recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Chocolate cupcakes, Sanok
A **cupcake** (also British English: **fairy cake**; Australian English: **patty cake** or **cup cake,**) is a small cake designed to be eaten by one person. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.

History
-------

Berlin - Vegan Cupcake
The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in *American Cookery* by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term *cupcake* was in "Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats" in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's *Recipes* cookbook.

In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name *cup cake* or *cupcake*. Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English *fairy cakes* vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.

The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as *1234 cakes* or *quarter cakes*. They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.
**Falling in Reverse** is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

History
-------

The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler, under the name *From Behind These Walls*. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. At the time the band was started, Radke was in prison (which is the reason behind the band's original name), and he was the only member. In 2009, Radke released the demos *Listen Up*, *The Worst Time*, and *The Departure*, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison, and was signed by the indie label Epitaph Records based on the demos he made while being in jail. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011. 

Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, *Raised by Wolves*, was released July 7, 2011. *The Drug in Me Is You* was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named *The Drug in Me Is You*, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

Discography
-----------

Albums
* *The Drug in Me Is You* (2011)
* *Fashionably Late* (2013)
* Just Like You (2015)
* Coming Home (2017)

Singles
* *Raised by Wolves* (June 7, 2011)
* *The Drug in Me Is You* (July 27, 2011)

Members
-------

Current members
* Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present)
* Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
* Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present)
* Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present)
* Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)

Former members
* Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012)
* Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011)
* Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
* Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Falling in Reverse***.

* Official Website
* MySpace Site
* Facebook Site
**Stereotype threat** is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.

Steele and Aronson
------------------

Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.

Supporting studies
------------------

A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport.
Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.

Effects
-------

Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.

Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.

Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".

A simple way to stop these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.
The **heterojunction bipolar transistor** (**HBT**) is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. The HBT can handle signals of much higher frequencies, (up to several hundred GHz) than BJT. HBT is commonly used in modern ultrafast circuits, mostly radio-frequency (RF) systems, and in applications requiring a high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in mobile phones. The idea of using a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT, dating back to a patent from 1951.

Materials
---------

Bands in graded heterojunction npn bipolar transistor. Barriers indicated for electrons to move from emitter to base, and for holes to be injected backward from base to emitter; Also, grading of band gap in base assists electron transport in base region; Light colors indicate depleted regions 
The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the use of different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. This limits the injection of holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology, this allows a high doping density to be used in the base. The high doping density reduces the base resistance while maintaining gain. The efficiency of the heterojunction is measured by the Kroemer factor.

Other websites
--------------

* NCSR HBT at the Internet Archive
* HBT Optoelectronic Circuits developed in the Technion[*permanent dead link*] (15Mb, 230p)
* New Material Structure Produces World's Fastest Transistor 604 GHz Early 2005
This article is about Karnali Province in Nepal. For other uses, see Karnali (disambiguation).

**Karnali Province** (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal. The total area of the province is 24,453 square kilometres (9,441 sq mi). According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418.

At first it was known as *Province No. 6*. The Provincial Assembly named this province *Karnali Pradesh* in February 2018. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar is the capital city of the province.

Geography
---------

Karnali is the largest province of Nepal. It has an area of 24,453 km2 (9,441 sq mi) but the population of the province is very low. The population of the province is 1,701,800, which is least in ranking.

The province is surrounded by Gandaki Province in east, Lumbini Province in south-east and south, Sudurpashchim Province in west and Tibet Autonomous Region of China in north.

The province has occupied higher mountains land of north and mid-hills of Nepal. It contains Kubi Gangri, Changla and Kanjiroba mountains in north. The Shey Phoksundo National Park with Phoksundo lake is located in this national park. It is the largest national park in Nepal. The Rara lake is the largest lake of Nepal which is also located in Karnali Pradesh. Karnali River is the biggest river of the province which is thought to be the longest river of Nepal. Seti River and Bheri River are tributaries of Karnali.

Government and administration
-----------------------------

The Governor acts as the head of the province. The current Governor is Durga Keshar Khanal. The Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The current Chief Minister is Mahendra Bahadur Shahi. The Chief Judge of the Surkhet High Court is the head of the judiciary. The current Chief Judge is Hari Kumar Pokharel. The province has 40 provincial assembly constituencies and 12 House of Representative constituencies.

Karnali has a unicameral legislature, like all of the other provinces in Nepal. The term length of provincial assembly is five years.

Administrative subdivisions
---------------------------

Karnali is divided into ten districts, which are listed below. A district is administrated by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further dived to municipalities or rural municipalities. There are 25 municipalities and 54 rural municipalities in the province

1. Dailekh District
2. Dolpa District
3. Humla District
4. Jajarkot District
5. Jumla District
6. Kalikot District
7. Mugu District
8. Salyan District
9. Surkhet District
10. Western Rukum District

Related pages
-------------

* provinces of Nepal
* List of districts of Nepal
**Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton** (November 12, 1926, Montgomery, Alabama – July 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California) was an American blues singer, harp player and songwriter. 

Thornton was the first who recorded "Hound Dog" by Leiber and Stoller. Another song which is often covered is "Ball ´n Chain". It is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". It is one of her best-known songs because of being performed and recorded by Janis Joplin.

Career
------

She was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She got her musical education in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a choir singer. At the age of 14 she joined Sammy Green's Georgia-based Hot Harlem Revue and toured the south. She was also a self-taught drummer and harmonica player. She often played each instrument onstage.

1948 she settled in Houston. In 1951 she was signing a recording contract with Peacock Records. For this label she recorded "Hound Dog" which became #1 in the Rhythm ´n Blues charts. Then she toured with Junior Parker and Esther Phillips. At the end of the 1950s her career faded. She relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area, where she mostly played local blues clubs.

In 1966 she recorded *Big Mama Thornton With The Muddy Waters Blues Band* featuring Muddy Waters (guitar), Sammy Lawhorn (guitar), James Cotton(harmonica), Otis Spann (piano), Luther Johnson (bass guitar), and Francis Clay (drums). Her *Ball 'n' Chain* album in 1968 with Lightnin' Hopkins (guitar) and Larry Williams (vocals), included the songs "Hound Dog", "Wade in the Water", "Little Red Rooster", "Ball 'n' Chain", "Money Taker", and "Prison Blues".

One of Thornton's last albums was *Jail* (1975) for Vanguard Records.The album was recorded in the mid-1970s at two prisons. She became the leader of a blues ensemble .Thornton performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1966 and 1968, and at the San Francisco Blues Festival in 1979. In 1965 she performed with the American Folk Blues Festival package in Europe where she recorded her album *Big Mama Thornton in Europe* and followed it up the next year in San Francisco with *Big Mama Thornton with the Chicago Blues Band*. Both albums came out on the Arhoolie label. Thornton continued to record for Vanguard, Mercury, and other small labels in the 1970s and to work the blues festival circuit until her death in 1984. She was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984.

Thornton died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on 25 July 1984 at the age of 57.

Selected discography
--------------------

* 1965 *Big Mama Thornton in Europe* Arhoolie
* 1967 *Big Mama the Queen at Monterey* MCA
* 1968 *She's Back*
* 1969 *Stronger Than Dirt*
* 1970 *Maybe* Roulette Records
* 1970 *The Way It Is* Mercury
* 1973 *Saved* Pentagram Records
* 1975 *Jail* Vanguard
* 1975 *Sassy Mama!*
* 1978 *Mama's Pride* Vanguard

Other websites
--------------

* Big Mama Thornton with Walter Horton, John Lee Hooker and Dr. Ross at YouTube
Glam Doll Vegan Donuts
A **doughnut** (spelled **donut** in various marketing sectors) is a type of deep fried dessert food made out of dough or batter.

How they are made
-----------------

A Ghost on a doughnut
Round ringed doughnuts are made by joining the ends of a long, thin piece of dough into a ring or by using a doughnut cutter, which perfectly cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole from dough removed from the center. This smaller piece of dough can be cooked or re-added to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and molded into a torus until the center breaks to form a hole. Or, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) into the deep fryer. Doughnuts can be made from a yeast-based dough for more puffy doughnuts or a special type of cake batter. Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but they have extra fat in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at about 190 °C to 198 °C, turning once. Yeast-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 °C to 190 °C. Cake doughnuts normally weigh between 24 g and 28 g, whereas yeast-raised doughnuts normally are 38 g and are mostly larger when finished. Some types of cake doughnuts are also baked, as opposed to fried, which greatly reduces the fat content.

Types
-----

Bite-sized Greek doughnuts called "Loukoumades"
The two most common types of doughnut are ring doughnuts, which are shaped like rings, and filled doughnuts, which are round and have jam, jelly, custard, whipped cream, or chocolate inside them. There are also "doughnut holes" or "munchkins" which come in the shape of small balls. Most doughnuts have an icing (also called a "frosting") made with icing sugar, water, and flavourings (such as chocolate). Some doughnuts are rolled in sweet foods such as sugar or shredded coconut.

Serving
-------

Doughnuts are often eaten in the morning, along with a cup of hot coffee. Doughnuts are sold at doughnut shops, bakeries, or grocery stores. People also eat doughnuts as a dessert, or as a snack. Canadians eat more doughnuts per person than any other nation and has more doughnuts shops per person than any other nations.

Pictures
--------

* Krispy Kreme donuts counter in the UKKrispy Kreme donuts counter in the UK
* Doughnuts from the Czech RepublicDoughnuts from the Czech Republic
* Doughnuts being cooked in a deep fryerDoughnuts being cooked in a deep fryer
* Glazed doughtnuts being made at a Krispy Kreme factoryGlazed doughtnuts being made at a Krispy Kreme factory
*

Related pages
-------------


Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/article on:
 ***Doughnut***

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Doughnuts***.

* Pastry
* Cake
* Dough
**Gerald Anderson "Jerry" Lawson** (December 1, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American electronic engineer. He was known for his work in designing the Fairchild Channel F video game console.

Early life
----------

Jerry Lawson was born on December 1, 1940. His father was a longshoreman. His mother worked for New York City and as a member of a PTA. He had one brother, Michael. To earn money, Lawson dabbled in electronics. He repaired televisions. Lawson attended Queen College, which is part of City University of New York.

Public life
-----------

Lawson was a member of the Silicon Valley Homebrew Computer Club in the 1970s. He met many of the pioneers of personal computing, like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. In 1976. Lawson was the director of engineering and marketing at Fairchild Semiconductor. At that time, he developed a video game console called Fairchild Channel F. The console was the first which could play multiple games instead of one, marking his name permanently in history.

Death
-----

On Mountain View, California, At the age of 70, Lawson died from complications with diabetes while saying he wanted ice cream

Source
------

* "Jerry Lawson". Biography.com. 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
egg of *Dromaius novaehollandiae*
The **emu** (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*) is a large flightless bird. It is native to Australia. 

It is also the second tallest bird in the world, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. The emu is also related to the cassowary which is slightly smaller but heavier.

Other emus
----------

There were also two species of dwarf emu, *Dromaius minor*, one living on King Island in Tasmania and the other on Kangaroo Island. They are examples of island dwarfism. The group on King Island became extinct in 1805, that on Kangaroo Island in 1827, and that in Tasmania in 1865.

Description
-----------

The soft-feathered, brown birds reach up to 20m (27ft)

in height. Their feathers are in a double layer which helps keep the emu cool. They have bare skin on the sides of the face and their neck. They can weigh up to 55 kg (121 lb). They have two large legs, with three toes on each foot. Their wings are very short, about 
20 cm (8 in), and are hidden under their feathers.

They can live up to 10–20 years 
The emu is common over most of mainland Australia. It avoids very thick forests and very dry areas. Emus can travel great distances at a fast trot. If necessary they can run at up to 50 km/h (31 mph) for some distance at a time. They may travel long distances to find food. One emu was found to have traveled 990 km (615 mi).

Diet
----

They feed on a variety of plants (seeds, flowers, new growth) and insects.

Breeding
--------

Emu chick with striped feathers
Emus are solitary birds. However, the young chicks stay with the father until they are 18 months of age. The breeding season is between February and July, when the female can lay between 5-15 eggs in a ground nest built by the male. The male then sits on the eggs for 8 weeks until hatching. The baby chicks have very clear stripes on the feathers which act as camouflage.

On the east coast of Australia, emus were once common but have become uncommon with increased human population. On the other hand, the development of farms and the supply of water for stock have increased the range of the Emu in arid (dry) regions. Emus are farmed for their meat, oil and leather. The first emu farms began in Western Australia during the 1970s.

The history of the name
-----------------------

The first written description of the emu was under the name of the New Holland Cassowary in Arthur Phillip's *Voyage to Botany Bay*, published in 1788. The species was named by ornithologist (bird expert) John Latham, who worked on Phillip's book. He provided the first descriptions of and names for many Australian bird species. Its scientific name, Dromaius novaehollandiae, is from the Latin words, meaning "fast-footed New Hollander". The history of the name, *emu*, is not certain, but is thought to have come from an Arabic word for large bird. This word was later used by Portuguese explorers to describe the related Cassowary in New Guinea. In Victoria, some Indigenous Australian words for the emu were *Barrimal* in the Djadja wurrung language, *myoure* in Gunai, and *courn* in Jardwadjali.
Figure 1: Illustration of Kepler's three laws with two planetary orbits.  
 (1) The orbits are ellipses, with focal points *ƒ*1 and *ƒ*2 for the first planet and *ƒ*1 and *ƒ*3 for the second planet. The Sun is placed in focal point *ƒ*1.   
  
 (2) The two shaded sectors *A*1 and *A*2 have the same surface area and the time for planet 1 to cover segment *A*1 is equal to the time to cover segment *A*2.   
  
 (3) The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio *a*13/2 : *a*23/2.
**Kepler's laws of planetary motion** are three laws that describe the motion of planets around the sun:

1. Planets move around the sun in elliptic orbits. The sun is in one of the two foci of the orbit.
2. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Johannes Kepler found these laws, between 1609 and 1619.

Comparison to Copernicus
------------------------

Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus:

1. The planetary orbit is a circle
2. The Sun at the center of the orbit
3. The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant

The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the rules above give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus's.

Kepler's corrections are not at all obvious:

1. The planetary orbit is *not* a circle, but an *ellipse*.
2. The Sun is *not* at the center but at a *focal point* of the elliptical orbit.
3. Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant, but the *area speed* is constant.

The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days. A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the sun parallel to the equator of the earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately

{\displaystyle \varepsilon \approx {\frac {\pi }{4}}{\frac {186-179}{186+179}}\approx 0.015,}
which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit).
The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21
m & msMilk Chocolate M&M's
**M&Ms** are round chocolates with an "m" printed on each one. They are available in many different colors. These colors are green, yellow, blue, red, brown, and orange. They also come in different flavors such as milk chocolate, dark chocolate, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, and peanut butter. M&Ms have also been included in many other candy products. 

Peanut M&M's, introduced in 1954.

History
-------

Forrest Mars, Sr. is the son of the founder of the Mars Company, Frank C. Mars. He got the idea for M&M’s during the 1930’s Spanish Civil War when he saw British soldiers eating chocolate pellets with hard chocolate shells. He decided to make his own chocolate candies. He got the patent for these on March 3, 1941. 
The name M&M comes from the founder’s name Forrest E. Mars Sr. The other M comes from the name of the son of the president of the Hershey Company, Bruce Murrie. The Mars Company started printing the white M on the candy in 1950.
In 1954 the world famous M&M characters made their first television appearance. In 1980 M&M’s were sold across the world.

Resources
---------

M&M’s History. M&M’s. Mars Chocolate NA. 2010 (28 April 2010) Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* M&M's Official website Archived 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
*Rhizodus*
***Rhizodus*** (meaning "root tooth") is an extinct genus of giant freshwater lobe-finned fish belonging to the group Rhizodontida. It was even bigger than the beluga sturgeon, making it the largest freshwater fish to have ever existed. Carbon-dated fossils show that *Rhizodus* went extinct a mere 8,000 years ago.

The two species are:

* *Rhizodus hibberti* Owen, 1840 (type species)
* *Rhizodus serpukhovensis* Smirnova, 2022

Description
-----------

What makes *Rhizodus* so unique among other large rhizodonts such as *Barameda* were the massive 22 cm (8.7 in) teeth. They were used to crunch and kill prey into digestible bits, rather than swallowing them whole. This prehistoric monstrosity weighed 4,000 kg and resembled a hulking acanthodian with ginormous teeth. On its body were large plates.

Taxonomy
--------

*Rhizodus* is the type genus of the Rhizodontida,‭ ‬a group of lobe-finned fishes.

Species info
------------

### *Rhizodus hibberti*

*Rhizodus hibberti* is the type species of *Rhizodus* and is from the Viséan stage of the United Kingdom. 

### *Rhizodus serpukhovensis*

*Rhizodus serpukhovensis* is from the Serpukhovian of Russia. However, it is not well known.

What it ate
-----------

The diet of *Rhizodus* included medium-sized fish and other tetrapods. *Rhizodus* lunged at terrestrial prey like a crocodile.

Fossil tooth of *Rhizodus hibberti*.

Some images
-----------

Related pages
-------------

* Strunius
* Balistes vegai
* Eusthenopteron
* List of prehistoric bony fish genera
A screenshot of VLC media player playing Big Buck Bunny
**VLC media player** (also known as **VLC** or **VideoLAN Client**) is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project.

It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that supports many kinds of audio and video. VLC can repair and play corrupt files, damaged or unfinished.

It is one of the most platform-independent players, available for BeOS, BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris and Windows CE, and had over 50 million downloads for version 0.8.6.

VLC uses a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries. Many of its codecs are provided by the libavcodec codec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers. VLC gained honor as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux by using the libdvdcss DVD library.

History
-------

VLC was initially the client for the VideoLAN project, and it was originally made by students at the École Centrale de Paris, and was released under the GPL license on the 1 February 2001. It now has supporters and contributors worldwide.

The icon of VLC is a traffic cones collected by Ecole Centrale's Networking Students' Association.

Design principles
-----------------

VLC with the wxWidgets interface, running on KDE
VLC has a very flexible design, which makes it easier to include modules for new file formats, codecs or streaming methods. There are more than 300 modules in VLC. VLC also supports highly personalizable skins through the skins2 interface, Winamp 2 and XMMS skins and can play high definition recordings of D-VHS tapes duplicated to a computer using CapDVHS.exe

Related pages
-------------

* List of media players
* Comparison of media players
* List of multimedia (audio/video) codecs

Other websites
--------------

* Official Website
**Hannibal Alkhas** (1930 – 2010) was a sculptor, painter and author. He was born in 1930 in Iran into an ethnic Assyrian and Christian family and spent his childhood and teenage years in Kermanshah, Ahwaz and Tehran. In 1951, Hannibal Alkhas moved to the United States in pursuit of his education and studied philosophy for three years at Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois.

From 1953 to 1958 he attended the Art Institute of Chicago where he earned his Bachelor's and Masters of Fine Arts.

In 1959, after the death of his father, the famous Assyrian writer Rabi Adai Alkhas, Hannibal Alkhas returned to Iran and began to teach painting, drawing, and art history at the Tehran School of Fine Arts for the next four years. During this time he established the successful *Gilgamesh gallery*, the first modern art gallery in Iran where aspiring young artists were introduced.
In 1963 he returned to the United States and taught a Monticello College in Illinois where he became the chairman of the art department.

In 1969 Hannibal again returned to Iran and spent the next eleven (11) years teaching at Tehran University [6].

He taught at Islamic Azad University in Iran.

Hannibal Alkhas has also created book illustrations, written poems and translated many poems to and from Assyrian. His works have been displayed in numerous exhibitions in Iran, Europe, Canada, Australia and the US.

Hannibal Alkhas died on September 14, 2010 at the age of 80 in the United States. He was suffering from cancer.
Cosplayer as Ant-Man.
**Ant-Man** is the name of several fictional characters and superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and his companions. He was first made by **Hank Pym**, a genius who had many scientific advances.. Later on the suit was stolen by **Scott Lang**, who soon became the new Ant-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

Ability
-------

His power comes from his suit and tools of high tech tool. Hank Pym study's about subatomic particles which he call the Pym Particles. These particles are inside unknown gas which where his power comes from, when he is going to turn into different size. The unknown gas that Pym study from the micro particles makes his body shrink when he inhales or drinks a potion of the Pym Particles.

Even though he is a small size, he still has human strength. As an ant, he has the ability to carry a heavy weight. Like an ant he can carry up to 50,000 pound.

### Weakness

Ant-Man's different size can cause stress to his body and his mind.

### Weapon

The Stinger a small and very powerful stun beam. It shoots a beam creating explosion.

Villains (comic & movie)
------------------------

Like all superheroes, Ant-Man also has a huge amount of villains to fight. 

The earliest criminals Ant-Man had in Marvel Comics are: Egghead, Scarlet Beetle, The Hijacker, The Voice, The Porcupine, The Living Eraser, The Human Top, The Black Knight, El Toro, Nikita Khrushchev.

Partners
--------

* The Avengers

* The Wasp

Ant-Man in media
----------------

The character has appeared in television series, action figures, and video games. In live-action, the Hank Pym and Scott Lang incarnations of the character are portrayed by Michael Douglas and Paul Rudd in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchise.
**Greta Garbo** (born **Greta Lovisa Gustafsson**; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American actress.

Life and career
---------------

**Greta Gustafson** was born in Stockholm, she studied at the Royal School of Dramatic Art in her native city, while working as a fashion model. She became a star in Sweden when Mauritz Stiller cast her in the 1924 silent movie *The Atonement of Gösta Berling*. 

Soon after, she came to the attention of Louis B. Mayer and went to Hollywood in 1925. Soon, she established herself as one of the world's most popular movie stars. 

Some of her most notable movies include; *Mata Hari* (1931), *Queen Christina* (1933), *Camille* (1936), *Conquest* (1937) and *Ninotchka* (1939).

She retired from movies in 1941 and became an American citizen on 9 February 1951. In 1984 she had breast cancer. She lived as a semi-recluse in New York City until her death (April 15; 1990) there from renal failure and pneumonia.

Other websites
--------------

* Greta Garbo on IMDb

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For the other uses, see Bini.

**Bini** (stylized in all caps) is an eight-member Filipino girl group formed by ABS-CBN Star Hunt Academy. The group consists of Aiah, Colet, Maloi, Gwen, Stacey, Mikha, Sheena, and Jhoanna. Their pre-debut single "Da Coconut Nut" was released on November 20, 2020. The group officially debuted on June 4, 2021 with the single "Born to Win".

Career
------

### 2020: pre-debut with "Da Coconut Nut"

On November 6, 2020, the group released their first ever Pre-debut single and other content such as teaser release, Lyric Video, Music Video, Pre-debut documentary and more. They also trained through the Korean Training System led by MC Doctor before the pandemic and Pinoy Training system led by Direk Lauren Dyogi and Star Hunt Academy Staff. They were also introduced as a pre-debut girl group and Apperanced on ABS-CBN TV shows, and went viral with their first single "Da Coconut Nut" Performance on Its Showtime.

On December 4 the group signed and became the new face in Star Magic, the group is officially an artist in Star Magic and they are already preparing for their upcoming debut this year.

### 2021: official debut

In May 2021, the group announced and released teasers for their upcoming debut. The group is also confirmed to have their official debut in June according to ABS-CBN. The group officially debuted and released their first single "Born To Win" on June 4, 2021.

Members
-------

* Aiah
* Colet
* Maloi
* Gwen
* Stacey
* Mikha
* Jhoanna
* Sheena

Discography
-----------

### Digital singles

* *Born To Win (2021)*

### Remake singles

* *Da Coconut Nut* (2020)

Filmography
-----------

### Variety shows

* *Its Showtime*
* *Asap Natin 'To*
* *MYXClusive*
* *Iwant Asap*

Concerts
--------

### Showcase

* "BINI the Launch" (2021)

Awards and nominations
----------------------

| Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PUSH Awards | 2020 | Push Music Personality of the Year | BINI | Nominated |  |

Other websites
--------------

* BINI at YouTube
A painting by Paul Cézanne, an artist who influenced the Cubists
*Air+Man+Space* by Lyubov Popova, 1912
**Cubism** was one of the most significant art movements of the 20th century. It began in France about 1907, and flourished from 1910 through the 1920s. It was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.

Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting *Les Demoiselles d'Avignon* was an early Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 *Houses at L’Estaque* (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to "bizarreries cubiques" (cubic oddities).

The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the *Salon des Indépendants* in Paris in the spring of 1911. It included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, but no works by Picasso and Braque were exhibited.

According to one art historian, there were three phases of Cubism. There was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed by Picasso and Braque. In the second phase, "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914), Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent after 1911. Finally "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) was the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's emphasis on the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) was an intentional value judgement.

Its methods
-----------

Cubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object all at once. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Analytical Cubism is the first type of cubism. Most analytical Cubists painted and drew in monochrome (only one colour) so that the person who was looking at the painting did not pay attention to colour, but only to the shapes and the forms that were being shown.

This was changed in 1912 when Picasso first started painting with colours and using collages. Collage is when you glue together different cut-up pieces of paper to make an artwork. This new form of Cubism was called Synthetic Cubism. Picasso invented collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art, and wanted to try out something new.
Pablo Picasso created over 20,000 pictures. From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's Synthetic Cubism Period.
The **Viaur** is a river in southern France, left tributary of the Aveyron river. It flows through the Aveyron, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne departments.

Geography
---------

The Viaur river has a length of 168.2 km (104.5 mi) and a drainage basin with an area of 1,559 km2 (602 sq mi).

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) has been observed from 1937 to 2017 in Laguépie, a *commune* of the Tarn-et-Garonne department near the confluence with the Aveyron river. Its average yearly discharge at Laguépie is 14.70 m3/s (519 cu ft/s).

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Laguépie**

### Course

The Viaur river starts on the sides of the *Puech del Pal* in the *commune* Vézins-de-Lévézou, in the Aveyron department, at an altitude of 1,070 m (3,510 ft).

The Viaur passes through the departments and towns of:

* Aveyron : Bor-et-Bar, Pont-de-Salars, Ségur
* Tarn : Pampelonne, Mirandol-Bourgnounac
* Tarn-et-Garonne : Laguépie

The Viaur river flows through 30 *communes* and two of them have the name of the river: Sainte-Juliette-sur-Viaur and Saint-Just-sur-Viaur, both in the Aveyron department.

Finally, it flows into the Aveyron river in the *commune* of Laguépie, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department, at 155 m (509 ft) of altitude.

Main tributaries
----------------

The main tributaries of the Viaur are:

 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Left tributaries**:* Céor - 55.9 km
* Vioulou - 33.1 km

  |   | **Right tributaries**:* Lézert - 39 km
* Lieux - 25.3 km
* Jaoul - 22.5 km
 |

Gallery
-------

* The Viaur in Pont de Cirou.The Viaur in *Pont de Cirou*.
* The Pont de Cirou, bridge and hamletThe *Pont de Cirou*, bridge and hamlet
* The Viaur in Roc del Gorp.The Viaur in *Roc del Gorp*.
* The Viaur in Laguépie.The Viaur in Laguépie.

Related pages
-------------

* List of rivers of France
**Diptych** can refer to two paintings that are joined together.  

The French and Burgundian Early Netherlandish painter Simon Marmion painted diptych on the life of St Bertin.
Reconstruction of the outside
Reconstruction of the inside
Reconstruction of the alerpiece
Left:reconstruction of the outside panels; center:reconstruction of the inside panels; right reconstruction of the Saint Bertin Altarpiece. The most important piece of work by Simon Marmion is the altarpiece commissioned in 1455-1459, for the main altar of the abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint-Omer, by his abbot Guillaume Fillâtre, bishop of Toul then of Tournai, advisor to Philip the Good. Only the two panels of the altarpiece remain today; they are scattered between the National Gallery in London (two panels representing Angels). and the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin (two long panels illustrating scenes from the life of Saint Bertin). The central part, in goldwork, has melted down in 1791 (French Revolution)

  

Conrad von Soest: *St. Dorothea* (diptych), c. 1420. Westphalian State Museum, MünsterConrad von Soest, *St. Odilia* (diptych), c. 1420. Westphalian State Museum, Münster
Stefan Lochner: *Adoration of the Christ Child by the Virgin (The Nativity)* (diptych), c. 1445s. Alte Pinakothek, MünichStefan Lochner, *Presentation at the Temple* (diptych), c. 1447 Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon
The Master of Ulm "Bridal Couple" Cleveland Museum of Art*The dead Lovers*[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg]
The **second lady** or **second gentleman of the United States** is the informal title held by hostess of the Number One Observatory Circle, usually the wife or husband of the vice president of the United States, during the vice president's term in office. 

Doug Emhoff is the current second gentleman of the United States, in role since January 2021 as the husband of Vice President Kamala Harris.

Twelve second ladies became the first lady of the United States after their husband became the president. The first woman was Abigail Adams and the most recent woman is Jill Biden.

Origins and Role
----------------

The second lady or gentleman is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs he or she is officially required to perform and they are not paid for being the second spouse. 

They are often involved in political campaigns, managements of the Number One Observatory Circle, participating in social causes and representing the vice president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompanying the vice president on foreign summits and events.

List of second ladies and gentlemen of the United States
--------------------------------------------------------

See the main article: List of second ladies and gentlemen of the United States
Abigail Adams **·** Ann Gerry **·** Hannah Minthorne Tompkins **·** Floride Calhoun **·** Letitia Christian Tyler **·** Sophia Dallas **·** Abigail Fillmore **·** Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge **·** Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin **·** Eliza Johnson **·** Ellen Maria Colfax **·** Eliza Hendricks **·** Anna Morton **·** Letitia Stevenson **·** Jennie Tuttle Hobart **·** Edith Roosevelt **·** Cornelia Cole Fairbanks **·** Carrie Babcock Sherman **·** Lois Irene Marshall **·** Grace Coolidge **·** Caro Dawes **·** Mariette Rheiner Garner **·** Ilo Wallace **·** Bess Truman **·** Jane Hadley Barkley **·** Pat Nixon **·** Lady Bird Johnson **·** Muriel Humphrey Brown **·** Judy Agnew **·** Betty Ford **·** Happy Rockefeller **·** Joan Mondale **·** Barbara Bush **·** Marilyn Quayle **·** Tipper Gore **·** Lynne Cheney **·** Jill Biden **·** Karen Pence **·** Doug Emhoff

List of living former second ladies
-----------------------------------

As of 2023, there are only five living former second ladies.

* Marilyn Quayle  served from 1989 to 1993Marilyn Quayle   
 served from 1989 to 1993
* Tipper Gore  served from 1993 to 2001Tipper Gore   
 served from 1993 to 2001
* Lynne Cheney  served from 2001 to 2009Lynne Cheney   
 served from 2001 to 2009
* Jill Biden  served from 2009 to 2017Jill Biden   
 served from 2009 to 2017
* Karen Pence  served from 2017 to 2021Karen Pence   
 served from 2017 to 2021
**Edward III** (4 April 1003 — 5 January 1066) nicknamed **the Confessor**, **the Saint**, **the Pious**, and **the Faithful** was the King of England from 1042 until his death in 1066. During his reign, England experienced peace, stability, and prosperity. The kingdom was also very unstoppable and also, the kingdom's life quality and the standard of living and health care improved as well.

Edward spent many years in Normandy. The Anglo-Saxon nobles invited Edward back to England in 1041. He became part of the household of his half-brother Harthacnut. According to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* both were sworn in as king together.

Following Cnut II's death on 8 June 1042, Edward ascended the throne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates the popularity he enjoyed at his accession — "before he (Cnut II) was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London". Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043.

The succession
--------------

Edward's death left England without a clear-cut successor. Harold Godwinson had led successful raiding parties into Wales in 1063. He negotiated with his inherited rivals in Northumbria in 1065, and in January 1066, upon Edward's death, he was made King Harold II.

The Norman position was that William the Conqueror had been designated the heir, and that Harold had been publicly sent to him as emissary from Edward, to apprise him of Edward's decision. However, William's biographer, William of Poitiers, admitted that the old king had made a deathbed gift of the crown to Harold. On Edward's death, Harold was approved by the Witenagemot which, under Anglo-Saxon law, held the ultimate authority to convey kingship.

Edward also made his great nephew Edgar Ætheling his heir. However, Edgar had no following among the earls: he had lived in Hungary, and was a boy of fifteen. This opened the way for Harold's coronation, and the invasions of two claimants to the throne, the unsuccessful invasion of Harald Hardrada in the north and the successful one of William of Normandy.

Edward was canonized (made a saint) in 1161 by Pope Alexander III, and is commemorated on 13 October.

Related pages
-------------

* Harold Godwinson
* William the Conqueror
* Battle of Hastings

Other websites
--------------

* England, Anglo-Saxon & Danish Kings (-1066) on Medieval Lands

  


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