recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
***White Oleander*** is a 2002 American drama movie set in California. It stars Alison Lohman, Michelle Pfeiffer, Robin Wright Penn and Renee Zellweger. It was directed by Peter Kosminsky and is based on the novel of the same name.

Plot
----

Ingrid (Pfeiffer) is a photographer who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker (Billy Connolly). However he is not loyal to her and has sex with other women. Ingrid kills him. She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time. Her daughter, Astrid Magnussen (Lohman), is taken to a series of foster homes.

Her first foster home is with a woman named Starr Thomas (Penn), who has two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David. During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband. During a fight, Carolee runs away from home. An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.

For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children. During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls. She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again.

Her second foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards (Zellweger). She is very lonely since her husband Mark (Noah Wyle) is often away on business trips. Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her. When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Mark is cheating on her. Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire. Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by swallowing a lot of pills at once.

Astrid is put in another home. She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself. She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again. This new mother has her sell her nice clothes. Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing. When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.

During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid. They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial. If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed. But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again. Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father. Ingrid is then put on trial, but Ingrid tells her lawyer not to call Astrid to the stand. Ingrid is found guilty again and is put in jail.

The movie ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul Trout (Patrick Fugit) in New York, putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes. She has redyed her hair blonde.

Other websites
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* *White Oleander* on IMDb
**Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood**, CH, PC, QC (14 September 1864 – 24 November 1958), known as **Lord Robert Cecil** from 1868 to 1923, was a British lawyer, politician and diplomat. He helped to start the League of Nations and to defend it. This got him awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937.

His father was Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. He was born in Cavendish Square, London. He was educated at home until he was thirteen and then spent four years at Eton College. Then he studied law at University College, Oxford. He married Lady Eleanor Lambton, daughter of George Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham in 1889. In 1899, he was made a Queen's Counsel.

At the 1906 general election, Cecil was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament representing Marylebone East. He was not elected in 1910, but In 1911, he won a by-election in Hitchin, Hertfordshire as an Independent Conservative and served as its MP until 1923. In the 1915 coalition government, he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He was promoted to Assistant Secretary in 1918–19.

In September 1916, he wrote and circulated a *Memorandum on Proposals for Diminishing the Occasion of Future Wars* in the Cabinet. He said peaceful procedures for settling disputes should be compulsory before there was any outbreak of fighting. Sanctions, including blockade, would be necessary to force countries to submit to peaceful procedures. In November 1917, Cecil asked Arthur Balfour to set up a committee to consider the proposals for a League of Nations. In November 1918 he was appointed the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office. 

After the Treaty of Versailles was first presented to Germany, he argued strongly that it should be made less harsh on Germany and that Germany should be allowed to join the League. 

With his brother Hugh Cecil, he resigned the Conservative whip in February 1921. In May 1923, he returned to the cabinet as Lord Privy Seal.

He planned the activities of the League of Nations Union. He was its president from 1923 to 1945. He was joint founder and president, with Pierre Cot, a French jurist, of the International Peace Campaign. 

In 1929, he was made president of the newly formed Pedestrians Association which campaigned for measures to benefit pedestrians
**Robert C. Baker** (December 29, 1921 - March 13, 2006), was the inventor of the chicken nugget, and a member of the American Poultry Hall of Fame.

Education
---------

Baker got a bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1943. His majored in pomology at the university's College of Agriculture.

Career
------

Robert Baker traveled the world innovating how people eat and view chicken. Accredited to him are more than 40 poultry, turkey and cold cut innovations, making him the "Thomas Edison of poultry". In particular he found a revolutionary way to bind breading to chicken, and he co-invented the machine responsible for deboning chicken.

He spent his entire academic life at Cornell University (1957-1989), and published some 290 research papers. In 1970 he founded the university's *Institute of Food Science and Marketing*.

Baker was elected a fellow of the Institute of Food Technologists in 1997.

Trivia
------

* When Baker invented the chicken hot dog, naming was difficult. Men preferred the name *bird dogs* and women preferred *chicken franks*.
* McDonald's is often falsely credited with the invention of the chicken nugget. In fact Baker published his chicken nugget recipe in the 1950s as unpatented academic work, while McDonald's patented its recipe for Chicken McNuggets in 1979 and started selling the product in 1983.
* Dr. Baker's innovations made it possible to form chicken nuggets in any shape.
| Acids and Bases |
| --- |
| Acid dissociation constant Acid-base extraction Acid–base reaction Acid–base titration Dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water |
| Acid types |
| Brønsted **·** Lewis **·** Mineral Organic **·** Strong Superacids **·** Weak |
| Base types |
| Brønsted **·** Lewis **·** Organic Strong **·** Superbases Non-nucleophilic **·** Weak |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

A **superacid** is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid. According to the modern definition, a superacid has a chemical potential of the proton higher than that of pure sulfuric acid.

Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Some molecules are so strong (held together with strong chemical bonds) that they resist attack by common acids. Superacids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO3H). Both superacids are about a thousand times stronger (that is, have more negative *H*0 values) than sulfuric acid. The strongest superacids are prepared by the combination of two components, a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. The strongest known superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.

Related pages
-------------

* Superbase
| Acids and Bases |
| --- |
| Acid dissociation constant Acid-base extraction Acid–base reaction Acid–base titration Dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water |
| Acid types |
| Brønsted **·** Lewis **·** Mineral Organic **·** Strong Superacids **·** Weak |
| Base types |
| Brønsted **·** Lewis **·** Organic Strong **·** Superbases Non-nucleophilic **·** Weak |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

In chemistry, a **superbase** is an extremely strong base. It is a compound that has a high affinity for protons.

Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in water (aqueous) solutions, but superbases are much stronger than aqueous bases. Such bases are useful in organic synthesis and are fundamental to physical organic chemistry. 

Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s. Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the air. Inert atmosphere techniques and low temperatures minimize these side reactions.

Definitions
-----------

IUPAC defines superbases simply as a "compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide".

Related pages
-------------

* Superacid
**Red Bull GmbH** is an Austrian company that sells the Red Bull energy drink. Billions of cans are sold in over 161 countries. The company has 7,758 employees and earned 3.78 billion euros in 2010. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are in Fuschl am See, Austria.

History
-------

Dietrich Mateschitz started the company with Chaleo Yoovidhya. The company brought the energy drink Krating Daeng from Thailand to Europe and around the world. Krating Daeng means "red bull" in Thai. Mateschitz runs the company and Yoovidhya and his son are silent partners. Red Bull GmbH made a new "Austrian" Red Bull drink in 1987. It is carbonated and not as sweet as the Thai drink. The Austrian version of the drink has almost half of the U.S. market for energy drinks. It has up to 80% of the market in some other countries.

Marketing
---------

The company supports many sports teams. It also puts its logos on many airplanes and sports cars to attract attention.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Red Bull***.

* Red Bull official website
Lieutenant-Colonel **Vivian Bullwinkel, Mrs. Statham**, AO, MBE, ARRC, FNM (18 December 1915 – 3 July 2000) was an Australian Army nurse during the Second World War. She was the only one alive from the Bangka Island Massacre. In that massacre, Japanese troops killed 21 of her fellow nurses on Radji Beach, Bangka Island (Indonesia) on 16 February 1942.

Events
------

Japanese troops invaded British Malaya in December 1941. They went southward. They won several victories. By late January 1942, Japanese forces went through Johore. Australian hospital staff were told to get to Singapore. On 12 February, Bullwinkel and 65 other nurses boarded a steamship to escape.

Two days later, the ship was sunk by Japanese aircraft. Bullwinkel and many others made it ashore. There were about 100. They surrendered to the Japanese. An officer walked to Muntok, a town on the northwest of the island, to contact the Japanese.

In the Banka Island Massacre, Japanese soldiers came and killed the men. Then forced the nurses to go into the sea. They then machine-gunned the nurses from behind. Bullwinkel was struck by a bullet which passed completely through her body, missing her internal organs. She played dead until the soldiers left. She hid with British Army Private Cecil George Kingsley of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps for 12 days. She took care of his severe wounds. They were taken into captivity. Private Kingsley died soon after his wounds.
For the scientific definition for swimming, see Aquatic locomotion.
A baby swimmer
A father accustoms his baby to the swimming pool
Brainerd Boys Swimming And Diving Beats Bemidji
**Swimming** is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: *front crawl*, *breaststroke*, *freestyle*, *butterfly*, and *backstroke*.

Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina.

Styles of swimming
------------------

There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are:

* Front crawl: Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers use it in freestyle events.
* Backstroke: Only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses the same leg movements (flutter kick) as crawl.
* Breaststroke: One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes; competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when swum at a fast pace.
* Butterfly: Powerful and fast; relies on good technique; uses the dolphin kick; the hardest and least popular stroke.

Competitive swimming
--------------------

The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water.

Equipment
---------

Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:

* Fins: rubber or plastic and are worn on the foot.
* Kickboard: keeps the upper body afloat; allows the swimmer to concentrate on kicking correctly
* Pull buoy: foam float that swimmers hold between their thighs to keep the lower body high and flat; helps to learn the arm and upper body movements
* Swimming Suits: These are made from a special fabric and used in swimming

Related pages
-------------

* Aquatic locomotion deals with animals swimming.
A **pseudorandom number generator** is a way that computers generate numbers. *There is no known way for a computer to generate numbers which are truly random*. A computer algorithm can generate numbers which look random.

An analogy is a jar of (numbered) marbles. Humans can reach into the jar and grab "random" marbles. However, to understand pseudo random numbers, we must understand that this process is not random. We decided to reach into the bag based off of our brain giving us a signal to reach in this way, and the marbles themselves being arranged in a certain way.

Pseudo-random number generators are computer routines which tell the computer how to produce a number which *looks* random.

The initial position of the marbles is called the "seed." The seed is used to create the randomness. To come up with the seed some programs use time of day, while others convert background noise into a number.

When you need to get the next random number ("marble") the generator calculates it with some algorithm. It is based on the previous generated number, in turn, depending on the initial "seed." The algorithm is strict, it will always produce the same sequence of random numbers ("marbles") given the same initial "seed".
The **Trimeresurus trigonocephalus**, commonly known as the "*Sri Lankan Green Pit viper*", is a species of venomous Pit vipers found in Sri Lanka. There are no subspecies currently recognized.

Description
-----------

Males are smaller than females who can grow to the length of around 130 cm, while males can grow up to the length of 80 cm. They are green in color, and their back has some shades of yellow, they also have black stripes all over them and have a black tail.

Behavior
--------

The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is nocturnal and arboreal (it lives in trees), but can sometimes be found on the ground looking for food like frogs, lizards, and small mammals, it also eats birds which it finds in the trees. In the morning Sri Lankan Green Pit vipers can be seen on top of trees so they can warm up their body with the sun rays that hit them.

### Reproduction

The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is viviparous, meaning they give live birth. They give birth to their young during June and July. The have around 5 to 25 young at a time.

### Where they live

They are found in grasslands and rain forests of Sri Lanka

Common Names
------------

The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is also known as the "*Pala Polonga*" and the "*Green Pit viper*".

Venom
-----

The venom of the Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is hemotoxic. The bite of a Sri Lakan Green Pit viper is very painful, when someone is bitten by a Sri Lankan Green Pit viper the bitten area swells up, and the pain may last for a few days. The cells of living tissue die, blisters occur, and ptosis and lymphadenopathy take place. However, there have been no reports on deaths.
**The Weekend Top 30** (also called The WT30 Countdown or Hollywood Hamilton's Weekend Top 30) is a syndicated radio program. The Weekend Top 30 was created by Sean Hamilton in 1997 and was hosted by Sean Hamilton until his retirement in 2021.

Sean Hollywood Hamilton was heard over a hundred and twenty radio stations worldwide every weekend, including Asia.

The three shows Have ended production and distribution the weekend of June 26-27, 2021.

Spinoffs
--------

There were two versions that have been launch a rhythmic (Chr) and dance formats. The rhythmic (Chr) version hosted by Dj Pup Dawg, mainly focused on hip hop and R&B, also some dance music. Despite the end of syndication, the rhythmic version continues to be broadcast both on radio and on the music streaming service Mixcloud under the name *DJ Pup Dawg’s Top 30 Countdown*.

The Remix Top 30 played the same songs that were on The WT 30 (Chr) version but they were remixed, both The Weekend Top 30 (Chr) version and The Remix Top 30 is hosted by Sean Hamilton.
One carriageway of Park Lane
**Park Lane** is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park. 

Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.

History
-------

Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished. 

On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.

In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.
Location
Päijänne 1948
Kelvenne islands beach
**Päijänne** is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers 1,100 kilometres (680 mi). Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki.

The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä.

Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia.

Islands
-------

The lake has 1,886 islands.

Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo.

National Park
-------------

In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8 km long and 50-800 meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Päijänne at Wikimedia Commons

* Päijänne National Park page, *Finnish* Archived 2014-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Wakame salad
**Wakame** (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of kelp. People eat it. Its scientific name is *Undaria pinnatifida*.

It is sold either dried or salted. It is often used in miso soup and salads. In Korea it is called ***miyeok***. It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup. In China it is called ***qundaicai***. Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.

In New Zealand *Undaria pinnatifida* is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. It was first seen in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, on ships from Asia, in ballast water. It is native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, but recently it has also spread to France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.

*Undaria* is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways. Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.

*Undaria* is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader.

Other websites
--------------

* Seaweeds used as human food Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
* AlgaeBase link
| * v
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Bleeding Kansas |
| --- |
| 
* Wakarusa War
* Sacking of Lawrence
* Pottawatomie massacre
* Battle of Black Jack
* First and Second Battles of Franklin
* Battle of Fort Titus
* Battle of Osawatomie
* Marais des Cygnes massacre

 |

The **Wakarusa War** was a skirmish that happened in Kansas Territory. It started on November 21st, and it ended on December 8th, 1885. It was part of the Bleeding Kansas violence. It happened mostly in Lawrence and the Wakarusa River Valley.

Summary
-------

The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855. A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence. Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body. Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins. When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order. But Jones did not arrest Coleman. Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson. But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson. The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection. The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence.

Siege
-----

Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition. In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades. No attack on Lawrence was made. It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other. It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons. But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms. The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber. On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence.

Other websites
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* History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler (1883)
* 1912 article on Wakarusa War
* "Burial of Barber" at Bartleby.com
The **sloth bear** (*Melursus ursinus*) is a bear that lives in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Appearance
----------

Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a sloth.

Life
----

Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents. Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt. They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals. Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages. Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat.

Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.

Sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 60 to 70 kilograms (120-130 pounds) and measure anywhere from 152 to 178 centimeters (60-70 inches) in length.

Other websites
--------------

* Data related to Sloth Bear at Wikispecies
* Media related to Melursus ursinus at Wikimedia Commons

| Taxon identifiers |
| --- |
| *Melursus ursinus* | 
* Wikidata: Q145016
* Wikispecies: Melursus ursinus
* ADW: Melursus
* ARKive: melursus-ursinus
* BOLD: 153581
* EoL: 328075
* Fossilworks: 104032
* GBIF: 2433395
* iNaturalist: 41651
* IRMNG: 10223940
* ITIS: 621848
* IUCN: 13143
* MSW: 14000947
* NCBI: 9636
* Species+: 7567
* TSA: 10386

 |
| *Bradypus ursinus* | 
* Wikidata: Q109646859
* GBIF: 7767018

 |
*Phacops* sp. eye
**Trilobites** ("three lobes") are extinct arthropods. They were the first animals known to have eyes, although some were secondarily blind. They were very numerous during the early Palaeozoic era. 

Their distribution was worldwide, but only in salt water environments. They disappeared in the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Trilobites had many lifestyles. Some moved over the sea floor as predators, scavengers, or filter feeders. Some swam, feeding on plankton. Most ecological niches of modern marine arthropods are seen in trilobites.

Their bodies were divided into three parts: the head (cephalon), the thorax (chest) made of up to 30 segments, and the tail (pygidium). Underneath, and rarely preserved, are three pairs of legs for the head. There are paired legs for each pleural groove. 

Trilobites are the earliest known animal to have vision. The earliest trilobites had complex, compound eyes with lenses made of calcite. Some trilobites had small eyes or no eyes at all, and probably lived in dark or muddy environments.

Trilobites ranged in length from 1 millimetre (0.04 in) to 72 centimetres (28 in), with a typical size range of 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in). The world's largest trilobite, *Isotelus rex*, was found in 1998 by Canadian scientists on the shores of Hudson Bay.

* Dalmanites limulurus from Silurian age rocks of New York, U.S.A.*Dalmanites limulurus* from Silurian age rocks of New York, U.S.A.
* Asaphus lepidurus from Middle Ordovician rocks near St. Petersburg, Russia.*Asaphus lepidurus* from Middle Ordovician rocks near St. Petersburg, Russia.
* Asaphiscus wheeleri from Cambrian rocks of Millard Co. Utah, U.S.A.*Asaphiscus wheeleri* from Cambrian rocks of Millard Co. Utah, U.S.A.

Trilobites appeared some 600 million years ago during the Cambrian period. They belonged (probably) to the phylum Arthropoda. This phylum includes the most successful (78%) of all animal life forms, including crabs, centipedes, spiders, shrimps and insects. The trilobites, living in shallow seas, flourished as swimmers, crawlers and burrowers for some 350 million years. Over time, they evolved rapidly into a wide variety of strange and beautiful forms.

Discovery
---------

They were first pictured some 25,000 years ago in a France cave. Two specimens were found in a Cro-magnon settlement, at a site called "La Grotte du Trilobite". One was found with a hole drilled into it and worn as an adornment. Others have been found in the tombs of Egypt, Greece and Rome. Trilobite fossils were sold on the street of 15th Century Europe and collected by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
Penthouse with a pool in New York City
A **Penthouse** is typically an apartment on the highest floor of an apartment building. It usually takes up less than half of the entire (flat) roof of the building. Originally the word penthouse meant a small building with a sloped roof. The modern use of the word started in the 1920s in America. In the age of skyscrapers the "house" on the roof was called a penthouse. A penthouse can also be commercial space.

Types of penthouses
-------------------

Office buildings have penthouse office suites. Another use for a penthouse is as a restaurant or Café. Their position on a top floor of a building allows for scenic views while dining. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City has a penthouse meeting area. A penthouse can also house a studio, such as a photographic studio.

Building codes
--------------

Under some Building codes a penthouse cannot be more than one-third the size of the floor below it. There is no limit to the number of penthouses a building can have. The only limit is the amount of space they can take up (one-third rule). Also, some building codes do not allow mechanical or electrical equipment to count as a penthouse unless they are enclosed by a roof.

Gallery
-------

* Marina City in Chicago. The penthouse houses the physical plant.Marina City in Chicago. The penthouse houses the physical plant.
* Museum of Modern Art (NYC). The penthouse houses meeting space.Museum of Modern Art (NYC). The penthouse houses meeting space.
* The penthouse was used for offices of the Hogg family businesses.The penthouse was used for offices of the Hogg family businesses.
* Paris penthouses.Paris penthouses.
* Stalinist luxury: Penthouse at Patriarchy Ponds, Moscow.Stalinist luxury: Penthouse at Patriarchy Ponds, Moscow.

Other websites
--------------

* What does "penthouse" really mean?
* Office penthouses languish on market
* penthouse, Oxford Dictionaries Archived 2014-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
**Susumu Ohno** (大野 乾, *Ōno Susumu*, February 1, 1928 – January 13, 2000) was a Japanese geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He went to the United States in 1951 as a visiting scholar to UCLA. He later became a citizen of the USA.

Biography
---------

Susumu Ohno was born of Japanese parents in Seoul, Korea, on February 1, 1928. The family returned to Japan after the war in 1945.

His passion for science came from his lifelong love of horses. He earned a Ph.D. in veterinary science at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology in 1949, and later a Ph.D. and D.Sc. from Hokkaido University.

Scientific contributions
------------------------

A gene may acquire a new function after a gene duplication event. Once a gene duplication event has occurred, one gene copy keeps the original function (green paralog), while the other has mutations which cause it to diverge and develop a new function (blue paralog)
Ohno suggested that gene duplication plays a major role in evolution in his classic book *Evolution by Gene Duplication* (1970).

Subsequent research has overwhelmingly confirmed the key role of gene duplication in molecular evolution. Sometimes. one gene copy, or "paralog", takes on a totally new function after a gene duplication event. This means one of the gene copies mutates to develop a function that was not present in the ancestral gene. In this way, a gene duplication may lead to new possibilities in its descendents.

Normally, a big change in gene function is resisted because the original function is needed, but after a duplication one gene carries on the original function. Therefore, a change of function in the second copy is possible without loss of fitness.

In his book, he also suggested that vertebrate genome is the result of one or more entire genome duplications. Variations of this idea have come to be known as the 2R hypothesis (also called "Ohno's hypothesis"). He indicated that mammalian X chromosomes are conserved among species: it has been referred to as Ohno's law. He also invented the term Junk DNA for segments of the DNA that have no known function.

Related pages
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* Gene duplication
* Polyploidy

Other websites
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* Biographical memoir by Ernest Beutler
* Biography by Ulrich Wolf
* Tamil work by Susumu Ohno
* Japanese-Tamil link
Raina Telgemeier, 2016
**Raina Telgemeier** was born May 26, 1977 in San Francisco, California. She has published many graphic novels for teenagers, including *Smile, Drama, Sister, Baby Sitter Club Series, and X - men: Misfits*. Telgemeier gets ideas for her stories from her life. For example, "Smile" came from her life. 

Telgemeier attended the School Of Visual Arts in New York City. She studied illustration. She graduated in 2002. Telgemeier met her husband, Dave Roman, at the School of Visual Arts. After graduating Telgemeier worked for a publisher in New York. But she was thinking about drawing her own books. She now lives and works in Queens, New York. Now, she is a famous cartoonist, animator, and novelist who has written many well known young adult novels.

Early life
----------

Raina Telgemeier was born May 26, 1977 in San Francisco, California. In her youth, Telgemeier was very interested in comics, and putting pictures and words together to make stories. As pictured in *Smile*, Telgemeier did have both front teeth knocked out in 6th grade.

Awards
------

Both her novels *Smile* and *Sister* have been #1 New York Times best sellers. Telgemeier has received an Eisner Award, a Boston Globe-Horn Book Honor, a Stonewall Honor, and many Best Of and Notable lists for her popular works of literature.
***Mermaid Prism***, is an visual novel video game for the PlayStation 2. The game was developed by Vingt-et-un Systems and published by D3 Publisher exclusively in Japan on October 26, 2006.

Gameplay
--------

A visual novel is an interactive fiction game, featuring mostly static graphics, most often using anime-style art or occasionally live-action stills (and sometimes video footage). As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels. In Japanese terminology, a distinction is often made between visual novels proper (abbreviated NVL), which consist predominantly of narration and have very few interactive elements, and adventure games (abbreviated AVG or ADV), which may incorporate problem-solving and other types of gameplay. This distinction is normally lost outside Japan, where both NVLs and ADVs are commonly referred to as "visual novels" by international fans. Visual novels and ADVs are especially prevalent in Japan, where they made up nearly 70% of the PC game titles released in 2006. Visual novels are distinguished from other game types by their extremely minimal gameplay. Typically the majority of player interaction is limited to clicking to keep the text, graphics and sound moving (most recent games offer "play" or "fast-forward" toggles that make even this unnecessary). Most visual novels have multiple storylines and many endings; the gameplay mechanic in these cases typically consists of intermittent multiple-choice decision points, where the player selects a direction in which to take the game.

Development
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***Simple 2000 Series Vol.122 - The Ningyo Hime Monogatari - Mermaid Prism*** is a japanese dating sim, this female-targeted love simulation puts players in the role of a high school student that one day gets warped to a separate world, becoming a mermaid along the way! Good thing she was a member of her school's swimming club! The game allows players to move around on a map, viewing events and gaining experience. The Limited Edition features a Drama CD, 28 pages book and some illustrations.

Description
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For women love training simulation with the motif of the "Little Mermaid". Allocates points to each status to level up, can nurture the hero of their own preference. Hero of high school grade, skipped in a different world Sea Bence Fall in conjunction with the best friend from, it becomes a princess mermaid in the world. Long summer vacation going back and forth a different world and reality begins now.
Structure of a vacuum tube triode
A vacuum tube, type 6P1P
A **vacuum tube,** also called a **valve** in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

History
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Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.

John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes. 

The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead.  High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

Current uses
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Cavity magnetron tube from a microwave oven

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Vacuum tubes***.

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

* Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens.
* People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
* Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
* Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
* Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles:   

(1) nucleolus   

(2) nucleus   

(3) ribosome   

(4) vesicle   

(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)   

(6) Golgi apparatus   

(7) Cytoskeleton   

(8) smooth ER   

(9) mitochondria   

(10) **vacuole**   

(11) cytoplasm   

(12) lysosome   

(13) centrioles
A **vacuole** is a membrane-bound organelle. They are a kind of vesicle. Vacuoles are closed sacs, made of membranes with inorganic or organic molecules inside, such as enzymes. They have no set shape or size, and the cell can change them as needed. They are in most eukaryotic cells and do many things. They can store waste. Vacuoles and their contents are distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some people. The solution that fills the vacuole is called cell sap.

What a vacuole does and how important it is depends on what kind of cell they are in. They are much more important in plant and fungus cells than in animal cells. Some common jobs of a vacuole are to:

* Hold waste products, and keep things separate from the rest of the cell
* Hold water in plant cells
* Keep the internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor steady in a cell. In land plants, this holds the stem upright.
* Keep an acidic pH on the inside of a cell
* Hold small molecules
* In seeds, proteins that seeds use to sprout are put in 'protein bodies'. Protein bodies are just vacuoles that are a little bit different from normal.

Vacuoles are also important in autophagy, keeping a balance between making and getting rid of many things in cells and organisms. They also help with destroying and recycling broken proteins that build up in cells. Vacuoles may help attack bacteria and some kinds of vacuoles may act as a house for symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles also store and help digest food that the protist ate.

Central vacuole
---------------

The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and holds materials and wastes. It also keeps the proper pressure in the plant cells, and supports the growing plant.

Evolution
---------

The evolution of multicellularity took place several times on Earth. That is, separately in animals, fungi, streptophytes (charophyte algae and land plants), red algae, and brown algae. The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the green plants.
Standard rain gauge
A **rain gauge** is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure  liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square. 

Usually a tapering funnel of [mercury] or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.

The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting type or the tipping type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.

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* e
Earth-based meteorological equipment and instrumentation |
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* Anemometer
* Barograph
* Barometer
* Ceiling balloon
* Ceiling projector
* Ceilometer
* Dark adaptor goggles
* Disdrometer
* Field mill
* Hygrometer
* Ice accretion indicator
* LIDAR
* Lightning detector
* Nephelometer
* Nephoscope
* Pan evaporation
* Pyranometer
* Radiosonde
* Rain gauge
* Snow gauge
* Snowboard
* SODAR
* Solarimeter
* Sounding rocket
* Stevenson screen
* Sunshine recorder
* Thermo-hygrograph
* Thermometer
* Tide gauge
* Transmissometer
* Weather balloon
* Weather buoy
* Weather radar
* Weather vane
* Wind profiler
* Windsock

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The **rate-determining step** is the step for which the transition state has the highest energy. It is the slowest step within a chemical reaction. It can be thought of as the most difficult step to go through. It is also the step that must be used to calculate the activation energy.

Knowing which step is rate-determining is very important when studying a reaction mechanism. This is because if this step is changed the reaction can go much faster. This can be done for example by using a different reagent or changing the temperature or pressure. Changing the conditions for any other step of the mechanism will not change the overall speed of the reaction at all.

In the rate equation, which is an equation to calculate the speed of the reaction from the concentration of molecules, usually the only step that is important is the rate-determining one.

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Basic reaction mechanisms |
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| Nucleophilic substitution | Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) · Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) · Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) · Nucleophilic internal substitution (SNi) |
| Elimination reaction | Unimolecular elimination (E1) · E1cB elimination reaction · Bimolecular elimination (E2) |
| Addition reactions | Electrophilic addition · Nucleophilic addition · Free radical addition · Cycloaddition |
| Related topics | Elementary reaction · Molecularity · Stereochemistry · Catalysis · Collision theory · Solvent effects · Arrow pushing |
| Chemical kinetics | Rate equation · Rate-determining step |