recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Denkova and Staviski in exhibition
**Maxim Staviski** (Bulgarian: Максим Стависки) (born November 16, 1977, in Rostov-on-Don, Soviet Union (now Russia)) is an ice dancer from Bulgaria. His skating partner and fiancee is Albena Denkova.

Staviski originally competed for the Soviet Union and later Russia. He moved to Bulgaria when he started skating with Denkova. He has acquired Bulgarian citizenship and considers himself wholly Bulgarian. He was insulted when a reporter told him he was the only Russian skater to win a gold medal at the 2006 World Championships.

Denkova and Staviski are the first Bulgarian skaters to win Worlds, which they did in 2006 and 2007.

After 2007 Worlds, Denkova and Staviski did not announce if they would retire, leaving it open. However, in the summer of 2007, Staviski was involved in a fatal car crash that killed a man and left someone else in a coma. Staviski survived unharmed. However, he was legally drunk. Denkova and Staviski have withdrawn from the Grand Prix events they were scheduled to attend. Denkova has not made an official announcement as to their retirement, but if Staviski goes to jail, they will be unable to compete.

Denkova and Staviski are known for being pioneers of dance lifts. They invented or popularized most of the ice dance lifts currently in use at the international level.

Other websites
--------------

* International skating union biography Archived 2007-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Denkova & Staviski official web site
* Care to Ice Dance? - Denkova & Staviski Archived 2007-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Няма как да сте забравили руският състезател по фигурно пързаляне


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Maxim Staviski***.
The **marbled cat** (*Pardofelis marmorata*) is a small wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Its head and body length is 45 – 62 cm (18 - 24") and it weighs 2 – 5 kg (4 - 11 lb). 

Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related with the Asian golden cat and the bay cat, which diverged from the other felids about 9.4 million years ago. Therefore, it may probably be transferred to the genus *Catopuma*.

Description
-----------

Its tail is extremely long and bushy. The background color of its fur varies from dark gray-brown through yellowish gray to red-brown. The flanks and back are strikingly marked with large, irregular, dark-edged blotches. The legs and underparts are marked with black dots, and the tail is marked with black spots and rings. There are spots on the forehead and crown, which merge into narrow longitudinal stripes on the neck and irregular stripes on the back.

Habitat
-------

The marbled cat is found in northern India, Nepal, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in China, and south through Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Borneo. Throughout its range it is thought to be rare, although it has also been suggested that the perception of the marbled cat's rarity may be caused by its secretive nature and its preference for remote forest areas.
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) is a technology which allows an antenna or multiple antennas to communicate with multiple devices, which minimizes errors and maximize efficiency. The most commonly used MIMO variant is MU-MIMO, which stands for Multiple User-Multiple Input, Multiple Output. In layman's terms, imagine a classroom with one teacher and many students who need help. Since there is only one teacher, it will take the teacher a while to fully help all the students. But if there are multiple teachers, students will get help much faster and better. The same way, a router with MU-MIMO technology will be able to communicate with multiple devices with increased speed and minimal errors.

MIMO technologies are most commonly found in routers, smartphones, laptops, TVs, etc. Wi-Fi, LTE; Long Term Evolution, and many other radio, wireless and RF technologies are using the new MIMO wireless technology to provide increased link capacity and spectral efficiency combined with improved link reliability using what were previously seen as interference paths.

Two researchers: Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath were first to propose the use of spatial multiplexing using MIMO in 1993 and in the following year their US patent was granted.
**Len Carlson** (September 2, 1937 – January 26, 2006) was a Canadian voice actor on many animated television series from the 1980s onward, an occasional live-action TV actor, and a Kraft Canada TV pitchman during the 1980s. He was a native of Edmonton and a former professional athlete.

Career
------

He was the voice of Big Boss, Sundown and Mace on *C.O.P.S.*, Ganon on *The Legend of Zelda*, Senator Robert Kelly (and the Supreme Intelligence) on *X-Men* (1992), Bert Raccoon in *The Raccoons*, Putter from *Popples* (and a voice director for the show from 1990 onwards), Mr. Frumble in *The Busy World of Richard Scarry*, Professor Coldheart in the early *Care Bears* series by DiC Entertainment, and *Rocket Robin Hood* in some of the third-season episodes. He was also the voice of Allo and Quackpot on the TV series, *Dinosaucers* and he was the original voice of the Green Goblin in *Spider-Man the original series* (1967) and the voice of Buzz in the show *Cyberchase* (2002). Also, he was the voice of Sterling Überbucks, his brother Carling, his great grandfather Sterling Überrucks and his nephew Stewie on *Roboroach* (2002) and the title character in the short-lived *Swamp Thing* (1991) animated series.

He also voiced all the male characters in two animated 1970s series (*The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo* and *The Toothbrush Family*), was the voice of Ace the Seagull and Sharkey Shark in the children's TV series *The Waterville Gang* and did voices for movies including *The Nutcracker Prince*, *Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot*, both *Rolie Polie Olie* movies (*The Baby Bot Chase* and *The Great Defender of Fun*), and reindeer voices in the live-action feature *Blizzard*.

In his last years, Carlson was a regular on Nelvana-produced shows such as *Rolie Polie Olie*, *Cyberchase*, *Pecola*, *Donkey Kong Country*, *Medabots*, *Beetlejuice*, and *Beyblade* as the main antagonist Gideon (season two). Most recently, he appeared in the French-Canadian co-production *Atomic Betty*, voiced the characters Hugo and Q in the video game *Street Fighter III 3rd Strike* and narrated the animated bible TV series *Friends and Heroes*. He also voiced Herc Stormsailor in the 1980s show *Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors* and The Big Boss in COPS .

Death
-----

Carlson died of a heart attack in Keswick, Ontario at the age of 68, in January 26, 2006.

Other websites
--------------

* Len Carlson on IMDb
* Len Carlson at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
* Obituary as published by the *Globe and Mail* Archived 2008-08-28 at Archive.today
* Eulogy by Kevin Gillis
John Rutter
**John Rutter** (born London 24 September 1945) is an English composer and choral conductor. He has composed a lot of church music. Many of his anthems and songs are very popular indeed with church choirs as well as choral societies. He writes in a style that can be enjoyed easily, and at the same time it is excellent music.

Life
----

Rutter was born in London. He went to school at Highgate School. Another pupil in the school was John Tavener who was also to become a famous composer, although his style of music is very different.

Rutter studied music at Clare College, Cambridge. He became director of music at Clare College in 1975 and made the choir internationally famous.

In 1974, Rutter visited the United States where he conducted his new cantata "Gloria" which became a great favourite. He also conducted his "Eight Childhood Lyrics".

In 1981 Rutter started a choir of his own, the Cambridge Singers. He still conducts them. They have made many recordings. Rutter still lives near Cambridge and spends his time composing and conducting all over the world.

Rutter has been given many honours, including honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton (1980), Fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians (1988). In 1996 the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him the Lambeth Doctorate of Music to celebrate all he has done for church music. He was made a CBE in 2007.

Rutter also works as an arranger and editor. His collection of *Carols for Choirs* which he prepared together with Sir David Willcocks is extremely widely used in Britain.

Compositions
------------

Rutter's compositions include Christmas carols, anthems and longer choral works such as a *Gloria*, a *Magnificat*, and a *Requiem*.

In 2002 his setting of *Psalm 150*, written for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London. He has also written an opera for young people called *Bang!*. His *Mass for Children* was first performed in 2003 in the Carnegie Hall, New York.

Most of his songs and anthems were written at first with piano or organ accompaniment, but he has also arranged many of them for orchestral accompaniment as well.

Other websites
--------------

* Rutter at the Oxford University Press website
**Mafic** is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron. The term is a portmanteau, made up from "magnesium" and "ferric". 

Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3. Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars. Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.

In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to the older *basic* rock class.

Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content. Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions. Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii.

  


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Rock Texture** | **Name of Mafic Rock** |
| Pegmatitic | Gabbro pegmatite |
| Coarse grained (phaneritic) | Gabbro |
| Coarse grained and porphyritic | Porphyritic gabbro |
| Fine grained (aphanitic) | Basalt |
| Fine grained and porphyritic | Porphyritic basalt |
| Pyroclastic | Basalt tuff or breccia |
| Vesicular | Vesicular basalt |
| Amygdaloidal | Amygdaloidal basalt |
| Many small vesicles | Scoria |
| Glassy | Tachylyte, sideromelane, palagonite |

Related pages
-------------

* List of minerals
* Granite
***Le Chaudron infernal*** is a French silent trick movie made in 1903. It was directed by Georges Méliès. In Britain it was released as ***The Infernal Cauldron*** and in the United States as ***The Infernal Caldron and the Phantasmal Vapors***. It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 499–500 in its catalogues.

Plot
----

In a Renaissance chamber decorated with devilish faces and a warped coat of arms, a gleeful Satan throws three human victims into a cauldron, which spews out flames. The victims rise from the cauldron as nebulous ghosts, and then turn into fireballs. The fireballs multiply and pursue Satan around the chamber. Finally Satan himself leaps into the infernal cauldron, which gives off a final burst of flame.

Versions
--------

The complete film
The movies Meliès did before 1903 were often pirated by American producers. This is especially true for his popular movie *A Trip to the Moon*. To fight against this product piracy, Méliès opened an American branch of his Star Film Company. He began producing two negatives of each movie he made: one for home markets, and one for foreign release. To produce the two separate negatives, Méliès built a special camera that used two lenses and two reels of film.

In the 2000s, researchers at the French film company Lobster Films noticed that Méliès's two-lens system was a fully functional, stereo film camera. 3D versions of Meliè' movies could e made by combining the domestic and foreign prints of the film. Serge Bromberg, the founder of Lobster Films, presented 3D versions of *The Infernal Cauldron* and another 1903 Méliès film, *The Oracle of Delphi*, at a January 2010 presentation at the Cinémathèque Française. According to the film critic Kristin Thompson, "the effect of 3D was delightful … the films as synchronized by Lobster looked exactly as if Méliès had designed them for 3D." Bromberg screened both films again—as well as the 1906 Méliès film *The Mysterious Retort*, similarly prepared for 3D—at a September 2011 presentation at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Other websites
--------------

* *Le Chaudron infernal* on IMDb
This article is about the symbol of the Philippines. For the Spanish saint, see John of the Cross. For the television series, see Juan dela Cruz (TV series).
**Juan dela Cruz** is the national personification of the Philippines. He is often used to represent the common "Filipino". He is usually shown wearing the native *salakot* hat, *Barong Tagalog*, long pants, and *tsinelas* (Tagalog: *slippers*).

Usage
-----

Activists often portray Juan dela Cruz as a victim of American imperialism. During the American period he is often shown with Uncle Sam in many editorial cartoons. of the often depicted him alongside Uncle Sam. In modern times, he is used to show the opinion and feelings of Filipino about their government and society.

The term, sometimes shortened to "Juan", also refers to the whole Filipino people.

Juan dela Cruz is the Spanish for "John of the Cross". The name is often used to refer to a anonymous Filipino, like how John Doe is used to refer Americans. For women the term **María dela Cruz** is used instead.
**Margherita of Savoy** or *Margaret of Savoy* (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.

Family
------

She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.

Marriage and child
------------------

She married her first cousin Humbert (Prince *Umberto* of Savoy) on April 21, 1868. In November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel.

Life
----

On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.

Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.

In 1889 the pizza *Margherita* was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese. After the pizza, a Peak was named like the queen, and then in 2007, the third highest mountain in Africa.

Politically she supported the Fascism.

Children
--------

1. Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy (future king of Italy) (I11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) married Princess Elena of Montenegro and had children.

Titles and styles
-----------------

### Titles and styles

* **20 November 1851 – 21 April 1868** *Her Royal Highness* Princess Margherita of Savoy
* **21 April 1868 – 9 January 1878** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont
* **9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900** *Her Majesty* The Queen of Italy
* **29 July 1900 – 4 January 1926** *Her Majesty* The Queen Mother of Italy
A **leitmotif** (pronounced [ˈlaɪːt.motif], "LITE-mow-teef") (also spelled **leitmotiv**), is a German word meaning **leading motif**. It is a little musical theme that is often repeated in a piece of music, very often in opera. The leitmotif is linked in the musical story with a person or a thing or an idea. The leitmotif might be a short tune, but it can also be a rhythm or just a chord.

The word "leitmotif" is sometimes used in other things such as literature. In a book it might be an idea that keeps coming during the story. It can also be used in movies or video games.

The word "leitmotif" is particularly associated with the operas of Richard Wagner. The leitmotif helps to make the story dramatic and bind it together, because it makes the music easier to understand. Sometimes a leitmotif will change during an opera as the character changes. Various dramatic effects can be made with leitmotifs. For example, a leitmotif might be played before a character comes onstage, so the audience will know who is coming before the actor can be seen. Three examples of leitmotifs from Wagner's Ring Cycle *Der Ring des Nibelungen*  are: the leitmotif for the chief god Wotan (a person), the leitmotif for the Tarnhelm, the invisibility helmet, (a thing), and the leitmotif for the Renunciation of Love (an idea).

The use of leitmotif was not completely new in the 19th century. For example: the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are used like a leitmotif during the whole symphony. It was, however, Carl Maria von Weber who first used it a lot in his operas. A music critic called F. W. Jähns used the word to describe Weber’s work. Hector Berlioz wrote a symphony called *Symphonie Fantastique* which has a tune which he called **idée fixe** ("fixed idea") to represent the love between the two characters.

Wagner did not actually use the word "leitmotif". He preferred to call such themes "Grundthema" (basic idea) or simple "Motiv". Some people, such as Eduard Hanslick, who did not like Wagner’s music, thought that Wagner’s use of leitmotifs made the music too simple. Claude Debussy said the use of leitmotifs in operas was like having a world where crazy people would always use "visiting cards" to introduce themselves and then start singing their names to be sure everyone knew what was going on.

Many other composers used leitmotifs in a similar way to Wagner, e.g. Richard Strauss in his operas, Elgar in his oratorios *The Kingdom* and *The Apostles* or Alban Berg in his opera *Lulu*. 

Leitmotifs or music themes are also used to dramatise movies. For example, the famous Jaws theme uses a leitmotif for the shark.
Mass of the object is same on Earth and Mars, but it has a bigger weight on Earth than Mars because gravity of two planets are different.
In the physical sciences, **mass and weight** are different. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in the object. Weight is a measure of the force on the object caused by a gravitational field. In other words, weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object. This means the mass of an object will remain at wherever it is on the earth's surface, but if it is moved from the equator to the North Pole, its weight will grow by 0.5% because of the increase in the earth's gravitational field.

The chains on the swing hold all the child's weight. If someone were to stand behind her at the bottom of the swing and try to stop her, they would be acting against her inertia, which comes from mass, not weight.
Mass is measured in kilograms or pounds. A one-liter volume of water has a mass of one kilogram. Weight is measured in newtons, the standard unit for force. A one-kilogram mass placed on a bench presses down on the bench with almost ten newtons of force.

Overview
--------

The weight of something is the value measured at the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing, and to use kilograms or pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.

Generally, mass refers to how "heavy" something is. However, mass is really an *inertial* property; that is, the tendency of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. According to Newton's second law of motion, as expressed in the formula an object with a mass, *m*, of one kilogram will accelerate, *a*, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) when acted upon by a force, *F*, of one newton.

Feeling the difference
----------------------

It is possible to feel the difference between weight and mass by suspending an object with a mass of over ten kilograms on a rope with a length of two or more meters. If a person pushes upwards against the underneath of the object with one finger they will feel the weight of the object. If they push momentarily against the side of the suspended object with one finger they will feel the mass of the object. (It is important that they do not push the object sideways far enough to begin to raise it.)
***Little Women*** is a 1933 black and white American RKO movie directed by George Cukor. The movie was based on a book of the same name by Louisa May Alcott. The movie stars Katharine Hepburn as Jo, Joan Bennett as Amy, Jean Parker as Beth, Frances Dee as Meg, Edna May Oliver as Aunt March, Spring Byington as Marmee, Paul Lukas as Professor Bhaer, Henry Stephenson as Mr. Laurence, and Douglass Montgomery as the boy-next-door Laurie. The movie is about the lives of four sisters in a nineteenth century Massachusetts village during the American Civil War. The movie was a success and was nominated for (but lost) the Best Picture Academy Award.

Notes about the production
--------------------------

The movie's budget was $1 million. Four thousand people worked on the movie for a year. A lot of research was done to make all the 3,000 costumes and props look like they came from the Civil War period. The set decorator modeled the inside of the March home after Louisa May Alcott's Massachusetts house. The movie opened on November 16, 1933 at Radio City Music Hall. It broke attendance records there and earned over $100,000 during its first week of showings. Louise Closser Hale was going to play Aunt March, but she died on July 26, 1933. Edna May Oliver took the role.

David O. Selznick went back to RKO from MGM to produce the movie. He was given no credit. This was the last movie in his contract with the studio. Katharine Hepburn asked costume designer Walter Plunkett to make a special dress for her character. This dress was based on one worn by her grandmother in an old photograph (a tintype) Hepburn owned. Plunkett also had to redesign many of Joan Bennett's costumes because she was going to have a baby.
Map of Kurram agency
**Kurram or Karam** (Urdu: کرم) tribal agency is in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) area of Pakistan. Until the year 2000, when divisions were abolished, Kurram District used to be part of the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh mountain range, and enters the Indus plains north of Bannu. It crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad, and joins the Indus near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq. miles); the population according to the 1998 census was 448,310. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Bangash,Mangal para-Chamkani, orakzai and Turis, a tribe of Turki and Pathan origin. The language of the tribes is Pashto, the majority of the people is sunni but a minute number of Shia community are inhabited too

It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.

The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad and in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez, but the route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year.

* Lower Kurram Tehsil
* Upper Kurram Tehsil
* Kurram F.R. Tehsil
**Lester R. Brown** (born March 28, 1934) is an environmental analyst who has authored and co-authored over fifty books. His books have been translated into more than forty languages. He is the founder of the Worldwatch Institute and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute.

The recipient of twenty-five honorary degrees and a MacArthur Fellowship, Brown has been described as "one of the world's most influential thinkers."

Writings
--------

Brown has authored or coauthored 50 books. One of the world's most widely published authors, his books have appeared in some 40 languages. Among his earlier books are *Man, Land and Food*, *World Without Borders*, and *Building a Sustainable Society*. His 1995 book *Who Will Feed China?* challenged the official view of China’s food prospect, spawning hundreds of conferences and seminars. 

In May 2001, he founded the Earth Policy Institute to provide a vision and a road map for achieving sustainable development. In November 2001, he published *Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth*, and his most recent book is *World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse* (2011).

Awards
------

He is the recipient of many prizes and awards, including 25 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems." More recently, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy, the Borgström Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, and appointed an honorary professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1991, the American Humanist Association named Brown the Humanist of the Year.

Related pages
-------------

* Earth Policy Institute

Other websites
--------------

* Earth Policy Institute Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine - biography of Lester R. Brown
* Lester Brown Interview about The Water Crisis[*permanent dead link*] MP3

Books online:

* *Plan B: Rescuing a Planet under Stress & a Civilization in Trouble* (2003); complete book online (html pages and pdf document) Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Lester R. Brown: *Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization* (2008); complete book online (html pages and pdf document) Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Lester R. Brown: *Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization* (2010); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)[*permanent dead link*]
* Lester R. Brown: *World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse* (2011); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)[*permanent dead link*]
Juvenil Lesser black-backed gull
The **lesser black-backed gull** (*Larus fuscus*) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.

This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes. It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.

They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated. Different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull. Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. 

The bill is yellow with a red spot. When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation. This is an inherited behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser.
The **Keoladeo National Park** is an Indian bird sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. It is also a declared World Heritage Site.

History
-------

Keoladeo Ghana National Park is a man-made and man-managed wetland and one of the national parks of India. 

The wetlands were created in the mid-18th century. It is named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within its boundaries. The area is a natural low spot in the land. It was flooded by two rivers, the Gambhir and Banganga. 

The area was a hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur after 1850. The Viceroy of India hunted birds in this special park. 

Keoladeo was established as a national park on 10 March 1982. 

The area was designated as a bird sanctuary on 13 March 1976.

In 1985, the Park was declared a World Heritage Site.

Geography
---------

Keoladeo (Bharatpur) National Park (27°10'N, 77°31'E) is in eastern Rajasthan. It is 2 kilometers (km) south-east of Bharatpur and 50 km west of Agra.

The Park is spread over approx 29 square kilometer area. One third of the Keoladeo National Park habitat is wetland. The uplands have grasslands (savannas) of tall species of grass together with scattered trees and shrubs present in varying density.

In an area characterized by sparse vegetation, the park is the only spot which has dense vegetation and trees. .

Dykes divide the wetland into ten units. Each unit has a system of sluice gates to control its water level.

Scientific research and facilities
----------------------------------

The Bombay Natural History Society has done considerable work in the area.

Between December 1992 and January 1995, a collaborative project between the Governments of India and Russia, International Crane Foundation and Wild Bird Society of Japan was set up to save the Siberian crane. The project focused on releasing captivity bred cranes into the wild, tracking migratory routes of common cranes, and building up the resident crane population in the park..

Related pages
-------------

* List of World Heritage Sites in India

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Keoladeo National Park at Wikimedia Commons

* Keoladeo National Park official site Archived 2016-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Keoladeo National Park on board the Palace on Wheels
* Wildlife in India | Keoladeo National Park
* WCMC Archived 2002-10-09 at the Library of Congress Web Archives
* Reuters: Drought-ridden Indian bird park loses its birds Archived 2007-12-23 at the Wayback Machine. Version of 2007-Feb-25. Retrieved 2007-Feb-27.
* List of birds
* Information on birds and region


| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
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| International | 
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* WorldCat Identities

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**Martin James Landau** (June 20, 1928 – July 15, 2017) was an American actor. Landau won an Academy Award for his portrayal of Bela Lugosi in *Ed Wood* directed by Tim Burton.

Career
------

Martin Landau was of Jewish descent. When Landau was a teenager, he was hired by *The New York Daily News* as a cartoonist.

Landau started acting in small roles in films and television shows such as *The Goldbergs* (1953) and *Armstrong Circle Theatre* (1956). His first major role was in the Alfred Hitchcock movie *North by Northwest* (1959) with Cary Grant. In 1966 he got the role of master of disguise Rollin Hand in the TV series *Mission Impossible*, along with his wife, Barbara Bain. He played that role for three years and earned a Golden Globe Award in 1968. 

In 1975, Landau was hired for the British sci fi TV series *Space: 1999*, where he played Commander John Koenig. Barbara Bain was also in that series. Then Landau starred in movies such as *Meteor* (1979) with Sean Connery and *The Fall of the House of Usher* (1979) where he played Roderick Usher. In 1982 he returned to play an unbalanced character in *Alone in the Dark*, directed by Jack Sholder and starring Jack Palance and Donald Pleasence. In 1988, Landau was nominated for an Academy Award for his supporting role in *Tucker: The Man and His Dream* directed by Francis Ford Coppola, and then *Crimes and Misdemeanors* (1989) by Woody Allen. 

He also won a Golden Globe for his role in *Tucker: The Man and His Dream*. In 1994, Martin Landau got a role in *Ed Wood* with Johnny Depp and directed by Tim Burton. In that movie, he played Bela Lugosi. He won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1995 for that.

Landau appeared in TV series *In Plain Sight* (2009), *The Simpsons* (2011) and in the movies *Ivory* (2010) and *Mysteria* (2011).

Death
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Landau died at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California on July 15, 2017 at the age of 89. The cause of death was hypovolemia shock caused by atherosclerosis and gastrointestinal bleeding.

More reading
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* Conversations with great teachers by Bill Smoot
* Horror films of the 1980s by John Kenneth Muir

Other websites
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 Media related to Martin Landau at Wikimedia Commons

* Martin Landau on IMDb
A 19th-century drawing of the Law Rock in Þingvellir.
A photo of the Law Rock in Þingvellir taken in 2016.
**Lögberg**, also named **Law Rock**, is a rocky area south west Iceland. It is where the local law making body (Althing parliament) meets. In older days, the parliament meets at Þingvellir. Þingvellir was very easily accessible from the towns of the south west Ireland. The area landscape is very beautiful.

Alþingi Lögberg photo taken from the air in June 2017
The exact location of the Lögberg is unknown. In 1000 years, the geography of the rift valley changes a lot. Two possible locations have been identified in Þingvellir. One of them is a flat ledge on top of a slope named Hallurinn (currently marked by a flagpole). The other area is in the Almannagjá fault against a rock wall. There is a proposal to make a place in the Hestagjá ravine the most idea location.

The Lögberg was the place on which the Lawspeaker (lögsögumaður) took office as the chief official of Althing. Speeches and announcements were made from the spot. Anyone attending could make their speech from the Lögberg. The parliament also starts and ends their gathering at the location.

The Lögberg serves as the location for the parliament since 930 A.D. It was no longer used after 1262 A.D. In 1962, Iceland was controlled by Norway.
This 1902 photo shows Profile Rock in Assonet, Massachusetts. The local Wampanoag believe it to be the image of Massasoit.
**Massasoit**  (c. 1581 – 1661),
was the Native American leader of the Wampanoag and "Massasoit" tribes. His name means *Great Leader*.

Early years
-----------

Massasoit was born in a Pokanoket village at the site of today's Rhode Island. His village was near a spring of water which is named after him. He was liked by seven leaders. In March 1621, a Native American named Samoset entered Plymouth Colony and said to the Pilgrims in English, "Welcome Englishmen". He had learned some words from the English fishermen and traders that had visited his tribe. He said he was sent by Massasoit, "the greatest leader of the country." After a few days, Massasoit came in person and was received with great friendship.

Massasoit made a treaty with the Pilgrims. They promised to protect each other against unfriendly Native Americans. They promised not to hurt each other. They also promised to help each other as friends. Massasoit told the pilgrims that there was much sickness where the colonist were now living and that many had died. The treaty was kept as long as Massasoit lived.

Peace treaty
------------

Massasoit smoking a peace pipe with Governor John Carver in Plymouth Colony 1621.
Massasoit helped the people of Plymouth Colony in many ways, including how to plant corn. He became friends with the all of the colonial leaders.

Children
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During this time, Massasoit had five children. His oldest son, "Moanam" or Wamsutta, died within a year after his father, and his brother Metacom (Philip) became chief in 1662.

Alliance
--------

There was some bad feeling for a time when the Plymouth leaders refused to give up Squanto to Massasoit. He believe that Squanto had betrayed him. This was settled when Edward Winslow visited him in March 1623. Massasoit was ill and Winslow took care of him. After he got better, Massasoit said the English are my friends and love me. He also said that while he lives he would never forget the kindness they have showed me."

The Wampanoag and the English maintained a friendship until Massasoit's death. During this time, Massasoit sold lands to the English that they needed. When Roger Williams, was sent away from the Massachusetts colony, he spent many weeks with Massasoit. Massasoit was friendly and honest and always kept his word. He warned the pilgrims of any Native Americans who were not their friends.

Massasoit died as early as 1660. When he died, his son Wamsutta became chief. When Wamsutta died Metacom (Philip) took his place. Of Massasoit's five children, the only child to survive King Philip's War in 1676 was his daughter, Amie, wife of Tispaquin.

In fiction
----------

Massasoit was a character in "The Mayflower Voyagers", a 1988 episode of the Peanuts television series, *This is America, Charlie Brown*. 

At the beginning of the 1995 movie adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's *The Scarlet Letter*, Massasoit dies and his tribe cremates him.
The Libyan Desert landscape, in southern Libya
Map of Sahara, showing features in Libya.
The **Libyan Desert** forms the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert. It describes that part of the Sahara that lies within the present-day state of Libya; it also historically describes the desert to the south of Ancient Libya, a territory which lay to the east of the present-day state. The Libyan Desert is one of the driest, harshest and most remote parts of the Sahara, the world's largest hot desert. This extended desert country is barren, dry and rainless.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Libyan Desert***.

* The Libyan Desert at fjexpeditions.com
* Libyan Desert at African volunteer.net; retrieved 6 November 2016
* *Tea in the Sahara: a road trip though the Libyan desert* Sara Wheeler, The Guardian, 4 September 2013; retrieved 6 November 2016
* The complete text and photos of the discoveries of Ahmed Pasha Hassanein in the Libyan Desert Archived 2011-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, *National Geographic Magazine*, September 1924
The Lymington branch line is a short line running between Brockenhurst and Lymington Pier. The line is operated by South West Trains. There is a station in between called Lymington Town. The short length of track between Lymington Town and Lymington Pier has a line speed of 20mph.

Preserved 421cig Units
----------------------

The two preserved 421cig units make the line a popluar destination for rail-fans. Unit 1497 "Freshwater" was painted in British Rail White and Blue while 1498 "Farringford" was painted in BR Green. The units were given names of places on the Isle of Wight as they only ran on this line. Until 22 May 22 2010 they were the only EMU slamdoor units still in operation anywhere in Britain.

Future of the Branch Line
-------------------------

The line is now operated by 158/9 sprinter units. This means the 750Volt DC electric has no longer got a use. This may seem strange as most parts of the country are electrifiying lines. The reason for this is that *450 units* have 4 cars which are too long for Lymington Town Station. And South West Trains are not willing to remove a coach from a 450 unit. The only solution then is to use DMU 3 car sprinter units.
**Sir Lynden Oscar Pindling** KCMG PC JP (21 March 1930 – 26 August 2000), is thought to be the founder of the nation in the Bahamas. He served various jobs that helped the nation eventually gain its independence.

Early life
----------

Pindling was born in Nassau, Bahamas, in the British West Indies on March 21, 1929. He eventually graduated from King's College London where he earned a degree in law. He later married Marguerite McKenzie.

Middle life
-----------

In 1954, Pindling helped found the Progressive Liberal Party in the Bahamas. This party was formed mainly to overthrow the white-run colonial United Bahamian Party. In 1967 he was elected Premier of the Bahamas Islands and worked to give the Bahamas independence. He became Prime Minister of an independent Bahamas in 1973 were he worked to stop heavy British influence in the country.

Later life
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Pindling would continue his job as Prime Minister until 1992. Throughout his later time in term he would be accused of corruption and protecting drug dealers. In the 1980's the economy dropped heavily and many people lost faith in their prime minister. They decided to elect Hubert Ingraham to replace Pindling. Pindling eventually died August 26, 2000 due to cancer. He was 71 years old when he died.
**Lymphogranuloma venereum** (LGV) is a chronic (long-term) infection of the lymphatic system caused by three different types of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacteria spread through sexual contact. The infection is not caused by the same bacteria that cause genital chlamydia.

LGV is more common in Central and South America than in North America. Every year, a few hundred cases of LGV are diagnosed in the United States. However, the actual number of infections is unknown.

LGV is more common in men than women. The main risk factor is being HIV-positive.

Symptoms of LGV can begin a few days to a month after coming in contact with the bacteria. Symptoms include:

* Blood or pus from the rectum (blood in the stools)

* Drainage through the skin from lymph nodes in the groin

* Painful bowel movements (tenesmus)

* Small painless sore on the male genitals or in the female genital tract

* Swelling and redness of the skin in the groin area

* Swelling of the labia

* Swollen groin lymph nodes on one or both sides; it may also affect lymph nodes around the rectum in people who have anal intercourse

* Diarrhea and lower abdominal pain.
Plaque marking Shortland's landing at Newcastle
Lieutenant **John Shortland** (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on *HMS Sirius* with Captain John Hunter. He was also on the ship when it was wrecked on Norfolk Island in 1790. He left Australia in 1792.

In 1792, Shortland came back to Australia with Hunter. Hunter had been made Governor of New South Wales and Shortland was First Lieutenant on the *Reliance*. Other officers on the ship were Matthew Flinders and George Bass. In 1797 Shortland found and named the Hunter River while searching for escaped convicts. He explored the area which is now the city of Newcastle. He made the first charts of the harbour. Shortland was given grants of land at Liberty Plains and Bankstown. He also served as a member of the Criminal Court in Sydney. He missed the excitement of navy life and in 1800 he returned to England on the *Reliance*.

Shortland served in Egypt and then on the *Dolphin* and the *Trompeuse*. He went to Guinea and after the death of its captain, became captain of the *Squirrel*. In 1805 at Halifax he was made captain of the *Juno*, a captured 40 gun French frigate. In 1809 he made a brave but unsuccessful attack on four French ships. The *Juno* was destroyed and Shortland died of his wounds. The French buried him with military honours at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.

The Newcastle suburb of Shortland, and the Division of Shortland - an electoral division in the Australian parliament were named after him. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.
Portrait by Johann Friedrich Gerhard, 1735
**Johann Joachim Quantz** (30 January 1697 – 12 July 1773) was a German composer, flautist (somebody who plays the flute) and flute maker from the late Baroque period. He was Frederick the Great's flute teacher.

Life
----

Quantz was born in Oberscheden, Electorate of Hanover. From 1708 to 1713, Quantz studied music with his uncle, Justus Quantz, a town musician in Merseburg. After his uncle died, he studied with the organist Friedrich Kiesewetter. In 1714, Quantz travelled to Pirna, a town near Dresden. He studied Vivaldi's violin concertos.

In 1716 he joined the town band in Dresden. He studied counterpoint with Jan Dismas Zelenka in Vienna in 1717. In March 1718, he became an oboist (somebody who plays the oboe) in the Polish chapel of August II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. Quantz could not become a better oboe player than other oboe players. So, he changed his instrument to the flute. He learned playing the flute with Pierre-Gabriel Buffardin for four months.

From 1724 to 1727, Quantz went on a trip around Europe. He met and studied with many musicians, including Francesco Gasparini in Rome, Alessandro Scarlatti in Naples, Michel Blavet in Paris, and George Frideric Handel in London. He returned to Dresden in July 1727. The trip made him famous around Europe.

In 1728, Quantz visitied Berlin. He met Crown Prince Frederick. He returned to Berlin two times a year to teach Prince Frederick the flute. When King August II died, Quantz stayed in Dresden until Prince Frederick became King of Prussia. Quantz moved to Berlin. He became a composer and flute player for King Frederick. Quantz did not write operas. Other composers in Frederick's court wrote operas.

Music
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Quantz did not publish a lot of his music during his life. He wrote concertos, trio sonatas, and other works for the flute.

Writing
-------

Quantz wrote *On Playing the Flute* in 1752. It explains how people played music and the flute in the baroque period.