recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
When CMY colors are combined at full strength, the resulting pair mixtures are red, green, and blue. Mixing all three gives very dark grey.
The **CMYK color model** is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing. **CMYK** refers to the four inks used in printing: **c**yan, **m**agenta, **y**ellow, and **k**ey (black).

The CMYK model is subtractive. It means that it *subtracts* or masks colors from white background of the paper. The ink reduces the reflected light. White light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow.

White is the natural color of the paper, while black results from a full combination of colored inks. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, unsaturated and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of pure mix of cyan, magenta, and yellow.

Using black ink
---------------

A sample of four-color printing process.
The "black" produced by mixing usual cyan, magenta, and yellow inks is actually a dark grey color. So, modern four-color printing uses black ink in addition to the subtractive primary colors. Common reasons for using black ink include:

* Text is typically printed in black and includes fine detail, difficult to reproduce with a mix of three inks.
* A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry.
* Although a combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks should, in theory, produce a perfect black, practical inks cannot do it and the result is actually a dark muddy color that does not quite appear black.
* Using black ink is less expensive than using the corresponding amounts of colored inks.

Related pages
-------------

* CMY color model
* RGB color model
* Color model

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***CMYK***.

* XCmyk Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine – CMYK to RGB Calculator with source code
* Color Space Fundamentals – animated illustration of RGB vs. CMYK
**Nathaniel Fillmore Jr.** (April 19, 1771 – March 28, 1863) was an American farmer and the father of Millard Fillmore, the 13th President of the United States.

Biography
---------

Nathaniel Fillmore Jr. was born on April 19, 1771 in Bennington, Bennington County, Vermont, the son of Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. (1739–1814), a native and soldier during the American Revolution, and his wife, Hepzibah Wood (1747–1783). Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. was the son of John Fillmore Jr. (1702–1777), a ship's captain. John Fillmore Jr. was the son of John Fillmore Sr. (1676–1712), a native and mariner.

Career
------

After his marriage, Fillmore began farming in Vermont. Shortly thereafter, Nathaniel and his brother Calvin Fillmore were approached by land agents offering tracts in New York state. Unhappy with trying to make the stony ground of their Vermont land productive, they quickly grabbed the opportunity and moved to western New York, sight unseen.

According to biographers of Millard Fillmore, "The Fillmore brothers moved their two families to their new homeland nestled deep within a timber-laden forest. Location was not their greatest problem. Nor was the dense clay they unearthed once the land was cleared. Their greatest setback came with the realization that faulty surveying coupled with corrupt local government officials had left them with virtually nothing. Duped, tired, and poor, Nathaniel eventually became a tenant farmer while occasionally teaching school, working the soil for landlords and taking their charity when necessary to survive.

Over time, Nathaniel Fillmore's fortunes changed; he became prominent enough while living in Niles, New York that he served as a justice of the peace for eleven years. He eventually purchased a farm in East Aurora, New York which he developed into a productive enterprise. He died in East Aurora, New York in 1863, and was buried at East Aurora Cemetery.

Historians have credited his wife, Phoebe, for convincing her husband to secure a clerk’s position for Millard in the office of their landlord, Judge Walter Wood. Though Fillmore did not complete the clerkship, it did set him on the eventual path to a successful legal and political career that carried him to the presidency.

After Millard assumed the presidency in 1850, Nathaniel visited him the following year, Robert J. Scarry writing that the visit was the one most anticipated by President Fillmore.

Personal life
-------------

In 1796, the 25 year-old Fillmore married Phoebe Millard, daughter of a prominent physician, in Bennington. Together, they had nine children:

* Olive Fillmore (1797–1883)
* Millard Fillmore (1800–1874)
* Cyrus Fillmore (1801–1889)
* Almon Fillmore (1806–1830)
* Calvin Fillmore (1810–1879)
* Julia Fillmore (1812–1891)
* Darius Fillmore (1814–1837)
* Charles Fillmore (1817–1854)
* Phoebe Fillmore (1819–1843)

After Phoebe died in 1831, he remarried to Eunice Love in 1834.

### Distinction

He was the first of only four fathers (the other three being George Tryon Harding, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and George H. W. Bush) to live through the entire presidency of a son.

Related pages
-------------

* Millard Fillmore
**Gentoo Linux** is a version of the Linux operating system. It was created by Daniel Robbins. The project and its products are named after the Gentoo penguin.

Development
-----------

Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called **Portage**. Portage is like the BSD ports collection. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, flexible, and optimized for the user's machine. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although for convenience, some large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures.

Although originally designed for the x86 architecture, it has been ported to many others and currently runs on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, System Z/s390, PS3 Cell Processor and SuperH architectures. Official support for 32-bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.

Package
-------

Gentoo's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

Related pages
-------------

* List of Linux distributions

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Gentoo***.

* The official website of the Gentoo Project
* gentoo-wiki.com Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine - An unofficial yet heavily used wiki about Gentoo
* Gentoo at DistroWatch

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata | 
* Germany

 |
An encryption round of IDEA using six sub-keys
In cryptography, the **International Data Encryption Algorithm** (**IDEA**) is a block cipher designed by Xuejia Lai and James Massey of ETH Zurich in 1991. It was meant to be a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard. IDEA is very like an earlier cipher called **Proposed Encryption Standard** (**PES**), but with some improvements. Because of this, IDEA was first called **IPES** (**Improved PES**).

The cipher is patented in a number of countries but can be used by anyone for non-commercial use. The name "IDEA" is also a trademark. The patents expired in 2010–2011. IDEA was licensed worldwide by a company called **MediaCrypt**.

IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) v2.0 after the cipher used in v1.0, BassOmatic, was found to be breakable. IDEA can be used with the OpenPGP standard.

IDEA operates on 64-bit blocks, using a 128-bit key. It contains a series of eight identical transformations (*rounds*) and one output transformation (the *half-round*). It does this for a total of 8.5 rounds. The processes for encryption and decryption are similar.

IDEA derives much of its security by interleaving operations from different groups — modular addition and multiplication, and bitwise eXclusive OR (XOR) — which are chosen to be "algebraically incompatible".

Each of the eight round uses six sub-keys, while the half-round uses four; for a total of 52 sub-keys. Each sub-key is a 16-bit in length. The first eight sub-keys are extracted directly from the 128-bit key, with K1 being the lowest sixteen bits and K8 is the highest sixteen bits; further groups of eight keys are created by rotating the main key left 25 bits after the creation of the previous group; six rotations generate all sub-keys.

The designers analyzed IDEA to measure its strength against differential cryptanalysis and concluded that it is unsusceptible only under certain assumptions. No successful linear or differential attacks have been reported. Some classes of weak keys have been found — E.g. (Daemen *et al.*, 1994) — but these are of little importance, being so rare to be explicitly avoided. As of 2007, the best attack which applies to all keys can break IDEA if reduced to 6 rounds (the full IDEA cipher uses 8.5 rounds).

In 1996, Bruce Schneier wrote about IDEA, "In my opinion, it is the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public at this time." (*Applied Cryptography*, 2nd ed.) However, by 1999 he was no longer recommending IDEA due to the availability of faster cryptographic algorithms, some progress in its cryptanalysis, and the issue of patents.

Other websites
--------------

* RSA FAQ on Block Ciphers Archived 2004-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
* SCAN entry for IDEA
* IDEA in 448 bytes of 80x86
* IDEA Applet
***Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis*** (/ˌnjuːmənoʊˌʌltrəˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪkˌsɪlɪkoʊvɒlˌkeɪnoʊˌkoʊniˈoʊsɪs/) is a word that was made up in 1935 by Everett M. Smith. She was the president of the National Puzzlers' League. Oxford Dictionaries says that t is the longest word in the English language. Oxford Dictionaries say that it means "an artificial long word said to mean a lung disease caused by inhaling very fine ash and sand dust".

Split up meaning
----------------

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is the longest word in the English language. 
The word can be split:

1. *Pneumono*: from ancient Greek (πνεύμων, *pneúmōn*) which means lungs
2. *ultra*: from Latin, which means beyond
3. *micro* and *scopic*: from ancient Greek, which means small looking. It is trying to describe to the very small size of particles
4. *silico-*: from Latin, silicon
5. *volcano*: from Latin
6. *coni*: from ancient Greek (κόνις, *kónis*) which means dust
7. *-osis*: from ancient Greek, it is used at the end of a word to mean medical condition

Everett M. Smith created the word in the daily meeting for the National Puzzlers' League (N.P.L.). *New York Herald Tribune* put the word as its title on 23 February 1935: "Puzzlers Open 103rd Session Here by Recognizing 45-Letter Word":

> Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis succeeded electrophotomicrographically as the longest word in the English language recognized by the National Puzzlers' League at the opening session of the organization's 103rd semi-annual meeting held yesterday at the Hotel New Yorker. The puzzlers explained that the forty-five-letter word is the synonym of a special form of pneumoconiosis caused by ultra-microscopic particles of silica volcanic dust...
> 
> — The *New York Herald Tribune* said this about the word

The word was also used in Frank Scully's puzzle book *Bedside Manna.* After this the N.P.L. wanted to put the word in famous dictionaries. The Merriam-Webster dictionary put in their dictionary in 1939.

In The Simpsons episode Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy the character Abraham Simpson (talking by Dan Castellaneta) says the word rightly and in the right meaning.
The **Ten Little Indians** is an American nursery rhyme. The term *Indians* in this sense refers to the Native Americans in the United States.

The modern lyrics for this song are:

> One little, two little, three little Indians  
> 
> Four little, five little, six little Indians  
> 
> Seven little, eight little, nine little Indians  
> 
> Ten little Indian boys.  
> 
>   
> 
> Ten little, nine little, eight little Indians  
> 
> Seven little, six little, five little Indians  
> 
> Four little, three little, two little Indians  
> 
> One little Indian boy.
> 
>

Minstrel song
-------------

Songwriter Septimus Winner created an elaborated version of the children's song, called "Ten Little Injuns", in 1868 for a minstrel show.

> Ten little Indians standin' in a line,  
> 
> One toddled home and then there were nine;  
> 
>   
> 
> Nine little Indians swingin' on a gate,  
> 
> One tumbled off and then there were eight.  
> 
>   
> 
> Eight little Indians gayest under heav'n.  
> 
> One went to sleep and then there were seven;  
> 
>   
> 
> Seven little Indians cuttin' up their tricks,  
> 
> One broke his neck and then there were six.  
> 
>   
> 
> Six little Indians all alive,  
> 
> One kicked the bucket and then there were five;  
> 
>   
> 
> Five little Indians on a cellar door,  
> 
> One tumbled in and then there were four.  
> 
>   
> 
> Four little Indians up on a spree,  
> 
> One got fuddled and then there were three;  
> 
>   
> 
> Three little Indians out on a canoe,  
> 
> One tumbled overboard and then there were two  
> 
>   
> 
> Two little Indians foolin' with a gun,  
> 
> One shot t'other and then there was one;  
> 
>    
> 
> One little Indian livin' all alone,  
> 
> He got married and then there were none.
> 
>

Books and songs
---------------

It is generally thought the song was adapted, possibly by Frank J. Green in 1869 as "Ten Little Niggers". It's also possible, however, that the influence was the other way around, with "Ten Little Niggers" being a close reflection of the text which then became "Ten Little Indians". 

Agatha Christie's book, *And Then There Were None*, was first called *Ten Little Niggers* and then *Ten Little Indians*.

### Criticism of the racist language

Due to the use of racist words, modern versions for children usually use *soldier boys* or *teddy bears* as objects in the rhyme.

References in popular culture
-----------------------------

"Ten Little Indians" is a 1962 pop and rock-n-roll song from the Beach Boys. It's on their studio album *Surfin' Safari*.

Several *Looney Tunes* and *Merrie Melodies* short films used the song. In *Tom Tom Tomcat*, Tweety sings the song while writing down the number of Indian cats Granny has taken down so far.

In England's *Mickey Mouse Annual* No. 6, the song was adapted into the comic *10 Little Mickey Kids*. It told of little mouse babies who met their end until there were two left.
**Microsoft Office 2007** (codenamed **Office 12**) is an office suite for Windows. It was developed and published by Microsoft. It was officially revealed on March 9, 2006 with Service Pack 1 Beta. Later it was released to manufacturing on November 3, 2006 and retail on January 30, 2007 (after retail in November 30, 2006), the same day as the release of Windows Vista.

Interfaces
----------

Office 2007 has introduced a new graphical user interface called the *Fluent User Interface*, but not successor like Microsoft Office 2010 in Office menu instead of menu bars and toolbars. Office 2007 is incompatible with Windows 2000 but not support them. Office 2007 is compatible with Windows XP SP2 or later, Windows Server 2003 SP1 or later, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 10.

End of support
--------------

Mainstream support of Office 2007 ended on October 9, 2012. Extended support ended on October 10, 2017. In August 27, 2021, Microsoft announced that Outlook 2007 and Outlook 2010 will be cut off in Microsoft Exchange Server. Security Update 1 of Office 2007 has ended until April 10, 2013.

History
-------

In September 2006, Microsoft announced that they will release Office 2007 Beta 1 and Office 2007 Beta 2 in late September, but undate, it was revealed on November 9, 2006. In November 14, Office 2007 Beta 2 has release Service Pack 1 launch on Windows Vista RTM. Office 2007 has release of volume licensing on November 30, 2006 and later retail on January 30, 2007, the same day as release general availability of Windows Vista. 

### Service Pack 1

Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 1 was release on December 11, 2007. Official documentation claim that SP1 is not simply a rollup publicly released patches.

### Service Pack 2

Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 was released on April 28, 2009. It added improved support for ODF, XPS and PDF standards, and included several bug fixes.

### Service Pack 3

Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 3 was release on October 25, 2011.

Related pages
-------------

* Microsoft Office 2010
* Microsoft Office 2013
The DD-8 Data Discman
German "Duden" dictionary for the Data Discman, 1992
The DD-10EX exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 1995
The **Data Discman** is an device that plays electronic books. It was made by Sony Corporation, which was the parent company of Sony Pictures Entertainment. It came out in the Western market in late 1991 or early 1992. It was marketed in the United States to college students and international travelers, but was only successful in Japan.[*source?*] The Discman product name was first used for Sony's range of portable CD players, such as the Sony Discman D-50, which first came out in 1984.

The Data Discman allows information to be accessed quickly on a pre-recorded disc. This is done using a QWERTY keyboard and the "Yes" and "No" keys.

Most Data Discman models have a small low-resolution grayscale LCD (256x200 at first, then up to 320x240 and in colour for later models), a CD drive (either Mini CD or full size), and a computer that is not very powerful. Early versions of the device cannot play audio CDs. Software is pre-recorded and mostly is encyclopedias, foreign language dictionaries and novels.[*source?*] Software was usually made using the Sony Electronic Book Authoring System.

A DD-1EX Data Discman is in the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. It is displayed in the V&A's 20th Century Gallery. This early model cannot play sound.

An updated model, the DD-10EX, came out in 1992 or 1993. The manual that comes with it gives a copyright date of 1992. Unlike the DD-1EX, the DD-10EX can also play audio files. The British version comes with two discs: one with the *Thomson Electronic Directory* for April 1992 on it, and one with the *Pocket Interpreter 5-language conversation book for travelers* on it. A DD-10EX was in an exhibition called *The Book and Beyond: Electronic Publishing and the Art of the Book*, which was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, from April 1995 to October 1995. The exhibition also included a CD-ROM for the Data Discman, which is called *The Library of the Future*, and came out in 1993.

The DD-1EX and DD-10EX were both in a flip or clamshell design, while the flat, rectangular design of the DD-8 was closer to later e-book readers, such as the Amazon Kindle.

Other websites
--------------

* Techmoan: e-books in the '90s with Sony's Data Discman, YouTube, published on 5 July 2018
Cosplayer impersonating Captain Marvel.
**Captain Marvel** (real name **Carol Susan Jane Danvers**, and Kree name **Car-Ell**), previously known as **Ms. Marvel**, is a fictional character and super heroine from the Marvel Comics and universe, appearing as the main protagonist of the titular comics, and a major character in *The Avengers* and *A-Force* comics.

She is a human and Kree hybrid who became a pilot for the United States Air Force, and became a superheroine after unlocking her powers from the Psyche-Magnitron. During her heroic career, she has donned the nicknames **Binary** and **Warbird**, as well as **Captain Marvel**; and she later became a member of the Avengers and prominent ally of the X-Men.

She was created by Roy Thomas and Gene Colan, and first appeared in *Marvel Super-Heroes #13* in March of 1968.

Portrayals
----------

The character is played by actress Brie Larson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies *Captain Marvel*, *Avengers: Endgame* (both 2019), *Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings* (2021), and *The Marvels* (2023). Mckenna Grace portrayed a young Carol in *Captain Marvel*. Alexandra Daniels voices alternate reality versions of the character in the Disney+ animated series *What If...?* (2021).
A **password** is a way of authentication. It can be used as a means to identify a person. Since the password is the only way to identify a person, it has to be kept secret. A password can be static. This means it will remain the same unless the user changes it, or it rarely changes. Or a password can be dynamic. A dynamic password changes regularly and does not remain the same. One type of a dynamic password is a one-time pad that can only be used once.

History
-------

Passwords were first used in the military. This was to be able to tell who was a friend and who was an enemy when it was dark.

Modern passwords are made of characters, letters and numbers. Sometimes a password will require a minimum number of characters. Usually this is from six to eight. Some websites allow only the use of letters and numbers, but no other characters on the keyboard. Other websites advise using a combination of letters and numbers to increase the "strength" of a password. Websites also advise changing a password once a year or more often to prevent hacking. A person may be able to guess a password if it is too easy. While being typed, each letter of a password is shown as \* or •.

Alternatives
------------

Other ways of verifying the identity of a person include using fingerprint scanners and face detection.

Encryption
----------

Encryption is the translation of data to achieve data security. To read an encrypted string a secret key or password must be provided to decrypt it.

Usage at login
--------------

In systems that uses login based actions, the password can be converted to the original string if the key is provided. Hashing is a one-way function and is irreversible.

Brute-force attacks
-------------------

* See also Brute force attack

Brute-force attacks work by calculating every possible combination that could make up a password and testing it to see if it is the correct password. As the password's length increases, the amount of time, on average, to find the correct password increases exponentially.

Methods of protection against attack
------------------------------------

it includes preventing the capture of the hash of the transmitted password and protection against multiple authentication attempts in the system. Secure (encrypted) communication channels can be used to prevent interception.

Related pages
-------------

* Computer security
* Encryption - Encryption
* FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
* Identity document
* Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
* PuTTY - SSH encryption
* Shibboleth

Resources
---------

* Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine a free tool to generate strong secure passwords
* "How to create the perfect password"
Degrees of freedom refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which are values that have the freedom to vary, in the data sample.

Understanding Degrees of Freedom
--------------------------------

The easiest way to understand degrees of freedom conceptually is through an example:

* Consider a data sample consisting of, for the sake of simplicity, five positive integers. The values could be any number with no known relationship between them. This data sample would, theoretically, have five degrees of freedom.
* Four of the numbers in the sample are {3, 8, 5, and 4} and the average of the entire data sample is revealed to be 6.
* This must mean that the fifth number has to be 10. It can be nothing else. It does not have the freedom to vary.
* So the degrees of freedom for this data sample is 4.

The formula for degrees of freedom equals the size of the data sample minus one:
Df​=N−1
where:

Df​=degrees of freedom

N=sample size​

Degrees of freedom are commonly discussed in relation to various forms of hypothesis testing in statistics, such as a chi-square. It is essential to calculate degrees of freedom when trying to understand the importance of a chi-square statistic and the validity of the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square Tests
----------------

There are two different kinds of chi-square tests: the test of independence, which asks a question of relationship, such as, "Is there a relationship between gender and SAT scores?"; and the goodness-of-fit test, which asks something like "If a coin is tossed 100 times, will it come up heads 50 times and tails 50 times?"

For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variables and samples within the experiment. For example, when considering students and course choice, a sample size of 30 or 40 students is likely not large enough to generate significant data. Getting the same or similar results from a study using a sample size of 400 or 500 students is more valid.

History
-------

The earliest and most basic concept of degrees of freedom was noted in the early 1800s, intertwined in the works of mathematician and astronomer Carl Friedrich Gauss. The modern usage and understanding of the term were expounded upon first by William Sealy Gosset, an English statistician, in his article "The Probable Error of a Mean," published in Biometrika in 1908 under a pen name to preserve his anonymity.1

In his writings, Gosset did not specifically use the term "degrees of freedom." He did, however, give an explanation for the concept throughout the course of developing what would eventually be known as Student’s T-distribution. The actual term was not made popular until 1922. English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher began using the term "degrees of freedom" when he started publishing reports and data on his work developing chi-squares.
|  |
| --- |
| Part of a series on |
| Muhammad |
| Muhammad |
| Life
* Life in Mecca
* Migration to Medina

* Life in Medina
* Farewell Pilgrimage

* Milestones and records
 |
| Career
* First revelation
* Military career

* Diplomatic career
* Conquest of Mecca

* Hadith
 |
| Miracles
* Quran
* Isra and Mi'raj
* Splitting of the moon

* Miracles of Muhammad
 |
| Views
* Jews
* Christians
 |
| Succession
* Farewell Sermon
* Hadith (Pen and Paper)

* Saqifah
* Ahl al-Bayt
* Sahaba
* History
 |
| Praise
* Durood
* Naat
* Mawlid
 |
| Perspectives
* Islamic
* Muhammad in the Bible
* Jewish

* Medieval Christian
* Historicity
* Criticism
 |
| Related
* Mosque of the prophet
* Possessions
* Relics
 |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

A small painting from the 1700s. It shows Muhammad going up into heaven. He is riding a creature called a Buraq.
The **Isra and Mi'raj** are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad. They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq. The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven. While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.

Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj. They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups. Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.
First appearance of Mary Marvel on the cover of Captain Marvel Adventures number 18 (Fawcett Comics), December 1942), Artwork by Charles Clarence Beck, one of a small number of painted covers produced for this series.
The **Marvel Family**, also known as the **Shazam Family** (also **Shazamily**), is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Fawcett Comics and later acquired by DC Comics. It is the DC Universe's first superhero family. There have been many members over the years, including Uncle Marvel, Captain Marvel Jr. and Mary Marvel; but the original group was founded by Captain Marvel and the Lieutenant Marvels.

During the events of 52, Captain Marvel's longtime foe Black Adam would go on to create his own version of the Marvel Family which he called the Black Marvel Family. In The New 52, the Marvel is now known as the **Shazam Family**.

The Marvel Family was created by C. C. Beck, first appearing in *Whiz Comics* #21 (1941).

Portrayals
----------

The Shazam Family made their cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe movie *Shazam!*, released in 2019 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. and returned in the 2023 sequel, *Shazam! Fury of the Gods*.
**Statistical errors** and **residuals** occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown. 

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.

A **residual** (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable *estimate* of the unobservable statistical error. The simplest case involves a random sample of *n* men whose heights are measured. The *sample* mean is used as an estimate of the *population* mean. Then we have:

* The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable *population* mean is a *statistical error*, and
* The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable *sample* mean is a *residual*.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore *not independent*. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:

* Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
* Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).

Related pages
-------------

* Standard error
Cosplayer playing the character.
**Mysterio** is a fictional character and a major antagonist from the Marvel Comics universe, most commonly serving as an enemy to Spider-Man, Deadpool, and Daredevil. He is a supervillain who primarily utilizes illusions and other gadgets to perform crimes.

The Mysterio identity has been adopted by different people over the years, but the most notable person to utilize the alias is **Quentin Beck**, a former actor and special effects artist that would go on to become one of Spider-Man's classic foes. He serves as one of the founding members of the supervillain group, the Sinister Six.

Mysterio in media
-----------------

The character has appeared in movies, television series, and video games. In live-action, he is played by actor Jake Gyllenhaal in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movie, *Spider-Man: Far From Home* (2019), reappearing in archive footage in *The Daily Bugle* (2019, 2021) and *Spider-Man: No Way Home* (2021).

Source
------

* Some text was copied from Mysterio (Marvel) at Villains Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
The domain name **gov** is the generic top-level domain used by government websites used in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels. It was one of the first top-level domains, made in January 1985.

The U.S. is the only country that has a government-specific top-level domain in addition to its ccTLD. Other countries typically use a second-level domain for this purpose, e.g. .gov.au for Australia, .gov.uk for the United Kingdom, .gc.ca for Canada, and .gouv.fr for France. Since the United States controls the .gov Top Level Domain, it would be impossible for another country to create a domain ending in .gov, for example, .jp.gov.

Some U.S. federal agencies use .fed.us rather than .gov. The Department of Defense and its subsidiary organizations use .mil. Some U.S. governmental entities use other domains, such as the use of .com domains by the United States Postal Service (usps.com) and the United States Army (goarmy.com). Internet purists consider these usages to be improper, as these are governmental or military entities rather than commercial ones.

All governments in the U.S. are allowed to use .gov, such as atlantaga.gov for the city of Atlanta, and georgia.gov for the U.S. state of Georgia. This was not always true; under an earlier policy, only federal agencies were allowed to use the domain, and agencies beneath cabinet level were needed to use subdomains of their parent agency.

The usage of .gov as a gTLD controlled only by the U.S. is controversial, as some people believe this to be an example of arrogance by the U.S. – such views hold that usage of .fed.us or a new second-level domain of .gov.us would be more suitable. Others believe that U.S. control of .gov is a natural result of the fact that the U.S. federal government was responsible for the initial creation of the Internet and its first user.

Other websites
--------------

* IANA .gov whois information
The **Guardians of the Galaxy** are a fictional space-faring superhero team that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning formed the team from existing and previously unrelated characters created by a variety of writers and artists, with an initial roster of Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Quasar, Adam Warlock, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, and Groot.

This Guardians team is the second to operate under the name, following the original team created by Arnold Drake, Roy Thomas and Stan Lee in 1969.

Guardians of the Galaxy in media
--------------------------------

These Guardians first appeared in *Annihilation: Conquest* #6 (April 2008). A feature movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe based on this team was released in 2014. A sequel, titled *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2*, was released in 2017, and the team has also been featured in the crossover movies *Avengers: Infinity War* (2018), *Avengers: Endgame* (2019), *Thor: Love and Thunder*, the Disney+ special *The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special* (both 2022) and the movie *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3* (2023).
**Oddworld Inhabitants** is a video game and film company founded in 1994 by Lorne Lanning and Sherry McKenna. The company is known for creating the Oddworld Quintology series released from 1997 to 2005. The series includes: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee, Oddworld Abe's Exoddus, Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee and Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath, as well as two Gameboy and one Gameboy Advance games that were short versions of Abe's Oddysee, Abe's Exoddus, and Munch's Oddysee. They were titled: Oddworld Adventures, Oddworld Adventures II, and Munch's Oddysee.

In 2005, Oddworld Inhabitants temporarily redirected their focus into the film industry, and eventually released a science fiction thriller called Citizen Siege.

They then released games under Just Add Water (Developments) UK LTD where they only sell digital products as of 2008 when the original PC games went up on Steam. They also made available the original PS1 games on the Playstation Network store in 2010 for the PS3 and PSP. The classics were made available for PS Vita in August 2012.

They started work by porting the original Xbox version of Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath to PC. They then made an HD version and had several improvements made to it and it was released in 2011 for the PC and PS3. In 2012 Oddworld announced that Abe's Oddysee was getting a complete remake game from the ground up and its title which was chosen by fans is called Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty. They also released Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee HD for PS3 in December 2012.

In 2013, it was announced that New 'n' Tasty will be coming in Spring 2014 and at the Game Developers Conference in California.

Released titles
---------------

The developers originally stated that the *Oddworld* series would consist of five games referred to as the Quintology. Only two of those five games have been produced, while two additional games from the same universe were developed as expansion titles outside of the Quintology. Production on the Quintology's final three games was halted when the company decided to redirect its efforts toward film production. Those plans, too, were shelved.

In 2009, a partnership was created with developers Just Add Water to continue developing the abandoned video games with Oddworld Inhabitants Inc. becoming the publisher of the titles. To raise the money to fund the rest of the Quintology, Just Add Water began by porting the studio's first two titles to new consoles and producing high definition remasters of *Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee* and *Stranger's Wrath*.

A high definition rebuild of *Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee* subtitled *New 'n' Tasty!* was next. Stewart Gilray has confirmed that all five Quintology games are titled Oddworld: X's Oddysee where X is the name of the protagonist.
Eye logo of the series
***Big Brother 2023*** (also known as ***Big Brother 20***) is the twentieth season of *Big Brother UK* and the first season of the ITV reboot of the show.

Production
----------

Previously, the show ended in 2018 with its nineteenth season airing on Channel 5. In 2022, ITV bought the show. Several changes were made, including building a new house for the contestants and introducing new presenters: AJ Odudu and Will Best.

The format of the show remained the same. A group of strangers lived together in the house for six weeks with no contact outside of the house. They were filmed every day and had to complete tasks and challenges. Throughout the series, the public voted out their least favourite housemates until only one remained and got a prize of £100,000.

Housemates
----------

Sixteen housemates took part in this series, with all of them entering on Day One. Below they are listed in the order that they entered the house.

| Entry | Housemate | Age | Hometown | Day | Result | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| In | Out |
| 1 | Jenkin Edwards | 25 | Bridgend | 1 | 39 | Evicted | 7th |
| 2 | Farida Khalifa | 50 | Wolverhampton | 1 | 7 | Evicted | 16th |
| 3 | Tom Bryant | 21 | Limington | 1 | 39 | Evicted | 8th |
| 4 | Hallie Clarke | 18 | Streatham | 1 | 21 | Evicted | 14th |
| 5 | Trish Balusa | 33 | Kinshasa | 1 | 35 | Evicted | 9th |
| **6** | **Yinrun Huang** | **25** | **Shanghai** | **1** | **42** | **Finalist** | **4th** |
| 7 | Jordan Sangha | 25 | Scunthorpe | 1 | 42 | Winner | 1st |
| 8 | Zak Srakaew | 28 | Manchester | 1 | 14 | Evicted | 15th |
| 9 | Chanelle Bowen | 29 | Llanelli | 1 | 35 | Evicted | 10th |
| 10 | Dylan Tennant | 39 | Coventry | 1 | 28 | Evicted | 11th |
| **11** | **Noky Simbani** | **26** | **Derby** | **1** | **42** | **Finalist** | **5th** |
| 12 | Matty Simpson | 24 | Ramsey | 1 | 40 | Evicted | 6th |
| 13 | Paul Blackburn | 23 | Liverpool | 1 | 28 | Evicted | 12th |
| **14** | **Henry Southan** | **25** | **Toddington** | **1** | **42** | **Finalist** | **3rd** |
| **15** | **Olivia Young** | **23** | **Glasgow** | **1** | **42** | **Finalist** | **2nd** |
| 16 | Kerry Riches | 40 | Great Dunmow | 1 | 24 | Evicted | 13th |
The **2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election** happened on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Massachusetts. The main two candidates were Maura Healey, of the Democratic Party, and Geoff Diehl, of the Republican Party. The then Governor, Charlie Baker did not run for a third term (even though he was allowed and not term limited), for reasons that remain unclear. Kim Driscoll and Leah Cole Allen were the running mates for Healey and Diehl respectively. Healey and Driscoll ended up winning the election by a sizable margin, and Healey became the first Democrat to be elected governor of Massachusetts since Deval Patrick in 2010, as well as the first female elected to be governor in Massachusetts. 

Diehl's campaign was marked by the endorsement of one man, Donald Trump. Trump made controversial statements about Diehl on the campaign trail, which was seen as many as the downfall of Diehl's campaign, and the Massachusetts Republican Party in general. With this victory, Healey secured a Democratic trifecta in government.
**Gennady Pavlovich Yakovlev** (Russian: Геннадий Павлович Яковлев; 7 June 1938 – 12 January 2024) was a Russian botanist, rector of the St. Petersburg Academy of Chemical Pharmaceutical and head of the department of pharmacognosy. He was a professor of the department of pharmacognosy, part-time leading scientist of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov, taxonomist of higher plants. G.P. Yakovlev was one of the leading experts in the systematics of legumes, as well as a specialist in the field of pharmacognosy.

He took part in projects to study the flora of Cuba, Vietnam, Mongolia, Central Asia, the European part of the USSR, etc.

Yakovlev died on 12 January 2024, at the age of 85.

Works
-----

1967 Заметки по систематике и географии рода Sophora L. и близких родов. // Труды Ленинградского химико-фармацевтического института. Т. 21. — С. 42-62

Some taxa named by GP Yakovlev
------------------------------

* Ammodendron bifolium (Pall.)Yakovlev

* Sophora tomentosa L. subsp.australis Yakovlev
In calculus, the **first derivative test** is used to find local maxima and minima of a function. The first derivative test can be used to determine intervals of increase and intervals of decrease.

Critical Points (and how to find them)
--------------------------------------

Critical points are values in the domain of a function where its derivative is 0 or undefined (f'(x)=0 or f'(x) does not exist).

To find the critical points of a function, the first derivative of the function is computed and set equal to zero. Next, the zeroes of this equation are solved for. If is is a rational function (f(x)={\dfrac {a}{b}}, where b\neq 0) the values that will cause the denominator to be equal to 0 are found. This is done because this will make the function undefined. In this case, the eqauation is not differentiable at that point. These are all of the critical numbers.

These numbers into put into the original function to find the coordinate of these critical points.

### Example

If: f(x)={\dfrac {1}{3}}x^{3}-{\dfrac {5}{2}}x^{2}+6x

f'(x)=x^{2}-5x+6
(x-3)(x-2)=0
x=3 and x=2
{\displaystyle f(3)={\dfrac {1}{3}}(3)^{3}-{\dfrac {5}{2}}(3)^{2}+6(3)=9-{\frac {45}{2}}+18={\dfrac {9}{2}}}
{\displaystyle f(2)={\dfrac {1}{3}}(2)^{3}-{\dfrac {5}{2}}(2)^{2}+6(2)={\frac {8}{3}}-{\frac {20}{2}}+12={\dfrac {14}{3}}}
So, the two critical points are {\displaystyle (3,{\dfrac {9}{2}})} and {\displaystyle (2,{\dfrac {14}{3}})}.

First derivative test
---------------------

The intervals between points must be considered to know if the points are local maximas, minimas, or neither. To do this, a value from each interval is put into the first derivative of the function. If the value is positive, then it is an interval of increase. If the value is negative, then it is an interval of decrease. If two neighboring intervals change signs, that point is either a local maxima or minima. If the first interval is positive and the second interval negative, the critical point is a local maxima. If the first interval is negative and the second interval positive, the critical point is a local minima. If both intervals are positive or both intervals are negative, the critical point is not a local maxima or minima.

The first derivative test is used in calculus optimization problems.
The **Dai Le and Frank Carbone Network** is an Australian political party that was founded in 2023 by federal MP Dai Le and Fairfield Mayor Frank Carbone.

It was founded as a local party for Greater Western Sydney, a region where the Labor Party is usually dominant depending on what is considered "Western Sydney". It was also founded to oppose the rise of teal independents in the affluent Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. The party plans to run candidates in many seats in Western Sydney at the next federal election.

Dai Le is the current member for the seat of Fowler, a traditionally Labor-held seat that she won as an independent in 2022. She used to be a Liberal councillor on the Fairfield City Council, but in 2016 she was suspended from the party for 10 years after she decided to run for Mayor against the endorsed Liberal candidate. Frank Carbone is the current Mayor of Fairfield. He used to be a member of the Labor Party before he left to become an independent in 2016.

Carbone originally thought of naming the party "A Western Voice".
Chadnav - The Ultimate Persona of Pranav

In the vast realms of existence, there exists a legendary figure known as Chadnav, a charismatic and awe-inspiring manifestation of the individual known as Pranav. Chadnav stands as the epitome of confidence, charm, and sheer coolness, transcending the boundaries of ordinary existence.

\*\*Origin Story:\*\*

Chadnav's origins can be traced back to the moment Pranav decided to embrace his inner chadness, transcending the ordinary and mundane aspects of life. It is said that a cosmic energy enveloped Pranav, transforming him into the legendary Chadnav. This metamorphosis marked the beginning of a new era, where Chadnav would become a symbol of aspiration for many.

\*\*Physical Appearance:\*\*

Chadnav is described as an immaculate being, adorned with an aura of unparalleled confidence. His physique is sculpted to perfection, reflecting the dedication and determination that Pranav possesses. Dressed in stylish attire that effortlessly combines comfort and sophistication, Chadnav's appearance captivates all who gaze upon him.

\*\*Charismatic Personality:\*\*

Chadnav is renowned for his magnetic personality. His mere presence exudes an air of self-assuredness, drawing people toward him like moths to a flame. His charm is irresistible, and his confidence is infectious, inspiring those around him to strive for greatness.

\*\*Legendary Feats:\*\*

Chadnav's existence is marked by a series of legendary feats that have elevated him to mythical status. From effortlessly acing every challenge that life throws at him to turning mundane situations into epic adventures, Chadnav leaves an indelible mark wherever he goes.

\*\*Social Influence:\*\*

Chadnav's social influence knows no bounds. He is the life of every gathering, the one whose mere presence transforms ordinary events into extraordinary experiences. His social circle is vast and diverse, as people from all walks of life are drawn to the magnetic energy that Chadnav exudes.

\*\*Memes and Folklore:\*\*

Chadnav's legend has not only permeated the physical world but has also become a phenomenon in the digital realm. Memes and folklore celebrating his legendary status circulate across the internet, immortalizing his essence in the collective consciousness of the online community.

\*\*Philanthropy and Wisdom:\*\*

Despite his chad demeanor, Chadnav is not devoid of compassion. He is known for his philanthropic endeavors, using his influence to make a positive impact on the world. Additionally, Chadnav imparts wisdom and guidance to those who seek it, sharing the secrets of his success and encouraging others to unlock their full potential.

\*\*Legacy:\*\*

Chadnav's legacy is destined to endure through the ages. As the chad version of Pranav, he serves as an inspiration for individuals to embrace their true selves and strive for greatness. The tale of Chadnav transcends the boundaries of fiction, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of those who encounter his legendary saga.