recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Male cones of *Taxus baccata*
A **yew** is a coniferous tree. The name is mainly used for species of the genus ***Taxus***, and sometimes for other conifers in the family **Taxaceae**.

Poison
------

All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. All parts of the tree except the arils (red 'fruits') contain the alkaloid. 

The arils are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously poisonous. Unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. It can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. 

The seeds and leaves will kill cattle and horses, but deer can break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. Deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are restricted to cliffs and steep slopes the deer cannot get to. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the willow beauty moth.

Description
-----------

Yews are slow growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m. They have reddish bark, spear-shaped flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

The tree is dioecious: the sexes are on separate trees. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. 

The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. 

The male cones are round, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All the yews are very closely related to each other, and often described together as *Taxus baccata*. They are Gymnosperms in the Pinophyta. They appear in the early Cretaceous period.

Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the longbow.
Transcription means to listen to a recorded voice and to write down what it is saying. **Medical transcription** means to do this for doctors or other clinicians.

When doctors and nurses help someone in the hospital, they do not have time to write down what they saw or heard. So later they record what they saw and heard, so someone else can write it down. The notes are then added to the hospital's history. The person who does this as a profession is called a medical transcriptionist.

People who do medical transcription normally work in hospitals, doctor's offices, old age homes, and other places where doctors and nurses work. 

There is huge rise in outsourcing of Medical Transcription to other companies. In the United States this field of business is worth US$10 to $25 billion and growing 15 percent each year.
Because of rising costs of Medical Transcription it became recently popular to use different computer products (software) that can reduce transcription costs by as much as 50%. There is no available research about market share between in-house Transcription, outsourcing and software based.

Education
---------

People who do medical transcription do not need as much education as doctors, but they need to know medical words and have basic medical knowledge. They normally go to school for 1 to 2 years. They study some of the things doctors study, plus English and typing. They also learn to use computers and other things needed for medical transcription.

Some medical trainscriptionists go to school using only a computer by using the internet. These medical transcriptionists use tools like email and other things that let people work together from far away. Some people like to learn medical transcription this way more, because it lets you learn when you want to and sometimes saves money.  This style of learning is not as common as learning transcription in a classroom.

To prove they have been trained properly, some medical transcriptionists get certification, which is like a badge showing that they are good at medical transcription. Most good certifications are offered by the AHDI. These are the CMT (Certified Medical Transcriptionist) and the RMT (registered Medical Transcriptionist) certifications. Once a medical transcriptionist has gone to school and gotten a certification, they are considered a good transcriptionist.

Pay
---

Medical transcriptionists normally make $20,000-30,000 a year in the US, or about $10-16 an hour. The ones who make the most make around $45,000 per year, or $21 an hour.
**Maulana Wahiduddin Khan** is an Islamic spiritual scholar who has adopted peace as the mission of his life. Known for his Gandhian views, he considers non-violence as the only method to achieve success.

Internationally recognized for his contributions to world peace, he has received, among others, the Demiurgus Peace International Award, the Padma Bhushan, the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavna Award and the National Citizen's Award. A recent book, The 500 Most Influential Muslims of 2009 by Georgetown University, Washington DC, has named him "Islam’s Spiritual Ambassador to the world." His approach, the book points out, is "popular among Indians, both Muslim and non-Muslim."

Born in Azamgarh in 1925, the Maulana was educated in a traditional seminary. From his early years, he showed a voracious appetite for modern knowledge, spending entire days in the library. As a result he became well versed in both classical Islamic learning and modern disciplines. His extensive research led him to conclude that the need of the hour was to present Islamic teachings in the style and language of the post-scientific era.

Other websites
--------------

* Maulana Wahiduddin Khan on Muslim leadership in contemporary India - TCN News
* Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations
* The Quran, A new translation by Wahiduddin Khan
* Al-Risala Forum International
* Goodword Books
* Centre for Peace and Spirituality Archived 2009-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Saniyasnain Khan Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine

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* FAST
* ISNI
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* WorldCat Identities

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| National | 
* Norway
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* BnF data
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The **State Information Service** is an Egyptian government agency. It reports directly to the Egyptian Presidency. It is the official media and public relations apparatus of the Egyptian state. It is responsible for regulating the affairs of foreign press and media correspondents in Egypt.

The Service was founded in 1954 by the Revolutionary Command Council. It abolished the Monarchy. Revolutionary Command Council member Salah Salem was SIS's first Chairman.

The current Chairman of SIS is Diaa Rashwan. He is a journalist and politician. He was appointed to the post by president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in June 2017. Among the previous Chairmen of SIS was Safwat El-Sherif one of the leading figures in president Hosni Mubarak's government.

**Chairmen of SIS**
- Salah Salem (1954 - 1955)
- Amin Howeidi (1965 - 1966)
- Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid (1967 - 1968)
- Safwat El-Sherif (1979 - 1980)
- Mamdouh El Beltagui (1983 - 1993)
- Nabil Othman (1994 - 2003)
- Taha Abdel Alim (2003 - 2004)
- Nasser Kamel (2005 - 2006)
- Diaa Rashwan (2017 - present)
Guarding the X-Wing
The **X-wing** is a starfighter from the *Star Wars* fictional universe. It is seen in the original trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things. It is shown as a main starfighter for the Rebellion and later the New Republic.

Creation
--------

The X-wing was first made for the movie *Star Wars: A New Hope* by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston drew and Colin Cantwell made models that became the final X-wing fighter in *A New Hope*. ILM made miniatures in different sizes, with wing markings showing which prop was for each pilot. Each X-wing model was built around a hollow core to hold parts for effects such as lighting.

Besides the models, the crew made one full-size X-wing for scenes in the Rebels' Yavin IV base hangar; they used editing and cardboard cutouts to make it seem as if there are dozens of fighters. The crew also made a full-size X-wing cockpit that was used for all actors; the astromech droid behind each actor was changed for each starfighter.

Story
-----

According to *Star Wars* backstory, the X-wing was designed by Incom Corporation, who left the Empire and gave the X-wing design to the rebels. It is a one-man starfighter which also has a socket for a droid.

The starfighter has four laser cannons and two proton torpedo launchers. Its four wings (called **s-foils**) can fold open or closed. It has four engines and can use hyperspace travel. It also has energy shields for defense.

Related pages
-------------

* TIE fighter

Other websites
--------------

* Intricate Illustrations of *Star Wars* Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016
The **2016 presidential campaign of Marco Rubio**, the junior United States Senator from Florida, and former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, was formally announced on April 13, 2015, at an event at the Freedom Tower in Downtown Miami.

Background
----------

Having been considered a potential candidate for Vice President by Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney in 2012, Rubio has been seen as a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016 since at least the end of the 2012 election. He suspended his campaign on March 15, 2016.

Announcement
------------

On March 30, 2015 Rubio announced on Fox News and through social media that he would be making a "Big Announcement" on April 13 in Miami, Florida. While he did not specify whether the announcement pertained to his reelection as a United States Senator or for the Presidency, most media consensus was that Rubio would be announcing his presidential run. He made the announcement at the Freedom Tower in Downtown Miami.

Fundraising
-----------

Rubio raised about $1.25 million online the day after his announcement. By the three-month mark of his campaign - July 13 - Rubio had raised over $12 million.
The **Tappan Zee Bridge** is a bridge in the Hudson Valley region of New York. It is three miles long. It goes across the Hudson River. It connects Westchester and Rockland Counties. The bridge opened in 1955. It took traffic from other bridges and ferries in the area. The bridge is about 25 miles (40 km) north of New York City. The city can be seen from the bridge on a clear day. The bridge carries seven lanes of the New York State Thruway.

The bridge is named for a Native American tribe from the area called the "Tappan". *Zee* is the Dutch word for "sea", as the bridge crosses water.

At the beginning of the 21st century the bridge was old and too small for the traffic. People in the region argued for years for a new bridge, which replaced the old one in 2017. The old bridge was demolished in January 2019.

Construction of new bridge
--------------------------

In 2013, the New York State Thruway Authority began building the New Tappan Zee Bridge. It will be a double-span bridge (four lanes per span in opposite directions) with designated bus lanes.The new bridge opened to traffic on August 26, 2017 for the westbound/northbound span. The eastbound/southbound span opened on September 11, 2018. The new span carries 10 lanes (4 lanes and with a bus lane in each direction) along with 2 pedestrian/bicycle lanes.

An October 14, 2012, *Newsday* article reports the Tappan Zee Bridge has been referred to as the Golden Gate Bridge of the East because of many suicide jumpers. The article says "The new Tappan Zee, which is in the works, will include fencing designed to thwart jumpers."
LXXP.Oxy.VII.1007
**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007** (**LXXP.Oxy.VII.1007**) is a fragment of a Septuagint manuscript (LXX). The manuscript was discovered in Oxyrhynchus, modern El-Bahnasa, Egypt. The manuscript has been palaeographically dated to the 3rd century CE. The manuscript is currently kept in the department of manuscripts in the British library, London (Inv. 2047).

Description
-----------

The manuscript contains sections of the Book of Genesis (2:7-9, 2:16-19 recto; 2:23-3:1, 3:6-8 verso), with the Name of God "abbreviated by doubling the initial yod, written with in the shape of a z with a horizontal line through the middle, and carried unbroken through both characters ~~zz~~."

History
-------

The manuscript was published in The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, part VII, edited and translated by Arthur S. Hunt, London, 1910, pages 1 and 2. It was catalogued with the number 907 in the list of manuscripts of the Septuagint as classified by Alfred Rahlfs, and also signed as Van Haelst. It is given the identification 3113 on the Leuven Database of Ancient Books[*permanent dead link*].

Other websites
--------------

* Description of P. LXX Oxyrhynchus 1007
* Image P. LXX Oxyrhynchus 1007 Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
* The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part 7 online at Archive.org
**Uranium-lead** is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes. 

It can be used over an age range of about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years. Precision is in the 0.1-1 percent range.

The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 704 million years.

The existence of two 'parallel' uranium-lead decay routes allows several dating techniques within the overall U-Pb system. 

The term 'U-Pb dating' normally implies the coupled use of both decay schemes. However, use of a single decay scheme (usually 238U to 206Pb) leads to the U-Pb isochron dating method, analogous to the rubidium-strontium dating method. 

Finally, ages can also be determined from the U-Pb system by analysis of Pb isotope ratios alone. This is termed the lead-lead dating method. Clair Cameron Patterson, an American geochemist who pioneered studies of uranium-lead radiometric dating methods, is famous for having used it to obtain one of the earliest accurate estimates of the age of the Earth.

Mineralogy
----------

Uranium-lead dating is usually performed on the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), though it can be used on other minerals. Zircon incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystalline structure, but strongly rejects lead. Therefore, we can assume that the entire lead content of the zircon is radiogenic. Where this is not the case, a correction must be applied. Uranium-lead dating techniques have also been applied to other minerals such as calcite/aragonite and other carbonate minerals. These minerals often produce lower precision ages than igneous and metamorphic minerals traditionally used for age dating, but are more common in the geologic record.
Fouad Inv.266, which contains the name of God in the Hebrew language **יהוה**. Fragment of Deuteronomy 31:28 - 32:7
**Papyrus Fouad 266** (signed as LXXP. Fouad Inv. 266; Rahlfs 847, 848 and 940; TM nr: 62290; LDAB id: 3451: VH: 0056) is a copy of the Book of Deuteronomy in Koine Greek of the Hebrew Bible known as the Septuagint. It is a papyrus manuscript in roll form. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically to the 1st century BC (50 BCE). The manuscript has survived in a fragmentary condition. It has been discussed whether if this manuscript is or is not a later recension of the standard Septuagint text.

Description
-----------

The Greek text was written on papyrus in uncial letters. The text is written in 33 lines per column. The uncial letters are upright and rounded. Iota adscript occurs.

It is the second oldest known manuscript of the Septuagint and the oldest which used the Hebrew Tetragrammaton in Aramaic "square" or Ashuri script in following places: De 18:5, 5, 7, 15, 16; 19:8, 14; 20:4, 13, 18; 21:1, 8; 23:5; 24:4, 9; 25:15, 16; De 26:2, 7, 8, 14; 27:2, 3, 7, 10, 15; 28:1, 1, 7, 8, 9, 13, 61, 62, 64, 65; 29:4, 10, 20, 29; 30:9, 20; 31:3, 26, 27, 29; 32:3, 6, 19.
***Tragic Kingdom*** is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.

Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.

List of songs
-------------

1. "Spiderwebs" (Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal) – 4:28
2. "Excuse Me Mr." (G. Stefani, Tom Dumont) – 3:04
3. "Just a Girl" (G. Stefani, Dumont) – 3:29
4. "Happy Now?" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:43
5. "Different People" (Eric Stefani, G. Stefani, Kanal) – 4:34
6. "Hey You" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:34
7. "The Climb" (E. Stefani) – 6:37
8. "Sixteen" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:21
9. "Sunday Morning" (Kanal, G. Stefani, E. Stefani) – 4:33
10. "Don't Speak" (E. Stefani, G. Stefani) – 4:23
11. "You Can Do It" (G. Stefani, E. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:13
12. "World Go 'Round" (Kanal, G. Stefani) – 4:09
13. "End It on This" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal, E. Stefani) – 3:45
14. "Tragic Kingdom" (E. Stefani) – 5:31
"Sonny's Blues" is a story that James Baldwin wrote in 1957 and then re-released again in 1965. The story is about a black algebra teacher living in Harlem in the 1950s. He tells the story about his brother Sonny's drug problems, getting arrested, and then getting better. The story was first printed in Partisan Review.

Plot
----

  

"Sonny's Blues" is about two brothers, Sonny and the narrator. The story is told from the narrator's point of view. The story goes back and forth between the present and the past. The narrator is a math teacher, and he reads about Sonny's arrest for using drugs. He worries about Sonny and the boys in his class. Later, after the narrator's daughter dies, he decides to reach out to Sonny.

The story then goes back to when Sonny was a teenager and became obsessed with playing the piano. Sonny drops out of school to pursue his passion. Later, Sonny joins the Navy, and when he returns, he and the narrator have a poor relationship. In the present, the narrator realises that his unavailability in Sonny's life may have slowed Sonny's growth and decides to reconnect with him.

In the story, the narrator thinks about searching Sonny's room while his wife Isabel takes their kids to see their grandparents. However, he changes his mind when he sees Sonny performing in a revival meeting on the street below.

Later on, Sonny invites the narrator to watch him play in Greenwich Village. The narrator agrees and asks Sonny about his heroin addiction. Sonny explains that using drugs made him feel in control, but he wanted to escape from that life. At the jazz club, Sonny's playing is initially shaky, but he eventually wins over the crowd, including the narrator. They bond over a drink, and the narrator realises that music is how Sonny deals with his pain. However, the story ends with a symbol that suggests the brothers will face challenges in the future.

References to other works
-------------------------

* Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker are mentioned in a conversation between Sonny and his brother.
* In the final scene Creole, the band and Sonny play "Am I Blue?".
* A reference to the Bible is made at the end of the story. This was when Baldwin compares the Scotch and milk placed in front of Sonny as the "cup of trembling." This is a reference to Isaiah 51:17.

### Songs referenced

* "Lord You Brought Me From a Long Ways Off"
* "Mighty Long Way You've Brought Me"
* "Some Cold, Rainy Day"
* "The Old Ship of Zion"
* "If I Could Hear My Mother Pray Again"
* "God Be with You Till We Meet Again"
* "Am I Blue?"

Historical Setting
------------------

The story mentions a war a few times. It is not stated which war, it could either be the Second World War or the Korean War.

Other Websites
--------------

* PDF of the short story as included in *The Jazz Fiction Anthology*
* SparkNotes discussion
* ENotes discussion
* Archive of the 1957 Partisan Review that originally published *Sonny's Blues*
**Ostracods** are a class of the Crustacea. They are often called **seed shrimps** because of their appearance. 

Some 65,000 species (13,000 of which are living) have been identified.

Ostracods are small crustaceans, typically around 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in size, but varying from 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in) in the case of *Gigantocypris*. 

Their bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like, chitinous or calcareous valve or "shell". The hinge of the two valves is in the upper (dorsal) region of the body.

Marine ostracods live in the zooplankton. Others live in the benthos, on or in the upper layer of the sea floor. 

Many ostracods are also found in fresh water. Terrestrial species of *Mesocypris* are known from humid forest soils of South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania. They have a wide range of diets, and the group includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and filter feeders.

Copepods may not be monophyletic. Ostracod taxa are grouped into a Class based on gross morphology (what they look like). Their DNA sequence analysis in their mitochondria has been examined. The results are not clear.
The **State Pension** is a United Kingdom Social Security benefit, also known as Retirement Pension. To get it people have to pay National Insurance Contributions. 

Pensions were introduced for poor people over 70 in 1908. The Widows’, Orphans’ and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act in 1925 started the first state pension scheme, paid for by both the employee and employer. In 1940 the Old Age and Widows’ Pension Act improved the benefits available to women. 

Betrayed Again: Labour Party poster
The Basic State Pension was introduced in 1948. 

In 1978 the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme and the Guaranteed Minimum Pensions started. 

In 1995 the law was changed so that the women's pension age would be made equal with men. After 2007 the age people could claim a pension was gradually raised because people were living longer. By 2027 the State Pension age will be 67. The new State Pension was introduced for people reaching State Pension Age from 6 April 2016.

In 2023/4 the full rate of **New State Pension is** £203.85.

In February 2022 there were 12,496,000 people getting State Pension. 

Since October 2020 the minimum State Pension Age has been 66 years.
A tuber of potato with growing buds.
A **tuber** is the thickened part of an underground stem of a plant, such as the potato, with buds from which new plant shoots (stems and young leaves of a new plant) grow.

Most tubers are formed in the ground, but sometimes they can be formed above the ground, in the aerial stems; that is the case of the **air potato** (*Dioscorea bulbifera*).

Functions
---------

Tuber stems (or part of stems) are made bigger to store nutrients. Starch (formed by a lot of glucose molecules) is the most commonly stored food in the tubers, although other carbohydrates, such as inuline (formed by many fructose molecules), are stored in the tubers of certain kinds of plants, like the Jerusalem artichoke (*Helianthus tuberosus*).

The purpose of tubers are saving food and reproduction. Under natural conditions, the parts of the stem that connect the tubers with the main stem die in the autumn or winter. The tubers are left in the ground and are able to produce shoots from their buds the following spring.

Potatoes are also artificially reproduced by tuber pieces, called "seed pieces". A tuber is cut into pieces, each with one or more "eyes" (an "eye" of potato is a group of buds covered by very small leaves). These pieces are planted and each produces a new plant from one of its "eyes".

* Tuber of potato (Solanum tuberosum).Tuber of potato (*Solanum tuberosum*).
* Tuber of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus).Tuber of Jerusalem artichoke (*Helianthus tuberosus*).
* Tuber of oca (Oxalis tuberosa).Tuber of oca (*Oxalis tuberosa*).
* Aerial tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera.Aerial tuber of *Dioscorea bulbifera*.

Tuberous roots
--------------

See the main article: Root
Freshly dug sweet potato plants with tuberous roots.
A **tuberous root** or storage root, is a modified lateral root, made bigger to function as a storage organ; sometimes these roots are called "tubers" but they are roots, not modified stems like the true tubers. They are thus different in origin but similar in function and appearance to tubers. Examples of plants with important tuberous roots include the sweet potato, cassava, yam and dahlia.

Related pages
-------------

* Bulb
* Corm
* Rhizome
**Parasakthi** is an 1952 Indian film in the language of Tamil directed by R. Krishnan - S. Panju. This film is the debut for the famous actor of Tamil cinema known for his excellent acting, Sivaji Ganesan. This film was jointly produced by National Pictures and AVM Productions. This film is based on the stage play written by Pavalar Balasundaram in the same title.

The film narrates the misfortunes of a Tamil family during the World War II and how the individuals of the family face their fate and how they reunite at the climax of the film.

The screenplay and dialogues for Parasakthi were written by M. Karunanidhi, who would later become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The music of Parasakthi was composed by R. Sudarsanam. The lyrics were written by Bharathidasan, Subramania Bharati, M. Karunanidhi, Annal Thango, Udumalai Narayana Kavi and K. P. Kamatchisundaram. Parasakthi was released on 17 October 1952, during the festive occasion of Diwali, and faced controversies because of its portrayal of Brahmins and Hindu customs and practices in poor light.The society with powerful peoples (elites) including the then ruling State government even demanded the film to be banned.

Despite these protests, the film was critically celebrated, with praise directed towards its dialogues and the actors performances in particular. The film also become a commercial success, and had a theatrical run of over 175 days. Parasakthi in Tamil cinema became a trendsetter for dialogues and acting for later Tamil films.
Siccar Point, Berwickshire. The rugged point shows gently sloping beds of 345 million year old Devonian Old Red Sandstone above vertical beds of 425 million year old Silurian greywacke.
The upper angled layer of grey dolomite is approximately 500 million years old. The reddish rhyolite on which the dolomite rests is approximately 1.5 billion years old. There is a billion years of geologic history missing in this picture. Missouri Ozarks.
An **unconformity** is a gap in the sequence of rocks in a geologic column. It is a buried erosion surface separating two rock strata of different ages. It shows that sediment deposition was broken for a time, usually because the land was above sea level at that time. 

Usually, the older layer was exposed to erosion for some time before deposition of the younger. However, the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary record.

Many millions of years may separate the rocks above and below the discontinuity. 

James Hutton found examples of unconformity in Scotland, at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in 1788.

The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents time during which no sediments were preserved in the region. 

The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a *hiatus* (= 'gap').
Machine used for PET scans.
A "slice" of a PET scan, with a region of interest highlighted
**Positron Emission Tomography** (often called **PET**) is a medical imaging technique. A specially constructed device can show the path and distribution of a weakly radioactive substance. This substance is called tracer. The tracer dissolves in the blood, which will carry it the brain. There, it concentrates around brain structures that are particularly active. A PET scan detects the radioactivity and converts it into a digital image of the brain, highlighting the active areas. PET scans are often used to detect tumors. Different tracers are used for different kinds of scans. Very often, the tracers are similar to sugar, or are sugars which have been specially modified for the purpose.

The machinery which can detect these substances is expensive. The tracers have a half-life of around 30-60 minutes, Producing the tracer is difficult, and expensive. Because of different factors, the tracers need to be prepared for the event, they cannot be mass-produced.
**Yaacob II ben Uzzi ben Yaacob ben Aaharon** (1899-1987) was the 127th High Priest of the Samaritans. He was the grandson of Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma. He served from 1984-1987

This man is famous in the study of Samaritans. He is a respected Samaritan High Priest. He was born in a smart and religious family. Yaacob II learned a lot about the Samaritan religion and ways from his granddad. His grandfather, Yaacob I ben Aaharon ben Shalma, took care of him when his parents died young.

When he was a kid, Yaacob II was good at learning and languages. He learned Hebrew, Arabic, and English fast. He was the head of a big Samaritan Cohen group called Sons of Jacob. People in the Samaritan community respected him a lot for his intelligence and wisdom.

In 1984, Yaacob II became the Samaritan High Priest. He got this role from Phinehas X ben Matzliach ben Phinehas. While he was High Priest, he worked hard. He made the Samaritan community stronger and helped them get along with other religions.

Yaacob II cared a lot about keeping and sharing the history and ways of the Samaritans. He wrote a lot about this. He wrote many books that people who want to learn about Samaritans must read.

Yaacob II had many hard times. But he never stopped caring for the Samaritan people. He was smart and knew a lot about the Samaritan religion and ways. He is a famous person in the study of Samaritans. People will remember him and learn from him for many years to come.

  

In 1987 he died and Yoseph ben Ab-Hisda ben Yaacov ben Aaharon became the high priest.
The **Sierra de los Cuchumatanes** is a group of mountains in Guatemala.

Forming
-------

The mountains formed during the Cretaceous Period. The Altos de Chiantla is a table-shaped land in the Sierra. It had an ice cap.

History
-------

Historians don't know what people used the Sierra and the Altos de Chiantla for before the Spanish came to Mesoamerica. They think only a few people lived there. After the Spanish came to Mesoamerica, they brought sheep. Historians are not sure whether the Spanish brought potatoes to the Sierra or whether South Americans and Mesoamericans brought potatoes there first. But they do know there was more potato farming after the Spanish came.

When sheep eat the plants and grass, sometimes the soil is pushed away by the rain and wind. This is called erosion. This is a problem in the Sierra.

Plants
------

Some scholars say that the plants of Sierra de los Chuchumatanes are more like the plants in the Andes Mountains in South America than like plants in the rest of Mesoamerica.

The plants in this place are páramo grasslands, but there are also some trees: juniper and pines in small groups and forests of fir trees. However, the sheep eat many new plants, so most trees grow in places that are too steep for the sheep to walk.

Economy
-------

People in the Sierra de los Chuchumantanes grow potatoes and sheep. They do not grow corn the way people closer to sea level do. This is because the weather is colder higher up in the mountains.

There are hundreds of miles of stone fences in the Sierra. This keeps the sheep from moving too far away. People put soil on top of the stone fences. They grow plants, for example, agave, in the soil on top of the fences.

Many young people leave the Sierra for work. Some of them come to the United States. They send money back home to their families on the Sierra. This money is called remittances. The families use the money to build things: new houses, water systems for their farms, and electricity. They also buy pickup trucks so they can take their potatoes and wool to markets. This way, they can sell them for better prices.

Houses and buildings
--------------------

Some people still live in Mayan-style houses: They have roofs made of grass called thatch. But with young people sending money home, their families have built cinder block houses. These houses have roofs made of metal. Most of them have two floors. There are fewer rats in cinder block houses than in houses with grass roofs.

The traditional Mayan sweat bath is called a *chuj*. It is made of rock with a live sod roof. This means the roof is made of earth with plants growing out of it. With young people sending money home, their families have built new chuj out of cinder blocks.
**Sietse Jan Bosgra** (21 September 1935 – 8 January 2023) was a Dutch political activist against colonialism and apartheid.

Biography
---------

Bosgra studied physics at the University of Amsterdam and graduated in nuclear physics. As a student he became involved in the resistance against colonialism. Bosgra was one of the founders of the *Angola Committee* in 1961, which was set up in response to the Portuguese repression in Angola. The committee's activities by also started supporting liberation movements in Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and South Africa. In 1976 the committee was renamed the *Komitee Zuidelijk Afrika* (KZA). In 1977 he received the Dick Scherpenzeel Prize [nl] for the way in which he highlighted developing countries. In 1982, Bosgra was one of the initiators of the *UN Year Foundation for Sanctions against South Africa*, which campaigned for a cultural boycott of South Africa because of the apartheid regime. In the 1980s, he also championed an oil embargo against South Africa.

When apartheid was no longer a current problem, Bosgra turned his attention more to the Middle East. In 2011, for example, he was one of the leaders of the resistance against the possible new police mission in Kunduz in Afghanistan.

Bosgra was involved with the Nederlands instituut voor Zuidelijk Afrika [nl] (NiZA), later renamed ActionAid Netherlands, and he was secretary at the Netherlands Institute for Palestine-Israel (NIPI).

Bosgra died in Doorn on 8 January 2023, at the age of 87.
Robert Matsui
**Robert Takeo Matsui** (September 17, 1941–January 1, 2005) was an American Democratic politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California. He was in office from 1979 until his death. His wife, Doris Matsui, replaced him.

Matsui was born in Sacramento, California. He comes from a Japanese-American family. He is *Sansei*, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Matsui family was interned Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942.

At the University of California, Berkeley, Matsui earned a BA in political science in 1963. He graduated from Hastings College of Law in 1966.

Matsui was the second Japanese American from the U.S. mainland elected to the US Congress. Also, he was the first *Sansei* congressman.

Matsui died of pneumonia caused by myelodysplastic syndrome on January 1, 2005 at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 63.

Other websites
--------------

* Doris Matsui

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Matsui, Bob |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | September 17, 1941 |
| Place of birth | Sacramento, California |
| Date of death | January 1, 2005 |
| Place of death | Bethesda, Maryland |
The **Warta** (German: *Warthe*; Latin: *Varta*) is a river in western-central Poland. It is a tributary of the Oder river. It is about 808 kilometres (502 mi) long. The Warta is Poland's third longest river. Its river basin is 54,529 square kilometres (21,054 sq mi). It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (*Kanał Bydgoski*) near Bydgoszcz.

Course
------

The Warta river starts in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie in the Silesian Voivodeship. It flows through Łódź Voivodeship, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), and Lubusz Voivodeship. It empties into the Oder river in a town called Kostrzyn nad Odrą, on the border with Germany.

The Warta's river basis was the original territory of Poland. The Polans tribe (Polish: *Polanie*) lived there starting in the 8th century (700 CE). The Polish national anthem, *Mazurek Dąbrowskiego*, mentions the Warta in its second verse.

Chapel at the Warta source in Kromołów, Zawiercie
Warta River in Poznań
Warta River near Kostrzyn

Cities
------

The Warta river runs through many different cities and towns:

* Zawiercie
* Myszków
* Częstochowa
* Działoszyn
* Sieradz
* Warta
* Uniejów
* Koło
* Konin
* Pyzdry
* Śrem
* Mosina
* Puszczykowo
* Luboń
* Poznań
* Oborniki
* Obrzycko
* Wronki
* Sieraków
* Międzychód
* Skwierzyna
* Gorzów Wielkopolski
* Kostrzyn nad Odrą

Right tributaries
-----------------

* Widawka
* Ner
* Wełna
* Noteć

Left tributaries
----------------

* Liswarta
* Prosna
* Obra
* Postomia

Related pages
-------------

* List of Rivers of Poland
***Visual Basic .NET*** is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series. It is sometimes shortened to ***VB.NET***. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.

Background
----------

### Visual Basic

See also: Visual Basic
It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as *Project Ruby* by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way.

### .NET Framework

This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic .NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made.

Editions
--------

Visual Basic was first released in May 1991 for Windows. Many versions have been released since then. These are listed below:

| Name | Operating System | Date Released |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Visual Basic .NET | Windows | 2002 |
| Visual Basic .NET 2003 | Windows | 2003 |
| Visual Basic 2005 | Windows | 2005 |
| Visual Basic 2005 Studio | Windows | 2005 |
| Visual Basic 2008 Studio | Windows | 2008 |
| Visual Basic 2010 Studio | Windows | 2010 |
|

### Visual Basic 2010 Express Edition

This is a free version of Visual Basic 2010 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from Microsoft's Website.

Controls
--------

Visual Basic .NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include.

Examples
--------

The following example makes a program window pop up that says "Hello World" and has a button that says "OK" used to close the window:

```
Public Sub button1\_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles button1.Click
 MsgBox("Hello World")
End Sub

```

Other websites
--------------

* VB.NET Step by Step Tutorial
* Visual Studio .NET Homepage
* Visual Studio Express Homepage


1. ↑  "Visual Studio 2019 version 16.9 Release Notes". 14 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
Sketch of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
**Wilhelm Friedemann Bach** (22 November 1710 – 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.

He was born in Weimar. He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called *Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach*. Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music. The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann. He also learned to play the violin.

Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students. In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church). While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard. He published his first music in 1745.

In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden. He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year. He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music. After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions. He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate. They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.

In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.

He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.
**Maureen** ("Mo" or "Moe") **Tucker** (born August 26, 1944 in Levittown, New York) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the Velvet Underground, a band from the 1960s and early 1970s.

Tucker worked in a factory during the day, but played drums as a hobby. Two of her brother Jim's friends were college 
classmates
, Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison, who had started a band. (Jim gave the band its name, after he brought them a copy of a book titled *The Velvet Underground*.) When their drummer suddenly quit, she was asked to fill in for him. She did so, and ended up staying with the band full-time. She left her factory job.

Early on she was asked to "do something different" with her drums. Tucker turned her bass drum on its side, and began playing with 
mallets
 instead of drumsticks, standing up. This became her signature style. (She also played 
trash cans
 a few times, after her drums were stolen.) She played on all the band's recordings for Verve Records and MGM's record label, and their concerts through the 1960s. She also sang lead vocals on "After Hours" and "I'm Sticking With You".

Tucker had to take a break from drumming in 1970, when she became pregnant. Billy Yule, teenage brother of Doug Yule, filled in for her on drums until after her baby Kerry was born. Tucker returned to the band, staying on even when Reed and Morrison left. She quit later, when the band thought about changing names. Instead of a solo career, she went back to factory work, and family life.

Later Tucker began drumming with other bands, including her own projects. She joined the Velvet Underground's 1990s reunions, and was present when the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

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Wilhelm I of Germany
**Kaiser Wilhelm I** (**Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern**; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia from January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888. He was the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.

Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler. His brother died in 1861 and Wihelm became King. When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, worked on the unification of Germany, from a large group of smaller German countries. Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.

His grandson Wilhelm II ordered the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche to be built to honour his life and achievements.

Official titles
---------------

His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. German: *Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preussen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt*.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* **22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861**: *His Royal Highness* Prince William of Prussia
* **2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871**: *His Majesty* The King of Prussia
* **18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888**: *His Imperial and Royal Majesty* The German Emperor, King of Prussia

Related pages
-------------

* Germany
* German Empire
* Prussia