recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Sport Lisboa e Benfica**, simply known as **Benfica** or **SLB**, is a professional football team from Portugal. It is based in the capital city of Portugal, Lisbon. The team plays their home games at Estádio da Luz.

Benfica has won 37 Portuguese Leagues, 29 Portuguese Cups, 7 League Cups, 8 Portuguese Supercups and 2 UEFA Champions League titles. They also reached 5 Champions League finals, 3 Europa League finals and 2 Intercontinental Cup finals. They are the most successful team in the Primeira Liga and its fanbase is the biggest in Portugal, being traditionally very popular among workclass Lisbon suburbs and around the world among the portuguese diaspora, especially in its ex-colonies.

Retired numbers
---------------

| No. | Player | Position | Benfica debut | Last match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 | Hungary Miklós Fehér | FW | 24 August 2002 | 25 January 2004 |

On 27 January 2004, Benfica retired squad number 29 in memory of Miklós Fehér, who had died while playing for them two days earlier.

Honours
-------

See the main article: List of S.L. Benfica honours
### Domestic

* **Primeira Liga**

**Winners (38) – record:** 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1942–43, 1944–45, 1949–50, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1993–94, 2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2022/23
* **Taça de Portugal**

**Winners (26) – record:** 1939–40, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1948–49, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1992–93, 1995–96, 2003–04, 2013–14, 2016–17
* **Taça da Liga**

**Winners (7) – record:** 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
* **Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira**

**Winners (8):** 1980, 1985, 1989, 2005, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019
* **Campeonato de Portugal**

**Winners (3):** 1929–30, 1930–31, 1934–35
### European

* **European Cup**

**Winners (2):** 1960–61, 1961–62
### Other

* **Latin Cup**

**Winners (1):** 1950
### Doubles

* **Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal**

**11 – record:** 1942–43, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1986–87, 2013–14, 2016–17
* **Primeira Liga and Taça da Liga**

**4 – record:** 2009–10, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
* **Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga**

**1 – shared record:** 2013–14
* **European Double**

**1:** 1960–61
### International record

| Competition | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Best |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UEFA Champions League / European Cup | 287 | 130 | 67 | 90 | 475 | 334 | +141 | 045.30**Champions (2)** |
| UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup | 135 | 67 | 32 | 36 | 223 | 154 | +69 | 049.63Runner-up |
| UEFA Cup Winners' Cup | 42 | 21 | 12 | 9 | 67 | 34 | +33 | 050.00Semi-finalist |
| Inter-Cities Fairs Cup | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | +2 | 050.00Second round |
| Intercontinental Cup | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 15 | −9 | 020.00Runner-up |
| Total | 473 | 221 | 112 | 140 | 778 | 542 | +236 | 046.72 |
***Rhopalostylis sapida***, the **nikau** (Māori: *nīkau*) is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand. It is the only palm tree to grow there. It also does not grow naturally anywhere else in the world.

*Nīkau* is a Māori word. In the languages of the Pacific tropics, it means the leaves of a coconut palm.

The Maori had many uses for the nīkau palm. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flowers were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking. The old tough leaves were used to make baskets, floor rugs and waterproof thatched roofs for buildings.

Natural location
----------------

Nīkau grove, Paraparaumu
The nīkau palm lives along the coast and lowland forests on the North Island and on the South Island. It lives where there is humidity. It is the world's most southern palm at 44° 18'S latitude.

Description
-----------

The nīkau grows tall with a wide, green trunk which has grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crown of fronds (leaves). The flowers are coloured lilac to pink. The fruit is circular or oblong and is red when ripe. The nīkau has flowers between November and April (summer). The fruit ripens from February to November and is a favourite food for the native wood pigeon.

Caring for the palm
-------------------

Ripe fruit of the nīkau
The nīkau makes an excellent potted plant, and is quite healthy. It is slow-growing. It grows easily from a seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the skin. The seed will then germinate in sealed plastic bags in part shade. Later, they can be planted in deep pots. 

The nīkau lives well in cool temperatures. In New Zealand, it does not get exposed to freezing weather. It can survive a few degrees of frost. It is hurt most by a sudden large drop in temperature even above freezing. It does well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nikau***.

* "*Rhopalostylis sapida*". *New Zealand Plant Conservation Network*. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
* "*Rhopalostylis sapida*". *Flora of New Zealand*. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
* New Zealand native plant website: *Rhopalostylis sapida* Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
**Quirien Klaversteijn-Jonker** is a Dutch Paralympic swimmer from Soest. She won two silver medals at the 1972 Summer Paralympics. At the 1971 Stoke Mandeville Games she won a gold medal in a new world record, and also won a silver medal.

Career​
-------

Having polio Jonker competed in swimming competitions in disability class 3. She was selected to represent the Netherlands at the 1971 Stoke Mandeville Games, the World Games in Great Britain, in July 1971. She became champion in the 25 m backstroke event in a new world record with a time of 33.8 seconds. She won furthermore a silver medal in the 25 m breaststroke event. At the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg she won two silver medals. She finished second in the 25 m backstroke behind Henny Hilberink. Together with Netty van der Krieke and Sonja Graveland she won also the silver medal in the 3x 50 metres relay event.

Personal​
---------

Jonker had polio. The mother of Jonker was Else Jonker-Driessen. She had four brothers and sisters. Jonker lived in Soest where she worked as a teacher at the Margrietschool. Jonker married Jan J. Klaversteijn in Soest on 21 December 1972. They moved to Bunnik. They have two sons: Jan and Erik. In the 1990s Jonker was secretary of the VSN, Post-polio Support Group in Bunnik.
Greenfly on a rosebush
Aphid giving birth to a nymph
**Parthenogenesis** is a term in biology. It means *virgin birth*. It is an asexual form of reproduction. Females lay eggs without fertilization by a male. Growth and development of embryos occurs with all genes inherited from the mother.

It occurs in both plants and animals and is much less common than sexual reproduction. It even occurs in vertebrates:there are over 80 species of unisex reptiles, amphibians and fishes in nature for which males are no longer a part of the reproductive process.

Some plants and animals can reproduce either sexually or asexually. A good example are the aphids, (e.g. greenfly) which multiply parthenogenetically during the height of summer, but turn to sexual reproduction as the weather gets worse. At different times of the year, they can be viviparous (live birth) or oviparous (eggs). During spring and summer, aphids usually produce live young (nymphs) parthenogenetically. These female aphids may or may not have wings. Males only appear in any number at the close of the season. Females then give birth sexually during autumn, laying eggs. Therefore aphids are said to undergo 'cyclical parthenogenesis'.

Another interesting fact is that there is a whole order of rotifers (the Bdelloid rotifers) where males have never been found. This is the largest taxonomic category to reproduce entirely by parthenogenesis.

Other types of asexual reproduction exist. Clones are produced by many Hydrozoa (for example, many corals). Colonies grow, not by laying eggs, but by budding off new individuals. Very similar is reproduction by splitting, common in several phyla such as echinoderms and sponges. These methods are not called parthenogenesis, because they do not work by females laying eggs.

Related pages
-------------

* Apomixis
**Melville Louis Kossuth** (**Melvil**) **Dewey** (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an American librarian and educator. He invented the Dewey Decimal library classification system.

Early life
----------

Dewey was born on December 10, 1851, in Adams Center, New York. 
He attended Alfred University in 1870 and then Amherst College. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1874 and a master's in 1877.

Career
------

While still a student, he founded the Library Bureau, a company that sold index-cards and filing-cabinets used in libraries and businesses.

He developed his book classification system based on a decimal numbering system while working in the Amherst library. He published a first edition in 1876.

He was one of the founders of the American Library Association in 1876 and served for many years as editor of the Journal of the American Library Association.

In the 1880's he took a position as librarian at Columbia University Libraries, where he developed one of the first training schools for librarians.

Lake Placid Club
----------------

Dewey founded the Lake Placid Club in Lake Placid, New York in 1895 as a health club and retreat. The Winter Olympics were held there, mostly led by his son Godfrey

Reforms
-------

He advocated for spelling reform for the English language. At one point he changed the spelling of his name from "Melvile" to "Melvil," removing redundant letters. He also for a brief time wrote his surname as "**Dui**." He also founded The Metric Bureau in 1876 to advocate for the United States to move to metric measurement.

Personal life
-------------

Dewey married twice, first to Annie R. Godfrey, and then to Emily McKay Beal. He and his first wife had one child, Godfrey. 

He moved to Florida and founded Lake Placid, Florida. He died of a stroke there in 1931.
The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west, the North Atlantic Current on the north, the Canary Current on the east, and the North Equatorial Current on the south.
The **Sargasso Sea** is a region in the gyre in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream; on the north, by the North Atlantic Current; on the east, by the Canary Current; and on the south, by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre. All the currents deposit the marine plants and garbage they carry into this sea.

The Sargasso Sea is 700 statute miles wide and 2,000 statute miles long (1,100 km wide and 3,200 km long). Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea. The Sargasso Sea is the only "sea" without shores. The ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is different for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity. Underwater visibility is up to 200 feet (61 m).

Portuguese sailors were among the first to discover this region in the 15th century. They named it after the *Sargassum* seaweed growing there.

The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of the European eel and the American eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, they try to return to the Sargasso Sea to lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead Sea Turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the Sargassum as cover from predation until they are mature.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Sargasso Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 28°N 66°W﻿ / ﻿28°N 66°W﻿ / 28; -66
**Shavo Odadjian** (Armenian: Շավո Օդաջյան) (born April 22 1974, Yerevan, Armenia as **Shavarsh Odadjian**) is the bassist for the Armenian American-based alternative metal band, System of a Down. He also scored summer blockbuster hit, "Babylon, A.D." alongside with The Rza and Hans Zimmer. He is a multi-instrumentalist, painter, DJ, and director.

Biography
---------

In his youth, Shavo used to spend his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music. He started managing the band *Soil* with Malakian and Tankian in 1993 after meeting them in a recording studio. In 1995, Shavo became the permanent bassist of the band. They then named themselves "System of a Down" after a poem titled "Victims of a Down" authored by bandmate Daron Malakian.

Odadjian is a popular DJ in the LA area met by "Dj Tatic", taking part in such events as the "Rock/DJ Explosion" on March 2 2001 at The Roxy in Hollywood and collaborating with bandmate Tankian on SerArt, the singer's side project with Armenian musician Arto Tunçboyacıyan.

Discography
-----------

### System of a Down

* 1998: *System of a Down*
* 2001: *Toxicity*
* 2005: *Mezmerize*
* 2005: *Hypnotize*

### Achozen

* 2008: Untitled

Awards
------

* In 2006, System of a Down won their first Grammy for Best hard rock performance for B.Y.O.B.
* In 2006, they won the "MTV Good Woodie Award" for their song "Question!"
* In 2006, they were #14 on the VH1 Top 40 Metal Songs with "Toxicity"
* In 2007, they were nominated for a Grammy Award in Best Hard rock performance for their song Lonely Day

Other websites
--------------

* Shavo's MySpace page
* The Official System of a Down Site
* Shavo's page at SOADFans Archived 2007-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Shavo's page at SOADTalk Archived 2007-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
* Achozen's Myspace page

| * v
* t
* e
System of a Down |
| --- |
| 
* **Daron Malakian**
* **Serj Tankian**
* **Shavo Odadjian**
* **John Dolmayan**

* Ontronik "Andy" Khachaturian

 |
| Studio albums | 
* *System of a Down*
* *Toxicity*
* *Mezmerize*
* *Hypnotize*

 |
| Internet albums | 
* *Steal This Album!*

 |
**Storm cellars** are underground structures that are either located below buildings, or are built underground near houses or other such buildings. They are reinforced structures into which residents can go for protection from a strong wind storm. They are common in areas that often have tornadoes and hurricanes.

In houses
---------

A typical storm cellar for a single family would be built nearby the home. It might have a floor area of eight by twelve feet, (2.5 x 3.5 m) and an arched roof like that of a quonset hut—but it would be entirely underground. In most cases the entire structure would be built of blocks faced with cement and rebar through the bricks for protection from the storm doing this makes it almost impossible for the bricks to fall apart. New ones sometimes are made of septic tanks that have been modified with a steel door and vents. Most storm cellars would be reached by a covered stairwell. At the opposite end of the structure there would be conduits for air that would reach the surface, and perhaps a small window to serve as an emergency exit and also to provide some light.

Additional uses
---------------

A storm cellar may also be used to store canned goods for emergencies or for a long period of time.

Further reading
---------------

The Secure Home, Joel Skousen, Swift Learning Resources; 3rd ed, 1999 (ISBN 1-56861-055-6)

Related pages
-------------

* Storm door
* Storm drain
* Storm room
* Storm windows
* Tornado
* Tornado Alley
Italian Asmara in 1935, looking like a typical small Italian city
**Piccola Roma** was the nickname of Asmara (capital of Italian Eritrea), during the decades of Italian colonial rule of Eritrea.

History
-------

The city of Asmara was founded by the Italians in the last years of the XIX century, from a small native village. Soon was made the capital of their colonial possessions in Eritrea, mainly because of the climate being located at more than 2000 meters of altitude.

In the 1930s the city was being populated by many thousands of Italian colonists and in 1940 it was mostly Italian looking (by architecture and by inhabitants way of life). That it the reason why it was called "Piccola Roma" ("little Rome"), due to the fact that it was a bit similar to the capital of Italy (Roma).

The capital of Eritrea experienced a huge increase in population: in 1935 there were only 4,000 Italians and 12,000 Eritreans; in 1938 there were 48,000 Italians and 36,000 Eritreans. Historian Gian Luca Podesta wrote that practically Asmara in 1940 has become an Italian city (he wrote: "*in pratica Asmara era diventata una citta' italiana*".

"Piccola Roma" was a typical Italian city created in the middle of eastern Africa, where the majority of the population was southern european in appearance & customs, spoke italian and practised the catholicism when WW2 started. It was going to be the industrial center of the *Italian East Africa*, but the war blocked this development.

Historian Maitacli wrote that:

"*The city is known for its early 20th century buildings, including the Art Deco "Cinema Impero" (opened in 1937 and considered by the experts one of the world's finest examples of Art Déco style building), the Cubist "Africa Pension", the rationalist "Governor's Palace", the eclectic Eritrean Orthodox "Tewahdo" Church, the former "Asmara Opera House", the futurist architecture "Fiat Tagliero Building", the neo-Romanesque architecture "Roman Catholic Cathedral", and the neoclassical architecture "President's Palace". The city is adorned by Italian colonial villas and mansions, one prominent example being the 'Asmara's World Bank Building'....*"

The buildings of downtown Asmara actually looks identical to those of a Roma's neighborough
Most of central Asmara was built between 1935 and 1941, so effectively the Italians managed to build almost an entire city in just six short years.

Actually (in July 2017) Asmara has been declared *World Heritage Site* by the UNESCO, mainly because of the architecture created during the Italian colonial years (that lasted from 1881 until 1941).

Related pages
-------------

* Addis Abeba
* Italian Mogadiscio
* Asmara

Bibliography
------------

* Podesta, Gian Luca et al. *Lo sguardo della storia economica sull'edilizia urbana*. Volume 4. Chapter: "Le citta dell'impero". Publisher Croma - Università Roma TRE. Roma, 2009. ISBN 888368107X
**Peter Oakley** (20 August 1927 – 23 March 2014) was a British internet blogger. He was better known by his pseudonym **geriatric1927** on the popular video sharing website YouTube.

Early life
----------

Oakley was born in Norwich, Norfolk, England.

YouTube status
--------------

By mid-2006, Oakley was the most subscribed user on YouTube. His rise to the #1 position took place in just over a week. Oakley had 30,000 subscribers as of 25 November 2006 and over 53,000 subscribers as of 24 May 2010. 

He ranks as the 52nd most subscribed all time in the United Kingdom, and is the 19th most subscribed "Director" of all time in the United Kingdom. 

As of June 2012, Oakley has over 350 videos on YouTube under his channel geriatric1927.

Death
-----

Oakley was later diagnosed with cancer which was too far advanced for treatment and he was not expected to live. He posted his final video on February 12, 2014. He died in Bakewell, Derbyshire, England, aged 86.

Other websites
--------------

* The Official Geriatric1927 Website Archived 2016-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Geriatric1927 on YouTube
Shrew opossum
The order **Paucituberculata** contains the six surviving species of **shrew opossum**. *Caenolestes* is the main genus, and the group as a whole may be called 'caenolestids'.

They are small, shrew-like marsupials of the Andes mountains of South America.

20 million years ago, there were at least seven genera in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the high Andes.

Insectivores were absent from South America until the Great American Interchange three million years ago, and are present now only in the northwestern part of the continent. Shrew opossums have lost ground to the these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. Nevertheless, the ranges of shrew opossums and insectivores overlap broadly.

Shrew opossums are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in underground burrows and on surface runways.

Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known. Recent studies suggest that they may be more common than had been thought.
**Microsoft family features** (also known product name is **Microsoft Family Safety** and **Windows Live Family Safety**) was an programmer succesor Parental Controls about in Windows 10 PC, this features has introduced on early 2007 after release Windows Vista. In Windows 7, Microsoft Family Safety has replace is Parental Controls and Windows 8 is Windows Live Family Safety has added in Windows Live Essentials 2012.

History and pubilc
------------------

The first of Microsoft Family Safety has introduced in January 29 and January 30, 2007, the first day ago after release the personal computer operating system, Windows Vista, which was release next to release Microsoft Family Safety. In February 8, 2007. Microsoft announced that Microsoft Family Safety has running for Windows Vista operating system and has running replace in Parental Controls and Windows Live Messenger. However, in October 25, 2009. Microsoft announced Windows 7 has added Family Safety but was replaced is Parental Controls.

In October 8, 2012. First Windows 8 by Microsoft added Windows Live Family Safety, later. Microsoft Family Safety for all operating system was discontinued on July 27, 2012 and replaced by Windows Live Family Safety. In November 16, 2012. Microsoft introduced Family Safety Center for website, such smillar to Windows Live Family Safety and Microsoft Family Safety. In July 30, 2015. Windows Live Family Safety first added by Windows 10 PC, but nows is discontinued features, replaced for Family Safety Center in Microsoft website.

Related pages
-------------

* Microsoft
* Microsoft Edge
**Nokia 6230** (also known is **Nokia 6230i**) is an Nokia mobile phone was developed of Nokia Corporation, it was announced on October 28, 2003 and release on February 28, 2004.

History
-------

In October 28, 2003. Nokia announced they will be release Nokia 6230 on February 2004. In November 2003, Nokia 6230 has begin of worldwide on late January and early February 2004 with sales at Campagin Shops.

In February 18, 2004. Nokia 6230 release of Canada and February 22 release of United Kingdom. In February 28, 2004. Nokia 6230 has release of worldwide.

In July 2007, Nokia announced they will be release Nokia 6230i on August 12, 2007.

Later discontinued
------------------

In June 2006, Nokia announced they will be discontinued Nokia 6230, because was no longer after release in 2004. In December 18, 2006. Nokia 6230 was ended sales in worldwide. In January 20, 2007. Nokia 6230 was discontinued.

After Nokia 6230 was discontinued, in August 12, 2007. Nokia announced Nokia 6230i will support after in October 2010 was discontinued.

In October 14, 2010. Nokia 6230i was ended sales and discontinued of worldwide.

Related pages
-------------

* Nokia 6300
**Pidgin** (also known as **Gaim**) is a instant messaging client that can work on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. The software can use most instant messaging protocols, which will let the user log into different instant messaging services from one program.

The number of Pidgin users is thought to be more than 3 million in 2007.
Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Pidgin is free software.

Supported protocols
-------------------

* .NET Messenger Service
* OSCAR (AIM/ICQ/.Mac)
* XMPP (Jabber, Google Talk)
* Gadu-Gadu
* Internet Relay Chat
* MySpaceIM
* Novell GroupWise
* SILC
* Yahoo! Instant Messenger
* Zephyr
* Lotus Sametime
* Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (only chat at present)
* Bonjour (Apple's implementation of Zeroconf)

History
-------

Gaim 2.0.0 beta 6 running under GNOME 2.16.0
The program was made in or before 1999 by Mark Spencer, an Auburn University sophomore. It was made to give the features of AOL Instant Messenger for Linux.

Naming dispute
--------------

The original name was **GAIM**, which stood for **G**TK+ **A**OL **I**nstant **M**essenger. After pressure from AOL, the program was renamed to **gaim**.

However, on April 6 2007, the project development team announced the results of their talks with AOL. This included some name changes: *gaim* became *Pidgin*, *libgaim* became *libpurple*, and *gaim-text* became *finch*.

Due to the legal problems, version 2.0 of the software was stuck in beta stages. Following the talks, it was said that the first official release of Pidgin 2.0.0 was hoped to happen during the two weeks from April 8, 2007. However, Pidgin 2.0 did not release on time, but on April 22, 2007.

Pidgin 2.0.0 was released on May 3, 2007. This was the first version to be called Pidgin. It also contained a completely new graphics design.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Pidgin (instant messaging client)***.

* Pidgin website, with "Planet Pidgin" Archived 2008-07-11 at the Wayback Machine (developer blog)
* Pidgin project on SourceForge
* #pidgin on freenode
**Teatre Sans** is a small theatre in Palma de Mallorca, capital of the Balearic Islands, Spain, that has been opened for more than 25 years. 

The theatre is in a gothic building from the 14th-15th centuries, in the old neighbourhood of the city. In the 15th century it belonged to the island Governor who used it as a marketplace. Later it was used as lodgings. In the 20th century, it became the headquarters of the Republican party where they held political meetings, literary and cultural gatherings and some theatre plays. Later, they also began to offer lectures and talks.

In 1984, the theatre company TRIP TRUP Teatre (later Estudi Zero Teatre ESTUDI ZERO Archived 2011-05-04 at the Wayback Machine), rented the theatre as a place for reheasals. The theatre company ESTUDI ZERO renovated the old theatre and they are now responsible running not only the theatre, but also the drama school and the café.

The drama school, eScola d'Arts eScéNiques Archived 2011-05-04 at the Wayback Machine offers drama lessons to children and adults and it is one of the main reasons of the popularity of the theatre.

Other websites
--------------

* Mallorcaweb.com/
* Estudi Zero Archived 2010-11-10 at the Wayback Machine

39°34′12.22″N 2°39′8.00″E﻿ / ﻿39.5700611°N 2.6522222°E﻿ / 39.5700611; 2.6522222
Mozart, about 1782
The **Piano Sonata No. 11** in A major, K. 331 is a piece of music for the piano. It was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was published in Vienna, Austria by Artaria in 1784. It is the second of a group of three piano sonatas. Mozart probably wrote the group in Salzburg in the summer of 1783. It was then that he brought his wife Constance (Weber) to his hometown to introduce her to his father Leopold. The first sonata in the group is No. 10 in C major, K. 330. The third is No. 12 in F major, K. 332. Mozart numbered this group of sonatas 1 through 3. He spent much time teaching during his early years in Vienna. It is likely that these sonatas were written for his pupils.

The A major sonata is unique among Mozart's piano sonatas. It does not include a movement in sonata form. The first movement is a lilting theme in 6/8 followed by six variations in A major and A minor. The last variation is in 4/4 time. The second movement is a Menuetto in A major with a contrasting section (called a Trio) in D major. It is written in 3/4 time. The third and final movement is the famous "Alla Turca" (**Turkish March** or **Turkish Rondo**) in 2/4 time. It is considered one of the finest examples of Viennese Turkish music that was produced in the late 18th century. The rondo's rolled block bass chords suggest the drum rolls of a Turkish Janissary band. In true classical style, the rondo alternates between major and minor keys, and loud and soft dynamics. The piece is a favorite for amateur recitals.


All sound files are based on MIDI files from the Mutopia Project unless otherwise specified.| 

Tema

---

Andante grazioso, Variation 1

---

Variation 2

---

Variation 3

---

Variation 4

---

*Problems playing these files? See media help.*
 | 

Variation 5

---

Variation 6

---

Menuetto

---

Alla Turca

Performed by Romuald Greiss on an 1850 Budynowicz piano
 |
A **ruminant** is an ungulate that eats and digests plant-based food such as grass. 

Ruminating mammals include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, yaks, water buffalo, deer, camels, alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, pronghorn, and nilgai. All of them are Artiodactyla, cloven-hoofed animals.

The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin word *ruminare* which means "to chew over again". They have a more complex digestive system than other vegetarians. Digestion of food is always done mainly by microorganisms, and in ruminants it is digested twice.

An example of a grass-eater which is *not* a ruminant is the horse. Horse excrement leaves the work of digestion half-done. This is very obvious to see in comparison to that of a ruminant.

How rumination works
--------------------

Rough illustration of a ruminant digestive system
Rumination works by chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the semi-digested **cud** to re-chew it and to get the most food value out of it.

Rumination makes the half-digested food particles smaller, before they can go through the process of digestion.

### Details

The primary difference between a ruminant and non-ruminants (such as people, horses, and pigs) is that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach. 

The four parts of the stomach are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud or bolus. 

The cud is then regurgitated (brought up to the mouth) and chewed slowly. Fiber, especially cellulose, is broken down by microbial gut flora (bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi).

Even though the rumen and reticulum have different names, they are the same functional space, as the digesta (food material) can move back and forth between them. 

The digesta then passes into the next chamber, the omasum, where water and many of the mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream. 

After this the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. Digestion takes place here. 

The digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large intestine, leaving the waste.

Almost all the glucose produced by breaking down cellulose is used by microbes in the rumen, and so ruminants get little glucose from the small intestine. Instead, glucose for a ruminants' brain function and lactation, if needed, is made by the liver.

Where ruminants are found
-------------------------

There are 3.5 billion domestic ruminants, with about 95% being cattle, goats and sheep.

There are also about 75 million wild ruminants. They can be found anywhere except for the continents Australia and Antarctica. Most of them are in Europe, Africa and Asia.
**Nataliya Pipa** (born October 12, 1983, Lviv) is the People's Deputy of Ukraine of the IX convocation from the party Holos (ukr. *Voice*), a Secretary of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Education, Science and Innovation, Plast member, former member of AIESEC, co-founder of the Better Sykhiv NGO.

Biography
---------

Nataliya Pipa was born on October 12, 1983 in the city of Lviv.

In 2000 she graduated from the 8th specialized German school.

In 2004-2013 she was an insurance broker at the expert Insurance Broker.

In 2005 she graduated with a degree in Economic Cybernetics from Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.

Since 2013, Pipa was a fundraiser at the Center for Children and Youth with Special Needs "Dzherelo".

Until 2019, she was the head of the Lviv city organization of the Ukrainian Galician Party and the non-governmental organization "Best Sykhiv".

In 2018 she graduated from the Ukrainian Catholic University, programs "Management of non-profit organizations", "Effective governance", "Good governance for good leaders".

Public and political activities
-------------------------------

In 1997, Pipa joined the national scout organization "Plast".

In 2014, Pipa co-founder the NGO "Better Sykhiv" and "Square of Dignity".

In 2015-2019, she was a member of the Ukrainian Galician Party.

From 2015 to 2016 she was a head of the Lviv city branch of the Ukrainian Galician party.

In 2015, Natalia Pipa ran in the majority district in Sykhiv for the Lviv regional and city councils.

In 2019, she won the 115th constituency (Sykhiv district, part of Lychakiv district of Lviv) in the parliamentary elections from the party "Voice". She is working on the implementation of a senior professional school. Advocates education in the state language in schools and universities. He is working to ensure that all Lviv parks have boundaries and are protected from illegal constructions.

She is a Secretary of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Education, Science and Innovation.
**Peterborough** (/ˈpiːtərbrə/ or /ˈpiːtərbərə/ (audio speaker iconlisten)) is a cathedral city in the East of England. The population is about 184,500 as of mid–2011. The city is well known for its cathedral.

Even though it is part of Northamptonshire, for ceremonial purposes it is inside the county of Cambridgeshire. The city is 75 miles (121 km) north of London. It is on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea, about 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east. 

The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The local government area includes Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and non-metropolitan Cambridgeshire to the south and east.

The topography of the land is flat. In some places it is below sea level, for example in the Fens that are east of Peterborough. 

Human settlement began before the Bronze Age, as seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east. There is also evidence of Roman occupation. In the Anglo-Saxon English period of time, a monastery, Medeshamstede was built. This later became Peterborough Cathedral.

The population grew fast after rail transport began in the 19th century. At that time, Peterborough became known for the manufacturing of bricks. 

Historic cast iron railway bridge over the River Nene (1847), built by Lewis Cubitt
The River Nene embankment, seen from Frank Perkins Parkway

Population growth
-----------------

After World War II, the city did not grow much, until the 1960s. Peterborough was named a "New Town" in 1967, by the government. This was part of the New Towns Act of 1946. It planned new towns to move people into better homes, who were still living in poor or bombed-out housing from the war.

Housing and population are still growing in the 21st century. Peterborough's population growth was the fastest of any British city over the ten years from 2002. This was partly due to immigration.

Because the city is still getting larger, the city council has passed a law for a new development plan. This is to add an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people who will live in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing Hampton township will be finished. There will also be a 1,500-homes built in Stanground, and a 1,200-homes built in Paston.

Suburbs
-------

### Parnwell

Parnwell is a housing estate in the east of the city. Situated off Parnwell Way, it is easily accessible using the Frank Perkins Way (A1139). It is served by a convenience store at the Parnwell Centre and has a Sure Start Centre and a health centre.

The local primary school is Parnwell Primary School, which was opened in 1989 to serve children from 4 to 11 years. Children over this age may choose to attend the City of Peterborough Academy (COPA), Thomas Deacon Academy or the Stanground Academy.
Typical Christian Dior evening gown, date unknown but circa 1950. Would definitely have needed two or more petticoats underneath.
A **petticoat** is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way. 

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

Petticoats in the 20th century
------------------------------

For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly *multiple* petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted *New Look* of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his *A-Line* collection of Spring 1955, which featured the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his *Trapeze Line* of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.
**Major Richard Sharpe** is a fictional character. He is the main character in a series of books written by Bernard Cornwell. Many of the books have been made into television movies, where the stories were told in a different order from the books. Sharpe's story is set during the Napoleonic Wars. Sharpe has a series of "sword waving" adventures.

So far, the writer has written 21 books, from "Sharpe's Tiger" to "Sharpe's Devil". The first book is set in the year 1799, while the last is set in the years 1820 to 1821. There were also three short stories set between other books. All the stories cover the Napoleonic Wars, as well as a prelude in India detailing Sharpe's rise to the rank of Ensign. The final book looks at Sharpe on a mission to rescue his old friend, the Spanish Captain General Don Blas Vivar, in Chile.

Books and short stories
-----------------------

Here is the order of the books and short stories, with the year the story is set:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Story Name** | **Year** |
| Sharpe's Tiger | 1799 |
| Sharpe's Triumph | 1803 |
| Sharpe's Fortress | 1803 |
| Sharpe's Trafalgar | 1805 |
| Sharpe's Prey | 1807 |
| Sharpe's Rifles | 1809 |
| Sharpe's Havoc | 1809 |
| Sharpe's Eagle | 1809 |
| Sharpe's Gold | 1810 |
| Sharpe's Escape | 1810 |
| Sharpe's Fury | 1811 |
| Sharpe's Battle | 1811 |
| Sharpe's Company | 1812 |
| Sharpe's Sword | 1812 |
| Sharpe's Skirmish
(A short story) | 1812 |
| Sharpe's Enemy | 1812 |
| Sharpe's Honour | 1813 |
| Sharpe's Regiment | 1813 |
| Sharpe's Christmas
(A short story) | 1813 |
| Sharpe's Siege | 1814 |
| Sharpe's Revenge | 1814 |
| Sharpe's Waterloo | 1815 |
| Sharpe's Ransom
(A short story) | 1815 |
| Sharpe's Devil | 1820 – 1821 |
|

Film story
----------

Born in London to a poor mother, Sharpe spent most of his youth in the inner city of London. When he killed someone, he went away to Yorkshire. He then joined a British line battalion, a regiment in the British Army. He was sent to India, where he saved the Duke of Wellington's life. For this, he was given a field commission to the rank of Lieutenant. He was then transferred to a Highland regiment, where he was not wanted, and was transferred into the 95th Rifles at Shorncliffe back in England. The 95th Rifles was then sent to northern Spain with General Moore's army. It was in Spain that he became friends with Patrick Harper.

In the latest adventure "Sharpe's Challenge", Sharpe and Harper go to India to fight some villains.
**Petén** is a department of the nation of Guatemala. It is geographically the most northern department of Guatemala. It is also the largest in size — at 12,960 square miles (33,600 km2). It is about one third of Guatemala's area. The capital is Flores. The population in 2005 was about 450,000.

The Petén department was formed by the Guatemalan government on 8 May 1866.

Geography
---------

Ferry crossing the Pasión River at Sayaxché.
The Petén department is bordered on the east by Belize and by Mexico on the north and west. To the south it borders the Guatemalan departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal. Much of the western border with Mexico is formed by the Usumacinta River and its tributary the Salinas River. Parts of the southern border of the department are formed by the rivers Gracias a Dios and Santa Isabel.

The main bodies of water in the department are the lakes Petén Itzá, Peténchel, Quexil, Salpetén and Macanche in the centre of the department; Yaxhá and Sacnab in the east, Petexbatún in the southwest, and Perdida, Larga, La Gloria, San Diego, Mendoza, El Repasto and Lacandón in the west.

Municipalities
--------------

1. Dolores
2. Flores
3. La Libertad
4. Las Cruces
5. Melchor de Mencos
6. Poptún
7. San Andrés
8. San Benito
9. San Francisco
10. San José
11. San Luis
12. Santa Ana
13. Sayaxché
**Structural pipe fitting** is a pipe used for various structures.

A Structural pipe fitting, also known as a slip on pipe fitting, clamp or pipe clamp is used to build structures such as handrails, guardrails, and other types of pipe or tubular structure. They can also be used to build furniture and theatrical riggings. The fittings slip on the pipe and are usually locked down with a set screw. The set screw can then be tightened with a simple hex wench. Because of the modular design of standard fittings, assembly is easy, only simple hand tools are required, and risks from welding a structure are eliminated.
Other advantages of using structural pipe fittings are easy installation and reconfigurable design. Since there are no permanent welds in the structure, the set screws of the fittings can simply be loosened, allowing them to be repositioned. The project can be disassembled and stored if needed, or even taken apart with fittings and pipe recycled into a new project.
Fittings used for strong structures are galvanised malleable iron castings, and come in many styles such as elbows, tees, crosses, reducers and flanges. The fittings are not threaded; they simply lock onto the pipe with the supplied hex set screws.
Nilofar Rahmani accepts her pilot wings at a ceremony in May 2013.
**Niloofar Rahmani** (Persian:نیلوفر رحمانی born 1992) is the first female fixed-wing Air Force aviator in Afghanistan's history. She is also the first female pilot in the Afghani military since the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Though her family received death threats, she persevered to complete her training.

In 2015, Rahmani won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Biography
---------

2nd Lt. Niloofar Rhmani stands alongside the other four graduates of undergraduate pilot training just prior to receiving their pilot wings at a ceremony May 14, 2013, at Shindand Air Base, Afghanistan. Rhmani made history May 14, 2013, when she became the first female to successfully complete undergraduate pilot training and earn the status of pilot in more than 30 years. She will continue her service as she joins the Kabul Air Wing as a Cessna 208 pilot.
Rahmani was born in Afghanistan in 1992. Since she was a child, she had a dream of becoming a pilot and spent nearly a year studying English to be able to attend flight school. She enlisted in the Afghan Air Force Officer Training Program in 2010 and in July 2012 graduated as a Second Lieutenant.

Two female helicopter pilots during the Soviet era, along with her father, served as inspiration for Rahmani's achievement. Her first solo flight was in a Cessna 182. Wanting to fly larger aircraft, she went to advanced flight school and was soon flying the C-208 military cargo aircraft. Women are traditionally banned from transporting dead or wounded soldiers; however, Rahmani defied orders when she discovered injured soldiers upon landing in one mission. Flying them to a hospital, she reported her actions to her superiors, who imposed no sanctions.

When her achievements were publicized, Captain Rahmani's family received threats from both family members and the Taliban, who disapproved of her ambition and career choices. The family has had to move several times but Rahmani is resolute and aims to fly a larger C-130 plane and become a flight instructor to inspire other women.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Niloofar Rahmani***.

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Sporangia on the underside of the leaf of a fern
Conidiophore of *Hyaloperonospora parasitica* harboring several conidia
**Spores** are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.

The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.

Fungal spores
-------------

Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.

**Conidia** are asexual, non-motile **spores** of a fungus; they are also called **mitospores** due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called **conidiophores**. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

* Germination
* Sporangia

Bacterial spores
----------------

Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186

Plant spores
------------

Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.