recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Skull of *Edaphosaurus* from the side and top
***Edaphosaurus*** was a pelycosaur (early Synapsida) that lived during the later Carboniferous and early Permian. It was a herbivorous relative of the well-known *Dimetrodon*. Both had a large, thermal regulating sail on the back. Fossils of
*Edaphosaurus* have been found in Europe and North America. 

*Edaphosaurus* species measured from 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) to almost 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) in length and weighed over 300 kilograms (660 lb). It was slightly taller and stockier than *Dimetrodon*, but like its pelycosaur relatives had a small head and a long tail.

Skull
-----

The head of *Edaphosaurus* was rather small for its body size. The deep lower jaw likely had powerful muscles and the teeth along the front and sides of its jaws could crop bite-sized pieces from tough plants. 

The roof of the mouth and the inside of the lower jaw had batteries of peglike teeth. They were a crushing and grinding surface. Early descriptions suggested that *Edaphosaurus* fed on molluscs, which it crushed with its teeth plates. However, paleontologists now think that *Edaphosaurus* ate plants. Lack of wear on the teeth suggests "limited processing of food". Earlier members of the Edaphosauridae lacked tooth plates, and ate insects.
**Computer rage** is a heightened physiological response with associated feelings of anger and frustration resulting from using a computer or other complex electronic device. 
It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item, possibly leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before.

Manifestation and causes
------------------------

Computer rage may manifest itself in verbal abuse and occasionally physical violence towards the object, in some cases violent actions towards the hardware itself, usually either thumping the keyboard, shaking the monitor or banging the mouse on the table/desk. In online interactions, enraged persons may flame and abuse other users, shouting at them through headsets, sending rude messages, or rage quit (exiting a game prematurely out of anger). 

Computer rage may be caused by distress due to a hardware or software problem which the enraged person is unable to correct. Persons may bang or kick the computer in an attempt to get it to function normally, though this action carries the distinct risk of destroying the computer's hard disk drive via a head crash. Another common occurrence of computer rage is whilst playing computer games, mainly first-person shooters and mmorpgs. Computer rage is normally induced when a gamer either fails an objective or is killed repeatedly.

Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customer's anger at a malfunctioning system, commonly including the aforementioned verbal abuse.

Related pages
-------------

* Air rage
* Mouse rage
* Road rage
* Technostress
* Trolley rage
* Wrap rage

Other websites
--------------

* www.computer-rage.org Archived 2016-01-11 at the Wayback Machine by Kent Norman
* Survey on Computer Rage Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine by the Laboratory for Automation Psychology
One of the three Kangso Mausoleums, seen from the outside.
The **complex of Koguryo tombs** or **Goguryeo tombs** is a group of tombs, or places where human bodies are buried, in North Korea. The tombs were built during the Kingdom of Koguryo, which ruled parts of China and Korea from 37 BCE. to the 7th century CE. These tombs were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

The tombs are made of stonework and earthwork and some of them have large, detailed paintings inside them. Historians have found about 10,000 tombs from the Koguryo kingdom in China and Korea. Only about 100 of them have paintings on the inside. 80 of these painted tombs are in what we today call the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea. 63 tombs are part of the World Heritage Site, and 16 of these tombs have paintings. They were chosen because their paintings are so detailed and show daily life, because the way they were built shows good engineering, because modern people can use the tombs to tell what the people of the Kingdom of Koguryo thought about burying people, and because the burials in the Kingdom of Koguryo affected many later countries, including the modern Koreas and Japan.

The 63 tombs of the World Heritage Site are not all in the same place. They are spread out across the city of Pyongyang and nearby provinces. Historians think these tombs were made for kings and other royals and nobles.

Sometimes experts from North Korea and South Korea work together on the Koguryo tombs, but this depends on how well the two countries are getting along.

Thieves and other looters broke into some of the tombs, and only a few were completely untouched when scientists first saw them.

Inside the Susan-ri tomb.
In 2018, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea began to allow more visitors from outside the country to see the tombs. This was part of a plan to improve the economy.

In May 2020, the National Museum of Korea in Seoul, South Korea, produced a digital exhibit called Immersive Digital Galleries. This exhibit included digital versions of some of the paintings from the Anak No. 3 tomb.
**Deflation** means that generally the prices of products are going down. It is the opposite of inflation. It is said, that deflation happens when there is less money than there are goods. It is also said that deflation is a sign of a weak state of that country's economy, because deflation usually happens during an economic collapse. Deflation is thought to be even worse than inflation.

Deflation starts when people are waiting for prices to go down even more. They will then spend less money. Because of that, companies can not afford to keep up the amount of goods that are made, and have to lower that amount, as well as fire workers to make even a small profit.

Even if an economy is growing, there can be some amount of deflation - if the amount of money going around grows slower than the making of goods. There has not been much deflation in the world since the 1930s[*source?*], except in Japan.

Deflation can be helped by the country's own government by lowering the companies' tax levels, so they can lower their prices while getting the same profit. This way normal people are more encouraged to buy the cheap goods they were waiting for, and slowly the companies can make more profit. Governments do not like deflation, because it means that they can collect less tax.
Sir Richard Whittington
**Dick Whittington**, properly Sir Richard Whittington (1354 – March 1423), was four times Lord Mayor of London, a member of parliament and a Sheriff of London. He had no children and left his fortune (£7,000 equivalent to £6,300,000 in 2021) to form the Charity of Sir Richard Whittington.

His life was well known. He became a character in an English story that was adapted for the stage as a play, *The History of Richard Whittington, of his lowe byrth, his great fortune*, in February 1604. This was turned into a pantomime called *Dick Whittington and His Cat.* This tells how Dick, a boy from a poor Gloucestershire family, sets out for London to make his fortune, accompanied by, or later acquiring, his cat. At first he meets with little success, and is tempted to return home. However, on his way out of the city, whilst climbing Highgate Hill he hears the Bow Bells of London ringing, and believes they are sending him a message. There is now a large hospital on Highgate Hill, named the Whittington Hospital. A traditional rhyme associated with this tale is:

> Turn again, Whittington,
> 
> 
> Once Lord Mayor of London!
> 
> 
> Turn again, Whittington,
> 
> 
> Twice Lord Mayor of London!
> 
> 
> Turn again, Whittington,
> 
> 
> Thrice Lord Mayor of London!
> 
> 
>
***Dog Trouble*** was the 1942 American animated short movie, and also became the 5th *Tom & Jerry's* short theratical movie. This movie including for the first time Spike (also known as Bull Dog). First released in 1942 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Plot
----

Tom's chasing Jerry when he runs, literally, right into the sleeping (and quite nasty), and the unnamed bulldog later named Spike. Spike chases Tom up a lamp; and Jerry's quite amused, until Spike turns on him and traps him into a cockoo clock. Spike trades off between the two of them, until Tom climbs down the lamp, then finds himself dependings on Jerry to help Tom climb the cockoo clock. They're both trapped, and Jerry's got an idea. As Tom keeps Spike distracted, Jerry uses a ball to yarn to tie everything to the next room. And Jerry kicks him, while Mammy Two Shoes comes with her wrath's to take Spike get out of the house. And to the end, the truce of Tom and Jerry ends while the Tom's tail into a mousetrap.

Fun fact
--------

* Crazy Credits in the original issue: The End America Needs Your Money. Buy Defend Bonds and Stamps Every Pay Day.
* The first appearance of Spike (also known as unnamed "Bull Dog".

Other websites
--------------

* *Dog Trouble* on IMDb
A **cotton mill** is a building with spinning or weaving machinery to make yarn or cloth from cotton. Cotton mills were among the early factories in the Industrial Revolution.

Some of the earliest mills were driven by animals. Most early mills were built by rivers and streams using water wheels for power. Boulton and Watt started making powerful steam engines in1781. This led to the growth of larger, steam-powered mills in mill towns, like Manchester and Salford which had more than 50 mills by 1802.

Former spinning mills in Ancoats, Manchester
The new jobs in the mills pulled people in from country areas and made the towns and cities grow. At first they often employed children. That was stopped by the Factory Acts. Many of the first mills were in Lancashire but they spread to the rest of the world. In 1860, there were 2650 cotton mills in Lancashire, employing 440,000 people.

In the twentieth century the mills changed to electric power. Many of them closed and those which are still working are mostly automated, with many fewer workers. Many of the large buildings are still standing.
The village of Bibury features Cotswold stone cottages
The **Cotswolds** is a range of hills in central-southwest England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).

The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.

Description
-----------

The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the River Avon, Avon. These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer. On the eastern boundary is the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region. 

In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches. The area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches". The area is still wealthy and has attracted people who own second homes in the area, or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.

Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath about 103 miles long (166 km) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.

### Cotswold stone

The area has attractive small towns and villages built of *Cotswold stone* (a yellow limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils. The stone is a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone. At the time, this was laid down in a warm tropical sea, about 177 million years ago. The latitude of Britain was about where North Africa is today. The stone is full of fossils such as stalked crinoids. A project is under way to collect examples for the Natural History Museum.

Historical structures
---------------------

* Sudeley Castle

Other websites
--------------

* Cotswold District Council — The website of Cotswold District Council
* Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Website Archived 2016-04-05 at the Wayback Machine (Countryside Agency)
* Cotswold Journal Local Cotswolds news and information
* Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine — A Guide to Yate, Chipping Sodbury on the Southern Edge of the Cotswold Escarpment
* Photos of Lower Slaughter in 3d (Anaglyphs) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Cotswold AONB Magic interactive map (slow on first load)
Douglas Haig in 1919
Field Marshal  **Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig** KT GCB OM GCVO KCIE ADC (born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general in World War I.

He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war. Most notably, he led them during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.

Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general. In the years after the war, he was popular. After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig. They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele; he has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig. One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book *The Donkeys* (1961). This is known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.

All the same, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general. For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology. John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost a lot of men, this is not surprising given the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more. Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.
**Dusty the Klepto Kitty** is a famous Snowshoe cat. He became popular in early 2011 for his acts of "burglary" in his neighborhood.

By then, Dusty had stolen 16 car wash mitts, 7 sponges, 213 dish towels, 7 wash cloths, 5 bath towels, 18 shoes, 73 socks, 100 gloves, 1 pair of mittens, 3 aprons, 40 balls, 4 pairs of underwear, 1 dog collar, 6 rubber toys, 1 blanket, 3 leg warmers, 2 Frisbees, 1 golf club cover, 1 safety mask, 2 mesh bags, 1 bag of water balloons, 1 pair of pajama pants, 8 swimsuits, and 8 other objects. 

His behavior got him an appearance on the *Late Show with David Letterman* in February 2011.

He got the nickname "Klepto Kitty"" because of the word Kleptomania. He had already taken more than 600 items from the gardens he roams around in. Most of his theft happens at night. The most he has brought home at once is eleven things, his owners say. He has even been caught on camera carrying home a bra.

Early years
-----------

Dusty was born on March 20, 2006. He lives in San Mateo, California. He was adopted from an animal shelter; the Peninsula Humane Society. His owners are Jean Chu and Jim Coleman.

For his first two years, Dusty stayed home and seemed to be a normal cat. But in 2008, his owners began to find items and clothes that did not belong to them showing up in the house. Sometimes, the cat would put them in his owner's bed. They began to suspect that their cat was bringing them home. This turned out to be very true.

Fame
----

Dusty didn't really get much attention outside of his neighborhood until February 2011. Animal Planet had read about him in People magazine. Animal Planet had a TV show named *Must Love Cats* and they made a feature about Dusty. Their crew was able to set up a night vision camera and catch Dusty bringing home his treasures. After this, there was a news story on KGO TV station in San Francisco. He began to be seen in YouTube videos and got famous on the internet. He was interviewed with his owners on the *Late Show with David Letterman* on February 22, 2011.

Other events
------------

After he was seen on Letterman's show and other news shows around the world, Dusty became a celebrity. He has been shown at many community events in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was the Grand Marshal of the Redwood City Pet Parade in May 2011. 

Because Dusty was adopted from the Peninsula Humane Society animal shelter, he made a celebrity appearance at their annual adopt-a-thon in June, 2011. Some of his unclaimed stolen items were shown. They were given away to people who gave a donation.

Some of the kitty-cam movie for the Animal Planet documentary was used as a bonus feature on the DVD release for the 2011 movie *Puss in Boots*. It is named "Klepto Kitty". It is about three minutes and a half minutes long.

He has a Facebook page for his fans. It shows pictures of the latest things that Dusty brings home.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Facebook page
* Klepto Feline Gives New Meaning to 'Cat' Burglar. ABC News (San Francisco).
* "Klepto Cat" to Make Celebrity Appearance. ABC News (San Francisco).
* The Klepto Kitty | Must Love Cats
Copper(II) oxide
**Copper(II) oxide**, also known as **cupric oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuO. It has copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions.

Properties
----------

Copper(II) oxide is a black solid. It dissolves in acids to make copper(II) salts. It can react with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to make copper metal. It dissolves in very concentrated alkalis. It dissolves in ammonia to make a dark blue solution, similar to copper(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by heating copper(II) hydroxide. It can also be made by heating copper in air. It can also be made by heating copper(II) carbonate or copper(II) nitrate.

Uses
----

Copper(II) oxide is used to color ceramics. It is also used to make thermite. It can react with many toxic chemicals to oxidize them, so they are not toxic any more. It can be added to vitamins to get copper into the body. It can also be added to clothing to kill germs.

Safety
------

Copper(II) oxide is toxic when eaten. It can be eaten in very small amounts, such as in vitamins. This adds copper to the body, which is needed.

Related pages
-------------

* Copper(I) chloride
* Copper(I) oxide
Illustration of Low Lodging House, St Giles, London, 1872
In Victorian era England, a **common lodging-house** was a kind of cheap hotel. There were a number of common rooms, which people used for either eating or sleeping. This meant that people who were not part of the same family ate and slept together. Today, the closest equivalent to this would probably be a hostel. 

Very often, criminals and prostitutes lived in such houses. In the mid-19th century, the common lodging houses in London were in a very bad condition. This prompted the Common Lodging Houses Acts 1851 and 1853. These regulations, however proved ineffectual and the requirement that residents leave between 10 a.m. and late afternoon hit poor and sick residents hard, as they were obliged to walk the streets during this time, in all weathers.

Even tighter control was imposed when regulation of common lodging houses was transferred from the police to the London County Council in 1894. This led to higher standards and regular inspection by council officials. The new regulations required the landlords to limewash the walls and ceilings twice a year and the mixed sex accommodation, which was frequently a cover for a brothel, was abolished. Proper beds and bedding had also to be provided instead of mattresses on the floor and worse.
**Emma Brockwell Clist** sometimes written as **Emmie Clist** (13 March 1888 - Dececmber 1973) was a British swimmer in the early 20th century from London. She was one of the earliest British female international swimmers. Clist was a member of the Battersea Swimming Club and was trained by Barrows.

Swimming
--------

In or before 1902 Clist won the London Schools Championships. In 1902 she finished third at the "Georges White Shield". She became champion of the Waurdswoord Swimmng Club and won the Battersea School Campionship. In 1906 she wins the "Daily Telegraph Cup"; the London Schools Championships. In 1906 she had won 39 prizes and 16 medals. In 1907 she competed in France at the international swimming competitions in Paris on 25 August. She finished second in the 200 metre international swimming event and also participated in the 60 metre event. In 1907 she competed again at the international competition in Paris and finished second in the international 100 metre event and 120 metre event with handicap.

Personal life
-------------

Clist was born on 13 March 1888 in London in Battersea. Her parents were Emma Brockwell and Alfred Clist. Her sister Eleanor Clist was also an international swimmer. She died in December 1973 in Sutton.
**Emma Faber-Johanny** (9 October 1894 - 1962) was an Austrian open water swimmer in the 1930s. In 1934 she broke the English Channel swimming record.

Biography
---------

On 26 August 1933 faber tried to swim the English Channel from France to England. After 11 hours and 35 minutes she had to give op. Her second attempt on 8 August 1934 also failed, after 5 hours. Her third attempt on 18 August 1934 was an success. She started at Cap Gris Nez at 12.45 am and finished after 14 hours in South Foreland at 2.51 pm.

After her succesfull attempt, the public interest had waned. On her returnn in Vienna only two people besides her husband were at the station for her. She and her husband were unemployed and became in serious financial straits. In her swimming attempts from 1931 to 1934 Faber had spent all the savings of herself and her husband; about £400. Faber had hoped to obtain a post as swimming instructor, but failed. She was even not hired at a circus. These disappointments left Faber depressed. She attempted to commit suicide by taking Veronal, but was saved by her husband who returned earlier as expected. Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, the Vice-Chancellor, helped her and so she became a swimming instructor.

Faber died in Vienna in 1962.
See the main article: Japanese American internment
Sign posted notifying people of Japanese descent to report for relocation
**Executive Order 9066** was a presidential executive order. It was signed and issued during World War II by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. The order cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. As a result, tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals were interned during the war. The same order was also applied to numbers of American residents of Italian or German descent.

Background
----------

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States was very suddenly at war. Fear, outrage and hatred of the Japanese over the surprise attack was aimed at the Japanese Americans living in the U.S. It became a common belief that the amount of destruction, including most of the U.S. Naval fleet, was because Japanese Americans helped plan the attack. There was also the immediate fear that with the Pacific fleet severely damaged, the Japanese would invade the West Coast of the United States.

The order
---------

President Franklin Roosevelt issued the order on February 19, 1942. It ordered the evacuation of all persons who could be considered a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. Over 100,000 Japanese American men, women and children were moved to assembly areas. From there they were moved to camps which were isolated and guarded.

In part, the order read:

> Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas...
> 
>

Other websites
--------------

* Executive Order 9066, Densho Encyclopedia
* Children of the Camps; Internment Timeline
The **Druk** (or Dzongkha: འབྲུག་) is a dragon that appears on the flag and coat of arms of Bhutan. It is an important national symbol that represents the country's identity and mythology.

In Bhutanese culture, the Druk is often associated with thunder and lightning, and is considered to be a powerful and benevolent creature. According to legend, the Druk was the emblem of the founder of Bhutan, the Tibetan saint and ruler, Ngawang Namgyal.

The Druk on the Bhutanese flag is depicted holding jewels that represent the wealth and prosperity of the country. Its white color represents purity and loyalty, while the snarling mouth symbolizes the strength and courage of the Bhutanese people. The overall design of the flag, which features a yellow and orange background, is said to represent the colors of Buddhism and the country's position between India and China.

Overall, the Druk is an important symbol of Bhutanese identity and cultural heritage, and is deeply ingrained in the country's history and mythology.
The **Eddington limit**, or **Eddington luminosity** was first worked out by Arthur Eddington. It is a natural limit to the normal luminosity of stars. The state of balance is a hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the Eddington limit, it loses mass with a very intense radiation-driven stellar wind from its outer layers.

Eddington's models treated a star as a sphere of gas held up against gravity by internal thermal pressure. Eddington showed that radiation pressure was necessary to prevent collapse of the sphere.

Most massive stars have luminosities far below the Eddington luminosity, so their winds are mostly driven by the less intense line absorption. The Eddington limit explains the observed luminosity of accreting black holes such as quasars.

Super-Eddington luminosities
----------------------------

Eddington limit explains the very high mass loss rates seen in the outbursts of η Carinae in 1840–1860. The regular stellar winds can only stand for a mass loss rate of about 10−4–10−3 solar masses per year. Mass loss rates of up to 0.5 solar masses per year are needed to understand the η Carinae outbursts. This can be done with the help of the super-Eddington broad spectrum radiation driven winds.

Gamma-ray bursts, novae and supernovae are examples of systems exceeding their Eddington luminosity by a large factor for very short times, resulting in short and highly intensive mass loss rates. Some X-ray binaries and active galaxies are able to maintain luminosities close to the Eddington limit for very long times. For accretion powered sources such as accreting neutron stars or cataclysmic variables (accreting white dwarfs), the limit may act to reduce or cut off the accretion flow. Super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass black holes is one possible model for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs).

For accreting black holes, all the energy released by accretion does not have to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Effectively, such sources may not conserve energy.
Green impure copper(I) chloride
White pure copper(I) chloride in yellow solution
**Copper(I) chloride**, also known as **cuprous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
----------

Copper(I) chloride is white when pure. It does not dissolve in water. It is green when in air because of conversion to copper(II) chloride. It can react with Lewis bases, a group of chemicals. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid easily. It dissolves in solutions that have ammonia in them. It absorbs carbon monoxide. It easily disproportionates into copper and copper(II) chloride. It reacts with ammonia and acetylene to make copper(I) acetylide, a reddish explosive.

Preparation
-----------

It can be made by reduction of copper(II) chloride. It was made at first by reacting copper with mercury(II) chloride. It can be made by heating copper(II) chloride very hot. Some chlorine is released, and copper(I) chloride is left behind.

Uses
----

Copper(I) chloride is used to make a fungicide, which is used to kill fungi. It is also used to make many organic compounds.

Related pages
-------------

* Copper(I) oxide
* Copper sulfate
The **Detwiler Fire** was a wildfire in Mariposa County, California. The fire burned 81,826 acres, and was one of the worst wildfires in the 2017 California wildfire season. The fire also destroyed 63 homes.

The fire was first reported on 16 July 2017 at 3:56 PM PST, and was located near Lake McClure. After 3 hours, the fire already burned 1,000 acres and it spread towards the northeast. On 17 July 2017, the fire grew to 7,100 acres. The intense heat and windy conditions made it hard to contain the fire. Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency on 18 July 2017. The Yosemite National Park remained open, but some access roads were closed.

On 21 July, the fire was 15% contained but burned through 74,083 acres. By that point, 58 homes were destroyed. In the next few days, the fire department helped control a big portion of the fire. On 26 July, the fire was 65% contained. The fire finally ended on 10 August, after 25 days of burning.

The fire was caused by firearms, but no more information was released to the public.
Emile Zola published a famous letter *J'Accuse* to complain that the government of France had been very unfair to Alfred Dreyfus.
The **Dreyfus Affair** was one of the biggest scandals in the history of France. It happened at the end of the 19th century. It was about Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army.

In 1894, Dreyfus was accused of being a spy, and accused of crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army. 

His punishment was to be sent to a prison island in South America for the rest of his life.

When he was in prison, people (mostly his brother Mathieu and a high-ranking officer called Picquart) thought he was innocent. They proved that another soldier, Major Esterhazy, was guilty. But the army did not want to admit that it had been wrong. They refused to free him. Finally, the evidence that Dreyfus was innocent became so strong that the government had to demand a new trial. At the new trial, the army again found him guilty. The President of France, who did not want an innocent man to suffer any more, pardoned Dreyfus in 1899.

Dreyfus was released. Seven years later, he was officially declared innocent, and allowed back into the army.

The affair divided France into people who thought Dreyfus really was a spy and people who thought he was innocent. Many of those who thought Dreyfus was a spy hated Jews and believed that he was a criminal because he was a Jew, and that a Jew could not be a good Frenchman; this belief is called anti-Semitism. Others thought that the army could not be questioned. The other side believed that an innocent man should not be imprisoned, and feared that Dreyfus's enemies were also enemies of France.
***Did You Hear About the Morgans?*** is a 2009 American romantic comedy thriller movie directed and written by Marc Lawrence. The movie stars Hugh Grant and Sarah Jessica Parker as Paul and Meryl Morgan, a separated power couple from New York City. Their lives take an unexpected turn when they witness a murder involving one of Meryl's clients. To ensure their safety, they are placed in witness protection, given new identities, and relocated to a small town in Wyoming. The supporting cast includes Sam Elliott, Mary Steenburgen, Elisabeth Moss, and Wilford Brimley. It is the second collaboration between Grant and Parker, following the 1996 movie *Extreme Measures*.

The movie premiered in December 2009 and received negative reviews from critics. Despite the critical reception, it had a successful box office run, grossing $85 million worldwide.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* *Did You Hear About the Morgans?* on IMDb
* *Did You Hear About the Morgans?* at AllMovie
* *Did You Hear About the Morgans?* at Box Office Mojo
**Dumb Starbucks** was a coffee shop opened by comedian Nathan Fielder. It was closed just after three days for not having a proper health license. Because the shop was a parody making fun of the real Starbucks company, Fielder was able to use their logo.

Items and beverages
-------------------

In a normal Starbucks store, you will usually see a board with the beverages that you can purchase. But in Dumb Starbucks, it had the word "Dumb" in front of the name of the beverage you would see at Starbucks. For example, if you saw the Vanilla Latte at Starbucks, in Dumb Starbucks, it would be called "Dumb Vanilla Latte". Usually Starbucks has some other items, such as music CDs, but Dumb Starbucks also took the same music CDs and wrote the word "Dumb" in front of them.

Plans
-----

Nathan Fielder had planned to open another Dumb Starbucks in Brooklyn, New York City, but he did not try to open one, even with health documents. Many people did not like Fielder and his new parody. Some people felt he was making fun of them being Starbucks customers, others said his coffee was terrible.
The **Equality House** is a house in Topeka, Kansas. It is painted with the colors of the rainbow flag.

History
-------

The house was bought for $81,000 in March 2013. It was painted with the colors of rainbow flag, because it just across the street from Westboro Baptist Church, who are known to hate LGBT people. A 5 year old girl set up a lemonade stand just outside the house in June 2013 to raise money for Planting Peace, who owns the Equality House. Members of the Westboro Baptist Church tried to get the police to stop her and when that didn't work, began yelling swear words at her. She raised $400.

Later that month, a lesbian wedding was held outside the house.

In October 2013, a drag show was held outside of the house. This was done to raise money for anti-bullying campaigns to stop LGBT youth from killing themselves.

In May 2015, after JK Rowling said she wanted a fake wedding between Dumbledore and Gandalf in Ireland, the Westboro Baptist Church tweeted that they would picket if this were to happen. In June that year, the mock wedding happened in the front yard of the equality house instead. Dumbledore is a gay character, according to JK Rowling, but this is not said in the books.

In October 2016, the house was vandalized with the phrase "Fuk Fags" painted on it and seven bullet holes were found.

Transgender House
-----------------

Before 2016, the house was painted with the colors of the transgender flag. Later, a house next to it was bought and was made a permanent "transgender house".
**Epsilon Eridani** (**ε Eri**, **ε Eridani**) is a star in the southern constellation Eridanus, just south of the celestial equator. It can be seen from most of Earth's surface. 

It is 10.5 light years (ly) away, and has an apparent magnitude of 3.73. It is the third closest individual star or star system visible to the unaided eye.

Epsilon Eridani was the closest star known to host a planet until the unconfirmed discovery of Alpha Centauri Bb. Its age is less than a billion years. Because of its youth, Epsilon Eridani has a more active magnetic field than the present-day Sun. Its stellar wind is 30 times as strong. Its rotation period is 11.2 days at the equator. The star is smaller and less massive than the Sun, and has a lower level of metal elements. It is a main-sequence star of spectral class K2, which means that energy generated at the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is emitted from the surface at a temperature of about 5,000 K, giving it an orange hue.

Its planet, Epsilon Eridani b, was announced in 2000. The planet orbits in about 7 years. It is about 3.4 astronomical units (AU) away from its star.

The system includes two belts of rocky asteroids: one at about 3 AU and a second at about 20 AU, whose structure may be maintained by a hypothetical second planet, Epsilon Eridani c. Epsilon Eridani has an extensive outer debris disk of remnant planetesimals left over from the system's formation.

Epsilon Eridani may be a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that share a similar motion through the Milky Way. This suggests they share a common origin in an open star cluster. Its nearest neighbor, the binary star system Luyten 726-8, will have a close encounter with Epsilon Eridani in about 31,500 years when they will be separated by about 0.93 ly.

Epsilon Eridani has been the target of SETI searches. Epsilon Eridani appears in science fiction stories and has been suggested as a destination for interstellar travel.
A **dyotropic reaction** is a type of chemical reaction. It is when an organic compound changes its structure. Two substituents jump from one place on the molecule to another. It is a pericyclic valence isomerization when two sigma bonds move at the same time to a new place on the same molecule. Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971. The name "dyotropic reaction" comes from the Greek word *dyo* meaning "two." "Rearrangement" means that the reaction changes the bonds between atoms on a single molecule.

In a **type I reaction**, two migrating groups trade their relative positions. A **type II reaction**  involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange.

Type I rearrangements
---------------------

In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y), the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other. The reaction leaves both groups on the opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid. 

In a simple example, the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating. In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically two both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Chemists have also investigated stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions. 

In organic synthesis, an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones. Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds. One example is using heat to change RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3. (This reaction can go in both directions depending on temperature.) Another example is the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement. Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds.

Type II rearrangements
----------------------

Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones.
The **Cylons** are fictional robots on the science fiction television series *Battlestar Galactica*.

The Story So Far
----------------

The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.

Types of Cylons
---------------

* Skinjob Cylons look the same as normal people. It is very hard to know if they are Cylons or normal people. There are many Skinjobs that look the same. There are only twelve looks. Cylons that look the same do not always act the same.

* Centurions are metal robots with armor. Humans sometimes call them toasters because they are shiny like a toaster. Centurions fight and work. They are the only type of Cylons to not be alive.

* Cylon raiders are small ships that fight other small ships. The ship is actually a type of animal.
**Edythe Boone** (born 1938), is an African-American artist and activist.

Early Life
----------

Edythe Boone came from a working class family. Her mother was a maid for a white, Jewish family. That family was very supportive of Boone.

Career
------

Edythe Boone is a muralist who has painted many murals, or large pieces of art. She painted murals for the city of Berkeley, CA. Berkeley City Council said July 13th is "Edy Boone Day." The first Edy Boone Day was in 2010. She started out as a sort of "under-cover muralist," secretly painting murals at night that reflected the struggles of people of color. Now 74 years old, she has painted numerous murals, including several that are now famous landmarks. For example, in San Francisco she helped paint "Maestra Peace," which roughly means "Woman Teacher of Peace." Boone also likes working with people who live in a neighborhood to make their own mural, including people who are homeless and lived in People's Park in Berkeley. Recently she has been getting more attention because of a 2013 documentary called "A New Color" by Mo Morris that tells about her notable career. "She builds bridges between people who don’t think they have [any similarities]."
**Edwin Cole McCain** (born January 20, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.

Early life
----------

McCain was born in Charleston, South Carolina to Watt McCain and Wendy McCain. His parents are of Channel Islander (Jersey), Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Italian, Lepane Native American, Northern Irish (Scotch-Irish), Powhatan Native American, Scottish and Welsh descent.

Career
------

His second album Misguided Roses, spawned I'll Be, a major hit single in 1998.

Band members
------------

* Pete Riley - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Larry Chaney - lead guitar
* Craig Shields - keyboards, saxophone and other wind instruments
* Jason Pomar - bass, backing vocals
* Tez Sherand - drums, percussion

Influences
----------

McCain stated artists like Tom Petty, Counting Crows, Wilson Pickett, Marvin Gaye, Earth, Wind & Fire, Kiss, Van Halen, Queen, Weather Report and Jaco Pastorius as influences.

Discography
-----------

See the main article: Edwin McCain discography

Other websites
--------------

* Edwin McCain on IMDb

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The subfamily **Deomyinae** consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently. They are sometimes called **Acomyinae**, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, *Deomys ferugineus*, is part of the clade. Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though. This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations. These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.

Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger. Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there. The spiny mice, *Acomys* spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

List of Genera
--------------

* Subfamily Deomyinae
	+ Genus *Acomys* - spiny mice
	+ Genus *Deomys* - link rat
	+ Genus *Lophuromys* - brush-furred mice
	+ Genus *Uranomys* - Rudd's mouse