recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Map showing the Cumberland Plateau in yellow as defined by Bailey's ecoregions.
The **Cumberland Plateau** is the southern Appalachian or Cumberland Plateau in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. 

The Plateau includes parts of Kentucky and Tennessee, northern Alabama and northwest Georgia.

The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the heavily ridged plateau lands west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms come from historical usage. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland River rising in the Cumberland Plateau in Harlan County, Kentucky.

This was early coal-mining territory, and the area had some famous and tragic coal mining accidents.

As mentioned in the article Allegheny Mountains, the mountains are the low ground-down rock of a once huge mountain chain. The land ridges are difficult to cross SE to NW (or vice versa), and this lead to mountain folk being semi-isolated from the lower areas to either side of the mountains.
Electroreceptors in the head of a shark.
**Electroreception** is the ability animals have to sense electrical sources. It is mostly found in aquatic or amphibious animals. This is because water helps the signals travel better than air. Some exceptions are the echidnas, cockroaches and bees. Electroreception is used in electrolocation.

Research
--------

Until recently, people thought only vertebrates had electroreception. However, research has shown that bees use electroreception to find flowers. Electroreception is found in lampreys, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, chimaeras), lungfishes, bichirs, coelacanths, sturgeons, catfishes, gymnotiformes, monotremes, and at least one species of cetacean. Fish have electroreception from their lateral lines. In most groups electroreception is used for predation. The Western long-beaked echidna has about 2,000 electroreceptors on its bill. Its relative, the duck-billed platypus, has 40,000.

Electrolocation
---------------

Electroreceptive animals use this sense to find where objects are. This is important in ecological niches where the animal cannot see. For example, animals cannot use their vision in caves, in murky water, and at night. Many fish use electric fields to find buried prey. Some shark pups "freeze" when they feel the electric signal of their predators.

Related pages
-------------

* Lateral line
* Electric fish

Other websites
--------------

* ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
* Electrolocation on Scholarpedia
* Video clips of Gnathonemus, Apteronotus, and Ameiurus
* Electroreception in fish, amphibians and monotremes — Map of Life, University of Cambridge
**Douglas Sirk** (April 26, 1897 – January 14, 1987) was a movie director. He is best known for his lush romantic movies of the 1950s such as *All That Heaven Allows*. His movies were thought banal and unimportant by contemporary critics. Today however they are regarded as masterpieces and ironic commentaries on American life and society.

Sirk's life and work
--------------------

Sirk was born Hans Detlef Sierck in Hamburg, Germany. His parent were Danish. He grew up in Denmark, but moved to Germany as a teenager. His theater career began in 1922 and his movie career in 1934. He left Germany in 1937. By 1942 he was directing movies in Hollywood. He is famous for lush romantic movies made between 1952 and 1958. At the height of his career, he quit making movies. He left the United States. Sirk died in Lugano, Switzerland about thirty years later. In 1985, he was awarded the Bavarian Film Award, Honorary Award.

A selection of Sirk's movies
----------------------------

* *Magnificent Obsession* (1954)
* *All That Heaven Allows* (1955)
* *Written on the Wind* (1956)
* *Imitation of Life* (1959)

What the critics thought
------------------------

Sirk's movies were very successful at the box office, but the critics did not like them. They thought his movies unimportant and banal because they were about women and exaggerated emotions. His conspicuous style was considered unrealistic. Critical opinion changed in the 1970s. Analysis revealed Sirk's movies actually criticized American society beneath a banal surface plot. His movies are now regarded as masterpieces of irony. Sirk's reputation was also helped by a widespread nostalgia for old-fashioned Hollywood films. His movies have influenced other directors. Todd Haynes's *Far From Heaven*, for example, is a conscious attempt to replicate a typical Sirk movie. Roger Ebert has remarked that "To appreciate a film like *Written on the Wind* probably takes more sophistication than to understand one of Ingmar Bergman's masterpieces, because Bergman's themes are visible and underlined, while with Sirk the style conceals the message."
On the left is nucleotides that forms the DNA and their complementary base pair. Between A and T there are 2 hydrogen bounds, between C and G, there are 3 hydrogen bonds. On the right is a DNA sequence
In molecular biology, **complementarity** is a property (something that it can do) of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide has a nitrogenous base, and each nitrogenous base can pair up with the nitrogenous base from another different nucleotide. One can say that the nitrogenous base is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalently bonded by hydrogen bonds.

Since there is only one complementary base for any of the bases found in DNA and in RNA, enzymes can make a complementary strand from any single strand. This is needed for DNA replication.

The bases which are complementary are

* A with T
* C with G

For example, the complementary strand of the DNA sequence

```
A G T C A T G
```

is

```
T C A G T A C
```

Related pages
-------------

* Base pair
In legal terminology, a **complaint** is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a **criminal complaint** or **felony complaint**. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called *the state*, *the People* or *the Crown* (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.
Photo shows Emma Tenayuca standing in the Tenayuca family home.
**Emma Beatrice Tenayuca** (December 21, 1916 - July 23, 1999) was a Civil Rights Activist and Mexican American Labor Organizer.

Early life
----------

Tenayuca was born into a large Mexican Comanche family. Her family suffered from the Great Depression.

Work
----

Tenayuca led strikes and protests. She wanted Mexican American workers to have better working conditions and better pay in 1930s Texas. Tenayuca worked with many moderate unions such as the League of United Latin American Citizens or the International Ladies Garment Workers. But she believed those groups ignored many workers who needed help. She started her own organiation. This organization was a communist Texas group called the Workers Alliance of America. The group helped unemployed people. Tenayuca said that "Mexicans need to unite, not divide on the basis of citizenship, class or educational status." 

### Pecan Sheller Strike

In 1938, Tenayuca led a huge strike of pecan shellers, or workers who took the hard shells off of pecans. It was the largest strike in San Antonio, TX's history. About 12,000 people refused to do their work until they got better pay and improved work conditions.
Wood crate
A **crate** is a type of container often used in shipping. It can be made of wood, but crates made to carry bottles are often plastic. Steel and aluminium crates are also used.

History
-------

The word crate comes from the word: Latin: *cratis*.
The earliest packaging materials were made of wood and wood fiber. The first crates used to transport anything were hampers or baskets. They were made of twigs, strips of wood, roots, and reeds. Whatever was available that could be woven into a container. Baskets were used to hold and transport food and goods. Later glass and ceramic jugs were protected by baskets.

The first documented reference to a shipping crate in the United States is in a 1930 handbook, *Technical Bulletin No. 171* written by C. A. Plaskett for the US Department of Agriculture. His writing implies that crates were defined before that time. C. A. Plaskett was known for his extensive testing and defining of various components of transport packaging.

Construction
------------

While both can be used for shipping, a crate is different from a box. A crate has a frame while a box generally does not. Crates are rigid containers built for the purpose of protecting the contents. Crates can be made of wood, plastic, metal or other materials. Crates usually need to be designed to exactly fit what it is they are protecting. Reusing a crate that does not fit the contents can waste space and harm the contents.

Other websites
--------------

* Crating Express. Crating Express provides Packaging and Carpentry Services with Certified Wood for Export, in the Miami area, South Florida and anywhere within the USA. Crating Express is Quality Services, On time and at the Best Prices.
* Wood Crate, Box and Case Style Diagrams Archived 2015-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Building a Basic Crate 2.0 – Boston University


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Crates***.
Two sea anemones compete for territory
A lion and a spotted hyena in the Maasai Mara: The two species share similar ecological niches, and so compete with each other
**Competition** is an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a role in natural selection.

Competition occurs when organisms or species need or use the same resources. Common resources are food, water and territory.

Two species in competition often continue long-term in the same environment. This suggests they each have an "edge" which the other does not. In may cases *being there first* is a big edge. For example, plants consume nitrogen by absorbing it into their roots, making nitrogen unavailable to nearby plants. 

Species in competition may directly interfere with each other. An example of this can be seen between the ant *Novomessor cockerelli* and red harvester ants, where the first interferes with the ability of the second to forage. It does this by plugging the entrances to their rival's colonies with small rocks.

Related pages
-------------

* Struggle for existence
* Natural selection
**FC Kärnten** was an Austrian association football club. The club played in Klagenfurt, Carinthia. It was founded in 1920 under the name of **KSK Klagenfurt**.

History
-------

FC Kärnten played successfully in the *Kärntner Liga*. In 1960 they were promoted to the Austrian Regional League. They won the 1961–62 championship and were promoted to the Austrian Football Bundesliga *(Liga A)*. In 1989 they were finally relegated from the Bundesliga. In the 1992–93 season the club was relegated to the Kärntner Liga.

Though FC Kärnten again gained the promotion to the Regional League Central in 1996 it was the aim that the Carinthian Clubs work together in order to send a team to the Bundesliga. It led to a cooperation of SK Austria and Villacher SV. In 1997, the clubs changed their name to FC Austria/VSV and were promoted to the First League. In 1999 the clubs merged under the name FC Kärnten.

Under manager Walter Schachner in 2001, the team won the Austrian Cup, the Supercup and became champions of the First League and were promoted to the Bundesliga. The club again reached the finals of the Austrian Cup and the Supercup in 2003, which they both lost to FK Austria Wien. FC Kärnten played in the Bundesliga for three years until relegation in 2004. The club was under the honorary presidency of Carinthias Governor Jörg Haider

Their decline after the resignation of Jörg Haider in 2006 and the foundation of rival club SK Austria Kärnten in June 2007. Kärnten held the Bundesliga licence of the defunct ASKÖ Pasching. The team had to leave their stadium, the present-day Hypo-Arena and went back to the small Fischl ground. At the end of the 2007–08 season, FC Kärnten was relegated into the Regional League and several players left the club. On 21 January 2009 the club ceased operations. The team's tradition is continued by the SK Austria Klagenfurt  football club who was founded in 2007.

Honours
-------

### Domestic

#### League

* **Austrian Second Division:**
	+ **Winners (2):** 1981–82, 2000–01

#### Cups

* **Austrian Cup:**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2000–01
	+ Runners-up (1): 2002–03
* **Austrian Supercup:**
	+ **Winners (1):** 2001
	+ Runners-up (1): 2003

European cup history
--------------------

* **Q** = Qualification

| Season | Competition | Round | Country | Club | Home | Away | Aggregate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001/02 | UEFA Cup | 1 | Greece | PAOK Thessaloniki | 0–0 | 0–4 | 0–4 |
| 2002/03 | UEFA Cup | Q1 | Latvia | HK Liepājas Metalurgs | 4–2 | 2–0 | 6–2 |
|  |  | 1 | Israel | Hapoel Tel Aviv | 0–4 | 1–0 | 1–4 |
| 2003/04 | UEFA Cup | Q1 | Iceland | Grindavik | 2–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 |
|  |  | 1 | Netherlands | Feyenoord | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–3 |

Managers
--------

* August Starek (1998–99)
* Walter Schachner (2000–02)
* Rüdiger Abramczik (2002–03)
* Dietmar Constantini (2003)
* Peter Pacult (2004–05)
* Nenad Bjelica (2007–09)

Other websites
--------------

* fckarnten.at Official club website
FC Pyunik at the Football Academy Stadium.
**Football Club Pyunik** (Armenian: Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Փյունիկ; usually just called **Pyunik**) is a professional Armenian association football club from Yerevan. Pyunik is one of the most popular football clubs in Armenia.

The club was founded in 1992 as **Homenetmen Yerevan**, and they won the first Armenian Premier League held. The club was renamed in 1995 to *FC Pyunik* (Armenian for "Phoenix"). The club absorbed the newly promoted club FC Armenicum and automatically gained position in the Armenian Premier League without playing a single game in the lower leagues. Pyunik improved a lot after the arrival of many foreign players from Mali, Cameroon, Argentina and later from Romania.

They are the most successful team in Armenia, winning the Armenian Premier League 14 times and Armenian Independence Cup 8 times.

Honours
-------

**Armenian Premier League**

* 1 Winner (14) – 1992, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014–15
* 2  Runner-up (2) – 1994, 2011

**Armenian Cup**

* Winner (8) – 1995–96, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
* Runner-up (3) – 1992, 1996–97, 2006

**Armenian Super Cup**

* Winner (9) – 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2015
* Runner-up (6) – 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2014

Other websites
--------------

* Official website (in Armenian)
**Electronic money** is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card. If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code. In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets. JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA). Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip. Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.

In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic
money capability. Recently, many people have been using these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.

Note, that electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

In the European Union, authorized and regulated electronic money institutions can issue e-money which serves as a "digital alternative to cash". The issuance of e-money is governed by the Directive 2009/110/EC "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions". The Directive also describes e-money as a "technically neutral ... electronic surrogate for coins and banknotes". 

In June of 2019, the Icelandic company Monerium become the first company authorized to issue e-money tokens on blockchains.

Related pages
-------------

* Bitcoin
* Debit card
A **compendium** (plural: compendia) is a collection of information on a particular topic. The amount of information is usually short but detailed. A compendium will often summarize a larger work, putting it into fewer words. It is usually not intended to be read from beginning to end. Instead a compendium is used to look up facts. It is very often called a reference work

The word compendium comes from the Latin word "compenso". It means "to weigh together or balance". The Internet has large numbers of compendia in the form of databases. Searching a database make it very easy to find facts and information. This is causing concern that print compendia (in the form of books) may eventually go away.

Examples
--------

One example would be the *Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church*. It is organized into 598 questions and answers which summarize the teachings of the Catholic Faith.

The Bible is another example of a compendium. It is a group of many books put together to form the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Bartlett's Familiar Quotations is a compendium of wise sayings by famous people.

Related pages
-------------

* Compilation
* Abstract
* Epitome
* Text corpus

Other websites
--------------

* A compendia of compendium
**Dili** is the name of one of the 13 municipalities of East Timor, which includes the national capital Dili. 

Dili is the smallest municipality in East Timor, but it has the highest population. It is the economic and political centre of East Timor.

Geography
---------

Rice fields in Dili district
The district of Dili, with 368.12 km2 (142.13 sq mi), is the smallest district of the country; it lies on the north coast of the island of Timor on the Savu Sea. It borders the districts of Manatuto to the east, Aileu to the south, Liquiçá to the west and the Savu Sea to the north. Atauro Island, 30 km (19 mi) to the north of the district opposite the capital, is one of its administrative posts.

The district is divided in six administrative posts: Atauro, Cristo Rei, Dom Aleixo, Metinaro, Nain Feto and Vera Cruz.

The capital of the district is Dili and the administrative headquarters of the district are located in Caicoli, in the administrative post of Vera Cruz. The city of Dili extends over several administrative posts. Other settlements in the district are Dar (administrative post Veracruz), Hera (Cristo Rei) and Metinaro (Metinaro).

Mountains are close to the coast so that most of the landscape is mountainous. Near the western border is the *Lake Tibar*, one of the few large lakes of East Timor. Three small lakes with salt water are near Tasitolu and they have been named as Important Bird Area and also the entire island of Atauro.

### Climate

The climate of Dili is typical of the north coast of East Timor. In the dry season, the temperature could get up to about 35 °C (95 °F); at night, the temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F). In the rainy season the temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F). The annual average is 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). Rain falls almost exclusively during the rainy season from late November to April. The average annual rainfall is 1,000 mm (39 in).

A view of the city of Dili

Population
----------

The district of Dili had a population of 245,873 in 2011, more than in any other district in the country. Its density is 667.9 inhabitants per km², the greatest in East Timor.

The administrative posts with more people living there are Nain Feto, Dom Aleixo and Cristo Rei Veracruz. Atauro and Metinaro have less people living there. The average age is 20.8 years (2010), well above the national average of 18.8.

Tetum, the official language, is the dominant language on the coast where the dialect *Tetum Praça* (a dialect with a great influence from Portuguese) is spoken; in the interior of the district and in Metinaro, the national language Mambai is often spoken.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Dili (Municipality)***.

* Ministry of State Administration Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Dili District Development Plan 2002/2003 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine

| * v
* t
* e
Municipalities of East Timor |
| --- |
| 
* Aileu
* Ainaro
* Baucau
* Bobonaro
* Cova Lima
* Dili
* Ermera
* Lautém
* Liquiçá
* Manatuto
* Manufahi
* Oecusse
* Viqueque

 | Flag of East Timor |
Dwight Hicks
**Dwight Hicks** was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.

Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinnati Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.

In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns. 

Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as *The Rock*, *Jack*, *Armageddon*, and *In the Mix* after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include *Nash Bridges*, *The Pretender*, *The Practice*, *The X-Files*, *ER* and *The O.C.*
The **Crocodylomorphs** are an important group of archosaurs. It includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives. They were the only members of Pseudosuchia to survive the end-Triassic extinction.

During Mesozoic and early Tertiary times the Crocodylomorphs were much more diverse than they are now. 

They were originally small, lightly built, active land animals. These were replaced during the early Jurassic by various aquatic and marine forms. The later Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary saw a wide diversity of terrestrial and semi-aquatic lines. 

Modern crocodilians do not appear until the Upper Cretaceous.

Evolutionary history
--------------------

*Sebecus icaeorhinus* skull: Early Jurassic. It was entirely terrestrial, and carnivorous
The crocodylian lineage (clade Crurotarsi) were a very diverse group of reptiles. Not only are they an ancient group of animals, at least as old as the dinosaurs, they also evolved into a great variety of forms.

The earliest forms, the sphenosuchians, evolved during the Upper Triassic. They were slim land animals built like greyhounds. During the Jurassic and the Cretaceous, marine forms evolved forelimbs that were paddle-like and had a tail similar to modern fish. 

The group had a wider range of habitats and behaviours than it does at present. *Dakosaurus andiniensis*, a species closely related to *Metriorhynchus*, had a skull adapted for eating large marine reptiles. Several terrestrial species during the Cretaceous evolved herbivory. A number of lines during the Tertiary and Pleistocene became wholly land predators.

Classification
--------------

* Sauropsida
	+ Archosauria
		- Ornithodira (pterosaurs+dinosaurs)
		- Crurotarsi
			* **Crocodylomorpha**
				+ †Aetosauria
				+ †Phytosauria
				+ †Rauisuchia
				+ Crocodilia
Images of Madeleine McCann

Aged three and how she might have looked aged 9

 

**Madeleine McCann** (born 12 May 2003) was reported missing on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. One newspaper said it was "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history". It is still not known where she is or what happened to her.

Madeleine was on holiday with her parents, her two-year-old twin brother and sister, and family friends. She and the twins had been left asleep at 20:30 in a ground floor apartment, while the McCanns and friends had dinner in a restaurant 55 metres (180 ft) away. The parents checked on the children every so often, until it was discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the next few weeks, the Portuguese police started to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and the parents had covered it up.

There was a lot of news coverage around the world about the case. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.

Apartment 5A

Side of 5A  
 showing steps from Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins to 5A's patio doors

---

Front (non-resort) side  
 on Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva

---

Madeleine's bed (left);  
window faces Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva

---

Pink-and-white Eeyore pyjamas,  
Madeleine's clothing



Madeleine's parents have started a website in their daughter's name where people can keep up to date on events and write to the family. They have also started *Madeleine's Fund* to which people can give money.

Robert Murat was the first official suspect. On 8 September 2007, Madeleine's mother, Kate McCann, and her father, Gerry McCann, were declared official suspects as well, after the finding of blood and fluids in their apartment. Murat stopped being an official suspect in July 2008, Kate and Gerry in August 2008.

The case remains unsolved. However, in June 2020 a possible suspect who is yet to be named is being held in custody for question by German authorities. The person being held is known to have committed other sexual assaults on children.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
**Diverticulitis** is a disease of the digestive system. It is caused by inflammation of pouches (diverticula) in the walls of the bowel. It usually occurs in the large intestine. Diverticula can also be in the upper digestive tract at the level of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine.

Symptoms
--------

Symptoms of diverticulitis depend on the extent of inflammation in the intestine. Diverticulitis can be very painful. The pain is usually present in the lower abdomen on the left side. People with diverticulitis can also have nausea, vomiting, difficulty or pain while passing urine and changes in bowel habits.

Complications
-------------

One of the complications of diverticulitis can be the formation of an abscess in the abdominal cavity. The inflammation or infection can then reach the abdominal wall and causes peritonitis. This infection can also spread to other parts of the body such as organs near the intestine, causing sepsis, which is dangerous. In addition, a fistula may form between the intestine and other organs. Diverticulitis may also cause a blockage in the colon.

Prevention
----------

To prevent diverticulitis, it is important to be active and to have a diet rich in fibers. These include eating (fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals). It is also possible to reduce the risks of diverticulitis in several ways: chew foods before swallowing, defecate as soon as you feel the need, eat less fats and meats, do more physical activities, eat probiotics and drink water regularly.

Diagnosis
---------

To diagnose diverticulitis, it is important to do a barium enema X-ray to see the shape of the intestine wall. Diverticula can be seen with a axial tomographie scan (CT scan). It is also possible to prescribe an abdominal radiograph to indicate if there is a perforation. After the acute phase or absence of acute diverticulitis, the doctor can prescribe a colonoscopy to look at the colon and determine the evolution of the disease.

Surgery
-------

The resection of the colon is the procedure most often used to treat severe diverticulitis. It is also possible to do a resection of the diseased part of the colon and make a colostomy. In fact, if a diverticulitis is too large, a colostomy could be necessary either temporarily or permanently.
Electric bicycle
Brushless DC electric motor
An **electric bicycle** or e-bike is a bicycle that uses electricity as its power. These bikes do not pollute the air. Usually a biker can control how much the motor helps. For example, it can be 50% of the force needed. In some cases it is possible to convert a traditional bike to electric using a conversion kit. In the United Kingdom a new one costs between £599 and £2,500. The cost of charging a battery is very small compared with the cost of petrol for a car. Some governments will help with the cost of buying one.

According to the World Bicycle Industry Association, in 2022 10% of bicycle sales in the world were e-bikes.

In the United States the federal government has set a limit of 750 Watts and a top electric-powered speed of 20MPH to have only the rules that apply to bicycles and no extra restrictions such as operator license, vehicle license, registration or insurance requirements.

#### History

Electric bicycles have been around for over a century, but have become more popular in recent years due to advancements in technology and increased interest in sustainable transportation. First models of electric bicycles appeared in late 19th century. US Patent office registered several e-bike patents since 1895 to 1899 (Ogden Bolton patented battery-powered bicycle in 1895, Hosea W. Libbey patented bicycle with double electric motor in 1897 and John Schnepf patented electric motor with roller wheel).
2015 Dodge Charger
The **Dodge Charger** is an American full-size car. They are marketed through the Dodge division of Chrysler. Several different vehicles built on at least three different chassis have had the Charger name.

History
-------

Notable years in Charger history are:

### 1966 through 1968

The Dodge Charger first premiered with the 1966 models. Dodge added a fastback roof on their Coronet (B-body). Inside there were four bucket seats with a full length console. Engines included the 318 cid (cubic inch displacement), the 361 cid, 383 cid and a 426 Hemi. Transmissions included a three-speed manual, four-speed manual and Torqueflite automatic. In 1968 the Charger was restyled to improve sales. But as the muscle car era was nearly over, sales went down.

### 1975 through 1978

Dodge introduced the Charger SE in 1975. It was a clone of the Chrysler Cordoba. Like the Cordoba it was a luxury car. The base engine was the 360 cid. The 318 cid and the 400 cid engines were optional. A new new Charger Daytona model was available with larger tires. It had no resemblance to the NASCAR Daytona Charger. In 1975 Dodge chargers won 14 NASCAR Grand National races. But they did it in 1974 Chargers. The 1975 Chargers were just too heavy. In 1978 Chrysler was facing financial troubles. Lee Iacocca turned Chrysler around and by 1983 the company was making money again.

### 2006 to 2014

The Dodge Charger was re-introduced in 2006. The new Charger is a four-door sedan. It rides on the new rear-wheel drive LX platform sharing similarities with the Chrysler 300. In 2011 the next generation was launched. The styling of the 2011 was like the late 1960s muscle car Chargers. The Pentastar 3.6 liter V6 was the base engine. The 292 hp V6 engine got 21 mpg city and 31 mpg on the highway using an 8-speed automatic transmission. The combination could move the Charger from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds. It was available in rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.
A **cryptographic anchor** (also "crypto-anchor") is a unique identifier (or "fingerprint") that can be put into products and cannot be removed or changed. Crypto-anchors can be tiny computers or optical codes. This means they can even be put into a dye. The cryptographic anchor is connected to a blockchain. Its uses include prevention or detection of fraud as well as product tracing.

IBM has worked on developing cryptographic anchors. Proposed uses include labeling a pill (the code for the dye would become visible when touched with water) and marking fluids. The reason for using these anchors is to ensure the authenticity of products. The suggested cost of these tiny (smaller than a salt grain) items was projected at less than ten U.S. cents.

Giulio Prisco wrote that "The cryptographic anchors project is considered a starting point for developing technologies complementary to the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain solutions for medical devices and pharmaceutical products, able to provide scalable end-to-end security across a supply chain — from the manufacturers right down to consumers and patients.  

"A typical application envisioned by IBM is fighting product fraud. IBM’s crypto-anchors can authenticate a product’s origin and contents, ensuring it matches the record stored in the blockchain."

Prisco wrote that in 2018 IBM was predicting widespread use within five years.

Further reading
---------------

V. S. K. Balagurusamy et al. "Crypto anchors," in *IBM Journal of Research and Development*, vol. 63, no. 2/3, pp. 4:1-4:12, March-May 2019, doi: 10.1147/JRD.2019.2900651

Crypto Anchors

1. ↑  "IBM says crypto-anchors will 'revolutionise anti-counterfeit'". *www.securingindustry.com*. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
The middle section of a woman who is wearing a crop top, which shows her tummy and belly button.
A **crop top** (or a **belly shirt**, **tummy top**, or **half shirt**) is a kind of shirt. Crop tops do not cover all of the middle section of the wearer's body. A person wearing a crop top will have part of their belly and back showing. There are many kinds of crop tops, and most styles show the wearer's belly button. Other styles can show the wearer's waist, or the bottom of their ribs.

Crop tops are popular in the Western world. They are common in areas with a warm climate.

Crop tops were popular in the 1990s when movie actresses and female pop music singers wore them. They are popular again in the 2010s.

Crop tops are seen as trendy and attractive.

A crop top does not keep the wearer's middle section warm because they do not cover all of it. So, crop tops are more comfortable for hot weather and exercising.

Other types
-----------

This singer lifted her shirt to show her belly button, and tied it into a knot.
There is a way to make a temporary crop top with a normal shirt. The wearer can lift their shirt to show as much of their belly as they want, and then make it stay like that by tying the lifted end of the shirt into a knot. This is a common and flexible alternative to a regular crop top.

Low-rise pants or mini skirts are sometimes worn with a crop top. This shows more skin beneath the wearer's belly button.
The **FN P90** is a very short personal defense weapon made by FN Herstal. It was made to replace 9x19mm Parabellum submachine guns in NATO because NATO needed a small automatic weapon for non-combat specialists to protect themselves and could shoot through body armor. The P90 shoots the FN 5.7x28mm bullet, the same bullet as the FN Five-seven pistol. It is a small, high-velocity bullet that can shoot through body armor. The P90 has a rare feature where the box magazine is loaded parallel to the gun's barrel rather than perpendicular to it. Each magazine can hold 50 bullets. The P90 fires at a fast 900 rounds per minute (RPM). The P90 is fully ambidextrous, which means both right-handed and left-handed people can use the gun without any problems. It weighs only 2.6 kilograms (5.6 pounds) and is only 50.5 centimeters (19.9 inches) long. It is even small and light enough to fire with one hand. The P90 is very common in militaries and police forces in NATO countries. A semi-automatic only version called the **PS-90** can be bought and used for civilian purposes.
**Electrical energy** can refer to several closely related things. It can mean:

* The energy stored in an electric field
* The potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field.
* The energy provided by electricity

In any of these cases, the SI unit of electrical energy is the joule; which is the amount of energy used by a one-watt load, such as a tiny light bulb, drawing power for one second. The unit used by many electrical utility companies is the watt-hour (Wh); which is the amount of energy used by the same one-watt load drawing power for one hour. The kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is 1,000 times larger than a watt-hour, is a useful size for measuring the energy use of households and small businesses. A typical household uses several hundred kilowatt-hours per month. The megawatt-hour (MWh), which is 1,000 times larger than the kilowatt-hour, is used for measuring the energy output of large power plants.

The terms "electrical energy" and "electric power" are frequently used interchangeably. However, in physics, and electrical engineering, "energy" and "power" have different meanings. Power is energy per unit time. The SI unit of power and electricity is the watt. One watt is a joule per second. In other words, the phrases "flow of power," and "consume a quantity of electric power" are both incorrect and should be changed to "flow of energy" and "consume a quantity of electrical energy."

Related pages
-------------

* Energy
* Electricity
See the main article: Track and field athletics
A **Cross-country race** is any running race that takes place on different types of terrain. Different levels of competition include middle school 2 mi (3.2 km), high school 5 km (3.1 mi), collegiate men 8 km (5.0 mi) and 10 km (6.2 mi), women 5km (3.1 mi) and 6 km (3.7 mi), amateur, and professional.

Boy's High School race, Minnesota.
The scoring in these events gives one point to the winner, two points to the person who finished second, and so on. In an *invitational* or *meet* where teams of runners count up the points of their top five finishers. This is their score. The team with the lowest score wins. If there is a tie, the team with the fastest sixth man wins.

Times in races depend on the terrain, weather, and the other runners. This means that two athletes competing in different places in the world who are running the same time might not be at the same ability level.

Related pages
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* Long distance race

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cross country running***.

* U. S. Cross-Country Championships Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
* 2008 USATF Competition Rules / Article IV Rules of Competition / Section VIII Cross Country Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
A tray of high quality hand-axes
A tray of flints of the chip-and-flake type
One of the larger had-axes
**Boxgrove Quarry**, once a gravel quarry, is now a Palaeolithic archaeological site. It is at Boxgrove in the English county of West Sussex. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

When excavations began in 1983, flint tools 500,000 years old were discovered. At that time this was the oldest evidence of humans discovered in the UK. In 2005 flint tools 700,000 years old were discovered at Pakefield, and in 2010 flint tools at least 800,000 years old were discovered at Happisburgh. However, Boxgrove remains a site of great importance, for many reasons. The tools were found in a largely undisturbed state, *in situ* in their prehistoric landscape. The tools and evidence of the landscape were buried several metres down.

There were many well-preserved animal bones, many flint artifacts, and hominid bones which are among some of the most ancient found in Europe. Several of the animal bones are the oldest found specimens of their species, such as the wing bone of the Great Auk found at the site in 1989. The combination of bones, stone artifacts, and the geology of the landscape gives a very complete picture of the coastal plain as it existed half a million years ago.

Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. The site is in an area that features a buried chalk cliff that overlooked a flat beach (which contained a waterhole) stretching around half a mile (1 km) south to the sea.

Boxgrove Man
------------

In 1994 archaeologists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone at the Boxgrove quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. Several teeth were also found. These remains were assigned to *Homo heidelbergensis*, an early proto-human species which occupied France and Great Britain. Both were connected by a land bridge at the time.
**Dancing molecules** are moving molecules used in experimental therapy to reverse paralysis and repair tissue after severe spinal cord injuries. Nanoparticles are injected into a victim's body near the spinal cord. This was done with paralyzed mice. The mice could walk again within four weeks.

Mechanism
---------

The therapy works by sending bioactive signals that stimulate cells to repair and regenerate. Since the receptors in neurons are constantly moving, therapy molecules that also move are used. The therapy works in the following ways:

1. "The severed extensions of neurons, called axons, regenerated;
2. Scar tissue, which can create a physical barrier to regeneration and repair, significantly diminished;
3. Myelin, the insulating layer of axons that is important in transmitting electrical signals efficiently, reformed around cells;
4. Functional blood vessels formed to deliver nutrients to cells at the injury site; and (5) more motor neurons survived."

The research was led by Dr. Samuel I. Stupp at Northwestern University.

"The secret behind Stupp's new breakthrough therapeutic is tuning the motion of molecules, so they can find and properly engage constantly moving cellular receptors. Injected as a liquid, the therapy immediately gels into a complex network of nanofibers that mimic the extracellular matrix of the spinal cord. By matching the matrix's structure, mimicking the motion of biological molecules and incorporating signals for receptors, the synthetic materials are able to communicate with cells." 

Experiments with humans are expected to begin in 2022. 

Dr. Stupp has speculated that the therapy could be applicable to many other areas of nerve problems.
Structure of Earth
The **Earth's core** is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet. It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core.

Seismic measurements prove the core has two parts, a "solid" inner core with a radius of ≈1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core.

Outer core
----------

The **outer core** of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,400 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is about 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.

The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core. Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. Convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. It may stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. 

The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core is 25 Gauss, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.

Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different. Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective magnetosphere around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind. Without this field, the solar wind would directly strike the Earth's atmosphere. This might have removed the Earth's atmosphere, making the planet nearly lifeless. It may have happened to Mars.

Inner core
----------

The **inner core** of the Earth, was detected by Inge Lehmann using seismology. It is a solid sphere about 1,216 km (760 mi) in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron–nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C).

In 2015, Prof Xiaodong Song from the University of Illinois and other researchers in China suggested the inner core has two layers. The seismic wave data suggests that crystals in the "inner inner core" are in an east-to-west direction. Those in the "outer inner core" are lined up north to south. Another scientist commented: "If this is true, it would imply that something very substantial happened to flip the orientation of the core to turn the alignment of crystals in the inner core north-south as is seen today in its outer parts". Other scientists are checking their data.
Doenjang with beans
**Doenjang** is a Korean soybean paste. It is salty and savory, and is used to season many kinds of Korean food. It is similar to Miso, Japanese soybean paste.

History
-------

The history of Doenjang begins before the period of three kingdoms. Books from the Chosun dynasty explain the way to make good Doenjang, saying that if doenjang in a house tastes bad, food in the house tastes bad. This means doenjang has been an important food in Korea for a long time.

Manufacture
-----------

The main ingredients of Doenjang are sea water and *Meju*. The basic way to make Doenjang is to take Mejus and put them into big jars with sea water. Bad bacteria and odor are removed by adding charcoal and sun-dried chili peppers. Liquid is then taken out to make Korean soy sauce. This sauce takes about 20 to 30 days to make. The Mejus are taken out from the jar and tempered. Salt and soy sauce is added on this paste and the paste is put in jars again. After sun-drying for several days, it becomes Doenjang.

Variety
-------

There are several kinds of Doenjang; Chungukjang, Makjang, Dambukjang, BbamjangBbagaejang, Patjang, Jipjang, Garoojang, and Borijang. Each is made in different ways using different ingredients or at different times of the year. For example, Chungukjang is made within two to three days, whereas the other take longer time to make. Patjang uses red bean. Makjang is made in Spring.
Moreover there are several attempts to improve doenjang using additional ngredients, such as green tea.

Use
---

Many traditional Korean foods, which are well known as healthy food, uses Doenjang as their ingredients. Doenjang Jjigae and Chungukjang JJigae are examples of this.
Also, Korean have doenjang when they eat Ssambop, Samgyupsal, etc.

Health
------

According to recent research, Doenjang has several materials that prevent cancer. Doenjang is very nutritious. Since Doenjang is a fermented food like yogurt and cheese, it is said that the older it is, the better it is.