recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Albert Anthony Iafrate** (/ˌaɪ.əˈfreɪtiː/ *EYE-ə-FRAY-tee*; born March 21, 1966) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League in 1984 and 1998. He is most famous for his very hard slapshot. He set a record for speed during the NHL Skills Competition of 1993, which was a record for 16 years. The speed of the slapshot was 105.2 miles per hour (169.3 km/h). The record was broken in 2009 by Zdeno Chára of the Boston Bruins with a slapshot at 105.4 mph in Montreal. Iafrate was born in Dearborn, Michigan, and grew up in Livonia, Michigan.

Iafrate was given the nickname "the Planet" by *The Boston Globe* writer Kevin Paul Dupont for his not regular personality.

Throughout the world, Iafrate has been on the United States team at the 1984 Winter Olympics and 1998 IIHF World Championship.

Early career
------------

As a child, Iafrate played in the 1979 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Detroit.

Iafrate was chosen fourth overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft after a big career with the Windsor Compuware Spitfires and a short stay with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Iafrate played for Team USA in the 1984 Winter Olympics at Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. During the summer of 1984 Iafrate was driving a car with teammate Mike Vellucci when it crashed and flipped several times. Vellucci broke his back in the accident and could not play in the 1984–85 season, while Iafrate broke some ribs.

Toronto Maple Leafs
-------------------

Iafrate started his NHL career with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1984 and played 68 games as a new blue liner, scoring 21 points for the team. One of his best moments came during his fourth season in the league when his heavy slapshot helped him score 22 goals and 52 points. Injuries made him only play 65 games and 33 points in the year after. After, he was allowed back in the 1989–90 season, scoring 21 goals and 63 points and making a return to the All-Star Game playing on the Maple Leafs. After 41 games in Toronto, Iafrate was added to the Washington Capitals in a trade for Peter Zezel and Bob Rouse. Toronto General Manager Floyd Smith was aware of what he had traded in the deal: "This year he hasn't played like an All-Star, and he'd be the first to admit that, but he certainly has the ability."
The ***Statue of Unity*** is a tribute to the Indian leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, unveiled on 31 October 2018. This statue is a patriotic symbol of the legacy of a man who spent his life in the struggle for freedom. As a mark of respect the government built the statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai naming it a statue of unity. This statue is located at his birthplace in Gujarat. The statue is designed by Ram V. Sutar. The total amount for the project is US $430 million. The statue stands 182 metres high, making it one of the tallest monuments in the world, second to the St. Louis Arch. 

The Statue of Unity is at Sadhu Bet Island. A 12 km square lake will create the atmosphere of equality and diversity. A special trust called as "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Rashtriya Ekta Trust" has been created for to manage the place. The statue is made with steel frame and reinforced concrete. For durability, the statue has been given bronze plating. The statue has a 153 m high viewing deck able to hold 200 visitors. It has a panoramic view of the Sardar Sarovar Dam. 

It has been designed to withstand winds of velocity of 60 metres/second, and is also claimed to be earthquake resistant. A total of 22,500 tons of cement forms the core structure of this monument. The iron used in the construction was collected from old farm equipment throughout India. A team of 700 Indian workers worked on the cementing and casting.
A **tompouce** or **tompoes** is a pastry often eaten in the Netherlands or Belgium. It is named after Admiraal Tom Pouce, the stage name of a Frisian actor with dwarfism called Jan Hannema. The tompoes is a different form of a mille-feuille, otherwise known as a Napoleon.

History
-------

### Name

The first tompouce was made by a baker in Amsterdam in 1858. The actor it was named after had gotten his name from another actor, Charles Sherwood Stratton. Stratton called himself Tom Thumb, the literal translation of Tom Pouce. Tom Thumb is a fairy tale about a small man.

What it's known for
-------------------

### Colour

An orange tompouce, a special colour for a special occasion.
The tompouce is often associated with the day the people of the Netherlands celebrate the birthday of their monarch (In Dutch: *Koningsdag*; King's Day). The colour of the icing on top of the pastry is changed for this event. The icing is normally pink, but it is changed to orange. Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands. The orange tompouce is also eaten during large events the Netherlands takes part in, such as the FIFA World Cup. 

### Eating

The tompouce is known for being difficult to eat. When you try to put a fork in it, the cream on the inside tends to spill out. Because of this, the Dutch have come up with many different ways to eat the pastry.
**Hans Horneff** ( March 10, 1917 - April 30, 1995) was a German-born American movie actor who appearance in both Japanese and US movies. He spoke fluent German and English. Horneff was also a radio host for the CBS News Radio and voice actor for Hanna-Barbera Productions.

Career
------

He was born in Munich, Germany to Alfred Horneff (1883-1960), a photographer for the Bayerische Staatszeitung and Lina (1892-1963), an elementary school teacher. He had three siblings, Frank (1915-1988), Gabriele (1922-2001) and Louise (1924-2013). Horneff grew up and was educated in Munich, before they immigrated to New York, after he graduated from college in 1941. Interested in stage play, Horneff got a small part in an independently produced Grade-B Western, but his show business career then crumbled due to lack of budgets. In 1940, he became a stage performer until 1942.

In 1944, Horneff moved to Century City, California and became an actor at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer where he played as a Nazi officer in many World War II movies, US Cavalry trooper, gangster, US Army personnel, news reporter and NATO defense soldier. Thereafter, he became a character actor in both movies and television series throughout the 1950s and 1960s. He also did live commentary as a radio presenter in the CBS News Radio between 1948-1957. In 1958, he married Carla Addison (1923-2006), who was a makeup artist and had two children, Calvin (1960-) & Caroline (1962-). During the early 1960s, the family moved to Tokyo on a vacation when movie producers signed him up as a foreigner character for movie studios like Toho and Toei from 1961 to 1969.

After returning to America in 1969, he worked at Hanna Barbera Production as a character voice actor. Horneff retired from acting in 1986. He died in 1995 from liver cancer in New York at the age of 76.

Other websites
--------------

* Hans Horneff on IMDb
**Eden** is a local government district in Cumbria, England. Its council is based in Penrith. It is named after the River Eden which flows north through the district toward Carlisle.

It has an area of 2,156 square kilometres (832 sq mi), making it the eighth largest district in England and the largest non-unitary district. It also has the lowest population density of any English district, with a mean of just 24 persons per square kilometre.

The district council was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, from the Penrith urban district, Alston with Garrigill Rural District and Penrith Rural District, all in Cumberland, and Appleby Municipal Borough, part of Lakes urban district and North Westmorland Rural District, all in Westmorland.

Within the district lies part of the Lake District National Park.

The West Coast Main Railway Line runs through the district but with only one station at Penrith. Services on this line are provided by Virgin Trains. The Northern Rail Settle-Carlisle Railway also goes through the district and has stations at Armathwaite, Lazonby, Langwathby, Appleby and Kirkby Stephen.

Road transport links are provided by the M6 motorway, the A6 and the A66.

Sports and recreation
---------------------

In Eden there are King George's Fields, in memorial to King George V, at Appleby-in-Westmorland and Patterdale.

The council is the owner of the Penrith Leisure Centre which is run by a private company under contract. The council also owns a number of playing fields and recreation grounds throughout the district most notably the sports pitches at Frenchfield on the outskirts of Penrith.

Other website
-------------

District Council Website

54°40′00″N 2°45′16″W﻿ / ﻿54.6667°N 2.7544°W﻿ / 54.6667; -2.7544
**Gian Gastone de' Medici** (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697. The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual. Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723.

In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions. His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir. Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine. Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence.

Titles and styles
-----------------

* **24 May 1671 - 30 October 1713:** *His Highness* Prince Gian Gastone
* **30 October 1713 - 31 October 1723:** *His Royal Highness* The Grand Prince [of Tuscany]
* **31 October 1723 - 9 July 1737:** *His Royal Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duke [of Tuscany]
**Edward Oakley Thorp** (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of *Beat the Dealer* (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.

Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961. He was a professor of mathematics from 1961–1965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

Stock market
------------

Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA. In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.

Books
-----

* Thorp, Edward O. (1966). *Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty One*. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-70310-3.
* Edward O. Thorp 1967. *Beat the market: a scientific stock market system*, 1967, ISBN 978-0-394-42439-2 (online version Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine)
* Thorp, Edward O. (1977). *Elementary Probability*. Krieger Publishing Company.
* Thorp, Edward (1984). *The Mathematics of Gambling*. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 978-0-89746-019-4.
This article is about the Irish town. For other uses, see Clone.

**Clones** (/ˈkloʊnɪs/ *KLOH-nis*; from Irish: *Cluain Eois*) is a small town in western County Monaghan, Ireland. The area is part of the Border Region with Northern Ireland. Historically *Clones* was also spelt *Clonis*, *Clonish* and *Clownish*. These are English language versions of the Irish *Cluain Eois*, meaning "Eos's meadow". It has about 2,500 people in the town.

History
-------

An abbey was built at Clones by Tigernach (also known as *Tierney* in English). It was built in the early 6th century. It was dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. The ruins of a 12th-century abbey building can still be found in the town. There is also a sarcophagus. They say it was built for Saint Tighearnach after he died. Clones also has a 9th-century round tower and high cross.

Ulster Canal restoration
------------------------

Clones Round Tower
The national inland waterways agency, Waterways Ireland, is planning to restore the Ulster Canal from the Newtownbutler area of Lough Erne to Clones.

Sport
-----

Clones has a GAA stadium, St Tiernach's Park. This stadium is regularly used for inter-county matches during the Ulster provincial championship in Gaelic football, and traditionally hosts the final.

People
------

* Birthplace of world featherweight champion boxer Barry McGuigan, 'The Clones Cyclone'.
* Author Patrick McCabe was born here.
* Writer and playwright Eugene McCabe
* Clones was the birthplace of poet Thomas Bracken, who wrote "God Defend New Zealand", one of the national anthems of New Zealand.
* General Joseph Finegan, who commanded the Confederate Army to victory at the 1864 Battle of Olustee in Florida during the American Civil War, was born at Clones on 17 November 1814.
* Birthplace of John Joseph Lynch (1816–1888), first Archbishop of Toronto (1860–1888).
* Burial place of Roger Boyle, at the church.
* Birthplace of John George Bowes, Mayor of Toronto (1851–1853).

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Clones GAA Archived 2008-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Clones History Archived 2003-02-15 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Clones, County Monaghan***.
**Chima Williams** is an environmental fighter, an environmental lawyer who fights environmental unfairness and held a big business company like Shell to pay fines they have caused and brought about on some communities in the Niger-Delta. He is also the founder of the first student environmental justice group in Nigeria. He was given the name the Earth’s foremost defenders.

Work
----

Williams as a student joined the Nigerian Environmental Movement in the 1990s where he offered to work for free for Environmental Rights Action (ERA), an NGO which was created in 1993, which promotes for environmental rights in Nigeria. In 1998, Chima founded the first Student environmental justice group in Nigeria. He has been serving as an environmental lawyer suing multinational companies on environmental dirtying cases in Nigeria. On October 2020, He was made the Executive Director of the Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (ERA/FoEN). Environmental Rights Action (ERA) which is a promoter NGO founded on 11 January 1993 in Nigeria to fight environmental human rights issues in Nigeria. ERA is the Nigerian chapter of Friends of the Earth International (FoEI).

Prizes won
----------

Williams is one of the people the won a 2022 Goldman Environmental Prize across the world. He is the third Nigerian to get the prize. The award was given for his work in protecting the Earth by holding Royal Dutch Shell responsible for oil spillage from their equipment into the Niger Delta communities. The Goldman award is given to honour and to thank the work of grassroots environmental fighter across the world who are working to protect the Earth.
Regional definitions vary from source to source. The states shown in dark red are usually included, while all or portions of the striped states may or may not be considered part of the Southwestern United States.
The **Southwestern United States** (called the American Southwest or simply the Southwest) is a portion of the country mostly considered located in the western region of the United States. It is warmer than the northern states and drier than the eastern states. Depending on the source, the area almost always includes Arizona and New Mexico, all or parts of Southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado may also be trans-pecos "horn" of far western Texas. The nearby striped states may also be conidered part of this region, as may the trans-pecos "horn" portion of far western Texas. The striped states of California,Nevada, Utah, and Colorado are all also classified as part of the "West" by the United States Census Bureau, while Texas and Oklahoma are considered part of the "South" by the same Bureau(see "United States Census Bureau Regions and Divisions"). The Southwest is growing. Big cities in the area are Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson. It is one of the fastest growing parts of the country.

The main parts of the Southwest are the ones that were in Santa Fe de Nuevo México and the New Mexico Territory.
Mauboy in November 2014
**Jessica Hilda Mauboy** (born 4 August 1989) is an Australian-Indonesian R&B singer-songwriter and actress. She has released three studio albums, one live album, three soundtrack albums, one extended play and 35 singles.

Competitions
------------

In 2006, she was runner-up on the fourth season of *Australian Idol*. After this, she signed for Sony Music Entertainment. She was a guest performer at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2014. She later competed for Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 with the song "We Got Love", placing 20th out of the 26 finalists.

Film & television
-----------------

Mauboy has appeared in the movies *Bran Nue Dae* (2010) and *The Sapphires* (2012). She has also starred in the drama television series *The Secret Daughter* since 2016. From 2021 to 2023, she was a judge on *The Voice Australia*.

Personal life
-------------

Mauboy was born in Darwin, Northern Territory. Her mother is an Indigenous Australian and her father is from West Timor, Indonesia.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Jessica Mauboy***.

* Official website
* Jessica Mauboy on IMDb





| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* United States

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| Other | 
* IdRef

 |
***Perry Rhodan*** is a German science fiction series, published since 1961.

*Perry Rhodan* picks up nearly every theme that has ever appeared in science fiction. People from outside have criticised the series, but its commercial success during several decades has become a literary phenomenon in itself. If nothing else, *Perry Rhodan* provides a mirror of the 1960s Cold War, 1970s New Age, and 1980s peace movement in its story line. The series has an important influence on German writers in the field. The writing of the series still goes on.

History
-------

Written by an ever-changing team of authors, *Perry Rhodan* is issued in weekly 
installments
 in the traditional German *Heftchen* (pulp booklet) format. The series was created in 1961 by K. H. Scheer and Clark Darlton. Initially, it should have thirty volumes, but it became an long lasting success and passed 3100 installments in January 2021.

Story
-----

Perry Rhodan is one of four fictional astronauts of the USA. In 1971, they fly to the moon, where they meet an extraterrestrial space-ship. From its owners they get technology, which they use to end the cold war and to unite the people of the Earth. Then "Terra", the Earth, becomes a power in intergalactical politics.

Other websites
--------------

* Perry Rhodan Official Homepage (German)
* Perrypedia German Wiki-project about Perry Rhodan's Universe
* Cedric Beust's Issue Summaries (1-2500) Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine (English)
* Series summary (1-1799) (English)
* *Mission Stardust* (aka *…4…3…2…1…morte*) at the Internet Movie Database
* VPM's English-language Perry Rhodan site
* Technology of the Perry Rhodan Universe
* Official French Homepage
* French Fan Homepage Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
**Geoffrey G. Diehl** is an American Republican politician from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is best known for his runs in both the 2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, and in the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, both of which were unsuccessful.

Hailing from Austin, Texas and graduating at Lehigh College in Pennsylvania, Diehl was a member of the Democratic Party until around 2009, when he switched to the Republican Party. In his first electoral run, he beat then Massachusetts House member Allen McCarthy for the 7th Plymouth seat, before winning reelection two more times. When Thomas Kennedy, a sitting Massachusetts Senate member, died, Diehl ran for his seat in the special election, before falling to Michael Brady.

Diehl is a Trump Republican, and ran on a Pro Trump platform in both of his notable electoral runs. Since Massachusetts is one of the most Anti Trump states in the United States, it heavily damaged his campaigns, and led to his defeat twice.
Ice candle is a kind of candle made from water. It is fantastical and looks like a lamp-shade. It has been made in cold areas in winter. It melts quickly. 

Ice Candle Festival in Shimokawa

History
-------

The Ice candle was first made in Shimokawa, Hokkaido. In Shimokawa, there are few days in a year when the temperature is 30 degrees below freezing. The members of "Egg of Columbus", which is a Town Development Idea Semester, had thought about some ideas on how people could enjoy a cold winter with snow. In 1985, they found a sentence, "...the flame moves in the ice block, it changes to the natural lamp-shade quickly, the flame in the natural and pale clear glass lights up in the garden fantastically..." This is from "Live in north literary calendar, Northern area column" written by Ryuichi Ito who was a professor of Hokkaido University of education. He wrote about the candle which is made by Scandinavian Finland children. The Egg of Columbus got some hints to create the Ice candle from that sentence. In 1986, the Ice candle was created. They put a wish for people to be able to spend winter happily in it. In 1987, the Ice candle was introduced on TV. From around that time, townspeople have made it at their own homes. Now, the Ice candle is known by Japanese people nationwide and loved by people living in cold areas.

Shimokawa in Hokkaido

How to make
-----------

To make the Ice candle, you need a bucket, water and a cold environment to freeze water.

At night the temperature is under -16 degrees, put water into the bucket, then get it outside and through the night. Next morning, turn it upside down and take out the ice if the water has almost frozen. Flow outside the water which couldn’t freeze. Put a candle into the hole of the ice. Not to break it, treat it carefully.

It can be made with original ideas. To color it food coloring or paints can be used. A milk carton or a balloon can be used instead of a bucket.

Ice candle festival
-------------------

The Ice Candle Festival is one of the festivals which is held in winter. In this festival, the venue is illuminated by many Ice candles. The place of origin is also Shimokawa in Hokkaido. Two years later after the Ice candle appeared, the name of Shimokawa Winter Festival, which was already there, was changed to Ice Candle Festival. In this festival, the Ice candle was put not only at the venue but also at each house in the town. In total, about 7000 Ice candles were put in the town. In addition, people who go to the festival enjoy eating food outside while seeing the Ice candles. Now, the Ice Candle Festival is held in various places in Japan. Lake-Yamanakako Ice Candle Festival in Yamanashi prefecture and Mt. Nobeyama Plateau Ice Candle Festival in Nagano prefecture are also famous festivals.
*Macropus eugenii eugenii* at Innes National Park, South Australia 
The **tammar wallaby** (*Macropus eugenii*) is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:

* *M. e. eugenii* from mainland South Australia.
* *M. e. derbianus* from Western Australia.
* *M. e. decres*, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word *tamma*, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.

Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's. Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes. In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.

Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about 5 hectares (12 acres).

They are about 50 centimetres (19.7 in) in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.
Fracking is the process of affecting the dirt and the earth around it

Diagram of fracking for shale gas
**Fracking**, or **hydraulic fracturing**, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure. Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale.

History and method
------------------

Some hydraulic fractures form naturally: certain dykes are examples. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. The first use of hydraulic fracturing to extract substances from rock was in 1947.

The modern fracturing technique, called 'horizontal slickwater fracturing', was first used in 1998. It made the extraction of shale gas economically practical. The energy from the injection of a highly pressurized fluid creates new channels in the rock. This increases the extraction rates and recovery of hydrocarbons, which are used for fuel. In 2010 it was estimated that 60% of all new oil and gas wells worldwide were being hydraulically fractured. As of the year 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing actions have been done on oil and gas wells worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States.

At the Wellhead during the fracking process

Advantages and disadvantages
----------------------------

The supporters of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from the vast amounts of previously out-of-reach hydrocarbons.

Opponents of fracking point to potentially harmful environmental effects. These include contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback, and the health effects of these. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under examination. Some countries are suspending or banning it.

In 2013, some of those countries, including the United Kingdom, lifted their bans. Now they have regulations instead of outright prohibition. Fracking can greatly increase the UK gas reserves.

Fracking Operations
For the city in the United States, see Olympia, Washington.

**Olympia** (Ancient Greek: Ολυμπία *Olympía*) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.

History
-------

Ruins of the Philippeion
Palaestra at Olympia
The Olympia stadium
Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished by emperor of Byzantium Theodosius I, in 394 AD.

During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.

### Gymnasium

The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.

### Hippodrome

The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.

### Palaestra

See the main article: Palaestra at Olympia
In military terminology, a **missile** is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets.

MBR *Topol M*  at the Moscow parade rehearsal. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people.

For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions.

Types of missiles
-----------------

The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control. 

Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall. 

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

Related pages
-------------

* Intercontinental ballistic missile
* Scramjet
* V-2 rocket
**Marie Jeanne of Savoy** (Marie Jeanne Baptiste; 11 April 1644 – 15 March 1724) was Duchess of Savoy as wife of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy. She acted as Regent for her son Victor Amadeus II and was the sister of the Queen of Portugal.

Biography
---------

She was born a Princess of Savoy in Paris. Married by proxy to Charles of Lorraine in 1662, Lorraine soon refused to recognise the union. Despite this, she married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy in 1665 who was her second cousin once removed. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who saw the elevation of the House of Savoy to kings, she styled herself as **Madama Reale** or ***Madame Royale*** and acted as Regent of Savoy from 1675 in the name of her son Victor Amadeus II who was his successor. Her regency officially ended in 1680 but she maintained power for four years until her son banished her from further influence in the state. She left a considerable architectural legacy in Turin and was responsible for the remodelling of the Palazzo Madama which was her private residence. At the time of her death she was the mother of the King of Sardinia as well as great-grandmother of the King of Spain and King of France as well as the mother of the King of Sardinia.

Name
----

Her name in French would be translated as Marie "Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie" whereas in Italian it would translate as "Maria Giovanna Battista di Savoia". The addition of Nemours to either is **incorrect** and holds no relevance to her other than she was a daughter of a duke of Nemours. The French version of her name is used more than its Italian variant. Therefore, she is known as simply **Marie Jeanne of Savoy**.

Issue
-----

* Victor Amadeus II (4 May 1666 – 31 October 1732) married Anne Marie d'Orléans and had children. Later became the king of Sardinia.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
--------------------------------

### Titles and styles

* **11 April 1644 – 20 May 1665** *Her Serene Highness* *Mademoiselle de Nemours*
* **20 May 1665 – 12 June 1675** *Her Highness* the Duchess of Savoy
* **12 June 1675 – 15 March 1724** *Her Highness* the Dowager Duchess of Savoy

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy at Wikimedia Commons
***Leedsichthys problematicus*** ("leeds fish") was a giant fish of the Jurassic period. Its fossils were first found in England. 

It was a pachycormid, a group of extinct ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). *Leedsichthys* is the largest fish known, with an estimated length of up to 16 metres. The blue whale is twice as long, at 30 metres, but it is a mammal, not a fish.

*Leedsichthys* fossils are incomplete, making it impossible to know the exact length. The fossil is named after its discoverer, Alfred Nicholson Leeds, who discovered it before 1886 near Peterborough, England. No full fossil is known, mainly because parts of the skeleton were made of cartilage, which does not fossilise.
The front of the snout was made of cartilage.

*Leedsichthys* fossils have also been found in France, Germany and Chile.

Food
----

Like the world's biggest fish today, the whale shark, *Leedsichthys* was a filter feeder, getting its nutrition from plankton. Remains of over 70 individuals have been found.

Related pages
-------------

* Mace (weapon)
**Daniel Patrick Adair** (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian musician and producer. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Nickelback. He also played for the American rock band 3 Doors Down.

Career
------

Adair originally auditioned for David Martone, a guitarist that wanted to start a instrumental fusion band. They shortened the name of the band to *Martone* and they recorded their first album in 1999.

In the summer of 2002, he auditioned for the band 3 Doors Down and played as their touring and studio drummer. He recorded their third studio album *Seventeen Days* and live album *Another 700 Miles*.

He left the band in January 2005 and joined Nickelback. He recorded their fifth studio album, *All the Right Reasons*, their sixth studio album, *Dark Horse* and their seventh studio album, *Here and Now*.

He also recorded drum tracks for James Hart's band Burn Halo.

Other websites
--------------

* Official website Archived 2006-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Daniel Adair on Twitter
A **honeyeater** is one of a large family of small to medium-sized birds which feed on nectar. They are most common in Australia and New Guinea, but are also found in New Zealand, the Pacific islands as far east as Samoa and Tonga, and the islands to the north and west of New Guinea. Bali, on the other side of the Wallace Line, has a single species.

Honeyeaters and the Australian **chats** (Epthianura) make up the family **Meliphagidae**. In total there are 182 species in 42 genera. About half of them live in Australia, and many of the others are from New Guinea. Although honeyeaters look and behave much like other nectar-feeding birds around the world (such as the sunbirds and flowerpeckers), they are not related.

There is an important partnership between honeyeaters and Australian flowering plants. A great many Australian plants are fertilised by honeyeaters, particularly the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Epacridaceae. It is known that the honeyeaters are important in New Zealand as well, and scientists believe they are just as important in other areas.

Description
-----------

A female eastern spinebill feeding. Honeyeaters like to hang from branches while feeding on nectar
Unlike the hummingbirds of America, honeyeaters do not usually hover (beat their wings fast to stay in the same air space). However, smaller members of the family do hover hummingbird-style to collect nectar from time to time. Usually honeyeaters move quickly from perch to perch in the outer leaves, stretching up or sideways or hanging upside. Many honeyeaters have a highly developed brush-tipped tongue, covered with bristles which soak up liquids readily. The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower, the upper mandible then squeezes liquid out when the bill is closed.

As well as nectar, all or nearly all honeyeaters take insects and other small creatures, usually by catching them in the air, sometimes by picking them off plants. A few of the larger species, such as the white-eared honeyeater, and the strong-billed honeyeater of Tasmania, search under bark for insects. Many species also eat fruit, and a small number eat large amounts of fruit, particularly in tropical rainforests and in semi-arid scrubland. The painted honeyeater is a mistletoe specialist. Most, however, live on a diet of nectar and insects. In general, the honeyeaters with long, fine bills eat more nectar, the shorter-billed species less so, but even specialised nectar eaters like the spinebills take extra insects to add protein to their diet when they are breeding.

The movements of honeyeaters are poorly understood. Many follow the flowering of favourite food plants. Arid zone species appear to travel further and less predictably than those of the more fertile areas. It seems probable that no single explanation will emerge: the general rule for honeyeater movements is that there is no general rule.

Other websites
--------------

* Honeyeater videos Archived 2016-03-16 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection
* Meliphagoidea Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine - Highlighting relationships of Maluridae on Tree Of Life Web Project
A **bachelor's degree** is the certificate given to a university student after they have succeeded in an end of course examination. In England and Wales the degree requires three years of study; in North America and some other countries four years are required. 

In many countries there are other qualifications after school attendance is ended. Most of these are below degree level, and based on practical skills, but details vary according to the country. 

In the British tradition there is a distinction between general degrees, and honour degrees or special degrees. In Scotland, for example, a general degree takes three years, while an honours degree takes four years.

The content of a bachelor's degree varies according to the Faculty, the part of the University which does the teaching. In a Faculty of Arts or Humanities a student studies for the Bachelor of Arts. Other traditional Faculties are those of Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and so on. Honours degrees are always labelled by their content, so BSc is a Bachelor of Science, BA a Bachelor of Arts, and so on. Medical degrees are labelled variously. London University awards MB, ChB (bachelor of medicine and surgery) as the basic degree; Edinburgh University awards the MD as the basic qualification.

Higher degrees than the bachelor are possible. Again, regulations vary, but often the next two steps are usually the Master's degree and the PhD degree.
Seal
**Eesti Pank** (Estonian Bank) is the central bank of the Republic of Estonia. It was started in 1919. Before that there was a branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire started in Tallinn in 1875. Eesti Pank took over its building. The bank organised printing the notes and coins of the Estonian mark. In 1928 the Estonian kroon took the place of the mark. The bank managed the new currency. It was on the gold standard. The bank had branches in other Estonian cities.

In 1940, Eesti Pank was nationalized and reorganized into the Estonian republican office of the State Bank of the Soviet Union Estonian kroons were changed for rubles.

In 1989 the Eesti Pank was started again as an independent issuing bank. It also gave operating licenses to the 42 commercial banks in Estonia.

At the beginning of 2011, Estonia was the seventeenth country to adopt the euro. The Eesti Pank became one of the central banks of the Eurozone. The purpose of Eesti Pank is to help maintain price stability in the euro area. The uniform monetary policy of the euro area helps to keep prices stable.
**Tallinn University** in its present form was started on 18 March 2005 by joining together of several universities and research institutions in Tallinn: 

* Academic Library of Estonia (1946),
* Baltic Film and Media School (1992/97),
* Estonian Institute of Humanities (1988),
* Institute of History (1946)
* Tallinn Pedagogical University (1919)

There are about 7,000 degree students and about 14,000 more taking part in continuing education programmes. This makes Tallinn University the third largest provider of higher education in Estonia. Among degree students, 11% were not Estonian. There are 860 people working at the university in 2022. About 10% are international academics.

It is divided into five schools:

* School of Educational Sciences,
* Baltic Film, Media, Arts and Communication School - which teaches in English.
* School of Humanities,
* School of Natural Sciences and Health
* School of Governance, Law and Society.

The School of Digital Technologies supports the other five.
Galileo Galilei convicted of heretic
Burning of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance, 1415. Historical drawing
**Heresy** is a word used by different religious groups, used to describe someone who has ideas that are different from what the religion or law teaches. Such a person is known as **heretic**. 

In the Middle Ages it was not uncommon to accuse someone of heresy. If the accusations could be proven, the culprit would go through a ritual. Since torture could be used, the accusations were often proven. The ritual was done to save the soul of the convicted criminal. It involved being burnt while tied to a post.

Still in the 21st century Muslims who apostatize are often treated very harshly and frequently killed.

Jesus Christ himself was regarded as a heretic by the Jewish leaders at the time- see Gospel of Matthew 26:57-67

The Roman Catholic Church in early times had great trouble with heretical christological doctrines, such as Monophysitism and Arianism. The Church sees several heresies in Protestantism:

* Protestants claim only scripture (the Bible) is relevant for the faith (*sola scriptura*); the Catholic Church says traditions are also important.
* Protestants say that belief is enough to be saved (*sola fide*). Catholics say that good deeds are necessary as well.
* Protestants say that anyone can be a priest; the only requirement is that the person is baptised. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches, priests are ordained. This means that some people are not priests, even though they have been baptised.
* According to Protestants, there is no Transubstantiation during mass (liturgy).
* The Roman Missal contains heresies, according to Protestants

As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was created in the Roman Catholic Church which protects the Church against heresies. It is the last instance to decide what constitutes a heresy, and how to deal with it.
In computing, a **home directory** is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories *folders*). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written documents and settings for programs.

Different Implementations
-------------------------

### Unix and Linux

On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the */home* hierarchy. A user *fred* would therefore his home directory in */home/fred*.

It can be written as *~*.

### Microsoft Windows

Since Windows 95 there is a directory called *My Documents*. It was introduced together with *My Computer*. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory *Documents and Settings\username*. So a user *fred* will find his files in *Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents*. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the *My*, and is simply called *Documents*. Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called *My Music*, *My pictures* and *My videos*. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at *\Users\(username)\*.

### Mac OS X

In Mac OS X, the home directory is in */Users*.
The **Siamang** (*Symphalangus syndactylus*) is a tailless, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. It lives in trees, that's why it is called arboreal. The Siamang is the largest of the lesser apes. It can grow to be twice the size of other gibbons. Siamangs grow to about 1 m in height, and weigh up to 23 kg. The Siamang is the only species in the genus ***Symphalangus***.

The Siamang is different form other gibbons. In Siamangs, two fingers on each hand are fused together, that's where the name "syndactylus" is from. Siamangs have large "gular sacs". These can be found in both males and females. The gular sac is a throat pouch that can be inflated to the size of its head. This allows the Siamang to make loud resonating calls or songs.

There may be two subspecies of the Siamang. If so, they are the nominate Sumatran Siamang (*S. s. syndactylus*) and the Malaysian Siamang (*S. s. continentis*, in peninsular Malaysia). Otherwise, the Malaysian individuals are only a population. The Siamang is the only gibbon which occurs sympatrically with other gibbons; its two ranges are entirely within the combined ranges of the Agile Gibbon and the Lar Gibbon.

The Siamang can live over 30 years in captivity.

While the illegal buying and selling of pets takes a toll on wild populations, the main threat to the Siamang is habitat loss in both Malaysia and Sumatra. Palm oil production is clearing lots of forest, reducing the habitat of the Siamang, along with that of other species such as the Sumatran Tiger.