recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Fossil records suggesting that continents now separated were once together: see Pangaea
First known illustration of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, by Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, 1858.
**Continental drift** is a historical, scientific theory. The theory was first proposed by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. It was fully developed by the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1915. 

The theory said that parts of the Earth's crust move slowly on top of a liquid mantle of higher density. The theory has now been included in the wider theory of plate tectonics.

Evidence
--------

The theory was supported by finding the same minerals and fossils in western Europe and eastern North America. There are also similar fossils on the western coast of Africa and the eastern South America. The shapes of these continents nearly fit together. The theory was plausible (believable), but there was no known mechanism to drive these great movements. This problem was later solved by plate tectonics.

The pattern of volcanic activity, mountain building (orogeny) and earthquakes is explained by continental drift. The existence of identical rocks widely apart supports the theory. 

Examples (there are hundreds):

1. Fossils of the fern *Glossopteris* are found in rocks from Australia, South America, Antarctica, India, Africa and Madagascar. These were all together in the supercontinent Gondwana, after the global continent Pangaea broke up.
2. Table Mountain at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and mountains south of Rio de Janeiro are made of identical rocks. This corresponds to the fit of Africa with South America in Pangaea.
3. The Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, and Fingal's Cave on Staffa, Inner Hebrides, Scotland is the same rock formation.

Mechanism
---------

The basic machine driving continental movement is heat moving from the Earth's mantle through the crust and out of the planet. The effect of this is to cause convection, and plate movement. 

Two events in particular are of huge importance:

1. The production of new crust at places such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2. The removal of crust by subduction (moving under) at the points where plates collide.
George Philip Nicholas Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (born 26 June 1962), is an English philanthropist, former diplomat and a member of the British royal family. He was a member of the Diplomatic Service in New York and Budapest. St Andrews became chancellor of the University of Bolton in 2017. 

He is the trustee of the Next Century and Global eHealth foundations and patron of the Welsh Sinfonia. He is the elder son of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and his wife Katharine, Duchess of Kent, and heir-apparent to the dukedom of Kent. He is 42nd in the line of succession to the British throne.

Early Life and Career 

Lord St Andrews is the son of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Katharine, Duchess of Kent (née Worsley, daughter of Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet), and was educated at Eton College and Downing College, Cambridge, where he earned an MA degree in History. 

St Andrews served in the Diplomatic Service in New York and Budapest. He later worked in the antiquarian book business for the Christie's auction house. Lord St Andrews was a trustee of the SOS Children's Villages UK charity and is a patron of the Association for International Cancer Research. He was also a patron of Clifton Scientific Trust, an educational charity giving young people experience of the world of science and engineering. In April 2012, he also became a trustee of the Next Century Foundation, a charity working throughout the Middle East. Furthermore, he is a trustee of the Global eHealth Foundation and Patron of the Welsh Sinfonia. On 30 March 2017, he was installed as chancellor of the University of Bolton.

Personal Life

On 9 January 1988, George Windsor married Sylvana Tomaselli, a Canadian-born academic, at Leith Registry Office near Edinburgh. The couple have three children: 

-Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick

-Lady Marina Windsor 

-Lady Amelia Windsor

Title

26 June 1962-present The Right Honorable The Earl of St Andrews or Lord St Andrews
***A Dangerous Woman*** is a 1993 romantic drama movie. It was partly based on the same-named novel by Mary McGarry Morris. It was released three weeks before Christmas in 1993.

The plot
--------

Martha Horgan (played by Debra Winger) is a cognitively troubled woman trying to have a normal life. While working at a local dry cleaner, she is accused of stealing money from the cash register. Martha is then fired. But she believes and thinks that the thefts were done by the boyfriend of her colleague Birdie. The boyfriend's name is Getso.

Martha is later depressed and returns to the house of her Aunt Frances (played by Barbara Hershey). She discovers a handyman named Mackey (played by Gabriel Byrne) is hired to repair the home's porch. Aunt Frances plans an event for a local politician. The politician's wife was angry following her husband's affair with Frances. So she drove right into the porch and damaged it on purpose.

Mackey is nice with Martha. He defends her against Getso because Getso is insulting and bullying her. Mackey smashes the windshield of Getso's van.

But then one night Mackey returns home while drunk to Martha's home, lets himself in and has sex with her while she's on her sofa. Mackey later has sex with Aunt Frances (who happens being also drunk that night).

The cast
--------

| Actor | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Debra Winger | Martha Horgan - Niece |
| Barbara Hershey | Frances Beechum - Aunt |
| Gabriel Byrne | Colin 'Mac' Mackey - Alcoholic Handyman |
| Laurie Metcalf | Anita Bell - Steve's Wife |
| John Terry | Steve Bell - Politician |
| Maggie Gyllenhaal | Patsy Bell - Steve's Daughter |
| Jake Gyllenhaal | Edward (as Jacob Gyllenhaal) |
| Chloe Webb | Birdie Drusser - Martha's Friend |
| David Strathairn | Getso - Petty Crook |
| Jan Hooks | Make-up Saleslady |
| Richard Riehle | John - Drycleaning Boss |

Reception
---------

Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* liked the movie and some of the direction of the cast. However, she thought *A Dangerous Woman* was more like melodrama than normal drama.

Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie only 47% with fifteen reviews.

For her performance, Winger was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. She won the Best Actress Award at the Tokyo International Film Festival.
***NationStates*** is a website and browser based game and online community. It is about creating and managing a nation. It was created on 13 November 2002 by Max Barry. He created the game to advertise his book, *Jennifer Government*. The game does not cost money to play, however people can donate money to remove adverts. They can also buy bonuses related to "telegrams", which are the way that players talk to each other directly.

Gameplay
--------

Registration is free and users are asked to provide the name of their nation, a national motto, a national animal, and a currency. After playing for a few months, players can also modify their government type and religion, leader, etc. Players can upload or choose a flag for their nation. 

There is a forum in the game, where players can chat about whatever they like, whether it be politics, recent events, etc. There are three major categories: General, which is for "discussion and debate about anything", Forum 7, where you can "relax, unwind, share a joke, and generally goof off," and NationStates, where users can "come together and discuss matters of varying importance".

Players are able to create and manage *regions*, which are communities for players. Each region has a *Regional Message Board*, which acts as a type of forum. Each region is managed by its *founder* (the player who created the region), but players within the region can also choose a *World Assembly Delegate*. The World Assembly (WA) is an organisation and part of the game acting as a stand in for the United Nations. It makes laws that apply to nations that have joined the WA but nations are not required to be a member. It used to be called "The United Nations", however Max Barry was sent an email by the United Nations telling him to not use their trademark in his game.

Players are also able to create factbook and dispatches about their country, which they can use to tell other people about their country.
**Jocelyn Larocque** (born May 19, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defencewoman. She plays for PWHL Toronto of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She also plays for Canada in Olympic hockey. She was the first female indigenous woman to play on Team Canada at the Olympics. She is a part of the Métis Nation. She has won two Olympic gold medals, and one silver medal. In 2018, she won the Manitoba Female Indigenous Athlete of the Decade award. Larocque has won a total of 9 world championships.

**Jocelyne Larocque as a college player at University of Minnesota, Deluth**

Early life
----------

Larocque grew up in St. Anne, Manitoba, Canada. As a child, she would play hockey on boys’ teams. She went to college at the University of Minnesota Duluth. While there, she was made all-American twice.

Career
------

Larocque was an all-American twice (2008-2009, 2010-2011). She began her career playing for the Calgary Oval X-Treme. She has been a player on the Canadian National Hockey team since 2008.

### Olympics

Larocque won her first Olympic medal at the 2014 Sochi games, where Canada took the gold. She returned to the games for Pyeongchang 2018, with Canada winning silver. Her most recent games were the 2022 Beijing Olympics, where Canada won gold.

#### World Championships

Larocque has won gold medals at 3 world championships. She has also won silver medals 5 times, and bronze once.
**Colin Henry Wilson** (26 June 1931 – 5 December 2013) was an English novelist and writer. Wilson also wrote widely on true crime and criminology, mysticism, the paranormal, and other topics. In all, there are over 120 books, including some fiction. He preferred to call his philosophy new existentialism or phenomenological existentialism.

Wilson was interested in metaphysics and the occult. In 1971, he wrote a nonfiction book named *The Occult: A History*. In it, he talked about the beliefs of Aleister Crowley, George Gurdieff, Helena Blavatsky, Kabbalah, primitive magic, Franz Mesmer, Grigori Rasputin, and Paracelsus. He also wrote a biography of Crowley, *Aleister Crowley: The Nature of the Beast*. He also wrote biographies on other visionaries in spirituality and psychology, including, George Gurdjieff, Carl Jung, and Wilhelm Reich.

Wilson suffered a stroke in June 2012 and lost his ability to speak. He died on 5 December 2013, aged 82.

*The Outsider*
--------------

This was the book which made his name. It was really a work of literary criticism, but was also about social philosophy. It was based mainly on the work of Dostoyevsky, Camus and Satre, all of whom featured characters who were lost, outsiders, alienated from society.

Gollancz published the 24-year-old Wilson's *The Outsider* in 1956. The book became a best-seller and helped popularise existentialism in Britain. It has never been out-of-print since publication day and has been translated into over thirty languages (including Russian and Chinese).

Crime
-----

Wilson's writing on crime is quite extensive and commercially successful. He wrote several books about serial killers and murderers.

* *The mammoth book of true crime*. New edition 1988. London: Robinson.
* *The serial killers: a study in the psychology of violence*. London: W.H. Allen. (with Donald Seaman)
* *A plague of murder: the rise and rise of serial killing in the modern age*. London: Robinson.

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Colin Wilson (writer)***.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: ***Colin Wilson***

* Colin Wilson Papers (2 document boxes) housed at the Eaton Collection of Science Fiction and Fantasy Archived 2018-02-02 at the Wayback Machine of the University of California, Riverside Libraries.
* The Colin Wilson Collection at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom - This is Wilson's bibliographer Colin Stanley's collection of books, articles, manuscripts, letters, photographs and assorted ephemera now at the University of Nottingham. Regularly updated by Stanley.
**Hannes Reinmayr** (born 23 August 1969) is an Austrian former footballer. He is now a football manager. He played for different teams in Austria and Germany. In Austria he played mainly for SK Sturm Graz.

Club career
-----------

Reinmayr started his professional career at FK Austria Wien. Having only little playing time there he moved to First Vienna in 1990. After a season at Stahl Linz he moved to Germany to play for German clubs MSV Duisburg and Bayer Uerdingen. Coming back to Austria he went to SK Sturm Graz. He played six years for this team and had great successes. He won two league titles and three domestic cups. Two years he played in the UEFA Champions League group stages. Together with Ivica Vastić and Mario Haas he formed the so-called magic triangle. For Sturm he played 191 matches and scored 42 goals. He then played another half season in Germany. His professional career ended 2003 at SV Mattersburg. From 2003 to 2009 he played for amateur clubs.

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Austria in an October 1993 World Cup qualification match against Israel He played at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He earned 14 caps, scoring four goals. His last international was the 0–9 defeat by Spain in a European Championship qualification match in March 1999.

Manager career
--------------

After the end of his professional career he became player and assistance coach at SK St. Andrä. Other coaching stations were SK Sturm Graz II, SK Austria Kärnten, SC Kalsdorf, Union Thalheim, SV Gössendorf, SV Gleinstätten, SC Fürstenfeld, SV Tobelbad, DSV Leoben, TSV Pöllau and SK Werndorf. At the moment he is coach of SV Lannach.

Honours
-------

* Austrian Football Bundesliga: 1997–98, 1998–99
* Austrian Cup: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99
* 1998 FIFA World Cup

| * v
* t
* e
Austria squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup |
| --- |
| 
* 1 Konsel
* 2 Schopp
* 3 Schöttel
* 4 Pfeffer
* 5 Feiersinger
* 6 Kogler
* 7 Haas
* 8 Pfeifenberger
* 9 Vastić
* 10 Herzog
* 11 Amerhauser
* 12 Hiden
* 13 Cerny
* 14 Reinmayr
* 15 Wetl
* 16 Wohlfahrt
* 17 Mählich
* 18 Stöger
* 19 Polster (c)
* 20 Heraf
* 21 Knaller
* 22 Kühbauer
* Coach: Prohaska

 | Austria |

Other websites
--------------


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Hannes Reinmayr***.

* Hannes Reinmayr at Austria Archive (in German)
* Hannes Reinmayr at National-Football-Teams.com
* Bundesliga stats at Fussballportal (in German)
Map of Battagram district
**Batagram District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Batagram is the capital.

Administration
--------------

Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order. Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order, Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand (Late provincial Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was the leader who struggled for Battagram and made it a separate district, before district it was a tehsil of District Mansehra. It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area Torghar , Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area Tor ghar , Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils:

* Allai Tehsil
* Battagram Tehsil

| * v
* t
* e
 Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| --- |
| Provincial capital | Peshawar | Pakistan |
| Districts | 
 Abbottabad •  Bannu •  Battagram •  Buner •  Charsadda •  Chitral •  Dera Ismail Khan •  Hangu •  Haripur •  Karak •  Kohat •  Upper Kohistan •  Lower Kohistan •  Lakki Marwat •  Lower Dir •  Malakand •  Mansehra •  Mardan •  Nowshera •  Peshawar •  Shangla District •  Swabi •  Swat •  Tank •  Upper Dir •  Torghar  |
**Klemen Lavric** (born 12 June 1981) is a Slovenian former footballer. He played as a striker.

Club career
-----------

Born in Trbovlje he started playing football for Rudar Trbovlje. He later moved to Rudar Velenje. Hajduk Split was the first club outside of Slovenia for which he played, followed by Inter Zaprešić in Croatia. Then Lavric moved to German club Dynamo Dresden.

In summer 2005 Lavrič joined Bundesliga MSV Duisburg. In 2005–06 he scored six goals in 22 matches. But Duisburg was relegated. 2006–07 season he scored 12 goals. Duisburg was promoted again in the following season to the Bundesliga. Lavrič seldom played and eventually also lost his place in the Slovenian national team.

After one year in Japan with Omiya Ardija he returned to Europe. He played for SK Sturm Graz in Austria (26 matches, 8 goals). In 2011, Lavrič played for FC St. Gallen 1879 where he scored in his debut match. After playing for Karlsruher SC and SV Kapfenberg he ended his career in 2014.

International career
--------------------

He played 25 matches and scored six goals for the Slovenian senior team.
**Paul Mensah** (born 13 October 1999) is a Ghanaian professional footballer. He plays as a forward for Blau-Weiß Linz.

Career
------

Mensah started his career at Crystal Palace Akosombo in Ghana. In August 2018 he moved to the Austrian second division club Kapfenberger SV. In this month he debuted in the 2nd division versus Floridsdorfer AC. On the fourth day of that season, Mensah scored his first goal for KSV in a 3-1 win against SK Vorwärts Steyr. In three seasons he played 73 second division matches and scored 16 goals. After the 2020/21 season he left KSV.

He then moved to Romania for the 2021/22 season for first division club FC Botoșani. He then returned to Austria in January 2022 and signed a contract with second division club FC Blau-Weiss Linz that ran until June 2023. With the club he reached the promotion to the Austrian Bundesliga in the 2022-23 season.

Other websites
--------------

* Paul Mensah at Soccerway


Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Paul Mensah***.
In molecular biology, **transformation** is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.

Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially. Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called *competent*.

Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells. The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).

Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".

History
-------

Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of *Streptococcus pneumoniae* could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.

Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of *S. pneumoniae* and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'. See Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community. Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted. Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed *Escherichia coli* by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.

Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.

In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with *A. tumefaciens* and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by *A. tumefaciens,* so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection. Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.
**Nokia N93i** was a version of the Nokia N93 that was considered "better". It was told and released on November 11, 2006 and then discontinued in 2012. It was also the first of Nokia Nseries.

History
-------

Nokia N93 was a new version of ''**N93i**''. It was told by Nokia Nseries on November 11, 2006 at "The Verge" in West Hollywood, California. 

On November 19, 2006, Google had said that the YouTube app had been added to the new Nokia N93i. Nokia N93i was shown at The Verge on November 22 and November 23 at Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida. 

In January 8, 2007, Nokia had announced the Nokia N93i has partnered the news version like Nokia N93, after release on July 11, 2006, The N93i was developed and the news version was released. On January 16 and January 17, 2007 it was launched for sales. Nokia N93i had been released on January 26, 2007 as it was being developed. People working at Nokia had been connecting to people and had reached the public on January 30 and February 1, 2007.

Reception
---------

Entrance of St. Louis Hotel, where Nokia N93i has performance, ''Nokia N93i Is Here''
Nokia N93i has showing for performance ''Nokia N93i Is Here'' reach on July 7, 2007. Nokia N93i has public reach at St. Louis Hotel in Santa Monica, California. Nokia N93i had legacies for sales that had next expired on August 8, 2007. In September 2007, Nokia N93 had expired and was no longer for sale, and it stopped selling before September 30. 

Nokia N93i had stopped being available in February 8, 2012, Nokia N93i was also no longer available including Nokia N93, that the Nokia Corporation had stopped. It was based as discontinued, because it had expired its support lifecycles.

Functions and design
--------------------

### Camera and connecting

The camera in Nokia N93i had released for its news version partner, with 24cm for 80cm, the Nokia N93i camera has small features in camera for connecting Tube of World, Nokia N93i had features for the public.

Other websites
--------------

*
**Theodor** **Wagner** (6 August 1927 – 21 January 2020) was an Austrian footballer. He played as a striker mainly for SC Wacker Wien and the Austrian national football team.

Club career
-----------

Turl Wagner began his career with the small district clubs Phönix XII and MFC 12 before joining Wacker Wien in 1940. He had the biggest success with the club celebrating the double in 1947. At the end of his career he played from 1958 to 1962 at SV Stickstoff Linz and then at FC Wacker Innsbruck. As a coach, Turl Wagner returned to SC Wacker Wien for a season in 1964.

International career
--------------------

He made his debut for Austria 1946 in friendly match against Switzerland and was a player at the 1954 FIFA World Cup, There he scored a hat-trick in the legendary 7–5 quarterfinal win over Switzerland. This was the highes scoring match in Worldcup history. He earned 46 caps, scoring 22 goals. His last international was a March 1957 friendly match against West Germany. He was also part of Austria's squad for the football tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.

Death
-----

Wagner died on 21 January 2020 in Vienna, at the age of 92.

Honours
-------

* 1 × Austrian Champion: 1947
* 4 × Austrian Champion runner up: 1948, 1951, 1953, 1956
* 1 × Austrian Cup: 1947
* 1 × Mitropacup: 1951

* 1954 FIFA World Cup: 3rd place
* 46 matches and 22 goals Austrian national football team (1946-1957)

Other websites
--------------

* Theodor Wagner at National-Football-Teams.com
* Theodor Wagner at WorldFootball.net
File:First AFLW Ball Up 03.02.17The first ball-up in the first ever match of the AFL Women's, which began in 2017.
**Women's Australian rules football**, also called **women's football** or **women's footy**, is the female version of Australian rules football. There are a few differences between the rules in the women's game to the rules of the men's game.

The main national competition is the AFL Women's (AFLW), and there are also several state and territory leagues for women, as well as some women's leagues overseas. The Women's Australian Football International Cup is the main international competition, which is played in Australia but Australia does not compete in it.

Rules
-----

Further information: Laws of Australian rules football
Usually, women's Australian rules football matches have a few different rules to the men's game, but the rules are still very similar.

These are some of the rule changes used in the AFLW:

* The ball is a bit smaller
* Each quarter lasts 17 minutes instead of 20 minutes
* Each team has 16 players on the field instead of 18, with five interchange players and 60 player rotations instead of four interchange players and 75 player rotations
* Throw-ins are taken 10 metres in from the boundary line (except within 50-metre arcs), instead of on the boundary line
* A "last touch" out-of-bounds rule applies (except within 50-metre arcs)
**Alessandro Michieletto** (born in Desenzano del Garda, Italy, 5 December 2001) is an Italian volleyball player. He is a member of Italy's national volleyball team and plays as a hitter for the Italian club Trentino Volley.

Biography
---------

He is the son of the former volleyball player Riccardo Michieletto. His mother Eleonora used to play basketball. He has two sisters, Francesca and Annalisa, who are both volleyball players, and a brother, Andrea.

Career
------

### Clubs

Alessandro Michieletto started his volleyball career as a libero  in the youth level. He began playing for Trentino Volley in the 2015-16 season, competing in the Serie D championship. In the following two seasons, he played in Serie C with the same club. In the 2018-19 season, he moved up to Serie B and also made some appearances for the first team during the CEV Cup, facing Amriswil. In the 2019-20 season, he played in Serie A3 with Trentino Volley’s second team and made his debut for the first team in the Superlega. From the 2020-21 season onwards, he became a permanent member of the Superlega team, winning an Italian Supercup  and an Italian league title .

### Italy's national team

Michieletto has represented Italy in various age categories. He played for the Under-17 and Under-18 national teams. He won a bronze medal at the European Championship with the Under-18 team. In 2019, he was part of the Under-19 team that won gold at both the 15th European Youth Olympic Festival and the World Championship. In 2020, he won silver at the European Championship with the Under-20 team and was named the tournament’s Most Valuable Player. The following year, he won gold at the World Championship with the Under-21 team and was again awarded the Most Valuable Player title.

In 2021, he received his first call-up to the senior Italian team. In the same year, he participated in the 32nd Olympic Games in Tokyo. He won the gold medal at the European Championship, where he was awarded as the best hitter. In 2022, he won gold at the World Championship. In 2023, he won silver at the European Championship.

Achievements
------------

### Clubs

* Italian Championship: 1 (2022-23)
* Italian Supercup: 1 (2021)

### Italy's national team (youth competitions)

* European Championship Under-18: 2018
* European Youth Olympic Festival: 2019
* World Championship Under-19: 2019
* European Championship Under-20: 2020
* World Championship Under-21: 2021
* Memorial Hubert Wagner: 2023

### Italy's national team (senior competitions)

* European Championship: 2021
* World Championship: 2022
* European Championship (silver medal): 2023

### Individual Awards

* 2020 - European Championship Under-20: Most Valuable Player
* 2021 - European Championship: Best hitter
* 2021 - World Championship Under-21: Most Valuable Player
* 2021 - Club World Championship: Best hitter
* 2022 - Club World Championship: Best hitter
* 2023 - Memorial Hubert Wagner: Best receiver

Honors
------

* 2021 - Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
* 2022 - Golden Collar for Sporting Merit
***Tilia*** is a genus of about 30 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

*Tilia* leaf
The trees are generally called **linden** in North America, and **lime** in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root *lind*. The modern forms in English went from *linde* or *linne* in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form *lime*. In the United States, the modern German name *Linde*, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

*Tilia* species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

History
-------

The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

Species
-------

*Tilia mongolica*
Avenue of lime trees
*Tilia platyphyllos*
* *Tilia americana*
* *Tilia amurensis*
* *Tilia begoniifolia*
* *Tilia caroliniana*
* *Tilia chinensis*
* *Tilia chingiana*
* *Tilia cordata*
* *Tilia dasystyla*
* *Tilia henryana*
* *Tilia heterophylla*
* *Tilia hupehensis*
* *Tilia insularis*
* *Tilia intonsa*
* *Tilia japonica*
* *Tilia kiusiana*
* *Tilia mandshurica*
* *Tilia maximowicziana*
* *Tilia mexicana*
* *Tilia miqueliana*
* *Tilia mongolica*
* *Tilia nasczokinii*
* *Tilia nobilis*
* *Tilia occidentalis*
* *Tilia oliveri*
* *Tilia paucicostata*
* *Tilia platyphyllos*
* *Tilia rubra*
* *Tilia tomentosa*
* *Tilia tuan*

### Hybrids and cultivars

* *Tilia × euchlora* (*T. dasystyla × T. cordata*)
* *Tilia × europaea* Common Lime (*T. cordata × T. platyphyllos*; syn. *T. × vulgaris*)
* *Tilia × petiolaris* (*T. tomentosa × T. ?*)
* *Tilia* 'Flavescens' (*T. americana × T. cordata*)
* *Tilia* 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
* *Tilia* 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
* *Tilia* 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

Uses
----

The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

Other websites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***Tilia***.

Wikispecies has information on: ***Tilia***.

* GRIN: *Tilia* Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
**Kylie Ann Minogue**, AO, OBE (/mɪˈnoʊɡ/; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress, sometimes known simply as **Kylie**. She became popular in the late 1980s, because of her role in the Australian television soap opera *Neighbours*, before becoming a pop and dance singer.

Minogue has won two Grammy Awards: Best Dance Recording in 2004 for "Come into My World" and Best Pop Dance Recording in 2024 for "Padam Padam".

Early life
----------

Minogue was born in Melbourne to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and actress, and her brother Brendan works as a cameraman.

Career
------

She was signed to a contract by British songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman, she got hit records throughout the world. Her popularity began to decline by the early 1990s and she left Stock, Aitken & Waterman in 1992. For years she tried to become an independent performer and songwriter. Her projects were widely talked about, but her albums resulted in the lowest sales of her career.

In 2000, Minogue became popular again as a dance-pop singer and became well known for her sexual music videos and elaborate concerts. She has one of the longest and most successful careers in pop music, and she has become one of the most recognisable celebrities and sex symbols. In Australia, she holds the record for the highest concert ticket sales for a woman, and has had nine singles at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Personal life
-------------

### Breast cancer

On 17 May 2005, Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was on tour at the time, and the rest of it had to be cancelled. Minogue had surgery for it on 21 May 2005 at a hospital in Malvern, Victoria, and started chemotherapy soon afterwards. She finished her chemotherapy treatment in January 2006 but still needed six more weeks of radiotherapy to stop any new cancerous tumours from growing.

### Relationships

Minogue was in a relationship with Andres Velencoso from 2008 until 2013. 

Minogue began a relationship with Joshua Sasse in 2015. The couple became engaged in February 2016. They said in February 2017 that they had split up.

Discography
-----------

* *Kylie* (1988)
* *Enjoy Yourself* (1989)
* *Rhythm of Love* (1990)
* *Let's Get to It* (1991)
* *Kylie Minogue* (1994)
* *Impossible Princess* (1997)
* *Light Years* (2000)
* *Fever* (2001)
* *Body Language* (2003)
* *X* (2007)
* *Aphrodite* (2010)
* *Kiss Me Once* (2014)
* *Kylie Christmas* (2015)
	+ *Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition* (2016)
* *Golden* (2018)
* *Tension* (2023)

Other websites
--------------

* Official website
* Kylie Minogue on IMDb

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**Manuae** is an uninhabited atoll in the southern group of the Cook Islands, 100 kilometres south-east of Aitutaki. It is administratively part of Aitutaki, but does not belong to any district or tapere of Aitutaki. It is, however, part of Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara Constituency.

Manuae is a true atoll sitting on the peak of a submerged volcano which descends 4000 meters to the ocean bed. It is made of two horseshoe-shaped islets, *Manuae* to the west and *Te Au O Tu* to the east, with a total area of 6.17 km²on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km. Manuae has an area of 2.1 km², and Te Au O TU of 3.9 km². The lagoon is 13 km² in size, shallow and subject to large shifting sand banks. A coral reef surrounds the atoll and there is no passage through the reef.

An aerial view of Manuae
Map of Manuae
The island is a marine park and is an important breeding ground for seabirds and marine turtles in the Central Pacific. The offshore waters of Manuae are good fishing grounds. 

Captain James Cook sighted Manuae on September 23 1773. It was the first of the Cook Islands he voyaged to. Initially he named it **Sandwich Island** but changed it to **Hervey Island** in honor of Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, then a Lord of the Admiralty when he decided instead give the name of "Sandwich Islands" to the Hawaiian Islands. This name was later corrupted to **Hervey's Island**, or **Hervey's Isle**, and later applied to the entire southern group, as the **Hervey Islands**. This name remained popular until 1824 when the islands were renamed the **Cook Islands** by the Russian cartographer von Krusenstern, in honor of Capt. Cook who had died in 1779. 

In April/May 1965 the population briefly increased to 120 when the island was visited by six expeditions (from Australia, N.Z. Japan, U.K. U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.) to observe the total solar eclipse of 1965 May 30.

Norwegian author Erlend Loe writes humorously about an expedition to Manuae in his 1999 novel "*L*".

The island once supported a small copra industry with a settlement established next to the small reef passage less than one kilometer northeast of Turakino, the westernmost point of the atoll. The passage, at the sea entrance, is less than 4 metres wide and in a swell is exceedingly dangerous without local knowledge.

The island has an airfield that has been out of use for several years.
Fishermen from Aitutaki occasionally organise trips to Manuae. All regulations applicable to Aitutaki, apply to Manuae as well.

The population peaked with 32 at the 1956 census, but twenty years later the island was abandoned:

* 1956: 32
* 1961: 18
* 1966: 16
* 1971: 2
* 1976: -
Photos of victims in Tuol Sleng prison
Kang Kek Iew (Kaing Guek Eav or Duch) giving evidence at a court in Cambodia, in 2009.
Skulls of Khmer Rouge victims.
The **Khmer Rouge** (Khmer: **Kmae Krahaam**; French for "Red Khmer") was a Stalinist, Maoist militant group in Cambodia. They took over the capital, Phnom Penh, on 17 April 1975. It was led by Pol Pot, who was called Saloth Sar before the take-over. They named the country Democratic Kampuchea. They immediately forced everyone out of the cities, effectively turning the whole country into a giant labor camp. They were defeated by the Vietnamese in January 1979. During the Khmer Rouge Years, many people were killed in a genocide comparable to the Holocaust. The exact number of people killed is unknown. Figures range from about 700,000 to about three million. Most people give figures between 1.4 million and 2.2 million, which would be 20-30% of the population of Cambodia, at the time. The international community continued to recognize the Khmer Rouge as the government of Kampuchea for a decade after they were defeated. Therefore, the Khmer Rouge held a seat in the United Nations until 1989.

Pol Pot killed himnself with poison on April 15 1998.

A leading source summarised the Khmer Rouge as follows:
"...The Khmer Rouge regime [was] the ultimate twentieth-century paradigm of the totalitarian state. Using sheer violence and terror, a small clique [took] power. [It saw itself] as the messianic mission to bring happiness and prosperity faster than any of its revolutionary model and competitors. It came to control every aspect of social and private life. No one was allowed to nurse, let alone express, any form of opposition".

The same source summarises the effect: "Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh".
A golf ball next to the hole
**Golf** is a game played in an open field where the golfer plays his golf ball into a hole by using different types of clubs (golf instruments). The book *Rules of Golf* reads "The Game of Golf consists in playing a ball from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."

Play of the game
----------------

In golf, a golfer plays a number of holes in a given order. 18 holes played in an order controlled by the golf course design, normally make up a game. in a game.

The Majors
----------

Golfers call the four (or five) biggest tournaments in professional golf "majors", and they play them at nearly the same time every year. The four majors are:

Men's
1. **The Masters**
2. **U.S. Open**
3. **The Open Championship** (***British Open***)
4. **PGA Championship**

Women's
1. **Kraft Nabisco Championship**
2. **LPGA Championship**
3. **U.S. Women's Open**
4. **Women's British Open**
5. **The Evian**

In 2013, women's golf added the fifth major. The Evian Masters, held in France.

Vincent Clark won the first ever open championship which was held in St Andrews in 1860.

### Bibliography

* Adams, Mike; Tomasi, T. J. "Play better golf". London: Carlton, 1996.
* Minton, Roland. "Golf by the numbers: How stats, math, and physics affect your game". Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.

Other websites
--------------

* The R&A, St Andrews
* USGA: United States Golf Association
* Golf Australia, national governing body of Australia
* International Golf Federation (IGF)
In psychology, **compensation** *is a way people hide som*ething that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well. They may not even be aware that they are doing it. Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority. However it does not really solve the cause of the problem. Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties. But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse.

There are two kinds of negative compensation:

* Overcompensation, where a person has a goal to gain superiority. This leads to wanting power, dominance, self-esteem and self-devaluation.
* Under compensation which includes a demand for help, leads to a lack of courage and a fear for life.

A well-known example of failing overcompensation, can be seen in people going through a mid life crisis. Approaching midlife many people (especially men) lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts.

Origin
------

Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, used the word compensation in relation inferiority feelings. In his book *Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation* (1907) he wrote if a person feels inferior (weak) then they will (usually) try to compensate for it somewhere else.

Adler's reason to explore this was from his own experience. He was shy and yet he pushed himself to give lectures.

Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training.

Cultural implications
---------------------

Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, hide their feelings of low self-esteem by:

* talking "highly"
* contacting "highly admired" persons

Narcissistic children try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about:

* power
* beauty
* wealth

Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book *The Culture of Narcissism* (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was narcissistic. The narcissistic society:

* worships consumption
* fears dependency, aging, and death.

Therefore, it is "fascinated" with fame.

Consumption can be an example of compensation (see study by Allison J. Pugh: *From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’*). Examples:

* use of goods to convey human relationships.
* parents make up for "bad" conditions (poverty, abuse ...) they lived in
* parents make up for "bad" conditions (divorce, ...) they caused to children
Teoria de Malthus
**Malthusianism** is a set of ideas developed by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus was an economist who lived during the industrial revolution.

In 1798, Mathus published a book, called *An Essay on the Principle of Population*. In it, he describes his Malthusian growth model. He wrote that the growth of the population is exponential, but the growth of the food supply is only arithmetical. This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, it will not be possible to produce food for all of them. Malthus was read by Charles Darwin. It showed Darwin that the survival of a species was something which needed explaining.

The Tory party had paternalistic ideas such as charity for the poor. Malthus said this would not work, and it would only lead to increased numbers of the poor. The theory was developed into Whig economic ideas such as The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. Its opponents described the act as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food". The act brought the construction of workhouses despite riots and arson.

By that time the ideas were widespread in progressive social circles. One supporter was the novelist Harriet Martineau who also knew Charles Darwin. The ideas of Malthus were a significant influence on the development of Darwin's ideas.

Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor.

One of the earliest critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred to it. Many people today believe that Malthus was right about human population growth getting out of hand.

Sources
-------

* Adrian Desmond and James Moore, *Darwin* (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, 1991). ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
* Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital  Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine

Other websites
--------------

* "The Opposite of Malthus". *Jason Godesky*. The Anthropik Network. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11.
* Antony Trewavas, "Malthus foiled again and again,", *Nature*, August 8, 2002
Monument of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler in Prague
**Tycho Brahe**  (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. With money from the King of Denmark he built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark. 

He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.

Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun. 

Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572, proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different from those of the planets.

Related pages
-------------

* Johannes Kepler
* List of Danish writers

Other websites
--------------

* Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica