recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Armond White** (born 1953/1954) is an American music and movie critic. He writes for *National Review* and *Out* magazine. He was the editor of *CityArts* from 2011 until 2014 the lead movie critic for the *New York Press*from 1997 until 2011. He had been the arts editor and critic for *The City Sun* from 1984 until 1996. Other publications he has written for include *Film Comment*, *Variety*, *The Nation*, *The New York Times*, *Slate*, *Columbia Journalism Review* and *First Things*.

White is known for his provocative and idiosyncratic reviews. He is a controversial person in movie criticism. As an African-American, gay, and conservative movie critic, he has been referred to as a "minority three times over in his profession."

Early Life
----------

White was born in Detroit, Michigan in the early 1950s to an African-American Baptist family. He converted to pentecostalism. White became interested in movies in high school. He earned a degree in movie criticism in 1997.

Movie Criticism
---------------

White writes a "Better Than List" each year. On the list, he says which unpopular movies from that year are better than the popular movies. White was extremely critical of *Toy Story 3* and *Toy Story 4* and said the *Transformers* movies were better. He also said that The Dark Knight Trilogy was bad but that most of the movies in the DC Extended Universe were good. White has also criticized the Marvel Cinematic Universe. White is often critical of Pixar movies, but he said that *Inside Out* was a good movie. White has also defended many of Adam Sandler’s movies. White has also been extremely critical of movies he accused of afrocentrism. He used to praise many of Steven Spielberg movies but has become more critical of Spielberg’s work.

Works
-----

White wrote a book called *Make Spielberg Great Again*

Personal life
-------------

White is gay and a Christian. According to the *New York Times*, White "lives by himself in Chelsea with no pets or plants, amid piles of DVDs. Standing 6-foot-3, he cuts an imposing figure. Yet in conversation, he comes across as exacting, quiet and polite, far different from what his writing—and seeming bad behavior—might suggest."
The **armistice** and **preliminaries of Villafranca** were signed on 11 July 1859 in Villafranca di Verona , in the Veneto , by France and Austria. It put an end to the Austro-Franco-Sardinian War which constitutes for Italy, the second Italian War of Independence.

After the difficult battles of Magenta (4 June) and Solferino (24 June), Napoleon III , without consulting his Sardinian ally Cavour , proposed the armistice on 8 July and an interview on 11 July with the Emperor of Austria François- Joseph I st. Although victorious, Napoleon III was frightened by the hecatomb (nearly 40,000 killed or wounded at Solferino) and the idea of having to continue an autumn and winter campaign against the Austrians entrenched in the quadrilateral. Moreover, the government and the Empress send him alarming information about the state of French opinion, Which is execrable. In particular, the Catholics, hitherto supported by the imperial regime, fear for the Papal States and the Pope's independence if Austria were eliminated from Italy. Finally, an anti-French feeling spread in Germany, where the Austrians were supported. The number of Prussian deaths is nearly 400 000 soldiers near the Rhine, stripped of French troops.

In Villafranca, it is agreed that Austria cedes Lombardy (except Mantua and Peschiera) to France, which restores it to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. An Italian confederation under the presidency of Pope Pius IX was created, the Veneto under Austrian sovereignty being part of it. The dukes of Modena , Parma, and Tuscany, driven away by revolutions, found their thrones.

Cavour, not consulted, resigned on 10 July, while King Victor-Emmanuel II gave his agreement "in a personal capacity", thus leaving the door open to any governmental retraction.

These preliminaries were confirmed by the Treaty of Zurich of 11 November 1859.
Bayreuth Festspielhaus
The **Bayreuth Festspielhaus** (*Bayreuth Festival Theatre*) is an opera house in the town of Bayreuth, Germany. The German opera composer Richard Wagner got the opera house built so that his own music could be performed properly. He had lots of ideas about how opera should be performed, and he thought that there was no opera house in Germany that was good enough for performances of his operas. Today it is still the place where every year there is a festival, the Bayreuth Festival, which is dedicated only to the operas of Richard Wagner.

King Ludwig II of Bavaria was a great admirer of Richard Wagner and he gave a lot of money for the opera house to be built. Wagner watched the construction all the time and made sure that everything was built in the way he wanted. Work on the building started on 22 May 1872 (Wagner's birthday), and it was ready four years later when, for the first time, all four operas which make up the cycle called *Der Ring des Nibelungen* (*The Ring of the Nibelung*), were performed.

The opera house is big enough for an audience of 1,925. One unusual thing is the orchestra pit, which is right under the stage, covered by a hood, so that the orchestra cannot be seen at all by the audience. Wagner wanted the audience to be able to concentrate properly on the action on the stage instead of being distracted by watching the orchestra. It makes it very difficult for the orchestra and the singers to be together, and conductors have to get used to the problem.

The Festspielhaus also has a double proscenium, which makes it look as if the stage is farther away than it actually is.
**Arminius**, also known as **Armin** or **Hermann** (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.

After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.

Rome's response
---------------

Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.

After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. 

Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.

In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.

Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee. 

With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.

Death of Arminius
-----------------

Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman military effort east of the Rhine.
The Old Red Sandstone Continent in the Devonian
**Avalonia** was a microcontinent in the Palaeozoic era. Parts of this old microcontinent lie under south-west Great Britain, southern Ireland, and the eastern coast of North America. Bits of it are in Europe, Canada, and parts of the East coast of the United States. Avalonia is named after the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland.

Location of the Caledonian/Acadian mountain chains in the Early Devonian Epoch. Present day coastlines are shown for reference. Red lines are sutures, capitalized names are the different continents/super-terranes that joined during the Caledonian orogeny.
Avalonia started as a chain of volcanoes on the northern margin of Gondwana. It became a drifting microcontinent. The Iapetus Ocean in front of it slowly shrank. 

Avalonia collided with other continents. It ended up in the middle of Pangaea. When Pangaea broke up, Avalonia's remains were divided by the rift which became the Atlantic Ocean.

That is how it came to be part in western Europe, and part in eastern North America.
upper side of the wings
underside of the wings
The **least skipper** (*Ancyloxypha numitor*) is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is native to North America. They have a weak, bouncy flight.

The least skipper can be found in damp or wet habitats with tall grasses. In the northern part of the its range, adults may be seen from May to September. In the southern part of its range, adults can be found from February to December. It may be seen all year in southern Florida.

Description
-----------

The least skipper has rounded wings and a skinny body. Their antennae are checkered and have no hooks. Male least skipper do not have stigmata. The upper side of the top wing is dark brown, sometimes having orange on it. The bottom wing is orange with a dark brown border around it. The underside of the wings is bright orange. The bottom wing's veins are a whitish color. Its wingspan (length of the wings) is ¾ to 1 inch.

Life cycle
----------

Males find females by looking for them in tall grasses. Females lay their eggs one at a time on the caterpillar's host plant (the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The eggs are pale yellow. The caterpillar makes a nest of grass and silk. The caterpillar is green. It has four pairs of white wax glands on the abdomen near the underside. The head is brown or tan. It is usually darker in the center. The collar (the area between where the head and the body connect) has a white stripe and a black stripe. The chrysalis is a cream color and has brown markings. The caterpillar will hibernate in the winter. The least skipper has 2-4 broods each year.

Host plants
-----------

Here is a list of host plants that the least skipper caterpillar feeds on:

* cogongrass, *Imperata* sp.
* rice cutgrass, *Leersia oryzoides*
* cultivated rice, *Oryza sativa*
* *Panicum* sp.
* bluegrass, *Poa* sp.
* *Setaria* sp.
* cordgrass, *Spartina* sp.
* marsh millet, *Zizaniopsis miliacea*

Similar species
---------------

There are some species of butterflies that are similar to the least skipper. They are the European skipper (*Thymelicus lineola*), the tropical least skipper (*Ancyloxypha arene*), the orange skipperling (*Copaeodes aurantiaeca*), and the southern skipperling (*Copaeodes minima*).
***Baywatch*** is a 2017 American action-comedy movie. It was adapted off the television series of the same name.

Principal photography started on February 22, 2016 across Florida and Savannah, Georgia. *Baywatch* was released in May 2017. The movie got substandard reviews from the critics, mostly for its crude humor and character developments. However, it had a box office intake of just over $58 million in the United States. It made another $119.8 million in several other territories. The total box office intake was around $177.8 million. The movie's budget was $69 million. *Baywatch* was given five nominations in the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards. The categories were the Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel, the Worst Screenplay, the Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It and the Worst Picture.

The reviews
-----------

*Baywatch* received an approval rating of only 17% under Rotten Tomatoes. Critics from the movie judging site said: "*Baywatch* takes its source material's jiggle factor to R-rated levels, but lacks the original's campy charm – and leaves its charming stars flailing in the shallows." It received a rating of 37 out of 100 under Metacritic. That meant "generally unfavorable reviews.".

Writing for the *Rolling Stone* magazine, Peter Travers was happy with the "easy rapport" from Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron. Travers stated, though, "what [the film] needs more is a functional script". Travers rated the movie two out of four stars. He then said: "Think of yourself sitting down for a big two-hour wallow in instant stupid with a vat of popcorn, slathered in fake butter and possibly a mound of melted M&Ms on top. It feels great chugging it down, then your stomach hurts, your head aches and you puke the whole thing up so you can forget about it in the morning. That's *Baywatch* in a nutshell." Owen Gleiberman from the *Variety* magazine called it "stupidly entertaining... for a while". He was, however, not impressed with the movie's plot.

The awards
----------

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Movie: Comedy Actor | Dwayne Johnson | Nominated |  |
| Zac Efron | Won |
| Choice Movie: Comedy Actress | Alexandra Daddario | Nominated |
| Choice Movie: Villain | Priyanka Chopra | Nominated |
| Choice Movie: Ship | Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron | Nominated |
| Golden Schmoes Awards | Best T&A of the Year | Alexandra Daddario | Won |  |
| 2018 | 38th Golden Raspberry Awards | Worst Picture | Michael Berk, Gregory J. Bonann, Beau Flynn, Ivan Reitman, Douglas Schwartz | Nominated |  |
| Worst Screenplay | Damian Shannon, Mark Swift, Jay Scherick, David Ronn, Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant | Nominated |
| Worst Actor | Zac Efron | Nominated |
| Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel |  | Nominated |
| The Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It |  | Won |
**Ahidus** (Berber languages: ⴰⵃⵉⴷⵓⵙ) is the traditional dance of Berber tribes originated from northwestern Africa. It is the favourite entertainment of the Berber tribes in Morocco and some parts of Algeria.

Origins and characteristics
---------------------------

The origins of Ahidus are unknown because of the lack of research studies. Ahidus is believed to be originated from the Berber tribe of Zenata.
The starting formation of the dance was done by making a closed circle which represented the unity between the performers and the inhabitants of the tribe. The lead dancer would stand in the middle and guide the group.

An important aspect of Ahidus is the traditional dance. Men wears white djellaba and turban representing the symbol of peace. As for women, they were free to wear either white or colourful kaftans coupled with silver jewellery.

Gallery
-------

* From Talsint.From Talsint.
* From Sefrou.From Sefrou.
* From Oulmes.From Oulmes.
* From Ain Fendel.From Ain Fendel.
* From Ait Hdidou in ImlchilFrom Ait Hdidou in Imlchil
* From Ain Leuh.From Ain Leuh.
* From Tsiwant.From Tsiwant.
* From Ait Bouguemez.From Ait Bouguemez.

1. ↑  M. Stone, Ruth (2 April 2010). *The Garland handbook of African music*. ISBN 9781135900014. OCLC 890136459.
2. ↑  ArudjBarberousse (2016-08-11). "Hidous ou l'expression musicale berbère de l'Ouest". *Algérie Découverte*. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
3. ↑  "أحيدوس.. من الأطلس المتوسط إلى العالمية". *www.maghrebvoices.com* (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-03-01.
The **BFG 9000** is a fictional futuristic weapon. It is found in the Doom video game series. The BFG 9000 is a very large, solid metal gun. It shoot balls of green plasma. It is the most powerful weapon in the games. The BFG 9000 can destroy almost any player or enemy in one hit. *Quake II* and *Quake III Arena* pay homage to the BFG 9000 with weapons called the BFG10K. The *Quake III Arena* version works differently than the BFG 9000. It shoots many small plasma beams very quickly instead of one large ball. This means the BFG 9000 causes much more damage in a single hit than the *Arena* BFG10K.

Names
-----

The abbreviation "BFG" stands for "Big Fucking Gun". This is the name is was given in Tom Hall's first *Doom* design document. In the *Doom II* user manual, BFG is said to stand for "Big Fuckin Gun". In the *Doom* movie, it is named the "Bio Force Gun" but "Big Fucking Gun" is said when the gun is first seen).
The *Quake II* manual says BFG stands for "Big, uh, freakin’ gun".

Critical reception
------------------

UGO.com list the BFG 9000 at number two on their Top 50 Video Game Weapons of All Time. They say the weapon is "marvelous and complex, and we should not hesitate to put this weapon down in history as one of the best." X-Play listed it as number one on their Top 10 Badass Weapons list. They said that the BFG 9000 was "not as fancy as the gravity gun" but it was the first weapon that "really made us swoon". IGN editor Tom McNamara listed the BFG as one of the ten best weapons in video games. He placed it at number ten on his list. Machinima.com listed it as number one on their list of Top Ten Video Game Weapons. They said "Do you really need a reason why this tops the list?"

Other websites
--------------

* The BFG 9000 FAQ
* Information on the BFG 9000
The ***Alexander Mosaic*** is a Roman floor mosaic from the House of the Faun in Pompeii. It was made in 100 BC. It shows a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia. It measures 2.72 x 5.13m (8 ft 11in x 16 ft 9in). The original is at the Naples National Archaeological Museum. The mosaic is based on a 3rd-century BC Hellenistic painting, by Philoxenos of Eretria.

The mosaic shows the Battle of Issus, between Alexander and Darius. Alexander won the Battle of Issus. Alexander won again two years later at the Battle of Gaugamela.

Alexander and Darius
--------------------

Detail showing Alexander
1893 Reconstruction of the mosaic depiction.
The two main figures are easy to see. Darius has a worried expression on his face. The Persian soldiers have a stern look.

Modern history
--------------

The mosaic was found again on October 24, 1831 in Pompeii. It was moved to Naples in September 1843. It is in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale.

Modern copy
-----------

Modern reconstruction of the Alexander Mosaic.
In 2003 the *International Center for the Study and Teaching of Mosaic* (CISIM) in Ravenna, Italy, wanted to make a copy of the mosaic. The mosaic master Severo Bignami and his eight-person team took a large photograph of the mosaic. It took them 22 months to make a copy of the mosaic. The copy was put in the House of the Faun in 2005.

Gallery
-------

* Close up of Alexander.Close up of Alexander.
* Close up of Darius.Close up of Darius.
* Centre detail of the Mosaic.Centre detail of the Mosaic.
* Detail of the Persians on the right side of the Mosaic.Detail of the Persians on the right side of the Mosaic.
* Detail of a fallen sword from the bottom right of the Mosaic.Detail of a fallen sword from the bottom right of the Mosaic.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Alexander Mosaic***.

* Reconstructed and completed Alexander mosaic.
***Angry Birds 2*** (formerly ***Angry Birds Under Pigstruction***) is a puzzle game developed by Rovio Entertainment. *Angry Birds 2* has was initially released on July 30, 2015, for Android and iOS.

Gameplay
--------

Much like the previous *Angry Birds* games, the player has to knock out every pig in order to beat a stage. Unlike previous games, the birds can be gotten by the use of cards. When the game was first made, the only birds were Red, Sliver, The Blues, Terence, Bomb, Chuck, and Matilda. In later updates, the characters Hal, Bubbles, Stella, Leonard, and Melody were added.

Development
-----------

On March 6, 2015, *Angry Birds: Under Pigstruction* was introduced on the App Store and Google Play. In June 2015, Rovio announced that *Angry Birds: Under Pigstruction* has been renamed to *Angry Birds 2*.

On August 15, 2019. *Angry Birds 2* has been release on the Microsoft Store for Windows 10. On June 6, 2021, the Amazon App Store released *Angry Birds 2* for free.

Related pages
-------------

* Angry Birds
**Barnaul** (Russian: Барнаул) is a city in Russia. It is the capital and largest city of Altai Krai. Its population was 632,372 as of 2018. It is home to the centers of silver in Russia.

History
-------

Barnaul was founded by the family of Demidov, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver of Russia, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown of Russia. Barnaul became a major center of silver in Russia. Barnaul's city status was founded in 1771. In 1738 a silver-refining works was established and Barnaul became the original hub of the Altai mining region of Russia. It was a major trade centre in 1850. Barnaul has good communications by Ob River, by the South Siberian, Turk-Sib, and Omsk-Barnaul railways, and by roads to the Kolyvan-Rubtsovsk mining area and Novosibirsk. As a result after that, its industrial importance has increased and its range of products grown wider. Barnaul's engineering industries produce boilers, presses, diesel motors, and radios; other industries make cotton textiles, chemical fibres, cellophane, tires, and lumber and forest products. There is also a range of consumer-goods industries. Barnaul has a research institute of agriculture, livestock husbandry, institutes for engineering, teacher training, and medicine.

Geography
---------

Barnaul was located in the Forest steppes of the West Siberian Plain. It is 345 kilometers northeast of the Kazakhstan-Russia border, 3,622 kilometers southeast of Moscow, 4,051 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg, 3,159 kilometers southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, 1,823 kilometers southeast of Yekaterinburg, 232 kilometers south of Novosibirsk, 5,810 kilometers northwest of Vladivostok, and 5,015 kilometers southwest of Yakutsk.

Economy
-------

Barnaul is an important industrial center of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial businesses and companies in the city, giving work to approximately 120,000 people. These industries include diesel, carbon processing, production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.

Population
----------

As of 2018, the city has over 632,372 people. In 2010, the city has 612,401 people and in 2014, the population rose to 632,784.

Gallery
-------

* A house in Barnaul.A house in Barnaul.
* Barnaul Imperator RestaurantBarnaul Imperator Restaurant
* Central Barnaul in Summer 2007Central Barnaul in Summer 2007
* A modern apartment in Barnaul.A modern apartment in Barnaul.
* A park in Barnaul.A park in Barnaul.
* The Ob River as seen from Barnaul.The Ob River as seen from Barnaul.
***Archaeothyris*** was one of the earliest definite synapsids. It lived in the late Carboniferous period, 306 million years ago.

It shares this fame with another species (***Echinerpeton***) about which little is known. ***Protoclepsydrops*** is even slightly older, but only fragments have been found.

*Archaeothyris* was found in Nova Scotia, in the same area as several other species which were probably sauropsids: *Hylonomus*, and *Petrolacosaurus*. 

*Archaeothyris* belonged to a group of early pelycosaurs which evolved early in the Pennsylvanian. It is thus seen as the precursor of all synapsids (which include mammals).

Appearance and lifestyle
------------------------

Unlike the early sauropsids, *Hylonomus* and its kin, *Archaeothyris* was relatively large, measuring 50 centimetres (20 in) head to tail. It was also more advanced than the early sauropsids (~reptiles), with strong jaws that could open wider than those of the sauropsids. Its sharp teeth were all of the same shape, and it had a pair of enlarged canines, suggesting that it was a carnivore.

*Archaeothyris* lived in what is now Nova Scotia, about 306 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period (Pennsylvanian). Nova Scotia was at this time a swamp, similar to today's Everglades in Florida. The 'trees' (actually giant clubmosses) were very tall. Some, such as *Lepidodendron*, were up to 50 metres (164 feet) tall. *Archaeothyris* and the other early amniotes lived on the forest floor.
**Archaeognatha** is an order of wingless insects, also known as *jumping bristletails*. They are among those insects which changed least during evolution. They first appear in the Devonian period along with the arachnids (Spiders). The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek *Archaeos* meaning "ancient" and *gnatha* meaning "jaw". This refers to the articulation of the mandibles, which has a single condyle, where all higher insects have two. An alternate name, *Microcoryphia* comes from the Greek *micro* meaning "small" and *coryphia* meaning head.

The Order Archaeognatha has previously been combined with the Order Thysanura, or bristletails. Both groups have three-pronged tails with two cerci and an epiproct. Archaeognatha differ from Thysanura in that they are able to use their tail to spring up to 30 cm into the air.  Like Thysanura, the body is covered with scales, with a thin exoskeleton that is susceptible to dehydration.

There are approximately 350 species in the two families. They are distributed worldwide, and unusual in the insect world in that they can even be found in the Arctic where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices. They feed primarily on algae, but also lichens, mosses, or decaying organic materials.

There are no species at current conservation risk, though the order is one of the most poorly-studied among insects, and therefore it may simply be that no one has yet recognized that any species are at risk.

Sources
-------

* Christopher O'Toole (2002). *Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders*. ISBN 1-55297-612-2.

Other websites
--------------


Wikispecies has information on: ***Archaeognatha***.

* Archaeognatha Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine - Tree of Life Web Project
* Microcoryphia Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State College Department of Entomology
**Alitalia Flight 404**, operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 aircraft, crashed near Zürich Airport, Switzerland on November 14, 1990. The aircraft with forty-six people on board made a controlled flight into the mountain Stadlerberg, five mile track. All 46 people on board were killed.

Investigation
-------------

A Swiss investigation concluded that the accident was caused by a short circuit. This caused the aircraft's NAV receiver to fail.  The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew. They may believed they were on the correct flight path until the accident. Swiss authorities also blamed bad management of crew resources, exemplified when the captain vetoed the first officer's round trip attempt, along with the absence of lighting on Stadlerberg mountain and a known issue with misreading. of the aircraft drum pointer altimeter. 

The final report from the Federal Board of Aircraft Accident Investigation called for several important changes and made further recommendations.

### Fatal decision

The first officer had started a go-around but the captain stopped it. He said, "Hold the glide slope, can you hold it?". The first officer replied, "Yes". Investigators working with McDonnell Douglas concluded that, if the captain had not interrupted the go-around, the disaster would have been avoided. Investigators believe that the reason for the bad call was that the captain was completely dissatisfied with the first officer's performance during the flight. As a result, the captain showed a lack of trust in his first officer.
**Bayzo** (3 April 1947 - 1 February 2018) whose name is Tony Camilleri was a Maltese singer born in St. Paul's Bay. He is known for his unique voice and songs such as "Qalu li raw", which was played at the Malta Song Festival in 1986.

Career
------

### The Malta Bums

During his sixty-year-long career, he had been one of the main singers of the *The Malta Bums*. His song *L-Ewwel Tfajla li ħabbejt* remains known.

Bayzo, along with Freddie Portelli, Brethren Paul, Mario Perrone, Tony Muscat and Tony Bartolo, were meeting in the fields of St Paul's Bay areas and singing. From there, *The Malta Bums*, originally known as *The Bums*, were founded.

With The Malta Bums, Bayzo lived and played in Germany for six months, where he started Viva Malta at the end of 1967.

### Festivals

After having been separated from the Malta Bums, he merged his group *Bayzo's Clikka*, which was active in many hotels and nightclubs, and took part in numerous festivals and musicals.

He went to a tour in Australia, Canada and the United States, where he sang and played for Maltese emigrants.

He represented Malta in some contests, in which it took part in Poland and Slovakia.

### Film

Bayzo was given a part in the RAI film "Cristoforo Colombo" (1984). Parts of the film were filmed in Malta and other parts of the film in the Dominican Republic. Bayzo spent six weeks on this set, along with actors John Suda and Lino Mintoff.

### Rock operas

He had taken part in Dream, the first rock opera from Malta, which first played at the Manoel Theatre in 1974.

In 1982, he was one of the singers of The Lord, which was a popular rock opera in Malta, and was respected for his unique style, as well as always being patient.

Awards
------

* 27 June 2013: l-Midalja Ġieħ San Pawl il-Baħar

Death
-----

Bayzo died on February 1, 2018 at age 70. Malta's Labour Party considered the death of Bayzo to be a major defeat to the Maltese musical scene because for years, he was known as one of the main people in Maltese music. While they remembered his international performances that promoted Maltese music, they especially referred to Bayzo's performances in rock operas.[*source?*]

Other websites
--------------

* Bayzo on Discogs
Barium nitrate
**Barium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(NO3)2. It contains barium and nitrate ions.

Properties
----------

Barium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It releases a green flame when burned. It decomposes when heated to barium oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide. If it is heated in nitric oxide, it makes barium nitrite. It reacts with any sulfate or sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate.

Preparation
-----------

It is made by reacting barium carbonate with nitric acid. It can also be prepared by reacting the solutions of sodium nitrate with barium chloride.

Uses
----

Barium nitrate can be mixed with powdered aluminium and zinc. This makes an explosive. It is also used in fireworks to make a green color. It is also used to make barium oxide.

Safety
------

Barium nitrate is very toxic. Sulfates can be given if someone eats barium, because they turn it into nontoxic barium sulfate.

Related pages
-------------

* Potassium nitrate
For the American band, see Anthrax (US band).

**Anthrax**, or **splenic fever**, is a disease. Both humans and other animals can get it. It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis. It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes). The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years. Humans usually catch the disease from animals. It is usually not passed from one human to another. Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. There is also a vaccine against it. If not treated, anthrax often leads to death.

Types of anthrax
----------------

There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.

History
-------

### Outbreaks

On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were infected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat. However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR. 

In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators. The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack. 

#### Hoaxes

There were many cases of fake powder being found in envelopes.
*Anal stricture* which is rare; is when the anal canal becomes too narrow for normal bowel movements; usually after surgery to remove hemohorrhoids.
**Anal stricture** (also called *anal stenosis*) is a medical problem that is not common; it may be *congenital* (a baby is born with a medical problem), but usually if it does happen it is after *anorectal surgery*, which is surgery in the area of the rectum and anus. This may cause *stricture* (when a passage in the body becomes too narrow) of the anal canal, which leads to hard or painful bowel movements. When anal stenosis does occur it is usually after a *hemorrhoidectomy,* which is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids; this is the cause in 90% of cases of anal stenosis.

Mild stenosis can be treated with stool softeners or fiber (which come from plant foods) supplements (in pill or powder form). When the narrowing of the anal canal is not too much, an operation called a *sphincterotomy* can be done to correct the problem. This is an operation done on the internal anal sphincter muscle, a round muscle inside the anal canal. In cases where the anal canal becomes very narrow, an operation called an *anoplasty* is done. This is *reconstructive surgery* (also known as *plastic surgery*) of the anus.
***Becker*** was a 1998 American television series. It was a sitcom on the CBS network. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show aired on Wednesdays, and was cancelled in January 2004.

Characters
----------

| Actor | Role | Character run |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ted Danson | Dr. John Becker | (1998–2004) |
| Terry Farrell | Regina 'Reggie' Kostas | (1998–2002) |
| Hattie Winston | Margaret Wyborn | (1998–2004) |
| Shawnee Smith | Linda | (1998–2004) |
| Alex Désert | Jake Malinak | (1998–2004) |
| Saverio Guerra | Bob | (1998–2003) |
| Nancy Travis | Chris Connor | (2002–2004) |
| Jorge Garcia | Hector Lopez | (2003–2004) |

For the first four seasons, the main characters were:

* **John Becker** – Ted Danson

Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice.

* **Margaret Wyborn** – Hattie Winston

Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.

* **Linda** – Shawnee Smith

A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.

* **Regina "Reggie" Kostas** – Terry Farrell

The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.

* **Jake Malinak** – Alex Désert

Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.

* **Bob** – Saverio Guerra

Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.
An **algebraic fraction** is a fraction where the top and the bottom are algebraic expressions. Two examples of algebraic fractions are {\displaystyle {\frac {3x}{x^{2}+2x-3}}} and {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {x+2}}{x^{2}-3}}}.

A **rational fraction** is an algebraic fraction where the top and the bottom are polynomials. {\displaystyle {\frac {3x}{x^{2}+2x-3}}} is a rational fraction, but {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {x+2}}{x^{2}-3}}} is not. This is because the top has a square root function.

Operations
----------

### Multiplication

{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+9x+20}{x^{2}-4}}\cdot {\frac {x+2}{x+4}}}

{\displaystyle ={\frac {{\color {Red}(x+4)}(x+5)}{{\color {Red}(x+2)}(x-2)}}\cdot {\frac {\color {Red}x+2}{\color {Red}x+4}}}

{\displaystyle ={\frac {x+5}{x-2}}}

### Division

Turn the equation into multiplication by flipping one of the fractions. After that, do what is shown above.

{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+9x+20}{x^{2}-4}}{\color {Green}\div }{\frac {\color {Orange}x+2}{\color {Blue}x+4}}={\frac {x^{2}+9x+20}{x^{2}-4}}{\color {Green}\cdot }{\frac {\color {Blue}x+4}{\color {Orange}x+2}}}
Astolabe, a special computer for star positions
Boulton & Watt engine 1788: the governor is on the right
**Analogue computers** are mechanical or electronic devices which solve problems. some are used to control machines. They were once the only way a machine could be controlled, and are still used in cases where digital computers are not the best choice. The abacus, a digital device also sometimes called a computer, was used by Babylonians in c. 2500 BC.

The earliest known analogue computer in metal was the Antikythera device. However, this was certainly not the first in other forms. Some people think that mental inventions count as analogue computers, such as the invention of the zero (Ancient Egypt 1700 BC). But in that case almost every invention by mankind would count as an analogue computer, and that is not really how the term is used.

Certainly the invention of the slide rule was important for calculations. They were developed in the 17th century by William Oughtred, after John Napier's work on logarithms. Slide rules are definitely mechanical calculating machines. They were the most commonly used tools in science and engineering before the 1960s/1970s.

For the industrial revolution the invention of James Watt's governor was critical, because it was a negative feedback control for large pumps and engines. In fact most analogue computers work with continuous data rather that discrete or digital data. They are like abstract models of the real world. An analogue engine models the critical aspects of the real-world engine.

Since the middle 20th century some wristwatches have had a circular slide rule built in. They were mostly used in aviation. Such a calculator is considered too technical a device for most other watch wearers. The circular slide rule has not been emulated digitally in any notable applications.

Related pages
-------------

* Charles Babbage
* Abacus
**Alexander Ivanovich Oparin**  (Uglich, Russia, 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1894 – Moscow, 21 April 1980) was a Soviet biochemist.

He was notable for his ideas on the origin of life, and for writing an early book *The Origin of Life*. One of his ideas was that oxygen would tend to destroy organic molecules essential for the evolution of early life. It was later found that the earth's atmosphere at first had almost no oxygen in it.

He also studied the biochemistry of plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR.

His theory
----------

These were some of the main ideas in his first book:

1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. Life must have arisen as a natural evolution of matter.

2. Methane is in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets. Oparin thought the infant Earth had a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.

3. At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances. Their behaviour was governed by their atoms and by the arrangement of those atoms in molecules. Gradually, as the result of the growth and increased complexity of the molecules, structures with new properties developed. These newer properties were determined by the spatial and mutual arrangement of the molecules.

4. In this process biological orderliness already exists. Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence and, finally natural selection produced the characteristics of living things. 

Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems. These would be precursors of the cell from which primitive living things could develop. He cited work done with organic chemicals which, in solution, form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean. They were subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.

Bibliography
------------

* Oparin A.I. 1924. *The origin of life*. Moscow: Moscow Worker, (in Russian).
	+ English translation: Oparin A.I. *The origin and development of life*. (NASA TTF-488) Washington: D.C.L GPO, 1968.
* Oparin A.I. 1924. *The origin of life*, 2nd edition. Moscow.
	+ English translation of 2nd ed: *The origin of life*. 1938, reprinted Dover 1952.
* Oparin A. & Fesenkov V. *Life in the Universe*. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences publisher, 3rd edition, 1956 (in Russian)
	+ English translation: Oparin A. and V. Fesenkov. *Life in the Universe*. New York: Twayne Publishers 1961.

Related pages
-------------

* Miller–Urey experiment
* Origin of life
* Abiogenesis
**Andrew Manze** (pronounce: "MAN-zee"), (born Beckenham, 14 January 1965)
is an English violinist and conductor who is famous for performing music from the Baroque period.

Manze spent his childhood in Bedford. He went to Bedford School where he learned to play the violin. While studying Classics at Cambridge University he started to play the Baroque violin. Then he studied with Simon Standage at the Royal Academy of Music, and then he studied with Lucy van Dael at The Hague and with Marie Leonhardt.

In 1988 he became first violinist of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra which was conducted by Ton Koopman. He also played with two other musicians: the harpsichordist John Toll and the lutenist Nigel North, in a trio called Romanesca.

From 2003 to 2007 he directed The English Concert. He also introduced many music programmes on BBC Radio 3 and appeared in television programmes, e.g. Handel's Water Music. He often performed with the harpsichordist Richard Egarr. He has appeared twice at the BBC Proms.

Manze is now taking a rest from playing the violin and concentrating on conducting. He lives in Sweden where he is Principal Conductor of the Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra and Principal Guest Conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra. He is also Associate Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

In 2011 Andrew Manze was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize laureate in Musical Arts, a Swedish prize which is awarded every three years
**Autogenic training** is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.

The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (*e.g.* lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, *etc.*). 

Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism. It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.

Example of an autogenic training session
----------------------------------------

1. sit in the meditative posture and scan the body
2. "my left arm is heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
3. "my arms and legs are heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
4. "my heartbeat is calm and regular" (repeat 3 times)
5. "my solar plexus is warm" (repeat 3 times)
6. ...
7. finish part one by cancelling
8. start part two by repeating from steps 2 to cancelling
9. part three repeat steps 2 to cancelling

Counter-indications
-------------------

Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.

Other websites
--------------

* The British Autogenic Society Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Spanish Society of Psychotherapy and the Institute for Autogenic Psychotherapy (in Spanish)
* An audio version of the Autogenic Training Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Autogenics: A self-help training schedule.
**Barmouth** (Welsh: **Abermaw** (formal); *Y Bermo* (informal)) is a seaside town and community in the county of Gwynedd, Wales. It lies on the estuary of the River Mawddach and Cardigan Bay. It is located in the historic county of Merionethshire.

In the 2011 census, the town had a population of 2,522 people.

The town grew around the shipbuilding industry, and more recently grew as a seaside resort. It is a popular holiday destination for people around the West Midlands area of England, with thousands of holiday makers and tourists flocking to the town from this region every year.

The town has a railway station located on the Cambrian Coast Line between Pwllheli and Shrewsbury.

Gallery
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* Barmouth viewed from across the Mawddach EstuaryBarmouth viewed from across the Mawddach Estuary
* Barmouth HarbourBarmouth Harbour
* Barmouth stationBarmouth station
* Beach Road railway crossingBeach Road railway crossing

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The **Archaeoceti** ('ancient whales'), or **Zeuglodontes** in older literature, is a group of primitive cetaceans. They lived from the early Eocene to the late Oligocene, 55–23 million years ago (mya). They were the first cetacean radiation, and they include the first amphibious stages in cetacean evolution. So they are the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti.

The group evolved in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia 55–45 mya. About 30 species have been found which were adapted to a fully oceanic life. Modern characters such as echolocation and filter-feeding evolved later, in a second radiation 36 to 35 mya.

All archaeocetes from 55 to 48 mya are only from Indo-Pakistan. By 41–34 mya genera are known from across the Earth, including North America, Egypt, New Zealand, and Europe. They were very unlikely to be as well-adapted to the open ocean as living cetaceans, so they probably got to North America along coastal waters. They could have gone around Africa and over to South America. More likely, over the Tethys Sea (between Eurasia and Africa) and along the coasts of Europe, Greenland, and North America.

The group is a paraphyletic because it gave rise to the two separate modern suborders.