recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Typical rhythm of a Polonaise
The **polonaise** is one of the fifth national Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility. It is in 3/4 time. It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections. In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Chopin's Polonaise at a ball in the Hôtel Lambert in Paris
Polish culture was very popular and greatly influenced European dance and music as well as Europeam ballrooms. Polonaise was introduced to France in the 16th century. Composers started to write polonaises for the piano. Pieces called *Polonaise* had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous. Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53. Polonaise is the French word of the dance meaning the Polish woman/girl, Polish adjective feminine, the original Polish name is Chodzony meaning „the walking dance", or Wielki meaning "grand/great" 

Several Russian and other international composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballets *The Sleeping Beauty* and in his opera *Eugene Onegin* .
Pipe showing (1) bowl, (2) stem and (3) mouth piece.
A **pipe** is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.

Types of pipes
--------------

Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.

Native American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem. Japanese "kiseru" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem. Arabian "midwakh" pipes may be made from different materials. European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.

Pipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem. Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass. Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.

History
-------

Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England.
The **Gallic group** is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.

Irregular satellites of Saturn.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.

Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.

The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.

The four members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Saturn):

* Albiorix
* Bebhionn
* Erriapo
* Tarvos

The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying *light-red* colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
and similar infrared indices 

Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

Other websites
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* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
**Sherborne** is a market town in northwest Dorset, in South West England. It is on the River Yeo, 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Yeovil. The A30 road, which goes from London to Penzance, runs through the town. 

The population of Sherborne parish was 9,523 in the 2011 census. 28.7% of the population is aged 65 or older.

Places
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Sherborne is best known for Sherborne Abbey, a historical building. It was a Saxon cathedral from the years 705–1075. It was a Benedictine abbey from the years 998–1539. Now it is a local church. 

Sherborne also has two castles. One is ruins of a 12th century fortified palace.The second is a 16th century mansion named Sherborne Castle. It was built by Sir Walter Raleigh. Much of the old town is built from ochre-coloured stone. These include the abbey and many medieval and Georgian era buildings.

Other websites
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* town website

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Germany

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***Pederpes*** is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from the lower Mississippian, 348-347.6 million years ago (mya). *Pederpes* contains one species, *P. finneyae*, 1 m long. A single fossil was found in East Kirton quarry, West Lothian, Scotland, in early Carboniferous rocks. It is the first (and only) known near-complete skeleton of a tetrapod from the earliest Carboniferous. It lacks only the tail and some digits.

*Pederpes* had a large, somewhat triangular head, similar to that of later American *Whatcheeria*. This specimen shows the earliest example of a foot adapted for walking on land. The feet look like the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. *Pederpes* is therefore the earliest known tetrapod that walked on land.

It fits in the middle of the a gap in the fossil record which separates the aquatic Devonian tetrapods from the terrestrial ones of the mid-Carboniferous.

Discovery and classification
----------------------------

*Pederpes* was discovered in 1971 in central Scotland and classified as a lobe-finned fish. The type specimen was a nearly complete, articulated skeleton (bones still connected). Only the tail and some bones of the skull and limbs were missing. It was not until 2002 that Jennifer Clack named and reclassified the fossil as a primitive tetrapod.

*Pederpes* is of uncertain relationship to other tetrapod families. While undoubtedly amphibian in life mode, *Pederpes* is not considered an amphibian in the meaning of modern amphibians. It is a very basal (primitive) tetrapod.

*Pederpes* is an important fossil because it comes from the period of time known as Romer's gap, a 20 million year gap in the sequence of tetrapod fossils. It is therefore a transitional fossil, and gives biologists rare information about the development of tetrapods in a time when terrestrial life was scarce.

Anatomy and lifestyle
---------------------

*Pederpes* was 1 metre long, estimating the tail as one-third of the body length. This is average-sized for an early tetrapod.

The shape of the skull and the fact that the feet face forward rather than outward. This shows that *Pederpes* was well adapted to life on land. It is the earliest known fully terrestrial animal, although the structure of the ear shows that its hearing was still much more functional underwater than on land. It may have spent much of its time in the water and could have hunted there.

The narrow skull suggests that *Pederpes* breathed by inhaling with a muscular action like most modern tetrapods, rather than by pumping air into the lungs with a throat pouch the way modern amphibians usually do.
***The Passion of the Christ*** is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

*The Passion of the Christ* was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.

Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

Other websites
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* *The Passion of the Christ* on IMDb
Empty balance scaleThe weighing pans of this balance scale contain zero objects, divided into two equal groups.
**Parity of zero** is the question whether the number zero is even or odd. General consensus is that the number is even. Even numbers are defined to be integer multiples of two. That way, the numbers two, four and six are even, because they are one times two, two times two, and three times two. With that explanation, zero is also even, because it is zero times two. 

Another explanation is from number theory: The integers are arranged in such a way that even numbers are followed by odd ones, and odd ones by even ones. Zero is preceded by minus one, and followed by one. Both numbers are odd. So it must be even.

Integers −4 through 10; even numbers are open circles; odd numbers are dots
There is also a problem: The term "even" meaning "integer multiple of two" is a convention; people agreed on it. It is not a formal definition. Another case where people used a convention they agreed on was that of prime number: Before the 20th century, there were many inconsistent definitions of prime: Mathematicians such as Goldbach, Lambert, Legendre, Cayley, and Kronecker wrote that 1 was prime. The modern definition of "prime number" is "positive integer with exactly 2 factors", so 1 is not prime. This definition is rational: it naturally suits mathematical theorems that concern the primes. For example, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is easier to state when 1 is not considered prime

It would be possible to redefine "even" in a way that no longer includes zero. However, in this case, the new definition would make it more difficult to state theorems concerning the even numbers. Already the effect can be seen in the algebraic rules governing even and odd numbers. The most relevant rules concern addition, subtraction, and multiplication:

even ± even = even
odd ± odd = even
even × integer = even
Inserting appropriate values into the left sides of these rules, one can produce 0 on the right sides:

2 − 2 = 0
−3 + 3 = 0
4 × 0 = 0
The above rules would therefore be incorrect if zero were not even. At best they would have to be modified. For example, one test study guide asserts that even numbers are characterized as integer multiples of two, but zero is "neither even nor odd". Accordingly, the guide's rules for even and odd numbers contain exceptions:

even ± even = even **(or zero)**
odd ± odd = even **(or zero)**
even × **nonzero** integer = even
Making an exception for zero in the definition of evenness forces one to make such exceptions in the rules for even numbers. From another perspective, taking the rules obeyed by positive even numbers and requiring that they continue to hold for integers forces the usual definition and the evenness of zero.
***Stupendemys*** is a prehistoric genus of freshwater turtle. Its fossils have been found in northern South America, in rocks dating from the late Miocene to the very start of the Pliocene, about 6 to 5 million years ago.

*Stupendemys'*s carapace measured over 1.80 m (5.9 ft) in length and was also very wide. With a total carapace length of at least 11 feet (3.3 m) it was the largest turtle that ever existed, surpassing even *Archelon*.

Two species have been described to date. *Stupendemys geographicus* from Venezuela, and *Stupendemys souzai*, a bit smaller and more slender, from Brazil.

Ecology
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Its weight helped *Stupendemys* stay under water for long periods, grazing on aquatic plants. It was probably a very weak swimmer, unable to move its bulk against a swift current, and probably avoided smaller streams.

Altogether, the fauna of the time had many large herbivores and few terrestrial carnivores. The habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest that was seasonally flooded, as well as floodplains and swampland. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving.
A **spinet** is a small kind of harpsichord. In Renaissance and Baroque times, and even later, people often had a spinet in their homes. The advantage of a spinet was that it was cheaper than a harpsichord and it also took up less room.

Sometimes the word used to be spelt differently, e.g. "spinnet" or "spinnit".

The spinet is different from a harpsichord because of the angle of the strings which run at an angle to the right. The whole instrument is a bit like a triangle in shape. The strings are arranged in pairs and the jacks (the quills which pluck the strings) are also in pairs in the wider gaps, plucking the string next to them.

Harpsichords may have several sounds (in the same way that an organ has several stops making different sounds). This is not possible on a spinet, which has one sound only. It is always an 8-foot sound (the notes sound at the normal pitch, never an octave higher). Spinets were useful for accompanying.

Other websites
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 Media related to Spinet at Wikimedia Commons
The **quena** is a South American wind instrument, mostly used by Andean musicians
Not to be confused with Quena, Egypt.
The **quena**, also written as "kena" in English, is the traditional flute of Peru and the Andes. Made of bamboo, it has six finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To make a sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between the chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, over a notch cut into the end. It is normally in the key of G major. G is the lowest note when all the holes are covered. It produces a very breathy or airy tone.

The **quenacho** (also "kenacho" in English) is a bigger, lower sounding type of quena and made the same way. It is in the key of D major, a fourth lower than the quena. In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was used to threaten little children, because the quena was made of bamboo, a hard material.

Quena is mostly used in traditional Andean music. In the 1960s and 1970s the quena was used by several Nueva Canción musicians. Some groups such as Illapu have used it regularly. In the 1980s and 1990s some post-Nueva Canción rock groups have also used the quena in some of their songs; notably Soda Stereo in *Cuando Pase el Temblor* and Los Enanitos Verdes in *Lamento Boliviano*. The quena is also relatively common in World music.

Other flutes
------------

Other Andean flutes include

* The **pinquillo**, also called pinkuyo or pinkiyo, has the same fingering as the quena. It looks and works the same way as a recorder. It has an air channel, or fipple, to conduct the air;
* The **tarka**, or tharqa, also like a recorder but it is shorter and quite angular in shape. It needs more breath, and has a darker, more penetrating sound;
* The **moseño**, or mohoseño, is a long, two tubed bamboo flute with a deep sound. The extra tube acts as an aeroduct.

Related pages
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* Native American flute

Other websites
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* Quena Music
* Modern Quena models
* How to select a quena
* The sound of the quena Los Koyas
* Quenacho Music Iain Kelso Archived 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
A **supergroup** is a musical group whose members are successful as solo artists or as members of other successful groups. The term became popular in the late 1960s for when members of already successful rock groups to recorded albums together, after which they normally disband. Charity supergroups, in which prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause, have been common since the 1980s. The term is most common in rock and pop music, but it has occasionally been applied to other musical genres. For example, opera superstars The Three Tenors (José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti) have been called a supergroup.

A supergroup sometimes forms as a side project for a single recording project or similar purposes, with no intention that the group will remain together afterwards. In other instances, the group may become the primary focus of the members' career.

Criticism
---------

In 1974, a *Time* magazine article titled "Return of a Supergroup" said that the supergroup was a "potent but short-lived rock phenomenon" which was an "amalgam formed by the talented malcontents of other bands." The article acknowledged that groups such as Cream and Blind Faith "played enormous arenas and made megabucks, and sometimes megamusic", with the performances "fueled by dueling egos." However, while this "musical infighting built up the excitement ... it also made breakups inevitable."

History
-------

*Rolling Stone* editor Jann Wenner credited British rock band Cream, which came together in 1966, as the first supergroup. Eric Clapton, formerly of rock band The Yardbirds and blues rock band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; Jack Bruce, formerly of jazz/rhythm and blues band the Graham Bond Organisation (GBO) and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; and Ginger Baker, formerly of the GBO, formed the band in 1966, recorded four albums, and disbanded in 1968. Guitarist Clapton and drummer Baker went on to form Blind Faith, another blues rock supergroup which recruited former the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic singer, keyboardist, and guitarist Steve Winwood and Family bassist Ric Grech. The group recorded one studio album before disbanding less than a year after formation. Also in 1968 Jack Bruce joined the Tony Williams Lifetime, composed of bassist and vocalist Bruce, and three famous Miles Davis alumni: drummer Tony Williams, guitarist John McLaughlin, and keyboardist Khalid Yasin (né Larry Young).

The term may have come from the 1968 album *Super Session* with Al Kooper, Mike Bloomfield, and Stephen Stills. The coalition of Crosby, Stills & Nash (later Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) in 1969 is another early example, given the success of their prior bands (The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and The Hollies respectively).
In flight, the black primaries contrast with the otherwise grey wings (Bharatpur, India)
The **sarus crane** (*Antigone antigone*) is a large crane that lives in the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and Australia. It does not migrate. It is the tallest bird in the world that can fly. It can grow to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall. Its wing can reach 2.4 metres (8 ft) from tip to tip. It can weigh 8.4 kg (18.5 lb). It lives in open wetlands.

Appearance and habitat
----------------------

It is easy to tell the sarus crane apart from other cranes that live in the same places. The sarus crane is grey in colour with a red head and part of the neck. The sarus crane looks for food in marshes and shallow wetlands. 

It eats roots, tubers, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrate prey. Like other cranes, the sarus crane forms long-lasting pairs and holds territories. There they perform territorial and courtship displays which include loud trumpeting, leaps and dance-like movements.

It lives in wetlands, and in agricultural lands close to humans. Elsewhere, the species has been eliminated in many parts of its former range.

The main breeding season is during the rainy season, when the pair builds an enormous nest "island", a circular platform of reeds and grasses about two meters in diameter and high enough to stay above the water.

Threats
-------

There are fewer sarus cranes than there were a hundred years ago. The cranes alive today are perhaps 2.5% of the numbers that existed in the 1850s. The stronghold of the species is Rajasthan, India.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Grus antigone***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Grus antigone***.

* International Crane Foundation: Sarus Crane, *Grus antigone* Archived 2005-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-FEB-22.
* Sarus Crane (International Crane Foundation) Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Sarus Crane (*Grus antigone*) from *Cranes of the World* (1983) by Paul Johnsgard
Bengali New Year celebration in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
**Pôhela Boishakh** (**Bengali New Year**) is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in other places. The holiday is celebrated in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is also celebrated in Bengali communities in the other Indian states like Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand and Odisha and all over India as well where the Bengali community is. It is the same day as the New Year's Days of many Southern Asian calendars.

In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday .

In Bengali, Pohela means ‘first’. Baisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar.

*Boishakhi* fairs are held in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers. They present folk songs. Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.

Other websites
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 Media related to Pahela Baishakh celebrations at Wikimedia Commons
In sports, **point shaving**, is a certain type of match fixing where basketball or other sports players try to prevent a team from covering a published point spread. Spread betting usually motivates point shaving. The point shaving scheme usually involves a sports gambler and several players who are likely to win the game. In exchange for a bribe, the players agree to making sure the team they are on will not cover the point spread. The gamblers then wager against the bribed team.

Basketball
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Basketball is a very easy medium for shaving points. This is because of the scoring tempo of the game and the ease under which one player can influence key events. Corrupt players miss shots on purpose or commit fouls or turnovers. By doing so, he/she makes sure that his or her team fails to cover the actual point spread. However, the game is not lost. The NCAA have a zero tolerance policy prohibiting point shaving.

Point shaving in the NCAA is a federal crime in the United States.

The National Basketball Association, or NBA, have had very few point shaving problems. However, they have had several in the past.

The basketball sports drama movie *Blue Chips* (1994) is the story of the coach of a fictional university. The basketball coach finds out that one of his players shaved points in a basketball game three years earlier.
*The Kiss*

***The Kiss*** or ***The Lovers*** is a painting by Gustav Klimt. It was the last painting in Klimt's Gold Period. He painted it in 1907 or 1908. It is one of the most famous paintings in the world.

The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum, in the Belvedere palace, in Vienna, Austria is exhibiting the painting.

Painting
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The painting is detailed.
The painting shows a couple embracing each other with gold leaf on canvas. The man is kissing the woman, who has green hair. Klimt has said he had obsession for the woman with redheads, and it was reflected in the woman in his painting.

The man and woman are on a flowery grassland. According to the psychoanalytical and biological distinction, Klimt expressed them in different ways. The man wearing a robe with black, white and gray rectangles is described in a rough way, while the woman is expressed with the smooth figures such as a circle, a curve, and flowery patterns. Her hair is also combined with flowers; it looks like she is surrounded with flowers. On the contrary, the part outside the couple in the painting is filled with flat patterning which has small gleaming dots. 

"The Kiss" represents fin-de-siècle spirit because it shows a decadence through opulent and sybaritic images. Also, the painting has some styles recalling the arts of other period. Of them, by using gold leaf, the painting reflects medieval "gold-ground" paintings and earlier mosaics, and the spiral patterns in the clothes recall Bronze Age art.

In the Kiss, Klimt portrays woman as the femme fatale who is a beautiful woman attracting men sexually but brings them unhappiness. It is said that the woman modeled for the painting, however, his life companion Emilie Flöge,who participated as the Viennese bohemian (Bohemianism) and fin-de-siecle circles like Klimt.

The painting is 72 inches high and 72 inches wide (180 cm x 180 cm). It is decorated with gold leaf. At the time, people thought the panting was too sexy, even though both people are wearing clothes.

The city of Vienna bought the painting from Klimt before he finished it. It cost 25,000 crowns.

Influences
----------

Klimt looked at Byzantine mosaics like this one of Justinian I.
Klimt was a Symbolist artist and this painting was part of his Golden Period. Klimt went to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, where he saw Byzantine art, which also uses gold. Also, his father and brother were metalworkers. This is another reason why he liked to use gold leaf in paintings like *The Kiss*. Japanese prints also affected the way Klimt made the painting.

Legacy
------

In 2003, Austria struck a coin with *The Kiss* on one side and Klimt's face on the other.

As of the 21st century, the painting is in the Belvedere Gallery. Hundreds of thousands of people visit it each year.
**Supply-side economics** or **trickle-down economics** is a theory that if taxes were cut on the richest people in society, rich people would use their extra money to invest in the economy, but if taxes were increased, the wealthy would leave the country and invest somewhere else where the tax rates are lower. People who support supply-side economics believe that taxes punished productivity and if they were lowered, people would produce more goods and services. Many supporters of supply-side economics also support things such as limited government spending, low inflation, and regulating the economy less.

Economist Arthur Laffer supported supply-side economics with a theory called a Laffer Curve. The theory stated that government will get no money if taxes were too high—nobody would pay them—and that the government would not get enough money if taxes were too low. The theory also stated that if taxes were too high, the economy would be less productive and it would give the government less money and that if taxes were low, the economy would be productive and the government would get more money. 

Supply-side economics was used while Ronald Reagan was president during the 1980's. Income taxes on the wealthiest Americans were cut from 70% to 50% to 28% during his two terms. Also, capital gains taxes were cut. Supporters of supply-side economics mention that those tax cuts have resulted in economic recovery during the 1980's and the strong economic boom in the 1990's and first decade of the 21st century.

Critics of supply-side economics say that the wealthy gain a lot of money in the hope that a very small amount of it will trickle down to the poor, and they call it voodoo economics. Many critics say that supply-side economic policies are bad because they result in a bigger gap between the rich and the poor. They also criticize that the reduction in taxes results in the cutting of programs for the poor people who need it. Other critics point out that large supply-cuts tax cuts, in combination with increases in military spending, has resulted in the government being in a large amount of debt.
**Stanley Vann** (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 - 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer. He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition. He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977. On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday. He died the following month.

Early life
----------

Vann was born in Leicester. He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old. At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

The start of a musical career
-----------------------------

In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral. In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939. He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.

In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London. In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

Peterborough
------------

In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral. He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977. The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir. They made many recordings. In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire). He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing. Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family. He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.

Compositions
------------

Stanley Vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the Anglican church service. His compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces. One of his largest pieces is the Billingshurst Mass, for large chorus and orchestra. It was first performed in Chichester Cathedral in 2000.

In 2000 a concert was given in All Saints Church, Peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday. On Sunday 14 February 2010 many cathedrals and churches in England arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
. The BBC broadcast a special choral evensong on Radio 3 on Wednesday 24 February from Peterborough Cathedral (Wednesday 17 February is Ash Wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).

There is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the Anglican tradition.
**Diogo de Vasconcelos Square** datail.
The **Praça Diogo de Vasconcelos** (or **Praça da Savassi**; in English: **Diogo de Vasconcelos Square** or **Savassi Square**) is a public square in the area of Savassi, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

It is located where the roads *Cristóvão Colombo* and *Getúlio Vargas* meet. Also near there are the streets *Pernambuco* and *Antônio de Albuquerque*. The square a lively meeting place for the people who live in Belo Horizonte. It is located in the center of Savassi, an important commercial neighborhood.

Its name honors the politician and historian Diogo de Vasconcelos. He was an early is considered the first historian of art in Brazil. Although its official name is *Square Diogo de Vasconcelos*, this name is not very widely used. The name *Square Savassi* comes from the Savassi Bakery. It was located at the corner of Rua Pernambuco and Cristóvão Colombo avenue. The original bakery could still be seen on the site until a coffee shop Arturo's replaced it.

The square used to be surrounded by mostly boutiques, restaurants and snack bars, shops. Since 2006, however, mobile phone companies have set up shops there. The patrons of the traditional *Café Três Corações* (Three Hearts Café) came to protest against its closure at the site due to the opening of a store operator Claro. After the protest, the cafe has been reopened in a smaller area. It correspons to a small fraction of the old shop's size, with access only by Rua Antonio de Albuquerque.

Gallery of square before reforms
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* Sign at the squareSign at the square
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Gallery of the square in the reforms
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Other websites
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* Reformas na Praça da Savassi devem ser concluídas em 12 meses, Estado de Minas
* Verba para revitalização da Savassi cai de R$ 14 mi para R$ 10,4 mi, Estado de Minas

Coordinates: 19°56′18″S 43°56′09″W﻿ / ﻿19.93833°S 43.93583°W﻿ / -19.93833; -43.93583
A **smith**, or **metalsmith**, is a person who makes things from metal.

Metal smiths were very important before industrialisation because they made metal tools for farming (especially the plough) and weapons for fighting in wars. Because of the importance of smiths, the name of their craft ('Smith') turned into a surname.

Etymology of smith
------------------

The word **smith** means "to hit" or "to strike". Originally, **smiths** made things from metal by using a hammer.

As an English suffix, *-smith* at the end of a word means a craftsmen. For example, a "locksmith" makes locks.

Types of smiths
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Types of smiths include: 

* an arrowsmith forges arrow heads;
* a blacksmith works with iron and steel;
* a bladesmith forges knives, swords and other blades;
* a coppersmith, or brownsmith, works with copper;
* a fendersmith makes and repairs the metal fender before fireplaces, protecting rugs and furniture in mansions and fine estates, and often looks after the fires as well;
* a goldsmith works with gold;
* a gunsmith works with guns;
* a locksmith works with locks;
* a pewtersmith works with pewter;
* a silversmith, or brightsmith, works with silver;
* a tinsmith, or tinner, works with light metal (such as tinware) and can refer to someone who deals in tinware;
* a swordsmith is a bladesmith who forges only swords;
* a whitesmith works with white metal (tin) and can refer to someone who polishes or finishes the metal rather than forging it.

Artisans and craftpersons
-------------------------

The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or *smithy*, which is a fire which allows compressed air (through a bellows) to heat the inside of the forge until it is hot enough for metal to become more malleable so that it can be hammered into the shape that is required. Smith or smithy refers to the hammering onto the metal using an anvil to support the work. Anvils come in many sizes and shapes. 

The term, *metalsmith*, often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as *metalsmithing*, and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry and blacksmithing as part of their fine arts programs.

A *tinker* is a metalsmith who mends kettles, pots and pans. They were often poor, itinerant workers (walking from place to place looking for jobs).

Machinists
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Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated.
Principle of a pinhole camera. Light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an image.
 Holes in the leaf canopy project images of a solar eclipse on the ground.
A **pinhole camera** is a camera without a conventional glass lens. An extremely small hole in a thin material can create an image when all light rays from a scene go through a single point. In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about 1/100th the distance to the screen, or less. The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated flap of some light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole. 

A common use of a pinhole camera is to capture the movement of sunlight over a long period of time. This type of photography is called Solargraphy. 
Pinhole cameras require much longer exposure times than conventional cameras because of the small aperture; typical exposure times can range from 5 seconds to hours or days. 

The image may be projected on a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for viewing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura).

Like other cameras, pinhole cameras make the picture upside-down.

Invention of pinhole camera
---------------------------

Very early in history (as far back as 500 B.C.), Greeks such as Aristotle and Euclid wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras, for example light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets and the crossing of leaves  The ancient Greeks, however, believed that our eye emitted rays which enabled us to see. What enabled a much better understanding of the pinhole camera was the discovery that light enters the eye rather than leaving it. It was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham who published this idea.

Notes and references
--------------------

1. ↑  "Light Through the Ages" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pinhole cameras***.

* Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day website
* Pinhole Photography and Camera Design Calculators
* Illustrated history of cinematography Archived 2020-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
* History and Pinhole Photography Resources Archived 2008-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
**Pipalyatjara** is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about 550 kilometres (340 mi) south-west of Alice Springs and about 30 km (19 mi) from the place where the borders of South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory meet (known as the Surveyor-General's Corner). The settlement is surrounded by the Tomkinson Ranges. It was previously known as **Mount Davies** by most Australians, after the highest local peak. The settlement of Kalka is about 15 km (9.3 mi) away by road.

There were 123 people living at Pipalyatjara in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly indigenous people who speak Pitjantjatjara as their first language.

There is a small airstrip at Pipalyatjara. Mail is delivered once per week by air. There is also a small health facility staffed by nurses; a doctor visits from Kaltjiti. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Water comes from two bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. There is a school in Pipalyatjara, which also serves nearby Kalka.

Other websites
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* Description Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from PY Media
* Pipalyatjara School Website Archived 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
A subprefecture in Verdun, Meuse
A subprefecture in Langon, Gironde
In France, a **subprefecture** (French: *sous-préfecture*) is the administrative center of a departmental arrondissement that does not contain the prefecture for its department. The term also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title *commissaire adjoint de la République*.

Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille are divisions of the city (or commune) rather than the prefecture, and so are not arrondissements in the same sense.

Related pages
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Subprefectures in France***.

* List of arrondissements of France
A page from Pérotin’s *Alleluia nativitas*
**Pérotin** (lived around 1200), was a medieval composer. He was probably French. Nothing is known about his life except that he worked in or around Paris in the late 12th century to early 13th century. People have tried to find out who he was by studying the archives of Notre Dame Cathedral, but his name has not been found there. He probably had another name, and used the name Pérotin for his compositions. 

Pérotin worked on a very important collection of polyphonic music called *Magnus Liber* (meaning: Big Book). The composer Léonin had written a lot of this music. He may have been Pérotin's teacher, but we do not know. He seems to have written music for four voices which are settings of words for the Feast of the Circumcision and St Stephen's Day. He wrote three and four voice music of a type called organum. It was a very important development in the history of Western music. He wrote music in a polyphonic style. Often he took a tune and arranged it so that one voice sang it incredibly slowly while another voice sang something much faster on top.

It is difficult to work out any dates for his works because of the way the music was written. Often it is not even clear what mode they are in.

Pérotin's music has been an influence on some 20th century composers who wrote minimalist music such as Steve Reich.
***Ugni*** is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Four species belong to this genus, all from western America.

Description
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They are small evergreen shrubs. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces.

The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens. The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds.

Name
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The name comes from *Uñi* with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, *Ugni molinae*.

The genus was formerly often included in either *Myrtus* or *Eugenia*; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals.

The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus *Ugni* in 1849.

Where it grows
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All species of this genus are found in western South and Central America, native from southern Mexico to central southern Chile and Argentina.

Species
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There are four species in this genus:'

* *Ugni candollei* (Barnéoud) O.Berg: Chile
* *Ugni molinae*Turcz.: Chile and Argentina
* *Ugni myricoides* (Kunth) O.Berg: Southern Mexico, Central America to Bolivia, Venezuela and northern Brazil
* *Ugni selkirkii* (Hook. & Arn.) O.Berg: Endemic species of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile

Uses
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*Ugni molinae* is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ugni***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Ugni***.

* *Ugni* in Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
* *Ugni molinae* at ChileBosque Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Flora of Chile: *Ugni*
* Trees and shrubs of Ecuador: *Ugni*
**Sutoku** (崇徳天皇, *Sutoku-tennō*, July 7, 1119 – September 14, 1164) was the 75th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He is also called Sanuki-Inn,because he lived in Sanuki (Kagawa) in the later part of his life. Although, officially, he was a child of Toba-Tennno, actually it is said that is not true.

Hogen no Ran
------------

He struggled with Goshirakawa-Tenno (his brother) for political leadership. This political battle is called Hogen no Ran. He was defeated and was banished to Sanuki.

Legends
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After Sotoku's abdication and exile, he devoted himself to a monastic life. He copied numerous scriptures and offered them to the court. Fearing that the scriptures were cursed, the court refused to accept them. Snubbed, Sotoku was said to have resented the court and, upon his death, became an onryō. Everything from the fall in fortune of the Imperial court, the rise of the samurai powers, droughts and internal unrests were blamed on his haunting.

Other legends say he changed into an Ootengu (greater tengu). Along with nurarihyon, the nine-tailed kitsune Tamamo-no-Mae and the oni Shuten-dōji, they are often called the four greatest yōkai of Japan.
**Sutton Coldfield**, officially the **Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield**, is a suburban town and civil parish located in the Borough of Birmingham in the county of the West Midlands, England. However, it used to be part of Warwickshire. It is about 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Birmingham city centre. The 2011 census revealed the parish has a population of 95,107 people.

It is a very old town. There are still examples of Roman roads and old architecture.

It is a royal town because King Henry VIII granted it a Charter of Incorporation and named it a royal town in 1528 due to the influence of Bishop Vesey who was born in Sutton Coldfield. He became Henry VIII's chaplain and then became Bishop of Exeter.

The area is seen as one of the most expensive places to live in the United Kingdom.

Sutton Coldfield railway station is on the Cross-City Line. Passengers can get direct trains to Birmingham, Redditch and Bromsgrove.

Gallery
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* Lichfield RoadLichfield Road
* Gracechurch Shopping CentreGracechurch Shopping Centre
* King Edward SquareKing Edward Square
* Sutton Coldfield Town HallSutton Coldfield Town Hall
* Midland DriveMidland Drive