recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Sholes
**Christopher Latham Sholes** (February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg (Pennsylvania, United States) - February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee (Wisconsin, United States) was an American inventor and politician, famous for designing the first commercial typewriter and "QWERTY" keyboard used today.

Qwerty3

Biography
---------

Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, sholes moved to nearby Danville as a teenager, where he worked as an apprentice printer. After completing his apprenticeship, Sholes moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he became editor of the newspaper "Wisconsin Enquirer." Put in politics, he was a member of the Senate and the State Assembly. He served President Abraham Lincoln. The typewriter After having patented a counting machine with Samuel W. Souléen in 1864; An amateur inventor, Carlos Glidden suggested the possibility of turning his device into a typewriter. Four years later, on June 23, 1868, he patented his idea, to which he continued to dedicate a large part of his time. In 1872 he sold the patent (US $ 79,265) of his machine for $ 12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who reached an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then manufacturers of sewing machines) to market what was known as "Typewriter. Sholes and Glidden ». Remington began the production of his first typewriter on May 1, 1873 in Ilion (New York).

Sholes continued working on new developments for the typewriter during the sixties, among the achievements obtained are the QWERTY keyboard in 1873 and the development of the mechanism that moves the blow to the type to be printed, inspired by the operation of the keys of the piano. He also developed the roller on which the paper is placed, a counterweight for the roller and the paper to move, the lever to change the line and the spacer***.***
Dental floss
**Dental floss** is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day. Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased. 

These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease". 

Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.

Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.

When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing.
**Christopher Young** (born April 28, 1958) is an American composer and orchestrator of film and television scores.

Life and career
---------------

Young was born in Red Bank, New Jersey.

Discography
-----------

### Film

### 1980s

### 1990s

### 2000s

### 2010s

### 2020s

Influences
----------

Young stated composers like Bernard Herrmann, David Raksin, David Newman, Peter Bernstein, Michael Kamen, Jean-Michel Jarre, Joel Goldsmith, Carter Burwell, Howard Shore, Alan Silvestri, Hans Zimmer, Mark Isham, Danny Elfman, James Newton Howard, Leonard Bernstein, Chris Mancini, James Horner, Dimitri Tiomkin, John Debney, George Bruns, Oliver Wallace, Leigh Harline, Frank Churchill, Paul Smith and Carl W. Stalling as influences.

Other websites
--------------


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Christopher Young***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Christopher Young***.

* Christopher Young on IMDb

| Awards for Christopher Young |
| --- |
| 
Template:International Film Music Association for Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure Film
Template:International Film Music Association for Best Original Score for a Comedy Film
Template:International Film Music Association for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film
Template:International Film Music Association for Best Original Score for Film Music Composition of the Year
Template:Saturn Award for Best Music |

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* Belgium
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland

 |
| Artists | 
* MusicBrainz artist

 |
| Other | 
* SNAC
* IdRef

 |
Bow shock around Delta cephei
Light curve of Delta Cephei showing magnitude versus pulsation phase
**Delta Cephei** (δ Cep, δ Cephei) is a binary star system about 887 light-years away in the northern constellation of Cepheus, the King. At this distance, the apparent magnitude of the star is reduced by 0.23 as a result of gas and dust along the line of sight.

Delta Cephei, found by John Goodricke in 1784, was only the second Cepheid variable discovered. It is very important because its distance is extremely well known. This is partly because it is in a star cluster, close enough for the precise Hubble Space Telescope/Hipparcos parallaxes to give a good result. As a result, it is known as a "fundamental distance calibrator", or absolute candle. Delta Cephei is a classical, or type I, Cepheid variable.

The only Cepheid variable closer to us is Polaris, the North Star, whose distance is still not exactly known.

Delta Cephei is emitting around 2,000 times the Sun's luminosity. This is producing a strong stellar wind, which, with the pulsations and shocks in the star's atmosphere, is ejecting mass at the rate of (1.0 ± 0.8) × 10–6 solar masses per year. This is the equivalent to the mass of the Sun roughly every million years. The matter is flowing outward at a velocity of about 350 km s–1. This expelled gas forms a nebula about one parsec across, centered on Delta Cephei, and contains 0.07–0.21 solar masses of neutral hydrogen. A bow shock is being formed where the stellar wind is colliding with the surrounding interstellar medium.
Constantine I, nicknamed **the Wine-Bountiful**, was a son of Kenneth MacAlpin and was king of Picts "Rex Pictorium" from either 862/863 to 877 when he died in Fife, during a battle against Norse invaders. He was the nephew of his predecessor Donald I and the son of Kenneth MacAlpin I of the Picts and Queen Cinaeth MacDonald. He was styled as king of the Picts but now is traditionally referred to as king of Scots as many consider Kenneth I to be the first king of Scots.

Birth
-----

Not much is known about Constantine's birth like many Scottish kings but he was born sometime around 836-844 in Iona, modern day Argyllshire, Scotland. He was the son of Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scots and an unknown mother, he was a nephew of Donald I, brother to Aed and also to NN Ingen Cináeda.

Reign
-----

When Donald I died in 862 of unknown causes, Constantine succeeded him and became the king of Picts, it is unknown if his reign began in 863 with his coronation or 862 with his ascension but most sources agree his reign began in April 862 after the death of his uncle Donald I.

Death
-----

In 877 fighting the Vikings in Fife, Constantine was killed. The throne passed to his brother Aed, as his son was considered too young to be king as he was only around 10 at the time. When Aed died in 878 the throne passed to Donald I, his uncle's son, Constantine's cousin Giric who ruled from 878-889, then finally followed by Constantine's son, Donald II, the last Pictish king who ruled from 889-900, all monarchs after him were styled "King of Alba" or Rex Alban
**Comet West** was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for *great comet* status.

It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975. During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.

Comet West was what 1973's Comet Kohoutek should have been. 

The comet has an estimated orbital period of 558,000 years.

Break up
--------

During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km. of the sun.

The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces. These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March. 

The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s. Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and 57/P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate. When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West. The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun. It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered. Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.

Other websites
--------------

* Cometography.com: Comet West
*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Hasegawa*.*

**Chiyono Hasegawa** (長谷川 チヨノ, *Hasegawa Chiyono*, 20 November 1896 – 2 December 2011) was a Japanese supercentenarian and at the time of her death the oldest living Japanese person for over one and a half year after Kame Chinen's death on 2 May 2010, and the second-oldest living person in the world behind American woman Besse Cooper.

Cooper and Hasegawa were, after the death of Italianwoman Venere Pizzinato who was just three days younger than Hasegawa and died 4 months before Hasegawa, the last two living people born in 1896.

Hasegawa was visited by Governor Furukawa of Saga Prefecture at her nursing home on Senior Citizen's Day in September 2008.

Hasegawa died of natural causes at 8.28am on 2 December 2011, just 12 days after celebrating her 115th birthday, and was succeeded as the oldest living Japanese person by Jiroemon Kimura, and as the oldest living Japanese woman by Koto Okubo. Hasegawa, Kimura and Okubo were the first three Japanese persons who became 115 years old after 116-year-old Tane Ikai's death in July 1995.

Other websites
--------------

* Gerontology Research Group Archived 2011-02-24 at the Wayback Machine (GRG), Supercentenarians, recent deaths 2011 Archived 2016-09-11 at the Wayback Machine; archived here Archived 2016-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
**Chizuko Ueno** (上野 千鶴子, *Ueno Chizuko*, born July 12, 1948, in Toyama Prefecture) is a Japanese sociologist and Japan's "best-known feminist". Her work covers sociological issues including semiotics, capitalism, and feminism in Japan. Ueno's writing is high quality and readable. Some people have very strong opinions about her work..

Academic career
---------------

Chizuko Ueno has worked her entire career for gender equality in the Japanese society. Her research helped to make gender studies as an acknowledged field of research in Japan.

In 1982, Ueno wrote *The Study of the 'Sexy Girl'* (セクシィ・ギャルの大研究) and *Reading the Housewife Debates* (主婦論争を読む),. These were called "The Flagbearers of 1980's Feminism". She studied the relationship between the "Women's Lib" (ウーマン・リブ) movement of the 1960s and Women's Liberation Movement (女性解放運動) of the 1970s. She used structuralist and semiotic theory to sociology to investigate how gender works in society. Along with Asada Akira, Nakazawa Shin'ichi, and Yomota Inuhiko, she was part of the New Academicism Boom (ニュー・アカデミズム・ブーム).

She dropped out of her doctoral course and Ueno worked in a marketing systems think tank. She wrote a lot about consumption and society.

From 1979 to 1989, she was a Lecturer and later Associate Professor at the Heian Women's College. She was an Associate Professor and Professor at the Kyoto Seika University at the Department of Humanities from 1989 to 1994. She is a special guest professor at the Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences at Ritsumeikan University and a professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo. She retired from University of Tokyo to become Chief Director of the Women's Action Network (WAN). The group connects feminists from different backgrounds. In 1994, Ueno received the Suntory Arts and Sciences award for her work, *The Rise and Fall of the Modern Family*.
**Club Deportivo Chivas USA** is an American football (soccer) team that played in Major League Soccer (MLS) in Carson, California. They began play in 2005, and played at the home of the Los Angeles Galaxy.

When the team was formed, it was planned to be a "*little brother*" to the very popular Mexican team C.D. Guadalajara. "*Chivas"*, the Spanish word for "*goats*", is the nickname of C.D. Guadalajara. The team was originally owned by two Mexican businessmen, one of whom also owned C.D. Guadalajara. Due to falling attendance and ownership failures, MLS bought the team back in February 2014, with plans to sell it to new owners who would give the team a new name. In September 2014, the team was sold to a new group. As part of the sale, Chivas USA was dissolved at the end of the 2014 season. A new team, Los Angeles FC, started play in 2017 replacing the old Chivas USA. The assets of the team were purchased by Wrexham A.F.C. in 2023 as co-owner Ryan Reynolds announced plans to re-start the team as an American "feeder club" for Wrexham. Due to the relatively recent time in which this news was announced, there are not many more details known about the takeover.
Christopher Flavin (left) 2010
**Christopher Flavin** is the President of the Worldwatch Institute, an independent research organization focused on natural resource and environmental issues, based in Washington, DC. He is also a founding member of the Board of Directors of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy] and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, the Climate Institute, and the Environmental and Energy Study Institute. His research and writing focus is international energy and climate policy.

Flavin has participated in several notable international conferences, including the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Climate Change Conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. He has testified before national and state legislatures and meets frequently with government and international leaders.

Flavin is a native of Monterey, California and a cum laude graduate of Williams College, where he studied economics, biology, and environmental studies.

Selected Publications
---------------------

* *Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution*, W.W. Norton, 1994.
* *Rising Sun, Gathering Winds: Policies to Stabilize the Climate and Strengthen Economies*, Worldwatch Paper 138, November 1997.
* Regular contributions to *State of the World, Vital Signs* and *World Watch*.
* *Low-Carbon Energy: A Roadmap Archived 2009-03-20 at the Wayback Machine*, 2008.

Related pages
-------------

* State of the World
* Lester Brown
* Amory Lovins
Lambert in 2009
**Christophe Guy Denis Lambert** (born March 29, 1957) who is known professionally by his credited stage name **Christopher Lambert** is an American-born French actor, novelist and movie producer, who has appeared in American, as well as French and other European movies. He is best known for his work as Connor MacLeod, or simply "The Highlander", from Highlander and the Highlander (movie franchise). 

He is also known for his roles as Tarzan in *Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes* and as the thunder god Raiden in the first movie adaptation of the video game *Mortal Kombat*. He is sometimes credited internationally as *Christopher Lambert*, with the notable exceptions of French-speaking countries, where he is known as *Christophe Lambert* and in anime adaptations as *Chris Lambert*. 

Lambert was born in Great Neck, New York to French parents. Lambert was married to Diane Lane from 1988 until they divorced in 1994. Later he married Jaimyse Haft from 1999 until they divorced in 2000. He was married to Sophie Marceau from 2012 until they divorced in 2014. His career began in 1978 and he still continues to act.

Other websites
--------------

* Christopher Lambert on IMDb
*Escopetarra* on display at the United Nations Headquarters.
An ***escopetarra*** is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a combination of the Spanish words *escopeta* (meaning shotgun/rifle) and *guitarra* (meaning guitar).

*Escopetarras* were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first *escopetarra* in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.

López made five *escopetarras*, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his *escopetarra* for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the *escopetarra* given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament.

In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.
Mabee in competition
**Christopher Mabee** (born on August 26, 1985 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) is a figure skater from Canada. He won the silver medal (second place) at the 2007 national championships. This earned him a spot to the 2007 World Championships, his first time ever at that competition.

Mabee is a good friends with Jeffrey Buttle. They train together and have the same coach.

Mabee's rise to the top of Canadian skating has been slow and steady. In the 2003/2004 season, he won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final. He is the second Canadian man to ever win a medal at that competition (after Fedor Andreev).

Mabee just barely missed a place to the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, instead of going to that competition, he went to the 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe. He won the silver medal at that competition.

Mabee is well liked by the crowds in exhibition. He is known for his humor on the ice. He often chooses music that makes fun of himself or is light-hearted. At the 2006 Four Continents, he skated a program to *Play that funky music, white boy*. At the 2006 Nationals, he started his exhibition with a funny song about his home town of Tillsonburg.

Other websites
--------------

* Official Site
* International skating union biography Archived 2007-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Skate Canada Profile Archived 2005-11-10 at the Wayback Machine


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Christopher Mabee***.
Djibouti competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia which was held 15 September to 1 October.  This was the fifth time Dijibouti went to the olympics since their first time in 1984 in Los Angeles. Dijibouti sent two athletes to the Olympics in 2000, both participated in track and field events. The two athletes were; Omar Daher Gadid who competed in the men's marathon and Roda Ali Wais who competed in the women's 800 meters. Gadid did not finish the marathon while Ali Wais did not pass the first round of her event.

Track & Field
-------------

There was only one female athlete from Dijibouti to compete in the 2000 Olympics. This was Roda Ali Wais. She set a record for being the youngest female from Dijibouti to compete in the olympics. She was 16 years old. She was also the first woman from Dijibouti to compete in the olympics. She participated in the second heat of the women's 800 meter event. She finished last in her heat. Only the top two athletes from her heat qualified to move on to the next event.

There was only one male athlete from Dijibouti to compete in the 2000 Olympics. This was Omar Daher Gadid. He competed in the men's marathon. He did not finish the marathon. There were 18 other athletes that did not finish the marathon. An athlete from Ethiopia won gold medal in the event.

### Men's Marathon

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Semifinal | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Omar Daher Gadid | Men's marathon | N/A | Did not finish |

### Women's 800 Meter

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Semifinal | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Roda Ali Wais | Women's 800 metres | 2:31.71 | 8 | Did not advance |
An **icon**, when talked about in **computing**, is a picture which usually stands for a computer program, computer file, folder, or an action for a program to do. Icons are usually small pictures, but not always. Sometimes the user can change what size an icon is.

Use
---

A desktop environment with four desktop shortcut icons and more icons in the bar at the top.
Icons are used in many places on a computer. The desktop contains icons as **shortcuts** - clicking on these icons opens up the file, folder, or application that they stand for. For example, in Microsoft Windows the desktop will often have an icon for the Recycle Bin, and the icon usually looks like a trash can in the dextstop.

Shortcut icons also show up in other places such as folders and the start menu. These icons work the same as on the desktop.

Many computer programs use icons on *buttons*. When the user clicks on the button, something happens. For example, a button with an icon of a printer will usually help the user print what is currently open. While a button with a magnifying glass will let the user search for something.
The **Concertmaster** (American English) or **leader** (British English) is the most important violinist in an orchestra. He or she will sit in the front seat, by the conductor's left. The word *concertmaster* comes from the German *Konzertmeister*.

The leader will be the highest paid member of the orchestra. He has to decide how the violins will play the music and write in the bowing. He will decide where each member of the violins should sit. He will probably also interview them and offer them the job in the orchestra. He will talk to the conductor about anything the orchestra are not happy about (he may have to remind the conductor when it is time to stop the rehearsal!). If part of the music is marked "solo" then he will play it as a solo while the other violins stop playing.

In the United States it is usual for the concertmaster to be on the platform before the concert and to tell the orchestra to tune their instruments, playing on his A string to give them the correct pitch. In European orchestras it is usually the oboe that gives an A for tuning. In Britain the leader usually comes on stage after the orchestra have tuned, and gets an applause.

Some famous orchestral leaders
------------------------------

*of the past:*

* Arnold Rosé (Vienna Philharmonic)
* 

*of today*:

* Gordan Nikolitch (London Symphony Orchestra)
* Glenn Dicterow (New York Philharmonic Orchestra)
* Peter Manning ( Royal Opera House Orchestra Covent Garden )
**Christina Crawford** (born October 17, 1988) is an American dancer and professional wrestler. She is best known for working for WWE where she wrestled in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT, under the ring name **Caylee Turner**.

Crawford first became well known on WWE's *Tough Enough*. It is a reality television series. The winner of *Tough Enough* would get WWE contract. She did not win, but did well enough that WWE gave her a job.

Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------

### World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE

#### Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011)

In June 2010, Crawford signed a contract with WWE. She was later sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She first appeared on July 8, 2010 in a bikini contest. On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner. It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana. Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight. In February 2011, Crawford was let go from her WWE contract.

#### Tough Enough (2011)

In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of *Tough Enough*. On the May 16th edition of *Tough Enough*, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle. She was taken to the emergency room. On the May 23rd edition of *Tough Enough*, Christina was cut from the competition as was with A.J. Kirsch.

#### Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)

After leaving *Tough Enough*, Crawford went back to work for FCW. On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost. On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn. They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz. On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie. On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.

Personal life
-------------

Crawford is of African American descent. She graduated from the University of Central Florida in 2011. She studied interpersonal communications. She has an older sister named Victoria, who is a professional wrestler for WWE, under the ring name Alicia Fox.

Other websites
--------------

* FCW profile
* Online World of Wrestling profile
* Christina Crawford on IMDb
A section of a deceased person's lung that shows severe emphysema. The black "bubbles" are emphysemous alveoli that have expanded and become filed with black carbon that is from smoking
A thoracic X-ray of a person with emphysema. At the arrow in the left lung (right side of picture) can be seen a faint bubbly section that looks like a ghostly bunch of grapes. This is emphysema
This microscope image shows the very large expanded sections of lung tissue. These "holes" should be tiny and there should be thousands of them, instead of only hundreds
**Emphysema** is a disease of the lungs. 

It is one of the diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a set of diseases where the flow of air in the lungs is obstructed. Emphysema is most often caused by smoking but can be caused by other diseases or have no known cause at all.

It occurs when the very small air sacs (called the alveoli) at the ends of the airways in the lungs start to break down from many sacs to form much bigger sacs. The alveoli are the areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into and out of the blood. Emphysema makes it hard for people to blow air out of the lungs because air gets trapped inside the broken alveoli due to the collapse of the walls. The trapped air in the lungs creates the characteristic "barrel chest" of emphysema.

There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment includes stopping smoking and taking medicines ('broncho-dilators' and sometimes corticosteroids). Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest. It decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day, and may improve people's ability to exercise. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath. There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke.

Associations
------------

Emphysema is commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. As it is rather difficult to delineate "pure" cases of emphysema or chronic bronchitis they are classed together into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Other websites
--------------

* Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
To **compromise** is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand. In arguments, *compromise* is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire. 
Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance. In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as *capitulation*, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement. In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.

From cultural background and influences, the meaning and perception of the word "compromise" may be different: In the UK, Ireland and Commonwealth countries, the word "compromise" has a positive meaning (as a consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in the U.S. it can have rather negative connotations, as in "compromising principles" as a sell-out of basic beliefs.

Studies in compromise
---------------------

Defining and finding the best possible compromise is an important problem in fields like game theory and the voting system.

Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations.

Related pages
-------------

* Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)
* Missouri Compromise (USA)
* Compromise of 1850 (USA)
* Compromise of 1867 (Austria-Hungary)
* Constitution
Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray) in their cylinders (blue), and flywheel (black)
The **crankshaft**, sometimes casually called the *crank*, is the part of an engine which changes the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these shafts. When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the crankshaft.

The pistons cause a pulsing affect in the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects to a flywheel. The flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps reduce vibrations of the crankshaft. 

Large engines usually have several cylinders. This helps to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes. For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights. The counterweight is used to offset the piston and improve balance. While counterweights add a lot of weight to the crankshaft, it provides a smoother running engine. This allows higher RPMs to be reached and more power produced.

Other websites
--------------

* The FOUR-STROKE CYCLE / OTTO CYCLE Archived 2015-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Crankshafts***.
The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) with the GOES-N satellite, lifts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
The **Delta IV** is a rocket made to launch satellites. It has many different types including Medium, Medium+, and Heavy for many different types of satellites orbiting at many different altitudes above the Earth. The Delta IV launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Launches
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The Delta IV has launched 32 times. The first flight was on November 20, 2002, and it launched the *Eutelsat W5* communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

Types
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The Delta IV rocket comes in many different types meant to launch different sizes and kinds of satellites.

The different kinds of Delta IV rockets.
### Delta IV Medium

The least powerful kind of the Delta IV rocket is the Medium type. It has 1 main Common Booster Core (CBC) as the first stage of the rocket, using the RS-68 engine, and the second stage is like from the Delta III rocket, but it has been changed. It uses a 4-meter payload fairing to cover the satellite during the launch of the rocket. This kind has launched 3 times.

The Delta IV Heavy with NROL-49, a top secret spy satellite, lifting off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
#### Delta IV Medium+ (4,2)

The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) is like the Medium type, but it has two GEM-60 solid rocket boosters strapped onto the CBC. This kind has launched 13 times, and is the kind of Delta IV rocket that has launched the most times.

#### Delta IV Medium+ (5,2)

The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) is like the (4,2), but the second stage and fairing has a larger diameter. This kind has launched 2 times.

#### Delta IV Medium+ (5,4)

The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) is like the (5,2), but it has two more GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 5 times.

### Delta IV Heavy

The Delta IV Heavy is the biggest kind of Delta IV rockets. It has two CBC strapped onto it like solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 9 times, and is the most powerful rocket currently doing launches (the most powerful rocket ever is the Saturn V).

Related pages
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* Delta II
* Atlas V

Other websites
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* Delta IV info page from ULA
* Delta IV User's Guide Archived 2014-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
**Delphinus** is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "**Common Dolphin**". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus delphis*), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus capensis*). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "**Arabian Common Dolphin**" (*Delphinus tropicalis*), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

Description
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Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.

Behavior
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Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.

Reproduction
------------

Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.

Species
-------

At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus Delphis*). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus Capensis*). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the **Arabian Common Dolphin** (*Delphinus Tropicalis*) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed.
Deoksugung
**Deoksugung**, also known as **Gyeongun-gung**, **Deoksugung Palace**, or **Deoksu Palace**, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju. When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.

So, he lived in this place, which was originally the home of Prince Wolsandaegun who was King Seongjong's elder brother.

King Gwanghaegun who succeeded King Seonjo renamed this palace **Gyeongun Palace** (Gyeongungung ; 경운궁).
The palace became a secondary royal residence after the king moved to Changdeok Palace.
Queen Dowager Inmok was confined to the palace, and it was renamed **West Palace**(Seogung ; 서궁).
After he was overthrown by King Injo, it was returned to itsoriginal owners.

After two years, King Gojong returned to power and he chose to live in this palace.
He renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace again.
An electrical system and fencing were installed at the palace, and the name of the palace was changed to Deoksugung Palace: meaning the palace of virtuous longevity.
He remained at the palace even after he had relinquished the throne to his son, Emperor Yunghui (or Emperor Sunjong ; 융희제, 순종)

From 1910 until 1945, when Korea was under the colonial rule of Japan, the palaces's buildings were destroyed and made into a public park.
**Empress Myeongseong** (25 September 1851 – 20 August 1895), also known as **Empress Min**, was the official wife of King Gojong. Emperor Gojong was the twenty-sixth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. In 1902, she was given the honorary name of *Hyoja Wonseong Jeonghwa Hapcheon Honggong Seongdeok Myeongseong Taehwanghu* (Hangul: 효자원성정화합천홍공성덕명성태황후, Hanja: 孝慈元聖正化合天洪功誠德明成太皇后). It is usually shortened to *Myeongseong Hwanghu* (Hangul: 명성황후, Hanja: 明成皇后).

The Japanese felt that she was being politically unhelpful to them. After China was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War, Queen Min tried to get help from Russia instead. She wanted to stop Japanese influence from spreading in Joseon, where it was getting stronger.

In the early morning of October 8, 1895, men who said that they were commanded by Miura Gorō went into Gyeongbok Palace. When they went into the Queen's Quarters (Okhoru), they killed three women whom they thought were Empress Myeongseong. When they proved that one of the women was Queen Min, they burned her body in a forest in front of the Okhoru.

In South Korea, people have recently begun showing interest in Queen Min. Novels and musicals have been made about her.

Early life
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Empress Myeongseong (Min Jayoung) was born at 1851, as the daughter of Min Chirok in the province of Gyeonggi. She lost her father when she was eight, and grew in a scanty livelihood. Because the Heungseon Daewongun who was the father of King Gojong and the most powerful politician in that period, wanted the queen who had no political ambition or close relatives who would influence the queen, she was chosen as the queen of the Gojong by the recommendation of Yeoheung Budaebuin who was the mother of the King.

As a new queen
--------------

At first, she was not wecomed in the palace. Her husband already had a concubine, and no one helped her in palace. But she decided to confront with her father-in-law Heungseon Daewongun, because of the heir problem. She started to be active in politics, and made her relatives royal officers. The queen finally forced the Heungseon Daewongun to retire by arguing that Gojong, now twenty-two, should govern in his own right and banished the concubine. However, her policies about foreign countries made complaints from commons, and eventually the army rebelled against her, and for the Heungseon Daewongun to be restored. She evacuated from the palace, and returned by depending on Chinese army.
Cab Calloway's band was one of the big acts at the Cotton Club
Singer, dancer and actress Dorothy Dandridge was another star
The **Cotton Club** was a New York City night club in the 1920s and 30s.It was first in the Harlem neighborhood on 142nd St & Lenox Ave from 1923 to 1935. Then for a brief period from 1936 to 1940 it was in the midtown Theater District. The club was a big success in America's Prohibition Era.

The club had a whites-only policy for customers, but featured many of the best black entertainers and jazz musicians of the era. Stars included (musicians) Cab Calloway, Andrew Preer, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Fats Waller - (vocalists) Adelaide Hall, Lottie Gee, Ethel Waters, Avon Long, Aida Ward, Edith Wilson, the Dandridge Sisters, Avis Andrews, Will Vodery Choir, Berry Brothers, Nina Mae McKinney, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne and (dancers) Bill Robinson, The Nicholas Brothers, Stepin Fetchit, Butterbeans and Suzy, Earl Snakehips Tucker and Evelyn Welch.

During its heyday, the Cotton Club served as a hip meeting spot featuring regular "Celebrity Nights" on Sundays, which featured celebrity guests such as Jimmy Durante, George Gershwin, Sophie Tucker, Paul Robeson, Al Jolson, Mae West, Richard Rodgers, Irving Berlin, Eddie Cantor, Fanny Brice, Langston Hughes, Judy Garland, Moss Hart and Mayor Jimmy Walker among others.

The club was set up by world boxing champion Jack Johnson, but taken over by the Yorkshire-born gangster Owney Madden in 1923. Johnson stayed on as manager.
A Reisekamera c. 1860 capable of using dry plates
**Dry plate,** also known as **gelatin process**, is an improved type of photographic plate. It was invented by Dr. Richard L. Maddox in 1871. By 1879 the first dry plate factory had been established. With much of the complex chemical work done at the factory, the new process simplified the work of photographers.

History
-------

The first practical way to take photographs was called the daguerreotype. It was introduced in 1839. It used sheets of copper coated with silver. The plate was then exposed to chemical fumes, then taken to the camera. Introduced in the 1850s the Collodion process was introduced. It used what were called wet plates. But a wet plate had to be prepared and used within minutes. It also had a very slow photographic speed. The preparation of wet plates required numerous chemicals. These had to be mixed in the dark in a portable tent if the photographer was planning on photographing away from the studio. In the 1880s the gelatin dry plate replaced the wet plates. The dry plate allowed much faster exposure times. Now a moving subject could be captured on film. The dry plates could be manufactured in a factory and used whenever the photographer wanted.
**Dniester Hydroelectric Station** (Ukrainian: *Дністровська ГЕС*) is one of the hydroelectric power plants on the Dniester (southwestern Ukraine).

Overview
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Construction of the Dniester HPP began in 1973. 

On July 29, 1977, the builders of the Dniester HPP changed the course of the river near the village of Novodnistrovsk.

In 1981, two hydroelectric power units were put into operation.

The buildings of the Dniester HPP are located at a distance of 678 km from the mouth of the Dniester. The hydroelectric dam created a reservoir 194 km long.

For 25 years the cities of Moldova and Ukraine, located on the banks of the Dniester from hydroelectric power plants to the Black Sea, do not suffer from the destructive effects of floods.

Modern station
--------------

The HPP-1 building is a channel, connected, drainage type, has an open drain located above the engine room. It consists of three two-unit sections, each 51 m wide and 75 m long. The height of the building is 80 m.

In 2007, the implementation of the second stage of reconstruction of the Dniester HPP began.

Industrial tourism
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As the tallest (over 100 meters) and largest hydropower plant in Europe, it is an attractive object of industrial tourism in Ukraine.
A **deliberative assembly** is a group of members (of any kind of bigger group) who use parliamentary procedure to make decisions.

Characteristics
---------------

*Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised* describes the following characteristics of a deliberative assembly:

* A group of people meets to talk about and make decisions for the entire membership.
* They meet in a single room or area.
* Each member is able to act how they want to.
* Each member has an equal vote.
* The members at the meeting act for the entire group, even if there are members gone.

Kinds of assemblies
-------------------

### Mass meeting

See the main article: Mass meeting
A *mass meeting*, which is an unorganized group meeting open to all individuals in a sector of the population who are interested in deliberating about a subject proposed by the meeting's sponsors. Examples include meetings to discuss common political concerns or community interests.

### Local assembly of an organized society

See the main article: Voluntary association
A *local assembly of an organized society*, which is a membership meeting of a local chapter or branch of a membership organization. Examples include local chapter meetings of organizations like the Sierra Club.

### Convention

See the main article: Convention (meeting)
A *convention*, which is a meeting of members who represent constituent units of a population. Conventions are not permanent, and delegates are normally selected for a short time.

### Legislative body

See the main article: Legislature
A *legislative body*, which is a legally created group that makes laws. It is made up of representatives chosen by voters. Examples include national legislatures such as parliaments, and local governments such as state legislatures, regional assemblies and city councils.

### Board

See the main article: Board of directors
A *board* gets its power from an outside authority that says what the board can and cannot do. Examples include an organized society's or company's board of directors and government agency boards like a board of education.

Committees
----------

See the main article: CommitteeA *committee* is a group of one or more persons that is part of a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a kind of assembly.