recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Babylonia in the time of Hammurabi
**Nippur**, or *Enlil* ('lord wind'), is modern *Nuffar* in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, *Enlil*, ruler of the cosmos (universe), and subject to *An* alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of *Enlil*.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.

Kassite and later history
-------------------------

Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.

Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

Archaeology
-----------

Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs *Bint el-Amiror* ('prince's daughter').

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.
***Suchosaurus*** (meaning "crocodile lizard") is a carnivorous theropod dinosaur from Cretaceous England, it was mistaken for a genus of Crocodile when it was found. The first fossils were of its teeth, two species have been named so far.

History of discovery
--------------------

Mandible and tooth from *Suchosaurus girardi*
In 1820, scientist Gideon Mantell got hold of some fossilized teeth discovered near East Sussex, and in 1822, the British naturalist William Clift identified them as crocodile teeth. Two years later in 1824, Georges Cuvier mentioned them in the first interpretation of a spinosaurid fossil. But at the time, paleontologists didn't know about the crocodile-like teeth of spinosaurids

In 1897 the second species "*Suchosaurus girardi"* was named, after two pieces of its jaw and one tooth were found in Portugal.

During the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century, scientists thought that *Suchosaurus* was probably some kind of obscure Crocodilian. But in 1998, paleontologist Angela Milner was publishing a new description of *Baryonyx*, and she realized that the teeth of that spinosaurid dinosaur were extremely similar to those from *Suchosaurus*. Later in 2003, she suggested that they could be the same animal. *Suchosaurus* teeth are also very close to the ones from *Cristatusaurus* and *Suchomimus*, all this means it has the general features of a member from the family Baryonychinae.

Other websites
--------------

* First post of a long discussion of *Suchosaurus* as a dinosaur and its implications Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, in the Dinosaur Mailing List Archives
**Naoco Wowsugi** (Sang Ja Chun) is a Korean-Japanese artist who lives in Washington D.C. United States. Wowsugi won an award from the Smithsonian Museum, the National Portrait Gallery’s 2016 Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition. Much of her art is made by many people working together. She is a professor at American University. In 2023, Wowsugi changed the spelling of her first name from "Naoko" to "Naoco" to endorse U.S. representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.

Early life and education
------------------------

Wowsugi was born and raised in Japan. She is of South Korean descent. Her Korean name is Sang Ja Chun. When she was small, she dealt with social alienation, caused by being mixed-race Korean and Japanese.  Wowsugi studied in the Osaka University of Arts while she was in Japan.  She later moved to the United States. She graduated from the Kansas Art Institute. She graduated with a BFA from both schools. "As an artist, I emigrated from another country to America," says Wowsugi. "Art making always connects people and I learn about the community." She then started expressing "contemporary social community" through art at Rockville, a city near Washington DC. Wowsugi got her Master of Fine Arts from Virginia Commonwealth University.

Career
------

Wowsugi brings people together with collective hands on art projects that give back to their community. 

Wowsugi moved to Minneapolis, MN, USA. She began doing haircuts as performance art. She used the cut hair in her *A Hairy Tale* exjhibit.

She started creating community projects In 2019 in Charleston, she started a Community project called the *Fungus among us*.  Inspired by the mycelium network, more than 200 community members, toddlers to elders, collaborated together to create a mushroom parade in the neighborhood. The goal of this project was to show how fungi/mushrooms are so closely connected, similar to a strong community.  Apart from this, her second project was called MICROCOSMOS. It was a planetarium about mushrooms. It was open for 10 days, and more than 2,000 people attended.  Wowsugi is giving her community what she didn’t have as a child. Her goal is to make sure no one feels left out, no matter their age, gender or race.

She was a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University. She now teaches at American University.

Wowsugi won theThe Outwin portrait award in 2016. Her work, "Thank Your for Teaching Me English," is many portraits of people who taught her a word in English. She painted their picture and recorded them saying the word. 2016*: American Portraiture Today (*Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery)

Wowsugi was an Artist-in-Residence at the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation in 2017.
**Michael "Doc" Emrick** (born August 1, 1946) is a sportscaster. He is best known for calling ice hockey games especially for the NHL. He is called **The Voice of Ice Hockey**.

Career
------

Emrick has been a sportscaster professionally since 1973. He was hired by the Port Huron Flags. In 1977 he started to work for the Maine Mariners. Emrick then was the Devils first voice in New Jersey. He was there from the 1982–83 NHL season until 1986. In 1993, he returned to the team to replace Gary Thorne. He continued to be the team's voice until July 2011. He announced the team's 1995 Stanley Cup victory.

Emrick became the lead play-by-play announcer for the *NHL on Fox* Game of the Week. He called regular-season games and Stanley Cup Finals from 1995 to 2000. He has called eight NHL All-Star Games. He called the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.

Emrick has worked on many Olympic Games. He has called both ice hockey and water polo.

He also called some National Football League and men's NCAA basketball tournament games. He called the National Lacrosse League All-Star Game and Championship Game.

Awards
------

Emrick received the NHL's Lester Patrick Award in 2004. He was the first of three people to get the award for media work. He got the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award by the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008. Emrick was the first member of the media to be in the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame. This was on December 12, 2011.

In 2011, Emrick won the Emmy Award for "Outstanding Sports Personality - Play by Play."
Instrumental
"**Marcha Real**" (say: *MAR-chə ray-AL*, which means "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. The music was composed by Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros in 1761 also in this year the anthem was first published. When Francisco Franco ruled Spain, new lyrics were written for it. Since 1978, those words are no longer official. In 2007, a contest for new lyrics did not result in new lyrics being made official. It is one of only four national anthems in the world with no official words, only music.

Former lyrics
-------------

The lyrics used when Alfonso XIII was king were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946):

**La bandera de España** (Coro)  

Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria,  

soberana luz  

que es oro en tu Pendón.  

Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria,  

que en tus ojos es  

abierto corazón...!  

Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal;  

en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.  

Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr;  

Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.  

  

**España guiadora** (Solo)  

¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos  

donde quieras tú;  

que honrarlo es nuestra ley!  

¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos,  

porque vivas tú,  

sin tregua pueblo y rey!  

Una bandera gloriosa nos das;  

¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará!  

Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir,  

¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!  

  

**¡Viva España!...** (Coro)  

¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria,  

la explosión triunfal  

abrió camino al sol;  

¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos  

y al hablar dan fe  

del ánimo español...  

¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín  

su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe!  

¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin,  

al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!

**Flag of Spain** (Chorus)  

Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland  

sovereign light  

which in your standard is gold.  

Life, life, future of the Fatherland,  

in your eyes it is  

an open heart  

Purple and gold: immortal flag;  

in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.  

Purple and gold: to want and to achieve;  

You are, flag, the sign of human effort.  

  

**Guiding Spain** (Solo)  

Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take  

anywhere you want;  

because honoring it is our law!  

Command us, Spain, and united we will fight,  

so that you may live,  

relentless people and king!  

You give us a glorious flag;  

Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us!  

So that, one day, we can be covered by it,  

Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!  

  

**Long live Spain! ...** (Chorus)  

Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland,  

the triumphant explosion  

Has opened the way to the sun;  

Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples  

and when they speak they have faith  

in the Spanish will ...  

Mark plow hammer and bugle  

your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith!  

Guide the mind and the hand until the end,  

the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!
Union Flag used in the Kingdom of England, 1606–1707.
Earlier proposed flags
The **Union of the Crowns** (Scottish Gaelic: *Aonadh nan Crùintean*; Scots: *Union o the Crouns*) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I. It is also the consequential unification for some purposes (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two realms under a single monarch on 24 March 1603.

In its turn, the English Parliament responded with the Alien Act 1705. This threatened to impose economic sanctions and declare Scottish subjects aliens in England, unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England. The Estates chose the latter option; the English Parliament agreed to repeal the Alien Act, and new commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne I in early 1706 to negotiate the terms of a union. The articles of union approved by the commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706. Then it was ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 January and 6 March 1707, respectively. Under the Acts of Union, England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain, with one parliament, on 1 May 1707.

Related pages
-------------

* Commonwealth realm
* Imperial Federation
Samora Machel constituency (red) in the Khomas Region (yellow)
**Samora Machel Constituency** (formerly known as **Wanaheda Constituency**) is a constituency in Windhoek in the Khomas Region of central Namibia. It had 50,110 people living there in 2011, and 29,382 people in 2001. As of 2020[update] it had 45,962 registered voters.

History
-------

The area which made up the constituency was named Wanaheda during colonial and apartheid times, an acronym for '**Wa**mbos, **Na**mas, **He**reros and **Da**maras', the four peoples that were allowed to live there. In 2003, the constituency was renamed in honour of Mozambican President Samora Machel.

Politics
--------

### 2004 regional election

The 2004 regional election was won by John Ya Otto Nankudhu of the SWAPO Party with 8,370 votes. Followed by Victoria Gawanas of the United Democratic Front with 594 votes, Fransiska Hipondoka of the Congress of Democrats with 475 votes, Gabriel Rukero of the National Unity Democratic Organisation with 380 votes, and Adolphe Kaurimuje of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance with 201 votes.

### 2015 regional election

The 2015 regional election was by SWAPO candidate Fanuel San Shivute who gained 8,774 votes. Followed by Tuyenikelao Kanyiki of the Rally for Democracy and Progress with 1,078 votes.

### 2020 regional election

The SWAPO candidate also won the 2020 regional election, Nestor Kalola of SWAPO received 4,802 votes, followed by Erastus Kupololo of the Independent Patriots for Change with 3,402 votes.
**Samira Khalil** (Arabic: سميرة الخليل) is an activist from the Homs region of Syria. She was in prison for four years, from 1987 to 1991, because she opposed the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria. She disappeared in the city of Douma on December 9, 2013, with activists Razan Zeitouneh, Wael Hamada, and Nazem Hammadi. They are called the "Douma 4".

Work
----

After prison, Khalil operated a publishing house. Then she worked with families of detainees. She wrote about detention in Syria. Before her kidnapping, she worked to help women in Douma to start small projects to make money. She stayed in Douma to start two centers for women.

### Film

Khalil and her husband Yassin al-Haj Saleh were in a documentary film called Baladna Alraheeb (Our Terrible Country). The film was about the period in their lives before Khalil's kidnapping in 2013.

Awards
------

Khalil received the Petra Kelly Prize from the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2014. This was for her work at the Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria.

Other websites
--------------

* #Douma4 hashtag on Twitter
Ronnie Spector in 1971
**The Ronettes** were an American girl group. They were based in New York City and were popular in the 1960s. The girls began singing as adolescents around Spanish Harlem in 1959.

They were originally a five-member group, **Ronnie and the Relatives**, who became a permanent act at the *Peppermint Lounge*, earning $10 a night per girl to dance *The Twist* and sing a song during the show. Later, Ronnie and the Relatives became 'The Ronettes'. They had eight songs on the *Billboard* Top 100. They were the only girl group to tour with the Beatles, in August 1966. The group broke up in 1967.

Influence of Phil Spector
-------------------------

The trio worked with Phil Spector from 1963. Veronica Bennett was married to Phil Spector from 1968 to 1974, and took his name professionally. She claimed he abused her physically and mentally. Ronnie stated in her autobiography that she walked out of the house through the closed and locked rear sliding glass door, shoeless, shattering the glass as she left, and feet all cut up by the time she got to the gate. She never returned. Ronnie Spector filed for divorce in 1972. She wrote a book about her experiences, and said years later: "I can only say that when I left in the early 1970s, I knew that if I didn't leave at that time, I was going to die there". She and Spector separated in 1973 and divorced one year later. In August 2011, Spector admitted that she went to rehab in order to escape living with Phil.

Top hits
--------

The first top hit credited to the Ronettes was *Be My Baby* in 1963. They had already recorded several hits which were issued and credited to another group, the Crystals. *Walking in the Rain* (Ronette version) won a Grammy Award in 1965, and *Be My Baby* went into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Other hits were *Silhouettes*, *Baby, I Love You',* (The Best Part of) Breakin' Up*.*

Albums
------

See the main article: The Ronettes discography
### Studio albums

* *Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica* (1964)
Particles which go near the speed of light are called **ultrarelativistic**.

The **ultrarelativistic limit** is the maximum velocity that a particle can move at. Albert Einstein found the equation for energy: E=mc². This means that energy is equal to a certain amount of mass. However, this is a simplified version of his equation. The longer version of his equation is E2=m2c4+p2c2. (Mathematically, if you ignore the p2c2 and take the square root of the equation, you get E=mc2). p2c2 refers to the velocity of a particle multiplied by a very large number. 

Einstein then went on to show that a particle can never achieve the speed of light, because you get a divide by zero error from the equation for kinetic energy, {\displaystyle E\_{k}=m\_{0}(\gamma -1)c^{2}={\frac {m\_{0}c^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}-m\_{0}c^{2},}.
Look at the denominator (bottom) of the equation, {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}. "v" refers to the velocity of the particle. If its velocity reaches the speed of light (which is "c" in this equation), {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}} will equal one, and since that would leave one minus one in the denominator, there would be a divide by zero error.

Particles which go below the speed of light (all particles which have mass) are called tardyons. Theoretical particles which go above the speed of light are called tachyons.
**X-Seed 4000** is a visionary megatall skyscraper.

Size
----

Its proposed 4 km height, 6 km wide sea-base, and 800 floors capacity that could fit 500,000 to 1,000,000 people. This structure would have been made using 3 billion kilograms of steel.

Height comparison between X-Seed 4000 and Burj Khalifa from Dubai.

Design
------

It was designed for Tokyo, Japan. The design was made by the Taisei Corporation in 1995. It was designed as a future-like environment combining ultra-modern and technological living and interaction with wildlife and nature. Methods of transportation within the X-seed would most likely include MagLev trains.

"The X-Seed 4000 'is never meant to be built'." says Georges Binder, managing director of Buildings & Data, a firm which compiles data banks on buildings worldwide. "The purpose of the plan was to earn some identification for the firm, and it worked."

Air pressure
------------

Unlike other skyscrapers, the X-Seed 4000 would be forced to protect its occupants from large internal/external air pressure effects and weather rising that its great elevation would cause. Its design calls for the use of solar power to keep internal environmental conditions.

Risks
-----

As the proposed site for the structure is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the most active volcano range in the world, the X-Seed 4000 would be weak to earthquakes and tsunamis.

Height comparisons
------------------

A sea-based location and a Mount Fuji shape is some of this building's other major design features. The real Mount Fuji is land-based and is 3,776 metres in height. This is 224 metres shorter than the X-Seed 4000.

X-Seed 4000 is planned to be twice the height of the Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid at 2,004 metres. 

The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid for Tokyo was proposed in 2007. This plan also faces most of the same problems as X-Seed 4000.

Others that may be in the top 5 man-made structures are: 

* Ultima Tower, 3,218 metres in San Francisco
* Dubai City Tower, is 2,400 metres
* Bionic Tower, is 1,228 metres in either Hong Kong or Shanghai
**Włodzimierz Jan Bednarski** (March 27, 1935 - June 12, 2020) was a Polish actor. He worked in both theater and movies. He was also a voice actor. Bednarski was born in Leszno, Poland.

Career
------

In 1959, Bednarski graduated from the PWST in Warsaw, Poland. In the 1980s, he worked in movies by Stanisław Bareja. He has performed at many theaters in Warsaw.

Bednarski was best known for his dubbing roles. He has provide the voice for the Polish versions of many characters. These include Fred Flintstone , Duke Igthorn from the Disney television series *Adventures of the Gummi Bears* , Mr Owl from *Winnie the Pooh* , King Triton from *The Little Mermaid* movies , Dick Dastardly and Marvin the Martian.

In 2013, he stopped acting.

He died on June 12, 2020 at the age of 85. June 23, After the funeral on June 23, 2020, his urn was placed in the columbarium at the Wilanów cemetery in Warsaw.

Other Websites
--------------

* Włodzimierz Bednarski on IMDb Edit this at Wikidata

| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International | 
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat Identities

 |
| National | 
* Poland

 |
The **POST**, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for *Power On Self Test*. Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST.

A POST usually checks the crucial, files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process.

If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode.

Other tools
-----------

**LKGC** (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again.

**System Restore** works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal.

**System Repair** is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled.
The **McLafferty rearrangement** is an organic reaction seen in mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer breaks apart the molecule being studied. The molecule breaks apart in consistent ways that chemists can predict. Most of the time, a carbon-carbon bond breaks and the atoms do not jump across the break between the fragments. The McLafferty rearrangement is an example of a hydrogen atom jumping to the other fragment as a part of the process of the bond breaking. It happens in an organic molecule containing a keto-group.

The reaction
------------

The American chemist Fred McLafferty was the first to describe the reaction in 1959.

An example of the McLafferty rearrangementAn example of the McLafferty rearrangement
The keto-group undergoes β-cleavage, with the gain of the γ-hydrogen atom. This rearrangement may take place by a radical or ionic mechanism.

Related pages
-------------

* α-cleavage

Further reading
---------------

* International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "McLafferty rearrangement". *Compendium of Chemical Terminology* Internet edition.

Other websites
--------------

* Fred McLafferty Faculty Webpage at Cornell University
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica* article ***Punjab***.

**Punjab** was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan. The area that made up British Punjab streched from Himachal Pradesh in the east to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, which itself was separated in 1909; has today been split into the following areas:

* Punjab Province, Pakistan
* Punjab State, India
* Haryana State, India
* Himachal Pradesh State, India
* Delhi State, India (after the Revolt of 1857)
* Chandigarh, former part of Punjab
* Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

Meaning
-------

The word Punjab is named from the "five rivers" which flow through it: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all tributaries of the Indus.

Geography
---------

The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

Partition
---------

Further information: Partition of India
In 1947, the province of Punjab was divided between the new republics of India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state in 1966. Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Lahore and Amritsar were at the center of the problem, the British were not sure where to place them - make them part of India or Pakistan. The British decided to hand both cities to India, but because of a lack of control and regulation for the border, Amritsar became part of India while Lahore became part of Pakistan. Areas in west Punjab such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujrat, had a large Sikh population and many of the residents were attacked or killed by radical Muslims. On the other side in East Punjab cities such as Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Gurdaspur had a majority Muslim population in which many of them were wiped out by Sikh guerrillas who launched an all out war against the Muslims.
Vithoba of Pandharpur
**Vithoba** is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as **Vitthala** and **Panduranga**. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him.

Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to its border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called *abhanga*s in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are *Shayani Ekadashi* in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and *Prabodini Ekadashi* in the Hindu month of Kartik.
This list is not complete. You can help by adding to it.
This includes the list of scholars of Meitei Manipuri speaking ethnicities of Manipur, Assam and Tripura of India, Bangladesh as well as Myanmar.

A
-

### Ananta Kumar Seram

See the main article: Ananta Kumar Seram
**Ananta Kumar Seram**, shortly known as **A.K. Seram**, is a Bangladeshi Manipuri writer, journalist and social activist. He is the founder and the president of *Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad* (English: Bangladesh Manipuri Literature Grand Club) for the Manipuris of Bangladesh. He was also an editor of the Manipuri periodical named *"Meira"* (English: Flame). In 2018, he received the prestigious **Mahakavi Anganghal Award 2018**, for his contributions to Manipuri language, literature and culture in Bangladesh.

M
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### Mayengbam Mohendra

**Mayengbam Mohendra Kumar Singha** is a Bangladeshi Manipuri social activist who is native to Habiganj District of Bangladesh. He is the son of Mayengbam Modan Mohan Singha. He completed his Graduation in Arts from Modan Mohan College, Sylhet. He was also educated in Laws from Sylhet Law College. He served in the Bangladesh Power Development Board. From 1985, he was serving as a general secretary for **BAMJUS** (Bangladesh Manipuri Juba Sangha, English: Bangladesh Manipuri Youth Association). Jointly working with Ananta Kumar Seram, he took active participation in mobilizing the infrastructure of Bangladesh.

### Mutua Bahadur

See the main article: Mutua Bahadur
**Mutua Bahadur**, also known as **Mutum Bahadur**, is an Indian Manipuri cultural research scholar and social activist. He is the founder and the director of Mutua Museum, Imphal. He had collected many museum pieces, made archeological and allied studies in Ancient Manipur, Medieval Manipur and Modern Manipur.

T
-

### Thokchom Jitendra

**Thokchom Jitendra Kumar Singha** is a Bangladeshi Manipuri social worker from Sadar, Sylhet. He has been connected with Manipuri cultural activities in Sylhet, Bangladesh. He contributed to the inter-ethnic relationship between Manipuri speaking ethnicity and the Muslim Bengali people of Bangladesh. He is native to Kewapura, Mirermoidan, Sylhet district of Bangladesh.

### Th. Tarunkumar

**Th. Tarunkumar** is an Indian Manipuri lecturer in History and an editor of the English Weekly, Resistance, published from Imphal. His editorial publications had deeply in-sighted the neo-colonialism of Manipur in the decade of the late 1970s. Presently, he is working as a journalist, for Delhi, India. He is a resident of Keisampat, Imphal, Manipur.
Huts in a Taíno village
The **Taínos** are an indigenous people that have lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived there. They came from the Caribbean coast of South America. Around 1200 CE, they moved northward to the island chain of the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles.

When Christopher Columbus came to the Americas, the Taínos were living in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico), and some islands of the northern Lesser Antilles. Their culture was different from the culture of the Arawak people (another indigenous group of South America). They were the first people that the Spanish met in the Americas.

Name
----

The name Taíno was given by Columbus. When he met some native men, they said "Taíno, Taíno", meaning "We are good, noble". Columbus thought that taíno was the name of the people.

Rouse divides the Taínos into three main groups. One is the Classic Taíno, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Another is the Western Taíno or sub-Taíno, from Jamaica, Cuba (except for the western tip of the island) and the Bahamas. The third is the Eastern Taíno, from the Virgin Islands to Montserrat.

The Taínos of the Bahamas were known as the '"Lucayan". (At that time, the Bahamas were called the *Lucayas*). Lucayos were Taínos, but their culture was less developed. Archeologists call them "sub-Taínos".

Origins
-------

The Taínos' ancestors went from the center of the Amazon Basin to the Orinoco Valley. From there, they went through Guyana and Venezuela and got to the Caribbean islands.

A different theory says that the Taínos' ancestors came from the Colombian Andes.

The Taíno culture developed in the Greater Antilles.

Culture and lifestyle
---------------------

*Duho*, a chair of wood made by Taínos.
Taíno society is divided into two classes. There are the *naborias* (common people) and the *nitaínos* (nobles). Both classes are governed by chiefs known as *caciques*. The caciques could be either male or female. There are also *bohiques* (medicine men).

The Taínos lived in villages called *yucayeques*. The villages in the Bahamas were the smallest. The Taínos built large round houses called bohio, where several families lived. The cacique and his family lived in a rectangular house called caneye. People slept on cotton hammocks (*hamacas*).

The Taínos often played a ball game called *batos*. *Batey* was also the name of the place where they played and had dances. The cacique sat on a chair of wood called *duho*, or *dujo*.
**Michael Cassidy** (1837 – March 18, 1908) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration called the Medal of Honor. He got the medal for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Biography
---------

Cassidy was born in 1837 in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the USS *Lackawanna*. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, *Lackawanna* engaged the CSS *Tennessee* at close range. Cassidy distinguished himself as the sponger on a gun crew. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Cassidy's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> Served on board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee*, in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Displaying great coolness and exemplary behavior as first sponger of a gun, Cassidy, by his coolness under fire, received the applause of his officers and the guncrew throughout the action which resulted in the capture of the prize ram *Tennessee* and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.
> 
> 

Cassidy died on March 18, 1908, at age 70 or 71. He was buried at Hampton National Cemetery in Hampton, Virginia.

Other websites
--------------

* Michael Cassidy at Find a Grave

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Name | Cassidy, Michael |
| Alternative names |  |
| Short description | United States Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient |
| Date of birth | 1837 |
| Place of birth | Ireland |
| Date of death | March 18, 1908 |
| Place of death |  |
Not to be confused with GNU Octave.
An **octave** is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

If a musician sings or plays a scale (‘do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do’) the first and last ‘do’ are an octave apart. It is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is Latin for ‘eight’).

If a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song "Somewhere over the rainbow" (i.e. the word ‘Somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.

Two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. The scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast. For example: if someone plays Middle C on a piano, a hammer hits the Middle C strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second. The C an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second. 

Young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. Most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger).

Related pages
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* Interval (music)

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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Statue in marble, about 190 BC. Found in Samothrace in 1863
The **Louvre** is a museum in Paris. It has millions of visitors every year because of its art collection. It is the most visited art museum in the world.

The most famous piece of art in the Louvre is the *Mona Lisa* by Leonardo da Vinci. Other paintings include works of Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Delacroix.

There are also many statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

History of the Louvre
---------------------

Philip II of France built a castle called the *Castle of the Louvre*. It used to be where the museum is. They used the castle as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France, knocked it down and built a new palace.

Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

The building was renovated during François Mitterand's time as French President. The glass pyramid and the inverted pyramid (made famous by *The Da Vinci Code*, a novel and later a movie) were the work of architect I.M. Pei.

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Musée du Louvre at Wikimedia Commons
* Free photos of Louvre
* Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden Archived 2008-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* History of the Louvre
* Excerpt of Michael T. Cannell's book on I.M. Pei — discusses controversy over Pei's pyramid.
* Official École du Louvre website Archived 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine (Requires Flash)

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**Marinel Sumook Ubaldo** is a Filipinos climate activist from the Philippines. She helps to organise the first youth climate strike in her country. She proves as a community witness for the Philippines Commission on Human Rights. It was done as a part of her checking on the responsibly helping each other of people. Besides, she was also checking whether the effects of climate change can be considered violations of Filipinos’ human rights or not.

Activism
--------

Ubaldo stands against the usage of the single-use plastics, the reduction of carbon emissions and in renewable energy.

In 2015, Ubaldo spoke at the United Nations (UN) Climate Conference. In the meeting, she said, **‘"**please think about us, think about the coming generations who will suffer because you did not make decisions in time"'. Ubaldo said that fighting climate change was the ‘purpose of her life’. At the same year, she was also shown in a documentary movie directed by Christoph Schwaiger. The movie was named "Girl and Typhoons".

In October 2019, Ubaldo participated in a climate leadership training event in Yokohama, Japan. The event was established by Al Gore. She also spoke at various Japanese universities.

In one of the occasions, Ubaldo said:

> First World countries… [could] stop fueling climate change, and change business practices so your carbon emission could be lessened…These countries should be responsible and be held accountable. It’s so unfair for people, for nations like the Philippines, to suffer from a phenomenon that we haven’t caused.
> 
> 

Ubaldo says that fossil fuel companies should not be allowed to do whatever they want in name of climate change. She sahd that she was an optimistic person. Her strategies were to stand for the effects of climate change that can be developed.

Carrer
------

Presently, she is working as an Advocacy Officer for Ecological Justice and Youth Engagement in Living Laudato Si’ Philippines.

Other websites
--------------

* 
* Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
A **wave** is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. **Wave** motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Waves play an important role in our daily life. This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source. Ocean surface waves were the first known waves. Later, other kinds were discovered.

Types of waves
--------------

In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things. There are two categories of waves.

* Mechanical waves
* Electromagnetic waves

**Mechanical waves**

Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. 

One example of a mechanical wave is sound. 

Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum. It needs the medium to help it travel. 

Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.

* Earthquakes produce seismic waves
* A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,

### Electromagnetic waves

Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

For example:

* Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy. X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Related pages
-------------

* Radiation


|  |  |
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| Disambiguation icon |  This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title **Wave**.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
**Ribosomes** are important cell organelles. They are machines: tiny molecular robots which make proteins. They do RNA translation, building proteins from amino acids using messenger RNA as a template. Ribosomes are found in all living cells, prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

A ribosome is a mixture of protein and RNA that starts being made in the nucleolus of a cell. The nucleolus is in the nucleus. The nucleus is protected by the nuclear envelope, and lets things out through the nuclear pores. Ribosomes move from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm. Most ribosomes sit on the endoplasmic reticulum, but are also found throughout the cytoplasm.

*The job of the ribosome is to make new proteins*. It does this by moving along a strand of messenger RNA and building a protein based on the code it reads. Making a protein this way is called translation. 

We need up to 10 million robots (ribosomes) in every cell. To get this number, cells have many copies of rRNA genes. We inherit about 400 rRNA genes across five different chromosomes.

Ribosomes read the sequence of messenger RNAs and assemble proteins out of amino acids bound to transfer RNAs.
Translation of mRNA (1) by a ribosome (2)(shown as small and large subunits) into a polypeptide chain (3). The ribosome begins at the start codon of mRNA (AUG) and ends at the stop codon (UAG).

Structure
---------

**Figure 2 :** Large (red) and small (blue) subunit fit together
Ribosomes are made out of two things: a small ribosomal subunit that reads the mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins.

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA sub-unit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit has a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), a 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.

Types of ribosome
-----------------

Ribosomes evolved as cells evolved. Prokaryote (bacterial) ribosomes have just a single RNA chain. Archaeal ribosomes are similar.

Only Eukaryotic ribosomes have the full gear, which is a total 80S ribosome with a small 40S unit plus a large 60S subunit.
**Pleiotropism** is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism.

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue. 

The term may be contrasted with **pleiomorphism**, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

Evolutionary implications
-------------------------

Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

*Antagonistic pleiotropy* refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.
**The Vamps** are a British pop rock band consisting of Brad Simpson, James Brittain-McFly, Connor Ball and Tristan Evans.

Style
-----

The Vamps stated bands like Panic! at the Disco, Jonas Brothers, Imagine Dragons, The 1975, Arctic Monkeys, Busted, McFly, Bastile, One Direction, Niall Horan, 5 Seconds of Summer, Blink-182, Green Day and Wheatus as influences.

Members
-------

* Brad Simpson - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012-present)
* James Brittian-McVey - lead guitar, backing vocals (2012-present)
* Connor Ball - bass, backing vocals (2012-present)
* Tristan Evans - drums, backing vocals (2012-present)

Tours
-----

The Vamps supported McFly on their Memory Lane Tour in April and May 2013 and Selena Gomez at London's Hammersmith Apollo on 7 and 8 September 2013. In 2022, they did a tour of the UK and Ireland to celebrate their ten years in music.

Other websites
--------------

The Vamps on IMDb

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