recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Remigijus Šimašius** (Lithuanian: *Remigijus Šimašius*; January 12, 1974, Taurage, Lithuania) is the mayor of Vilnius since 2015. He is Lithuanian lawyer, politician, member of the Seimas (2012-2016), Minister of Justice of Lithuania from 2008 to 2012, economist.

Biography
---------

Remigijus Šimašius graduated from the Faculty of Law of Vilnius University.

He then studied as a doctoral student at Mykola Romeris University.

On September 17, 2002 he became Doctor of Laws.

In 2002-2008, he was a teacher (lecturer) in the field of law in Nicholas Romeris University and Vilnius University.

From 1995 to 2008, Remigijus Šimašius was a legal expert and economist at the Lithuanian Free Market Institute (LLRI). In 2006, he bacame a President of the Institute.

Politics
--------

From 2008 to 2012, Remigijus Šimašius was Minister of Justice in the government of Kubilius.

In 2015, he was elected mayor of Vilnius.

In June 2016, members of the Liberal Movement elected Remigijus Šimašius as a chairman of the party.

In 2017, he left the "Union of Liberals of Lithuania".

In 2019, Remigijus Šimašius created a public committee "*For Vilnius, which we are proud of*" and on March 17, 2019, in the second round he was re-elected mayor of Vilnius, gaining in the second round 59% of the vote.
Robert Bly
**Robert Elwood Bly** (December 23, 1926 – November 21, 2021) was an American poet, author, activist and leader of the Mythopoetic Men's Movement. He was born in Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota.

Career
------

Bly's early collection of poems, *Silence in the Snowy Fields,* was published in 1962, and its plain style had considerable influence on American poems of the next two decades. The following year, he published "A Wrong Turning in American Poetry", an essay.

In 1966, Bly co-founded American Writers Against the Vietnam War. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. When he won the National Book Award for *The Light Around the Body,* he contributed the prize money to the Resistance. During the 1970s, he published eleven books of poetry, essays, and translations. During the 1980s he published *Loving a Woman in Two Worlds,* *The Wingéd Life: Selected Poems and Prose of Thoreau,* *The Man in the Black Coat Turns,* and *A Little Book on the Human Shadow*.

Among his most famous works is *Iron John: A Book About Men,* an international bestseller which has been translated into many languages.

Bly died at his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 21, 2021, at the age of 94.

Other websites
--------------

* The Robert Bly Web Site
* Profile and poems of Bly at PoetryFoundation.org
* Francis Quinn (Spring 2000). "Robert Bly, The Art of Poetry No. 79". *Paris Review*. Spring 2000 (154).
* "Robert Bly reads 'Loon's Cry' "Archived 2007-03-18 at the Wayback Machine for the WGBH series, New Television Workshop
* Bly profile, The Academy of American Poets
* MenWeb - Men's Issues Interview with Robert Bly Archived 2020-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Modern American Poetry Archived 2019-05-21 at the Wayback Machine critical essays on Bly's works. University of Illinois
* *The Human Shadow* and other essays, articles and interviews by Robert Bly. Audio.
A cosplayer dressed up as Psylocke
**Psylocke** (real name **Elizabeth "Betsy" Braddock**), is a fictional character and superheroine from Marvel Comics, appearing as a major character in the *Captain Britain* and *X-Men* comics.

She is one of the children of Sir James Braddock, a champion of the Otherworld, another dimension who was sent to Earth by Merlyn to father a child to become Captain Britain. As her twin brother, Brian, became the superhero Captain Britain, Betsy developed telepathic powers when she reached her teenage years while in New York. She eventually joined the ranks of the X-Men under the nickname "Psylocke" after being rescued from Mojo and Spiral. She was his ally during several adventures and even replaced him as **Captain Britain** for a time, and is currently doing so after Brain become "Captain Avalon".

She was created by Chris Claremont and the late Herb Trimpe, and first appeared in *Captain Britain* Vol. #8 in December of 1976.

Portrayal
---------

In the *X-Men* movies, she was portrayed by Olivia Munn in *X-Men: Apocalypse*. In the *X-Men* animated series, she was voiced by Tasha Simms. In *Wolverine and the X-Men*, she was voiced by Grey DeLisle, who voices Daphne Blake in the *Scooby-Doo* series, and also voiced Mandy in *The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy*, Sam Manson in *Danny Phantom*, and Catwoman in the *Arkhamverse* and *Injustice* series.
Hyderabadi biryani served with Indian dishes.
**Biryani**, **biriani**, **beryani** or **beriani** is an Indian dish that comes in set of rice-based foods made with spices, rice (usually basmati) and meat, fish, eggs or vegetables. The name comes from the Persian word *beryā(n)* which means "fried" or "roasted".

The cooking method of biryani came from Iran. It was brought to the Indian subcontinent by Iranian travelers and merchants. In India, the recipe of biryani developed to its current form. Local variants of this dish are popular not only in South Asia but also in Bangladesh, Southeast Asia, Arabia, and within various South Asian communities in Western countries.

Ingredients
-----------

The spices and condiments used in biryani may include, but are not limited to, ghee, nutmeg, mace, cumin, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron. For a non-vegetarian biryani, the main ingredient with the spices is the meat—beef, chicken, goat, lamb, fish or shrimp. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of eggplant (brinjal), boiled egg and salad.

Biryani and pullao are different. In biryani the rice (plain or fried) is cooked separately from the thick sauce (curry of meat or vegetables). The curry and the rice are then brought together and layered. This makes a dish with contrasting flavors of rice, sauce and meat or vegetables.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Biryani at Wikimedia Commons
Divaldo Franco
**Divaldo Pereira Franco** or simply, **Divaldo Franco** is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

The First Years
---------------

Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.
***Fate*** (in Czech: *Osud*), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. 

Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera *Jenůfa* which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.

The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in *Jenůfa*, so the people in the story of *Fate* belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.

The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.

Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.

Story of the opera
------------------

The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it. 

In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.

Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.

Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished.
**Genetic linkage** occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken. 

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are. 

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a *genetic map unit* (m.u.), or a *centimorgan* and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

Related pages
-------------

* Meiosis
* Chromosome
Total cost of sequencing a human genome as calculated by the NHGRI
**Genetic screening** finds out genetic susceptibility to a particular disease. Genetic testing identifies differences in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. It allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases. It can also be used to find out a child's parentage (genetic mother and father).

Genetic screening in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.

Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by genetic counselling.

Related pages
-------------

* Designer baby
An **electoral system** or **voting system** is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are run and how their results are decided. They are used in politics to elect national and local governments. Elections also happen in businesses, and other sorts of organisations. These rules usually govern voting, when elections happen, who can vote, who can be a candidate, how the votes are counted, how votes decide the election, limits on campaign spending, and other things that can affect the result. 

There are many different electoral systems. Sometimes different systems are used in different sorts of elections in the same country. 

Voters may vote directly for candidates or their votes may elect an electoral college where their representatives may run a further election. Areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives in each. Voters may vote directly for individual candidates or for a list of candidates.

The most common systems are first-past-the-post voting, multiple non-transferable vote, the two-round (runoff) system, party-list proportional representation and ranked or preferential voting as used in single-winner Instant-runoff voting or multi-winner Single transferable voting.

Different voting systems may effect the results, and they may be changed to benefit those in power.
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Gong*.
공지영 Gong Ji-young
**Gong Ji-young** (Korean: 공지영; born 31 January 1963 in Seoul) is a South Korean novelist and journalist. Her popular novels are *My Sister Bongsoon* (2002), *Our Happy Time* (2005) and *The Crucible* (2009). She is considered a pioneer of Korean feminism. Since the mid 1990s, she has been considered one of the most eminent Korean female writers. She is gaining in popularity, especially among female readers. Her books have sold more than nine million copies.

Early literary career
---------------------

In 1985, Gong Ji-Young received her Bachelor's in Arts in Literature from Yonsei University. At that time she worked as a writer at a publishing company and at The Council of Writers for Freedom and Practice, which is now called The Writers Association of Korea (WAK). She has participated in demonstration for Korea's democracy in the 1980s. She was sent to a detention center for joining anti-vote rigging demonstration and decided to become a writer. In 1988, she made a literary debut through her novel *Dawn*. In the middle of the 1990s, her novels *Mackerel*, *Human Decency* and *Go Alone Like the Rhinoceros' Horn* were on the bestseller list concurrently. In the early 2000s, she sold her novel *My Sister Bongsoon* for almost 1.6 million volumes.

Current work
------------

Gong Ji-Young divorced three times and has raised three children. The children's last names are all different. To pay for her children's loans, she made a comeback after seven years and released *Our Happy Time*(2005). The novel was made into a feature film with a total of over four million viewers. After having published *The Crucible* (2009), the novel was made into a feature film (2011) raising public interest in the rights of disabled students. She was awarded the Lee-sang Prize for the 2011 novel *Wander an Alley in Barefoot*.

Awards
------

Gong received several awards for her work:

* 2001 - 7th 21st Century Literary Award
* 2001 - 27th Korean Novel and Literature Award from Korean Novelist Association
* 2004 - 12th Oh Young-soo Literature Award
* 2006 - 9th Special Media Award from Amnesty International

Works in English
----------------

* *Human Decency*. Jimoondang, 2006. ISBN 8988095928, OCLC 77530021. Translated by Bruce Fulton.
* *My Sister, Bong Soon*. Mosaic Press, 2005. ISBN 0889628319, OCLC 61700295. Translated by Jung-eun Park.

Works in Korean
---------------

* 1993 - *Go Alone Like a Rhino Horn*
* 1994 - *Mackerel*
* 2002 - *My Sister Bongsoon*
* 1999 - *Crying Existence*
* 2000 - *Who We Are, Where We Are From, Where We Are Going?* (received seventh 21 Century Literary Award in 2001)
* 2005 - *Films of My Life*
* 2005 - *Maundy Thursday* ("Our Happy Time")
* 2006 - *I Was Alone Like a Raindrop*
* 2006 - *The Unhurt Soul*
* 2009 - *People in the Bible for Children*
* 2009 - *The Crucible*
**Fermat's primality test** is an algorithm. It can test if a given number *p* is probably prime. There is a flaw however: There are numbers that pass the test, and that are not prime. These numbers are called Carmichael numbers.

Concept
-------

Fermat's little theorem states that if *p* is prime and {\displaystyle 1\leq a<p}, then 

{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}}}.
If we want to test if *n* is prime, then we can pick random *a'*s in the interval and see if the equation above holds. If the equality does not hold for a value of *a*, then *n* is composite (not prime). If the equality does hold for many values of *a*, then we can say that *n* is probably prime, or a pseudoprime.

It may be in our tests that we do not pick any value for *a* such that the equality fails. Any *a* such that 

{\displaystyle a^{n-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}}
when *n* is composite is known as a *Fermat liar*. If we do pick an *a* such that 

{\displaystyle a^{n-1}\not \equiv 1{\pmod {n}}}
then *a* is known as a *Fermat witness* for the compositeness of *n*.

*{\displaystyle {\pmod {n}}}* is the modulo operation. Its result is what remains, if p is divided by n. As an example,

{\displaystyle 5\equiv 2{\pmod {3}}}.

What this test is used for
--------------------------

The RSA algorithm for public-key encryption can be done in such a way that it uses this test. This is useful in cryptography.
**Grace Murray Hopper** (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.

Commodore Grace M. Hopper

Early Life
----------

Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992.

She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator. She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.

Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.

After the War
-------------

Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.

Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. 

A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor. The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.

On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle.
***Epidexipteryx*** ('display feather') is a genus of small maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from one fossil specimen in Beijing. *Epidexipteryx* is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record. It is a small maniraptoran dinosaur from the Middle or Upper Jurassic age Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China (perhaps 160 to 168 million years ago).

Structure
---------

It is known from a well preserved partial skeleton that includes four long feathers on the tail, composed of a central rachis and vanes. However, unlike in modern-style tail feathers, the vanes were not branched but made up of a single ribbon-like sheet. *Epidexipteryx* also preserved a covering of simpler body feathers. They are unique in that some appear to arise from a "membranous structure".

In all, the skeleton of *Epidexipteryx hui* measures 25 centimeters (10 inches) in length (44.5 cm or 17.5 in including the incomplete tail feathers), and the authors estimated a weight of 164 grams, smaller than most other early dinobirds.

The skull of *Epidexipteryx* is also unique in a number of features. It had teeth only in the front of the jaws, with unusually long front teeth angled forward, a feature only seen in *Masiakasaurus* among other theropods. The tail of *Epidexipteryx* bore unusual vertebrae towards the tip which resembled the feather-anchoring pygostyle of modern birds and some oviraptors.

Despite its close relationship to avialan birds, *Epidexipteryx* appears to have lacked wing feathers, and so it could not fly. Zhang *et al.* suggest that unless *Epidexipteryx* evolved from flying ancestors and subsequently lost its wings, this may indicate that advanced display feathers on the tail may have predated flying or gliding flight.

Dating
------

There is uncertainty about the age of the Daohugou Beds in which this fossil was found. Various papers have placed the fossils here anywhere from the Middle Jurassic (169 million years ago) to the Lower Cretaceous (122 ma). The age of this formation has implications for the relationship between similar dinosaurs, as well as for the origin of birds in general. A Middle Jurassic age would mean that the bird-like dinosaurs in the Daohugou beds are older than the 'first bird', *Archaeopteryx*, which was late Jurassic in age. Until this question is decided, the significance of *Epidexipteryx* (and other early dinobirds from that area) is not clear.

Other websites
--------------

* "New feathered dinosaur discovered". *news.bbc.co.uk*. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
***Europe Racing*** (the PlayStation version is known as ***Europe Racer***) is a Racing game, developed by Davilex and published by Koch Media, which was released in Europe in 2001. In the game someone has chosen you to race in the ‘Europe Racer’, the ‘Most Challenging Motor Vehicle competition known to man’, and it’s then up to you to take part in the races in 15 tracks throughout Europe.

Gameplay
--------

The game takes you across about ten different countries including Stockholm, Paris and Athens. Such landmarks include Red Square and the Eiffel tower. Teams from Europe, Russia, Japan and the USA compete in this illegal street race, always trying to hide from the police.

Description
-----------

**Manufacturer's description:**

Spectacular racing through Europe's major cities!

The worlds top racers are revving their engines, tuning their vehicles and getting ready to burn some rubber. The most prestigious illegal European road race organisation is hosting a cannonball run through the major cities of Europe. Various different racing clubs from Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States will take part.

These nations will all be competing to win this major event and to lay claim to the racing title of Europe. This will be the ultimate heart stopping, action packed race and you have been invited to compete. To represent your country and to bring that title home. All you have to do is finish first..and avoid the police who will be hot on your tail all the way..

**Features:**

* Third or first person perspectives.
* 3D graphics
* Cartoon graphics
* Racing theme.
**Eurolang** is an international planned language created by Philip Hunt between 1995 and 1998 in order to be a language for the European Union. The author stated as a principle of the design that the language should be very easy to learn for Europeans. In contrast with other languages like Esperanto, Eurolang includes many words directly borrowed from English.

At present there's no known community of active speakers of Eurolang. The website of the author in which he described the language has disappeared from the net.

Eurolang example
----------------

*Eurolang est actifacta lang, qui me creatab estar comuna 2a lang per la Europa Unized (EU). Its word-list est baseda super England-lang, Deutsh-lang, France-lang, Italia-lang, Espanja-lang et Latin. Me desinab it estar facila lernar et usar.*

*Detail est, que lernabera Europa person, qui deja sav un or plus un de da langs, probablae pos lectar Eurolang (no tropa usation de dictionary), si ge est lernabera it per 2 days. Evidentae, facation it est plus unfacila rel lection it.*

Other website
-------------

* Website of Eurolang by the author (not longer existing; link to the archive Wayback Machine)

| * v
* t
* e
Constructed languages |
| --- |
| Internationalauxiliary | 
* Dutton's Speedwords
* Esperanto
	+ Esperantido
	+ Ido
* Eurolang
* Folkspraak
* Glosa
* Interlingua de IALA
* Interlingue / Occidental
* Interslavic
* Kotava
* Latino moderne
* Lingua Franca Nova
* Lingwa de planeta
* Novial
* Volapük

 |
| Engineered | 
* Lojban
* Toki Pona

 |
| Artistic | 
* Atlantean
* Brithenig
* Klingon
* Láadan
* Middle-earth languages
	+ Adûnaic
	+ Quenya
	+ Sindarin
	+ Tengwar
* Na'vi
* Nadsat
* Newspeak
* Simlish
* Talossan
* Wenedyk

 |
Evander Holyfield
**Evander Holyfield** (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. 

In 2005, Holyfield was a contestant on season 1 of *Dancing with the Stars*. He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).

Other websites
--------------

* Boxing record[*permanent dead link*]
*At the Moulin Rouge* (1895), a painting by Henri Toulouse-Lautrec that captures the vibrant and decadent spirit of society during the *fin de siècle*
Drawing by Aubrey Beardsley for Oscar Wilde's play, *Salome*
**Fin de siècle** means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one. 

Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
This age was felt to be a period of degeneration, and sometimes simultaneously a time of hope for a new beginning.

The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.

The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

Examples in literature
----------------------

* Fyodor Dostoyevsky. *The Brothers Karamazov*
* Friedrich Nietzche. *Thus Spoke Zarathustra*.
* Oscar Wilde. *Salomé*.
**Ely Culbertson** (July 22, 1891 – December 27, 1955) was an American contract bridge player, entrepreneur and personality. He was the dominant figure in the game in the 1930s. He played and publicized the new game. He was a great showman, and was widely regarded as "the man who made contract bridge". He became rich, was highly extravagant, and lost and gained fortunes several times over.

 Match for the Schwab Cup, 1933. At table, from left: Culbertson, Lady Doris Rhodes, referee Col. GGJ Walshe, Josephine Culbertson, Pops Beasley.
Culbertson was a brilliant publicist; he played several famous challenge matches and won them all. Two were played in the U.S. against teams led by Sidney Lenz in 1931–32 (the so-called "Bridge Battle of the Century") and by P. Hal Sims in 1935, the latter between the married couples Culbertson and Sims. 

Four team matches were played in London. These matches had big publicity in newspapers, on radio and on cinema newsreels. The hands became the subject of intense discussion on bidding methods.

Culbertson was finally beaten in Budapest, June 1937, in the final match of the first world championship teams tournament, by the 6-man Austria team led by Dr. Paul Stern. It was his last appearance in a tournament or match.

Culbertson founded and edited *The Bridge World* magazine, which is still published today, and wrote many newspaper articles and books on bridge. He owned the first firm of playing card manufacturers to develop plastic cards, Kem Cards, and developed and owned a chain of bridge schools with teachers qualified in the Culbertson bidding system. He continued to play high-stakes rubber bridge for many years, but gave up tournament and match competition in 1938 to write and work for world peace.

Anglo-American matches after World War II, of which there were a number, did not involve Culbertson.
On the Internet, a **header** is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.

Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other **headers** also come along with it.

Examples
--------

* In an email, the following headers are sent: The sender's email address and name, the recipient's email address and name, the time the email was sent, the subject of the email, and the time the email was received by each computer between the sender and the recipient.
* When transferring an image, some other headers are sent: The image type, the image size, the image resolution, and the number of colors used.
**Ginetta Sagan** (June 1, 1925 – August 25, 2000) was an Italian-born American human rights activist. She is best known for her work with Amnesty International for prisoners of conscience.

Sagan was born in Milan, Italy. When she was a teenager, her parents died in the Black Brigades of Benito Mussolini. Like her parents, she was active in the Italian resistance movement. She gathered intelligence and supplied Jews during World War II. She was captured and tortured in 1945. Sagan escaped on the night before she was to be executed.

After studying in Paris, she attended graduate school in child development in the United States. She married Leonard Sagan, a physician, in 1951. The couple moved to Atherton, California. In Atherton, Sagan founded the first chapter of Amnesty International in the western United States. She later helped to create more than 75 chapters of the organization. She also organized events to raise money for political prisoners.

In 1984, Sagan was elected the honorary chair of Amnesty International USA. US President Bill Clinton gave her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996. Italy later awarded her the rank of *Grand Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana* (Grand Official Order of Merit of the Italian Republic). Amnesty International created a yearly Ginetta Sagan Award for activists in her honor.
Eric Knutsson's seal
Erik Knutsson's grave
**Eric X of Sweden** (**Erik Knutsson**, c. 1180 - April 10, 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.

Erik was the son of King Knut Eriksson of Sweden, but his mother is now unknown. In 1205 he escaped from the Battle of Älgarås, where his three brothers were killed. He stayed for three years with family in Norway. He returned to Sweden in 1208 and defeated Sverker II of Sweden in the battle of Lena. He was married in 1210 to Rikissa of Denmark, the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Novgorod.

Eric was elected king, but the coronation took place only in November 1210, after the Battle of Gestilren where he again defeated and killed Sverker II. Sverker had attempted to regain the throne. King Erik's coronation is the earliest known coronation in Sweden. It was carried out by the bishop Valerius, a former supporter of King Sverker II.

In 1216, Pope Innocent III agreed that King Erik was King of Sweden, and also any other pagan lands he captured, probably Finland. Previously, Innocent III had supported Sverker II. Very little is known about King Erik's reign, but it is said that the crops were good while he was king.

Erik had several children: 

1. Sofia (died before 24 April 1241), married to Prince Burwin Henry III of Mecklenburg (d. 1277/1278)
2. Marianne, Pomeranian princess, also called *Mariana* or *Marina*
3. Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, married Birger Jarl.
4. Erik Eriksson, called*Erik the Lisp and the Lame*. He was born in 1216 after his father's death. The Karl Chronicle says that "Erik Lisp and Lame" also had a sister, Martha Farmer. This would have been Erik Knutsson's daughter. Historian Dick Harrison says that this is only political propaganda for Martha's cousin, Karl Knutsson (Bonde). This untrue connection would have made him a relative of the House of Eric.

Erik died of a fever in 1216 at Nas Castle in Visingsö. He is buried in the Varnhems Church.
Frank Griswold in 2007
**Frank Tracy Griswold III** (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania died 6 March 2023) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.

Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003. He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.

His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
Gerald Wallace
**Gerald Jermaine Wallace** (born July 23, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the position of small forward. He has been nicknamed "Crash" for his aggressive style of play, and is known as one of the better defensive players in the league.

Early career
------------

Wallace played high school basketball at Childersburg High School in Childersburg, Alabama. He then played college basketball for one year at the University of Alabama, then entered the 2001 NBA Draft.

NBA career
----------

The Sacramento Kings chose Wallace with the 25th pick of the 2001 NBA Draft. Wallace was on the Kings for three seasons, but did not play much. His chance came in 2004. The Charlotte Bobcats were a new NBA team, and had a chance to choose players from other teams in an *expansion draft*. The Bobcats chose Wallace, who became an important part of the team over the next six years. In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Bobcats in the NBA All-Star Game, which made him the first Bobcats player to play in the All-Star Game. He also made the NBA All-Defensive First Team for that season.

On February 24, 2011, Wallace was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers.

Other websites
--------------

* 

* Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com
Fred McDowell
**Fred McDowell** (January 12 1904 – July 3 1972) (also known as **Mississippi Fred McDowell**) was a Delta blues singer and guitar player. His parents died when he was young.

Career
------

### Early career

McDowell was born in Rossville, Tennessee, near Memphis. He started playing guitar when he was 14 and played at parties around where he lived.

### Later career

McDowell moved to Memphis in 1926 where he played for money. Soon after, he moved to Como, Mississippi in 1940 or 1941 and worked as a farmer. He still played at parties.

Mostly, he played slide guitar using a pocket knife and then a slide made from a beef rib bone, later switching to a glass slide. He played with the slide on his ring finger.

#### Fame

In the 1950s, people became more interested in Blues Music and McDowell became more famous. He recorded for the first time in 1959 with Alan Lomax and Shirley Collins. He started playing on electric guitar rather than acoustic but said "I do not play no rock and roll". He taught Bonnie Raitt the slide guitar technique, and was written about by The Rolling Stones'.

Albums
------

McDowell's first album came out in 1969, called *I Do Not Play No Rock 'N' Roll*.

Death
-----

McDowell died of cancer in 1972 and is buried at Hammond Hill M.B. Church, between Como and Senatobia.

Other websites
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* Illustrated Fred McDowell discography

| * v
* t
* e
Blues music |
| --- |
| Subgenres | Boogie-woogie - Classic female blues - Country blues - Delta blues - Electric blues - Fife and drum blues - Jump blues - Piano blues |
| Fusion genres | Blues-rock - Jazz blues - Punk blues - Rhythm and blues - Rock - Rock and roll - Soul blues |
| Regional genres | British blues - Canadian blues - Chicago blues - Detroit blues - East Coast blues - Kansas City blues - Louisiana blues - Memphis blues - New Orleans blues - Piedmont blues - St. Louis blues - Swamp blues - Texas blues - West Coast blues |
| Instruments | Electric guitar - Keyboard |
| Related topics | Blues genres - Blues musicians - Blues scale - Distortion - Guitar amplifier - Jug band - Power chord - Origins |
**Gandhi** is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo. 

Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans.

The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.

The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album *Ciclos*. The album "Páginas Pérdidas" got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.

The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo (*Tributo a Soda Stereo*). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

Albums
------

* 1997: *En el jardín del corazón* (*In the Garden of the Heart*)
* 2000: *Páginas perdidas* (*Lost Pages*)
* 2002: *BIOS*
* 2004: *Ciclos* (*Cycles*)
* 2006: *Un ciclo más* (*One Cycle More*) - double DVD
* 2009: *Arigato NO!*

Music videos
------------

They have some videos of their songs:  


| Year | Song | Translation | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | "El invisible" | "The Invisible | "Páginas Pérdidas |
| "Mátame" | "Kill me |
| 2002 | "Comida de animal" | "Animal Food" | *Bios* |
| "Procesión" | "Procession" |
| "Hacia adentro" | "To the Inside" |
| 2004 | "Una ilusión" | "An Illusion" | *Ciclos* |
| "Sr. Caballero" | "Mr. Gentleman" |
| "Sombras" | "Shadows" |
| "Ciclos" | "Cycles" |
| 2006 | "Mientras Tanto" | "Meanwhile" | *Un ciclo más* |

Other websites
--------------

* Official site
Buildings destroyed in Tampere during the Finnish Civil WarBuildings destroyed in Tampere during the Finnish Civil War
The **Finnish Civil War** was a civil war in Finland between January 27 and May 15, 1918 that was fought between the Reds and the Whites. The Reds were led by a section of the Social Democratic Party and were supported by Soviet Russia. The Whites were led by the conservative-based Senate (government) and were supported by the Imperial German Army. The Whites won the war. As a result, Russian influence on Finland decreased, but the Finnish people continued to be divided for a long time.

Background
----------

The Russian Empire had broken after the First World War, and Finland had gained independence on 6 December 1917. The Finns did not agree on how Finland should be governed.

Aftermath
---------

The war divided Finland for a long time. After the war, about 80,000 Reds had to go to prison camps. About 1,300 of them died because of diseases and hunger, and about 500 of them were sentenced to death.
A neutrophil with a segmented nucleus (center and surrounded by erythrocytes), the intra-cellular granules are visible in the cytoplasm (Giemsa stained high magnification)
Eosinophil granulocyte
A basophil with lobed nuclei surrounded by erythrocytes
**Granulocytes** are a category of white blood cells which have granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called **polymorphonuclear leukocytes** because of the shape of the nucleus, which has three segments. The term *polymorphonuclear leukocyte* often refers just to neutrophils, the most abundant of the granulocytes.

Granulocytes are released from the bone marrow. They operate by phagocytosis and other means.

Types of granulocytes
---------------------

There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under Wright's stain:

* Neutrophil granulocytes
* Eosinophil granulocytes
* Basophil granulocytes

Their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally-staining cytoplasmic granules.

Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes.

Related pages
-------------

* Agranulocytosis (not enough white blood cells in the blood)
**Ernest Borgnine** (born **Ermes Effron Borgnino**; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American actor.

Early life
----------

Borgnine was born **Ermes Effron Borgnino** in Hamden, Connecticut on January 24, 1917 to Italian immigrant parents.

Career
------

### Movies

Borgnine's first movie work was in a small role in *China Corsair* (1951), followed by *The Whistle at Eaton Falls* (1951). Then in 1953 he would get a role in *From Here to Eternity* (1953). This movie had a very well known part with him and Frank Sinatra fighting. Borgnine won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role in the movie Marty (1955), one of the best movies of his career.

His other movies included *The Stranger Wore a Gun* (1953), with Randolph Scott, *Demetrius and the Gladiators* (1954), with Victor Mature and Susan Hayward, *Vera Cruz* (1954), with Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, *Bad Day at Black Rock* (1955), with Spencer Tracy, *Run for Cover* (1955), with James Cagney, *Three Brave Men* (1956), with Ray Milland, *The Vikings* (1958), with Kirk Douglas and *The Badlanders* (1958), with Alan Ladd. He worked with Glenn Ford in *Jubal* (1956) and *Torpedo Run* (1958), and Bette Davis in *The Catered Affair* (1956). He played Lucius, in the biopic *Barrabas* (1961), with Anthony Quinn. He then starred in *McHale's Navy* (1964) and has a small role in *The Flight of the Phoenix* (1965). In 1967, he is co-starred in *The Dirty Dozen* (1967) as General Worden. Borgnine co-starred with William Holden in *The Wild Bunch* (1969), he played Dutch Engstrom.

Another of his best work was in *The Poseidon Adventure* (1972), with Gene Hackman. He played Mike Rogo, who helped rescue people from the ship.

His later works include *When Time Ran Out* (1980), *Escape from New York* (1981), *The Genesis Code* (2010) and *Night Club* (2011).

### Television

Borgnine has had a large amount of success on television. This includes his work on *McHale's Navy* and *Airwolf*. He is also remembered for *Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission* (1987) and *The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission* (1988). In these movies, he again played the part of General Sam Worden.

He was a special guest in the series *Laramie*, *Wagon Train*, *Get Smart*, *Little House on the Prairie*, *Hallmark Hall of Fame* and others.

Borgnine provided the voice of Mermaid Man (from 1999 to 2012) in *SpongeBob SquarePants*. This is the second time Borgnine would work with Tim Conway (Barnacle Boy) in a television series.

Illness and death
-----------------

In 2006, Borgnine was suffered kidney failure after he was taken to a medical center in Las Vegas.

On the morning of July 8, 2012, Borgnine died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California of kidney failure at the age of 95. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, California.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Ernest Borgnine***.

* Ernest Borgnine on IMDb
* Ernest Borgnine at the Internet Broadway Database
* Ernest Borgnine at the TCM Movie Database
* Ernest Borgnine at AllMovie
* Video interview with Ernest Borgnine from the Archive of American Television