are gray. Its pupils go up and down and open side to side like a cat's. It has disks on its toes for climbing, but they are small. It does not have webbed feet. Its skin is light brown to bright green in color and wrinkled. Sometimes this frog has white stripes on its belly and jaw.

This frog does not hop. It walks. It has an opposable thumb for holding on to branches and twigs, so it moves through the trees the way a monkey or lemur does.

Because this frog lives in trees instead of on the ground, it can dry out. The frog makes wax in its skin and spreads the wax all over its body with its feet. This makes it harder for water to leave the frog's body through the skin. This way, the frog can sit in the sun to warm up and it will not dry out

Scientists are not sure what this frog eats.

Breeding
--------

The frogs build nests in trees over bodies of water. The frogs fold leaves into nests. The female lays 200 to more than 800 eggs at a time. The frogs put jelly over the eggs. This stops the eggs from drying out. When the tadpoles hatch, they fall out of the nest into the water.

Threats
-------

This frog is not endangered but there are fewer of them than there were. This is because human beings change the places where they live, because of not enough rain, because chemicals used to kill pests kill the frogs too, and because human beings catch them to sell as pets. There are no international laws against having a painted-belly leaf frog as a pet.

Science
-------

This frog makes a chemicals in its skin. The chemicals are toxins, or poisons. When another animal tries to eat the frog, it gets the poison in its mouth. Scientists think humans could use some of these chemicals to kill dangerous microbes. Phylloseptin-1 is one of the chemicals that the frog makes. Scientists studied Phylloseptin-1 and saw it could kill *Staphylococcus aureus* bacteria, even after the bacteria had built a biofilm to protect themselves. Another chemical, Phylloseptin-S, can kill parasites, for example *Leishmania infantum*, *Leishmania braziliensis*, and *Leishmania major*. The chemical Sauvagine is already used in medicine because it works very much like urotensin I, which can help human hearts and help the chemicals in the human body work well.
The **American Party**, commonly known as the **Know-Nothing Party**, was an American nativist political party that operated in the mid-1850s. It was originally anti-Catholic, prejudiced against other nationalities, and against immigration. The movement was briefly a major political party in the form of the American Party. Followers of the movement were to reply "I know nothing" when asked about its specifics by outsiders, thus providing the group with its most common name.

The Know-Nothings believed a "Romanist" conspiracy was in progress, trying to undermine the power and authority of civil and religious liberty in the United States and wanted to politically organize native-born Protestants in a defense of their traditional religious and political values. It is remembered for this theme because of fears by Protestants that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large amount of voters. In most places, Know-Nothingism lasted only a year or two before disintegrating because of weak local leaders, few publicly declared national leaders and a deep split over the issue of slavery. In the South, the party did not focus on anti-Catholicism, but was the main alternative to the dominant Democratic Party.

The collapse of the Whig Party after the Kansas–Nebraska Act passed left an opening for a new major party in to oppose the Democrats. The Know-Nothings elected congressman Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts and many others in the 1854 elections and created a new party known as the American Party. Particularly in the South, the American Party served as a party for politicians who disagreed with the Democratic Party. Many also hoped that it would seek a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of many Democratic politicians and the anti-slavery positions of the emerging Republican Party. The American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, although he kept quiet about his membership. Fillmore received 21.5% of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election, finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees.

The party quickly declined after the 1856 election. The 1857 *Dred Scott v. Sandford* decision further aroused opposition to slavery in the North, where many Know Nothings joined the Republicans. Most of the remaining members of the party supported the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election.
**~~Branching~~** is a term in linguistics. It refers to the way a phrase or sentence is made up. There is a **head word** and various other words to make the phrase or sentence.

Examples
--------

Most languages make phrases with a head word and dependents (modifiers). These examples show the phrase heads in bold. 

Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):

the **house** - Noun phrase (NP)
very **happy** - Adjective phrase (AP)
too **slowly** - Adverb phrase (AdvP)  

Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):

**laugh** loudly - Verb phrase (VP)
**with** luck - Prepositional phrase (PP)
**that** it happened - Subordinator phrase (SP = subordinate clause)
Example of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):

the **house** there - Noun phrase (NP)
very **happy** with it - Adjective phrase (AP)
only **laugh** loudly - Verb phrase (VP)
Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees show a combination of left- and right-branching in English:

Branching picture 6
There are more right-branching structures than left-branching structures in English. This means that trees usually grow down to the right.
**Additive color** or **additive mixing** is a property of a color model. It predicts the appearance of colors made by happening together part lights, i.e. the perceived color can be predicted by summing the number-based representations of the part-related colors. Modern recipes of Grassmann's laws describe the additivity in the color perception of light mixtures in terms of algebraic equations. Additive color predicts perception and not any sort of change in the photons of light themselves. These predictions are only related in the limited scope of color matching experiments where viewers match small patches of uniform color isolated against a grey or black background.

Red, green, and blue lights combining by reflecting from a white wall: adding red to green yields yellow; adding all three primary colors together yields white.
James Clerk Maxwell, with his color top that he used for investigation of color vision and additive color.
The combination of two of the common three additive primary colors in equal proportions produces an additive secondary color—cyan, magenta or yellow. Additive color is also used to predict colors from overlapping projected colored lights often used in theater-based lighting for plays, concerts, circus shows, and night clubs.
***Pygmalion*** is a play by George Bernard Shaw.

Plot
----

A street girl selling flowers, Eliza, meets Professor Higgins. Higgins was writing down her pronunciation for his study, but Eliza thought he was a policeman and caused trouble. Higgins says he can make her a duchess by changing her pronunciation. Later she remembers what he said and goes to learn pronunciation with a desire to be an upper class woman. 

Higgins decides to do an experiment with her. He deceives all the people at a party by making them believe that she is a duchess. After this success, Higgins suggests two options for Eliza. One is marrying based on her beauty. The other is running a flower shop with money from Colonel Pickering who is a rich man. Eliza refuses to do both of them and she leaves his home. Higgins and Colonel Pickering look for Eliza as soon as they know that she left. They find her in Mrs. Higgins’ house but Eliza refuses to go back. She says she will marry Freddy.

Background
----------

George Bernard Shaw is famous for giving audiences a twist by not doing what they expect. In comedy, people expect someone in a bad situation to be in a better one at the end. They expect a poor woman to marry a rich man. They expect a villain to be punished. In *Pygmalion*, the flower girl in the bad situation gets better in the end. This girl selling flowers on the street rises to the upper class through changing her language. However, contrary to the audience's expectation, romance between flower girl and Professor Higgins doesn’t happen. She doesn’t marry a rich man. Shaw reflected his beliefs to reform the society in this play.

In the 20th century, there were many poor people on the street. Especially little girls worked all day for a tiny amount of money. The author had much interest in poor people and women’s freedom. And he believed speech was one of the things that separated rich and poor people. That is the starting point of *Pygmalion*. He used the change of language as a means to rise to the upper class.

Interpretation
--------------

In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who did not like women. He could not find a woman to love. And he decided to make a statue, Galatea. In the play, Pygmalion is compared to Professor Higgins. And Galatea is compared to Eliza. Pygmalion made Galatea to be his ideal woman. And Professor Higgins changed Eliza into a perfect upper class woman. He taught her everything from how to talk to how to behave in front of people. This process of making Eliza an upper class woman is criticized as playing with a live doll, as though she didn’t have her own soul. Higgins treats her as an object.

The common expectation of audiences that women’s fate is determined by men is criticized. It is because of Eliza’s reaction after the success of pretending to be a duchess. She thought the two options suggested by Higgins would be selling herself. When she was selling flowers, at least she didn’t have to sell herself. She doesn’t want to rely on a rich man, but decides to marry a poor man, Freddy. She says she can make something of him. She values love more than anything else.
The **Tschammer-Pokal** was the predecessor of today's DFB Cup as a national cup competition in German football. It was held for the first time in 1935 and was named Tschammer Cup after the then Reichssportführer, initiator of the competition and donor of the trophy, Hans von Tschammer und Osten. The model was English football with its annual cup final. The cup was a challenge cup and was intended to become the final possession of the club that won it three times in a row or four times in total for the first time.

History
-------

More than 4,000 teams took part in the first Tschammer Cup. It was played from 6 January 1935 onwards. Participation was compulsory for the clubs playing in the Gauliga and District Class (the highest divisions of those years). The other clubs in the "Reichsfachamt für Fußball" were free to participate. 

  

The teams played preliminary rounds to take part in the final round, in which the best 64 clubs took part. The first final was FC Schalke 04 versus 1. FC Nuremberg. Nuremberg won 2-0. Schalke also made it to the final in the following two years. They reached their first victory at the third attempt versus Fortuna Düsseldorf. The club was also the first to achieve the championship and cup double.

After the annexation of Austria in March 1938 , the Austrian clubs were transferred into Germans leagues. SK Rapid Wien won on 8 January 1939 versus FSV Frankfurt 3-1 in a sold-out Berlin Olympic Stadium. This was the last cup final before the Second World War. After 1. FC Nuremberg won the cup again the following year, Dresdner SC became the first team to defend their title in 1941. The last winner was in 1943 First Vienna FC. 1953 the competition started again under the name DFB-Pokal.

Finals
------

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1935 | 1. FC Nuremberg | FC Schalke 04 | 2-0 |
| 1936 | VfB Leipzig | FC Schalke 04 | 2-1 |
| 1937 | FC Schalke 04 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 2-1 |
| 1938 | FSV Frankfurt | SK Rapid Wien | 1-3 |
| 1939 | 1. FC Nuremberg | SV Waldhof Mannheim | 2-0 |
| 1940 | 1. FC Nuremberg | Dresdner SC | 1-2 (a.e.t.) |
| 1941 | Dresdner SC | FC Schalke 04 | 2-1 |
| 1942 | TSV 1860 München | FC Schalke 04 | 2-0 |
| 1943 | Luftwaffen-Sportverein Hamburg | First Vienna FC | 2-3 (a.e.t.) |
CMY subtractive color mixing
**Subtractive color**, or "subtractive color mixing", helps to understand what will be the color of light bounced off paper covered with some layers of inks or dyes. 

This model is the principle of how dyes and inks are used in color printing and photography printing. When the perceived color is obtained after white light passes through microscopic layers of ink or dye allowing some wavelengths of light to reach the eye, but not others.

CMY and CMYK color models and printing processes
------------------------------------------------

Main articles: CMY color model and CMYK color model
In color printing, the usual primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). 

Cyan is the complement of red. So, the cyan is a filter that does not allow red color through. The amount of cyan ink put on a white sheet of paper controls how much of the red (in white light) will be reflected back from the paper. Magenta is the complement of green (does not pass it), and yellow is the complement of blue (does not pass it). Combinations of different amounts of the three hues can produce a wide range of colors.

In inkjet color printing and typical mass production printing processes, a black ink called K (Key) component is also used, called CMYK color model.

RYB
---

See the main article: RYB color model
RYB color mixing
RYB (red, yellow, blue) is an older standard set of subtractive primary colors used for mixing pigments. It is used in art, particularly in painting. 

Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the RYB color "wheel". Their secondary colors are violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG).

Related pages
-------------

* Additive color
* Color model
* Color theory
* Primary color

Other websites
--------------

* Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo  comparing additive and subtractive color mixing.
**Perambalur district** is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The district headquarters is located at Perambalur. The district occupies an area of 1,752 km². 565,223 people lived there with 1,003 females for every 1,000 males in 2011.

Perambalur district is a centrally located inland district of Tamil Nadu. It was trifurcated (thrice-divided) from Tiruchirappalli district and was formed on 1 November 1995. The district is bounded by Cuddalore district in the north, Tiruchirappalli district in the south, Ariyalur in the east and Namakkal and Tiruchirappalli districts in the west.

According to 2011 census, the sex-ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males was much above the national average of 929. A total of 59,567 were under the age of six, 31,135 males and 28,432 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 31.01% and .46% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 66.49%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 149,243 households. There were a total of 299,726 workers, comprising 107,542 cultivators, 91,135 main agricultural labourers, 4,365 in household industries, 52,055 other workers, 44,629 marginal workers, 9,762 marginal cultivators, 27,143 marginal agricultural labourers, 978 marginal workers in household industries and 6,746 other marginal workers.
**Pietro Pinna** (5 January 1927 - 13 April 2016) was an Italian non-violence activist. He is considered the first person against military service in Italy.

Life
----

He was born in Finale Ligure, from Sardinia. Pinna lived in Ferrara when, at the end of 1948, he was drafted. Becoming strongly anti-militarist after experiencing the horrors of the Second World War, and influenced by the thought of Aldo Capitini, he decided to refuse military service, going down in history as the first conscientious objector of Italy for political reasons.

After a trial for disobedience (art. 173 military criminal code of peace ) , he was sentenced to prison for a first time for ten months, and then for another eight. At the trial he was defended by the lawyer Bruno Segre, who became one of the most famous Italian defenders in the field of conscientious objection.

Thanks to the echo given by Capitini to his disobedience, the case took on international significance. Pinna received a telegram of support from the First Lady Wilson. The daughter of Leone Tolstoy, Tatiana Tolstoy Suhotin , wrote that she had "cried with joy reading what these brave young people are doing". In addition, twenty-three British parliamentarians, chaired by the Labor Reverend Reginald W. Sorensen, signed a letter addressed to Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi to intercede on his behalf.

Pinna later became one of Capitini's closest collaborators, with whom he organized the first Perugia-Assisi March for Peace in 1961. He continued to work in the nonviolent movement throughout his life, becoming national secretary from 1968 to 1976. He was editor in chief of the magazine *Nonviolent Action* until his death.

He risked jail for his nonviolent actions. On 17 January 1973, former secretary of the Nonviolent Movement , following a posting against the celebration of the Armed Forces on 4 November ("Not a party but mourning"), he was arrested in Perugia and sentenced for direct contempt of the Armed Forces. Following the demonstrations that took place in his support in various cities, he was freed four weeks later at the request of clemency by the President of the Republic Giovanni Leone.

In April 1979 he was sentenced by the Court of Appeal of Trieste to an 8-month prison sentence for a roadblock, a sentence which was later pardoned.

He was among the organizers of the Catania-Comiso March (24 December 1982 - 3 January 1983) to protest against the installation of the US missile base, the first concrete action of nonviolent struggle against military installations in Italy.

In 2008 he was awarded the National Nonviolence Award.

In 2012 the Faculty of Law of the University of Pisa awarded him an honorary degree in Peace Sciences.

Pietro Pinna died on April 13, 2016 in Florence.
Cosplayer as the character.
**Monica Rambeau** (also known as **Spectrum**) is a fictional character and superheroine from the Marvel Comics and its universe. She became known as second **Captain Marvel** after being dubbed so by the media, but would later go on by different aliases, such as **Photon** and **Pulsar**, as she gave up the title of "Captain Marvel" and "Photon" to Genis-Vell.

The daughter of Frank and Maria Rambeau, the Louisianan became a superhero after being exposed with extra-dimensional energy from a energy disruptor. After learning how to control her powers, Monica became a superhero and dedicated her life to stopping threats on Earth. She has been a member of the Avengers, the Mighty Avengers, Nextwave, the Ultimates, and Strikeforce.

She was created by Roger Stern, the late John Romita Sr. and John Romita Jr. and first appeared in *The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #15* in August-October of 1982.

Portrayals
----------

Monica Rambeau appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies *Captain Marvel* (2019) and *The Marvels* (2023) as well as the television miniseries *WandaVision* (2021), portrayed by Akira Akbar as a child and Teyonah Parris as an adult.
**Clockwise from top:** Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign rally in Greenville, North Carolina; Donald Trump at a 2016 rally in Arizona; armed supporters of Trump at a Minnesota demonstration, September 2020; a supporter kneeling in prayer at a 2016 Trump rally in Tucson; a supporter rejecting calls for empathy at a rally in 2019; Trump supporters storming the Capitol Building on January 6, 2021; and Trump's son Donald Trump Jr. in the prior week warning "we are coming for you" and calling for "total war" over election results.
**Trumpism** is a right-wing political movement based on the ideology of Donald Trump, who was the 45th President of the United States from 2016 (when he defeated Hillary Clinton in the presidential election) until 2020 (when he lost the presidential election to Joe Biden). He remains a very active member of the Republican Party and is a candidate for the 2024 presidential election.

Trumpism is a right-wing ideology that is heavily influenced by national conservatism, social conservatism and right-wing populism. Some have also claimed that Trumpism is Trump's cult of personality. It has also been described as Americanist, illiberal, isolationist, libertarian, nationalist, nativist, neo-fascist, protectionist, semi-authoritarian and ultraconservative.
Cosplayer of the character.
**Ant-Man** (real name Dr. **Henry Jonathan "Hank" Pym**) is a fictional character and superhero from the Marvel Comics universe, appearing as one of the main protagonists of the *Avengers* comics, and the main protagonist when he appeared in the *Tales of Astonish* and his titular comics.

He is a scientist who discovered the Pym Particles, a rare group of subatomic particles that he was cable to entrap and used to shrink or grow. During his early tenure, he would meet Janet van Dyne, his partner and later wife, who became "The Wasp" and could also grow big or shrink small. Pym's also a founding member of the Avengers, and has been a member of the Defenders, Secret Defenders, West Coast Avengers, Mighty Avengers, Illuminati, and Knights of the Atomic Round Table.

He was created by the late Stan Lee, the late Jack Kirby, and Larry Lieber, and first appeared in *Tales to Astonish #27* in January of 1962.

Hank Pym in media
-----------------

Since the character's appearance in the comics, Hank Pym has appeared in numerous media over the years, such as in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, where he is portrayed by Michael Douglas.
Eggs of the *Coloeus monedula (western jackdaw)* 
The **Jackdaw** is a large bird, a member of the crow family Corvidae. It is black, with a grey back of the head.

The jackdaw is common over the whole of Europe and much of Asia. It is mostly a resident, although northern and eastern populations migrate south in the winter. It is about 34–39 centimetres (13–15 in) in length,

The jackdaw is gregarious and vocal, living in small groups with a complex social structure. It is found in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs, and in urban settings.

Behaviour
---------

Jackdaws are omnivorous and opportunistic. They eat a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, as well as food waste from urban areas. Jackdaws are monogamous and build simple nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs, or buildings. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid and incubated by the female. The young fledge in four to five weeks.

In his book *King Solomon's Ring*, Konrad Lorenz described and analysed the complex social interactions in a Jackdaw flock which lived around his house in Altenberg, Austria. He ringed them for identification and caged them in the winter to prevent their annual migration. 

Lorenz found that the birds have a hierarchy, with higher-ranked birds dominating lower-ranked birds. Pair-bonded birds share the same rank. Young males establish their individual status before pairing with females. Unmated females are the lowest members in the pecking order, and are the last to have access to food and shelter. Lorenz noted one case in which a male, absent during the dominance struggles and pair bondings, returned to the flock, became the dominant male, and chose one of two unpaired females for a mate. This female immediately assumed a dominant position in the social hierarchy and demonstrated this by pecking others. According to Lorenz, the most significant factor in social behaviour was the immediate and intuitive grasp of the new hierarchy by each bird in the flock.

Juvenile.

Related pages
-------------

* RSPB Jackdaw page
**Coffee substitutes** are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical, economic and barbaric. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -

*"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves."* The Southern Banner, 1865

Ingredients
-----------

Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.

Some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.

Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides. Chicory is a native plant of Western Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. And the cultivation of the plant is considered to be originated in Egypt. In France, around the 1800s, chicory was used as an ingredient or substitute for coffee.

Postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It made from roasted grains and molasses. Postum history goes back to 1895 when an American named C.W. Post created the coffee substitute, inspired by a caramel coffee recipe made by Harvey Kellogg. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. It also really caught on with people who for health or religious reasons preferred not to consume drinks that contained caffeine. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage.

Related pages
-------------

* Coffee
The **BBC Symphony Orchestra** is the main orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is one of the best orchestras in Britain.

History
-------

The orchestra started in 1930. Sir Adrian Boult was the main conductor until 1950, when Sir Malcolm Sargent took over until 1957. Since then there have been several conductors. Now the orchestra is conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek.

As well as these principal conductors there have been others, including the famous Arturo Toscanini, who made a series of recordings with the orchestra in the Queen's Hall from 1937 to 1939.

The BBC often ask composers of today to write music for the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Composers whose new works they have performed include Sally Beamish, Harrison Birtwistle Elliott Carter, James MacMillan, John Tavener and Mark-Anthony Turnage. 

The orchestra plays a big part in the BBC Proms, the season of concerts played every summer at the Royal Albert Hall. It plays on both the first and last nights of the prom season. It also plays several concerts in the Barbican during the year. They often make recordings in the BBC studios. They can often be seen on BBC Television. Sometimes they go on tour to other countries. They also play concerts for young people as part of an education programme.

There are other professional BBC orchestras and groups: the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the BBC Big Band and the BBC Singers. There are also two amateur choruses: the BBC Symphony Chorus and the BBC National Chorus of Wales.

Chief conductors of the BBC Symphony Orchestra
----------------------------------------------

* Adrian Boult (1930–1950)
* Malcolm Sargent (1950–1957)
* Rudolf Schwarz (1957–1963)
* Antal Doráti (1962–1966)
* Colin Davis (1967–1971)
* Pierre Boulez (1971–1975)
* Rudolf Kempe (1976)
* Gennady Rozhdestvensky (1978–1981)
* John Pritchard (1982–1989)
* Andrew Davis (1989–2000)
* Leonard Slatkin (2000–2004)
* Jiří Bělohlávek (2006–2013)
* Sakari Oramo (2013–present)

Other websites
--------------

* The BBC Symphony Orchestra  at bbc.co.uk

  


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**Ronald Joseph Radke** (born December 15, 1983) is an American singer. He was the founder and singer in the band Escape the Fate from 2004 to 2008. As of December 2008, he is the founder and singer in the band Falling in Reverse.

History
-------

Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1985 at Saint Rose Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada. He has Native American ancestry. His mother left him at a very young age, but later in life he was able to meet her. She was working as a dog groomer at this point. She ended up leaving him again due to her troubles with addiction. He was raised by his father who also had a drug problem but later became a born again Christian, and sober. Around this time his father also became the president of a motorcycle club. 

Radke grew up very poor. Focusing was a struggle for him during school. He often wore girls' jeans with his friend Mich because his favorite skateboarders wore similar clothes. Ronald has stated that he got them mostly from girls' houses. 

He learned to skateboard, and he can still ride to this day. In high school, he was bullied by the kids for his unique style of wearing tight clothes and very small shirts. Despite this he also got along with some of his classmates because of his interest in rapping. Radke dropped out of high school twice.

Radke started forming bands during his high school years. His first band was called 3.0. The logo of this band was made in Microsoft Paint and resembled the Ninja Turtles logo. His second band, named Lefty (with Robert Ortiz), competed in the high school talent contest. While on stage, Radke's microphone fell and Max Green (who was in a band called Almost Heroes at the time) picked it up for him and they almost instantly became friends. Together, they formed a band called True Story. Their interest shifted out of the pop punk scene and got into bands like Trice. Radke started playing piano and guitar. He played left-handed guitar, but still played a normal right-handed guitar when he played Blink 182 songs. At age 21, Radke along with Max Green founded the band Escape the Fate. He made two albums with the band and two EPs. The more popular was *Dying Is Your Latest Fashion*, it was released September 26, 2006. In late 2008 Radke left Escape the Fate. Radke then founded the band Falling in Reverse and continues to make music. He has several lead singles from the album *The Drug In Me is You* released.

Discography
-----------

With Escape the Fate

* *Escape the Fate* (Demo, 2005)
* *There's No Sympathy For The Dead* (EP, 2006)
* *Dying Is Your Latest Fashion* (Studio album, 2006)
* *Situations* (EP, 2007)

With Falling in Reverse

* *The Drug In Me Is You* (Studio album, 2011)
* *Fashionably Late* (Studio Album, 2013)
* *Just Like You* (Studio Album, 2015)
* *Coming Home* (Studio Album, 2017)
Cosplayer playing the character.
The **Punisher** (**'Francis "Frank "Castle, born Castiglione**) is a fictional character. He appears in American comic books published by the Marvel Comics.

The Punisher (whose real name is Frank Castle) is a vigilante who uses unorthodox methods like murder, torture, and kidnapping in his crusade against crime. His family was murdered in New York City's Central Park after witnessing a mafia assassination. Frank Castle then turned into the "Punisher", a man who vowed to kill criminals, terrorists and gangsters of all kinds. Castle also wears a kevlar costume with the peculiar design of a human skull in his chest, of which, according to Castle himself, acts both as a distraction and a tool of intimidation, as it would draw the attention of criminals in that direction, and instead of aiming at his head, they would shoot his costume, which he wore with a rather solid armor beneath. In addition, his skull symbol has psychologically affected many of the criminals he faced off.

Creation
--------

The character was created by writer Gerry Conway and artists John Romita Sr. and Ross Andru. The Punisher made his first appearance in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #129 (cover-dated February 1974). He was first depicted as an assassin and adversary of the superhero Spider-Man.

Punisher's logo.

Portrayals
----------

In feature movies, Dolph Lundgren portrayed the character in the 1989 movie *The Punisher*. Then Thomas Jane did in the 2004 movie *The Punisher*, and Ray Stevenson in 2008's *Punisher: War Zone*. 

Jon Bernthal portrayed the character in the second season of *Daredevil* and the spin-off *The Punisher*, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
A Spanish-speaking country is a country where Spanish is a *De jure* or *De facto* official language. By official language is meant "a common language that is easier to learn or the mother language of peoples". The difficult case is the United States, while there at least 4 states that use Spanish, but most of them list English as an official language.

This also includes the Philippines, Micronesia and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

Africa
------

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\*\*
* Equatorial Guinea

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a partially recognized state with *de facto* independence

Asia
----

* Philippines (The Philippines are a Spanish-speaking country culturally)

Europe
------

* Spain
* Andorra (Spanish is widely spoken in Andorra)
* Gibraltar\*\* (Spanish is widely spoken in Gibraltar)

Gibraltar is a British overseas territory.

North America
-------------

* Belize (Spanish is widely spoken in Belize)
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Puerto Rico\*\*
* United States (The United States is a Spanish-speaking country physiographically)

Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States with Commonwealth status

Oceania
-------

* Federated States of Micronesia\*\* (Spanish up to Kapingamarangi)

There are about 200 people who speak Spanish in Micronesia.

South America
-------------

* Amazonas
* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Ven

ezuela
**Bat-Sheva Dagan** (Hebrew: בת-שבע דגן) (born September 8, 1925) is a Polish-Israeli Holocaust survivor, educator, author, and speaker. She was born in Łódź, Poland.

Holocaust
---------

She was incarcerated in a ghetto in Radom with her parents and two sisters in 1940. After her parents and a sister were deported and murdered in Treblinka in August 1942, she escaped to Germany, but was discovered, imprisoned, and deported to Auschwitz in May 1943. After spending 20 months in Auschwitz, she survived two death marches and was liberated by British troops in May 1945. She was the only survivor of her family.

After the Holocaust
-------------------

Dagan and her husband settled in Israel, where she taught kindergarten and later obtained degrees in educational counseling and psychology. She went on to author books, poems, and songs for children and young adults on Holocaust themes, and developed psychological and pedagogical methods for teaching the Holocaust to children. She is thought a pioneer in children's Holocaust education.

Awards and honors
-----------------

In 2008 Dagan was named Woman of the Year in Education by Yad Vashem for her works to Holocaust teaching for children. She was also named an Outstanding Member of the City of Holon. In 2012 she was honored as one of the torch lighters at ceremonies marking Yom HaShoah.

Other websites
--------------

* Friedman, Jonathan C. (2010). Friedman, Jonathan C. (ed.). *The Routledge History of the Holocaust*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-87059-0.

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**Camogie** (in Irish, *camógaíocht*) is an Irish team sport, organised by the *Camogie Association of Ireland*, the women's variant of hurling. The rules are almost identical to hurling with a few exceptions.

One is that goalkeepers wear the same colours as outfield players and a player in camogie can handpass a score, which is not allowed in the men's game. All games last 60 minutes (senior inter-county hurling games last 70), and dropping the camogie stick to handpass the ball is allowed. The All-Ireland Final is held every year in Croke Park during September, usually the week between the hurling final and Gaelic football final. There are two main competitions; the National League which is staged during the winter-spring months and is used as a warm-up to the All-Ireland Championships during the summer.

The reigning champions are Cork.

The name "camogie"
------------------

Camogie/hurling is unique in that it uses a different name for the version played by men and women. The reason is complicated: men play using a curved stick called in Irish a *camán*. Women would use a shorter stick, called by the diminutive form *camóg*. The suffix -*aíocht* was added to both words to give names for the sports: *camánaíocht* (which became *iománaíocht*) and *camógaíocht*. When the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1884 the English-origin name "hurling" was given to the men's game. When an organisation for women was set up in 1904, it was decided to Anglicise the Irish name *camógaíocht* to *camogie*.

### Clubs

* Tara Camogie Club, London
* Kilcoole Camogie Club, Kilcoole Co. Wicklow[*permanent dead link*]
* Green Isle Camogie Club London Archived 2020-12-18 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* Camogie.ie Official Camogie Association Website