recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Captain **John Byron** (7 February 1756 – 2 August 1791) was a British Army officer and writer, best known as the father of poet Lord Byron.

Byron was the son of Vice-Admiral The Hon. John Byron and Sophia Trevanion and grandson of William Byron, 4th Baron Byron of Rochdale. He was educated atWestminster School. He gained the rank of Captain in the Coldstream Guards. Captain John Byron also went by the nickname of "**Mad Jack**."

In 1778 he eloped with Amelia Osborne, Marchioness of Carmarthen, daughter ofRobert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, to Europe and they married after she obtained a divorce from her husband the Marquess of Carmarthen, who in 1789 became Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds. They married on 1 June 1779 at London, England, and had a daughter, Augusta Maria Byron. Amelia Osborne died in 1784.

Byron then married Catherine Gordon, heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, daughter of George Gordon and Catherine Innes, on 12 May 1785. She was the mother of George Gordon Byron, who would early in his life become the 6th Baron Byron. In order to claim his wife's estate in Scotland, Captain Byron took the surname *Gordon*.After he had squandered most of her fortune and deserted her, Mrs. Byron took her infant son to Aberdeen, Scotland, where they lived in lodgings on a meager income.

"Mad Jack" died in 1791 at age 35, at Valenciennes. Later, Lord Byron would tell friends that his father had cut his own throat. It is more likely he died from tuberculosis or an overdose.
**Izabal** is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas are part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.

Geography
---------

Izabal is bordered to the north by Belize, to the north east by the Gulf of Honduras, and to the east by Honduras. It is bordered by the Guatemalan departments of Petén to the north west, Alta Verapaz to the west, and Zacapa to the south.

The department of Izabal surrounds Lago Izabal. It is Guatemala's largest lake at about 48 km long and 24 km wide, with an area of about 590 km². The Spanish Colonial fort of San Felipe overlooks the point where the lake flows into the Río Dulce.

The small town of Izabal is on the south shore of the lake. Before the ports of Livingston and Puerto Barrios were built in the 19th century this was Guatemala's main Caribbean Sea port. It was the original seat of Izabal department. Now Izabal town is a remote village that gets little traffic.

From the area around Lake Izabal, the Department of Izabal stretches along the Río Dulce to the coast of the Caribbean Sea.

The department of Izabal includes the ports of Puerto Barrios (the departmental seat), Santo Tomás de Castilla, Livingston and Guatemala's free trade zone Zolic. Izabal also includes the Pre-Columbian Maya ruins of Quirigua.

Municipalities
--------------

* El Estor
* Livingston
* Los Amates
* Morales
* Puerto Barrios
**Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation** (**IRCTC**) is an Indian public sector undertaking company. It provides ticketing, catering, and tourism services for the Indian Railways. The IRCTC was put up on 27 September 1999. It was originally and completely owned by the Government of India. It was operated under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways. Later it has been listed on the National Stock Exchange since 2019, after the Government reduced the percentage of the ownership to the company itself.

It began with online rail ticket booking through its website and also from the mobile phones through Wi-Fi, GPRS or SMS. It also provides SMS facility to send PNR status and Live Train Status to the passengers. Along with e-tickets, IRCTC also provides I-tickets that are basically like regular tickets. But they are booked online and delivered by post. 

IRCTC brought pantry cars at long or medium distance trains which serves to passengers by giving freshly cooked food. IRCTC has exclusive rights for onboard catering of food on all trains operated by the Indian Railways. It also operates food plazas, cafeterias and refreshment rooms at various railway stations.
An **interface** or **shell** is what the user uses on an operating system to make the computer do tasks, like writing a document, or loading a web page. There are two types of interfaces, a command line interface (CLI for short) - where people write commands to make the computer perform tasks, or a graphical user interface (GUI for short), where people use their Computer mouse to click on buttons to perform tasks.

Command line interface
----------------------

A command line interface. This one is called Bash, and is used in Linux.
*See Command line interface.*

Command line interfaces ask the user to type in commands in a text-based environment, not allowing images, like the screen image to the right.

For example, if the user wanted the computer to say "Hello World", he or she would:

1. have to type in what tells the computer that this is a command (we will use "say")
2. then have to tell the computer what to "say" ("Hello World" in quotation marks)
3. then press Enter or Return, giving the command to the computer, which is *say **"**Hello World**"***, so the computer prints *Hello World*.

This is hard to use for most people, mostly because when the user has to do a long command, he or she can miss a letter or two, so the computer shows an error, and he or she has to do it all over again, which can waste hours.

Graphical user interface
------------------------

*See Graphical user interface.*

Graphical user interfaces are instead made of not only text, but also images. The first computer to do this was the Apple Lisa (1983).

The following operating systems can use graphical user interfaces:

* Microsoft Windows
* Mac OS X
* Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu

Since the top operating systems (listed above) use graphical user interfaces, they are seen on every computer. Anyone can still use a command line interface on any computer very easily.

Related pages
-------------

* Apple Macintosh is the original Macintosh was the first economic computer with a GUI
* Xerox Alto is a very first computer with a GUI—but it wasn't easy to use
* Microsoft Windows
This article is about the liquid created by insects. For other uses, see Honeydew (disambiguation).
Aphids making "bubbles" of honeydew for ants.
**Honeydew** is a liquid sugar that aphids and some scale insects make when they eat plant sap. Honeydew is very sticky.

To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant. Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant. The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect. Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect. This is how honeydew is made. The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant.

Honeydew on plants can cause sooty mould, which is white and appears as powder on the plant.

Honeydew is collected by some insects, such as some wasps and bees. Some honey bees make honeydew into a dark, strong honey, called honeydew honey. Honeydew honey is valuable in parts of Europe and Asia because people think it can be used as a medicine.

Ants collect honeydew from aphids. Many ants even harvest the honeydew directly from the aphids. This helps the aphids, because the ants chase predators, such as lady beetles, away from the aphids.
**Hawaiian Airlines, Inc.** is Hawai'i's largest airline and the eighth largest airline in the United States. The airline's name comes from its headquarters, which are in Honolulu, Hawaii. The airline flies between the major Hawaiian islands. These are Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, Lanai, and the Big Island of Hawai'i. Hawaiian also flies to more distant locations, such as the U.S. mainland, Japan, Korea, and Australia. These flights arrive and depart from Oahu and Maui.

Hawaiian is the oldest U.S. airline without a fatal accident. It is also the oldest U.S. airline that has never had a plane destroyed or damaged beyond repair.

History
-------

### Inter-Island Airways

Convair 640 turboprop airliner of Hawaiian at Honolulu in 1971. The airline operated Convairs from 1952 until 1974
Hawaiian was incorporated as **Inter-Island Airways** on January 30, 1929. It gave sightseeing tours over Oahu. On November 11, 1929, it began flying between Honolulu and Hilo. Inter-Island began flying two Sikorsky S-38 amphibious flying boat. Each carried eight passengers. They added larger Sikorsky S-43s six years later for more passengers and mail service.

### Name change to Hawaiian Airlines

In 1941 Inter-Island Airways Ltd. changed its name to **Hawaiian Airlines**. In 1966, Hawaiian started using jets to fly between the islands. The jets were much faster and quieter than the propeller planes it was using. In 1984, Hawaiian began flying between Honolulu and the South Pacific. It also started flying between Honolulu and the U.S. West Coast.

### Aircraft and logo change

In 1966, Hawaiian added all-jet aircraft, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Flying time between islands was reduced to 20–30 minutes. In 2002-03, Hawaiian replaced its planes with better ones. The new planes used less fuel to fly the same distances. It also changed the design on the tails of its planes. The airline also started flying to more locations. Today it flies approximately 212 flights a day.

Passengers boarding a Hawaiian Boeing 717–200 at Kona International Airport for an inter-island flight

Additional reading
------------------

* Gradidge, J.M. *The Convairliners story*. 1997. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd ISBN 0-85130-243-2.
* Gradidge, Jennifer. *DC-1, DC-2, DC-3 - The First Seventy Years*. 2006. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hawaiian Airlines***.

* Hawaiian Airlines official website
***Isekai*** (Japanese: 異世界, transl. "different world") is a genre of Japanese manga, anime, light novel, video game, etc. It has character(s) who go into a different world.

The types of Isekai
-------------------

There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world. 

One is "to die in their original world and to be born in a different world" (異世界転生, *isekai tensei*). In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up. 

The other is "to move to a different world without dying" (異世界転移, *isekai ten'i*). The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god.

Examples
--------

Anime that are regarded as Isekai include *Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World*, *That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon,* etc.

There is some debate as to whether some anime such as *Sword Art Online.* In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out.
*Aptenodytes patagonicus*
The **king penguin** (*Aptenodytes patagonicus*) is a type of penguin. It is the second largest species of penguin, as it is smaller and shorter than the emperor penguin.

Appearance
----------

King penguins are usually 70 centimeters (0.7 meters/30 inches) tall and weigh 9 to 15 kilograms (20 to 30 pounds). They have silvery-grey backs, black heads, and bright orange patches of feathers on the sides of their necks. While they look like emperor penguins, they are different in the fact that king penguins have longer beaks, orange coloration on their chest, and are thinner than the emperor penguin. Males and females of the species look the same.

Life
----

The king penguin eats krill, small fish, squid, and plankton. In particular, they seem to enjoy eating lanternfish, which makes up most of their diet. They are able to dive to almost 300 meters (about 985 feet) for up to 15 minutes in order to catch their food. King penguins can also swim at 10 kilometers (6 miles) per hour, and their special eyesight helps them see in the dark.

Unlike most penguins, the king penguin cannot hop, but can only use its feet to walk or run. However, they also use their feet to warm their children, instead of a nest.

Baby king penguins are dark brown and fluffy. They are usually raised in a crèche, or group of penguin children kept together for protection.

The king penguin's main predators, or creatures that eat it, are the leopard seal and killer whale. Other birds may attack the penguin's breeding, or nesting, grounds and take away eggs or young penguin chicks.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Aptenodytes patagonicus***.

* Penguin World
* King Penguins – Wildlife of Antarctica Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Nature.ca
Monument to Rodrigo in Aranjuez
**Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez** (Spanish: [xoaˈkin roˈðɾiɣo]; 22 November 1901 – 6 July 1999) was a Spanish composer of classical music and a virtuoso pianist. Although he was blind from an early age, he became one of the most important Spanish composers of the 20th century. He wrote a lot of music for guitar, which helped classical guitar music worldwide to become more popular. His most famous work is a guitar concerto called *Concierto de Aranjuez*.

Life
----

### Early life

Rodrigo became blind at the age of three after becoming ill with diphtheria. When he was eight he began to learn piano and violin. He also learned the guitar, but never became very good at it, although he was to compose some wonderful music for the instrument.

After studying music in Valencia he went to Paris where he studied with Paul Dukas in Paris. After a short time back in Spain he returned to Paris to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. In 1947 Rodrigo became a professor of music history in Madrid, a job that was made especially for him.

### His famous concertos

Rodrigo’s most famous work, *de Aranjuez*, was composed in 1939 in Paris. It is a concerto for solo classical guitar and orchestra. There are three movements. The middle movement is a slow movement with a tune which is played on the cor anglais. It has become one of classical music’s best-loved tunes.

After the success of this piece several other musicians asked him to write concertos for them, e.g. the flautist James Galway, the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the guitarist Andrés Segovia, for whom he composed *Fantasía para un gentilhombre* in 1954. Another of his works is called *Concierto Andaluz,* for four guitars and orchestra.

### Honours

In 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the nobility by King Juan Carlos; he was given the title *Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez* (Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He was given the Prince of Asturias Award in 1996, the highest honour a Spanish civilian can get. He was made Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

### Personal life

He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist, in 1933. They had a daughter called Cecilia. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

His music
---------

Rodrigo composed about 170 works. These include 11 concertos, lots of pieces for choir, songs, piano music and guitar music. Like Manuel de Falla in the early 20th century, Rodrigo became the leading figure in Spanish music in the later part of the century. His music is not like most of the music that was being written in Europe at the time. At first his music was influenced by that of Stravinsky, Ravel and Granados, but later his personality gave it a special Spanish character. He had a lot of knowledge and wrote articles about lots of different arts subjects.

Other websites
--------------

* Joaquín Rodrigo website Archived 2005-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
Greenland Sea
The **Greenland Sea** is a body of water. It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean. 

The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C. The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal. It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

Fauna
-----

The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.

Other websites
--------------

 Media related to Greenland Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 76°N 8°W﻿ / ﻿76°N 8°W﻿ / 76; -8
**Hein van Nievelt** (2 July 1942 – 5 November 2022) was a Dutch television presenter, director and contributing editor who was active between 1969 and 1999. Besides being a news announcer for the TROS, he presented television programs including: *Kieskeurig*, *TROS Aktua* and *Voetbal plus*.

Biography
---------

Van Nievelt was born at a Japanese-run internment camp during World War II in Jakarta, Dutch East Indies in 1942.

After working for some years at the Wereldomroep as a radio producer, Van Nievelt moved to the TROS in the early 1970s. At TROS he worked also radio programs including *TROS Aktua* (radio), TROS Sport and *Toerja Toernee*. Afterwards he started working for the television. He became a member of *TROS Aktua* (television) and stopped working for the radio. In TROS Sport he had a programm about rally sport and at *Kieskeurig* he also presented car related topics. Later he became editor of *2-Vandaag* and director of the television program *Spreekuur*.

Van Nievelt died on 5 November 2022 at the age of 80 years.
**Jobcentre Plus** is part of the Department for Work and Pensions in the United Kingdom. 

A Jobcentre Plus in Cambridge, England.
In 2019 there were 638 offices in the country. In 2022 194 new temporary Jobcentres and 150 Youth Hubs were set up by Thérèse Coffey. This was part of the government’s Way to Work Campaign to get more people across Great Britain into work.

Universal Credit, Jobseeker's Allowance, Employment and Support Allowance, Maternity Allowance, Bereavement benefits and Social Fund payments are managed by people in the Jobcentres. Work Coaches at the Jobcentres are employed to help people get support they need to get into work.

History
-------

Sign from a Labour Exchange
Labour exchanges were set up by Herbert Asquith's government in 1910. They were soon renamed employment exchanges. When the National Insurance system started in 1913 Unemployment Benefit was paid there. They were also used to pay National Assistance after 1948. Unemployed people had to sign on once every 2 weeks to get their money. Separate Jobcentres were started in 1973. They advertised jobs. Unemployed people had to sign on there to look for work and then collect their money from the employment exchange. Later the employment exchanges were turned into Jobcentres.

They paid out about £100 million a year in benefits in 2005/6. In 2010 there were about 71,000 people working in 750 Jobcentres.
Hannes Schäfer
**Dr. Johannes Schäfer**, born 2nd October 1965 in Göttingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996. Today (2008) he is a doctor.

Schäfer's first band was 1982 the punk band *Defekt* in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player. From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band *CIT.*, together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the *Stakkato Studio* in Hannover.

In 1987 Schäfer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse together with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider. He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker. Together with his band Schäfer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums *Fury in the Slaughterhouse* (1988), *Mono* (1992), and *the Hearing and the Sense of Balance* (1995). Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schäfer (1987-1996).

After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schäfer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital *Vinzenzkrankenhaus* in Hanover.

Other websites
--------------

* Homepage of Fury in the Slaughterhouse
* the hospital Schäfer works at today
Hurricane Michael on October 9, 2018 as a Category 3 hurricane

**Hurricane Michael** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm threatened Cuba, northwestern Florida, Georgia and southern Alabama. It was the 13th named storm, seventh hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first Category 5 hurricane and the strongest on record to impact the Florida Panhandle, and was the fourth-strongest landfalling hurricane in the United States in terms of wind speed. As Michael became a Category 5 hurricane, the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season became a third consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane since Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017; this also makes Michael the third straight "M" name to feature as a Category 5 hurricane since Matthew in 2016 and Maria in 2017 as well.

The storm passed near western Cuba on October 7-8.

The storm led to six deaths in Honduras, four in Nicaragua and three in El Salvador.

Michael became a major hurricane on Tuesday, October 9, 2018.

The storm struck near Mexico Beach, Florida in the Florida Panhandle as a borderline Category 5 hurricane, which makes it the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States as a Category 5 hurricane since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. It had a wind speed of 160 mph and a central pressure of 919 millibars. It was originally designated as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with wind speed of 155 mph, but from post-analysis, it was indeed a Category 5 hurricane as originally thought. It was said to be the strongest hurricane to hit Florida since Andrew in 1992 in terms of pressure which it had a central pressure of 922 millibars. It was also the strongest hurricane to hit the United States in terms of pressure since Hurricane Camille in  1969, which had a pressure of 900 millibars.

Retirement
----------

On March 20, 2019, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name *Michael* due to extreme and very expensive damage it caused along its track, particularly in the Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with *Milton* for the 2024 season.
For the Kinnickinnick River in eastern Wisconsin, see Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River).
The Kinnickinnic River as it passes through downtown River Falls
The **Kinnickinnic River**, called the **Kinni** for short, is a 22-mile-long (35 km) river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. This means it is a "high quality" trout water that has populations of wild trout. Also, these streams do not need stocking with hatchery trout.

Recreation
----------

The main recreational activity on the upper part of the Kinnickinnic River is trout fishing. Nearer to River Falls downtown, walking, hiking, running, mountain biking along the trails are popular activities. The City is also a Bird City and attracts a number of birders along the river. Kayaking along the lower parts of the river has become popular.
**Interdisciplinarity** is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are **multidisciplinarity** and **crossdisciplinarity**.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

* In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.
Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies, cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics must have been some of the first.

In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany. 

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

Related pages
-------------

* Holism
Geological map of the Hebridean Terrane
Outcrop of weathered Lewisian gneiss, originally laid down in the Archaean era. 5 km NW of Loch Inver
The **Hebridean Terrane** is one of the terranes that form part of the Caledonian orogenic belt in northwest Scotland. Its boundary with the neighbouring Northern Highland Terrane is formed by the Moine Thrust Belt.

The basement rock is formed by Archaean and Paleoproterozoic gneisses of the Lewisian complex. They are overlaid unconformably by the Neoproterozoic Torridonian sediments. This in turn is unconformably overlain by a sequence of Cambro–Ordovician sediments. It formed part of the Laurentian foreland during the Caledonian continental collision.

The Hebridean Terrane is the westernmost strip of mainland Scotland, most of the Inner Hebrides and all of the Outer Hebrides. Similar rocks are also thought to be present on Shetland. They have been proved west and north of the Outer Hebrides by BGS shallow boreholes and hydrocarbon exploration wells. The full extent of this terrane to the west is obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting.

Some similar rocks occur in Shetland, which are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny,
1961 International Scout 80 with half cab roof
The **International Scout** was an off-road vehicle which was made by International Harvester from 1960 to 1980. It was one of the earlier SUVs. The Scout was created as a competitor to the Jeep. Remarkably, the Scout went from a basic idea to production in only two years. Like the Jeep it had square utilitarian styling but had cleaner lines. It initially featured a fold-down windshield. The Scout and second generation Scout II were produced in Fort Wayne, Indiana as two-door trucks. They had the options of a half cab pickup or removable hard or soft top.

Background
----------

International Harvester began building trucks and pickups and later in 1907. In 1953 it added a truck-based people carrier, the Travelall. In the late 1950s it began to design a competitor for the two-door Jeep CJ 4x4. The 1961 model year Scout 80 made its debut in late 1960. Scouts began selling so well against Jeep, Ford jumped in with the Bronco and Chevrolet came out with the Blazer.

Production
----------

A concept for its replacement was started in 1964. It was approved for production in mid 1965. The Scout II was introduced in 1971. The basic sheet metal remained the unchanged until production stopped on October 21, 1980. During the 20 year period (1960–1980) 532,674 Scouts were produced. The Scout, introduced as a commercial utility vehicle in 1960, set the stage for future 4-wheel drive recreational vehicles of the '70s, '80s, and '90s.

Scout models* 1963 International Scout 801963 International Scout 80
* 1966 International Scout 8001966 International Scout 800
* 1973 International Scout1973 International Scout
* 1979 International Scout1979 International Scout
* Scout TravelerScout Traveler

Scout models and variants
-------------------------

Scout models include the:

* Scout 80 (1960–1965): The original
* Scout 800 (1966–1971): Same overall design as original with upgrades (electric wipers, newer engines etc.)
* Scout 810 (1971): Some early Scout II's contain Scout 810 badging on the glove box.
* Scout II (1971–1980): The later standard production model with a removable soft or hardtop (100-inch wheelbase).
* Scout II Terra (1976–1980): The light pickup truck version (118-inch wheelbase).
* Scout II Traveler (1976–1980): This version had a removable fiberglass hardtop, optional third row of seats (118 in wheelbase).
* Super Scout II (1977–1979): This model had removable fabric doors, a rollbar, and softtop. The soft-top model was tagged the "SSII" by IH marketing. Eventually the "SS" letters were assumed to stand for "Super Scout", the name this model is called today.
NGC 604, a giant H II region in the Triangulum galaxy
A small portion of the Tarantula nebula, a giant H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Bubbles of brand new stars LHA 120-N 180B.
An **H II region** is a region where huge blue stars are formed from hydrogen. They are named after the ionised atomic hydrogen which they produce: H II.

The stars form inside a large cloud of hydrogen gas. The short-lived blue stars formed in these regions give off huge amounts of ultraviolet light. This ionizes the surrounding gas. 

H II regions can be several hundred light-years across. The first known H II region was the Orion nebula, which was discovered in 1610. These regions have extremely varied shapes. They often appear clumpy and filamentary, sometimes showing bizarre shapes such as the Horsehead nebula. 

H II regions give birth to thousands of stars over several million years. Eventually, this produces a star cluster. In the end, supernova explosions and strong stellar winds from the most massive stars blow away the gases of the H II region. This leaves behind behind a cluster of stars such as the Pleiades.

H II regions can be seen at huge distances in the universe.The study of extragalactic H II regions helps to fix the distance and chemical composition of other galaxies. 

Spiral and irregular galaxies have many H II regions, while elliptical galaxies have almost none. In spiral galaxies, like the Milky Way, H II regions are found in the spiral arms, but in the irregular galaxies they are distributed at random. 

Some galaxies have huge H II regions, with tens of thousands of stars. Examples include the 30 Doradus region in the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 604 in the Triangulum galaxy.
***Hukou*** is a system of household registration used in mainland China. It officially identifies a person as a permanent resident of a place. It has information about name, parents, spouse and date of birth. A *hukou* can also refer to a family register. The household register is for a family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all the people in the family. A person's residence is tied to their place of birth or their parent's place of birth. Hukou registration limits the types of jobs a person can do in a city and the types of housing they are able to stay in.

The government gives people benefits based on agricultural and non-agricultural residency status (often called rural and urban). Urban residents got retirement pensions, education and health care, while rural people got none of those things. They had to build their own homes and grow their own food. Migration inside China was controlled by the government. It was difficult to move from the country into a city. People who moved without permission had to work in very bad conditions as they had no rights.

After 1978 controls were not so strict. Migrant workers could get temporary residency permits, but they generally got worse jobs and get less money. They often had to leave their children behind in the rural area. If the children came to the city they may not be able to go to public schools or colleges. By 2016, the government had given urban hukou to about 28.9 million rural migrants.  People were more likely to get an urban hukou if they owned their home or if they had qualifications. In the special economic zones of China - Shenzhen, Shantou, and Zhuhai in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province people were allowed to have both rural and urban houkou. 

Rural hukou holders have property rights over the land which urban people dont have. 

In Hong Kong and Macau there is no houkou system, but people do have to have identification cards.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is *Turbay* and the second or maternal family name is *Ayala*.

**Julio César Turbay Ayala** (18 June 1916 – 13 September 2005) was the 25th President of Colombia from 1978 to 1982.

Biographic data
---------------

Turbay was born in a poor neighborhood on June 18, 1916. His father, Antonio Amín Turbay, was a businessman who emigrated from Tannourine, Lebanon.
His mother, Rosaura Ayala, was a peasant from the province of Cundinamarca. Turbay’s father was a hard working merchant who had built a fortune, which he completely lost during the civil war of the Thousand Days War.

Presidency
----------

### 1978 Security Statute

In response to an increase in guerrilla activity, a 1978 decree known as the Security Statute was implemented by Turbay's administration.

The Security Statute gave the military an increased degree of freedom of action, especially in urban areas, to detain, interrogate and eventually judge suspected guerrillas or their collaborators before military tribunals. Human rights organizations, newspaper columnists, political personalities and opposition groups complained about an increase in the number of arbitrary detentions and acts of torture as a result.

### 1980 Dominican embassy crisis

In late 1980, sixteen ambassadors were held hostage for 61 days as part of a takeover of the Dominican Republic's embassy. The incident soon spread throughout worldwide headlines, as ambassadors from the United States of America, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Israel and Venezuela had been taken hostage, as well as Colombia's top representative to the Holy See.

Turbay, despite pressure from military and political sectors, avoided deciding to solve the crisis through the use of direct military force, and instead eventually agreed to let the M-19 rebels travel to Cuba. Allegedly, the rebels also received USD 1 million as payment, instead of the initial $50 million that they had originally demanded from the government.

Personal life
-------------

Turbay married his niece, Nydia Quintero Turbay, on July 1, 1948. They had four children together: Julio César, Diana, Claudia, and María Victoria. However, their marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church, and in 1986 he married his longtime companion Amparo Canal, to whom he remained married until his death.

In January 1991, Turbay's daughter Diana was kidnapped by orders of the Medellín Cartel and died during a failed police rescue operation not sanctioned by her family. Her kidnapping is chronicled in *News of a Kidnapping* by the Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez (1996) and depicted in multiple onscreen productions.

Death
-----

Turbay died on September 13, 2005. He was honored by a state funeral personally led by President Álvaro Uribe and was buried at the Sacromonte Caves at Canton Norte, an army base in Bogotá.

Other websites
--------------

* Find-A-Grave biography
The **Indian Penal Code** (IPC) is the main criminal code of modern India. It is a code meant to cover all aspects of criminal law. The code was drafted on 6th October 1860. on the recommendation of first law commission of india established in 1834 under the charter Act of 1833 under the chairmanship of Thomas Babington Macaulay.It came into force in British India during the early British Raj period in 1862. However, it did not apply automatically in the Princely states. They had their own courts and legal systems until the 1940s. The Code has been amended several times and is now supplemented by other criminal provisions.

After the Partition of the British Indian Empire, the Indian Penal Code was inherited by its successor states, the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan (where it continues as the Pakistan Penal Code). After the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, the code continued in force there. The code was also adopted by the British colonial authorities in colonial Burma, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), the Straits Settlements (now part of Malaysia), Singapore and Brunei. It is the basis of the criminal codes in those countries.
Fortepiano by Johann Andreas Stein
**Johann (Georg) Andreas Stein** (16 May 1728 in Heidelsheim – 29 February 1792 in Augsburg), was a maker of keyboard instruments from Germany. He built organs, clavichords, harpsichords and pianos.

In the beginning Stein learned the craft from his father in Heidelsheim. In 1748 to 1749 he was visiting two different workshops: one of Johann Andreas Silbermann in Strasbourg and the other of Frantz Jacob Spath in Regensburg. Later Stein played an important role in the history of piano and was responsible for the design of the Viennese hammer action. In 1777 Stein met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for the first time. The composer used Stein's pianos in his public performances in Augsburg later that year. He was fond of Stein's pianos and shared his admiration in a letter to his father.

Only a few instrument by Stein survived until the XXI century. One clavichord that was bought by Leopold Mozart is now displayed in the Budapest National Museum.

Other websites
--------------

* The Piano: Viennese Instruments
* Hungarian National Museum. Mozart’s clavichord made by Stein.[*permanent dead link*]
* Mozart's pianos. BBC.
* A modern replica of a Stein piano Archived 2021-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
John Batman
**John Batman** (21 January 1801 – 6 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first white people to live in Melbourne.

Batman was born in Rosehill, Parramatta (part of Sydney), and spent time in Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's Land). In Tasmania he started farming on land the government gave him. He brought more land. During this time, he was involved in conflicts with the Tasmanian Aborigines.

In December 1825, or early 1826, Batman captured the notorious bushranger (a kind of robber), Matthew Brady.

Batman asked to be given land in the Westernport area of Victoria, but the government rejected him. So, in 1835, as a leading member of the Port Phillip Association he sailed for the mainland of Australia in the schooner *Rebecca* and explored much of Port Phillip Bay. Batman made an agreement, now known as Batman's Treaty, with some local Aborigines to rent their land in return for things like knives and flour every year. Probably the Wurundjeri people did not understand the agreement. In any case, the Governor of New South Wales said the agreement was not legal the land was owned by the Government rather than the Aborigines.

Batman became very unhealthy after 1835, and he separated from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan. They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River. In his last months the local Aborigines looked after him.

Batman is remembered by some statues around Melbourne, and is buried in the Fawkner Cemetery, a cemetery named after his fellow colonist John Pascoe Fawkner. There is also a memorial in the Old Melbourne Cemetery.

Melbourne was called Batmania for a very brief time, in 1835, after John Batman.

He was also one of the first Australians to take part in the Common wealth Games 1823.

His direct descendant is Australian sprinter Daniel Batman.

Related pages
-------------

* History of Melbourne

Other websites
--------------

* Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
* Batmania: a fun way to explore the people and events surrounding the foundation of Melbourne, images of the Batman Land Deed and other historical documents Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine at the National Museum of Australia.
The **Late Ordovician glaciation** happened about 440–460 million years ago. It also called the **Hirnantian glaciation**. Its centre was the Sahara region in late Ordovician, about 440–460 mya (million years ago). 

It was probably the cause of the Ordovician-Silurian extinction event. Evidence of this glaciation can be seen in places such as Morocco, South Africa, Libya, and Wyoming (which at the time were near together). 

More evidence is got from isotopic data. During the Late Ordovician, tropical ocean temperatures were about 5 °C cooler than present day. This would have been a major cause of the glaciation.

The Late Ordovician had a major mass extinction of nearly 61% of marine life. Estimates of peak ice sheet volume range from 50 to 250 million cubic kilometers, and its duration from 35 million to less than 1 million years. There were also two peaks of glaciation. Glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere was slight because most of the land was in the Southern Hemisphere.

Sources
-------

1. ↑  Delabroye, A.; Vecoli, M. (2010). "The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about the Late Ordovician event stratigraphy". *Earth-Science Reviews*. **98** (3–4): 269–282. Bibcode:2010ESRv...98..269D. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.010.
2. 1 2  Finnegan, S. (2011). "The magnitude and duration of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation" (PDF). *Science*. **331** (6019): 903–906. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..903F. doi:10.1126/science.1200803. PMID 21273448. S2CID 35089938.
3. ↑  Sheehan, Peter M (1 May 2001). "The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction". *Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences*. **29** (1): 331–364. Bibcode:2001AREPS..29..331S. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331.
**Johnny Castaway** is a screensaver released in 1992 by Sierra On-Line/Dynamix. It was under the **Screen Antics** brand and was said to be "the world's first story-telling screen saver".

A man, Johnny Castaway, is stuck on a very small island with one palm tree. He often fishes, builds sand castles, and jogs. Other things happen less often, such as a mermaid or Lilliputian pirates coming to the island, or a seagull flying down to steal his shorts while he is bathing. Much like the castaways of *Gilligan's Island*, he is sometimes almost rescued, but is still on the island because of accidents.

Easter eggs happen on some holidays or events often celebrated in the United States, such as Halloween, Christmas and Independence Day, in which a related thing also appears. For example, the palm tree has a "Happy New Year" banner during the last week of the year, and a Jack-o'-lantern is in the sand on Halloween. The time on the computer can be changed to the time of the holiday or event to make it happen at the wrong time.

Johnny Castaway came on a 3½-inch floppy disk and required a computer with, at minimum, a 386SX CPU and Windows 3.1. Now it is widely available on the internet, but because it requires 16-bit software components that do not work in modern versions of Windows, it only works on older versions of Microsoft Windows without workarounds, which exist on Windows 64-bit, Mac OS X and Linux.

Shawn Bird designed the characters while he was at Dynamix. The program was developed by Jeff Tunnell Productions, the Jeff Tunnell in the name meaning the founder of Dynamix. Ken Williams said the screensaver was one of Dynamix's products that did not cost much money to create and make, and made them much more money, along with The Incredible Machine and Hoyle Card Games, which Sierra also published.

Reviews
-------

*Computer Gaming World* said *Johnny Castaway* was "a great launch" for Screen Antics and "Fans of Johnny Hart-style comics and sight gag lovers everywhere should love it".

Other websites
--------------

* Johnny Castaway - Screensavers Planet
* WineHQ entry - Screen Antics Johnny Castaway Screen Saver
**King Abdulaziz University** is a public university in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The establishment of this university was in the year 1387 AH / 1967 AD as a private university, with the aim of spreading higher education in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With the efforts of the loyal people of this country, the dream turned into reality and the idea came into existence, as the members of the Preparatory Committee had a meeting with King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, and he expressed all support and support for the idea of ​​the project, and formed the founding committee of the university headed by the late King Faisal and His Excellency the Minister of Education at the time Sheikh Hassan bin Abdullah Al Sheikh.

The university began its first academic year in the year (1388 AH - 1968 AD) with the opening of the preparatory study program, with a small number of male and female students (68 males - 30 female students), and in the immediately following year, the first college in the university (the College of Economics and Administration) was opened, and in the following year a college was established Arts and Humanities

After the esteemed Council of Ministers issued a decision in the year (1391 AH) to annex the university to the state, and thus it was transformed from a private university to a governmental one, at the same time another decision was issued to include the faculties of Education, Sharia and Graduate Studies, which had been in existence since (1369 AH - 1949 AD) in Mecca Al-Mukarramah to King Abdul Aziz University, then separated after that to be attached to Umm Al-Qura University after its establishment.

Notable alumni
--------------

* Assim al-Hakeem is a Saudi Arabian Islamic Scholar.
* Suhad Bahajri
* Samia al-Amoudi

Other websites
--------------

* Media related to King Abdulaziz University at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website
* KAU ranking from Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
* Faculty of Design and Arts

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