recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare*** is a first person shooter video game. It was developed by Sledgehammer Games. It is published by Activision and Square Enix for Japan. *Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare* was released on November 3, 2014, for people who pre-ordered the game and wish to have "Day Zero Access". It was released on November 4, 2014, for others. The game was released on the Xbox One, PS4, PC, Xbox 360 and PS3. This is the first Call of Duty game that wasn't released on Nintendo systems since Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.

Gameplay
--------

*Call of Duty Advanced Warfare* will have changes in gameplay. One change is the Exo-Skeleton suit. It gives powers such as Boost Sliding, Dodging, Jumping, and so on. Weapons in multiplayer can be earned through supply drops or by ranking up. The gameplay is very similar to *Black Ops 2*.

The campaign will have an upgradable Exo-Skeleton suit. It can be upgraded with upgrade points. Whenever you complete an exo challenge (getting 500 kills, headshots, etc.), you earn one upgrade point.

Story
-----

In 2054, a terrorist group named the KVA makes a worldwide attack. It destroys nuclear reactors of countries, like the United States. Many countries' military and governments including electricity and technology were broken. That keeps the countries from being able to fight the attack made by the KVA. Private militaries have become the new attackers on the enemy. Jack Mitchell (Troy Baker) is a former U.S. Marine. He lost his left arm during a battle in South Korea. He joins Atlas, the world's most powerful private military with the biggest technologies on the planet.

Making
------

Shortly after Sledgehammer Games stopped helping Infinity Ward to finish Modern Warfare 3, Sledgehammer Games started working on Advanced Warfare.

| * v
* t
* e
*Call of Duty* |
| --- |
| Games | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| World War II | 
* *Call of Duty*
	+ *United Offensive*
* *2*
* *3*
* *WWII*
* *Vanguard*

 |
| *Modern Warfare* | 
* *4: Modern Warfare*
	+ Nintendo DS version
	+ *Remastered*
* *Modern Warfare 2*
	+ *Mobilized*
	+ Controversies
	+ *No Russian*
	+ *Remastered*
* *Modern Warfare 3*
	+ Downloadable content
	+ *Defiance*

 |
| *Black Ops* | 
* *World at War*
	+ Nintendo DS version
	+ *Final Fronts*
	+ *Zombies*
* *Black Ops*
	+ *Zombies*
* *Black Ops II*
	+ *Declassified*
* *Black Ops III*
* *Black Ops 4*
* *Cold War*

 |
| Other main installments | 
* *Ghosts*
* *Advanced Warfare*
* *Infinite Warfare*

 |
| Side installments | 
* *Finest Hour*
* *Big Red One*
* *Roads to Victory*

 |
| Mobile games | 
* *Strike Team*
* *Heroes*

 |

 |
| Media | 
* *Modern Warfare 2: Ghost*
* *Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish*
* "Not Ready to Die"
* "Nightmare"
* "Carry On"
* "Shepherd of Fire"
* "Survival"

 |
| Main developers | 
* Infinity Ward
* Sledgehammer Games
* Treyarch
* Raven Software

 |
| Related articles | 
* Championship
* Elite
* Experience 2011
* Experience 2016
* Captain Price
* id Tech 3
* IW engine
* Soap MacTavish
* World League

 |
**Candidatus**  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.

It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture. An example would be "*Candidatus* Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured. Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.

History
-------

For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections. This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge. 

In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note. They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the *International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology*.

According to the "IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group" the abbreviation for Candidatus should be Ca.
Diagram of conic sectionsConics are of three types: parabolas, ellipses, including circles, and hyperbolas
In geometry, when a cone and a plane intersect, a **conic section** results. 

PreliminaryIn elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be **right circular**. *Circular* means that the base is a circle and *right* means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane. Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis does not pass perpendicularly through the centre of the base. 
DefinitionA conic is the curve got by intersecting a plane, called the cutting plane, with a cone. The cone is a right circular cone for easy description, but any double cone with some circular cross-section will do.
There are three different types of sections, the parabola, the hyperbola and the ellipse. The circle is a special case of an ellipse. Sometimes the circle is mentioned as a fourth type, because calculating with a circle is easier than with an ellipse, most of the time.

The conic sections are known at least since 200 BC, when Apollonius of Perga (~262 BC to ~190 BC) studied of their properties. They came to more attention when mathematicians discovered that the solutions of the two-body problem were conic sections.
Escutcheon in the Seal of the Kingdom of Croatia
The **Croatian checkerboard** or **chequy** (Croatian: *šahovnica* [ʃaxǒːʋnit͡sa]) is the national symbol of Croatia. It is the main shield of the Croatian coat of arms. On top of the main shield is the crown with five smaller shields, each representing a region of Croatia. The squares in the *šahovnica* are always arranged the right way, colored red and white. Historically, the order varied.

Origin
------

Coat of arms used by Duchy of Jawor since 1368, ruled by the Piast dynasty of Silesian regions.
There is a legend, probably from the 19th century, which talks about how the Croatian king Držislav, captured by the Venetians, played a chess match. His opponent was Doge Pietro II Orseolo. He won and became free, and in some versions of the story he also got power over the Dalmatian cities. Then he put the chessboard in his coat of arms.

It first came into use in Croatian coat of arms around year 1495, as depicted on a temple hall located in Innsbruck, Austria. There is likelyhood that it has been borrowed by the House of Habsburg (who ruled the Hungarian-Croatian throne at the time) from other West Slavic coats of arms, as the silver-red colored pattern was popular among the 12–14th century Polish and Czech noble families. The cheque pattern in European heraldry was likely inspired by the board game of chess.

It is considered as the national symbol of Croatia, and is prominently displayed at sporting events. As such, the pattern in these colors remains associated mostly with the nation of Croatia.

Gallery
-------

* The Croatian chequy on a church in BaškaThe Croatian chequy on a church in Baška
* The first known Croatian chequy as shown in Innsbruck, Austria (1495).The first known Croatian chequy as shown in Innsbruck, Austria (1495).
* The coat of arms of Croatia, used in 1527 as part of a seal on the Cetingrad Charter.The coat of arms of Croatia, used in 1527 as part of a seal on the Cetingrad Charter.
* Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia (1525-1868).Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia (1525-1868).
* Coat of arms of the Croatian Crown land (until 1868)Coat of arms of the Croatian Crown land (until 1868)
* Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918).Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918).
* Coat of arms of Transleithania (1868-1915).Coat of arms of Transleithania (1868-1915).
* Patriotic badge from 1914Patriotic badge from 1914
* Banovina of Croatia (1939–1943).Banovina of Croatia (1939–1943).
* Banovina of Croatia greater version (1939–1943).Banovina of Croatia greater version (1939–1943).
* Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945).Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945).
* Socialist Republic of Croatia (1947–1990).Socialist Republic of Croatia (1947–1990).
* Early coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (1990).Early coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (1990).
* Coat of arms of Croatia properCoat of arms of Croatia proper
**Celestial mechanics** is a part of astronomy that looks at the movement of the objects in the sky, and tries to find models to describe and explain these movements. The objects described include stars and planets, and also comets, and other similar objects.

The mathematics of celestial mechanics include spherical geometry, trigonometry and Newton's laws of motion.

History
-------

The first known examples of celestial mechanics are from Mesopotamia, around 3000 BC. The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa is a record of observations about the planet Venus. The tablet also describes the finding that solar and lunar eclipses are periodic events.

About the same time, ancient Egyptians found the length of the solar year to be 365.25 days. In Europe, this figure was in used until the Gregorian calendar was introduced in the 16th century.

At the same time, Eratosthenes worked out that the radius of the Earth was 252.000 stadia, or 50 times the distance between Alexandria and Aswan. This value is 41,750 kilometres (25,940 mi). It is very close to the real value of 40,075 kilometres (24,901 mi) at the equator.

In the 2nd century BC, Hipparchus calculated the distance between the Earth and the Moon to be 30 times the diameter of the Earth. This value is also very close to the modern one.

In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler observed the motion of planets in the sky. He created three laws of planetary motion that described their orbits.

Related pages
-------------

* Astrophysics
The **Constitution of the State of Tennessee** defines the form, structure, activities, character, and basic rules of the U.S. State of Tennessee. It also contains how to change them.

History
-------

The first constitution of Tennessee came into effect on June 1, 1796, concurrent with the state's admission to the Union. A second version of the constitution was adopted in 1835. A third constitution was adopted in 1870 and is the one still in use today, with new amendments.

On November 15, 1869 the Tennessee General Assembly called for an election to be held in December 1869 for two reasons. They are to determine if a constitutional convention should be called to amend or replace the 1835 constitution and to elect delegates to that convention if the voters determined that it was to be held. The voters decided for the convention, which began on January 10, 1870. The convention was finished on February 23, 1870, after adopting the constitution and recommending its approval by the voters in a special election It was conducted on March 26, 1870.

Background
----------

The document was mainly written as a response to the requirement for all ex-Confederate to adopt new constitutions clearly banning slavery. It contains many provisions that are holdovers from the two previous documents. It is much longer than the federal constitution but is not particularly long by the standards of state constitutions. This 1870 document stood unamended until 1953, which, according to the Tennessee Blue Book, was the longest period that any such document had remained in effect without amendment anywhere in the world.

Other websites
--------------

* Text of Constitution
**Chuncheon** is the capital city of Gangwon Province in South Korea. The city is in a small flat area surrounded by mountains. The Soyang River is around the city. It is the water source of the Han River. Because of this river, Chuncheon has lots of foggy days. Chuncheon is a popular tourist attraction among Korean and East Asian tourist thanks to the popular Korean drama *Winter Sonata*.

Tourism
-------

Gang chon is a popular tourist attraction especially for university students in Korea because it is near Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. It has good accommodation and entertainment facilities.

Chungpyeongsa is a temple which was built in Goryeo Dynasty. Because it is located in a beautiful mountain, many people go there to enjoy the beautiful scenery and valleys with their family.

Namiseom is a popular tourist island which became famous as a filming location of *Winter Sonata*. It has a beautiful forest trail so that many couples and family who visit Chuncheon stop by there a lot. People can rent bikes or ride a short rail to look around the island.

Food
----

The city has several famous foods. One of them is 'dak galbi'. 'Dak galbi' is a stir-fried chicken with sliced cabbage, sweet potatoes, rice cakes, sesame leaves and picy 'go chujang' sauce. It is usually cooked on a big iron pan on the center of the table. There is even a 'dak galbi' street which has many famous 'dak galbi' restaurants in the downtown of the city. Another famous food is 'makguksu.' 'Makguksu' is thin buckwheat noodles served in a cold beef broth with sesame seeds, sliced beef, cucumber, and spicy sauce.

Transportation
--------------

Chuncheon has a train transportation named Gyeonchun Line. With this track, it takes about one hour and twenty minutes from Chuncheon station to Yongsan station in Seoul. Also, it has subway transportation to Seoul. It takes about one hour and forty minutes from Chuncheon station to Sangbong station in Seoul. People can take either train or subway in Chuncheon station and Namchuncheon station. It has bus transportation too. Near Namchuncheon station, there is Chuncheon Bus Terminal. This connects to all major cities in mainland Korea.
Shows a region where a differential equation is valid and the associated boundary values
In mathematics, a **boundary value problem** is a problem to solve a set of differential equations. In addition, there are a set of constraints which are called the boundary constraints. A solution must both solve the differential equations, and the boundary constraints. 

Boundary value problems are common in many fields of science. 

Boundary value problems can be found in several branches of physics as any physical differential equation will have them. Problems involving the wave equation, for example the determination of normal modes, are often stated as boundary value problems. A large class of important boundary value problems are the Sturm–Liouville problems. The analysis of these problems involves the eigenfunctions of a differential operator.

To be useful in applications, a boundary value problem should be well posed. This means that given the input to the problem there exists a unique solution, which depends continuously on the input. Much theoretical work in the field of partial differential equations is devoted to proving that boundary value problems arising from scientific and engineering applications are in fact well-posed.

Among the earliest boundary value problems to be studied is the Dirichlet problem, of finding the harmonic functions (solutions to Laplace's equation); the solution was given by the Dirichlet's principle.
**Constitutionalism** is a form of political thought and action that seeks to prevent tyranny including worst result of majority rule and to guarantee the liberty and rights of individuals. Constitutionalism is the conduct of politics in accordance with a constitution. 

From the eighteenth century the essential element in modern constitutionalism is the doctrine of limited government under a written fundamental law. 
Limited government means that officials cannot act arbitrarily when they make and enforce public decisions. Public officials cannot simply do as they please. The Constitution is the supreme law that guides and limits the exercise of power by government officials. 

In 1787 representatives of the people of the United States drafted and ratified a Constitution. Article 6 of the United States Constitution  states this principle: "The Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof … shall be the supreme Law of the Land." All laws, passed either by Congress or by state legislatures, must conform to the supreme law—the Constitution. As Alexander Hamilton explained in the Federalist Papers No. 78: "No legislative act contrary to the Constitution, therefore, can be valid." Actually, a legislative or executive action that violates the Constitution can be declared unconstitutional, or unlawful, by the Supreme Court.

A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that lies between absolutism and parliamentary republic. In absolutism, the monarch is free to do what he likes, and there is no way to control him. A parliamentary republic operates without a monarch.

Bibliography
------------

* Casper, Gerhard, Changing Concepts of Constitutionalism: 18th to 20th Century, Supreme Court Review (1989): 311–332.
* Lutz, Donald S.The Origins of American Constitutionalism (1988).
* Snowiss, Sylvia, From Fundamental Law to Supreme Law of the Land: A Reinterpretation of the Origins of Judicial Review, Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 1–67.
* Stourzh, Gerard, Constitution: Changing Meanings of the Term from the Early Seventeenth to the Late Eighteenth Century, in Conceptual Change and the Constitution, edited by Terence Ball and J. G. A. Pocock (1988), pp. 35–54

Related pages
-------------

* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Separation of powers
* Rule of law
A cartoon illustration of the paradox
The **buttered cat paradox** is a popular joke based on putting two adages (sayings) together to make them funny:

* Cats always land on their feet.
* Buttered toast always lands buttered side down.

The paradox happens when one asks this question: What would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height?

In reality
----------

In reality, cats can turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down. This is named the cat righting reflex. This reflex lets them land on their feet if dropped from high enough up (about 30 centimetres (12 inches)). Toast, not being alive, does not have the ability to turn itself over. Nor does it want to, since it cannot think.

Toast usually lands on the floor butter-side-down. This is because of how it is dropped from a table. As the toast falls from the table, it rotates or turns. Using the average speed of rotation for a slice of toast as it falls from the table and the usual height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table will land butter-side-down on the floor 81% of the time. This is because the buttered side is heavier. When an object has a heavy and light side, in most cases it will fall heavy side first.

Domestic cats usually weigh between 4 and 5 kilograms (8.8 and 11.0 pounds). A regular slice of bread weighs only one ounce and a pat of butter about one fourth ounce. So attaching a very small piece of toast with butter to a much larger cat would hardly have any effect on how the cat would move.

Other websites
--------------

* Loopholes for the paradox
**Juan Cristobal Tapia de Veer** also known as *Cristo*, is a film and television score composer, arranger, producer and multi-instrumentalist based in Montreal, QC, Canada. He is mostly known for his music to the British 6-part drama UTOPIA for which he won an RTS Craft Award in the best original score category in 2013.

Early life
----------

Cristo was born during the military coup d'état in Chile. First, his parents fled to Paris, France. While his father decided to stay there, his mother took him back to Chile. Life under Pinochet's dictatorship still proved impossible, so they found political refuge in Québec, Canada.

Career
------

He obtained a master's degree in Classical Music (specialization in percussion) from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec. In 2001 he got signed to Warner Music with his pop-band *One Ton*, putting a hold on his classical career. The trio won the Canadian Dance Music Award (SOCAN) in 2003 with the electro-dance single "Supersex World". It was Cristo who produced the album.

Movie & TV scoring
------------------

In 2011, his music for the Victorian 4-part drama *The Crimson Petal and the White* (dir: Marc Munden, BBC2) totally surprised the audiences.

Matthew Gilbert, The Boston Globe, U.S.:

"The soundtrack ranges from gnawing electronic hums to choral ecstasy. It's all brilliantly, effectively, appropriately jarring, even if it sends the Masterpiece crowd to the medicine cabinet for Dramamine."

His latest work is in the conspiracy thriller *UTOPIA* created by Dennis Kelly, that aired on Channel 4. A second series has already been commissioned.

The Royal Television Society awarded him a Craft & Design Awards for "best original music" in November 2013.

He wrote music for a new TV-show called *Série Noire*[*permanent dead link*], written and directed by the writers of "Les Invincibles", released in January 2014 on Radio-Canada.

Other websites
--------------

* Cristobal Tapia de Veer on IMDb
* Cristobal Tapia de Veer on soundcloud
***Cornus canadensis*** is a herbaceous member of the Cornaceae (dogwood) family. It has various common names, such as the **Bunchberry dogwood**, **Canadian Bunchberry**, **Quatre-temps**, or **Crackerberry**. It is a widespread plant of the northern hemisphere.

It grows about 20–30 cm tall and bears tiny flowers a few millimetres across. They form an inflorescence at the center of four white, petal-like bracts 3–4 cm diameter.

Each flower has highly elastic petals that flip backward, releasing springy filaments that are cocked underneath the petals. The filaments snap upward flinging pollen out in less than half a millisecond. The pollen experiences a force two to three thousand times the force of gravity. The Bunchberry has one of the fastest plant actions found so far. It needs a camera capable of shooting 10,000 frames per second to catch the action.

"One of the fastest actions in the plant world is the explosive opening of flowers on the bunchberry dogwood, which happens in just under 0.5 milliseconds. As the flowers burst open, the petals quickly separate and flip back, exposing the stamens. During the first 0.3 milliseconds, researchers have calculated the stamens are exposed to a force 800 times greater than astronauts experience during blast-off. The mechanism, it is understood, allows pollen to be thrown upwards in order for it to be transported by the wind".
In other words, it is a mechanism for cross-pollination by air.

The fruits are edible with a mild flavour somewhat like apples. The large seeds within are somewhat hard and crunchy. Birds are the main dispersal agents of the seeds, consuming the fruit during their fall migration. In Alaska, bunchberry is an important forage plant for mule deer, black-tailed deer and moose, which consume it throughout the growing season.

Where bunchberry, a forest species, and *Cornus suecica,* a bog species, grow near each other in their overlapping ranges in Alaska, Labrador, and Greenland, they can Hybrid ize by cross-pollination, producing plants with intermediate characteristics.
A **contribution claim** is a claim made by one or more people in a court case to get money from a person not involved in the case.

In most cases, contribution claims are made like the original claim itself. The claim must be personally given to the new, third party defendant, by the third party plaintiff (the defendant bringing the claim for contribution relief). In contrast, a counter-claim asserts that the party (usually a defendant) is entitled to offset the damages awarded to plaintiff by the proportionate share of any responsibility, liability, or fault assigned to the plaintiff by the jury. Finally, a cross-claim is the same as a counter-claim or contribution claim, except that it is asserted by a defendant against other defendants. Counter-claims and cross claims do not require personal service because no new parties are being added to the claim.

In some state court systems, a contribution claim must be made as a new case, and the person making it must pay a fee. In other states, no extra fee is required.
The Consulate-General of Indonesia in Houston is Indonesia's small official office in Houston, Texas, United States
A **consulate** is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General. These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.

People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers. The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general. An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government. They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade. An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there. They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.
Flag
Coat of arms
**Chaikovskiy** is a town in Perm Krai, an administrative centre of Chaikovskiy region. It was established in 1962. 82,400 people live in the town.

Chaikovsky
The town is west of the Ural Mountains, on the left bank of the Kama at the mouth of the small river Saygatka in the southwest of Perm Krai. The territory of Chaikovskiy is about 31 square kilometers. The town is on the plain at the bank of the Kama river.

Chaikovskiy is relatively far from Perm, but it has a good geographical position. It is at the meeting point of Udmurt Republic, Bashkortostan and Perm Krai.

Location of Chaykovskiy Region (Perm Kray)
Карта Чайковского
Chaikovskiy is a green, comfortable town. It is surrounded by water from three sides. There are parks in the town and forests around it. A notable place of interest is a quiet street with many apple trees going from the river port to the town center. The air and water are clean in Chaykovskiy.

Local people like swimming, boating and water skiing in the summer. Ski jumping and biathlon are popular winter sports.
The headquarters for the Corps of Topographical Engineers, ca. 1860-1865
The **U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers** was established by the United States Congress in 1838. It was made up of only officers who were hand-picked graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Their main purpose was to map and make military surveys for routes to the Pacific. They were at the center of the westward expansion of the United States between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. They mapped the frontier regions of the West encouraging Americans to move into those areas. They laid out trails, roads, railroad routes and waterways. During the Civil War, the functions of the Corps of Topographical Engineers were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers.

Background
----------

From 1777 to 1863, topographical engineers were used in the United States Army. In 1813, Congress authorized eight officers to be a part of the general staff. Each was to have the brevet rank and pay of a major in the U.S. Cavalry. They also authorized eight assistants, each with the brevet rank and pay of a captain in the U.S. Infantry. They formed the **Topographical Bureau** as a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

In 1829, John James Abert, became the head of the Topographical Bureau. In 1838, he used his political influence to persuade Congress to form an independent army unit separate from the Corps of Engineers called the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Informally they became known as "topogs".

Accomplishments
---------------

Their first priority was to explore the American West to make it accessible. Early on they worked to make the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers navigable. The work of charting these rivers actually started under the Topographical Bureau over a decade before the establishment of the Corps of Topographical Engineers. During the mid-1800s, they worked on floodind issues of major rivers. They designed lighthouses, mapped navigational routes and worked on many other federal projects. The General Survey Act gave them the authority to survey all canals and roads in the United States. They surveyed the National Road that connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. This was a main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers.

During the 1840s and 1850s, the Corps was very active. John C. Frémont led several western explorations starting in 1841. He led an exploration of the North Platte River. He next explored west to what is now Pueblo, Colorado. His next exploration was south going through Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River. With Kit Carson as his guide, Fremont began a two year journey that greatly expanded the knowledge of what lay to the west. It took him as far as the Sacramento Valley in early 1846. They were also involved in surveying boundary lines, especially in Texas during the Mexican–American War. Until they were merged with the Corps of Engineers in 1863, they surveyed and built roads bridges and forts for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Other websites
--------------

* Library of Congress, Maps, U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers
Corpus Christi College, New Court
**Corpus Christi College** (full name:**The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary**) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the *Parker library*, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website

| * v
* t
* e
Colleges of the University of Cambridge |
| --- |
| Christ's • Churchill • Clare • Clare Hall • Corpus Christi • Darwin • Downing • Emmanuel • Fitzwilliam • Girton • Gonville and Caius • Homerton • Huges Hall • Jesus • King's • Lucy Cavendish • Magdalene • Murray Edwards • Newnham • Pembroke • Peterhouse • Queens' • Robinson • St Catharine's • St Edmund's • St John's • Selwyn • Sidney Sussex • Trinity • Trinity Hall • Wolfson |
18th century French coin
A **coin** is a piece of metal that is used as currency, or money. The earliest coins were in Lydia, in what is Turkey today, in 7th Century BC. They were made from electrum, an alloy found in riverbeds.

Most people use coins as currency. They usually have lower value than banknotes. Most are made in government mints.

Appearance
----------

Many coins have unique or complicated decorations; one side often has the picture of a king or ither important person's head on it. 

The different decorations on each side of a coin might be used to decide things randomly. This is called "tossing a coin". A person can throw the coin into the air and catch it. You then look at which side is facing up. If the head is facing up it is called "heads", if the other side is facing up it is called "tails". Before tossing the coin someone has to decide what each side means. Tossing a coin can be a type of gambling, which is illegal (against the law) in some countries.

Collecting
----------

See the main article: Coin collecting
Because coins have been made for a very long time, some people collect old coins. They can be much cheaper than other old things, especially if they are made of cheap metals like copper. Older coins normally cost more than newer ones, but rarity matters more-some coins from the 1920s cost vast sums, while some Roman coins cost very little.
A **cold seep** (sometimes called a **cold vent**) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich liquids leak out of the Earth's crust, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold seeps form a biome supporting several native species.

Cold seeps change the shape of the ocean floor over time, where reactions between methane and seawater create carbonate rock formations and reefs. These reactions may change when bacteria are present.

Types
-----

These craters mean a brine pool has formed here. Salt from brine pools seeps through the seafloor and covers the nearby rock.
Cold seeps at different depths have different names. Other kinds of cold seeps are:

* oil/gas seeps
* gas seeps: methane seeps
* gas hydrate seeps
* brine seeps are forming brine pools
* pockmarks
* mud volcanos

Formation and ecological succession
-----------------------------------

Cold seeps occur over cracks in the seafloor caused by the movement of the Earth's crust. Oil and methane "seep" out of those cracks, get dissolved by tiny bits of rock, and emerge over an area several hundred meters wide.

Methane (CH  
4) is the main part of what we commonly refer to as natural gas. But in addition to being an important energy source for humans, methane also forms the basis of a cold seep ecosystem.
A man courting a woman
A **courtship** is a time in the relationship of a couple. During a courtship, a couple gets to know one another. They later decide if they will get engaged, married or other such agreement. A courtship may be a private and informal matter between two people. On the other hand, it may be public. Or it could be a formal arrangement with the approval of a family.

There is a great difference between couples. The average extent of a courtship differs quite a bit across the world. Courtship may be entirely omitted, as in some cases of arranged marriage.

In the United Kingdom, there was a poll of over 3,000 engaged or married couples. The average time between first meeting and an accepted marriage proposal was two years and eleven months. The women felt ready to accept at an average of two years and seven months.

In the earlier 1800s, young adults were expected to court with the intention of finding a marriage partner, not social reasons. In the more traditional forms of Christianity, this concept of courtship has been kept.

In recent research, it has been found that marriage rates have dropped with people. There are not so many courted relationships in the society of today. This means that fewer people are getting married and practicing premarital sex. Many families are started with children, and *then* marriage. Traditions are referred to as a thing of the past. However, there are many people who still follow the old-fashioned courting route for their relationships.
**Couvade** (French, from *couver*, 'to hatch', from Latin *cubare* 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name *couvade*.

Practise
--------

To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman’s behaviour and pains during childbirth.

Occurrence
----------

The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

Reasons
-------

These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them.

Consequences of not doing couvade
---------------------------------

It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.
Crowds walk among the thousands of titles available at the 41st Cairo International Book Fair, 3 February 2009.
The **Cairo International Book Fair** is one of the biggest book fairs in the world with hundreds of book sellers and about two million visitors every year. It is the largest book fair in the Arab world, as well as the oldest. In 2006 it was the second largest book fair in the world after the Frankfurt Book Fair. It is held every year in the last week of January in Cairo, Egypt, at the Cairo International Fair Grounds in Madinat Nasr, near Al-Azhar University. It is organised by the General Egyptian Book Organisation.

Size
----

Cairo publishers make 60% of Arabic language books printed in the world. The state owned General Egyptian Book Organisation, is the largest book publisher in the Arab world. The fair has displays and speakers from publishers and government agencies from around the world, as well as sellers of books, video, and other media. Lectures, readings, and other public events take place during the three weeks the of the book fair, with items in Arabic, English, and other languages. The fair brings in ordinary Egyptians, with media on a range of topics, outdoor events, and even fireworks to entertain the large crowds.

The CIBF was started by the General Egyptian Book Organisation, a government publishers and retailers group, in 1969 as part of the celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the start of the city of Cairo. The 41st fair was held from 21 January to 5 February 2009.

Controversy
-----------

The CIBF has had problems in recent years. Leftist and Muslim militant authors, works critical of the government, and works with sections or topics that are seen as sexually or culturally controversial have been banned from the book fair. During the 2000 book fair, Islamist protests became violent. That year, more than 2000 members of Muslim student groups protested outside Al-Azhar University. This led to rare public protests against the Egyptian government, violence, 75 arrests and a number of injuries. The students were protesting an Egyptian Ministry of Culture publisher printing and selling copies of the 1983 novel *A Banquet for Seaweed* by the Syrian writer Haidar Haidar. After the protests, two members of the government printing house were also arrested for "disparaging religion" and publishing a work "offensive to public morals".

In later years a number of books from foreign publishers have been taken by Egyptian authorities. These have included works by Czech Milan Kundera, Moroccan Mohamed Choukri, Saudi Ibrahim Badi, Lebanese Hanan al-Sheikh, and fellow Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury In 2005, Egyptian police arrested a number of book sellers and activists at the book fair. Two Egyptian journalists were arrested for giving out "false propaganda against the government" and others for presenting socialist work.

Other websites
--------------

* www.cairoibf.org Archived 2010-02-07 at the Wayback Machine: official site (Arabic).
A **consultant** (from the Latin *consultare* meaning "to discuss" also the basis of words such as *consul* and *counsel*) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area of expertise. Various consultants offer advice in management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law (tax law, in particular), human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, statistics, software, life management, economics, public affairs, communication, engineering, sound system design, graphic design, or waste management.

A consultant is usually an expert or a professional, in a specific field, who also has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.

'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland (e.g. a consultant surgeon).

Ways in which consultants work
------------------------------

Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients. This is particularly common in the technology sector. Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.

Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.

Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.
A **coefficient of friction** is a value that shows the relationship between two objects and the normal reaction between the objects that are involved. It is a value that is sometimes used in physics to find an object's normal force or frictional force when other methods are unavailable.

The coefficient of friction is shown by {\displaystyle F\_{f}=\mu F\_{n}\,}. In that equation, {\displaystyle F\_{f}} is the frictional force, \mu  is the coefficient of friction, and F\_{n}\, is the normal force.

The coefficient \mu can be two different things. It is either the coefficient of **static friction** \mu\_s, or the coefficient of **Dynamic friction** \mu\_k.The coefficient of static friction is the friction force between two objects when neither of the objects is moving. The coefficient of dynamic friction is the force between two objects when one object is moving, or if two objects are moving against one another.

The coefficient of friction is dimensionless and it does not have any unit. It is a scalar, meaning the direction of the force does not affect the physical quantity.

The coefficient of friction depends on the objects that are causing friction. The value is usually between 0 and 1 but can be greater than 1. A value of 0 means there is no friction at all between the objects; such is possible with Superfluidity. All objects, otherwise, will have some friction when they touch each other. A value of 1 means the frictional force is equal to the normal force. It is a misconception that the coefficient of friction is limited to values between zero and one. A coefficient of friction that is more than one just means that the frictional force is stronger than the normal force. An object such as silicone rubber, for example, can have a coefficient of friction much greater than one.

The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it.

The frictional force or force of friction (static or kinetic) can be expressed as

{\displaystyle F\_{f}=\mu N} (1)

where

{\displaystyle F\_{f}} is the frictional force (in Newtons),

\mu is the static (\mu\_s) or kinetic (\mu\_k) frictional coefficient (dimensionless) and

{\displaystyle N} is the normal force (in Newtons). 

It could also be known as a friction. It is represented as (f).

Sources
-------

* To find the equivalent article in En wiki, click here
**Cristina Alejandra Pérez** (San Miguel de Tucumán, August 17, 1973) is an Argentine journalist and host. Since 2002 she hosts Telefe Noticias, together with Rodolfo Barili on Telefe and *Cristina sin vueltas* on Radio Rivadavia.

Personal life
-------------

Cristina is a fan of soccer, and in particular of Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield, a club of which she is a fan. In December 2010, she separated from Jorge Pérez Bello, an executive of the Telefónica group and who was her partner for ten years.  Cristina Pérez and Gustavo Grobocopatel, a soybean businessman, had been in a relationship since 2016 and ended their relationship after just over a year. She was later in a relationship with textile entrepreneur Yoel Freue, from whom she announced her separation on April 17, 2020. 

Cristina is the sister of the journalist Lorena Pérez, who hosted the main newscast of Canal 8 Tucumán, Grupo Telefe. 

She is part of *FOPEA* (Argentine Journalism Forum), a media group.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
César Cui
**César Cui** (18 January 1835, Vilnius – 26 March 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("Mighty Handful"), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania. 

Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general.

Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy. Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called "Orientale".
Pietro Ottoboni, who was the last to be name cardinal nephew
A **cardinal-nephew** (Latin: *cardinalis nepos*; Italian: *cardinale nipote*;) was a pope's relative -- a nephew -- who was raised to the rank of cardinal. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages.

Cardinal-nephew was an office in the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church before 1692. After the death of the reigning pope, the office of cardinal-nephew was vacated.

The pope's cardinal-nephew was his chief assistant and confident. The man in this role was expected to act as if he were a relative of the pope; and sometimes -- often, he was in fact a member of the pope's extended family. 

After 1692, this office was banned by Pope Innocent XII in *Romanum decet pontificem.*

This role and function is now filled by the Vatican's Secretary of State.

List of cardinal-nephews
------------------------

Notable cardinal-nephews include many who would later become popes:

This list is not complete. You can help by adding to it.
* Gregory IX
* Alexander IV
* Adrian V
* Gregory XI
* Boniface IX
* Innocent VII
* Eugene IV
* Paul II
* Alexander VI
* Pius III
* Julius II
* Leo X
* Clement VII
* Benedict XIII
* Pius VII