recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
This is a list of all the articles related to biochemistry.


| Contents |
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| 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
Top of page — See also — Other websites |

A
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abiogenesis - adenine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - albumin - allotrope - alpha helix - amino acid - amylase - antibiotic - antibody - antigen -

B
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B vitamin complex - base pair - bilirubin - benzene - biochemistry - bioluminescence - blood - blood type

C
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carbohydrate - carbon dioxide - catabolism - cell - cell membrane - cellobiose - cellular respiration - cellulose - chemoautotroph - chloroplast - choline - chromatography - citric acid - coenzyme A - cytoplasm - cytokine - cytosine - cytosol -

D
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deoxyribose - disaccharide - DNA - DNA replication -

E
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ELISA - ELISPOT - energy level - enkephalin - enzyme - epinephrine - erythropoietin -

F
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fat - formaldehyde -

G
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gel electrophoresis - glycolysis - glycoprotein - granzyme - guanine -

H
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hemoglobin - hormone - hydrocarbon - hydrogen bond - hydrolysis -

I
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immunoglobulin - immunology - insulin - intermolecular force - ion channel - ionic bond - isomer -

K
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keratin - kinetic energy - Krebs cycle -

L
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Le Chatelier's principle - light-dependent reactions - light-independent reactions - Link reaction - lipid -

M
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macromolecule - membrane protein - metabolism - microbiology - molecular biology - molecule - monosaccharide -

N
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NADPH - neurotransmitter - niacin - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - Nobel Prize in Chemistry - nucleic acid - nucleobase - nucleotide - nutrient - nutrition -

O
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organic chemistry - organic compound - osmosis - oxidation -

P
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peptide - pesticide - pH - photosynthesis - physiology - polymer - polysaccharide - potential energy - prion - protein - protein biosynthesis -

R
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redox - respiration (physiology) - riboflavin - ribose - ribosome - RNA -

S
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saturated fat - scientific notation - sequence analysis - signal transduction - solvation - starch - substrate (biochemistry) - sugar - synapse

T
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T cell - thymine - toxin - trans fat - transcription (genetics) - translation (genetics) -

U
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unsaturated fat - uracil -

V
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vaccine - virus - vitamin - Vitamin A - Vitamin C - Vitamin D - Vitamin E - Vitamin K -

Y
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yeast -


| Contents |
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| 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
Top of page — See also — Other websites |
The **McMahon–Hussein correspondance** was a correspondance of 10 letters during 1915 and 1916 between Sharif Hussein, the Emir of Mecca and the British High Commissioner Sir Henry McMahon. In the exchange, McMahon (in the name of the British government) promised Shairf Hussein an independent Arab state in the area of Greater Syria. In return Sharif Hussein would launch an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in the context of the First World War. Despite unresolved questions concerning the precise boarders, the Arab revolt began in Mecca on 10 June 1916. It was led by one of Sharif Hussein's sons, Emir Faysal, and accompanied by T.E. Lawrence, better known as "Lawrence of Arabia", who was sent as an agent for the British.

Letters between Sharif Hussein and Sir Henry McMahon

Historical Context
------------------

In the war against the Ottoman Empire, the British needed the help of the Arabs. Therefore, British officials devised a plan whereby an Arab uprising against the Ottomans would separate Ottoman troops in the Middle East from German troops in Africa. This led to what is known as the Hussein-McMahon correspondence: an exchange of letters between the British High Commissioner Henry McMahon, who was stationed in Egypt, and the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali. Sharif Hussein was considered the legitimate leader of the Arab people because of his alleged descent from the Prophet (the Hashemites) and his role as the official protector of the holy sites. In ten letters, borders within large parts of Ottoman Territory (Greater Syria) were drafted and discussed: the British promised an independent Arab territory from the Mediterranean to present-day Iraq and from the Indian Ocean to Syria.
The **Pacers–Pistons brawl** was a violent fight. It took place at a National Basketball Association (NBA) game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons on November 19, 2004. It happened at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The Associated Press called it "the most infamous brawl in NBA history." The media called it "the worst night in NBA history."

With 45.9 seconds left in the game, Pistons center Ben Wallace went up for a layup. He was fouled by Pacers small forward Ron Artest. Wallace was mad for being fouled when the game had been already decided. He pushed Artest. A fight took place on the court between several players. When the fight was broken up, a fan threw a drink at Artest while he was lying on the scorer's table. Artest then went after the fan. That caused a massive fight between players and spectators. The fight went from the seats to the court. It lasted several minutes.

After the game, the NBA didn't allow nine NBA players a total of 146 games. That led to $11 million in salaries being lost by the players.

Ron Artest, Jermaine O'Neal, Ben Wallace and Stephen Jackson were taken from NBA basketball playing for a time on November 20, 2004.

Artest was taken from NBA basketball playing for the rest of the 2004–05 season. He lost almost $5 million in salary. Jermaine O'Neal also lost more than $4 million for his part in the fights. The players who were removed lost a total of $11 million in salary.
*Simeon's Song of Praise* by Aert de Gelder, painted around 1700–1710.
The **Nunc dimittis** is a hymn from the Bible. It was sung by Simeon when he saw the baby Jesus. 

The story told in the book of Luke was that Simeon, who was a Jew, had been promised by the Holy Ghost that he would not die until he had seen Jesus. When Mary and Joseph brought the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem for the ceremony of consecration of the firstborn son, Simeon was there, and he took Jesus into his arms and said the words which are now known as the Nunc dimittis. He was saying to God that he could now die happily because he had seen the Saviour.

The words of the Nunc dimittis have been set to music by many composers. In the Anglican Church they are traditionally sung at Evensong.

The English words as found in the *Book of Common Prayer*, 1662:

Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace : according to thy word.
For mine eyes have seen : thy salvation,
Which thou hast prepared : before the face of all people;
To be a light to lighten the Gentiles : and to be the glory of thy people Israel.

Related pages
-------------

* Magnificat
* Service (music)
**Mechanics** is a branch of physics which looks at objects that are moved by forces (including other bodies, or forces of nature).

The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who laid the foundations for much of the so-called *Newtonian mechanics* we know today.

Animation of *Newton's cradle* from Newton's book *Principia Mathematica*.
A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician.

Significance
------------

Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction.

Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology.

### Some aspects of classical mechanics

* Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, orbital eccentricity, etc.
* Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
* Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc.
* Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium
* Applied / Engineering mechanics
* Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles
* Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation

### Newton

Newton proposed three laws of motion. 

1. An object will stay at a constant speed unless a force acts on it.
2. F= Ma: the overall force acting on an object = the mass of the object multiplied by the object's acceleration.
3. For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.

### Quantum mechanics

The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:

* Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
* Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
* Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
* Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Related pages
-------------

* Kinematics
* Mechanical engineering
* Physics

Other websites
--------------

Blogs:

* iMechanica: the web of mechanics and mechanicians
* Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor
* The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech Archived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
Approximate outline of the Radcliffe wave in Earth's night sky
The **Radcliffe wave** is the nearest gaseous structure to the Solar System in the Milky Way galaxy. 

It has many stellar nurseries. It stretches for about 8,800 light years. It runs the way of the Milky Way arms. At its closest (the Taurus Molecular Cloud) it is about 400 light-years. Its farthest is about 5000 light-years (the Cygnus X star complex) from us.

The wave is in the Local Arm (Orion Arm) itself, about 40% of its length and on average 20% of its width. Its discovery was announced in January 2020.

Overview
--------

The Radcliffe wave contains four of the five Gould Belt clouds, the: 

* Orion Molecular Cloud Complex
* Perseus Molecular Cloud
* Taurus Molecular cloud
* Cepheus OB2.

The cloud not within its scope is the Rho Ophiuchi Cloud complex. This is part of a linear structure parallel to the Radcliffe wave.

Other structures in the wave, further from our local star system, are Canis Major OB1, the North America Nebula and Cygnus X.

The nearby circa one-sixth outer sector of the galaxy, thus clearly showing the Local Arm (Orion Arm) and neighboring arms - as well as the Great Orion Nebula (as a very luminous feature of the less bright Orion Molecular Cloud Complex) and broad-clouds North America Nebula (and Pelican Nebula) which is an intrinsic part of the Radcliffe wave, (clickable map)
The **Pakistani nationality law** are the laws on citizenship of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The main law on nationality, the Pakistan Citizenship Act, was passed by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 13 April 1951. Pakistan is the only country in Asia with unconditional *jus soli* citizenship rights.

Citizenship
-----------

Before the creation of Pakistan, it was part of the British Indian Empire which also included India and Bangladesh. The people were British subjects. Pakistan was founded on 14 August 1947 as a state for Muslims. It was a Dominion in the British Commonwealth. Pakistan then included modern-day Bangladesh, which was known as East Bengal and East Pakistan. Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan in 1971. After independence in 1947, several millions of Muslims emigrated to Pakistan from India, and several millions of Hindus and Sikhs who had been living in Pakistan emigrated to India. This raised a number of citizenship issues.

### Pakistani Citizenship Act 1951

The Pakistan Citizenship Act became law on 13 April 1951. Its purpose was "to make provision for citizenship of Pakistan". The Act has been amended several times, the last time in 2000. The Act is divided into 23 sections, each one about a different provision of citizenship.

Dual Pakistani nationality
--------------------------

Since independence, many Pakistanis have moved to live in the Middle East, Europe and North America. This has led to several changes in Pakistani nationality law. Dual citizenship is allowed in certain cases:

* if the person is under the age of 21.
* if the person is also a British citizen
* if the person has United States or Swedish nationality.

Pakistanis with dual citizenship can not hold public office, sit in the assemblies, contest elections or join the Pakistani military.

### Problems

Both Pakistan and India claim to the disputed region of Kashmir. This has been the subject of several wars between the two countries. The Pakistani Citizenship Act of 1951 allowed persons who were subjects of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to travel under a Pakistani passport and be considered a citizen of Pakistan.

The independence of Bangladesh in 1971 led to around half a million "stranded Pakistanis". These people trace their heritage to the Bihar region. Despite official promises, Bangladesh refuses to accept them as citizens. Conversely, a continuous migration of Bangladeshis between 1971 and 1995 led their population increasing to more 1.6 million. There were only 10,000 at the time of separation. The migrants are mostly illegal and are not given the citizenship, as they migrated after the separation.

For political and other reasons, the 1.5 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan are not given Pakistani nationality, even though most of them were born in Pakistan.

Related pages
-------------

* National Database and Registration Authority
*Self portrait*, 1880, Musée d'Orsay.
**Odilon Redon** (April 22, 1840 – July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and printmaker, born in Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.

Redon started drawing as a young child, and at the age of 10 he was given a drawing prize at school. At age 15, he began official study in drawing but he later on switched to architecture because his father told him to. His failure to pass the entrance exams at Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts ended any plans for a career as an architect, although he would later study there under Jean-Léon Gerôme.

Back home in his home town of Bordeaux, he took up sculpture, and Rodolphe Bresdin instructed him in etching and lithography. However, his artistic career was halted in 1870 when he joined the army to serve in the Franco-Prussian War.

At the end of the war, he moved to Paris, working almost only in charcoal and lithography. It would not be until 1878 that his work gained any recognition with *Guardian Spirit of the Waters*, and he published his first album of lithographs, called *Dans le Rêve*, in 1879. Still, Redon remained unknown until the appearance in 1884 of a cult novel by Joris-Karl Huysmans titled, *À rebours (Against Nature)*. The story featured a decadent aristocrat who collected Redon's drawings. 

In the 1890s, he began to use pastel and oils, which featured in most of his works for the rest of his life. In 1899, he exhibited with the Nabis at Durand-Ruel's. In 1903 he was given the Legion of Honor. His popularity increased when a catalogue of etchings and lithographs was published by André Mellerio in 1913 and that same year, he was given the largest single representation at the New York Armory Show. 

In 2005 the Museum of Modern Art launched an exhibition called "Beyond The Visible", a comprehensive overview of Redon's work showcasing more than 100 paintings, drawings, prints and books from The Ian Woodner Family Collection. The exhibition ran from October 30, 2005 to January 23, 2006.

Selected works
--------------

* Spirit of the Forest, 1880.*Spirit of the Forest*, 1880.
* Cactus Man, 1881.*Cactus Man*, 1881.
* The Crying Spider, 1881.*The Crying Spider*, 1881.
* Saint John, 1892.*Saint John*, 1892.
* Flower Clouds, 1903, The Art Institute of Chicago.*Flower Clouds*, 1903, The Art Institute of Chicago.
* The Buddha, 1904.*The Buddha*, 1904.
* Coquille, 1912.*Coquille*, 1912.
* The Cyclops, 1914, Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands.*The Cyclops*, 1914, Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Odilon Redon***.

* odilonredon.net Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine - Online biography and pictures of Odilon Redon
* Artcyclopedia - Links to Redon's works
* The Athenaeum Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - Extensive list and images of Redon's works
* Museum Syndicate - Odilon Redon Gallery at Museum Syndicate
* Web Museum - Biography and images of Redon's works
* MoMA Exhibition Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine - "Beyond the Visible - The Art of Odilon Redon" - MoMA exhibition (October 2005 - January 2006)
**Media studies** is an academic area of study about mass media and its history and effects. It mostly focuses on newspapers, radio, television, and internet. Media studies take some ideas from other areas of study, such as humanities and the social sciences.

Most production and journalism courses use media studies content, but academic institutions such as universities often start separate departments. Media studies students may see themselves as observers of media, not creators or practitioners. These distinctions are different depending on the country where students live.

The development of media studies was sparked by the growth of new media in the post-Second World War period. A typical source was Marshall McLuhan's *Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man*. This book set out to connect changes in media with changes in society. His most famour phrase was "*The medium is the message*".

Other websites
--------------


The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***media studies***.

* Media Studies. Discuss - *BBC News*, 18 August 2005.
The **Mexican burrowing toad** (*Rhinophrynus dorsalis*) is a frog. They are the only species in the genus ***Rhinophrynus*** and the family **Rhinophrynidae**. These frogs live from the southern Texas through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They used to live in more places. There were species going as far north as Canada, but these died out in the Oligocene.

Physical description
--------------------

The Mexican Burrowing Toad grows to 8 cm (3.1 in) in length. They usually have red spots on its bloated body with a red stripe along the center of its back. It has short legs, and a small, pointed head. Its feet have horny, shovel-like growths that help it in digging. Its eyes are small. The Mexican Burrowing Toad's tongue comes directly out the front of the mouth. In all other frogs it is flipped out.

Behavior
--------

As the name suggests, the Mexican Burrowing Toad is a burrowing animal. It spends a large part of its life underground. After a large time of rain, it will come out from the soil and lay eggs in water. They will travel up to 1.6 km (1.0 mi) to find a good water source. Because of the unpredictability of rain, the frog will call and mate during any time of the year. It will dig into soft soil with its short legs once the land has dried up. The egg and tadpole stages of the life cycle are short. The eggs take only a few days to hatch. The tadpoles develop over one to three months. 

The call is a loud, low pitched "wh-o-o-o-a". When it is calling or scared, the body becomes inflated. The Mexican Burrowing Toad eats insects, mostly ants and termites.
**Oldham** is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. It is part of Greater Manchester. Oldham was part of Lancashire until 1 April 1974.

There were riots in Oldham in May 2001. It is the centre of the Borough of Oldham.

Oldham Council achieved dubious notoriety in 2009 when in ran up a bill of £8 million carrying out a failed prosecution of kitchen tycoon Vance Miller. The Judge threw out the case and lambasted the council for the frivolity of the prosecution.

The town has an association football team, called Oldham Athletic. It also has a cricket club, called Oldham Cricket Club.

The composer, William Walton was born in Oldham.

The first test tube baby, Louise Joy Brown, was born in Oldham General Hospital on 25 July 1978.

Schools
-------

* The Blue Coat School
* Crompton House
* Hulme Grammar School
* Saddleworth School

Other websites
--------------

* Oldham Council

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* WorldCat Identities

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The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for:

 ***merchant***.

Merchants from Holland and the Middle East trading.
**Merchants** deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.

Merchants can be two types:

1. A **wholesale merchant** works between producer and retail merchant. Some wholesale merchants only organise the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
2. A **retail merchant** sells goods to consumers (including businesses), commonly known as retailers. A shop owner is a retail merchant.

In the US, "merchant" is any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold. Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

Related pages
-------------

* capitalism
**Joseph Viateur "Leo" Dandurand** (July 9, 1889 – June 26, 1964), was the owner of the Montreal Canadians in the National Hockey League and in the league that evolved into the Canadian Football League.

Life
----

Dandurand was born in Bourbonnais, Illinois. He moved to Canada with his family when he was 16 years old and attended Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. He was a referee in the National Hockey Association and was involved with minor hockey in the Montreal, Quebec area.

On November 2, 1921, Dandurand and his partners, Joseph Cattarinich and Louis Letourneau, purchased the Montreal Canadiens hockey club from the widow of George Kennedy for $11,000. Under Dandurand's ownership, the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1924, 1930, and 1931. Letourneau sold his stake in the club in 1930, and Dandurand and Cattarinich continued as owners until selling the team in 1935 for $165,000.

Along with hockey, Dandurand and his partners were heavily involved with horse racing. In 1932, they bought Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. They owned 17 tracks in Quebec, Ontario, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Illinois, Utah, and Louisiana at the time of Cattarinich's death in 1938. Dandurand was also a boxing and wrestling promoter in Montreal and a director of the Montreal Royals baseball team.

In 1946, Dandurand founded the Montreal Alouettes football team with Eric Cradock and Lew Hayman. The team played in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union, which later became the CFL's east division.

In his later years, Dandurand owned a successful restaurant in downtown Montreal. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and died of a heart attack on June 26, 1964 at age 75.

Leo Dandurand Trophy
--------------------

The Leo Dandurand Trophy is a CFL award presented each year to the most outstanding lineman in the East Division.
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| Contents | Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |

A
-

Air resistance

C
-

Compression --Critical angle -- Colour filter -- Concave lens -- Convex lens

D
-

Diffraction -- Density (distance)--(displacement)

E
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Electromagnetic spectrum -- Energy --

F
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Fluid friction -- Focus -- Force sensor -- Frequency -- Friction --
Flotation

G
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Gamma ray -- Gravity

I
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Inertia -- Interference

K
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Kinetic energy

L
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Lamp-housing -- Laser pointer -- Lens -- Longitudinal wave -- Longitudinal wave model (Crova's disc) --

M
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Moment of inertia

N
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Normal -- Normal force -- Newton's laws of motion

O
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Oscilloscope - Overhead projector

P
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Plane mirror -- Potential energy -- Prism

R
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Rarefaction -- Ray box -- Reflection -- Refraction -- Ripple tank --
relative density refleaction of light through prism

S
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Signal generator -- Slinky -- Slit plate -- Spring -- String theory -- Sound -- Statistical mechanics

T
-

Tension -- Translucent screen -- Transverse wave -- Transverse wave model --

V
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Vibration -- Velocity

W
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wave -- Wave speed -- Waveform -- Wavefront -- Wavelength --

Y
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Young's double-slit experiment
Introduction
------------

In mathematics, an *ordered pair* is a collection of two objects, where one of the objects is first (the *first coordinate* or *left projection*), and the other is second (the *second coordinate* or *right projection*). An ordered pair where the first coordinate is a and the second coordinate is {\displaystyle b} is usually written {\displaystyle (a,b)} (sometimes it is written {\displaystyle \langle a,b\rangle }). If a is different from {\displaystyle b}, then the ordered pair {\displaystyle (a,b)} is different from the ordered pair {\displaystyle (b,a)} - this is why it is called *ordered*.

Properties
----------

If {\displaystyle (a\_{1},b\_{1})} and {\displaystyle (a\_{2},b\_{2})} are two ordered pairs, then the *characteristic* or *defining* property of ordered pairs is:

{\displaystyle (a\_{1},b\_{1})=(a\_{2},b\_{2})\leftrightarrow a\_{1}=a\_{2}\land b\_{1}=b\_{2}}.
This means that two ordered pairs are equal if and only if: the first coordinates of the pairs are equal, and also the second coordinates of the pairs are equal.

Definition
----------

There are many mathematical definitions of *ordered pair* which have this property. The definition given here is the most common one:

{\displaystyle (a,b)=\{\{a\},\{a,b\}\}}.
Kazimierz Kuratowski was the first person to make this definition.
Polish wz. 08/39 contact mine. The horns around the top of the mine, called Hertz horns, are part of the detonation mechanism.
A **naval mine** is a bomb placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are put in the water and left to wait until they make contact with a ship. Naval mines can be used offensively, to make it harder for enemy ships to sail easily, or trap them into a harbour. They can also be used defensively, to protect friendly ships and create "safe" zones.

Mines can be laid in many ways: by specially built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines, aircraft, or even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They are a cheap weapon with a basic mine costing as little as US$1000. There are very advanced mines which can cost millions and have several kinds of sensors, and deliver a warhead by rocket or torpedo.

International law says that nations have to say when they put mines in an area. This is to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; during World War II, Britain said simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast.

In 1988, an Iranian M-08 mine made a 25-foot (8 m) hole in the hull of the USS Samuel B. Roberts.
Closeup of the *Roberts'* damaged hull.
The rebec in "Virgin among Virgins" (1509), by Gerard David.
The **rebec** is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago. It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm. The name "rebec" was spelt in a variety of ways.

Origins
-------

The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the "rebab". Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.

Tuning
------

The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number. The strings are often tuned in fifths. The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.

Use of the rebec
----------------

The rebec was mostly used for dance music. Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a "kit".

The rebec was also used in folk music, especially in eastern Europe, Spain and North Africa.

In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels. They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions. They were also played by cowherds. King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.

Today many Middle Ages re-enactors like to play rebec since it is an authentic Medieval instrument.
**Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman** (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz musician. He plays the saxophone, violin and trumpet. He is also a composer. He was one of the people that helped make a new jazz style called free jazz, in the 1960s. Coleman's music is also like blues music. His album *Sound Grammar* won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music.

Early career
------------

Coleman was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He began playing R&B and bebop music, at first on the tenor saxophone. He wanted to leave his home town so he got a job in 1949 with a traveling show. Then he played with touring R&B shows. In Baton Rouge, he was attacked and his saxophone was destroyed. After that he changed to the alto saxophone, and that is still the instrument he usually plays. He joined a band and traveled with them to Los Angeles, in California. He worked at different jobs while still trying to be successful as a musician.

From the start, Coleman played his music differently to other musicians. Some Los Angeles jazz musicians thought he was playing out of tune. In 1958 Coleman made a record called *Something Else!!!!: The Music of Ornette Coleman*. Other musicians like Don Cherry, Billy Higgins, Don Payne and Walter Norris also played on the record.

*The Shape of Jazz to Come*
---------------------------

Ornette Coleman at a concert in October 2005 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
Coleman was very busy in 1959. His made a record called *Tomorrow Is the Question!*. He played on this ecord with a quartet. He did not play with a piano player. He started working with a record label called Atlantic Records. He made a record called *The Shape of Jazz to Come* in 1959. A music critic called Steve Huey said it was a very important jazz record. The album was different from other jazz music.

Coleman's quartet played at a jazz club in New York City. They were popular with other musicians like Leonard Bernstein and Lionel Hampton. Other musicians like Miles Davis did not like his music.

Coleman often played a plastic saxophone. He had first bought a plastic one in Los Angeles in 1954 because he could not afford a metal one. He did not like the sound of the plastic saxophone at first. Now he plays a metal saxophone.

*Free Jazz*
-----------

In 1960, Coleman made a record called *Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation*. It was nearly 40 minutes long. It is one of the longest jazz performances on a record. It was an important record in jazz and now there is a jazz style called free jazz.

Death
-----

Coleman died of a cardiac arrest at the age of 85 in New York City on June 11, 2015.
**Monte Cimone** is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

Geography
---------

The Monte Cimone, 2,165 m (7,103 ft) high, in the province of Modena, *comuni* of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

The *Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese*, also known as *Parco regionale del Frignano*, is near Monte Cimone.

History
-------

On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than 2,000 m (6,562 ft).

In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to ***Madonna delle nevi*** ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

Skiing
------

It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than 50 km (31.1 mi) (the longest trail is 3.6 km (2.2 mi)) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

Gallery
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* Monte CimoneMonte Cimone
* Passo del lupo, Monte Cimone*Passo del lupo*, Monte Cimone
* Snow in Monte Cimone (June 2006)Snow in Monte Cimone (June 2006)
* Chapel in Monte CimoneChapel in Monte Cimone

Related pages
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* List of Italian regions by highest point

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Monte Cimone***.

* Europe Ultra-Prominences
* Mount Cimone GAW Global Station
* Consorzio Stazione Invernale del Cimone (in Italian)
* Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
**E** = outside the cell  
**P** = plasma membrane  
**I** = inside the cell
In cell biology, a **receptor** is a special structure that can be found in cell membranes. These are made of protein molecules such as glycoproteins. Receptors bind (attach) to specialised molecules. If the receptor has this molecule, it is activated, but if it does not it is deactivated. Depending on its state, a change inside the cell happens. 

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) take part in communication between the cell and the outside world. Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, agonist, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition molecules) attach to the receptor. This triggers changes in the function of the cell. The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane.

Receptors work like locks and keys. With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked. If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.

Structure
---------

Part of the receptor sticks out of the cell membrane. The same applies to the membranes of cell organelles. A receptor's main function is to recognize and respond to a specific ligand, for example, a neurotransmitter or hormone. Some receptors respond to changes in 'transmembrane potential' (the difference in electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell).

The middle part, inside the membrane itself, is a protein-lined pore through the membrane, or 'ion channel'. When the ligand binds to the surface, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then pass through. In other cases, where differences in electric potential occur, the receptor changes in shape, which causes change inside the cell.

The inside (or cytoplasmic) part of the receptor interacts with the inside of the cell or organelle. There are several different kinds of receptor, each of which acts in a different way.

Related pages
-------------

* Signal transduction
**Reconnaissance by fire** (also called **recon by fire**) is a way for soldiers to find out where the enemy is by shooting at them and seeing where they shoot back from. When the enemy shoots back, it tells the soldiers where they are located, how many they are, and what kind of weapons they have. Once they have this information, they can make a plan to attack the enemy or to stay safe.

World War II
------------

During World War II, the Allies used recon by fire to find the location of the enemy by shooting and seeing where they shot back from. This tactic was used instead of the older method where tanks would follow behind soldiers on the ground, which was slow and didn't put enough pressure on the enemy. The new way was fast, and soldiers would shoot their weapons constantly as they moved forward to keep the enemy distracted and aim off target. They also used this tactic when they were travelling with trucks that had big machine guns.

Vietnam War
-----------

During a battle in Vietnam, a group of American soldiers had a lot of bullets. Their leader, Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore, told them to shoot at anything that looked suspicious at the same time. This made a lot of noise and made the enemy think they were found out. The enemy then came out and charged at the Americans, and the Americans destroyed them.
The **Oder River** (German: *Oder*; Czech/Polish: *Odra*) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Names
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The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:

* English and German: *Oder*
* Czech, Polish, and Lower Sorbian: *Odra*
* Upper Sorbian: *Wódra*
* Kashubian: *Òdra*

These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called *Od(d)era*. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called *Viadrus*.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.

Geography
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The Oder is 854 km long. 112 km pass through the Czech Republic. 742 km pass through Poland. 187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Cities
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The Oder River in Szczecin, Poland
The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:

Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police
After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:

Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów
The Świna River branch passes through:

Świnoujście
The Peene River branch passes through:

Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast
These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:

Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

Related pages
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* 2022 Oder environmental disaster
* Oder-Neisse line
Different types of opus isodomum
Opus isodomum on the back face of the Temple of Augustus, Pula, 1st century BC
**Opus isodomum** is an ancient technique of wall building. It uses perfectly cut, completely regular square stone blocks of equal height, and sometimes of the same length.

In classical antiquity this technique was perfected and widely used, especially for public buildings (temples, theaters, amphitheaters etc.). One of the most well-known examples is the Parthenon.

Vitruvius briefly described this technique in his De Architectura, 2nd book, 8th chapter as following: *A wall is called "isodomum" when all the courses are of equal height*.

Vitruvius further states that the stone blocks of opus isodomum are bound together by mortar, but more often they are not connected with mortar but with metal ties such as iron cramps, fixed in stone blocks with molten lead.

Completely regular isodomum is relatively rare, especially in the provinces. More frequent is isodomum made of stone blocks of the same height but not of the same length. In order to strengthen this type of wall, builders always take good care that the ends of stone blocks in alternating courses of the wall do not match.

**Opus pseudoisodomum** is a version of opus isodomum mentioned by Vitruvius, describing that it is a kind of stonemasonery in which "the rows of courses do not match but run unequally", referring to the height and length of the blocks, which are nevertheless still perfectly cut.

Vitruvius considered both types of wall construction as Greek, emphasizing that "both kinds are strong".

Bibliography
------------

* Vitruvius 1990 - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: Deset knjiga o arhitekturi, translated by Matija Lopac, Sarajevo, 1990, p. 41-46
* Müller / Vogel 1999 - Werner Müller; Gunther Vogel: Atlas arhitekture 1, translated by Milan Pelc, Zagreb, 1999. p. 3, 31, 60, 61
* Suić 1976 - Mate Suić: Antički grad na istočnom Jadranu, Zagreb, 1976, p. 108, 110
Map where one can see the Odenwald within Germany
The **Odenwald** is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse, in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-Württemberg.

Geography
---------

In the south of the Odenwald there is the Neckar River. In the east there is the Main River. In the west there is the valley of the Rhine River. The highest mountain is the **Katzenbuckel** (literally "cat's hump", 626 m).

Neighboring cities
------------------

The big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald. People of these cities like to go there at holidays. It is known for its clean thin air. There are many marked hiking paths. You can find wild blueberries, strawberries and mushrooms in the forests. 

Several small towns are very beautiful like Weinheim on the Bergstraße and Michelstadt. The mild climate of the area is well known. 

* rocks of the Felsenmeerrocks of the *Felsenmeer*
* KatzenbuckelKatzenbuckel
* castle Alsbachcastle Alsbach


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Odenwald***.
**Monte Vettore** (Italian: *Victor*; "victorious") is a mountain on the border between Umbria and the Marche, in Central Italy.

It is the highest mountain in the Marche region and in the province of Ascoli Piceno.

Geography
---------

Lago di Pilato
The mountain is part of the Sibillini Mountains (Italian: *Monti Sibillini*), a mountain group in Italy, part of the central Apennines between eastern Umbria and the Marche. It is in the "Sibillini Mountains National Park" (Italian: *Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini*).

Below the peak, in a small enclosed U-shaped valley is one lake called the *Lago di Pilato*, at an altitude of 1,940 m (6,365 ft). Even if it is a small lake (500 m (1,640 ft) in diameter), it is important for biologists; a fresh water shrimp, *Chirocephalus marchesonii*, is endemic to this lake.

Today climbers reach it from the Umbrian side from Norcia, a town and *comune* in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria or, on the Marche side, from Ascoli Piceno.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Italian regions by highest point

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to Monte Vettore at Wikimedia Commons
* Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibilini
Marie-Antoine Carême
**Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême** (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author. 

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as *haute cuisine*, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

Biography
---------

Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous *pâtissier* (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as *chef de cuisine* to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

Influence
---------

Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started *service à la russe* (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of *service à la française* (serving all dishes at once)

Major works
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* Carême, Marie Antonin (1833–1844). *L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuvième siècle*. Chez MM. J. Renouard et Cie. LCC TX719.C27.

Other websites
--------------

* NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star
Cornish pasty - cut
**Pastygate** is the name given to a political scandal in the United Kingdom in March 2012. The government had said that it was going to place a 20% VAT charge on hot pasties.

A Labour Member of Parliament asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Conservative MP George Osborne, about when he last ate a Cornish pasty. Osborne answered that he had no idea when he had last eaten one. This answer has been used to show how out of touch with ordinary people the Conservative party had become. The Prime Minister David Cameron later said that he had recently eaten a Cornish pasty at Leeds railway station "and that it was very good". However, The Sun newspaper then reported that there was no place to buy Cornish pasties at Leeds railway station at the time David Cameron claimed to have eaten one there. 

The issue, which at first appeared to be unimportant, was then taken up by several other newspapers and political commentators. They pointed out that the Conservatives seemed not to know that the pasty was a basic food eaten by many ordinary people in the country. The VAT rise on the pasty would affect both these customers and the pasty industry itself. These newspapers and commentators made fun of David Cameron's attempt to show himself as a regular pasty eater (i.e. as one of the people) and that George Osborne's did not know what a pasty was.