recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sir Arthur Conan Doyle** (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories. 

He became an agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was *A Study in Scarlet*.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After *A Study in Scarlet* came *The Sign of the Four*, *The Valley of Fear* and *The Hound of the Baskervilles*. The other Holmes stories were published in the *Strand Magazine*. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with *The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes*.

Conan Doyle also wrote *The Lost World*, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live. 

Their children were: Mary Louise, Arthur Alleyne Kingsley (with Louise), Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy Stewart, and Adrian Malcolm (with Jean). Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

Other websites
--------------

* Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
* The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
**Les Cayes** (Kréyòl: *Okay*; English: The Cays) is a town in southwest Haiti near the river *Ravine du Sud*, on the Caribbean coast. It is the capital of the Sud *Département*.

Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an *arrondissement* (a part of a department) with the same name. The *arrondissement* has six *communes* (a *commune* is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck.

Name
----

The town had the name of *Aux Cayes* ("On the cays") because the small *Île à Vache* island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town. Now the name is just *Les Cayes*; Kréyòl still keeps the old name.

History
-------

In 1504, Diego Velázquez founded the town of *Salvatierra de la Sabana* (or Salvatierra de la Zabana) where is now Les Cayes. From here, he left for Cuba to take control of that island on 7 November 1511.

But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726. The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788.

On 28 December 1815, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America. Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America. He went back to South America in December of the same year.

Economy
-------

Les Cayes is one of the most important port of Haiti, where coffee, sugar, bananas and timber are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti. There is also an airport, Antoine Simon Airport, with the name of a president of Haiti that was born in Les Cayes.

People born in Les Cayes
------------------------

* 1761: Laurent Geffrard, officer during the Haitian Revolution
* 1761: André Rigaud, a mulatto chief during the Haitian Revolution
* 1785: John James Audubon, who studied and made paintings of birds in United States
* 1789: Charles Riviere-Hérard, president of Haiti from 1843 to 1844
* Michel Domingue, president of Haiti from 1874 to 1876
* 1815: Lysius Salomon, president of Haiti from 1879 to 1888
* 1832: Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, president of Haiti from 1876 to 1879
* 1843: François C. Antoine Simon, president of Haiti from 1908 to 1911

Images
------

* Cathedral of Les CayesCathedral of Les Cayes
* Monument on Les CayesMonument on Les Cayes

Other websites
--------------

* Les Cayes Portal Archived 2016-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
* The Louverture Project: Les Cayes
* Picture of Downtown Cayes, Haiti

  


| Department capitals of Haiti | Flag of Haiti |
| --- | --- |
| Cap-Haïtien • Fort-Liberté • Gonaïves • Hinche • Jacmel • Jérémie • Les Cayes • Miragoâne • Port-au-Prince • Port-de-Paix |


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Les Cayes***.
Marshal **Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca** (Alagoas City, August 5, 1827 - Rio de Janeiro, August 23, 1892) was the first president of the Republic of Brazil and he reached this position after a military strategy that put down the Emperor Pedro II.

Biography
---------

### Family

Son of Manuel Mendes da Fonseca (1785-1859) and Rosa Maria Paulina da Fonseca (1802-1873). His father was also a soldier and belonged to the Conservative Party. He had two sisters and seven brothers and three of them died in the Paraguay War: Afonso Aurélio da Fonseca (the youngest), ensign of the 34º Voluntários da Pátria Battalion; captain Hipólito Mendes da Fonseca, dead in the Battle of Curupaity; and major Eduardo Emiliano da Fonseca, dead in the Battle of Itororó.

His elder brother, Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca, father of Hermes da Fonseca, was a marshal in the Brazilian Army, president of Mato Grosso province, governor of Bahia province and commander-in-chief in Bahia and Pará provinces.

Two other brothers also had brilliant military and political careers: Severiano Martins da Fonseca, who reached the rank of field marshal, received the noble title of *Barão de Alagoas* (Baron of Alagoas) and was the director of the Military School of Porto Alegre; and Pedro Paulino da Fonseca, who was an honorary colonel of the Brazilian Army, head of government of Alagoas and Senator of the Republic for the same Brazilian state.

### Youth

In 1843, at the age of sixteen, Deodoro enrolled himself in the Rio de Janeiro Military Academy and finished the artillery course in 1847. In 1845, he was already a 1st class cadet. In 1848, he took part in his first military action, helping to repress the Praieira Revolt, an insurrection promoted by the Liberal Party of Pernambuco.

He got married when he was 33 years old, on April 6, 1860, to Mariana Cecília de Sousa Meireles, who was considered by biographers a very well educated woman, religious, modest and full of domestic attributes. They did not have any children. His nephew Hermes da Fonseca, who also reached the Brazilian presidency, was treated like a son by Deodoro.
**Jurrit Menno Visser** (3 May 1952 – 14 October 2022) was a Dutch politician of the  Labour Party.

Biography
---------

Born in Sintjohannesga, Visser studied law at the University of Leiden. He worked as a jurist at the municipality of Sneek. From 1994 to 1998, he was a PvdA member of the city council of Heerenveen. In May 1998 he became alderman of the municipality of Heerenveen. When he just had started his second term in 2002, he was appointed mayor of the municipality of the island Terschelling in December 2002.

In 2011 Visser attempted to get Terschelling back in passports. With his proposal he reached national attention. His proposal to declare one delivery room in Leeuwarden as island territory failed.

In April 2013, Visser fell during a holiday in Turkey and broke five ribs. His recovery took longer than expected. His vestibular system turned out to be the cause. He stopped temporarily as a mayor. Rob Bats became acting mayor. In September 2013, the municipality announced that Visser was not able to fulfill the position of mayor due to his health. He officially retired on 1 December 2013.

Visser died at the Medical Center Leeuwarden on 14 October 2022, at the age of 70 years.
Ian Kershaw in 2012
**Sir Ian Kershaw** FBA FRHistS (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian and one of the most famous experts on Nazi Germany.

Early works
-----------

Kershaw started his job as a historian studying life in the Middle Ages. In the 1970s he changed to studying Nazi Germany. He worked with Martin Broszat's study on what ordinary Germans in Bavaria thought about Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. He then did studies and books of his own, including *The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich* in 1987. Kershaw is also well-known for writing a biography (life story) of Hitler. This was written as two books, one published in 1998 and another published in 2000.

Ideas
-----

One of Kershaw's most important ideas is the idea of "working towards the Führer". (Hitler called himself the "Führer", a German word for "leader".) This is his idea about why the Nazi government caused World War II, the Holocaust and other mass killings. Kershaw believes that they cannot simply be blamed on just one person, and it is more important to study the rest of the Nazi government and German society. However, unlike his friend Hans Mommsen, Kershaw does not believe that Hitler was a weak ruler. Instead, he thinks that Hitler was powerful but lazy. He believes that events like the Holocaust happened because Hitler's followers were working towards what they thought Hitler wanted them to do.

Other writings
--------------

Kershaw has also written many other books and worked as an advisor to documentaries. In the 2010s, he also wrote books on the wider history of Europe in the 20th century.
*Arāmāyā* in Syriac Esṭrangelā script
Syriac-Aramaic alphabet
A pot sherd with Aramaic characters
Inscription in Aramaic, found near Palmyra, modern-day Syria. This inscription is in the Louvre, in Paris
**Aramaic** is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.

It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. Other Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.

Words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

History
-------

Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra, it is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

Dialects
--------

Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.

The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

Other websites
--------------

* Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
* Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet
Anubis with head of jackal holding an ankh and a was-sceptre.

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Anubisin hieroglyphs |

**Anubis** is the protector of the gates to the Underworld, Osiris replaced him as the god of the dead. He looks like a man with the head of a Pharaoh Hound, called Tesem.

Anubis's Purpose
----------------

Anubis with a human body and a jackal head.
Anubis, as the god of death and the afterlife, was closely associated with mummification and burial rites. Egyptian jackals had an association with the dead, as well. They were often found digging up buried bodies and eating them, which may be why Anubis was depicted as part jackal. The priests who mummified the pharaohs wore costumes to make them appear like Tesem (Pharaoh hound).

The Egyptian people believed that Anubis helped decide the fate of the dead in the afterlife. The heart of the dead was weighed against the feather of truth (representing the goddess Ma'at), to see if the deceased was worthy of entering the afterlife. If the person had lived an evil life, his or her heart would be heavy with evil, and he or she would be eaten by Ammit (the Devourer). If a person was kind and good, the heart would be light, he or she could continue on to the afterlife safe and sound to meet Osiris.

Anubis, in the Book of the Dead. Is shown giving equality through research of weighing the human heart to a feather. Any honesty will make the feather heavier than the heart on the scale.

In Greece and Rome
------------------

In later times, during the Ptolemaic period, as their functions were similar, Anubis came to be identified as the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis. The centre of this cult was in *uten-ha*/*Sa-ka*/ Cynopolis, a place whose Greek name simply means "city of dogs". In Book XI of "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of this god was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century. Indeed, it was revealed that Hermanubis also appeared in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egypt's animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (they mockingly called Anubis the "Barker"), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in heaven, and Cerberus in the underworld.
Marriage certificate showing Old- and New-Style dates, Warsaw 1907 (then part of the Russian Empire)Thomas Jefferson's tombstone. Written below the epitaph is "Born April 2 1743 O.S. Died July 4 1826"
**Old Style** (or **O.S.**) and **New Style** (or **N.S.**) are terms used for calendar dates in English language historical studies, for two reasons. The first reason is that the method of dating that is most widely used around the world today, the Gregorian calendar, was introduced into English cultures only in 1752. The second is that 1 January has not always been the first day of the year: in the British Empire (and some other countries), March 25th was the start of the year. Both of these conventions changed just a few centuries ago, when the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 was made law. The dating style used before 1752 – Juian Calendar, year beginning 25 March –  is called **Old Style Dating** and the dating style used today – Gregorian Caledar, year beginning 1 January –  is called **New Style Dating**. So when a date is given in a history book (or an old book), we need to know whether it is using 'New Style' or 'Old Style' dating. During the time of the changeover, people would give both dates. Even today, when historians are writing about an event in those times, they often give the date as it was used at the time but also give the modern equivalent for your convenience. 

The reason for changing the calendar was that people realised that there is a mistake in the Julian calendar, that it adds too many leap years. This meant that the date of Easter was being calculated wrongly, because it depends on March 21 being the day before the equinox. So they designed a new calendar that corrected this error. The new rule was that a leap year would happen every four years (as before) *but not* if the year ended in 00 *unless* it could be divided evenly by 400. (So 1600 and 2000 were leap years, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.) Pope Gregory XIII had declared that this new calendar should be used from 1582 onwards. But only Roman Catholic countries accepted this ruling: Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries refused to have the Pope tell them what to do. So even in Europe, the change happened at different times.

For example, it was not until 1752 that Great Britain and its colonies changed over to the new calendar, also changing the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January at the same time. Russia changed in 1918, after the 'October' Revolution.

The Latin words for O.S. are *stili veteris* or *stilo vetere*. These terms are used in some books worldwide. They can be shortened to *st.v*.

In Europe and its colonies, the 'old style calendar' means the Julian calendar. Other countries used different systems: for example China, Japan and Korea used lunisolar calendars.
The **Balkan Wars** were a series of wars fought in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 (First Balkan War) and 1913 (Second Balkan War).

The First Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria (the Balkan League) against the Ottoman Empire. The main objective of the Balkan League was to annex the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, because large numbers of the people of the Balkan League lived under Ottoman rule. The war was a success and the Ottoman Empire lost almost its entire European territories.

The Second Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, the Ottoman Empire and Romania against Bulgaria. Because Bulgaria felt that Greece and Serbia got more lands than they deserved, Bulgaria declared war on Greece and Serbia, which repelled the attacks. The Ottoman Empire and Romania declared war on Bulgaria, because they wanted to gain Bulgarian territories, and by the end of the Second Balkan War Bulgaria had lost almost all its gains from the First Balkan War.

The Balkan Wars resulted in huge casualties. The Bulgarians lost around 65,000 men, the Greeks 9,500, the Montenegrins, 3,000, and the Serbs at least 36,000. The Ottomans lost as many as 125,000 dead. In addition, tens of thousands of civilians died from disease and other causes.
After the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo in North Thrace, was expelled to Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian Bulgarian from Edirne in East Thrace was expelled to Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Related pages
-------------

* Balkan Campaigns during World War I
* Balkan Campaigns during World War II

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Balkan Wars at Wikimedia Commons

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| National | 
* Spain
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

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| Other | 
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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A lava lake at Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Valentine Cave in Lava Beds National Monument, California shows the classic tube shape; the grooves on the wall mark former flow levels.

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***lava***.

**Lava** is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like *pahoehoe*, *aa*, and *pillow lava*, are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.

Types of lava
-------------

### Blocky lava

*Blocky lava* is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.

### Pahoehoe

Pronounced *pah HOY HOY*, *pahoehoe* gets its name from the Hawaiian word for "ropy" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.

### Aa

*Aa* is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced *AH-AH*. This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.

### Pillow lava

Pillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.

They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.

Lava tube
---------

A lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape.

Gallery
-------

* Stromboli eruption. The yellow/reddish things in the picture are lava.Stromboli eruption. The yellow/reddish things in the picture are lava.
* A stream of lava on Kīlauea on HawaiiA stream of lava on Kīlauea on Hawaii
* When lava cools down it looks like this. Those are drips of lava which have become cold againWhen lava cools down it looks like this. Those are drips of lava which have become cold again

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Lava***.

* Volcanic landforms of Hawaii
* USGS definition of Pāhoehoe
A xylophone from the Philippines called a "Kulintang a Kayo"
A **xylophone** is a musical instrument that is part of the percussion family. It belongs to the group which is often called "pitched percussion" or tuned percussion because it can play different pitches and is a different way of expressing the sound that it creats. (notes). Xylophones have bars which are made of wood. People play the xylophone by hitting the bars with a mallet (a kind of drum stick). Each piece of wood is a different length, so they play different notes when they are hit. The bars are arranged like the keys of a piano. Underneath the bars there are long tubes, called resonators, which make the sound last longer.

The modern orchestral xylophone developed from xylophones found in Africa and Asia. It came as a folk instrument to countries in Central Europe. It was first used in an orchestra by Humperdinck in his opera *Hansel and Gretel*. It was also used by Saint-Saëns in his *Danse macabre* where it is supposed to sound like a skeleton, and in his *Carnival of the Animals* where it is supposed to sound like fossils.

The xylophone is usually played so that the music sounds an octave higher than written. Because the sound is always very short the xylophone is often used for short solo tunes which are fast and dry.

The **marimba** is a kind of xylophone which has a softer sound and more bars, especially low notes. It is not often used in older orchestra music.

Xylophones and marimbas are usually played with two mallets, but it is possible for good players to play with four (two in each hand).

Related pages
-------------

* Vibraphone
* Glockenspiel
Patton playing with Fantômas in 2005.
**Michael Allan "Mike" Patton** (born January 27, 1968) is an American singer. He is best known for being the singer of Faith No More.

Career
------

In 1984 when he was 15 years old he started Mr. Bungle. In 1989 he became the singer of Faith No More. Patton wrote all the lyrics for the band's third album, *The Real Thing*. In 1991 Mr. Bungle released their first album, *Mr Bungle.*.

### 1995

In 1995 Patton released three albums. Faith No More's fifth album *King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime* was released on March 28, 1995.

Mr Bungle released their second album *Disco Volante* on October 10, 1995. 

### 1998-1999

Faith No More broke up in 1998. Patton started a noise band called Fantômas with Buzz Osborne and Dave Lombardo. In 1999 Patton started Tomahawk. He also started a record label called Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman. Mr Bungle released their last album *California* on June 13, 1999.

### 2000s

Patton started the band Peeping Tom in 2000. He also joined Lovage. In 2001 Tomahawk released their first album. Patton sang on The Dillinger Escape Plan's third EP, *Irony Is a Dead Scene*. He sung on Handsome Boy Modeling School's 2004 album *White People*. In 2005 he released an album with Melt-Banana called *Animali In Calore Surriscaldati Con Ipertermia Genitale/Cat in Red*. In 2006 Patton joined John Zorn's Moonchild Trio. Peeping Tom released their first album *Peeping Tom*. In 2009 Faith No More got back together. Patton made most of the soundtrack for the 2009 movie *Crank: High Voltage*.

### 2010s

On May 4 2010 Patton's third solo album *Mondo Cane* was released. Patton made the album with a forty-member orchestra and fifteen-piece backing band.
Emma Lazarus
Brazen plaque with the text of The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus
**Emma Lazarus** (22 July 1849 - 19 November 1887) was an American poet and playwright of Jewish origin.

Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus. Her father's family came from Portugal. She became interested in Jewish tradition after reading *Daniel Deronda* by George Eliot. She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman. Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma. 

Lazarus wrote many lyric poems. She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named *Epochs*). She was especially good at writing sonnets. Her best known work is the sonnet *The New Colossus*. It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York. She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine. As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination.

Bibliography
------------

* Bette Roth Young, *Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters*. With a Foreword by Francine Klagsburn, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 1995.

Other websites
--------------

* *The Poems of Emma Lazarus*, Vol. I.
* *The Poems of Emma Lazarus, Vol. II.*
* *Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Translated by Emma Lazarus.*
**Besmilr Brigham** (born **Bess Miller Moore**; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet. She also wrote short stories.

Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.

According to the *Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture*, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."

Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham. The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.

Works
-----

* 1969. *Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls* (poetry)
* 2000. *Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham* (C. D. Wright, ed.)
* 1971. *Heaved from the earth.* (poetry)

For further reading
-------------------

* Kenyon Review

Related pages
-------------

* List of poets from North America
**Mobility as a Service** (**MaaS**) is transportation that you can buy but do not have to own.

For example, you can pay an Uber car to pick you up, but you do not own that car.

Or you can pay for a city bike to travel around the city, but you do not own the bike.

In each case, you pay for the transportation.

Public buses, taxis, subways, high-speed rail, and airplanes are already forms of MaaS.

MaaS is already becoming popular around the world from the US, Europe, Japan, Korea, to China.

Examples
--------

Examples include

* ride-sharing
* e-hailing services (matches passengers with vehicles)
* bike-sharing programs,
* and car-sharing services
* on-demand "pop-up" bus services.
* self-driving cars

Short-term impact
-----------------

MaaS may decrease how many people own cars. This is already the case in China, where more than half of the population do not have cars--they just do not need it.

Benefits
--------

MaaS can decrease traffic.

Self driving cars (AV)
----------------------

Uber, Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors are building self-driving vehicles (or autonomous vehicles, AVs).

Self-driving cars could take people where they wanted to go at a lower cost than a taxi or ridesharer. It could help benefit the environment, make transportation faster, and even improve healthcare.
**Monika Kørra** (born September 5, 1989) is an author and former athlete from Norway.

Biography
---------

### Athletics

In 2008, she won the bronze medal in the 3000 metre steeplechase at the Norwegian championships representing the Norwegian club Friidrettsklubben Ren-Eng. She also competed in the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics, finishing twelfth in her heat and failing to reach the final. Kørra won a sports scholarship at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.

### Authorship

On December 5, 2009, she was kidnapped, assaulted and raped by three men living illegally in the United States. Arturo Arevalo and Alfonso Zuniga received life sentences while the third, Luis Zuniga, received 25 years. Instead of staying silent about her ordeal, she chose to come forward with her story and in 2015, she completed a book in English entitled *Kill the Silence* stating that "It's not what happens to you, but how you respond to it that matters." In her book, she details how she forgave her perpetrators telling them "I don't hate them; I hate what they did to me. Two of them even cried...That really meant a lot to me because then I saw that it is something good in everyone." She went on to graduate from Southern Methodist University. In 2012, she founded the Monika Kørra Foundation dedicated to creating awareness of the prevalence and effects of sexual assault and to provide a place of healing for victims. She has appeared in the media in both the United States and Norway including as a guest on the TV talk show Skavlan on October 9, 2015. In 2009, Kørra was awarded the SMU Athletics' Perseverance Award for her courage. In 2012, she received the Wilma Rudolph Student Athlete Achievement Award.

### Book

* Kill the Silence ISBN 9780804139625

Awards
------

* Wilma Rudolph Student Athlete Achievement Award

Other websites
--------------

* Biography Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Monika Kørra Foundation Archived 2017-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Kill the Silence
* Wilma Rudolph Achievement Award
The **Outer Space Treaty** is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. As of June 2020, 110 countries are parties to the treaty. Another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification. It does not allow the placing of nuclear weapons in space. It establishes that space shall be free for exploration and use by all nations, but that no nation may claim sovereignty of outer space or any celestial body.

==References==Warning: An automated filter has found that this edit removes large parts of an article. This is unconstructive, and may be vandalism. Certain content of Wikipedia should be removed, such as vandalism, and false information or lies about a person. If this is what you wanted to do, then go to the bottom of the page, and click 'Save changes' to continue. If this is not what you wanted, please note that you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia for changes that are clearly not constructive. If you did not remove a large part of an article, and this message is in error, please report this.

1. ↑  "Disarmament Treaties Database: Outer Space Treaty". *disarmament.un.org*. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
2. ↑  "The Space Review: Space Force and international space law". *www.thespacereview.com*. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
3. ↑  "The Legality of a U.S. Space Force". *Opinio Juris*. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
Robert Smith in 2012
**Robert James Smith** (born 21 April 1959) is an English musician. He is best known for being the lead singer of The Cure. He has been the only constant member in the band's 37-year history. They have released 13 studio albums and 10 EPs. Their biggest UK hit so far is "Lullaby", which reached number 5. Their biggest US hit is "Lovesong". In 1983, he released an album called *Blue Sunshine* with Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias' John Scott under the name The Glove. He has worked with other bands like Crystal Castles. He has also sung songs on his own for movie soundtracks.

Personal life
-------------

Smith can play guitar, bass guitar, double bass, keyboard, violin, flute and trumpet. He has a tenor vocal range. He is married to Mary Poole, who he met at the age of 14 in a drama class.

Smith was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. In 1959, his family moved to Trafford, Manchester. In 1963, they moved to Salford, Manchester. He was raised Catholic but later became an atheist. His first band, The Crawley Goat Band, was at the age of 14. In 1976, Smith was a member of a punk rock band called Malice. Smith then formed a band with members of Malice called Easy Cure. In 1978 they became The Cure. In 1979 they released their first album, *Three Imaginary Boys*. It got good reviews. In 1999, Smith was going to end The Cure but Ross Robinson persuaded him not to.

Awards and recognitions
-----------------------

Tim Burton gave Smith the Shockwaves NME Godlike Genius Award in 2006.

There have been lots of references to Smith in pop culture. In 2004 in episode 11 of series 2 of *The Mighty Boosh* Vince Noir says to Howard Moon that he can spend the evening with two goth girls if he dresses like a goth. Vince gives Howard a can of "Goth Juice: the most powerful hairspray known to man, made from the tears of Robert Smith". Lush made a hair gel inspired by this called Goth Juice that says 'made from the tears of Robert Smith' on the pot, but they don't make it anymore. 

Smith appeared in the twelfth episode of season 1 of *South Park*, "Mecha-Streisand" in 1998. At the time the episode brought South Park their biggest number of viewers for an episode to date.
Kathiababa Ka Sthan is located on Vrindavan Gurukul Road, Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The architectural style and beauty of this ashram is a reflection of Kathiababa architecture of many ancient eras. This temple is the main shrine of the Nimbarka Sampradaya and Kathiababa Ka Sthana (Head Qater). known as Nimbarka temples and ashrams of all countries of the world are run from this temple.

History
-------

Sri Sri Kathiababa Ka Sthana is located at Prana Kendra Gurukul Road, Vrindavan, Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Bengal's first Nimbarka Mahant of Nimbark community, former president of Kumbh Mela alias Tarakishore Chowdhury/ Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadas Kathiababa He went on Braj Parikrama many times with Gurudev and always kept an eye on Gurudev's merits and demerits. Shri Tara Kishore Chowdhury planned to build an ashram for Gurudev on the land donated by Chinnu Singh to Shri Shri Kathiya Babaji Maharaj. With Gurudev's permission, he started building a large ashram. He used to send money from Calcutta and under the supervision of Sri Sri Kathiya Babaji Maharaj, "Kathiababa Ka Sthana" was built in Vrindavan. But before the ashram was completed, Sri Sri Kathiya Babaji Maharaj became a brahmin after celebrating the mortal body. Even after the demise of his Gurudev, Sri Tarakishore continued the work of building the ashram. Rather, he had to borrow about thirty two thousand rupees to complete this work. But by the grace of Sri Sri Gurudev, he repaid that loan within a short time.[*source?*]

Festival
--------

* 84 Krosh Vajra Parikrama- Sri Sri 108 Swami Rasviharidas Kathiyababa Maharaj and all Saints-Vaishnavas, devotees of Nimbark community performed the Parikrama of the entire Vrindavan Pada Vajra
* Lord Krishna Janmashtami Tithi, Radha Rani's Janmashtami Tithi, Nimbark Jayanti Mahotsav, Ramdas Kathiyababa Apparition and Tirovavah Mahotsav, Santadas Kathiyababa Apparition and Tirovavah Mahotsav, Dhananjaya Das Kathiyababa Apparition and Tirovabha Mahotsav, Current Archayya Sri Sri 108 Swami Rasbi HaridasKathiababa's appearance Mahamahotsav, Chandan Yatra, Rathayatra Mahotsava, Dolayatra, Rasayatra.

Management
----------

The ashram is currently managed and directed by Nimbarka Sampradaya 57th Acharya Brajvidehi Srimahant Ananta Srivibhushit Sri Sri 108 Swami Rasbiharidas Kathiyababa Maharaj and the ashram has its own management committee

Chitrashala
-----------

See more
--------

External connection
-------------------
Sharon Draper in 2018
**Sharon Draper** is an American author, poet, and master educator. She has won many awards for teaching and written many books, poems, and short stories. She was a teacher in Cincinnati from 1970-1997 and became an author in 1991, which is the career she is currently pursuing. Her first piece was "One Small Torch", a short story published in the Ebony magazine in 1991 as the winner of a short story contest with 20,000 entries. In her writing, she choses African-American male characters to give a voice to African-American young men.

Early life
----------

Sharon Draper was born on August 21, 1948 in Cleveland, Ohio. With 2 siblings, she was the eldest daughter of three kids in her family and grew up in a close-knit neighborhood.

Education
---------

Sharon Draper earned her BA from Pepperdine University in 1971 and her MA from Miami University of Ohio in 1974

Teaching career
---------------

Sharon Draper was a teacher for the Cincinnati public schools from 1970-1997, and won the 1997 US Teacher of the Year award for her work in the schools. She has described teaching as her "calling and vocation," and says that she "teaches because I must. It is in my heart and soul; part of the definition of me. I end up teaching wherever I am."

Books
-----

Some of her published works include: 

* *Tears of a Tiger*, 1994.
* *Ziggy and the Black Dinosaurs*, 1995.
* *Forged by Fire*, 1996.
* *Romiette and Julio*, 1997.
* *Jazzimation*, 1999.
* *Teaching from the Heart*, 1999.
* *Not Quite Burned out but Crispy around the Edges*, 2001.
* *Darkness Before Dawn*, 2001.
* *Double Dutch*, 2002.
* *The Battle of Jericho*, 2003.
* *Copper Sun*, 2006.
* *November Blues*, 2007
* *Out of my Mind*, 2010

Awards
------

Sharon Draper has won many awards in teaching and writing. She won Coretta Scott King Genesis award for Literature (1995), and American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults award (1995) in her writing career. She also won Ohio State Teacher of the Year (1997), U.S. National Teacher of the Year (1997), National Board Certification, National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (1995), Board of Directors, National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (1997), National Council of Negro Women's Excellence in Teaching Award (1997), and the Delta Kapa Gamma Honor Society for Women Educators.
Pharmacist in his office
A **pharmacist** is a person who supplies drugs to people, often prescriptions from a doctor but sometimes on their own. 

Pharmacists have to be trained and have knowledge about the drugs package. Many work in a pharmacy.Pharmacists interact with customers, give the prescribed medication and telling them about the drugs. 

Some work in hospitals where they may deliver the drugs to the different parts of the hospital and give people the drugs they need to take home. 

new medication
Some work with general practitioners where they may check that people are getting the right drugs. 

Pharmacists is the one who checks the works of the pharmacy technician. Pharmacy Technician works under the supervise of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Technician are the one who pulls out the medicines according to the prescription written and they are the one who counts the medicine, after they finish counting and putting it inside a container for medicines purpose only. Once the Pharmacy Technician finished counting the medicine and putting it inside a container then, the Pharmacist will check the medicine in the computer to make sure the medicine that is dispensed is correct. 

calling the doctos
Pharmacists can also help with recommending over the counter medication like when someone has sore throats or a common cold they can recommend medications that anyone can buy with a prescription from the doctor. Pharmacists can also help with vaccines, burning the covid-19 pandemic they help with giving vaccines to those who did not want to go to the hospitals. 

Pharmacists can also help when a person gets changed to a new medication the pharmacist can help with giving them the new instructions as to how to use the medications. The pharmacist also helps by telling the patient the side effects of the new medication. Pharmacists help by calling the doctor if the patient has concerns about the new medication.

In the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom many pharmacists were vaccinating people. They have also been doing Influenza vaccines for several years. There are plans for them to do more of this work.

Related pages
-------------

* Pharmaconomist
* Pharmacy
* Pharmacologist
The **Battle of Honkaniemi** was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces on 26 February 1940. This battle was fought by tanks. It was only time they were used in the Winter War.

The commander of the Finnish II Corps, General Harald Öhquist, had put the Jaeger Battalion 3 with the 4th company of the Armoured Battalion and the 23rd Division.

At 10:15 pm, the commander of the Jaeger Battalion 3, Captain I. Kunnas and Lieutenant O. Heinonen of the 4th Armoured Company were ordered to attack.

The plan
--------

The original plan was to attack the Soviets with six Infantry Battalions, four artillery battalions and the 4th Armoured Company. However, only four Infantry Battalions, two artillery battalions and the 4th Tank Company did the attack.

The assault
-----------

On the nights of February 25 and 26, members of the Jaeger Battalion went by truck and by skiing to get to the battle. The tank company lost five of their 13 Vickers 6-Ton tanks due to engine failure. There was another problem. When the Finns started to use their artillery guns, they accidentally killed or wounded 30 Finns.

### The beginning

Another two Finnish tanks stopped working. This meant that the Finnish only had six tanks for the battle. Even after all these set-backs, there were more to come. The 1st Jaeger Battalion was fired on by the Soviets. Then this battalion came to a railway track, but they could not cross it. The 2nd and 3rd Jaeger Battalions also stopped.

### Tank backup

The 4th Armoured Company got a tank stuck in a ditch. The remaining five tanks were hit by T-26s, T-28s and 45 mm anti-tank guns". 
The tank of Corporal E. Seppälä hit two Soviet tanks. However, the crew had to abandon the tank because it stopped working. The other Finnish tank destroyed one Soviet tank before being damaged.

### Finnish retreat

Captain Kunnas got orders at 10:00 pm to stop the attack and retreat. The Finns' first tank battle was not a success. The tank battle had been fought with crews who did not have much experience. As well, they had almost no radio communication.

Afterwards
----------

The battle caused the deaths of one NCO. Two officers and two NCOs were injured. As well, three privates were reported missing. The Finnish troopers kept on trying to attack the Soviets.

Other websites
--------------

* Battle of Honkaniemi (The Battles of the Winter War)
* World War II Tributes Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Aviarmor.net Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 60°39′N 28°47′E﻿ / ﻿60.650°N 28.783°E﻿ / 60.650; 28.783
**Harold Hart Crane** (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet.

Crane was born in Garrettsville, Ohio, in 1899. His father made candy and owned restaurants. He was successful and had much money. Crane's parents did not have an easy marriage. He spent much time with his grandmother. Her library had books by Robert Browning, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman.

In 1913 Crane started at East High School in Cleveland, but he was not a very good student. His mother often took him out of school for travel. He never graduated. Crane's father wanted him to work in his business, but Crane wanted to write poetry. He thought he might go to Columbia University, so he moved to New York in 1916. He didn't enter Columbia. He got jobs at some literary magazines, *The Little Review* and *Seven Arts*.

In 1917, his parents divorced. His mother came to New York and lived with him in his small apartment. He tried to join the army when the United States entered World War I, but he was too young. He went back to Cleveland. He worked in an ammunition factory.

In 1921, he had a fight with his father that ended their connection for some years. By the time he moved back to New York in 1923, he had written many poems for his first book, *White Buildings*.

He worked for an advertising company in New York, and he fell in love with a sailor. This love affair helped him to write the poem "Voyages". He was also working on a long group of poems called *The Bridge*. When *White Buildings* came out in 1926, he became known as a very good poet. Reviews of *The Bridge*, when it came out in 1930, were not as positive. His friends Allen Tate and Ivor Winters were unhappy with the poems. This was hard for Crane to take, and his writing slowed down.

In 1931 he got a Guggenheim fellowship that let him travel to Mexico. In Mexico City he got to know the writer Katherine Anne Porter and the painter David Sequeiros. He also began his 'first and only heterosexual affair" with his travelling companion Peggy Cowley.

On April 27, 1932, Crane was on a ship that was going to Havanna, Cuba. He jumped into the Gulf of Mexico and drowned.

Books
-----

* *White Buildings* (1926)
* *The Bridge* (1930)
* *The Collected Poems of Hart Crane*, Ed.Waldo Frank (1938)
* *Hart Crane and Yvor Winters: Their Literary Correspondence*, ed. Thomas Parkinson (1978)
* *O My Land, My Friends: The Selected Letters of Hart Crane*, (1997)
* *The Complete Poems of Hart Crane*, ed. Marc Simon (1986)
* *Hart Crane: Complete Poems and Selected Letters*, ed. Langdon Hammer (2006)

Related pages
-------------

* List of poets from North America

Other websites
--------------

* Hart Crane at PennSound

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