recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Max Wertheimer** (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call "productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.

Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

Phi phenomenon
--------------

In the phi phenomenon, a sequence of images causes us a movement sensation. This is not the actual set-up used by Wertheimer, but the idea is similar.
The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.
The **SAK Sportanlage Nonntal**, also known as SAK-Platz, was a football stadium in the Nonntal district of Salzburg. It was the home of Salzburg's oldest football club, Salzburger AK 1914.

History
-------

SAK played in Hellbrunn for the first few years after its founding in 1914. In 1921 it found a new home on the Berchtold Grounds in Nonntal. There they played until the facility was demolished in 2007. The first clubhouse was built around 1931. A wooden stand was built in 1935, but it burned down in October 1949. In 1968/69 a concrete standing stand and the changing rooms underneath were built. On January 4, 2006, the roof of the grandstand, that had been brought from Lehen, collapsed due to heavy snow loads.

Because of the poor condition of parts of the facility demolition of the facility and the construction of the Sportzentrum Mitte have been considered since the 1980s. Demolition finally began in August 2007. Today the Unipark Nonntal, a building of the University of Salzburg, is located on the site.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***SAK-Sportanlage\_Nonntal***.
**Folk metal** is a type of heavy metal music that started in Europe in the 1990s. This music is a mixture of heavy metal and traditional folk music. Many times, folk instruments are used in it. Sometimes traditional singing styles are also used.

The earliest example of folk metal was the English band Skyclad. Their first album, *The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth* was made in 1990. In 1994 and 1995 more folk metal bands appeared in Europe and Israel. Some of these early bands were the Irish band Cruachan, the Israeli band Orphaned Land, and the German band Subway to Sally. Each band started to develop their own type of folk metal. These styles became Celtic metal, Oriental metal and Medieval metal.

In the 1990s, folk metal was not well known and there were not many folk metal bands. In the early 2000s, folk metal became a lot more popular. It was very popular in Finland. Some folk metal bands in Finland were Ensiferum, Turisas, Korpiklaani, Finntroll and Moonsorrow.

Different bands play folk metal music in different ways. A lot of different instruments are also used. Many bands have six or more members so they can play many different instruments at the same time. A few bands also use keyboards to make the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in folk metal are normally about nature, fantasy, mythology and history.
Sankei-en's Rinshunkaku in Yokohama is a nationally designated Important Cultural Property
**Important Cultural Properties of Japan** (重要文化財, *jūyō bunkazai*, important cultural properties) is a list of items made by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs. These are places and things that are especially important to the Japanese people.

Types of Cultural Properties
----------------------------

Japan's government made a Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties a "designation system" (指定制度) to protect its culture. It chooses important items and names them as Cultural Properties The law sets rules about changing, repairing, or exporting these items.

There is also "registration system" (登録制度), which sets a lower level of protection and support for Registered Cultural Properties than for Designated Cultural Properties.

There are different levels of designation. Designation can be at a city (市定重要文化財, *city designated Important Cultural Property*), prefectural (県定重要文化財, *prefecturally designated Important Cultural Property*) or national (国定重要文化財, *nationally designated Important Cultural Property*) level.

Designations of a different level can coexist. For example, Sankei-en, a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, owns both city designated and nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.

Some Important Cultural Properties of Japan
-------------------------------------------

* Seiganto-ji, Wakayama PrefectureSeiganto-ji, Wakayama Prefecture
* Kōchi Castle, Kōchi PrefectureKōchi Castle, Kōchi Prefecture
* Tsūjun Bridge, Kumamoto PrefectureTsūjun Bridge, Kumamoto Prefecture
* Holy Resurrection Cathedral in TokyoHoly Resurrection Cathedral in Tokyo
* The Former Hokkaidō government office buildingThe Former Hokkaidō government office building
* Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefectureTsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Important Cultural Property of Japan***.
**Karl Ernst Adolf Anderssen** (Breslau, 6 July 1818 – Breslau, 13 March 1879) was a German chess master, and a teacher of mathematics. He was recognised as the best player in the world for much of the time between 1851 and 1870. 

Anderssen won three great international tournaments: the first in London 1851, then London 1862 and Baden-Baden 1870. Anderssen lost matches in 1858 to Paul Morphy and, narrowly, to Steinitz in 1866. He was also a chess problem composer.p16

Anderssen became the most successful tournament player in Europe, winning over half the events he entered—including the Baden-Baden 1870 tournament, which is comparable to modern strong GM tournaments. His last success was at Leipzig in 1877 where he came second equal with Zukertort, behind Paulsen. He was then nearly 60.

He is still famous for his brilliant sacrificial attacking play, particularly in the 'Immortal Game' (1851) and the 'Evergreen Game' (1852). He was also one of the most likeable of chess masters and became an elder statesman of the game, to whom others turned for advice or arbitration.

His status
----------

Anderssen was never world champion because "there was as yet no concept of a formal championship, or of the means by which one might be awarded... The world championship proper was the creation of Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900)... The first match for the world championship was in 1886"...  Also: "Wilhelm Steinitz... was the first person to use the title of Champion of the world...".

Mathematician
-------------

Anderssen was a teacher of mathematics in Breslau (now Wroclaw). He became a professor in about 1862, and in January 1865 was awarded honorary degrees of PhD and MA. These honours were not for chess, but not much is known about the teaching part of his career.

Games
-----

* Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne, Berlin 1852, Giuoco Piano: Evans Gambit (C52), 1-0 The "Evergreen Game" – a short game full of sacrifices and ending with a checkmate
* Adolf Anderssen vs Paul Morphy match, Paris 1858, English opening by transposition. Anderssen beats Morphy in a long struggle.
* Gottschall, Hermann von 1912 (reprint 2006). *Adolf Anderssen, der Altmeister deutscher Schachspielkunst*. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-77333-7. 748 games.
* Bachmann, Ludwig 1914. *Schachmeister Anderssen*. Anspach.
**Jalaun district** is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The district is named after the town of Jalaun, which was the former headquarters of a Maratha governor, but the administrative headquarters of the district is at Orai. Other major towns in the district are Konch, Kalpi, and Madhogarh,

Geography
---------

Jalaun District is a part of the Jhansi Division. The district has an area of 4,565 km², and a population of 1,689,974 (2011 census), and a population density of 370 persons per km².

The district lies entirely within the level plains of Bundelkhand, north of the hill country, and is almost surrounded by the Yamuna River, which forms the northern boundary of the district, and its tributaries the Betwa, which forms the southern boundary of the district, and the Pahuj, which forms the western boundary. The central region thus enclosed is a dead level of cultivated land, almost destitute of trees, and dotted with villages. The southern portion presents an almost unbroken sheet of cultivation. The Non River flows through the centre of the district, which it drains by innumerable small ravines.

The districts of Etawah and Kanpur lie to the north across the Yamuna, while Hamirpur District lies to the east and southeast, Jhansi District lies to the southeast, and Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh lies to the west cross the Pahuj.

The district has been under severe drought for the last four years with the average rainfall being about 399 mm which is way behind the average of about 800 mm.
The **Edict of Milan** was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.

With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

History
-------

The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius. 

Remains of the Imperial palace of Mediolanum (Milan). The imperial palace (mainly built by Maximianus, colleague of Diocletian) was a large complex with several buildings, gardens, courtyards, for Emperor's private and public life, for his court, family and imperial bureaucracy.
There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors. 

> "Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."
> 
> 

But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned: 

> "...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."
> 
>

Other websites
--------------

* Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313 Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
* The Roman Law Library, incl. *Constitutiones Principis* Archived 2012-08-31 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Edict of Milan***.

...
Bible History
A cheap **speaker**. It is usually in small radios.
A large speaker.
A **loudspeaker**, which is also called a **loud-speaker** or **speaker**, is an item that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.

How it works
------------

Loudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier. 

Loudspeakers are usually built by using a stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.

Inside the loudspeaker can be a audio crossover.

Types of loudspeakers
---------------------

Some loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as *woofer* loudspeakers or *subwoofer* loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called *tweeters*, are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).

Loudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets. Their main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.

History
-------

Alexander Graham Bell invented the first audible loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, the inventor Werner von Siemens from Germany patented an improved type of electrodynamic loudspeaker which did not yet include an amplifier.

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***loudspeaker***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Loudspeaker***.

* "ALMA International: Loudspeaker Industry Trade Organization". *almainternational.org*. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
* "Efficiency and sensitivity conversion - loudspeaker percent and dB loudspeaker efficiency versus sensitivity vs - sengpielaudio Sengpiel Berlin". *sengpielaudio.com*. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
**Elampal** is a village in Kollam district of Kerala, India. It is known for its religious unity, festivals, and rich heritage. Elampal means young in Tamil. It lies on the Kollam-Thirumangalam National Highway (NH-744). The nearest town is Punalur. Its pin code is 691322.

Institutions
------------

Its government is under the General Education Department of the Government of Kerala offers education from Standard I to VII. 

Elampal Service Cooperative Bank Limited and Federal Bank

Elampal(Ilambal, as they say) are the major banks in the locality. 

**Valiyavila** family was the landlords of this place with multiple business.They held the major land and property at this region.

Places of worship
-----------------

The village has two temples: Kottaram Aayiravally Devi Temple and Elampal Mahadevar Temple, which is one of the very old temples in Kerala.

Experts says the temples history dates back to The Sangha era.

A new temple is now being constructed at Thiruvazhi. 

It has churches and mosques also including: St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Elampal, Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church Marangadu, St. George Orthodox Church, Elampal, St. Thomas Malankara Catholic Church, Thiruvazhy, and Church of God.
**Lynne Ewing** is an American book writer and a movie writer.

She moved a lot as she was growing up; her father was in the Marine Corps. She has two sisters. Lynne finished high school in Lima, Peru after going to seven other schools. The time she was in the country Peru, she learned to speak the language Spanish. She attended the University of California at Santa Barbara. She was 30 years old when she began writing for newspapers, documentaries, magazines, and did screen writing. She is also a counselor. The first books that she wrote were *Drive-By* and *Party Girl*. *Drive-By* took six years to write, and *Party Girl* has been made into a movie called *Living the Life*. She has written the finished book Daughters of the Moon and Sons of the Dark line of books. She lives in Los Angeles and Washington D.C.. Ms. Ewing has two children, Jonathan, a molecular biologist, and Amber, a lawyer who works around the country. She has also been to Japan, China, Russia, Europe, Malaysia, Singapore, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. She has started a new line of books named Sisters of Isis.

Books
-----

* *Drive By* - Written in 1996
* *Party Girl* - Written in 1999
* *Daughters of the Moon* - Written from 2000-2007
* *Sons of the Dark* - Written from 2004-2005
* *Sisters of Isis* - 2007-2008 She is still writing the book

In 2001, Lynne's book *Party Girl* became a movie called *Living the Life*; Lynne was one of two moviewriters.
**Kurt Koffka** (18 March 1886 – 22 November 1941) was a German psychologist. He was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology.

Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where learnt English, a skill that later served him well. Koffka worked at the University of Frankfurt when Max Wertheimer arrived in 1910 and invited Koffka to take part as a subject in his research on the phi phenomenon.

Koffka left Frankfurt in 1912 to take a position at the University of Giessen, where he worked for over eleven years. Koffka then travelled to the United States, where he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1924 to 1925, and two years later at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Eventually, in 1927, he accepted a position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death in 1941.

Major works
-----------

* 1921. *Die Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung*. Osterwieck am Harz, Zickfeldt. ('The growth of the mind').
* 1922. Perception: an introduction to the Gestalt theory. *Psych. Bulletin* **19**, 531–585.
* 1924. *Growth of the mind: an introduction to child-psychology*, transl. R.M. Ogden. 2nd revised edition 1928. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. and New York: Harcourt, Brace.
* 1935. *Principles of gestalt psychology*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Advanced textbook, 720 pages.

Other websites
--------------

* Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
* Boeree, C. George 2000. Gestalt Psychology website with biographies of leading figures
Wilhelm Roux
**Wilhelm Roux** (9 June 1850 in Jena – 15 September 1924 in Halle) was a German zoologist, anatomist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

For ten years he worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

Embryology
----------

Roux's research was based upon the notion of *Entwicklungsmechanik* or developmental mechanics. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "mosaic" theory: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

Cell biology
------------

In a remarkable paper, Roux realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves assured each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity. This was a significant event in cytogenetics.

Works
-----

* *Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus* (1881)
* *Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen* (1890)
* *Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik* (two volumes, 1895)
* *Die Entwicklungsmechanik* (1905)
* *Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik* (1912).

Further reading
---------------

* Hamburger, V (1997), "Wilhelm Roux: visionary with a blind spot.", *Journal of the History of Biology*, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 229–38, doi:10.1023/A:1004231618837, PMID 11619471, S2CID 35621734
* Ribatti, Domenico (2002), "A milestone in the study of the vascular system: Wilhelm Roux's doctoral thesis on the bifurcation of blood vessels.", *Haematologica* (published Jul 2002), vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 677–8, PMID 12091116
**Jan Evangelista Purkyně**  (17 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell.

Biography
---------

Purkyně was born in Bohemia, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now it is in the Czech Republic. In 1818, he graduated with a degree in medicine, and was appointed Professor of Physiology. He published two volumes  which contributed to experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), and the world's first official physiology laboratory.

Discoveries
-----------

He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. Purkinje fibres conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the ventricle of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.)

Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823.

### Cell theory

Purkyně was, in the opinion of Henry Harris, the true father of the cell theory. The work of Purkyně and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. However, it was Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97
**Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt** (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Career
------

He started with the local club SV St. Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.

International
-------------

In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship. His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland. His last match was a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey. He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad. In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia. All in all he played 59 matches for Austria.

Honours
-------

* **Austrian League**: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
* **Austrian Cup**: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
* **German Cup**: 1996–97
* **UEFA Cup Winners' Cup**: Runner-up 1997–98
* **Austrian Footballer of the Year**: 1993
Scrambled eggs
**Scrambled eggs** is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of eggs (usually chicken). The dish often contains other ingredients. Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.

Sample recipe
-------------

The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat. The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together. The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.

When cooked a little créme frâiche is added. This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves. Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking. Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.

In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan. The créme frâiche does not need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost immediately.

Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency. If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcooked or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.

Other methods of preparation
----------------------------

Using a double boiler or *bain-marie* means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn. The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to cook the eggs perfectly. The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil.

Scrambled eggs may also be made in a microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.

Variations of Scrambled Egg Dishes
----------------------------------

Many things can be added to scrambled eggs. Often the end result can have a different name, for example:

* *scrambled eggs à l'arlésienne* (Scrambled eggs as made in the town of Arles, France)- add the diced, cooked pulp of courgettes (zucchini), a little garlic, and tomato fondue. Put the cooked eggand vegetable mixture into the hollowed, cooked courgettes shells, on an oiled gratin dish sprinkled with Parmesan cheese and brown the oven.

* *scrambled eggs à l'américaine* scrambled eggs in the American way - Add cubes of smoked bacon fried in butter to eggs.

* *scrambled eggs Rossini* named after the composer Rossini- Cook some scrambled eggs. Sauté some thin slices of foie gras in butter. Cook some sliced truffle in butter. Plate the scrambled eggs on a serving dish, garnish with foie gras and truffles, then coat with a very reduced Madeira demi-glace sauce.

Related pages
-------------

* List of egg dishes

Other websites
--------------

* An article on cooking scrambled eggs
* Scrambled eggs recipe
A saucer of liquid caramel
A crème caramel flan that is topped with caramel.
**Caramel** (/ˈkærəmɛl/}
) is a beige to dark-brown sweet food. It is made by heating sugars. It is used to add flavour to puddings and desserts. It can also be as a filling, like is done in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee.

Simple sugar (Sucrose) starts to melt at about 135 °C (270 °F), without changing its color. The process called caramelisation starts when sugar is heated to at least 150 °C (300 °F), and more often to around 170 °C (340 °F). As the sugar heats, the molecules break down and turn into compounds with the colour and flavour of caramel.

Many candies and desserts are made with caramel. Some of these are caramel apples, pralines, nougats, brittles, *crème caramel*, and *crème brûlée*.

Caramel candy
-------------

Caramel candy is a soft, dense, chewy candy. It is made by boiling a mixture of milk or cream, sugar(s), butter, and vanilla flavouring. The sugar(s) are heated separately to reach 170 °C (340 °F). This turns them to caramel before the other ingredients are added. Another way of doing this is to cook all ingredients together. This way, the milk turns to caramel but the sugars do not. This type of candy is often called "milk caramel" or "cream caramel".

Health Benefits of Caramel Candy
--------------------------------

The Health Benefits of Caramel Candy Are Quite Notable. Savoring Candy Embraces You with Good Health. the Nutritional Content of Caramel Such as Potassium, Vitamin B6, Calcium, Magnesium, and Cobalamin, Makes It to Be Candy Blended with Benefits. a Caramel Candy Archived 2023-01-30 at the Wayback Machine a Day Aids in Boosting Good Health Conditions. the Presence of Calcium in Caramel Aids the Consumer to Strengthen Teeth Health and Bone Development. the Requisite Intake of Caramel Protects the Arteries.

Caramel coloring
----------------

Caramel coloring is a dark bitter-tasting liquid. It is what is made after near-total caramelisation. It is then bottled to be used for other things. It is used as food coloring and in beverages like cola.

Caramel sauce
-------------

Caramel sauce
Caramel sauce is made from heating water and caster sugar at a low to medium temperature. This is done until the sugar dissolves and "caramelises". This changes its colour to golden brown.

Related pages
-------------

* Toffee
* Butterscotch

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Caramel***.

* Caramel Candy Recipes Archived 2023-01-30 at the Wayback Machine


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Caramel***

* Caramel sauce recipe Archived 2013-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Pimentel Jr. in 2018
**Aquilino Quilinging Pimentel Jr.** (December 11, 1933 – October 20, 2019), also known as **Nene**, was a politician in the Philippines.

Career
------

He was first elected as a delegate to the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He then went into exile when President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law. He came back in 1980 and was elected as mayor of Cagayan de Oro City in Misamis Oriental. He was removed as mayor 1982. He returned as mayor again in 1984. He was elected as an Assemblyman in the Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), serving from 1984 to 1986.

After the EDSA Revolution, President Corazon Aquino appointed him as Minister of Local Government and Presidential adviser/chief negotiator with the Muslim insurgents in Mindanao. He then was elected Senator (1987–1992). As senator, he wrote the Local Government Code. He tried to become Vice President in 1992. He ran under the Liberal Party with Jovito Salonga running for president. He finished fifth among the vice presidential candidates with 9.9% of the vote.

In 1995, He ran for another term as senator but lost. Cheating was suspected in that election. He took the case to the Supreme Court. He won the suit in 2004. In 1998, he ran again for another term in the Senate of the Philippines, from 1998 to 2004 and won. He was also elected as the 19th President of the Senate. He served as president from 2000 to 2001. He finally left the Senate on June 30, 2010.

As chair of the Blue Ribbon Committee, Pimentel recommended the prosecution of top government officials of previous administrations in relation to the Expo Pilipino centennial scam and the misuse of the funds of the Retirement and Separation Benefits Systems of the Armed Forces. He also recommended the prosecution of certain people working for the Land Registration Administration for involvement in making false land titles. His committee also conducted series of investigations into the jueteng scandal.

As Chair of the Committee on Local Government, he has supported far-reaching amendments to strengthen the role of local government units (LGUs) in national development. He also got senate approval to return the police to the supervision of LGUs and has wrote a law to fix the date for elections of ARMM officials.

He was the president and founder of the PDP-Laban party.

Death
-----

Pimentel Jr. died on October 20, 2019 in Manila of pneumonia caused by lymphoma at the age of 85.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aquilino Pimentel Jr.***.

* Senate of the Philippines
* Aquilino Pimentel's Official Personal Website Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Aquilino Pimentel's Assets and Liabilities
* Philippine Fathers: Aquilino Pimentel Jr. Archived 2019-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
**Windows Media Center** is a discontinued video recorder that was developed by the Microsoft Corporation and released for Windows XP Media Center Edition, also known as the Media Center Update. It can be used in Windows Vista in Home Premium and Ultimate edition and Windows 7 in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise edition.

In 2012, Microsoft launched Windows Media Center for Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 from the Pro edition. After Microsoft's Windows 10 release on July 29, 2015, Microsoft discontinued Windows Media Center because Microsoft no longer installs Windows Media Center for Windows 10. Still, users can download a modified Windows Media Center application from an unofficial source for the Windows 10 operating system.

Operating systems
-----------------

### Windows XP Media Center Edition

See also: Windows XP Media Center Edition
Microsoft included Windows Media Center in Windows XP in Media Center Edition when it was announced on 2002. After releasing Windows XP Media Center Edition, the first software in Windows XP changed when it officially released. In Service Pack 1, new updates allowed users to use Windows Media Center to choose a CD-DVD Drive in Windows Media Player, instead of including a Windows DVD Player app.

### Windows Vista

Microsoft launched Windows Vista with Windows Media Center in Home Premium and Ultimate edition. In 2006, Microsoft developed a Windows Media Center Update on Windows Vista RTM version. Windows Media Center Update allowed users to choose like Media Center 2002 and 2005 in Home Premium edition for Windows Vista, also like changed Windows Media Player and Windows DVD Maker.

### Windows 7

Microsoft launched Windows Media Center for Windows 7 for all editions except Starter and Home Basic.

### Windows 8 and Windows 8.1

In the Windows 8 and 8.1 operating system, Microsoft included Windows Media Center for the Professional edition with Media Center and Pro edition, but did not include Windows Live Essentials like Windows 7 and Windows Vista Media Center.

### Windows 10

Microsoft has not launched Windows Media Center for the Windows 10 operating system because Microsoft no longer supports Windows Media Center.

Windows Media Center can be downloaded for all Microsoft Windows 10 editions. However, it is not officially supported or maintained by Microsoft.

Related pages
-------------

* Software
* Windows Media Player
* Windows 7
* Windows 8
* Windows Vista
**Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport** (also called **Keflavik Airport**) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is 50 km (31 mi) west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík. The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.

The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only 3 km (1.9 mi) from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government enterprise.

History
-------

### US Military

Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States. Because of the strategic importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941. The Americans built military bases on land provided by Iceland. Construction on the airport began on 2 July 1942. It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field. After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their facilities to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland. During the cold war the Icelandic bases were used for surveillance in the North Atlantic. In the 1990s, with the end of the cold war, the US scaled back its operations in Iceland. In 2006 it closed down its base at Keflavik.

### Keflavik

During the 1950s two airlines served Iceland. Loftleidir Icelandic flew between Luxembourg and New York stopping in Iceland. The other carrier was Flugfelag Islands. They flew to Europe from Reykjavik. Sometime after the start of the jet age both moved to Keflavik. The two companies later joined together as "Icelandair". In April 1987, the airport got the "Leifur Eiriksson International Air Terminal". It was remodeled and extended in 2001. When the US military left in 2006, the government owned company ISAVIA took over control. The company operates all airports and navigational aids in Iceland.

Leifur Eiríksson terminal
-------------------------

According to an article in USA Today, Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal was ranked second best in the world. According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea". The airport has beautiful views of the rugged Islandic landscape. The Leifur Eiríksson Terminal is well lit, clean and easy to navigate for travelers. It is open 24 hours a day. The tax-free and duty-free shops are available both for arriving and departing passengers.

Other websites
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* For children at Keflavík


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Keflavík International Airport***.
Trotsky c. 1920s
**Lev Davidovich Bronstein (audio speaker iconLeon Davidovich Trotsky (help·info)** (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated *Leo*, *Lev*, *Trotskii*, *Trotski*, *Trotskij* and *Trotzky*; October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 in Kropyvnytskyi (nowadays Ukraine) - August 21, 1940 in Coyoacán, Mexico) was the public name of **Leib** or **Lev Davidovich Bronstein**. He was a Russian revolutionary and political theoretician. He was of Jewish-Ukrainian descent. After leading the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, he disagreed with other Bolsheviks and had to leave Russia.

Trotsky was a socialist and a Marxist. In 1905 there was a 1905 Russian revolution in Russia. Trotsky helped organize a committee of workers in St Petersburg which was called the Soviet. When the leader of the Soviet was arrested, Trotsky became leader of the Soviet in his place. Trotsky helped to expand on the idea of Permanent Revolution, which is a theory originally thought up by Karl Marx.

After the revolution Trotsky left Russia for his own safety. In 1917, he returned to Russia because of the Russian Revolution. He helped to bring about communism in Russia and defend it during the Russian Civil War. He was in charge of the army at this time. When the leader of the Bolsheviks (the party who led the revolution) Vladimir Lenin died, Trotsky became involved in a power struggle with Joseph Stalin for the leadership of the party. He lost, and Stalin came to power. He had to leave Russia because of Stalin, who was now his own enemy and wanted to harm Trotsky. In 1938 Trotsky founded the Fourth International. Stalin had one of his spies, Spaniard Ramón Mercarder, stab Trotsky to death in Mexico in 1940 who was ordered by Lavrentiy Beria .

  

People who believe in Trotsky's ideas are called Trotskyists and follow Trotskyism. Trotskyism is seen as being a more democratic form of communism than others, such as Stalinism and Maoism. The main Trotskyist organization today is the Socialist Workers Party in the UK and the International Socialist Tendency worldwide. 

In the novel *Animal Farm* by George Orwell, Trotsky is represented by Snowball the pig and Stalin is represented by Napoleon who was also a pig. The book reflected real world events.

Other websites
--------------

* Fourth International (post-reunification)
* Story of Trotsky's Murder
* Trotsky's Grave
Poster for decorative arts fair, 1894
*La Dansa*, Alphonse Mucha colour lithograph, 1898
Art Nouveau building in Paris
Hector Guimard's original Art Nouveau entrance of the Paris Métro in Abbesses station
**Art Nouveau**  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.

The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play *Gismonda* by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the *Style Mucha*, this soon became known as the magnificent *Art Nouveau*.

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.p37

Magazines like *Jugend* helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34

Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism.

Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".
A simplified schematic of the LIGO detector
The **Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory** (**LIGO**) is a large-scale physics observatory which detects cosmic gravitational waves co-founded by Scottish physicist Ronald Drever. They were first funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by Caltech and MIT. 
The NSF has funded improvements for LIGO to increase sensitivity, which allowed them to make the first detection of gravitational waves. LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF.

LIGO is an interferometer. It fires a laser beam and splits it into two laser beams. Mirrors bounce them back towards a light detector and merge them. Normally, the two laser beams should cancel each other, so the light does not reach the detector, but any changes in space-time caused by gravity waves can change the laser beams, so that they don't cancel out fully. When this happens, the light detector will see some of the laser light, which it can then use to work out the size of the space-time distortion.

Other websites
--------------

* Physicists Announce the Detection of Gravitational Waves; YouTube
* LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory; YouTube

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

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Traceur using his parkour.
**Parkour** is an activity in which the goal is to move from one place to another as quickly and efficiently as possible, using the abilities of the human body. Parkour helps to overcome barriers, and is practiced in rural and urban areas. Parkour practitioners are called *traceurs*, or *traceuses* for females.

Founded by David Belle in France, practitioners only use efficient movements to develop their bodies and minds, and to be able to overcome barriers in an emergency. It may also be a form of entertainment or a hobby.

Acrobatics (such as flips and wall flips) are not part of parkour, because of inefficiency in a difficult situation (emergency). Freerunning is the branch of parkour, when such flips are used rather than efficient movement.

  

In 1988, David Belle was 15 years old. His father Raymond Belle was a great fireman. David was influenced by his father. He left school at the age of 16 and his father helped him to make him stronger. David and his classmates began to create new actions to train themselves. They named it parkour. 

The basic motion of parkour
1. Landing
2. Roll
3. Rolling
4. Swan dive
5. Balance
6. Cat balance
7. Precision one foot take off
8. Precision 2 footed take off
9. Dismount
10. Turn vault
11. Wall run
12. Tic tac
13. Tic tac to precision
14. Crane
15. Moonstep
16. Catleap
17. 180% cat　　
18. Running cat　　
19. Tic tac to cat
20. Monkey vault
21. Kingkong vault　　
22. Double kingkong
23. Diving kingkong
24. Kong precision
25. Kingkong cat　　
26. Dash vault
27. Kingkong dash
28. Lazy vault
29. Speed vault
30. Underbar
31. Lache
32. Hand stand
33. Flag
34.Palmspin　　
35. Wall spin
36. Aerial。
37. Sideflip
38. Backflip
39. Frontflip
40. Star Jumping

Parkour does involve risks and many people get injured every day. Injuries can range from a simple concussion to a broken limb or even worse: death.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Parkour***.

* American Parkour - American parkour and free running community full of information about parkour and how to get started practicing the art
* Parkourpedia of Australian Parkour Association
* Parkour.NET Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine - International parkour community.