recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ghost Rider** is the name of the fictional character, superhero and anti-hero from Marvel Comics and its universe, appearing as the titular protagonist of the *Ghost Rider* comics. The Ghost Rider is **Zarathos**, the spirit of vengeance who goes into host and battles against his archenemy Mephisto and punishes evil when around it.

There are multiple incarnations of the character, the first being **Johnny Blaze**, a stunt motorcyclist who made a deal with the devil to save his adoptive father. The second incarnation was **Danny Ketch**, who was later revealed to the younger brother of Johnny Blaze, who gained the power of the Ghost when coming into contact with a motorcycle that had the essence of the Spirit of Vengeance. The third Ghost Rider is **Robbie Reyes**, a young mechanic and street racer who gained the power from a car he used in a street race.

Johnny Blaze was created by Roy Thomas, the late Gary Friedrich and Mike Ploog, and first appeared in *Marvel Spotlight # 5* in August of 1972. Danny Ketch was created by Howard Mackie and Javier Saltares, and first appeared in *Ghost Rider Vol. 3 # 1* in May of 1990. Robbie Reyes was created by Felipe Smith and Tradd Moore, and first appeared in *All-New Ghost Rider # 1* in March of 2014.

Ghost Rider in media
--------------------

In May 2011, Ghost Rider placed 90th on IGN's "Top 100 Comic Book Heroes" list. Nicolas Cage starred as the Johnny Blaze incarnation of the character in the 2007 movie *Ghost Rider* and its 2012 sequel, *Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance*. Gabriel Luna and Tom McComas portray the Robbie Reyes and Johnny Blaze incarnations in the fourth season of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.*

Source
------

* Some text was copied from Ghost Rider (Marvel) at Heroes Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
Barney and the Backyard Gang (also known as Barney) is an American live action animated television series that aired from August 29, 1988 to August 1, 1991. It started as a series of home videos and then in 1991, Barney and Friends began production. The home videos were filmed in Allen, Texas in the 80s to Dallas, Texas. In 1991, Barney and The Backyard Gang performed at The Majestic Theater Dallas. The Backyard Gang kids are Michael, Amy, Lucy, Tina, Jason, (replaced by Derek) and Adam (replaced by Jeffrey in one (episode).

The show aired on Disney Channel for it's Lunch Box Program in 1990. Three of the videotapes were also broadcasted on Nickelodeon.

Episodes
--------

### Season 1 (1988-89)

The Backyard Show
Since it is Michael and Amy's father's birthday, they try to put on a show for their Dad and Barney guides them along the way.
Three Wishes
The Backyard Gang are bored and have nothing to do, so Barney takes them to a playground and Jason is unhappy. So at the end they go to a farm and meet lots of animals.
A Day at the Beach
Depressed that they are not going to the beach, Barney helps the Backyard Gang with an imagination adventure to the beach.
Waiting for Santa
A new member of the Backyard Gang is sad, because he thinks Santa doesn't know his new address, so Barney and the Backyard Gang try to prove that he is known by Santa.
### Season 2 (1990-91)

Campfire Sing Along
Barney takes the Backyard Gang camping in the forest.
Barney Goes to School
Tina shows Barney and the Backyard Gang her impressive school and they go to have fun there.
Barney in ConcertBarney and the Backyard Gang come to perform at the Majestic Theater in Dallas, Texas with Baby Bop and sing some pretty impressive songs.
Rock with Barney
Barney and the Backyard Gang explore a movie studio. In 1989, Barney came to visit Dallas hospitals and Fort Worth hospitals.
**Patrick Kennedy** (February 16, 1823 – November 22, 1858) was an Irish farmer, businessman, and politician who moved to East Boston, Massachusetts from County Wexford, Ireland. He was born in New Ross, Ireland. He was the father of businessman/politician P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), the grandfather of businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969), and the great-grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963).

Early life
----------

Patrick Kennedy was the youngest son of farmer James Kennedy Sr. (1770-1840), and Maria Maiden (1779-1836).

Adulthood
---------

At the age of 26, Kennedy decided to leave Ireland, largely because he knew that a third-born son had virtually no hope of running his family's farm. His good friend at Cherry Bros. Brewery in New Ross, Patrick Barron, who taught Kennedy the skills of coopering, had come to that conclusion months earlier and left for America. In October 1848, Patrick Kennedy decided to follow. Patrick Kennedy arrived in Boston on April 22, 1849, having sailed from Liverpool, England on the Washington Irving, a substantial packet ship from the East Boston yard of Donald McKay. Patrick Barron helped settle him into Boston life and organized his coopering job on Noddle's Island (present-day East Boston). Not long after, Barron's cousin Bridget Murphy (1821-1888), who was the daughter of Phillip Murphy (1771-1850) and Mary Barron (1776-1846), made her way to Boston. She and Kennedy were married in the Holy Redeemer Church on September 26, 1849, by Father John Williams, who later became Boston's Roman Catholic Archbishop.

Children
--------

Patrick and Bridget had five children:

* Mary L. Kennedy (1851-1926), who married Lawrence M. Kane (1853-1924).
* Joanna L. Kennedy (1852-1926), who married Humphrey Charles Mahoney (1854-1923).
* John Kennedy III (1854-1855), died young from cholera.
* Margaret M. Kennedy (1855-1929), who married John Caulfield (1856-1928).
* P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), a businessman and politician who married Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923).

Death
-----

Patrick Kennedy died on November 22, 1858, from tuberculosis at age 35.
The **Smashing Pumpkins** are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

Discography
-----------

* *Gish* (1991)
* *Siamese Dream* (1993)
* *Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness* (1995)
* *Adore* (1998)
* *Machina/The Machines of God* (2000)
* *Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music* (2000)
* *Zeitgeist* (2007)
* *Teargarden by Kaleidyscope* (released beginning in 2009)
* *Oceania* (2012)
* *Monuments to an Elegy* (2014)
* *Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun.* (2018)
* *Cyr* (2020)
* *Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts* (2023)
**Ratification** is the confirmation of a treaty.

Treaties are signed by members of the government of a country. Many treaties make a country do something, or change the law of the countries which agree to it. Therefore some countries can only ratify a treaty if it is confirmed by the legislature of the country, or by a referendum (a vote of the people).

The founders solved this issue by dropping the Amendment requirements. 

In the past treaties were signed by delegates chosen by the ruler of a country. To make sure that the treaty was acceptable to the ruler the treaty would not take effect until it was ratified by the ruler.

The United States is only bound by a treaty if the Senate agrees. So although President Woodrow Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War with Germany and set up the League of Nations the treaty never took effect for the USA because the US Senate never gave its "advice and consent" (agreed) to the treaty. This is why there was a separate peace treaty between Germany and the USA

In the United Kingdom the government ratifies treaties, it does not need the agreement of the House of Commons. However if the treaty is going to change the law then a separate act of parliament is needed. For example before Britain entered the European Union in 1973 the European Communities Act had to be passed to make the changes to the law that were needed.

Related pages
-------------

* Signature
Australian Customs ship docked in Darwin, Northern Territory
A Dash 8 aircraft of Australian Customs in Darwin (2010).
The **Australian Customs and Border Protection Service** is the Australian Federal Government agency with the duty of protecting the Australian border, helping with the movement of legal international travellers and goods, and collecting border related duties and taxes.

The Service has nearly 6,000 people working for it in Australia and other countries and is based in Canberra, Australia.

Protecting Australia by stopping illegal and possibly harmful goods, such as drugs and weapons, is a main concern and many methods and equipment are used to help with this task. This includes using intelligence, and computers, detector dogs, Smartgate, x-rays, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and other methods. 

In doing its job, Customs works with other government agencies such as the Australian Federal Police, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, the Department of Defence and the Australian Fisheries Management Authority.

Australia’s borders extend into the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The Australian TV series Border Security: Australia's Front Line shows the work of the Australian Customs Service at airports, sea borders and inside Australia.

Equipment
---------

* Glock pistols, personal body armour, batons, capsicum (OC) spray, and handcuffs.  Archived 2009-05-16 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* Australian Customs Service
* Border Protection Command

Other websites
--------------

* Protecting our borders
* A Week in the Life of Customs
* Arming of front-line Customs officers Archived 2009-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
In the fields of communications, signal processing, and in electrical engineering more generally, a **signal** is any time-varying quantity. 

The concept is broad, and hard to define precisely. Definitions specific to subfields are common. For example, in information theory, a *signal* is a codified message, i.e. the sequence of states in a communications channel that encodes a message. In a *communications system*, a *transmitter* encodes a *message* into a signal, which is carried to a *receiver* by the communications *channel*. For example, the words "Mary had a little lamb" might be the message spoken into a telephone. The telephone transmitter converts the sounds into an electrical voltage signal. The signal is transmitted to the receiving telephone by wires; and at the receiver it is reconverted into sounds.

Examples of signals
-------------------

* *Motion*. The motion of a particle through some space can be considered to be a signal, or can be represented by a signal. The domain of a motion signal is one-dimensional (time), and the range is generally three-dimensional. Position is thus a 3-vector signal; position and orientation is a 6-vector signal.

* *Sound*. Since a sound is a vibration of a medium (such as air), a sound signal associates a pressure value to every value of time and three space coordinates. A microphone converts sound pressure at some place to just a function of time, using a voltage signal as an analog of the sound signal.

* *Compact discs* (CDs). CDs contain discrete bits representing a sound signal, recorded at 44,100 samples per second. Each sample contains data for a left and right channel, which may be considered to be a 2-vector (since CDs are recorded in stereo).

* Noise typically unwanted but not always.
**Pumpkin pie** is a dessert pie with a spiced pumpkin-based custard filling. The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time. In the United States and Canada, it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.

Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins that are about six-to-eight inches in diameter. Pie pumpkins are mostly smaller than jack-o'-lantern pumpkins.

History
-------

The pumpkin is native to North America. The pumpkin was an early export to France. During the 17th century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, like Hannah Woolley's *The Gentlewoman's Companion* (1675). But pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists back then were more likely to be a savory soup rather than sweet custard in a crust.

It was not until the 19th century that pumpkin pie recipes appeared in American cookbooks. It also was not until that century that they became a part of the Thanksgiving dinner. The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England. The English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course.

In the United States after the American Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in the Southern United States as a symbol of Yankee culture brought to the South. Instead, the Southern United States prepared sweet potato pie.

In popular culture
------------------

* Lydia Marie Child's Thanksgiving poem "Over the River and Through the Wood" refers to pumpkin pie in one of its verses.

* John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem "The Pumpkin":

> Ah! on Thanksday, when from East and from West,  
> 
> 
> 
> From North and from South comes the pilgrim and guest;  
> 
> When the gray-haired New Englander sees round his board  
> 
> The old broken links of affection restored;  
> 
> When the care-wearied man seeks his mother once more,  
> 
> And the worn matron smiles where the girl smiled before;  
> 
> What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye,  
> 
> 
> 
> What calls back the past, like the rich Pumpkin pie?
> 
> 

### Songs

"There's No Place like Home for the Holidays" makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie from a man who wants to return to Pennsylvania"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" says: "Later we'll have some pumpkin pie/And we'll do some caroling"
"Sleigh Ride makes reference to a happy feeling "as they pass around the coffee and the pumpkin pie"
The **Watchmaker analogy** is a teleological argument. In simple terms, it states that because there is a design, there must be a designer. The analogy is important in natural theology where it is used to show the existence of God as well as supporting the idea of intelligent design. William Paley (1743 – 1805) gave one of the best known explanations for this in his book *Natural Theology*, published in 1802: "Anyone finding a pocket watch in a field will recognize that it was designed intelligently; living beings are similarly complex, and must be the work of an intelligent designer". In 1859, Charles Darwin provided another explanation for this complexity; according to Darwin, this complexity is a result of continuing adaptation. Paley was not the first to use the analogy, though. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle is generally credited for this, when he used it in his work *Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds*, published in 1686.

There are three main points of criticism against the Watchmaker analogy: 

1. Complexity does not necessarily require a designer; it can also come from *mindless* natural processes. David Hume gives the examples of a snowflake, and of the generation of crystals. These are mentioned in his works *Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion* and *An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*. Other people have mentioned the Infinite monkey theorem.
2. The watch is a bad analogy.
3. The watchmaker is more complex than the watch. If complexity proves intelligent design, then the question arises who designed such a complex watchmaker.
Heads of state of various countries:
* Emmanuel Macron, President of France
* Droupadi Murmu, President of India
* Joe Biden, President of the United States

---

* Yoon Suk-yeol, President of South Korea
* Charles III, King of the United Kingdom
* Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil

---

* Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria
* Tharman Shanmugaratnam, President of Singapore
* Vladimir Putin, President of Russia

---

* Salman, King of Saudi Arabia
* Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
* Bongbong Marcos, President of the Philippines
* Felipe VI, King of Spain

The **head of state** is the leader of a country/sovereign state. The powers of a head of state may vary depending on the country. The head of state is usually the highest-ranking official in the country.

Titles
------

In most republic countries, the head of state is called the president and is usually elected by the people. 

In countries that are monarchies, the head of state is a monarch (such as a king), who gets the position through inheritance. There are many titles that a monarch could have, but they all have the same role as a head of state.

Types of heads of state
-----------------------

### Executive

Sometimes a head of state has an executive role. This means that they take part in leading the government. In these systems, the head of state is also the head of government. For example, the President of the United States is both the head of state and head of government of the US. There are many republics that operate like this but some monarchies still have a king who runs the government. 

### Ceremonial

In other countries, the head of state may be a separate person from the head of government. In this system, the head of state has the role of representing the nation and being a neutral non-political leader while the head of government takes care of the executive. This system is used in many modern monarchies such as the United Kingdom. However, some republics such as the Republic of Ireland follow this system.
Continuous wavelet transform of frequency breakdown signal. Used symlet with 5 vanishing moments.
The **wavelet transform** is a time-frequency representation of a signal. For example, we use it for noise reduction, feature extraction or signal compression.

Wavelet transform of continuous signal is defined as

{\displaystyle \left[W\_{\psi }f\right](a,b)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {a}}}\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }{f(t)\psi ^{\*}\left({\frac {t-b}{a}}\right)}dt\,},
where

* \psi  is so called mother wavelet,
* a denotes wavelet dilation,
* {\displaystyle b} denotes time shift of wavelet and
* {\displaystyle \*} symbol denotes complex conjugate.

In case of {\displaystyle a={a\_{0}}^{m}} and {\displaystyle b={a\_{0}}^{m}kT}, where {\displaystyle a\_{0}>1}, {\displaystyle T>0} and m and k are integer constants, the wavelet transform is called discrete wavelet transform (of continuous signal).

In case of {\displaystyle a=2^{m}} and {\displaystyle b=2^{m}kT}, where {\displaystyle m>0}, the discrete wavelet transform is called dyadic. It is defined as

{\displaystyle \left[W\_{\psi }f\right](m,k)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2^{m}}}}\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }{f(t)\psi ^{\*}\left(2^{-m}t-kT\right)}dt\,},
where

* m is frequency scale,
* k is time scale and
* {\displaystyle T} is constant which depends on mother wavelet.

It is possible to rewrite dyadic discrete wavelet transform as

{\displaystyle \left[W\_{\psi }f\right](m,k)=\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }{f(t)h\_{m}\left(2^{m}kT-t\right)}dt\,},
where {\displaystyle h\_{m}} is impulse characteristic of continuous filter which is identical to {\displaystyle {\psi \_{m}}^{\*}} for given m.

Analogously, dyadic wavelet transform with discrete time (of discrete signal) is defined as

{\displaystyle y\_{m}[n]=\sum \_{k=-\infty }^{\infty }f[k]h\_{m}[2^{m}n-k]}.
*Self-portrait*, to 1670, oil on canvas, 122 x 107 cm, London, National Gallery.
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Seville, baptized on January 1, 1618– April 3, 1682) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Developed in final naturalism, he advanced towards original forms of the full baroque with a perception that sometimes precedes the rococo in some of his most peculiar and imitated pictorial creations, such as the Immaculate Conception or the Good Shepherd in child figure. A central personality of the Sevillian school, with a high number of disciples and followers who carried his influence well into the 18th century, he was also the best known and most appreciated Spanish painter outside of Spain, the only one of which Sandrart included a brief and fabled biography in his Academia picturae eruditae of 1683 with the Self-portrait of the painter engraved by Richard Collin. Conditioned by the clientele, the bulk of his production is made up of works of a religious nature destined for Sevillian churches and convents, but unlike other great Spanish masters of his time, he also cultivated genre painting on a continuous and independent basis. throughout much of his career.

The Virgin with fray Lauterio, saint Francisco of Take and saint Thomas Aquinas, to 1638-1640, oil on canvas, 216 x 170 cm, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum. A cartela in the inferior angle right explains the content of this unusual subject, in which the Virgin advises to the franciscano fray Lauterio, student of theology, the query of the *Summa Theologiae* of the aquinatense to resolve his doubts of faith.
*The Good Pastor*, to 1660, oil on canvas, 123 x 101 cm, Madrid, Museum del Prado.
*Boys playing to the dice*, to 1665-1675, oil on canvas, 140 x 108 cm, Munich, Alte Pinakothek.
* Boy espulgándose, to 1650, Paris, Museum of the Louvre. *Boy espulgándose*, to 1650, Paris, Museum of the Louvre.
* Three boys (Two golfillos and a negrito), to 1670, London, Dulwich Picture Gallery.*Three boys* (*Two golfillos and a negrito*), to 1670, London, Dulwich Picture Gallery.
* Boy laughing showed to the window, to 1675, London, National Gallery.*Boy laughing showed to the window*, to 1675, London, National Gallery.

*Nicolás of Omazur*, 1672, oil on canvas, 83 x 73 cm, Madrid, Museum del Prado.
*The weddings of Caná*, to 1670-1675, oil on canvas, 179 x 235 cm, Birmingham, The Barber Institute. The banquet of weddings allows to Murillo represent a scene of alive colour and diversity of changing room, with touch orientalizantes also in the mantel, in addition to a varied repertoire of objects of still life, with the big cántaro of ceramics like axis of the composition.
*The desposorios mystic of saint Catalina*, oil on canvas, 449 x 325 cm, Cádiz, Museum of Cádiz. The death surprised to Murillo when it worked in the paintings for the greater altarpiece of the church of the capuchinos of Cádiz to the that belong the *Desposorios mystic of saint Catalina*, whose execution had to complete Francisco Meneses Osorio.
***Patton*** (UK: ***Patton: Lust for Glory***) is a 1970 movie about United States Army General George S. Patton, and his role in the Second World War. *Patton* starred George C. Scott in the title role, and it was released by 20th Century Fox. The movie became very popular, and won an Academy Award for Best Picture in 1971. A sequel, *The Last Days of Patton*, appeared in 1986, also starring Scott.

Beginnings
----------

Patton's widow was approached not long after her husband died (after an automobile accident), with an offer to make a Hollywood movie about Patton's life and career. His family did not agree right away, and it was many years before they approved a dramatic movie to be made. The movie's screenplay was based on a well-written biography of General Patton, *Patton: Ordeal and Triumph*, and *A Soldier's Story*, a memoir by General Omar N. Bradley, who served with Patton.

Storyline
---------

The story covers the time from the American defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa during 1943, when Patton was sent to take command, through his victories in Africa and Sicily, his time as a "decoy" before D-Day, The Battle of the Bulge, and his last weeks, after the war was over in 1945.

The movie did not give much time to showing combat and battles, but explained Patton's role in several important battles and campaigns. It also showed his character as a person, as a soldier, and as a leader. Patton made good choices, such as appointing Omar Bradley to assist him, and bad choices, such as striking soldiers physically when they showed fear or cowardice, or giving his personal opinions to the media, when they differed widely from what the Allied commanders expected. The movie showed a mix of both bad and good things about Patton.

Reception
---------

The movie appeared nearly twenty-five years after Patton died. American attitudes toward war, toward fighting, and toward the military had changed in many ways. The Vietnam War was happening at the same time the movie was made and shown. The older generation, who had fought in World War II or helped out on the 
home front
, tended to support the war and the draft, which made young American men join the Army to fight. Younger people, who did not remember World War II or were born after it ended, were mostly against the war in Vietnam. *Patton* gave older and younger viewers a look back at an American war hero and leader, and it gave them things to think and talk about together.

Other websites
--------------

* *Patton* on IMDb
* Review at TV Guide.com
* Filmsite.org review

|
|  |
| Preceded by*Midnight Cowboy* |  **Academy Award for Best Picture**1970 | Succeeded by*The French Connection* |
C sharp.
In music, **sharp**, or ***Diese***, means higher in pitch. In musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and looks like this:(♯).

The notes F sharp on the treble clef and bass clef.
Under twelve-tone equal temperament, *B sharp*, for instance, is enharmonically equivalent to (sounds the same as), *C natural*, and *G sharp* is enharmonically equivalent to *A flat*.

**Double sharps** also exist; these have the symbol double sharp and raise a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often there are half or three-quarter sharps.

Although very rare and used only in modern classical music, a **triple sharp** (♯ double sharp) can sometimes be found. This raises a note by three semitones.

The Circle of fifths tells you how many sharps are in a key signature.

In tuning, sharp can also mean "slightly higher in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments, and one is slightly higher, it is too sharp compared to the other.

In Unicode, the sharp symbol (♯) is at code point U+266F. Its HTML entity is &#9839;. The double sharp symbol (𝄪) is at U+1D12A. Some fonts do not show these symbols.

Related pages
-------------

* Accidental (music)
* Flat (music)
* Natural symbol (music)
* Electronic tuner
Cosplay of Jean Grey.
**Jean Elaine Grey-Summers**, sometimes known as **Marvel Girl** and **Phoenix**, is a fictional character and superheroine from Marvel Comics.

She is member of the X-Men and wife of Scott Summers - she is one of Charles Xavier's first students and thus often acts as a mentor to younger mutants on what it means to be a X-Man and all the responsibilities that come with being a hero.

The heart and soul of the X-Men from the very beginning, Jean Grey took a piece of every one of her teammates with her when she died. A formidable telepath with telekinetic skills as well, Jean always struggled to contain the cosmic power of the Phoenix Force, a battle she endured until the day she died.

She was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Jack Kirby, and first appeared in *X-Men #1* in September of 1963.

Adaptations
-----------

Often listed as one of the most notable and powerful female characters in Marvel Comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. Famke Janssen portrayed the character as an adult in the 20th Century Fox *X-Men* movies while Sophie Turner portrayed her as a teenager and young adult.
Singkil dancers performing the dance.
**Singkil** is a folk dance from the Philippines. It comes from the Maranao Muslim people who live near Lake Lanao in Mindanao. It's called the royal dance because it's like a dance for a prince and princess. They move gracefully between bamboo poles that people clap together to make music. The man usually holds a sword and shield, while the woman twirls fans in a beautiful way.

This dance gets its name from the bells on the ankles of the Maranao princess called *"Singkil"*. It's always performed with a special kind of music played on *kulintang* and *agung* instruments. Singkil has changed over time, especially when the *Bayanihan folk dance group* added parts of the Darangen epic story, like the tale of Prince Bantugan and Princess Gandingan.

History
-------

Singkil's beginnings are uncertain, but it's a newer tradition among the Maranao people. Some say it started in Basak and spread to other villages in the 1930s, while others believe it came to Lanao from Cotabato. It's thought to have begun when folk dancing was introduced in Lanao's schools in the early 1900s.

Main dancer of the Singkil, depicting a Maranao princess.
Henrietta Hofer-Ele was one of the first to study the dance, which she saw in Marawi. With the help of Princess Tarhata Alonto-Lucman, she learned the dance's movements involving fans. Later, the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company performed it as a special dance.

Bayanihan expanded Singkil with more characters, like warriors and a prince. They included parts of the Darangen epic, where Prince Bantugan saves Princess Gandingan during an earthquake.

In the dance, the lead female dancer represents Princess Gandingan, showing a story from the Darangen epic. She dances alone between bamboo poles while others use fans and play the role of Prince Bantugan.

Some people criticized Bayanihan's performance, saying it didn't match Maranao traditions, especially by calling it a royal dance. Bayanihan has since made changes, describing their dance as inspired by the Maranao epic Darangen. They now follow Maranao Islamic customs more closely, like having male dancers wear long-sleeved shirts.

Story
-----

Singkil dance post card from the Philippines.
The singkil is one of the most popular dances in the Philippines. It involves bamboo poles and fast footwork. It tells a story about a princess lost in a stormy forest and the prince who rescues her. A woman wears a colorful gown and acts as the princess. She holds two fans and wears ankle bells called singkil, which gives the dance its name. Servants dance around her and hold a umbrella to protect her. The storm begins with four men acting as angry monkeys, banging bamboo poles on the floor. The princess and her servants dance between the poles without touching them. The storm gets worse, and the bamboo poles move faster, making it hard to hear the singkil bells. The dance ends when the prince scares away the storm.
***Ichi the Killer*** is a Japanese movie by Takashi Miike. It was based on the manga by Hideo Yamamoto.

Plot
----

Ichi the Killer is a Japanese movie about a man named Kakihara who is part of a Japanese gang. He enjoys giving and receiving pain. When his gang boss goes missing, Kakihara is angry because he thinks nobody else will be able to give him as much pain and pleasure as his boss did. It turns out Kakihara's boss was murdered by a violent killer called Ichi (Japanese for the number one). 300 million yen was stolen by the group that arrived to clean the mess up. Kakihara has convinced himself that his boss is alive and tortures a member of a rival gang for information. The man turns out to be innocent and Kakihara is kicked out of his gang.
Kakihara hears about Ichi and becomes excited at the idea of somebody who can inflict more pain on him than his boss ever could. Kakihara becomes obsessed with finding Ichi.

He finally meets Ichi at the end of the movie. He is surprised and disgusted that Ichi is not the evil, cold man he imagined. He is a weak and scared teenager that only kills when he becomes upset about something. Ichi fails to kill Kakihara and lies on the floor crying. Kakihara realises Ichi cannot hurt him the way he wanted and tries to commit suicide by sticking pins in his ears. He loses his hearing and looks up to find Ichi jumping at him. Ichi knocks him off the edge of the building and Kakihara falls to his death. When we see Kakihara's body, he is apparently unharmed by Ichi's attacks. It is suggested that Kakihara imagined the attack as a result of poking his brain with the needles and fell off the building.

Other websites
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* *Ichi the Killer* on IMDb
* *Ichi the Killer* at AllMovie
* *Ichi the Killer* at Metacritic

* *Ichi the Killer* at Rotten Tomatoes
* Official UK website of Ichi the Killer Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
Hôtel de Vandôme
**Mines ParisTech** (officially **École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris**, English: **Paris School of Mines**, also known as **École des mines de Paris**, **ENSMP**, **Mines Paris** or **les Mines**) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the PSL Reseach University (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

* *Ingénieur Mines ParisTech* (Centralien Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science & PhD
* *Mastères Spécialisés*
* Massive Online Open Course

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Mines ParisTech.

Admission
---------

Admission to the Mines ParisTech engineering Programme implemented at Mines ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies.

The Mines ParisTech Programme typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the Mines Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.

Research labs
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Research activities at Mines ParisTech relate to the following topics:

* Earth sciences and environment
* Energy and processes
* Mechanical and Materials engineering
* Mathematics and systems
* Economics, management, society

Notable graduates
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* Georges Charpak, French physicist
* Luc Oursel, French businessman
* Alain Poher, French politician

Further reading
---------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris***.

* Official website
**Amrita Pritam** (31 August 1919 – 31 October 2005) was an Indian novelist and poet, who wrote in Punjabi and Hindi. She is the recipient of the 1956 Sahitya Akademi Award. She wrote more than 100 books of poetry, fiction, biographies, essays, a collection of Punjabi folk songs and an autobiography that were all translated into several Indian and foreign languages.

Biography
---------

Pritam was born on August 31, 1919, in Gujranwala, Punjab, British India. She was known for her powerful and emotional poetry that often portrayed the struggles of women and the partition of India. Her writing continues to inspire generations of readers with its themes of love, loss, and social injustice.

Death
-----

She passed away on October 31, 2005 after a long sickness but her legacy lives on through her timeless words.

1. ↑  Amrita Pritam, The Black Rose by Vijay Kumar Sunwani, Language in India, Volume 5: 12 December 2005.
2. ↑  Amrita Pritam – Obituary *The Guardian*, 4 November 2005.
3. ↑  Amrita Pritam: A great wordsmith in Punjab’s literary history Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine *Daily Times (Pakistan)*, 14 November 2005.
Oats, barley, and some food products made from cereal grains.
A bowl of breakfast cereal with a cup of coffee.
**Cereal** usually refers to a type of grass that is grown to be eaten. Some, such as wheat, are mostly used to feed people. Some are fed to cattle, and lesser amounts are used for other purposes. 

It is a common breakfast meal. The kind of cereal eaten for breakfast is called breakfast cereal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit.

The word "cereal" comes from 'Ceres', the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. Grains are called *corn* in the United Kingdom and Ireland, but in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand *corn* means *maize*.

History
-------

In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

This brought up the creation of Granula. The name *Granula* comes from *granulates*, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

Related pages
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* Corn
* Wheat
* Grain
* Grass

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Cereals***.

* Cereal site - All About Cereal
* Cereals Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine by the Vegetarian Society
* Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
This is a Korean name; the family name is *Kim*.
**Kim Gu** (Hangul: 김구, July 11, 1876 – June 26, 1949) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea three times. Kim was the 6th, 12th, and 13th (and final) president. He was the leader of the Korean independence movement against Japanese Imperialism and a reunification activist. Kim was also called **Baekbeom**. It was his pen name. He is a well respected person to many Korean people. Prime Minister 1921 to 1927 and Interior Minister of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1923 to 1924.

Early life
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Kim was born in Hwanghae, Korea in 1876. At the age of 15, he studied the Chinese language. (한학; 漢學). In 1893, he joined the Donghak movement. He became the regional leader for Haeju. The next year, while he was leading the Donghak Peasant Revolution, he went to Manchuria to escape from Japanese soldiers. In 1896, he returned to Korea and killed Josuke Tsuchida, a Japanese soldier. He killed Tsuchida as revenge for the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong of the Korean Empire. Empress Myeongseong was killed by Miura Goro, a Japanese assassin.

After the March 1st Movement in 1919, Kim Gu exiled himself to Shanghai, China. He joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. From that time, he started fighting against Japanese Imperialism. He wanted independence for Korea. He organized the Korea Patriotic Legion. It was a nationalist group. He told Yoon Bong-Gil to bomb the ceremony for the Emperor's birthday at Hongkeou Park in Shanghai. Also, he had Lee Bong-chang try to kill the Japanese Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo. This ended up with failure. Kim also created the Korean Liberation Army. He was re-elected several times as the leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

After the independence of Korea on 15 August 1945, he came back to Seoul. He worked as a right-wing politician with Lee Seung Man and Kim Kyu-sik. He tried to prevent the division of the Korean peninsula. In 1948, he tried to stop South Korea’s national election and to start negotiations between South and North Korea. This failed.

Death
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In June 26, 1949, Kim was shot dead by a Korean soldier, Ahn Doo-hee. Ahn was later killed by a taxi driver in 1996. Many people think there must have been a conspiracy. Some people said that he was ordered by Rhee Syng-man. It is not known if this is true. In 1962, he was awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation. He wrote *Baekbeomilji* (*Journal of Baekbeom*). It is his autobiography. It is important both historically and education. His funeral was held at July 5,1949

Book
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* Autobiography, 《Dowaesilki》(도왜실기, 1932)
* 《Baikbumilji》(백범일지, 1947)

Related pages
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* Kim Kyusik
* Rhee Syng-man
* Kim Seong-Su
* Chang Myon
* Kim Won-bong
* Park Hon-Yong
**Midazolam** is a drug. It is used as a sedative, it will calm people down. It is also used as an anesthetic. It will make people sleepy. It also causes anterograde amnesia In some parts of the world it is known as **Versed**. 

Midazolam is a benzodiazepine. This means that people will get addicted to it, if they take it for a longer period of time. 

The drog does not make people to become unconscious, it only sedates them. Midazolam is also used to treat long-lasting seizures. Most often, a seizure is short. Midazolam is available in different forms; there are tablets to be taken by mouth, there's a solution that can be injected, and there are ways to allow to give it anally. There's also a spray When it is injected, it usually starts working within as little as five minutes. Effects last between one and six hours. 

  

Side effects include a decrease in efforts to breathe, low blood pressure, and sleepiness. Tolerance to its effects and withdrawal syndrome may occur after long-term use. Paradoxical effects, such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. There is evidence of risk when used during pregnancy but no evidence of harm with a single dose during breastfeeding. Like other benzodiazepines, it works by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitter in the brain.

Midazolam was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1982. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Midazolam is available as a generic medication. In many countries, it is a controlled substance. This means that a medical prescription is required to get it.
A **Railgun** is a gun that fires a projectile (bullets or plasma) using a magnetic field produced by electricity. Unlike regular guns, it does not use gunpowder or other explosive propellants, and rarely needs to be cleaned or unjammed. Currently, most railguns are experimental and are not used in actual combat, but the U.S. Navy is expecting to have one operating soon. In theory, a railgun could fire a bowling-ball-sized projectile fast enough to destroy a small building, even over long distances. Railguns are usually very large and not portable because of the need for a large power supply. There have been proposals to use the same technology for non-weapon purposes, such as aircraft and spacecraft launchers and specialized tools.

Basics
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The electrical current running down the railgun creates a magnetic field that propels the projectile out of the railgun
The driving force of a railgun power is the magnetic field created when electricity runs through the rails from the positive to negative ends.The more electricity running through the rail the stronger the magnetic field.The railgun projectile is positively charged so it is repulsed by the positive end.In most railguns millions of amperes are ran through the positive end to the negative end.When the positive charge run through the railgun nears and leaves the projectile lorentz force acts on the projectile.This propels it out of the rail gun.

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Nutri-Score label of an "A" product.
The **Nutri-Score** is a rating system that shows how healthy a piece of food is. In 2017, the French government selected it over several other, similar systems. The idea is to put the label on the front of products, so that consumers can easily compare. It is based on the calculation of a nutrient profiling system derived from the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSA score). It has also been recommended by Belgian, Spanish, German and Dutch authorities as well as the European Commission and the World Health Organization. It was created by Santé Publique France, the French public health agency, based on the work of Serge Hercberg from Sorbonne Paris North University.

Nutri-Score was also chosen because it is the most efficient label that tells about the nutritional quality of foods.

Delhaize crunchy muesli price and Nutri-Score

Calculation
-----------

A Nutri-Score for a particular food item is given in one of five classification letters: 'A' is the best, and 'E' the worst score. The calculation of the score involves seven different parameters of nutrient information per 100g of food which are usually available on food packagings.

High content of fruits and vegetables, fibers, protein and healthy oils (rapeseed, walnut and olive oils, rule added in 2019) promote a better score, while high content of energy, sugar, saturated fatty acids, and sodium promote a worse score. In addition to the general calculation rules applied to most types of food, there are special rules for cheese, for "added fats" (fats that are meant as ingredients, such as vegetable oils or butter), and for beverages.

Adoption
--------

Adoption of the Nutri-Score in Europe:
  Government has recommended the use
  Voluntary use by manufacturers
  Government is opposed
  No data

EU laws do not allow countries to impose their own food labelling system, therefore they can only give recommendations.

The Nutri-Score has been officially recommended by health authorities in France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain and Switzerland.

In Portugal, Slovenia and Austria, some food companies such as Nestlé, Auchan or Danone announced that they would use the Nutri-Score although it was not officially recommended by the authorities.

Opposition to Nutri-Score is coming from a coalition of countries including Italy, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, and Romania. The Italian government has proposed a competing food label system. Southern EU countries say Nutri-score puts the traditional Mediterranean diet at a disadvantage.

The score is also used by Open Food Facts to allow people to compare the nutritional value of products.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Nutri-Score***.

* Development of a new front-of-pack nutrition label in France: the five-colour Nutri-Score, article in the WHO's *Public Health Panorama* (vol. 3, issue 4) which describes the Nutri-Score in detail
* Official website at Santé Publique France